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Weg ae. a A a Aw : vw me , >A. ~ Wr a achat ; om, eS oe on, \w\NW Ng es ty by \y yruysveminae™s y Vey end wh! os (av PILE GRAAGI eS MSM ey IY. Pwtied h, ae! Veuve Ce ‘Par hp‘ 5 »®, We tes tar Winey were WA eee * Dae yey tr ww Ee oe a ong © -- ier w s .v whe SS CeCe Ty SIA arly SIDRPAN AAI | PEA. =~ S IVS LOE ded borishes Po pp TAS Basset VS era. a se Pre ow j NA vy eA SASS Me % iw WII iw sogr~ eSeees tS Styl wea vee: fyvytyylerey e we & Wee os TN mes sd ie ue Thirty-Sixth Annual Report OFTHE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1905. (Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF ~ THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO. TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1906 | | IS 35g, Thirty-Sixth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO F905. (Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY «OF ONTARIO. TORONTO : Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. 1906. A WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, Limirep, eile \ : ORO NEE OF a : 4 - / Respectfully ey eee NELSON MONTEITH, % Minister of Agriculture. on RONTO, 1906. CONTENTS. LETTER OF TRANSMISSION .......ce.eccceeees BU Oe a re eet fi ah) i a on rtf, 5 na MPGHIOHRD FOR) AQ05-6 0 ocle sees coco ces ced oty's on Shateden eee sa soGee ese OV aan eacias tae tide Tha crac fi eR RG ] ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.................0:00eeeee eee ‘f . t Reports on Insects of the Year—Division No. 1, C. H. Youne............00........55 4 f; f es Division «Now. 2) 00.. HU GRAND. ocilassns tte sense: ) es x . Division No. 3, J. B. Wrniams ............... 9 ae 3 ce Division Nop, C.J; S.¢ Betaune, 2.020 10 Discussion of the Directors’ Reports ......... siepteice ral fo sre wie Paani ante Se fae oN 13° Piap au bussocks Rey. ‘Tos. Wet (livmmeat 4 1050. bet thas Guts cs eee ace aa Tuy The Tussock Moth Situation in Montreal: Henry H. Lyman ...................... 18 Entomological Conditions in North Carolina: FRankrin SHERMAN, JR......... 20 Experiments Against the San Jose Scale in 1905: Wm. Locnurap ............... 27 A Review of the Mosquito Work in New Jersey: JoHn B. Smith .................. 34 PSX MIDIS Ol, sSPSCLMeENs) c\ Nuc ee hee Sak dite 8 Ot he Mei od eat ME SNC Mea a 38 Baporheatathe: Counend: (ti Se Wi a a ae i pee 39 ik ye Montreal Branch. 0\sou5rk pcoe sues oat tie ae ae Oe 41 % lg Quebec Branch aioe Le eee se eee ee eee eee 49 se PoreAtole Branch ac 7c. S.4. 0k has a, ees ae seem 43 L if Guelph’ Branch 535 2vacesc. ithe. cache ecack ieee eee 44 : Ke Librarian and) (Cunatondaes.. 0 se scsce ae eee eee 46 sf TTOaSUTer Sven setey ees te Rede soy cae tac cet See eee. ee eee 46 a « Delegate: ‘to; the Royal Socletyy ......01ssc see ees 47 Amiual Address. of ‘the President: Ji 1)! JOwANs 0 i -asccltct a, sare os eee eee eee 49 Pnsects as Nature-Studies:+S.cB; McOrpapy ys ..34350 het tee ee ete ayy Nctes on the Season of 1905: CHARLES STEVENSON ........0.....0...cdensceccneteseeteees 53 Poresp Insectse Ruy, Taos. Ws PYGws: cscs. clock clan eun cay secant eee ea cal nee 56 The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Canadian Entomologist: Rev. ; AOS WW YERB = |. 5.03555 Pvncvacsanqaddeseuaualod octamer nests caeemeeee Miaeon naar ene ik tenes 61 Orthoptera and Odonata from Algonquin Park: FE. M. Waker ............... 64 Butterfly Collecting in Canada> 1904: Mrs. NromOm 52.22... nisin cdcccesennno needs 70 Notes on Mrs. Nicholl’s Paper: Dr. James; PLRTOBER,*.2.,.503. Woict pants ee Oneal: 79 * Insects Injurious to Canadian Crops in 1905: Dr. James FLETCHER ............... 81 Entomological Record: Dr. JAMES FLETCHER ............0cccecececececescteececeenceceans 90 Permnener Ok © CApenes "so. 0 5c sess cu acnetha saab tohaleha as Anker eee oe ee Me cLanotnstaiaes Pein cease 96 Injurious Insects of the Flcwer Garden: ARTHUR GIBSON .........0....cc0eceeeecn ee ees 105 Forest Entomology: BE. J. Zavitz ........... Pia Mie ae Sahara dar Cee cis mens Sen ae am 123 Phlox Mite—Tetranychus Bimaculatus: T. D. JARVIS: ........cccsssccececececececeeeee 127 Blae Spruce: Saw Fly—Lyda: T.. D.- JARVIS)... 0.0 ier eee ae 127 Bumble Bees that Fertilize the Red Clover: T. D. Jarvis ............0c.c.0c0cc00 ee 128 Injurious Insects of 1905 in Ontario: W. LOCHHEAD ...........0..cc0ccesececenccecuceee 129 mapors of the’ British. Columbia’ Brarzich \):).:5..3.. eager eee 138 List OF CanapIAN Mempers or ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY .......0...cccccccecececeeecceceee 139 MMA Or tie ay 5 cp vt ties Cavin ga va kas np Seales SRisieirig snd ds SEALER ES a 141 THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1905. To the Honourable Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture : Srr,—I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the pro- ceedings of the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the Society. By kind invitation of President Creelman, this was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, and was one of the most suecessful and interesting in the annals of the Society. The following Report contains a full account of the proceedings, the papers read and discussed and the reports of the various Officers and Branches of the Society. Two new Branches have been formed during the present year, one in British Columbia and the other at Guelph, and large additions have been made to the membership. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed its thirty- seventh volume, containing no less than 428 pages. IT have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Editor. Lonpon, Ontario. [5] Entomological Society of Ontario. OFFICERS FOR 1905-1906. President—J. D. Evans, F.L.S., C.E., Trenton. Vice-President—Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa. Secretary—W. E. Saunders, London. Treasurer—J. A. Balkwill, London. Directors: Division. No. 1—C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge. Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. Williams, Toronto. Division No. 4—G. E. Fisher, Burlington. Division No. 5—Prof. Franklin Sherman, Guelph. Directors Ex-officio—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Professor Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., P.R.S.C., London; James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; W Hague Harrington, I’.R.S.C., Ottawa; Professor John Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q.; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Inbrarian and Curator—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, London. Auditors—W. H. Hamilton and F. A. Stuart, London. Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist’’—Rev. Dr. Bethune, London. Editing Committee—Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph; G. E. Fisher, Burlington; J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—A. F. Winn, Montreal. Delegates to the Western Fair—J. A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders. © Finance Committee—J. Dearness, J. A. Balkwill and Dr. Bethune. Library and Rooms Committee—Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman, Dearness and Saunders, London. [6] es ao Bh Entomological Society of Ontano. ANNUAL MEETING. The forty-second annual meeting of the Society was held, by kind invit- ation of President Creelman, at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on . - Wednesaay and Thursday, October 18th and 19th. Owing to the unavoidable absence of Mr. John D. Evans, President of the Society, the chair was taken by the Vice-President, Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Bot- anist, Ottawa. Among those present were: Rev. Dr. Fyles, Quebec; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for On- tario; Messrs. J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Burlington; Rev. Dr. Bethune, London; President Creelman, Professors Lochhead, McCready, Sherman, Hutt, Reed, Messrs. Zavitz, Barlow, Jarvis, Hotson, Klugh, and others, Guelph. There were also present a large number of the young women students from the Macdonald Institute and of young men from the Agricultural College. At some of the meetings the attendance was over one hundred. The Society was also favored with the presence of Professor John B. Smith, State Entomologist of New Jersey, and a Professor in Rutger’s College, one of our honorary members. During the first morning a business meeting of the Council was held, at which the Treasurer's report was received and adopted. Application was “made by a number of gentlemen belonging to the Agricultural College and the Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club for the formation of a Guelph Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The request was very heartily ac- ceded to, and the Branch was inaugurated with an initial list of twenty-four members. Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo., an eminent entomologist, especially distinguished by his work in the Coecid: and Hymenoptera, was unanimously elected an honorary member. The members of the Society from a distance were very hospitably enter- tained at luncheon by President Creelman. 5 In the afternoon Dr. Fletcher took the chair at 2.30 o’clock, and called upon the Directors of the Society to read their reports on the noteworthy in- sects of the year in their respective divisions. The reports for the first three Divisions were read, and Mr. Fisher explained his inability to prepare a re- pert for Division 4 owing to the pressure of business during the summer months. Prof. McCready also had no report to make for Division 5, as he had removed from London to Guelph before the opening of the season, but his place was filled by Dr. Bethune. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Division No. 1—Ortawa District. By C. H. Younc, Hurpman’s BrinGe. Like the two preceding years, the season of 1905 has not, in the Ottawa District, been marked by any serious outbreaks of injurious kinds of insects. Early in the season the Red-backed cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, was 17] 4 f x 8 7 THE REPORT OF THE F No. 192% \ very bad in gardens at Meach Lake, Que., being particularly destructive to onions, peas, cucumbers, vegetable marrow, and broad beans. These cater- pillars were extremely abundant in one garden which I was observing, and ~some evenings I killed as many as 150 and 200 specimens. Poisoned bran- mash was applied, and while this must have done some good, still the cutworms were so numerous that almost every green garden crop was eaten. The Onion Maggot, as far as I observed, was not nearly so prevalent this year as it was in 1904. Dr. Fletcher tells me that this season he has had success with the Cook carbolic wash. In years of bad infestation nothing, however, acts as a perfect remedy. Tent caterpillars were slightly more numerous in 1905 than they were in 1904, and it would seem as if these troublesome insects are again on the in- crease. Everyone can do something to lessen the numbers of these cat-r- pillars by cutting off, whenever seen, the unsightly tents and trampling upon the contained larve. An insect which has been rather abundant in some orchards in my dis- trict, is the Woolly Aphis (Schizoneura lanigera) of the apple. (Fig. 1.) The large snowy deposits on the limbs and trunks of trees are quite conspicu- ous and when seen should be destroyed. This can be done in most instances if the trees are not too large, by brushing the clusters off with a whisk, or some other such instrument, dipped in kerosene emulsion, or even pure coal oil. The Woolly Aphis on the alder has also been more than usually abundant this year around Ottawa, some trees being almost wholly covered with these in- sects. The Woolly Aphids on the alder are interesting on account of the larve of Meniseca tarquinius feeding upon them. This year these larve were quite abundant among these Woolly deposits, and I have brought some of the curious chrysalids to show here at this meeting. The larve of “Syrphus flies were also busily engaged feeding upon the Woolly Aphids. Young strawberry plants were destroyed in spring by White Grubs, the larvee of the well-known June Bugs. They seemed to be very abundant the past season. In apple orchards, in which spraying had not been practised, Codliug Moth caterpillars did serious harm. In some orchards fully half the crop of - apples was destroyed. In the Ottawa District, I feel sure, however, that owners of orchards are realizing more and more every year the value of spray- ing their trees to protect them from insect and fungous enemies. Red currant bushes were defoliated in some gardens by the well-known — Currant Saw-fly larve. As it does not take these ‘larve very long to strip a bush of its foliage, as soon as they are noticed a remedy should at once be ap- plied. There are two broods of this insect in the season. The remedy for the first one is to spray the bushes with a Paris green or some other arsenical | solution. For the second brood, which appears later in the season when the fruit is formed, white hellebore should be dusted on to the bushes. On some radish plants in my garden at Hurdman’s Bridge this autumn, which had gone to seed, I noticed a great number of specimens of the Zebra eaterpillar (J/amestra picta) (Fig. 2). As I was away at Meach Lake during the summer, I have not been able to find out yet whether they did any serious damage in turnip fields, etc., near by. The Birch Bucculatrix (B. Canadensis- ella) was very bad on white birch trees at Meach Lake, the leaves having a scarred appearance, and falling prematurely from the trees. The insect did not oceur on birches nearer to Ottawa. Fall Webworm was also noticeably abundant in September on forest trees and i in orchards. This insect is such an easy one to destroy in orchards that it is a wonder to me owners do not cut off the colonies of caterpillars when first noticed. Ps Road ga sony eh y le (aoa Poe mee TONER cee Rae) % 2% wat 4 we tt le mal. Ae Je Vgt é eS er aie Sevan aN Nit , T ; Wy ine i 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 The foliage of many maple trees around Ottawa was this year badly at- tacked by the Maple-leaf Gall mite, Phytoptus quadripes, on numerous fine trees, the leaves being conspicuously distorted by the galls made by this tiny mite. I have brought to the meeting a collection of Micro-Lepidoptera which I have made at Ottawa and Meach Lake during the past two seasons. This year J have mounted up nearly 1,500 of these small moths. I have also brought some interesting larger moths, which are rare in the Ottawa District. i Division No. 2—Mipianp District. By C. E. Grant. This has been a fine year for the entomologist, many species appearing lu numbers surpassing anything seen since 1898, and whilst that was the case with some species, very little injury has been noticed or reported to me from injurious insects. Of course the Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), the Potato-beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) are always with us, and Onion Maggots (Phorbta ceparum) and the Cutworms of various kinds were also plentiful J/amestra arctica in particular. I again note the scarcity of the imported Currant-worm (Nematus ribesiz), the Tent-caterpillars (Clisiocampa Americana and disstria) and also the Tomato Hawk-moth (Proptoparce cel- eus).. The Cottony Maple Scale was noted on the maple trees, but not in un- usual quantities; Asparagus-beetles have not reached us yet. No complaints were received of the Pea-weevil. The Tussock moths were abundant this fall, Antiqua being by far the most plentiful. I have added a lot of new moths to my collection not yet identified. The following I recognized, namely, Macronoctua onusta, Panchrysia purpurigera, Hadena ducta, Perigea vecors, Remigia repanda, ena aia rhodarialis, Ma- rasmalus inficita, Noctua ahaa Ancyloxypha numitor, and a new Plusia, making twenty-one species of this genus taken in Orillia. Butterflies were very numerous, Grapta J. album, Vanessa antiopa, Py- ramets cardui and huntera, and Atlantis very much more so than ever before noticed. The Geometrids were also very much in evidence; among several new ones mention might be made of Phasiane Orilliata, Macaria glomeraria, Plagodis alcolaria, and Philereme Californiata. — On October 14th I took Remigia repanda, Aletia argillacea, Xylina an- tennata, Orthosia ferruginoides, and Scopelosoma tristigmata. Division No. 3—Toronto District. By J. B. Wiiutams, Toronto. I was not well enough during the past summer to do much entomological work, so that my observations on insect pests have been confined mainly to the ravages of the Grey Tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) on the shade trees in the streets of Toronto. (Figs. 3 and 4.) They were very num- -erous this year, especially on the horse-chestnuts. The city authorities spent some money in the collection of the egg masses during the past winter, but there are so many infested trees in private grounds that the destruction of eggs on shade trees only cannot effectually check them. There are eight chestnut trees on the grounds in front of the house where I live, some of which were partially denuded of their foliage by these cater- pillars. Towards the middle of July, while sitting under these trees, one could hear a continual patter on the grass as the creatures dropped them- selves down from the branches; and quite an army of them were creeping about the ground for several days, while they sought for places to pupate. Females emerged and began to lay eggs about the 5th of August. we te Ges geld : AO TP a) oes weal. AD Td YO SPRL Aaa ee Be cnt ah edt fy ’ Y on be * Os thy eh } x ee eae en li, ed) 7 te in ee WS ! beige - o. Ay DeVere ER t Pgs 10 THE REPORT OF THE > I offered a small sum to several boys on the street if they would clear the _ cocoons off those eight trees. Some of them were good climbers, and they col- lected, I believe, about two buckets full. The trees are now, apparently, free from them, and it will be interesting to observe next season to what extent this clearing has been effectual, for there are no other chestnut trees near them. =i rr wy 5 . iy him ALLA of the apple; much en- larged, except twig. Fig. 2. a Zebra caterpillar, b the moth, Mames- tra picta. ; Walking-stick insects (Diapheromera femorata), which were so numerous | in some localities last year, have only appeared this year in about their ord-— inary numbers. Tent caterpillars, as far as I have noticed, have been comparatively scarce around Toronto, and Dr. Brodie’s observations also confirm this statement. I heard one complaint of apples, from a garden north of the city, having worms in them, but I had no opportunity to examine any of them. Division No. 5—Lonpon District. By C. J. S. Bretruune. At the request of Professor McCready, whose appointment to the chair of Nature Study at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, caused his removal from Lendon last winter, I beg to make a report upon the noteworthy insects of the past season in that part of the country. In the city of London itself public attention has been especially drawn to the widespread abundance of the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innum- erabilis, Rathyv.) on the shade trees of the streets and boulevards of the city. (Fig. 5.) On the maple and basswood trees especially it was to be found in countless millions, and the cottony tufts of egg-masses on the underside of twigs and branches were so numerous and so close together as to look as if the boughs had been thickly spattered with whitewash. Towards the end of August the leaves on many trees were curled and withered from the continu- ous drain of the scale insects and began to fall prematurely; in some in- stances the trees were almost bare by the first of September. Grape vines, — the Boston ivy, Virginia creeper, and many shrubs were included in the at- tack, and injury was also caused to plants and flowers by the constant drip of “honey dew’’ and the black fungus that grew wherever it fell. This at- tack has been going on for some years and steadily increasing in extent, and now it seems to have reached its culmination, and, we may hope, may begin to decline. Two years ago at our annual meeting, I gave an account of this ; Ta te Se Lee eal, A ek Pe BAY Ee ee ae Wale et Rae NYSE cit RA ee A Re Bey re ee Pi) Pia t a" rhe Nati Vole x Werk VE ang? y Y Me ty, ON tat FRY ! Yep) ‘ ‘p | ny <0) ae poe ih 3 . be Sab tres 4s ih a We Cues ae ‘ 4 3 -* rei CU te AA | i ¥ c yi Oe is : 7 2 es hay ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . ‘ insect and an outline of its life history; as this was published in our Report for 1903, it is unnecessary to go over the same ground again. In September last the Park Superintendent and one of the aldermen asked the local mem- bers of the Society to report upon this insect and the Tussock moth to the City Council. This was accordingly done, and on the 2nd of October we at- tended at the City Hall and were invited by the Mayor to present any report we had to make. a 6b Fig. 3. Tussock moth : a wingless female moth on its cocoon ; b young caterpillar ; c chrysalis of female ; d of male ; e male moth. Fig. 4. Tussock moth: full-grown cater- Fig. 5. Cottony maple scale; female scales pillar. with tufts containing eggs. The Tussock moth (Figs. 3 and 4) was the subject of newspaper articles in the local press from time to time during the summer, and fears were ex- pressed that, as it was very destructive in Toronto and doing some injury in Hamilton, it might soon reach London. We were able to assure the City Council that this dreaded insect had been well known in London to ento- mologists for thirty or forty years, and that during the past summer it had been as plentiful as usual. It was not, however, numerous enough to be a cause of any alarm, and no injury to the trees of the city could be charged te it. A simple method of preventing its increase was suggested and will no dcubt be carried out, namely, the gathering and destroying during the win- ter the masses of eggs laid by the wingless female moth on her cocoon. These are white and conspicuous and in most cases within easy reach; they are so few in number that any householder could clear the trees on his own premises in a few minutes, and the work of removing them from the city trees would involve but little labor. It was recommended that only the cocoons hearing egg-masses should be destroyed, as the others contained either empty male chrysalids or parasites. With regard to the Cottony Maple Scale, we were unable to suggest any practicable remedy. Two methods of dealing with the insect were mentioned as worthy of adoption by anyone who wished to protect his own trees: first, the spraying of the trees during the winter with the lime and sulphur wash that is found so effective in the case of the San Jose Scale, in order to destroy the female scales that winter on the twigs and branches of the trees; and secondly, by spraying of the trees with kerosene emulsion towards the end of June and during the first two weeks of July—three or four times in all—in t é Lal , Foe aT) 9 Pee 5 ws) eae Te Oe (i ee a me | ¥ y { 4 Na hated % / , ‘ P x - z \ . 12 THE +REPORT. (OR THE No. 19 order to destroy the lice when they are hatched from the egg-masses and are moving about in search of a final resting place. At this particular time they are exposed and can be reached by spraying, but as soon as they attach them- selves to the leaves and become covered with their scale they are practically invulnerable. The Park Superintendent was instructed to try these methods ov selected trees and report results next year, but it was felt to be beyond the power of the city authorities to deal with the immense number of shade trees throughout the city, unless they were quite sure of exterminating the pest. By way of encouragement I mentioned to the Council that this insect is well known in many cities in the United States, and the general experience has been that after a few years of abundance it ceases to be numerous for a time owing to the attacks of parasitic insects and the effects of atmospheric condi- tions. It does not, as a rule, kill the trees, because its attacks do not strip off the foliage nor entirely prevent the leaves from discharging their function, though when so numerous as at present they must certainly impair the vigor, if not the vitality, of the trees they infest. As an illustration of their num-° bers, I may mention that on a single maple leaf picked at random from a tree I counted 707 scales on the under side and 72 on the upper surface. When we consider the number of leaves on a large tree, the majority of which are in- fested. the specific name innumerabilis seems most appropriate. There were several other insect attacks during the year that may be men- tioned, but they did not attract public attention. Fig. 6. May beetle: 1 pupa, 2 the white grub, 3 and 4 the beetles. White grubs (larve of Lachnosterna or May Beetles) (Fig. 6), were eomplained of in some cases both in Woodstock and London on account of the damage they had done to lawns by devouring the roots of the grass. As they work underground and spend three years in the larval state, it is not easy ts prescribe a remedy. In the case of old pasture fields, where they sometimes become very abundant, a simple remedy would be to plough up the sod and turn in pigs or turkeys, and then to grow a root crop. Where lawns are badly damaged it would be worth while to dig up the affected parts late in the autumn and expose the grubs to the frost, or during the summer to remove the sod and soak the ground below with coal oil. Subsequently new earth could be filled in and fresh turf laid. Wire-worms (larve of Klateridw or Click-beetles) were very abundant in many market gardens in the neighborhood of London. As these creatures‘also : FSKAE ie Po 1906, . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 work under ground it is difficult to find a remedy that will be effective. Much, however, may be done to reduce their numbers by trapping them. This is done by placing bunches of clover or sweetened meal poisoned with Paris green under shingles or pieces of board where they are troublesome. The insects are in the habit of taking refuge in the daytime beneath shelters of this kind and will naturally partake of the poisoned food they find provided for them. The 12-spotted Asparagus beetle (Crioceris 12-punctata) is becoming each year more and more numerous in gardens about London. The other species, C. asparagi, has not yet made its appearance. Dusting with air-slaked lime seems to be the simplest’ and most effective remedy for getting rid of the larve which feed upon the foliage during the summer. The Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria textor) has been somewhat in evidence with its unsightly webs on some trees here and there on the city streets, and on many shrubs and trees in Springbank Park. As soon as the Super- intendent’s attention was drawn to them, they were speedily got rid of in the Park, but on private grounds many were left unmolested. It is such an easy matter to remove the webs with a stick, and destroy the inmates by trampling under foot, that there is no excuse for neglecting them. It is true that they generally inflict but little damage upon the trees owing to the lateness of their attack, but they are very unsightly and are scmetimes very injurious to young trees and shrubs. The Codling Moth is reported to have been more prevalent than usual this year and to have considerably affected the apple crop about London. The increase of this serious pest is no doubt due to the neglect of spraying, and possibly to ignorance of the fact that there are two broods in the year in this region of country. ‘ The Pea-weevil, on the other hand, is very little complained of, and could be etfectually checked if a combined effort were made by all growers and scedsmen. J*umigation with bisulphide of carbon is an easy remedy and not -expensive. Its general adoption would soon restore the growing of peas to the valuable position it formerly held in Ontario. Regarding the Hessian fly, no complaints at all were heard and eyvi- dently no appreciable damage was done. Cutworms, Squash-bugs, Onion and other root maggots were as preva- lent as usual and gave the market gardeners much trouble. On the whole the season was not marked by any unusual or violent outbreak of insects, with the exception of the Cottony Maple Scale already referred to. DISCUSSION OF THE DIRECTORS’ REPORTS. The Tussock moth was the first insect taken up for consideration. Mr. T. D. Jarvis stated that at St. Catharines and in Toronto eighty per cent. of the cocoons that he examined were parasitized by Pimplas and Chal- cid flies. Prof. J. B. Smrru explained that one of these classes of insects was a sec- ondary parasite upon the other, and could not, therefore, be credited with aiding in the reduction of the Tussock moths, but rather the contrary. Mr. ©. W. Nasr said that the Tussock moth was by no means confined to cities, as he had found them abundant all through the County of York and even as far away as St. Joseph’s Island in Lake Huron. There he had found a female depositing its eggs as late as the 8th of October. His experience was very different trom that of Mr. Jarvis, for he had only found one cocoon in 400 varasitized; many, however, were diseased and their contents had become Pus. y 14 ‘THE REPORT OF THE. Prof. J. B. Smrru had collected many egg-masses and found none that were parasitized. In the southern part of the State of New Jersey there were two broods of the insect in the year, but in the northern part only one. The city of Newark is situated on the dividing line between the life-zones, and consequently there are two broods in part of the city and only one in the rest. Ten cents per quart was paid for egg-masses collected, but he considered spray- ing with Paris green a much cheaper method of destruction, as it only cost about ten cents per tree, while egg-collecting came to $2.50 when the attack was severe. The egg-masses he found to contain an average of 200 eggs. Dr. FLETCHER, in reply to a question as to whether spraying should be discontinued in order to avoid killing the parasites as well as the noxious 1n- sects, stated that it was much safer to spray and be sure of killing the enemy, especially as there was no certainty regarding the work of the parasites. In answer to a further question, Does spraying kill internal parasites? he replied, Yes, if it destroys the insect which supplies its parasite with food. On one oceasion he had found a number of parasites in egg-masses on trees at the corner of King and Simcoe streets, Toronto. In remarking upon Dr. Bethune’s paper, he stated that the Codling Moth was one-brooded from Toronto eastward and two-brooded westward. At Ot- tawa, where there is but one brood, spraying in the spring is sufficient for its control, but at London the conditions are quite different. For the Cottony Maple Scale he recommended treatment of the trees in winter with the lime and sulphur wash. White-grubs in lawns may be checked by freely spraying the affected portions with kerosene emulsion and then washing with water. Click-beetles, the parents of Wire-worms, are attracted in large numbers to the bait used at night in sugaring for moths, and might be largely destroyed by this means. It was remarkable that the twelve-spotted Asparagus beetle should have outstripped the other species in its advance westward through Ontario; the latter (C. Asparagz) was spreading very slowly. The Pea-weevil is at present somewhat scarce and therefore now is the time for a successful . fight against it. The growers of peas should not pay five times too much for their seed, because peas infested with weevils only contain one-fifth of their proper contents. The seedsmen are now fumigating their peas, because their customers demand seeds that have been treated with bi-sulphide of carbon,— the method is very simple and should be universally adopted. Mr. C. W. Nasu said that peas should be treated at once after they are harvested, because a large proportion of the weevils emerge from the peas early in October and thus escape fumigation, if it is postponed to a later date. 4 They may be found in immense numbers in barns where peas have been — stored. Prof. J. B. Smira asked whether the White-grubs referred to by Dr. Bethune were hairy or smooth. On being told that they were smooth and the larvee of May-beetles (Lachnosterna), he said that at Washington a few years ago a lawn was so badly affected by White-grubs, which ate the roots of the grass, that the turf could be rolled up like a carpet; there the grubs were hairy and the larve of Allorhina nitida (a beetle which does not occur in On- tario). In New Jersey they had had a similar experience to that in London with the Cottony Maple Scale,—the city of Plainfield last year was the worst af- fected and the numbers were similar to those described by Dr. Bethune. The large wintering scales of the female he had found abundantly parasitized. A Lady-bird beetle (Hyperaspis) was very numerous and attacked the scales, so cgi sehgbeh AC yh na ogilieh ail ONSEN san a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 while its larve devoured the eggs in the cottony masses. The parasites be- came more and more abundant as the season went on, and he had every con- fidence that there would be little or no trouble from this insect at Plainfield next year. His count of scales was similar, having found from 500 to 800 on ‘a single leaf. Insecticides of various kinds had been tried, but he could find nothing that would kill the insects and not injure the foliage. He had, there- fore, resorted to water from the city mains, and found that with a hose the eggs could be washed off the trees if applied when the cottony masses are opening early in May. This is a simple, easy and inexpensive remedy, and one that is ready at hand for every one who has a lawn and hose for watering it. If the scales are higher up than their usual position on the lower branches they can usually be reached with the assistance of a step-ladder. Mr. C. W. Nasu spoke of the damage done to asters and dahlias by the Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis) and the trouble it gave to florists in Toronto; dusting with Pyrethrum insect powder was recommended as a rem- edy. He also referred to the prevalence of Hydrecias (Gortyna) this year; ne had found them boring into the roots and stalks of rhubarb, dahlias, Rud- beckia, burdock and in fact all’ plants that were capable of holding them; two species, Gortyna nitela and cataphracta, were especially abundant. Dr. FLetcuer drew attention to the good work being done by Mr. H. H. Lyman and other entomologists in Montreal in breeding and tracing out the life-histories of these moths. G'. nitela was of use, as it destroys large num- bers of Canada thistles and rag-weed. THE ‘“TUSSOCKS.”’ By Tue Rev. Tuomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S. The common application ‘“Tussock Moths,’’ as applied to the perfect insects of the species Orgyia antiqua, Linneus, and Orgyita leucostigma, Smith and Abbot, (Fig. 7), isa misnomer. It is to the caterpillars of these species that the name ‘‘Tussock’’ is properly applied—they are conspicu- ously tussocky, or tufted, along the back, (Fig. 4). The generic name Notolophus given to these insects by Germar signifies this :—otos—the back; Lophos—a crest. The male perfect insects of the two kinds have been very appropriately called ‘‘Vapourers,’’ because of their airy and un- certain flight. They are known respectively as the ‘‘Brown Vapourer”’ and the ‘‘Grey Vapourer.’’ The females of both species are incapable of flight, having only rudimentary wings. The Greek generic name Orgyia was probably given because of the out- stretched black pencils extending like arms from the shoulders of the larva. The feminine specific name, antiqua, from the Latin, appropriately denotes the grey and hunched form of the female moth. Linneus was often fanci- ful in his application of names! The term leucostigma was given by Smith and Abbot to the Grey Va- -pourer on account of its white spots, (Fig. 3e); though the spots on Antiqua are more conspicuous than they, because of their darker setting. The genus Orgyia belongs to the family Liparide which, in England, includes some very handsome, and also some very troublesome species. Psilura monacha, the ‘‘Black Arches,’”’ is a remarkably beautiful moth. Porthetria dispar, the ‘‘Gypsy Moth,’’ is handsome, but its larve are de- structive; whilst the larve of Huroproctis chrysorrhea, the ‘‘Brown-Moth’’ 16 THE REPORT OF THE i RR apa are offensive, not only from.their destructiveness, but also from the fact that their barbed hairs are easily cast, and, alighting on the human skin, work their way into its pores, and cause excessive irritation. In my early ef- forts at raising insects, in England, I again and again experienced the baneful effects of too close contact with these caterpillars. The story of the introduction of the Brown-tail and Gypsy Moths to Massachusetts has been well told in the publications of Messrs. Fernald and Kirkland and Forbush; and so the evil reputation of these species has been widely spread. People in Canada have looked for their advent with appre- hension. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that when the egg-masses of an allied, but less injurious, species became conspicuous, to expectant eyes, something like a panic occurred—it was thought that the dreadful Gypsy Moth was come. O.HEIDEMAN S.C Fig. 7. Tussock moth : « caterpillar; ) and c¢ chrysalids ; d and e male moths ; f and g female moths ; h eggs ; 1 male cocoons ; k female moths and egg-masses on cocodns. a I have known both the Brown Vapourer and the Grey for many years. The former, indeed, attracted my attention soon after my arrival in Canada; for it was to me an old acquaintance. Both species are common at Quebec. Leucostigma has been plentiful here for some years past—it has never done noteworthy damage. Its:favourite food here is the White Willow (Salia- alba, Linneus); and patches of its eggs may at this present time (October, 1905), be seen on the bolls of the willows in the Custom House Square, and along Mountain Hill. a No SESE ALB tare (Mb Lie Wes \ mae tin VaAy pet eas i een ( a t r ) Pst \ 4 1905. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — 17 I have always regarded the larve of Antigua and Leucostigma as harm- less and very beautiful objects—creatures to be admired. I certainly read with amused surprise the following paragraph in the ‘‘Montreal Daily Star’’ of July 22nd last :— “Tt is now beyond question that in addition to the caterpillars being very destructive to vegetation, they are also poisonous to human ’ beings. They can let themselves down from a tree by means of a silken thread, simi- lar to that made by the spider. They seem especially to like to get down the back of one’s neck, and they certainly do some painful work there.’’ What a thick skin a man must have who could let a caterpillar alight on his neck, and not brush it off immediately ! Still further to alarm the public, and to show ‘‘that our troubles have hardly commenced yet,’’ the writer in the ‘‘Star’’ proceeds to describe the ravages of the Gypsy Moth in Massachusetts, and re-produces some of the illustrations from Forbush and Fernald’s Report. There is a representation of the Dexter Elm with ten men engaged in freeing it from the eggs of the moth. There, too, is a picture of the destroying of the eggs in a stone wall by means of cyclone burner. Both of these are likely to excite apprehension, but are hardly fair to the Tussocks, who were not the guilty parties in the case. ‘‘Give a dog a bad name and hang him!”’ We remember the ‘‘Kissing Bug Scare,’’ in which kissing-bugs multi- plied to such an extent that it was hard to believe that any damsel could go unkissed. Tn this Tussock Moth Scare, whatever damage has been done to trees, the Tussocks—in popular opinion—have been the doers of it. One man told that the gooseberry bushes in the gardens near him had been defoliated —of course the Tussocks had done the harm, and not Hufitchia ribearza, nor Nematus ventricosus. The larve of Vanessa Antiopa, Clisiocampa disstria, Hibernia tiliaria, Hyphantria textor, and others, always do their share to- wards denuding the trees; but for injuries done by these the Tussocks are now held blame-worthy. To show how easily a mistake might arise:—A person at Quebec, on the look-out for damage by the Tussocks, would notice that the Ash-trees, which formerly were such graceful adornments to the public squares and gardens of the city, were leafless, dead, or dying. ‘‘Oh,’’ he would be like- ly to exclaim, ‘‘the terrible Tussock Moths!’’ But the Tussocks were en- tirely blameless in this case. My attention was directed to the trees, in the spring of 1904, by Mr. Joly de Lotbiniére. I examined them carefully, and could find no trace of injurious insects. I came to the conclusion that -the death of so many of these beautiful trees was occasioned by the exces sive drought of the preceding spring. T had recorded that on the 11th of April, 1903, and again on the 12th, the thermometer in my yard indicated 82 degrees in the shade. The untimely heat was followed by a long, cold, and exceedingly dry time. Prayers for rain were offered in some of our churches. In the end of May and beginning of June, the air was thick with smoke from forest fires. On the 3rd of June the smoke was so dense that the river steamboat ‘‘Frontenac’’? was unable to run. I am convinced that the young foliage of the ash trees was so affected by these circumstances that it performed its functions imperfectly. Then, too, the earth was so parched that the roots of the trees must have failed 2 =x. b 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 to extract nutriment from it—the Ash is a tree that requires much moisture! The unfavourable summer was followed by a very severe winter. To these consecutive circumstances I ascribe the loss of so many of our Ash trees, and not to insect depredations.* The two Canadian species of Orgyia may be easily distinguished in every stage of their existence. The eggs of Antiqua resemble a cluster of whitey-brown beads; those of Leucostigma to a dab of cake-frosting. The larva of Antiqua has a black head; that of Leucostigma has a red one. The difference in the moths has already been sufficiently shown. It is impossible that the Tussocks can ever be as destructive as the Gypsy Moth has proved itself. Their females have no wings—they lay their eggs on the cocoons from which they crept. So the advance of the species is slow, and is made by the caterpillars. But the female Gypsy Moth has ample wings; and, though it is heavy with its burden of eggs, it can, and does, take flight for other localities. Its caterpillar, moreover, attains a much greater size, and is more voracious than either of our Tussock larve. The close of the autumn is undoubtedly the season for reducing the numbers of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma. The egg-clusters of both species may be easily peeled from the trees with the thumb and finger. They should then be thrown inio the fire. So the numbers of the creatures can be kept down with ease and without cruelty. THE TUSSOCK MOTH SITUATION IN MONTREAL. By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., Montreat, QUE. Until Montreal was visited early last spring by a gentleman from Lin- coln Park, Chicago, we hardly knew that we had a Tussock Moth situation in our city. Those of us who know about such things, of course, knew that we had the Tussock Moth, that, like the poor, it was always with us and al- ways likely to be with us. But this gentleman, seeing a good many egg masses on trees, sounded the alarm, and addressed a letter of warning to the President of the Natural History Society, who happened to be a Professor of Botany. The newspapers took the matter up, and one especially devoted much space and energy to a sensational account of the ‘‘arrival’’ of this much dreaded pest, and, evidently confusing it with the Gypsy Moth, told of the millions which had been spent in the United States in fighting it. A meeting of the Natural History Society was called to consider the situation, to which the public were invited, and about twenty, all told, re- ne ea Dominion Entomologist being present to throw light on the subject. After considerable discussion, a Tussock Moth Committee was appointed which later waited upon the Finance Committee and asked for a grant to be used in fighting the pest. The Committee voted the munificent sum of $100 for this purpose. The Society then offered a bounty of 25c. per hundred for the egg masses (Fig. 7k), and the school children began to collect them, and much good was anticipated, as the amount voted would have paid bounties *The trees were cut down this fall (1905). The wood was found to be perfectly sound— quite free from borers. 1905 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 —— on 40,000 egg masses, but the Parks and Ferries Committee of the city council took alarm. Here were no less than one hundred good dollars slipping through their fingers to a purely disinterested society, and being honestly expended for the good of the city without the slightest chance of patronage on their part—which was, of course, intolerable. So they demanded the money, and took over the campaign themselves, withdrawing the bounty, and, instead, putting men to work with poles with tin triangles on the ends to scrape the cocoons off the trees and let them lie where they fell. A certain amount of scraping was, of course, done, but I doubt if we got more than $50.00 worth for the $100.00 expended. The work was begun late, and done much too leisurely, and had it not been that the eggs were unusually late in hatching, would have been even less effective than it was. In spite, however, of the inefficiency of the work, no very serious damage resulted. A few isolated trees were stripped of their leaves, and a good many trees had at least a part of their foliage rendered pretty ragged, but a very large number of trees were hardly affected at all. In the grounds about the house where I live there are many trees—silver maples, elms, horse chestnut, butternut, black cherry—and a careful search early in the season only resulted in my finding two egg masses and one fe- male cocoon from which the imago had never emerged. This was removed from the tree and placed in a glass-bottomed pill box, and later there emerged from it over a hundred parasites which, on being submitted to Dr. Ashmead, were pronounced Diglochis omnivora, Walker, which I was informed was not previously known to be a parasite of Orgyia Leucostigma. Before the time for the eggs to hatch, I selected a few cocoons with typical egg masses, and immersed them for about ten minutes in gasoline, which I thought would kill the eggs, intending later to place one of them with an inflated larva with the moths in my collection. Fortunately, I did not do so at the time, as I found later that many of the larve had hatched, though perhaps some of the eggs were killed by the gasoline bath. As the caterpillars of the Tussock moth matured and the damage to the trees became quite evident, the city fathers took alarm for fear there might be a second brood which would be much more destructive than the first, but they were assured by the official entomologist that there was no danger of that. There must, nevertheless, have been a few eggs which hatched, as ‘Mr. Winn reported seeing, a few days ago nearly mature larve crawling around, and a newly emerged female ovipositing. ©The numbers were, how- ever, too insignificant to cause any further appreciable damage. A Bank manager, knowing the nature of my business, -appled to me for “‘prescription”’ to clear out the pest from his trees, but when I told him that it was never possible to exterminate an insect pest, that all we could do was to control it, and recommended careful, hard and continuous work in removing the egg masses from his trees, I am afraid that he thought that there was not much good in entomology. The Parks and Ferries Committee decided to apply to the Finance Com- ‘mittee for a grant of $500.00 for further work in removing the egg masses this autumn, but I have learned from the Secretary of the former committee that only $200.00 was granted, and that this wholly insufficient grant has been nearly all expended. In this matter, however, I think we are likely to derive nearly as much benefit from the action of natural causes as from the efforts of man. Pro- bably owing to the frequent rains, bacterial disease broke out among the caterpillars when approaching maturity, and many were seen hanging limp and rotten from this cause. 20 THE REPORT OF THE ° | No. 19 Of a number of cocoons which I gathered for Dr. Fletcher many were found to be putrid, and I have seen many cocoons, apparently of females, from which the moths had evidently not emerged. In view of the preparation of this paper I devoted a few hours recently to a necessarily rapid and very cursory examination of the shade trees in some of the principal uptown streets and squares, as well as making inquiries among my entomological friends. I ascertained that on one street a horse- chestnut in a garden had been quite stripped, but that it had leafed out again and had even blossomed a second time. I examined it, and found that it was an old and decrepit tree. In the same garden there is a specimen of what used to be called Negundo Aceroides, but now Acer Negundo, L. (the Ash-leaved Maple), which had also been stripped, but a few yards further up on the opposite side of the street were Horse-chestnuts and Ash-leaved maples which had practically not suffered at all. We have very few Horse-chestnuts in Montreal, and practically none on the streets, nearly all the trees set out in the streets being maples and elms. But Acer Negundo, where attacked, seemed to suffer more than any other tree. The examination I made disclosed only a few trees very seriously infested, but very many trees were found which had a few egg masses upon them. A few egg masses were found on telegraph poles, and, as I suggested to Dr. Fletcher, if the caterpillars could be induced to eat them they would be the greatest possible blessing to our city. It is greatly to be deplored that the Finance Committee voted so inade- quate an amount, as had the full $500.00 been granted a great deal more work could have been done, and as the species has only been increasing slowly of recent years, if all the egg masses which could be found were de stroyed, it would probably be years before any further expense would have to be incurred; but doing the work in only a half-hearted way will necessi- tate its being done every year if our shade trees are to be protected from damage. No depredations by this pest were perceptible in the district surrounding Montreal, and the damage to the shade trees in the city is, doubtless, to be attributed to the greater immunity of the caterpillars from their natural bird and insect enemies. ENTOMOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. By FRANKLIN SHERMAN, JR., PRoressor OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLoecy, O.A.C., GuELPH. North Carolina is a State of approximately the same area as “‘Old On-. iario,’’ approximately the same length, and approximately the same popula- tion, and lies directly south of Old Ontario, Ottawa being almost precisely north of Cape Hatteras, and Windsor north of Murphy, the western-most county seat. At its eastern end the State is some 150 miles broad, across the middle something like 100 miles, and tapers to a dull point at the south- western extremitv. In fact, the State is somewhat slipper-shaped. The population is more evenly distributed than in Old Ontario, there being no large region so thinly settled as the northern section of our province, and no large region so thickly settled as the southern section. There are no large cities, Wilmington, the largest, having but 25,000 population, and Raleigh, the capital, having 13,000, almost exactly the size of Guelph. From these facts it is easy to conclude (and rightly) that agriculture is the chief 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 occupation in all parts of the state, far out-ranking all other industries com- bined in the amount invested and in returns. The abolition of slavery forty years ago left these people poor, and many of the large plantations were abandoned, while, as a rule, the farms are still too large to be cultivated to best advantage. An abundance of cheap, inefficient and generally ignorant labor, and a scarcity of intelligent and reliable help, has had a very detrimen- tal effect. In all parts of the state, especially east of the mountains, may be seen abandoned farm lands, and occupied lands which are poorly cared for. These facts all influence the entomological conditions prevailing. Geologically, the state is very distinctly divided into three great re- gions:—/st, the Eastern, or coastal plain region, extending from the coast to about 100 miles inland to an elevation of 300 feet. 2nd, the Middle, or piedmont region, extending from the coastal plains region to the foot of the mountains, a belt some 150 miles in width, ranging from 300 to 1,000 feet elevation. J3rd, the Western, or mountain region extending from the Blue Ridge mountains to the Great Smokies which form the western boundary of the state. Elevation ranges from 1,000 to 6,700 feet. The Blue Ridge ‘s the water-shed, and the fauna and flora of the mountain region partakes to some degree of the nature of the Mississippi valley, though the Great Smoky Range cuts off many of the typical and more southern forms. I shall only mention such insects as are of interest as showing distribution, variation *n habits, remedies, etc. Tuer EASTERN REGION. This portion lies principally in what is biologically known as the humid area of the Lower Austral Zone, a zone not at all represented in Ontario. The soil is for the most part sandy, or a black muck or peat. The crops are corn, cotton, peanuts, sorghum, a little rice along the coast, potatoes (both Irish _and Sweet), and garden truck for early shipment to northern markets. Insects oF StartE Crors. The Black Grain weevil, Calandra oryzae, occurs abundantly throughout this region. Carbon bi-sulphide is the re- medy recommended, and is satisfactory when properly applied. The Corn Bill beetle, Sphenophorus sculptilis, is destructive to young corn on low lands, especially those subject to overflow. They are worse on lands just from rice sod, and the avoidance of such lands is the only satisfactory method of avert- ing injury. During the last two seasons there have been serious outbreaks of the Sugar-cane Beetle, Ligyrus rugiceps, although this is typically a pest of the cane plantations along the Gulf of Mexico. A satisfactory remedy for this insect is yet to be devised. Late planting was the only expedient which proved worthy of notice. The Corn Stalk-borer, Diatraea saccharalis, (Lepidoptera) is also destructive throughout this area, while the Ear-worm, Heliothis armigera, (Lep.) I have seen destroy whole fields of sweet corn, every ear containing from one to twelve of the voracious larve. ‘This latter insect is also frequently guilty of boring into the bolls of cotton, and of re- cent years, since there has been so much discussion of the Boll-weevil, farmers often mistake it for this pest. The peanut has no serious insect pest to my knowledge. Insects or GarpEN Crops. Throughout most of this region the Potato- beetle, Doryphora 10-lineata, is abundant and destructive, though, curiously enough, I had a report from one isolated locality that it appeared there in numbers for the first time in 1901. It cam hardly be said that spraying 1s a common practice even in combatting this pest, as labor is generally so ig- norant throughout this region that pumps would be rapidly broken, and the work would be poorly done. Hand-picking is, therefore, much relied upon re | i \ A » MG ey Pr A \ 22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 even at this late day. Paris green mixed with lime or land plaster is also widely used as a dust application. It is only within the last year that I heard of three field sprayers, spraing four rows at a time, being purchased in this section, although the growing of Irish potatoes is a leading industry in many localities. Some few of the growers have knapsack pumps, but the universal complaint is that hands are not to be had who will honestly and carefully do a day’s work with them. The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, Murgantia histrionica, (Fig. 8), while com- mon enough in all the state east of the mountains, is much more abundant here than further west. It is one of the Stink-bug family (Pentatomidae), and is a destructive enemy of cruciferous crops, especially cabbage and collards in this region. Hand-picking and late planting are the principal remedies. Fig. 8. Harlequin cabbage bug. In the strawberry section the Strawberry Weevil, Anthonomus signatus, is the most important enemy. So far as I have been able to learn this is the southern-most region for this pest on the Atlantic seaboard, but surely it is very destructive here. It lays its egg within the bud and then cuts the pedicel. The staminate varieties are chiefly attacked, and by the use of a large proportion of pistillate varieties the growers are able to secure the greatest degree of immunity. The insect also breeds in abundance on the blackberries (Rubus sp.), which grow wild in that region, and the use of fire to burn out these vines as well as to run over the berry fields as soon as pick- ing is over, is coming into favor, as many of the developing larve, pupae, and fresh adults are still in the fields after the last of the crop is removed. Insects or OrcHarp Fruits. The Codling Moth is abundant and de- structive in this section, good crops of apples being a thing almost unknown in recent years. Within the last few years, however, spraying is becoming more popular in the orchards, especially as these are generally small and the owners in many cases do their work with their own hands. The Plum Curculio throughout this region is as destructive to the peach as to the plum. The jarring method is being widely used in commercial orchards, as it is a purely mechanical process which can be done by even the most ignorant laborers, for even they can soon be taught to recognize the adult beetle. The largest peach and plum section is in the western part of the Eastern Region, at South- ern Pines. Here the San Jose Scale has been well known for the last ten years, yet I know of many thousands of trees which have been known to be more or less infested for eight years, and which this year brought forth the sixth consecutive profitable crop, a tribute to the efficacy of careful, persistent spraying. In these orchards oils and soaps were relied upon until about three years ago, since which time the Lime-Sulphur-Salt wash has held sway. One large orchard has been treated principally by the fumigation method, and is in excellent condition, and the owners are now undecided whether it will be better to renew their outfit of tents or resort to the wash. I think that the tendency is, and will continue to be, to avoid the use of self-cooked mixtures or chemical substitutes, and use only :he wash maie of lime, sul- phur and salt, boiled with artificial heat for not less than one hour. In this particular region white labor is quite obtainable, hence conditions are more favorable for the use of such washes as require care in their preparation and 4 na PTA F Ne vn 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 use. The experience there has been that the best time to apply the wash is as late in winter or early spring as possible, just so the work is completed before the buds actually open, the advantage of this being that the coating adheres through a large part of the summer, and renders it difficult for the young to obtain a foot-hold. One thorough, annual treatment has been found sufficient, two or more being necessary only when trees have been neg- lected, or the scale not discovered until badly encrusted. By making the treatment late the growers also secure much fungicidal effect, so much:so that many will hereafter use a late treatment for the scale, and also for its effect on fungi, thus taking the place of the usual late winter treatment with the Bordeaux Mixture. Indeed, from the present outlook it seems not unlikely that in many apple and pear orchards the scheme of spraying will eventually be as follows :— Ist. Just before buds burst with Lime-sulphur-salt. 2nd. Just after blooms fall with Bordeaux and Paris green. rd. Ten days later with Bordeaux and Paris green. The southern method of jarring for the Curculio also deserves notice. Two men are engaged in the work of jarring a tree, each being provided with a semi-circular frame or screen large enough so that the two will include all the space directly beneath the branches. The two men walk rapidly along the rows, one on each side, and, bringing the screens together under each tree, a few quick, hard blows are given with a padded club. After some ten to thirty trees have been jarred in this way the screens are lowered to the ground and the jarring carefully searched for adult Curculios, which are crushed ‘n the fingers. The method is quite rapid, two men having been observed to jar and kill the insects from 24 trees in 6 minutes. In the large commercial orchards this method is almost universal, and they find that the beetles appear first along the edges of the orchard, indicating that they hibernate in woods or fields, but I have never yet taken one of the insects in hibernating quar- ters. The growers make an effort to have each tree jarred at least twice a week, but still they prefer to give more attention to the outside rows, hence the trees bordering woods may sometimes be treated four or five times in the week while those in the interior may be jarred only once or twice. Among insects not of economic importance this region is notable for a strong infusion of southern forms. Several times we sent insects to the Na- tional Museum at Washington representing species which they reported be- long typically to the Florida fauna. The Orange-dog butterfly, Papilio thoas which has of recent years been taken even in Southern Ontario, is common in eastern North Carolina near the coast, though many years of careful collecting has failed to reveal it at Raleigh, about 120 miles inland. Here the handsome skipper, Hudamus proteus, is also found, and less than a month ago this species was taken at Raleigh for the first time. The swallow- tail Papilio palamedes is also abundant through the summer near the coast. Among the Pierids, [I think that Pieris monuste occurs, though this opinion is based only on a brief glimpse of a specimen taken to be this species on one of the low, sandy islands along the coast. The dragon-flies, Libellula and Calopteryz sp., are also found here. F Tuer Mippie ReGron. This region lies about equally in the lower austral and upper austral zones. The typical soil is a red clay, but this varies to yellowish clay mingled with much sand and gravel in the east. The crops are corn, to- bacco in the north, wheat in the middle, and cotton in the southern areas. iv ~~ » £5 ~ es ‘ OTN ee as Te Os AA 7ER Y a &, Lr ; ' rh | ; ml ae WET rate bisa Piast Ba She shale BARS i . ’ Ag . en8 yeiey A Sere 2 r . ee ~~ 24 THE REPORT.OF (THES! >. 50; As the upper austral zone includes the southern tier of counties in Ontario, many of the insects of this region are well known in this province. The Chinch Bug is rarely reported in North Carolina from either the eastern or the western sections, but it is a standard pest in the middle section. Spraying with kerosene emulsion at a strength of 10 to 15 per cent. oil has been practised in a few instances but only with more or less injury to the crops, and our recommendation was to rely principally upon the well-known plowing methods, and our farmers were surprised to see how effectual even a single, deep, furrow was. The Hessian Fly is another pest which is practically confined to this region, probably mainly because very little wheat is grown in the other sec- tions. At any rate it is here a very destructive insect in the best wheat section of the state. Late planting is the preventative usually employed, . and careful inquiry brought out the fact that from October 15th to Novem- ber Ist is the safest time to sow to avoid fly and at the same time escape the injurious effects of winter freezing. Wheat is frequently sown as late as the last week in November, and I have been told of seeding in Xmas. week. Fig. 10. Junonia ceenia. There are but few insects which I could name as distinctive of this re- gion. One of the most characteristic butterflies is Huptoieta claudia (Fig. 9), the larve of which are everywhere common on the May-pop or Passion- flower. Another is the Buckeye, Junonia coenia (Fig. 10). Both of these butterflies are almost too southern in range to be expected in Ontario, though I suspect, without having inquired, that they are occasional in the southern counties. [They have been taken, though rarely, in the Counties bordering on Lake Erie.—Ep.] THe WESTERN REGION. This region is characterized by high plateaus and mountain ranges. It lies in the Transition and the Boreal life-zones. The Transition includes all of Old Ontario between the northern and southern tiers of counties, and the Boreal includes practically all of New Ontario and the great region about James Bay. Of course the more northern animals and plants of these re- gions are not represented in North Carolina, but one would be surprised at | the similarity of*the mountain plateau region and the country right here at Guelph. Cattle-grazing is one of the chief agricultural occupations, while hay, potatoes, oats, and apples are also standard crops. This is the only region where currants, raspberries, and rhubarb can really be said to be a success. Here, too, one finds many of the typical Ontario insects and insect pests. The currant bushes are regularly attacked by the currant worm, and the apple trees by the Oyster-shell scale, which is only known to me in this state in the mountain and west-central parts of the state. In j } se PRS ES 4 x eG Ye > re 1905 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 the steep mountain orchards the dust-spray is being experimented with. As one apple-grower in this region has something over 30,000 trees now coming into bearing, the cheapest, efficient means of spraying the trees becomes an important question. The Scurfy Scale is more abundant here than else- where in the state. Among the insects not of economic importance a specialist in lepidoptera could, doubtless, name many species well known to our most active collec- tors. Among the butterflies may be mentioned such forms as Argynnis aphrodite, A. diana, A. cybele, Brenthis myrina, Grapta faunus, G. comma, and G. j-album. I had threatened to capture Basilarchia arthemis, and Vanessa milberti, and even cherished a fond hope of finding a stranded colony of Chionobas on one of the high mountains, but further exploitation of this interesting region must now be left to others. But it is extremely inter- esting, as showing how mixed are the faunas in these southern mountains, to point out that in the extreme southwest corner of the state Papilio thoas (Fig. 11), and the Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis vanilla, both appear to be somewhat common. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. A more interesting territory for the entomologist can scarcely be found than North Carolina. Most of the collectors of insects are in the north, and when these collectors have gone south at all they have gone through to Florida, Georgia, Louisiana or Texas. Consequently there is a great strip of middle ground which has never been at all adequately explored. Even in economic entomology nothing definite has been attempted previous to the opening of this new century. The entomologist in this state is, therefore, met by persons of every conceivable attitude toward his work, some incredu- lous, some interested, some contemptuous, and some indifferent. The farm- ing classes, as a whole, however, have in recent years been brought to see the importance of this work. The wide spread of the San Jose Scale, the threatening danger of the cotton Boll-weevil, and the almost total destruction of fruit crops by the Codling Moth and Curculio in the eastern section, have brought them to a realization of its true meaning. For the five years that the writer was located in North Carolina, he, his assistants, and a Mr. Brimley, at Raleigh, were the only active collectors known to be residing in the state. Within the last few months another collector; a native of Connecticut, was discovered. Now there are two or three school teachers who are doing a little work along this line, though in a very primitive way. Altogether, the state is, as yet, practically un- explored, entomologically. While spraying is gradually coming into vogue, the pumps are, as a rule, cheaper and more inefficient than those in use in the north. In order to get the practice started at all it has been necessary to begin at first in the simplest manner possible. But the poverty of the farming classes in past years, and the unreliability of the labor, would in any case have rendered the more expensive machines impossible. In the largest peach and plum section, where the San Jose Scale is generally distributed, barrel pumps with two leads of hose, each with a single nozzle, are principally used. Large tanks and heavy machinery could not be used here on account of the very sandy nature of the soil, through which the wheels readily sink so that heavy loads are impossible. The generally prosperous years of recent times, and the development of enormous fruit and trucking industries throughout the south to supply the large and expanding northern markets, is giving cause for more demand for 26 THE REPORT OF THE information, about insect pests and methods of combatting them, and at the present time more places are open for the employment of economic en- tomologists in the south than any other section, so far as the writer is aware, while it goes without saying that in regard to life histories, broods, hiberna- tion, etc., much more remains to be discovered there than in the more north- ern states. Fig. 11. Papilio thoas, the Giant Swallow-tail Butterfly. Colours black and yellow. In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper, the first insect that was commented upon. was PLum Curcuxnio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). Dr. Fletcher spoke in high terms of appreciation of Prof. Sherman’s paper, and congratulated the Society upon the addition to its members of so able and enthusiastic an entomologist. He remarked that the Plum’ Curculio in Canada was kept in check almost entirely by spraying, and that jarring was rarely resorted to. Mr. Grorce E. Fisuer had tried both methods, but preferred spraying, as it proved more effective, and had the additional advantage that a fungicide could be used with the Paris green, and thus a double result was accomp- lished. Mr. Willard, of Geneva, N.Y., whom he had visited, depended entirely upon jarring for the protection of his plum trees. He uses the wheel- barrow system, and employs twelve men, each with a barrow, for the pur- pose. As the Curculios are very susceptible to cold, the jarring is done in the early morning when they are sluggish and have a less firm grasp on their resting place. As many as a hundred of the beetles were often shaken from one tree. There was undoubtedly one advantage in jarring,—you killed the beetle for certain, whereas in spraying you only distributed poison for the insect to eat and could not be sure that he would partake of it. Dr. FLETCHER said that the cost of the labour required for jarring was very much greater than for spraying. Good paying results were obtained by the use of the latter method, and, as Mr. Fisher had stated, there was the 1905 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 great additional benefit derived from the addition of Bordeaux mixture to the Paris green or arsenate of lead. For his part, he much preferred to use, and always recommended to others, Paris green rather than the arsenate, as its conspicuous color prevented any danger of its being mistaken for anything else. San Jose SCALE. Mr. G. E. FISHER, in the discussion on Prof. Sherman’s paper, referred to the methods of dealing wiih the San Jose Scale, and first to the use of _ the lime, salt and sulphur mixture. He preferred to dispense with the salt as it corrodes the pumps, and in his experience the mixture destroyed the scale better without it. He used a heavy wash of the mixture, employing one pound of lime to half a pound of sulphur in each gallon of wash. It should be cooked for two hours, not for one only, as was the common practice. He made use of the steam from a threshing engine for the purpose, and cooked twelve barrels at a time, in order to have an abundant supply both for himself and his neighbours. The test of the boiling was that the mixture should finally turn green. The results were most satisfactory. An orchard of one hundred trees of all sorts, badly infested with the scale, was treated three or four years ago with the wash made in the manner just mentioned and was sprayed thorough- ly; no scales have been found there since. The wash should be applied by the middle of April, not later; he had found it safer to do the work from the middle of March to the middle of April, if later injury was done to the opening buds. Prof. SHERMAN expressed the opinion that it was best to apply the wash as late as was safe, as he found that it stuck to the trees better and did good work for a longer time. His mixture consisted of 20 lbs. of lime, 17 Ibs. of sulphur and 10 Ibs. of salt to each 50 gallons. In an orchard contain- ing 20,000 peach trees the wash had been tried both with and without the salt. and the results when the salt was included were much better than with- out it. The boiling was done for at least one hour and the spray was applied while hot. The advantage from the salt was that it made the wash stick better. Prof. Locuurap read the following paper in which he gave an account of his recent experiments in treatment for the scale. EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN 1905. By Wm. Locuueap, Prorrssor or Borany, Ontario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. During the eight years that the San Jose Scale has been in Ontario many remedies have been devised and applied for its extermination. Among the early remedies were whale oil soap, kerosene and kerosene emulsion, potash solution, soda solution, and dilute crude petroleum. All of these were only partially successful. The whale oil soap was a most effective destroyer of Scale and a tonic for the tree, but was too expensive for the ordinary fruit- grower to use. The potash and soda solutions were not sufficiently effective against the scale to make them favorite remedies. Kerosene, either pure or dilute, was too unsafe, and was soon discarded. The kerosene emulsion, although quite effective in controlling the moving larve, was not at all Wy Pn Veal BS a PC rae Car eer Pe ia deh 54 pe age “ NS fa) TeR ee Ne Se ated iat Roky nee — = ad y est lei aoe Ca si He). eee at eae - 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ” adapted as a remedy for the scale under other conditions, and hence was abandoned. During the last few years new remedies have appeared and have been remarkably successful. Probably the most effective of these is the lime- sulphur wash. Various combinations of this wash have been tried, in order to determine the most satisfactory remedy for the scale, from the standpoint of both effectiveness and cheapness. The following are the formule which have been usually adopted in On- . tario for the preparation of these different combinations of the lime-sulphur wash : The Lime-Sulphur Wash (fire or steam boiled): Fresh imie..i...c5.,4s4 atic dae eee ee oe eee eee 20 pounds. Sulphur (lowers) (w.22.:3-2 ys ogee tee amen ne eat ce 15 pounds. Whatior’ $.s0 5.00 uccec5) Gk ee ee ee i a 40 gallons. With warm water make the sulphur into a paste; put in the lime and add about 15 gallons of warm water with stirring. The sulphur made into a paste may be added after the lime has been slaked. Boil for an hour and a half in a kettle or in a barrel with live steam. Make up to 40 gallons with hot water; strain into spray tank and apply while warm. Some of our fruit-growers optained excellent results by using larger proportions of lime and sulphur to the barrel, namely, 35 of lime and 20 sul- sulphur; 25 lime and 20 of sulphur. The time given to the cooking of the hme-sulphur wash is quite different in different localities, and even by fruit- growers in the same localities. In some cases the wash is boiled for an hour and a half to two hours, in other cases it is boiled for one hour, and many state that they have obtained good results by boiling for only one-half hour. Lime-sulphur Wash (self-cooked) : Formula No. 1. Recommended by Mr. A. N. Brown, Wyoming, Dela- ware. do pounds of best stone lime. 17 pounds flowers of sulphur. 40 gallons water. (1) Put the 17 pounds of sulphur into a vessel, add two gallons boiling water, a little at a time, stirring vigorously all the while until a fine paste is obtained. ; (2) Put the 35 pounds of lime in another vessel, large enough to hold 40 gallons, pour into this lime 12 gallons boiling water; now add the sulphur paste previously prepared. Very quickly cover the barrel with a heavy bur- lap sack, having placed an old hoe into it first; now allow it to cook for 30 minutes. Do not stir, as that reduces the heat by letting in cold air, but with the hoe raise it from the bottom occasionally so that it does not run together and burn before the lime is thoroughly slaked. Nothing must be done to interrupt the cooking process, as that would affect the final quality of the wash. (3) After this mixture has cooked 30 minutes, add 28 gallons of warm water, not necessarily boiling. Strain into the spray tank, and apply while warm, as in this condition it will flow through the spray pump nozzles more easily than when the wash gets cold. It will also remain in solution much more thoroughly when it is warm than when it cools, Formula No. 2. 20 pounds good stone lime. 20 pounds flowers of sulphur. 124 pounds sal soda. 40 gallons water. ra Gb Sg We aR ete gar ea i 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 Put 5 or 6 gallons of hot water in a wooden barrel, add the lime, quickly following with the sulphur and sal soda, and stir until the slaking is practi- cally completed. It may be necessary to add a little cold water at intervals to keep the mixture from boiling over. After the violent action has ceased, cover the barrel to retain the heat and allow it to stand 15 to 30 minutes, dilute to the full quantity and apply. Formula No. 3. (Geneva formula). 30 pounds of good stone lime. 15 pounds of flowers of sulphur. 4-6 pounds of caustic soda. 40 gallons of water. In preparing the wash, the lime was strrted to slake with six gallons of water, and while slaking, the sulphuz, which had just previously been made into a thin paste with hot water, was added and thoroughly mixed in with the slaking lime. To prolong the boiling of the wash, the caustic soda was then added with water as neeved, and the whole mixture was kept thor- oughly stirred. As soon as the chemical action had ceased the required amount of water was added, when the mixture was ready to use. Aside from the heating of the water, the cooking of the wash was done in a tub or barrel, and took from ten to twelve minutes. In some preparations, especially when* hot water was used to start the slaking of the lime, not all of the stated amount of caustic soda was employed, but six pounds was the minimum. Dr. Felt, New York State Entomologist, writing under date of Oct. 30th this year, advocates the employment of a lime-sulphur wash composed of 20 pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulphur, and 40 gallons of water, bringing about the combination either by using 10 or 12 pounds of sal soda and start- ing the action by hot water in a barrel, or by boiling for at least 30 minutes. It will be noted that salt has not been used in the preparation of any of these mixtures. In the preliminary experiments carried out three years ago by Mr. G. E. Fisher, he came to the conclusion that the presence of the salt added to the expense, made the wash more difficult to spray, and increased its corrosive action on the metal parts of the pump; while it failed to be any more effective as a destroyer of scale, or more adhesive to the bark of the tree. Whether these conclusions will be borne out by future experiments remains to be seen, but some observations made this year show that probably the presence of the salt is beneficial, and it would be advisable to conduct experiments this coming season to test this very point. My observations this season would, I think, incline me to believe that the presence of salt renders the wash more adhesive, and hence more effec- tive. I found, as a rule, that in those orchards where the mixture adhered longest and best to the bark the scale had made but little progress. It would appear that the adhesiveness of the wash is a large factor in its effectiveness. The tremendous reproduction of the scale that occurs in Sep- tember and October can hardly be checked, or the spread prevented, unless the bark has a coating which is either distasteful or harmful to the crawling larve. For this very reason that the bark is made clean and enticing to the larve during the last months of the growing season, other remedies fail to keep the scale in check, when only one application was made and that appli- cation in the spring just before the buds opened. As to the results of the season’s experiments with lime-sulphur, it may be stated in a general way that little or no difference could be observed be- tween the effectiveness of the cooked and uncooked washes. Some orchards that had been treated with the cooked wash showed more scale at the end of _ the season than at the beginning, and the same results were observed in 30 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 19 some orchards treated with the uncooked wash. On the other hand, it should be stated that both washes gave good results in many orchards. The reason for this variation in results is difficult to find; for example, Mr. W. H. Bunt- ing of St. Catharines, who did not check the development of the scale with the cooked wash, is a most careful and thorough sprayer. On examination of Mr. Bunting’s plum, peach, pear, and apple orchard in late October, Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself found the scale more abundant and more wide spread than at the close of any previous season. Like results were observed in Mr. ‘ Bunting’s orchard at his home in St. Catharines. The scale had spread and ; partlv encrusted many trees in spite of treatment with the cooked wash in the spring. Mr. Titterington’s orchard composed of peach and plum chiefly, just across the Welland Canal, was sprayed also in the spring with the cooked lime-sulphur wash. The trees near the road at the south end were fairly free from scale, but many trees at the north end were quite badly infested. Mr. Irvine, near Queenston, on the Queenston Road, used the cooked lime-sulphur wash prepared according to the usual formula. The results might ke said to be good in spite of the fact that there is now a _sprinkling of scale in his peach orchard. Many of his Japan plums and a few of his peach trees, however, are badly infested. Mr. Muir, of Virgil, also sprayed with the cooked wash and speaks very highly of its merits. Cer- tainly the condition of his trees at the end of October would seem to justify his opinion, for there was but a slight scattering of scale. This is saying a good deal when we remember that the scale is very bad throughout the Virgil district. In Mr. Muir’s orchard the wash on the bark was quite visible in most of the trees up to the end of the season. | ‘ . ; ; Mr. Lambert’s orchard near the Welland Canal was sprayed thoroughly in early spring with the cooked lime- sulphur-salt wash. Two rows of Japan plums, badly encrusted last season, were in good condition, and the scale was not abundant. These trees showed very plainly the wash at the end of the season, and were perhaps the best in this regard of all the trees we ex- amined. To my mind the presence of the salt made the wash more adhesive than that applied by his neighbors; moreover, it is very likely due to the extra adhesiveness of this wash that the scale was so reduced in numbers. In the peach orchards of Mr. Porter Adams, on the Queenston road, near Queenston, the uncooked lime-sulphur wash was used. The results were good, although there was a slight sprinkling of scale throughout his orchard. Un- treated trees were very bad, the bark being wholly encrusted. An interesting observation in this orchard is worth recording. There were three, and only three so far as we could find, badly injured peach trees in the sprayed orch- ard, and these were not close to one another. These received the same appli- cation as the other trees, but they are now encrusted with scale. Mr. Bradley, near Mr. Adams, was not so successful with the uncooked wash. We are told, however, that the trees received a one-sided application on account of the high winds that prevailed at the time of spraying. The older trees of this orchard are now badly infested. Mr. C. A. Secord used the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his fine 16-acre peach orchard, and secured excellent results. Scale was there, but it was rather hard to find. The owner is perfectly satisfied with the results, and will use a similar wash next spring. Mr. Beattie, Scale Inspector, of St. Catharines, tried ‘Ssalocidat Carl- son’s Mixture, and the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his own orchard. ay : 5, OP ete eS a > ! a Mi “ian >. | 1 \+ é — a i of — 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 After examination of the trees we concluded that the last wash gave the best results, although scale was plentiful on all his trees in October, at the time of our visit. As part of the experimental work for 1905, in addition to the lime-sul- phur washes, Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself tried some new mixtures which had been advocated, viz., Carlson’s Mixture, and Pratt’s Scalecide. In the peach orchard of the Industrial Home near St. Catharines, Carl- son’s Mixture, kerosene-flour, and uncooked lime-sulphur were used. The first two did not give satisfactory results, for scales were very abundant on trees treated by these mixtures; the last, viz., the uncooked lime-sulphur, in our opinion, did its work well, for scales were very scarce on trees treated by it. Here again, the wash was quite evident on the bark to the end of the season. The condition of these trees is remarkable when we bear in mind that across the fence is an untreated peach orchard which is terribly encrust- ed and rapidly dying. The few trees left untreated as checks are now very badly encrusted. As I have already stated neither Scalecide nor Carlson’s Mixture gave as good results in Mr. Beattie’s orchard as the uncooked lime-sulphur. It appeared to us that in this orchard Carlson gave better results than Scalecide. Carlson’s Mixture and the kerosene-flour emulsion were also tried in a peach orchard belonging to Jas. Hutchison, near Virgil, the bulk of the orchard, however, remaining untreated. Results were far from satisfactory with both mixtures, the treated trees showing serious incrustation, although not quite as bad as those left untreated. This orchard furnishes an instance of the. awtul multiplication of scale in a single season. When the trees were sprayed on April 19th, a record was made in our note books to the effect that the orchard was comparatively free from scale, yet on October 24th, when we examined the orchard, the trees were very badly encrusted. Scalecide and Carlson’s Mixture were applied to some Japan plum trees belonging to Mr. Porter Adams, Queenston. Results were not satis- factory, as the trees are now badly infested. _A few Bartlett pear trees in Mr. Hodgett’s garden, St. Catharines, were sprayed with the summer strength of Scalecide, but the results showed it powerless to control the scale. Mr. Henry Kottmeier used Carlson’s mixture on his plum orchard, but the results here too were far from satisfactory, and the majority of the trees are now badly infested. In a small orchard near Mr. Kottmeier’s, Carlson’s Summer Mixture was applied, but it was not able to any extent to prevent the scale from multi- plying. The treated trees are now badly infested. _Other examples of treated orchards might be stated, but enough has been given to show the values of the different mixtures as scale destroyers. None of the new mixtures, such as Carlson’s, Pratt’s Scalecide, or the kerosene- flour emulsion, can be recommended to the fruit-growers as effective remedies for the San Jose Scale. The lime-sulphur washes gave better results in every case that came under our observation. We are not in a position to decide definitely whether the uncooked lime- sulphur wash or the cooked wash is the better remedy. To us it would appear that the personality of the man who makes and applies the wash counts in most cases for success or failure. Careful preparation of the wash according to formula, the use of good rapid-slaking stone lime, and thorough application to the trees will in nine cases out of ten check the scale completely. More- over, we are of the opinion that the addition of salt to the wash would increase its adhesive qualities, and add to its effectiveness. (eh! * . de Yh oo ue ek ae TS My Bo Cl ee yey) a . é 4 ; ge a ry i a Foo ty ppt af a5 * yee 32 - THE REPORT OF THE © Fig. 12. San Jose scale: an infested twig, scales and larvee on bark—much enlarged. (After Howard and Marlatt. ) Pror, J. B. Smiru, upon being called upon by the Chairman, said that it was evident that the experience in dealing with the scale was in no two places the same. In New Jersey it was found that the effect of spraying with lime and sulphur was slow and cumulative; if properly done, no young were produced, and the results were very satisfactory. In Georgia, in a large orchard, containing over half a million trees, the lime and sulphur wash was used without any salt and with a larger proportion of lime than usual; the mixture, it was found, did not adhere so well to the trees. The next time salt was added to the mixture, but not much difference was to be seen in the results. The addition of salt made it spray more easily and spread better. In Georgia and elsewhere many fruit-growers think that the appli- cation of the lime and sulphur wash spoils the trees, and therefore they prefer to use the oil treatment, either crude petroleum or kerosene. Pratt’s Scale- cide, a preparation of soluble petroleum, was found satisfactory. With lime and sulphur he found that the thinner the wash the better it penetrated: he recommended boiling the mixture because by so doing good results can be secured even with bad workmanship and inferior materials, and using equal parts of lime and sulphur. This mixture was effective on peach and plum trees. but was no good on apple and pear trees. An apple orchard was treated with this wash, and in June the trees were still coated, but they did not bear an apple worth marketing on account of the scales that covered them. For apple and pear trees he recommended the oil treatment, using one part of petroleum with twenty of water. Spraying should be done as early as possible in the fall because many of the scales were still active and they were not so closelv adherent to the trees as later on in the winter; the oil could therefore get at them better and destroy the insects. This method was very effective in keeping the scale in check, and we could not hope for ex- termination. ee ee a a ee a ee — ys = FF SE ey ee, oe mao Me ee NE STN yike NUR Coad OI MMe Sige gli le ye MN A aie Ce Aca BS eg! WML TS 0 oad AUST RS aco ie” ahi aR ES Nl aba Aiea BEY BOK ail oe HN et AW a ee Aes i i ead eek OE! mi bye i 7 Fes oh! ASIC i“ ‘ As A ated BALE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. inate 33 \ Dr. Frercuer, the chairman, in closing the discussion, said that it was evident that good results can be obtained in the contest with the San Jose Seale by using the crude petroleum treatment on apple trees and the lime and sulphur wash on peach and plum. EVENING SESSION. Wednesday, October 18th, 1905. A public meeting was held in the Massey Hall at the Ontario Agricul- tural College, at 8 o'clock p.m., and was largely attended by members of the Society, students of the College and Macdonald Institute, and visitors from ie city of Guelph. The chair was taken by Dr. Fletcher, the Vice-Presi- ent. PRESIDENT CREELMAN welcomed the Society to the Ontario Agricultural ' College and gave an outline of the different departments of work in it and the affiliated Macdonald Institute. They might be regarded as forming three main divisions: the College for training farmers’ sons in all that relates to agriculture; the Farm for growing farm products and carrying on experi- ments in the cultivation of all manner of field crops, fruits and vegetables, the raising of stock, ete.; the Macdonald Institute, with its two-fold objects of training teachers from rural schools in nature study and elementary agri- culture. for which purpose 45 or 50 came three times a year, and of teaching farmers’ daughters the best methods of performing household work, such as cooking, sewing, laundry-work, dressmaking, millinery, etc. Two of their departments of work could hardly fail to strike the average. man, these were Agronomy or Field Agriculture, and Animal Husbandry; in the former, seeds of all kinds from all parts of the world are tried and their suitability for this Province tested. Experiments have been going on for some twenty years, some plants are found to be no good and are cast _ aside, others are useful forms or improvements on those in ordinary cultiva- tion and are duly propagated and made known as widely as possible. About 2,000 plots are employed for this purpose and careful records are kept of each. The value of Animal Husbandry may be gathered from the fact that about eighty per cent. of the produce of farms is fed to live stock; it is therefore most important that farmers should know what is the best breed for his pur- poses and how the animals should be most advantageously fed and treated. In the spring two hundred farmers are brought here and shewn stock from both the farm and the neighbourhood, in order that they may learn all about them. Other departments that may be briefly referred to are those of Chem- istry for the analysis of soils, food products, fertilizers, etc.; Physics; Bacter- iology; Horticulture for testing all sorts of fruits and vegetables; Dairying, a most important department, as it is, worth millions of dollars to Ontario that the best butter and cheese should be made and exported; Poultry raising, for teaching the best methods and so reaping the largest profits. The College is now visited in the month of June each year by farmers and their families to the number of 25,000 to 30,000, who are brought here from all over the Province by special excursion trains. Few of them probably return to their homes without having learnt something that they ean turn to practical advantage in their own work. The College, too, is filled with young men who are taking long or short courses of study, and who go back to the farms with a training that will make them more progressive and successful workers, and who will influence for good all those in their own neighbourhood. 3 EN. Oe PIR cas oes Nh ip Oe oY cera \ ome Li “byes SPs hk wl Beste hgh yh : Karla ha % Pace fe NP RP Gk 1 34 THE ' REPORT.-O8Y SHE on Dr. Frercner, in reply, spoke of the high position the College had at- ‘ tained in public estimation and the great value of its work in improving in all departmenis the agriculture of the country. While its object was largely ~ to teach how to increase and improve the products of the farm, the work of the Entomological Society was devoted to the saving of a proportion of the crops that would otherwise be destroyed by insects and be a serious loss to the farmer. - Mr. B. Bartow, the President of the Wellington Field Naturalists Club, welcomed the Society to Guelph and extended the cordial greetings of the Club. In the course of his remarks he mentioned that the Club had now been organized for five years, and during that time had devoted itself to the study of the fauna and flora of the County of Wellington, the aim being to make in time a complete biological survey of the district. So far, they had formed‘a list of over 200 birds observed in the county, with a record of dates, breeding, numbers, etc., and were not likely to add many more to it. In botanv, flowers, plants, grasses, ferns, sedges, etc., were being collected and studied; fishes and other aquatic animals, mammals such as squirrels. moles, mice, etc., were also under observation. Fortnightly meetings were held either in the town or at the College and were well attended. He spoke with much gratification of the formation of the new Guelph branch of the Entomological Society, which had been completed this morning, and with © which the Club would work hand in hand. Dr. FLETCHER acknowledged the kind greetings of the Club and stated that it was now widely known and had established an excellent reputation for careful work and accurate records. He then introduced the lecturer of the evening, Dr. Jonn B. Smrrn, Professor of Entomology at Rutgers’ Col- lege, New Jersey, and head of the Entomological Department of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, a notable entomologist of _ world-wide reputation, one who was distinguished for his scientific work on nocturnal lepidoptera, his practical work in economic entomology and his important researches regarding mosquitoes and public work for their exter- mination in some badly infested regions on the coast of New Jersey. . The following is a brief abstract of Prof: Smith’s lecture, which was ilustrated with a large number of lantern slides made from original photo- graphs and drawings. A REVIEW OF THE MOSQUITO WORK IN NEW JERSEY .* By Joun B. Smrrn. Mosquitoes are essentially aquatic in the larval stage and none have yet been found that form an exception to this rule. As the larve of nearly all the troublesome species are known, and all breed in water, it is safe to plan for practical work on the assumption that the habit is universal. Of the adult mosquitoes only the females bite, the lancet-like structures being undeveloped in the male which, necessarily, subsists on plant juices only. When a mosquito bites, it injects into the wound a minute drop of poison (saliva) and this seems to break up the blood structure so that it no lenger forms a clot: a smear from the mosquito stomach spreads out thin and dries to a brittle scale. That mosquitoes are active agents in the transmission of certain febrile diseases is no longer seriously questioned and, in general, it is agreed that *Abstract of a lecture delivered at the evening meeting, Oct. 18th and illustrated with lantern slides. Z ix ‘ ; Se ey ee + —- hy wk 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 45 E e ; r pi Py Miyeticol aN — st y they are also the only agents; the life cycle of the malarial Plasmodia __ being now fully understood. In a patient suffering from malaria the single ductive or sporulating stage in 24, 48 or 72 hours, according to its kind. When ripe, the cell bursts and the pores are discharged inte the blood serum. As all the organisms mature at practically one time, this general sporulation upsets body conditions and a ‘‘chill’’ results. |The spores work their way into new corpuscles and the cycle is repeated. After a time bodies are pro- duced that make no attempt to enter new corpuscles; but remain in the blood . serum. These are the “‘gametes’’ or sexed forms of the animal and they undergo no further development in man. If an Anopheles maculipennis now bites the patient, it will take in with the blood some of these gametes which, as soon as they get ‘into the mosquito stomach differentiate. The smaller _ forms or micro-gametes produce ‘‘flagelle,’’ which break off and conjugate with the larger or macro-gametes, the product of the union forming a ‘‘ver- _ micule,’’ which works into the tissue of the mosquito stomach. This developes into a ‘‘zygote”’ and, in about a week that becomes mature, bursts and liber- ates into the body cavity, thousands of “‘blasts’? which, sooner or later find _ their way into the salivary glands. Now, when such a diseased mosquito , _ bites a healthy subject, some of the ‘‘blasts’’ are introduced into the wound _ with the saliva and, if the subject is susceptible, a case of malaria is estab- _ lished; the ‘‘blasts’’ working their way into the red blood corpuscles and starting the vegetative cycle. __ places and, floating on the surface can maintain themselves in shallows out of reach of most fish. The adults do not fly far and local work is likely to be be effective. Some mosquitoes migrate or fly for long distances from their breeding places and among those are the species that breed in the salt marshes which occur so generally along the New Jersey coast. These breed as readily in salt as they do in fresh water and their influence extends inland 40 miles at least. In New Jersey this species is dealt with by ditching work, which gets rid of surface water before the larve have a chance to develop. The eggs of these migratory species are laid in the marsh mud and in that stage they pass the winter. The high tides of spring furnish water for thejr development and the broods begin early in May. The specimens that fly far inland are all females, and all of the migrants are infertile. Filling as well as ditching is practised in some places, and much of the Brooklyn rubbish is gathered in huge tanks, transported on trolley flat cars and dumped on the marshes of Gravesend Bay near Coney Island, N.Y., te _ the material advance of comfort in that resort. | The common house mosquito, Culex pipiens, breeds anywhere and in liquids of all kinds from decently clean water to sewage and even liquid manure. It forms an egg boat and is the only species that agrees in all re- - spects with the early published accounts of mosquitoes. It is not a carrier of any disease known in our climate and it is more as a first class nuisance than as a danger to health that it challenges attention. Local work is very effective against this species, and, indeed, only local work is likely to be of any benefit, since the species is not a traveller. | _ -‘There is no sort of place where water occurs where mosquitoes will not breed, and even tree holes have their own fauna. In New Jersey one species % of Anopheles and two species of Culex occur nowhere else. 6 A cay 4 te Sake i tt Bee er IE RC: Bae VRC EIR 1A So. SS rt PAR at ae eels edie ahi Sabie ? neh Bi fiteg pS Te CHE GUT Ags meee RET Wore ten NE ian aay pete) ) / celled protozoéns are present in the red blood corpuscles, each of which fur-— nishes nutriment for one P/asmodiwm which matures and reaches the repro-— The species of Anopheles select quiet pools of water bodies as breeding» 28 iON Cc. 4 Y Te ats tS x 1 Noy TO 4 ti 36 THE REPORT OF THE _ | 3 - ee The most meee recognition of the mosquito danger ever displayed was in the fight carried on against the recent epidemic of yellow fever at New Orleans, La. The surgeons in charge accepted the theory of transmission by Stegomyza only and bent all their efforts first, to the destruction of the Stegomyia, and second, to protecting patients and others from mosquito dites. As to the habits, etc., of this species I must speak at second hand, since it _ does not occur in New Jersey. tt y / MOSQUITOES. Fig. 13. Mosquito (Culex pungens) egg-mass above, with much enlarged eggs at left ; larve on right and below. (After Howard, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. ) Fig. 14. Adult Mosquitoes at rest : Culex at left, Anopheles at right. (From U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. ) Fig. 15. Mosquitoes (Culex pungens) : female above, male below—different forms of scales. All greatly enlarged (after Howard, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. ) At the close of the lecture which was listened to with marked attention and interest by the large audience, a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smith was proposed by Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, seconded by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, of Quebec, and enthusiastically adopted by the meeting. eth TO ies ect ME OAPI OR THEN Wey : ¥ Pie Eke , oy, ary OY ERM PHD 38. | THE REPORT OF THE ~ eee IS. a : a= SECOND DAY’S SESSION. hia Thursday, October 19th, 1905. The Vice-President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 10 o’clock a. m. - There were forty-six persons present and this number was increased during the morning. \ é Mr. T. D. Jarvis, Lecturer in Entomology at the Agricultural College, read papers, illustrated by specimens, on insects collected in Jamaica; two species of Saw-flies (Lvda) taken at the College Farm; notes on the genus hytoptus; three species of bumble bees that fertilize red clover at Guelph; notes on two species of Fenusa; and Parasites of the Abittibi country. - Papers were also read, and will be found in subsequent pages of this report, by Dr. Fyles on forest insects; Mr. A. Gibson on insects of flowering plants; Mr. Lyman on the Formation of an Entomologist’s Union;* Mr. _ avitz on some forest insects; also a paper sent by Mr. J. Stevenson of Montreal on insects of the season. During the sessions a large number of rare and interesting specimens were on exhibition and attracted much attention. Mention may be made «? the following : By Professor Sherman: some small collections of recent captures of local imsects, to show his system of labelling; among them was a remarkable form of Pyrameis cardui, the Painted-lady butterfly. By Mr. Zavitz: a large number of wood-boring insects (Cerambycide) eollected at Ridgeway, Ont. | _ By Mr. T. D. Jarvis: a number of Jamaican inseets, sawflies.and other imsects, referred to in his papers, taken at Guelph. By Mr. Lyman: a case of lepidoptera in which were interesting speci- mens of Gortyna and other noctuids, and also some rare diurnal Lepidoptera. b By Dr. Fyles: a number of forest insects in illustration of his paper. By Mr. Young: a magnificent case containing over a thousand speci- mens of Micro-lepidoptera all most beautifully spread and mounted; also a number of Noctuids—these were all collected at Ottawa during the season | of 1905. He also exhibited some living specimens of the grotesque pupe of Feniseca Tarquinius. By Dr. Fletcher: a collection of Lepidoptera made in the Yukon Territory by Mr. J. Keele of the Dominion Geological Survey Department; this included Colias Boothti and Pelidne, Erebia Magdalena and Disa. | By Mr. A. Gibson: a case of rare lepidoptera, inflated larve, and living larve of Apantesis vittata received from Mr. E. Denny of Montreal. By Mr. C. W. Nash: specimens of a remarkable fungus growth (Cordy- ceps) on wire-worms. Many of these exhibits will be found recorded, with dates and other particulars, in the ‘‘Entomological Record for 1905.”’ —_ — = —_—_f- *Published in the Canadian Entomologist, ; ey fs ij < i Ra : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. i 38 / / Wee as SS f REPORT OF THE COUNCIL: The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1904-5. e, The forty-first annual meeting of the Society was held in London on the 26th and 27th of October, 1904, and was well attended by local members as well as by many from a distance. There were also present Prof. H. F. Wickham, of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, an eminent coleopterist and an honorary member of the Society, and Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief Inspector of Weeds and Naturalist for the Department of Agriculture, Re- gina, N. W. T. During the first afternoon reports were read from the various Branches, Sections and Officers of the Society, and from the Directors on the notable insects of the year in their respective districts. Mr. Willing gave an interesting account of the methods adopted iu the North-West _ Territories for controlling noxious weeds and dealing with injurious insects. -In the evening a public meeting was held at the Normal School at - which the President, Professor Lochhead, read his annual address and Prof. Wickham gave an able and interesting paper, illustrated by a large number of lantern slides made from his own photographs, on ‘‘The Great Basin in the Western States and its Entomological Features.’’ The second _ day was taken up with the election of officers and the reading of papers on a variety of entomological subjects. A large number of interesting speci- mens were also exhibited by the members present. y The 35th Annual Report on economic and general entomology was sent to the Department of Agriculture in January last and in due course was presented to the Legislature of Ontario and ordered to be printed. Owing to changes in the methods adopted by the King’s printers and other causes _. for which we are unable to account, the volume has only just been published. _ The great delay impairs to some extent the value of the report, and has - produced wide-spread complaints from members and correspondents in all directions. In addition to the papers already referred to, the volume contains the - following among other articles: ‘‘Insects injurious to Ontario crops in 1904’’ and the valuable ‘‘Entomological Record for 1904,’’ by Dr. James Fletcher; -- “Notes on the Basswood, or Linden insects’? and on ‘‘The Columbine Borer’’ by Mr. A. Gibson; ‘‘Insect Names and Insects Lists,’’ by Mr. J. B. Williams;' Insects collected at light during 1904,’ by Mr. J. D. Evans; ‘‘Insects affecting the oak,’’ and ‘‘the Food habits of certain Hymenoptera,”’ by Rev. _ Dr. Fyles; ‘‘Notes on the Season of 1904 in Western Quebec,’’ by. Mr. C. _ Stevenson; ‘“‘An elementary study of insects,’’? by Prof. Lochhead; an obitu- ary notice, with portrait of the late J. Alston Moffat. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued. The 36th annual volume was completed in December last and ten numbers of volume 37 have now been published. The volume for 1904 consisted of 367 pages and was illustrated with four full-page plates, one of which was coloured, and a number of figures from original drawings. The contributors numbered 63 and included writers in Canada, the United States and England. The articles are for the most part scientific and contain, among much other highly valuable matter, descriptions of 217 new species and varieties and 11 new genera in various orders of insects. _ The material contained in the volumes of our magazine is so important and ~ necessary to scientific workers that there is a constant demand from various _ parts of the world for complete sets or separate volumes and numbers. During the winter months classes were held fortnightly on Saturday _ evenings for practical instruction in the elements of entomology as a basis ‘” b 3 \ Bi > o . ? vo A pth ee he “4°49 by , What Ae K's \ : mM SALI ai i, si tne? . \ A y re. f Ba ae 40 THE REPORT OF THE i 4 — for nature study work. They were attended by a number of teachers from the Public Schools in London as well as by other members of the Society The course was begun by Prof. S. B. McCready and after his appointment to the Macdonald Institute at Guelph, was continued by Dr. Bethune. When spring opened, the subject was changed to Botany, several outings to the © , country in the neighborhood were made, and the wild plants collected were carefully studied. Owing to various causes, especially to the absence or want of time on the part of the leaders, no formal meetings of the Sections were held. A number of popular lectures, illustrated by lantern pictures, were given by Dr. Bethune on insects and by Mr. W. E. Saunders on birds, under the auspices of various organizations in London and some of the neighboring towns. Prof. Lochhead also has given lectures at several places on entomolog- ical and other subjects. The reports from the branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec and Toronto are highly satisfactory ;:great interest is taken in their proceedings by the local members and much good work has been accomplished. The Council has much gratification in recording the formation of an. active Branch in British Columbia, with head-quarters at Vancouver and an initial membership of eighteen; quarterly meetings are held and it is expected that, with so many energetic and enthusiastic members, rapid advancement will be made in the knowledge of the insect fauna of the Pacific Province. | To-day the Council has the additional pleasure of authorizing the formation of a Branch here at Guelph and welcoming the members to our annual meeting. The large number of members, no less than 24 at the out- set and the presence of Professors and Students of the Agricultural College and Macdonald Institute, give the Branch a unique position and ensure its permanent success. The Council desires to record its sorrow at the loss of one of its earliest: Honorary members, Professor Alpheus S. Packard, M.D., who died at Providence, Rhode Island, on the 14th of February last. He was a dis- tinguished entomologist, and author of a large number of books, both popular and scientific, on a variety of entomological and biological subjects; he also: contributed from time to time to the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist.’’ Huis name is held in high honour in Europe as well as throughout North America. ‘ The Council has much pleasure in offering its hearty congratulations to: Professor Lochhead on. his appointment to an important position on the staff of the new Macdonald Institution at St. Anne’s, P.Q., and has every confidence that, in his new sphere of active duty, he will continue to do good work in economic and scientific entomology and extend the influence of our Society. To Professor Franklin Sherman, who has recently been appointed to the chair of entomology in the Ontario Agricultural College, the Council extends a cordial welcome, and feels assured that he will prove thoroughly efficient in his work and do much to encourage and direct his students in the earnest pursuit of this Department of Natural Science. The outlook for the Society was never brighter or better, and the Coun- cil calls upon each member to do his share, in his own neighbourhood, in making investigations in insect life and extending the usefulness and influence of the Society. All which is respectfully submitted. Joun D. Evans, President. % ( ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 267th regular, and 32nd annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held on May 8th, 1905, at the rooms of the Natural History Society. The following members were present,—A. E. Norris, (President); A. F. Winn; D. Brainerd; Alfred Griffin; L. Gibb; G. Chagnon; E. C. Bar- wick; G. R. Southee; S. Robinson; Chas. Stevenson; Geo. A. Moore; H. H. Lyman; and four visitors. Minutes of April meeting were read and confirmed, and those of the last annual meeting were taken as read. The President read the following REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council in submitting this report feel encouraged in knowing that the Society is not only keeping up its honorable traditions, but is going ahead in a manner worthy of the strenuous times in which we are now pass- ing. Nine regular meetings have been held during the year, the average attendance being a fraction over 7. Twenty-six papers were read, viz. President’s address, Chas. Stevenson. A talk on Lycaenide, A. F. Winn. Hydrecias, illustrated by colored slides, A. E. Norris. Leaf Hoppers, Fam. Jasside, G. A. Moore. Pontia rape, n. var. rhaphanus, C. Stevenson. Notes on Saperda, G. Chagnon. Tydnide—Burrowing Bugs, G. A. Moore. Mompha eloisella, A. F. Winn. Notes on some types, and other specimens in the Br. Museum, H. H. Lyman. The water-lily moth, A. F. Winn. Notes on travel, with random observations on Entomology, H. H. Lyman. Brief notes on breeding specimens of the past season, H. H. Lyman. Cercopide, or Spittle insects, Geo. A. Moore. Notes on Canadian species of Donacia, G. Chagnon. Notes on Hemiptera for’ season 1904, Geo. A. Moore. Stenopelmatus fasciatus—The sand cricket, A. F. Winn. Small-headed fly—Pterodontia flavipes, Gray, Chas. Stevenson. Report on annual meeting ‘at London, H. H. Lyman. Berytidae, or Stilt-bugs, Geo. H. Moore. More about Micro Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn. Notes on the species of Saperda in my collection, C. Chagnon. New Gortynas, H. H. Lyman. Criocephalus obsoletus and Asemum moestum, a correction, G. Chagnon. Agamic reproduction in insects, A. F. Winn. How to describe larve, H. H. Lyman. Hemipterous nymphs, Geo. A. Moore. Field days were held at St. Hilaire, Que., May 24th and July Ist and at the Maisonneuve Woods on April 21st, 1905. At the annual meeting held at London, the branch was represented by Mr. Lyman. During the year two new members were added to the Society. respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council. (Signed), A. E. Norris, President. aN rig 42 io eo SOTA REPORT LOR SRE ein oo ee The Treasurer submitted his report, showing a balance on hand of $58.71. | Reports of the acting Curator and Libarian were presented, and on motion of Mr. Winn, seconded by Mr. Brainerd, were received and adopted. Mr. Norris read his annual address. The election of officers for the coming year resulted as follows: President, A. E. Norris, re-elected. Vice-President, Geo. A. Moore. Secretary-Treasurer, A. F. Winn. Curator and Librarian, Chas. Stevenson. Council, E. Denny, L. Gibb; H. H. Lyman, G. Chagnon. sf It was decided to hold a field day at St. Hilare on May 24th and that the Council should also arrange for a suitable place to spend July Ist. Mr. Winn reported that the President of the Natural History Society had invited the Branch to attend their outing at Mount Johnston, on Satur- © day June 10th, and in order to encourage entomological collections moved, seconded by Mr. Chagnon, that the Branch should provide two books suit- able for entomological prizes to the Natural History Society for the best collections made on that occasion. Mr. Norris gave a talk on butterflies and moths, illustrated by original, colored lantern slides. He was assisted at the lantern by Mr. Griffin. The meeting then adjourned. (Signed), Gro. A. Moore. Secretary-T reasurer. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH. The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch was held on the 8th day of November, 1905, at the house of the President. There were present: The Rev. T. W. Fyles in the chair, the Rev. W. W. McCuaig, Lt.-vol. Crawford Lindsay, J. H. Simmons, Esq., Mrs. R. Turner, Mrs. Simmons, Mrs. Poston, Mrs. Fyles, Miss Hamel, Miss Free- man, Miss Bickell, Miss Hedge, Miss W. Fyles, Miss Russell. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. A. R. M. Boulton was elected a member of the Branch. The President then addressed the meeting upon some of the noteworthy entomological incidents of the year: the alarmist articles in the public press upon the larve of Orgyia antiqua and O. leucostigma; the interesting dis- covery by Mr. C. W. Nash of Toronto of a fungus that takes possession of the wireworm, much as Cordyceps melalonthae does of the white grub; the abundance of the spiny caterpillars of Cynthia cardui upon the burdocks and holly-hocks; the appearance at Quebec, in great numbers, of the cotton moth, Aletia argillacea; late captures including that of Catocala relicta at the electric light, ete. The officers elected were: President, Rev. Dr. Fyles; Vice-President, Miss E. Macdonald; Secretary-treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay; Coun- cil, Hon. R. Turner, Rev. W. W. McCuaig, Mrs. Turner, Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman. Hearty votes of thanks were passed to the President and the Secretary- treasurereand the hostess of the occasion. ReEport oF Counctiu. The Branch now includes 25 members (22 adults and 3 juniors). The Treasurer’s report will be submitted and will no doubt be found satisfactory. | eit { LR SRN EET CIN TN eS A ie sek vt, So et : yas Mie \ bas Carli Boaph aie aN aaa Bay “ ; * } f ’ Bit RN PREM RN AU Ms ES 4" aie , ¥ f 1 if f j r < Ty ag J : ; wu, ( i ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 43 During the year interesting lectures were delivered by the President. The Council regret to have to record the death of one of the members, Mrs. Morgan. A resolution of condolence was passed and forwarded to the husband of the deceased, Major James Morgan, and to her relatives. Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having continued to allow us to use their rooms for our meetings. CRAWFORD LINDSAY, Secretary-T reasurer. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The ninth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in the Provincial Museum, St. James’s Square, en June 22nd, 1905. The President Dr. Brodie was in the chair, and the following members were present: Messrs. Paul Hahn, J. B. Williams, R. Hallam, M. Hallam, - J. H. Webb, Dr. E. M. Walker, J. H. Maughan, Junr., and Dr. Abbott. The Secretary, Wm. John Maughan, Junr., read the following report. _ **Your Secretary-Treasurer, has the pleasure to announce another year’s _ statement of prosperity and advancement for 1904-5. We have kept our membership up, and although some members have moved away, other new ones have joined. The list of papers and lectures attached hereto have been splendidly : descriptive and scientifically accurate, and not a few of them covered new and hitherto unknown material; some have been illustrated by lantern, others by specimens, charts, and drawings; putting before the members most completely all material connected therewith. The attendance at meetings has been good, although the weather at times has not been propitious. Your Secretary-Treasurer has also to announce that the Librarian-Cur- ator has arranged and hung in the museum another large case of specimens, showing moths found in and near Toronto; also to thank members for their kind donations both of specimens and publications. It is with sincere regret that your Secretary-Treasurer announces his withdrawal from the position he has held for some years past, and begs to thank the members, as a whole, for their kindness and courtesy shown to him on all occasions. All of which is respectfully submitted. (Signed) J. Maucuan, IJR., Secretary-Treasurer. List of papers read, 1904-5. . “The Leaf-cutting bee (Megachile brevis) and its Parasite’’, Dr: Brodie. ‘*A week at Lorne Park,’’ J. B. Williams. ‘Insects of North Ontario,’’ G. M. Stewart. “Galls of Oak,’’? Dr. Brodie. “‘Orthoptera,’? Dr. E. M. Walker. ‘Scales on Butterflies Wings,’’ J. B. Williams. ‘The Tussock Moth and its Parasitical Life,’’ Dr. Brodie. ‘Dragon flies,’? Dr. E. M. Walker. “*A trip to Algonquin Park,’’ Paul Hahn. 44 THE REPORT OF THE | The following officers were elected for 1905- 6: President, Dr. Wm. Brodie. § Vice- President, Paul Hahn. Librarian and Curator; J. B. Williams. Council, Messrs. Leslie Walker, J: H. Webb, R. Hallam and Dr. Abbott. Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. H. S. Saunders was elected, but he finds himself unable to accept the position, and another Secretary will have to be elected at’ the next meeting of the Society. Miss E. Blackmore, 242 Borden street, was subsequently elected. The Treasurer’s report shows the funds to be in a satisfactory condition with a balance of ninety cents on the right side. GUELPH BRANCH. The Guelph Branch at its meeting for organization has drawn up and adopted the following: CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. NAME. The name of this Society is the Guelph Entomological Society—a Branch of the Ontario Entomological Society. ARTICLE II. Oszecrt. The object of this Society is the increase and diffusion of the knowledge of insects. ARTICLE IJJ. MermsBersuip. Section 1. Members shall be persons interested in insects. Members. shall be elected by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any meeting. Section 2. There shall be not less than six members resident in Guelph and vicinity. ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS. Section 1. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, and Sec- retary-Treasurer, elected at the annual meeting to serve one year. Section 2. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Society. The President and the Secretary-Treasurer shall sign all written obligations. of the Society. Section 3. The Vice-President shall assume the duties of the President in the absence of the latter. Section 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall record the proceedings of the Society and of the Executive Committee, conduct correspondence, and make an annual report. He shall publish due announcement of the meetings of the Society. He shall be Curator of the museum of the Society. Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the Society, and shall make collections and disbursements and render an annual report, and his accounts shall be audited by a committee of the society annually. Section 6. Al new officers shall begin their duties on the first day after the annual meeting. ae. ie eee me wa Ne? PY, sie Tr) ie tale (8 Ne OYA boar ® bh N yy aie ot i : t ET aoe fa eae a ire bila Ma Fae ye "iy iy Sea aN fh Me Nias eae AR? ny NACH BNW Hee Da . ; » wy : Ai? ee ae ? | pm SA - *- ~ o . -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. inatie Hy ARTICLE V. COMMITTEES. Section 1. There shall be an wxecutive Committee consisting of the President, Vice-President, Pech otal oan and a _ student appoin by the President. Section 2. The executive shall constitute a standing dtm inee on programmes, publications, admissions to membership, research and finance. Section 3. The society shall elect a delegate to the annual meeting of the Pee ee eeical Society of Ontario. ARTICLE VI. FINANCES. ; Section I. The fiscal year of the Society shall begin on the first day _after the annual meeting. Section 2. The annual dues of members shall be one dollar, payable at the annual meeting, and the dues for the first year shall be payable on ~ signing the constitution. Section 3. Members whose dues remain unpaid one month after they are due shall be notified by the Secretary-Treasurer that within one month they will be in arrears and not entitled to a vote at the annual meeting, to receive the publications of the Society nor of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Members one year in arrears shall, after formal notification by the Secretary-Treasurer, be regarded as having withdrawn from ihe Society. ARTICLE VII. MEETINGS. Section 1. Regular meetings of the Society shall be held on alternate Wednesdays from October to June. Section 2. Special meetings may be ealied by the President. Section 3. The annual meeting shall be held on the first Wednesday in October. Section 4. Six members shall constitute a quorum. Section 5. The Executive Committee shall hold its regular meetings on the same days as the regular meetings of the Society; special meetings may be called by the President. Section 6. The regular meetings of the Society shall be open to all. m ArticLteE VIII. Pusticarions. The Canadian Entomologist shall be the official organ of the Guelph Entomological Society. The Canadian Entomologist and the reports of the Ontario Entomological Society shall be sent to all members not in arrears. ARTICLE IX. The Society shall maintain a Museum. ARTICLE X. AMENDMENTS. These By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting, provided the proposed amendments have been read at the last previous regular meeting of the Society. The following officers were elected for the year 1905-6: President, Prof. Franklin Sherman; Vice-President, Richard Readwin; Secretary-Treasurer, T. D. Jarvis; Pe cehcine Committee, Messrs. Shentans Jarvis and Klinck. 46 . ; THE _REPORT OF THE. it y \ REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR. During the year ending August 31st, 1905, thirty bound volumes have “4 been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 1,862; also a large number of periodicals and pamphlets. Among ihe new acqui- sitions may be mentioned the fifth volume, with plates, of ‘sir George Hampson’s ‘‘Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalene’’ in the British Museum. During the year 27 volumes were issued to local members. A card catalogue according to subjects has been begun and all the bound volumes of pamphlets have been indexed in, this way as well as a number of entomotogical bulletins and reports. The collections have been increased by the kind contribution of 123 specimens of Coleoptera, including 1138 species, by Prof. H. F. Wickham of - Jowa City, who took note of the blanks in the cabinets when he visited the ~ Society during the last annual meeting. The President, Mr. J. D. Kvans, sent 50 specimens of beetles, including 16 species, new to the Society’s collection. Mr. J. A. Balkwill throughout the summer has -brought in a large number of specimens of various orders, especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and Mr. J. A. Morden, of Hyde Park, has presented some rare specimens of nocturnal Lepidoptera, for all which the Society is deeply grateful. The Curator would repeat his desire to receive specimens of almost all of our Canadian insects to fill blanks in the cabinets and to replace old and imperfect examples; also to have the specimens provided with labels giving the important information of locality and dates of capture, etc. Any mem- ber who has specimens to spare, and every one must have some, will confer a favour by first sending a list of those he is willing to present to the | Society in order to prevent tinnecessary duplication. The collections of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Ontario and Quebec are fairly e mplete, but in other orders the Society 1 is very badly off. ' The number of visitors is satisfactorily, advantage being taken of the opportunities to inspect the Library and collections during three afternoons in each week, when they are open to the public. Respectfully submitted, . CuHarLes J. S. Beruune, Inbrarian and Curator. A REPORT OF THE TREASURER. oy Receipts and Expenditures of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year ending August 31st, 1905. ReEcEIPTs. EXPENDITURES. Balance on hand September lst, Annual Meeting and Report ... .$91 85 LD YT SS RPE ERED BBS ie AR Sa $445 74 Salaries 20%) catwctsuaenaecs sy sxeoenah 275 00 Mentbens?, fees “8430. i. .0i eke teteses 340 71 Postage, stationery, etc ............ 146 29 Merislative STAN) 0... 0.20... cckeeeee 1,000 00 Prin gine ee ae eet ak av sex sweet 753 77 Sales of pins, cork, etc. ......... 43 59 PTs CORK: TOGO EN ane aahe aoseae 16 31 Sales of Entomologist ............... 174 10 erat er ease ait sake. Reema PS ae 171 25 INTUVEDHIBOIOGNUS 262s lc. cstacensdaereres 41 44 Insurancell ee ul eens see eRe UPEMR DY i, Coos ne Succi cco lek yas olan 7 63 TAT aey dere es oa kas ses gene oe beta ee 32 18 Balance ‘on hand oichatee.:..... ae ee $2,053 21 $2,053 21 J. A. BatkKwituL, Treasurer. : Audited and found correct. f F. A. Srvarr, W. H. Hamitton, Auditors. AN oh gh oh ee yee Eg ee ir a Vie Se ts Pe Dea ad Ln ss igs Me Mat mbes , i REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO a THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. ’ TuroucH Joun D. Evans, DELEGATE. During the past year the Entomological Society of Ontario has drifted along in its usual even tenor, doing good work and progressing steadily and ~ has passed the upwards of two score years of its existence. The forty first annual meeting was held in October last, in its new, commodious and accessible quarters in the Public Library Building, Queen’s Ave., London, the attendance being good, and among those present were four representatives of the gentler sex. From a distance may be mentioned — the presence of Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief Inspector of Weeds for the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Regina, N.W.T., and from among our neighbors from -across the border we gladly hailed the presence of an oft contributor to sur magazine in the person of Prof. Wickham of the University of lowa, Lowa City. After the usual routine of business at the morning session the President opened the proceedings 1 in the afternoon, at which the reports of the several Directors on the injurious insects of the year were read. A feeling reference was made to recent death of the valued and faithful Curator and Librarian, J. Alston Moffat. Mr. T. N. Willing presented a most! interesting account of the methods inaugurated for the eradication of the noxious weeds in the North-west Territories, following which, Prof. Lochhead read his paper on the injur- ious insects of the year in Ontario. The reports from the Toronto and Montreal Branches were also read. A very largely attended and appreciative meeting was held in the evening in the Normal School presided over by Dr. Jas. Fletcher, at which Prof. Lochhead read his Presidential address on ‘‘Recent Progress in En- tomology,’’ and Prof. Wickham gave a most interesting lecture illustrated by a large number of beautiful lantern slides on ‘“The Great Basin in the Western States and its Entomological Features.’’ The 35th annual report of the Society to the Legislature of Ontario has been presented in which is given a full report of all the papers read at the annual meeting. In addition to the afore-mentioned the following of the most important contributions may be enumerated, viz.,— “Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1904,’’? and ‘‘Entomological Record 1904,”’ by Dr. Fletcher. “Burther Notes on Basswood or Linden Insects,’’ and ‘‘Notes on the Columbine borer,’’ by Arthur Gibson. “Insects Collected at Light during 1904,’’ by J. D. Evans. *‘Spining Methods of Telea Polyphemus,’’ by J. W. Cockle. ‘Insect Names and Insect Lists,’’ by J. W. Williams. “‘Notes on the Season of 1904 in Quebec,’’ by C. Stevenson. “Insects Affecting the Oak,’’ and ‘‘On the Food-Habits of Certain Hy- menoptera,’’ by T. W. Fyles. “An Elementary Study of Insects,’? by Wm. Lochhead. “The Pear Tree Psylla and How to Deal with It,’’ by G. E. Fisher. Obituary notice of the late John Alston Moffat. The foregoing is termed the annual report; in addition to this is pub- lished monthly the magazine, The Canadian Entomologist, now in its 37th year. a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ar Ss eK mas “ c i) + ; \ ¥ fis eis f i hae Wipe at: ae ii Neve - Ae eb ite 7 ? aR 48 THE REPORT OF THE Phe” “No. 19° The 36th volume (being for 1904) consists of 367 pages, has four full- page plates and a. number of cuts from original drawings. The contributors are 63 in number, embracing thirteen Canadian, thirty-nine in the neighbor- ing Republic and one in England. The papers cover all the important orders of insects, such as Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera, throughout which are described 217 new species and varieties and 11 new genera. The papers being too numerous (being upwards of one hundred, hove numerous short paragraphs, book reviews and obituary notices,) to desig- nate all by title; a few of the more important may be mentioned such as,— ‘Classification of the Fossorial, Predaceous and Parasitic Wasps, or the Super-family Vespoidea,’’? by Wm. H. Ashmead; ‘“‘Several. New Diptera from North America,’’ by D. W. Coquillett; ‘‘Notes on North American Stratiomyide,’’ by A. L. Melander; ‘‘New Noctuide from British Colum- bia,’’? by Harrison C. Dyar; ‘“‘Synopsis of Anthopila,’’? by Charles Robert- son; “The Diptera of British Columbia,’ by James S. Hine and Raymond C. Osburn; ‘‘Synopsis of Bees of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Vancouver,’’ by H’y. L. Viereck, et al.; ‘‘New Tortricids from Kaslo, B.C., and the Northwest,’’ by W. D. Kearfott; ‘‘Descriptions of Some New Species and Varieties of Canadian Butterflies,’’ by Dr. Fletcher; ‘‘The Crickets of Ontario,’’ also ‘‘Notes on the Locustide of Ontario,’’? by EH. M. Walker; ‘“‘New Noctuide for 1904,’ bv Prof. John B. Smith; ‘‘New Species of North American Lepidoptera,’’ by Dr. Wm. Barnes; ‘‘Synopsis of Prosopis and Colletes with Supplementary, Notes and Descriptions,’’ by Charles Robert- son; ‘‘New Species of North American Asilide,’’ by E. A. Back; ‘‘On Some New Coleoptera, Including Five New Genera,’’ by Thos. L. Casey; ‘‘A Review of Our Geometrid Classification,’’ by Riehard F. Pearsall. “The British Columbia Entomological Society’? has recently become affiliated with us and is now the B. C. Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Thus are we “‘Jengthening our cords and strengthening our stakes.”’ During the winter months regular classes have been held fortnightly in London for the study of entomology under the direction of Mr. S. B. McCready, Science Master of the London Collegiate Institute and now Nature Study Professor at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, assisted by Dr. Bethune. | These meetings have been well attended, chiefly by teachers in the public schools of the city. Similar instruction has been begun in botany and will be carried on during the summer, excursions being made for specimens to different parts of the surrounding country. A number of lectures illustrated with lantern pictures on noxious, ben- eficial and interesting insects have been given by Dr. Bethune in London and a few places in the neighborhood. Prof. Lochhead of Guelph has given lectures on similar subjects in Ham- ilton and elsewhere. The Library and collections of the Society are open to the public on three afternoons in each week and attract a fair number of visitors. “Whi WS a ES hela tls AS A eT aE a kote ae rn Ary - 7 hie m =F WS i ri i i ) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 AFTERNOON SESSION. Thursday, October 19th, 1905. The Vice-President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 2.30 o’clock, p. m.; there were about eighty persons present. The first business of the session was the election of officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as shown on page 2. Prof. SHERMAN, who has been recently appointed to the chair of Entomol- ogy at the Ontario Agricultural College, on being called upon, said that his duties were confined to entomology in all its bearings and departments, now that is was separated from the teaching of botany and other subjects. Among other objects he had especially in view the formation of a representative col- lection of the insects of all orders to be found in the Province of Ontario, 2nd a catalogue giving dates, localities, etc. He intended that every specimen should be properly labelled so as to give all necessary data regarding it, and he exhibited some recent captures showing his method of labelling. He ex- pected that the Entomological Society would help the College and the College would certainly help the Society. The Chairman then read the annual address of the President and ex- pressed the regret that was felt by all at the absence of Mr. Evans. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. By Joun D. Evans, C.E., F.L.S., Trenton. It is with the utmost aiffidence that I presume to present to you this, the President’s Annual Address, on this auspicious occasion, being the first meet- ing of the Society at the fountain-head of economic entomology for the Pro- vince of Ontario, the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. ; Owing to pressure of official duties in my professional capacity for some months past, it has been quite impossible for me to prepare anything upon a special subject bearing upon the all-absorbing, instructive and useful pursuit, the study of insect life. I trust, therefore, you will kindly bear with me in the few brief remarks I may have to make and pardon me for not providing you with the inteilectual treat you are usually regaled with upon like occa- sl0ns. / We have met together to transact the (always) important duties attend- ant upon the annual meeting, and we should heartily congratulate ourselves upon having reached the 42nd annual gathering of the Society without a break or misstep either in its annual meetings or publication of its magazine for such a length of time. It is the oldest extant on this continent, I be- lieve, save one, and is held in the highest esteem not only over the length and breadth of this continent, but also in the remote parts of the Old World. _ And its publication (the monthly magazine) includes among its many con- tributors most of the leading specialists from among our very helpful neigh- bors across the border, as well as occasional ones from the other side of the salt water. Nor should we omit to refer to the annual reports of this Society te the Ontario Department of Agriculture, now numbering thirty-five, which are replete with the most useful information regarding the life histories of insects, the methods of dealing with the injurious ones, and preserving the garden, orchard, and farm crops from their ravages. These reports are very much sought after, not only by those for whom they were especially prepared (the sufferers), but also by the entomologists and entomological societies the world over. 4 EN. ¥ / oe ‘ 5 tomar AY nee ee Wh) ane eae Wf Pins eS sab aa 50 THE REPORT OF THE is Wastore ’ Great strides are being made in the study of the insect fauna generally, but more especially has attention been directed of late to some of the, hereto- fore, most neglected orders, the Orthoptera and Diptera coming well to the front, particularly the last mentioned, which has been recently catalogued by Prof. J. M. Aldrich of the University of Idaho, the species now numbering 8,300 as against 2,500 catalogued in 1878 by Baron Osten Sacken and follow- ing closely, numerically, the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Among many other assiduous workers in the field on this continent who are doing good work, adding largely to the knowledge regarding their several specialties, may be mentioned Dr. J. B. Smith in the Noctuide, Rev. Geo. W. Taylor in the Geometride, and Mr. W. D. Kearfott in the Micro-Lepid- cptera. We are deeply indebted to a large number of the American specialists, among whom may be mentioned Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, Mr. D. W. Coquillet, Dr. W. H. Ashmead, Dr. Henry Skinner, Mr. E. P. Vanduzee, and Prof. H. F. Wickham, for their many patient and self-sacri- ficing acts in examining and naming species in the various orders for the Canadian collectors and students. Much literature on entomological subjects has been produced during the past year, but foremost among them may be classed “American Insects,’’ by Prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, which is profusely itlustrated with colored plates ana figures in the text and provides a very valuable work for the use of nature observers, natural history students, and of general readers. Also in this category may be added “A Synonymic Cata- logue of the Erycinide of the World,’’ by Levi W. Mengel of Reading, Penn. We are sorry to learn that our worthy Past-President and genial and *n- defatigable worker, Prof. W. Lochhead, is about to withdraw his valued serv- ices from the Ontario Agricultural College to become the Entomologist at the new Agricultural College at St. Anne’s, Que., which has been founded by Sir Wm Macdonald, but although he may be somewhat further removed geo- graphically, still we hope to always have his presence at our meetings in the future and counsel in matters pertaining to the welfare of the Society, and help and assistance in time of need. We have no douht that his successor, Prof. Sherman, a student under Prof. Comstock, and of much experience, will prove to be the right man in the right place, and carry on the work at the College in the same thorough and painstaking manner as has been done under ~ the regime of his predecessor. The passing season has been, so far as I am aware, and from my own ex- perience and observation, a very poor one for insects, generally speaking very wet, somewhat similar to the two last preceding seasons. Consequently insect life in many ways has not flourished. The forest tent caterpillar (C. disstria) seemingly has disappeared entirely and the presence of the Fall webworm (H. textor) very rarely seen. The County of Prince Edward and the surrounding district has been noted in the past for large crops of high grade pease, but of late years the Pea-weevil (B. pist) has been so destructive that the crop has been almost ruined. A great warfare has been waged against this insect pest through the instrumentality of the leading members of this Society, to wit, the active workers in this department at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa and the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. For about two years the pea erop was almost eliminated from the farming community with the hope that the shortness of the food plant would wipe out the pest. This apparently has come to pass, for this year again a very large acreage has been sown, resulting in a most bountiful crop with very little, if any, ill effects from the weevil. It 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 51 is to be hoped now that those interested will take to heart a lesson from past experience and use all the means available, which have been so thoroughly advertised and disseminated by the officers above-mentioned throughout the length and breadth of the country, so as to keep the pest within due bounds. I learn that the San Jose Scale and Codling moth are also well under control by means of the spraying methods practised under the leadership and guidance of the afore-mentioned officers through the instrumentality of this Society. The White Cabbage butterfly (P. rapw) and Yellow Clover butterfly (C. philodice) have been very numerous in places late this season, but they have not apparently done any serious damage. Nature study is a supnject gaining much strength and being taken up among the schools all over the country, and is now one of the subjects recom- mended by the Educational Department of Ontario. Steps are being taken at this time to take up the subject in the Trenton schools, and its rootlets have taken hold in most remote outlying districts, even to the most northern extremity of this County of Hastings. ; This subject has repeatedly been brought before the notice of the public by various members of this Society, lectures having been given in London and various places in the neighborhood, at Guelph, Hamilton and elsewhere, by Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Bethune, Prof. Lochhead, Prof. McCready, and others. Particular mention must be made of Prof. John Dearness, who has recently produced “The Nature Study Course,’ a book designed for the use of those interested in the education of the young, both boys and girls. In furtherance of this most commendable study, reference should be made to an illustrated paper, “Practical and Popular Entomology,’ “Entomology in Schools,’’ by Mr. H. 8S. Saunders, of Toronto, which appeared in our maga- ‘zine in the February issue of this year, as being deserving of emulation by other members of our Society. After the remaining papers on the programme had been read and dis- cussed (they will be found in succeeding pages of this report), PRESIDENT CRrEELMAN expressed the pleasure which it. had given him and the members of the College to have the annual meeting of the Society in their buildings, and on behalf of the students in Biology, the Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club and the Entomologists, he asked the Society to meet at the Guelph College as often as it possibly could. Prof. H. L. Hurt joined in this expression of gratification and said that he had been especially pleased to meet and make the personal acquaintance- ae of many veteran entomologists whose names had long been familiar to im. Prof. Locuueap spoke of the importance of this meeting to the students, who would receive a lasting inspiration from it. Votes of thanks were unanimously passed to President Creelman and his staff for their kindness and hospitality; to Prof. J. B. Smith for his welcome visit and most interesting lecture; and to the reporters of the Toronto Globe, the Guelph Herald and Mercury, and the Toronto Weekly Sun, for their ex- cellent accounts of the proceedings. 0 tae Sale hy Me Sed a oe Ae ha Nd ote TE oR yy + ee ae.) on Sy a ts ie a RIN LEIS PE LL Vie NA eR y ‘ f } (ey et aa F , ; N path be 4 52 | THE REPORT OF THE GIG ee INSECTS AS NATURE STUDIES. By S. B. McCreapy, Proressor or Nature Strupy, Macponatp INsTITUTE, GUELPH. My interest in this topic is not that of an entomologist, but that of the | schoolmaster. ‘To the student of insect life nothing, perhaps, is more natural as nature studies, than insects; nothing perhaps is more likely to awaken readier interest and develop powers of careful observation; nothing in animal life has much, if any, greater concern with our lives. But while our teachers are quite ready to acknowledge that the study of insects may profitably be admitted to a place amongst the multitude of school studies, they are, as a class, quite at a loss to know how to commence the study of them. They feel afraid, or helpless, or rebellious, or indifferent. They feel that they have been imposed upon; they have been trained and accepted into a work which is suddenly changed; sometimes it is hinted that their inability to handle the work is through fault of theirs to readily adjust themselves to new conditions; in fact through insects and the other “what-nots’’ of nature studies, the con- scientious teacher’s burden has become considerably heavier in these later days. Here are the insect studies prescribed for Manitoba schools, e.g.: Grade [. Butterflies and moths. Refereace to color, beauty, movements, etc. ; study of simple life-history of butterfly or moth; preparation for winter by insects. Grade II. Observation of habits of the ant, bee, wasp, and grasshopper. Grade IV. The House moth. The eggs, the larva, the cocoon and pupa, the imago, the egg; or the study of a wasp in nest making, feeding young, guarding young, and in winter season. Grade V. Insect life in relation to the shade trees; aphis, caterpillar and leaf gall of maple suggested ; rearing mosquitoes and butterflies from eges in order to obtain life histories; recognition of lady-bird beetle with a view to protecting it. Finding the larve on trees infested by aphids; observation of insect life in an old log, a rotten stump, a sand hill; incidental observation of insect life. Grade VI. Interdependence of insects and flowers; special study of grass- hoppers; finding the eggs, observing young hoppers, and growth of their wings; the most favorable weather, food how eaten, behaviour in wet and windy weather, etc. Grade VII. Cockroach and field insects. Simple classification of insects ac- cording to character of wing. Grade VIII. Insects of field, Bee. This is the outline of insect work for the Manitoba teacher in the Public Schools, and is like that for Ontario schools. except that it is more specific— the Ontario outline is expressed in general terms e.g., in Form IV. the work is life histories of conspicuous and economic insects; organs and functions. With most teachers, even those who have had advantages of University training, there has never been an awakening of interest in insect life—life histories, moths and butterflies, aphids, beetles, larve, galls, caterpillars, cocoon, pupa, imego, egg—such terms mean very little, if anything. They are cut off from helping themselves as they may do in other subjects; the work demands actual personal observation if it is to be rightly presented ; they cannot read ahead of their classes as in history, geography, and arith- metic and make proper presentation of the subject; it isn’t in books, in fact it needs quite another kind of adjustment, a humiliation, a really putting of OR ET MO Tae RI ae ROME RO ICL hg Made aati ooms oa ” yA ia y hand) a : i aca e ey 4 i ¥ doy 1905 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 oneself into the child’s position and attitude. This is hard. No other subject demanded it, the teacher has, in many branches of school work, grown away from the child’s atmosphere, but here it is only by becoming as a little child that success may be won. But while the teacher is learning of insects in this way it is slow, and with the demands of other studies upon him, disheartening; advanced classes will be demanding greater knowledge than patient independent investigation could attend to in many years,—the teachers must be helped; in the multi- plicity of text-books there is confusion, even if they should be able to secure them; and many of the books are more hinderance than help on account of being over technical or too exhaustive; the school inspectors can very seldom help much, and without help from books, or superintendent, the teacher may be unintentionally working harm to a good cause; may in striving for the same end in nature study as he does in many other subjects—the acquire- ment of facts—defeat its chief purpose—the development in our boys and girls of a sympathetic, patient, independent outlook on nature. The Entomological Society of Ontario and its members can do a great deal to help on the work—as indeed they have done already. There should be some means adopted by our Department of Education whereby articles such as that of Dr. Fletcher’s on the Clover Butterfly, pub- lished_in the Ottawa Field Naturalist, and the articles on economic insects appearing in our Annual Reports, could be put into the hands of every school teacher and school inspector in Ontario, and free, it has to be free, and with clear instructions for adapting the work to the schools. There is a large field of usefulness for our Canadian Entomologist in offering through the Department of Education special articles in insect studies suited to our .schools. At the present juncture, since travelling instructors or local cen- tres of instruction are impracticable, and the University is not helping, these are the best means I can think of for helping our teachers, and our boys and girls in a rather puzzling situation. NOTES ON THE SEASON 1905 (WESTERN QUEBEC). By Cuarzues STEVENSON, MONTREAL. Insect collecting this season has been interesting on account of the quan- tities of several apallles of butterflies that appeared. But it has been some- what disappointing in the captures of rare species and varieties. ‘In Lepidoptera our old friends Vanessa atalanta, Linn., huntera, Fab.. and cardwi, Linn.. have been very plentiful; in fact in some localities more prominent than the common Pontia rape, Linn., and Hurymus philodice, Godt., the Albinic variety of the latter being prominent. Over twenty-five specimens were captured by Messrs. G. Chagnon, E. Denny and myself on the 28th Sept., in a small patch of ground in Outremont. near Montreal. The one-time-common Anosia pleaippus, Linn., which had almost disappeared last year, showed up more frequently. A fine fresh specimen was caught as late as the 3rd Oct., near Montreal. Owing to the activity of the collectors this year, four separate localities around Montreal are now known to be frequented by Stenopis thule, Strecker, Great prominence was brought before the public of Montreal by the rav- ages of the Tussock moths. Three species were found, Notolophus antiqua, Linn., Hemerocampa leucostigma, S. & A., and definita, Pack., leucostigma . SUD oe cr 54 THE, REPORE (OPT being the most plentiful and antzqua rare. Considerable amusement was given te the entomologists by the ridiculous methods adopted by vhe authorities to exterminate them, the chief one being to scrape the egg-masses off the trees and leave them on the ground. Good work has been done by Mr. E. Denny in rearing caterpillars, es- pecially in procuring varieties of Apantesis vittata, Fab., and great credit is ‘ due to this gentleman for his patience and perseverance in bringing other lepidoptera larve to maturity. Mr. G. A. Moore continues to do good work in the study of Hemiptera. Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A. E. Norris, and A. F. Winn have continued their studies of the life histories of the Gortynas. Mr. G. Chagnon has made a specialty of the Buprestide and Ceramby- cide of the world, and has built up a collection of these insects which is well - worth seeing. At the same time he has not neglected the local fauna of Cole- optera, besides which he has commenced a collection of local Lepidoptera, taking particular interest in the Geometride, in which group we hope to see him have a companion in Mr. G. A. Southee, who has recently become an enthusiastic collector. It is a pleasure to record the interest that is being aroused among the younger folk, not only in making collections but also in the economic value and the life histories of the specimens they capture. Special mention may be made of the steady work of Masters G. R. Southee, Arthur Denny, T. S. Rob- inson, H. G. Roche, and Roland Desjardins. I myself have little to record, owing to my having been severely handi- capped by the loss in the spring of my helpmate. However, I have added to my list of local Blattidw several specimens and have been making a special study of ecological entomology, and hope to give my observations at an early date. I may mention, in reference to this subject, that Sporotrichum glob- uliferum, Speg., has been quite epidemic in this locality, and that flacherie has dealt great destruction among the caterpillars of Malocosoma Americana, Harr. The following interesting captures may be mentioned :— Erora laeta, Edw., St. Hilaire, Que., 24th May. E. C. Barwick. Enodia porlonaae Fab., Mt. Johnson, Que., 10th June. Charles Stev- enson. (lig. 16.) Apantesis vittata, Mt. Johnson, Que., 10th June. E. Denny. (From which he obtained a batch of eggs, which he successfully brought through to maturity and obtained a splendid series of varieties. Hé€ succeeded in mat- a eRe of the imagoes and got more eggs, which are now full-grown cater- pillars. s Calosoma scrutator, Fab., St. John’s, Que., 30th July. G. Chagnon. (Fig. 17.) Hydrena pennsylvanica, Kies, St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., 23rd July. G. Chagnon. _ Haltica rufa, Ill., St. Hilaire, Que., 27th June. G. Chagnon. A report of the entomological work of this locality would be incomplete without making an acknowledgment of the lady friends of the collectors, es- pecially Mrs. E. Denny and Mrs. G. R. Southee, for their assistance and encouragement of the insect-hunting hobby. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 Oy SANT, € wiht : Yat X NAS SAU NN ’ wy ’ YON PANY SRN RA) WN}, eee \ Fig. 16. Enodia Portlandia, the Pearly- eye butterfly. Fig. 18. Forest Tent-caterpillar. asf MUM Fig. 19. Orchard Tent-caterpillars on their web: c egg-bracelet ; d cocoon. Fig. 22. Cicada : a pupa, 6 empty shell, e eggs, d slits made in twig for eggs, c mature Cicada. Fig. 17. Calosoma scrutator, th Green Caterpillar-hunter beetle. : - Fig. 21. Prionus laticollis Fig. 20. A Hawk-moth (Sphinx) caterpillar. beetle. 4 | 5 56 THE, REPORT OF THE FOREST INSECTS. By Rev. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., P.L.S., Levis, QUE. Insects fall naturally under two heads.—biting insects, Mandibulata, and sucking insects, Haustellata. To the former belong the borers in the tree-trunks, the twig-girdlers, and the leaf devourers; to the latter, the Cic- adas, the scale insects, and the plant lice. It is difficult to tell which of the two orders is the most hurtful to vegetation. In “God’s great army’’ the most insignificant corps becomes occasionally by force of numbers, a formid- able array. In the summer of 1881, the maples presented a strange appearance. Their foliage became brown and withered, as if autumn had come before its time. On examination it was found that countless multitudes of the larve of a minute species of moth, Depressaria acerifoliella, had assailed the foliage. The larva of this species bites disks from the leaves and binds them to- gether with a silken filament, so constructing a case for itself. It protrudes its head and forelegs from its case and moves about the leaf, eating away the fleshy parts. ‘ In 1893 another remarkable insect attack upon the maples was witnessed: nearly every leaf of the trees was drawn out of shape—its edges being fastened together with a fine web. Within the tent thus formed was a curious brown case, somewhat in the form of a cornucopia, and snugly ensconsed within the case was a green larva with an amber-colored head. This truly was one of the most economical of insects. Longfellow has said :— “O thou sculptor, painter, poet! Take this lesson to thy heart: That is best which lieth nearest, Shape from it thy work of art.’’ And this larva had used up its exuviae and excrement in forming a case for itself—an inner retreat. The leaf was its shelter and store of food; for it fed upon the parenchyma, and left only the veins and skin. The case was its stronghold. The name of the insect is Semasia signatana. Our native insect pests are bad enough; but the insect foes that we most dread are the foreigners, for the reason that “it is better to deal with the devil you know than the devil you don’t know.”’ The advent of the Larch Saw-fly (Vematus FErichsonii) is an old story now. This pest destroyed our tamaracs in the eighties, and it ‘Still goes marching on.’’ Mr. A. H. D. Ross, in his excellent article on “The Forest Resources of Lab- rador Peninsula,”’ tells us that of late years the’ European Larch Saw-fly has destroyed most of the larch between Lake St. John and Lake Mistassini, and the pest is spreading northward. The Gypsy moth, the Brown-tail moth, and the Leopard moth are new . Importations to the country to the south of us. So great a plague has the Gypsy moth been in Massachusetts that the Legislature in four years (1890-4) expended $275,000 in the effort to extermin- ate it, and had not succeeded: and further appropriations were: required. The larva of the Brown-tail moth is also injurious in Massachusetts, and as their fine barbed hairs are easily detached and carried in the air, they often settle upon the passers-by, work their way into the pores of the skin and cause much suffering. They are greatly to be dreaded. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 The larve of the Leopard moth are borers. The species has found its way to New York. In Canada a very common and mischievous pest is the Forest-tree tent eaterpillar (Clisiocampa disstria). This also flourishes more abundantly some years than others. In 1899 it and its congener, Clistocampa Americana, were so abundant in the Counties of Drummond and Shefford that they stripped the second growth trees bare. Hordes of them:crossing the railway brought the train to a standstill, the rails having become slippery with crushed larve. The larva of C. disstria (the Forest tent caterpillar) can readily be d*s- tinguished from that of C. Americana (the Orchard Tent caterpillar). It has a blue head, and a row of silvery spots down the back (Fig. 18), while the other has a black head and a continuous dorsal line (Fig. 19). I consider C. disstria the worst of the leaf-eating foes of our hardwood trees. The larve of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma are handsome but mischievous. They are beautifully tufted along the back. (Fig. 4.) Those of the latter species may be known by their red heads. Both kinds feed upon a variety of forest trees. The males of these species are called ‘“Vapourers”? because of their. jaunty flight. They skip hither and thither, as Wood says, ‘‘like Celebs in search of a wite.’’ The females, on the other hand, are most exemplary in their be- haviour. St. Paul, if he had been an entomologist, would have admired them greatly—they “go not from house to house,’’ they stay at home and mind their own affairs. They remain upon the cocoons, from which they crept. There they await their mates; there they lay their eggs; and there they die. But we must not give them ‘too much credit for their domestic virtues. They are aided by the force of circumstances in conducting themselves well—they have only rudimentary wings. (Fig. 7.) There are a number of large moths, the larve of which under peculiar circumstances might become injurious to forest trees. Their very size makes them formidable. (Fig. 20.) The larve of the Hawk-moths, Sphing chersis and Sphing kalmie, feed upon the ash, though I frequently find them on the lilac. This is not surprising, for both the lilac and the ash belong to the same family of plants, the Oleacee, of which the olive tree is the type. The larva of Ellema coniferarum feeds upon the pine. I wish the species were a little more common, for I have only met with one specimen in many years. The larve of Ceratomia amyntor feed upon the elm. They have four prominent horns on their shoulders; and Harris on this account gave them the name of Quadricornis. There are peculiarities i in the form and habits of this species that are well worth notice. It will be remembered that the leaves of the elm on the under side are strongly and regularly ribbed, and that they are often curled over on one side in a roll. The Amyntor caterpillars are of the same color as the leaf, and along the sides have seven oblique, raised, rough lines. They lie extended alone the edge of the leaf, and in that position very closely resemble the roll of the leaves near them. Nor is this all. In the autumn the leaves of the elm become rusty brown in colour, and that the resemblance to the leaves may be maintained, the caterpillars become of the same hue. They afford in this a rmarkable instance of what is called Mimetic Analogy. The larva of that stately moth, 7'riptogon modesta, feeds upon the pop- lar, and that of Cressonia juglandis upon the black walnut, the butternut and the hickory. | Upon a variety of forest trees, the ines of those magnificent Saturn- ians, Attacus cecropia (the largest of our moths), and Telea polyphemus are _ ‘j 4 7 fina > Ly “s aie \? oy Se Se Le Re wr 7 We 4 oe eee igh) y ae SREY Fa AIAR I: GUE arth ities : Y ; a AS LTO A A [ee eG ; ov UNE a . i L hi » ¥ eet 58 THE REPORT OF THE | - No. 19 to be found, whilst those of Actias luna (the most beautiful) feed upon the butternut, and those of Hyperchiria To upon the elm, the basswood and the kalsam-poplar. The last-named larve are set with stinging spines. In the West the larva of that splendid moth, Lacles imperialis, feeds — upon the white pine; and the larve of Citheronia regalis, which has as many horns as the Beast in the Apocalypse, and is locally known as the “Hickory Horned Devil,’’ feeds upon the black walnut, butternut, hickory, etc. I have never heard, however, that the caterpillars of these very large insects have done much damage. Of insects that injure the roots of the trees, these are remarkable : — The White Grub: This is the larva of the May Beetle, Lachnosterna fusca. (Fig. 6.) The grubs of this species are very general feeders upon the roots of plants. They are said to be injurious to young pines and tamaracs. A formidable foe to the poplar, basswood and oak, is Prionus laticollis, the Broad-necked Sawyer which bores into the roots of trees. As it works undergrouna its ravages are not easily detected. (Fig. 21.) But of the underground insect foes of the forest trees, the Cicadas are, I think, the worst. Happily this part of Canada is out of the range of 7T7bicen Septendecim, which spends seventeen years at the roots of trees, imbibing at the very founts of vegetable life. But Cicada canicularis is very abundant with us, If you go into the woods in autumn you will hear the shrill sound produced by their little tambours or side drums, which vibrate, as the boys say, “for.all they are worth.’’ We have another species, Tibicen rimosa, but it is not common with us. The habits of the Cicadas are interesting. The females cut grooves in the twigs of their favorite trees, and in each groove lay a row of eggs. The eggs seem to be nourished by the sap in the twigs, for they become enlarged. The newly-hatched larve drop to the ground and burrow till they reach the roots cf the trees. Into these they drive their beaks, and then, for three years, live by suction upon the sap. At the end of that time they work their way out of the earth, climb for a short distance up the trees, and then writhe and twist iil] their skins burst down the back. Out of the rent, in every case, creeps a perfect insect, drawing its legs out of their former enclosures as out of boots. In about ten minutes (I have watched the process) the air has penetrated to every part of the insect’s body, its wings have been shaken out of plait into their full dimensions, and the creature is ready for flight. (Fig. 21.) If you ask me what should be done to check the Cicadas, well, I know what I should do as regards the orchard, the sugar-bush and the enclosed woods. I should in the autumn turn a herd of swine into them. The animals would not only eat the windfall apples, the acorns and beech-mast and fungi, they would grub about the roots of the trees, and devour the immature Cic- adas, the White Grubs, and the pupe of many kinds of flies, beetles and moths. I have seen the experiment tried, and the pigs throve. But a part of my subject of more interest to lumbermen is that relating te the “Borers’’—and truly their name is legion. A number of beetles belonging to the family Buprestidz bore in the pine. Two splendid beetles of this family are Chalcophora Virginiensis and Chalco- phora fortis. C. fortis is the largest and handsomest of our Buprestide, and, perhaps, as regards our collections, the rarest. Mr. H. Hague Harrington speaks of it as rare at Ottawa, and I never met with it at Montreal, nor in the Eastern Townships; but one day I was walking under the cliff. at Hadlow, on the south side of the river, when I found specimens of both C.Virginiensis and C. fortis. There were no trees near in which they could have bred, and the in- ) mL Syl AYA Wa ape Aline cule a Ol Re, she’ Se deh pe ee A I ( ae, mas: ina) y * Pe! o 4 4 , : ah t- fey a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 sects were fresh and perfect. The discovery was a marvel to me till, on look- ing to the river side, I saw, stranded, a crib of pine timber; and then the mystery was solved. This incident shows how easily insects may be spread over the country. There is a beetle called Monohammus titillator. (Fig. 23.) This beetle and its congener, Monohammus scutellatus (Fig. 24) make damaging tunnels in the trunks of the pine; and they sometimes turn up unexpectedly in places far from their native forest. Fig. 24. Monohammus scu- j tellatus. Fig. 25. Plagionotus KM speciosus, Maple-tree aig borer. Fig. 23. Monohamus titillator, Pine- borer beetle. The larva of Plagionotus speciosus (Fig. 25) is a borer in the maple. That of the fine beetle Saperda calcarata bores in the poplar. The Apple-tree borer, Saperda candida (Fig 26) works also in the American mountain ash and the thorn. The larve of Saperda vestita, Saperda tridentata and Cyllene pictus bore respectively in the basswood, the elm and the cedar (Thuja occi- dentalis). Time would fail me to enumerate the small beetles which mine between the bark and the white wood, and which at times do much harm—volumes might be written upon them. ' Fig. 26. Saperda candida, Apple-tree borer: a grub, b pupa, c beetle. But I must not pass over the more important of the Lepidopterous and Hymenopterous borers. Of the former we have remarkable instances; in Cossus Centerensis, which bores in the poplar (Fig. 27); in Prionozystus rob- wie, which, as its name implies, bores in the locust, or false acacia; and in Prionoxzystus Macmurtrei, which Mr. A. F. Winn has found upon oaks on Mount Royal. PERL hy Ue en PR ee et OE) ee OR ey nec ge Reh) ME hor NT Ue ER ee Tease sare REE ; Ar oe 1 ge oe 7 Ve SE ee ae ah hee es Soll wigs Pa SMC ae Py § (om : F ‘ , aS ae hs mee 60 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 | The larva of several species of Ciear-wing moths are borers; Sesia acerni in the soft maple, Sesia pictipes in the wild cherry, Pseudohazis denudata in the ash. The Horn-tail, 7remex columba, or Pigeon Tremex (Fig 28), is a creature of formidable appearance. It has a stout acuform, but hollow, ovipositor which extends in its sheath from the middle of the underside of the abdomen to a length of half an inch beyond the body. The Tremex drives this instru- ment through the bark and into the soft wood of the tree (which is usually a maple or a beech), and then, by muscular action, it passes its eggs through the ovipositor to the end of the wound it has made. The Tremex is, in many in- stances, so exhausted in the process that it has not strength to withdraw its ovipositor, and perishes at its post. As soon as the young larve are hatched they begin to tunnel in different directions, enlarging their passages as they grow. Other Horn-tails of like habits to the Tremex are Sirex miiccorn Sirez flavicornis, and Paururus cyaneus, and these assail the pine. mi a Lei ig oS Fig. 27. Wood-boring caterpillar (Cossus) and Fig. 28. Pigeon Tremex — the chrysalis. Horn-tail borer. It must not be supposed that nature has left these borers to multiply and work their will without a check. If she had, the forests would have disap- peared long ago. No—a number of formidable Ichneumon flies, with yet lcnger ovipositors, are engaged in reducing the hosts of the enemies. Indeed every kind of destructive insect has its foes. Insectivorous birds and predaceous insects, under ordinary circumstances, keep the spoilers within bounds. And man may give his assistance to nature to the same end. For instance, he can preserve the woodpeckers and the soft-billed birds. The man who would shoot a woodpecker ought to be ostracized. I wish I could hear more frequently the hearty laughing call of that noble bird the Bonneted Woodpecker, Prcus pileus. Alas, its beauty has been to it a ‘‘fatal gift.”’ It has drawn the attention of the fowler. There should be a law forbidding juveniles to carry guns. There is this to be said, these gun-bearing boys lessen their own numbers. Many a young rascal will go into the woods and think he has done a clever thing if he has brought down a Wakeup or a Tom-tit. When a tree is found with Horn-tails affixed in the position I have men- tioned, it may be known that that tree is doomed; it should be felled and split up for stove-wood. The proper and timely burning of brush-piles will do much to lessen the numbers of insects. Brush should be burned, not when the ground is covered with dry herbage and dead leaves, but when vegetation is lush and green, and then the fire and smoke would destroy their thousands of insect pests. dace avo NN SiS a ai al alas a A ae a a i at oi A aR ¢ a { ve , oe ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 In Europe in former days foresters were men of standing and import- ance. It seems to me that it would be a good thing if our Government would appoint in every county in which lumbering operations are being carried on and settlements made, Government foresters, intelligent men of high charac- ter, allowing them such assistance as might be required. Their duties should be to preserve the game, destroy the wolves, regulate the burning of the debris of the lumber camps and clearings, see to the due observance of forest laws, and generally to conserve woodland interests. T think that such officers would have many important duties to perform and that their life would be full of interest and attraction. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Rev. THomas W. Fyuss, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Quesec. The youthful entomologist in England, in the forties and fifties of last century, was a privileged person—he enjoyed many advantages. Kirby and Spence were both living in the earlier half of the period mentioned. Kirby died on the 4th of July, 1850. In 1856 Spence brought out a cheap edition of the ‘‘Introduction to Entomology,’’ and, in four years, 10,000 copies of the work were sold. This work did more than any other to popu- larize the study of entomology. Those were the days of Newman, Stainton, Waterhouse, Douglas, West- wood, Morris, Wollaston, Wilkinson, and other lights. Van Voorst was publishing works on Natural History. Newman was carrying on the ‘‘Zoo- logist,’’ and Stainton the ‘‘Weekly Intelligencer.’’ There was an abun- dance of cheap yet valuable literature for the rising entomologist. The comparatively small extent of the British Islands brought the number of species—say of the Lepidoptera—within the mental grasp of the diligent student. How different is it with us now, on this vast continent of North America! A crown-octavo volume of 723 pages is now required, for a mefe list of the Lepidoptera with its index. England in those days was a very paradise for entomologists. The plantations and hazel-copses for the preservation of the game, the open woods of— . . ‘tall ancestral trees O’er all the pleasant land,”’ the withy-gores, the fens, the moors were all famous hunting-grounds. It was a privilege to take part in an ‘‘outing’’ at some appointed place. To wander along the forest paths alive with Marbled Whites and Silver- washed Fritillaries, till the waving nets shewed the spot where the Entomol- ogists were gathered together. The excitement of the chase, the refection in the shade of the trees, the pleasant conversation, the comparison of captures, were things to be remembered. So were the multitudinous voices of the birds that made the woodland ring. England is rich in song-birds; and linnets, goldfinches, bulfinches, yellowhammers, black-caps, white- throats, robins, blackbirds, thrushes, and others, seemed to greet the wood- land visitors in one full tide of song. 62 THE, REPORT (HOR RHE I remember an effusion that I sent to the ““Weekly Intelligencer,”’ after such an outing. It ran:— ‘Come to the wild woods, come away, — Now the sun is bright in the month of May, And the mated birds, in boist’rous glee, Fill the wide heavens with harmony; Now the breezes shake the hyacinth bells, And the pale anemone whitens the dells, And young leaves whisper soothingly, And all is joy and light and love— For the azure heaven is smiling above, And the green earth laughs for sympathy. Come where the Hair-streak* flutters by Like a living leaf; where the butterflyt Whose snowy wings are dash’d with green, And with rich orange tipp’d, is seen; Where the Chequer’d Skipper,t as you tread, Springs lightly from his grassy bed; And Clouded-border Moths§ unfold Their tender wings of speckled gold; Where Fuciformis quivers round The stems with honeysuckle bound; And, like a fragment from the sky, Sweet Alexis gambols by; Where Falcula, whose hooked wings Have eye-like spots, to the birch leaf clings, While near it, where the catkins play, - Papilionaria larve stray, Mid forms like their own safe to be From prowling Ichneumonidae, From the busy tit that twitters near, And other foes they have to fear. Oh, come to the wild woods, come away, Now the sun is bright, in the month of May! Come, for a thousand sights shall cheer Your eye—a thousand sounds your ear!”’ In Canada the brethren of the net are too widely scattered, the claims of business are too urgent, the mosquitoes too troublesome for such gather- ings to be very frequent, very numerously attended, or very thoroughly enjoyable. But, notwithstanding, the sugar-woods, the intervales, the neglected bottom lands of this country, the orchards, where the owners are better farmers than fruit growers, are all fine hunting-grounds. ° On the 16th of August I discovered an undrained hollow in which was a thick growth of dwarf willows, sedges and flags. It was richly bordered with asters, Joe Pye Weed and Golden Rod, in full bloom. The multitude of insects clustering about the flower heads was truly astonishing. The Painted Ladies were much in evidence. Pamphila Manitoba was there; and there was a great show of Humble-bees, wasps, ichneumons, dragon- flies, flower-flies, etc. I spent a very profitable howr amongst them. Bombyces were scarce in the collections of former days. We have an advantage now that was undreamed of when I was a boy, viz., the electric light. Many of the gems of our collections have been taken at this light. So late as the beginning of this month (October, 1905), I was passing by a warehouse on the Louise embankment late at night, when I saw, under an arc-light, a fine specimen of Lophodonta ferruginea, Pack, and one of Charadra deridens, Gn. I had no cyanide bottle, nor chip boxes, with me; *Thecla rubi. tThymele alveolus. tAnthocharis cardamines. §Venilia maculata. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 but the specimens were near together; and I swept them into my hat, and clapt it quickly upon my head. They were fidgety for a while, but soon yuieted down and went to sleep; and on reaching home I transferred them to the cyanide-bottle. Speaking of the cyanide-bottle: how great an improvement its use is to the old method of killing insects. Many a man, in the days I have spoken of, fixed a sheet of cork in the crown of his hat, and a supply of pins in the lapels of his coat; nipped his captures smartly under the wings with the tips of his thumb and fore-finger; pinned them ready for setting, and then stowed them away in his hat. My own plan was to carry a small vial of chloroform and a few pieces of twine about two inches long in my vest pocket, and a few nests of chip-boxes in a special pocket of my coat. When I had boxed a specimen I slipped in one of the pieces of twine wet with the chloroform, to send it to sleep; and when I reached home I gave it its final quietus by piercing it under the wings with a steel pen dipped in a solution of oxalic acid. I found this a good plan, and I often make use of it still. Before the cyanide-bottle was fairly established, men tried various ex- pedients,—bruised laurel-leaves, formic acid, etc. One entomologist advo- cated, in doggerel verse, a new agent :— ‘An agent nothing can surpass, Will insects instant kill, For preservation, too, as well, This wondrous agent let me tell,--- Five drops, or ten, of nothing but Essential oil of cajeput.’’ There are many advantages now open to the Canadian entomologist, for which he may consider himself highly favored. There is the great advan- tage of having so able and obliging a scientist as Dr. James Fletcher of the Department of Agriculture, to consult in his difficulties—one from whom he may feel sure of receiving a courteous reply to his enquiries, and valuable information. Again, the privilege is open to him of membership in the Entomological Society of Ontario, either directly with the parent stem, or through one of its branches. And in this connection, I congratulate Professor Sherman and the members of the newly-formed Branch in Guelph. One of the helps they will receive in their studies will be the receipt monthly of the Canadian Entomologist, a publication in which Dr. Charles J. S. Bethune has built, and is still building—and long may he continue to build— a monument that will preserve his name as long as entomologists shall be found in Canada— which I trust will be till the end of time. The annual meetings of the Society. present opportunities to be highly prized. ‘‘Like as iron sharpeneth iron, so doth the countenance of a man his friend;’’ and we cannot attend the meetings of this Society without feeling encouraged and stimulated. ‘A meeting that will be remembered with ‘special pleasure is this pre- sent gathering. The noble institution in which we are assembled, and its beautiful surroundings; the kindness of Principal Creelman and the mem- bers of his staff; the presence with us of Professor J. B. Smith; his wonder- ful description of the mosquito and its habits, so beautifully illustrated, will - all afford us delightful reflections. Who amongst us has not known Professor Smith by his works? It is — good, now, to look upon his face, and listen to his voice, and feel the warm grasp of his hand. I made the acquaintance of the mosquito years ago, off Anticosti. I saw the little brute alight upon my hand, and I watched it swell and change color from grey to crimson, with some amusement; but the results taught me that such pleasures could not be indulged in with impunity. Neverthe- less, as I listened to Professor Smith last night, I almost longed to be wad- ing knee-deep in those delightful swamps he showed us, and assisting those worthy fellows who were bagging the peddlers of malaria and yellow fever. Lastly, what advantages the modern student has in the number of ad-_ mirable works, upon every branch of entomology, that have appeared of late years. Among them are Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation, Packard’s Guide, Saunders’ Insects Injurious to Fruits, Smith’s Insects of New Jer- sey, Ashmead’s Proctotrypide, Holland’s Butterfly and Moth Books, How- ard’s Insect Book, Edwards’ and Scudder’s respective works, the valuable series of Bulletins issued from Washington, Albany, and other points of ob- servation, not omitting Ottawa. May the Entomological Society of Ontario flourish! May its new Branch, the Guelph Branch, bourgeon, and blossom, and bring forth fruit to the benefit of the general community, and for many a day! ORTHOPTERA AND ODONATA FROM ALGONQUIN PARK,- ONT. By E. M. Water, B.A., M.B., Toronto. The following list of Orthoptera and Odonata is based chiefly upon col- lections made by the writer during two canoe trips in Algonquin Park, and the vicinity of Dwight, a few miles to the south-west of the Park limits. The first trip was made during the second and third weeks of August, 1902, while the second occupied the latter half of the same month in 1903. To the list of Odonata are added the names of a number of species taken by Prof. John Macoun in July, 1900, and also those of many specimens, especi- ally nymph exuviz, collected by Mr. Paul Hahn during August, 1904. I wish to express my thanks to Prof. J. G. Needham for his kindness in determining some of the more difficult species of Odonata. As August is rather late for most Dragonflies, although it is the height of the season for Orthoptera, the list of the former is by no means a repre- sentative one, but will give some idea of the dragonfly fauna of the region, It probably contains less than two-thirds of the number of species native to the district, whereas the list of Orthoptera doubtless includes more than three-fourths of the total number of species to be found there. The country traversed is an ideal one for dragonflies, abounding in lakes and streams, which vary in their course from the most placid weed-grown reaches to the swiftest rapid. The north branch of the Muskoka River, which was our chief highway in both trips, is a very characteristic stream. In some parts of its course its surface is perfectly smooth for miles at a stretch, the shore low and fringed with alders, with a background of . I ed See rege RMT Uae lhe FN TH iy bet oa Ow ntl Abe sa eben ald MG ait hy aia ixaee ii : ORT ; Say t ae OT es A “: , a ‘ y i : sat f \ 1905 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 65 ST a / luxuriant balsams and spruce; in the other parts there are rocky, turbulent rapids, and the banks are much higher with a much more varied vegetation. In other places, again, the rapids are smoother and shallower, with gravelly bottoms, and there are steep sandbanks on either side. Each kind of locality has its peculiar species of dragonflies, more species apparently being found about the gentle rapids than elsewhere. Algonquin Park, which covers an area of about 1,600 square miles just north of the Muskoka District, lies at the extreme northern limits of the Transition life zone as it passes into the Boreal zone. Many forms of plant and animal life found within its limits do not belong to the Boreal zone in a restricted sense, but on the whole the flora and fauna are of a Boreal type. In the partly cleared and cultivated country in the vicinity of Dwight, lying to the south-west of the Park limits, several species of insects belonging to the Transition and Austral zones were met with, which did not appear within the Park limits. Among these are the following Orthoptera: Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. A single male of average size was taken at Dwight. This locust belongs to the Austral and warmer parts of the Transition zones, and becomes smaller in the northern part of its range. It is abundant and of large size in the Austral strip along Lake Erie, but be- comes smaller and scarcer at Sarnia and Toronto, north of which I have never before taken it, except a single female from Peterboro’ County. Mecostethus lineatus, Scudd. This species was found among the sedge bordering a small lake in a brulé near Dwight. It belongs to the Transition and northern parts of the Upper Austral zones, and is replaced in the Boreal by its ally, M@. gracilis, Scudd., whose range in Ontario overlaps that of lineatus considerably, as it extends southward to the watershed between Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario. M. gracilis was not found in the Park, but doubtless occurs there. Orchelimum vulgare, Harr. This grasshopper was found in small num- bers in the fields about Dwight, but did not appear in the Park, nor could I find it at North Bay, Lake Nipissing, in September, 1900, although the proper surroundings apart from the northern latitude were apparently often met with. This species and Conocephalus ensiger, Harr., are enumerated by -Seudder among the Alpine Orthoptera of the White Mountains (Appalachia, VIII., No. IV., p. 19). Their range seems to stop short of the Boreal zone in Ontario and I found the same to be true in Quebec. Scudderia furcata, Brunn. A single male was taken near Dwight. It ranges at least as far north as Lake Nipissing, but I doubt its being a truly Boreal form. It is much commoner southwards. Except the above species, all of which were taken near Dwight, outside the Park limits, and possibly another (Nemobius palustris, Bl.), whose range is not yet well enough known, all the Orthoptera in the list are in- habitants of the Boreal zone. NV. palustris has elsewhere been taken only in the peat bogs of Northern Indiana, where several northern Orthoptera occur. Of the Odonata, the comparatively large number of Corduline, despite the fact that their season was practically over, testifies to the Boreal charac- ter of the dragonfly fauna. Most of these Corduline are represented by nymphal exuvie only. But one dragonfly, Celithemis elisa, Hagen, taken near Dwight, did not appear within the Park limits. I have never before seen it so far north. It is fairly common in the Austral and lower part of the Transition zones in Ontario. The absence of Libellule I do not regard as significant of anything but the rather late season in which most of the collecting was done, and the char- acter of the bodies of water met with. D> ENTO. \ 66 THE » REPORT VOPMTHES. ©) >y ARNOT ORTHOPTERA. Acridiidee.— ; 1. Vettix granulatus (Kirby). Common in damp places in woods. 2. Tettix acadicus (Scudd.). Several specimens of what seems to be this species were taken beside a lumber road through a hardwood forest, August 20, 1902. 3. Tettex Handcocki, Morse. A number of long-winged examples taken from a patch of wild strawberry, lichens and short grass growing on sandy soil in a bushy field, September 2, 1902. 4, Tettigidea parvipennis (Harr.). Immature specimens were found on low marshy parts of the river shore. 5. Chlealtis conspersa, Harr. Common in the drier parts of open woods. 6. Stenobothrus curtipennis (Harr.). Very abundant in low places wher- ever long grass occurred. 7. Mecostethus lineatus (Scudd:). A few were found flying about the sedge bordering a small lake near Dwight, August 28, 1903. 8. Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer). Young nymphs were found on the grassy hillsides near Dwight. 9. Camnula pellucida (Scudd.). Common everywhere in dry, open places in the woods and in clearings 10. Dissosteira carolina (L.). Common about Dwight and occasionally seen in clearings in the Park. 11. Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. One male from a dry, grassy hillside at Dwight, August 23, 1903. 12. Circotettiz verruculatus (Kirby). Common in clearings in the Park and on sandy beach at Dwight. 13. Podisma glacialis Canadensis (Secudd.) Walk. A common and very characteristic species, found on bushes in open woods. The specimens are smaller than those taken at North Bay on September 12, 1900, and approach the race variegata more closely. 14. Melanoplus Bruneri, Scudd. This species was found in consider- able numbers in two or three limited areas near Dwight. They were found on patches of short grass and strawberries on sandy soil. September 2, 1902, one male. August 10, 1903, many specimens. This is a western form, occurring with two or three closely allied species in the Boreal zone of the Rocky Mountain region from Alberta to New Mex- | ico. In my List of Ontario Acridiide I determined it somewhat doubtfully as Bruneri from a single male, but in 1903 a number of specimens were taken and I have since been able to compare them with Scudder’s types of Brun- ert. In these the pronotum is slightly narrower and more elongate than in the majority of my specimens, but the distinction does not hold good throughout the series and there seem to be no other characters of sufficient importance to justify the creation of a new species for my specimens. They are considerably larger than the few in the Seudder collection except one male from New Mexico. | M. Bruneri is probably a Boreal form extending across the plains or to the north of them. 15. Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). Abundant in the open sandy country about Dwight, and generally common in clearings. 16. Melanoplus islandicus, Bl. Common in paths and openings in woods everywhere. A very characteristic sylvan species often associated with P. glacialis canadensis. (1905 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ey, ‘¢ Ta 17. Melanoplus fasciatus (Walk.). A few were taken in open woods at Whisky Falls, North River, and it was occasionally met with elsewhere, but not commonly. 18. Melanoplus femur-rubrum (De G.). Common in open, grassy clear- ings and in open marshes. 19. Melanoplus luridus (Dodge). Abundant on dry hillsides and scrubby My aig on sandy soil near Dwight, and occasionally seen in clearings in the ark. There seems to be no doubt that M. collinus, Scudd, and luridus are synonymous. 20. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus (Burm.). Common everywhere in rank grass in low places. Locustidze.— 21. Scudderia furcata, Brunn. Dwight, August 23, 1903, one male. 22. Scudderia pistillata, Brunn. Common on bushes in open woods in the Park. Our most characteristically Boreal Locustid. 23. Orchelimum vulgare, Harr. A single male was taken and a few others heard shrilling in clumps of tall grass in fields about Dwight. 24. Xiphidium fasciatum (De G.). Very common in open, grassy places everywhere. i 25. Xiphidium brevipenne, Scudd. In rank grassy places, not very common. None were found at North Bay. : 26. Ceuthophilus pallidipes, Walk. Vette, aie aa in eR , J , f aha : 4 68 . THE, “REPORT, 7O8 DELLE 2. Calopterya aequabilis, Say. In 1902 I saw four or five of this species along the river, but captured only one, a male. In 1903 nine were seen. Among Prof. Macoun’s specimens there are two fresh males dated July 6th and 25th, 1900. They are probably much commoner at that season. Agrionide.— 3. Lestes congener, Hagen. Common in open woods and marshes. 4, Lestes uncata, Kirby. A single male from the North River, dated August 13, 1903. 5. Lestes forcipata, Rambur. Two males from the North River, August 13, 14, 1903. | : 6. Lestes rectangularis, Say. Common in swamps and open woods. It was common in an open sphagnum bog at the mouth of a creek emptying into Ragged Lake. They were associated with /schnura verticalis and ten- eral examples of Sympetrum vicinum, / 7. Argia putrida (Hagen). A number of specimens were taken by Mr. Hahn from July 15th to 21st, 1903, and 1904. I have also a badly broken teneral specimen taken by Prof. Macoun, July 6, 1900. 8. Argia violacea (Hagen). A pair were taken at Smoke Lake, August t7; 1903: 9. Enallagma Hagen (Walsh). Very common in open marshes and fly- ing over the river in the smooth parts. 10. Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). One male taken by Mr. Hahn. 11. Enallagma exsulans (Hagen). A pair from Little Joe Creek, taken in coitu, August 29, 1902. Another male taken by Mr. Hahn in 1903. 12. Ischnura verticalis, Say. Common in marshy places bordering lakes and streams. Anisoptera.— Aischnide.— 13. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. This fine green species was quite common on the river, flying over the shallower rapids and frequently settling on the exposed pebbles. 14. Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Four males, all somewhat wern, were captured along the river. Two were taken by Mr. Hahn with one sweep of the net while flying over the water, August 22, 1903. Another was taken while resting in a path in the woods close to the river, August 20, 1903. In addition to these two nymph exuvize were found on the rocks on the shore of Oxtongue Lake, August 10, 1903. 15. Lanthus albistylus (Selys). This dainty little Gomphine was fairly numerous locally over rapids. They were difficult to approach and only one male was taken (August 10, 1903). 16. Gomphus brevis, Hagen. A worn female was captured on the river at Whisky Falls, August 20, 1903, and a few minutes afterwards a male, also worn, was taken at nearly the same spot. Two nymph skins were found on the logs of a timber slide at the upper end of Ragged Lake. 17. Gomphus eailis, Selys. This nymph skin was found on the timber slide at Ragged Lake. Several others were found by Mr. Hahn on a log hut at the edge of Smoke Lake. 18. Gomphus Scudderi, Selys. This striking species was common on certain parts of the river, usually where there was a considerable current, but where the water was fairly deep. It was not so often seen over the swift rapids. They were usually moving along slowly with swiftly vibrating wings, every now and then making a dash to another spot. They would ; No. 19° Ye 4 MUNN eM Las te ON) Ubi ir iS NAL AMY OE AU PICT Desa ine Mitte AP sch Cary Wa " j ' ween “pare aba Wy te eae ’ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 sometimes alight on the canoe. Only one female was taken, but quite a number of males. . 19. Gomphus plagiatus, Selys. A nymphal skin was found on a muddy part of the river shore just below a rapid. 20. Boyeria vinosa (Say). This was the most abundant of all the larger dragonflies along the river, but was never seen away from the water. It was most common on the smoother parts and had the curious habit of following the canoe, sometimes hovering close to the gunwale. A few nymphal skins were found by Mr. Hahn. 21. Aschna constricta, Say. A male was taken on Little Joe Creek, August 29, 1902, a pair from the North River, August 14, 1903, and a few females at Dwight, August 23, 1903. Much less common than the next species. 22. A’schna clepsydra, Say. The commonest Aischna in this locality; plentiful in openings in the coniferous woods, frequently settling on the trunks and branches of the spruce trees and balsams. A female was taken while ovipositing. She was resting on the edge of the shore with the end of the abdomen immersed in the water among a few aquatic plants. 23. A’schna verticalis, Hagen. Associated with the preceding, but apparently less numerous. A number of A’schna exuvie were found by Mr. Hahn, but it is not known to what species they belong. Libellulidee.— 24. Macromia [llinoiensis, Walsh. A nymphal skin was found by Mr. Hahn. The imagoes were occasionally seen patrolling the river, but would swoop past the canoe and disappear so quickly that it was quite useless to attempt their capture. 20. Didymops transversa (Say). A nymphal exuvia was found on the rocky shore of Oxtongue Lake, some yards from the water. Several others were found by Mr. Hahn along the river. 26. Neurocordulia (sp.). About a dozen exuvie were found upon the side of a timber slide at the upper end of Ragged Lake, August 17, 1903. They were mostly from two to four feet from the ground, of which there was a narrow strip between the timber slide and the water. Another was found by Mr. Hahn at Canoe Lake. Prof. Needham, to whom I sent one of the skins, says they do not belong to V. obsoleta (Say), the only species of Neurocordulia which has been bred, and may be V. Yamaskanensis (Pro.), which oceurs in Quebec. 27. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen. A single nymphal exuvia was found - by Mr. Hahn. 28. Tetragoneuria semiaquea, Burm. One male taken by Prof. Ma- coun, July 6, 1900. I found the exuvie in considerable numbers on the tim- bers of a log hut at the lower end of Smoke Lake. The hut was built on the shore of a shallow bay connected with the main body of the lake by a rather narrow passage. The bay was full of pond-weed (Brasenia peltata), and other aquatic plants and was doubtless a fine breeding-ground for Odonata. -Skins of Helocordulia Uhleri and Gomphus exilis were also found on the hut. 29. Tetragoneuria cynosura (Say). Skins of this species, according to the distinctions given by Prof. Needham, were also found. 30. Tetragoneurta spinigera (Selys). Two exuvia of this genus with the lateral spines of the ninth segment considerably more divergent than the others probably belong here. 31 Helocordulia Uhleri (Selys). Two exuvie taken from the log hut on _ Smoke Lake and a number from Canoe Lake. 70 THE REPORT OF THE 32. Somatochlora elongata, Scudd. Two males were taken, one at the marshy bay at the lower end of Smoke Lake, August 17, 1908, the other from a lumber road which runs through the woods close to the North River, August 20, 1908. Many others were seen flying over the river and in the woods, but they are almost hopeless to catch, as they fly very high. 33. Somatochlora forcipata (Scudd.). A male of this rare species was taken by Prof. Macoun, July 15, 1900. : 34. Cordulia Shurtlefi, Scudd. A single nymphal skin was found by Mr. Hahn upon a boat-house on Canoe Lake, August 15, 1904. 35. Celithemis elisa (Hagen). er 11. Synchloe creusa. Of this insect I only took a solitary specimen at Banff, June 2nd. It was probably nearly over, and I saw no more of it. It is taken on the Pacific coast and crosses the Divide at Banff. Mr. Wolley _ Dod inclines to think that it merges into auwsonides at Calgary. I consider my specimen from Banff to be quite distinct. 12. S. ausonides. Widely distributed but nowhere common. I took one or two specimens at Penticton, Greenwood, Kaslo, and Nelson, but never found it plentiful anywhere. It is common at Calgary. 13. S. sara. Common all through the south-western districts of British Columbia. I did not get either of its varieties. It does not occur at Calgary and probably does not cross the Divide. 14. Eurymus (Colias) Meadii var. Elis. Scattered rather sparingly over all the high mountains of the main chain of the Rockies at an elevation of 6,500 to 7,500 feet. I took the greatest number on the steep slopes of a mountain above Hector Lake. It also occurred at Lake Louise, Mt. Assini- boine and mountains above Simpson River. 15. E. eurytheme var Keewaydin. Of this butterfly I only took two specimens at Victoria, June 6th. 16. Var. eriphyle is the commonest Colias all through Western Canada. I took it everywhere, and without any great variation. The beautiful orange type of the species and var Ariadne I did not meet with. I also took two in the Fraser Canyon in May, and a fine fresh one at Banff August 30th. ~ 17. C. philodice is also very common and widely distributed. I never took it at a high level, but it is the commonest butterfly at Montreal and Ottawa in September. At Ottawa (September) a fine white female variety was common, ‘ 18. HE. christina. At Banff only, where it was flying in plenty August 30th, but in very bad order, and the females far worse than the males. It is common at Calgary. 19. FL. alezandra. One specimen only, from Greenwood, near the bound- ary. : 20. . Very plentiful in the valley from Greenwood to Midway. It also occurs through the whole of British Columbia south of Lake Okanagan. The color of the under side is much yellower than in the type (Alexandra), in which the under side is greenish and very pale. Dr. Rebel pronounces the specimens I sent him to be Behri (Edwards), but in this opinion Mr. Elwes does not agree (nor do I). 21. HE. interior. I took it only at Kaslo, where it is not very common. Mr. Wolley Dod takes it in some numbers at Calgary, where it flies among the spruce in July, which is just where and when I took it at Kaslo. 22. E. pelidne var. Minismi (Elwes). This a very common butterfly over the whole of the higher Rockies, flying from 5,000 to about 6,000 feet. The females vary considerably, the white ones being commoner than the yellow. It flies all through August. (Dr. Rebel pronounces this insect to be not Pelidne, but Skinneri (Barnes), which he considers to be a good species. ) 23. E. nastes. Common at very high levels on every mountain I went up in the whole chain of the Rockies. It varies considerably and I think that those from Mt. Assiniboine, the most southern point at which I found them, are paler and yellower than more northern specimens. 24. Huptoieta Claudia. One specimen only taken at Mt. Assiniboine in August, close to the lake, at 5,000 feet or more. It is a southern butterfly, a, ‘ Xe) 74 } THE\REPORT: OF THE GY y's ee 19 mae, Meee oh AL a welt Ak ye ee | AE yi Ae ae Vielen st tub, lc ees bee Poste ise wet ee REY Poa ry ST a Al ib ea RC aime bt oak Neca a SE ar aN RRR 5 TY Rg r Re Ata i “| “ Ri IT ees ] vx , ~S ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (6 - _ but a wanderer. Mr. Wolley Dod has taken two at Calgary, and there is one in the Banff museum. fs 20. Argynis cybele. Common all through the Atlantic States. Mine _ were taken at Ottawa, in September. Mr. Wolley Dod gets it at Calgary, but not commonly. « 26. A. atlantis. Very common and widely distributed all through Brit- _ ish Columbia. I took it at Kaslo, Greenwood and in the high Rockies below tree level. Atlantis is very like Hlecta, which Mr. Wolley Dod takes, though _ not commonly. I have no specimens of Atlantis from Calgary. 27. A. monticola. Widely distributed and common. I took it at every place I visited from the third week in June till the end/of August. The high - mountain specimens differ little from those at lower levels. It is a variable _ species as to color and the silvering of the spots of the under side, but the ' markings are the same in all that I have taken. 4 28. Var. purpurascens, which I took only near Greenwood and Nelson at low levels. It is given by Holland as a variety of Zerene. Dyar gives it as _ avariety of Monticola, with which its markings exactly coincide. I do not - possess Zerene. (29. A. coronis. I never took this species at all on the western side of the _ Divide, but I believe that I got a battered individual at Banff, August 30th. _ Those I have were all taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary, where it is - not uncommon. Very like Halcyone. 30. A. nevadensis. Widely distributed through the Rocky Mountains, _ but I never saw it common except at Banff, where there were many, much - worn, August 30th. It ranges as high as tree level, but I never took it west of the Divide. Common at Calgary. . i. 31. A. nevadensis var. Meadii. One, June 18th, in the Upper Keremeos, and one, much battered, at Mt. Assiniboine, August. i # 82. A. eurynome. Widely distributed, nowhere common. I took a fine _ dark form in the Selkirks at about 8,000 feet. I also took a paler form at Kaslo. + 383. A. eurynome var. Clio. Also widely distributed and not common. _ My high mountain specimens are all much paler than the Kaslo insects. 34. Brenthis myrina is the amphirape of the Eastern Hemisphere. I found it in swarms at Mt. Assiniboine in August, flying over the marshy ground near the lake, which was formerly the basin of a great glacier. I also took it by Lake Louise in July. Mr. Wolley Dod takes it commonly at _ Calgary. 35. Brenthis chariclea. Very common everywhere in the Rockies among brushwood. Common at Calgary. 36. Brenthis chariclea var. Boisduvalii, is apparently undistinguishable from Chariclea, though Holland gives it as a separate species. 37. B. chariclea var. obscurata. JT have so called a remarkably dark fe- male taken near Lake Assiniboine, very high up. 38. Brenthis freija. Common in May at Calgary and Banff. Also took it in mountain bogs near Lake Okanagan in June at 5,000 feet or more. 39. B. frigga. Common in bogs at Banff and Calgary, also took it near Lake Okanagan in mountain bogs. 40. B. bellona. Common at Calgary, Ottawa, and generally west of the Divide. J » We - 4 re TS ee ee Pe 5 ey od A P, wi SCAMS i Ge gal Rk RET dh eae SATS yi WE Pa Ete ag cae Se RR Eh Hams RGN LO aad iw NIA Oh We!) a ty Vp Ate os, , : ia: Cats 10% ig) he iy 76. THE REPORT OF THE 41. B. epithore. The Pacific form of Bellona. Common and generally distributed. Flies at high elevations. 42. Brenthis alberta. Nowhere in great numbers, but widely distributed over the higher peaks of the Rockies end of July and August. All the peaks reund Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara, Hector, Mt. Assiniboine, and head of Yoho valley, produced a few specimens (not always captured). I never saw it below 7,500 feet. 43. Brenthis astarte is another very common butterfly, if you seek it on the highest points not entirely snow-covered. It is very hard to catch, but very unmistakable to the eye. It has an even wider range than Alberta, for I saw it, without securing one, at Glacier Crest in the Selkirks. The males haunt the summits, the females are to be found on the highest grassy slopes, and are not very hard to stalk, when feasting on a flower. 44, Lemonias (Melita) chalcedon. TJ took this fine insect only at Green- wood and in the district south-west of Lake Okanagan. 45. L. anicia. The commonest of the family. I took it at nearly every place I visited. Penticton, Kaslo, Lake Louise and the Selkirks all produced it in plenty; but Mr. Wolley Dod finds it rare at Calgary. 46. L. anicia var. Beani. A small and dusky high mountain form of Anicia, not uncommon on the highest grass slopes about Lake Louise, Hector and Lake O’Hara. I never saw it under 7,000 feet. 47. Lemonias nubigena. Two specimens only, from Revelstoke, a very hot place, 1,400 feet. 48. L. rubicunda. Another Californian insect, which extends into the Rockies as far north as Hector and Lake Louise. I never took it commonly. It may be so around Lake Okanagan in July. 49. L. palla. Common about Lake Okanagan, Greenwood and Kaslo in June. I never took it in the Rockies, but Mr. Wolley Dod gave me a speci- men from Red Deer, 100 miles north of Calgary. There the winter is re- markably mild. 50. Phyciodes tharos. Very common at Nelson, Kaslo and Calgary. Did not find it in the mountains. 51. Phyciodes pratensis. Universally common. A small mountain form occurs at Hector, at 5,000 feet. 52. Phyciodes pratensis var. Orseis. Ranked as a species by Holland. Probably the south-western form of type. I took mine on the Pacific coast. 53. Phyciodes camillus. Common at Greenwood and Penticton in June, and I took one at Hector, at 5,500 feet, in July. 54. Psyciodes mylitta. In the Okanagan country in June. I took none in the mountains or further eastwards. 55. Polygonia satyrus. At Victoria in June, and at Calgary in May, all hibernated specimens. 56. Polygonia faunus. At Victoria only in June. Mr. Wolley Dod re- ports it from Calgary and Banff, but not commonly. 57. P. zephyrus. At Field, common in August, and at Banff. 58. P. gracilis. At Ottawa and Montreal only. It does not appear to occur in British Columbia. 59. Polygonia oreas var. silenus. Two specimens at Banff, August 30. 60. P. progne. One at Calgary, 3lst May, one at Ottawa in May, and several at Ottawa in September. / ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , fils 61. Eugonia californica. Two fine fresh specimens at Bonnington Falls, near Nelson, end of June. 62. Euvanessa antiopa. Just appearing at Banff i in August. It is com- mon all through Canada and I took worn specimens in June in the Upper Keremeos. 63. Aglais milberti. Very common all along the Pacific side of the Sel- kirks, and I took it high up, 8,000 feet, above Glacier. I never saw it in the Rockies, but it is common at Calgary. 64. Vanessa atalanta. One specimen only, in July, above Kaslo. I saw one other at the same place; no others. It is very rare at Calgary. 65. Basilarchia archippus. One specimen only at Penticton, near the river. I saw one other at the same place. It is an occasional visitor at Cal- gary. 66. B. Lorquiniz. Very common all through the western slopes of the Divide and flies at Glacier. Not seen by me in the Rockies and not found at Calgary. | 67. Cercyonis charon. Common at Penticton, Nelson, and Banff, at low levels throughout the summer. 68. Hrebia discoidalis. Very common at Calgary and Banff in May at moderate elevations. I never saw it west of the Divide. 69. Hrebia Vidleri. Plentiful in the open woodlands of the upper Ker- emeos, in mid-June at an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Only males had then appeared. I did not take it on similar ground at Nelson and Green- wood a week later. 70. Erebia epipsodea. The commonest Hrebia from Penticton to Calgary and flies as low as 2,500 feet. 71. Cenonympha ampelos, or ochracea, or inornata. Very common everywhere at moderate elevations from Victoria to Calgary. Mr. Wolley Dod cannot separate the species. 72. Cononympha elko. One specimen only, near Lake O’Hara, in Aug- ust. Evidently a wanderer. 73. Eneis Macounti. Taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary. He took this rare butterfly in some numbers in June last, on the summits of grassy hills, about 4,000 feet. 74. Gnets chryxus. Very common everywhere from the warm slopes of Okanagan and Nelson right up to the high glens of the Rockies, even above tree level. It varies little. Mr. Wolley Dod has never taken it at Calgary, but it flies at Banff. 75. nets varuna. At Calgary only, where it is common in May and June. I never saw it at Banff, or in the Rockies. 76. @neis jutta. Not uncommon in mountain marshes. I took mine at Lake Louise in July. It is common at Calgary. 77. Gineis norna var. Beanii. This active butterfly is common on all the high rocky summits of the Rockies. Jt haunts lichen-covered rocks, which it exactly resembles in color. I never found the female lower down, as was the case with the Astarte female. 78. Uranotes melinus. At Kaslo and at Bonnington Falls in June. 79. Thecla sepium. At Bonnington Falls, just out, third week of June. I was too late for it at Kaslo. 794. Thecla augustus. Banff, May. 78 THE REPORTS.OF (RHE «| 80. Thecla spinetorum. One much worn female, upper mer: June 18th. 81. Thecla acadica. One at Kaslo, where it is common. I was too late for it. 82. Callicista eryphon. Banff, in May, high up among pines. 83. Callophrys dumetorum. Several wretched specimens at about 5,000 feet in June, above upper Keremeos. Probably common earlier. 84. Chrysophanus thoe. At Ottawa along the railway banks in Septem- ber, rather common, but worn. It also occurs at Calgary. 85. Hpidemia mariposa. Very common everywhere in the Rockies, and flies up to 6,000 feet. . 86. Hpidemia zeroe. Not uncommon in the south Okanagan country, and at Greenwood. I never found it in high mountains. 87. Epidemia helloides. Very common everywhere in the west at low elevations. 88. Heodes hypophleas. Not common. I took several at Ottawa. Mr. Wolley Dod takes it sometimes near Calgary. 89. Chalceria Snowi. The most beautiful of the coppers. A high moun- taineer, never seen below 7,000 feet. Widely distributed over the high Rockies, but seldom plentiful. 90. Cupido heteronea. At Greenwood and in the lower Keremeos in June. I met with it nowhere else. 91. Cupido fulla. I have this butterfly from Calgary only, where Mr. Wolley Dod takes it commonly. Mr. Elwes considers it to be identical with pheres, which it closely resembles. — 92. Cupido sepiolus. Very common everywhere and flies up to 6,000 feet at Hector. Very common at Calgary. Dr. Rebel calls it L. antiacis. 93. Cupido pheres. Common in the south-west of. British Columbia, Pen- ticton, Greenwood and Vancouver. Not taken at Calgary. It is very near to C. fulla. Dr. Rebel calls my specimens L. lycea (Edw.). 94. Nomiades Couperi. Very common on both sides of the Divide, but not high up. Very like Antiacts. 95. Phedrotes sagittigera. Not common. I only took three at Green- wood and upper Keremeos. It is taken occasionally at Calgary and Kaslo. 96. Agriades aquilo. A high mountaineer, locally abundant at Lake Louise, Hector and Lake O’Hara. 97. Agriades rustica. Very common at Calgary. I never took it at all. 98. Agriades podarce. One specimen only, taken July 5th, on Bear Mountain, behind Kaslo, which is a locality for Podarce. I was too early to get a series and have no female, which is said to be distinct. The male is exactly like Aquzlo. “a Rusticus melissa. Very common everywhere up to 6,000 feet. (Ar- gus. 100. Rusticus aemon. Common near Greenwood. . A southern insect. 101. Rusticus anna. Two from Bear Lake, which i is a locality for it, and one female from Penticton. A southern insect. 102. Hveres amyntula. Common everywhere in the West, also at Cal- gary. 103. Everes comyntas. Not common. My specimens are from Penticton. It is taken at Kaslo and at Victoria. a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - ayes 70 104.Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Very common and variable. . 105. Amblyscirtes vialis. Only taken by me at Greenwood, June. Re- ported from Vancouver and Kaslo. 106. Pamphila palemon. Very common and flies as high as Glacier. 107. Erynnis comma. Very common and widely distributed. 108. Polites peckius. Only one at Nelson, June. Reported from Cal- gary. 109. Anthomaster leonardus. Only at Ottawa, in September. 110. Thymelicus cernes. Common at Penticton, June. Reported from Coldstream (Pacific coast) and Calgary. 111. Thorybes pylades. At Penticton, much worn, in June. Reported from Kaslo and Calgary. 112. Pholisora catullus. Common at Penticton. 113. Thanaos juvenalis. At Ottawa only. An eastern insect. 114. Thanaos persius. Very common at Greenwood, Penticton, Van- couver and Calgary. 115. Thanaos icelus. Common and widely distributed. 116. Hesperia centauree. One only, very high up, above Lake Louise.. None reported from other places. 117. Hesperia cespitalis. Common in upper Keremeos, but nearly over. Common near Victoria (May). Not common at Kaslo and Calgary. NovtkEs ON THE ABOVE PAPER BY Dr. JAMES FLETCHER. The above extremely interesting paper by Mrs. Nicholl was kindly given to us for publication last summer. Unfortunately, Mrs Nicholl’s absence exploring in the Rocky Mountains during the summer, my own subsequent absence from Ottawa, and _ the early call for the manuscript for the Report, made correspondence with Mrs. Nicholl, about some of the above named species, impossible. As it is important that the paper should be published without delay, I add a few notes concerning some of the species, with regard to which there was some doubt, thinking that as I have collected in most of the localities mentioned, these might be of use to lepidopterists. 6. Papilio zolicaon is a black swallow-tail with yellow markings, machaon on the other hand is yellcw with black markings. Oregonia, which flies in the interior of British Columbia, is much more like the European machaon but is larger. It is easily separated from zolicaon by its larger size, broader areas of yellow, particularly on the lower side, and by the characters of the large red ocellus at anal angle, which is much more like that of machaon than of zolicaon, not being pupilled, as a rule, but with the margin running round into the lower part of the ocellus and ending in a club-shaped expansion, with or without a short spur at the extreme anal angle. The characters are best seen on the lower side. 11. Synchloe creusa is smaller than S. ausonides, is greener beneath, with the spots smaller and silvery pearly. The black discal spot on the primaries beneath is cut off square at the bottom, where it runs along the vein. In ausonides this spot tapers. 20. This was probably Colias emilia which flies in the Okanagan valley just at the time Mrs. Nicholl was there. The male is like a large interior but sometimes has an orange flush. The female is very much like some females of christina. Both sexes have beautiful red fringes. Alexandra has a white fringe and a silvery white spot - beneath on the lower wings. In emilia the spot is white but is more or less conspicu- ously ringed with pink. Hdwardsii, as I understand that species, is like alexandra, but has pink in the fringe, and some of the females are marked as in christina female. Behrii in no way resembles the species above referred to. It is a small, very dark green thing. There must have been some mistake about the specimens examined by Dr. ‘Rebel. pene) A TARE Pe eR cma Sey Pir Pay a, Caney Eel Pn ieren nya Pasi Saal tb Se TN) 80 THE REPORT OF THE 22. Eurymus pelidne, var. minismi, Elwes. I cannot find that this name was ever. published, although Mr. Bean always spcke of the insect Mrs. Nicholl refers to, under the name of minismi. E. pelidne, var. Skinneri is the same thing. 24. BE. claudia is a prairie species. The larve are sometimes destructive to pansies and other violets in gardens. 26. Argynnis atlantis. The Rocky mountain species called atlantis by Mr. Elwes is claimed by Mr. Edwards to be electa. There is only one form in our Rocky Moun- tains. Melitwa chalcedon has not so far been recorded from a Canadian locality. Pos- sibly this may be Macglashant, which occurs in the Boundary country. M. nubigena. True nubigena has not been recorded from Canada. 48. M. rubicunda, ditto. 3 54. Ph. mylitta is a small species expanding about 1 inch to 14 inches. All that I have seen from the Okanagan are a somewhat similar species, Ph. Barnesii, with a large female expanding about 14 inches. ; 71. Cen. ampelos. This species at least is easily recognised by the absence of ocelli - and by its silky pale fawn color. It is the only Canonympha on Vancouver Island. Inornata is much darker in tone than ochracea and has much less white beneath. 72. C. elko *s a synonym of amvpelos. 88. Heodes hypophleas. The species taken by Mr. Wolley-Dod near Millarville, south of Calgary, is a magnificent insect larger and far finer than any form of hypo- phleas we have in Canada. I hope Mr. Dod will describe it. 92. Cupido sepiolus. This species in no way resembles antiacis. The male is silvery blue above, has a double row of spots on hind wing beneath and two or three reddish spots at anal angle above. None of these characters are found in antiacis. 93. Cupido pheres. The form of this species on Vancouver Island is the variety ardea which has the spots beneath almost obliterated. Lycea is like fulla but is violet blue above, not the silvery blue of pheres. 94. Nomiades Couperi. The mountains fcrm here referred to is called lygdamus by Canadian collectors following Mr. W. H. Edwards. 100. Rusticus aemon. Common across the plains. 101. Rusticus anna. Not uncommon on Vancouver Island and at many places in the mountains. ; 103. Everes comyntas. I never saw this from Vancouver Island. \Amyntula is common everywhere from Manitoba to the Coast. The differences are slight, but the two species can, as a rule. be easily separated. Comyntas is less silvery beneath and altogether a more eastern-looking species. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1905. By JAMES FLETCHER, DomMINIOoON ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. In nearly all parts of Canada, weather reports have shown favourable conditions for the growth and maturity of crops, and Ontario has been no exception in this respect. Although reports have mentioned a large number of different kinds of insects which have been more or less noticeable by their attacks upon crop-plants, there have been fewer bad outbreaks of injurious insects than has been the case for many years; and the general report of the year in Ontario is that there have been no attacks of special importance and no new enemies which are likely to be the cause of serious loss in the future. Notwithstanding this, however, there are still plenty of the old and well known enemies which require the attention of the fruit grower and farmer; and this seems an appropriate time to again reiterate the warning that the most effective time to fight injurious insects which are known to have ex- tensive powers of injury, is just when they occur in small numbers, as evi- denced by slight injury. It becomes more and more apparent every year that preventive measures for warding off insect attack should become general principles of agriculture to be applied as a matter of course every year. _ Now that spraying fruit trees to protect them against injury by the Codling Moth and the Black Spot fungous disease, has become such a matter _of course with the leading fruit growers, there are numberless instances which might be cited in proof of the statement that orchards which are sprayed every year gradually become so free of their enemies that practically they may be said always to produce clean fruit, whereas in neighbouring orchards where no spraying 1s done, the opposite to this is the case. CEREAL CROPS. The worst enemies of grain crops have been conspicuously absent during the season of 1905. There have been no complaints at all of Hessian Fly; and, although, if looked for carefully, it was possible to find in one or two localities the orange larve of the Wheat Midge, there have been no reports received from farmers of their occurrence. Neither Wireworms nor White Grubs were mentioned in grain crops. The only exception to the general immunity was in the case of a locally rather severe occurrence of the Wheat Joint Worm (lsosoma tritici, Fitch). This was at Millbrook, Ont., where it did considerabe harm. Mr. T. D. Jarvis, of Guelph, also mentions Joint Worms as the cause of injury to both wheat and barley in western Ontario. In Ontario there is only one annual brood of the Joint Worms, the insects passing the winter as larve within cells which they have hollowed out inside galls made at joints of the swollen and distorted straws, Fig. 29, These are, for the most part, so near the ground that a large proportion of the larve are left in the fields in the stubble. The ploughing down deeply or the burning over of stubble in autumn reduces the numbers of the larve which can turn to flies the following spring. That part of the stem which is attacked, generally swells and makes a distorted and bent gall; but this is not always the case, the attacked portion of the stem simply becoming thickened and hardened. These hardened portions frequently break off in threshing and are either carried through with the grain or with the small seeds. When cleaned out, they should be destroyed and not left on the ground, where the flies can hatch the following spring and fly to the fields. “When the screenings are fed, these should always be crushed; but, if fed 6 EN. [ 81 ] an 82 3 THE REPORT OF THE to chickens, it should be done where the galls will be trampled unier the feet of stock or otherwise destroyed. The straw from an infested crop should be either fed or burnt before the ensuing spring. A regular and short ru- tation of crops and the mowing down of all grasses along the borders of fields, have been found useful in controlling these enemies of the wheat grower. f li Fig. 29. Wheat-Joint Worm Fly (much enlarged), and stems showing galls. Peas in Ontario have been an excellent crop, without any injury by insect enemies. The Pea Moth seemed almost entirely to restrict its attacks to the seeds of wild legumes such as the Purple-tufted Vetch, the Wild Tare and the Cream-coloured Vetchling. The Pea Weevil has only been reported with regard to its disappearance; and we again point out the im- portance of everybody insisting on having all seed pease fumigated before Fig. 30, Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus.) a, beetle; b, larva; ¢ and d, mouth- parts of same; ¢, pupa; /, injury to leaves and blossoms with beetles, natural size, at work. After Marlatt, U.S. Dept. Agriculture.) 6a ENT. es 1905 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 sowing them. The reputation of our Canadian grown pease has risen again rapidly since last year, on account of their freedom from weevils; but growers may remain perfectly certain that, if they again become negligent and do not treat their seed pease, they will have to suffer for it, by the Pea Weevil increasing in numbers and in destructiveness. FoppDER Crops. The loss in grass and fodder crops in 1905 from insect enemies was nowhere noticeable; but there were one or two interesting occurrences from the entomological point of view. The most remarkable of these was a severe, although short, attack on young corn grown in Grey county, by the Rose Chafer. Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab., Fig. 30. Late in June the beetles flew in large numbers to a field of growing corn when the plants were about eight inches high and in a good vigorous condition. They ap- peared suddenly, covering about two thirds of a twenty acre field; and clus- tered, as many sometimes as twenty insects on each plant, and devoured the leaves. This swarm remained on the corn field for only three days, during which they did considerable harm, and then disappeared as suddenly as they came. Fig. 31. Stalk-borer (Papaipema nitela) ; a, female moth; 6, half-grown larva ; c, mature larva in injured stalk ; d, lateral view of abdominal segment of same; e, pupa—all somewhat enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture) Full measure. The Stalk Borer (Papaipema nitela, Gn.), Fig. 31, which in past years has frequently been accused of doing injury to various plants, but of which no reared specimens were to be found in collections in Canada, was this season certainly identified from specimens sent from Fargo, Ont., by Mr. G. W. Riseborough. In previous years all larve sent in under the name of ‘“‘Gortyna nitela’’ proved to be when reared, Papaipema cataphracta, Grt., which is a much wider-spread species in Canada and of which the larva is very similar to that of P. nitela. This is a rather general feeder, like P. cataphracta, but has more frequently been known as the Potato Stalk Borer, although it attacks corn probably to a greater extent even than pota- toes. Mr. Riseborough found the larve.in some numbers in his corn field \ Be ke AS SURO RE NE Nee DUA IATA NCR sion Bl ah oA Ue Als | \ Yt g f . sab eal $ We Nis > Ot j ae te aA ti. 4 f F , ¢ ; 3 \ “A : \ 84 THE REPORT OF THE es ae and also sent specimens which had attacked potatoes and Canada Thistles. Moths were reared from these, and also some parasites. Later in the season the corn crop outgrew the injury, as there were sufficient plants left, and a good crop was reaped. ‘Silver Top’’ in timothy and other grasses was not so much noticed as usual, although it caused some anxiety in Middlesex county early in July. The cause of this whitening of the head is the work of a very small insect belonging to the Thripide, probably Phleothrips poaphagus, Comstock, which attacks the soft growing base of the top joint, inside the uppermost sheath. The same, or a similar injury, occurs in oats in which not the whole panicle but the lowest flowers while in the sheath are attacked and blighted, so that they turn white and never develop. The injury of the Grass Thrips is of an intermittent nature, but is always much worse in mea- | dows which have been down to grass for many years, and particularly when the land is exhausted or of low fertility. There is no remedy which can be applied to grass lands; but a short rotation by which the land is ploughed up at short intervals and used for other crops, has been of great advantage. The presence of the Grass Thrips was noticeable in almost all localities through the province, wherever looked for, and the only reason it was not. more complained of, was the abundant growth of all grass from the fre- quent and well timed rains. The Clover Seed Midge (Cectdomyia leguminicola, Lintner), although perhaps not quite so destructive as in 1904, was still terribly abundant and its presence could be detected by the appearance of the clover fields at the end of June and early in July in all parts of the province. It was more abundant at Ottawa than it has ever been before. No better remedy has been discovered than that one which has given such good results wherever tried, of feeding off seed clover fields up to the 20th June and then leaving the second crop for seed. The Clover-leaf Weevil (Phytonomus punctatus, Fab.) occurred this year for the first time at Ottawa. No injury was noticed on the clover crop, a few specimens only of the mature beetle being taken. Although loss from this insect is seldom extensive, owing to the prevalence of the parasitic fungus, Entomophthora spherosperma, Fres., which destroys the larve in enormous numbers. It will be well for clover growers in the dis- trict to be on guard against an outbreak next June. The Green Clover Weevil (Phytonomus nigrirostris, Fab.), as is usually the case, was far more abundant and destructive than its larger and more formidable looking relative. The newly emerged perfect beetles appear in July and in autumn, and pass the winter as beetles, hidden away beneath leaves, moss, etc. The slender slug-like grubs feed upon the leaves, parti- cularly those surrounding the forming flower heads of which they eat the stipules; they also burrow into the heads, where they destroy many of the flowers during June. When full grown, they spin pretty white lace-like cocoons inside the bracts of the clover heads. The summer brood appears early in July. When clover fields show the presence of this or the Clover leaf Weevil in large numbers, they should at once be fed off or cut. If the beetles are noticed very early in the season, 1t may be found desirable to plough down the clover in May and use the field for corn or for some other crop. The Clover-seed Caterpillar (Grapholitha interstinctana, Clem.) was noticed in many places, the pretty little silvery moths being seen on the foliage and flying about the flowers. The injury from this insect is, as a rule, small in extent, and the same remedies will answer for it and the elover weevils. ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 85 ' The Red-headed Flea-beetle (Systena frontalis, Fab.), Fig. 32. This beetle which has a very wide range of food plants was found as a destruc- tive pest on the second crop of clover in August, both at Ottawa and Guelph, Ont. The insect, which is a common species, was rather more abundant than usual, and it occurred doubtless at other places where it was not noticed. Root Crops AND VEGETABLES. ~The favourable season enabled all garden and field crops of this class to develop well. Cutworms of a few kinds, as usual, did considerable harm locally; but there was no extensive outbreak such as sometimes occurs. During the month of July almost all plants in the flower and vegetable garden were attacked at Ottawa by a smooth cutworm-like caterpillar, when young greenish in colour, but having the body divided into two equal parts above and below the spiracles, the back being dark with three pale lines along it, and the underside of the body yellowish up to a clear yellowish side stripe. These at first rather inconspicuously marked caterpillars, were largely nocturnal in habit, coming out at night and devouring nearly all kinds of vegetation. They were particularly destructive to the forming seed pods of larkspurs. After the last moult they were very much more conspicu- ously marked, presenting a handsome Mamestra-like appearance with three lines down the back and with each segment ornamented with large black _velvety patches on the back and above the spiracles. The head honey- coloured and mottled. When full grown, these caterpillars are very vor- ae og lA Fig. 32. Red-head- ed Flea-beetle (greatly Fig. 33. The Diamond-back Moth ; a, cater- enlarged) (Chittenden, pillar ; d, pupa; e, cocoon; f, moth—enlarged. U.S. Dept. Agricl.) (U.S. Dept. Agriculture. ) acious. They are about two inches in length, cylindrical in shape, like cutworms, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter. There is very much variation in their colours, some specimens being almost black, while others are of a dark olive green; but all specimens show a distinct side band and the three thread-like stripes down the back. These caterpillars were the progeny of a rare species of noctuid moth named Barathra occidentata, _ Grt., an insect which is so rare that the only specimens I had ever seen before were two reared by Mr. J. A. Guignard many years ago from larvee _ which he had found destroying larkspurs in his garden; and Dr. J. B. Smith reports that it is an extremely rare insect in collections. In June, while collecting moths at Ottawa, we had found that this species was well repre- sented among our captures, and we were pleased to secure eggs and rear the larve. Later, however, the caterpillars occurred in too great abundance out of doors. There is only one brood of Barathra in the year, the eggs being laid in June and the caterpillars feeding through July and into erin i. 86 THE’ -REPOR® (OF) THE August. Not only was the species found in abundance at Ottawa, but ad mens were sent from Nova Scotia and were also found at Nepigon, Ont., destructive enemies of the cabbage; it also occurred at various places we tween these two points, and Dr. Fyles took it at Quebec. Favourite foods in the vegetable garden were cabbage and spinach. The Diamond-back Moth (Plutella maculipennis, Curtis, better known as Plutella cruciferarum, Zell.), Fig. 33, was abundant and destructive in many places, doing considerable harm in rape fields and on Swede turnips and cabbages. The attack, however, was of rather short duration and ended sooner in the season than is usually the case. This little insect is very much attacked by a small hymenopterous parasite which this year: occurred in large numbers. The remedies for controlling the small caterpillars are rather difficult of application. They consist of kerosene emulsion, or arseni- cal mixtures mixed with soap washes, which must be sprayed well under the leaves by means of an angled nozzle. An important supplementary treatment is to induce a vigorous growth of the crop with light surface dressings of nitrate of soda. As a preventive measure, care must be taken to keep down all weeds and plants of the Mustard Family and to destroy in autumn all refuse plants of a crop which has been attacked. The Turnip and Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassice, L.) did much harm to turnip crops particularly around Guelph, but also in many other parts of the Province. There is nothing new in the way of a remedy; but it is well to emphasize the importance of feeding off or ploughing down turnip tops and remnants in cabbage fields, late in autumn, so that the over-wintering eggs may be prevented from hatching. The Turnip Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata, Fab.) was only once or twice mentioned in correspondence; but the favourable weather which pre- vailed in most parts of the province at the time the young plants were start- ing, gave them full opportunity to outgrow the attacks of the beetle. The Onion Maggot and Cabbage Maggot, which for the last few years have been .so excessively destructive, during the past season were hardly noticeable in many localities where in previous years they had made a clean > sweep of almost everything. The Carrot Rust-Fly (Psila rose, Fab.), on the other hand, was rather more abundant than usual and extended over a wider area than for many years past. Some early carrots at Ottawa were quite destroyed; but later sowings on the same ground produced satisfactory crops. There was no injury recorded to celery or parsnips, both of which are occasional food plants of the Carrot Rust-fly. The remedies for this insect are to take great care, when thinning out young carrots, to do this late in the day, and then spray the rows at once with a deterrent preparation, such as kerosene emul- sion or a carbolic wash. The time when most injury is done, is in June and July, so that two or three sprayings, a week apart, will generally have the effect of protecting the crop. The late sowing of seed has been fre- quently attended with good results, and carrots should never be planted in the same spot as they were grown the previous year. Should maggots be found in stored carrots, the sand in which these roots are kept for the winter, should be treated in spring so that the puparia therein contained may not give forth their flies. This may be done either by burying it in a deep hole or by throwing it into a pond or into a barnyard where it will — be trampled by stock. Fruit Crops. The fruit crops of the province may be said, on the whole, to have been very good in quality, although in some localities the yield was rather light. hs 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 87 } 4 Apples in the Ottawa valley were abundant and in sprayed orchards of first quality. In western Ontario the crop was rather poor, the shortage being due probably to lack of vigour in the trees. The very severe winter of 1903-04 worked great havoc in orchards. The trees in 1904 bore very heavily, which fact was in many cases an indication of weakness. This made a further draught on their strength, and the result was apparent in 1905. The very fact that the crop was light this season, was a benefit to the trees. Another cause for the lowering of the average of the apple crop | in 1905 was the heavy wind storm which occurred in October last. Plums were a good crop and much less injured by the Curculio than last year. Peaches and pears were abundant and of high quality. Grapes were to some extent attacked by the Grape Rot; but, on the whole, vineyards which were sprayed and well looked after gave good returns. The Grape-berry moth (Eudemis botrana, Schiff.), Fig. 34, was prevalent in south-western Ontario, as could be seen by traces of its work in grapes which were sent to the market. This little insect, the minute caterpillars of which eat into the berries and web two or three of them together, is apparently increasing in the grape-growing districts of the province. The remedy which has been suggested by Saunders, is to gather up and burn all leaves of the vines in the autumn, so as, at the same time, to destroy the overwintering pupe. Fig. 34. Grape-berry moth; a, much enlarged ; caterpillar ; c, grapes; d, injured berry. The San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.). Notwithstanding all that has been written on the subject, there is little change in the San José Scale situation. In the infested district there are still a great many fruit growers who are content to grow small, poor and almost useless crops of fruit, because they will not spray; but most of the advanced growers have now adopted the lime and sulphur wash and have grown paying crops as a consequence. That large class of fruit growers who are always on the lookout, first of all, for something new, and put off work on this score, have unnecessarily lost a large percentage of the returns which they might have had for the necessary yearly work among their fruit trees. If any new remedy is discovered which will take the place of those already in use, over- anxious people may be quite sure that it will be quickly made known ‘and they will soon hear of it, if it proves successful. There are ample means in Canada for anyone engaged in any kind of farming to find out, free of all cost, from the Government institutions, both at Ottawa and at Guelph, what the recognized best treatment is, and they would be wise to adopt this until something better has been discovered. There is never a year passes by that some new and loudly exploited supposed improvement on recognized methods, or some new remedy, is not brought forward to be heard of for a short time and then disappear altogether. The best advice which I think can be given to those who are wise enough to acknowledge that they do not 88 ¢ THE REPORT OF THE: \ No ae know everything about their own work, is to watch carefully and leary from their most successful and enterprising a! ee at the same time, keeping ~ well posted as to the progress of the experimental work of the Government officials specially engaged to investigate these matters, and to obtain and read their reports, which are published by the Government for their benefit and all of which are distributed free to all applicants. In this connection, it may be well to mention Prof. Close’s recent im- provement in the convenience of making kerosene emulsion by first mixing the kerosene with lime and then simply churning it in water, and also the later improvement on this method by Mr. F. T. Shutt, in substituting flour for lime, which gives it a much wider range of usefulness. There are many parts of ‘Canada where lime cannot be obtained easily; but flour is a necessity everywhere, and it has been found that, for a kerosene emulsion which ‘s to be used at once, there is nothing more convenient than to mix the kero- sene and flour in the proportion of one pint of kerosene to four ounces of cheap flour, and, when this is thoroughly mixed, add one gallon of water (preferably warm) for every pint of kerosene. The whole is then vigor- ously churned for from two to five minutes, and the emulsion is ready for use. Even a weaker mixture will answer if the emulsion is to be used immediately; for two ounces of flour will emulsify, or more correctly hold entangled around its molecules, one quart of kerosene for a sufficient time to be applied by a spraying pump; but, on standing for a short time, the kerosene will separate from the water. Mr. Shutt. has also found, how- ever, that by scalding the flour before adding the kerosene, an excellent emulsion which will not separate for several days, can be prepared with two ounces of flour and one quart of kerosene, mixed with two gallons of water. For immediate use and particularly in gardens and over small areas, this emulsion will be of the greatest value. The above quantities for mak- ing the new emulsion give a percentage of coal oil to water equal to that contained in the ordinary Riley-Hubbard formula, which has two gallons of coal oil in every thirty gallons of wash ready for use. These new kerosene emulsions have been very much discussed in con- nection with work against the San José Scale; and it is probable that, if their application were persisted in, they would finally vanquish the San José Scale; but the cost of labour and materials in these frequent applica- tions would probably render them unpractical remedies. For this redoubt- able enemy, something more drastic is necessary; and the lime and sulphur wash which has so frequently been recommended in our reports, is still the best standard remedy for that insect. The recently sent out proprietary remedies ‘‘Kil-o-Scale’’? and ‘‘Scalecide’’, notwithstanding their forbidding names, are said by Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey, to have given good re- sults. These are petroleum preparations prepared, I believe, to a large measure in accordance with Dr. Smith’s advice. For the meantime, how- ever, the lime and sulphur wash remains the standard remedy for the San José Scale, and, if regularly and carefully used, will keep trees in a healthy condition and enable them to produce paying crops of fruit. ‘ The Woolly Aphis of the Apple (Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm.). See Fig. 1, page 10. An insect which has been particularly abundant and much noticed by fruit growers from the conspicuous white colonies which have been seen on apple trees and hawthorns during the past season is the Woolly Aphis of the Apple. It is many years since this insect has appeared ‘n the vast numbers that it was noticed in 1905. The injury, however, has not as yet been very great, and, since the root inhabiting form is seldom destructive in Canada, it is to be hoped that the abundant occurrence of the past season will not be attended by serious after consequences in our or- r A SUNS ig 9 SSS ie BRS ei 8) cy SP pi A AR AU Cai al A Aa bie re Pie 2 Fo a Paige ee Payee), We ey EN q , X : HA eae hae for ph ed 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 cchards. The attacks were largely upon nursery stock, and the colonies could doubtless have been destroyed by an application of kerosene emulsion or a whale-oil soap wash. As the colonies are so dense and frequently many of them are hidden inside an open swelling caused on the bark of young trees by their punctures, spraying the above insecticides would not in all _ eases reach all of the insects. Where possible, a more thorough applica- tion by means of a stiff brush would probably be more satisfactory. In very bad instances, however, twigs high up in the trees may be covered with the plant-lice, and in such cases the only practical treatment would be spraying with a strong kerosene emulsion (one to six), and the liquid must be applied with as much force as possible. The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalus, Fab.). This little homopter is often complained of for the injury done to young apple wood by the egg- . laying females, which cut crescent-shaped slits in pairs along the young branches when depositing their eggs. These slits run deeply into the wood and leave lasting scars which give an ugly gnarled appearance to the trees. Injury is seldom severe; but a remarkable instance has occurred during the past summer in Mr. J. P. Gourdanier’s magnificent seventy-acre or- chard at Morven, Lennox county, Ont., where nearly all the trees were severely injured. The remedy usually recommended for this insect is to spray at the time the young hoppers hatch, with kerosene emulsion. In this case, however, spraying with crude oil or a strong kerosene emulsion just before the buds burst in spring would be advisable, so as to kill the eggs. It has been found that the young do not feed to any extent upon the apple trees after hatching; but upon weeds and other coarse vegetation near the ground. All such useless vegetation, therefore, should be kept closely mowed and the ground cultivated in infested orchards. FOREST AND SHADE TREES. Perhaps the most noticeable occurrences of insects upon forest trees during the past season were the reappearance of the Larch Sawfly and the remarkable increase in the numbers of the Spruce Gall-louse, Chermes abietis, L. This latter insect has been the cause of considerable anxiety among growers of ornamental spruces for some years. It undoubtedly renders the trees very unsightly and gives them an unhealthy appearance; but I know of no actual instance where it has killed trees. The young issue from the cone-like galls about the middle of August and crawl about on the trees, where later eggs are laid from which hatch young plant-lice that remain on the twigs until the following spring. Their presence in the young buds of the spruces causes slight swellings at the base of the leaves. Each female of the May brood lays about 300 eggs and the young from these, cluster in the swellings begun by their mothers, where they soon cause the galls which later are so conspicuous. No treatment is possible upon forest trees; but, upon hedges and ornamental specimen trees, good work has been done by spraying them at the times the young plant-lice are exposed and before they are enclosed in the galls, with a tobacco and soap wash, or with kerosene emulsion. The two seasons of the year when the young plant-lice may be reached are in the latter part of August and in May. A good soap wash may be made by soaking ten pounds of tobacco leaves in enough hot water to cover them. Then strain off the liquid and add two pounds of whale oil soap. When dissolved, dilute to forty gallons of water. Two or three applications of this spray should be made at short intervals, s* *y ‘ b nad ‘ CNL | ey “rh i ak years bei! ern . 1 ie \y i en a, 90 THE REPORT OF THE ~ Bie SA The Tussock Moth has been fully treated in other parts of this report sO requires no special mention here. The Larch Case-bearer (Coleophora laricella, Hbn.). During the past summer the European larches on the Experimental Farm, at Ottawa, were seen to have many bleached leaves on some of their branches and upon close examination it was found that the leaves were being eaten by large num- 4 wv bers of the small European Elachistid, Coleophora laricella, Hbn. This- had been recorded previously on larch trees in America; but I am not aware of its ever having been observed in Canada. The injury was not very severe, but every new importation of this nature is worthy of considera- tion, and it is to be hoped that this latest visitor may not be equally injuri- ous here as it is in the German larch forests. The larval case is somewhat similar to that of the Cigar Case-bearer of the Apple, but is rather shorter and pale drab in colour. The caterpillars have a curious habit, when full grown and ready to pupate, of fastening themselves in the centre of a fas- cicle of leaves, where they are difficult to detect. There is only one brood in the year, the moths of which appear in June. They are very small, of a satiny ashy gray in colour, with long antenne and very long fringes to the wings. After pairing, the females lay their tiny yellow eggs singly on the needles of the larch. These soon after hatch and the larve eat their way into the slender needles, of which subsequently they make a very slen- der case about one-eighth of an inch long, in which they pass the winter attached to the twigs of the tree. As soon as the young buds begin to swell in spring, these minute caterpillars revive and feed upon the young leaves. The presence of the caterpillars upon a tree is easily recognized by the con- dition of the leaves, the terminal portion of which is bleached and soon shrivels. When the caterpillar attacks a leaf it eats a hole in the side, and, as it consumes the interior portion, it protrudes its body until it can reach no further without leaving its case. The winter case soon becomes too small, when it is split down the side and the emptied skin of another leaf is inserted. The case in which the Larch Case-bearer passes the winter, is straight and slender, not curved as in the case of the Cigar Case-bearer No parasites were reared, and the young larve are to be found in large numbers on the trees this autumn. ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1905. By James FiercuHer, Dominion Entomoxocist, OTTawa. Although few of the correspondents mentioned in the last Entomological Record, to all of whom it was sent, have expressed an opinion of its utility, I learn indirectly that it is highly valued by entomologists as a means of learning what is being done in the country, where species have been taken by our collectors, where these live, and what orders they are specially inter- ested in. Most of this evidence, however, has been given gratuitously by specialists living outside of Canada. Up to the present time the Entomological Record has been sent regu- larly to every active collector known to me in Canada. In future it will be ~ sent only to those who acknowledge its receipt. From the large number of records sent in, it is evident that some of our collectors do not understand the objects of publishing this paper. These were stated in our first issue and repeated in 1902. There is no idea of pub- lishing year after year long lists of insects which have been taken within a a a) ee ay —1905 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 their own range, but only such data as it is thought will be of value to stu- dents of geographical entomology and to those interested in life-histories, particularly the exact dates when various insects occur in the perfect state. It is hoped in this Record to publish a list of rare species or such as have not previously been noted as occurring in Canada; to give exact data as to the distribution of species together with dates when certain insects have been taken, so that localities may be visited and desirable species sought for at the time and place where they are known to have occurred; also to draw attention to works of particular value in the different departments of ento- mology, and to place on record anything which it is thought will encourage the study of insects in the Dominion. A great many notes on captures have been sent in, and from these a se- lection has been made of such species as in the opinion of the writer or those specialists whom he has been able to consult, seemed worthy of recording. As in the past, great care has been exercised in endeavoring to arrive at cor rect determinations. via I have again to express great gratitude to the well-known specialists in the various orders who have so patiently identified large numbers of insects for Canadian collectors; and I am glad to know from these gentlemen that their own collections have been considerably enriched from the interesting northern and western Canadian material, much of which was unrepresented in the large collections of the United States. Particular mention in this direction must be made of Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J., who is untiring in his efforts to help all who apply to him. The same must be said of Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Mont- clair, N.J., and Dr. Skinner, of Philadelphia. Dr. L. O. Howard, U. S. Entomologist, and his expert associates, in the Bureau of Entomology, at Washington, have, as heretofore, given invaluable help in almost all orders of insects, to the many who have constantly asked for it. The season of 1905 has been irregular, correspondents differing consid- erably in their opinion of it. On the whole, however, in most places it prob- ably was a rather unproductive year. The cool nights and damp weather in many districts through the collecting season were very discouraging. Notwithstanding this, many good species were taken, and, as is always the case, energetic workers added many desirable species to their collections. Among the important expeditions in our country, mention may be made of another extensive trip by Mrs. Nicholl, of Bridgend, South Wales, who again spent the summer in our Rocky Mountains and the mountains of Wash- ington State, where she made large collections of butterflies and other in- sects. Another expedition of which up to the present time no report has been received, was made by Mr. J. Chester Bradley, of Ithaca, N.Y., to- gether with a large party of naturalists, into the Selkirks, the mountains around Revelstoke and down the Columbia River. Mr. J. Keele, of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, brought back a small but most interesting col- lection of insects from the Yukon Territory. Among these were Hrebia Mag- dalena, Eurymus Boothti and Caenonympha kodiak—all insects of great rarity. Mr. W. J. Wilson, also of the Geological Survey, likewise made a collection of insects in the Hudson Bay country. The collections of insects of our own Society at London, and those of the two Government institutions, viz., at the Central Experimental Farm, Ot- tawa, and at the Agricultural College, Guelph, have been materially in- creased during the past year; and it might be well for Canadian collectors to remember that there are a great many insects not represented in the cabinets of all these three institutions, and that specimens will always be acceptable. 92 THE REPORT OF THE SNe Ie Efforts are made to help applicants whenever possible with identifications, and the more complete these collections are, naturally of more use will they be to the whole country. We are glad to welcome Prof. Franklin Sherman, jr., at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and as his duties are more restricted than were those of his highly esteemed predecessor, Prof. W. Lochhead, we look for a rapid increase in the college collections. We would remind all our readers that as these Guelph collections, with the exception of Lepidoptera, are practically new ones, many species are entirely unrepre- ‘sented, and, if properly labelled as to localities and dates, specimens in all orders taken in Ontario will be very acceptable to Prof. Sherman. Even unnamed material will be thankfully received. Prof. Lochhead, who has done such good work at Guelph for many years, has severed his connection with the Agricultural College and has been appointed Biologist at the Macdonald College of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. Doubtless he will soon make collections of insects for the Province of Quebec and will form at his College another centre for the ac-_ cumulation and dissemination of knowledge concerning Canadian insects. LITERATURE. Biographical notes on entomology appear regularly in all the entomo- logical journals and scientific magazines, such as the Canadian Entomologist, the Ottawa Naturalist, Entomological News, Journal of the New York Ento- mological Society, Le Naturaliste Canadien, and Psyche. These publications are indispensable to the working entomologist. Among the articles upon North American moths, Mr. Wolley Dod’s series of papers in the Canadian Entomologist, giving critical notes on the Noctuids he has taken at Millar- ville and Calgary are of the greatest value to students of Western Canadian insects. Among the books which have appeared during 1905, some are of special importance to Canadian students. Aupricu, J. M. A Catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI., No. 1,444, 1905, pp. 680.—The latest catalogue of North American Diptera which has had to serve students until the present time was that by Baron Osten Sacken, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1878. Many who would have taken up the study of flies have been pre- vented from doing so, for the lack of some systematic list by which they could arrange their collections. Prof. Aldrich has produced a most valuable contribution to entomology and there are few books which have appeared on this branch of science which have been so gladly welcomed as his catalogue. The work is done admirably and the greatest care has evidently been taken in searching literature and in verifying references. The references to Cana- dian publications are very complete and with this catalogue and the four Entomological Records which have appeared in our last four annual reports a check list of Canadian Diptera might now easily be made out. There has been an enormous increase in our knowledge of American flies during the last 27 years. In the present catalogue no less than 8,300 species, are men- tioned. The printing and general get-up of this work are as nearly perfect as can be. We congratulate the author in having finished so well this great work which has taken him seven years of patient labor. Coox, Mel. T. The Insect Galls of Indiana (20th Annual Report Dept. Geology and Nat. Resources of Indiana, 1904, pp. 801 to 871).—We have received from Prof. Blatchley a separate copy of Mr. Cook’s interesting and well illustrated pamphlet, which makes a fitting companion for Mr. Beuten- muller’s bulletin on insect galls, noticed in our last issue. This will be found 1905 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 \ —s -a useful help to those who are now taking up this attractive subject. Bio- graphical references under the different species are a noticeable feature. Ketioce, Vernon L. American Insects. Henry Holt & Co., New York. Pages 674; 13 colored plates; figs. 812 in text.—Prof. Kellogg gives us in this work a useful addition to the books on general entomology which will be appreciated by beginners and will be found interesting to all who consult it. It is more popular and more up to date in many respects than the two stand- ard works of a similar nature, Comstock’s “Manual for the Study of Insects’’ and Packard’s “Text-book of Entomology.’’ The author states in the pre- face that ‘the book is written in the endeavor to foster an interest in insect biology on the part of students of natural history, of nature observers and of general readers, and does, as it professes, provide in a single volume a gen- eral systematic account of the principal American insects. Comstock’s clas- sification, which is now generally adopted by American teachers, is followed and synoptic tables are given which will be found very useful to students. The whole work shows evidence of the writer’s original investigations, but naturally the specialist is more apparent in certain places than in others. The physiology of insects, their relations to the development of plants ‘and as carriers of disease, are treated of at greater length than is usual in such works, and form valuable contributions to the literature of these sub- jects. The printing, paper and general get-up of the book are excellent. The colored plates are good and will be found a great attraction to many who wish for such a work as a present for boys and girls. . y, ‘ 94 THE REPORT OF THE Bees) SkInNER, Henry (M.D.). Synonymic Catalogue of North American Rhopalocera, Supplement No. 1.—A supplement to Dr. Skinner’s Catalogue of 1898, giving references to the literature of the subject up to the end of 1904. This will be found a most useful help to students of North American diurnals and shows that a great deal of attention has recently been given to these attractive insects. No working entomologist can do without this sup- plement. Dr. Skinner’s well recognized knowledge of North American di- urnals makes his critical notes a valuable feature of the pamphlet, which is printed in the same neat and convenient style as the original catalogue. The genera, we are glad to see, appear under the same names as before, which seems preferable for the present at any rate. Smitu, J. B. (Se.D.). Reports upon the Mosquitoes occurring within the State of New Jersey, their habits, life history, etc. Trenton, N.J., 1904, pp. 482.—Copiously illustrated with numerous figures and plates. No index. Many books and pamphlets have recently appeared upon mosquitoes and the mosquito question, but none, we think, so complete or of such general utility as this extensive report. The work has been done thoroughly, as all of Prof. Smith’s work is, and his results are presented in a readable and intelligible manner, which must make the report very satisfactory to the people of the State of New Jersey, who provided the necessary funds for the large amount of work which was necessary in carrying out the experiments in draining large marshes, making of surveys, etc., as well as for the scientific biological work carried on in the laboratory. The report is well arranged. Part I. treats of mosquito characteristics and habits; Part II., checks and remedies; Part IIT., classification and descriptions; Part IV., local problems and surveys. Parts I. and III. will be of greatest interest to the systematic entomologist, no less than 37 species of New Jersey mosquitoes are described and fully il- lustrated. The whole work shows the capability of the author in carrying to a successful issue a work of great magnitude and also one demanding great scientific knowledge. Van Duzer, KE. P. List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Moun- tains. (20th Report of the State Entomologist of New York, pp. 546-556.) Although less complete than Prof. Osborn’s list of Jassidee of New York, the present paper will be found to be of great value to Canadian students on account of the similarity of the fauna treated of and that of vast and varying areas in Canada. It is a most welcome addition to the literature of an order which requires many more students than so far have given their attention to it. Mr. Wm. Metcalf.cof Ottawa has shown what good work may be done even in a restricted locality by an energetic collector. Wraicut, W. G., Lhe Butterflies of the West Coast of the United States. (The Wittaker & Ray Company, San Francisco, pp. 257, 31 plates, color pho- tography (940 figures).—This ha dsome work, which has just come to hand, is uniform in size, style, paper an print with Dr. Holland’s Butterfly Book, and the plates are equa'ly beautify in execution and are superior in the im- portant feature that ma:jy more unuersides are shown, particularly among the Argynnide and lLycenide, where this is of so much importance. Mr. Wright’s name is so well known as a collaborator of Mr. W. H. Edwards that his work will be read with great interest by all the older students, al- though perhaps younger men will not altogether approve of the generic classi- fication adopted. This, however, is, as the author points out, not a matter of very much moment so long as the specific names remain constant. He naively says: “Students should bear in mind that the species is the foun- dation. Genus and family names are more or less arbitrary. . . . When looking up a butterfly in the index, look for the specific name rather than : : ~ ° 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 the genus or family name, because these latter names are found in all sorts of queer places, according to the fancy of the man who writes the list.’’ The first chapter, “General Features of Butterfly Life,’’ consists of short essays giving the author’s views on many subjects which will be read with interest, but with some of which lepidopterists will not agree. They are valuable as being founded on the author’s personal experience and observa- tion of the species treated, mostly in California. A complete list of the but- terflies of the United States gives the names as classified by Mr. W. H. Ed- wards with the date of the original description. The names of the Pacific coast species are in full-faced type and the descriptions are numbered in the body of the book the same as' the figure on the plates, which makes them very easy of reference. The points of difference between allied species are original, and coming from one with such long experience with the species mentioned will be very useful. This work will be of great value to our col- lectors in British Columbia, where many of the California species occur; but Thecla blenina and T. spinetorum, two species which probably they will first look for, will be a disappointment. The former, although referred to in the Index, is neither figured nor described, and spinetorum as figured is neither the insect which occurs in collections under that name, nor the closely allied T. Johnsonii, of Skinner. Our Vancouver Island friends will read with much amusement the description of their climate given under Chionobas gigas. Mr. Wright visited Mount Finlayson on July 3, 1891, for eggs of C. gigas. He says: “The males stay about the bare rock-knobs, flirting and playing during the few sunny hours that shine upon the rocks in that cloudy, raw clmate.’’ C. gigas and nevadensts are treated as different species, the latter being considered as more nearly related to californica. The following is a list of the full names and addresses of the collectors referred to in the “Notes of Captures’’ for 1905 :— Anderson, E. M., Victoria, B.C. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Baldwin, J. W., Ottawa. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta. Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., London, Ont. Jones, W. A. Dashwood, New Westmin- Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B.C. ster, B.C. Bush. A. H., Vancouver, B.C. Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatlah, B.C. Chagnon, Gus., Montreal. Keele, Jos., Ottawa. Cockle, J. W., Kalso, B.C. Lyman, H. H., Montreal. Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man. Marmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man. Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Millarville, Alta. Metcalfe, W., Ottawa. Draper, R., Vancouver, B.C. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, Fletcher, Dr. James, Ottawa. N.S. Fyles, Rev. T. W., Levis, Que. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Gibbon, Hugh, Miniota, Man. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B.C. Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa. Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C. Grant, C. E., Orillia, Ont. Walker, Dr. HE. M., Toronto. Hanham, A. W., Victoria, B.C. Willing, T. N., Regina, N.W.T. Harrington, W. H., Ottawa. Wilson, W. J., Ottawa. Harvey, R. V., Vancouver, B.C. Young, C. H., Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont. Poa SS eee Re I oS Ties SRNL CZ a WB Se a UR a 2 a f At a : : : ee Te tre , ye ar f ii : f > I 4 5 Ry _ Ae ry 96 THE REPORT OF THE NO. AQ — - wie NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, ens. NM Bull. No:62.) RHOPALOCERA. (Dyar’s number). 21. Papilio brevicauda, Saunders. Larva found at the North-west River Post of the Hudson Bay Co., on Lake Melville, Ungava, (Lyman). 387. Pontia protodice, Bdv. & Lec. Second specimen taken at Ottawa, September 27, (Gibson). 41. Nathalis tole, Bdv. Perfect female taken Sept. 29 at Rounthwaite, Man., by Mrs. L. E. Marmont. A specimen of this insect was also taken at Cartwright, about 50 miles 8.-E. of Rounthwaite by Mr. Heath, about 20 years ago. 64. Lurymus Boothii, Curtis. Lansing River, Yukon Territory, June 24, Leduc River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele). Two fine males. 65. Hurymus eurytheme, Bdy., b. eriphyle, Edw. Millarville, Alta. Nov. 17; female quite fresh and very small, evidently of a third brood; a most exceptional record, (Dod). 74. Hurymus paleno, L. Leduc River, Y. T., July 4; Stewart River, - above Boswell, Y. T., 2 males; Fraser Falls, Y. T., (Keele). 92. Euptoieta claudia, Cram. Baltimore, Ont. Larve in dozens des- troying pansies, July 11, (T. M. Wood). 98. Argynnis leto, Behr. McLeod, Alta. July 3, 1904, (Willing). 119. Argynnis Edwardsii, Reakirt. Alameda, N. W. T., June 19, 1900, (Fletcher). Phyciodes Hanhami, Fletcher. Rounthwaite, Man., July 7, Mar- mont. 194. Phyciodes Barnesi, Skinner. Okanagan valley, 1895, (C. deB. Green); Mr. E. M. Anderson, of Victoria, B. C., has shown me some speci- mens so named by Dr. Dyar; and, having examined into the matter, I have no doubt that what in the past I have been naming for correspondents as Be mylitta, Edw. is Barnesi, Skin., which was described by Dr. Skinner for this similar but much larger species. I have specimens of true mylitta which were taken at Agassiz and Mission in the Fraser valley, B. C., but had con- sidered them as merely dwarfs of the form which has since been described as Barnesi. The males of the two species are much alike. Both are figured in Holland’s Butterfly Book. 209. Polygonia faunus, Edw. Scotch Lake, N. B., (Moore), This fine Grapta was remarkably abundant all through Canada this season. As a rule, it is one of the rarest of the genus, notwithstanding its wide range. 216. Hugonia californica, Bdv. Rounthwaite, August 30, (Marmont). 270. Hrebia disa, Thun., a. mancinus, D. & H. Lansing River, Y. T., June 24, (Keele). 275. Erebia magdalena, Strk. On mountain 12 miles up Hell River, Y. T., August 2, (Keele). A very rare insect. 282. Cenonympha kodiak, Edw. Uansing River, Y. T., June 24, Leduc River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele); Atlin, B. C., (sent by T. Bryant). 286. Enodia portlandia, Fab. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, N. S.,. (Per- rin); Cartwright, Man., July 16 & 22, first time there. (Heath). € =A * OA ee mor et PP hs seh ‘ ‘ TON A iS ale ke a : icone ris) _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 292. “nets jutta, Hbn. North Fork, Stewart River, Y. T., June 22; Lansing River, Y. T., June 24; Leduc River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele). 4 Thecla Johnsoni, Skinner. Vancouver, B.C., end of May, (Draper) ; Stanley Park, Vancouver, June 9, 6 sp., (Harvey). 472. Ancyloxypha numitor, Fab. Orillia, Ont., Plentiful, never taken here before, (Grant). 490. Erynnis pawnee, Dodge. Rounthwaite, August 10, (Marmont). 504. Anthomaster leonardus, Harr. Ottawa, Sept. 1904, (Mrs. Nicholl); Britannia, Ottawa, August 23, 1904, (Baldwin). This has been very rare at - Ottawa up to the present time; not taken for 25 years. 555. Limochroes bimacula, G. & R. London, Ont., (Bethune). HETEROCERA. 657. Lepisesia flavofasciata, Wlk., a. ulalume, Strk. Evidently remark- ably abundant this year at Vancouver, where many specimens were taken by Bush, Draper, Harvey and Jones. Mr. Cockle also caught the species at _ Kaslo and secured eggs for rearing. 659. Lepisesia clarkie, Bdv. Victoria, B, C., May 17, 25, 27, (Ander- sO n). 701. Sphinw drupiferarum, S. & A. Kaslo, June 30, (Cockle); bred _ from larve which were abundant in orchards last year, Vernon, B. C., _ (Venables). 705. Sphinx Vancouverensis, Hy. Ed. Wellington, B. C., May 30, (Taylor). 836. Utetheisa bella, LL. Ottawa, Sept. 25, (Fletcher). The second specimen seen at Ottawa, the other one being taken Sept. 20, 1877. 861. Phragmatobia assimilans, Wlk., a. franconica, Slosson. Ottawa, June 3, 1899, (Gibson); Meach Lake, Que., May 16 & 17, (Young). 875. Apantesis virguncula, Kirby. Ottawa, July 6, (Baldwin). A rare species at Ottawa. 880. Apantesis anna, Grt., a. persephone, Grt. Trenton, June 17, (Evans). 880. Apantesis nevadensis, G. & R. a. incorrupta, Hy. Edw. Fine specimens reared at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson from larve collected by Mr. Marmont, at Rounthwaite, Man. 891. Apantesis celia, Saunders. Ottawa, pupa May 9, imago June 7, (Baldwin). 895. Apantesis vittata, Fab. Ottawa, pupa May 1, imago May 26, (Baldwin). 895. Apantesis vittata, Fab., b. phalerata, Harr. Trenton, June 20, (Evans). I doubt very much that this is a variety of vittata. 982. Apatela leporina, L., var. mesta, Dyar. Kaslo,, June | at sugar, (Cockle). 994. Apatela furcifera, Gn. Aweme, Man., June 6, 29, common at - sugar, (Criddle). . 1,000. Apatela quadrata, Grote. Miniota, Man., June 28, 1904, (Gibbon). 1,004. Apatela superans, Gn. Aweme, June 12, one specimen, first time taken here, (Criddle). 1,015. Apatela mansueta, Sm. Kaslo, one specimen at sugar, July 1, (Cockle). 1,075. Baileya Doubledayi, Gn. Hull, Que., June 3, (Gibson). 1,176. Hadena didonea, Sm. Ottawa, bred from larve boring 1n root shoots of Phalaris arundinacea, June 26, (Fletcher). 7 EN. nA Sa i iO ee A Aman Pan ROC ser Nad OR iy iv ain iF yi Zed TN Y Wn tet as ~ a) 4 98 THE-“REPORT) OF “tHE No. 19 1212. Hadena passer, Sm. Regina, N.W.T., July 15, (Fletcher). Hadena exhausta, Sm. Cartwright, (Heath). 1,221. Hadena apamiformis, Gn. Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson). i,247. Hadena cinefacta, Grt. Regina, June 11, BO July 3, 14, (Will- ing); Victoria, May 12, (Anderson). 1,273. Polia contadina, Sm. Victoria, Sept. 12, (Anderson). 1,281. Hyppa brunnetcrista, Sm. Victoria, June 6, first one taken for 4 or 5 years, (Anderson). 1,302. Laphygma frugiperda, S. and A. Cartwright, Sept. 29, always scarce, (Heath). Aweme, Sept. 16, (Criddle). 1,312. Homohadena badistriga, Grt., var. fifia, Dyar. Yorkton, N.W.T., July 28, (Willing); Aweme, July 10, Aug. 3 and 12, (Criddle). 1,383. Oncocnemis Saundersiana, Grt. Aweme, Sept. 9, at light, (Crid- dle). Very rare in collections. 1,344. Oncocnemis tricolor, Sm. Aweme, Sept. 1, at light, (Criddle). / very rare species. 1,358. Oncocnemis cibalis, Grt. Millarville, Alta., Aug. 27; at» light, not seen for years, (Hudson). 1,354. Oncocnemis viriditincta, Sm. Aweme, Aug. 22 and 31, at light, (Criddle). 1,370. Adita chionanthi, 8. and A. Cartwright, one specimen, fates 19, first specimen appeared here about five years ago, (Heath). Rhynchagrotis scopeops, Dyar. Kaslo, Aug. 26, at sugar, (Coeklay Aplectoides discolor, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Dec., 1905.) Mouth of Skeena River, June 29. Inverness, B.C., July 16, (Keen). 1,392. Rhynchagrotis minimalis, Grt. Kaslo, July 20-29, at sugar, (Cockle). 1,426. Semiophora elimata, Gn. Kaslo, Aug. 17, (Cockle); Meach Lake, Que., May 8, (Young). 1,427. Semiophora opacifrons, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 7, (Young). 7 450. Setagrotis infimatis, Grt. Kaslo, Aug. 7, one specimen with a pink suffusion on upper side of primaries, Aug. 11, (Cockle). 1,453. Agrotis aurulenta, Sm. Aweme, June 16, 1904, (Criddle). A new locality for the species. Noctua acarnea, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Dec., 1905.) Banff, Alta., July 11, 1902, (Sanson). 1,498. Noctua pyrophiloides, Harvey. Kaslo, Aug. 3 and 20, at light, (Cockle). 1,500. Noctua havile, Grt. Cardston, Alta., June 21, 1902, (Fletcher). 1,506. Noctua substrigata, Sm. Rounthwaite, July 20, (Marmont). Feltia obliqua, Sm. Millarville, May 25, at light, (Dod). 1,588. Paragrotis brocha, Morr. Vernon, Aug., (Venables). 1,590. Paragrotis cogitans, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 10, at light. One male only previously taken, (Hudson). 1,623. Paragrotis detersa, Wlk. Larva found at Youghall, N.B., on saltwort, Salsola kali. Very much like that of Paragrotis scandens, Riley.. Moth emerged at Ottawa, Sept. 6, (Fletcher). 1,€60. Paragrotis incallida, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 27, (Hudson); July 21, very rare of recent years, (Dod). 1,693. Paragrotis mollis, Wlk. Millarville, at light, July 30, a great rarity, (Hudson). Paragrotis nesilens, Sm. Cartwright, July 3, (Heath); Aweme, July 10, (Criddle) ; Millarville, July 17, Aug. 25, at light, (Hudson). TA ENTO. 1905 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 . Paragrotis maimes, Sm. Cartwright, one at sugar, Sept. 4, always a rarity, (Heath); Millarville, Aug. 12 and 27, (Hudson). This is the species previously known in Canada as Ridingsiana, Grt., which, however, is a south- ern species. 1,731. Paragrotis acutifrons, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, a single speci- men, (Heath). 1,732. Paragrotis nordica, Sm. Millarville, at light, July 28, (Hudson). 1,881. Barathra occidentata, Grt.. Abundant from middle of June to Ist of July at Ottawa, (Young, Gibson, Baldwin, Fletcher). Specimens also sent from Nova Scotia, (Dr. C. A. Hamilton), Quebec, (Fyles), and also found at Nepigon. 1,885. Morrisonia sectilis, Gn., a. vomerina, Grt. Toronto, May 9, 1898, (Gibson); Aweme, May 16, (Criddle). 1,910. Scotogramma uniformis, Sm. Kaslo, at light, Aug. 8, (Cockle). 1,953. Heliophila unipuncta, Haw. Wellington, B.C., March 2, (Bry- 2,026. Graphiphora peredia, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 8, several subsequently, (Heath). 2,096. Xylina amanda, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, (Heath). Xylina ancilla, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, Sept. 3, (Heath). 2,142. Rancora strigata, Sm. Vernon, Ap. 5, (Venables). 2,175. Papaipema Harrisii, Grt. Bred from Heraclewm lanatum on the Restigouche River, N.B., (Lyman); Cartwright, one specimen, (Heath). 2,179. Papaipema nitela, Gn. Fargo, Ont. Although frequently re- corded from Canada as a pest on potatoes and corn, these are the first speci- mens I have actually seen. Most of the previous records referred to P. cata- phracta. Larve buried at Ottawa, Aug. 2, and moths appeared Sept. 6. (Fletcher. ) Papaipema thalictri, Lyman, var. perobsoleta, Lyman. Bred from roots of Thalictrum cornuti at Montreal West, (Lyman). 2,180. Papaipema nelita, Strk. Cartwright, one at light, (Heath). 2,184. Papaipema frigida, Sm. Cartwright, at light, Aug. 8. This is a rarity and is somewhat like a large nelita, (Heath.) 2,205. Conservula anodonta, Gn. Meach Lake, Que., July 12, (Young). 2,288. Nycterophata luna, Morr. Rounthwaite, May 25, 1901, (Mar- mont); Millarville, July 6, asleep on thistle head in sunshine, open prairie near Red Deer River, 50 miles north-east of Gleichen, (Dod). ‘Mr. Marmont’s record was sent in in 1901 but was accidentally overlooked. Melicleptria sexata, Sm. Aweme, July 21, (Criddle). 2,473. Polychrysia formosa, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 15, (Young). 2,494. Autographa rubidus, Ottol. Meach Lake, Que., June 5, (Young). 2,496. Autographa brassice, Riley. Kaslo, common, (Cockle) ;, Van- couver, June 14, (Anderson); Ottawa, Aug. 16, (Gibson); Rounthwaite, common, Marmont). 2.551. Marasmalus inficita, Wlk. Orillia, at light, (Grant); Montreal, July 1, (Chagnon). 2.555. Alabama argillacea, Hbn. Cartwright, Sept. 1, (Heath); Levis, Que., (Fyles). The Cotton Moth was abundant in many places in eastern Canada for a few days in the beginning of Sept., but not in such numbers as it sometimes appears. 2,623. Prothymia rhodarialis, Wik. Orillia, at light, (Grant). 2,766. Melipotis fasciolaris, Hbn.’ Ottawa, at rest in yard, July 6, (Bald- win). A remarkable capture. The species is a native of the West Indies yw ‘ P be Sie ie Le Late tS aid EM UR eo o hay : Ni iad 100 THE REPORT OF THE and was probably brought in with bananas. The Ottawa Fruit. Exchange building is close to Mr. Baldwin’s house. ) 2,788. Syneda ochracea, Behr. Vernon, June, (Venables). 2,844. Catocala augusta, Hy. Edw. Kaslo, (Cockle). 2,858. Catocala coccinata, Grt. Cartwright, two or three each year. This — is much smaller than parta, though like it at first sight, (Heath). Bomolocha lutalba, Sm. Cartwright, July 10, (Heath). 3,072. Bomolocha toreuta, Grt. Aweme, June 18, (Criddle). 3,128. Dasylophia thyatiroides, Wlk. Ottawa, June 24, (Young); To- ronto, June 6, (Gibson). 3,147. Zanassa pallida, Strk. Kaslo, Aug. 3, (Cockle). 3,211. Tolype laricis, Fitch. Orillia, two specimens at light, (Grant). 3,226. Oreta rosea, Wilk. St. John’s, Que., July 29, (Chagnon). The larva feeds on Viburnum cassinoides in peat bogs. 6,606. Sthenopis thule, Strk. Ottawa, July 6, (Gibson). This is the only specimen so far known with certainty to have been taken at any other place than Montreal. Mr. Gibson also saw two more specimens the following even- ing; but, although sought for carefully then and for several days afterwards, no others were seen. 6,608. Hepialus hynerboreus, Moesch. Kaslo, one specimen, bright red- dish orange, no silver, (Cockle). CoLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. 2of. Cicindela limbalis, Kl. Calgary, May 17, (Willing). 04. Cincindela pusilla, Say. Rounthwaite, Man., Aug. 24, (Marmont), Vernon, B.C., an almost immaculate specimen, (Venables); Okanagan Falls, B.C., July 20, 1895, (Fletcher). 156. Hlaphrus Lecontei, Crotch. Olds, Alta., June, (Willing). 184. Nebria diversa, Lec. Albert Head, Vancouver Island, B.C., Aug. 1, under drift among sand dunes, very active and pale in color like the sand, (Hanham). 1,216. Amphizoa Lecontei, Matth. Vernon, (Venables). Quite a rare sels, but known from several places in the Rocky Mountain system (Wick- am.) 1,696. Necrophorus Sayi, Lap. Montreal, Sept. 27, at light, (Chagnon). 1,707. Silpha trituberculata, Kirby. Tofield, Alta., July 27, (Willing). 2,180. Philonthus discoideus, Gray. Trenton, Aug. 20, (Evans); Ot- tawa, one specimen, (Harrington). 2,115. Quedius verniz, Lec. Montreal, under dead leaves, Sept. 2, (Chagnon). 2,128. Staphylinus erythropterus, L. Ottawa, flying, May 4, (Gibson). This rare and beautiful species resembles badipes, but has red elytra and two rows of golden spots, one down each side of dorsum. 2,434. Stenus croceatus, Casey. Trenton, Sept. 17, (Evans); Ottawa, Oct. 10, (Harrington). 2,825. Lathrimeum pictum, Fauv. Goldstream, B.C., abundant in Skunk cabbage, Lysichiton, early in the season, (Hanham). ; 2,854. Homalium rufipes, Fauv. Trenton, May 15, (Evans). 3,048a. Hippodamia mesta, Lec. Goldstream, Victoria, a late summer species, rare, found on thistles, etc., (Hanham). 1905 aes ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 3,118. Hyperaspis postica, Lec. Goldstream, by sweeping, August, (Hanham). Described from California. 3,168. Scymnus Phelpsii, Cr. Victoria, on fences, Sept., (Hanham). 3,179. Phymaphora pulchella, Newm. Montreal, on dead birch partly covered with fungi, Sept. 29, (Chagnon). 3,223. Mycotretus pulchra, Say. Trenton, Aug. 26, (Evans). Rare at | Ottawa in fungus. 3,403. Triphyllus elongatus, Lec. Goldstream, early summer, (Han- ham). . 3,005. Hister sedecimstriatus, Say. Montreal, in cow dung, June 16, (Chagnon). _ 3,971. Macropogon testaceipennis, Mots. Goldstream, June 28, beaten — off Arbutus Menziesii only; rare, (Hanham). 3,984. Arewopus monachus, Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 3,993. Hucinetus terminalis, Lec. Montreal, from sweepings in marshy land, Sept. 21, (Chagnon). 4,083. Adelocera profusa, Canad. Vernon, under pine bark, May, (Ven- ables). 4,218. Hlater nigrinus, Payk. Trenton, June 20, (Evans). 4,224. Klater vitiosus, Lec. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Chagnon); Ot- tawa, one specimen, (Harrington). 4,247. Klater obliquus, Say. Trenton, June 30, (Evans). 4,343. Melanotus sagittarius, Lec. Montreal, May 4, (Chagnon); Ot- tawa, one specimen, in spring, (Harrington). 4,369. Limonius subauratus, Lec. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey). 4,382. Pityobius anguinus, Lec. Six specimens of this fine elater were | taken at electric light, Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson and Baldwin). 4,474. Corymbites sagitticollis, Esp. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey). 4,498. Corymbites rotundicollis, Say. Specimens of the Pacific form that passes by this name were taken by Mr. Hanham at sugar and on fences. (Wickham.) 4,587. Dicerca serualis, Cr. Vancouver, June 20, mae as Agrilus acutipennis, Mann. St. John’s, Que., June 25, (Chag- non). 4,836. Photinus marginellus, Lec. Rare at Ottawa, (Harrington); Tren- ton, Aug. 8, (Evans). 5,020. Hndeodes collaris, Lec. Albert Head, Victoria, Aug. 3, on sandy beach under moist seaweed, (Hanham); all of our species of Hndeodes are found in such locations along the Pacific coast and are remarkable for their curious short elytra. (Wickham.) 5,164. Clerus spinole, Lec. Victoria, (Anderson). 5,177. Clerus nigriventris, Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 5,356. Amphicerus bicaudatus, Say. Regina, Oct. 6, 1900, (Willing). Donoderus pacificus, Casey. Banff, Alta., July 13, (Willing). 5,432. Canthon simplex. Lec. Vernon, (Harvey). 5,489. Onthophagus janus, Panz. Trenton, May 9, (Evans). 5,557. Aphodius scabiceps, Lec. Aweme, Sept. 19, (Criddle). Described from Colorado and so far not reported from any other locality. (Wickham.) 5,659. Dichelonycha testacea, Kirby. Saltcoats, N.W.T., July 12, (Wil- ng). 6,233. Centrodera decolorata, Harr. Montreal, June 14, at light, (Chag- n). 6,428. Liopus fascicularis, Harr. Trenton, July 9, rare, (Hvans). 102 THE -REPOR DLS OR. THRE No. 19 6,478. Saperda calcarata, Say, var. adspersa, Lec. St. John’s, Que., Aug. 27, (Chagnon). 6,560 (10,337). Syneta hamata, Horn. Vernon, May, (Venables). 6,599. Sazints saucia, Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 6,959. Disonycha rufa, Ill. St. Hilaire, Que., on willows, June 28, (Chagnon). 7,803. Celus ciliatus, Esch. Victoria. Prof. Wickham so names the species I recorded as globosus in last Ent. Record. (Hanham.) 7,396. Calocnemis dilaticollis, Mann. Goldstream. This is our largest Tenebrionid. It ocurs rarely on dry hillsides under logs, etc., August and later, (Hanham). 7,484. Uloma longula, Lec. Goldstream, July, under bark of fallen Douglas fir, (Hanham). 7,666. Serropalpus barbatus, Schall. Oak Bay, Victoria, B.C., Sept. 1, at sugar, (Hanham). 7,724. Calopus augustus, Lec. Enderby, B.C., April, (Venables). 7,729. Ditylus gracilis, Lee. Vancouver, (Harvey). Xanthochroa testacea, Horn. Albert Head, beaten from Spirwa, July 31, (Hanham). As yet this Gidemerid is. rare in collections. (Wickham.) 7,872. Hurygenitus campanulatus, Lec. Goldstream, June, only taken on the ground in cultivated fields, (Hanham). 7,874. Stereopalpus vestitus, Say (badiipennis, Lec.). Sandhills near the big Douglas swamp, Manitoba, June, (Hanham). 8,240. T'rigonoscuta pilosa, Mots. Victoria, among roots on.sea beach, one pair, (Hanham). Not uncommon further south, but this Vancouver Island record is of interest. (Wickham.) 8,270. Amnesia decorata, Lec. Goldstream, occasional under stones, (Hanham). ay Sitones crinitus, Gyll. (following LeConte). Olds, June 5, (Wil- ling). 8,357. Trichalophus simplex, Lec. Regina, July and August, (Willing). 8,926. Cleonus vittatus, Kirby. Victoria, one pair, (Hanham). Uncom- mon so far north. (Wickham.) 8,641. Anthonomus sycophanta, Kirby. Olds, in a gall on willow, Sept. 5, (Willing). Occurs from New Hampshire to District of Columbia, from Oregon to Southern California. (Wickham. ) 8,687. Proctorus armatus, Lec. North of Olds, June. Prof. Wickham says this is very rare in collections, (Willing). us sues Allandrus bifasciatus, Lec. Abernethy, N.W.T., June 28, (Wil- ing). ORTHOPTERA. Some collections have been made of Orthoptera, but even yet this im- portant field for good work is almost untouched. Dr. Walker, of Toronto, has been in Europe during the greater part of the past collecting season; but one or two other students have taken up the study, and it is probable that next year will show a considerable advance in our knowledge of Cana- dian locusts and their allies. The following records of species of some in- terest have been received :— Ageneotettic Scudderti, Brun. Aweme, Aug. 1, (Criddle). Amphitornus bicolor, Thom. Aweme, July 21, Aug. 1, (Criddle). Arphia pseudonietana, Thom. Aug. 12, Vernon, (Venables). Chloealtis conspersa, Harr. This is conspersa, but is colored like the western abdominalis. The sides of the pronotum are not shining black as in a \ 1905 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: 108 all the specimens of conspersa I have seen before, but are dark only in the upper half as in abdominalis. The latter is a Rocky Mountain form which T have taken at Banff and in Manitoba, and also along the Severn River, Ont. (Walker.) The above specimens were taken on Anticosti Island by Dr. J. Schmitt in 1903. Chloealtis conspersa, Harr., var. prima, Morse. Grimsby, Ont., Aug. 22, 1904, (Metcalfe), also recorded from Lake Simcoe by Walker. (A. N. Caudell.) Conocephalus nebrascensis, Brun. Grimsby, Aug. 12, Sept. 3, 1894, (Metcalfe). Cordillacris cinerea, Brun. Aweme, July 7, Aug. 8, (Criddle). Gomphocerus clavatus, Thom. New Lunnon, Alta., July 22, (Fletcher) ; Aweme, (Criddle). Hippiscus latifasciatus, Scudd. Aweme, June 15, (Criddle). Hippiscus tigrinus, Scudd. Aweme, May 25, (Criddle). Mecostethus gracilis, Scudd. New Lunnon, Alta., July 27, (Fletcher) ; Aweme, Sept. 6, (Criddle). Mecostethus lineatus, Scudd. Anticosti Island, (Dr. Schmitt). Male and female. These differ from Ontario specimens in having a dark ring on the hind tibie near the base, and in the shorter tegmina and wings; the female also differs in the pronotum, which is more contracted before the middle. (KE. M. Walker.) Melanoplus bilituratus, Walk. Aweme, July 4, (Fletcher and Criddle). Melanoplus Dawsoni tellustris, Scudd. Aweme, (Criddle). Melanoplus extremus junius, Dodge. Aweme, July 7, (Criddle and Fletcher). Melanoplus fasciatus volaticus, Scudd. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher). Nemobius griseus, Walk. Toronto, Oct. 8, 1903, (Metcalfe). Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. Aweme, July 27, (Criddle). Stenobothrus acutus; Morse. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher). Stirapleura decussata, Scudd. Aweme, May 24, (Criddle). Tettizx ornatus triangularis, Scudd. Toronto, April 4, 1904, (Metcalfe). Trimerotropis citrina, Scudd. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 25, (Venables). ODONATA. This order has not yet received from Canadian entomologists the atten- tion which it deserves; but an effort will be made to draw more attention to it, as there are doubtless a great many interesting species in Canada which have not yet been recorded. The few collections which have been submitted to specialists, have all contained species of interest, and this attractive order presents a field well worthy of study. The life-histories of many species are unknown, and the habits of the larve of all make them very desirable objects for an aquarium. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has collected for some time and has now a collection of about 65 species found in Ontario. He has kindly named any specimens I have submitted to him, and the following notes are made from letters which he has written. The species mentioned are the most interesting of a large number which have been submitted to bim or which he has taken himself recently. Calopteryx wquabilis, Say. Algonquin Park, Ont., July 25, 1900, (Prof. John Macoun). :The same locality, Aug. 31, 1902, (Dr. E. M. Walker). Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. North River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 13 to 30, 1902-03, (Walker). Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July, Algonquin Park, Aug. 20, (Walker). 104 > THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 — Lanthus albistylus, Selys. North River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 14, (Walker). Somatochlora forcipata, Scudd. A very rare and interesting species of northern range. One male, Algonquin Park, July 15, (Macoun); Isle of Orleans, Que., Aug. 30, (Walker). Gomphus Sealer: Selys. North River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 20, 1903; Aug. 30, 1902, (Walker). Gomphus ipurcifer, Hagen. High Park and East Toronto, June 15, (Walker). Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July to Sept., (Walker). Macromia illinoiensis, Walsh. Lake Simcoe, July to August, Algon- quin Park, Aug., (Walker). Dorocordulia libera, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July 8, (Walker). Ladona julia, Ubler. Algonquin Park, July 5, (Macoun). Tramea carolina, L. One male of this fine large southern dragon fly was taken by Dr. E. M.. Walker, in High Park, Toronto, May 24, 1904. DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera by J. M. Aldrich (Smithsonian Mis. Col. XLVI. No. 1,444.) The numbers refer to the pages of the Catalogue.) 166. Bibio nigripilus, Loew. Common in April, Vancouver, (Harvey); Victoria, (Anderson). 179. Sargus decorus, Say. Victoria, (Anderson). 202. Tabanus captonis, Marten. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher). 208. Tabanus epistatus, O. S. Sumner, N.W.T., June 23, 1903, (Wil- ling); Deloraine, Man., Ottawa, June 23, 1903, (Fletcher). 204. Tabanus illotus, O. S. Moosomin, N.W.T., June 23; Tantallon, N.W.T., July 23; Prince Albert, N.W.T., July 23, (Willing); Indian Head, N.W.T., July 1, (Fletcher). 204. Tabanus lasiophthalmus, MacG. Ottawa, 29 May, (Fletcher). 204. Tabanus lineola, Fab. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Fletcher). Tabanus Osburni, Hine. Deloraine, Man., 1902, (Fletcher). 207. Tabanus Reinwardti, Wied. Millarville, Alta., July 27, 1903, (Dod). 207. Tabanus septentrionalis, Loew. McLeod, Pincher, Pine Creek, Spruce Grove, Tofield, all N.W.T., July 2-27, (Willing). 207. Tabanus sonomensis, O. S. June 20, Vancouver, (Harvey); Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher). 209. Tabanus vivaz, O. S. Little Current River, Hudson Bay slope, 22 July, 1903, (Wilson). 209. Tabanus zonalis, Kirby. Mamamattawa, Hudson Bay slope, 21 June, 1908, (Wilson). 230. Anthras eumenes, O. S. Victoria, (Anderson). 259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides, Will. Victoria, (Anderson). 301. Paragus bicolor, Fab. Victoria, (Anderson). 302. Chilosia lasiophthalmus, Will. Victoria, (Anderson). 361. Melanostoma stegnum, Say. -Common, end of April, Vancouver, (Harvey). 363. Didea lava, O. S. One male, April 24, Vancouver, (Harvey). 363. Lasiophthalmus pyrastri, L. Victoria, (Anderson). 364. Syrphus americanus, Wied. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Harvey). 1905 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 365. Syrphus diversipes, Macq. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har- 366. Syrphus macularis, Zett. Victoria, (Anderson). 366. Syrphus intrudens, O. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har- 368. Syrphus torvus, O. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Harvey). 382. Sericomyia chalcopyga, Loew. Victoria, (Anderson). . 383. Pyritis Kincaidii, Coq. Victoria, (Anderson). 400. Chrysochlamys cresus, O.S. Victoria, (Anderson). 402. Criorhina Kincaidi, Coq. Common, March to May, at willows and salmon-berry, Rubus spectabilis, Vancouver, (Harvey). 403. Criorhina tricolor, Coq. Two at end of May, Vancouver, (Harvey). 404. Spilomytia fusca, Loew. One pair, Trenton, Ont., Aug. 27, (Evans). 430. Clausicella Johnsoni, Coq. Ottawa, 26 June, (Metcalfe). 472. Blepharipeza adusta, Loew. April 30, Vancouver, (Harvey). 489. Hpalpus bicolor, Will. One, Sept., Vancouver, (Harvey). 520. Calliphora viridescens, Desv. Victoria, (Anderson). 525. Pyrellia cyanicolor, Zett. Common, April, Vancouver, (Harvey). 563. Lispa tentaculata, De G. Victoria, (Anderson). A good many flies have been collected during 1905, but very few of the eastern records sent in are of special interest. Those given above are almost all from the west, and most of them are additions to the Canadian list. All the identifications have been made by leading specialists. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Artuur Grsson, Division or Entomontocy, CentraL EXPERIMENTAT Farm, OTrawa. Growers of flowering plants in gardens are often troubled with insect enemies of various kinds. Some of these attack the foliage, others the flow- ers, while others again bore into the stems and even into the roots. As the subject is an important one, an effort has been made to bring together such information as we had concerning certain little-known species, and to add, at the same time, short notes on some of the more regularly occurring pests in flower gardens, some of which may appear in destructive numbers during any season. Injurious insects may be divided into two classes: (1) those kinds which bite their food, such as caterpillars, beetles, etc., and (2) those which suck up their food in a liquid form, by means of their beaks, such as the true bugs, plant lice, etc. When insects, therefore, are noticed doing harm to any plant, the first thing to do is to decide by the nature of the injury to what class they belong. If they are biting insects, some poison, such as Paris green, must be placed upon the food which will be eaten with it. If, how- ever, they are sucking insects, some material which will kill by contact, such as kerosene emulsion, or whale oil soap, must be used. For the convenience of applying liquid applications to the foliage of plants a small spraying pump will be found useful. Good hand pumps suitable for use in ordinary flower gardens may be now purchased at a small cost, but it will pay in the end to get a good pump, even if this should be a few dollars more. There are some insects, such as the borers, which cannot be reached by any outside application of spraying materials. Injury to plants by these insects, which work inside the stems and roots, is often of a serious nature 4 hy , Pn AS + est) ah ae eee ‘ X ayia mat i v a , rt Pita a aes if ” % \* , Tan P i] 106 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19 and should be met with preventive remedies. In some cases the only thing to do is to cut out the infested part if this is possible, or destroy the whole plant so as to reduce the numbers of the insect. It must be remembered, however, that all insects which occur in pend are not injurious kinds. There are beneficial ones as well, which are continu- ally doing good by destroying those species which do harm. These beneficial kinds should all be known to the gardener. Foremost amongst them are the different kinds of ladybird beetles (Fig. 35), which, both in their larval and adult stages feed almost exclusively upon plant-lice and scale insects. LS ARS ay Sy) a Ne " vAy 4 ms Fig. 35. Lady-bird beetles. 4 a 3 a Fig. 36. Lace-wing fly; eggs much magni- fied ; the fly, showing one pair of wings only ; ‘the eggs on their stalks ; the larva. Another kind of beetle, the Fiery Ground beetle, Calosoma calidum, Fab., is a particularly useful insect. This beetle, and its voracious black grub, which is called the Cutworm Lion, destroy enormous numbers of cutworms. The beetle shown i in the figure is brownish black, with the wing cases spotted with coppery red in nearly all the eastern specimens. The appearance and habits of this good friend should be known to everyone. (Fig. 37.) Other well-known beneficial insects belong to the parasitic Hymenoptera, four-winged flies, and to the Diptera, or two-winged flies. The females of these large groups of flies deposit their eggs upon or in the hodies of cut- worms and other injurious caterpillars. These eggs soon hatch and the young larve at once begin to feed upon the living caterpillar, which of course soon dies. The different kinds of Lace-wing flies (Chrysopa species) (Fig. 36) are also good friends of the gardener, their larve working particularly among the plant lice. Fig. 37. The Fiery Ground- beetle and its larva, the Cut- Fig. 38. Agrotis ypsilon ; worm Lion. cut worm and moth. INSECT PESTS OF IMPORTANCE. Curworms. These destructive insects are very troublesome in flower gardens, and when they are at all abundant no plants seem to be exempt from their attacks. The moths of some of the species lay their eggs in fall, others in spring, and some species pass the winter either as a pupa or a half-grown 1905 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 larva. Their ravages are most noticeable in the spring, just as young seed- lings appear above the ground, or when annual plants have been set out. As they feed chiefly at night, their injury is quite apparent in the morning, when plants may be seen to have been cut or eaten off at the surface, or even a little below it. If the earth around such plants is examined, coiled up, dirty gray, or reddish brown, smooth caterpillars, about an inch or more in length, will be seen. Around some plants the writer has found as many as nineteen. They are all of some dull shade of color similar to the ground in which they hide during the day. When they occur in large numbers and their food supply is short, they feed by day as well as by night. In Ontario the two kinds which have given the most trouble in flower gardens are the Red-backed Cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn., and the Dark-sided Cut- worm Paragrotis messoria, Harr. These two cutworms often occur together and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two. Other cut- worms which are present in some numbers almost every season, and which occasionally do serious damage, are the White Cutworm, Paragrotis scandens, Riley, the Spotted Cutworm, Noctua c-nigrum, L., and the Greasy Cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. (Fig. 38). The Variable Cutworm, Mamestra atlant- ica, Grt., the moths of which are very abundant some seasons, may at any time do harm. (Fig. 39 shows another common moth of this family.) During the past season, another kind of cutworm, that of Barathra occi- dentata, Grt., made its first appearance in Canada as a pest of importance. The moths of this species were very abundant at Ottawa in June, and later the larve appeared in considerable numbers and did serious damage to lark- spurs, bleeding hearts, pansies, violets, etc. _ As the habits of cutworms are very similar, the same remedy is applic- able to all the species. As soon as their presence in a garden is detected, the well-known poisoned bran remedy, which has lately come into such wide use, should be applied. This is made by simply moistening some bran with a little sweetened water and gently dusting in Paris green, so that all the particles of the bran will be poisoned. The whole should be mixed thoroughly together and then placed in small quantities near, but not touching, the plants to be protected. Half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison fifty pounds of bran. a 22 Fig. 39. Agrotis Subgothica. Fig. 40. Wire worm and beetle. Wuitt Gruss. (Lachnosterna.) The roots of many kinds of flowering plants are often eaten by the larve of May Beetles, or June Bugs. These larvee, which are known as White Grubs, usually occur in land which has been in sod for several years. (See Fig. 6.) During the past season at Ot- tawa the roots of asters and other annuals were eaten, causing the death of ! : bs Pes EP AR ahh! ANON eA " Rc en UNONAN IS \, A POM Ne TT pe Sahn Rall te a err) / 7 ( ce Aa EW: Bs A 4 wy > ing OTP amy Hb Neg as FAR aya ’ ‘ Y Says . a at a, = aa b- Pee 108 THE REPORT OF THE _ Or None many plants. As these White Grubs take so long to come to maturity, there is no time during the growing season that they do not attack plants. Un- fortunately the only remedy which has given any degree of success in garden practice, is the ploughing or digging up of the land in late autumn, by which time the larve will have made their winter cells; but where many perennials are grown this would be difficult. This disturbing of the soil in autumn breaks up their cells and exposes the larve and pupe to the cold of winter. In spring, when the ground is dug again, all: White Grubs seen should be picked up and destroyed. At this time if it is at all possible, should the in- festation be severe, poultry or pigs may be turned into the garden. These animals are very fond of White Grubs and it is claimed they will soon rid a piece of land of them. In cities and towns it would hardly be possible to use pigs for this purpose, but poultry might in many cases be used to advantage. Wrreworms. (Fig. 40.) Occurring sometimes with White Grubs, but more often by themselves, are slender yellowish, or reddish-brown, shin- ing grubs, which feed on the roots of almost all kinds of plants, and have somewhat the same habits as the White Grubs. These are Wireworms, the larve of the Click-beetles. The digging up or disturbing of the soil twice in autumn, first in August, to destroy the tender pupe, and in October or later, which will expose the newly formed beetles to the cold of winter, as men- tioned under White Grubs, is also of use in reducing the numbers of this class of insects. TaRNISHED Prant Buc. Lygus pratensis, LL. This common plant bug is troublesome, more or less, in gardens almost every season. When it is very abundant it is a difficult insect to combat. It not only sucks — the juices from the leaves, but also attacks the flowers of many annual and perennial plants, causing them to become distorted. The spraying of the infested plants with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap may be resorted to, or they may be dusted with insect powder, but these remedies are not always satisfactory. These bugs are most active during the heat of the day, but in the early morning they are comparatively sluggish, at which time they may be beaten off the plants into an inverted umbrella and then put into some re- ceptacle containing coal oil and water. As this insect passes the winter in the perfect state, all garden rubbish should be burned in the fall. This prac- tice of cleaning up gardens is important, as it reduces the shelters which harbor this and many other kinds of injurious insects. Tue Four-Linep Lear-Buc. Pecilocapsus lineatus, Fab. Another plant bug which is very destructive at times, and which is a bright greenish- yellow insect, three-tenths of an inch long, with two black spots on the thorax and four stripes of the same color down the back, is the Four-lined Leaf-bug. This insect, unlike the Tarnished Plant Bug, passes the winter in the egg state, the eggs being laid in the autumn in the terminal twigs of currant and other bushes. The eggs hatch the following spring and the young nymphs at once begin to feed on the foliage, which soon becomes spotted with brown. The eggs are white and once they are known, it does not take very long to look over a bush and clip off the shoots containing them. When the insects have been troublesome during the summer, the eggs should be looked for in the fall and destroyed. A strong kerosene emulsion (1 to 6) will reduce the numbers of the nymphs and perfect insects. Pyrethrum in- sect powder dusted on the plants is also useful, as well as the beating of the insects into open pans containing coal oil and water. The plants most at- tacked in gardens are sage, mint, gooseberry, currant, weigelias, dahlias and snap-dragon. Ae t rt we. to eae TaN y a ¥ ’ 4 eee were P eo ear ht ae Ply Le § : ft : : ne: woe ' = x ts x "1 a ca. y ~ 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 Fig. 41. Plant-lice. Fig. 42. Plant-lice. Pruant Lice. (Figs. 41 and 42.) This class of injurious insects, which are chiefly known from their attacks on shrubs and trees of various kinds, as well as upon plants in vegetable gardens, are every year the cause of much damage in flower gardens. Some seasons their injuries are very serious, the growth of many flowering plants being stunted or completely destroyed. There are a great many different kinds of plant lice, or aphids, in Canada, but most of these have in general the same feeding habits. They are all sucking insects and live solely on the juices which they extract from their host plant. Some kinds feed on the under side of the foliage, others cluster on the stems of plants, and others again are found attacking the roots. Those which feed on the foliage often cause the leaves to curl and become conspicuously distorted. One species in particular about which much enquiry is made in Ontario, is the Snowball Plant-louse. Large clusters of these insects are found on the under surface of the leaves, which soon become drawn up, giving a very unsightly appearance to this beautiful and popular bush. When plant lice are first noticed the plants should be sprayed with kero- sene emulsion, or whale oil soap. The dark kinds are the more difficult to kill, and the solution used will have to be stronger. Whale oil soap, one pound in four gallons of water, will be necessary. During the past year some new methods of making kerosene emulsion have been devised by Mr. F. T. Shutt, Chemist at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. One of these emulsions is worthy of notice here and is particularly applicable for immedi- ate use in gardens and over small areas. This is made by mixing two ounces of flour in a little scalding water, afterwards adding one quart of kerosene, and then two gallons of water, stirring the whole thoroughly for a few min- utes. Fig. 43. Blister-beetles. Buister BrEEetLes, Lpicauta pennsylvanica, De G., (Fig. 43), Hpicauta vittata, Fab., (Fig. 44), and Macrobasis unicolor, Kirby. These active, soft- bodied, beetles, from their habit of suddenly appearing in large numbers, often do much damage in gardens before their presence is detected. They ~ » ‘ x ‘ & "a Q - A ” xen We a b ime da ’ elon.) 3” j r ; 2 : Ls y b + \ ' t y ’ 110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 have a great variety of food plants, among which are the various kinds of China and German asters, dahlias, and some other Composite. As a rule Blister Beetles only do damage in years following excessive locust outbreaks. In their larval state, as is well known, they are predaceous parasites on the eggs of grasshoppers, and therefore when the beetles appear in numbers it is undesirable to destroy them if this can be avoided. Although the attack is generally severe while it lasts, the period during which Blister Beetles injure vegetation is not of long duration, and, besides this, they do not occur injuriously every year. Like other leaf-eating insects, however, these beetles can be destroyed by spraying the plants with a Paris green, or other arsen- ical, mixture. In small gardens a simpler remedy is to beat them into a pan, or other shallow vessel, containing water with.a little coal oil on the top. Bigah, lew beetle Fig. 46. Rose beetle. eee pumped (Much enlarged. ) Blister-beetle. Fiesa-BEetites. (Fig. 45.) The foliage of some kinds of garden plants is often partly, or wholly, devoured by small active beetles, which leap like fleas, owing to which habit they are known by the name of flea-beetles. There are a number of different species in Canada, two of which specially are responsible for much damage. In early spring at Ottawa, the white flowers of the favorite border and rockery plant, Alpine Rock Cress, Arabis alpina, L., are nearly every year injured, some seasons very seriously, by Phyllotieta vittata, Fab., which, on account of its great destructiveness to the leaves of turnips, is called the Turnip Flea-beetle. The perfect beetles are about one-eighth of an inch long and in color are black, shining, with yellowish marks on the wings. On several occasions the Red-headed Flea- beetle, Systena frontalis, Fab., has been the cause of much injury in the Botanic Garden of the Central Experimental Farm. (Report Entomologist and Botanist, Dom. Exp. Farms, 1889.) Young plants and low shrubs of a great many orders were attacked, their ravages being particularly to some species of Althwa, Hibiscus and Weigelia. Injury was all done by the per- fect beetles, few plants appearing to come amiss to them. This flea-beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long and has a black head with a red patch on | the top of the head in front. In August last the beetles were very abundant at Ottawa, particularly on the second crop of clover. Another flea-beetle which has not yet been identified is occasionally destructive at Ottawa to Forget-me-nots. Paris green and land plaster, or flour, in the proportion of one pound of the former to twenty of the dry diluent, dusted on infested plants, if possible when they are covered with dew, is one of the best reme- dies against these troublesome insects. The ordinary poisoned Bordeaux mixture is particularly effective against flea-beetles when applied as a spray, and indeed has been found to be by far the best remedy for controlling the Potato Flea-beetle, Hpitriz cucumeris, Harr. Tue Rost BreEetie, Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab. (Fig. 46.) This common enemy of the fruit-grower, known also as the “Rose-chafer’’ and ‘Rose-bug,’’ which every year does so much harm in vineyards and orchards, ~ ¥ \ 1905 ‘ \ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Et is often very destructive to the flowers of rose bushes, as well as to the bloom of many other kinds of flowering plants. In Ontario this insect has been particularly abundant in the Niagara district. The mature beetles last for about five weeks and when present in large numbers are very difficult to get rid of. It has been found, however, by Prof. F. M. Webster that 95 per cent. of the adult beetles may be killed by spraying them with half a pound of fish-oil soap in a gallon of water. The suds must be thrown directly onto the beetles while they are clustered on the flowers. This remedy of course is only useful in killing the beetles on the plants; it has no effect in keeping them off afterwards. These beetles, although very active during the hot hours of the day, are sluggish early in the morning, and at this time may be easily beaten from the plants into an inverted umbrella and then emptied into some vessel containing -water with coal oil on the surface. Rose bushes may be protected by covering them with netting. Tue American Ross-Stuc, Endelomyia (Selandria) rose, Harr. Oc- eurring commonly in Ontario, and doing considerable damage every year to the foliage of roses, is a slug-like larva about one-third of an inch long, green in colour, swollen near the head, but not slimy as is the case with many other allied saw-fly larve. This false caterpillar is nocturnal in habit, and feeds on the upper side of a leaf, but during the day, when at rest, may be found concealed on the under-surface of the leaf. Infested plants will soon show the presence of these slug-like larve from the foliage becoming con- spicuously skeletonized. These rose slugs may be easily destroyed by dust- ing the plants with white hellebore, or spraying them with a mixture of two eunces of hellebore to every two gallons of water. A weak solution of Paris green, one ounce in fifteen gallons of water, is also very effective. Tur Bristty Rosr-Worm, Cladius pectinicornis, Fourcr. Another saw-fly larva which is abundant in Ontario, and which, at Ottawa, is the commonest of the three rose saw-flies mentioned in this article, is the Bristly Rose-worm. ‘This larva, when full grown, is about two-thirds of an inch. long, and ranges in colour from dirty yellowish-green to a glaucous-green, with a darker green line down the back. This false caterpillar is covered with stiff hairs, which give it a conspicuous bristly appearance. The larva, when young, works very much in the same way as the Rose-slug, skeleton- izing the leaves, and leaving whitish blotches. As it grows older, however, it eats out irregular holes all over the leaf, often consuming the whole sub- stance, except the stronger ribs. The same remedies used for the Rose-slug are applicable for this insect. Tur Curtep Rost-Worm, Emphytus cinctipes, Nort. This rose-worm is also common all through Ontario wherever roses are grown, and, like the two preceding species, is an important enemy of that plant. The larva is easily distinguished from either of the other two kinds mentioned above, being smooth, and in having a yellowish brown head marked with a broad brownish-black spot. The body is dark green above, with the sides and legs grayish-white. This Jarva eats the entire substance of the leaf, feeding along the edges, with the body curled beneath it. When at rest it remains curled up on the under-surface of the leaf. Hellebore, or a weak solution of Paris green, is also recommended for the Curled Rose-worm. Tar Smart Wuite Cassace Burrerriy, Pontia rapae, L. (Fig. 48). This pest of the market gardener, which now occurs right through Canada, not infrequently requires attention in flower gardens, from its ravages to stocks and other crucifers, mignonettes, nasturtiums and spider flower (Cleome). These velvety green caterpillars about an inch in length, with a - i | A oa oe eA eur wv. + NST PC |e OLS eee ew my ae ‘ i ; mS ANa hk ‘ isa is ye Ty shee Tene ed , : 8 Rhy Poa ae 7 - ») ay - t A tye broken yellow line along each side and ‘an unbroken one down the middle of the back (Fig. 47), are particularly destructive to mignonettes, some seasons it being almost impossible to grow good plants. The insect is, however, an easy one to control. The dusting of infested plants with pyrethrum insect — powder is about the best remedy for the caterpillars of this common butterfly. This preparation can be made by mixing thoroughly one part of weight of the insect powder with four parts of cheap flour, keeping the whole in a closed vessel for at least 24 hours. The mixture can then be distributed eas- ily by placing it in a small bag of fine muslin which can be tied to the end of a short stick so that it swings freely. If the bag is tapped lightly with another stick held in the other hand, many plants can be gone over quickly and without tiring the operator. Many florists and seedsmen now sell proper bellows or dusters for applying dry powders, and these are not very expensive. Fig. 47. Pontia rapze: a, caterpillar ; b, chrysalis. Tur Dramonp-Back Morn, (Plutella maculipennis, Curtis, Plutella cru- ciferarum, Zell. (See Fig. 33.) This well-known enemy of the market gar- dener, during some seasons does serious harm to wall-flowers, stocks, and other crucifers. The caterpillar which is from one quarter to three-eighths of an inch in length is green and very active. It is particularly abundant during July and August, but fortunately occurs irregularly, being doubtless held in check by parasites. These small caterpillars when disturbed run back- wards, wriggling their bodies from side to side, and when they reach the edge of a leaf, they let themselves down by means of a silken thread. In garden practice infested plants may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion, or a soap mixture, to which Paris green or some other active poison has been added, the spray to be forced well up under the leaves if possible. Tue ZEBRA CATERPILLAR, Mamestra picta, Harr. (See Fig. 2.) This common enemy of turnips, cabbages, clover, etc. is sometimes troublesome in flower gardens. In his 1896 annual report, Dr. Fletcher spoke of a ser- ious infestation at Ottawa, the plants attacked in gardens being sweet peas, lilies, gladioli; in fact it was stated that the larve attacked indiscriminately almost all the annuals. On Oct. 3rd of the present year, the writer noticed the species feeding on asters. The caterpillar is a handsome one, about two inches ‘long when full grown, velvety black on the back and having two golden yel- low stripes on each side of the body, which are connected by narrow lines of the same colour, the head and feet bright reddish brown. When young the larve for a time feed together, but as they grow larger they separate and feed singly. There are two broods of the insect in the year, the second one of which occurs in September, and is the most troublesome. A remedy for these caterpillars is to spray infested plants with Paris green, one ounce in : rs \ 5 a y ae My | THE REPORT OF THE | Noi 29e% re aoe ul _ 7 5 ‘ oy v ’ v ¥ 1905 aN a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 118 10 gallons of water. Dusting the plants with pyrethrum insect powder is also useful. If only a few specimens are found in a garden, they can of course be removed by hand and destroyed. { hy, YPN) eM ey Hy, ian 7 3 Fig. 49. Salt-marsh caterpillar and moth. (Chittenden, Bull. 43, Div. of Ent., U.S. Dep. Agr.) Fig. 50. The Yellow Woolly-Bear: «a, cater- pillar ; 6, chrysalis ; c, moth. Wootty-Brars. The caterpillars, or ‘‘woolly-bears,’’ of two kinds of arctian moths, commonly occur in gardens, occasionally in sufficient numbers to demand attention. These are the Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, LHstzgmene acrea, Dru., (Fig. 49) and the Yellow Woolly-Bear, Diacrisia virginica, Fab. (Fig. 50.) Both of these caterpillars are, in general, of similar appearance and habits, and feed on a great variety of plants. The former kind is the larger, measuring when full grown about 2} inches in length, and it differs from the Yellow Woolly-Bear in having a darker body and yellow markings along the sides. These caterpillars, as the name ‘“‘woolly-bear’’ indicates, are quite hairy, the hairs of the former being mostly always reddish, or reddish brown, while those of the latter vary considerably, the hairs in some specimens being whitish, or pale yellow, while those in others are reddish, or reddish brown. Injury by these caterpillars is most noticed when they 8 EN. rr *» 2 eS © 7 — eer eek DY COR OPS | Cara \ ee ae RS NT TTI a ' nl y yn 114 THE REPORT: OF THE. = No. 19 are in their younger stages during which time they feed together, but as they grow older and reach maturity they separate and wander off by them- selves. Hand picking answers as a remedy in most cases, but if the attack should be serious, spraying with Paris green, or any other of the well known arsenical poisons, would soon destroy the larve. Tur Oyster Suett Scare, Lepidosaphes ulmi, L. (Fig. 51). Occurr- ing commonly in some districts in Ontario on rose bushes of many kinds are the oyster-shell shaped scales, which are so well known from injuries by the insects to fruit trees, particularly the apple. Unlike many other kinds of scale insects, the Oyster-shéll Bark-louse has only one annual brood, the insect passing the winter in the egg state under the mother scales, and the young larve appearing in spring. If rose bushes are found to be heavily 7 ¥ ( 4% infested with this scale insect, they should be sprayed in late fall or early: winter with a whitewash mixture, using one pound of unslaked lime to every gallon of water. A second spraying should be applied as soon as the first one is dry. The lime hardens on the bark and flakes off during the winter, taking with it the scales with the clusters of eggs. In June when the young lice hatch they may be easily seen running about on the bark preparatory to settling down. When detected the bushes should be sprayed with kerosene emulsion. A simple formula for making this for immediate use in gardens will be found under the paragraph treating of Plant Lice. Tue Rose Scare, Diaspis rose, Bouche. An unpleasant sight in rose gardens are clusters of roundish white scales which show up conspicuously in contrast to the greenish or reddish shoots of the rose bushes. This scale insect is sometimes very common on neglected bushes, and if not attended to will soon do serious damage. Being a sucking insect kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap are the best remedies. It has only so far occurred in the eee of Ontario around Lake Ontario, its worst attacks being on rasp- erries. Tue Rose Lear-Hoprer, 7'yphlocyba rose, L. This common leaf-hop- per, which occurs all through the country, wherever roses are grown, is often seen in swarms on the leaves of these bushes. These insects are very small, pale greenish-white, and are often spoken of by the confusing name of “Rose Thrip.’”’ Throughout the summer they may be found on the leaves in var- lous stages of development, and are frequently extremely destructive. They can be controlled, however, by spraying the bushes with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap. THE GRAPE VINE Lear-Hopper, Typhlocyba comes, Say, T. vitis, Harr, etc. An insect which demands much attention every year in Ontario is the Grape Vine Leaf-hopper. Although very destructive to the foliage of grapes, lovers of ornamental plants are often exercised over a small hopping insect which occurs in countless numbers on Virginian Creepers. These insects, also as in the case of the Rose Leaf-hopper, are erroneously spoken of as “Thrip.’’ They are of a translucent white colour prettily marked with red and dark brown lines. In their younger stages they are pale and although lacking wings are almost as active as the full grown insects. These leaf- hoppers pass the winter in the perfect state hidden away amongst fallen leaves and other rubbish. The ground, therefore, should be raked and kept clean during autumn so as to reduce as much as possible the opportunities of these insects wintering near the vines. In all their stages these leaf-hop- pers live by suction and therefore can be killed by contact insecticides. Ker- osene emulsion and whale oil soap are the best mixtures to use, and the ‘iM os - a . 2 poe aD) BU a RT " / is fhe ode oat ae ‘ an s / 1905 | _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 spraying should be done before the insects develop their wings. When these insects are present on a vine the leaves soon become white in patches and then fall to the ground. bis: HF t iN} \ Ni (ASE Hartly MN aa Fig. 52. Grape-vine flea- beetle and larva, much en- larged; also leg, greatly Fig. 51. The Oyster-shell Scale. magnified. Fig. 53. Grape-vine Flea-beetle, showing beetles and larvee at work. Tue Grave Vine FuEA-Beetie, Haltica chalybea, Il. (Figs. 52 and 53), This is another well known grape insect, but one which often does much injury in Ontario to the foliage of Virginian creepers. When the dirty, yellowish-brown grubs, which have black shining bristle-bearing tubercles -are found on the vines, they may be destroyed by a Paris green spray 1 oz. in 10 gallons of water. All fallen leaves and rubbish should be burned in autumn to prevent the mature beetles from hibernating near the vines. THe VioLet SAwFLy, Y’mphytus canadensis, Kirby. Pansies and violets, which are always favourites in gardens, are sometimes seriously attacked by ‘the false caterpillars of this sawfly. These larve which are smooth and bluish-black in colour are about $ an inch in length when mature. When in their younger stages they have the habit of eating little holes in the leaves, but as they reach maturity they feed mostly along the edge of a leaf. These false caterpillars when at all numerous do a great deal of harm, oftentimes completely defoliating plants. At Ottawa the species is of common occur- Tence, some seasons doing considerable damage. Last June and the first half of July the larve were very abundant on violets on the grounds of the Cen- tral Experimental Farm. In Canada, Dr. Fletcher tells me injuries by the ‘Violet Sawfly, have not been reported from very many localities. In 1898 considerable injury was done in large beds of violets grown under glass in Toronto. As the larve feed as a rule during the night, Dr. Fletcher recom- 116 | THE REPORT. OF- THE: 92 ti, °C “NGoaa - mends asa remedy, the dusting of the plants in the evening with white helle- bore, or with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour, or some other dry diluent. - joie THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER, Archips rosaceana, Harr. (Fig. 54). This widely distributed leaf-roller, the caterpillar of one of the tortricine moths, is very common in Ontario and has a great range of food plants. At Ottawa the larve have been particularly abundant on apple, and in © flower gardens we have found the species on roses, climbing honeysuckles, — geraniums, spiraeas, and many other plants. The caterpillar besides rol- | ling up the leaves very often has the habit of tying together the upper leaves and buds of flowering plants and then destroying the flowers. When full grown it is about three-quarters of an inch in length, green, with a darker green dorsal vessel; the head black in front, brownish at the top, as is also the: top of the first body segment; the feet all black. This leaf-roller, although common and widespread, has never occurred in gardens in Ontario to re-— quire much attention. Handpicking as a rule will serve as a remedy, but if the caterpillars should appear in numbers spraying with some poison would soon destroy them. Fig. 54. Oblique-banded Leaf-roller moth. Fig. 55. Ants. Ants (Fig. 55). Enquiries are frequently made for information con-— cerning ants which infest garden plants of many kinds. It is generally believed that these insects do harm to plants, but this is not the case. In_ most instances, if close observation is made, it will be found that plant lice are present and are the real cause of the injury. The relations of ants to plant lice are very interesting. It is well known that ants are protectors of plant lice; they are very fond of the sweet honey dew which is emitted by them, and certain kinds even actually colonize them on plants near or inside their nests. Some ants indirectly, therefore, are very injurious, al- though they do not themselves feed upon plant tissue. When they are seen to be running about on plants, a search should be made for their nest which will, in all probability, be located in the earth close by. When ~ this is found a tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon should be poured into” it and the opening immediately closed up by stepping on it. The fumes” from this liquid will penetrate quickly into all parts of the nest, and not only kill the adults but the larve as well. This material is very inflam-— mable and care must be taken not to bring a light near it. Another remedy ~ is to pour scalding water into the nests. A Rep Spiper. Although chiefly a greenhouse pest, these minute ~ mites are often found doing considerable damage to the foliage of plants in flower gardens, particularly during hot, dry seasons. The presence of these small creatures on the plants is easilv detected by -the leaves losing ~ their colour, having a white, bleached appearance, and becoming stunted. — These mites live by sucking out the juices from the leaves and in this way ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. EL. “slowly reduce the vitality of the plants until in manv instances they are completely killed. They do not seem to have a preference for any particular kind of plant, but possibly are more noticed, at least in this locality, on -verbenas and roses. Some years when they are very bad it is almost impos- sible to grow verbenas. Probably the best remedy for these mites is to spray the plants with flowers of sulphur in the proportion of one ounce to every gallon of water. As these mites feed chiefly on the under side of leaves, the spray should be forced up among the foliage as much as possible. If only a few plants are found to be infested with red spider, the sulphur “may, be dusted on to the leaves by means of a small bellows, or other specially made implement, which is now used for such purposes, and sold by many seedsmen. . SNAILS AND StuGs. These slimy, soft-bodied mollusks which, of course, are not insects, are included in this article, because the entomologist is often asked for information concerning them and particularly for a remedy for their destruction. Every year they are very injurious in flower gardens, and as they come out to feed in the evening an excellent remedv is to broad- east lightly over the soil, before nightfall, freshly slaked lime. This adheres to their bodies and soon kills them. Two or three applications on conse- cutive evenings will eradicate them thoroughly. oe *. w Fig. 56. Colorado Potato-beetle. PESTS OF LESSER IMPORTANCE. THe Cotorapo Porato Bretie, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say. (Fig. 56). In the fall of the year, when there are few potato tops left in the fields, these beetles on account of the scarcity of food, wander about in search of something to eat, and often attack plants of the tobacco family as Nico- tirana affinis and the newly introduced NV. Sandere, both of which are fav- orites in flower beds because of their large foliage and showy flowers. The former is deliciously scented at night. These beetles swarm on to such plants in September and unless attended to at once quickly destroy the foliage and flowers. As soon as they are noticed the plants should be dusted with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour, or some other dry diluent. If more convenient the plants may be sprayed with Paris green, using one ounce in every ten gallons of water. Tue Mitxweep Doryenora, Labioderma clivicollis, Kirby. In Eastern Ontario this bettle is very abundant on the common milkweed, Asclepias cornutt. Owing to its beauty, the Pleurisy-root, Asclepias tuberosa, is \ ‘* i. Pa Y Vive 5 A ee he fer wee Pa] “ah a. Achat. PTE s 7 ae coro tng BEE IE ORR ASR RO ON oe Ler ee ee er oar zips’ ‘ haa AA \. cane a RO Nir bom etic ‘ > yal ae is ‘ ¢ ri 4 ‘ ' nh” 118 THE REPORT OF THE 2 Nos dGa grown in some of the beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but every — year the plants are attacked by this insect. Some seasons the species is very abundant and does a lot of injury. It is most prevalent during the month — of August, and the injury is mostly done by the mature beetles. The insect although it is so abundant at Ottawa is, I believe, uncommon in western Ontario. Homohadena badistriga, Grt. For some years the larve of this noctuid | moth have been present, in more or less numbers, on several kinds of climb- ing honeysuckles, (Lonicera species) on the Central Experimental Farm. During certain seasons their injuries have been quite apparent. In May, ~ 1901, the larve were abundant on many of the yellow-flowered varieties, which they seem to prefer. At this time caterpillars in all stages were found. Very young larve, about a quarter of an inch long, were collected, © but no trace of eggs or empty shells could be seen. Every year since 1901 we have looked in vain for eggs, although we have found young larve which could not have been out of the egg more than a day or two. The young © larvee feed on the buds and foliage of the new shoots of the plant, hiding ~ in the day time inside the two clasping leaves, which surround the cluster of flower buds at the tip. As they mature they crawl down to the shady side of the old wood of the plant upon which they rest when not feeding. When in the last stage the ground colour of the caterpillar is remarkably like that of the stem, or twig, upon which it rests. Tue Iris Borer, Macronoctua onusta, Grt. In the 1903 report of this ~ Society, the writer reported the occurrence, in destructive numbers, of the larvee of this noctuid moth, which is rare in collections, and gave notes on them and on the pupe. During the past season the species was again observed in some of the Iris beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but not in de- structive numbers. Full grown larve were found on July 21. Nothing new — was noted with regard to their habits. Tue CotumBINE Borer, Papaipema purpurifascia, G. & R. Mention — of an infestation by this insect at Ottawa in 1904, was made by the writer in our last annual report. During the past season this borer was again very destructive at Ottawa to cultivated Aquilegias. On June 29 they were © very abundant, boring into the stems. At that date they were 7-8 of an inch in length and only a few had entered the roots. On July 13 as many as 13 7 larve were found in one columbine plant, and every plant in a large bed ~ seemed to be seriously infested. It was interesting to note this year, how- — ever, that many of the larve were parasitized by a 7achina, possibly one- ~ third of the larve collected. Tue Burpock Borer, Papaipema cataphracta, Grt. This is another noctuid borer, but one which, while abundant almost every season at Ottawa, ~ seems to be of rather uncommon occurrence in other parts of Ontario. Un- like the two mentioned above, this larva seems not to mind adapting itself — to any plant with a succulent stem, and so has been found infesting a variety — of different plants. At Ottawa, the favourite food plant is burdock, and two or three larve are often found in the same plant. During the past ~ season the caterpillars were quite abundant at Ottawa, and in about an_ hour’s time, on July 27, Dr. Fletcher and I collected nearly fifty specimens. These with the exception of two were all found in burdock. Other plants — in which we have found this borer are Canada Thistle, dahlias, lilies, sun- © flowers, tomatoes, potatoes and rhubarb. Unfortunately, owing to the boring habits of these larve, there is no- remedy for them other than cutting off the portion of the plant containing” the caterpillar and destroying the latter. It is seldom, however, that these 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LL9 insects are sufficiently abundant to be destructive enough to cultivated plants to cause alarm. As a rule it is only a very small number of plants which are attacked. The presence of these borers in gardens can usually be de- tected by the unhealthy appearance of the plants, the tops in most instances having become withered and fallen down to one side. Tue Sprrma LEAr-tTyER, Olethreutes hemidesma, Zell. In 1901 the leaves of several of the Spirzas in the Arboretum of the Central Experimental Farm, were drawn together at the tips of the plants by beautiful little larve about half an inch in length. Specimens of these were collected on June 18 and moths reared, the first one emerging on July 3. These cater- pillars were fairly abundant on a few bushes and their feeding places could easily be detected at the tips of the branches. The caterpillar is very dark velvety green, with conspicuous rows of white tubercles on the body, each of which bears a long slender hair. The head is tawny, with a distinct black band on the posterior margin of cheek; ocelli and antennae black. Thoracic shield concolorous with head centrally, but black on most of the lower third. Thoracic feet black. Specimens of the moths were kindly ‘identified by Mr. W. D. Kearfott. THe Aster SHark, Cucullia converipennis, G.& R. At Ottawa the larve _ of this noctuid moth are some years fairly abundant feeding chiefly on the the flowers of China asters. They have never been abundant enough to do very serious injury, as a rule not more than one or two specimens being found on the same plant. Full grown specimens have been found during the latter part of August and in September. The caterpillar is a rather striking one when mature, measuring over an inch and a half in length, with a wide reddish band uown the centre of the back, on either side of which are four or five dark brown irregular lines, the colour between being white. The sides are white with transverse bands of brown. Just above the feet is a bright, wide band of red. On the under side are some more irregular lines. The head and front feet are shiny black, the hind feet being dark brown. When present on a plant the larve are generally seen lying among the florets, and as a rule are quite conspicuous, although sometimes they are rather difficult to detect on account of their colours re- sembling those of the flowers. Occasionally we have seen specimens resting on the stems of the plants. THe Mint Spuinx, Sphinz eremitus, Hbn. On several occasions we have found, at Ottawa, the full grown caterpillar of this beautiful hawk-moth, feeding in flower gardens on Monarda and mint. The species is not at all common in Ontario, and collected specimens are always considered good _ finds. Two dates on which we have found the larve are 25th August. and _ 20th September. Tue BorpErep Satrow, Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn. The young larve, green spotted with black, of this noctuid have the habit of eating into the buds of Delphinium, Aquilegia and many other garden flowers. The larve are also frequently found late in the year on many low plants, particularly on different species of Polygonum. There are two distinct forms of this larva, one being green spotted with black tubercles and having conspicuous dark longitudinal stripes, the other milk-white with a cross-shaped orange blotch in the centre of each segment on dorsum. This latter form also has markings _ along the body but these are indistinct. Tue Bronze Copper, Chrysophanus thoe, Bdv. (Fig. 57.) In the Botanic Garden at the Experimental Farm, plants of the genus Polygonum, are al- most every season, more or less, attacked by the caterpillars of the above _ butterfly. These infestations are never very serious, but on one or two Nai ee TT Oe Peete, Gila Cana ie Dia i Be Via a ee ea oe ¢ i \ regia THE REPORT OF THE ~ No. 19 — - occasions the larve were rather abundant and noticeable injury to the foliage was done. It is not likely, however, that these caterpillars will ever become sufficiently numerous to require attention. Some of the cultivated Polygon- ums are familiar in flower gardens and if this insect should be found doing serious injury, Paris green applied to the foliage either in a spray, or a dry diluent, would soon destroy any caterpillars present. Injury to the foliage of. such conspicuous plants as these is easily recognized, and further damage - can be prevented if prompt action is taken. The ordinary wild food plants are various species of Rumex. Fig. 57. Chrysophanus thoe ; male and female butterflies. of the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus, L., at Ottawa are invariably infested by the maggots of this fly. These insects, or ‘‘peacock flies’’ so- called, because of their habit of elevating the wings and strutting about peacock-like, are very beautiful, the wings of many of the species being prettily marked and spotted with black or brown. At Ottawa the above — species has been so abundant some seasons that it has been impossible to find ~ a sunflower plant of which the pith had not been almost entirely devoured. Plants, however, thé pith of which had been tunnelled from the base to the very flowers grew remarkably well and kept green and vigorous up to the first frosts. This insect, therefore, does not appear to injure the sunflower to any practical extent. The flies may be found in early summer. : Tur SUNFLOWER ‘‘PrEacock Fiy,”’ Straussia longipennis, Weid. Stems InsuRY To Pinks AND CARNATIONS BY AN ANTHOMYIAN. Occasionally in flower gardens in different parts of Canada, various kinds of pinks and car- nations have been injured by Anthomyian larve. In Dr. Fletcher’s report — for 1885 it is stated that injury at Victoria, B. C. was first noticed about the — middle of May. Referring to this attack Dr. Fletcher says: ““The egg ap- pears to be laid at or near the base of the topmost leaves. The young maggot burrows beneath the epidermis of the base of the leaves for some time and ~ then bores down the centre of the stem.’’ Specimens of this Anthomyian ~ were bred at Victoria by Mr. J. J. Cowley. The maggots left the plants j about Ist June and went into the ground to pupate. The flies appeared about 10 days later. During the same year Dr. Fletcher found a specimen at Ottawa which was destroying Indian Pinks in exactly the same manner as | those in Mr. Cowley’s garden. This specimen produced a fly which Dr. b Fletcher says, was apparently identical with those bred at Victoria by Mr. — Cowley. Since then the species has been found to be rather destructive to & the shoots of the pretty perennial Gypsophila paniculata, which also belongs 4 to the Pink family. f Tur VARIEGATED Fritmitary, Huptoteta claudia, Cramer, (Fig. 9.) In | July last an enquiry was received at the Division, concerning a cater- pillar which was destroying pansies at Baltimore, Ont. The correspondent, Mr. T. M. Wood, writing to Dr. Fletcher, July 18 said: ‘‘T send herewith two caterpillars which I found on a row of pansies. About a week ago there j q 1905 ites A SOM ola Yi Keays ER) AY UR ie bed f. 4 f i \ / \ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 were dozens of them but to-day I got but five, which I put in a box with a pansy plant. I see to-night they are changing to the pupa state.’’ The specimens arrived at Ottawa on July 20 and proved to be Luptoieta claudia, Cramer. The occurrence of the species in numbers, at Baltimore, Ont., is _ very interesting, as the insect is rare in Ontario, only a few previous records of the butterfly having been recorded by collectors. In the North-west the butterfly is much more abundant, and was found, by Dr. Fletcher, very destructive to pansy beds at Kinistino, N. W. T. Dr. Fletcher tells me he has seen the females ovipositing on the wild flax, Linum sulcatum. Sparganothis (Enectra) flavibasana, Fern. In June, 1895, this species was found in some numbers by Mr. J. A. Balkwill, at London, Ont., and specimens of the moth were identified, through our late Curator, Mr. _ J. Alston Moffat, by Prof. C. H. Fernald. Mr. Balkwill found his first spec- imens at rest upon honey-suckle in his garden, but later found some pupe which produced the moths. In the Canadian Entomologist, October, 1895, Mr. Moffat says: “‘Presumably the larve had fed upon the honeysuckle, as chrysalids were found in the connate leaves with a thin silken web spun over ' them, one of which I raised to the moth. There is plenty of evidence of feeding having been done upon the plant, but nothing positive as to what did it. A lookout is being kept upon the plants for the next brood.’’ Under date of November 17, 1905, Mr. Balkwill writes: ‘‘Your letter of the 15th inst. is to hand. JI am sorry that I am unable to give you the information desired. I captured the moths on honeysuckle and found some of their co- coons, which were reared to mature insects. We could not find the larve although Mr. Rennie and I kept a good look out for the next two years.”’ Tue Greennouse Lear-Tyer, Phlyctenia rubigalis, Gn. = Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hbn. In Canada this insect has never been reported as doing any injury to plants other than those grown under glass. In the United States, however, the caterpillars are known to feed on several kinds of crop plants, as celery, cabbage, beets and tobacco, as well as on a great many orn- amental plants grown outside, such as wall-flowers, dahlias, daisies, begon- las, roses, nasturtiums, geraniums, carnations, etc. The insect is abundant in some of the large greenhouses in central and western Ontario and mention has been made of injuries by the larve in Toronto, in the annual reports of - the Dominion Entomologist for 1899 and 1900. Since that date Dr. Fletcher and the writer have published the life-history of the species in the May, - 1901, number of the Canadian Entomologist. When full grown the cater- pillar is about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a semi-translucent green colour, with two distinct black spots (one on each side) close behind the head, and a green dorsal vessel showing distinctly down the middle of the back, bordered on each side with a double white band. As its popular name would suggest the caterpillar has the habit,.of drawing together portions of a leaf, or of two leaves that happen to be contiguous, and tying them with fine threads of silk. This webbing of the leaves is more apparent, of course, as the larva reaches maturity. and owing to its manner of protecting itself it is rather difficult to reach with a spraying mixture. A Paris green or some other arsenical mixture would doubtless prove to be a remedy, should the caterpillars be noticed working on any plants in flower gardens, or many of them could be removed by handpicking. Ross Root-Gaty, Rhodites radicum, O. S. (Fig. 58.) This large gall _ which is from 14 to 2 inches in diameter is not infrequently found in Ontario on and at the roots of many kinds of wild roses, as well as sometimes on culti- vated ones. The insect which causes this conspicuous gall is a four-winged ban] i ~ - ., aes. Wwe et eh No? Nea oe ae cy i =. ‘ ~ ey , Ss \ . Pa a ats taro erased eS 8 maha a Wile f5. Kt Vs ¥ Se: Fy i“ a ‘ , ¢ > + ’ ; : aa 122 THE REPORT OF THE SO Nee ae tly, with a short round reddish body, belonging to the hymenoptera. At Ottawa we have found these galls irregular, smooth and potato-like rather oftener than elongated as shown in the figure. The only suggestion in the way of a remedy is to cut out the infested portions of the plants. Fig. 58. Rose Root-gall. Tortriz albicomana, Clem. The small caterpillars of this well known little Tortrix moth were very abundant and destructive to the leaves of Jap- anese Rose at Ottawa during the past summer. They were particularly abundant about the middle of June and moths were flying in large numbers around the bushes on July 8, on which date Dr. Fletcher collected many specimens. Archips purpurana, Clem. Several specimens of the larva of this com- mon, rather small, moth, were found at Ottawa by Dr. Fletcher during the past season in his cultivated beds of wild violets. No serious injury was done to the plants and the specimens when discovered were removed by hand. THe Hoary Piume, Pterophorus monodactylus, L. During the past season at Ottawa the small green caterpillars, much the same colour as the leaves of their food plant, of this plume moth were found to be very destruc- tive to the Minor Convolvulus. These larvee which were most abundant in September were found to be eating the flower buds and leaves at the tips, entirely preventing the plants from developing any flowers. Associated also with this species was the tineid Bedellia somnulentella, Zell, which helped to some extent in the injury. Lear MINER In LEAVES OF LonicERA. During some seasons at Ottawa the leaves of one of the honeysuckles, Lonicera fulgens, have been mined by a small lepidopterous larva, which in 1901 we reared to the perfect state, and which has been identified by Mr. August Busck of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, as Lithocolletes fraqilella, F. & B. The larva makes a con- spicuous blotch-like mine in the leaves, and on some foliage examined there were two or three mines in the same leaf. In 1901 the larve were first noticed about July 20 and by August 5 had pupated. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. By E. J. Zavirz, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Destruction of the forest by insects is a problem in which the forester is very much interested. The depredations of these small foes are being carried on to a greater extent than we realize, and every season sees large quantities of timber being injured or destroyed by insects. Entomology is of vast importance to the forester, and he should at least become acquainted with the appearance and life history of the important forest insects. In universities and forest academies in Germany where forestry is taught, special courses are given in Forest Entomology. The German forester carries in his pocket a small calendar in which he takes notes and in which is recorded what to look for during each month of the year. It is interesting to note that one of the subjects, taking greatest space, is that regarding the insects for which to be on the lookout during each ~ month. Insects damage forests in many ways and at various stages. The fruit, the tender seedling, and the roots, foliage and wood of the mature treé all have their enemies. In fact, during its whole life history the tree is subject to attacks. “Fig. 59. Balaninus beetle, grub, pupa “3 and infested nuts. In collecting the acorns of Red Oak for seed I have found that a large percentage of the acorns are destroyed by one of the Curculionide. Two bags of acorns, which had been allowed to stand over night, were surrounded by footless grubs one centimetre in length. These are probably the larve of Balaninus quercus. It was estimated that about forty per cent. of these acorns were destroyed by this insect. The female insect bores a hole into the acorn and then drops in the egg which develops into the grub-like larva. This larva feeds upon and in most cases destroys the acorn. After the acorn falls to the ground in autumn the larve go into the soil and transform, ‘coming forth the following spring. (Fig. 59 represents a closely allied species which attacks Filberts). This shows that this insect alone is a strong factor against the repro- duction of red oak under natural conditions. Curculios also infest the seed of such trees as basswood, hickory and chestnut. During the seedling stages of the tree the insects carry on their work. The cutworm has given some trouble in cutting the white pine seedlings in the nursery beds. A number of small white ash were found to be dying, and upon examination it was found that the roots were attacked by the wire- worm or larve of the click-beetle. The larvae were hardly discernible at first a om Shea) & - NE ° s t 90> Ste oD ot re NR ee eI ee tg Fag : 4 ( } ae age vA r wee i vis x ht Rag se a ite as me fae \ i ; “ aN, ! x aad ne it . i re I i \ y = | ‘ a i, ee, > i \ ipo otk A ; 124 THE REPORT OF THE as they had gone into, and were working in, the centre of the root. Damage was also done to the roots of some seedlings by the Lachnosterna larve. (See Fig. 6.) I regret that I am unable to identify the above species. However, I expect they will give me sufficient opportunity to further study them. The foliage of forest trees suffers from the work of a great variety of insects. This injury is not only unsightly but from the forester’s stand- point hinders the proper development of the stem of the tree. Defoliation cuts off the food supply and so lessens the amount of wood laid on during the season. Considerable damage is annually being done by Lepidopterous larve. Owing to the fact that their life history is more easily followed than that of other orders there is considerable known and written concern- ing their work. \ qc) Fig. 60. Larch Saw fly ; a, with outspread wings ; >, the brown pupa case—both greatly enlarged ; c, terminal twig of Larch showing eggs in slits made by the female saw_fly. : The Larch Saw-fly, (Fig. 60), a hymenopterous leaf destroyer, has done an enormous amount of damage in Canada. The tamarac has suffered from this insect throughout its known area of distribution and as yet its natural enemies have not controlled it. In the vicinity of Guelph this insect has done considerable damage to the European larch and our native tamarac during the last season. Coleoptera, in both the larval and adult form, are responsible for dam- age done to the foliage. The Lamellicorns and Chrysomelids both feed upon the leaf in the adult form. Lachnosterna frequently does damage to the maple and other leaves, but not to any serious extent. The basswood or linden leaf seems to suffer most from their attacks and late in the summer it is almost impossible to find a perfect leaf. Large numbers of Macrodac- tylus subspinosus (Fig. 30) and Odontota rubra have been taken from this tree in beating operations and probably they are responsible for a great share of the damage done. Of the Coleoptera the Chrysomelids in the larval and adult stages do most damage to the leaves of forest trees. Roots are attacked by the larve of Prionids and Lamellicorns. Buds have enemies in the Curculionide and Lepidoptera. Deformities on ter- minal branches are formed by Aphide, Cynipide and Cerambycide. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125 The direct injury done to the stem or timber part of the tree affects ~ the forester most seriously. One of the Cosside or Carpenter moths, Prio- noxystus robinie, was taken emerging from the sugar maple in the vicinity of Ridgeway, Ontario. The work of this Cossus moth was noticed in several ’ trees in the same vicinity. These same maples are infested with one of the ‘Siricide which I take to be 7'remezx columba. (Fig. 28.) ; In the College nursery some Austrian pines about three feet high showed signs of dying in August. Upon examination it was found that the stems in some places were completely girdled beneath the bark. This work was being done by one of the Curculionide, Pissodes strobi, (Fig. 61), de- scribed in Bulletin 22, Division of Forestry. In July the leaves of these pines began to droop and by August they had turned quite brown. In the second week of October I took a number of mature insects from their little | cells beneath the bark. Upon a further examination about the first of November I found they had left this retreat for hibernation in other quarters. Fig. 61. Pissodes strobi, Pine-Curculio. ; Fig. 62. Tunnels of Scolytus beetle. aii ay ITNT) LTT SS if | } by REI =i ‘ims | th eT (y, wal { Hn! H fh N UiSh | i it | J tin oy Mi ny i NU! TNT eee ae \f ty M i a aa a P —< ~ a = EN 07 = we ar i] py ee ae Fig. 63. Scolytus beetle and its tun- Fig. 64. Tunnels of Scolytus Fig. 65. nels. beetle. Buprestis borer. Lee ee ee ee SAL “es bho SRP oh”) a ee y rea : Ae NE ae 2 AA Re an beat: - iY : 126 THE REPORT OF THE . Nos 190m However, the insects which do the most serious technical injury to trees are the Scolytide, Buprestide and Cerambycide. These insects by boring either in the cambium layer, sapwood or heartwood of the tree leave channels which greatly lessen the commercial value of the tree. They attack the living tree in the forest, the log at the drive or mill, and the lumber in the yard. The Scolytide work in the bark, cambium layer and sapwood (Figs. 62, 63 and 64) and this family is one most to be dreaded by the forester. Large areas of forests have been destroyed by members of this family. It would be impossible to estimate the value of timber destroyed by the pine bark beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Its distribution seems to cover the whole coniferous region east of the Rocky Mountains. An unidentified species of Scolytide has been doing some damage this season in the nursery to Scotch pine. The beetle is about two mm. long and has completely undermined the bark. Buprestide (Fig. 65) and Cerambycide (Figs. 66 and 67) injure the stems of the tree in much the same manner. In some cases they make chan- nels throughout the stem although some species work only beneath bark and in the sapwood. Fig. 66. Cerambycid beetle (wood-borer). Fig. 67. Cerambycid Pine-borer. The stems of second growth hickory (Hicoria ovata) in the vicinity of Ridgeway have been badly infested with the larve of Goes pulchra. The same trees are also attacked by Dorcaschema nigrum which girdles the ter- minal branches. Even after the tree leaves the forester’s care it is liable to insect attacks. Upon examination of some hickory lumber, which had been piled so that the boards were in close contact, I found Phymatodes variabilis doing great damage. Thus throughout the whole history of the tree it is subject to insect injury and the amateur entomologist feels that the species to be studied are almost infinite in number. From the systematic collector’s efforts probably a large percentage of our forest insects in the adult form are now in collections throughout the country. However, this is a subject of economic importance, the forest being one of our greatest resources. Very little is known concerning the life history of our forest insects and only by research can the required knowledge be obtained. There is a wide field for the study of forest insects in relation to plant host, parasites or other enemies. Future protection . can only be had in so far as we have men specially trained who recognize and understand the movements of these tiny foes. m.m 4 1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 PHLOX MITE—TETRANYCHUS BIMACULATUS. By T. D. Jarvis, OnTarR1o AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. — This species of mite, for several years past, has caused injury to the cul- tivated perennial Phlox on the College Campus. It answers to the de- scription of the ‘‘Red Spider’’. The leaves become spotted above and the under surface is coated with a fine loose web containing many minute par- ticles. The small red oval mites may be seen with the naked eye and they vary from a few to as many as fifty or more on the under surface of a single leaf. (Fig. 68.) Length of mite .483 m.m.; width .241 m.m. Length of front legs, .241 m.m.; length of mandibles, .016. Length of cephalo-thorax, .040 m.m.; length of hairs on legs, .100 The legs of the mites are slightly orange or yellowish in color and six - jointed. al The mites hibernate on the lower leaves of the plant. Up to the 20th _ of May the mite may be found feeding on the basal leaves of the plant. =e hee a 2S ot S t ae PZ oO Po Oo Pula = aN Fig. 68. ‘Red Spider,” Fig. 69. Spruce Saw fly —greatly magnified. greatly magnified. BLUE-SPRUGCE SAW FLY—LYDA SP. By T. D. Jarvis, Onrario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. This Sawfly has caused injury to the Colorado Blue Spruce, Picea pungens, on the College Campus at Guelph. It has not been found on any other species of spruce on the Campus. The excrement of the larve lies in masses on the leaves and branches, and in some cases the tree becomes very unsightly. The larve are found in small colonies of from three to ten feeding beneath the masses of ex- ecrement. They cut off the leaves and carry them to their retreat under the excrement. The larve (Fig. 70) are green and when full grown are 26 m.m. long and the antenne 14 m.m. long. The head and prothroax are black. The C2 “at Ny ene a Pr * ihe 128 "0S THE REPORT OB THE” i on: i 19° We ° hair-like appendage on posterior segment of abdomen 14 m.m. long. The © ~ abdomen contains 11 segments. When mature the larve drop to the ground and make a little cell about 3 inches below the surface of the sod. They pass the winter as larve and | pupate in the spring. Fig. 70. Spruce Sawfly larva; head and anal seg- ments—greatly enlarged. The adult Sawflies (Fig. 69) appear about the 20th of May. They spend only a few hours depositing their eggs and then disappear. The saw- fly is a large, black, shiny insect, about 14 m.m. long. The mandibles and © a part of the face is yellow, the rest of the body is black. The thorax is feebly punctured. The antenne are about 9 m.m. long and 32 jointed. The upper wings are mostly clear, while the lower wings are clear above and dusky toward the outer margin. BUMBLE-BEES THAT FERTILIZE THE RED CLOVER. By T. D. Jarvis, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. In the month of June Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, — mailed to our department a letter which he had received from the New — Zealand Government, enquiring for information on the species of Bombus — that fertilizes the red clover in Ontario so that they might find out what species is most useful in clover fertilization. The following is a copy of the letter received from Mr. O. B. Pamber! ton, Secretary of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association, Christchurch, New Zealand, 26 May, 1905. The Secretary of Agriculture. F Srr,.—I take the liberty of writing to you on behalf of this Association regarding ~ the fertilization of Red Clover in Canada. ; A Committee of this Association has been appointed to enquire into the fertiliza- — tion of red clover in other countries with the view of the introduction of the bees most ~ suitable as fertilizing agents. Before the introduction of the humblebee into New Zealand from England in 1855, the yield of red clover seed was not sufficient to be commercially payable. Since the introduction, however, the yields have been more prolific, but it is still thought that — the best results have not yet been obtained. ~ 1905.->. - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 ~ We have in New Zealand, as far as we know, three kinds of humblebees, the descendants of those imported in 1885, viz., Bombus terrestris, Bombus hortorum, and Bombus hortorum variety Hanvrisellus. Bombus terrestris is the most numerous and is, 1 believe, considered quite unsuitable on account of the shortness of its proboscis. My Association would deem it a great favor if you could forward me any inform- ation you may have gathered as to what bees or insects you have in Canada most suit- able for the fertilization of the red clover. ? Forty-eight specimens of bumblebees were collected from the flowers of the red clover. The specimens were sent to Dr. McGillivray, Cornell University, and identified. Three species were found—Bombus fervidus, Bombus ternarius and Bombus borealis. Dr. Brodie, of Toronto Normal School, reports Bombus consimilis as being one of the more common species around Toronto. Dr. Fletcher stated that Bombus fervidus is the most common species at Ottawa, while B. borealis is rare. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905 IN ONTARIO. By W. LocuueaD, OnTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The number of injurious insects in the season of 1905 was about the normal, but the amount of damage done to crops of all kinds was perhaps below the normal,—there being no outstanding case of very serious loss. The Pea-weevil no longer gives anxiety to the growers of peas, but in this apparent security from this pest lies the danger for the future. The farmer just now is able to give practically a death-blow to pea-weevils for many a year if he would insist on sowing only peas that have been fumi- gated with carbon bisulphide. It is an easy task to conquer and control an enemy when it is weak; and this is the present condition of the pea-weevil. If this precaution of using fumigated seed is not taken, the weevils will increase every year until they are beyond control. A species of Joint-worm, (see Fig. 29), probably 7sosoma hordet, was pre- sent in a few localities on wheat and barley, but did very little damage. It produces galls at, usually, the second joint of the stems, which are coase- quently deformed and weakened. Within the galls are the minute yellowish- white maggots with blackish jaws. The larve usually remain over winter witnin the galls, and the adults, small black four-winged flies, emerge in the spring. Fortunately there is only one brood each year. It is doubtful if this Joint-worm will ever become a serious enemy in Ontario, where the majority of farmers practise a system of regular rotation of crops, and where the roadside and fence corner grasses are cut at the time of haying. The Horn-Fly (Hematobia serrata), was more prevalent over the Pro- vince this past season than it has been for several seasons. Although this insect is now well known by nearly all farmers, yet it is remarkable how few stock-owners apply the simple treatments that have been advocated for years by the practical entomologists. This fly, it is well known, is one of the most annoying and troublesome pests of cattle in summer, and young cattle in good pasture are frequently annoyed to such an extent that they lose rather than gain flesh. Milch cows, too suffer much from these flies, and the supply of milk is always very much reduced in quantity during the ““fly’’ season. The life-history of the Horn-fly is well known. The eggs are deposited in fresh cow droppings, where the maggots develop and the pupz form. 9 EN. SP te ee saat VO ee A ON Rep ce ee ee ee ee | ees, ™ a ar dk Le Nid ie hr a Pivey) * ¥ Vo he ns} LV be sea 1] ry sony PTEUMRS LE Wer Np His Oe f £s Spon ; EAN case Dieter late tek alan ee es bn adhe ie Tanai t rae ‘ 1 : = ; a7 ; Ss / sar ¥ ” ¢ 130. . ; ‘THE REPORT OF ‘THE There are many broods during the season, so that their increase is very rapid. The adult flies are smaller than the house-flies. They congregate in masses about the base of the horns, on the flanks, and on the belly, just outside the reach of the tail or head of the afflicted animal. For several years it has been observed that oils or greases rubbed on the affected parts will give relief for several days, and the flies will not come near. Fish oil is strongly recommended and has been used by many owners of stock. The addition of crude carbolic acid in the proportion of one table- spoonful to one quart of fish oil increases its effectiveness. This past summer I had an opportunity of testing the effectiveness of kerosene emulsion solution against the Horn-fly. The eimulsion is readily made and in the usual way, and was applied by means of a small hand spray © prmp. A fine nozzle was employed so that a very fine mist was obtained. [ found that although the emulsion gave almost imme:linie relief and killed enormous quantities of flies that collected in the stable, yet it was necessary to repeat the operation during the worst portion of the season, both n*ght and morning. Unless I was present, the spraying operation was usually neglected, and the flies became as numerous.as ever. It became apparent to me that if the stable employees about a large stock farm found it diffieuit to apply this kerosene emulsion sufficiently often to keep the flies away, we need not expect to have any better results in the ordinary farm stables where stock is probably not as well cared for. Fig. 71. The Seed-corn Maggot; a, b, flies; d, maggot; h, puparium—all very much enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture). In the dairy stables of the Ontario Agricultural College Zenoleum was used. Jt was applied with a compressed air sprayer. As it is readily made, the same objections cannot be found with regard to its preparation as against the preparation of the kerosene emulsion. The herd was kept free from the horn-fly with but two or three applications per week, and the herdsman is enthusiastic concerning the merits of this preparation. Again, the use of the compressed air sprayer makes the operation a very simple one, and with the general introduction of such sprayers, we may hope to have less fear for the Horn-fly in the future. re ee eh ad ry mda ee 0. 40) e's i ‘on 7 1 4 ey ree 4! 2S ye v Wad bays OS ORC RRL R Tr mE aa nr Mme Re PR NV ae sh ninor seat Cay i BS ; 1 3 4S 4 r Uy ate te tp i i HS ‘ AW a ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY. 131 GARDEN INSECTS. The Seed-Corn Maggot (Phorbia fusciceps, Zett), Fig. 71. The work of this maggot on planted corn seed was brought to our attention about the third week in June, at St. Anne de Bellevue on the Island of Montreal. In a field recently planted many of the seeds sprouted very slowly, while others failed to sprout at all. On examination of the planted seeds many of them showed the presence of the Seed-corn Maggot. From the seeds that had not : sprouted the maggots had hollowed out large cavities and had destroyed the. sy iL? embryos. In other seeds the cavities were smaller, and sometimes the embryo had escaped injury, with the result, Howe ee that the germs were _ weak and made but little growth. The seeds were planted at a time when the soil was cold and damp and for over a week the weather remained cold and wet, with the result that incipient decay set in, and the adult flies were, attracted to the decomposed ‘ matter as a suitable Mee for oviposition. al - a i: a ca £ 4 bs E E y It may be stated here that the stand of corn was a large one in spite of the number of injured seeds. After a dressing of soda nitrate had been given to the land, the crop developed well with returning warm weather, and a fine yield was obtained at the close of the year. In 1900 I called attention to a destructive outbreak of similar maggots on beans in Lambton County. It is probable that the maggots in this case belong to the same species as those observed at St. Anne’s. The life-history of this insect is not well known. The adult is a two- winged fly about the size of a small housefly. Dr. Chittenden of Washing- ton says it can best be identified by the male, which possesses a row of short, rigid, bristly hairs on the inner side of the posterior tibix. The Seed-Corn Maggot is smaller than the Onion Maggot, being about 4 of an inch in length. Dr. Chittenden says: ‘‘In the Northern States it ry is probable that we have at least two generations, the first injurious in May and June to such seedlings as are then to be found, and the second gener- _ ation feeding upon weeds or dead or dying plants, in excrement and in refuse _ without their presence being manifested. It has been surmised that the species agrees with others of its kind in passing the winter in the adult condition, although it is possible also that it hibernates in some localities at least as a puparium.”’ v2 oS eee a Professor Garman of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station reports that this insect attacks young cabbage plants, in early spring, and hemp plants which are often destroyed over large areas. ‘‘The maggots work in the stems, but leave the plants, when ready to pupate, and enter the earth for a short distance, changing to yellow pupae .18 inch long and about .06 inch in diameter. Besides hemp and cabbage the insect is known as an enemy of planted seed corn, of radishes, onions, and of the common weed, hedge-mustard.’’ Professor Garman calls this insect the _ Fringed Anthomyian, and places it in the Genus Pegomya. The Tarnished Plant bug (Lygus pratensis). Many reports reached us throughout the season regarding the injuries done by this insect to cultivated plants of both the garden and orchard. In the garden it was specially injur- ious, for it pierced and deformed buds and terminal shoots of cabbage, cucumber, and potato, and sucked their juices. Flower gardens and plan- tations of small fruits suffered also, and reports came in of the blighting of strawberry blossoms and young berries, and of the blackening and shrivel- ing of the currants. Besides, these insects attack many weeds and other wild plants. The insects are more numerous, and hence more readily notice- Pte ee ) 6 Prim x > ‘ 132 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 19. 9 able by the public, in late summer, but most of their injuries are done in | early summer. The Tarnished Plant Bug (Fig. 72), is one of the true bugs, and obtains | its food by piercing the tissues with its beak and sucking the juices. The adult insects are about 1-5 of an inch long, and are very variable in color, ranging from a dark brown through light brown to yellowish or yellowish- green. The broad region behind the head (prothorax) is bordered with yellow, and has four or five longitudinal yellowish lines; the triangular area behind the prothorax bears also a yellow V, and ihe upper wings are marked with dark and light spots. The adults winter over under rubbish, and are ready in the early spring to attack the young buds and fruits. Their eggs are deposited on the food plants, and in a few days the young larve or nymphs appear. All through the season nymphs and adults may be found feeding together. The nymphs moult four or five times, gradually becoming more like the winged adults. There are probably only two*broods in Ontario. Fig. 72. The Tarnished Plant-bug—much enlarged. On account of the fact that Tarnished Plant Bugs have a wide range of food plants, hence are widely distributed, and occur at all times of the season in every stage of development, treatment is difficult. The following remedies have been found somewhat effective and are here recommended : 1. The use of pyrethrum or insect powder. This should be mixed with four or five times its weight of flour and dusted on such plants as straw- berries, garden flowers, cucumbers, potatoes, &c., in early morning while the insects are torpid and the dew is on the foliage. 2. The bugs may be readily shaken from infested trees and shrubs in early morning upon a sheet, and destroyed. 3. The application of a kerosene-emulsion spray or some good tobacco solution in early morning will destroy large numbers of the bugs, and help to keep them in check. Root Maggots belonging to different species of insects attack the roots of cabbages, onions, and radishes, and do a great deal of injury. These along with the white grubs and wireworms are the bétes noires of truck- gardeners. No satisfactory remedies have as yet been discovered for their control, and great losses are sustained every year through lack of inform- ation and treatment. We are, however, specially indebted to Professors M. V. Slingerland and S. A. Forbes for their valuable investigations into the life-histories of ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 _ these troublesome root insects, and for their experimental studies of remedial _ treatments. It is now fairly well known that many of the so-called remedies are utterly worthless. The most common root maggots that are found affecting vegetables are the Cabbage or Radish Root maggot, and the Onion Maggot. The adults of these are small flies. These lay their eggs on the stems of the plants near the ground and the maggots on hatching make their way down the stem and begin burrowing into the roots. It is a common thing to find the surface of _ the roots of young radishes completely mined by maggots. When full grown these maggots form brown puparia in the soil. The cabbage or radish mag- _ got does its chief harm in June and July, as the young radishes are coming up and after the young cabbages are transplanted. With regard to remedies, it may be repeated that no perfectly effective remedy has been found for the cabbage root maggot, but the following remedies are valuable in controlling their depredations to some extent : (1) Cheese cloth covers. In the large truck gardens of Long Island and New York, many of the growers resort successfully to the use of enclosures _ made of cheese cloth, arranged about light wooden frames. These may be ' made of any size, and can be removed at time of cultivation. If such frames _ are kept over the young plants for about six weeks, injury from these maggots may be completely prevented, since the fly is not able to deposit her eggs on the plants. (2) Tarred paper disks. These were advocated by Prof. Slingerland, but the great objection to such a procedure is the trouble required to place the disks on the plants, and most growers of cabbages prefer to lose their _ plants rather than take this extra trouble. (3) Hellebore or Insect Powder. Both of these insecticides have been used to great advantage. Dr. Forbes says ‘‘about one-half tea cupful of a _ decoction of pyrethrum powder, four ounces to a gallon of water, or white _ hellebore of the same strength, poured around the root of each plant after _ drawing away the earth right down to the roots, will destroy any maggots &- ‘ a> a «>, x: 2 which may have started work. The earth should be put back again and the plants hilled up, when new rootlets will soon be formed. A light sprinkling of nitrate of soda will encourage a quick growth and help the plants to over- come attack.’’ For radishes white hellebore used as a powder and dusted along the rows once a week has given good results; and a carbolic wash prepared originally by Prof. Cook by dissolving one pound of hard soap in a gallon of water and one-half pint of crude carbolic acid added, then the whole is boiled _ together for a few minutes to make a stock solution, which should be diluted fifty times with water when required for use. This solution should be _ sprayed upon the plants once a week from the time they appear above the - ground until ready for use. hite Grubs.- These are the well known larve of June Beetles. The adult beetles deposit their eggs just below the surface of the ground and _ the grubs hatching feed on the roots of plants for from two to three years. In Bulletin 44 of the Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station, Dr. S. A. Forbes states that the grubs do not change to pupae until June and July of the third 8eason,—the perfect beetles transforming in September but not emerging until the next spring. White Grubs are often very abundant and injurious in garden plots, but a good rotation of crops will do more than anything else to control these insects. Dr. Forbes claims that as the white grubs have an opportunity to develop only in sod land and do not seem to relish the roots of clover plants, it would be well to bring strawberries or 134 "THE REPORT -OF THE: vd ms ir + ai: No. 19 \ ae corn late into the rotation. He recommends a short rotation in which rye 4 is sown on the broken-up sod, then seeding to-clover the following spring, — followed by the small grains, and this followed again by corn or potatoes. ; If such a method, or a similar one, be adopted in gardens, very few com- q plaints would be heard regarding attacks of white grubs. When white grubs are known to infest lawns, kerosene emulsion may be applied with advant- — age, if followed by copious watering. ; Fruit Insects. The Peach-Tree Borer, (Sanninoidea eazitiosa Say (Fig. 73) is quite — prevalent in many of the Niagara peach orchards, as the brown gummy masses about the bases of the trees testify. These exudations are composed — of a mixture of earth, larval excrement, and borings, and sometimes they © extend entirely around the tree. The borer is the grub-like caterpillar of a~ beautiful moth, and works in the inner bark of the lower trunk or a large | root, excavating a tunnel. y The life-history is not yet well enough known to the peach growers. The © moths appear from July to September, and the females deposit their eggs on ~ Yama ils ' \ i ne Fig. 78. Peach-tree Borer; 1, female Fig. 74. Datars moth. moth; 2 male moth. the bark of the trunk near the ground soon after their emergence. The larva hatches in a week or so and begins to bore into the trunk, feeding and ~ forming its burrow until winter sets in, when it hibernates. In May the larva begins again to feed, and reaches full size in June or early July. It leaves its burrow then, and forms a dirty brown cocoon at the base of the — tree. As a pupa within this cocoon, it remains about three or four weeks, ~ when the moth emerges. a The old-fashioned method of ‘‘digging out’’ or ‘“‘worming’’ the borer is ~ perhaps the best that has been devised. The best time to do this work is_ in spring and fall, and it must be thoroughly done on all] the trees. The practice of ‘‘mounding’’ the trees in early summer is frequently © recommended, as it compels the deposition of the eggs some distance above ~ the ground, and the chances are that the birds and predaceous insects devour ~ the young larva before it has a chance to bore into the trunk. 4 Wrapping the trunk with tarred paper in July and washing the trunk — twice with a thick wash composed of ‘‘two quarts of strong soap, a half pint of crude carbolic acid in a pail of water with enough of lime and clay to make a thin paste,’’ are methods often used by fruit-growers with consid- ’ erable success. These methods will give best results if they are, made auxil-— lary to the worming process. The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst), has extended its area considerably during the year, not only in the Niagara district but also — in the south western part comprising the counties of Kent and Essex. In the latter region little or nothing is being done by the owners of the trees to control the scale, so that its spread has been very rapid. Phi te 2 Hat asl iby ye Re A \ -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 185 In the Niagara district there are now areas thoroughly infested which the inspectors three years ago reported ‘‘clean.’’ The number of dead and dying orchard trees is becoming larger every year, and many fruit-growers have had to go out of business because they would not spray. In another article in this Report I give an account of some experiments which Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself conducted to determine the efficiency of the newer scale remedies. a The Codling Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella) was perhaps not so des- _ tructive this year as usual to apples. The Fruit Marks’ Act is in many instances compelling apple-growers to spray their trees, for XXX or No. l fruit must be practically free from worm and scab. The Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) (Fig. 30) appeared in large numbers in one or two peach orchards along the lake shore in the Niagara district. This insect is a brownish, long-legged beetle, and breeds in sandy, undrained meadow land. The eggs are laid in the ground and the grubs feed on the roots of grasses. By autumn they reach full growth; in spring they pupate and the adults emerge in June or July. Sometimes these beetles fly in hordes to adjacent vineyards and peach orchards, where they devour the foliage and eat holes in the young peaches. Under such conditions little can be done for arsenteals do not seem to have much effect in diminish- _ ing their numbers. Usually they disappear as suddenly as they came. The only remedy to prevent future recurrences of these beetles is to break up and cultivate the meadow land, their breeditig places. The Apple Maggot (Trypeta pomonella) is a serious enemy of apples in the eastern part of the Province and Quebec. Its work is readily recognized, » as the maggot tunnels the pulp of the apple in all directions, thus rendering _ it worthless. The adults of these maggots are two-winged flies. They make their appearance in early summer and deposit their eggs through the skin of the apple. The maggots on reaching maturity crawl out of the apple, and transform to pupae in the ground, where they remain all winter. ; Spraying as a treatment for this insect is: of little or no value. The _ fallen apples and those infested with maggots should be fed to hogs; in fact, where these maggots are present every year, the hogs should have free run of the orchard. Grape-Berry Moth (Polychrosis viteana, Clemens). (Fig. 34). While engaged in carrying on spraying experiments in vineyards in the Niagara district this season, we found many cases of grapes which were infested with a small dark caterpillar. This caterpillar was quite abundant in some vine- yards and was evidently doing much harm. We were not able to work out the life-history of this insect on account of the limited time at our disposal, but we glean the following information from Bulletin 231, ‘‘The Grape- Berry Moth,”’ by Prof. Slingerland of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, November, 1904. The winter is passed in the pupa state in the cocoon, which is most com- monly observed on damp and decaying leaves near the ground under the vines. About the first of June the moths escape and deposit their eggs, a probably on the stems of the blossom clusters. The early caterpillars begin _ feeding before the grape blossoms are fully opened, and they often destroy : the bud blossoms. Throughout the blooming period the caterpillars continue a to work and destroy many of the young developing fruits. This first, or spring, brood of caterpillars feed on the outside of the blossoms and berries, and are thus readily treated with poisons. By July the first most of the caterpillars have reached full size and soon make their peculiar cocoons out of leaves fastened together by silk threads, and lined on the inside with white i RoC RAAT SCAR VAY CRORE Wf Peay NY idutsel eeaeaG lty SMe ome E ty NEU Ss Moe be ae AL AREA AL ete) C9) Co oretd JOM TER Ad NO Dwele re 4 a she ENE Ta Peat ya | pest ces AS tae a7 iat) § YODA tod Sa Oe Rt Es Ae rok eins a egy iedun ty Ny lie tf Neier A ig apa Werke Way t, Mik mh OMe E : Pee > y t Fup + As sat A, en ‘ain A ig TGCY Ree ee Mi at hed Poa ie") Shar Bay " » 3 : . . , ; alent ah ( { Vi Pasay EA. i5 Bet — 7 Hi» "i ; » pe 7, As poral e < i j < f , } ogy n~ 136 | THE ‘REPORT ‘OR THE. | No. 19 ji] silk. Within three or four days, the caterpillar, after forming its cocoon, transforms into a pupa, and a couple of weeks later the moth begins to emerge. Eggs are again laid for a second brood, and this summer brood of caterpillars works during the latter half of July and August. The-eggs of the summer brood are laid on the skin of the green berries or on the stems. The most injury is done by this second brood of caterpillars, since in Ontario vineyards the number of the second brood is very large. Many of this sum- mer brood become full grown in August and form their characteristic cocoons and develop moths by the first of September. Some, however, hibernate as pupae, so that there is only a partial third brood in the autumn. Some of the caterpillars of the third brood are full grown before October the first, and transform to pupae within the berries, but most of them make their characteristic cocoons on the leaves like the earlier broods. Prof. Slingerland recommends the following treatments for the Grape- Berry Moth: (1) The destruction of fallen leaves. As has been stated, .the cocoons winter over on the leaves near or on the surface of the ground. It is evident that the gathering and burning of fallen leaves will destroy the great major- ity of the cocoons. He also advocates early cultivation, especially the land along the trellis under the vines, in which case many of the hibernating pupz will be buried and destroyed. (2) The bagging of clusters of grapes, by putting paper bags around the clusters soon after they have set. This is practicable only to a limited extent, but many grape-growers find that it pays to bag many of their choice grape clusters. (3) The picking of infested berries in August. It is a comparatively easy matter to detect grapes infested with the Grape-Berry Moth caterpillar, and when such berries are picked and destroyed, much injury can be averted and the surrounding grapes can be saved. (4) The application of arsenical poison sprays. Experiments were con- ducted in the Chatauqua district during the last two or three seasons, and successful results have been secured from the application of arsenical poisons, and Prof. Slingerland strongly advocates their use in infested vine- yards, but states that the poison spray is effective only against the spring brood of caterpillars working in the blossoms, and recently set clusters. He advises two applications at the rate of four pounds of arsenate of lead in 50 pounds of water or Bordeaux Mixture. The first application should be made before the blossoms open and the second just after the blossoms fall. Now that many of our grape-growers are using Bordeaux for the control of the Black Rot and the Mildews, it is an easy matter to add the arsenical poisons to this mixture, so that the Grape-Berry Moth can be controlled at the same time as the fungus diseases. SHADE TREES. The Spiny Elm Caterpillar, the larva of the Mourning Cloak butterfly — (Euvanessa antiopa) was more numerous than usual this summer on elms. This caterpillar is not often sufficiently numerous to attract attention, or to destroy foliage. The different stages of this insect are interesting. The winter is passed as a butterfly, and almost any bright day it may be seen flitting about as if it enjoyed the sunshine. Its wings are of a dark, rich purplish-brown color with yellowish borders, dotted with brown. Its eggs are beautifully sculptured, and are laid in compact clusters about a twig. The caterpillars are salt-and-pepper colored with a row of red spots along Wee 1905 * \ PONS 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137 ) the middle of the back, and their bodies are protected by many branched spines. Their chrysalids are also spiny and they occur suspended by the tail. ‘The caterpillars of the White-Tipped Moth (Edema albifrons) were also very abundant this fall on the leaves of the hard maple about Guelph. They are readily recognized by their smooth, shiny body, by the numerous fine yellow and black stripes, and by the orange-red head, and the orange-red hump near the end of the body. The Walnut Datana Caterpillars (Datana Sp.) (Fig. 74) were very - numerous on walnut trees in the south western part of the Province in August and September, and in many cases stripped the trees of their leaves. These _larve when full grown are about two inches in length. To the owners of shade walnuts and hickories the habits of these caterpillars are rather mys- terious. When disturbed the caterpillars raise both ends of their bodies to assume a threatening attitude. They feed in colonies and at moulting period they descend the trunk of the tree and congregate in a large mass. When full grown they descend to the ground to pupate, hence their mysterious disappearance at this stage. The moths are brown, with bars crossing the front wings, which may expand one and three-quarter inches. These caterpillars can be readily poisoned by Paris green applications, and at moulting periods captured en masse. Fall Web-Worms (Hyphantria cunea) were more numerous this year than usual. Usually the webs are confined to forest trees, but this fall their webs were observed in many vineyards, on currant and raspberry plantations, and in apple orchards. Their webs are unsightly objects, especially when they are large, and become filled with dead leaves, moulted skins, and excrement. The cater- pillars differ in their habit of feeding from the Tent Caterpillars, as they always feed within the web. Moreover, they are very variable in color and markings,—some having a black band along the back and long white hairs, while others have two rows of prominent black marks instead of a band, and have shorter hairs. The pupae are formed within cocoons, and are usually found at the surface of the ground, mixed with dirt, in crevices of bark of trees, under fences, &c. The moths appear in early summer, and the eggs are deposited in flat masses on the under surfaces of leaves. There is but one brood a year in Ontario. Two or three lines of treat- ment may be adopted against the Fall Web-worm: (1) to spray the cater- pillars with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead; (2) to destroy the webs by burning them on the tree with a torch; and (3) to clean up all refuse so as to destroy the hibernating cocoons. The Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) was even more destructive this year than last, having been reported from many towns in the western peninsula. Briefly, the life-history is as follows :—The females winter over on the twigs, and in spring begin feeding and secreting a cottony mass for the reception of the large number of eggs which are laid at this time. The larve soon hatch by the thousands, and swarm over the leaves and twigs. They soon become fixed and begin forming a scale-like covering. In August they become mature, and usually in September females are fer- tilized by the males who die soon afterwards. Treatment is rather difficult, but much may be done by spraying the trees with the kerosene-soap emulsion at the time the larvae are crawling. Suc- cess has followed the application of strong streams of cold water in spring, when the eggs are dislodged from the cottony mass and are destroyed. In some cases winter and spring pruning is beneficial. It is very probable, y a Afra ys Y ' ‘ é 3 y Rent . a kN (ge eh Lats! 4 I Peal os 138 THE REPORT OF THE / however, that the insect enemies of this scale will soon get the upper hand and keep it in check. . ,: The Spruce Gall Louse (Chermes abietis) is extending its range every year, but in the older sections the parasities are apparently keeping it in check. There are two broods annually; the eggs of the first brood appear — in May in fluffy masses on the affected spruce twigs, the second in August. Judicious pruning when practicable, and applications of kerosene-soap— solution in May when the larvae are hatching will do much to prevent the i _ spread of this insect. ; The, Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma) was very injurious in our large — cities, but much information has been written in this and previous reports” _ regarding it, and it is only necessary here to note its occurrence. REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH OF THE ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO FOR THE YEAR 1905. The fourth annual meeting was held February 6th, 1905, at the Queen’s School, Vancouver. There were present Rev. G. W. Taylor (President) in — the chair, T. Wilson (Vice-President), R. V. Harvey (Secretary-Treasurer), — A. H. Bush, R. 8. Sherman, R. Draper and J. Towler. as The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. ae Treasurer presented the balance sheet for the year 1904, which was passed. ; The retiring officers were re-elected for the ensuing year. It was unanimously resolved that the British Columbia Entomological Society should become an affiliated branch of the Entomological Society of — Ontario, and the Secretary was empowered to conduct the necessary negotia- _ tions. 4 The Society now numbers nineteen active members; eight of these reside in the neighborhood of Vancouver, but the rest are so widely scattered through the Province as to make representative gatherings difficult, and severely handicap co-operation in entomological studies. . Individual members, however, have done good work, and the forthcoming list of B. C. Lepidoptera, compiled by Rev. G. W. Taylor, besides his papers on our Geometride, which will appear shortly, will show how much has been © accomplished in the last few years. In other orders various members are rapidly accumulating valuable ~ notes and extensive collections: in the Coleoptera, Messrs. Taylor, Hanham, and others; in Hymenoptera, Mr. Venables; in Diptera, Messrs. Venables, Sherman and Harvey. f The season of 1905 was not notable for either abundance of insects or particularly interesting captures. It is worth noting that a moth hitherto regarded as extremely rare, Lepisesia flavofasciata, var, ulalume, Strk., was taken in some numbers both by Mr. Taylor at Wellington and by several Vancouver collectors round cherry and apple blossom in early spring. Mr. Venables of Vernon records the capture of a specimen of a fine Sphingid, Marumba modesta. R. V. HARVEY, Dec. 30th, 1905. Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 138; hr) _ LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Be Abbott, Dr. A. R....... Torcnto. | Lochhead, Prof. W. ........ Guelph. Com Albright, Wet oe wae. London. MacMillan, H. R., 0.A4.C. Beamarus, G. Ace ove... cs. 3 | Maughan, J., The Tosentar erarnott, Dr. D: H.<..;.:... a | Mayou, Miss. ain fans aN ARe London. MMe Pe Ors iash cakes vore'es ef | Mayou, UA! BV he ced Be SAL Re of Baker, Merrit, O.A.C. ....Guelph. | | McCready, Prof. S. B.....Guelph. Balkwill, 1 el ge ae London. |. McQueen, Alex.” incl: London. Bapty, Miss Gertrude .... “ | Merchant, PrincipalF. W. ‘ [Beare Kojpage 48] BY) ek ee Guelph. Moore, T. Jz ORO ea Guelph. rensony Wie (Des 3.2. secae London | Morden, Jahns s.2aaee” Hyde Park. Bethune, Revw C2 aI82..: Be Mosey, "Miss Ae ipa tie ae Torcnto. Binnie, Mee SOLA CT . Guelph. Nash. ©) Wi. Pee eo a iaerese of Black, Davidson ........... Torcnto. Paine, JOWME sces ee eee nen London. Blackmore, Disp BiS topo « i Painter: At d ..1 OLA Gs, Guelph. BMS We OND. ei. ats eth e iM | wersons, (Cokie) sett hae London. Sei 2 0S eee London. \wuPearson . Gerald) ici. ennoe st Bmp Gws OAC 05. iva. Guelph. Peek Walter. Mi)... Freeman. Briddis, a Miss te) 24s0c ee London. Boon, Miss BellaGi, cote es (PusUSSlova WME: abaircr as wnraaeek ine Port Rowan. Bowman, Prof. J. H. ..... ie Pi eadwin wi ooh e Guelph. LEST ed 0) na >. Torcnto. Vet Reem mle. A Oe. 03: ake, London. Buchanan. J., O.A.C....... Guelph. liverinI eG GEV HW ese ace. ake acs eeHE ON Leon oo 3. bese Joe ten ose ts Oakville. . FO SSLET G) Ve 0 aes ae Ure iene pes Ottawa. Butterworth. ©. > .calics...: London. pap aes by; Revs AWis Mek. scons London. , Buttery, «Miss G.-.s.5...9.05. es | Sanders, G. E., 9.A.C.....Guelph. j “LE SE tea d Waiieer yet Oman pa Guelph. | Saunders, Henry S. ....... Torcnto. Cornish, eR eS Lindsay. \p Saunders, WUbs: fae, London. Creelman, Pres’t, O.A.C.Guelph., | Sherman, Prof. F., 0.A.C.Guelph. 4 Dearness;- Prof. Fohm, °c: London. | Silcox, Sidney POs ARE ne St. Thomas. Dickson, J. R., O.A.C. ....Guelph. | Simpson, Migs dit dst Mae London. Dunlop, Miss M. V......... Woodstock. jeeSlater Ay JB.c(OUA.C.. 0m Guelph. 4 Durand, Napier N. :...2.. Eglinton. lees be Walters. 2h eek London. : LUT Gare WE a ato ae Tercnto. pee Spitbaly Masssos 0.2. 17.5. 54550 ee : _WETIS C5 05 DEN eee Trenton. Stéwamb MH as eet Ottawa. ; Hishen George, Wi) o2955..4. Burlington, I OUOWATG. chanee. neiha kaw eee London. y MS GehOr MT. Ud cco .k cece enc de Ottawa. Stevenson,. Dr. W. J........ ai f MeO WARICS! Mo. Go sca0b iste c- London Pectin, Re AIA! Se Nee ee BES WN NH cal. Sed scales: Torcnto. CRE SH cy CRANE (C0) cu ADO 4 me oGammage, Wm. ............. London. Thompson) Ps dso. kde ees ft p Gibson, jArthur. 2.60.0. 002.0: Ottawa. Thompson, W. Recbin ...... se c, Goodeve, Miss A. ............ Woodstock. Thompstone, E., O.A.C....Guelph. _ Graham) R. R., 0.A.C....Guelph. Myners Sy Wer. sone Prescott. ie “SET peat, O87 D eae Orillia. Walker, BS Mie MB eereee Torcnto. ’ REO CIMEGEST Ea ee cence fatty SA London. Watson, Deva Uri Ro ee Pcrt Hope. aastis. Ward ..........2.. Walkerville. Webb, Jolin, yt se Torcnto. fetta abcartill. se Ak xe ye Torcnto. Wier fn OAR Cian inte oe Guelph. Ses ih a 0 s ee Copper Cliff. Westland, Malcolm ........ London. LS) SLUG) 0 2S ee Torcnto. White; Jamestit. ss) 4008 Snelgrove. 1° SVEN aia RS Bie Wheaton, R. R., O.A.C...Guelph. Byam itor WW. EL... ......24.- London. Williams, J. Bi hee ee. Torcnto. Harrington, W. ae sr eeiate ae Ottawa. Wood, POU eA aban Coldstream. TB ICI RA 1 6 14 a Se London. NV OOOS ISHED reves te ee recs Toronto. Horton, (ON EI ae ae ce i Torento. Heath aga ye Wiad Rees Lage cn 8 cme eee ae Baltimore. Hotscn, Seis OrA.G.: 5. Guelph. Woclverton, Dro)-::..0:...::. London. :. Hotson, Miss Maude ...... London. Wieroxc OMe ees ieee es. Little Britain. : Jackson, Vie Wi. ©. ACC. --Guelph. Neat CORI. CO aieeed ae ce Ne Hurdman’s rf, Jarvis, 7. D*, O. AO ee: Be | ; Bridge. Jones, D., Oh CO ees Bartonville. Zavitz; HE. J., O.A.C....... Guelph. —_— RG aS tellus. conic eect London. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. ssuimian CAR 55.decct don Ridgeway. IBRGTI HEAR Ae WV iodo todos tatoure Torcnto. le’ TB airy iteed fete DVR ntl Olam pene seh gpa gi Montreal. imck Ci Rie OLA. Cs:2..: Guelph. ' Begin, Rev. Abbe P. A...Sherbrooke. : : cht SUP Tanne es Te ig ne \ } . Ss tt Pats th Fu 140 THE | REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ne 19 List oF CANADIAN MrmBErs— Concluded. Be Bane Be de fay Quebec BritisH CoLnumMBia. are amerika a4 fears Ernest M. ...... Victoria. Rider, Miss’... se sccte. i Buse Hie ee Vv Brainerd, Dwight ..:....:... Montreal. Cockt atan 2) Anne te parpuesiiree Memeinerdy! By 32. iltdece se tae P Da, ae ea PED YC Got He Brodie, Mrs. Alex. ......... Quebec. aati y, EHNA Dy ARS rd Sag cote Burgess, DroDs-IW. :...: Verdun. Fi volay 7 Let cP ee it Fort Stock Chagnon, Gustave .......... Montreal. Ge) NON eons? ia aca Ob ee Denar Hl a Hanham, Ame We nt. cat Victoria. , e See eee eee eee eee eee wee Harve “Be Vv. EA) Vancouver. Dunlop (GiiOe 4 wees t TNS ee sorter eo As BONE! We Rie os Sherbrooke. Tene a erode ae Miss I. H. ...... een? Keen, Ray, stobte vets. eats Metlakatla. Fyles, 1 igs ate ae ane rhs Livingston, Clermont ..... Duncan’s Sta. Fyles, Mrs. cles wee or Fi Marrion ) Bins een vteectne Vancouver. a ery Ey aaa Reed, E. Baynes ............ Victoria. Fyles, era Dr vee oe Os } y Geggie, estes o Gee 2 Beauport. Sherman, RSet aunts + Vancouver. pete Wiss. Gaia c.. ie Skinner. Miah oF sessecsnes Duncan’s Sta. Gibb, Lachlan” :.........05.. Montreal. ath ee Bee G. W. ......., ges ee, Garpu PTA RASS REN Nth ee cs he, ef Ben eee er RR OSE . Hamel, Wicd Tallin. Teoin: Meee PP Sat as uerean: Hedeo. Mate Mouisek Manivoat’ AE Toh rg BOPP eT ile BURNT ancouver. Huard, Revo Wactor 2... 5-2 Quebec. Johnston, Miss M. G. ..... Levis. Parent gba cele Johnstone, Walstan ........ Montreal. C - dl. CARNAL Eig OARS A ALS mts Wiudsay, Pree aeracd “Qusher: oe an gua Rae ance ee Pivmaaie EL NEL.) 036th: one Montreal. H erie aah By a AR 7a Garde Ee MacDonald, Miss Elloe ...Quebec. petty carat rc sth ARE ee Machcod Misa E. a Hutchinson) VF) sono. Kinosota. McC gs a ity oa Aoneeaa. Marmont.) Tih. eee Rounthwaite. Woore tise Als es. 3. sae ces Montreal. Morgan, Mrs. James ...... Quebec. New BRuNeWwicx. er NewimamiG. es, . 5.02. Se Lachine Locks. MelntoshJWim. bit. hoes St. John. NOMS AWE). 5 ocecech ccbenacks Montreal. Gaelipt Oy 8! Vy eric Nova Scorta. Poston’, Mrs, T. Ales. 2. Levis. Harlow walt ie eect Truro. Te JAStep epee iO St Montreal. Mackay, 1D hp Neil & Keay a gas Halifax. SME MAIN. 2). Soweeeeeue ces is 1 Meese lb eeb crete antares canine Digby. eae at 5 Ps Sparen Swainer (J. Me. hook ee, Antigonishe. oy, Rev. Prof. Elias ..... evis. Seotts Rey B. G.i ls oc.cdc. Quebec. Honorary MeEMBers. sae vei ne Witte Levis. Ashmead, Dr. W..H. ...... Washington, rpeghanvayavse of Wal oD Aegae mn 47 D. C. ae ae. A eat & [Page a 6 fi : Cresson, | Nzra)'T.' 5... 020200. Philadelphia, outhee GooRe Meise elce utremont. ; Pa. Stevenson, @harlesy 2.5... Montreal. Edwards, William H. ..... Coalburgh, Womrehota, Ast Wa.) saccsccossen St. Hyacinthe. W. Va. Turnbull, Lt. rae a ee Quebec. Howard Jr) On ee Washington, “urner, Hon. Richard .... at do al Or furnery Mrs. Richard J.) ><‘ Osten Sacken, Baron R...Heidelberg, Wade, Miss Annabel ...... Rs Germany. ea ed Gladys H. i Scudder tek: oar steee: Cambridge, (Sa) C02) PBI ae See oS a Mass. en, rea Tce eae ages Smith, Brofid. 3B. o.oo... New Eran meV Gu berber. sos anes ne. omo wick, N.J. Wood, Rev. Edmund ....... Montreal. 1 Bic key cael 2sbael Gn) that pey mete Baltimore,Md. Pee Webster, Prof. F. M. ..... Mi aa het ino HOS. s... a-ak ee High River. Wickham, Prof. H. F. *) lows City, Dod,E: H. Wolley.....:... Millarville. Towa. Comlatetenry:s... sk caccsetee Red Deer. a as Beret ese Blackfalds. 5 a . ee pes ei BESOIN GSES Hee oNekden. Banff. aunders, Dr. Wm. 1rec- : tor of the Experiment- ASSINIBOIA, al Farms of the Do- pW altace IN Sas se edie ones Regina. TNIMIOM)..-.4,ssset--seneese ens Ottawa. icy * “Nee ‘itl Eyes te e 4 j le ota ate) \ ! PAGE. PAGE. Werctis subgothica. -.......2....1:... 107 (fig.) Clover-leaf'; Weevil’ ..53h. 20sec 84 merotis: ypsilon’ .......222...........5 106 (fig.) | Clover-seed Caterpillar ........5........ 84 Aldrich’s Catalogue of N. Am. ) Clover-seed Midge..................2.:..0062 34 MBAR GED Reon cates ecg oes Soncsd arden vecs ene 92 Clover Weevil, the Green ............... 84 Algonquin Park, insects of ............ 65 Cedling:) Moth ..5.5..4% 8, 13, 14, 22, 135 American Insects: Kellogg ............ 93)" 7)"; Coleophora; *laricellays 2. ssa reer 90 Anopheles maculipennis ............... 35 | Coleoptera, captures of ...........22..... 100 Anthcnomus signatus .................000. 99) |e. -Cclumbine. Borer. 202). se eee 118 MPS rch eases nckejeaces deNeaals «o- 116 (figs.) Conotrachelus nenuphar ............... 26 BAWAHIG UDGASSICE! ...-..c.ccco-o sence ited eneede 86 | Cook’s Insect Galls of Indiana ...... 92 Aphis of the Apple, the Woolly, 8, 10 (fig.) Corn, Insects affecting ............... 83, 131 Apple, insects affecting, 8, 138, 14, EME SS Ce wee lame ht hos 2 22, 87, 88, 135 PTEMIPS, PUPDUTANR, 2.5 ..cc.ssscs--0se0cs 0s 122 PATEHIPS. TOSACCANA .3....0.0...2060 056 116 (fig.) Asparagus Beetles ...........2:...... Si 4: Aspidiotus perniciosus (see San Jose scale). PEP OMEMSTATICAT 233003 5 cree ssc oce auule's sueiee soe 119 “ble nah Call )2t2 9 | 123 (fig.) Barathra occidentata ................ 85, 107 Bedellia somnulentella ................... 122 Beneficial Insects .................. 106 (figs.) Bethune, C. J. S., artcles by ...... 10, 46 minaver beetles ... cv .c.0s. 0c 6iseleen- 109 (figs.) Bembus,_ species fertilizing Red CTT EUR Eee Se 129 Books on Entomology ..................... 92 British Cclumbia Butterflies Buffalo Tree-hopper 89 Bumble-bees that fertilize Red Clover 128 Seaprestis- Borer \......0..<.<......... 125 (fig.) TEL gM 8-005 2) a 117 Butterflies of the West Coast: LICE SS ES a A 94 Cabbage, insects affecting ...86, 131, 133 alosoma calidum ~....:.0./.....0... 106 (figs.) Calosoma scrutator .............. 54, 55 (fig.) Carnations, Maggot affecting ......... 120 BPREROGMECUISET Yo ic5 0-08 ec thgeseeceac ces 86 Cecidomyia leguminicola ................ 84 Cereal crops, insects affecting...... 2155'S etesa DUPAGE cccec0l lsc sce saecsoece de cons 89 BPBGLINGS, ADICHIS: osc). nteecs-cecekete ces 89, 138 Chrysophanus thoe ................ 119 (figs.) Cieada canicularis ............55 (figs.), 58 Cladius pectinicornis ...:.................: 111 141] Cottony Maple Scale...10, 11 (fig.), 14, 137 Cucullia asteroides ...........sesce00.-c90s 119 Culex: pipiens ice oAiccs Sauces ae 35 Culex:pungens) |: ... 000 .dsbon eee 36 (figs.) Currant (Sawily.? ssc.caits cc ueeee ee 8 Gutworms) 426.04 me 7, 85, 106 (figs.) Datana caterpillars on Walnut ...... 137 Dendroctonus® frontalis* j.:).ic<.scgscse ne 126 Discrisianvirginica ........\ 4.6... 113 (figs.) Diamcnd-back Moth ..... 85 (figs.), 86, 112 BRASS: TOBE Li)... ap sosd ne nas serene eer eateeee 114 Dieicchis/voniniyoral..)..)-seeeesess ee 19 Diptera, captures of4 5 2205.0 sce 104 Diptera, Catalogue of N. American: ATIC cies ease tees Pom eon eee 92 Dragon-flies from Algonquin Park 64, 67 Hidemapaloironsy y-tscet eee ee 137 Kmphytus Canadensis’ ......20.)...:5.005: 115 Bmiphytus' ieinetipess\. 2.51 asemecea. neers Halal Hindelomiyia (Tose ee. tedc cee ea eee 111 Enodia portlandia ............... 54, 55 (fig.) Epicauta pennsylvanica ................ 109 Eipicautalvilvbatames eee ease 109 (fig.) Estigmene acra@a ..1..............- 113 (figs.) Hudemisbotranan-c eects sees: 87 (fig.) Euptoieta claudia ............ 24 (fig.), 120 Muavanessay ANnciopa.) /.a2.es lee - kes sewers 136 Evans, John D., articles by ...... AT,» “49 Ha lit Web=wonmissacgscessqssseone a: roll iea e 15 1/ Field ercps, Insects affecting ...... Pala Sih Flea Beetles ...... 85, (fig.), 86, 110, (fig.) Fletcher, J., articles by ...... 79, 81, 90 Flower garden, injurious insects of EM Gpracste meme rte side e hae ties ahah See ees 105 Fodder crops, Insects affecting ...... 83 Norest Insects) .3.5.02566.«: 56, 89, 123 (figs.) ee ON Ae age ee NN baa a es # ipa ern aa yale eos Bi THE REPORT OF THE. 142 PAGE Four-lined Leaf-bug ......4......--e..+0+ 108 Fruit-trees, Insects affecting ......... DA ie tn gh ceOAg: 8, 22, 27, 86, 134 Fyles, T. W., articles by ...... 15, 56, 61 _ Garden crops, Insects affecting ...21, 130 Gibson, A., article by ............:1..e0+ 105 Gertyna cataphracta ........-.- We oe Sa 15 Gortyna nitela ..........:.ceeeeeeee eet eeee es 15 Grant, C. E., article by .....-..-..+-+- 9 Grape-berry Moth ..........-. 87 (fig.), 135 Grape-vine Flea-beetle ..........-. 115 (figs.) Grape-vine Leaf-hopper .........--.:+.++ 114 _Grapholitha interstinctana ............ 84 Gryllide from Algcnquin Park ...... 67 Heematobia serrata .........:.:ceeeeeeeeees 129 Haltica chalybea ........:........565 115 (figs.) Hampson’s Catalogue of the Lepid- optera Phalene in the British arSeulinea sect sh cole ie: caviar ie Moar ia ves 93 Harlequin Cabbage bug ...........- 22 (fig.) Hemerocampa leucostigma .............++ 9 Hemiptera of the Adirondacks: Van RTIZAGO Meee erties scot erin tee setan es 94 Hickory, insects affecting ..............- 126 Homohadena badistriga ...............5++ 118 RR Habe oh wheel oi Ze waye aivedeeroane ata 129 Hyphantria cunea, +... 04.2... cesees- ses 137 Insect Galls of Indiana: Cook ...... 92 Insects as Nature Studies ............... 52 VT OSPRA STD: Cag Aa Be eh ae 118 SOSH A, MOTOGE tina. soa es aheteasaos oes 129 HSOSOTN a PULIEICH 19S 26%.) 5. daveneee te 81 (figs.) Jarvis, FT. D., articles by ..-..:.:, 127, 128 Jassidz, of New York State: Osborn 93 CHIGAVROLIMIS Se sso tencer onc ceac ibm amt te 81, 129 i rliavaliaute peters) Fy yee ne Aiea see 24 (fig.) Kellogg’s American Insects .:.......... 93 Kerosene emulsion, imprcved method Op ATA IANS ye chs ates. oeceekeeaa dey oes 88, 109 Labidcmera clivicollis ...................+ 117 ace-winged Wy: visss.i---.s-22e208 106 (figs.) Wady-bird, Beetles (2.2....05.:.2es. 106 (figs.) Misamehy, Case-beareri .¢osevsscecsessceceueme 90 Raereh Gaw- iy, us hhc ste ces dois 89, 124 (fig.) MAN IHI POLS! jak cece s 20 ve dboblde GoW ae ols seas 114 Leaf-tyer, the Greenhouse ............... 121 Lepidoptera Heterocera, captures of 97 Lepidopteral Rhopalocera, captures of 96 Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Catalogue MES KANON 7 sc.8s sre bee oh eco sete seee 94 Lepidoptera Phalenz, Catalogue of: PUPPIES CRY She w Sols Ss inc oa ele nips ae nero mre ge 93 Lepidosaphes ulmi............ 114, 115 (figs.) , _ Leptinotarsa decemlineata ...... 117 (Gena Lime, Sulphur and Salt Wash...... 22; 27 q Lithocolletes fragilella ..-............... 122 - Lochhead, W., articles by ......... 27, 129 Locustide from Algonquin Park ...... 67 4 Lyda affecting Spruce ............ 127 (figs.) Lygus pratensis...... 15, 108, 131, 132 (fig.) © Lyman, H. H., article by ....... cheat yee Macrodactylus subspinosus ............ sonia 81 (figs.), 83, 110 (fig.), 124, 185 Macronoctua omnusta .........0s.0.0-se000s 118 Mamestra picta ............ 8, :10 ig.) 4a Maple-leaf Gall Mite ..................00. Q- Maple Scale, the Cottony, 10, 11 (fig.), 14 May Beetle ......... 12. (figs.), 14,. 58; 107e McCready, S. B., article by ......... 52 Mecostethus pracilis(4::3..2\...2.:s-c6bea 65 = Mecostethus.' lineatus Ji.4.5....)..4¢5000. 654 { Melancplus-Brumery (-7c.02.:S.ih tease 66 | Melanoplus species taken in Algon- — Quin Parked 2) vin. ite eeeent ahaa rece 66 Menrbers,> List). of ir detectors 139 Milkweed Doryphora .......2:..3:...c.008 117 Mints Sphinx 7 ieee kce cae cn eee 119° 9 Monohammus scutellatus ............ 59 (fig.) Monohammus titillator ............. 59 (fig.) Mosquitoes, Disease transmitting..... 34 Mosquitoes of New Jersey: Smith... 94 Mosquitoes, Work against .............. 35 Murgantia histrionica, ............... 22 (fig.) Nemobtus:, palustrisn 20) 466.sd:aea tee 65 Nicholl. Mires. article) by osic4e. steer 70 North Carolina, Entomological con- GUELORS IN ee uscb ssn see ene ean be eae 20 Oblique-banded Leaf-roller .............. 116 Odonata, ccaptures Of) %...s+-0cteeteeeeee 102 Odonata from Algonquin Park ...64, 67 © Olethreutes hemidesma .................. 11949 Onion izecot. \iipee tone ce cee 133 4 Orchelimum ‘vulgare .Y2....0.. sb .ceees 65 Oroyviaiean tiga s-skeecceeaene eee 15,9200 Orgyia leucostigma ............... 15,18) oe Orthoptera, captures of «............<.00 102 Orthoptera from Algonquin Park...... 64 Osborn’s Jasside of New York State 93 Oyster-shell Scale ............ 114, 115 (figs.) Papilio Wen wag Sib. ..b ea cee eanee 26 (fig.) Packard: Dr? A. Si, death Jot ei 40 Papaipema ,cataphractay)...20....::--0re 118 Papaipema nitela’ is.......» = wae PLATE C. . Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall. (Hormaphis spinosus. ) 2. Witch-Hazel'Cone Gall. (Hormaphis hamamelidis. ) 3. Cottonwood Petiole Gall. (Pemphigus populicaulis. ) 4. Hickory Cone Gall. ( Phyllcxera caryae-fallax. ) 5. Cockscomb Gall on Elm. (¢ olopha ulmicola. ) 6. Basswood Mite Gall. (Hriophyes abnormis. ) [Paani] Hm Cob re PLATE D. Furry Ball Gall on Oak. (Andricus lana. ) 5. The Larger Oak-Apple. ( Amphibolips confluentis. ) Oak Midrib Gall. (Andricus piger. ) 6. Mossy Rose Gall. ( Rhodites rosae. ) 7. Virginian Creeper Midrib Gall. [ x. ] Vein Gall on Oak. (Cecidomyta quercus- majalis. ) Vein Gall on Blue Beech. (Cecidomya pudibunda. ) (Cecidomyia sp.) . Ball Gall on Hickory. (Diplosis caryae. ) Jeni! Ih Spiny Balk Gall on Wild Rose. ( Rhodites bicolor.) ocellata. ) esin) 4. Rose Stem Gall. (Rhodites globulus. ) 5. Ash Gall. (Cecidomyia pellex. ) . Ball Gallon Wood Nettle. (Cecidomyia urnicola.) 6. Eye Spot Gall of Maple. ( Cecidomyia Puare F. Soft Maple Mite Gall. (Hriophyes quadripes) . Two specimens on left, Elliptical Goldenrod Gall. (Gelechia gallaesolidaginis. ) Two specimens on right. (7rypeta solidaginis. ) [ xii. ] Sl Entomological Society of Ontario 1906. To he Honourable Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture: S1r,—I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year 1906. It con- tains the proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Society, which was held at its new headquarters in the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, and also papers on practical and descriptive entomology which have been prepared for the information of farmers, fruitgrowers and gardeners as well as others who are interested in the work of noxious and beneficial insects. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine published by the Society, has been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed its thirty-eighth annual volume. It continues to maintain its well-established reputation for scientific entomology. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Editor. 1 EN. Entomological Society of Ontario. OFFICERS FOR 1906-1907. President—James Fietoner, LL.D., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa. Vice4+President—Trnnyson D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology and Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Secretary—E. J. Zavirz, B.S.A., Lecturer in Forestry, O. A. College, Guelph. Treasurer—S. B. McCreapy, B.A., Professor of Botany and Nature Study, O. A. Col- lege, and Macdonald. Institute, Guelph. Librarian—Rev. C. J. S.. Beruunst, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—J. Eaton Howitt, B.S.A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1—C. H. Youne, Hurdman’s Bridge. Division No. 2—C, E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. Wiu1aMs, Toronto. Division No. 4—C. W. Nasu, Toronto. Division No. 5—Grorce E. Fisuer, Burlington. Division No. 6—J. A. Batkwitu, London. Directors—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Professor Wm. Saunpgers, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa ; Rev. C. J. 8. Bernunn, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacur Harrineron, F.R.S.C., Ottawa: Professor Joun Dzarness, Vice-Principal Normal School, Lon- don; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. FYues, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q.; Professor Wm. LoouHeap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q.; Joun D. Evans, C.E., General Manager Central Ontario Railway, Trenton. Auditors—B. Bartow, B.S., and H. S. Pzarr, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural Col- lege, Guelph. Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist’’—Rev. Prof. ButHune, Guelph. Editing Committee— Dr. Fiercuer, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Loonweap, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. ; G. E. FisHer, Burlington ; J. B. Wri11ams and C. W. Nasu, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—A. F. Winn, Montreal. la EN. [2] 3 v _ Entomological Society of Ontario. ANNUAL MEETING. The forty-third annual meeting of the Entomological Society of On- tario was held in its new headquarters at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, October 10th and 11th, 1906; the - sessions were presided over by Vice-president Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Botanist, Ottawa. Among the members present were Mr. John D. Evans, Trenton, the retiring President; Mr. Henry H. Lyman, - Montreal; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman’s Bridge; Dr. Brodie and Messrs. C. W. Nash, J _ B. Williams and Paul Hahn, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Burlington; Mr. J. Fred Smith, San Jose Scale Inspector for Ontario; President Creelman, _ Professors Hutt, McCready and Bethune, Messrs. Jarvis, Zavitz, Eastham, _ Howitt, Barlow and Peart, of the Ontario Agricultural College and the Mac- donald Institute: Letters expressing their regret at their inability to attend were received from the Rev. Dr. Fyles, Levis, P. Q.; Professor Lochhead, ' Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. Q.; Mr. A. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa; Messrs. J. A. Balkwill, W. E. Saunders and John Law, London; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, ' Montclair, N. J. Owing to the lateness of the train from the east, there was only time for a brief meeting of the Council on the morning of the 10th, at which some _ necessary business was transacted. In the afternoon of Wednesday, October 10th, the Society met at 2.30 o'clock; owing to the large attendance, over a hundred being present, the meeting was held in the spacious Massey Hall. The proceedings began with a discussion on the Codling-worm. THE CODLING-WORM DISCUSSION. Dr. FietcHeEr, the chairman, opened the debate by giving an outline of the life-history of the insect, the extent of its ravages and the ordinary methods of dealing with it. The following is a condensed summary of his remarks : The Codling Moth is probably one of the most injurious insects that + we have to deal with in Canada in fruit work. The remedies are all well- known, and are all sufficient, if a proper amount of care is taken by fruit growers. However, it is neglected by many, and I think the present state of the apple crop of this year is very largely due to fruit growers and farmers generally not having paid attention to the regular remedies which they ought to have made use of and not keeping their orchards clean and free from the codling moth as well as they might have done. A great deal of work and care are requisite, and as its habits vary somewhat in different parts of [3] i REPORT OF No. 19) Canada, it is necessary to know its life history. In my own observations I f have found that east of Toronto, or about Toronto, there is practically only one brood in the year, while west of Toronto there are two. This means that in Western Ontario the fruit grower has a different and harder task before him. In Eastern Ontario, having only one brood to deal with, it can be practically controlled by the spring spraying, which everybody seems to have energy enough to carry out. West of Toronto, it seems necessary to supplement the work of spraying by banding the trees with burlap, or other material, giving the caterpillars a shelter in which to spin their cocoons, and then destroying them before the moths emerge. Where spraying and ban- daging the trees are faithfully carried out, the Codling-moth is very materi- ally reduced in numbers. But notwithstanding all that is done, the apples going to market every year are to a large extent damaged by this insect, and the unsightly appearance of the apple with injury on the side or at the calyx end reduces its selling value. We thought, therefore, that it would be advisable to have a discussion this afternoon upon this important insect pest, as in every conference of this kind some fresh points of value are sure to be brought out. It is no exaggeration to say that at least one-quarter of the loss sustained by fruit-growers every year is caused by the Codling-worm, and therefore it is a matter of great financial importance that we should learn the best and most effective methods of dealing with this pest. Dr. Fletcher then described the proper methods of spraying fruit trees and applying bandages, and stated that, if fruit-growers would faithfully adopt this cheap means of dealing with the insect, they would save a very large amount of their income derived from orchards. He next referred to the parasites which, in many instances, effectually keep down the insect enemies of crops. It often happens that a particular insect is extremely abundant one year while the next year few are to he found. This reduction in numbers is largely due to the work of parasites. Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, has for many years made a special study of the Cod- ling-moth and of the parasites which affect it and a number of other injur- inous insects. He will tell us this afternoon what he has done in this direc- tion and the results of his investigations. The introduction of a new parasite from some other part of the world is a very difficult matter and eS eS requires long continued efforts in order to secure satisfactory results. The — introduction of the Vedalia cardinalis into California to destroy the Cottony- _ cushion scale is probably the only marked instance of successful work of this kind which has ever been brought about. It is hoped that the efforts now being made to establish a parasite of the Codling-worm in California will be successful; there are great difficulties to be overcome, and it will be some time before the parasite will become sufficiently numerous to control this enemy of the fruit. The study of parasites covers a field of very excellent and useful work, but up to the present time there have not been many prac- tical results. Dr. Bropir, before reading his paper, stated that he was a firm believer in the good results to be obtained through parasites. Dr. Bethune was the first person in North America to advocate the introduction of parasites to keep in check the imported insects that ravaged our wheat fields. His own recollections went back to sixty years ago when the Codling-worm was utterly unknown in Ontario; apple trees were then very large and productive. It was not till somewhere about 1858-1860 that it made its appearance. During the last ten years he had been pursuing rather carefully the study of this insect, taking in the larvae, breeding them through the winter and discov- ering to what extent they were attacked by parasites. He found it a very : ‘ — 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5 difficult matter to procure a sufficient quantity of material for study, that is, of the larvae and pupae, during the different seasons of the year, and had never been able to get a satisfactory supply. Dr. Fletcher has told us that if the remedies prescribed, which are well known, were fully carried out, the insect would be kept well under control; he entirely agreed that these methods are the most rational and successful for combatting the ravages of the insect. Prevention by parasites has long been discussed and surprise has been expressed that their influence for good has been practically nothing. This failure, he believed, was largely due to the counter influence of second- ary parasites which have an extended geographical range. He then read the following paper: PARASITISM OF CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA. By Dr. W. Bropie, Toronto. The all important problems of parasitism, as means for checking the in- crease of plant eating insects, have for more than half a century been much in entomological literature, and it seems that parasitism is recognized every- where as the great power arranged by nature to check the rapid increase of plant eating species. The parasitism of the Codling-moth has not been overlooked. Several species of primary parasites have been detected and identified, and surprise is ofcen expressed that their influence for good is so little, we may say inap- preciable. Now there may be several reasons for this; it may be the primary parasites we know are not the species arranged by nature to check the over — increase of the Codling-moth. But one special reason I have detected is the presence of a secondary parasite, namely, Dibrachys boncheanus. This in- sect has a wide geographical range in Asia, Europe and North America, and although one of the smallest insects, exercises an immense influence in the world of insect life as a checking and balancing-up power. So far as known to us, it is without doubt an injurious insect, as most secondary parasites are. On Aug. 28, 1905, I received from Mr. W. A. Peer, Freeman P. O., a small box containing 18 C. pomonella larvae and pupae. On Aug. 29, there emerged 2 moths, 1 primary parasite, Pimpla pteralis, and 12 second- ary parasites, Dibrachys boncheanus. Sept. 20, 1905, a package from Stay- ner gave from June 2-10, 1906, 17 moths and one primary parasite, a Pim- pla. Sept. 25, 1905, a package from Prescott, gave in June, 1906, 4 moths and 2 primary parasites, 1 Pimpla, 1 Ephialtes. I may say that I am in- debted for identifications to Dr. Ashmead, of Washington, acknowledged to be the highest authority on parasitic Hymenoptera in the world. During the many years in which I have been engaged in working out some of the problems of parasitism, I have found the primary parasitism of the Codling-moth to be about 0.5 per cent. No doubt it would be much greater were it not for the presence of the secondary parasites. In a further pursuance of the many interesting, practical and important problems pre- sented, such as the life histories and relations of the primary and secondary parasites known to infest the larvae and pupae of the Codling-moth, and the relationships of these to allied species, preying abundantly on numerous species of Tortricidae, more or less common in open woods and_ thickets 6 REPORT OF No. 19 everywhere throughout the Province, a careful comparison of the hosts and habits of our native species with closely related foreign ones would be of very great value. This might result in the importation of species more potent for good than our native ones. In order to arrive at a satisfactory solution of the many problems in- volved in the investigation of this subject, an ample supply of material, larvae and pupae of the Codling-moth, must be at hand at all seasons, col- lected in many localities throughout the Province. Surely the magnitude of the interests involved, and the rational claims of the indicated scientific method are such as to justify a sufficient effort by entomologists and fruit growers in determining the efficacy of parasitism in effectually overcoming the Codling-moth pest. Dr. Bropir went on to say that the parasites he referred to are well- known, having a wide range over the United States and Canada. He had obtained them from the north, east and west of Ontario. The secondary para- site is exceedingly small, less than one-sixteenth of an inch, and on looking back he thought that his precautions were not sufficient, and that these minute creatures may have escaped detection. In pursuing an investigation of this kind, it is necessary for the worker to carefully fix his jars or bottles in such a way that these very small insects may not escape, but be retained for observation. The jars used should be small, but yet large enough for the atmosphere not to be too moist; they may be covered with cheese-cloth or some other thin material. This is a very important subject and should form an attractive field for work, affecting as it does our largest fruit in- dustry. Pror. Hurt said that he had travelled over a considerable portion of the Province this summer and found the Codling-worm exceptionally bad, especially in the Niagara district and the eastern part of Ontario. In some’ orchards half the crop was destroyed. It. was now making its appearance in Algoma, and had this summer made some headway on St. Joseph’s Island. It needs careful watching in order to keep it in check, as it 1s covering all, sections where apples are grown. If parasites are of use in reducing the numbers of the pest, they are not increasing fast enough to control it to any extent. Something more than parasites is required, and that is the em- ployment of the established remedies by the fruit-growers themselves. Mr. C. W. Nasu said that the question of dealing with the Codling- worm was one of the greatest possible importance. As matters now stand, we are simply covering the ground with trees that to a great extent give us © little in return. The remedies spoken of by Dr. Fletcher are certainly very easy of application and always show good practical results, provided that these remedies are applied thoroughly and at the proper time. The great difficulty that we find in dealing with the farmer is that he either does not believe in the practicability of these remedies, or he does not apply them just when he should. In the first place, with regard to spraying, as referred to by Dr. Fletcher, some men will spray their trees just when they happen to have the time to do so, without regard to the state of the fruit, or the tree, or the stage of the insect. In many cases where spraying is done at the wrong time, it is just money thrown away. If spraying is to be efficacious at all, it must be done before the larva has entered the apple. To catch them just at that particular time requires observation and the exercise of some little judgment. The codling moth deposits its eggs near or upon the little apple as it is first formed, about the time the petals drop from the blossoms. Those who have observed apples will have noticed that the-little embryo apple stands erect upon the stem with the calyx expanded. A few days after - SS OE as eae Le ee a i a a pie: E ae 1906 ; - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 7 | _ the petals have fallen, the stem curls over, the apple hangs down, and the calyx closes. If you spray after this has taken place, you are simply throwing away material, as there is no chance of its getting into that little calyx cup. _ To do your spraying, then, so that it should be efficacious, you should spray as soon as the petals fall, while the apple is erect. You then have a chance, a good chance, but even then nothing more than a good chance, of getting a small portion into the calyx cup. If you do, when the larva goes into the calyx cup and makes its first meal with the intention of entering the apple, it is very likely to be its last. Very little poison will be necessary at that time. The insect is remarkably weak and small. You cannot, how- ever, hope to get a little poison into every apple on the tree, some will be missed and escape. But that is the point you must bear in mind, to spray at the proper time. Having done that and reduced very largely the number of larvae that are in your apples, you should supplement that treatment _ by afterwards bandaging the trees. If you do that, the probability is that it will not be a very great tax upon the product. A farmer in my neighbor- hood has a large orchard of old trees. He sprayed at the proper time, and he thought by so doing he had done everything that was necessary, and others had told him the same. I told him to bandage his trees as well, that _ itis much better to be safe than sorry, but he ridiculed the idea. So I took an old bag and did it myself, and eight days afterwards I went back. We took that bag off and there were seventy-two cocoons beneath the bag. These are the two remedies that are certain. Another point to consider, and this is one that I think you should take into your deepest consideration, and that the government should enforce. It is that every man who has apple trees should be compelled to take pre- - cautions against the Codling-worm. A man who has large interests at stake will undoubtedly make some effort to protect his property, but the man on the small village lot with a few straggling trees—what does he care? The result is that these few scattered trees. here and there enable cocoons to mature in a sufficiently large proportion to provide codling-moths for the whole Province. It has come to this, that unless a man will take care of his trees he should not be allowed to have them. I have tried myself for very many years to find out if there is any parasite affecting the codling- moth tikely to be of any service. I have consistently failed to do anything of the kind. It was very rarely that I ever found a parasite. It may be that in some sections and in some seasons they are abundant. The parasites will have to be more abundant to show their effects, but so far as the codling- moths are concerned, I think you will have to look to your own efforts to reduce them. The very nature of the moth makes it almost exempt from any attack by insect parasites. It is practically exempt from any injury by out- side enemies. In the pupa stage it is destroyed by birds. If we had more trunk-cleaning birds the orchards would have fewer codling-moths. You should take into consideration some means of compelling persons who main- tain apple trees to look after them, or else see that they are prevented from keeping them. Dr. Fietcuer said that the experience in this country of trying to con- trol people by legislation proved that such efforts were almost entirely use- less. Now, the question of whether it is worth while to spray or not is one, I think, I need not discuss. All evidence and statistics show that it does pay to spray, and instead of losing 75 per cent. of the crop you can save it, as an average. At most the cost of spraying trees the number of times that it 1s necessary is less than 25 cents for large trees, and the number of bushels you will get off them will more’ than pay that expenditure many 8 REPORT OF No. 19 times over. The present year, with a short crop in many sections, shows that the benefits to those that have sprayed will be enormous, and these are just the years when the work is most effective. The crop is small, it requires less expenditure for handling and shipping, and more than that, the sample is finer. When orchards are properly sprayed one inspection is sufficient to, at any rate, gain the sympathy of any fruit grower with spraying. He will spray every year after that. As to the advantage of spraying an orchard regularly, the benefits are very marked. At Ottawa, the horticulturist at the Experimental Farm now knows that he cannot afford not to spray. He has learned now to spray effectively, and the advantages are shown by the fact that for the past eight or ten years the codling-moth is almost unknown in these orchards, and I can get no specimens there. How far do you think I have to go to get specimens of the codling-moth? Just beyond a sixty-foot row of trees. I canot find any codling-moths in our own orchards on the Farm, but need only go to these trees outside to get all I want. That shows the local benefit to the man who sprays, and it shows that although the cod- ling-moth flies, it does not fly to such long distances as to impair the benefit to the man who sprays; while he who does not spray must pay the price that his loss entails. In addition to the benefits from the remedies already referred to, it is most advisable to exercise the greatest care in examining and cleaning out any barrels or cases used for packing fruit which are brought in from out- side sources and which may have contained infected fruit, as these may con- tain cocoons of the codling-moth. He had now at Ottawa cocoons of this in- sect with larvae still unchanged which were spun in July, 1905. A very few moths emerged in August, 1905, many in June, 1906, and some would not emerge till the spring of 1907. This, he thought, was a new fact in the life-history of the insect. Mr. G. E. Fisuer: In regard to treating any troublesome insect, I always find it worth while to look for a remedy. With the farmers there seems to be a difficulty about spraying. Asa rule, fruit-growers do not like to spray, and a great many do not spray, and the reason is because they have never done it. Now, I am a little surprised that in all this discussion regard- ing the codling-worm no reference has been made to the hog remedy. In a large orcnard that I am familiar with, there are 2,000 apple trees in bearing, and there are any amount of moths. Asa rule, an apple tree can well spare some of its fruit. The trees are better without it. Those apples that are attacked will fall to the ground, then we want about fifty hogs in an orchard of ten or twenty acres to follow up these apples and pick and eat them, and so destroy the worms. Dr. Fletcher has already explained the second brood that does the damage in this country. The first is a benefit by reducing the superabundance of fruit. If we can follow up those apples that fall, we have a remedy that is very easy'to apply, will work out very satisfactorily indeed. A great many people seem to think that apples are of no advantage to hogs. I knew a man a few years ago, and he had a lot of apples and hogs. I told him to turn his hogs into his orchard, and he stated that he thought they would get too thin if he let them run, but finally he put them in, and the first thing he knew his hogs were too heavy to sell. They were be- yond the limit. He has said ever since that there is an advantage in apples in connection with hog-feeding. JI have found the hog remedy a very use- ful one, and perhaps you would scarcely think it, a hog has a very acute hearing, and if the ground is at all hard (we cultivate in the early part of the season), I have seen a hog’s ears stand up when an apple fell and he’ would listen a moment and then go and find that apple, perhaps a hundred -_ * yk Caz 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 yards away. Another thing in connection with hogs, they are pretty good scavengers. I have noticed hogs follow a caterpillar along the ground, and wait until he had caught up and then eat it. They clean up the insects very nicely. Dr. FretcHeR: You mean pigs, not old hogs, do you not? Mr. Fisuer: I mean growing pigs. Dr. Frercuer: Did you find that the pigs rooted too much? Mr. Fisuer: No difficulty in that way. On different occasions the orchard was sown with peas and before the peas were ripe the apples were falling. The pigs not only ate the peas and apples, but plowed the ground as well, Mr. T. D. Jarvis exhibited some apples that were affected by the cod- ling-worm, and spoke first of the good work performed by woodpeckers in puncturing the bark and extracting the larvae from their winter quarters. He then gave an outline of the life-history of the insect at Guelph, stating that about fifteen per cent. of the first brood of worms pupate in the sum- mer, and the moths that come from them produce a second brood. The remainder pass over to the next year. There is thus at Guelph a very limited second brood. Dr. FLETCHER said that this percentage is very interesting as showing that there is a small supplementary brood of fifteen per cent. at Guelph. The locality is thus included in the western part of the Province where double- brooding to some extent exists. At Ottawa the proportion of early maturing moths is between two and five per cent., varying in different years. These moths lay eggs and a few larvae come from them. In the country west of Toronto—at Erindale on the Credit for instance—there are two regular broods, and very few of the first brood pass through the winter as cater- pillars. u1uese variations in different parts of the country are points which the Entomologist has to be on the watch for. He was much interested in Mr. Jarvis’s account of the value that he placed upon the work of wood- peckers. Mr. Peart said: I have not been in the east, but in the western part of the Province, along the Detroit River, and going through the Niagara District, and also at Oakville, the Codling-worm was worse this year than I have ever before seen it. No particular pains had been taken with spray- ing as a rule, but in those sections where spraying was done at all carefully and at the right time, there have been marked results. It was owing to the searcity of labor that spraying was not done. It is a very good object lesson to notice the effect in the district where spraying was practised, and compare it with those where it was neglected. Mr. Zavirz said that apple-growers in County of Durham had made enquiries regarding an insect that attacked the calyx end of the apple, but did not penetrate into the fruit. He wished to know whether there was any other insect that did this, or was it the codling-worm ? Dr. FLercuer replied that there are two other insects that attack the apple—the Plum-moth Semasia prunivora, Walsh, called also the Lesser Apple-worm in British Columbia, and a small caterpillar in the Province of Quebec. The latter bores under the skin and works near the surface, destroying the value of the apple for packing and shipment. Mr. Jarvis suggested that the insect referred to by Mr. Zavitz might be the second brood of the Codling-moth, but Mr. Zavitz thought not, as it simply worked around the head of the apple. Mr. Fisuer: In regard to the right time to spray for Codling-moths, Mr. Nash said that the bee people were very anxious that the prohibition 10 REPORT OF No. 19 should include the entire period of bloom. But the Government would ‘not allow that, and the Act read ‘‘during the period of full bloom.’’ It has been my experience that you cannot get after the codling-moth any too early, and it is desirable to spray before the blooming is entirely completed. We think this is correct. Dr. FietcHer: I do not personally; have you seen the moth or eggs before the blossoms have fallen? Mr. FisHer: Yes, I think so. Dr. FretcHer: At Ottawa the moth does not appear for 8 or 10 days after the blossoms have disappeared. In Nova Scotia I have found fresh eggs on apples as large as marbles. Mr. Fisuer: We find better results from spraying before the bloom is entirely completed. Dr. FretcHer: But you have not found the moth or eggs? Mr. Fisuer: I think so. Dr. FLetcHer: That is an important point. Mr. Fisuer: I have not been doing any packing of fruit, but those who do pack fruit say that our pears have no codling-moth this year, while apples are badly affected. Pears have escaped the attack. Is this the gen- eral experience? Mr. Jarvis: At Guelph we made examinations and found plenty of the codling moths in the pear, but did not notice whether it was less abun- dant than usual. Mr. Fisuer: Our pears are usually pretty wormy, and it is very dis- appointing to have to throw out a nice large pear for the sake of a small hole. In previous years we have lost quite a large quantity. Mr. Jarvis asked what varieties of pears are most abundant this year? Is the Flemish Beauty free from worms? | Mr. Fisuer replied that there is a good pear crop this year, and that he believed the Flemish Beauty to be free. It might be of interest to mention that some Clapp’s Favorite pears were shipped from Burlington to Glasgow this year successfully ; they went through safely and sold at a high price. Dr. BropieE: I should like to say that very few people have ever seen the eggs of the codling-moth. I have been fortunate enough to see them. The process is this, the egg was laid at the lower part of the apple; it is very small, of course. In about an hour after hatching the larva had moved to the upper part of the apple and commenced making holes. I think it has been mentioned that the larvae eat the skin of the apple. This is a mistake; — larvae bite a hole in the skin, but do not eat the portions bitten out; they are laid aside and very little is swallowed. In about a day they are buried in the fruit and they immediately turn around (my own experience) and close up the opening with silk. Six species of parasites have been described in North America. These parasites thrust their ovipositors into the larvae through the opening made by the worm. We all know that there is about two or three days’ difference in the emergence of the larvae from the egg. A large number, say 10 or 20 per cent. perhaps, will come out in the begin- ning and another proportion at the end of the week. If you wished to follow it up, you would have to be spraying continually. The larvae do not emerge all on the same day, perhaps not in the same week. Larvae that have come out of the same brood will be apt to emerge at different times. Dr. FietcHer: The time of egg-laying and hatching is a very impor- tant point. The old accounts state very positively that the egg was laid in the calyx of the apple, and that in spraying you had to get your Paris — Green into that cup. Later observations by Professor Washburn, in Oregon, | - bs - 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. He) show that the eggs are laid on any part of the apple, and Mr. Simpson found as many on the leaves as on the fruit. The main benefit from spraying is not so much that you get the spray into that cup, because the caterpillars begin life both on the leaves and fruit. They crawl about a little and then penetrate the fruit. I have seen them when they first get into the cup of the apple; they have there a place to get a purchase to make the first hole, and they are able by pressure upon the opposite side to penetrate the skin. The egg is exceedingly minute and like a little fish’s scale, perfectly flat and sil- very. It does not stand up as a prominence on the side. To see it you must take the apple, hold it sidewise, and look against the light and it will shine asa fish’s scale. The young caterpillar hatches from that and crawls about on the apple. It is, of course, a very small insect and requires attention and time to see it. Most crawl towards the calyx end. With the second brood, the injury is often where two apples come together. At Ottawa we have come to the conclusion that with us the proper time to spray, if only one application is made, is not only not during the time of bloom, but not until even a week after the blossoms fall. The eggs are laid upon the young fruit. Nearly - all apples when they are in the flowering stage are covered with a thick down, “and the egg of the moth cannot be affixed to the side at that time. This is simply a matter of observation. The laying of the eggs certainly continues _ for over a week after the apple has formed. We never found an occasion _ where it was necessary to spray trees for the codling-moth during the time _ they were in bloom. Mr. Crow inquired whether there is any satisfactory way of killing the _ second brood. Dr. FLeTcuer replied that bandaging the trees is the most effective _ method. By that means many caterpillars can be caught and destroyed. Spraying has some effect, but not so much as m the case of the first brood, because the foliage is so much thicker, rendering the work more difficult. Mr. Jarvis said that he had conducted experiments with bandages, and on one occasion found about 300 worms under a single bandage in two weeks’ time. He began about the middle of July. The number of worms under a bandage varied very much. Dr. FLETCHER considered this too late for beginning and recommended the early part of the month for commencing to bandage. It was no doubt _ the most effective method of preventing injury from the second brood. Mr. Caesar said that he had been this summer with Mr. Tweddle, who has an orchard of about 70 acres; and he was going to ask the same question as Mr. Crow. What time is it necessary to begin spraying to get the best results in preventing the second brood of the insects? They sprayed this orchard about three times in the early part of the season, and then did not spray again until about the 20th of August. He noticed in looking over the apples (Northern Spy) that they would probably have about thirty-three per cent., or more, of them affected by the moth. He wondered whether if they had been two weeks earlier this loss might have been prevented. As for bandaging, with an orchard so large it was almost impossible for them to do it. He thought they would do better to give the time to spraying. He wished to know what is the estimated cost of bandaging. Dr. Fretcuer: The question is a matter of expenditure and returns. If it pays, it does not matter if you pay $1,000 to bandage if you make $2,000 out of it. For the returns that you get from it, bandaging certainly pays, and it must not be forgotten that the very word spraying was un- known twenty years ago. Mr. Fisher will remember the first old Robertson pump, made at Grimsby. Now thousands of pumps are sold every year, 12 REPORT OF No. 19 s ¥ and more people buy them every year. Mr. Tweddle would have made it pay if he had bandaged his trees. The most important question was whether he could get the actual labor necessary. It certainly will pay if you de- stroy the caterpillars, for they destroy the fruit. Mr. Jarvis: Was the orchard sprayed the previous year? Mr. Carsar: It was sprayed during the past three or four years. There are twenty-five acres in the orchard. It was little pruned and had been overrun with the canker worm. $3,000 was made out of the orchard, so he thought it paid to spray. As to pears, he saw very few of his pears affected by the codling-moth. Dr. FrercHer: The question of the exemption of pears this year is very interesting, and I can only suggest that it has something to do with the season. The effect of the seasons on insects is sometimes very much more apparent than on plants. Mr. Jarvis: What was Mr. Tweddle’s experience in bandaging? Why has he given it up? Did he use burlap? , Mr. Carsar: The real reason was the difficulty in getting labor. Mr. Tweddle spoke to me and said he would like to bandage a number of his trees. We prepared a quantity of bandages of simply coarse sack material, with the intention of putting them on his trees; but we could not get men enough to go around the orchards, and the owner believed that he had been so successful in spraying in previous years that he could do without the bandaging. Mr. Jarvis:If there were 300 worms under one bandage in two weeks’ time, it should pay to bandage. I found here at the College that bandaging was of very great benefit. Dr. FLetcHer: We have come to the conclusion that spraying is a good practice because we get clean orchards. But where there is a second brood, that must be supplemented by bandaging the trees. Mr. Fisher’s experience that pigs and sheep, particularly pigs, destroy the infested apples and thus do a great deal of good in orchards is important. The time to spray will vary in different localities, and it will also vary with the different varieties of apples, as different varieties flower at different times. Mr. Fisher’s experience is that it should be done as soon after the time of full bloom as possible. I find no advantage in that, and there is certainly a great disadvantage in spraying during bloom to those who keep bees, for direct experiments have shown that bees have been pois- oned by sucking nectar from the flowers or drinking liquid from trees that were sprayed. Therefore, I for one think that the Ontario law is very well framed as it is, and that it should be made a misdemeanor to spray trees while in blossom; because bees are now an important part of the agriculture of Canada and particularly they are very useful to the fruit-growers in ef- ‘ fecting the fertilization of blossoms. The time when to spray is after the blossoms have fallen, and then it must be done well. Cover the whole tree with spray and use a proper nozzle; the nozzle is as important as the material and the pump. To get a very fine spray it is desirable to find out the very best implement. We have in Canada an excellent pump, the Spramotor, with the movable discs, invented by Mr. Fisher, which is the best form of spray nozzle I have ever used. It enables one to use a very small quantity of liquid, for what is required in spraying is to have the liquid so fine that it falls on the trees as a mist or as a fine spray, and as soon as the spray begins to drip it is time to remove nozzle to another part in order to save material and injury to the trees. Arsenate of lead is highly recommended and its advantages are that it is in a finer state of division than Paris Green, - 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 but the application must be three times as strong as Paris Green to get the same results; it also remains longer on the foliage because it does not wash off so easily. Being finer, it will remain in suspension better, and therefore arsenate of lead is, except for the matter of color, rather better than Paris Green. The danger is that in color it resembles other substances in domestic use, and therefore he did not lke to recommend it for general use. It is very effective, and the mixture, if of proper strength, is safe in the hands of careful men, but it must be used carefully. It has been placed on the market in a convenient form under the names of Bowker’s Disparene and Swift’s Arsenate of Lead. It is a very powerful poison and very effective, but on account of the danger I have referred to, I.do not recommend it ex- cept with the above named provisoes. Dr. BETHUNE: I have employed the a ceeae system a little and found it very effective indeed in catching the insects. The one great difficulty about bandaging is that it must he properly attended to. If you do not look after the bandages regularly, and at sufficiently short intervals, you are simply providing a most convenient place for the worm to conceal itself in and to change to the chrysalis stage. If the bandages are taken off at least every ten days and the larvae and chrysalids removed from the tree, it is a most effective and useful remedy, and is probably the only really good remedy .-at we have against the second brood of the codling-worm, with the exception of Mr. Fisher’s plan of allowing sheep or pigs to devour the fallen fruit. Where a man has only a few fruit trees, he certainly ought to do that work himself and gather all that falls and destroy it. It is no use to gather a week after it has fallen. The drawback is that of labor and expense. [ find that to examine properly a single bandage it takes at least ten minutes, because the larvae hide themselves under bits of loose bark and conceal themselves very thoroughly, and it requires a very good eye to find where the creatures are, so that it all takes time and care. No doubt that labor might be saved to some extent b~ having some convenient form of scraper which would scrape them off and save this troublesome work. You will, however, find under the bandages a considerable number of the worms they have not had time to conceal themselves, and these you can easily get rid of. The question of parasites was brought before the Minister of Agricul- ture for Ontario in consequence of a paragraph in some of the newspapers in which he was credited with having discovered, or having available, a para- site to wipe out the codling-worm. He waote to me on the subject ond asked for information, as he was credited with a great deal more responsibility than he has any desire to have placed upon his shoulders. I told him that it was hardly possible to hope for an effective parasite, because the creature during the greater part of its life was inside the fruit and out of the reach of parasites. The only time for the parasite to attack the insect is during the very short period between the emergence from the egg and the time it is buried aw ay inside the fruit, and then again it might be attacked after it has left the fruit and is proceeding to crawl to some convenient place before changing into a chrysalis.. However, at his suggestion, I have been making inquiries both in California and at Washington and expect very soon to have some fuller information. One other point which has been referred to I should like to emphasize, and that is the usefulness of birds in destroying these insects. A very large number of the larvae are destroyed in the winter time by woodpeckers, creepers and nuthatches. These birds ought to be encouraged in every way. Good work is also done by the chickadees and other birds. The 14 ‘ REPORT 'OF No. 19 chickadees may be kept around an orchard or garden by helping them out with a little food during the winter. A good plan is to hang some suet in the trees. The remedies then for the codling-worm are, first, spraying to get rid of the first brood, which can be exterminated, or nearly so. Spraying at the — proper time and in the proper manner, as has been described this afternoon, should be resorted to, and also the removal of all fallen fruit. For the second brood, there is the bandaging. Then, after that come the woodpeckers — and other birds. We cannot trust much to parasites, but we may be quite sure that our enterprising Minister of Agriculture will use every effort to bring the parasites, if they are found to be effective, into this country and make use of them here. Dr. FLETCHER said that parasites are not useless by any means. There are internal parasites as well as external parasites, and some of these para- sites would be able to reach the worm in the apple. The larvae of the large Pigeon Tremex, which bores deep in the solid wood of maples, is parasitized by the two large Thalessas. There are several parasites which are also able to find out their hosts in the wood of trees. We do not know everything yet about parasites, but we must not say that they will not'do this work. There are several parasites of the Codling-worm, as Dr. Brodie has told us, and when we find parasites in large numbers we may expect to obtain some results. To give an instance—one of the striking outbreaks at Ottawa was an aphis on birch trees, which was so abundant that the whole of the tree was covered with a black fungus, growing on the honey dew exuded by the aphis. The insect was abundant in June and July. Then we found that all over these trees affected by the plant aphis there were myriads of lady- bird beetles, and these beetles were so numerous that they wiped out the whole lot of aphis. We found ten to twenty of their pupae on a single birch leaf. What became of all those lady-bird beetles? Perhaps from a branch holding, say 50 leaves, we did not get 50 lady-bird beetles, but got a great many thousands of another parasite, forty to fifty of a little hypo- parasite from a single pupa. Thus nature brings back again the balance by reducing the excessive number of beetles. Where one pupa produced a beetle, forty-nine never produced beetles but produced parasites. We do not know yet what can be effected by a Codling-worm parasite, but we must not give it up as hopeless., It is most hopeful. As Dr. Bethune showed us, ~ though, we must not be too sanguine. With regard to the worms that burrow in the bark beneath the bandages, I find a brush with wire for bristles a convenient instrument for removing them. One was supplied with my fur- ~ nace and I have made use of it to scrape off the, worms on apple trees. Time can be saved with a proper implement, and a wire brush of this kind is good. The codling-worm does not change to a pupa inside its cocoon at once, but remains as a larva until just before it is going to emerge. Mr. Scorr: How do you kill the cocoons in the burlap bandages them- selves? Dr. Fretcuer: It is rather a troublesome matter. One man who ban- dages his trees has at the side of his orchard an India rubber wringing machine and runs them through that, or they may be thrown into scalding water. The burlaps are all taken off into a wheelbarrow and dropped into large open caldron used for sugarmaking; they are taken out at once and -put back again. These are the only two methods known to me. Mr. Nasu: TI saw a man screw the wringer on the side of the wheel- barrow, and go through the orchard with it. x pais ce 1906. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 Dr. Furrcuer: Hot water is probably the most effective method of | killing the worms. Mr. Jarvis: Those left on the bandage and pressed, if very numerous, might spoil the bandage. The hour for closing the discussion on the Codling-worm having arrived, _ the Chairman thanked those who had taken part in the discussion and called for the reports of the Directors of the respective districts. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. Division No. 1.—Orrawa District. By C. H. Youne, HurpmMan’s BrivcGe. The season of 1906 in the Ottawa District was marked by cold, wet weather in the early part and later by an excessive drought. The most noticeable insect feature of the season was the enormous numbers of plant lice which infested every plant. Trees were much reduced in vitality and many complaints were made of the leaves falling prematurely. In going _ through the woods in July it was almost impossible to collect a good botan- ical specimen, as the foliage of all low-growing plants was covered conspicu- ously with the honey-dew emitted by the aphides. The elm-leaf aphis and the maple leaf cottony aphis were particularly abundant. The foliage of many fine maples was noticeably disfigured by this latter insect. Birches also suffered very much from aphis. Some fields of potatoes were badly in- _ fested with a plant louse which Dr. Fletcher tells me he thinks is Nectaro- phora solanifolia. In the early part of the season the usual occurrence of cutworms in gardens was noticed, the species doing the most harm being the Red-backed cutworm (Paragrotis ochrogaster) and the Black army-worm Noctua fennica. This latter cutworm works particularly in clover fields, but in the Ottawa district clover was winter killed during the open cold winter of 1905-6, and this fact probably accounts for their presence in vegetable gardens this year. Where applied, the poisoned bran mash soon stopped the ravages of these cutworms. At the time dahlias and asters were coming nicely into flower, the Tarn- ished Plant-bug was very numerous and did a great deal of damage in de- stroying the flowers and forming buds. This is a difficult pest to treat. Spraying the plants with kerosene emlusion or whale oil soap or dusting them with pyrethrum insect powder, have given relief, but these remedies are not always satisfactory. In the early morning, when the bugs are not so active, many may be collected by beating them off the plants into an inverted um- brella, and then killing them by putting them into some receptacle contain- ing water and coal oil. The small white cabbage butterfly was not particularly in evidence in the early part of the season, but the late brood in September was very abund- ant and hundreds of the butterflies could be observed in some cabbage patches. Where these patches were neglected the green caterpillars soon did notice- able damage. The Turnip Flea beetle was locally very destructive on a few farms near Ottawa. Some farmers who did not know the well-known remedy of Paris green and land plaster lost two or three sowings. , eS a 16 REPORT OF No. 19 In asparagus beds, where the plants had been allowed to go to seed, many specimens of the Zebra caterpillar (Fig. 1) were noticed in September and early in October feeding on the leaves. This of course was due to the fine, almost summer weather which we have had this fall in Ottawa. Among orchard insects the caterpillars of the Codling moth were abun- dant in orchards which were not sprayed, and later in the season the con- spicuous nests of the Fall-Web worm were noticed in many orchards. This latter insect was also very bad in forests, ash, elm and other trees being much defoliated. In orchards these insects are not only destructive, but make the trees very unsightly. The remedy of cutting off the branches bearing the nests when these are small is such an easy one that I cannot understand why owners of good orchards allow this insect to work on their trees. A few colonies of the Red-humped apple tree caterpillar (Fig. 2) and the yellow- necked apple tree caterpillar were observed, but of course these did not do much harm. Cedars everywhere were much disfigured by the small cater- pillars of Argyresthia Thujiella, a beautiful little white moth with bronzy bars on the wings. These minute larve feed on the tips of the shoots, caus- ing them to die and lose their natural color. . I am glad to inform the members of our Society that I have been able to continue my collection of lepidoptera, most of my time being spent in work- ing up our small forms, the micros. The specimens which I have brought with me will, I think, delight some of you. For these small moths the season has been very good at Meach’s Lake, where I spent the summer, but speak- ing generally, I do not think the season was as good as 1905, at least in the Meach’s Lake district. Stem SR D out et \ ale OI ts am a; aural \i ACU LTE (AU aes au a we AUL2KOMEDAGE Fig. 1.—(a) The Zebra Cateronillar. Fig. 2.—The Red-humped Apple Tree - (6) The Moth (Mamestra picta). Caterpillar (Notodonta concinna). Division No. 2.—Mupuanp District.. By C. E. Grant, ORILLIA. Though I have been very busy with town work this year, which has pre- vented me from doing a great deal with the net, I have observed that most | insects have been unusually common; at the same time the rapid growth of vegetation has apparently reduced. the destructiveness of some species. ‘The chief complaint made to me in this neighborhood has been with regard to the Buffalo beetle, which has become quite a nuisance here. Dr. Fletcher was kind enough to send to the Packet newspaper of Orillia the best methods 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 ae of prevention; at the same time there does not seem to be any permanent remedy if you do not close your houses up in the spring time. The cutworms were very abundant and our old stand-bys, the codling moth and onion mag- got were, as usual, destructive. The currant sawfly was also abundant this year, though for two years previously I left some bushes unsprayed and they were not at all eaten. Tent caterpillars were not numerous in the spring, but the Fall Webworm was to be seen nearly everywhere in September. The Tussock moths, though common as moths, do not do much harm as far as noticed here. There has been no complaint of the Pea weevil, though I have _ asked several intelligent farmers of the neighborhood to inform me of their ravages if noticed. Altogether I might say that this district has not been troubled with any serious outbreak of insect pests. Though the season has been an exceptionally fine and warm one, as I said before, I have not been able to give much time to entomology this year, but I have added one more Plusya, also Harrisimemna trmstgnata and Arsilonche albovenosa to my col- lection of local moths. I also have to report the second capture of Junonia cena in Orillia. Division No. 3.—Toronto District. By J. B. Witutams, Toronto. The Tussock moth, as usual, did a good deal of damage to the shade trees in Toronto. About the middle of July the caterpillars began to let them- selves down from the trees by a thread to the ground, and then ascended the trunks to pupate. Many of them were very small, and had a sickly yellowish look, and made poor little cocoons. Such, specimens, I imagine, had been suffering from parasites, and on some trees the proportion of these small cocoons that seemed to come to nothing was very large. I saw a cluster of eggs on August 5th, but there do not seem to me to be as many eggs as usual on the infested trees. : The row of chestnut trees from which I had the cdcoons collected last year, had some caterpillars on this year, but they were not nearly so numer- ous as on some neighboring trees, so that the destruction of the egg masses last year evidently did some good. Apple trees around Toronto have been a good deal damaged by the Cod- ling moth. In two orchards that I examined, one in the city and one about a mile outside, a very large proportion of the apples had been rendered quite worthless by the ravages of this pest. I visited Niagara Glen in September, and found the Walking stick in- _ sects almost as numerous there as they were two years ago. Several large basswood trees had been completely stripped of their foliage by these crea- tures, and I noticed a Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) some ten or twelve feet in height, with about two-thirds of its foliage destroyed, but the swarms of Stick insects that were upon it must, in a few days longer, have cleared off every leaf. Division No. 4.—Hamitton District. By Grorce E. Fisuer, BURLINGTON. In making my report of insect conditions in the Niagara District, which as a Director of the Entomological Society of Ontario I am supposed to repre- sent, I can speak advisedly of my own immediate section and of such particu- . came to my notice during occasional visits to other parts of the dis- rict. 2 EN. 18 REPORT OF No.-19 | The phenomenal increase of the San Jose scale and of the Fall Web- worm and the attack of the Codling worm upon the apple crop, which was unprecedented in severity, were the most conspicuous features of the year. The Curculio, aphis, potato beetle, asparagus beetle, cabbage worm and a host of others were everywhere present and ready to’ take advantage of any grower’s neglect. Wireworms are making considerable trouble in garden land,:and the Spruce Gall-louse is continually cropping up and is now known to be widely distributed. Tent caterpillars and Canker worms were not plen- tiful. As our growers understand it, the Wireworms require three or more - years to complete their life circle, and,are in the pupa stage during the, months of August and September, when they are easily destroyed by deep and frequent plowings and cultivation, but unfortunately the gardeners’ land at this season is so fully occupied with growing crops as to render such treatment impracticable, and the pest. continues. Opinions differ as to the behaviour of the Spruce Gall-louse and the people are looking to the entomologists to determine its life history and habits definitely and to suggest » remedy. In the meantime they are picking off the galls, spraying and fumigating, thus holding it in check where this was done. . The Asparagus beetle has increased surprisingly. Small beds may be protected by the hen-and-chick method, but in large plantations involving several acres this is scarcely possible. There are instances of the young growth being covered with beetles before reaching marketable size, which disfigure both by gouging into it and by depositing their black eggs in large numbers. In this condition it is valueless. Asparagus rust is also very troublesome. The only convenient remedy we know of for large blocks is careful and persistent spraying of the growth, after cutting is discontinued, with Bordeaux mixture heavily charged with arsenic, which will reduce both rust and insects. Some of our people have signified their intention to give up the struggle, which is to be regretted, as asparagus is generally appreciated, and under ordinary conditions is a source of considerable revenue to the growers. Copper sulphate is being much used on potatoes in the form of Bordeaux mixture with arsenic, being first applied immediately after the first hoeing and at regular intervals until about five treatments are given. In this way blight is lessened, the vines retain their leaves, the crop is increased, the quality improved, and the bugs do not at any time become plentiful, for when larve are young they eat much more ravenously than they do later on and with less discrimination. Notwithstanding the pains it takes to advertise its presence, the increase of the Fall Web-worm is very marked indeed, which can be attributed only to careless neglect on the part of the growers. Grape-rot was prevalent in many sections and the free use of Bordeaux was found to be very effective in controlling it. Four or five treatments are necessary, the first treatment being given before the buds open. Where this early spraying was omitted the rot was much more general, especially on the red and white varieties, which in many instances when not sprayed early showed a waste of from twenty to fifty per cent. There is no insect so widely distributed and so destructive to the fruit crop of the country as the Codling moth, which causes the loss of many thou- sands of dollars annually. This was pre-eminently a Codling moth year, the worst on record. In many apple orchards one-half of the crop was wormy, Qa EN. x v F, Dees vie4 ki vere , \ Vents 4, he : md ‘ Pig te > «©1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 and in some the proportion of injury was even greater. How to lessen the ravages of the Codling worm is an intricate problem for apple and pear growers who resort to various means. The most popular remedies are spray- ing with arsenic, bandaging, and keeping hogs and sheep in the orchard. _ Spraying, to be effective, must be done while the calyx remains open and before the fruit turns down, which will be useful only in reducing the first brood. Bandages should be applied early in June after the rough bark has been scraped from the trunk and large limbs. Being thus deprived of the natural shelter, the larve will continue their pilgrimage until they ultimately come to the snug quarters which the bandage affords, where they will remain. If these bandages be removed, and, after the worms have been destroyed, be returned to the tree at intervals of ten days and this be continued throughout the season and until after the crop is harvested, the evil will be materially lessened Notwithstanding the great advantage which is sure to follow, these methods require more time and labor than the average farmer is likely to expend under existing labor conditions. In the Niagara district there are ea good many successful apple and pear orchards standing in sod, and the - owners unhesitatingly declare in favor of this treatment. Some cultivated formerly, but have abandoned cultivation. Others have part of their orchards - insod and part in cultivation, and say the trees in sod give the best results. They all agree that the grass must be kept pastured off very closely and never , be allowed to get much top. this method claim that their trees bear more regularly, that the fruit is more | highly colored, and keeps better than that from cultivated trees, and that they keep the proportion of wormy apples well below ten per cent. I have observed that pruning has been carefully attended to in all successful orchards i | Hogs and sheep are usually kept in these orchards. The advocates of ; standing in sod. I do not wish just yet to be understood as advocating sod in orchards, _ but have no hesitation in endorsing all of the advantage that is claimed to _ attend the presence of sheep and hogs. And further, this treatment is easy and much more likely to be conducted to a successful conclusion than either of the methods first mentioned. 4 Since its introduction into Canada never before did the San Jose scale _ enjoy conditions so favorable for its increase as were experienced during the _ past twelve months. The exceptionally mild winter suffered a much larger _ proportion than is usual to come through alive, and the hot, dry summer furnished ideal weather for rapid multiplication. It is needless to say that _ the scale made the best possible use of its opportunity and that. the increase _- and spread were much greater than was ever before observed in this country. This remarkable increase and the effect upon the trees were so easily seen that many growers question the possibility of combatting the scale success- fully, and are taking no action. At the same time a few others, who have counted the cost carefully, and considered the advantage of both saving their orchards, and disposing of full crops on bare markets, have used lime and sulphur thoroughly cooked and freely applied for four or five years, with exceedingly gratifying results. These men did not shrink from the neces- sary expenditure, and besides maintaining their orchards in the highest / possible condition of health and vigor, have realized greater net profits from _ them than they ever did before the advent of the San Jose scale, and this, _ too, in the midst of infested surroundings. 20 . REPORT OF EVENING SESSION. Wednesday, October 10th, 1906. A public meeting was held in the Massey Hall of the Ontario Agricul- tural College at 8 o’clock, p.m. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, the first snowstorm of the season prevailing at the time, the large hall was nearly filled with an appreciative audience, including many of the students from the College and Macdonald Institute and some visitors from the city of Guelph. The chair was taken by Dr. Fletcher, the Vice-President, who opened the proceedings by congratulating the Society upon its success- ful removal from London to Guelph, and on the excellent arrangements that have been made for its library and collections by the authorities of the On- ‘ tario Agricultural College. He believed that the Society would fully ap- preciate its new home and find its usefulness was very greatly extended by its being placed in the midst of an enthusiastic band of young men and women students. When these completed their courses of instruction they would scatter all over the country, and carry with them much they had leerned through the instrumentality of the Society; many of them, too, would become active members here and continue their connection after they had left He looked forward with confidence to the bright days in store for the Society in which it would fulfil the duties that devolved upon it in a larger measure than ever before. PrestmpEN1 CREELMAN gave a warm and hearty welcome to the Society and expressed the pleasure that he and all connected with the College felt in having its headquarters in their midst. Last year he was proud of the meet- ing, which was held here at the College, and wished that we might have it every year; now he was glad to say that this had come to pass and that these annual meetings would, as a rule, be always held here. This Ontario Ento- mological Society is a great Society, not so much in numbers as in the value of the work that it has accomplished, and which it continues to perform. He then spoke of the two systems of education and pointed out the advan- tages to be obtained from a combination of a knowledge of natural history with a good general education; this he considered much superior to the old- fashioned methods in which the pupil grew up without any knowledge of the common objects in the world about him. The practical value of Entomology to farmers and fruit-growers he did not think could be over-estimated ; if put into figures, it would mean nothing below millions of dollars. He was es- pecially gratified that the chairman had described their new quarters as ‘‘home,’’ and trusted that it would continue to be their home for many a year to come. He then placed at their disposal everything that the College could offer for their comfort and convenience, and trusted that the méeting would be both profitable and enjoyable. The chairman then called upon Mr. Joun D. Evans, of Trenton, the President of the Entomological Society, to read his address. This was fol- lowed by a paper by Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., on ‘‘What the Entomological Society of Ontario can do for the Ontario Agricultural College.’’ In the absence of the writer, who was unavoidably prevented from being present, the paper was read by Prof. McCready. Mr. Paul Hahn, of Toronto, then gave a description of a canoe trip for entomological purposes in the Algonquin Park, and illustrated his remarks with a number of beautiful and interesting lantern slides made from his original photographs. A hearty vote of thanks was given to Mr. Hahn for his entertaining address. The proceedings of the evening were much enlivened by musical selections, both vocal and instrumental, furnished by the College Philharmonic Society. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. By Joun D. Evans, C.E., Trenton. When at the annual meeting of a year ago I referred in my address to its being the first meeting held at the fountain- head of Economic Ento- mology for the Province, little did we surmise that this noble Institution, ‘the Ontario Agricultural College, would so soon become ae headquarters of the Society. We extended a hearty welcome on that occasion to eae Franklin Sher- man on his accession to the duties of Entomologist, etc., on the staff of the Ontario Agricultural College on the retirement of Kis most worthy predeces- sor, Prof. Wm. Lochhead, but we little thought that his time with us would be so brief; but no doubt he was sadly missed in his old haunts, and rejoic- ings were much in evidence when he returned to his former position. During his, Prof. Sherman’s, short term of office he infused fresh blood _ into matters entomological and laid the foundation for a more complete and thorough system of collecting and maintaining a collection at the College of the Insect fauna of Ontario. Upon the retirement of Prof. Sherman, who could be found as his suc- cessor more worthy or capable of undertaking the duties of Entomologist for the college than our most highly esteemed Editor, Librarian and Cine Rey. Dr. C. J. 8S. Bethune, one of, if not the father, of Entomology in On- tario. When this matter was eealed it became a most serious consideration for the welfare of this society into whose hands could be placed the care of the Library and collections. No one resident in London could be found who had the leisure and knowledge necessary for the proper performance of the duties inherent to the circumstnaces. It was suggested that a transfer of the Society’s library and collections be made to Guelph, where accomo- dations for the same and the business of the Society would be provided by O. A. College authorities, rent free, and no change be necesasry in the office of Librarian and Curator. Some of the local (London) members of Council were adverse to the proposed change, suggesting that the transfer should be made to the Normal School in London, but others of the members being otherwise minded it was proposed to take a vote of all the members of the Council. Towards this end a circular letter was issued on the 4th day of May and ultimately re- plies were received from all the members when the vote stood eleven for the removal to Guelph and four against it; one member declining to vote, but suggested to lay the matter over until fale Annual Meeting. As the matter stood nearly three to one in favor of the removal, the undertaking was carried out during the month of August last without ac- cident or mishap of any kind, and the Library and collections are now in- stalled in their new, commodious and most desirable quarters, where they will be of inestimable value, not only to the students attending the college from year to year, but to all investigators of Economic Entomology, the College being the head centre, as it were, of that department in the Province, and where they will naturally congregate and look for assistance and inspira- tion. Under the present conditions the usefulness of the Society will no doubt be greatly extended. It is hoped for and trusted that the number of members will be greatly increased through the instrumentality of the precincts of the ya wh tat 22 REPORT ‘OF P No. 19 O. A. College, and a goodly number of the names added from year to year will continue on as active members long after they have severed their close — connection with the College and drifted off to the four quarters of the globe. An agreement has been entered into by and between the O. A. College | and the Entomological Society of Ontario whereby the College provides ample accommodation for the Society’s Library, Collections and business. requirements, free of rent and completely under its own control in every respect, and subject to the withdrawal of the same by the Society at any time they may be disposed to do so. This present occasion is the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the So- ciety. During all these long years this occurrence has come around regularly and without a break. Z It was in 1863 (quoting from Rev. Dr. Bethune’s ‘‘Rise and Progress of Entomology in Canada,’’ printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada and read May 26th, 1898,) that the Society had its inception at a meeting held in Toronto at the residence of Prof. Croft. In 1872 the headquarters were moved to London, Ont., where it has re- mained up to the present year. It is with feelings of great regret that we have to renounce old associations of such long standing, but a change was imperatively necessary... It is hoped and expected that the move recently made will give a fresh impetus to the good works performed by the Society in the past and that it will now enter upon a new lease of life with its range of possibilities greatly augmented. The quantity of new literature issued during the past year has been quite up to the standard. Not only the usual number of periodicals, maga- zines and reports of State, Federal and Provincial authorities have been regularly issued, but reference might be made to several new books, notably a new work on ‘‘Entomology,’’ with special reference to its Biological and Economic aspects, by Dr. Justus Watson Folsom, in which are numerous illustrations, many of them being entirely new and of a high grade.. Also ‘‘A Glossary of terms used in Entomology,’’ by Dr. John B. Smith, a much needed work which will prove of great service to very many entomo- logists. We must all deplore the great destruction of property and loss of life decasioned by the appalling earthquake and fire in San Francisco in the early part of the year and express our heart-felt sympathy with the rescued and sufferers. This, no doubt, has been the occasion of the most extensive and irreparable loss the world has ever known of both private and public collections of Insects and of Libraries relating to the same. The season of 1906 has been an unusual one. The winter was extremely mild, especially the months of January and February, with a very light snow fall. This was followed by a very dry, cold backward spring and a very wet June; July, August and September being noted for the excessively hot and unusually dry weather. Insect depredations, so far as I have been able to ascertain, have been but slight or of little consequence. The pea-weevil has not given any trouble. Numerous instances of the nests of the Fall-web worm, Hyphantria cunea, Dru., have been observed on apple, elm and other trees, but no serious injury done. In the vicinity of Frankford a number of cases occurred where isolated oak trees had been completely defoliated, caused probably by the Forest Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, Hub. Attempts were made to procure some of the insects, but too late; it was reported that they had died in large , numbers, but from what cause could not be ascertained. * ee 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL: SOCIETY. — 23 For some years past in several portions of the United States, notably New York State and New Jersey, also in Cuba, a war of extermination has been declared against the Mosquitoes by draining marshes and pools and also by covering stagnant water with a thin coating of petroleum, but now the fight is being carried to our own shores, for quite recently Mr. Henry. C. Weeks, Secretary of the American Society for the Extermination of the Mosquito, has been invited to Toronto to discuss and advise with those in- terested as to the best means of combatting the evil on Toronto Island. WHAT THE ONTARIO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY CAN DO FOR THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. By Writu1am Locuueap, Macponatp CoLueGe, STE. ANNE DE BELLEVUE, P.Q. The removal of the headquarters of the Ontario Entomological Society to the Ontario Agricultural College is now an accomplished fact; and whether it was a wise move or not remains to be proven by the accomplishment of better work. I must, however, congratulate the O. A. C. on the new rela- tionship, for I see many advantages that will come by the transfer to the College, and especially to the Entomological Department. First of all, the Entomological Society of Ontario has won a reputation that is almost world wide; it is well and favorably known wherever insect life is studied. Its publications are valued by every Entomological inves- tigator of note, and the best workers of North America contribute regularly to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist. For 43 years our Society has been in active existence, and the influence it has exerted during all these years on the progress of Entomology and education along Nature-Study lines in Canada has been very great and can scarcely be estimated. For 48 years Dr. Bethune has stuck to the ship, and under his careful guidance the shoals and rocks and bars have been successfully passed. All honor to the men who have been associated with him for many years, viz., Dr. Saunders, Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Fyles, Mr. Lyman, Mr. Harrington and our President, Mr. Evans, for their most valuable and voluntary assistance. For 48 years the Ontario Entomological Society by means of its annual reports and special popular lectures has been educating the rank and file of the people into a knowledge of insect life. I believe, therefore, that the transfer to the O. A. C. of the headquarters of a Society such as ours, which has done so much for Entomology the world over, will give an impetus to the study of insects at the College, and the Entomological Department at the O. A. C. will become better known on ac- _ count of its intimate connection with the Entomological Society. Again, the Ontario Entomological Society has all along been known as a great educational agency. It has taken the lead in educating the public as to the life histories of the injurious insects and the best means of control- ling these insects. It has also done much to foster the Nature-Study Move- ment which means so much for the children. With its home at the centre of the agricultural education of the Province the Entomological Society and Entomological Department will be able to co-operate more effectively than was possible in the past. I look for a great forward movement in educa- tional lines under the new arrangement. 24 REPORT OF |” , No. 19 Under the new partnership the Ontario Agricultural College can furnish the facilities and means of doing work, viz., its laboratories, insectary and funds for travelling. The Entomological Society can furnish the men and influence. The members of the Society scattered through the Province can be brought more closely into touch with the work of the Society and the De- partment. Their energies can be directed to better advantage by the central agency, Dr. Bethune and his assistants; and the season’s observations will, therefore, be more definite and hence more valuable. As you all know, the Ontario Department of Agriculture popu and distributes for the Society its annual report which contains the papers pre- pared by its members. This report is edited by Dr. Bethune, and is printed early in the New Year, so that the recommendations made by the members may be of service to the fruit-grower and farmer the following year. More- over, the records and observations which are often of great value, are dis- tributed promptly to brother observers all over the world. Now the Ento- mological Department, with its head as Editor of the Annual Report, is happily situated in that it can place on record before the scientific. world its observations of the year. What an incentive to ambitious students to make careful observations during the summer holidays on their farms! No other Department at the College has such facilities at its disposal for the immediate publication of scattered records and observations which could not well be published in bul- letin form. Again, the Entomological Society brings to Guelph its large collections of insects which have been carefully looked after for many years. The _ specimens in the collection are valuable in that they represent Canadian forms mainly, and many are types of new species described in the Canadian Entomologist. The specimens have been carefully named by specialists, and are thus simply invaluable for purposes of reference. These collections now become, therefore, part of the collection of the Entomological Depart- ment and are at the service of that Department for research and lecture work. Advanced students and specialists in systematic Entomology will soon ap- preciate the worth of such collections when they undertake the study of special groups of insects. For many years the College had but a meagre reference collection, which condition of affairs rendered the work of instruc- tion extremely arduous and time-consuming. Students outside of the Col- lege will no doubt be encouraged to send in specimens for identification and for help; and every outsider helped increases the reach and influence of the College. Again, the Entomological Society’s library, which also comes to the O. A. C., is one of the best specialists’ libraries in Canada, or the United States for that matter. It contains an unusual large number of full sets of ento- mological journals obtained mainly by erchouee with the Canadian Ento- mologist during the 37 years of its publication. Besides these, the library contains nearly all the Entomological publications—in English, at any rate—of the last 40 years. For research and advanced work all the books and journals are at the disposal of the students and staff. Without them the staff was formerly much handicapped for lack of literature dealing with special groups of in- sects. Connected as I was with the Entomological department of the O. A. C. for many years, and having labored hard under difficulties that are now largely removed by the transfer of the headquarters of the Entomological Society to the Entomological department of the O. A. C., I feel envious tf — 1906. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. N Or of Dr. Bethune and Mr. Jarvis, especially when I see the opportunities for work that they now have. When I take a backward look over my own early work here and contrast the meagre facilities I had at my disposal, with the splendid equipment of books, collections, laboratories and insectary that are now at the disposal of the Entomological department, I am constrained to exclaim, ‘‘How the times have changed !’’ But while I envy Dr. Bethune, I must congratulate him and the College on the present happy state of things, and may he live long to enjoy the work that he has so much at heart! May the Agricultural Department and President Creelman continue their generous treatment of a Department that is now in such an excellent position to do much for the Province! SECOND DAY’S SESSION. Thursday, October 11th, 1906. The Vice-President, Dr. FLercuer, took the chair at 10 o’clock in the Biological lecture room of the Ontario Agricultural College. There were present throughout the day a large number of students from both the Col- lege and the Macdonald Institute, in addition to the members of the Society. The first order of business was the reading of the reports of the Council, the ~ Branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Guelph and British Columbia, and of the Treasurer, Librarian and Curator, and the Delegate to the Royal Society. This was followed by a debate on the San José ‘Scale. SAN JOSE SCALE. Mr. J. Frep Smitu, San José Scale Inspector for the Province of On- tario, was commissioned by the Department of Agriculture to bring before this meeting of the Society the prevalence of the scale on fruit exposed for sale in Toronto and elsewhere, and the question whether this might prove to be a menace to sections of the country where the scale did not already exist. In his opinion the danger is not very great, as the fruit, when con- sumed, is peeled and the rinds which bear the scales are thrown into the domestic receptacles for garbage, and thus the scales are destroyed without any opportunity of spreading to trees. The larvae cannot live long without food and when the rind is removed from fruit, it quickly dries up and the supply of liquid food for the insect no longer exists. He thought, however, that if the sale of scale-infested fruit was forbidden, it would compel the growers to take more trouble to keep their trees free from it. He considered that the scale was not spreading much, but where it did occur it was becom- ing a very serious danger to the orchards. In small centres of infestation it could be exterminated, and those interested should use every means in their power to get rid of it. It had recently spread to Font Hill and would no doubt spread further about the different centres if not properly dealt with. He exhibited a number of specimens of apples and pears more or less encrusted with the scale. Mr. T. D. Jarvis said that he had found the scale on trees in private grounds in Toronto, and was of the opinion that the scale must have been introduced on fruit. At the time of the Exhibition three years ago he found 26 _ REPORT OF — No: 19 that 75 per cent. of the fruit brought into Toronto that came under his obser- | vation was attected with scale. ‘lhe consumers of the fruit throw out the peelings and the insects may thus be enabled to reach near-by trees, especi- — ally through the agency of sparrows and other birds. He noticed that the apples sold by Italians in the streets of Toronto were badly covered with © scales. Dr. FLercHer contended that there was no danger of an introduction — of the insect by means of scaly fruit, as the peel to which it is attached ' would soon lose its moisture and the insect would die from want of food. To be successful, the skin of the fruit must remain moist enough to sustain the life of the insect; the female must be ready to produce her young; and the young must be able to reach a fruit tree—a combination of difficulties which it would be hard to overcome and which rendered infestation by this_ means extremely improbable, if not impossible. He did not think that — many people would buy scaly fruit, and a grower would not venture to sell it, if he valued his reputation. He considered that it would be unjust and wrong to legislate against the sale of scaly fruit and thus injure a vast and most important industry. Mr. Cassar stated that the scales were sometimes carried by ants, and as ants were often attracted to fruit peelings, they might easily be the means of transporting them to trees. Scales were sometimes attached to lady-bird beetles also. Dr. FLETCHER said that in Germany and in the United States there had been legislative enactments forbidding the sale of any fruit infested with © scales, and much inconvenience and loss had been inflicted without any compensating advantage. He considered that it would be wrong to legis- late against the sale of such fruit until we are quite sure that such restric- tions are necessary to prevent the spread of the insect. We must not be alarmists and magnify the danger; the infested localities in Ontario are few — and small, and the spread of the scale is not by any means rapid. After some further discussion, in which others took part, the opinion of the meeting at the close of the debate was unanimous that it would not do at the present time to make any stringent regulations forbidding the sale of scale-infested fruit and thus hamper a very important industry. As there is so much doubt and difference of opinion regarding the danger from it, and our information is so limited, it would be unwise to frame any regula- tions till we are quite sure of the dangers to be guarded against. It was thought highly advisable that an inspection should be made of infested trees in Toronto and the origin of the scale upon them traced as far as possible. . Young trees might have come from infested nurseries, but old trees, if attacked, must have received the insect in some other way. The rest of the morning was occupied with the reading of a paper by Mr. Lyman on “A Search for a Borer,’’ and an address on Gall Insects by Mr. Jarvis. The latter was illustrated by a large number of original lantern pictures and‘a profusion of specimens of a great variety of galls. In the afternoon the remainder of the papers on the programme were read; they will be found in subsequent pages of this report. The election of officers for the ensuing year, 1906-7, was proceeded with and resulted as shewn on page 2. The following exhibits of specimens were made by members during the meetings and attracted much attention: By Mr. J. D. Evans.—A series of Hucosma Scudderiana, with parasites and super-parasites; some interesting Noctuids, and a especies of Saw-fly which had been found injuring Virginia Creepers. : 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 By Dr. James Fletcher.—Some remarkable forms of Colias philodice taken at Digby, Nova Scotia, by Mr. J. Russell, together with C. interior, Grapta satyrus-marsyas, T’ hecla irvs and T. lecta, also taken at Digby by Mr. Russell. A pair of Cenonympha kodiak and Erebia Magdalena taken in the Yukon by Mr. Jos. Keele of Ottawa. Specimens of two species of wasps, Vespa borcalis and V. diabolica which were reared at Ottawa from _ the same nest on three separate occasions. An interesting photograph of the webs made by the larve of LHllopia somniaria at Victoria, B, C., sent by Mr. E. A. Carew-Gibson. By Mr. Arthur Gibson.—Living larve of Cicindela repanda and speci- mens of the Bean-weevil, Bruchus obtectus. Also some specimens of rare caterpillars inflated and larve of G@demasia concinna’ parasitized by Lium- naria Guignardi, which has been very abundant this year. By Mr. Paul Hahn.—Two cases of Lepidoptera taken in the Algonquin Park, Ontario, and a fine specimen of the tropical moth, Thysania zenobia, eaptured at Toronto. By Mr. C. W. Nash.—Some specimens of Lepidoptera, including the _ Burdock-borer, Papacpema cataphracta. By Mr. H. H. Lyman.—Two interesting cases of Lepidoptera, includ- ing some rare forms of micros, and specimens of Gortyna appassionata, Grapta satyrus and marsyas, faunus and gracilis; also a specimen of G. satyrus almost identical with the insect figured by Mr. W. G. Wright as Grapta chrysoptera, in his Butterflies of the West Coast of the United States. By Mr. J. B. Williams.—Two living larve of Ecpantheria deflorata, which he had found feeding on violets in Niagara Glen, Ontario. By Mr. C. H. Young.—A large case containing over a thousand speci- mens of Micro-lepidoptera, most exquisitely prepared for exhibition; the majority of the species included have been studied by Mr. W. D. Kearfott. Also a similar case containing many life-histories of rare Noctuids and other Lepidoptera; among them was a fine series of Papaipema appassionata and P. Harristi, var., with larve; the former was reared from Pitcher-plant, and the latter from Pteris aquilina. By Prof. Bethune.—The life-histories of the two asparagus beetles, Crioceris asparagi and 12-punctata. By Mr. T. D. Jarvis.—Several hundreds of examples of Galls on leaves, twigs, etc., in illustration of his paper. By Mr. E. J. Zavitz.—A number of insects affecting Forest-trees. At the close of the meeting a very hearty vote of thanks to President Creelman for his kindness in providing every facility for carrying on the sessions in the College buildings was unanimously adopted. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1905-6. The forty-second annual meeting of the Society was held, by kind in- vitation of President Creelman, at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on the 18th and 19th of October, and was attended by a large number of the students as well as by many members from a distance. The Society was also favored with the presence of Professor J. B. Smith, ‘State Entomologist of New Jersey, a distinguished entomologist and an honorary member of the Society, and of Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for _ Ontario.. 2 REPORT OF — No. 19 | _ During the first afternoon the reports of the directors on the noteworthy insects of the year in their respective divisions were read and discussed; ——“_—-s +. = papers were also presented by Dr. Fyles and Mr. H. H. Lyman on the Tus- — sock Moth; by Prof. Sherman on Entomological conditions in North Caro- lina, and by Prof. Lochhead on the experiments made during the year against San José scale. | In the evening a public meeting was held in the Massey Hall at the College and was largely attended. Addresses of welcome were given by President Creelman and Mr. B. Barlow, representing the Wellington Field Naturalist Club. These were followed by a very interesting account of the Mosquito work in New Jersey, illustrated with a large number of lan- tern slides from original photographs and drawings, by Prof. J. B. Smith. The second day was occupied with the election of officers and the reading of reports from the branches, as well as a number of papers on a variety of important entomological subjects. The 36th Annual Report on economic and general Entomology was duly presented to the Legislature of Ontario, and was printed and distri- buted at the beginning of February—a much earlier date than usual. It contained 143 pages, illustrated with 74 figures in the text, and contained in addition to the papers already referred to, the following articles: ‘“In- sects as Nature Studies,’’ by Prof. McCready; ‘Forest Insects’’ and ‘‘The advantages and disadvantages of the Canadian Entomologist,’’ by Dr. ~ Fyles; “Orthoptera and Odonata from Algonquin Park,’’ by Mr. E. M. Walker; “Butterfly Collecting in Canada,’’ by Mrs. Nicholl; “Insects In- jurious to Canadian Crops in 1905,’’ and the important “Entomological Record for 1905,’’ by Dr. Fletcher; ‘‘Injurious Insects of the Flower Gar- den,’’ by Mr. A. Gibson; ‘‘Forest Entomology,’’ by Mr. E. J. Zavitz. “The Phlox Mite,’’ the “Blue Spruce Saw-fly,’’ and the “Bumble-bees that Fer- tilize the Red Clover,’’ by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; “Injurious Insects of 1905 in Ontario,’’ by Prof. Lochhead; a similar paper by Dr. Fletcher; and “Notes on the Season of 1905,’’ by Mr. C. Stevenson. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued. The 37th annual volume was completed in Decem- ber last and ten numbers of volume 38 have now been published. The volume for 1905 consisted of 427 pages and was illustrated with seven full- page plates, one of which was coloured, and 29 figures from original draw- ings. The contributors numbered 62 and included writers in Canada, the United States, England, Jamaica, and the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands. The articles are largely scientific and include descriptions of ten new genera and 161 new species and varieties. There is also a series of articles on “Popular and Practical Entomology,’’ which render the magazine more interesting to those who have not yet entered upon a systematic study of insects. It is hoped that more of those competent to write will assist in maintaining this department of the magazine. During the winter months fortnightly meetings were held in the Society’s room at London, at which a variety of addresses were given on popular — scientific subjects. The attendance was not as large as might have been expected in a city with such a considerable population and the seat of a university. The reports from the Branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, British Columbia and Guelph are highly satisfactory and show ~ much enthusiastic work on the part of the members. At a meeting of delegates from the various Entomological Societies of the United States and Canada, held at Cornell University during the sum- mer session of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, oe . 1906 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 ry our Society was represented by the Rev. Dr. Bethune. Measures were then taken for the formation of a general society to include entomologists of every grade in North America, and a preliminary constitution was drawu up which will be submitted to a meeting to be held in New York during Christmas week. The most important event of the year as regards our Society was the removal of the headquarters from London to Guelph. Early in May, the President, Mr. J. D. Evans, sent a circular letter to all the members of the Council setting forth the reasons which led to the proposed removal and asking for their opinions on the subject. In a second letter, dated June 18th, he announced that he had received replies from all the members of the Council and that the vote stood in favor of the removal, eleven, and opposed to it four—one member abstaining from voting. He therefore declared that, as the vote in favor of the move was nearly three to one, the decision for the removal to Guelph was carried. The Society’s lease of its room in the Public Library building at Lon- don terminated its second year on the Ist of September, and another tenant was prepared to take over the premises at that date and relieve the ‘Society of the remainder of its term of occupancy under the lease. It became necessary, therefore, to carry out the removal before the end of August. The books and collections forming our Library and Museum were carefully packed and brought to Guelph, and are now placed in their new quarters in the Library and Biological Buildings of the Agricultural College. The cabinets with their contents received no injury whatever in transit and are now conveniently arranged for reference in a part of the College Museum assigned solely to them. The Society’s books and other printed matter are in a series of stacks in the fire-proof Massey Hall Library building and are kept entirely distinct from those belonging to the College. All the pro- perty of the Society continues to be under the control of its own officers and subject to any regulations that they may adopt. A written agreement to this effect between the College and the Society has been executed and a copy is appended herewith. Much regret is felt by all the members of the Council, and no doubt by the members of the Society in general, that the headquarters should be removed from London, where they were established in 1872. Unfortunately, interest in entomology has almost entirely died out in London, and there seemed to be no one there available for the supervision and care of the library and collections. The sections also of Botany, Ornithology, Geology and Microscopy had, one after the other, ceased their active operations, and no meetings of any of them have been held during the last two years. Under these circumstances, it seemed to the majority of the Council that a change Was imperative, and that a removal to Guelph would be in the best inter- ests of the Society. as well as in accordance with the wishes of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. , There is already in Guelph a flourishing branch of the Society with a large and active list of members. During the second and third years of the College course attendance at lectures in Entomolocy is compulsory. and in the fourth vear some of the students specialize in the subject and make ita serious and scientific study—these naturally become active members of the Society and will continue their connection with it after they leave the College and scatter over the country. There will also be at Guelph a continuity of work and interest through the permanent staff of a Professor and Lecturer. The books and specimens will be much more largely consulted and the usefulness of the Society greatly extended. It is therefore believed that the removal, which has lately been effected, will conduce to the best interests of the Society. ar 4 ey Vee re ahd ee RA ee ie 30 REPORT OF No. 19 The Council wishes to put on record 1is great gratification that one of — the oldest and most highly esteemed members of the Society, the Rev. Dr. | C. J. S. Bethune, has been appointed to the important position of Professor — of Entomology at the Ontario Agricultural College. Dr. Bethune’s wide knowledge of entomology and his long experience in teaching fit him emi- nently to fill this chair, with honour to himself and great advantage to all — students who may attend his lectures. Special arrangements have been made with the Government and the President of the College, by which Dr. Bethune’s services will be continued to the Entomological Society in the — general supervision of its Library and in editing The Canadian Entomologist. It is with much regret that the Council has to record the death of Baron — C. R. Von Osten Sacken, one of our earliest honorary members, which took place at Heidelberg, Germany, on the 20th of May. This eminent Dipterist was born at St. Petersburg on the 21st of August, 1828, and for many years | was attached to the Russian Embassy in Washington and afterwards was Consul General for Russia in New York. During the twenty-one years — that he spent in America he prepared and published a number of works on © the Diptera, and to him is due entirely the first scientific knowledge of the — North American species belonging to this great order of insects. 4 We have also to deplore the loss of one of our oldest London members, Mr. Benjamin Green, who for many years took a deep interest in the Society | and was a regular attendant at the meetings of the Geological Section. — Though prevented by failing eyesight from doing any active work of late years, his interest in science continued unabated and he kept up his con- — nection with the Society to the end. Joun D. Evans, President. MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE ONTARIO AGRI- J CULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The Ontario Agricultural College, in consideration of the removal of © the headquarters of the Entomological Society of Ontario, together with the Society’s library and collections, from London to Guelph, hereby agrees © to provide the Society with a separate section of the stacks in the Massey — Hall building, for its library, and a room in one of its buildings for the Society’s collections and other property: the books and collections, etc., of — the Society are to be entirely under the control of the officers of the Society and to continue to be its separate property; they shall also be subject to any regulations that its council may draw up. The College will provide this accommodation free of any charge for rent or supervision. The Society shall be at liberty to withdraw from this arrangement and ~ to remove its property at any time, on giving to the President of the Col- lege three months’ notice of its intention to do so. , Dated this 6th day of August, 1906. i (Signed) G. C. CREELMAN, a President, for the College. JouHn D, Evans, President of the Entomological if Society of Ontario. F Se ee ee ee eee ot Sa ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 275th reguiar, and 33rd annual meeting, of the Montreal Branch was held at the residence of Mr. A. KE. Norris, on May 14th, the following “members being present: A. E. Norris, in the chair; H. H. ‘Lyman, Geass i Moore, E. C. Barwick, G. R. Southee, iG Chagnon, A Denny, A. F. Winn. The minutes of the April meeting were read and confirmed. The secretary read the following report of the Council :— In submitting their report for the season 1905-06, the Council have _ pleasure in recording that not only has there been a continued interest in Se: ot ie our mcctings, but hice that there is a growing desire in many directions for accurate knowledge of the habits of insects. Meetings have been held monthly as usual from October to May, with an average attendance of nine, at the residences of various members. Dur- ing the summer field-days were held on May 24th and July Ist at St. Hilaire, and Saturday afternoon outings were arranged for, but weather conditions - interfered with most of these, and it is to be hoped that the field-day com- mittee will arrange for similar short trips this summer, and invite all inter- ested in natural history to join with us. The branch attended the Natural History Society picnic at Mount Johnson on June 10th, and presented the books for prizes in the Entomological Department, Mr. E. Denny capturing the first prize and Mr. Stevenson the second. One new member has been added to our roll, Mr. G. M. Stewart, form- ‘erly of the Toronto Branch. Bs The following papers were read at the meetings : — A Talk on Butterflies and Moths, A. E. Norris. The Cotton-worm Moth (A. argillacea), A. F. Winn. Difference between the Sexes in Hemiptera, G. A. Moore. A Rare Longicorn (Pachyta rugipennis), G. Chagnon. Hemintera having Rudimentary Wings, G. A. Moore. The Tussock Moth Situation in Montreal, H. H. Lyman. Notes on the Geometridae of Biddeford, Maine, A. F. Winn. An Account of the Annual Meeting at Guelph, H. H. Lyman. The Buck Moth (H. Maia), A. F. Winn. Wings of Hemiptera-Heteroptera, G. A. Moore. An Interesting Variety of Lina Scripta, G. Chagnon. Heads of Hemiptera, G. A. Moore. North American Thecline, H. H. Lyman. Theclas of Great Britain and Ireland, L. Gibb. Canadian Theclas, A. F. Winn. The Deaths-Head Moth, Rev. Dr. Fyles. Notes on some Micro-Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn. Catocala Relicta, A. F. Winn. A Hunt for a Borer, H. H. Lyman. Notes on Apantesis Vittata, E. Denny. But few additions have been made to the cabinet during the past sea- sons, and good specimens in any order will be very acceptable. ‘Mr. Moore has entered up in the Catalogue of Montreal Insects a list of Hemiptera known by him to occur here, making a useful addition. A beginning has been made in forming a collection of portraits of our members, past and present, and those who have not already handed in their ‘photos are again respectfully requested to do so. The lhbrary has been added to by the receipt of the Reports from New York State, and also the Volumes of the Canadian Entomologist, which have been bound. At the annual meeting at Guelph, the Branch was represented by Mr. Lyman, and Mr. Winn was elected as this year’s delegate to the Royal Society of Canada. The treasurer’s report, submitted herewith, shows a balance to our credit of $49.36. : Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council, A. E. Norris, President. The reports of the treasurer and of the curator and librarian were then submitted and adopted. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :— President-—Geo. A. Moore. Vice-President—E. C. Barwick. Sec’y.-Treas.—A. F. Winn. Curator and Librarian—L. Gibb. Council—G. Chagnon, H. H. Lyman, G. R. Southee and E. Denny. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The ninth annual meeting of the Quebec Branch of the Entomological neg (Ha 32 REPORT OF ° No. 19 Society of Ontario was held at the house of the President on the 13th day © of October, 1906. There were present: The Rev. Dr. Fyles in the chair, Mrs. Fyles, Mrs. J. H. Simmons, Miss Fyles, Miss Bickell, Miss M. Johnstone, Miss Freeman, ~ Miss Hamel, Mr. J. H. Simmons, Lt.-Colonel Lindsay, secretary-treasurer, and two guests. , Dr. Fyles congratulated the members on their re-assembling after the summer holidays. He then told of an excursion he had made through the berder townships in the tracks of the Larch saw-fly, Nematus Erichsonit, Hartig. He learned that in all that section of the country there was not a first-growth tamarack remaining, and that most of the tamarack of a later — growth were destroyed. A few young trees of the kind were growing in — places; but a new growth of balsam, poplar, spruce and birch, varying with — the nature of the soil, was occupying the broad stretches of land in which — the tamarack formerly flourished. Dr. Fyles exhibited a fine nest of the wasp Vespa arenaria, Fabr., which | .he had brought from the grounds of Mr. George Ramsay, of Little Village, — P.Q. It had been built in an open field an inch or so from the ground and — was supported by a few stout bents of grass and a small stem of Aster cordi- folius, L. It resembled a round stone or a large puff-ball, and it contained a surprisingly large number of cells. While he was examining it at Mr. Ramsay’s residence, a fine female— — the last of its occupants—burst from her cell and was quickly transferred to | the cyanide bottle. This was on the 9th of September. The insect was a beautiful object, jet black with pure white markings; but when it was set up it soon lost much of its beauty: it had become greasy, saturated with oily matter. As the accumulated fat of the bear is its support through its long winter repose, so, probably, this super-abundance of oil in the female wasp is the provision of the insect until the opening spring. Dvn ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 Numerous insects taken by Miss Freeman at her country place at Lor- ette, P.Q., were also shown. Among them 7'ropea Luna, L., Autographa rectangula, Kirby, Catocala Briseis, Edwards, and the handsome beetle, Chal- cophora Virginiensis, Drury. Miss Freeman discovered in an unoccupied room—one of the windows of which had been left partly open for ventilation—about a dozen specimens of the beautiful butterfly, Lugonia 7 album, Bois and Le Conte. They had evidently flocked to the room as to a safe refuge from winter storms. The President exhibited seed of the larger Lady’s slipper, Cypripedium pubescens, which had come to perfection in his garden. They were con- tained’ in a ribbed fusiform pod. To the naked eye they resembled brown dust, but under the microscope they presented a very-interesting appearance. Each minute brown seed was attached to the inside of a finely reticulated _ transparent spindle-shaped capsule, which could be readily carried by the wind, and by this provision the seeds on escaping from the pod are widely scattered. Lt.-Colonel Lindsay then gave a most interesting account of the Caddis fly frequenting lakes and streams. These flies are very abundant in August and not only the trout are eager to make them their prey, but insectivorous birds gather them with the same intent, so that between the crop of the bird and the maw of the fish—its Scylla and Charybdis—the unlucky insect finds it difficult to steer its course. The officers for the coming year were then elected as follows: President, the Rev. Dr. Fyles, F.L.S.; Vice-President, Mrs. Richard Turner; Secretary- Treasurer, Lt.-Colonel Oecd Lindsay; Council, Hon. Riehard Turner, oJ. H. Simmons, EKsq., Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman, Miss Hedge. A vote of thanks to the officers, to the hostess of the occasion, and to the authorities of Morrin College for allowing the Society the use of its rooms for its meetings, proposed by Mr. J. H. Simmons, and carried unanimously, brought the proceedings of a very pleasant meeting to a close. CrawrForp Linpsay, Sec.-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Branch now numbers 29 members. The Secretary-Treasurer’s report will be submitted to you and will no doubt be found satisfactory. In the course of the year, four papers on Ants and one on pete were read by the Rev. W. W. McCuaig, and papers on the Tussock and Gypsy moths, European butterflies, Paper-making wasps, the Death’s Head moth, and the Arctiade of the Province of Quebec, by the President. The Council regret the departure of Rev. Mr. McCuaig from this part of the country. A vote to that effect was adopted by the Branch. Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having con- tinued to allow us the use of their rooms for our meetings. CRAWFORD Linpsay, Sec.-T'reasurer. 34 REPORT OF No. 19° REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH, 1905-6. The tenth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society was held in the Provincial Museum on June 19, 1906. _ The President, Dr. Brodie, was in the chair, and the following were present: Mr. J. B. Williams, Mr. P. Hahn, Mr. ‘A. S. Saunders, Dr. Ab- bott, Mr. A. Cosens, Mr. Fraser, Miss Mosey, Miss Blackmore, and a number of visitors. The following officers were elected: President—Dr. Brodie. Vice-President-—Mr. Paul Hahn. Secretary-Treasurer—Miss Blackmore. Librarian and Curator—Mr. J. B. Williams. Council—Mr. Ivy, Mr. Webb, Dr. Abbott, Mr. R. Hallam. The Secretary read the following report : Your Secretary takes pleasure in announcing a successful and profitable season’s work. In all, eight meetings in the Museum have been held, and three excursions thoroughly enjoyed by those fortunate enough to be able to attend. The average attendance at the meetings was 10. Many very instructive papers were read, particularly those of Dr. Brodie require mention, which dealt with insect pests and methods of dealing with them. Papers read during session : “The Tent Caterpillar,’’ Dr. Brodie. “Some Recent Additions to the Society’s Collection,” Mr. Williams. “Collecting at Niagara Glen,’’ Mr. Hahn. ‘*Parasitism,’’ Dr. Brodie. “Insect Intelligence,’’ Dr. Brodie. ‘The Tussock Moth,’’ Dr. Brodie (2 papers). “A Temagami Trip,’’ Mr. Hahn. One evening during the session was devoted to specimens, and proved very interesting. Donations to the Society’s collection have been received during the past year from Mr. Hahn, Mr. Saunders, Mr. Fraser,tand Mr. Williams. Some work has been done in arranging the Lepidoptera, and Mr. Fraser has under- taken to rearrange the Dragon-flies. Publications have been received from Ottawa and Washington, from the Ohio and Connecticut Experiment Stations, and from New York State Museum, and a copy of “‘Butterflies of the West Coast’’ has been procured for our library. The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $6.95. Respectfully submitted, KE. Buackmore, Secretary. . REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH OF THE ENTO- MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO FOR THE YEAR 1906. — The fifth annual meeting Gt the above Branch was held at the Queen’s” School, Vancouver, on January 26th, 1906. The following members were present: Messrs. A. H. Bush, R. V. Har- © vey, R. S. Sherman, W. A. Dashwood-Jones, B. Marrion, J. Towler, R. Draper, F. Foster. 3a EN. “bad RE at aN eae ae 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 On the motion of Mr. Dashwood-Jones, Mr. Bush took the ae in the unavoidable absence of. the President. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The Treasurer presented his report, showing a balance in hand, in cash and supplies, of $15.50. Messrs. J. R. Anderson and F. Foster (junior) were elected members of the Branch. The retiring officers were re-elected for the coming year: President, Rev. G. W. Taylor; Vice-President, T. Wilson; Secretary-Treasurer, R. V. Harvey. The Secretary announced that he had approached the Provincial Depart- ment of Agriculture with a view to obtaining assistance towards printing a small periodical giving an account of the work of the society. He read a letter from the Hon. R. G. Tatlow, definitely promising aid for one year. A resolution was passed, accepting with thanks the offer of the Depart- ment, and the President and Secretary were empowered to arrange for the publication of a periodical, to be called the ‘‘Bulletin of the B. C. Entomo- logical Society.’’ Two numbers of this Bulletin have already appeared, and the third is on the point of appearing. These numbers contained: Proceedings of the Branch; A Summary of the work done in B. C. up to date; Lists of interest- ing captures; General articles, and lists of various Semies, of insects as they have been recorded in British Columbia. These comprise: Coccinellide (33 species), Buprestide (19 species), Cicindelide (15 species); in Diptera, the Tabanide (18 species), Bombyliide (23 species), Therevide: (1 species), and a list of 28 species of Odonata. (Note by the Secretary.) ’ Mr. Dashwood-Jones then showed some interesting insects from St. Leon Hot Springs, Kootenay Lake, B.C., determined by Dr. J. Fletcher, includ- ing: Basilarchia arthemis, Basilarchia disippus, Nomiades Iyedamus, Erebus -odora, Catccala briseis, Phengommatea Edwardsata and Sthenopis quadri- guttatus. Dr. Draper showed a fine series of Lepisesia flavofasciata, var. ulalume. The meeting then adjourned. The spring meeting was held at Duncan’s, on Vancouver Island, on April 19th. The following members were present: Rev. G. W. Taylor (President), Messrs. A. W. Hanham, C. Livingston, E. M. Skinner, G. O. Day, T. M. English and R. V. Harvey. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. F. Wolley-Dod, G. O. Day, and T. M. English were elected - members of the Branch. Mr. Harvey read a paper on the ‘‘Distribution of Insects in North America,’’ calling attention to the far greater similarity between our fauna and that of Europe, than between the latter and that of eastern North America. Messrs. Livingston and Skinner showed some rare Lepidoptera, the latter having a fine specimen of Sthenopis quadriguttatus, from the Skeena River. The meeting then adjourned. 36 REPORT OF No. 19 REPORT OF THE GUELPH BRANCH. On the occasion of the forty-second annual meeting of the Ontario Ento- mological Society, held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on October 18th and 19th, 1905, action was taken which resulted in the forma- tion of a Guelph Branch of the Society. This new Branch was organized with the following officers: President—Franklin Sherman. Vice-President—Richard Readwin. Secretary-Treasurer—T. D. Jarvis. Committee—Messrs. Sherman, Jarvis and C. R. Klinck. An encouraging membership of 27 was secured, and the wisdom of the step was shown. The beginning augured well for live and enthusiastic work, and the most sanguine hopes have been fully realized. During the year sixteen meetings have been held at fortnightly periods, alternating with those of the Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club. The at- tendance averaged thirty and peel aed visitors from the Nature Study classes of Macdonald Institute, and teachers and others from the city of Guelph. At each meeting talks and papers were presented, which were occasion- ally illustrated with lantern views. Their nature will be indicated by the following classification which appears on the printed invitations sent out: General Entomology. Entomological Literature. Economic Entomology. Observations and Notes by Members. At the conclusion of this one year’s work the Branch was merged with the parent society whose headquarters are now at this place. Tennyson D. Jarvis, Secretary-Treasurer. REPORT TO THE fase SOCIETY OF CANADA. From THE EntomotocicaL Society or Ontario, THROUGH Mr. A. F. WINN, DELEGATE. As Delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario, it is my pleas- ing duty to report another year of steady progress, and that our membership is increasing very rapidly. At your last meeting the establishment of a branch in British Columbia was mentioned, and since then another had been formed in Guelph, Ont., where there are a number of active and enthusiastic entomologists. The parent society in London, with its branches at Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Guelph and Vancouver, and active members in every Province of the Dominion, is able to accomplish niuch that would be impossible if the sphere of work were limited to a more restricted area. The last volume, No. 38, of our monthly magazine, The Canadian Ento- mologist, contains 426 pages—a contrast with the first modest one of 110 pages —and is illustrated with twenty-nine figures in the text from original draw- ings, and seven full page plates, one of the latter being a three-color process plate of moths, showing the beauty as well as scientific accuracy of this style of illustration. Among the sixty-two contributors to its pages, some are from such distant places as Jamaica, W.I.; Honolulu, and the Philippine ; ess: 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 ‘Tslands. Eleven new genera of insects are described, and one hundred and forty-two new species. Articles on new species and varieties of Lepidoptera, by Dr. J. B. Smith, Dr. Wm. Barnes, Dr. H. G. Dyar, Prof. Fernald, Miss Murtfeldt, Messrs. H. H. Lyman, F. H. Wolley-Dod, A. Gibson, W. D. Kearfott. Coleoptera, by Prof. H. F. Wickham, Major T. L. Casey, Messrs. Fred- erick Knab and Wm. Knaus; Orthoptera, by Messrs. E. M. Walker, and W. T. Davis; Hemiptera, by Messrs. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, EK. D. Ball, D Lange, and G. W. Kirkaldy; Hymenoptera, by Dr. W. H. Ashmead and J. H. Lovell; Diptera, by Mr. W. D. Coquillett, Miss C. S. Ludlow and Dr. Grabham. Life histories are given more or less completely of Eupithecia interrupto fasciata, Apantesis virgo, parthenice and rectilinea, by Mr. A. Gibson; Apantesis proxima, by Dr. O. Siefert; Gortyna thalictri, by Mr. H. H. Hyman; Delphastus pusillus, by Mr. W. E. Britton. A series of articles on Practical and Popular Entomology consists of the following : “The Pear-tree Psylla and how to deal with it,’’ by Mr. George E. Fisher; ‘‘Entomology in Schools,’’ by Mr. H. S. Saunders; “‘How do In- sects pass the Winter?’ by Dr. James Fletcher; ‘‘Notes on Collecting Aquatic Hemiptera,’’ by Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno; ‘‘Canadian Three- color Process Illustration,’’ by Dr. James Fletcher; ‘“The Struggle with the Codling Moth,’”’ by Prof. W. Lochhead; “Granary Insects,’ by Mr. A. Gib- son; ‘‘A Method for Measuring Insects,’’ by Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno; oo ‘The Buffalo Carpet Beetle,’’ by Dr. James Fletcher. Articles on Classification include a catalogue of the Aphide, by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy; ‘‘The Bees of Oregon,’’ by H. L. Viereck and others; ‘‘The Three Ranatras of the Eastern United States,’’ by Mr. J. R. de le Torre Bueno; ‘‘Mosquito Notes,’’ by Miss C. 8S. Ludlow. Among the miscellaneous papers may be mentioned: ‘‘Observations on Lampyride,’’ by Mr. Frederick Knab; ‘‘Notes on Types in the British Museum,’’ by Mr. H. H. Lyman; ‘‘Remarkable Flight of Corisa (Water- boatmen),’’ by Mr. D. Lange; ‘‘Spiders of Rockport Cave, Mo.,’’ by Mr. C. R. Crosby; “‘Influence of the Apide upon Geographical Distribution of cer- tain Floral Types,’’ by Mr. J. A. Harris; ‘‘Oviposition of Bibio Femorata,”’ by Mr. A. H. Girault. Book notices have appeared promptly of new entomological works. The forty-second annual meeting was held in October at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, with an attendance at some of the meetings of over one hundred, and the Society was favored with the presence of Prof. John B. Smith, State Entomologist of New Jersey. Reports were presented on the injurious and other insects of the various districts in Ontario, from the different Branches and Sections of the Society, and addresses and papers were given on a variety of subjects. The thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Society to the Ontario Government has been published, comprising one hun- dred and forty-four pages, and, as usual, contains a full account of the work of the previous year, and the papers read at the annual meeting, as well as numerous articles of an economic nature, giving to fruit-growers and agri- culturists an account of injurious insects along with the best methods of at- tacking them. Among these may be mentioned: ‘‘A Review of the Mosquito Work in New Jems by Dr. J. B. Smith; “‘Experiments Against the San José Seale,’? by Prof. Lochhead ; “Entomological Conditions in North Carolina,’’ by eae. F. Sherman; “Reports on Insects of the Season 1905,’’ by Prof. Lochhead, Dr. Pletcher: Dr. Fyles, Dr. Bethune, and Mr. C. Stevenson: 38 REPORT OF No. 19 “The Tussock Moths,’’ by Dr. Fyles and Mr. H. H. Lyman; ‘‘The Phlox Mite; the Blue Spruce Fly, and, On Bumble Bees that Fertilize the Red Clover,’’ by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; ‘‘Forest Insects,’’ by Rev. Dr. Fyles and Mr. K. J. Zavitz; ‘“‘The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Canadian Ento- mologist,’’ by Rev. Dr. Fyles; ‘‘Butterfly Collecting in Canada,’’ by Mrs. Nicholl; ‘‘Orthoptera and Odonata from Algonquin Park,’’ by Dr. E. M. Walker; “‘Insects as Nature Studies,’’ by Prof. S. B. McCready; ‘‘Injurious Insects of the Flower Garden,’’ by Mr. Arthur Gibson. The library now consists of over eighteen hundred volumes, and a card catalogue according to subjects has been begun. The collections at London are open to the public three days a week, and advantage is taken of this opportunity, the number of visitors being increasing. The branches are all in a satisfactory state, and our friends in British Columbia have decided to issue a quarterly ‘‘Bulletin,’’ the first number of which has just appeared, and contains much information on the insects of British Columbia, particularly on the Coleoptera. It was felt that, as the members in that Province are so widely scattered, a medium of communica- tion would bind them together, and we should like to see the members in the Maritime Provinces and also in the North-West follow a similar course, so pe our Society could have a chain of branches from the Atlantic to the Pacific. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR. During the year ending August 31st, 1906, thirty-eight bound volumes have been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 1900, also a large number of periodicals and pamphlets. Among the new books may be mentioned the Autobiography of the late Miss Eleanor Ormerod, LL.D.; Mr. A. G. Weeks’s Illustrations of South American Diurnal Lepi- doptera; the second part of Prof. Packard’s Monograph of the Bombycine Moths; Mr. W. G. Wright’s Butterflies of the West Coast of the United. States; and Prof. Needham’s May-flies and Midges of New York. During the year 38 volumes were issued to local members. , Owing to his appointment to the Professorship of Entomology at the Ontario Agricultural College, which took place on the lst of June, the Lib- rarian and Curator was absent:from London during the last quarter of the Society’s year. There are, therefore, few acquisitions to the collections to be recorded for this season, and the attendance of visitors during the summer months was almost entirely precluded. The following contributions have been made to the collections since our last report, and our grateful thanks are due to the kind contributors: 35 specimens of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, by Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa; 23 specimens of Lepi- doptera by Mr. H. S. Saunders, Toronto; 118 specimens, representing 63 species of Manitoba Coleoptera, by Mr. Norman Criddle, Aweme, Man.; 22 specimens of Coleoptera, by Dr. A. H. R. Watson, Port Hope; 6 specimens of Coleoptera, by Mr. A. C. Baker, London, and a number of interesting specimens of various orders by Mr. J. A. Balkwill, London. The removal of the Society’s books and cabinets and other property from London to Guelph has been safely accomplished without any appreciable injury to the specimens, and all are now placed in their new quarters in the Massey Hall Library and the Biological Building at the Ontario Agricultural College. : Respectfully submitted, Cuar tes J. S. BeETHUNE, Librarian and Curator. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. 39 AUDITORS’ REPORT. For Yrar Enpina Aveaust 3lst 1906. Receipts. Disbursements. Bal. on hand Sept. Ist, 1905 ...... $517 76 Pins; corksmetesy 0.8.0: cesar seas $ 26 95 PERRET EH: LOC (e o.2 cs seses.cntser esos: 399 67 Printing account ...........-.....+.:. 863 19 Bales of pins, cork, etc. ......... 41 38 Reng. 35:2 eee eae eee etuaee eee 140 00 Sales of Entomologist ............ 190 50 Insurance Shastri pasthcio della Soo eee Sao E EE 24 00 Mavertisoments: ........ 2.6.0. 0...s6.es 46 91 Ups aes account, postage, mov- oR TSN RR 7 20 ING, OCC. Ge diated cece eee eS eee 204 37 Government Grant .................. 1,000 00 Annual Meeting and Report...... 172 81 Library Jyaeeeeesecee eae ence 12 35 Mallaries: \iiedast-teessacnes eee eee 237 50 Balances 2.25 Beye ta eee ese cence 522 25 $2,203 42 $2,203 42 A HUNT FOR A BORER. By H. H. Lyman, M.A., MONTREAL, QUE. On pages 154-156 of Vol. VIII of the Canadian Entomologist, pub- lished in August, 1876, appeared a paper, ostensibly by Dr. Leon F’. Harvey of Buffalo, describing four species of new Noctuide, one being Gortyna A ppassionata. The single type specimen had been received from Mr. E. B. Reed of London, Ont. I believe it was later claimed by Grote that he wrote Harvey’s descriptions, and the type specimen was doubtless sent for name to Grote, and remained in the Grote collection and passed with it to the British Museum. On the rediscovery of the species, Grote disclaimed responsibility for the name, which he said was not Latin but Italian. Al- though there were a very few unrecognized specimens of this species in American collections, such as the collection of the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia, the species remained unknown save for its name in the catalogues and the one type specimen in the British Museum, though certain strongly marked specimens of Marginidens were identified with it by a prominent entomologist, who had seen the type on a visit to London. The description was accurate enough with certain exceptions which I, at least, fail to understand. The ground color of thorax and wings was stated to be “of a dark red color, the terminal space glistening red, subterminal space wide, concolorous purple.’’ The last clause I consider misleading, as in many specimens the space from the t.p. line to the margin 1s of a uni- form deep brownish red color, with only the faintest indication of the sub- terminal line, but I confess that in one of my specimens the space between the t.p. and s.t. lines has a purplish tinge which renders it darker than the space beyond, but the statement which I consider most incomprehensible is that ‘it is allied to Nitela, differs from it by the wider, rounder reniform, the three larger superposed spots on the t.a. line, the wider concolorous sub- terminal space and the more regular lunulate t.p. line.’’ In 1901 or 1902, Mr. Louis H. Joutel, as Mr. Bird has so interestingly told in Can. Ent, XX XV.. 91-94, discovered an unknown larva of the genus, Gortyna, Hydrecia, Papaipema, or what you will, feeding in the roots of the Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia Purpurea) in the pine barrens near Lakewood, N. J., and Mr. Bird, having secured a supply of larve and food plant, was able to carry to maturity a goodly number of specimens, many of which, with his usual generosity, he distributed to important collections. 40 REPORT OF No. 19° Fired with the ambition to secure this beautiful and rare species, I determined to take an early opportunity of seeking it in the locality whence came the type and so prolonged a business trip to Toronto into an entomo-: logical expedition to the then headquarters of our Society. I left Toronto by the International Limited on the afternoon of July 4 9th, 1903, reaching London the same evening. After supper I called upon Mr. Dearness, who very kindly advised me as to the best remaining locality — in which to look for the food plant, and promised to see Mr. Balkwill in the morning as to the most likely guide to the happy hunting ground. The next morning Mr. Balkwill called for me at the hotel and after some delay we succeeded in chartering a vehicle from a livery stable with a boy to go with us. We drove some distance into the country to a likely swamp, and then, leaving the vehicle in charge of the boy, Mr. Balkwill led the way to where the Pitcher Plants grew. There were no great masses of them, and probably they do not grow that way, but they were scattered about here and there through the swamp. [ searched many but found no larve nor even any trace of them. Once [I thought I had found one, as there was frass among the leaves near the root, but I found it had evidently dropped from some larva on the tree above, and the plant was without any borer. Now, IT could never be mistaken about the frass of this species as it is reddish in color. After spending over an hour in the hunt without success, I aban- doned the search and went with Mr. Balkwill to where cocoons of Samia Columbia had been found on larch in another part of the swamp, but saw none. We then returned to the city. The next year I made a trip to Italy and so had no opportunity of look- ing for this species, but last year I determined to make another attempt, and as I also wanted to make a hunt at Kittery for G. Harrisii, I planned a four days’ trip to Prout’s Neck, Me., to search for these species, have a few dips in the sea, and a little golf. I left home on the evening of the 22nd July, and arrived at mv destination before 11 a.m. the following morn- ing, and in the afternoon set out accoutred for the chase. It is a good walk from Prout’s Neck to the locality I was in search of, which I had not visited for nearly twenty years, and when I found the place my heart sank, as the . area where the Sarracenia grew was so restricted, not occupying more than about a fifth of an acre between a wood which shut it off from the road and a salt marsh. However, I set to work, and as the result of about two hours’ work secured three nearly mature larve.’ I then set out on a brisk walk to the hotel, happy at my success. The next day was bad, as it rained all day, but towards five o’clock the rain stopped and the sun came out, and [ sallied forth for a walk, though it was too late to go to the Pitcher Plants. After going for some distance along the road, J came to where some evening primroses grew and started a hunt for that lovely moth which used to be called Alaria Florida, but for the present is known as /thodophora Florida, and secured quite a number of them asleep in the blossoms. [ then turned off from the road across a stretch of meadow land to a drainage ditch along which the Poison Hemlock (Cicuta Maculata) grew abundantly, and in a very short time I had secured over a dozen practically mature larve of G. Marginidens, which Dr. Hol- land calls a rather scarce species, and only left off grubbing them up because T had filled up all my tin accommodation with the roots and enclosed larve, and I believe I could have easily gathered fifty. The next morning I again visited the Pitcher Plants and devoted nearly two hours more to the search, and having.secured two more larve and a newly formed pupa, which I took to be of this species and which was dis- ! : | | mae oe _ 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 closed on pulling up a Pitcher Plant, I contented myself, as I did not want to clear the locality, and so kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. This species will, I think, always be rare in collections as the difficulties in the way of securing any large number are so great. It requires most patient search to find them, and the root of the-plant is so small that it takes two plants, at least, if not more, to nourish a single larva. They appear to enter the root from the crown among the bases of the petioles of the pit- chers, and when all the edible part of one root is consumed they go to an- other, and [I found several bored roots which had been abandoned. The beautiful crimson of the moth is evidently derived from the food-plant, as even the frass is red. The plants in the locality visited by me grow among a very spongy moss and the larve when full fed appear to leave the roots before pupating, and in my breeding jars they pupated in the moss. Having provided myself -with a sufficient supply of the roots to bring the five larve to maturity, I felt that that portion of my expedition had been successfully accomplished, and in the afternoon played a couple of rounds over the course of the Owas- coag Golf Club with a good conscience. The next morning I took the train for Kittery Junction, and from there the next train to Kittery Point, a very short distance, and then set out to walk. Morning and afternoon I must have tramped fifteen miles, but did not find a single plant of Heracleum Lanatum, the food-plant of G. Harrvsz, and I found little except a further supply of Rhodophora Florida in the flowers of Ginothera. In the late afternoon [I returned to Portland, and left for home by the night train, which I reached on the morning of the 2ith. The five larvae duly pupated and were taken with me on the eclipse expedition to Labrador. Just before leaving, the pupa which I had found disclosed the imago and proved not to be a Gortyna at all. Of the five pup reared, one died, one moth was unable to emerge. I performed a delicate surgical operation and removed the pupa case, but the wings would not expand. One emerged and apparently hid among the moss and so escaped notice and damaged itself, so only two perfect specimens were secured. Postscript.—Mr. C. H. Young of Hurdman’s Bridge, near Ottawa, who has been very successful in rearing G. Appassionata during the season of 1906, has favored me with the following notes through Dr. Fletcher :— On July 12th, he found the larve in large numbers in a very wet swamp at the upper end of Meach Lake, Que., about fifteen miles north of Ottawa, at which time they were about half grown, but were full grown by the 25th. He noticed particularly that they were found only in the large plants and where the plants grew very thickly. According to Mr. Young’s observa- tions, the larve leave the root of the Pitcher Plant when mature, and pupate among the old decaying pitchers that are at least two vears old and lie out among the moss. A very large proportion of the larve found by Mr. Young were attacked by a fungoid disease or by insect parasites of two species, one hymenopterous and the other dipterous. TWO INSECTS AFFECTING RED CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION. By Tennyson JD. JARVIS, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The question of clover seed production is one of extreme interest to all who have the prosperity of agriculture at heart. While the seed cannot be considered as a staple money crop in most sections, the use of the plant 42 REPORT OF No. 19 has become so extensive and well-nigh universal, that the supply of the seed is becoming more and more a matter of paramount importance. The in- creased use of clover is indicated by the decided advance which has already taken place in the market price of the seed; and from this circumstance it is less than ever before keeping pace with the demand for it. It would seem ~ the natural conclusion that interest should be stimulated in the production — of such a remunerative commodity, and the fact that it has not been to a © sufficient extent to control the price, suggests that there may be some off- setting factors to be taken into account—which is indeed the case. A re- ference to the annual reports of the Bureau of Industries of Ontario, reveals almost invariably a more or less unsatisfactory yield of clover seed. Further- more, in examining carefully a large number of heads of clover here this fall, it was found that only 42 per cent. of the florets had produced seed, and undoubtedly the percentage is frequently much lower than it is this fall. It is not unusual for the yields to be so low as to render the harvest- ing unprofitable. In fact so uncertain and precarious a crop is it, that on a commercial scale it is a regular crop in only comparatively limited sec- tions of Ontario, and in the other Provinces of the Dominion is but little grown. This general uncertainty of obtaining a reasonably full yield of seed is due to various causes. The plants on heavy or undrained land may be weakened by winter heaving; or on light soils their growth may be checked by summer droughts. The soil in, some sections is so deficient in its retentiveness of moisture, that it is only in exceptional years that any considerable aftermath is produced. Insect ravages, and imperfect ferti- lization are two other causes. In the present article we propose to deal only with the two latter factors, showing how the presence of certain in- sects, and the absence of certain others, combine to affect adversely the yields of clover seed. There are fully a dozen insects which do appreciable injury to some part or other of the red clover plant, but by far the most destructive to the seed is the Clover Seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola). This insect has gained a wide range in America, and every year causes an immense depre- clation, in the yield of seed. It is estimated that the loss in Ontario ranges in various localities, all the way from 25 to 75 per cent. In an examina- tion of 50 heads of clover late in September, when in all probability some of the midges had already escaped, 164 of their larvee were found. _ The insect which is responsible for this destruction is a minute two- winged fly, which appears in May or early June, and lays its eggs on the developing heads of clover among the bristles which surround the young florets. From these eggs, which are so small as to be almost invisible to the naked eye, the larve hatch and find their way down the opening corolla tubes to the future seed at the base. Small as they are they may be readily seen if placed on a white surface, and appear variable in color from whitish to orange-red. They feed on the doughy -seeds until fully-grown, about the last week in June, when they emerge from the florets, and dropping to the ground transform to the pupal stage just below the surface. The pupe develop to the adult fly in time that these may lay their eggs upon the second growth of the clover for another brood of the maggots. Thus both crops of clover are attacked, and after the damage is done the midges remain to go into hibernation until another year’s supply of food is ready. Tn order to combat this pest, it is only necessary to bear in mind the date at which the first brood is likely to pupate; and by cutting the crop a little in advance of this time destroy the whole brood, or by pasturing until danger from the first brood is past, prevent altogether the deposition of the ee 4 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 eggs on the crop. In accordance with this, it is now recommended to pas- ture closely until the month of June, when the clover may be allowed to grow for a late crop of seed; or if the crop has been left for hay, to cut this not later than June 20th, and obtain the seed from a second crop. Where these rules are observed, the injuries of the midge can be largely avoided. However, so long as some growers persist in disregarding them, it will find ample means of propagation; and so long the rest must expect to be obliged to maintain their precautions. Having seen how the presence of one insect is so inimical to success in clover seed production, we will notice next how the presence of another 1s essential to the same. Red clover, particularly the first crop, often fails to produce seed freely owing to imperfect fertilization. ‘To understand this we need to notice two facts: 1. This plant is incapable of self-fertilization, and is therefore de- pendent on outside agencies for the performance of this office; and 2. The flower is so constructed, that very few of the agencies which operate in the eross-pollination of other flowers can take part in this case. 1. Inability to self-fertilize. Many plants are known which, owing either to the structure of there flowers, or the ineffectiveness of the pollen on the pistils of the flower from which it is derived, do not self-fertilize. The red clover is an example as we shall notice presently. The flowers or florets of which the head is com- posed, have the four sets of organs which we find in other complete flowers. The corolla is a long tube having its lobes curiously fashioned so as nearly to close the opening or mouth. Within and enclosed in the lower lobes ealled the keel. are the pistil and surrounding it the monadelphous stamens. Notice particularly that the stigma of the pistil reaches up beyond the anthers of the stamens. Owing to this peculiarity, the pollen in falling does not usually come in contact with the stigma, and the plant evidently requires the intervention of insects for its pollination. That this is the case has been repeatedly proved hv the exclusion of insects from the clover plants, with the result that under such circumstances no seed was produced. . Limited number of agencies which can pollinate red clover. Since insects do so much in carrying pollen between other plants, let us see why they are not equally useful here. We notice by examining a floret, that in order that pollen from another flower may come in contact with its stigma, it must be borne by some insect which in lighting on the keel, is heavy enough to pull it down so as to release the essential organs (pistil and sta- mens) from it; and then in probing with its proboscis for the nectar at the base of the corolla, will brush on to the stigma any pollen which may have become attached to it in visiting other flowers previously. The nectar, or sometimes the pollen which it bears, is the incentive which brings insects to a flower; but in the case of the red clover, the neck of the corolla tube is so long, that of the insects heavy enough to open the flower, onlv a very few have mouth parts long enough to reach the bottom. Bumble bees (Bombus) of various species, are practically the only insects which so habi- tually visit the flowers of red and mammoth clovers, as to be entitled to notice as a factor in their pollination. It is claimed that wasps often visit the flowers for honey. but instead of entering at the mouth in the orthodox manner, they cut a hole in the side within reach of the honey. Bumble bees have also been charged with this to some extent, and honey-bees will follow and utilize the holes thus made, but do not enter the flower; and so do not effect pollination. However, there is no doubt that bumble bees ordinarily visit the flower in such a way as to bring pollen to the stigma. ad REPORT OF No. Jf The honey bee seeking pollen and some other insects may occasionally be factors in this work, but cannot be considered as of any importance 1n com- parison with the bumble bee. That these statements are based on fact may be strikingly seen in the experience of the New Zealand growers of clover seed. In that country attempts to obtain home-grown seed were scantily rewarded until, about 1885,,the British Government introduced several species of bumble bees. These insects reproduced rapidly, and have effected a vast improvement in the yields of seed obtained. So manifestly beneficial did they prove, that the New Zealanders are now looking about for still further species which they might with advantage import. In the summer of 1905 a letter was received by the Ontario Department of Agriculture from the Canterbury Agricultural and .Pastoral Association of New Zealand, seek- ing information as to what species of insects perform the service of pollina- tion in this country. in the hope that some superior to what they have might be secured. There are in America. as many as fifty or sixty distinct and described species of bumble bees. Only a few of these, however, are sufficiently plenti- ful to be of economic importance. In an excursion through a clover field’ at Guelph this fall, three species were collected, namely, Bombus fervidas, B. ternarius, and B. borealis; the first of which was by far the most com-, mon. About Toronto another species, B. consimilis, is reported by Dr. Brodie as one of the most numerous. : Since the bumble bee plays such an essential role in connection with the production of clover seed, it will be worth our while to enquire into its life history and habits, for thereby we shall be enabled to arrive at some important practical conclusions. ie Bumble bees, like the honey bees of domestication, have among them three kinds of individuals: the queens or females, the males, and the workers” or undeveloped females. "All these will be found in a colony in the fall; but on the approach of winter, the males and workers all perish, and the fertilized queens alone go into hibernation, to perpetuate the species an- other year. They remain in sheltered places, and in the spring those which have survived, set out separately to found each a colony of its own. The first care is to find a suitable place for the nest which is to be the home. They often appropriate'deserted nests of field mice, and also construct nests_ for themselves of dried grass, or moss, or of wool, locating them in a depres- sion in the ground. In this is stored a mass composed of wax, pollen and honey, in the latter part of which a number of eggs are at once deposited. Other cells similar to the first are added from time to time, and more eggs deposited as fast as their accommodation can be provided for. Owing to this method of procedure, the resulting comb receives the characteristically) aimless construction with which we are so familiar. } As the young larve hatch, they feed upon the mass of pollen and honey in which they lie. When fully grown, each spins a lining to the cell which > it has formed, and transforms to the pupal stage, finally emerging by gnaw- ing its way out as a perfect bumble bee. After being thus emptied, these cells are not used again for the same purpose, but become the receptacles | for the honey which is collected by the new brood of bees. For some time) only workers are produced, and as they become numerous enough the queen | is relieved from the various duties of collecting material, building comb, . and so forth, all of which she has performed until now, and devotes her! energies exclusively to the laying of eggs. Thus br the end of summer a) populous colony may have been built up from the slender beginning of the spring. About this time, young queens and males also are ‘ro ducedy and | i q 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 —— + so when cold weather breaks up the colony, a number of queens are left to multiply colonies the following year. | This gradual increase from individuals to colonies of bees accounts for the greater yields of seed usually secured from a crop of clover late in the season. The flowers of the first crop opening in the latter part of June are not, as is sometimes supposed, any less capable of setting seed; but since they must be fertilized in order to produce seed, it follows that the yield will be in some proportion to the numbers of the bumble bees, and conse- quently greatest in the fall. The practical applications which we may now make of the information we have about these two insects, the clover seed midges and the bumble bee, can be presented as follows. The life histories of both alike demand that a late crop of clover be used for seed; and therefore it is the utmost folly to strive to produce it at the time when Nature’s odds are most strongly against us. The abundance of bumble bees, which is so much to be desired, may _be materially augmented by a policy on our part of “letting live.’ An instinctive cmpnice which seems to be inherent in man, and persists long fter he has lost the overflowing animal spirits of youth, makes the lot of the bumble bee a precarious one. In so far as we can, then, let us inspire youth with a considerate regard for the rights of the weak creatures, which are so often our friends; so ‘that these thoughtless raids may appear to them despicable as they truly are, and if we ever find that the chance discovery of a bumble bees’ nest stirs up in us some latent spirit of adventure, let us firmly suppress it as befitting a worthier occasion. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1906 IN ONTARIO. By C. J. S. BeEtTHUNE, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Owing to my removal from London to Guelph in the early part of June, and subsequently the transfer of the property of the Entomological ‘Society to its new quarters, my opportunities for outdoor observations have been somewhat limited during the past summer. I have, however, received a large number of enquiries, generally accompanied with specimens, from various parts of Ontario, and frequently visitors to the College have brought injurious and other insects for identification and information. In this way LT have been enabled to learn something about the most troublesome insects of the season and their distribution throughout the Province. The exten- Sive gardens, field-crops and plantations on the College premises have also afforded convenient places for the detection of injurious species. There has been no one great outbreak to mark the year, but many forms have been More abundant than usual and nearly all the common pests have been as destructive as ever. GARDEN INSECTS. The White Fly (Aleyrodes vaporariorum, probably) also called the Mealy-winged Fly, has been very abundant this year. My attention was first drawn to it by its occurrence in large numbers on greenhouse plants. such as fuchsias, roses, ete. In the early part of July, in order to make alterations in the greenhouses, all the plants were brought out-of-doors and remained there during the rest of the summer. Owing to this, in all pro- bability the White Flies were subsequently found on a large number of a ah 6 REPORT OF No. 14 plants in the vegetable garden, viz., beans, beets, carrots, cucumbers, par-— snips, radish, rhubarb, salsify, squash, summer savory, tobacco, tomatoes; — and on sunflowers and hollyhocks and a number of perennials in the flower garden. It, or probably another species, was also abundant on wild ginger. The waxen scale-like cases, under which the larve live, were to be found in Fia. 3.—Mealy White Fly. Fic. 4.—Scale-like covering : Greatly enlarged. (After of the larva. Greatly mag- 3 Gossard ). : nified. (After Gossard). : —— large numbers on the leaves and stems of the affected plants. In many in- stances considerable damage was done, not only by the loss of sap drawn off by these sucking insects, but also by the growth of fungus on the “honey- 4 dew”’ that is secreted by the larve on the foliage beneath them. The only — remedy for them appeared to be spraying with kerosene emulsion. Where ~ a greenhouse is infested fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas should be resorted to. The accompanying figures (figs. 3 and 4) represent the char- — acteristic forms of the fly and the scale-like covering of the larva; both are ~ very greatly enlarged. : | Fig. 6.—The Blue Asparagus Beetle ; Fie. 5.—The Tarnished eggs and larva—magnified. a Plant-Bug, much enlarged ¥ (after Lugger). a The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis) was another very abundant insect this year. It was first noticed in large numbers on the chrysanthe- — mums that had been brought out of doors from the greenhouses; it attacked — their terminal shoots and thus injured and in some cases destroyed the buds” and future flowers. It was also to be found on asters and a number of other flowering plants in the borders, and on asparagus, beets, carrots, celery, — oI - Zz 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3 47 parsnips, potatoes, salsify, etc., in the vegetable garden. Early in the season it did some damage to strawberry and currant blossoms. ‘This is a . true bug and, like all the other members of the order, obtains its food by piercing the tissues of the plant it attacks and sucking out the juices. The adult insects (fig. 5) are about a quarter of an inch in length and vary in colour from yellowish-green to a dark browm. It may easily be recognized by the yellowish lines on the thorax and the yellow V-shaped mark just behind them en the scutellum. Choice plants may be protected by dusting with Pyrethrum insect powder mixed with three or four times its weight of flour and applied in early morning when the insects are sluggish and the foliage is moist with dew. On a larger scale kerosene emulsion or a decoc- tion of tobacco may be used with advantage, if applied early in the morn- ing before the bugs become too lively. The two species of Asparagus Beetles, the Blue (Crioceris asparagt) and the 12-spotted (C. 12-punctatus) were very abundant all through the sea- son, and were to be found on the plants as late as the end of September. Until last year the latter species alone was to be found, but now the Blue beetle (fig. 6) has caught up to it here on its spreading movement northward - and westward. Both species have no doubt come to stay, and it is a pest that will have to be reckoned with by asparagus growers from now onward, just as we have the Colorado potato-beetle always with us. In spring when the shoots are being cut for table use, the beetles may be kept off by dusting with lime; later on, when the plants have grown large, the larve of the Blue species will be found feeding upon the foliage and may then be destroyed by dusting with a mixture of Paris Green and lime, or with flour instead ot lime, which is often difficult to procure. These larve are somewhat slug- like in shape and are of a greenish colour. The larve of the other species, the 12-spotted, feed upon the seeds of the asparagus plant and live inside the round pods. They cannot, therefore, be treated with poisons, but may be got rid of by cutting down and burning all the seed-bearing plants as soon as the pods have attained their full size and are beginning to turn red. Fic. 8.—The 12-Spotted Fic. 7.—The Blue Asparagus Asparagus Beetle. En- Beetle. Enlarged 8 times. larged 8 times). After (After Chittenden, U.S. Chittenden, U.S."Dept. Dept. Agric. ) Agric. ) Both beetles are often to be found on the same plant and may easily be re- cognized, one (fig. 8) being of a reddish-orange colour with 12 round black spots on the wing covers: the other (fig. 7) is of a shining blue-black colour with white blotches on the wing-covers. These vary a good deal in size and shape and sometimes form a cross of the ground colour on the back. They pass the winter in the adult state and are ready to attack the asparagus shoots tie: Mi 1a 43 REPORT OF No. 14 — as soon as they appear above ground in the spring. Like many other hiber- nating insects, they take shelter under rubbish, and thus afford another argument for clearing up and burning all garden refuse in the autumn. The Parsnip Borer (Depressaria heracliana, De Geer) is an old enemy, though not a very common one, of the second years’ growth of parsnips, both cultivated and wild. This year it proved injurious to some plants in the College garden. The full-grown caterpillar is about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a dirty green colour above and yellowish on the sides and beneath, with a number of shining black warts on nearly all the seg- ments, The young larve first attack the large umbels of flowers, covering them with a web, which is rendered very unsightly with masses of excre- ment. When the flowers have been all devoured, they burrow into the hollow stems, usually entering at the axils of the leaves and there feed upon the soft, white lining. If, however, there should be young parsnip plants near by, some of the larve are apt to attack them and eat up the tender foliage. By the middle of July they begin to turn into the chrysalis state and the small moths appear in August after a fortnight spent as pupe. This year the first moths in captivity came out on August 15th, but we have sometimes had them as early as the Ist of the month. The moths are dull gray, varied with black scales and blotches, and have a flattened abdomen with projecting scales at the sides. They have a habit, like some others of ~~ the genus, of coming into houses and secreting themselves behind curtains and. in garments, and are consequently mistaken for clothes moths. A full description of the insect in all its stages is given in the Canadian Entomo- logist, vol II., pp. 1-4, 1870. The only remedy for the attack seems to be the cutting off and burning all the infested flowers and stems. Among the familiar insects against which the gardener has to contend every year, may be mentioned the Zebra Caterpillar (J/amestra picta), which was found devouring the foliage of beets, in addition to its usual attacks upon cabbage, turnips and other plants. Fic. 10.—The Spotted Cu- cumber Beetle. Fia. 9.—The Striped Cucumber Beetle: «a beetle, b larva, c pupa. Enlarged 8 times. (After Chittenden, U. 8. Dept. Agric. ) The Striped Cucumber-beetle (Diabrotica vittata)—fig. 9—and the. spotted species (D.. 12-punctata)—fig. 10—were both abundant during the later part of the summer in the blossoms of pumpkins and squashes; this was the second brood, the adults of which pass the winter as beetles, and are ready to attack young plants of the cucurbitaceous family as soon as they appear above ground in the spring. The second brood, though num- erous, does no appreciable damage in the summer and autumn, as the plants are {hen so large and vigorous that the attack is unnoticed. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 ~The root and stalk borers (Gortyna nitela—fig. 1l—and cataphracta) _were much complained of this year. The former was found in potato stems, and the latter was reported by Mr. C. W. Nash, of Toronto, as attacking all kinds of perennial plants in gardens, and also.corn and tomatoes. It is difficult to prescribe any remedy for these insects, as they work out of sight and their presence is not suspected till they have seriously injured the plant. __ Attacks by various species of Plant-lice (Aphis) were complained of in different parts of the Province; on Brussells-sprouts, for instance, at Strat- ford; on turnips at Grenfel; on hops at Shelburne; on sweet-peas at Pene- tanguishene; on honeysuckle at Toronto, etc. The ordinary remedies of pveying with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap wash have usually proved effective. Fic. 11.—The Root and Stalk Borer (Gortyna nitela). a, female moth ; b, half-rrown larva; c, mature larva in injured stalk; d, lateral view of abdominal segment of same; e, pupa—all somewhat enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture). The Turnin Maggot (Phorbia brassice) was seriously injurious at Mark- dale, and the Onion Maggot (Phorbia ceparum) at Woodstock. For these underground insects there has not yet been found any perfectly effective remedy. In the case of the species attacking onions, it is recommended to dust the rows of plants with white hellebore once a week from the time that the young plants appear above ground; later on, when the bulbs are form- ing, the earth may be removed down to the roots and the exposed part dusted with white hellebore. The attack on turnips is not usually very severe, but the same species is liable to injure cabbages and radishes. It may be dealt with by spraying with a carbolic wash made of one quart of soft soap (or one pound of hard soap) in a gallon of water with half a pint of crude car- bolic acid; this mixture should be boiled for a few minutes and when re- quired for use, diluted with fifty parts of water to each one of the mixture. The application should be made once a week to the growing plants until the danger of attack is over. Cut-worms and Wire-worms have given trouble in many places: at Mount Charles tne Colorado Potato-beetle attacked and did consider:ble 4 EN. 50 REPORT OF Oe 19 a damage to tomato plants. Cabbage-worms (Pieris rape) were very abund- ant this year, and were especially injurious to cabbages and Brussels sprouts, as well as to mignonette and nasturtiums in the flower garden. White-grubs, the larve of May-beetles or “June-bugs’’ (Lachnosterna) —fig. 12—caused much damage to the roots of strawberry plants at Wal- lace, and were grievously complained of in consequence of their injury to lawns and golf-links at London, Woodstock, Paris, Watford, Durham, Cold- stream and elsewhere. In the case of lawns and boulevards in cities and towns, where the affected area is not very large, spraying liberally with kerosene emulsion and washing it in with plenty of water, has been found somewhat effective. When the roots of the grass are so devoured that the turf will roll up like a carpet, which was the case in some places, it seems as if the only plan would be to remove a few inches of the soil beneath the sod containing the grubs, and then to replace with fresh earth and resod. In an enclosed garden poultry may be turned in to devour the grubs; robins and other birds render useful assistance also. Where the attack is on golf links, it would be found serviceable to enclose the infested spots with hurdles Fic. 12.—May Beetle: a, beetle; b, pupa; c, larva (White Grub)—slightly enlarged. (Chittenden, Bull. 19, n.s. Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. of Agr. and turn in a few pigs; these would soon root up and devour the grubs and could then be removed to another place. The parts of the field thus treated might then be levelled and resodded or sown with grass-seed. In ordinary cases the grubs thrive in old pastures, where they live underground for two or three years. A proper rotation of crops and the breaking up of all such fields is by far the most effective method of dealing with the insect. When the beetles are flying in May and June and doing much injury to the buds and foliage of trees and shrubs, spraying with Paris Green will kill large numbers; they can also be attracted by lights and destroyed. Boys also might be employed to gather them in early evening, and to search for them in their hiding places beneath the soil, along fences and against buildings. Fig. 13.—Red-legged Locust. While referring to pasture lands it may be mentioned that the Red- legged Locust (Caloptenus femur-rubrum)—fig. 183—was more than usually : abundant this year throughout western Ontario and consumed a considerable amount of grass and cereals. 4a EN. : tee 1906 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5k EF RUIT-TREE [NSECTS. The Oyster-shell ‘Scale, or Bark-louse as it is usually called, (Lepido- saphes ulmi) is now wide-spread on apple-trees all over Ontario and has be- come through neglect a serious injury. Twigs completely encrusted with the scales have been sent in from many places, our correspondents fearing that they had to deal with the dreaded San José scale. On the College trees the lime-sulphur wash has been found thoroughly effective. When pro- perly made and carefully applied in early spring, before the buds begin to swell, it completely removed the scales and left the trees clean; at the same time it destroyed other insects which attack the buds. In previous reports full descriptions have been given of the methods of making the wash and ue proportions of the ingredients, it is unnecessary therefore to repeat them ere, The Rose-chafer (fig. 14), or Rose-beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus) has been remarkably abundant this year. Specimens have been sent or brought to me from Toronto on the east, to the County of Essex on the west, but none from localities east of Toronto. In the Niagara District and here Fig. 14.—Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). a, beetle; b, larva ; c and d, mouth-parts of same; e, pupa; injury to leaves and blossoms with beetles, natural size, at work. (After Marlatt, U.S. Dept. Agriculture. ) and there in the counties bordering on Lake Erie, the insect was especially abundant. In the neighborhood of London it has been prevalent for some years, but does not seem to extend much to the northward of the region re- ferred to. There are, however, isolated occurrences in other parts of the Province recorded, as an example of which may be mentioned a severe attack upon young corn in the County of Grey last year. The following is an account of the insect furnished by the writer to the Toronto Globe in July last, which may be repeated here :— This destructive insect is called the Rose-beetle, from its attacks upon the buds and full-blown flowers of roses, which it burrows into and devours, but it by no means confines its attention to this plant. It is especially in- - 52 REPORT OF No. 19 jurious to the blossoms of the grape, upon which it clusters in great num- bers and soon destroys all possibility of fruit, and it attacks the blossoms of fruit trees, large and small, ornamental shrubs, flowers, and in fact al- most any kind of vegetable growth. It appears in-immense numbers, and covers the plants that are attacked with a sprawling mass of beetles, full of alarm to the careful gardener and anxious grower. The beetle is pale brown or drab in color, about.a quarter of an inch in length, and with very long, spiny legs. The early stages of the insect are passed underground in sandy meadow land, where as a grub it feeds upon ~ the roots of grasses and other plants. The eggs are laid by the female beetles in the ground during June and July, and the grubs become full-grown before winter; in the spring they turn into the pupa (or chrysalis) state, and come out as winged beetles in June. For about five weeks in June and July they abound, and then suddenly disappear, having completed their life course, not to be seen again till the following summer. MHappily there is only one brood in the year. ; It is a remarkable fact that the ordinary insecticides have little or no effect upon this pest, and it will eat blossoms sprayed with Paris green and thrive upon them. Many experiments have been tried, and it is found that, where the work is to be done on a large scale the congregated insects may be repelled by a wash made by adding about three pecks of freshly-slaked lime to a quart of crude carbolic acid in fifty gallons of water. This does not kill the insects, but the smell of the carbolic drives them away. Fie. 15.—The Apple Bucculatrix. a, cocoons on twig; b, single cocoon ; c, moth, greatly enlarged. Another method is to spray the masses of beetles with half a pound of fish-oil soap in a gallon of water. It is claimed that this will kill about 95 per cent. of the insects. It acts by closing up their breathing apparatus and causing death by suffocation. On a small scale much may be done by beating the insects, in the early morning when they are sluggish, into pans containing a little coal oil and then burning them; or they may be knocked off into an open umbrella and then destroyed. Choice grapes or plants may be protected with netting. It is now, however, almost too late to do much this season, as the destructive period of their lives is nearly over, but measures should be taken to prevent the recurrence of the pest next year. This can be done to a large extent by breaking up all the sandy meadows or old pastures in the neigh- borhood where the insects occur and putting in some crop instead. They do not breed in clay land, but in sandy soil, especially where it is damp from want of drainage. In this case, as in many others, the destructive insect has not much chance of anvearing in injurious numbers if clean, scien- tific farming is carried out with a proper rotation of crops. a 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. «58 The large caterpillars of the Cecropia Emperor Moth were remarkably abundant this year on apple and crab trees at London, Brantford and Guelph. Being so large and voracious they consume the foliage very rapidly and soon strip a branch of its leaves. In Toronto Mr. Nash found it in con- siderable numbers on spirea, as many as a dozen being seen on one bush in August. This handsome insect cannot be classed amongst our ‘noxious species, ag it rarely occurs in any numbers, being kept in check by its para- sitic enemies; the cocoons in winter are also attacked by woodpeckers, who perforate the silken wrappings and suck out the liquid contents of the chrysalis. Among other insects affecting the apple mav be mentioned the Common Eye-spotted Bud-moth (7'metocera ocellana) which we always have with us. The Apple Bucculatrix (B. pomifoliella)—fig. 15—mining the leaves, was Fic. 16.—The Resplendent Shield-bearer. a, leaf showing holes made by insect; b, caterpillar ; c, case; d, cases on twig ; f, chrysalis; g, moth ; h, parasitic fly. abundant on some trees; its narrow, white cocoons were found in numbers on the twigs where the tiny caterpillars had attacked the foliage; at St. Catharines it occurred in injurious numbers. An unusual attack upon the foliage of Quince trees was reported by Mr. Alister McKay, of Chatham. Large numbers of the leaves were found to be riddled with roundish holes in September, and in October the singular flat oval cases containing the chrysalids were to be seen in numbers attached to the leaves and to boards standing on end near the trees. The parent insect is a very beautiful minute moth called the Resplendent Shield-bearer (Aspidisca splendoriferella) which comes from the cocoons in May. The accompanying illustration (fig. 16) shows the insect in its various stages; 54 , REPORT OF No. 19 the moth is richly decorated with gold and silver streaks on its wings. The lime-sulphur treatment would no doubt clear the trees of these small cocoons and put an end to the attack. ‘ SHADE-TREE INSECTS. The Tussock Moth, which has been so often referred to and described in our Annual Reports, has continued its depredations on the shade trees ef Toronto and some other places. It seems extraordinary that effective methods of control have not been adopted by those who have charge of the eity parks and avenues. The remedy is simple, easy and effective and should -not be very costly. It is only necessary to have the white egg-masses re- moved from the trees during the winter and destroyed by burning; this will get rid of the following season’s crop of caterpillars. Trees once cleared, unless their boughs interlace wtih others that have not been attended to, will not be affected again for many years, as the female moths are wingless and they cannot travel any distance. Any cocoons that do not bear an egg- mass should not be interfered with as, if not empty, they contain either useful parasites or the chrysalids of the harmless males. The Cottony Maple-scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) which has been excessively abundant on the shade trees in the streets of London for several years, and has also spread to vines and creepers, has at length begun to wane. During the past summer there was a very evident diminution in its numbers, so much so that it was hardly noticeable in some parts of the city and has ceased to excite alarm. It is reasonable to expect, from past experience, that the insect will not be troublesome for some years to come, owing no doubt to the check it has received from useful parasites and unfavorable atmospheric conditions. At Guelph twigs were found this summer covered with the scales, but on ex- amination it proved that not even one per cent. of them were alive; the rest were all dead and in many cases there was a hole in the scale through which the parasite had emerged. A similar condition was found in specimens sent from St. Mary’s and Fergus. The Black-banded Scale (Hulecanium nigrofasciatum, Perg.), called also the Terrapin Scale from its turtle-like shape, was found in great abun- dance on a maple tree near St. Catharines. Though not a common insect in Canada, it might easily become an injurious pest as it also attacks plum, peach, apple, linden, birch and several other trees. The affected tree was to be eut down and burnt in order to prevent any danger of the spread of the insect to the neighboring fruit orchards. Another attack upon Maples of an interesting character was reported by Mr. Donald Fisher, of Vittoria, in September. The insect was the Maple- leaf Cutter (Zneurvaria acerifoliella) which, in the caterpillar stage, cuts out round pieces of the leaves and forms with them a case in which it lives and hides. When in the case it feeds upon the leaf all round its dwelling and thus marks it with a series of blotches forming a circle on the surface of the leaf; when it has completed the circle in one place it moves to another on the same leaf and repeats the operation, till the leaf is covered more or less thickly with these round and conspicuous blotches. When the cater- pillars are fully grown, the cases fall to the ground and the chrysalis stage 1s entered upon. There they remain all winter beneath the trees, and in the following May the tiny moths appear, pretty creatures with long, narrow pointed wings, the front pair steel-blue and the hinder ones smoky brown with a purplish reflection; on top of the head there is a tuft of bright orange hairs. These insects are sometimes numerous enough to completely defoliate 1906 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 the maple trees they attack; but they are rarely to be found in numbers two years running, and as they work late in summer they do not injure the trees very much, the leaves having by that time nearly completed the dis- charge of their functions. If found to be necessary, a simple remedy would be to rake up the leaves, including the cases, under the trees and burn them on the spot. Dr. Fletcher, in his Report for 1885, records an attack by this insect on maple trees in the neighborhood of Ottawa, and also relates a similar visitation in Missisquoi County, P. Que., described by the Rev. Dr. Fyles in the year 1881. The Spruce Gall-louse (Chermes abietis) Fig. 17, has become a serious enemy to spruce trees and is causing much trouble and anxiety to the growers of these ornamental trees in many parts of the Province. It is very abun- dant at Guelph, Galt, Minden, Chatham and various other places. As it has frequently been described and referred to in these Annual Reports, it Fig. 17.—Spruce Gall-louse. a, summer form of nymph; D. affected twig. may suffice to mention now that good results have been obtained by spraying affected trees at the time the young plant-lice are exposed with a tobacco and soap wash or with kerosene emulsion. This should be done in May when the young lice emerge from the eggs and before they are enclosed in the galls, and also towards the end of August when the winged forms come out of the galls. The terminal shoots should be watched at those times and the spray- ing performed as soon as any of the insects are to be seen moving about. They are so minute that a magnifying glass will be required to see them. The spraying should be repeated two or three times at short intervals, as the insects do not all come out at the same time. The Larch Saw-fly (Vematus Erichsoniz) is still to be found here in a small plantation on the College premises. Towards the end of July full- grown larvae were found, which assumed the chrysalis stage a few days after they were collected (July 23). There had evidently been a serious attack in the spring, as nearly all the boughs had a very short and scanty clothing of light green foliage, contrasting strongly with the deeper hued and much longer needles on the branches that had not been defoliated. The ground 56 REPORT OF | No. 19a beneath the trees was covered with the old droppings from the caterpillars. his plantation has been repeatedly sprayed in previous years, but the in- sect is very far from being exterminated. Its ravages in the Province of Quebec are graphically described by Dr. Fyles in another part of this Re- port. Spittle insects (Aphrophora) were abundant this summer on some Scotch Firs and also upon grass in pasture fields—no doubt different species. The masses of white froth, resembling spittle, were very conspicuous, each one containing the strange larva which produces it. The adult bugs were to be found in numbers on the Fir trees later in the summer. - No serious damage was done in either case, though no doubt an extensive attack must reduce the vitality of a tree, and in a pasture the presence of the frothy - masses would be very distasteful to the feeding cattle. The Fall Web-worm was very abundant again this year. It is so con- spicuous and so easily got rid of, a whole colony at a time, that there is surely no excuse for its increase and prevalence. The very unsightliness of the webs, with their foul masses of excrement and cast-off caterpillar skins, ought to be enough to cause every one with a spark of tidiness in his com- position to clear at least his own trees and induce his neighbors to follow his example. INSECT GALLS OF ONTARIO.* By Tennyson D. Jarvis, Ontario AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, GUELPH I am under obligations to numerous friends and correspondents who have aided me in this work. I am especially indebted to Mr. W. R. Thomp- son, O. A. College, for the assistance he has rendered in the preparation of this work. I am under obligations to the Department of Entomology, Wash- ington, D.C., Dr. Bethune, Dr. Fletcher, Prof. Lochhead, Mr. J. Eaton Howitt, Mr. C. W. Nash and Mr. Douglas Weir for the assistance they have given me. Among the many curious phases of insect life, and among the many wonderful illustrations of the effects of evolution upon organized structures with which we meet in the study of entomology, there are few examples which present such varied and interesting peculiarities of structure and de- velopment as do insect galls. Varying as they do from such simple mal- formations as the curled leaves produced. by the work of aphids to such beautiful and complex structures as the oak-apples and oak twig-galls, they present a succession of types which show in a peculiar and wonderful manner the changes in structure of insect and plant induced in the struggle for existence. A gall may be briefly defined as a malformation of plant tissue induced by mechanical or chemical stimulus or by some other unknown cause. These are sometimes produced by fungus, but those with which we have to deal are produced in different ways by the work of insects. The habit of gall-making seems to have arisen at different times and in entirely differ- ent orders and families of insects, and even.a branch of the order Acarina has acquired this gall-making habit. In each case, however, it has developed along lines which depend directly upon the structure of the insect, so that in many cases the classification of the insect can be considerably simplified by an examination of the gall. For instance, the Cecidomyiid, having an ovipositor incapable of piercing, lays its eggs upon the surface of the leaf, * See plates at beginning of volume. i 4 ; q f q , 4 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and the gall thus induced by the work of the larva is generally open; while the Cynipid, having a stinging ovipositor, deposits its eggs in the leaf tissue through a minute puncture, which, quickly healing, leaves the gall closed and the insect at maturity emerges through a hole which it cuts in the gall, which the Cecidomyiid, on account of its sucking mouth parts, is utterly unable to do. Here, moreover, we have an-explanation of the apparently contradictory fact that Cecidomylid galls are sometimes closed, because whenever we find this condition we invariably find the gall splitting open at maturity. The reason for this in all probability is that the larva entering the tissues makes a much larger incision than the minute puncture induced by a Cynipid’s ovipositor, and this, never completely healing, splits open when the tissues commence to dry up in autumn. Similarly in other orders the structure of the gall-maker determines the form of the gall. These abnormal growths have long been noticed and commented upon. The earliest authentic work: upon the subject was by Malphigi. In 1686 he published his “De Gallis,’”’ containing descriptions of a number of galls common to Italy and Sicily. In America the subject was first taken up by Osten Sacken, Walsh, Basset, Riley, Harris, and a few others who have laid the foundations for most of our work on galls. Now a large number of writers, among whom may be mentioned Ashmead in Hymenoptera, Per- gande in Hemiptera, Garman in Phytoptidae and Norton in Nematinae. A host of European writers have also taken up the subject, but in this country there still remains an enormous amount of work to be done even in classi- fication, while the morphology and histology is practically an unexplored territory. The insects producing galls are confined principally to four orders, the Acarina, which are not true insects but mites, the Diptera or flies, the Hem- iptera or bugs, and the Hymenoptera including two families, the Tenthre- dinidae and Cynipidae, and to a slight extent the Chalcididae. It is a curious fact that the insects which are of the most developed and specialized struc- ture, produce the most complex galls. That is, in the lower orders, as Thy- sanura, the orders formerly included in Neuroptera, Orthoptera, and other orders, we find no gall-making habits; while in the Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, and to a slight extent in the Lepidoptera and Cole- optera we find the habit developed. This curious coincidence may be pos- sibly explained thus—if, indeed, the lower and less specialized forms which came into existence in an earlier age when a lower and now extinct type of vegetation flourished, ever produced forms with the habit of gall-making, these forms probably perished with the flora of that age, while the later forms which now produce galls were evolved at a much later period when the flora resembled that of the present age. The orders of insects among which we find the greatest number of gall- . producing insects are the Hemiptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera, and to some extent the Coleoptera and the Lepidoptera. The order Acarina in the class Arachnida contains the family Eriophyidae or gall-mites. These are also specialized forms, inasmuch as acaralogists seem to be unable to agree upon their relationship to other Acarina. Acarina. Family Eriophyidae, Gall-Mites. This is a family of microscopic mites which are quite curious and un- usual in structure. They have only two pairs of legs and the abdomen is long and striated. These striations, which differ in the different species, and differ in number on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, are of considerable - 58 REPORT OF No. 19 value in classification. The galls produced vary in form, but-are always © open or provided with an opening through which the mites pass in and out. — They are generally lined with minute hairs or granules, and are quite simple in structure. Reproduction takes place within the gall. Coleoptera. Family, Buprestidae. Metallic Wood Borers. This is a family of the beetles containing insects whose larva bore in wood of trees and shrubs. A few produce galls, the most important one being the Red-necked Agrilus producing galls upon the Raspberry and Blackberry canes. Lepidoptera. Super-family, Tineidae. Leaf miners and clothes moths. This family is very large and the larvae are mostly plant feeders. The adults are minute moths with narrow wings bordered with wide fringes. The family contains but few gall-makers. Hemiptera. Family, Aphididae. Aphids or plant lice. These are small, soft bodied insects which suck up the juices of plants and which often produce galls. There are winged and wingless-forms, the wingless forms reproducing parthenogenetically. The galls produced vary in form from mere leaf curls to forms of most curious appearance but of quite simple structure. They are all open or furnished with an opening, and large numbers of the aphids can be found if the gall is opened. Family Psyllidae. Jumping plant lice. The members of this family resemble the preceding to a great extent, but they are not so numerous. The hind legs are formed for jumping. Diptera. Family, Cecidomyiidae. Gall gnats. These insects in the adult stage are rarely seen. - They are very delicate, small, two-winged flies and with few veins in the wings:and with sucking mouth parts. The eggs are laid upon the leaf surface and the larva either feeds there, making an open gall, or makes an incision in the leaf and enters, forming a closed gall, which splits open at maturity at the point where the larva entered. The larve can generally be readily identified by their color, which is orange, red or pink, and by the development between the second” and third segments of the body of a peculiar horny projection called the breast-plate, the use of which is not definitely known. Sub-family, Trypetinae. These flies are much larger than the preceding, but few of them produce galls. Two species, Trypeta polita and Trypeta solidaginis, produce galls upon the goldenrod. The adults are pretty flies with banded wings. Hymenoptera. Family, Tenthredinidae. In this family the Nematinae produce galls. The head and thorax are wide. The base of the abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax, and the abdomen of the females is furnished with a pair of saws. The larvae have from twelve to sixteen prolegs. These insects have been very thoroughly taken up by Norton in his monograph on Nematinae. A large number make ~ galls on Willows. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 Family, Cynipidae. (Gall flies. This is a family of very minute, four-winged insects. In the adult gall fly the abdomen is unusually compressed and joined to the thorax by a short peduncle, the first abdominal segment. The first segment is large and the remaining ones are short and each is more or less covered by the preceding. The ovipositor is long and slender. The insect deposits its eggs within the tissues of the plant by piercing it with its ovipositor. The wings have few veins and the fore-wings lack the stigma. The galls produced are -elosed and the insect emerges at maturity through a hole which it cuts in the gall. One of the most interesting features of insect life that has been’ discovered was noticed by Bassett and confirmed by Adler in regard te these insects. By careful investigation he discovered that two generations of these insects were produced every year, each of which produced a different sort of gall, and which could not be recognized as the same species. There is still, however, an enormous amount of work to be done upon this subject in America. ERIOPHYIDAE. Eriophyes quadripes. Produces top-shaped galls on the upper surface of the leaves of soft Maple. The galls are greenish at first, then become red, or purplish and finally dark brown. Im the younger galls the inside wall is fairly smooth and the interior is hollow. As the galls grow older, irregu- lar and somewhat granular excrescences appear on the interior wall and grow toward the centre until in the older specimens the interior may become quite full. It occurs on Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpum). Very common. | Eriophyes acericola. The mature galls are green and resemble in form ‘and position the summer cases of the cigar-case-bearer. The interior wall is granular and parallel excrescences are found, but even at maturity they do not extend to the centre of the interior as in the case of KE. quadripes. Occurs on Hard Maple (Acer saccharum). Very common. | Eriophyes abnormis. Produces balloon-shaped galls on the upper sur- face of the leaf. The apex of the gall is usually serrated. The interior has “ridges projecting inward and the folds in the old galls nearly fill the cavity. “Occurs on Basswood (7zlia Americana). Very common. Eriophyes ulmi. The galls are intermediate in form between those of the Hard and Soft Maples and somewhat balloon-shaped. The interior wall is ridged vertically. The galls usually occur on the upper side of the leaves. ‘Occurs on Soft Elm (Ulmus Americana) and Rock Elm (Ulmus Racemosa). Very common. Eriophyes sp. Produces irregular wart-like swellings on the upper ‘sur- face of the leaves of the Manitoba Maple. The swellings are green at first but turn gray when mature. The average diameter of the gall is about 8m.m. The under surface of the galls appears as irregular concavities lined with a granular secretion, which is greenish at first and rusty brown when ‘old. Occurs on Manitoba Maple (Acer negundo). Common. Eriophyes phloecoptes. Produce tubercular gall masses which encircle the base of the buds and shoots of the cultivated plum. The galls are about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and the interior is granular with a small cavity in the centre. As many as sixty-two of these mites were found in -asingle gall. Occurs on cultivated Plum (Prunus domestica). Not common. 5. Exiophyes sp. This species produces an abnormal growth of the buds of the Yellow Birch. The terminal growth of the twig is checked and large ‘bunches of buds are formed sometimes as large as a hen’s egg. The galls remain on the tree, civing the tree an unsightly appearance in winter. Oc- curs on Yellow Birch (Betula lutea.) Common. 60 REPORT OF Eriophyes pyri. Produces blister-like swellings on ‘the leaves of the Pear and Apple. The blisters are reddish brown in May, green in June, and dark brown or black in the latter part of June. The blisters usually run together, forming irregular blotches over the upper surface of the leaf. Oc- curs on Pear (Pyrus communis) and Apple (Pyrus malus). Very common, Eriophyes sp. This gall is green and red and about 2 c.m. in length. It consists of a fold of the leaf making a long, irregular, wavy projection on the upper surface of the leaf. From beneath this appears as a serpentine incision in the leaf. It is about 2 m.m. high. It is hard and roughened on top. From the midrib to the edge of the leaf is the general direction of the gall. Occurs-on Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Common. Eriophyes sp. Produces galls about 2.5 m.m. in length by 1.5 m.m. broad. It is joined to the leaf by a constriction. Externally it is red and pubescent. Inside gall is full of granular material and contains numerous mites. Occurs on Speckled Alder (Alnus ¢ncana). Common, especially upon the leaves of the bushes at the water’s edge. . Eriophyes sp. This mite produces galls of the typical Eriophyid shape upon the leaves of the Paper Birch. The galls are yellowish or reddish, joined to the leaf by a constricted neck and rather smaller than usual, being about 2 m.m. long by 1m.m. broad. They appear on both upper and under sides of the leaf, and when found upon the under side, hairy. The opening on the opposite side through the leaf lined with white hairs. q Parasitic mites attack this species and often they are found to have devoured or driven out all of the gall makers. Occurs on the Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera). Common. Eriophyes salicola Garman. The gall is irregular, roundish and ser-— rated, with a roughened top, projects about 1.5 m.m. from the surface of the leaf, slightly constricted where it joins the leaf. From 1-4 m.m. in dia- meter. On the under side there is sometimes a small projection and some- times a cup-like cavity in which are seen the roughened portions of the under side of the gall. When the gall is mature, it is filled with granular excrescences and hairs growing from the interior walls. The gall is green or red and distributed over the upper or lower surface of the leaf. S on Salix Alba, Saltz balsamifera, Salix discolor, Salix rostrata. The description was taken from Galls on Salix balsamifera. Eriophyes sp. This mite produces dimples on the leaves of the Aspe 3 on the upper side lined with spherical granules, reddish or greenish in color. ~ galls are ely uniform in size, being about 2 to 3 m.m. in diameter. Thes galls are green in color and occur three or four to a leaf. Occurs on Aspen (Populus tremuloides). Common. Eriophyes sp. The galls consist of irregular projections on the upper or under side of the leaf and are quite generally distributed in patches, 4-5 m.m. in length or even 1.5 c.m. They project about 1-1.5 m.m. above the leaf. On the under side they appear as irregular cavities lined with white vegetable hairs. The galls are green in spring, turning red later in the sea-— son. Occurs on Poison Ivy (Rhus tozicodendron). Common. i Eriophyes sp. This gall consists of a small circular depression averag- ing about 2 m.m. in diameter and always depressed on the lower side of the» leaf. On the upper side it appears as a green or red circular elevation. The ) gall is lined with minute spherical granules composed of soft parenchy-— matous tissue. Occurs on large-toothed Aspen (Populus grandidentataa Common. 1906 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 Eriophyes sp. This gall is so different in structure from the typical _Eriophyes fraxini gall that I have no hesitation in placing it as a different species. The galls are produced almost invariably along the principal veins. Dorsally they are light pinkish white in color, about 2.5 by .75 m.m. and growing on eitner side of the vein. The surface of the gall is transversely ‘seamed and irregular. It lies in a one-sided position upon the leaf. Ven- trally the galls appear as white, hairy projections following the veins. The opening runs the full length of the gall and is lined with white, hairy tissue. The mites are exceedingly numerous, more occurring to a gall than of any other species. ‘lney can easily be detected with a hand lens and are brown in color. The interior of the gall is lined with soft tissue. Occurs on White Ash (Frazinus Americana). Not common. Eriophyes sp. This gall is a pouch-like growth on the upper side of the leaf. It is distinguished from /. serotinae by the fact that it has not the funnel-like opening of that gall. It is green or reddish, about .5-.7 em. in length and 3 m.m. in diameter at its widest part. Near the leaf it is constricted to about 2 m.m. in diameter. The interior of the gall is lined with small granules and among these the gall mites feed. The gall opens on the under side by a minute aperture about 1 m.m. in diameter lined with fine white hairs. Occurs on Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). Common. Eriophyes sp. Only one specimen of this gall was found. It is of the same type as the gall on Chokecherry, but rather longer and narrower. It is green in color and the inside is lined with rough juicy tissue. Only two mites were found in the gall, near the opening. Occurs on Wild Plum (Prunus Americana). Not common. Eriophyes queret. This is an irregular dimple upon the blade of the leaf. It is of the same color as the leaf when young, but turns yellowish red with age. From beneath it appears as an irregular concavity, lined _with a tangled mass of white vegetable hairs. Among these abnormal hairs are the mites, which feed upon the tissue and produce the gall. The gall -is3 to 5m.m. in diameter. Occurs on Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Com- mon. | Eriophyes serotinae. This gall is pouch-like. It occurs upon the upper side of the leaf with a deep funnel-like opening beneath. The gall is about _ .5-.6 em. in length and consists of a pouch-like hollow growth on the upper side of the leaf constricted about half way to the leaf. The interior of the gall, which is green or red and green, is covered with minute granulations, _ which seem to be the food of the mites producing the gall. The distinguishing character of the gall is the deep funnel-like opening beneath lined with hair through which the mites pass in and out. Occurs on Black Cherry (Prunus _ serotine). Common. : Eriophyes sp. The gall made by this species of Eriophyes consists of a small round swelling which protrudes very slightly on both sides of the leaf. This is about .5-1 m.m. in diameter, green in color in spring, and turning brown in summer and autumn. The galls are very numerous where they occur, and as many as 100 are sometimes found on a single leaf. The gall contains numerous mites, which feed in the irregular cavities in the gall. Occurs on the spotted Hawthorn (Crataegus punctata). Not common. Eriophyes sp. Red patches are found upon the upper sides of the leaves of Maples, resembling hoar-frost. Under the microscope, it is seen to con- sist of minute pink balls, joined to the leaf by a constricted neck and oc- curring in such numbers as to appear like red frost. Occurs on Hard Maple (Acer saccharum), Common. 62 | REPORT OF Eriophyes sp. It differs from the frost-mites on Hard Maple and Beech | in that it does not consist of a mass of spherical granules, but of a:mass of — tangled threads which under the lens are seen to be arranged in very beauti- ful star-like clusters. The mites are easily found among these. The patches are found on the under side of the leaves betwen the ribs. Occurs on Rock Elm (Ulmus racemosa). Common Eriophyes sp. The structure of this frost mite gall is much the same as that of the red frost mite, but the mass of excrescences is thicker, white in } color and produced upon the under side of the leaf. Occurs on Hard Maple 7 (Acer saccharum). Common. Eriophyes sp. The gall consists of a mass of tangled white vegetable — hairs. The growth is very much the same in general appearance as the one _ producing the ‘‘frost’? and ‘‘down’’ on Rock Elm and Beech. The mites are quite small and difficult to locate, as they are much the same in color as their surroundings, and remain down in the lower part of the gall near the - leaf. The gall is found on the lower side of the leaf, a common place is in — the axils of the veins. Occurs on Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum). — Common. Lriophyes sp. The work of this mite is very commonly seen. It appears upon the leaves of Beech quite early in the season. The presence of the mite is shown by large irregular white masses on the under surface of the . leaves which have a glittering appearance resembling hoar frost. Under a _ microscope, this appears as a mass of innumerable, minute, spherical gran- — ules. Among these are the mites, which are few and very difficult to locate. ~ The upper surface of the leaves upon which the frost mite is working are — discolored and in some cases distorted. Occurs on Beech (Fagus sylvatica). — Very common. Eriophyes sp. This consists of a mass of minute, yellowish, transparent, — granular bodies upon the leaf, growing together in such numbers as to — form large patches of frost running between the ribs, which hide the leaf. — ‘he patches vary from 1 cm.-3 cm. in length and from .25-lem. in diameter. | Among these granules are the mites which are extremely minute, the small-— est of all the mites yet examined. Occurs on Paper Birch (Betula papyri-— fera). Common. Eriophyes vitis. These are typical Eriophyid galls about .5 em. in length by 2.5 m.m. at the widest portion to 1 m.m. at the constricted por- tion near the leaf. The top of the gall is irregular, being much in appear- ance like Hriophyes abnormis. The interior and the entrance to the gall is — lined with white vegetable hair. The galls are green in color and grow mostly upon the under sides of the leaves, with the opening upon the upper side. Occurs on Wild Grape (Vitis cordifolia). Not common. Eriophyes frazini. The galls produced by this species of mite are found ~ upon several species of Ash, and vary somewhat in structure according to the leaf upon which they are found, upon Red Ash being hairy, upon White Ash glabrous, ete. They consist of somewhat irregular circular swellings from 2-4 m.m. in diameter which protrude upon both sides of the leaf. Sometimes they occur only 10 to a leaf, but sometimes as many as 75 are found, entirely covering the surface of the leaf and so interfering with its functions as to injure the tree upon which the galls occur. The surface of | the galls is rough. Several often unite, to form a large irregular patch. On the under side are the minute, hairy-lined openings into the galls. The ‘ galls are hollow, thick-walled, and lined with numerous granular excres- censes and irregular growths. The gall is of a lighter green than the rest of the leaf. Occurs upon White Ash (Frazinus americana) and Red Ash (Frarinus pubescens). Common. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 + _ mite upon the leaves. The patches of frost are pure white in color, and - occur on the under side of the leaves, in the axils of the veins. Under the microscope, these patches of ‘‘frost’’ appear as dense masses of thick trans- parently white hairs. The patches vary in size from 4-10 m.m. On the leaves of Alnus incana. Not common. ; Eriophyes sp. This consists of a dense mat of brown hairs growing in large patches upon the under sides of the leaves. Above, the leaf appears i lighter in color and rather abnormally shiny where the gall mites are work- ing beneath. On Quercus coccinea. Common. Eriophyes sp. Circular, flat, or slightly convex patches varying from ' 2-3 m.m. in diameter on the upper side of the leaf, the under side being ; covered with minute granular excrescences, which vary from white to dark | Eriophyes sp. This is one of the ‘‘frosts’’ produced by the work of the i , brown in color. On Populus grandidentata. Common. Eriophyes sp. Irregular patches of frost, transparently white in color and appearing as a mass of minute granules. Under the microscope similar to the frost upon the Beech and Maple. Occurring upon the surface of the leaves. Occurring upon the leaves of the Low Birch (Betula pumila). Un- common. Eriophyes sp. Similar to the above but rosy pink in color, and occurring in much larger patches, upon the upper side of the leaves. On Betula lenta. Common. Eriophyes sp. These galls are produced upon the Soft Elm, and when young bear some resemblance to the typical mite gall of the Elm (Eriophyes _ ulmtz), but the distinguishing peculiarity of these galls is that they grow ‘until they reach a size far exceeding that of any E. ulmi yet observed, some- times attaining a length of 2 by 1.5 em. The development of the galls also differs from that of H. ulmi, which commences as a button with a con- _ stricted neck, while this gall often commences as a tone, or deep dimple. 9 On Red Elm (Ulmus pubescens). Not common. HEMIPTERA. Spruce Gall-louse (Chermes abietis). These galls are greenish swellings, occurring on the twigs of various species of Spruce and sometimes in immense numbers. The galls are poly- thalamous, containing from three to thirty cavities within each of which live twenty or thirty minute yellowish insects. In July the galls dry up, _ and the cavities open, allowing the lice to escape. These molt and some of _ them assume wings. This gall-louse is one of the worst pests of Spruce trees known. In many parts of Ontario nearly every tree is abundantly _ covered with this gall, and the insects do great damage by sucking the _ juices of the tree. Occurs on White, Black and Norway Spruce—Picea alba, _ Picea nigra and Picea excelsa. Very common. Vagabond Gall (Pemphigus vagabundus). } Produces large irregular galls on the tips of the twigs. It is a mon- _ othalamous gall consisting of a double lamina, and between these two layers are large numbers of aphids. The gall usually remains on the tree _ over winter. Occurs on the Cottonwood (Populus deltoides). Common. ; Cockscomb Gall on Elm (Colopha ulmicola Fitch). + A hollow, cockscomb, thin-walled gall on the leaf of the American Elm. Occurs on the upper side of the leaf. The apex of the gall is ser- ‘rated and the sides grooved. The gall appears inflated. The opening is _ on the under side of the leaf, running the full length of the gall. The in- 64 REPORT OF _ No. 19.9 terior contains numerous aphids in July and June. The gall is 1.5-2 cm. long by 1 cm. high. Occasionally a number occur on a leaf side by side. It is constricted near the base. Occurs on American Elm (Ulmus Ameri- cana). Common, Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall (Hormaphis spinosus). This gall is round, covered with long spines. It is a deformation of the fruit bud. The spines are covered with little clusters of hair like those on a cactus leaf. In it are many small aphids, brown in color. The open- ing to the gall is at the base, near the stem of the gall by which it is joined to the branch. Green in summer, woody and hard in winter. Occurs on Witch-Hazel (HZamamelis virginiana). Common. Witch-Hazel Cone Gall (Hormaphis hamamelidis). This gall is cone-shaped, about 5 m.m. in length by 3 m.m. in diam- eter. It occurs on the upper side of the leaves, with the opening through a small hole in a slightly projecting cone on the under side of the leaf. The opening is about 5 m.m. in diameter. The gall is hollow, containing num- erous aphids which are white in color. Occurs on Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Common. Poplar Stem Gall (Pemphigus populicaulis). An irregularly spherical gall developed at the junction of the petiole and blade of leaf. The opening is as wide as the gall and is at one side of the © base of the pouch. It is hollow, about 11 m.m. in diameter, _ containing large numbers of aphids. Occurs on Cottonwood (Populus deltoides). Com- mon. Hickory Cone Gall (Phyllozera Caryae-fallaz). This is a cone-shaped gall about 3 m.m. in diameter which occurs rather uncommonly on Hickory in this district. The gall is on the upper surface of the leaf, the opening being in a smaller cone upon the under sur- face. The gall is monothalamous, and contains numbers of small white aphids. It is green in color, and the opening is fringed with hairs. Oc- curs on Shell-Bark Hickory (Carya alba). Not common. Vein Gall on Hickory (Phylloxera caryaevenae). This gall consists of a fold of the main veins running from the mid- rib to the edge of the leaf. Above it is ribbed by the vein running along it. It is 5m.m.-l c.m. in length and 1-1.75 m.m. wide and 1.5-3 m.m. high. The galls are red. From the ventral side they appear as slits along the vein, lined with white thick hair. The gall is hollow and contains eggs, smal] aphids and a stem mother. The eggs are oval and transparently white and the gall is grooved inside, evidently for the purpose of holding them. The galls begin to appear in May, and are mostly empty by August. The larvae, according to Pergande, conceal themselves in cavities of the bark, or in deep depressions in the trunk and stem after leaving the gall, where they feed upon the juices of the tree. Occurs on Shell-Bark Hickory © (Carya alba). Not common. Cottonwood Midrib Gall (Pemphigus sp.) A somewhat elongated pouch-like gall of aphid origin growing on the midrib of the leaf of the cottonwood, about halfway between the base and the apex of the leaf, and never on the leaf at the junction of the petiole and blade like P. populicaulis. Also instead of being irregular globular as is the latter, this gall is pouch-shaped, about 1-1.5 c.m. broad. Occurs on Cot- tonwood (Populus deltoides). Common. / ENTOMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.: - 6 Qt Hackaberry Nipple Gall (Pachypsylla celtidis-mammae ). _ A woody gall with bluntly rounded apex and slightly constricted at the point of attachment to the leaf. It is found on the underside of the leaf and opposite the gall is a concave depression. Occurs on Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Common. Hackberry Blister Gall (Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum),. Circular spot-like galls on the under side of the leaf with a small nipple in the middle. Occurs on Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Common. Sumac Tomato Gall (Pemphigus rhois). : Large, smooth, rounded galls, somewhat resembling a tomato in shape. Yellowish green in color and sometimes tinged with red. The interior is hollow and filled with lice. Occurs on Sumac (Rhus typhina). Common. Woolly Aphis Gall of Elm. The lice may be seen in large clusters on the trunk and branches of the tree. They suck the juices from the bark and cause knot-like swellings to appear. These galls sometimes attain a diameter of two or three inches. Occurs on many species of Elm (Ulmus sp.). The one from which this gall was described was a young American Elm (Ulmus Americana). Common. Woolly Aphis of Apple. This species of woolly aphis live in small colonies and produce small swellings on the young twigs. The galls often become twice the diameter of the stem upon which they are feeding. Occurs on Apple (Pyrus malus). Common. Grape Phyllozera (Phylloxera vastatriz). Small galls on either upper or lower surface of the leaf. Another gene- ration of this insect forms galls upon the roots, and it is in this stage that it causes considerable destruction among the cultivated varieties. Occurs on wild and cultivated Grapes. Very common on Wild Grape (V2tis vulpina). LEPIDOPTERA. Elliptical Goldenrod Gall (Gelechia gallaesolidaginis). A large elongated stem gall. It is about one inch in length and mono- thalamous. The larval chamber is quite large. It remains over winter in the pupal stage and the imago emerges in the spring. Occurs on Goldenrod (Solidago sp.). Common. The Locust-Twig Borer (Ecdytolopha instticiana). Oval swellings on the branches and twigs,, varying from 2-4 cm. in length and about a cm. in thickness. Generally occurring at the junction of the leaf petiole with the branch, about which point the wood is destroyed and a mass of castings and sawdust surrounds the hole entering the gall. The tunnel of the gall maker runs some distance, and at the bottom of it is a reddish-brown larva about:‘half an inch in length with a light-brown head. CoLEOPTERA. Willow Branch. Gall (Saperda concolor). Large, rough galls on the stems of the willow and cottonwood. The galls are smooth at first, but become rough later in the season. The affected portions are very weak and easily broken off by the wind. Occurs on Wil- lows and Cottonwood. Common. 5 EN. Ph oLat 66 REPORT OF , Red-necked Blackberry-borer (Agrilus ruficollis). Symmetrical swellings of the Blackberry eane. The gall is about one- third greater in diameter than the normal cane. The larva makes a chan- nel in the centre of the gall. Occurs on Blackberry. Not common. DripPtERA. D8 Vein Gall of Blue Beech (Cecidomyia pudibunda). This gall consists of a fold of the leaf along the veins. It is not very much thickened and is generally constricted near the leaf, forming a long, hollow tube. The opening to the gall is on the underside and runs the full length of the gall. Ut is lined with white pubescence in much the same way as the Phylloxera on Hickory. Inside the gall, which is hollow, are found a few very small orange-colored larve. The gall is quite red in color. Occurs on Blue Beech (Carpinus Caroliniana). Common. Ball Gall on Wood Nettle (Cecidomyia Peaiealan This gall is somewhat similar in structure to the gall on the fruit of the wood: nettle, but is much smaller, much lighter in color and uniformly monothalamous, whereas the gall on the fruit is sometimes polythalamous. The larve are also somewhat smaller than those on the fruit. The galls oecur either on the upper or lower surfaee of the leaf. Numerous small inquiline Hymenoptera were hatched from this gall. There is no opening in the gall. Occurs on Wood Nettle (Laportea Canadensis). Common. ORSY. Pine Cone Willow Gall (Cecidomyia strobiloides). A mass of closely imbricated leaves at the end of a twig, caused by the arrest of growth at the end of the stem. Regularly cone-shaped. In the centre, surrounded by a thin, transparent covering, is a small orange larva. Occurs on Salix discolor and many other species of scrub willows. Common. Oak Fold Gall (Cecidomyia eaietoila). Consists of a dense white pubescence upon the under side of the leaves, causing a distortion and folding of the leaf blade. The pubescence is inside the fold, forming the lining of the gall. Occurs on Red Oak (Quercus rubra). Common. aa Wild Cherry Bud Gall (Cecidomyia serotinae). A club-shaped, monothalamous gall with one or two leaves growing’ from its sides. The gall is an enlargement of the terminal buds of young shoots of the Wild Cherry. Occurs on Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) and Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana). Common, aay fe ev 6 hans O»- f Eye Spot Gall of Maple (Cecidomyia ocellata). This is a dimple gall surrounded by an areola. At first the gall is entirely green, but at maturity the nipple turns a rich red, the areola sur- rounding it becomes ight yellow in color and a thin line surrounding this turns deep pink in color. The successive rings of color very much resemble a target. In the cavity formed by the underside of the gall rests a small white larva, covered with a viscid secretion. Later in the season the gall turns black and drops out, leaving a circular hole. } This gall has been usually placed as Sciara ocellata, but most authori- ties, including Osten Sacken himself, now place it as Cecidomyia, attribut- ing the presence of the Sciara to an error in the rearing. Occurs on Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpum). Common. i 5a EN. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — 67 ® os Grape Vine Tube Gall (Cecidomyia viticola). A long conical, cylindrical tube-shaped gall, about .7-1 cm. in length by 1.5-2-m.m. in diameter near the base, where it is attached to the leaf by _aslight constriction. It tapers to a point at the tip. Monothalamous, con- _ taining several minute larve. It is green or bright red in color and occurs on the under side of the leaf. Occurs on Wild Grape (Vitis sp.). Not common. . ; : fe] Basswood Wart Gall (Cecidomyia verrucicola). b- Small swellings on leaf of basswood, appearing in May or June. About _3m.m. in diameter, protruding from both sides of the leaf about 1 1-2 m.m. _ The upper side has a dimple in the centre. Red above and green below. Open in the fall by means of a circular lid upon the underside. Contains smal] larve. Occurs on Basswood (Tilia Americana). Very common. Burr Gall on Hawthorn (Cecidomyia bedeguar). This is a small cylindrical gall, hollow, red or green in color, about 3 - m.m, in height and diameter, and with a hole in the top of it. The top of _ the gall around the hole is thickly sét with spines, making the gall look somewhat like a burr. Inside it are found many small orange-colored larvze about 1.5 m.m. long. It is monothalamous and occurs on the upper side of the leaf. Occurs on Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Common. Cherry Pocket Gall (Cecidomyta Re ea y This gall consists of a malformation of the fruit. The pit or stone is absent and the fruit is enlarged, forming a thick-walled pouch about 1 cm. in length by 5 m.m. in width by 1.5 m.m. in thickness. The gall contains from 10 to 15 larve. It has no opening, but later the fruit becomes loos- _ ened from the peduncle and leaves an opening. The larve leave the gall in June or July. Occurs on Prunus virginiana. Wee common. ra} Ash Midrib Gall (Cecidomyia pellez). - This gall is caused by a swelling and folding of the midrib of the leaf- leis, the thickening being greatest at the midrib and extending towards the edges of the leaf, often involving nearly the whole of it. The thickened portion is folded together, giving the leaflet the appearance of a bean or pea pod. A small cavity is left at the bottom of the gall which runs the whole length. In this cavity are found minute larve, feeding on the green succulent tissue of which the gall is composed. The underside of the leaf is always the outside of the gall. Occurs upon the leaflets of White Ash (Frazinus Americana). Not common. Citlets Box Elder Midribh Gall (Cecidomyia negundinis). q Swellings on the midrib of the leaflets of the Box Elder, much resem- bling Cecidomyia pellex on the White Ash. The swellings form two long circular chambers, one on either side of the midrib, opening on the upper surface by slits running the whole length of the gall. Occurs on Box Elder (Acer negundo). Not common, 0S Ball Gall on Hickory (Diplosis carye). Thin-walled galls, about 3 m.m. in diameter, hard and brittle, attached to the underside of the leaves of Carya alba by a projection at the base, _ which appears upon the upper side as a black dot, surrounded by a light yellow areola. The gall has no opening and contains a very small larva. The hypertrophy is monothalamous. The exterior of the gall is smooth or slightly pubescent. Occurs on Carya alba. Common. Vey / 68 | REPORT OF : a2 ; i - Lulip Tree Midrib Gall (Cecidomyia tulipifera). Hollow swellings, varying from .5 to 2.5 em. in length by 3-4 m.m. in | width, on the midrib and lateral veins of the leaves of the tulip tree. Mono- — thalamous. Occurs on Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). Not common. — Spiraea Pod Gall (Cecidomyia Peafoliay. The leaves are folded in such a way as to assume the appearance of a _ pod. The pod is formed by the folding of the leaf along the midvein, and the bulging out of the sac thus formed, the outer margin of which is closely — united. The pods vary in size, the largest being about five-eighths of an — inch long. Occurs on Spirea (Spirwa tomentosa). Common. Willow Club Gall (Cecidomyia rigida). ‘This gall is formed on the lateral shoots of the Bush Willow, an en- — largement of the whole stem, tapering from the centre to both ends. Occa- sionally galls are found having terminal shoots growing from them. The ~ gall is about three-quarters of an inch long. Occurs on several species of — Bush Willow (Saliz sp.). Ne Goldenrod Bunch Gall (Cecidomyia solidaginis). It is found on the main stalk of Goldenrod. An apical gall which pre- — vents the natural elongation of the stem. This unnatural accumulation of — several hundred leaves into a globular mass is the result of injury to the © terminal bud and consequent arrest of growth in length. Occurs on Golden- — rod (Solidago sp.). Very common. a Goldenrod Ball-Gall (Trypeta solidaginis). This is a globular ball-like enlargement of the stem of Solidago, about — 24 cm. in diameter. Pithy in structure, hypertrophy monothalamous, the — central cell irregular in shape and containing a large fat larva which de- — velops into a fly with banded wings. It is green in summer and woody in — winter. Occurs on Goldenrod (Solidago sp.). Very common. Vein Gall on Oak (Cecidomyia quercus-majalis ; a These galls are produced along the veins or the under side of the leaves — of the Red Oak. They are, narrowly oval, inflated galls much like the ~ Cecidomyia pudibunda on Carpinus. The surface of the gall is netted with veins. The wall is quite thin. The opening to the gall is upon the upper | side of the leaf, and runs the full length of the gall. The gall is hollow — and the interior wall smooth. Green or brown in color. Occurs on Red — Oak (Quercus rubra). Not common. Pi . Hickory Nut Gall (Cecidomyza carye-nucicola). A malformation of the nut produced by a Cecidomyiid, resulting in the formation of large irregular knobs all over the husk of the nut, containing thickwalled cells. Hypertrophy polythalamous. Occurs on Hickory (Hic- — oria Alba). Not common. 2 4 Alder Bud Gall (Cecidomyia Pula, : A rounded monothalamous bud gall, a deformation of the terminal bud of the Alder. Occurs on Alder (Alnus sp.). Not common. Midrib Gall on Virginia Creeper (Cecidomyia sp.) This gall is green and succulent. It forms along the midrib of the leaf and occasionally along the side veins. It is flat and generally double, that + is, on both sides of the vein. It is on the under side of the leaf and is really © an enlargement or thickening in a fold on the leaf near the midrib. It © i ion oe | 1906 7 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 - yaries from 1.5 to 4.5 cm. in length, and from .8-1 cm. in width and .4-.6 em. in thickness. Through the gall runs a single chamber about 1 mm. in _ diameter. The opening to the gall runs the whole length of the gall and is on the upper side of the leaf. The opening is lined with minute white hairs. In the gall are minute orange larve about 1.5 mm.x.6 mm.-2 mm. Oc- _ eurs on Virginian Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). Common at Guelph. Midrib Gall on Touch-me-not. An enlargement of the petiole or midrib of the leaf, protruding on both sides of it and averaging about 1 cm. in lengthx .4 cm. in width. Green, smooth and monothalamous. A single chamber running the length of the gall and containing several minute white larve. Occurs on Touch-me-not (Impatiens fulva). Common. Fruit Gall on Wood Nettles. This gall consists of a malformation of the fruit of the woodnettle and sometimes all the fruiting stem is covered with them. The gall is juicy and quite soft in structure and in shape is a long oval with a pointed apex and sessile. The hypertrophy is variable, being sometimes mono and some- times dithalamous. In the larval chamber, which is about 1 mm. in diam- eter and surrounded by light colored tissue, are one or two small fat larve light brown m color. The larva is segmented and legless. The gall is about .5 cm. in diameter and 1 cm. in length. It is green in color. Occurs on Wood Nettle (Laportea Canadensis). Not common. Willow Egg Gall (Euura ovum). Oval galls on the sides of the twigs of the Bush Willow. The galls are hard and woody and usually the same color as the stem. . Occurs on Bush Willow (Saliz sp.). Common. OS Dogwood Club Gall (Cecidomyia clavula). The galls are club-shaped and about 2 cm. in length. Inside is an _ elongated channel containing a single larva. They are found on the ter- minal twigs and the color is about the same as the bark. Occurs on Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida). Not common. |. Oak Spangles (Cecidomyia poculum). | Saucer-shaped galls in clusters on the under surface of the leaf. Usu- ally pale red in color. Occurs on White Oak (Quercus alba). Common. HYMENOPTERA. Acraspis macrocarpa. This beautiful little gall occurs quite commonly upon the leaves of Quercus macrocarpa in this vicinity. It is small, average diameter 3 m.m., and in form globular to oval.. Above, it is bright red, fading to yellowish green near the base, where it is joined to the leaf by a small portion of the surface so that it is easily detached without injuring the leaf. The surface of the gall is netted with innumerable fissures, between which are small ele- vations with very short spines. When on the underside of the leaf the gall is white in color. It is monothalamous and the smooth, hollow chamber contains a single small white larva. The galls occur along the veins. They much resemble Cynips pisum, but are monothalamous and also resemble Cynips echinus, but the spines on this gall are scarcely noticeable and Cynips echinus and Cynips pisum are both polythalamous. Occurs on Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Common. 70 REPORT OF ! No. 19) The Oak Petiole Gall (Andricus petiolicola). This is a midrib or petiole gall. It is hard and woody and projects on — one side, generally on the lower. It averages 1.2 cm. by .7 cm. and 8 m.m. wide. It contains several cells lined with hard white tissue which in some — cases are arranged like the seed cases in a core of an apple. In each of these is a small white larva, apparently legless, and covered with a viscid — transparent secretion. The gall is green or red and more or less roughened ~ on the outside. Occurs on White Oak (Quercus alba and Quercus prim- — oides). Common. Rose Root Gall (Rhodites radicum). A smooth, irregularly rounded, brownish swelling upon the root of the © Wild Rose. Reddish brown in color, quite light and pithy in structure and containing numerous cells. From 3 to 5 cm. in diameter. Occurs on roots of Wild Rose (ftosa sp.). Not common. Spiny Ball Gall on Wild Rose Leaf (Rhodites bicolor). This is a very beautiful little gall which is rare in this vicinity. It is monothalamous and is formed upon the leaf of the wild Rose and sometimes all the leaflets are transformed in this way. The gall is a thin-walled ball, red or green in color and covered with short spines. It is monothalamous and cgntains one small larva about ? m.m. long. The gall is about .75 em. in diameter. The wall is about } m.m. thick. There is no opening. The inside is quite smooth. Occurs on Wild Rose (Rosa sp.). Not common. Rose Stem Gall (Rhodites globulus). This gall is found upon the stem of the Wild Rose. It consists of an abrupt corky enlargement of the stem. It is about 2-2.5 cm. in length and about 1-1.5 cm. in width. It is quite smooth on the outside, not at all pubescent, and green or red in color. A single long chamber runs longi-. tudinally through the gall about 3 m.m. in diameter and irregular in shape. In this are small larve about 3 m.m. in length. The larva is dark grey with a lighter head and tail and is legless. Occurs on Wild Rose (Rosa Carolina). Not common. Mossy Rose Gall (Rhodites rose). It is composed of a ma’ss of hard, small cells clustered around a branch or twig. These cells are covered with a dense thick mass of green filaments which grow from them. The gall is monothalamous and from 1.5-2 em. in diameter. Occurs on Wild Rose (Rosa Carolina). Common. PP ee Se ee The Larger Oak Apple (Amphibolips confluentis). Thin walled and globular, about 4 cm. in diameter. Exterior surface smooth (not pubescent) and somewhat irregular. Interior filled with a spongy mass of fibres, very loosely attached to the exterior but tightly at- tached to an interior woody cell in which the larva lives. Green in the early part of the season, later turning brown and brittle. Generally produced on the upper part of the leaf from the end of one of the veins. Occurs on Red Oak (Quercus rubra) and other closely related species. Common. Hedgehog Gall on Oak (Acraspis erinacet). A round or oval gall growing on the midrib of the leaf. About 1 by 5e.m. The gall is white or yellowish and covered with fine bright pink or red spines about 1-2 m.m. in length. Attached to the leaf at a point about 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 Da the middle of the under side of the gall. Hypertrophy. polythalamous. Larval chambers about 1-2 m.m. in diameter. It is found on the upper side of the leaf. Occurs on White Oak (Quercus alba). Common. Furry Ball Gall on Oak (Neurotus floccosus). This is a small spherical gall about 8 m.m. in diameter, which occurs on White Oak on the veins of the leaves upon the under side of the leaf. © The gall is thickly covered with fine short hair which forms a cushion all round it. The gall is rather hard, and in the centre of it is a very small thick-walled shell about .25 m.m. in diameter. Occurs on White Oak (Quer- cus alba). Not common. Pointed Bullet Gall on Oak (Holcaspis duricaria). A spherical ball-lke gall produced upon the stem of White Oak and Burr Oak. A short point at the apex of the gall distinguishes this species from globulus. Hard and woody, with a small cavity in the centre, con- taining a small, oval monothalamous, thin-walled, larval chamber. Oc- eurs on Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Common. Little Oak Apple (Andricus palustris). This gall is produced by a malformation of the leaf blade, nearly al- ways at the outer edge. It is a spherical, monothalamous, hollow ball, pro- jecting from both sides of the leaf. It is from .9-1 cm. in diameter and comparatively thin-walled. The interior cavity is lined with smooth tissue and contains only a small thin-walled ball which rolls about freely in the gall. The single chamber of this ball contains a small larva. This ball is about 2 m.m. in diameter. The insect emerges, through a small hole cut in the side of it, in May. The gall is green or green and red. Occurs ypon the leaves of Pin Oak (Quercus palustris). Not common. Oak Midrib Gall (Andricus piger). This gall is an irregular, woody swelling of the midrib of Burr Oak. It averages about 7/8 inches in length, and about 5/8 inches in diameter. Externally it is green, glabrous or slightly pubescent and projecting on both sides of the leaf. Internally it is dense and somewhat woody in struc- ture, and containing numerous small cells about .5 m.m. in diameter, sur- rounding each of which is a layer of harder tissue. These are the larval cells. The gall-flies escape early in June through holes cut through the gall. Occurs upon leaves of Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Common. Furry Ball Gall on Oak (Andricus lana). This gall is produced upon the midrib upon the under side of the leaf of the Burr Oak. It is a white, furry, hemispherical mass, varying from 4-1] m.m. in diameter. This is composed of innumerable fine, woody fibres to which are attached small round kernels, in each of which is a minute white larva. These kernels are attached to the midrib of the leaf. Occurs upon leaves of Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Not common. Willow Apple Gall (Pontania pomum). A smooth, fleshy, sessile, globular or slightly oval monothalamous gall, like a miniature apple. About 1 c.m. in diameter, growing on one side of the midrib of the leaf and extending to its edge or beyond it. The principal part of the gall projects from the underside of the leaf. Color greenish yel- low, often with a rosy cheek. Mature about July 31st. Occurs on many species of scrub willows (Saliz sp.) Common. : ” 72 | iy REPORT (OF No. 19 = Flat Galls on Willow (Pontania hyalina). Fleshy galls, occurring in two parallel rows, one on either side of the midrib, sometimes touching, but not originating from the latter and rarely extending to the edge of the leaf. Sometimes as many as twenty to a leaf. In other cases confined to a row on one side of the leaf, or occasionally oc- curring singly. Shape irregular, elongate-ovate, projecting equally in both surfaces of the leaf. Color on upper side more or less brownish red, be- neath white with slight purplish tinge. ‘‘Eggs and larva are subject to at- tack of mites, thrips, a curculionid (Anthonomus sycophanta) and a lepidop- terous larva which eats out the entire interior of the gall tenthredinid larva and all.”’ (From Marlatt. ‘‘Revision of Nematinae.’’) Occurs on many species of scrub willow (Saliz sp.). Very common. Pithy Blackberry Gall (Diastrophus nebulosus). A large, oblong, polythalamous stem gall, 1 to 3 inches in length, and 1 to 14 inches in thickness. The surface is uneven with deep longitudinal furrows, which divide the gall more or less completely into four or five portions. Occurs on Blackberry (Rubus sp.). Lettuce Tumor Gall (Aulaz timidus). It occurs on the stem of Wild Lettuce. It is an irregular, oval, poly- thalamous, knotty enlargement of the stem varying greatly in size. The interior is soft and pithy. Occurs on Wild Lettuce (Lactuca Canadensis). Not common. Oak Button Gall (Neuroterus umbilicatus). This gall appears as a small button-like enlargement on the upper and - — lower surfaces of the leaves of the Oaks. Occurs on Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Not common. . Oak Bullet Gall (Holcaspis globulus). It-is found on the twigs of many species of Oak. It is a smooth, round, monothalamous gall. The interior is corky, with a small lighter coloured oval cavity in the centre, containing the larva. It grows singly or in clus- ters of two or three. Occurs on Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and White : Oak (Quercus alba). Common. | Oak Pea Gall (Cynips pisum). This is a spherical dithalamous gall, resembling a small pea. The surface is fissured or netted with depressions between which are elevations. It resembles a small pea. Occurs on White Oak (Quercus alba) and Burr Oak (macrocarpa). Not common. Barley Jointworm (Isosoma hordet). A small gall forming a woody growth which fills up the cavity of the stalk and causes the joints to swell, and the stalk to topple over. The larva remains in the straw over winter, and the adults emerge in the spring. Huckleberry Gall (Solenogopheria vacinit). Rounded or elongated galls 1-2 c.m. in diameter on the stem of the huckleberry. They are green or red in summer, and brown, hard and woody in winter. Occurs on Huckleberry (Gaylussacia resinosa). Common. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 73 HEMIPTERA. By Rev. THomas Ww. Eyres, D,.C.L., F.E:s., Levis,:P.Q: Bugs! “Disgusting !’’ says the fair reader who may chance upon this article; and truly I agree with her. JI have no word bad enough for “the terror that walketh in the darkness’’—the old, original “‘bug-a-boo.’ I shall never forget a night I spent on hoand! a small river-steamboat. The vessel left its wharf very early in the morning, and a friend (?) per- suaded me to take a berth on board. What anight I spent. No sooner were the lights put out, than I began to experience a creepy sensation that effectu- ally ‘‘murdered sleep.’’ (Fig. 18.) Fig. 18.—Female Bed-bug, much enlarged, a, upper, and 0, under surface (after Marlatt.) Confined in a small crib, and having no light, my case was worse than that of a certain church dignitary and his chaplain who, when on a visita- tion tour, sought shelter in a cottage. late one night. They were welcomed gladly ; and the only spare-bedroom was placed at their service. On retir- ing the great man turned down the, bed-clothes, but quickly turned them back again, for there were things in possession of the bed. He thought dis- cretion the better part of valour, took his valise for a pillow, wrapt his long cloak around him, and stretched himself upon the floor. There he soon slept the sleep of éhe just. Meanwhile his companion, ensconsed in an arm- chair, amused himself by writing a parody on some well-known lines. One verse of his production read thus :— “No dirty blanket enclosed his breast ; Nor in sheet, nor in quilt we wound him; But he lay like a clergyman taking his rest With his camlet cloak around him.”’ In my entomological investigations in the Province of Quebec, I have met with representatives of the undermentioned families of bugs :— Corimelenide. Phymatide. Pentatomide. Nabide. Coreide. Reduviide. Lygeide. ' Hydrobatide. Capside. -Belostomatide. Acanthide. Nepide. Tingitide. Notonectide. Aradide. Coriside. 74 - REPORT OF No. 1994 — = _ — menes — = ee I shall not attempt to give an orderly and systematic account of the various species, belonging to these families, that have come in my way. The space at my disposel in the report will ngt admit of this. I shall tell, in a desultory way, of some of the more remarkable and interesting of the species, mentioning the family.to which each of them belongs. Fic. 20.—Ranatra quadridentata (greatly enlarged). Fra. 22.—Corimelena atra First then, the Giant of the Bugs, far beyond all others of our bugs in size and strength, is Belostoma Americanum, Leidy, (Fig. 19), belonging to the Belostomatida. This creature attains a length of nearly two and half inches, and an expanse of wings of four inches. Its hindmost pair of legs are an inch and three-quarters long, and are used for propelling it through the water. The colour of the insect is dark brown. In the breed- ing season it occasionally leaves the water; and it is capable of long flights. Its wings are true bug-wings, having the upper part horny, and the lower ¥ ; \ P y 1906 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 part membranous. Its eyes protrude and resemble shining black beads. It has a stout proboscis for piercing its prey, which consists of fishes, tad- poles, etc. Its long stout front legs terminated with sharp claws enable it to grasp its victims firmly. Another remarkable water-bug is Notonecta undulata, Say, belonging to the Notonectidw. This insect is boat-shaped, but the keel is along its back; so it swims with its back downwards—its long legs bending over its Siew and serving as oars. In its movements it reminds one of a boy swim- ming on his back. A still more noteworthy insect is Ranatra quadridentata (Fig. 20), be- longing to the Nepidw. Length is the characteristic of this insect. It has a long slim body. long thin legs, long antenne, and long terminal respiratory tubes; its front legs are constructed for grasping its prey. It frequents shallow streams, walking on the bottom, and lifting the tips of its breath- ing tubes to the surface for air. But, if it is wonderful to see a winged insect walking at the bottom of the water, it seems all but miraculous to behold one walking with ease and swiftness on the top. Yet this is the habit of Hygrotrechus remigis, Say, and also of Limnoporus rufoscutellatus, Fab., both of which are common with us. The former is black; the latter, pale reddish brown. Both belong to the Hydrobatide. | Of bugs that frequent plants, the Negro Bug (Fig. 22), Corimelwna atra, Am. et Serv., in the Corimelenide, is particularly obnoxious. It lays its eggs on smal] fruits, raspberries, ete. Should a person, by mischance, put a berry that has been visited hy the bug into his mouth, a most nauseating taste and smell will quickly cause him to eject it. The bug is a pretty, com- pact little insect, of a shining black, and almost as broad as it 1s long. It is often seen on wild strawberry plants; and, when disturbed, it scuttles away to the underside of a leaf. An insect of economic importance is found in the Pentatomide. I refer to Stiretrus fimbriata, Say. It preys upon the Potato Beetle, Dory- phora decem-lineata, Say. Unfortunately, it shares the fate of the beetle and is poisoned by Paris Green. S. fimbriata is really a handsome insect. Its dark brown wings and deep red thorax outlined with crome-yellow; and it has a peculiar mark, in the middle of the back, of the same colour, and, in shape, resembling an elongated horse-shoe. Another useful bug is Podisus placidus, Uhler (Fig. 25), belonging to the same family as the foregoing. It preys upon the Imported Currant- worm, Nematus ventricosus, Klug., and other larve. A description of this bug will be found on page 342 of Saunders’ “Insects TInjurious to Fruits.”’ In the same genus comes Podisus cynicus, Say, a fine bug seven- -twelfths of an inch long, and four-twelfths wide. It is of a reddish-brown colour, shghtly mottled with black. A very pretty little bug in this family is Cosmopepla carnifer, Fab. It is black, bordered with red, and crossed on the thorax with red. It has also two red spots on the back. Another fine insect in the same family is Huschistus fissilis, Uhl. It is half an inch long and one- -third of an inch wide. In colour it is ochreous or pale brown, and it is thickly covered with minute black dots. A somewhat smaller insect is Huschistus tristtigma, Say. Its body eoloae is darker than the preceding; and the flattened edges of the abdomen are marked with alternate black and orange patches. The wings of this spe7ies are splendidly iridescent. 76 REPORT OF No. 19 A third insect that comes, I think, in the same family is Homemus enifrons, Say. It is reddish-brown in colour, clouded with darker brown; and it has a peculiar mark, like an elongated cone rising from the end of the abdomen towards the middle of the back. These creatures frequent the heads of grass. Acanthosoma cruciata, Say, is an interesting species in the Pentatomide. In colour it is ochreous with brown markings, and it has the appearance of having been oiled and varnished. Its back is marked with a floriated cross. When the wings are spread the abdomen on the upper surface is seen to be tinged with vermillion. , But the finest of our species of Pentatomide is undoubtedly Pentatoma ligata, Say. It may readily be known. It is a robust insect, of a rich Brunswick green, bordered with orange red; and it has an orange spot on its back. The insect is somewhat rare at Quebec. In the family Coreide, to which the common Squash-bug, Anasa tristis, De G., belongs, we have Alydus eurinus, Say—a dingy insect, long and nar- row with lighter coloured wings. Fig. 24.—Assassin Bug. Fic. 23.—Podisus _placidus. Fic. 25.—Acholla spinosa. In the Lygwide we have the pretty bug Lygewus turcicus, Fabr. This insect is a long oval in shape, black, with a red band across the shoulders, and a red St. Andrew’s Cross upon the back. The underside of the abdomen is lurid red. Among the bugs injurious to plants may be reckoned Pecilocapsus linea- tus, Fab., (4-vittatus, Say), a pretty yellow bug, with black lines on the wings, and two very conspicuous black spots on the thorax. These insects do injury to the leaves of currant bushes and garden plants; and they also taint the small fruits. They and the next mentioned insect belong to the Capside. Capsus lineolaris, Beauv., the Tarnished Plant-bug is ochreous with fuscous shades. It has dark spots along the edge of the abdomen. These insects damage the leaves of pear trees, apple trees, etc. The Tingitide are a remarkable family of bugs. The species are very smal] and very elegant. Seen under a microscope, they appear to be covered with lace-work. On account of this, they have been called ‘Lace Bugs.’’ The common species is Corythuca arcuata, Say. I have found a beautiful species on the Island of Orleans that I have not yet identified. The insects are found on the underside of Alder leaves. The “Flat Bugs’’ or Aradid@ are found under bark, and in crevices of trees. They are predaceous. In vol. XX XV. of the Canadian Entomologist, I have given a full description of a new species that I have taken at Que- bec, and have named Aradus luteolus. a eas 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Sai A bug of remarkable shape is Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kirby, in the family Nabide. It has the head and thorax narrow, and the abdomen greatly widened in proportion to the size of the insect. It is suggestive of a flask. Its body colour is black, but the abdomen has a yellow border. The legs and long sharp proboscis are yellow. Its wings are very diminu- tive. In the late summer when our country road sides are adorned with the Golden Rod, the pretty little Fritillary, Argynnis Myrina, Cram., may be seen in numbers sporting about the flower heads. Here and there one of these butterflies may be seen motionless—lifeless. If one will take the trouble to look into a case of the kind, he will probably find that the ill- starred insect has fallen into the clutches of a lurking foe, Phymata erosa, Fabr., belonging to the Phymatida. This strange insect is yellow beneath, and yellow marked with brown above. It has yellow legs and proboscis, and angulated thorax and abdomen. It lies back downwards among the blossoms of the Solidago, patiently awaiting its prey. A butterfly alights with outspread limbs. One of these comes within reach of the expectant bug. Instantly the extended tarsus of the bug springs back over the leg of the butterfly, and into a toothed groove in the disproportionately large tibia of the bug; and the victim is held securely, while its foe thrusts its long proboscis into its body and drains away its life juices. I will mention only two other species—they are known as “Assassin Bugs,’’ (Fig. 24) for they make other insects their prey. They belong to the Reduviide, to which the “Kissing Bug’’ of ill-repute, Melanolestes picipes, H.S., also belongs. F Acholla multispinosa, De G. (Fig. 25), is a brown insect, two-thirds of an inch long. It has a forbidding appearance, which is well, for it is a dangerous creature. On pages 73-5 of the Thirtieth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, Dr. Bethune has given a well-authenti- cated account of the death of a child from a puncture from the proboscis of a bug of this species. The child was wounded under the knee, and blood poisoning ensued. The other species is Opsicetus personatus, Linn. It is a larger insect than the last mentioned, being three-fourths of an inch long; and—with the exception of the under wings—it is wholly black, or very dark brown. When its wings are outspread, its abdomen is found to be hollowed out, like a scoop or spoon. This species enters houses in search of Acanthia lectularia, Linn. Its larva has the habit of covering itself with a coat of dust or mud, and, so disguised, escapes notice till its motions betray its presence. I do not think the Reduviide go out of their way to inflict injury upon human beings. I think it may be said of them that, unmolested, they do not molest. The late highly esteemed J. Alston Moffat once told that he had held a specimen of A. multispinosa firmly between his finger and thumb, while he searched for a pin wherewith to transfix it. The bug managed to get its head free, and then, sent in its little bill for damages, greatly to Mr. Moffat’s discomposure. Disagreeable as many species of the Hemiptera undoubtedly are, they yet serve valuable purposes in keeping down the numbers of other and in- jurious inseets; and the habits of some of them are so remarkable as to claim more than a passing notice. In dealing with them the poet Cowper’s rule is worthy of attention—of course entomologists are exempt from it! He says :— 74 eae REPORT OF © | Ng “The creeping vermin, loathsome to the sight, And chargea perhaps with venom, that intrudes, A visitor unwelcome, into scenes Sacred to neatness and repose, th’ alcove, The chamber, or refectory, may die: A necessary act incurs no blame. Not so when, held within their proper bounds, And guileless of offence, they range the air, Or take their pastime in the spacious field; There they are privileged: and he who -hunts, Or harms them there, is guilty of a wrong, Disturbs th’ economy of Nature’s realm, Who, when she formed, designed them an abcde, The sum is this. If man’s convenience, health, Or safety, interfere, his rights and claims Are paramount, and must extinguish theirs Else they are all—the meanest things that are— As free to live, and to enjoy that life, As God was free to form them at the first, Who in His sov’reign wisdom made them all.’’ The Task—Line 5b8 te line 587. BASSWOOD, ‘OR LINDEN, INSECTS. By Artuur Gtisson, EXPERIMENTAL Farm, Ortawa. The following notes on insects found feeding on basswood, 77lia Amer- icana, are chiefly from records handed to the writer since the publication of a paper on the above subject which appeared in the 34th Annual Report of this Society, and of a further paper in the 35th Annual Report. In the first paper 94 species are listed, and in the 1904 Report further notes on some of these insects are given, as well as notes on 8 other species, which brought the list up to 102. ATTACKING THE FOLIAGE. OrvpeR HoMOopPTERA. Mr. W. Metcalfe, of Ottawa, who has devoted considerable time to an collection and study of homoptera and hemiptera, has been good enough to give me 15 records, which I am glad to include here. All epthe species found by him were on basswood. 103. The common ‘‘Buffalo-tree hopper,’’ Ceresa bubalus, Fabr. Five specimens of a dark form taken, Ottawa, July 14, (Metcalfe). 104. Telamona reclivata, Fitch, Ottawa, July 1, (Metcalfe). Mr. Met- calfe tells me that he has taken later in July five specimens, all on bass- wood, of a species of 7'elamona, which does not seem to be reclivata. 105. Ormenis pruinosa, Say. Mr. Otto H. Swezey, in his ‘‘Preliminary Catalogue of the Described Species of the Family Fulgoride, of North America, North of Mexico’? (Ohio Dept. Agric., Div. Nursery and Or- chard Inspection, Bull. 3) mentions basswood among a great many other food plants of this homopterous insect. The insect is rare in Ontario. 106. Lamenia vulgaris, Fitch. Ottawa, July 1, (Metcalfe). 107. Bythoscopus wariabilis, Fitch, var. Ottawa, June 19 to 24, (Met- calfe). This insect is a near relative to the very injurious grape vine GENS hopper which is so abundant some seasons in Ontario. 108. Agallia novella, Say. Ottawa, June 24, (Metcalfe). Pee ee ~@ 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 79 109. Diedrocephala coccinea, Forst. Ottawa, bred from basswood, maple and hickory, (Metcalfe). 110. Deltocephalus Sayi, Fitch. Hull, Que., July 1, (Metcalfe). 111. Empoasca flavescens, var. Birdii. Ottawa, Aug. 14, (Metcalfe). 112. Empoasca mali, LeB. Hull, Que., June 24; Britannia-on-the-Bay, Ont., Aug. 7, (Metcalfe). This insect, which is known as the apple-leaf hopper, is, according to Smith, “‘seriously troublesome in some years’’ in New Jersey, but it is not a pest of any importance in Canada. 113. Typhlocyba rose, L., the common rose-leaf hopper. Ottawa, July 1, (Metcalfe). 114. Lyphlocyba querci, Fitch, var. bifasciata, G. and B. Hull, Que., June, 24; Britannia-on-the-Bay, Ont., Aug. 7, only found on basswood, (Met- calfe). OrpreR HEMIPTERA. 115. Lygus invites, Say. Hull, Que.; Ottawa; August, 60 specimens, " (Metcalfe). This insect belongs to the same genus as the common well known pest of garden plants, the Tarnished Plant bug, which is very abun- dant in many parts of Canada. 116. Gargaphia tilic. Walsh, Ottawa, taken only on basswood, August, (Metcalfe). In Smith’s List of New Jersey Insects, it is stated that this insect ‘‘ranges from New York to Virginia.”’ 117. Tingis arcuata, Say. Hull, Que., July 1, (Metcalfe). In Packard’s Forest Insects the species is mentioned as having been found on the under sides of the leaves of the White Oak. 118. Coriscus inseriptus, Kirby. Ottawa, June 19, (Metcalfe). Smith states that this insect “‘occurs from Canada to Virginia and California.”’ OrpDER LEPIDOPTERA. 19 of 1903 List. Ennomos alniaria, L. Although the larva of this com- mon moth has been recorded on several occasions by other writers as feeding on basswood, it was not until the past season that the caterpillar was found on that plant in the Ottawa district. At Meach Lake, Mr. C. H. Young col- lected a larva which pupated on Sept. 10. 119. Smerinthus jamatcensis, Drury. In the preparation of my first list of basswood insects, I omitted to include this species, the larva of which feeds on a variety of plants, such as elm, apple, plum, willow,.poplar, ash, birch, basswood, ete. In Lugger’s Fourth Annual Minnesota Report, plate XV., there is a good figure of the mature larva. In Canada, the species is widespread, occurring as far west as Medicine Hat, Assa., from which place, in 1900, eggs were sent to the Division of Entomology, by Mr. T. N. Willing. The eggs hatched on June 5, and notes were taken on the larval stages. The larvae were fed on willow and poplar. 120. Mineola indigenella, Zell. var; nebulella, Riley? In 1904 we reared from apple some specimens of a small moth which seems indistinguishable from this apple feeding species. The habits and appearance of our larvae, however, are different from those of indiginella as published by Riley and Saunders, and Dr. Fletcher thinks that it cannot be the same. On Sept. 20, 1905, the writer found on basswood three of ‘the larvae, all on the upper side of the leaf. In each case the larva was resting under a slender tent of silk, which was about half an inch in width and nearly an inch in length. The three leaves were all put in the same breeding jar, but two days after collection I was surprised to see only one larva in the jar. On looking close- ly, however, I found portions of each of the other two, and there was no doubt 80 REPORT OF | No. 19 that a serious tragedy had taken place. The remaining specimen spun a co- coon in a fold of a leaf on Sept. 23. When mature the caterpillar is five- | eights of an inch long, body pale green, the black noticeably washed with yellow. Head rounded, green, marked with numerous small reddish-brown dots and large blotch-like spots, the small dots being particularly on upper portion of head. On each side of the body there is a dark brown stripe, broken in places, and touching these two stripes crossing the back is a series of conspicuous wide bands of the same colour. These and the side stripes have a very ladder-like appearance. The spiracles are black and very small, as are also the tubercles. From each of the latter there is a single pale hair. The feet are concolorous with the ventral surface of the body. . 61 of 1903 List. Apatela morula, Grt. On several occasions recently the larva of this noctuid has been beaten from the foliage of basswood at Ottawa. The writer found the caterpillar on July 30 last, and Mr. C. H. Young collected mature specimens on Sept. 2 and 5. Other food plants are elm and apple. When full grown the larva is about two inches in length and is of a light olive grey colour. The head is black, and down the centre of the dorsum there is a wide, uneven, dark gray band, yellowish centrally. On body segments 4, 7 and 11 there is a conspicuous dorsal enlargement, which is bordered on the sides with black. Along the sides of the body are a series of V-shaped blackish marks, with the round black spiracle at the base. The hairs from the tubercles on the body are thin, whitish and rather inconspicuous.- In March, 1901, Mr. Young found the cocoon of this moth under the bark of an elm tree, about four feet from the ground, and since that date in confinement, he tells me that two larvae entered soft dead wood to the depth of fully an inch and there pupated. OCCURRING ON THE BARK. OrperR Homoptera. 121. Hulecanium cerasifez, Fitch. On July 18, I collected some scales on basswood and elm. These were on the lower branches of some old trees growing near the’ Arboretum of the Central Experimental Farm. Through the courtesy of Dr. Howard, they were identified as the above species by Mr. Sanders. The scales were fairly abundant on both kinds of trees. In Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue of the Coccide of tne World, the following food plants are given:—cherry, plum, peach, apple, pear, maple, oak, ash. BORING INTO THE WOOD. OrDER COLEOPTERA. 122. The Cherry Flat-headed Borer, Dicerca divaricatu, Say. Speci- mens of this insect were found in basswood on July 9 last by Mr. Frank: Morris, of Port Hope, Ont., on the shore of Rideau Lake, near the Narrows Locks, Ontario. This insect, which is well known as being destructive to cherry and peach trees, is common in Ontario, and always injuriously abun- dant on maple and beech, as also sometimes on pine, birch, hickory and other trees. The mature insect is a brownish, or blackish bronzy beetle, of rather stout build, from three-quarters to almost an inch long. 84 of 1903 List. Parandra brunnea, Fabr. From the same wood as the specimens of Dicerca divaricata, Say, were taken. Mr. Morris also collected 30 specimens of P. brunnea, Fabr. This insect, while it is sometimes found in numbers as occurred at Rideau Lake in July last, is an uncommon species. It is widespread in distribution. The grubs live in the wood of stumps and old trunks of various deciduous and coniferous trees, the beetles being found under the loose bark. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1906. By Dr. James FiercuHer, Dominion EntomMonoaist, OTTawa. The weather conditions in Ontario during 1906 were very variable. In eastern Ontario the summer was exceptionally dry with two or three periods of excessive heat. The precipitation, however, for the whole province not- withstanding the shortage in the east was slightly above the average, and in western Ontario for the month of October was abnormally large. Crops were on the whole good in nearly all districts, both in quality and quantity. Grain Crops were little injured by insects. Spring wheat was particu- larly free from insect attacks of all kinds and little was heard of rust. Fall wheat was decidedly above the average, and the Hessian Fly seems almost to have disappeared. Not a single report of Joint-worm in Ontario crops was received. Barley was one of the best crops which has been harvested for many years. Oats in the western counties were heavy, and there was some difficulty in harvesting, owing to the crop being lodged by rain storms. In the eastern counties, the quality was high for the most part, although a few crops were light for lack of timely rains. Grasshoppers in a few localities reduced the yield by cutting off the grains just before ripen- ing. Peas were a good crop and the Pea Weevil was hardly mentioned. The area being sown to this important crop is again gradually increasing. The corn crop throughout the province was exceptionally good, both for the silo and for grain. Roots in the western counties were good, but in the east were rather smal] and dry for lack of fall rains. There was very little injury this year to turnips by the Turnip Aphis, the only reports of serious injury coming from the counties of Victoria, Durham and Northumberland. Potatoes in the east were small but of high quality. ‘There was little complaint of loss from Potato Rot, largely due to the fact that farmers are spraying much more sy stematically than hitherto to control this destructive disease. The standard remedy,Poisoned Bordeaux mixture, made with six pounds of copper sulphate, four pounds of unslaked lime, and eight ounces of Paris green in 40 gallons of water, has given very satisfactory results wherever tried. The experiments carried on at Ottawa regularly every year by the Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm have proved conclusively that three sprayings of the fields, the first one being applied in the middle of July, and the subsequent ones two weeks apart afterwards, give very paying returns. A fourth spraying gives better results, but it seems diffi- cult to get farmers to make this extra application. Cutworms, although little complained of, were abundant and destructive in some places. Where- ever tried, the poisoned bran remedy surprised those who used it with its effectiveness. Even in an exceptional and widespread outbreak in the grain and sugar beet fields of the West, this same remedy proved so remarkably successful, that many letters were written to newspapers and agricultural journals, giving the results of trials by those who had benefited from it. Foppvrer Crops. Clover was attacked to some extent, by the Clover-seed Midge, but on the whole, the crop of seed was above the average for quality. In the eastern counties, clover fields were remarkably thinned, owing to the mild winter with little snow, which was very severe on all meadows. The Black Army-worm, Noctua fennica, and the Clover Cutworm, both levied heavy toll on the very much reduced stand of clover. Rape, which is now being much more grown than formerly, was severely injured in several places by the caterpillars of the Small White Cabbage Butterfly, which appeared in vast numbers during the months of September and October. [81] 6 EN. 82 REPORT OF | No. 198 An interesting observation was made on the Experimental Farm, where.a field of late turnips was practically cleared of swarms of these caterpillars . by the English Sparrow. The observation was made by Mr. B. Nothnagel, who watched them for several days, and by driving the birds away suddenly, induced them to drop their prey so that he might examine it. It is pleasing to have a good word to say for these very troublesome and destructive birds. VEGETABLES. Carrots in gardens were attacked in a few places in the Ottawa district by the Carrot Maggot, or Carrot Rust Fly. This injury was not widespread nor quite so severe as in 1905. The remedies which gave - the best results, were spraying the rows of plants immediately after they were thinned out, with a carbolic acid and soap wash, or with kerosene emul- sion. Dusting the plants with hellebore was also apparently effective, but even in untreated beds, the insect disappeared about the beginning of July, and late sown carrots were entirely free of attack. The Onion and Cab- bage maggots were conspicuously less destructive in many parts of the prov- ince than has been the case for some years This report, however, was not applicable in all parts, as was evidenced by the large numbers of enquiries for a practical remedy. Such, however, it must still be acknowledged has | not so far been discovered. Good results on small areas were secured by dusting the plants from the beginning of the season once a week with a light dressing of powdered white hellebore, either pure or mixed with three times its weight of land plaster. A remedy which has often been recom- mended in newspapers is to brush away the soil from the bulbs as soon as these begin to form. In experimenting with this remedy, it was found rather difficult to apply in certain soils, but on the whole gave good results, particularly where the treatment was supplemented by dusting with the hellebore powder. | . The Asparagus Beetle was a rather serious pest to the growers of this highly esteemed vegetable, and extended its eastern range in the province considerably during the past season. It was a troublesome pest as far east as Toronto, and specimens of the larvae were found by the writer during Sep- tember on a small bed of asparagus on the Experimental Farm at Ottawa. The mature beetles were reared later, and the species proved to be Crioceris asparagi. The remedies which have given the best results are dusting the plants when the larve occur, with a mixture of freshly slaked lime and Paris green. This is more effective if it can be done when there is dew on the plants, or when they are wet either from rain or after being sprayed. Both the beetles and the larve may be beaten from the plants into nets or into ‘open pans containing water with a little coal oil on the top. Poultry of all kinds when available are useful in eating the beetles when they first appear in spring. Potatoes in gardens were seriously attacked and very much reduced in yield by the Potato Leaf Aphis, Nectarophora solanifolu, Ashm. This was in the east of the province, and the injury was much aggravated by the exceptional drought. The Colorado Potato Beetle was noticeably less in- jurious than usual. in the early part of the season, but it made up for any early absence by the excessive abundance in autumn. ‘ Fruit Crops. The apple crop of the province for 1906 may be de- scribed as rather short in quantity, but of excellent quality in the eastern counties. In western Ontario, the ravages of the Codling Moth were severe, and throughout the province more injury was done by the Plum Curculio to apples than in any previous year of which we have statistics. This, to some measure, may have been due to the poor plum crop, which was a char- acter of the season, and which is accounted for in various ways by differ- 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY... 83 ent writers. Probably the factor of most importance was cold, windy weather at the time of blooming. Sweet cherries were much reduced by winter killing of the buds, and by the falling of the fruit after setting. Sour cherries gave an excellent crop free from insect injury. Small fruits were abundant with the exception of strawberries, which were very much winter killed in the eastern end of the province. The Codling Moth was more complained of than for many years, and where spraying was not resorted to the loss was great. In western Ontario, apple growers are now recognizing that they must both spray and band their trees to prevent loss, and moreover that this work must be persisted in and carefully done year after year. Banding the trees alone is useless, unless the cocoons of the caterpillars which have resorted to them for spin- ning up are removed or crushed at short intervals. The bands should be put on from the middle of July, and examined at least once a week until no fresh cocoons can be found. The irregularity of development in the Codling Moth makes it sometimes difficult for fruit growers to understand the true nature of this insect. In the eastern part of the province there is normally only one brood of this insect, whereas, in the west, there are two. There are, however, always a few individuals of each brood which behave in an exceptional manner. Of a large number of caterpillars of the Codling Moth collected at Ottawa in July, 1905, a few emerged the same summer, and would in a state of nature have given a second brood of larvae. By far the larger proportion of the brood, however, behaved in the normal way, and went over the winter as larve. Just at the time of spinning up, there were three or four days of excessively hot weather, which may have been the cause of some of the caterpillars producing moths the first summer. Several of the moths emerged at the proper time the next spring; but a small proportion of the larve are actually still unchanged in their cocoons at the present time, (December 1906), and as they are healthy they will probably emerge next year, thus showing that of the same brood some emerged as moths within a few weeks of the time of spinning up, while others treated in exactly the same way could remain in the cocoon for very nearly two years. In coming to a decision as to the number of normal broods of an insect, a matter of great importance in devising remedies, it is therefore necessary to take a general view of the facts, and not come to conclusions from excep- tional variations in habit. The Plum Curculio was exceedingly destructive to apples in many parts of Ontario and Quebec provinces during the past summer. Some apples sent from a locality near Toronto contained three or four grubs to each apple. The apples were seen to be falling to an unusual extent towards the end of June, and were sent for examination as to the cause of this dropping. The grubs of the Plum Curculio leave the apples during the month of July, and change to pupe in the ground, the beetles emerging a few weeks later in August and September, and passing the winter as beetles. Good results, as far as the insect is concerned, have been secured by plough- ing up sod in infested orchards at the end of July or early in August. If there were any anxiety as to stimulating too late a growth of the trees by the practice, it might be offset to a large measure by sowing the land at once to a cover crop to absorb soil moisture, the object of the ploughing being to break up the cells in which the delicate and soft pupz are con- tained, so that many of them might be crushed or injured by the operation or might be exposed to their bird and insect enemies. The remedy in Can- ada which has given the best results against the Plum Curculio, and which is decidedly the most economical of those usually recommended, is the 84 REPORT OF No. 19 spraying of the trees with the Poisoned Bordeaux mixture in the same way that apple trees are sprayed for the Codling Moth and fungous diseases. The San Jose Scale. There has recently been a renewal of interest in the subject of the San Jose Scale, which has been a little more noticed than for a year or two in districts lying beyond the main centres of infestation. As a matter of fact there is very little news to be given concerning the oc- ‘currence of this most injurious insect in Canada. It is satisfactory, how- ever, that more attention should be paid to it by fruit growers. The standard lime and sulphur wash is quite effective, and if used, as has been advised, year after year, will keep trees clean enough to bear good crops, and if per- sisted in as a regular annual treatment, not only this insect but many others as well as fungous diseases of various sorts will be gradually exterminated or prevented from injuring the crop to a marked extent. The Apple Maggot, Lhagoletis pomonella, Walsh. In 1896 the Apple Maggot, also known as the Railroad Worm from the brown marks made through the flesh of the infested apples by the maggots, was first noticed as an injurious insect in Canada. This was in Lennox County. Since that time very little injury has been noticed in the orchards where it was first observed, but during the past summer there are reports of rather widespread infestation throughout the adjoining County of Prince Edward. The in- jury is serious, as it renders the fruit unfit for the market without showing any very apparent marks on the outside. The injury is caused by slender white maggots about } of an inch in length, which burrow in all directions through the flesh of the apple, feeding upon the pulp and leaving discol- oured galleries. The white maggots are extremely difficult to see, but there May be several within a single fruit. The eggs are inserted beneath the skin of the apple by the females which are strikingly beautiful little black and white flies with banded bodies and golden eyes. ‘These are about half the size of the ordinary housefly, and although they do not fly far are very active in their movements. There is only one brood in the year, but the flies emerge very irregularly and may appear at any time from midsummer until autumn. The young maggots become full grown in about six weeks, when they leave the apples and enter the soil for a short distance, where they turn to yellowish white smooth puparia. Apples which are infested for the most part fall to the ground, and the maggots remain in the fallen apples for a short time after they have fallen. Maggots from late laid eggs are often inside the fruit when it is picked. Consequently apples, which are apparently quite good at the time of packing, may in-a short time become perfectly useless. All varieties of apples are lable to attack, but some much more so than others. As a general statement, early and sweet apples are most infested. It is possible that this serious enemy of the fruit grower may before long be one of the enemies which will require to be reckoned with every season. For many years it has been the cause of much loss in Vermont, Maine, and in parts of New York State. There have also recently been some rather serious outbreaks in Canada, in the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick. It is satisfactory to know that the injury, even in the worst infested localities, fluctuates very considerably in intensity. The only practical remedy so far known is to destroy all infested fruit as soon as that fact is discernible. Windfalls should be gathered up carefully, and at short intervals during the summer, and should at once be fed to stock or des- troyed in some other way. What is thought to be the most economical and effective way of doing this is to allow growing pigs to run in the orchard from July, when early apples which are particularly liable to attack begin to fall, and the animals should be kept in the orchard until all fruit is gathered. Sheep will eat apples if there is not too. much grass on the wer 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 ground, but they are less useful for this purpose than pigs. Chickens and other poultry are likewise of service. The ground under apple trees in dis- tricts where the Apple Maggot is known to occur should be cultivated regu- larly. If no stock is available to which fallen fruit can be fed, it should be buried in a deep hole, and then covered up with two or three feet of earth. As the egg of the apple maggot is inserted into the flesh of the apple by the females with their sharp ovipositors, there is no spraying mixture which can be used against this insect. Fiowers. In flower gardens, one of the striking outbreaks of the year has been the abundance in many parts of Canada of the minute Moth-flies, or White Flies. Such specimens of these as have been examined seem to be the Greenhouse White Fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorwm, and it is possible that they may have been introduced into gardens with fuchsias and other plants propagated in greenhouses, and owing to some climatic condition have this year increased out of doors to a much larger extent than is usual. Although extremely small, these minute fly-like sucking insects are very destructive. The larval and ‘nymph forms bear a somewhat close resemblance to their near relatives the scale insects. Plants which were badly infested at Ottawa were cucumbers, tropeolums, fuchsias and lilac bushes, but many other kinds were also more or less attacked. White Flies are difficult to control; but may be kept in check by the constant spraying of infested plants with whale oil soap solution, or a diluted kerosene emulsion. In greenhouses probably fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas is the best remedy. , SHapDE Trees. Ornamental shrubs and shade trees were severely at- tacked early in the season over a large part of the province by enormous numbers of plant lice, of many species. Trees particularly infested were soft maples by a species of Woolly Aphis, which was found in large clusters beneath the leaves of the Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, and its numerous varieties. Another new attack of the Silver Maple of more than usual interest was the wholesale destruction of the seeds by the larve of the Nitidulid beetle Epurea rufa. The seed was produced in large quantities this year, and was ripe by the middle of June. Towards the end of the month some sacks of the seed were collected for sowing. They had lain on the ground for a few days; but were apparently in good condition. During July, however, it was found that nearly every seed was infested by slender, dirty-white grubs about } inch long, with a testaceous roughened dorsal patch across the middle of each segment. Every seed contained from 12 to 18 of these grubs, which had reduced the contents of the seed to a green meal-like pow- der. When fully-fed, the grubs left the seeds and pupated near the surface of the ground. In August, large numbers of the beetles emerged. In the soil were also found many of the small cocoons of a parasite which has not yet emerged. The beetles of the family to which Epurwa rufa belongs are for the most part scavengers in habit, living upon dead and decaying ani- mal and vegetable substances, but in this instance sound seeds were at- tacked, and the species can evidently be a destructive enemy to one of our favourite shade trees. Birches of all kinds were covered from top to bottom with my- riads of plant lice, so that by the middle of July the leaves began to fall noticeably. Early in July the abundance of Lady-bird beetles was noticed, particularly of the common Two-spotted Lady-bird Adalia bipunctata, and by the end of the month these had increased so much that the infested birch trees were almost cleared and the leaves took on a strange dirty appearance from the enormous numbers of the pupe of the Adalia, as many as 18 to 20 being found in many instances ‘on a single leaf. The good work done by 86 REPORT OF . No. 19 these insects in clearing the trees of their enemies was, however, only re- warded by these themselves proving a prey to another of nature’s factors in preserving the balance of life. A very small percentage of these pupe gave forth the beetles; instead, most of the pupx produced a swarm of minute -hymenopterous parasites. Elm trees were badly attacked by the Woolly Elm-leaf Aphis, q which, during the month of June, curled up the leaves of the elms used as shade trees, and made sidewalks and seats, or even walking beneath the trees, most unpleasant, owing to the showers of honey-dew which constantly fell from the clusters of plant lice. The Elm _ Soft-scale, . Lecanium canadense, was also abundant and destructive in many places. The White Cedar or American Arbor-vitz was seriously disfigured by the attacks of two minute moths, Argyresthia thuiella, Packard, and in far less numbers Recurvaria thujaella, Kearf. The injuries to these trees were 80 severe throughout the Ottawa district, both on private grounds and in the woods, as to give a rusty sickly appearance to all of the white cedars by reason of the large number of tips of young twigs which had been killed by the caterpillars boring inside them in autumn and again in the following spring after reviving. The minute caterpillars lived singly in a small twig, and each one was able to destroy a surprisingly large amount of green growth. The beautiful little moths, silvery white with brown markings, were found flying in clouds around the trees during the latter half of June. ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1906. By Dr. James FLetTcHer, Dominion ENnToMoLoGIST, AND ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. Judging from reports which have come to hand in connection with the Entomological Record, there has apparently been rather less enthusiasm than heretofore among collectors of insects in Canada during the past sea- son. The personality and energy of Mr. R. V. Harvey, of Vancouver, have been effective in stirring up an unusual interest in all orders of insects in our Pacific province; and, as Secretary of the British Columbia Entomo- logical Society, he has issued three most interesting quarterly bulletins, in which are valuable records of captures and items of entomological news, which will be useful for reference by all who take up the study of British Columbian insects. We trust that these bulletins will be continued regu- larly, and that all the members of the Society will see the advantage of promptly and regularly communicating to the secretary items bearing upon the provincial insect fauna. : Reports as to the nature of the season in 1906 were of a very diverse nature and were evidently much affected by local conditions. As an in- stance of this, the writers found sugaring for moths remarkably unremuner- ative at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, while two other collectors, Mr. J. W. Baldwin, at Britannia Bay, about six miles west, and Mr. C. H. Young, at Meach Lake, fifteen miles north, noted the abundance of night flying moths at sugar. The suggested local cause affecting the question at the Experimental Farm, was that there was a remarkable outbreak of aphides on almost all kinds of trees and shrubs in the early part of the sea- son, by which all foliage was thickly coated with honey dew, which proved more attractive to the moths than the treacle put on the trees. However, as is always the case, steady collecting was rewarded with many treasures. 1906 . - _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 Mr. J. D. Evans, at Trenton, was remarkably successful in collecting mic- rolepidoptera in a lantern trap made as described by Mr. W. D. Kearfott. A large number of notes of captures have been received from various parts of the Dominion, but some of the writers do not quite seem to under- stand what the scope of this record i is, from the point of view of the present compilers. Large and complete lists of insects taken in a given locality are not desired; but merely notes on such as are of rare occurrence there, or concerning which specialists may have given interesting information in their letters. The capture of an insect beyond its recorded range or at an unusual season are records of value. We beg gratefully to acknowledge the greater care which has been shown by several ‘correspondents in giving exact data when these were procurable, and we would now point out that it would help materially 1 in the preparation of Notes of Captures if correspondents, when sending in records, would put opposite each record, the number of the insect in the recognized check list of the order. This has been done by a few and is of very great assistance in making up the Record. As in the past, we have again to express the great obligation Canadian collectors are under to the leading specialists in many orders of insects. Par- ticular mention must be made of Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. H. G. Dyar, and Mr. D. W. Coquillett, of Washington; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J.; Dr. H. Skinner, of Philadelphia; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J.; Prof. Wickham, of Iowa City; Prof. Hine, of Columbus, O., and Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo. All of these gentlemen have contributed largely to the exact identification of our Canadian captures during the past year. We again point out the wisdom of the greatest liberality in providing these specialists with any specimens they may desire from Canada. It is only after many years of study and collecting that they have reached the positions they now hold, of being able in a short time to name the specimens submitted to them. If at any time it is indicated that specimens would be acceptable, every effort should be put forth to discharge, in part at least and as soon as possible, the heavy debt of gratitude under which so many of us lie for past favours in the identification of material which, but for the assistance so freely given, would be comparatively useless. During 1906 there have been a few expeditions made in Canada for the purpose of collecting insects; meagre records only of these have been received, either as to the special objects for which they were made, or as to the material collected. The officers of the Geological Survey of Canada, who in the past have collected many scarce insects from the little known regions visited by them in connection with their official work, during the past year, for one reason or another did not bring back many insects. The only collection made was a small one by Mr. L. M. Lambe in British Columbia. This is to be regretted, although the difficulties of collecting and preserving such fragile specimens as insects are well understood, and of course such col- lections are beyond the limits of the regular work for which most of the: officers of the Geological and Natural History Survey Department go to the field. Mr. Theodore Bryant made a valuable collection of lepidoptera when en- gaged with the International Boundary Survey of the Alaska Coast strip. His work took him along the Taku River and the Tallsaykway, a tributary of the Taku. Messrs. George White Fraser and Robert Smith of the same survey also made a small but interesting collection chiefly Coleoptera and Hymenoptera in the Skagway District of Northern British Columbia. Messrs. R. V. Harvey and R. S. Sherman, of Vancouver, made «an interesting collecting trip over the Hope Mountains from Fort Hope on the Fraser River, to Princeton on the Similkameen, a distance of 65 88 REPORT OF No. 19 miles, between July 10 and 28. Many interesting lepidoptera and diptera as well as insects in other orders were collected. An account of this expe-— dition is given in the Quarterly Bulletin of the British Columbia Entomo- logical Society for September, 1906. Dr. Harrison G. Dyar again visited British Columbia this year, but his chief work was done with relation to mosquitoes and their habits. Mr. E. B. Williamson, ‘of Bluffton, Inda., collected in Northern Ontario between July 29 and August 6 and secured a large amount of material. The syrphid flies (14 species) are now in the hands of Prof, R. C. Osburn, of Columbia University; and the Odonata are being worked up by Mr. Williamson and Dr. E. M. Walker. Mr. C. H. Young, of Ottawa, spent the summer at Meach Lake, Que., in the Laurentian Moun- tains, where he collected assiduously and reared many specimens from larve. He was particularly successful in collecting microlepidoptera, and set up in his characteristically exquisite manner over 1,500 specimens, all of which may be described as perfect. Mr. G. A. Moore, of Montreal, made a large collection of hemiptera at Como, Que., a complete list of which will appear at an early date in the Canadian Entomologist. In the present record, notes will be found of a few other insects taken by Mr. Moore at the same time. The Montreal collectors have had regular meetings and excursions, and, in addition to the work of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, the recently organized Mount Royal Entomological Club has done good work and has published a small pamphlet, Nos. 1 and 2, of proceedings. The Ottawa entomologists have continued to work energetic- ally in connection with the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, making many expeditions. A record of their work will be found in the Ottawa Naturalist, which is published regularly by that club. Messrs. T. D. Jarvis and E. J. Zavitz, working with the Rev. Prof. Bethune at the Ontario Agricultural College, have created much interest in entomology among the students. Mr. Jarvis has specialized on galls and gall insects and has accumulated a large collection. Mr. Zavitz has directed his attention chiefly to forest insects, and both will be pleased to hear from correspondents in all parts of Canada concerning these important branches of entomology. In Nova Scotia excel- lent work has been done by Mr. John Russell, of Digby, N.S., who has added many species to those already recorded from the Maritime Provinces. Mr. Joseph Perrin, of Halifax, has also added to his previous laurels by collecting many rare species. Among those whose names are well known for the work they have done in connection with Canadian entomology, vig- orous work has been continued during the past season in their various locali- ties, by the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington, B.C., who continues his stucies of the geometride, and who, although absent for the greater part of the summer on the Dominion Fishery Commission, has found time to name many collections which have been sent to him for identification. Mr. J. W. Cockle at Kaslo has added largely to his collection of Kootenai in- sects, and Mr. A. H. Bush, of Vancouver, has collected throughout the sea- son and added several new names to the local list. In the foothills of the Rockies, Messrs. Thomas Baird, of High River, F. H. Wolley-Dod and F. A. Hudson, of Millarville, have done good work in unravelling difficul- ties connected with their interesting western fauna. In the Okanagan Val- ley Mr. E. P. Venables has made useful observations, in the prosecution of which he is now aided by his friend Mr. E. S. Wilmot, who has already taken some rare species, not previously recorded from the district. Mr. T. N. Willing has collected energetically in many parts of Saskatchewan and has accumulated much material in all orders. These are being worked up and will form a nucleus for a reference museum in connection with the Provincial Department of Agriculture, which will be of inestimable value 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 to farmers and others. In Manitoba Messrs. Criddle, Heath and Marmont have continued their work enthusiastically and have added very much to our knowledge of the insects of that province. LITERATURE. Among the many valuable works, reports and separate papers of inter- est to Canadian students of insects, which have been received during the past year, special mention may be made of the following :— Cary, Merritt. The Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Athabusea and Mc- Kenzie Region. (Pro¢é. U.S. N. M., Vol. XX XI, pp. 425-457). This paper will be of special value to our western members. It gives as complete a list as can as yet be compiled. The facts are taken from published lists and also from the collections of the author while making a biological explora- tion in the north during the summer of 1903, and of Mr. E. A. Preble in 1903 and 1904. Other species will doubtless be added to this list, but it is an excellent starting point for future work. Great care has evidently been taken to give full credit to all who have done anything, however little, in working up the diurnals of this little known region. Casry, Thos. L. Observations on the Staphylinid Groups, Aleocharinw and Xantholinini, chiefly of America. (Trans. Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, pp. 125 to 434.) Coleopterists will note with great pleasure that Major Casey is again at work in the Staphylinide, a group of insects in which he has done such magnificent work. The present monograph covering parti- cularly the two extremely difficult sub-families mentioned, will give a stimu- lus to North American collectors who have required just such a revision as is now provided to work up their material. Feit, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. (Memoir VIII, N. Y. State Museum; 4to, Albany, 1905, pp. 332, plates 48. 20 col- oured.) This sumptuous volume is printed on the best of paper, and every- thing is carried out as well as can be done by skilful printers and binders, a fit setting for the care and skill devoted to its preparation by Dr. Felt and his assistants. It brings together the results of many years’ work and is supplementary to Dr. Packard’s Forest and Shade-tree Insects. The letter- press is well prepared so as to be of the greatest use to the large number who will consult this work, but who are not trained entomologists. The entomologist, however, will also find that much care has been exercised in the identification of all species mentioned and in working up accurately the life-histories presented. The plates are of unusual beauty; Dr. Felt seems to have the same ideal as actuated Sir Edwin Landseer, who never portrayed in his pictures any animal that was not a thoroughbred or which was not in the best of condition. Dr. Felt’s insects, even when reproduced by photography, are not only perfect, but have been set and prepared for re- production with the greatest care. Some of the. plates illustrating moths are probably unsurpassable in this respect. Frernatp, Henry T. The Digger Wasps of North America and the West Indies belonging to the sub-family Chloronine. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, pp. 291-423, 5 plates.) Dr. Fernald has brought a well-trained mind to bear upon the difficult task which he set himself and has done his work in such a way as to deserve the thanks of all hymenopterists. All the extensive collections in the United States have been examined, and all types so far as known have been studied. It is to be hoped that more students will devote themselves to these interesting insects now that this further help has been added to existing literature. 90 REPORT OF ~ ! No. 19 Fotsom, J. W. Entomology with Special Reference to its Biological and Economic Aspects. (P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, 485 pp., with five plates (one coloured) and 3800 text figures, $3.00.) The number of works in the entomologist’s working library is already very large, but few active workers will be able to do without Dr. Folsom’s recently issued magnificent work. In Packard’s Guide, Comstock’s Manual,-and Kellogg’s American Insects, classification is the prevailing idea, and is most useful and necessary ; but in the present work the main object has been to supply in a concise form biological data. Familiar insects are used and the work is copi- — ously illustrated with figures of the highest class. A short chapter on Clas- sification, consisting of only 26 pages, begins the work. This, it may be thought, might have been extended to possibly twice its length with advan- tage. Chapter 2 on Anatomy and Physiology treats the subject in a delight- ful and fascinating manner. The same may be said of the next chapter on Development, in which typical insects only are dealt with in a suggestive manner. The titles of the remaining chapters are well chosen and the sub- jects effectively treated. They will be read with the greatest pleasure by all. Adaptations of aquatic insects, Colour and Coloration, Insects in relation to plants and to other animals, The Inter-relations of Insects, and Insects in relation to man, are subjects well dealt with in a concise and plain way, which can be understood by students. We believe that this work will do much to render the science of entomology much more popular than it must be acknowledged it has been in the past among students of agricul- tural colleges and others, notwithstanding the enormous economic import- ance of the subject, as shown by the annual losses in staple crops. PackarD, A.S. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America, Part II, Ceratocampide. (Memoir IX, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1905, 4to, pp. 149, 61 plates, 24 coloured.) This is a most valuable work, giving full life-histories of the Ceratocampid moths of North America. The subject is treated of in Dr. Packard’s masterly manner, and the plates, which are most beautiful, have been drawn by Messrs. J. Bridgham and L. H. Joutel, or are reproduced from photographs by Mr. A. H. Verrill. In looking through this work, we are sadly reminded that Dr. Packard’s death removes one whose name has been such a watch- word for good work in American entomology and takes a shining light from the ranks of the leading American scientific men who have done so much to uphold the standard of scientific excellence on this continent. The col- oured illustrations, which are chromolithographs by A. Hoen & Co., of Bal- timore, are simply exquisite, and the whole work supplies one of the most beautiful additions to the literature of the Lepidoptera of North America which has ever appeared. It is to be hoped that the National Academy may authorize Dr. Harrison G. Dyar or some of the many other accomplished lepidopterists of the United States to give to the public similar Memoirs upon other North American moths. SmitH, J. B. Explanations of the Terms used in Entomology. (Pub- lished by the Brooklyn Entomological ‘Society, Brooklyn, N.Y., price $2.00.) This most useful work, which perhaps answers more exactly to the trite expression that “‘it fills a long-felt want’’ than any recent publication, will provide many entomologists with a handy book of reference, which will enable them to understand the many useful, but in many instances unneces- sary, unfamiliar terms which they frequently find in reading books dealing with the study of insects. This volume contains over 150 pages and ex- plains between four and five thousand terms of more or less frequent use. One cannot read a page without feeling that many words have been made 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 use of by writers without any special need, and in some instances with the result of bewildering the reader without any compensating advantage. Four plates at the end of the work show structural details of the external body wall of some typical insects and the best known colours. As plates were given at all, it seems almost a pity that one or two more were not added, particularly one showing the markings and venation of the noctuide and some other orders in which Dr. Smith is the recognized authority. This handy little glossary will be found indispensable to all college students and other extensive readers of entomological literature. The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1906 :— Anderson, E. M., Prov. Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. Baker, Arthur, Harding Hall College, London, Ont. Baldwin, J. W., 74 Besserer Street, Ottawa, Ont. _ Bethune, Rev. Prof., O. A. C., Guelph, Ont. Bryant, Theo., 2044 3rd Ave. W., Vancouver, B.C. Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, .B.C. Chagnon, Gus., Box 186, Montreal, Que. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C. Cosens, A., Jamieson Ave., Coll. Inst., Toronto, Ont. Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man. Denny, Edward, 200 Mitcheson St., Montreal. Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Millarville, Alta. Draper, R., Mt. Pleasant, Vancouver, B.C. Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rev. T. W., Levis, Que. Garrett, C., Galgary, Alta. Gibbon, Hugh, Miniota, Man. Grant, C. E.,, Orillia, Ont. Hahn, Paul, Roxborough Ave., Toronto. Halkett, A., Fisheries Museum, Ottawa. Hanham, A, W., Duncans, B.C. Harrington, W. H., P. O. Dept., Ottawa. Harvey, R. V., Queen’s School, Vancouver, B.C. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta. Danvissb. Ds, 0. A. C.;: Guelph; Ont. Jones, W. A. Dashwood-, New Westminster, B. C. Keele, Jos., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatlah, B.C.’ Lambe, L. M., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish St., Montreal. McIntosh, W., Nat. His. Soc’y., St. John, N.B. Marmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man. Metcalfe, W., 288 Bank Street, Ottawa. Mitchell, Arch., Dep. of Agriculture, Edmonton, Alta. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Moore, G. A., 209 Prince Arthur St., Montreal. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Russell, John, Digby, N.S. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Saunders, Henry, 21 Harbord St., Toronto. Sherman, R. S., 2285 Sixth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. 92 REPORT OF No. 19 — Simpson, Willibert, Dom. Observatory, Ottawa. Stevenson, Chas., 906 St. Urbain St., Montreal. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B.C. Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., 99 St. George St., Toronto. Wallis, J. B., Office of Sup. Schools, Winnipeg, Man. Williams, J. B., 236 Bloor St. E., Toronto, Ont. Willing, T. N., Regina, Sask. Wilmot, E. S., Vernon, B.C. Wilson, W. J., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Winn, A. F., 132 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont. Zavitz, E. J., O. A. C., Guelph, Ont. NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, — US. iN. M. Bull)'No,. 52.) RHOPALOCERA. (Dyar’s number.) D1. Callidryas philea, L. St. John, N.B., Sep. 17, perfect specimen taken on dahlia blossoms, (McIntosh). This is the first Can- adian record of this southern insect. 70. Hurymus alexandra, Edw., b. emilia, Edw. Kaslo, B. C., male and female seen but not captured, Aug. 19, (Cockle); Kalso, July 22, 1897, (Danby). 92. EHuptoieta claudia, Cramer. Westmount, Que., one specimen seen Sept. 8, (Winn). 207. Polygoma satyrus, Edw. St. John, (McIntosh). The form marsyas was taken at Digby, N.S., by Mr. J. Russell. 223. Junonia cena, Hbn. Orillia, Ont., second specimen taken here, July, (Grant). 264. Cercyonts etus, Bdv. Tranquille, B. C., July 7, (Lambe). 374. Incisalia irus, Godt, var. arsace, Bdl-Lec. Digby, N. S., 4 sps., May 5 to 22, (Russell). 383. Hrora lata, Edw. Digby, June 7, (Russell). 463. Amblyscirtes samoset, Scudd. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., quite abundant, (Perrin). HETEROCERA. 661. Lepisesta juanita, Strk. A male in perfect condition, hovering over a thistle head in hot sunshine near Red Deer River, about 50 miles north-east of Gleichen, on July 6, 1905; agrees with Strecker’s description, and is apparently the first.record for Can- ada, (Dod). 674. Argeus labrusce, L. St. John, Aug. 25, at light, (McIntosh). This is the only known Canadian record of this magnificant southern hawk moth. 704. Sphing luscitiosa, Clem. Digby, N.S., July 15, 16, (Russell); Aweme, Man., May 27, June 10, 17, (Criddle). Montreal, July 17, (Can Ent. 38, p. 59). 1906 778. 846. 859. 875. 880. 961. 964. 1,006. 1,008. 1,149. 1,153. 1,189. Tele. 1,228. 1,230. 1,298. 1,312. 1,345. 1,356. 1,359. 1,390. 1,429. 1,477. 1,480. 1,484. 1,492. 1,560. 1,530. 1,531. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 Basilona imperialis, Drury. Ross Mount, Ont. Two perfect speci- mens, male and female, of this handsome moth, which is rare in Canada, were recently taken at the above place by Mr. T. W. Ramm, and presented to the Division of Entomology. Ecpantheria deflorata, Fab. Niagara Glen, Ont., two larve, Sept. 18 and 20, one found feeding on violets, (Williams). Isia isabella, S. & A. Kaslo, July 16, 2nd specimen taken by me here, the Ist in 1891, (Cockle). Apantesis virguncula, Kirby. Milton, N.S. July 6, (W. H. Moore). Apantests anna, Grt. Niagara Glen, (Hahn). Demas propinquilinea, Grt. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, Feb. 11, (Perrin). Charadra deridens, Gn. This handsome noctuid has this year been reported from several localities: Cartwright, Man., June 15, (Heath); Ottawa, June 22, (Young); June 4, (Fletcher); Digby, June 28, (Russell). Apatela tritona, Hbn. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, July 2, (Per- rin). Apatela funeralis, Grt. St. John’s, Que., July 1, (Chagnon); Ottawa, (Young, Fletcher); Toronto, (Gibson). Hadena bridgham, G. & R. Digby, Aug. 22, (Russell). St. John Aug. 20, (McIntosh). Hadena claudens, Wik. Kaslo, Aug. 28, (Cockle); Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, (Criddle & Fletcher). Hadena ferens, Sm. Calgary, Alta., at light, July, 12, (Hudson). Hadena barnesii, Sm. Kaslo. July 28, (Cockle). Hadena passer, Gn. Digby, July 9, (Russell); Kaslo, July 21, (Cockle). Hadena rorulenta, Sm. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, July 5, (Per-- rin); Ottawa, June 23, (Young); Digby, June 29, (Russell). Hadena plutonia, Grt. Meach Lake, July 17, (Young). First re- cord for the Ottawa district. Hadena ducta, Grt. Massett, Q. C. I., July 9, (Keen). Heliotropha obtusa, Sm. Aweme, Aug. 19, (Criddle). Described from New Hampshire; never saw it since, (J. B. Sm.). Homohadena badistriga, Grt., var. fifia, Dyar. Kalso, July 38, (Cockle). Oncocnemis glennyt, Grt. Vernon, (Bush). Oncocnemis barnesti, Sm. Kaslo, Aug. 19, (Cockle). The third known specimen. Oncocnemis balteata, Sm. Aweme, Aug. 11, 22; Sep. 1, (Criddle). A rare and beautiful species. Rhynchagrotis rufipectus, Morr. Ottawa, Aug. 9, (Young). Semiophora youngu, Sm. Digby, N.S., Aug. 28, (Russell). Noctua esurtalis, Grt. Vancouver, B.C., July 20, (Bush). Noctua conchis, Grt. Regina, Sask., July 11, (Willing). Noctua phyllophora, Grt. Ottawa, June 22, (Fletcher); Digby, July 7, Aug. 3 (Russell); MacNab’s Island, Halifax, July 15, 20, (Perrin). Noctua juncta, Grt. Millarville, Alta., July 17, (Hudson). Pronoctua typica, Sm. Kaslo, Sept. 9, (Cockle). Rhizagrotis albicosta, Sm. High River, (Baird). Rhizagrotis flavicollis, Sm. High River, Alta., (Baird). 94 1,533. 1,579. 1611. 1,628. 1,697. 1,7el. 1,731. 1,782. 1,785. 1,788. 1,804. 1,806. 1,808. 1,809. 1,851. 1,882. 1,906. 1,910. 1,918. 1,941. 1,965. 2,000. 2,042. REPORT OF S . No. 19. Rhizagrotis lagena, Grt. A pair on Red Deer River, July 1 and 3, at snowberry flowers at dusk, (Dod & Hudson). Paragrotis maimes, Sm. Calgary, common at light in early August; scarce for years past, (Dod & Hudson); High River, (Baird). Paragrotis vestitura, Sm. Can. Ent. XXXVII., p. 20. St. John, usually rather abundant in August, It was from my specimens that Dr. Smith described the species, (McIntosh). McNab’s Island, Halifax, Aug. 12, (Perrin). Paragrotis plagigera, Morr. Spatsum, B.C., July 26, (Bush). Paragrotis acornis, Sm. Calgary, Sep. 19, one at light, (Dod); High River, (Baird). . Paragrotis detersa, Wlk. The white larve almost identical in ap- pearance with those of Paragrotis scandens were common around clumps of Salsola Kali and Cakile Americana on the sandy beach at Youghall, N.B., in July, (Fletcher). Paragrotis dissona, Moschler. Banff, Aug. 10, (Sanson); Field, B. C., July 24, (Bush). Paragrotis furtivus, Sm. Vancouver, July 11, (Bush); High River, (Baird). Paragrotis acutifrons, Sm. Cartwright, July 17, one at sugar, (Heath). Paragrotis nordica, Sm. Cartwright, July 11 and 17, at sugar, (Heath). ' Mamestra distincta, Hbn. Meach Lake, Que., May 16, (Young). Mamestra liquida, Grt. Kaslo, June 27, (Cockle). Mamestra larissa, Sm. Aweme, June 3, (Criddle). Teste Dod. Mamestra rubefacta, Morr. Digby, June 18, (Russell). Mamestra cristifera, Wlk. Meach Lake, July 10, (Young). Mamestra assimilis, Morr. Ottawa. Four mature larve found feeding on common St. John’s-wort, Hypericum perforatum, Sept. 22, 1905. Emerged June 7, 1906, (Gibson). Mamestra pensilis, Grt. Aweme, July 6 and 26, (Criddle). Teste Dod. Mamestra obesula, Sm. Calgary, a few at light, July 12 to 25, (Dod & Hudson); Rosthern, Sask., July 21, (Willing). Barathra curialis, Sm. ‘This interesting species, which was _ so abundant in Canada during 1905, and which was mentioned in last year’s Entomological Record, under the name Barathra oc- cidentata, Grt., has again appeared in small numbers in some localities. Mr. Lyman and Mr. Winn report having taken it at Montreal in June; and Mr. Perrin, of MacNab’s Island, Hali- fax, captured it on June 20, 27, and July 4. Scotogramma submarina, Grt. About 8 specimens at snowberry flowers, at dusk, on Red River, July 1-4, (Dod & Hudson). Scotogramma uniformis, Sm. Field, July 25, (Bush); Banff, July 16, (Sanson). Scotogramma conjugata, Sm. Vancouver, taken from a railway car, July 7, (Bush). Anarta zetterstedti, Staud. Field, B.C., July 25, (Bush). Heliophila diffusa, Wilk. Aweme, June 17, (Criddle). Teste Dod. Orthodes trrorata, Sm. Vancouver, June 29, July 16, (Bush). Graphiphora rubrescens, Wilk. Ottawa, April 23, 25, (Young). Fishia exhilarata, Sm. Kaslo, Oct. 10, (Cockle). i, « at 1906 2,077. 2,086. 2,096. 2,107. 2,118. 2,168. 2,178. 2,191. 2,218. 2,284. 2,473. 2.516. 2501. 2,003. 2,014. 2,022. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 Inthomoia germana, Morr. Kaslo, Aug. 25; a new record for the interior of British Columbia, (Cockle). Xylina hemina, Grt. Aweme, Apl. 23, and Sept., (Criddle). Teste Dod. Xylina amanda, Sm. Aweme, Sept. 19, Oct. 1, (Criddle). Teste Dod; Miniota, Man., (Gibbon). Xylina tepida, Grt. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, Apl. 17, (Perrin); St. John, (McIntosh). Xylina capaz, G. & R. Cartwright, (Heath). Teste Dyar. XAylina fletchert, Sm. Meach Lake, Sept. 6, 7, (Young). Gortyna medialis, Sm. Calgary, a worn male at light, Sep. 19, very rare of recent years, (Dod). Gortyna pallescens, Sm. Kalso, Aug. 25, the only specimen taken since 1892, (Cockle). It is possible that Mr. Dod’s specimen should be referred here. Papaipema harrisii, Grt. var. Reared in some numbers from larvee boring in the base of fronds of Pteris aquilina, Meach Lake, Aug., (Young). These larve were much parasitised. Papaipema appassionata, Harvey. Reared from the roots of Sar- racenia purpurea, Meach Lake, Aug., (Young). Many larve parasitised by Masicera myoidea. This most beautiful species is still very rare in collections. Tapinostola orientalis, Grt. Calgary, two specimens at light, Sept. 8, (Hudson), Tapinostola variana, Morr. Meach Lake, one specimen, July 7, (Young). A new record for Ottawa district. Polychrysia formosa, Grt. MacNab’s Island. Halifax, Aug. 17, (Perrin); St. John, July 19, (McIntosh). Autographa surena, Grt. Quebec, Que., Aug. 12, 1902, (Hahn). Autographa alias, Ottol. Dr. Ottolengui writes, ‘‘this species 1s found in nearly all collections under the name of u-aureum, a Kuropean species, the description of which does not fit anything in this country.’’ Specimens have been received from St. John, (McIntosh); Halifax, (Perrin), and Ottawa, (Young). Autographa altera, Ottol. McNab’s Island, Halifax, (Perrin). Dr. Ottolengui writes: ‘“The type of altera came from Nepigon, and I have a second specimen from the Adirondacks. Mr. Perrin’s is the third. I am much interested in this specimen, because, being grayer than mine, it looks more like variana, but, placed between the types of these two species, which Dr. Dyar thought would prove to be the same, the specimen only emphasizes the fact, that both are species. Autographa celsa, Hy. Edw. Vancouver, July 29, (Bush). Autographa eacelsa, Ottol. Sable Island, Aug. 19, 1899, (John Macoun). ‘‘I have been told that this species is not separable from angulidens, described from Colorado; but I have had over a hundred specimens of that before me, and every one has the silver mark with prolongations close together, and turned in- wardly forming a U. ape: my first excelsa in New Hamp- shire, and received others from Wolley-Dod, of Calgary. All that do not come from Colorado, have thus far had the typical V instead of the U silver mark. The genitalia also differ. You may feel safe in calling anything like this from Colorado, angulidens, as 1t seems as local as vaccini. All others are ez- celsa.’’ (R. Ottolengui.) 96 2,781. 2,872. 2,886. 2,990. 3,007. 3,150. 3,169. 3,197. 210. 220. 3,208. 3,209, 3,207. 3,216. 3,902. 3,909. REPORT OF No. 19 Syneda graphica, Hbn. Hope Mts., B.C., July 17, (Harvey). Catocala cerogama, Gn. Cartwright, Aug. 18 and 20, one each night; this is, I think, a record for Manitoba. (Heath). Catocala celebs, Grt. Digby, Aug. 14, (Russell). Homoptera minerea, Gn. White River, Hudson Bay slope, June 2, (W. J. Wilson). Thysania zenobia, Cram. » Toronto, Sep. 19, (Hahn). This is the second record of this magnificent visitor from the South being taken in Canada. Schizura semirufescens, Wlk. Vancouver, taken from railway car, July 28, (Bush); Cartwright, June 17, (Heath). Gluphisia lintneri, Grt. Calgary, a male flying in sunshine, Apl. 19, (Hudson); Aweme, Apl. 18, 25, (Criddle); Ottawa, var. arimacula, Huds., May 23, (Young). Euproctis chrysorrhea, L. St. John, N.B., July 22, 1904, (A, Gor- don Leavitt). The second Canadian record. Tolype distincta, French. Kaslo, Aug. 17, (Cockle). Eudeilinea herminiata, Gn. One on July 5, on Red Deer River, (Dod). Cysteropteryz viridata, Pack. Meach Lake, May 17, (Young). Carsia paludata, Thunb. Hope Summit, 5,800 feet, July 19, (Harvey). Eupithecia latipennis, Hulst. Meach Lake, June 15, (Young). Eupithecia ornata, Hulst. Ottawa, Apl. 24, May 4, (Young). Eupithecia youngata, Taylor. Ottawa, June 7, July 20, (Young). This species was described in the ‘‘Ottawa Naturalist’? for March, 1906. Eupithecia casloata, Dyar. Meach Lake, Aug. 5, (Young). Eustroma propulsata, Wik. (R packardata, Lint.), a variety with antenne dentate and probably in process of evolution towards a pectinated form. The ordinary form is simple ciliate. Frazer Falls, Y.T., Aug. 22, »905, (J. Keele). Rheumaptera luctuata, D. & S. a. obductata, Moesh, Lansing River, Y.T., June 24, (Keele). Cenocalpe polygrammata, Hulst. A pair on Red Deer River, July 3 and 6, (Dod & Hudson). The first records for Canada, (G. W. Taylor). Cymatophora brunneata, Thunb. Hope Mts., July 20, (Harvey). Cymatophora latiferrugata, Wlk. Ottawa, emerged from pupa, Aug., larva on Prunus pennsylvanica; black, with conspicuous white spots on sides, (Fletcher). A distines species from C. pustularia. Cymatophora. denticulodes, Hulst. Two males at light on Pine Creek, July 22 and 25, (Dod). Hope Mts. July 18, (Harvey). New to Canada. (G. W. Taylor.) Platea trilinearia, Pack. Not uncommon on Red River bottom, north-east of Gleichen, amongst prairie sage, Artemisia ludovt- ciana, in early July, (Dod & Hudson). Mr. Taylor says that this species was not previously known from Canada, with the excep- tion of a possibly erroneous ‘‘B.C.”’ record. Sicya macularia, Harr. Sturgeon River, West of the Tamagami Region, July 17, (W. J. Wilson). Therina athasiaria, Wlk. Meach Lake, June 17, (Young). The first record for the Ottawa district. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 4,266. Glaphria psychicalis, Hulst. Trenton, one specimen, July 12, (Evans). 4,308. Sylepta penumbralis, Grt. Trenton, 4 specimens at light, May 17, Aug. 12, (Evans). 4,821. Diaphania quadristigmalis, Gn. Toronto, (Hahn). 4,323. Metrea ostreonalis, Grt. Meach Lake, July 16, very rare, (Young). 4,386. Tholoria reversalis, Gn. McNab’s Island, July 10, 1904, (Perrin). 4,414. Crndaphia bicoloralis, Gn. Trenton, Aug. 20, at light, Evans). 4,455. Pyrausta generosa, G. & R. Trenton, at light, May 27, (Evans). Eurrhypara urticata, L. Milton, N.S., July 6, 1906, (W. H. Moore). This common European species which feeds upon the stinging-nettle was first found by Mr. Moore, and was kindly identified by Dr. H. G. Dyar, who reported, ‘‘not known in North America.’’ Since the receipt of Mr. Moore’s specimens I have had an opportunity of examining Mr. Wm. McIntosh’s collec- tion in St. John, N.B., where I found several specimens of this moth. Mr. McIntosh tells me jt is common in the district. 4,496. Nymphula obliteralis, Wlk. Trenton, 2 specimens, (Evans). 4,499. Hlophila bifascialis, Rob. Trenton, 3 specimens, Aug. 14, (Evans). 4,519. Herculia cohortalis, Grt. Trenton, June 30, Aug. 6, (Evans). 4,544. Schenobius tripunctellus, Rob. Trenton, one specimen, June 25, at light, (Evans). 5,014. EHzartema zellerianum, Fern. Trenton, July 19, (Evans). Eucosoma confluana, Kearf. Trenton, one specimen, at light, Aug. 24, (Evans). 5,287. Ecdytolopha insiticiana, Zell. Trenton, 2 specimens, June 25, and Aug. 24, at light, (Evans). 5,336. Cenopis Pettitana, Rob. Trenton, (vans); Ottawa, larva on bass- wood, May 31; pupa, June 7; moth, June 16, (Gibson). 5,419. Hulia quadrifasciana, Fern. Trenton, two specimens, July 8 and 22, at light, (Evans). 5,818. Gelechia omatifimbriella, Clem. Trenton, at light, June 25, and July 7, (Evans). 5,865. Depressaria psoraliella, Walsm. ‘Trenton, one specimen, at light, Sept. 5, (Evans). The following valuable notes on some species of microlepidoptera have been received from Mr. W. D. Kearfott, and are gratefully included: ‘‘Since the brief list. of notable captures was written for the 1904 En- tomological Record, I have had the privilege of examining a very large number of Canadian specimens, and mention the following as being especi- ally interesting. Several of them are new records for Canada. ‘This list could be continued almost indefinitely, but its usefulness is limited, because there is no strictly Canadian list of Lepidoptera. I would strongly urge the compilation of such a list. With such a basis to work from, the friendly rivalry to add names to it would be very much stimulated. I have records of several hundred names of Microlepidotera, and my notes and help are freely offered to any one who may care to undertake this task. “‘T desire again to extend my sincere thanks to the gentlemen who have so kindly sent me their material for examination and determination, and for their most generous treatment in the cases of unknown and desirable species, especially Messrs. Young, Criddle, Marmont, Heath, Evans, Will- ing, Dennis, Taylor, Saunders, Winn, Gibson and Fletcher. 4,569. Crambus bidens, Zeller. Specimens of both sexes from Mr. Young, Ottawa, July 11. Very rare as yet in general collections. 7 EN. 98 4,583. 5,1374. 5,189. 5,298. 5,328. 5,475. 5,488. 5,918. REPORT OF _ No. 19 7 Crambus myellus, Hbn. Hurdman’s Bridge, Ont., July 26-30. This species is recorded from Europe, Maine and Nova Scotia. It is very rarely met with, and Mr. Young’s specimens are the first I have seen. Eucosma suffusana, Zell. This European species has never been re- corded from America, but is likely to prove of considerable economic importance after a few years. I have receutly re- ceived specimens for determination from several localities in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Portsmouth, N.H., and Regina, Sask., (Willing), August 15. Early this spring I bred the moths from larve crumpling and rolling the young leaves of my rose bushes and eating the entire bud. The larva is transparent pink- ish green, almost slug-lke in shape. I have not had it from Eastern Canada; but it will be found wherever roses grow. Thiodia signatana, Clem. Received from Mr. Gibson, nal labelled ‘‘Miner in maple leaves, Kirk’s Ferry, issued Sept. 18.’’. This species is quite common in Montclair and, during June, can be found in abundance on the trunks of the red maple. The larve are found in September, living in a tube on the underside of the leaf, and still further protected by a web of silk across the leaf, from edge to edge. It would be interest- ing to know if its habits are different at Kirk’s Ferry; possibly the term ‘‘Miner’’ referred only to the young larve, immediately out of the ova. Carpocapsa toreuta, Grote. One specimen received through Dr. Fletcher, labelled ‘‘Bred from cone of Pinus ponderosa, British Columbia (Interior), (J. R. Anderson).’’ This is another very rare species; only one or two other specimens are known. Acleris angusana, Fern. Hurdman’s Bridge; bred from larve webbing the leaflets of hemlock. Mr. Young sent me eight speci- mens, exhibiting a great range of variability; a narrow band from base to apex connects them all; but this band ranges from pure white, through the reds to black. The ground color, like- wise, in different specimens, ranges from pale yellow, through the reds to purplish black, and in some of the specimens a white transverse angulated band through the middle of the wing; in others, the outer half is paler than the inner. On p. 849, Fifth Report Ento. Comm., Packard records the breeding of this spec- ies from spruce and fir, but calls it Var. ‘‘E’’ of Teras variana, Fern. Carposina crescentella, Wlsm. Hurdman’s Bridge, (Young); lo- eality ‘‘unknown’’ in Dyar’s list; it has also been taken in West- ern Pennsylvania, (Merrick). Periclymenobius canariellus, Wlsm. Hurdman’s Bridge, (Young); Rounthwaite, (Marmont). The three species under this genus can easily be recognized by the scythe-like extension of the cilia of the apex of the fore wings, making them veritable hook-tips; I believe all three will be found in Canada from Ottawa westward. T have already recorded P. frustellus from Aweme, (Criddle), and Cartwright, (Heath), and also have canariellus from Welling- ton, B.C., (Taylor) and Arizona, (Kunze). Euclemensia bassettella, Clem. Hurdman’s Bridge, (Young). This is one of the most beautiful of the larger Tineids, a long bar of crimson on an opalescent-black back-ground. It has been 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 bred from larve feeding within small yellowish brown, shining galls on twigs of oak. I do not believe this larva is the cause of the gall, but it makes use of the habitat of a generous (?) Dip- teron. ADDITIONS TO THE Manitosa List. 4,621. Herculia olinalis, Gnu. Aweme, VII., 26 to VIII, 6. 4,566. Crambus unistriatellus, Pack. Aweme, VIII, 17. 4,737. Nephopteryx hypochalciella, Rag. Aweme VIII, 16. 4,871. Homeosoma mucidellum, Rag. Aweme, VI., 12. 4,965. Pterophorus subochraceus, Wlsm. Aweme, VI., 12. 5,018. Hzartema versicoloranum, Clem. Aweme, VII, 12-15. 5,022. Exartema corylanum, Fern. Aweme, VII., 6-12. 5,071. Olethreutes: bipartitana, Clem. Aweme, VI, 21 to VII, 5. 5,073. Olethreutes impudens, Wism. Aweme, VII., 27. 5,182. Kucosma hirsutana, Wlsm. Aweme, V1., 14 to VII., 4. 5,150. Hucosma carolinana, Wlsm. Cartwright. 5,205. Ancylis divisana, Walk. Aweme, VI., 26-27. 5,274. Hnarmonia lunatana, Wlsm. -Aweme, V, 18 to VI, 7. Ancylis cockleana, Kearf. Aweme, VII., 20. 5,339. Cenopis groteana, Fern. Winnipeg, Hanham. 5,407. Tortriz packardiana, Fern. Aweme, VI., 12. 5,834. Stenoma schlegeri, Zell. Aweme, VI, 21. 5,912. EHthmia longimaculella, Cham. Aweme, VI., 21. 6,108. Scythris eboracensis, Zell. Aweme, VI., 27 to VIL., 7. my eas 9 eee The following species of geometride have been described in the ‘*Can- adian Entomologist’’ for 1906, by the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington, B.C., from different parts of Canada. Eupithecia regina. Regina, Sask., June 25, (Willing); Calgary, June 29, July 7, to Aug. 8. (Dod). Eupithecia alberta. Calgary, June 30, (Dod). Eupithecia dodata. Calgary, June 26, and July 3, (Dod). Eupithecia adornata. Calgary, May 25, to June 14, (Dod). Xanthorhoe circumvallaria. Maillarville, June 26, July 24, (Dod). Aplodes hudsonaria. Fifty miles N.E. of Gleichen, Alberta, July 7, (Hudson); Victoria, August, 1903, (Hanham). Eupithecia olivacea. Wellington, April 7, 1903, (Taylor); not uncom- mon at Vancouver (Harvey). Eupithecia harveyata. Vancouver, Apl. 6, 1903, (Harvey). Eupithecia dyarata. Kalso, Apl. 24, not uncommon, (Cockle). Eupithecia hanhami. Victoria, June, (Hanham). Eupithecia bryanti. Stickeen River, B.C., July, (Bryant). Eupithecia obumbrata. Victoria, April to June, (Hanham). Eupithecia modesta. Vancouver, June 6, (Taylor). Eupithecia insignificata. Wellington, Victoria and Vancouver, March to May, (Taylor). Euphithecia sublineata. With above, and thought to be a variety of it. Eupithecia perbrunneata. Kaslo and Victoria, May 9 to June 2, (Cockle and Taylor). Eucymatoge vancouverata. Wellington, Vancouver. Eustroma harveyata. Kaslo, Stickeen River, Vancouver. Zenophleps victoria. Victoria, (Hanham). Hydriomena autumnalis, Strom., var. columbiata. Victoria, Welling- ton, May. 100 REPORT OF | No: 19 Hydriomena manzanita. Wellington, April. Xanthorhoe pontiaria. Wellington; Salem, Oregon. Xanthorhoe fossaria. Laggan, Alta., and Mt. Cheam., B.C., (Bush). Leptomeris subfuscata. Victoria, (Hanham); Vernon, (Harvey). Deilinia bryantaria. Stickeen River, June 13, (Bryant). Enypia packardata. Wellington, June to August. Several species of European geometride have been recognized in Can- ada, for the first time during the year, viz. Eupithecia castigata, Hbn. Wellington, (Taylor); Calgary, (Dod). Eupithecia togata, Hbn. Wellington, (Taylor). Hydriomena ruberata, Freyer. Calgary, (Dod). Himera pennaria, L. Tamarisk, Man., 1903, (L. Fanshawe). COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Pilespenn of America, North of Mexico.) 36. Cicindela cinctipennis, Lec. Vernon, B.C., May, one specimen on | damp sand, (Venables), 109. Cychrus angulatus, Harr. Duncans, B.C., April, (Hanham). | 871. Lebia devisa, Lec. Regina, April 15, (Willing). 898. Lebia depicta, Horn. Regina, Oct. 11, (Willing). 1,487. Dytiscus circumeinctus, Ahr. Winnipeg, ‘‘On a sultry evening in October my son Evan collected about 100 specimens, half of them males; of the females four had sulcate elytra. Prof. Wickham who named my specimens, writes: ‘The first American speci- -mens I have seen. The original American locality is Red River, and they may have come from Winnipeg,’’ (Evans). 2,661. Boletobius cineticollis, Say. Aweme, in woods, April 9, (Criddle). 2,829. Olophrum marginatum, Kirby. Sudbury, one specimen, (Evans). 2,899. Stagonium americanum,.Melsh. Sudbury, one specimen, (Evans). 3,696. Epurea helvola, Er. Aweme, at putrid bird, June 3, (Criddle). 3,984. Arawopus monachus, L. Vernon, on willow blossom, (Venables). 4,005. Holodes thoracica, Guer. Como, Que., July, Aug., (G. A. Moore). 4.275. Ludius abruptus, Say. Ottawa, June 20, (Fletcher). 9,394. Chrysobothris ludificata, Horn. Aweme, April 10, July 16, (Criddle). 5,022. Malachius aneus, L. Ottawa, June 6, (Fletcher); July 1, (J. A Guignard). An addition to the Ottawa list. 5,177. Clerus nigriventris, Lec. Vernon, on pine stump, July 15, (Venables). 5,859. Dinoderus substriatus, Payk. Barrie, Ont., in hemlock bark, Oct., (Zavitz). 5,384. Hylecetus lugubris, Say. Fort Kent, Maine, 1900, opposite St. Francis, N.B., (Rev. F. X. Burque). 5,020. Aphodius fetidus, Fab. Aweme, April 26, May 4, (Criddle). 5,961. Prionus californicus, Mots. Grierson’s Wharf, on the Ottawa near Fitzroy Harbour, July 30, (Metcalfe). A wanderer from the Pa- cific Coast. 6,079. Tylonotus bimaculatus, Hald. Guelph, on black ash, July, (Zavitz). 6,106. Ancylocera bicolor, Oliv. Ridgeway, on hickory, Aug., (Zavitz). 6,238. Towxotus schaumii, Lec. Galt, on maple, August, (Dr. Bethune). 6,304. Leptura subhamata, Rand. Guelph, August, (Zavitz). 6,345. Leptura biforis, ewan Ridgeway, August, (Zavitz). 6,385. Monohammus titillator, Fab. Rondeau and Ridgeway, on white pine, June to August, (Zavitz). 6,397. Goes pulchra, Hald. Ridgeway, on hickory, August, (Zavitz). 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 6,577. Crioceris asparagi, Lu. Ottawa, larve found Sept. 20, buried ‘Sept. 22, emerged at end of October; the furthest eastern record in Ontario, (Fletcher & Gibson). Not previously found at Ottawa. 7,396. Cealocnemis dilaticollis, Mann. Vernon, June, (Wilmot). 7,852. Mordellistena bihamata, Melsh. Como, Que., June and August, (G. A. Moore). 7,873. Stereopalpus mellyi, Laf. Como, July and August, (G. A. Moore). 8,101. Epicauta fissilabris, Lec. Saskatoon, June 6, (Willing). 8,611. Magdalis perforata, Horn. Ridgeway, Aug., on white pine, (Zavitz). 8,619. Magdalis subtincta, Lec. Greenbush, Man., bred from twigs of white spruce, March 4, (Willing). 8,634. Anthonomus profundus, Lec. Trenton, one specimen, Sept. 27, °03. , This has not been so far reported from Canada, (Evans). 9,203. Gonotropis gibbosus, Lec. Aweme, April 29, (Criddle). 9,748. Cryptorhynchus lapathi, L Ridgeway and Beamsville, June 23 to July 30, (Zavitz). Toronto, on one willow only in High Park, but this was completely riddled, (A. Cosens). This destructive weevil which attacks poplars and willows is gradually spreading through North America. These are the first Canadian records. Diptera. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera by J. M. Aldrich. Smithsonian Mise. Coll., XLVI, No. 1, 444. The numbers refer to the pages of the Catalogue.) 171. Bibiocephala grandis, O. S. Hope Mts., B.C., July 14, (Harvey). 196. Chrysops delicatulus, O. S. St. John, July 2, (McIntosh). 196. Chrysops frigidus, O. S. Hope Mts., July 18 to 27, (Harvey). 198. Chrysops proclivus, O. S. St. John, July 21, (McIntosh). 203. Tabanus fratellus, Will. Hope Mts, July 18 to 25, (Sherman). Tabanus osburni, Hine. Hope Mts., July 12 to 25, abundant, (Sher- man and Harvey). 209. Tabanus zonalis, Kby. Kaslo, (Cockle). 227. Dipalta serpentina, O. S. Goldstream, B.C., Aug. 19, (Harvey). Anthrax harveyi, Hine. Hope summit, 5,800 feet, seven specimens, July 20 and 24, (Sherman and Harvey). 241. Eclimus harrisii, O. S. St. John, (McIntosh). 256. Stenopogon modestus, Lw. Similkameen, July 21, 22, common, (Sherman and Harvey). 258. Dicolonus simplex, Lw. Victoria, June 8, (Harvey). 259. Cyrtopogon aurifer, O.'S. Hope Mts., July 12 to 27, common, (Sherman and Harvey). 259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides, Will. Kaslo, (Cockle). 296. Hydrophorus tnnotatus, Lw. St. John, (McIntosh). 383. Pyritis montigena, Hunter. Vancouver, Feb. to Apl., (Sherman). 386. Hristalis inornatus, Lw. St. John, June 5, (McIntosh). ; Merodon equestris, Fab. Vancouver, several specimens, (Harvey). 401. Crioprora alopex, O. S. Vancouver, March 24, (Sherman). 405. Temnostoma cqualis, Loew. Haydon, Ont., July 31, (E. B. Wil- liamson). 412. Myopa pictipennis, Will. Vancouver, April 14, (Harvey). Cuterebra grisea, Coq. Hope Mts., July 12, (Sherman). 419. Cuterebra tenebrosa, Coq. Kaslo, July 20, (Cockle), Vernon, July, (Wilmot). A magnificent blue-black species nearly an inch long and almost one-half inch across the abdomen. 102 REPORT OF > No. 19 422. Cistogaster immaculata, Macq. Hope Mts., July 15, (Harvey). 466. Masicera myoidea, Desvy. Meach Lake, bred from Papaipema ap- passtonata, (Young). 527. Mesembrina resplendens, Wahl. Kaslo, (Cockle). 605. Trypeta straminea, Doane. Wellington, July, 1904, (Harvey). 608. Carphotricha culta, Wied. Wellington, June, 1905, (Harvey). 611. Tephritis albiceps, Lw. Victoria, June 8, (Harvey). HEMIPTERA. We are glad to note an awakening of interest in this important order. Collections have been submitted to Mr. E. P. Van Duzee and kindly named by him, from Mr. W. J. Palmer, of Buffalo, the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington, B.C., and Mr. G. A. Moore, of Montreal. A list of Mr: Pal- mer’s collection taken near Lake Temagami, Ont., appears in the Canadian Entomologist for 1906 at page 406. Some of Mr. Taylor’s new species are described in Entomological News for Dec., 1906, page 388, and Mr. Moore’s collection taken.at Como, Que., will be published in an early number of the Canadian Entomologist. The following are considered by Mr. Van Duzee of special interest : — HETEROPTERA. Sehirus cinctus, P. B. Como, July 24, one specimen, (Moore). Banasa dimidiata, Say. Como, Aug. 12, one specimen, (Moore). Alydus eurinus, Say. Como, July 20, (Moore). Protenor belfragei, Hagl. Como, Aug. 2, two specimens, (Moore). Mysius longiceps, Stal. Como, July 25, two specimens, (Moore). Ingyrocoris contractus, Say. Como, July 26, several, (Moore). Peritrechus tristis, V. D. Victoria and Wellington, B.C., March, April and October, (Taylor). Eremocoris obscurus, V. D. Wellington, March and April, (Taylor). Phlegyas abbreviatus, Uhl. Como, July 26, several, (Moore). Scolopostethus thomsoni, Reut. Como, July 2, one specimen, (Moore). Aradus abbas, Prov. Como, July 1, one specimen, (Moore). F Plagiognathus politus, Uhl. Como, July 15, (Moore); Swamp Creek, and Island Lake, Temagami District, Aug. 14 and 12, (Palmer). Plagiognathus annulatus, Uhl. Como, July 2, (Moore); Island Lake, two specimens, Aug. 12, (Palmer). Hyaliodes vitripennis, Say. Como, July 20, (Moore). Pilophorus.crassipes, Stal. Como, two specimens, July 24, (Moore). Phytocoris puella, Reut. Como. Aug. 2, (Moore). Phytocoris pallidicornis, Reut. Como, July 14, (Moore). Melinna modesta, Uhl. Como, July 20, Aug. 1, (Moore). Pecilocapsus marginatus, Reut. Como, July 8, (Moore). Trigonotylus ruficornis, Fall. Como, July 2, (Moore). Mesovelia bisignata, Uhl. Como, Aug. 1, (Moore). HOMOPTERA. Thelia univittata, Harr. Como, July 27, one specimen, (Moore). Archasia galeata,-Fitch. Como, July 7, one specimen, (Moore). Ophiderma salamandra, Fairm. Como, Aug. 3, one specimen, (Moore). Carynota marmorata, Say. Como, July 23, (Moore). Pissonatus marginatus, V. D. Como, July 8, one specimen, (Moore). Laccocera vittipennis, V. D. Como, July 25, one specimen, (Moore). Phyllodinus nervatus, V. D. Como, July 14, one specimen, (Moore). PIE en ow eat bo 1906 /) ENTOMOLOGICATL) SOCIELY: 103 Clastoptera proteus, Fitch, var. flava, Ball. Como, July 24, (Moore). Clastoptera proteus, Fitch, var. vittata, Ball. Como, July 25, (Moore). Clastoptera proteus, Fitch, var. nigra, Ball. Como, July 25, (Moore). _ Bythoscopus variabilis, Fitch. Como, July 14, on oak, (Moore). Pediopsis insignis, V. D. Como, July 20, (Moore). Oncometopia costalis, Fab. Como, July 27, two specimens, (Moore). Dreculacephala manitobiana, Ball. Swamp Creek, Temagami district, Aug. 14, (Palmer). Dreculacephala noveboracensis, Fitch. Como, July 2, (Moore); Red Cedar Lake, Aug. 9, (Palmer). Xestocephalus pulicarius, V. D. Como, one specimen, Sept. 2, (Moore). Paramesus vitellinus, Fitch. Como, July 26, several, (Moore). Platymetopius acutus, Say. Como, July 20, Aug. 4,’ (Moore). Scaphoideus auroniteus, Prov. Como, July 30, one specimen, (Moore). Athysanus plutonius, Uhler. Como, July 2, (Moore). Eutettiz seminuda, Say.- Como, July 8, one specimen, (Moore). Thamnotettiz smithi, V. D. Swamp Creek, Aug. 14, (Palmer). _ Thamnotettiz eburata, V. D. Red Cedar Lake, Aug. 9, Island Lake, Aug. 12, and Swamp Creek, Aug. 14, (Palmer). Thamnotettiz waldana, Ball. Swamp Creek, Aug. 14, (katmer). Jassus olitorius, Say. Como, Aug. 12, (Moore). Empoasca viridescens, Walsh. Como, July 31, (Moore). Eupteryz flavoscuta, Gill. Como, July 15, several, (Moore). Typhlocyba tricincta, Fitch. Como, July 2, (Moore). Typhlocyba bifasciata, G. & B. Como, July 21, (Moore). ODONATA. Up to the present time, although a good deal of work has been done spasmodically in working up the Dragon-flies of Canada by collectors in different parts of the Dominion, as far as I am aware, no complete Canadian list has ever been prepared. That this should be taken in hand at once, ig most desirable, both on account of the important role played by these in- sects and also from their attractive nature. Some years ago Mr. T. J. Mc- Laughlin worked up the species of the Ottawa district, and Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has recently made extensive studies of the Odonata of the whole Province of Ontario. Up to the end of last year he had listed 65 species, and a few others have been-added during the past summer. A list of 387 British Columbian species prepared by Prof. Raymond C. Osburn, of New York, is reproduced from HKntomological News in the September Bulletin of the British Columbia Entomological Society. As already men- tioned, Mr. E.-B. Williamson, of Bluffton, Ind., made a short trip into Northern Ontario during the past summer for the special purpose of col- lecting Odonata, and Mr. McIntosh has collected in New Brunswick. Entomologists will be pleased to learn that Dr. E. M. Walker has under- taken a complete revision of the genus @schna in North America. He thinks that “the determinations of the species have been to a large extent guess work, and that not sufficient account has been taken of the females and of the colour markings.’’ Dr. Walker writes: “I have already come to pretty definite conclusions as to the limits of the species, and find there are several more than has been believed by the best authorities to be the case. Females and colour pattern prove to be of great importance and in- dividual variations within the species but slight. I'am going to verify as _ far as possible my conclusions in the field next summer, but would like to 104 REPORT OF No. 19 | examine as much material as possible this winter. I shall be glad to re- ceive any material in this genus, which will be taken great care of and returned named as soon as I have finished with it.’’ This excellent oppor- tunity for getting material worked up should not be neglected by collectors, and it is to be hoped that all will assist Dr. Walker to the full extent of their ability in this useful undertaking. A small collection of Odonata collected in the Temagami district by Mr. W. J. Wilson, of the Geological Survey, in 1905, has been named by Prof. J. G. Needham, who reports as follows: “These are all more or less common throughout eastern Canada; but the specimens are of much inter- est, as they extend the known northward range for practically all of them.” The list is as follows :— Gomphus sordidus, Hagen. Kokokosing Lake, June 13, and Sturgeon River, June 29, 4 males and 8 females. Gomphus exilis, Selys. Smooth Water Lake, June 22, 2 males. Calopterye maculata, Beauy. Sturgeon River, July 29, July 16. Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Kettle Falls, Sturgeon River, June 30. Zischna clepsydra, Say. Kettle Falls, Sturgeon River, June 30. Dr. Walker sends the following records : — Somatochlora walshti, Scudd. DeGrassi Point. First Ontario record. Somatochlora williamsonu. ‘“‘I am about to describe under this name some specimens which [ have had in my collection for several years, but I was not certain until recently that they were distinct from S. elongatus, Scudd. Mr. Williamson has taken the species in Michi- gan and Prof. Needham in New York. The former had recognized it as a new species and has turned his material over to me. The description will appear in the Canadian Entomologist. Ontario re- cords: Toronto, DeGrassi Point, Lake Temagami.’’ (Walker.) Enallagma pollutum, Hag. Bala, Muskoka, Aug. 25, (W. J. Fraser). Gomphus adelphus, Selys. Hull, P.Q., June 29, 1886, (Fletcher). The first Canadian record. Gomphus brevis, Selys. Hull, P.Q., June 29, 1886, (Fletcher) ; Cumberland Ont., June 16, 1900, (Gibson). Aischna juncea, L. Anticosti, 1902, (Dr. Joseph Schmitt); DeGrassi Pt., Lake Simcoe, Ont., Sep. 2, (Walker). Basieschna janata, Say.’ Clarke’s Bush, Ottawa, May 2, 1902, (Gibson). Macromia illinoiensis, Walsh. Hull, P.Q., June 29, (Fletcher). Helocordulia uhleri, Selys. Buckingham, P.Q., May 31, (Fletcher). Tetragoneuria spinosa, Selys. Hull, P.Q., May 22, 1886, (Fletcher). Leucorhinia hudsonica, Selys. Short Bay, on Behm Canal, B.C., August 11, (J. A. Cadenhead); Anticosti, (Dr. Schmitt); Laggan, Alta., (T. E. Bean); Eastman’s Springs, Ont., May 25, Hull, P.Q., June 29, (Fletcher). Sympetrum costiferum, Hag. Victoria, B.C., (Fletcher). Sympetrum corruptum, Hag. Banff, Alta., Sept. 18, 1897, (N. B. Sanson); Laggan, Alta., (T. E. Bean). Tramea lacerata, Hag. Several fresh examples of this large southern dragon- fly were seen near Grenadier Pond, Toronto, Sept. 15, 1906. I had no net, but succeeded in capturing a fine male. A few days after- wards they had all disappeared. (Walker.) 1906 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. j 105 IN THE TRACKS OF NEMATUS ERICHSONII, HARTIG. By Rev. Tuomas W. Fytss. D.C.L., F.L.S. It is-a law of nature that no particular growth of plants should hold _ possession of the land in perpetuity. Sooner or later destructive agents will break in upon the scene.. Insect depredators, drought, fire, storm and, flood —these, and the axes of the lumbermen, make clearances for occupation by the settler, or for Nature’s re-planting. In the latter case we find that the ‘new growth is, generally speaking, different from the old. The following - affords a curicus exemplification of this fact :— In 1842, when the Ashburton Treaty was made, a strip, 60 feet wide, was cut along the border, through the tamarack swamps that extend from Canada into New Hampshire and Maine. [his strip is now filled up with a new growth; but the forester knows directly when he strikes the line, for he finds a belt in which the poplar (Populus tremuloides), the red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica), and the Moosemissie (Pyrus Americana), are grow- ing, the seeds of the first having been carried by the wind into the Bound- ary, when newly cleared; and those of the last two, by birds. Thirty years ago it was a fine sight to look, from an elevation, upon the vast area of swamp land, extending through Bury, Lingwick, Hampden, Ditton, and far away. Tamaracks from two feet to two and a half feet in diameter, were the lords of this forest-land. ‘l'o-day, I have the authority of Mr. Ayton Cromwell and Mr. C. C. Lusk, of Cookshire, and Mr. C. H. Ward, of Bury—all experienced foresters—for stating that not a single first- growth tamarack is to be found in the whole section. And like testi- mony comes to me from Mr. John D. Johnson, of St. Thomas, and Mr. E. W. Brewster, of Compton, in regard to the districts with which they are respectively acquainted. How was the destruction brought about? By an agent seemingly in- significant and wholly unexpected—a four-winged fly, belonging to the order Hymenoptera, and named by Hartig; Nematus Erichsoniz. This fly is only about eight-tenths of an inch in expanse of wings, and four-tenths in length of body. Its colour is black, but it has a broad orange- red band round the abdomen. Its wings are clear, with dark veins, and a conspicuous costal spot or stigma. In the larval stage—which is the destructive stage—the species is a green caterpillar of no great size, having a black head. When it is “‘full- fed,’’ it creeps into some retreat, and spins a compact, brown cocoon, about half an inch in length. It was in the pupal stage, probably, and amongst the roots of young plants of Norway Spruce, that the species was brought to the nurseries of Massachusetts, about the year 1880. | The first notice of the arrival of the Nematus in Canada was given by -myself, and will be found on the 17th page of the Report of the Entomolo- gical Society of Ontario for 1883. When the creatures came to us, they came in their strength—‘‘In numbers numberless.’’ The Nematus Raid, as it was called, was a phenomenon that they who witnessed are not likely to forget. That creatures seemingly so insignificant, brought unwittingly from a country so far away, should, by force of numbers, be able to strip the vast forest of tamarack of its verdure, and leave the nces in a dying state was truly marvellous. I last saw the creatures in activity about ten years ago, in a grove of young tamarack near the old St. Henry Road, in Levis County. The trees were about twenty feet high; and here and there amongst them was a small 8 EN. 106 REPORT OF | Nig SO — colony of Nematus larvae. The grove mentioned has lately been felled, and the land it occupied turned into a pasture. The Nematus larvae had a preference for the finest growths. The smaller trees of the time were not at first so badly treated by them; and these lingered on, making brave efforts at recovery; but even these have for the most part, now succumbed. Probably the drought of 1903 gave the finishing blow to them. Mr. E. B. Brewster tells me that half a mile from Compton Village, there is a tamarack swamp about a mile long and one-eighth of a mile wide. The largest trees in it are ten or twelve inches in diameter. Of all the trees in the swamp, probably 75 per cent. are dead, and about 15 per cent. show some signs of feeble life in tufts of sprouts from the stem. The only ap- parently, healthy trees are on the borders of the swamp, and form a mere nar- row fringe to it, one or two trees deep. Of the dead trees in this swamp, some are only ‘‘rampikes,’’ denuded both of branches and bark. ‘To others the branches still cling. Here and there, among the dead trees, a few balsams (Abies balsamea) and cedars (Thuja occidentalis) are springing up. When I visited the swamps in Bury in 1891, the rot had struck into the dead trees for two or three inches. For an account of this visit, and a cal- culation of the damage done by the Nematus, see the Report of the Entomo- logical Society of Ontario for 1891, page 28. When the Rutland Railway into Canada was in contemplation, :dead tamarack trees lay so thickly in the swamp half way between Alburgh and Noyan, that they had to be hauled out of the way, before the survey for the line could be effected. This was in the fall and winter of 1898-9. The authority for this statement is Mr. Alanson Vosburgh, per Miss May G. Johnson of Miranda, P.Q. In the part of Bury where I saw Maddock’s gang getting out the knees for vessels in 1891, the land has been brought under cultivation. A few notes to tell further of the kinds of trees that are springing up in place of the tamarack may be desirable. In the Ditton Swamp, -which is about three miles long and a mile broad, the tamaracks young and old are all dead. Spruce is taking their place. In the Spalding Hill Swamp, in Eaton Township, cedar, poplar and some young tamarack are growing. In the Harrison neighborhood in Bury Township, in parts where the soil is sandy, white birch and a few balsams are growing; on wet clay, the poplar appears. In Long Swamp, which extends through Newport, Hampden, and over to Lingwick, spruce and balsam are growing. To those who would see a tamarack swamp in its infancy, I would re- commend a visit to ‘“The Gomin,’’ which lies to the west of Bergerville, about four or five miles from Quebec. In the early Summer it is all aglow with rhodora, sheep-laurel, orchids and pitcher-plants. When I first saw it in 1886, it was a broad expanse of sphagnum, unoccupied, save on its out- skirts, by any larger plants than those I have mentioned. I re-visited the swamp on the 10th of July last, and found that it was dotted all over with young tamarack from a foot to fifteen feet high. On the borders of the swamp near the cultivated land there were tamaracks twenty-five feet high or more. Doubtless, if left undisturbed, the growth on this tract will, in process of time, become a forest. And so— ‘‘The old order changeth and giveth place to new.”’ 8a EN. 1906 EN TOMOLOGICAT, SOCIETY: 107 THE NOTODONTIDAE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. By Rev. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S. This interesting group of insects is not as well known as some other families of the Lepidoptera. Datana ministra Drury, Nerice bidentata Wal- ker, Summerista albifrons Smith and Abbot, and Schizura concinna S. and A. are not uncommon with us; but other species are extremely rare; such are Odontosia elegans Strecker, Dasylophia thyatiroidea Walker,. Hetero- campa pulverea Grote and Robinson, and Cerura multiscripta Riley. Of each of these kinds I have taken but one specimen in many years. Imagos of the different species are sometimes attracted by light, and sometimes they are found at rest on palings and the bolls of trees. They are generally regarded as prizes by Entomologists. The larvae of most of the Notodontidae are remarkable objects. Some of them assume grotesque attitudes; for instance Datana ministra Drury, which raises the fore and hindmost parts of its body in a threatening man- ner and takes the form of a bow. Seme, in their earlv stages, are strangely horned, as is the case with Heterocampa guttivitta Walker in the first stage, and with Heterocampa biundata Walker in the first and third stages. Prob- ably in these stages they are most in danger from ichneumons. Others again are furnished with tooth- like prominences on the back, as Hyperaeschra stragula Grote. ; Fig. 26—Larva of Pheosia dimidiatu. (tler- Fig. .27—Larva of Scizura unicornis. rich Schaeffer. ) (Smith and Abbott. ) The handsome larva of Pheosta dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer Fig. 26) has a very rakish appearance. Its long body straight and trim, with ‘ts beak-shaped anal horn, is suggestive to me of an ancient galley, or an Al- gerine pirate boat—the conspicuous spiracles look like the openings for a bank of oars. The green larva of Nerice bedentata Walker affords a fine instance cof mimetic analogy. It feeds on the edges of a leaf; and its jagged dorsal-out- line presents a resemblance to the leaf’s serrations. The larvae of Symmertsta albifrons Smith and Abbot, and those of Schizura concinna 8. and A., (Fig. 27) have gouty swellings highly colored. To gardeners the larvae of concinna are known as ‘‘Red-humped Caterpil- lars.’’ They are sometimes very injurious to young apple trees. Where apple trees are scarce, as in the neighborhood of Quebec city, they feed on the blackberry, etc. The albcfrons larvae are often abundant upon basswood. They have the habit of hoisting the hinder parts of their bodies, and opening their claspers wide until they resemble nippers. The larvae of D. minzstra feed on the birch, hazel, butternut, etc. Those of Melalopha inclusa Hubner spin webs upon the poplars. The four last named species are gregarious. The caterpillars belonging to the genera Cerura and Harpyia (the moths of which are familiarly known as ‘‘Kittens’’) are furnished with extraor- 108 REPORT OF dinary forked and whip-like tails, which can be raised and thrown forward and agitated, as occasion requires. They are believed to be protectiye— their motion intimidating the ichneumons that would assail the larvae. The species have been called, on account of these tails, Dicranuridae (Dikranos, two-pointed ; owra, a tail). A Dicranura larva, when ‘‘full fed,’’ forms a compact cocoon, into which it works particles of the substance to which it attaches itself. Some seasons ago, at the bottom of my insect breeding-cage, there was lying a dead pupa of a hawk-moth. A larva of the kind mentioned chose to fasten itself upon this, and to work frayings from the case into its cocoon; this, in its finished state, was apparently a mere excresence of the hawk-moth pupa. The imagos of the Notodontidae are, generally speaking, of good size and fine appearance. The smallest of our Quebec species (as far as I know them) are: Melanopha inclusa Hubner, and Gluphisia septentrionalis Wal- ker. The former is the ‘‘Clostera Americana’ of Harris, and is fully de- scribed in the ‘‘Insects Injurious to Vegetation’’ of that author, pages 431-4. The forewings of the moth are grey, clouded with rust-red and brown. It may readily be known by the whitish V-like mark extending across the fore- wing. It expands an inch and a quarter. The latter species is a prettily marked one. The base of the fore-wing is brownish grey; then comes a band of pale grey, and then a central band of warm brown, bordered on either side with a dark brown line. In this band not far from the costa is a pale spot. Beyond the central band the wing is pale grey, clouded with darker grey, and having a wavy line of black dots near the hind margin. The in- sect expands an inch and two lines. Fig. 28—Datana ministra. \ Datana ministra Drury is a fine moth. (Fig. 28.) It varies in color from reddish ochre to: brown. The hind margin, in the fore-wings, is crenated. Not far from the base of the wing is a curved cross-line; and, beyond this, are three parallel cross-lines. Running from the outer angle, for a short distance, into the wing, is a curved line. Muénistra measures two inches in expanse of wings. Hyperaeschra stragula Grote is a handsome moth. Its fore-wings are richly colored with dark grey, brown and red. Near the hind margin is a beautiful feathery line. The hind wings are white with a touch of brown at the inner angle. The insect is an inch and five lines in expanse of wings. To my mind the Queen of Beauty among the Notodontians is the Elegant Prominent, Odontosia elegans Strecker. (Fig. 29.) It measures an inch and ten lines in expanse of wings. Its fore-wings are of a soft rich dove color. From the tooth on the inner margin of the wing to the base is a patch of brick-red; and at the hind margin are two parallel, scalloped, dark lines. The hind wings are white with a purplish patch on the inner angle. _ The bill-hook like curve that is seen in the inner margins of the fore- wings of several of the Notodontians ig conspicuous in Q. elegans. Other species that have the curve are:— Hyperaeschra stragula Grote, Notodonta 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 basitriens Walker, Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, Pheosia dimidiata Her- rich-Schaeffer, Heterocampa biundata Walker, Janassa lignicolor Walker. Notodonta basitriens. Walker is another fine insect. It is an inch and ten lines in expanse of wings. Its fore-wings are brownish-grey, with a red- dish brown base outlined with brown of a darker shade. It has two trans- verse lines, scalloped inwardly, at about two-thirds of the length of the wing. The bases of the wings of basitriens are suggestive of a small moth, with outspread wings, superincumbent upon the larger one, but in reverse posi- tion. Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Robinson, a pretty grey moth, has somewhat of the same appearance (on a more extended scale); and so has Macrurocampa marthesia Cramer. The prevailing colour of the last named insect is creamy white. The base of the wing is of a warm brown outlined with darker brown. Near the centre of the wing is a distinct brown oval spot. The insect is an inch and eight lines in extent of wings. H. pulverea is an inch and a half. A remarkably handsome moth is Lophodonta ferruginea Packard. It is two inches in expanse of wings. Its prevailing tint is a rich coffee-colour. It has white and brown scalloped lines crossing the fore-wings, and a large white patch on the costa of each of these wings. Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer (Fig. 30) is one of the largest of our Notodontians—it is two inches and two lines in expanse of wings. It is our Canadian ‘‘Swallow Prominent.’’ The prevailing colour of its wings is white; but in some specimens this is tinged with brown. It has an elon- gated dark brown patch on the lower part of the costa, broken into by a white curved line. Along the inner margin, the fore-wing is dark brown; _ Fic. 29.—Odontosia elegans. Fic. 30.—Pheosia dimidiata. (Herrich (Strecker. ) Schaeffer. ) and this colouring gradually fades and narrows along the hind margin till it ends at the outer angle. It is interrupted by white linear markings, one of which takes the form of a long oval. At the inner angle of the hind wing is a brown patch. A fine moth of neat colouring is Nadata gibbosa Smith and Abbot. It is an inch and ten lines in expanse of wings. Its prevailing tint is ochreous, and it has a band of darker colour across the fore-wing, narrowing towards the inner margin. Within this band, not far from the costa, are twin white spots, small but distinct. Gzbbosa bears a remarkable projecting crest on its thorax. Nerice bidentata Walker and Symmerista albifrons Smith and Abbot are well known moths. In the former, the brown and grey of the fore-wings in striking contrast—the brown having two tooth-like projections—in the latter fhe conspicuous white border to the lower half of the costa are features that are easily recognizable. 110 ; REPORT OF . No. 19 Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker expands an inch and eight lines. It is of a light warm brown. The hind margin, in the fore-wings, is sharply indented. On the hind margin there is an oval spot; and on the inner mar- gin a white lunette bordered with black. Curved lines extend from this across the wing. Heterocampa biundata Walker is a handsome ample-winged moth. It is grey with an olive tint, and is marked with wavy lines. The hindmost of these presents a dotted appearance. The moth expands about two inches. Heterocampa manteo Doubleday and Heterocampa guttivitta Walker are moths difficult to describe for general readers. Their tints are blended grey and brown and they have numerous dotted lines across the wings. The expanse of wings of manteo is an inch and seven lines; that of guttzvitta is an inch and a half. Manteo has dark brown serrations on the hind margins of both primaries and secondaries. Guttcvitta has a band across the prima- ries, feather like, with a large brown dot in eacx. curve of the band. lanassa lignicolor Walker is an insect of trim and neat appearance. Its fore-wings are whitish grey, darkened towards the hind margin. The fore-wings have a somewhat striated appearance. Across the middle of each of them is a confused brownish band, and beyond it is a second less distinct. The hind margins of these wings are crenated. The moth expands an inch and three-quarters. Schizura concinna Smith and Abbot is the moth that comes from the “‘Red-Humped Caterpillar.’’ It is of a rather insignificant appearance. Its fore-wings are reddish-brown, its hind wings grey, with a white border. It is an inch and five lines in expanse of wings. Scizura semirufescens Walker is somewhat larger than concinna, but in no way more attractive. Scizura unicornis Smith and Abbot is easily recognized from its habit of wrapping its wings around its body, and raising itself at an angle from its support, so that it looks like a leafless twig. Its fore-wings are richly variegated with grey, brown, red and yellow, and have numerous cross- markings. The species measures an inch and four lines in expanse of wings. The moths called the ‘‘Kittens’’ come next in order. In Packard’s ‘‘Forest Insects,’’ page 566, Riley’s cut of Cerura multi- seripta Riley is given. The insect has white fore-wings prettily marked with transverse black lines. I have one specimen taken at Cowansville long ago. Harpyia borealis Boisduval is a pretty moth with pale grey fore-wings, crossed with a band of dark grey outlined with black. It has, near the hind margin, a dark grey patch extending from the costa half way across the wing. Both fore and hind wings are conspicuously do.ted along the hind margins with black. Harpyia cinerea Walker is a plainer insect than borealis. It has dark grey fore-wings and white hind wings; both bordered with black dots on the hind margins, as in the case of borealis. In Harpyta scolopendrina Boisduval the cross band takes the outline of an hour-glass. Usually the “‘kittens’’ are about an inch and four lines in expanse of wings. The larvae of all the species are found upon willows. I have no doubt there are other kinds of Notodontidae to be found in Quebec Province, but I have not. been so fortunate as to meet them. The study of this interesting family of insects will repay the Entomologist for his time and attention in the gratification it will afford him. 1906 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 111 THE LOCUST MITE. By T. D. Jarvis, OnTar1o AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. During the past summer the Locust Mite (lrombidiwm locustarum, Riley) has been very common at Guelph, especially on the Red-legged Lo- cust (Melanoplus femur-rubrum), but a few specimens have also been found upon the Two-striped Locust (Alelanoplus bivittatus). The mite is most gen- erally found attached to the base of the second pair of wings, although it is also found on the wing itself, and on any other part of the body where it cannot be readily detached by the locust; a favourite position upon the body is between the segments of the thorax and abdomen, and also behind the upper joints of the legs; in such positions their only means of attachment to their host 1s apparently by their mandibles. The young mites are nearly spherical, and look very much like the eggs of insects (Fig. 32, 6). The mite sucks the blood of its host until it reaches maturity, during which time it often becomes so swollen with food that its legs are rendered very inconspicuous (Fig. 31, a). As many as five of these young larvae have been found upon a single locust. The adult mite is of a bright crimson color and about one-eighth of an inch long (Fig. 31, ¢, d). When full-grown it passes to the ground, where i? Pemains over winter. - Dr. Riley, who has studied the life- history of this mite, states that the eggs are laid an inch or so under the ground in clusters containing between 200 and 400. Early in the spring from these eggs emerge the young mites, which, upon reaching the surface of the ground, attach ° themselves to their hosts. These little mites render good service in checking: the spread of the locusts, as almost every locust upon which one is found ap- pears to be more feeble and sickly than those which have not been attacked. Fic. 31—TROMBIDIUM LocusTARUM—(@) mature larva when about to leave the wing of a locust ; (b) pupa; (¢c) male adult fresh from the pupa ; (d@) female—the natural sizes are indicated by the short lines on the right (e) palpal claw and thumb (f) pedal claws; (g) barbed hair; (fh) the striations on larval skin (after Riley.) THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE. By T. D. Jarvis, OnTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The purpose of this article is to place before the fruit-growers and all interested in practical entomology, the main facts regarding the life-history, habits and appearance of the Oyster-shell Bark Louse ‘Scale, jand of the scales which are often mistaken for it. The damage done by this seale of late 112 REPORT OF | No. 19:4 — ~ years has attracted so much attention, and so many enquiries have been re- ceived concerning the best methods for its eradication, that it is hoped earnest efforts will be made at once by all concerned to get it under control. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomorum or Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn, as it is now called) is widely scattered throughout the orchards of On- tario, and the damage done by it is very considerable over the Province and rapidly on the increase. Fie. 32—TROMBIDIUM LOCUSTARUM—(a) female with her hatch of eggs: (b) newly-hatched larva—natural size shown by the dot in a circle on the right; (c) egg; (d,e) empty eggs-shells (after Riley.) Although of European origin, it has been known in America for more than a century, and has gradually spread throughout the larger portion of North America. This scale is a very serious pest in orchards which are neglected and badly treated, but experience has shown that with careful treatment it can be readily kept in check. It has been found to occur on the following trees and shrubs: Apple, plum, pear, wild red cherry, grape, currant, rose, maple, poplar, ash, birch, and various others. ak I Hat Fic. 33—The Oyster-sheil Bark-louse. In order to combat this scale, it is first absolutely necessary that one should be well acquainted with its life-history. Infe-history.—This minute insect, found upon the bark of the small twigs and also upon the branches and trunks of the above-mentioned trees, is readily identified by its oyster-shell-shaped scale, about one-sixth of an inch in length. It is of a brown colour, and, thus disguised by the bark, is not seen unless by close observation. Usually a good many are clustered together, and their shape is so marked that orchardmen should soon recog- pte ; 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 nize them. These scales sometimes cover twigs and large branches complete- ly ; even the leaves are often infested, and sometimes the fruit itself becomes _more or less covered. last year the fruit on several Maiden’s Blush apple trees grown in the orchard of the O. A. C. was noticed to be affected by the scale. This, however, is the exception rather than the rule. The insect is one-brooded, and winters over in the egg stage. The eggs can be easily seen if at any time in the fall or winter the old scales be lifted up and examined beneath. Numbers of very small whitish-yellow eggs will be seen. Here beneath this oyster-shaped scale they remain until early in the summer. The young yellow lice escape from the eggs during the last week in May and the first week in June; that is, in the vicinity of Guelph. They Fic. 34—The Scurfy Bark-louse. wander for a few hours, or a few days, on the limb, then settle down and secrete a scale. They fix themselves upon the tender bark, which they pierce with the beak-like structures connected with their mouths, and by means cf which they are able to suck the sap from the tree. The larvae moult, or shed their skins, twice.in the course of their growth during the summer. These moults can be readily seen on the narrow end of the large scale. The adult female dies soon after the laying of the eggs, about 60 in number, in the fall. They may be spread from tree to tree to some extent by birds, and also by other insects. Such is the life-history of the Oyster-shell Bark-louse, and before enter- ing into a discussion as to the best means to adopt for its eradication, it will be as well to briefly mention and describe one or two other species of the commonly-occurring scales which most closely resemble it, and to point out the differences for this purpose cuts are given with the various scales. pas: REPORT OF No. se The Seurfy Bark Louse (Chionaspis furfurus).—The Scurfy Bark-louse is not so widely distributed through Ontario as the Oyster-shell Bark-louse, and does less damage. It occurs most commonly on pear, apple, gooseberry, and black currant. This scale resembles the Oyster-shell Bark-louse closely in shape and size, the main points in which they differ being in the colour of the eggs and in the adult scale. ; The eggs of the Scurfy Bark-louse are of a purplish colour, whilst those of the Oyster-shell are a whitish-yellow. The adult scale. of the Seurfy Seale is also white in colour. The female scale is much larger and more oval than the male scale. The same remedies may be employed against the Scurfy Bark-louse as are advised in this article as being most suitable for the Oyster-shell Bar.-louse. San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus).—The San Jose Scale is readily distinguished by the characteristic shape of the female scales. They are round and nearly white, with generally a clearly-defined central nipple. After the first moult the scales become almost black, with a conspicuous de- pressed ring around the nipple. ‘The adult male scale is oblong in outline, with the nipple near one end, and is much smaller than the female. Fie. 35—San Jose Seale. The following points will clearly separate the San Jose Scale from the Oyster-shell Bark-louse and the Scurfy Scale: First: The arrangement or grouping of San Jose Scales on the bark is generally characteristic, and is often sufficient to at once identify them. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 115 They seldom have a tendency to cluster, if there be few in number, but, instead, are scattered somewhat evenly on the bark. i On badly-infested trees the presence of ihe scale on new growths and the fruit produces a deep-red coloration on the tissues of the bark. It leaves no conspicuous, ventral, whitish scale on the bark after the removal of the insect, as does the Scurfy Bark-louse. — The reason for considerably more damage being done by the San Jose Seale than by the Oyster-shell Bark-louse is on account of the San Jose Seale producing many broods in one season, and also bringing forth its young alive, whereas the Oyster-shell Bark-louse is one-brooded and winters over in the egg stage. The treatment to be adopted for nearly all the scales is practically the same in all cases. On deciduous trees, where the scales remain during the winter upon trunks and branches, and where the trees become dormant, the scales are best treated during the winter. At that time there is no foliage to interfere, and much stronger washes can be used than would be possible during the summer, or when the tree is active. It is extremely difficult io penetrate insect tissues with ordinary liquids, and it has been found impos- sible in practice to obtain good results in the destruction of scale insects, except by means of caustics. The common soaps are all caustic, and, when applied in strong solutions, the scale is shrivelled, lifted, and partially cor- roded, so that the oily mixture works its way beneath into absolute contact with the insect. Or it is raised at the edges and washed off by the rains, carrying with it either eggs or young, as the case may be. In fact, where the eggs hibernate, winter applications act only by exposing them, so that they are easily washed away by rains and scattered. In the case of plants which do not lose their foliage at any period, or in conservatories, or where winter treatment for any reason is not feasible, we must attack the insects when the larvae are crawling about, and before they are fixed. At that time, whilst not protected by a scale, they may he easily killed, almost any of the contact imsecticides being effective. Remedies.—Owing to the large number of applicants who were desirous of obtaining information on the best methods of combating the Oyster-shell Bark-louse, it was decided to carry on a number of experiments here, to test the efficiency of the various insecticides commonly used against scale insects. _ Of all the spray mixtures tried, the well-known lime, salt and sulphur wash gave the best results. . The lime, sulphur and caustic soda, and the lime, sulphur and sal soda were also tried, but without quite such good results. The lime, sulphur and caustic soda proved to be a little superior to the lime, sulphur and sal soda, owing to its apparent power of better penetration. Soaps.—Various soaps were also tried, and of these the Whale-oil Soap Emulsion gave the best results, many of the scales being killed. The Whale-oil Soap gave good results also, but not equal to the Emul- sion. Sunlight and Lifebuoy soaps, and also a mixture of both, proved to be of very little value, inasmuch as they did not prevent the eggs from hatch- ing. These soaps are claimed by the makers to be most effective against the San Jose and other scale insects, but applied as a winter wash against the Bark-louse they have little value. Undoubtedly they should be applied after the young lice hatch, and not as a winter application, and then would most likely prove effective against the tender lice. 116 : REPORT OF No. 19 Kerosese Emulsion.—Kerosene Emulsion was also tried, and this proved of more value than the Whale-oil Soap Emulsion, but not so effective as the lime, salt and sulphur wash. Inme. Quick slaked lime, 13 lbs. to 1, gallon of water, proved very effective applied as a winter wash, and equalled the results obtained by the lime, salt and sulphur. Kerosene-Lime.—This was also tried, but did not prove superior to the Kerosene Emulsion, and therefore is not to be preferred to it. The lime-sulphur sprays must not be applied while the trees are in fo- liage, first, because of the disastrous results that follow when this is done before the eee have matured; and secondly, becaue of the difficulty in mak- ing a thorough treatment at such a time. The month of March and the early part of April, before the vue commence to open, is a good time io gpray with these mixtures. THE BEAN WEEVIL (Bruchus obtectus, Say). Py Arrnur Gipson, ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm, OTTAWA. An insect which, fortunately, has only been reported on a few occasions as doing damage in Canada, is the Bean Weevil, Bruchus obtectus, Say. Authentic instances of injury by this insect have been received from one locality in Ontario, and from two in Quebec. The injury in all cases was to seed beans. The Bean Weevil (Fig. 36) is a small, hard-shelled beetle, one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, with the head bent down and more or less concealed, as seen from above, and prolonged into a squarely-cut snout, or beak. Its antennae are distinctly jointed and enlarged at the tip, the first four joints and the last one reddish. The wing-covers are marked with ten impressed and dotted longitudinal lines, and the whole body is covered with long, silky hairs. The lines on the wing covers are broken up into pale yel- t Fie. 36—The Bean Weevil. lowish dashes and dark brown spots. The tip of the abdomen extends be- yond the wing-covers, and is of the same reddish tinge as the tips of the antennae and the legs, but is covered more or less with short, silky hairs, and bears a central white line, but there is no appearance of the two black spots so conspicuous in the Pea Weevil, which it resembles in shape and movements... Compared more closely with this latter well-known inect, the Bean Weevil is not one-half so large, is more soberly colored, having less white on the wing-covers, and lacks the white spot on the middle of the oh eee oe | cae Be 5h one Wha a Pe r. 1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. is 117 { hinder part of the thorax, and the two black spots mentioned above, which are present on the exposed tip of the abdomen of the Pea Weevil. “The life-history of the Bean Weevil differs in some important points from that of the Pea Weevil. The eggs of both are laid upon the pods while these are young and tender. On hatching, the young grub of the Bean Wee- vil eats its way inside and penetrates one of the forming beans, several grubs entering a single bean, each one forming for itself a distinct cell. They be- come full-grown, and change to pupae in the autumn, and a little later to the perfect beetles. The date of emergence from the seed depends very much, as in the case of the Pea Weevil, on the temperature in the autumn months;.it may be in the late autumn or not until next spring; when the seed beans are stored in a warm building, the beetles may emerge at any time through the winter. One of the important differences between the life-histories of the Pea and Bean Weevils is that, whereas in the case of the former the young grubs can only enter the soft green seeds, those of the Bean Weevil can propagate for three or four generations in the dry stored seeds. This fact renders the well-known domestic remedy for the Pea Wee- vil, of holding the seed over for two years, quite ineffective in the case of the Bean Weevil; that is, if the bag of peas infested with the ,Pea. Weevil were put away for two years, the Pea Weevils would emerge the first spring and die in the bags. But in the case of a bag of beans infested by the Bean Weevil kept in the same way, the beetles on emerging would at once set to work to lay eggs on the beans. The young grubs when hatched would pene- trate the dry seeds and go through all their stages, and this breeding might be repeated as long as the supply of beans lasted. Curiously enough, the Pea Weevil does not bore holes through the paper or cotton bags in which infested seed has been stored, but in the case of the Bean Weevil, such bags are readily perforated and the beetles escape,—frequently when this happens in houses, as is sometimes the case, to the great consternation of the inhabi- tants.’’ (Fletcher, Bull. 52, Cent. Exp. Farm, Ottawa.) In the United States the Bean Weevil has been known for a great many years. It was found injuring beans in America in 1860, near Providence, Rhode Island. Since then it has become wide-spread in distribution in that country, and has done a considerable amount of damage. At first it was considered to be a native species, but it is now thought that the original home of the insect was in Asia, and that it was introduced into America through commerce. The first record of injury done by the Bean Weevil in Canada was in 1898, in Middlesex County, Ontario, and since then two further instances of loss from the ravages of this insect have been reported from Quebec Province. Quite recently the writer heard of the presence of the Bean Weevil at Guelph, Ont., in beans imported for seed from the United States. (It has also been reported from Aurora, Ont.—C.J.S.B.) The Bean Weevil shown herewith is only about half the size of the Pea Weevil, but resembles it in general appearance. The best remedy for both of these insects is bisulphide of carbon. The most convenient way to fumi- gate is to place the seed in an ordinary coal-oil barrel, and pour on it one ounce of the bisulphide of carbon for every 100 Ibs. of grain, then close the barrel tightly, first with a wet canvas or cloth, and on the top of this boards, which should be left undisturbed for at least two days. PAGE Acholla multispinosa ................. (fig.) 77 eamesreis: Gralis’s -55 2 dee CON ash eet 69, 70 Me@alia, bipunetata, 090.0155) 088.4: 85 Peer Lit) NOVENA Wises 5... ede 3 iA meeilus. ruicollis: .... 40s. OS 66 Maer: «Galligan: cece: ee ee 60, 63, 68 Aleocharine, Observations on: GEN) lr Sa Pee a a Ra Sas 89 Aleyrodes vaporariorum ...... 45 (figs.) 85 mrmphibolips Gall... ioe eis 70 Pammerieits Grallg? 2.) nr Oe ee 70, 71 miMwbela Mnorulay,. 2/3: Zoyhos-ds.06 ojo, seoee 80 Aphis, Abundance of, in 1906 ...14, 15, 49 Aphrophora (Spittle-insects) ........ 56 Apple, attacked by Plum Curculio 83 Apple (Ducenllagrix 0. eS et (fig.) 53 Brapebos Groiiley karat 222s oe ek ae ey 60, 65 vt QOL RB Bec) can Aa 84 Arbor-vite’ moths 22.22.00. ...0.000... 86 Aneyrestita’ thuyrella (3... 16, 86 Arsenate of lead as an insecticide 12 VSL TSM! CVS" 0) 55 aan a a Oy GL, 62)67 Asparagus beetles ............ 18, 47 (figs.) 82 EVA PAE UUs IIIS os uc et wenis fs Sooke ees 18 Pearse (Gallsu sonst. iene le. ees 60, 63 Aspidiotus perniciosus ............. (fig.) 114 Aspidisea spendoriferella ............ (fig.) 53 e232 SIUM Bc cal A A aR (fig.) 77 Bribe ser CMM TCU GN Ps: 5.4 ec kaenss. eck Ge. 72 Bartley Joint-worm .....20...0........: 72 Basswood, Gals’ Om).)..00: ue ccs cae 59, 67 Basswood ‘Insects: 3... ...cs...acescse ass 78 Lego "Ye 2 A ae (fig.) 116 {BY Ye k=] OUIGHS peeainers Ser ER Epes ie a tT (fig.) 73 Peer a calls. ON, \.....8s:ceschsenemtee 62, 63, 66 Belostoma Americanum ............ (fig.) 74 Bethune, C. J. S., Article by ...... 45 Bethune, C. J. S., on the Codling- WOM 7) se espemece hee sinsts voltae seks cee 13 Sy tice phys W oll Siang tee ee ae i eee de 85 aechi) Galley Onieeien ets secs 59, 60, 62, 63 Di@ckberry BOrer iss teas: fi. cc ckdast 66 iecicborry Galli\. iersmiatc.. 6s... s ok set 72 eames: borealis: 2.2. -auuaeese: -s.0s Galls on \...............69; 62, 63, 64, 65 Incurvaria acerifoliella ..............: 54 BPTEMESOED SCAIG OT 8 lcs csutwens one 86 isosoma’ horde 3. fs juieec eee 72, Empoasca flavescens, var. Birdii °* 79 Jarvis, T. D., Articles by ...... 41, 56, 111 MINTO OASGE INA NiAie. tent leee nce ic ces 79 Jarvis, T. D., on the Codling-worm 9 HiAMOMOS alNiTariay 0.50 ocice.dsececde kus 79 Jarvis, T. D., on the San José | DY SVCULEEES SY 2 15 BLU AE ate a ae I cU 85 Seales see cee Ue Re 25 Eriophyes (Gall Mites) ............... 59 Junonia coenia at Orillia ............ 17, 92 Hulecanium cerasifex .................. 80 Kearfott, W. v., Notes on Micro- Eulecanium nigrofasciatum ......... 54 lepidoptenag s.r sears snes sete 97 AUNT RMONY, WTTN Aisi jacteadeeaaiy sad calees Lan oh 69 Inamenial Vuleabigh Vee. d.s.. cee ences 78 Evans, J. D., Address by ....+....... 21 Ibenivelal sk nearby: aie adaas ae onenunenes bas an toyays (I Q)s) Hill MEWiel=WiOTIN + hes eave Se ond svete ‘16 Mecanmum’ ‘Caniadense) a: -2....0--+-25ee8 86 Ielt’s Insects affecting Park and Lepidoptera attacking Basswood... 7¢ Woodland: Trees. vie: 5)sh.c..3.-.5 89 Lepidoptera Heterocera, Record of Fernald’s Digger-wasps ............... 89 LOB sie dele ae aaeieetnce AAtRmeenecace se 92 ishererG: f., vArticleby. .is.ssc0... il? Lepidoptera of Athabasca and Fisher, G. E., on the Codling- Mackenzie Regions: Carey ... 89 THDIFEN PAB e re emacme on aeee ages Ace ee 8,18 Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Record Mletcher, J., Articles: by ©-........... 81, 86 Of (CaptUresy jiy (fig.) 49 Mineola indigenella .........-.+..00+8+ 79 Grain Crops, Insects attacking ... 81 Nash, C. W., on the Colding-worm 6 Grant, (C.. Article, bys.........-.. 16 Nematus Erichsonii ............-...+:- 55, 105 Grape, /Galls ,onjee.-2---22<0c.- 5s" 62, 65, 67 Neuroterus umbilicatus .........-.+.+- 72 CAP OUMOb sc eceeasee cases seasieces ttc <= 18 Neurotus flocecosus ...........---..2er89 71 teekperry, Gallseoni fs. .c0seo sh se. 65 Notodontidz of Quebec ............--- 107 Hawthorn, Galls on -............... 60, 61, 67 Notenecta undulata ................--:- We: PAGE Oak, Galls on, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 Odonata, Record of Captures ...... 103 Wdontosiay Glas \o4) adesccncpenseec. (fig.) 108 Onion Maroob ' creas css aenasinn tale 49 CEMOEDIS. PFVsNOGSA sc sedachvcsedavesepehses 78 © Oyster-shell Bark-louse ........ 50, (fig.) 111 Bony Psy la) Gals &.%. icccssacbnusvaancl 65 Packard’s Monograph of the Bom- . bycine Mobis sc. foc ete see tea ee 90 Paranda: PrUnNNOa nck. ces seenscesss cee 80 Parasites of the Codling-worm, 4,5, 10, 13, 14 Park and Woodland Trees, Insects afrecting 2) Wel) .:.¢cs2cesascaccnsoe 89 IPArsnip BOLer™ eis eicics as phseweclerstee: 48 per Ap nills son’ <2 vat Wen eek. cect cannons 60 Raemoneus: Galle: 225k dead. 63, 64, 65 Pheosia dimidiata ...... (fig.) 107, (fig.) 109 OPS) DPASHICES. oto luinees 6 -uae.- sain 49 DOLDIR COPATUO, 5). fore cvssesentsoskes 49 Phylloxera Gallls ..............:00cc000 64, 65 Edam s Cureuhioise ac. cossss coco iss anaes 83 Baran 3 Cre OE ose eens sone we cds aang so OO Oe Plum-moth attacking Apples ...... 9 PAOGISts, PIACTAUS:) 052, Aas oes os cacnege esos (fig.) 75 Poin ) Lys) Gaus! OMe eses cil as sues be 60 Near Get tay Ava LS Ni « vie) Wscteeloa ts Salt ce eet 71, 72 Peolar,* Galle. on 3 scb. Se oy eteeraet 60, 63, 64 Rotatocleak. Aphis’ i234, .0 06 iSeries 82 Pulvinaria innumerabilis ............ 54 Quince-tree, Moth attacking ...... (fig.) 53 Ranatra quadridentata .............. (fig.) 75 Recurvaria thujaella <..:...........4.: 86 Redthumped Apple-tree Cater- Lares f cneodencks aReeaea sens wee (fig.) 16 Red-legged Wocust tvitte scien onan (fig.) 50 Resplendent Shield-bearer ......... (fig.) 58 Rhagoletis pomonella .................. 84 Minpartess Galle. ...2 so Aoscavesssbewes oc 70 Root and Stalk Borers ............... (fig.) 49 Roots, Insects attacking °.............. 81 OSE} Deoblommaria.s caste weeeeaaeaceseas (fig.) 51 Peace.) Gals Oh a. 5: .)s.seesoures ceabtenee 70 Reema, “Grell OMe ei ss oe ons sce eoise deces 60 San José Scale ......... 19, 25, 84, (fig.) 114 Saperdaveanenlar 3.02.2) aca een 65 Scale Insects, Black-banded ......... 54 Sehigura WMICOTMIS © ...01 acess ous Ae eee 107. DeUrry, GariGlOUSe: |... ic: Merson evens 113. Shade-tree Insects ......../......:00005 54,85 | Smerinthus Jamaicensis .............. 79 on Smith’s Explanation of Terms used " in, Mntomolory |.....2..0ocr iene 90 Smith, J. F., on the San José — DSCAIB pbitie ness «sock cence Sel pee RCC 25 Solenogopheria vacinii ............ at 72 Spirseas \Gails yan! «0.262 odo nce tere ee 68 Spittle: Pnseechs ..... 05.7. 05ks came ty coer 56 Spruce GallGotse .fnienkeee 55, (fig.) 63 Staphylinide, Observations on: QUA RByn ieee caee os + gbas asa atanpaneeeeaane 89 SumachWiGalls on» ...20..:akeeseeaaeee eee 65 Tamarack Saw-fly, Ravages of ... 73 Tarnished Plant-bug ............ 15, (fig.) 46° MNelamonayrechivatay, a2.¢.. on AGT VF RITNE EO Soa a aac eat NEM, ae aaa 4 - FY OGy Ss eee tee Bred Yo) MARS eee OAS Paty al ‘ Dy » ‘4 hy Ldiy ay ERs ep # : 2 WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers, Looe tent) TORONTO, aia, Respectfully submitted, NELSON MONTEITH, Br) br Minister of Agriculture. ae : Moronto,l908. 9... ; CAG alg pam ate ae PTVAVE RG eG Rte ATR ae. Ae a AB ie SURES © ih PRP ft Prin Sy see fs ANE 7 4 MN 5 CONTENTS. : ne ea z Pace =) RUTHER MOR WLRANSMISSEON(: .. 5). Seht cratgt cee iy «ite at ce a eence de renmaiies aces catechins. ose ameeMerecnaats 5 TORR EOHES OR LOO C1 OORK soe sue erat nace ota ack savecani Meee Lush 7 Cemaccas imam ad eke See hee eee 6 Taso) CANADIAN “MEMBERS G25. o5 05. os aise esos de sues eae aa tale wells chaisoi sae iieeatanintortaee henner i PARE INP ROIGDENT Ge iti aia csi nee iok Wee sciee'n afc em itt, tat Sut Maelae tae cE: Se ode ais sea tee bite ier on ere Ee a The Entomological Outlook (Annual Address of the President): Dr. Jamzs INET OPEB 2504 ce he Sere os ssiee eh alsicte ds. eke OM EEE Ana os eases SOU Reet aa g Contorance .on, ll rurt-tree\ Insects’. 4.2... ..d-boe ses cae 3e eee renee bag e iaea bas see Meine ne 15 Reports on Insects of the year.—Division No. 1, C. H. Youne .............:.... 22 Wy * Division No: 2, \C.:E. > GRANT: 240.002; -caccebess 23 fe ae Division No. 3, J. B. Wit.taMe ............... 24 s sé Division Nod, 4) (C2 W:, NASH. 7... hence 24 ia ie Division No. 6, J. A. BALKWILL... ........... 26) 7a The Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths in Massachusetts: A. H. KrrkLanbD......... 27 Nioices ofthe: Night? “DRi Wi BW MGRS! rho. cea dee eemate Se. ascent Uecicee snes iaeeaae 31 Report ori whe Council ces eek: aaccs eben Bien sicwceiueine qbeiae eee as scchibeldsh ssp es eee 35 Re Montreal: GBranel. 5 ksosccsuactk in /o mers iaecten etna i. MR cade ae eee 37 ‘ Quebec Brancels ys.c2hicc.s.: cee Ae ectnantaecsocasekcnoe gantiee ones Ree 38 es Moronto Branehy MAeeees: 1 Sesace Lace ee eee heen as cae eae ae 39 { ss Treasurer and) Atmadrcors, Lee uses sore eee ee eeee eke oe eee eee eee eee 40 Hy 1 Doha or ho Ba REN RPG SUL me RS eR Eon SDRAM ane pen! 40 ee OURB BOR EM ea hh oe ee be eRe Bee ek de a Raced e's. Ae eee cee 40 sc Delegate to the Royal Socteby ss. \. i teeeeee le 2 oo eee 4] Collecting and Rearing Dragon-flies at the Georgian Bay Biological Station: DRO WADER 222). 04) Mol il ac Qanele oobi cle Seb aaa eet at are sie la ots acteles AURA R Bean ae ee 43 Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Ontario: T. D. Jarvis ..................4.. 50 re Unme-Sulphurt Washic) i. Cama |i .io) co aca. voto. 0), nc cae eee eee 72 An unusual outbreak of Halisidota Caterpillars: A. GIBSON ..................0.0005 82 ‘Additional Insect: Galls of Ontario! TD: JARVIS Yee. .o. hess 40s donweveahene See 85 Injurious Insects in Ontario in 1907: C. J. S. Brrnune .......................000 95 Remarkable outbreak of the Variegated Cutworm: C. J. S. BETHUNE ............ 99 Twoowaneee, ehes': SR. AP Wo.) Bree cocoon nite ems als stir Va ek wees eee 102 Summer Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario ........................ 112 Entomological Record: Dr. JAMES FretcHer and A. GIBSON .................008- 113 [4] THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario, 1907. To the Honourable Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture: Sir,—I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the proceedings of the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society. A full account is given of the discussions upon fruit-tree insects that took place, the papers that were read and the reports of the various Officers, and Branches of the Society. Since the removal of its headquarters to Guelph and its more intimate con- nection with the Ontario Agricultural College, its activities have been increased and its work carried on with much enthusiasm and success. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued during the year and has now completed its thirty-ninth . annual volume. Its high scientific character has been steadily maintained. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Editor. Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. [5] OFFICERS FOR 1907-1908. President—J amxs FietcHer, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa. Vice-President—Trnnyson D. Jarvis, B.S. A., Lecturer “in Entomology and Zoology, ~ Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. - Secretary—Lawson Cazsar, B.A., O. A. College, Guelph. Treasurer—S. B. McCreapy, B.A., Professor of Botany and Nature Study, O. A. Col- lege, and Macdonald Institute, Guelph. Tibrarian—Rey. C. J. S. Beraunz, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—J. Earon Howrirr, B.S.A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1—C. H. Youne, Ottawa. Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. WitutaMs, Toronto. Division No. 4—C. W. Nasu, Toronto. Division No. 5—Groree E. Fisner, Burlington. Division No. 6—J. A. Bankwitt, London. Directors—(Ex-Presidents of the Society)—Professor Wm. Saunprers, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.8., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa; Rey. C. J. S. Bernuns, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacust Harrineron, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Professor JoHn Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School, Lon- don; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyzxs, . D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q.; Professor Wm. LocnHeap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q.; Jonn D. Evans, C.E.. Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton. Auditors—B. Bartow, B.S., and J. W. Crow, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Editor of the ‘“‘ Canadian Entomologist’’—Rey. Pror. BrrHung, Guelph. Editing Committee—Dr. Furrcuer, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Locaarap, Macdonald College, P.Q.; G. E. Fisaer, Burlington, J. B. Wiiutams, and C. W. Nasu, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—Arrour Gipson, Ottawa. [6] Hains ay be n i ik y LIST OF CANADIAN } MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Province OF ONTARIO. Smitha A’. seoeas Hes vice weer ee ah oh ; Ith, Walter apatgiiesn Scere London. “Abbott, Dr. A. R......... +++. Toronto. Sn Wi MERE hn oe crchesal ended. BerAibright, W..D...:s......0... London. Stuart, F. Arie chick «“ _ Baker, A. C........6. ---. 5-0. A Nanton, Jone nec. lass ota cis Uxbridge. _ Balkwill, J. A............ ieee 3 Thompson, W. Robin, 0.A.C -Guelph memo, Be, /O.N Al Cis eb se 3 Guelph. Treherne, R. C., O. y Vat olin Bethune, Prof., C.J.8., O.A.C. “ Walker, Dr. E. M...........- Toronto Prams, TH, OVA.C... 040. i Watson Dr. A), HE CRU ams Port Hope. Black, Davidson...... ........ Toronto. Webb, TE Cee ee Toronto. Blackmore, Miss E............ ea Wheaton, B. B., O.A.C...... Guelph. Bock, H.P........... ---- London. White, TJanies cio p eae Snelgrove. Goines Guelph. Williams, J; Brie. ). sae Toronto. manned Wo. 2k. dk eas S48 London. ROG Ac) ines CONE Sa tah London. = Site ek eco esta Toronto. Wood. GalW ec an ae Toronto, Brown, Walter.............-.. ae Werex, Ov hidcne eatin Little Britain ea Ne Mieke Ne ne Woung NOS eee Re mare Ottawa. Beemer SONAL OMe ca. s sees uelph. TaN RAT Oi ee Evert, 3) 2) OWS Rene nea Ne Orangeville ae rae Gagne Ril TINE ye. Ale se sa, aysscie's Toronto. Bicollinewood; J. Hoo). .sos..... Kintore. FRO YENGE Gh Ome Cornish, (CLC SU CARS ea Orillia. Barwick) WAc@ ni Monee tee eo Montreal. CIRSIINS aN Oe A Ae On Ra Toronto. Begin, Rev. Abbe, P. A....... Sherbrooke, Creelman, Pres’t, O. A. C...... Guelph. Piekell} Missy 2 ocahete cae Quebec. WMEATMESS,, TOL. le: yioy0/.). eat) ie ets London. Boulton Agi Miers sete, velancts ie Manlop, James... 3 ....0. 0s Woodstock. Boulton; Mirs eo. easier Of Edmunds, Brodie...... .......Toronto. Bowen MISsic Naga n seine ea aes n TERT ETN ES] GS Me pear pee oY Brainerd, Dwight ............. Montreal. TEED Se a FA DAS a Trenton LBS ey oye) ea Led m GaAs Sn Aa ac He irsher George.) oll .. Freeman. BurcesssD re sD Ia epee eusyeis Verdun. Bletcher, Dr. James..........'- Ottawa. Chagnon, Gustave.... ........ Montreal. HEPAS EE AW Vel attics wile) Sard ooere ee Toronto. Clark, Rev. Wylie, C... ...... Quebec. eta Grr Ns NOLAN Oe iy Mo Guelph. DD aivast Mi WV rss Neve tters eusleyee cele mie Montreal. SEMOROMY PATENT. sieht Sars Sere este Ottawa. Dem rary yee crepe cases ents ae a TTA C2 ORS Uti ea ere Orillia. Dunlop Gis © x20 wi. aos ete ene " “Gea Te (SOW Nea OU a a ate Guelph. BMT OREM yeriey tore tie sels nee Sherbrooke. lsezyaian sal agen Eee A eae eae ae Toronto. Faulconer, A Ege See nye Levis. Elo AT OD) s Poe ae are a Sudbury. Faulconer, Massi@lare sna. ceca i: Lac EN ae eek Toronto. Rosbermy C7 Sears. noe Montreal. lam Rca ee. Pre Oi et aay be Freeman, Miss I. H........... Quebec. PemOMILON, ERIS U6 Se0r le ae orale Galt. 1 nial GYSpi) & ESRI i year ALL W Levis. reurrineton; Ws) Hy)... Ottawa. Byles, Muss SW See lai! clsvse ate a ote f mowitt, J. HeO0A oC... foc. 3.. Guelph. Boy lies Mirra AR sc) Sera salar aitk a 1 LEE SS en ae ee Toronto. EVES Ee ia AD Ie ceLy Wists anes) ore fete - farvic, TEA Os BAC eos ei Guelph. Geggie, James. .2)........ 4... Beauport. Johnston, MATHER? 27h 2} Peis, arose Hamilton. Gegvie) Miss Woisiis.j.fe.. et i mets UY On pAN C5 Decca cao Guelph. Gubbilachlansoe ss laisse. aoe Montreal. - Kilman, 1 ER ER eR ee Ridgeway. Grrihier RAS cM oreaaions ie Caren tah a King, Pha cole | Toronto. Fane) Miss Pulte .)4 oso 21.2, uae Levis. SPAR OUI L He sivigls Shak ba London. Hedge, Missilouisae oe ete i Hawrence, C. A., O. A. C...... Guelph. Huard) ‘Rey... Victor: -\. ts Quebec. LLC ST HSIOLN VAS i i ine et London. Johnston, Miss M. G.......... Levis. ELT AI bee Toronto. Kolm areas Jyicrrs tobe telefon ste Montreal. McCready, Prof. S. B., O. A. C.Guelph. Lindsay, Col. Crawford ....... Quebec Mnm@bemechies | Al SR i esc sey. sade Kincardine. Bochihead= Proigacu yack wel: Ste. Anne Merchant, Principal, F. W ....London. de Bellevue. MM Gave his cic ls fis seis a a)eyi'alers Guelph. Teyana Els yee bytes nts yare 2 Montreal. PRG G ENIAC ra ES Bae Hyde Park Macleod) Misses... esse. Quebec. Corners. Moores: Gag Ampere teenie cites Montreal. Memeronorns FA elke es Port Hope. Newman) Cup Preieas Gay. cael Lachine mumrmiosey, Miss. .......2.5.5. 500: Toronto. Locks. BRIER Os WViicrs ies tsi ss4) = ebeleie’o ocho t INIOETIEH HAs MOH 72 ehevaietskersiel eles eis Montreal. meaater A.J. O.A:C.....2..:. Guelph. Poston, Wier cy ARM rsocivranere otal Levis. Readwin, TRS eA Syeskies s chetira e pee a Reford, A DY ea a ators. sat en ee Montreal. Richard, A. eee ta Ottawa. Robertson Miss Mere Meee eects. Quebec. Ritchie, Nia an Be a Kincardine. Seton: Misawa Wiacsircehic cence Levis. Rossitor, GEORGE ais ween <. Toronto. Simone die Glew eh ele se ors tes % Saunders, EP ve eboit tore tig iS Simmons Mliraty dies Elis, sieve arcs 0. By git PNTEOLErS VV vy tthe tks Sts London. Southeen(Gay Recs ciesce sisi sc Outremont. 0 OU SSRIISTU 6 St. Thomas. SWAMI, line WEN S's heals caine, lela ole Ste. Anne Slater, A.) H., O.A.C..2.... 0. Guelph. de Bellevue. [7] ay - THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — fim 4 uy Pouxchot, A). La. 2.24 0 Are ese St. Hyacinthe Turnbull, Lt.-Col. F.......... Quebec. Turner, Hon. Richard......... ay mumnen. Wings. AR teeta so 6 CoN VL OSIVEISE. ICS sia hares welopiiend New Liverpool. Weir Douglasts ics scien .fre.pte.on Montreal. VIROL Maree cnlosgti «sta nie ate Quebec. BY Valea oA SME Ree SP) eyeR rn race Montreal. Wood, Rev. Edmund ......... fe ALBERTA. ESIT PM EDGH Nes <5 ieee side sa es High River. Doge ote Wolley cr ycs. he %- Millarville. BririsH CoLuMBIA. Abercrombie, Miss Ivy...... Vancouver. PAGerson, (he) Mes... 2. :shle ole Victoria. PAM CUA OM Wa cp Ear lene « Sisters icles Victoria. ermatrome. We. 2. s0i 3 Salmon Arm. BPE Encl tegayre tls oct e leo Vancouver. MS TIS LIN AC UE Ca-Coyieciett )o a axes lesa di a BEACON NE. See ig wie bos 5 Kalso. WORM OV Rd. oe Soe ee Rossland . Dashwood-Jones, W. A.... .New West- minster. (DEN C280 a ea eae a Duncan’s Stn. LETTE SR SE ee a ee Vancouver. LUIDESITS) 2 hel 2 Sa eee es ee Cowichan Stn. Pindlay, Rey..G.2H. oc... Fort Steele. LO ELEM Hates: \erteede ee el «ees Vancouver. Ramasamy, OR Toc seta ee is's Keithly Cr’k lan nama An Wikis tara leit Duncan’s Stn. PAM OY GER Vy vg poly aials'e wie ails Vancouver. SENIOR G Wis, Jl onleliers Wer. he feiaa Metlakatla. Abigameston, Ores es iki oe Duncan’s Stn. ascombe Pe oka. Cowichan Bay. Gre roth a Da Deen Sem ore Vancouver. PVPCINTIOIN Vs set ieee elk oie chess Vancouver. Reed, E. Baynes............ Victoria. Sloyerd00t yt alls Sema ee a ao he Vancouver. SUCUOD CVS AON baie oepnenenee, 1 aes Dunean’s Stn. Taylor, Rev. G. W .......: Wellington. POWER De sees ciate teessz ete enche las Vancouver. Van Steenweyk, Miss........ Venables, E. P....... IE OS Vernon VATA CHG pS crete eee seleeerctaes ie < MIVA SOUT aia Mecvers tasseahe shee Vancouver. MANITOBA. Criddell, Norman ............. Aweme. OTe ob stot: UE ae AE ee Be Miniota. “ie IEL@a ED ie tinh oie Cleats Cartwright. Was RReg Be. 6s easton ¢ arateinieee Winnipeg. Nova Scoria. ae Hervey; Cab wae. 0.).. ee Round Hill. | Mackay. Dr." AWE. bu Cee Halifax ¥ Russell John. Ys. 20.44. hcdee Digby SASKATCHEWAN. uy k Be 3 COCR AV Date Sa Ue ite ah teats Redvers. a JWailllinia os ey Tei. sree hy boo date Regina. a Honorary Members. 4 Ashmead: JOr: Wists ete Miages st D.C. Cockerell, Prof... CARs as Boulder, Col. A Cresson, Hzrg Tsao ee aa 2a ‘ a. Edwards, William H.......... Coalburgh, . . W.. Vas TowardesDr 1.1 Qt: eed Waele Scudder, Dr. S. H............ Cambridge, Mass. 4 SmatthrPrarcy ye Bs.) caesar New Bruns- — wick, N. J. Whler Bes Ree ht iB ae aihcere .. Baltimore, Md. ‘Webster Gee Vies . 260 Lae come hihi a Wickham, Prof. HE cs. see lowa City, : Iowa. Lire MeEmsBer. Saunders, Dr. William.. ...... Ottawa. Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion. PS CPR EMMUMBMILT ENS ERC a? Ci if n y " ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. ANNUAL MEETING. The forty-fourth annual meeting of the Society was held in the Bio- logical Building of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday, October 31st, and Friday November Ist. The chair was taken by the Presi- dent, Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist of the Dominion Ex- perimental Farms. Among those present were Rev. Dr. Fyles, Levis, P.Q.; Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, and Mr. C. H. Young, Ottawa; Dr. Brodie, Dr. E. M. Walker, Mr. J. B. Williams and Mr. C. W. Nash, Toronto; Mr. J. F. Calvert, Orange- ville; Professors Hutt, McCready and Bethune, Messrs. Jarvis, Eastham. Howitt, Zavitz, Crow, Klinck, and a number of students of the Ontario Agricultural College; Mr. Howes, Principal of the Consolidated School, Mr. Graesser and others, Guelph. Letters expressing regret at their inability to be present were received from Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Mr. W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Burlington; Prof. Dearness and Messrs. W. E. Saunders and J. A. Balkwill, London; Mr. J. Fred. Smith, San Jose Scale Inspector for Ontario; Mr. Walter James Brown, Editor of theWeekly Globe and Canada Farmer, Toronto; Mr. A. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa; Mr. P. W. Hod- getts, Secretary of the Fruit Growers’ Association, and others. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL OUTLOOK. [Lhe Annual Address of the President. | By Dr. James Fiercuer, Dominion Entomorocist, Orrawa. Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with feelings of pleasure and pride that I welcome you and invite all present to take part in the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario. During its long and use- ful life, this organization through its efficient officers, has made a constant and consistent endeavour to render its efforts not only useful to the Province in which it has held an official position as an intregal part of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, but also effective in advancing the scientific develop- ment of the science of entomology. Under the patronage and with the ex- pressed sympathy and encouragement of the Minister of Agriculture and our highly esteemed Deputy Minister of Agriculture, our society has from the beginning until the present time continued to grow in usefulness and public appreciation among those for whom our efforts have been made. It is not now necessary to draw attention individually to the many stalwart men who have served on the councils, everyone of whom has been of great value to the society in adding to its stability, dignity, and usefulness; in building up its reference collections and magnificent library; in solving the various [9] Ran We ice at aei Ae ta el, 9) Sean MR EA EN 3 Mo 10 THE REPORT OF THE ON gs problems which have arisen with the sudden appearance in destructive | numbers of many injurious insect pests; and also in presenting to the public in its publications, the Canadian Entomologist and the Annual Reports, a ‘vast amount of valuable knowledge, by which science has been enriched and enormous sums of money have been saved to Canada at a disaproportion- ately small expenditure. All of this has been done at the cost of much self sacrifice, but quietly and without ostentation. In this good work, this great work, there are, however, two names which I cannot refrain from mention- ‘ing, William Saunders and Charles J. S. Bethune. These two men to whom we owe so much, were associated together in founding the society, and from that time to the present day have been, with their energy, patience, discre- tion and unfailing courtesy, main stays of its progress and healthy growth. Without undue glorification, it is well that our members should recollect the long period over which this work of unbroken activity has extended; and it behoves us to see well to it that, as members of such a worthy, society, our very best efforts are put forth in all the work we do, to take the fullest advantage of the greater facilities we enjoy to-day over those who have pre- ceded us in our chosen field. Let us never forget the debt we owe to the pioneers of science. The results of the dearly bought experience of the past form a solid foundation of fact upon which we now stand firmly and confi- dently, to enter upon new fields of investigation. The status of entomologi- cal research to-day is far different from what it was even ten years ago. The number of devotees to these attractive studies is easily a hundredfold greater than then. The same may be said of almost every aspect of the case :—the available works of reference, the greater facilities and decreased cost of communicating with others, of local or distant travel, and, above all, the spirit of helpfulness to others less informed than themselves, so conspicuous- ly exhibited by specialists in every branch of scientific study. We in Canada can never over-estimate what we owe to the generosity and ever-ready assistance of the eminent fellow-workers in the great republic to the south of our borders, who have made America the chief fountain head and acknowledged centre of applied entomolgy. The names of such men as Riley, Walsh, Lintner, Howard, Comstock, Forbes, Webster, Smith, Mar- latt, Felt and a host of others too numerous to mention, are known and honoured the whole world over, but nowhere more sincerely than in Canada,,. where we owe so much to them. As we all know, it is very seldom that an outbreak of any serious pest occurs in any part of the Dominion, but we can at once by consulting the writings of these men, learn all that is known of the habits of the insect and wltat the experience of many students has shown to be the best means of dealing with it. In entomolgy, at any rate, whether purely scientific or applied to the industries of the nation, there is no recognition of international boundary lines, unless perhaps it may be as an excuse for extending exceptional courtesies. Canadians are welcomed as freely at all the great conferences in the United States and have as full privileges of membership open to them as though they were freeborn citi- zens of the Union. At the recent organization of the Entomological Society of America, the most important entomological society in the world, two of the officers of this society were elected as original fellows and placed on the council, one of them being made a Vice-President. Since then two more members of our Council have been elected to fellowships, a highly coveted honour. On the other hand, I need not remind you of the inspiring visits and addresses we have been favoured with at our recent annual meetings by Dr. Howard, Prof. Webster, Dr. Smith, Prof. Wickham, Dr. Skinner and our 1907 eK t i ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 honoured guest of the present meeting, Mr. A. H. Kirkland, who will ex- plain to us the remarkable work which is being carried on under his superin- tendence against the Gypsy and Browntail moths in the State of Massachu- setts. It has long been a matter of surprise, even more than that, of amaze- ment, to those who understand the enormous losses caused by insects to every class of vegetable products, that the study which deals with these powerful enemies and from which all remedies must emanate, should be so lightly esteemed by the general public. That this—may we call it, age of darkness and ignorancé?—is now passing away, is evidenced by the important inter- national investigations which are being carried on by Governments ‘in all parts of the world at apparently enormous expenditure. I say ‘‘apparently,’’ because the good results obtained so far outweigh in magnitude all the cost of securing them, that this latter must be considered trifling by comparison. One needs but to think of the immense saving which has been effected in checking or controlling some of the better known extensive invasions of in- | sects. The prompt application of practical remedies could only be made where scientific investigations both of the life-histories and of the most appro- priate remedies had already cleared the way and had pointed out what must be the road to success. The large expenditures authorized by Governments from time to time for the purpose of investigating the habits of, and fighting against, injuri- ous insects, have to some measure opened the eyes of the world to the im- portant role played by insects as affecting the general welfare, and the necessity of dealing with them promptly and vigorously. Grasshopper in- vasions have in the past caused widespread devastation of fertile lands; but, with a knowledge of the egg-laying habits and with modified agricultural treatment of the land based on this knowledge; such losses can be to a large measure controlled. The San José Scale, although confined to only one comparatively small area in Ontario, and to two isolated points in British Columbia, has been the cause of considerable loss in the orchards of the Niagara Peninsula and also of much anxiety to Governments and fruit growers of the whole Dominion. From the vast amount of experimental work of many students here and in the United States, a practical remedy has been discovered in the lime-sulphur wash. The San José Scale has called for the voting of large sums of money in Canada and in almost every State of the Union; and, although, as stated, a practical remedy has now been found, it is probable that for all time fruit growers, in those districts where that insect thrives, will every year have to take steps to control it. This, however, it must be remembered, is not because the remedy is not all-suf- ficient, but, because, even against this well understood and justly dreaded enemy, so many fruit growers do not take the necessary steps or even ordi- nary precautions to control it. Perhaps the best known and most convincing instance of a large expenditure of this nature, is that for the eampaign which. has been waged against the Gypsy and Browntail moths in the State of Massachusetts. Up to the year 1900 a great deal of money had been spent against the former of these, and it had been almost vanquished, when, for political reasons, the appropriations were most unfortunately stopped. This was, it can now be seen, a most deplorable mistake; for during the following five years nothing was done, and the whole of the area previously infested was again overrun and fresh territory was invaded. The necessary appro- priations up to the present time have now reached the sum of about two million dollars, and the Federal Government has had to step in and help. Although wonders have been achieved by Mr. Kirkland and his associates, es pt Thee ye ee Al We Sa we A OPER ay ke pe Se le OR, Page POR oe ns ad aa I edie Wh, Cae Te he ae ae h My eT Rg: Ae Dea it RdhY av rt ty ae at > aah great Sane aN GE LE ENE GUN Utne a UT RR Kosh N a 2 iting ae ere as \ ; Y. 12 _ THE REPORT OF THE | “No! gees the end is by no means in sight. The thorough work done by Mr. Kirkland and Dr. Howard in connection with the introduction of parasites from Europe are an object lesson to the whole scientific world. Dr. Howard, when speaking as president of the section of Economic Zoology, at the great international Congress of Zoologists held at Boston in August last, referred to this work in the New England States as being the most extensive campaign in economic entomology that the world has ever seen. He commended most highly the practical and efficient way in which it had been conducted, justly giving credit to Mr. Kirkland for his great executive ability and discretion in dealing successfully with a most difficult problem. Another campaign calling for enormous sums of money and the greatest scientific skill, on the part of those engaged in the warfare, was made necessary by the spread of the Cotton Boll Weevil from Mexico into the United States. The extent of the damage done by this insect can hardly be believed by those who have not studied the matter; but in some seasons of great abundance the loss in a single year has been estimated at twenty-five millions of dollars, and it is said that the weevil is gradually spreading far- ther through the Southern States every year. The Hessian Fly, the Wheat Midge, the Chinch Bug, and recently the Grain Aphis have all been the cause of great losses to the countries where they have occurred; but it is now generally recognized that, with these in- sects, as with nearly all others, farmers, fruit growers and gardeners can get from expert students of insect life useful information as to improved agricultural methods and as to tested remedies, by which much of the loss may be prevented. The publication of popular reports by provincial, state and federal governments has familiarized many with the appearance of their worst insect enemies; and the introduction of the so-called Nature Study into schools has taught a large number of the fathers and mothers of school boys and girls throughout the country, as well as the scholars themselves, that it is worth the while of every one to know something akout the comm n insects which they see about them every day. Characters which among others render insects particularly useful in Nature Study and in the higher exercises of animal biology, are, the large numbers of common species which are always accessible; their convenient size; the ease with which many kinds can be kept alive and reared in con- finement to almost any required number, so that their habits can be studied under varying conditions; and the general similarity of a large number of specimens of a given species, and yet, at the same time, the wide range of certain features of variation within the limits of a single species. One of the greatest drawbacks to the use of insects, particularly in a school where there is no regular museum, is the perishable nature of specimens, if it should be desirable to preserve them. This, however, takes them out of the proper field of Nature Study, into natural history pure and simple, where provision must be made for the preservation of specimens so that they may be available whenever required for study and comparison. The remarkable discoveries which signalized the close of the last cen- tury, as to the conveyance of many diseases through the medium of common insects, e.g., malaria, yellow fever, typhoid, the bubonic plague and other diseases of mankind, and also of Texas fever and other diseases of domestic animals, have opened up another field of useful investigation which has in- separably linked together entomology and medical science. During the past summer subsequent to our summer meeting, I had the privilege of travelling through our Northwestern Provinces with Dr. Henry ~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 Skinner and listening to a series of lectures given by him upon the trans- mission of disease by insects. These lectures evoked the keenest interest from the large audiences who heard them, and there were many expressions of surprise at the intimate relation which was shown between the prevalence of some diseases and the occurrence of such common insects as house flies, fever mosquitoes, bed bugs, fleas, ticks, ete. In this connection we, as Canadians, must read with great pride the accounts of the excellent work which is being done by Dr. Todd, of Victoria, B.C., and Dr. Allan Kinghorn, of Toronto, in connection with the School of Tropical Medicine, at Liverpool, England. The last named is now in Africa, on an expedition to the Zambesi, having been specially selected to investi- gate the fatal sleeping sickness and allied diseases, which are conveyed by insects. No less noteworthy are the investigations of animal diseases, which are being carried on by Drs. Higgins, Hadwen and Watson, under Dr. Rutherford, the Veterinary Inspector General of the Dominion. From a consideration of the facts above cited I cannot but feel that the outlook for entomology and for entomologists is brighter than it has been for many years. The study of insects is now recognized as a useful branch of knowledge which affects materially the prosperity, comfort and health of mankind. This is attested by its introduction into the curricula of many colleges and schools and the appointment of Professors to instruct those who desire to learn about insects. In Canada we have many good workers connected with our Society, or working alone, who are year by year adding to the mass of scientific know- ledge concerning Canadian insects. This knowledge is increasing rapidly and is being placed on record for future use. Our society contains in its membership a large number of enthusiasts, and J am pleased to know that the publication of the annual Entomological Record in our reports has to some measure fulfilled its designed object, in encouraging and bringing into communication with each other and with specialists, many scattered workers in distant parts of Canada, who, by learning what others were doing, were enabled to be mutually helpful to each other. As indisputable evidence of the value of this knowledge, it was pointed out by the Editor of the Canadian Hntomologist in the issue for May last. that the Government of the United States, (of perhaps the most practical people in the world) passed appropriations for entomological purposes for na fiscal year ending June 30th, 1908, of upwards of $650,000, made up as ollows: For Bureau of Entomology, Washington............... $136,000 00 Kmergency appropriations: Cotton “Boll. Weevil ‘investigations .....0..20.50...08. 190,000 00 Prevention of spread of Gypsy and Brown- a Moths.. 150,000 00 RmadicationGie@attle! Diels ..2.20 47 0 to Pe ee ke ae pe Me SE a Ca ek Ce San José ScALeE. A short discussion on this scale was brought about by the reading of the following letter from Mr. J. Fred. Smith, San José Scale Inspector for On- tario: 3 22 THE REPORT OF THE “One of the most noticeable things in connection with the San José scale this year was the lateness of the commencement of the breeding season; and owing to the lateness of the spring in opening large numbers of them starved to death. Another peculiarity therewith was that this was most noticeable on heavy cold soils. -On the warmer and earlier soils they have done fairly well. In other words in all those sections where early gardening is done and where vegetation started early the sap also began to flow earlier, and as this is their food they were consequently started in their work of destruction in good shape. ‘‘T am also pleased to inform you that never before was there so much treating done for its destruction. Lime and sulphur was the almost univer- sal remedy and so much sulphur was used that there was a sulphur famine. At Leamington, towards the last of the season, none could be got at all. In village and small town lots considerable Target Brand and Carlson’s Mixture was used, but on account of the large quantity of scale that were winter kill- ed it was almost impossible to form an opinion as to their value. At Leam- ington I made an inspection, along with the local Inspector, of several lots treated with Target Brand, and as I was not then aware of the large quantities winter killed I had to give the Brand credit for doing the good work; but later I found some lots fhat had not been treated at all and there was very little life to be found. ‘The examination at Leamington was made on the 5th of July. On the 30th of July, at Bartonville, on trees which had not been treated for the scale larve were to be found running, which is the latest that I have ever seen in Ontario.’’ MISCELLANEOUS. The remainder of the time set apart for the conference was employed in discussing a variety of insects, respecting which information was desired. For the potato flea-beetle it was stated that Bordeaux mixture had proved to be the best remedy, and also for that attacking cucumbers; poisoned-lime is useful for the grape-vine flea-beetle and is made with Paris green and lime so thick that it can only just be sprayed. or the oyster-shell scale the lime wash (made in proportion of one pound of lime to a gallon of water) has proved entirely satisfactory. It should be applied in the autumn as soon as the leaves have fallen, and be repeated a few days later. Two applications of this thin wash are more effective than a single one made with double the amount of lime. For slugs attacking celery, freshly slaked lime was recom- mended, to be put on before hilling up the plants, and repeated for two or three days in succession. The lime sticks to the slimy bodies of the slugs and kills them through its caustic effects. Mr. W. R. Thompson mentioned that millipedes attacked tomatoes in large numbers at Ste. Anne de Bellevue this summer, especially injuring any fruit that touched the ground. The chairman advised as a remedy a dressing of nitrate of soda. REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAK. Division No. 1,—Orrawa District. By C. H. Youne, Orrawa. During the past season I regret to say I have been unable to devote as much time as I should have liked to the study of the insects of the Ottawa district, which have appeared in destructive numbers. ae 1907 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 The following notes, however, are submitted : The small White Cabbage butterfly (Pontia rape), was very plentiful in the district and its ravages in neglected gardens could be easily seen. It was particularly troublesome towards the end of August. On August 22nd I visited a large garden at Billing’s Bridge, near Ottawa, and here the in- jury was to cauliflowers. The insect-powder remedy is such a simple one that I cannot understand why growers of cabbages and other plants which are attacked, allow this insect to destroy their crops. The Colorado Potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was particular- ly abundant in many potato patches. Although the season was a poor one for potatoes, those growers who sprayed with the poisoned Bordeaux mixture were well rewarded. Grasshoppers were very numerous at Meach’s Lake, Que., near Ottawa. In one garden of a friend of mine all the flowering plants were completely destroyed, while in another large garden about half a mile away flowering plants were saved by allowing chickens to run in the garden. This is another instance of the value of poultry in reducing the numbers of injur- ious insects. When these domestic animals once acquire the habit of feeding on grass- hoppers and cutworms, they become of so much more value to the owner. At Billing’s Bridge srasshoppers were also noticed injuring cauliflowers and other crops of vegetables. The Fall Webworm and the Yellow-necked Apple-tree caterpillar appear- ed in considerable numbers and their injuries were very apparent through- out the district. Where these insects were troublesome on shade or orna- mental trees, the simple remedy of cutting off the infested branches was re- sorted to. Halisidota caterpillars of two species, the Hickory Halisidota (Halisidota carye) and the Spotted Halisdota (H. maculata) were responsi- ble for much injury to the foliage of many trees and other plants in late August and early September. At Rockliffe Park, near Ottawa, the cater- pillars of the Spotted Halisidota were abundant on willows, basswood and Wild Rose. Several colonies of the Black.Walnut worm (Datana integerrima) were observed as very destructive to cultivated Black Walnuts and Hickories. This insect, however, cannot be usually considered an injurious one at Otta- wa as it does not occur in sufficient numbers to do serious damage. Cut- worms, while troublesome in some gardens, were not responsible for very much damage, as far as I know, in the district, during the past season. The poisoned bran remedy is becoming more widely used every year. Root Maggots, too, were not in such numbers as to cause much anxiety to market gardeners during the season of 1907. Division No. 2.—Mtpuanp District. By C. E. Grant, Oriiia. The year of 1907 was a remarkably backward season; on the 27th of May I walked home in half an inch of snow and the wind blowing a bliz- zard, then a short three months of summer which was excessively dry. No very serious complaints of insects were reported to me. There were, however, widespread complaints of the Buffalo-beetle, which has apparently invaded most houses and no efficient remedy seems to have been found or else the remedy is not properly applied. The currant saw fly and the codling moth were also very bad this year and the apples here (in fact most fruits) were small, therefore the crop was poor. The cutworms were also rather plentiful. Tig ee ar egg Eee . Rg Dae oa Pe 7) co ae ae ae THE REPORT OF THE Though perhaps not doing much epee the Ws alking-sticks were ié Beis! be met with very often and lots of people brought them to me, who before —__ would have been ready to swear that there was no such insect in existence. Grasshoppers were. very plentiful late in the season and devoured a lot of the leaves which were left after the drouth. Late in September immense numbers of the Buprestid (Chrysobothris femorata) were running over the cement walk of the main street and were crushed by pedestrians. I tried to trace the source of the supply but could not. : The Fall Web-worm was very much in evidence. I also noticed the remarkable number of Halisidota and Acronycta or Apatela caterpillars; they were all over the fences and until quite late in October. I took two specimens of Telea polyphemus in August, quite an unusual occurrence, I have only added one new moth to my locals this years, viz., Plagodis heutzinzit. Division No. 3.—Toronto Districr. By J. B. WixiiaMs, Toronto. The Tussock Moth still continues to do a good deal of damage to the shade trees in Toronto, though they have not been quite so numerous this summer, as far as I have observed, as they were a year ag. The compara tively cool weather may have acted to some extent as a check upon their numbers, or possibly parasities are beginning to get the upperhand, and we may see their gradual diminution by. natural causes, during the next few years. They have certainly appeared for some time past to ke having every- thing their own way. The Tent caterpillars have been numerous round Toronto, and I saw a good many of them in the country round Lake Simcoe. The Codling Moth has been very destructive to many apple trees in the city gardens. In the same orchard some trees have hardly been touched by them, while others have had almost every apple more or less injured by ihe ravages of this injurious pest. Though the Walking-Stick insects were very numerous last year at Niagara Glen and swarms of them had stripped several large trees of their foliage, I failed, this year, to find a single specimen on two or three occasions when I yisited ae place. What can have been the cause of their sudden disappearance = te , { ye 4 : Li } ioe trea, ge f we Ibi ; ; ing ae Sa POM Ae ee fit Ot eee et ae Bie Save eee BS) alee dai ba Ge b= Fr a ! *“\ Division No. 4.—Eastr Yorx Districr. By C. W. Nasu, Toronto. The past season seems to have been an unfavorable one for the develop- ment of most forms of insect life. Butterflies were particularly scarce, even the common species which usually swarm about the garden and over fields of blossoming clover, being conspicuous by their absence. I did not see one Monarch Butterfly (Anosia archippus) until the first week in August, after which a few were noticed every day, but so far as I could observe, there was no congregation prior to migration, and no regular flight in Sep- tember such as usually takes place along the shore of Lake Ontario from east to west, when the insects are on their journey to the south. On the other hand many were here later than usual; a few having remained until October, 5th, when the last were seen. Cosmopepla carnifez.—During the past few years this beautiful little hemiptera has keen gradually increasing in numbers until in June, 1907, it became enormously abundant on Aquilegia, Antirrhinum and Pentstemon i iy Ae I eg eh ax an ee hs Bas aa Ne ee Oe a aS a ea (“Era ies = A aes ary > x . 3 - 7 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 in gardens. On the 25th of June all the plants of these genera in this ~ neighborhood were covered with the insects and a vast number of eggs had _ been deposited upon the main and flowering stems of the plants. I was curious to know what would happen when all the eggs were hatched for it seemed as if they would produce enough insects to over-run the country. Apparently the season was unsuitable for the development of the nymphs or one of the many disasters to which ‘“‘feeble folk’’ are subject overtook them, Bs for by August there were no Cosmopeplas to be seen. The millions of adults _ which appeared in the spring had all passed away and there were none of ___ their progeny to represent them. I have not yet been able to discover what this insect feeds upon. As it resorts to Aquilegia, Antirrhinum and Pentstemon and upon them its eggs are deposited, it would seem that these plants should supply its food. Yet although hundreds of adult and immature Cosmopeplas may be upon a plant, no perceptible harm is ever done to it, and all my efforts to raise the nymph from the eggs have proved abortive, though I kept them well sup- plied with shoots from the plants upon which the eggs were deposited. I tried them also with Aphides under the impression that perhaps they lived - upon the juices of other insects, but this too was a failure. Locusts.—Just before harvest time locusts became troublesoine in the - oat fields, where they did some damage by cutting off the ripening grain from the stalk and dropping it to the ground. In some fields the soil was covered with the grain so cut off. Under ordinary circumstances the . _- loss would be somewhat serious, but this year, owing to the short crop, is doubly so. The Stalk-borer (Gortyna cataphracta).—Perhaps the worst enemy vege- tables growers and florists have to contend with now is the larva known as _ the Stalk-borer. Tis creature has increased rapidly in numbers during the past five years and unless it is checked by some of its natural enemies will cause great loss and annoyance, as it is almost impossible for man to control it by any mechanical means. During this past season I took over two dozen larve from the stems of plants in my garden of about a quarter of an acre and I received great numbers from market gardeners and florists both ama- teur and professional of this district. It is practically an omnivorous feeder, any plant, either wild or cultivated, having a stem large enough to contain ay Ds 3 ED: he he re ER Rb. eee eae ee oie ahlank a A ey, Sa, tee ae | it being lable to attack and unfortunately the infested plant shows no E. sign of infestation until the larva has eaten out the heart of the occupied % stem. When this occurs the stem breaks off or its leaves wither and die. If it is the main stem which is occupied, as is generally the case with tomatoes and corn, the plant is ruined. B: I have not yet been able to ascertain where or when the moth deposits the eggs from which the larve are produced. It might be that the moth ; hibernates and deposits its eggs upon the shoots of plants in the spring, but I have not yet found an adult dormant, nor have I seen it in the spring. 3 In July the work of the larve is first noticeable, and a rather peculiar _ thing is that, almost up to the end of the month, larve varying in size from : about one-third to full grown may be found in close proximity; this year I found on the fourteenth of July a number showing among them even greater -. variations than that. a About the twenty-fifth of July the more advanced specimens begin to enter the pupal stage, the smaller ones continuing to feed sometimes well on 2 into August. Early in September the moths begin to emerge and continue __ doing so until the end of the month when they are at the height of their a abundance, and on dark nights come to light in large numbers. This year ~ res SIRO ake BRS oh. | ee MS ea ea beh ee ee ee oe EG | ie ; pied Shee 2, 26 THE REPORT OF THE they were rather later than usual and I did not see as many moths flying as in 1905 and 1906. In the latter year they were very abundant at light on the night of September 26th, which was dark and rainy. Although I have bred a great many of these insects from the larval state to maturity, I have never found one parasitized and their method of life, no doubt, protects them largely from enemies of this class. ; The Tarnished plant bug, though still more in evidence than was pleasant, did less mischief than usual, and Aphides, though rather abundant in spring, became less so as the season advanced. Dragon-flies were very scarce indeed, so much so that in the marshy meadows where they usually — abound. I did not see this summer, one for every hundred generally to be found in these localities. Bumble -bees also were far less numerous than they should be for the good of the country. Of the five or six nests provided by me for them, not one was occupied, though for the previous five years every one has been tenanted. Diviston No. 6.—Lonpon District. By J. A. BALKWILL. In this neighborhood we have been fortunately, almost exempt from serious injury from insects with one noteworthy exception that was an unusually large number of cutworms which attacked.almost every kind of garden vegetable even boring into onion stalks; one party tells of taking 30 - off one tomato plant; the larve were nearly full grown and soon went into pupation. The Cottony Maple scale which disfigured our maple trees for a number of years has almost entirely disappeared. The Tussock moth we have in considerable numbers but not numerous — enough to cause alarm. Nothing is heard about the Pea Weevil although an occasional one is found in the peas which were sown early. After these reports were read, a short discussion followed, in the course of which Prof. Hutt said that the Rose Chafer was very injurious near Leamington this year. The English Sparrow had developed a taste for them and devoured great numbers. This is one point to be scored in favor of these birds. Mr. Cesar said that he had been sent some specimens of insects from Toronto which were reported to be destroying almost everything in a garden. They proved to belong to the Fulgoride and were identified by Dr. Bethune as Ormenis pruinosa, Say. They seemed to be fairly numer- ous about Toronto and were found on tree trunks when he visited the city about the middle of July. EVENING SESSION. Thursday, October 31st, 1907. In the evening Mr. A. H. Kirkland, of Boston, who is in charge of the efforts now being made in Massachusetts to suppress the Gypsy and Brown- tail Moths, gave a highly interesting account of the work and the results that have so far been accomplished. His address was illustrated with a series of lantern pictures which graphically showed how the operations are carried on. He described also the importation of parasites and some pre- a es Ce eee 7 — 1907 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 _ daceous beetles from Europe, and the amount of success which had so far attended their efforts to breed them. Dr. Fyles ‘followed with one of his charming papers ‘‘The Voices of the Night.’’ Much regret was expressed that the attendance was small owing to the attractions of the holiday, it heing Thanksgiving Day and Hallowe’en THE GYPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS IN MASSACHUSETTS. . ABSTRACT OF ADDRESS BY A. H. Kirxiann, Supt. or Gypsy Morn Work, Boston, Mass. After congratulating his audience upon the evidences of agricultural prosperity shown in the parts of the province through which he had passed, and speaking of the serious loss to agriculture often inflicted by injurious - insects, Mr. Kirkland took up the matter of imported insect pests, and ex- plained why they were so much more injurious to crops and trees than native insects. “Tn a state of nature, every insect has its enemies, ee as birds, dis- eases, and, most important, insect parasites. When an insect pest is trans- ported thousands of miles to ‘another country, and is thus freed from its natural enemies, it multiplies remarkably, and causes much greater dam- age than when in its native environment, simply because it is relieved from those checks which nature has provided for it. Thus the San José scale is much more injurious in this country than in its native home in Northern China. The Elm-leaf Beetle and the Gypsy and Brown-Tail Moths also give striking illustrations of this fact. These two moth pests have caused most serious havoc in eastern New England, have spread rapidly, and one, at least, the Brown-tail Moth, occurs in the Maritime Provinces of Can- -ada.’’ The speaker then described the importation of the Gypsy-moth to Medford, Mass., by Professor Leopold Trouvelot in 1868, its accidental escape from his care, and its slow but constant spread throughout the neighboring towns. ‘‘Recognizing the importance of the catastrophe, Professor Trouvelot promptly gave notice to Doctor C. V. Riley, then State Entomologist of Missouri, and also to Doctor Hagen, at Harvard Univer- sity. Unfortunately, no great importance was attached to the matter, al- though at this time $1,000 would have cut and burned over the many acres of brush land in the vicinity of Profesor Trouvelot’s home and wiped out tke incipient moth colony. The moth increased unrestrictedly for some twenty years, but in 1888 the public of Medford and vicinity suddenly woke up to the fact that they had a serious caterpillar plague on their bands, and at once made vigorous efforts to combat it. One year’s experi- ence was sufficient to show them that individual effort could not control this formidable pest, and the aid of the cities and towns was invoked. Another year convinced the cities and towns in turn that they could not fight the insect unaided, and the State of Massachusetts was asked for help. The work in Massachusetts began in 1890 and was continued until Feb- ruary 1, 1900, principally under the auspices of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. This work suffered in certain critical years from lack of _ sufficient appropriations, or from appropriations not made in season for most effective action. At the same time. great progress was made in bring- ing the insect under control, until in 1900 but few moths could be found _ anywhere in the infested region. The insect had been thoroughly suppressed or ee THE REPORT OF THE by the application of hand methods, so-called, many of which were in- vented to meet the needs of the work. In 1899 not over ten acres of wood- — land were stripped in the entire infested district, which embraced some 350 square miles. In 1900, although it was pointed out to the Massachusetts Legislature, that scattering moths remained here and there in the district, that body, in its wisdom, saw fit to discontinue the work, partly from polit- ical reasons, in spite of the protests of entomologists who thoroughly realized the gravity of the situation, because of the prolificacy of the moth. During this campaign about $1,250,000 was expended, and the moth had been brought thoroughly under control. The insect at once began to in- crease steadily, yet nothing more was done in the warfare against the moth pest until 1905, when the caterpillar plague had again become such a nuis- ance that the work was resumed under a co-operative plan whereby the citizens directly bear part of the expense of supressing the insect, cities and towns another part, and the State the major part. In other words, the present scheme of work involves a direct co-operation of property owners, cities and towns and the State, under the general direction of the central office, thus insuring uniformity of action. Under this scheme of work, up- ward of $750,000 was expended during 1906, and as much will be laid out the present year. “The principal means by which the Gvpsy moth is spread over its present area of some 2,800 square miles, is through caterpillars spinning down from the trees and dropping on automobiles, teams, cars, etc. For- tunately, the female moth does not fly but the insect spreads rapidly in the manner mentioned. A volume might easily be written on the means by which the Gypsy moth is spread. The young caterpillars spin down by thousands from neglected, infested trees in May and June. Where such trees over- hang highways, every milkman, every grocer, every garbage man, in short, every vehicle gathers them and carries them to a greater or less distance, thus founding innumerable new colonies. In the badly infested district regular daily traffic of the classes m_ntioned above is most dangerous. Long distance scattering of the moth is effected principally by pleasure driving, electric cars, and what is most important of all, automobiles. The advent of the latter class of vehicles has greatly complicated the prevention of the spread of the pest, and makes it all the more imperative that we should keep clean the trees that border our main roads. Other minor methods of distribution are eggs deposited on barrels, packing boxes, sum- mer furniture standing out of doors, etc. “The Brown-tail Moth found its way to Somerville in the early nine- ties no doubt on rose bushes imported from Holland. The evidence in this case is circumstantial but strong. The insect is known to occur in Holland, is known to form hibernating webs on roses, and the place where it was discovered in Somerville, Mass., in 1897, was direct] in the rear of a florist’s establishment, where a specialty was made of importing Dutch roses, growing them for a season and then selling them to the Boston depart- ment stores. The female moths of this species fly freely, and are often carried long distances by the wind. They are also strongly attracted to light. Cases are on record where these strong flying females have come on board vessels some thirty miles off the New England coast. It is not sur- prising then that the Brown-tail Moth has already spread to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The line of spread is naturally that of the prevailing winds during July, which in New England usuallv blow to the north-east. It seems probable that in comparatively few years this insect may be found generally scattered throughout New England and Eastern Canada. . a ee Boo. DE RR ge) Rik “PR OE ROME, Sims a a : a oer i att ie ee pee She ree ees sega sep aae eae oe Se . * 4 oe: ae - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; . 29 The biology of the insects is briefly this: in the case of the Gypsy & ‘Moth the eggs hatch about the last week in April, the caterpillars, which _ feed on all kinds of foliage are full-grown about the middle of July. Words cannot describe the havoc wrought by these caterpillar swarms. In early P = July of the past year, some 3,000 acres of mixed woodland in Eastern Mas- _ sachusetts were defoliated by the gypsy caterpillars, and left as bare as in winter. They feed on all trees, nearly all crops, and often invade houses _ by the hundred. No more pitiful and at the same time disgusting sight can be eonceived than a gypsy moth outbreak at its height. No wonder that in the olden days before the science of economic. entomology was dreamt ' of, people so afflicted sought a remedy through pr yer, or that they regard- “4 ed the pest as a device of the Evil One. The pupal stage extends to about 3 _ the Ist of August, while the moths are from a week to ten days in deposit- ing their yellow, hair covered egg clusters. The egg clusters are laid on tree trunks, stone walls, houses, fences, and old tin cans—in fact, in all _ places where the caterpillars may go to pupate. The female seldom moves _ far from the pupa case from which she has emerged. 2 “With the Brown-tail Moth the eggs hatch about the middle of August, and the young caterpillars feed at the tips of the twigs, preferably those of fruit trees, until the approach of cold weather, when they draw together the leaves from which the epidermis has been removed, and spin them up with ; a most tenacious web, thus forming a hibernaculum within which they congregate to the number of two or three hundred, and thus safely pass the winter. The same warm weather that causes the buds to swell the fol- lowing spring brings out these small caterpillars, which feed on buds, blos- soms, and leaves, and when abundant, often strip entire orchards and _ groves of oak. Aside from the damage to trees the hairs of the caterpillars 3 are intensely poisonous and cause a severe and most painful eruption of the skin whenever they come in contact with it. By the middle or latter 4 part of June, the insects are fully grown when they spin cocoons, often’ in masses at the tips of twigs, on fences, and even house walls. From the 12th : to the 15th of July the white, brown-tail moths emerge, fly freely, mate principally by night, and the females at once begin the work of oviposition. Some four or five days are consumed in this process by which time the brown, elongated, hair-covered egg masses have been securely attached to leaves at the tips of twigs. Hatching takes place in from three to four q - weeks. Es, “For remedial measures against the Gypsy Moth we have found spray- ing done in the early caterpillar season the most valuable of any single method. Power sprayers, throwing the spray under heavy pressure have a proved the most economical, as far as street tree and orchard work is con- __ cerned, and also, in those woodlands which are accessible to heavy machines. In woodland spraying, however, the thinning of trees, and cutting out of underbrush is an indispensable prerequisite, and this preliminary work is usually done during the previous fall and winter months. In spraying against the Gypsy Moth, arsenate of lead paste at the rate of 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water gives the best results. On rough or rocky hillsides, and in other places where the power sprayer cannot be worked to advantage, hand spray pumps are freely used with good results.. As the caterpillars approach maturity, they show considerable resistance to poison, and further acquire the odd habit of feeding by night and hiding by day in sheltered : places. Taking advantage of this habit we band the infested trees with © strips of burlap, beneath which the caterpillars assemble in the early morn- tng hours, and where they may be destroyed at any time by hand during 30 i THE REPORT OF THE the day. Later in the season, the pupe and female moths are crushed by _ hand or creosoted wherever found, while after the eggs are laid coal tar — creosote applied with a brush to the egg masses completely destroys them. This creosoting of the egg masses is carried on throughout the fall, winter and spring, and is a most effective though somewhat expensive method. In badly infested woodlands we thin the trees, cut the brush and treat the egg masses on the trees left standing. The following spring we band the remaining trees with some sticky material to prevent the ascent of the young caterpillars, and as soon as all the eggs on the ground have hatched, a light fire is run over it, thus destroying the caterpillars by the million. These are the principal ‘thethods directly used for destroying this insect. As a matter of policy we have attempted first to stop the scattering of the moth by treating a 100 foot belt on each side of all our main roads. This pre- vents the caterpillars from spinning down and dropping on vehicles. In this way, over 8,000 miles of roads have been covered during the present season. Next, we have endeavored to do the greatest good to the greatest © number of our people by clearing all the important residential sections of the moth, and certainly 90 per cent. of them have been so cleared and pro- tected. There now remains the great woodland nroblem concerning which we are most anxious, but which we can solve if given sufficient time and money. “In combating the Brown-tail Moth. the natural and most effective measure is to cut off the winter webs, gather them carefully and burn them. This work is best done when snow is on the ground. Where this has been neglected a spraying with arsenate of lead, six pounds to one hundred gal- lons of water early in the spring will suffice to destroy the insects. In actual field practice the winter work of cutting off brown-tail webs, and of creosoting gypsy moth nests goes on at the same time and with the same gang. “In opening this informal talk I spoke of the balance of nature; and how injurious insects in their natural environment are ultimately held in check by their parasites. In Eastern Massachusetts we are endeavoring to secure this balance of nature in connection with the moth pests by the im- portation from Europe of the parasites of both moths. Our State has made liberal appropriations (some $45,000) for this work, which I have placed under the oversight and direction of Dre he O: Howard, Washington, D.U., than whom no one in the country is better qualified to direct. Dr. Howard has made several trips abroad for us and engaged a competent corps of col- lectors in all parts of Europe where the moth occurs. He has also given us the benefit of his advice at all times, and the services of one of his trained assistants who has spent nearly all his time in Eastern Massa- chusetts looking after the material when it arrives. We have provided for this important work a well-equipped laboratory, and a large number of assistants, and during the past year over 100,000 different forms of para- sites of the moth have been bred from European material and liberated in our infested district. We have imported several important Ichneumonids, a very large number of Pteromalids, thousands of Tachinids, and also a large number of predaceous beetles of the genus Calosoma. When a suffic- iently large number of any of these parasites is obtained at any one time they are liberated directly in the field. Otherwise, they are bred up to the requisite number in outdoor cages and then liberated. What the outcome of this exceedingly interesting scientific experiment shall be, is, of course, problematical. We know already that certain important imported species have established themselves in our State, and are hopeful that another sea- son will show that many others have done likewise. At any rate, the best = a athe ie eh te Le Se hea os ee ete Le Ain Ron, Pe Ee ee CM Se e * : 3 afm, acne ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — ae 31 a available scientific skill is being brought to bear on the problem, while eS: ample financial support has been provided by the State. Both Dr. Howard and myself are very hopeful for the successful outcome of this undertaking. Tf it can not be gained under present conditions, it can not be gained at all. ‘‘While such great insect invasions are at first glance most discourag- yy: ing, I am not one of those who regard them wholly as an unmixed evil. I believe that there is in them a certain element of benefit to the community at large. By the attacks of these hordes of insect pests we gain a better appreciation of the value of our trees and crops. We are led to study their “needs more closely and to administer to those needs more thoughtfully and efficiently than before, and from thus getting in closer contact with a few forms of life our interests and sympathies become broadened in their rela- tion to the whole living world.’’ VOICES OF THE NIGHT. By Rev. Tuomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q. Eight years of my early life in Canada were spent in a very beautiful, but comparatively newly settled district in which there was much of the primeval forest remaining. Some of the first settlers were still living there when I took up my abode in the neighborhood. These men told of the nightly howling of the wolves on the hills when they first began to clear the lower lands, and of their encounters with various wild animals in the woods. My: duties at that time took me frequently from home, and my solitary return journeys were necessarily made at night. Driving on the mountain - roads, and through the forest, and by the lakes and streams of the locality, I had fine opportunities for studying the “Night Side of Nature’’—I use the words in a different sense from that in which Mrs. Crowe used them. I pity the man who, living in the country, cannot find, at all hours, by day or night, in summer or winter, sights and sounds to interest and in- struct him. [I pity the man to whom ‘The gracious prodigality of Nature The balm, the bliss, the bfeauty and the bloom ”’ do not appeal. A solitary drive on a country road has always been to me an occasion for rich enjoyment. The many voices of animate creatures— aye, and by a figure, of inanimate objects, also, have formed for me, many a time, a concert well worth listening to. To speak of the voices of inanimate things I shall never forget one glorious night when the Aurora Borealis held possession of the sky. From the zenith to the horizon, like the ribs of a vast umbrella, but streaming, quivering, vibrating, the rays descended on every side, I stood in admira- tion, and became conscious of a strange sound. Was TI mistaken? [ listen- ed intently. I could hear the distant fall of the water over the mill-dam— it was distinct from that. It was like the gentle shaking out of a stiff piece of silken goods. It was a sound of which travellers in Arctic regions have told us—it was the voice of the Aurora. Who is there who has passed through a grove of pines in the darkness but has noticed the slumberous sighing of the foliage shaken by the night air? TI have often listened to it. - Pe ee re A i ed Oe a ee Ee ee Sa, eee a a Tass ax am a SO ag Se Se ee em LIE en te ene hee eee Pe A os o-oo ae ks = A ee ge of 4 say f 332 HE REPORT OF THE” —s. a < a. Turning now to the consideration of the notes of animate creatures— what a mournful cry was that of the Loon, or Great Northern Diver, as it . passed from one sheet of water to another! It was a weird sound coming © from far overhead in the stillness of the night, and soon to be answered, from near or far, by the cry of the companion bird. Sometimes, in the spring or fall, it was very startling to the lonely © traveller in the night to hear a— ‘*__rush as of harpy wings go by.”’ accompanied by a constant trumpeting of “conk-conk.’’ Looking up, he would see a phalanx of dim forms speeding onward as if to charge an ene- my. The sounds came from a flight of wild geese winging their way, to or from, their breeding-ground in the north. And these sounds would, perhaps, arouse a fox, who would answer them from the hill-side with his short sharp bark. In those days I often heard the rollicking hearty call of the Great Horn- ed Owl, ‘‘Wo-a-ho-a-hoa,’’ shouted from one mountain top, and answered from another by its mate. Birds of this fine species were numerous in that neighborhood, and sometimes became so bold as to visit the farm yards. A farmer on open- ing his door early one morning, saw a splendid specimen of the kind blink- ing and looking very wicked, and fastened to a large, white gander that it had killed. In its efforts to fly off with its prey, it had dug its claws deeper and deeper into the flesh, till it was unable to disentangle them; and, as the gander was too heavy for it to lift, the spoiler became a captive. A ery less frequently heard, and heard only in the Winter was the dull, heavy “Bump-bump’’ of the Snowy Owl. This bird comes south in the cold weather, but breeds in Arctic regions. Another sound that I often paused on my way to listen to, was in those days accounted a mystery. Its cause was not known. I will read to you what Gosse, the Canadian Naturalist, said of it :— “Tisten to the singular sound proceeding from yonder cedar swamp. © Tt is like the measured tinkle of a cow-bell, or regular strokes upon a piece of iron quickly repeated. Now it has ceased. “There it is again. I will give you all the information I can get about it; and that is very little. In Spring, that is, during the months of April, May, and the former part of June, we frequently hear, after nightfall, thé sound you have just heard; from its regularity it is usually thought to re- semble the whetting of a saw, and hence the bird from which it proceeds is called the Saw-whetter. I say ‘the bird,’ because though I could never find anyone who had seen it, I have little doubt that it is a bird. I have asked Mr. Titian Peale, the venerable Professor Nuttal, and other orni- thologists of Philadelphia about it, but can obtain no information upon the subject of the author of the sound; it seems to be— ‘ Vox et preeterea nihil.’ “Carver, in his amusing travels, mentions it as being heard near Lake Superior, naming it, if I recollect rightly, the Whet-saw. It may pos- sibly be known, but I find nothing of it in Wilson or Bonaparte. Professor Nuttall was acquainted with the note, but told me plainly the bird was un- known. I conjecture it may be some of the herons or bitterns, or, possi- bly, from a passage in Bonaparte’s Ornithology, the Evening. Grosbeak (Fringilla vespertina). He says of that bird, ‘their note is strange and pecu- liar; and it is only at twilight that they are heard crying in a singular strain. This mournful sound, uttered at such.an unusual hour, strikes the traveller’s ear, but the bird itself is seldom seen.’ ”’ Pe 5, ae RES ane ee de ae PP ee ry ie Bek ee Las Se eae: <7 5 pose - 4: a ‘, a pers EY ; Fig’ y ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ae 33 - he sound is really produced by one of the smallest of the Owl family <3 (Cryptoglaux acadica). Who it was that first made known the fact I do not know, but it is well established now. I once saw a pair of these comical owls perched on the roadside fence, where a small brook crossed the way. I was in my waggon; and the con-. fident yet inquisitive looks they gave me were very amusing. Probably, if I had attempted to leave the waggon, they would have flown quickly enough. I inferred that they had come to the brook in search of frogs. Night-jars were plentiful in that part of the country in the summer. After night-fall they could be dimly seen overhead, hawking for moths and beetles. Their rapid movements, as they chased their prey, were not unlike those of the Tumbler Pigeon. And as they flew they uttered their plaintive call. = Once in a long while the scream of the lynx was heard in the night in that locality, as it was in the day time also. A little son of my next neigh- bor was passing through the woods one day when he was terrified by the ery of this animal. He started to run; and the lynx bounded along—all four feet in the air at once, after the anes of its progression—keeping a short distance on one side, and uttering repeatedly its startling ery, probably to call its mate. Whether the pair would have attacked the child I cannot. say. Happily the sound of a woodman’s axe was heard, and this guided the little fellow to safety and frightened the beast away. | In the early Spring the Frog Concert came off with great eclat, and was continued night after night. In it were heard the piccolo notes of the tree frog, the trombone of the bull frog, the cackling, croaking, rattling tattoo of the common frog, and now and then, like the jingle of the trian- gle, the “‘tr-r-r-r-ill’’ of a toad. There are other sounds that break the stillness of the night—sounds produced by living creatures, but which can only by a figure of speech be termed the ‘‘voices’’ of the existences from which they come. To use the words of Ben Jonson: S = ee as 4 , oN aor ee 5 et Me piel ed Ft si ed, ed ‘4 j L f a ~- Ce re eee Poy yi “ur s | ' ““The sealy beetles, with their habergeons, Do make a humming murmur as they fly.” Lachnosterna fusca, Frohl, is the beetle that comes from the large white grub that is dug up so often in our gardens. Its shards, or elytra, are held erect while the true wings which are membraneous really bear the insect up, and by their vibrations produce the humming sound. The impertinent “twang’’ of the mosquito is produced in like manner; and it ig wonderful that wings so delicate and frail in appearance as those E of the mosquito car be exercised with such rapidity as to produce so shrill LET A EE RO ROL Te ey ee ‘ a sound. The antenne of insects are supposed to serve instead of ears; and it may 3 be that long and delicate antenne with which many of the smaller kinds of Neuroptera are supplied were intended to catch the pulsations in the air caused by the rapid vibratory action of the minute wings of their compeers. ‘Sounds we cannot hear are in all probability made known to the tiny com- | panions of the creatures that produce them. . The wayfarer in the dusk of evening, who will pause near a patch of the 4 Silk-Weed (Asclepias cornutz) in full blossom, will probably hear a distinct E and continuous humming caused by the motion of the wings of the Sphinges and other moths, that flit from plant to plant, or hover over the blooms, and through their long and slender trunks, imbibe the nectar that Flora in her bounty has provided for them. 3 EN. EPR Me DY ONS MOR A Se Me ee NOE 84-7 THE REPORT oF THE dy As the Summer advances, on nights when the weather is calm, the whole — atmosphere seems to palpitate with he multitudinous calls, shrillings, chir- rupings and sibillations of various orthopterous insects. The Naturalist with a good ear who will take Scudder for his guide,* and endeavor to dis- tinguish between the notes of the different serenaders will have set himself ‘an interesting task. Day and night the Naturalist finds entertainment and food for reflec- tion. It must be said though that the pursuit of Natural History is not always free from danger. It is the custom, you know, for Entomologists to spread a mixture of molasses and rum upon the bolls of trees at nightfall, to attract -Noctuids and then, at intervals, to visit the baits, carrying a dark lantern and the useful cyanide bottle. A party of Montreal Genklomen were engaged in this “‘sugaring’’—as it is called, in the outskirts of their city, when the sound of a pistol-shot broke the silence, and the ping of a bullet sounded unpleasantly near them. I need hardly say that their sugaring operations were abandoned for that night. And this story reminds me of an experience of my own, in the long ago, when I was young and enthusiastic. There was a wood about three miles from the town where I was living, and about the same distance from any other place—it was a lonely wood, I was accustomed to resort to it for Entomological researches. It was a grand _hunting-ground; and I knew every part of it thoroughly. I was never dis- turbed nor molested there by anyone. I became very bold; and one night I determined to go there for sugaring purposes. I took a jar of prepared sweets, a dark lantern, and a supply of chip boxes; and I reached the wood about eleven o’clock. I had fairly entered and was preparing for work, when bang! bang! bang! broke upon my ear. I was startled you may well believe; but I understood the position in a moment; there were poachers in the wood shooting bs pheasants at roost in the trees; and the men were but a few rods away. I said to myself, “If these men come upon me they will take me for a game-keeper; and if the game-keepers, hearing the guns, should hasten to the wood and find me here, they will take me for a poacher. In either case I shall fare badly.’’ So T thought discretion the better part of valor, and made for my home as quickly and as quietly as I could. It may be asked, of what interest to Hntomologists are the Loon, the Fox, and the other creatures you have spoken of? To come to an answer you must follow a concatenation, such as that which connected the “‘priest all shaven and shorn’’ with “the malt that lay in the house that Jack built” and say :— This is the Loon This is the Fox That swallowed the Frog That killed the Hen That fed on the Gnats That ate the urigs That troubled the Folk That leapt in the grass That lived in the house that Jack built That grew round the house that Jack built. I remember a conversation that I had with the late Sir William Dawson. We were speaking of the Entomological Society of Ontario. He said. “I see that you have Geological; Ornithological, and Botanical Sections of your Society. We have regarded the studies that these pursue as of more import- ance than that which you make your chief consideration. The whole is greater than its part. But your proceedings show how one branch of Science intertwines with others.’ * (See ‘‘Songs of our Grasshoppers and Crickets,’ by Samuel H. Scudder, Twenty-third Report Ent. Soc. of Ontario, 1892, page 62). 3a EN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | . 35 T trust then that my reference to animals, birds and reptiles will not ~ have been deemed inappropriate on this occasion. . Dr. Fletcher, in expressing the thanks of the audience for the inter- esting addresses that had been given them, drew attention to the wonderful success which had attended Mr. Kirkland’s efforts. He had himself spent some time in Massachusetts during the early part of the summer and had geen what was being done. Mr. Kirkland was one of those all-round men who realized that each branch of knowledge had a close relationship with every other branch. He was not only a good entomologist, but also a good chemist, and he brought his chemical knowledge into practical use to aid his entomology. Asa result he showed all North America the great value of arsenate of lead as an insecticide. Mr. Kirkland’s task was the most exten- sive experiment in economic entomology that had ever been undertaken in the United States or in any other part of the world, but he is a man of great executive ability and is able to organize and control his great staff of 1,700 men and to use to the best advantage the large sums of money provided by the State Legislatures and Municipalities for the suppression of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths. We in Canada are deeply interested in the work - inasmuch as the latter of these pests has invaded Nova Scotia and is pro- ducing consternation and dismay among many fruit-growers there. SECOND DAY’S SESSION. __ The President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 10 o’clock in the Biolo- gical lecture room of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. There were present during the day a large number of students in addition to. the members of the Society. The first order of the day was the reading of the _ reports of the Council, the branches of the society at Montreal, Quebec, and Toronto, and of the Treasurer, Librarian, Curator and the Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada. This was followed by the election of officers for the ensuing year 1907-8, which resulted as shown on page 6. Dr. Flet- cher was re-elected president, as were also the other officers with the ex- ception of the delegate to the Royal Society, for which position Mr. Arthur _ Gibson, of Ottawa, was chosen in succession to Mr. A. F. Winn, of Mon- _treal. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for 1906-7. The forty-third annual meeting of the Society was held at its new home in the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on the 10th and 11th of Octo- ber, 1906, and was attended by many members from a distance and also by a large number of students of the College and Macdonald Institute. The first afternoon was devoted to a conference on the Codling-worm, during which its whole life history was discussed, the value of parasites as a means of control was considered and many practical points were brought out by the various speakers who took part in it. This was followed by the eb ie eI ea hi oaks Shae Teeny, Nan aaelip. Beer are as gi Ba * Ps Tas s Rae ot pray - Wey oe sa a “ “THE REPORT+OF THE*. = Reports on Insects of the year presented by the directors from their respective 2 divisions of Ontario. a In the evening a public meeting was held in the Massey Hall which was nearly: filled with an appreciative audience in spite of the inclemency of the weather caused by the first snowstorm of the season. After a hearty wel- come from President Creelman, the President, Mr. John D. Evans, read his address, and was followed by a paper on “What the Entomological Society of Ontario can do for the Ontario Agricultural College,’’ by Professor Loch- head, and a description of ‘‘A Canoe trip for Entomological Purposes through the Algonquin Park’’—illustrated by a number of original lantern views— by Mr. Paul Hahn, of Toronto. The second day was occupied with the read- ~ ing of reports from the branches and officers of the Society and a series of — scientific and practical papers, all of which have been published in the annual volume. This volume, the 37th Annual Report to the Legislature of Ontario, was published in May last and contained 120 pages, a portrait of the retiring President, Mr. John D. Evans, and six beautiful half-tone plates of Galls from a variety of trees. Besides the papers already referred to it included the following articles: “A Hunt for a Borer.’ by Mr. H. H. Lyman; “Two Insects affecting Red Clover and Seed Production,’’ ‘Insect Galls of On- tario,’’ “The Locust Mite,’’? and “The Oyster-shell Bark Louse,’’ by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; “Hemiptera,’’ “In the tracks of Mematus Erichsoni’’ and ‘‘The Notodontidz of the Province of Quebec,’’ by Dr. Fyles; ‘“Basswood, or Lin- den, Insects’ and ‘“The Bean Weevil,’’ by Mr. A. Gibgon; ‘‘Insects injurious to Ontario Crops in 1906’’ and ‘“‘The Entomological Record, 1906,’ by Dr. Fletcher; “Injurious Insects of 1906 in Ontario,’’ by Prof. Bethune. A summer meeting of the Society—the first for a great many years—was held at the Ontario Agricultural College on the 4th and 5th of July. Through . the kindness of President Creelman, the members from a distance were hospit- ably entertained in the College residence during their visit, and the ladies of the party were provided for in the Macdonald Hall. There were present also a number of Ontario teachers who were taking a summer course of Nature Study at the Macdonald Institute, and several students and members of the College staff. The first afternoon, the President, Dr. Fletcher, occupy- ing the chair, papers were read by Mr. Lyman on the distinction between Thecla calanus and Edwardsii; Dr. Brodie on the life-history of a colony of Tent Caterpillars and the parasites infesting them; Dr. Fletcher on the con- trol of the Gypsy and Brown-tail moths in Massachusetts by the importation of parasites from Europe, and Mr. C. W. Nash on “Balance in Nature.’ ‘In the evening Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, gave an interesting lec- {ure on ‘‘Insects as Carriers of Disease;’’ Mr. Nash spoke upon ‘‘Instinct vs. Education,” and Dr. Fletcher gave an instructive address on “Nature Study as a means of Education.’’ The second day was devoted to an excursion to Puslinch Lake, about sixty taking part in it; after some hours spent in col- ‘ lecting entomological and botanical specimens, short addresses were given - by the College staff and others upon the various objects of interest that had been brought in. At a subsequent meeting of the Council, Mr. L. Caesar, O. A. College, was elected secretary for the remainder of the year in place of Mr. E. J. Zavitz, who resigned on account of the pressure of his duties in the Depart- ment of Forestry, which left him no time to devote to the business of the Society. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly.magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The 38th annual volume was completed in December last, and ten numbers of the 39th volume ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 37 have now been published. The volume for 1906 contains 425 pages and is illustrated with four full-page plates and 48 figures from original drawings. _ The contributors numbered 66 and included writers in Canada, the United * “tt A ter ie ra & aa) nn Ped a ‘ States, Hawaiian Islands, England and Jamaica. From October to the middle of May meetings of the Society were held in the Biological lecture-room on alternate Wednesday evenings, and occa- sionally more frequently. The members of the Wellington Field Natural- ists’ Club joined with those of the Society in the proceedings and thus a variety of biological subjects were discussed in addition to those of an ento- _ mological character. The attendance was very satisfactory, many Nature Study students and members of the third and fourth years being present at most of the meetings. The reports from the branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec, To- -ronto and British Columbia are very satisfactory, meetings having been regularly held and many papers read and discussed. The last named branch has published a quarterly Bulletin containing lists of British Columbia in- ‘sects of various orders and many highly interesting notes and observations. The newly organized Entomological Society of America held its first . meeting in New York at the end of December last. It is gratifying to record that our Society was recognized by the election of Dr. Fletcher as first Vice- President, and Dr. Bethune as a member of the Executive Committee; both these gentlemen are also original Fellows of the new Society. In August the Society held its second meeting at Boston during the sessions of the Seventh International Congress of Zoologists; Dr. William Saunders, of Ottawa, and Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, two of our members of long standing, were elected Fellows, and Dr. Bethune, one of the two representa- tives of the Society on the Council of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. : James FrLetcHer, President. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 284th regular, and 34th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held on May 11th, at the residence of Mr. Geo. A. Moore, 209 Prince Arthur Street. The following were present:—Mr. G. A. Moore in the chair; Messrs. H. H. Lyman, G. Chagnon, E. C. Barwick, E. Denny, A. E. Norris, E. Kollmar, G. R. Southee, C. W. Sach, A. F. Winn. The Secretary read the following report of the Council: During the year, meetings have been held monthly, excepting in July, August and September, the attendance averaging seven members. Four new members have been added to our roll, Messrs. M. W. Davis, C. S. Fos- bery, E. Kollmar, C. W. Sach. A field day was held on May 24th at St. Hilaire, and several members: attended the outing of the Natural History Society at St. Gabriel de Brandon. The papers read at the meeting were: “‘Reflections and Suggestions,’’ Henry H. Lyman. “St. Hilaire, May 24, 1906,’’ G. A. Moore. “‘Notes on Coleoptera collected by Mr. Moore at Como, Que.,’’ G. Chag- non. “Collecting Catocalae in the day-time,’’ E. Denny. “Collecting Hemiptera at Como,” G. A. Moore. “The Genus Chrysbothris, with notes on Canadian Species,’’ G. Chagnon. 38 ' THE REPORT OF THE ~ A Mor Ie “Clastoptera,’’ G. A. Moore. “Thecla calanus and T. Edwardsii,’’? Henry H. Lyman. Specimens of the following genera of moths were brought together at the various meetings for comparison and study:—Xylina, Acronycta, Datana, Hadena, Feltia and Heliophila, resulting in a better knowlege of these groups, and the correction of several errors in identification. . Your Council would again urge the members to write short notes for the meetings, and also to prepare for the fall meetings, reviews of the summer’s work in the field, experiences in breeding species, studies of habits, etc. ~ Additions to our collection of specimens, books and photographs should — not be forgotten. St. Madeleine, Que., has been suggested as a locality suited for the field day on May 24th. ‘ Respectfully submitted, (Signed) Gro. A. Moore, President. The treasurer’s report showed a balance on hand of $59.40. The reports of the curator and librarian were also submitted and adopted. The following officers were elected: —President, Geo. A. Moore; Vice- President, E. C. Barwick; Sec.-Treasurer, A. F. Winn; Librarian and Cura- tor, L. Gibb; Council, G. Chagnon, H. H. Lyman, G. R. Southee, E. Denny. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario has pursued its useful course for a period of ten years. We have had to mourn the demise of some of our members and to bid adieu to others who have moved to distant localities, but additions to our membership have from time to time encouraged us. The authorities of Morrin College still allow the Branch to hold its meetings in that institution—a privilege that is highly appreciated by the members. The past season has been, for the most part, an unfavorable one for entomologists, on account of the frequent rains, but much good work in col- lecting was done by our curator, Mr. A. R. M. Boulton. Such fine moths as Ceratomia amyntor, Geyer, C. undulosa, Walker, Sthenopis argenteo-macula- tus, Harris, being taken by him. Mr. Boulton also, on one of his excursions, discovered a batch of Hemaris larve, feeding upon a solitary bush of Vzburnum opulus, Montmorency. The larvee are true Sphinges in form and attitude; but they lack the transverse side-lines that other Sphinges have, and they do not bury themselves in the ground when full fed, but spin a slight cocoon among leaves above ground. Another interesting batch of larve was brought from Miranda, P. Q., by Miss Johnson, one of our members. It was one of Anzsota Senatoria, S. & A., a species that has not hitherto been taken at Quebec. A case of valuable specimens from California was presented by Miss Freeman. The Branch now numbers 28 members. During the year papers were read by the President on Hemiptera, on the Flora and Fauna of the Province of Quebec, on “Voices of the Night,’’ on- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 1907 Insects injurious to Gardens and Fields, on the Asparagus Beetle (Crioceris * asparagi) and on the Habits of Insects. The members were hospitably entertained at the houses of the President and Mr. J. H. Simmons, and also by Mr. and Mrs. Geggie, at ‘‘Darnoc,’’ Beauport, where a very enjoyable field-day was held. ' At the annual meeting held on the 9th October, 1907, the officers for the coming year were elected as follows:—-President, Rev. Dr. Fyles; Vice- President, Mrs. Richard Turner; Secretary-Treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay; Council; Hon. Richard Turner, J. H. Simmons, Esq., Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman, } Miss Hedge. CraAwForp LINDSAY, Sec.-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH, 1906-7. The eleventh annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomes logical Society of Ontario was held in the Provincial Museum on Tuesday, June 18, 1907. The President, Dr. Brodie, was in the chair and the following members were present: oe Dr. Brodie, Mr. Williams, Mr. Webb, Miss Blackmore, and several ; visitors. The Secretary read the following report: We have pleasure in announcing a very successful and profitable year’s work. Our membership roll is slightly increased, although one or two have dropped out. Tn all we have had eight meetings and the average attendance of members has been nine. At all the meetings we have also had a number of visitors. The papers read during the session have been instructive and entertain- ing, and some have presented material entirely new; at least to most of the members. Nota few have been illustrated by specimens, charts, and models, which added greatly to the value of the lectures. ave ve ‘ 5 List or Papers, 1906-7. 1. Snout Beetles, Mr. Cosens. 2. Contributions of the 19th Century to the World’s Knowledge, Dr. Brodie. 3. Nuptial Dance of some Insects, Dr. Brodie. 4, A week at Niagara, Mr. Williams. 5. An Early Writer on Entomology, Mr. Cosens. 6 7 ™ =~ ene. iss 2 pt Se ” . Ancestors of Insects, Dr. Walker. . Insect Mimicry, Dr. Brodie. Publications have been received from Ottawa and Washington, from the Ohio and Connecticut Experiment Stations, and from New York State Museum ‘at Albany; and a donation of some Toronto beetles from Mr. Arthur Reston. The Treasurer reported a balance in hand of $5.55. The following officers were elected: President, Dr. Brodie; Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. Walker; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Blackmore; Librarian and Curator, Mr. Williams; Council, Mr. Hahn, Mr. Webb, Dr. Abbott, Mr. Ivy. . An excursion was made to Niagara Glen on June 8th. About 15 people went, and some very interesting collections were made, especially of shells. . E. Bruackmore, ee Secretary. . 4 ag 3 Gog. i ES LPO a) Sea gh Bon ny a een eee ay NTE SN aoe ee en Seen * ? p Ae a : 4 . é ar = ba eS le “ay Bef Sr Pen Re Neg ree any (vets THE REPORT OF THE TREASURER’S REPORT. | 2 For THE YEAR ENDING AvcusT 3lsz, 1907. ii. Receipts. Expenditure. Balance on hand Sept. 1, 1906. $ 523 75 Officers’ Salaries, coos. ..-0.0-02. ee $225 00 Wemibers” G08)... ssvecssee+ reas. Aone 399 38 Ariniial “Report. s.c..-cs) 0000 23 ar. 206 75 Legislative Grant.....:......-.0:.- 1,000 00 Printing -ACcouBtr 2s. 2 <.0niete 909 08 Sales of pins, cork, etc. ........ 46 01 Expense account, postage, etc. 72 76 Sales of Can. Entomologist..... 203 81 Purchase of pins, cork, etc.... 17 31 AMDT SINT E Ss s leeks wee oSece eh 16 00 TADTATY = Fis The following is the report to the Royal Society of Canada from the Entomological Society of Ontario, through Mr. A, F. Winn, Delegate. The most important event in our Society, during the past year, was the transferring of headquarters to Guelph from London, where they were estab- lished in 1872. This change was found necessary owing to the dying out of - interest in Entomology in London, and Guelph was selected as being the place most suitable to secure the best interests of the Society, as well as being in accordance with the wishes of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. _ Aside from the fact that the Society already had a flourishing branch there - with a large list of members, at the Agricultural College attendance at lectures in Entomology is compulsory for students in the second and third years, while in the fourth year some specialize in the subject and naturally _ become active members of the Society and thus ensure a continuity of work and interest. The collections of books and specimens were moved without any damage _ whatever. The cabinets of specimens are now conveniently arranged for _ reference in a portion of the College Museum set aside solely for them. The _ books and pamphlets, which form a valuable collection of over 1,800 volumes are in a series of stacks in the fireproof Massey Hall Library Building, and are kept entirely distinct from the general library of the College. Our magazine, “The Canadian Entomologist,’’ has been issued regularly early every month. The 38th volume comprises 425 pages with four full page plates, and 48 figures in the text. The contributors number 66, spread not only through Canada but the whole of North America, and a few residing in England, the West Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. Two new genera _ of insects are described and one hundred and fifty new species as well as a - number of varieties. Life histories of several species-of insects are recorded, including among the Lepidoptera. Barathra curialis by Dr. Fletcher and Mr. A. Gibson: — Incisalia irus and I. augustus by Mr. John H. Cook; Among the Hemiptera, 1 '') Satine See i if Sad YF on ae =? ie Oe ie ed Fas eS » OR Br i Oe a: Pade SO tee ye ed ed BO ee a) Oe | eS 0 Mase i ae a Ul art a Paes BM al Peep Mites sag . . go THE REPORT OF THE Baas 19 Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno gives the first full account of the Water-bugs Belostoma fluminea and Ranatra quadridentata. The series of articles on Practical and Popular Entomology has been continued and the papers published last year are: The Dragon-flies and Damsel-flies by Prof. Franklin Sherman, Jr.; Household Insects by Prof. Wn. Lochhead; Winter Retreats of Insects by Rev. Dr. Fyles; Some Beetles of early May by Rev. Dr. Bethune; Work for June Caterpillar hunting by Mr. A. Gibson; Mites affecting Farm Homesteads by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; The Oyster-shell Bark-louse by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; The Bean Weevil by Mr. A. Gibson; The Locust Mite by Mr. T. D. Jarvis. Articles descriptive of new species of Lepidoptera are by Mr. A. G. Weeks, Jr.; Mr. August Busck, Mr. A. Cosens, Rev. G. W. Taylor, Mr. John A. Grossbeck. Coleoptera by Mr. Chas. Schaeffer, and Mr. H.C. Fall. Hemiptera by Dr. E. Bergroth. Diptera by ‘Miss ©. S. Ludlow, Dr. M. Grabham, Hon. N. Chas. Rothschild. Hymenoptera by Mr. J. C. Crawford, Mr. Myron H. Swenk and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. Orthoptera by Mr. A. N. Caudell. Coccide by Mr. R. 8S. Woglum. Papers on Classification include Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Catalogue of Aphide; The Classification of Culicide by Prof. S. W. Williston; The Perlide by Mr. Nathan Banks; Synopsis of Bees of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, by Mr. H. L. Viereck and associates; Notes on the c/assi- fication of the superfamily Miroide by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy. The following are among the papers on miscellaneous topics: A North American Entomologists’ Union by Mr. H. H. Lyman; Records of Orthoptera from the Canadian North-west by Dr. E. M. Walker; The Burrows of Cicindela by Mr. W. T. Davis; A fossil Water-bug by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell; The snow-fly, Chionea valga by Mr. C. N. Ainslie; Notes on — Hemiptera taken near Lake Temagami by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee; Geometrid Notes by Mr. Richard F. Pearsall. Space has been devoted to records of the meetings of the Branches at Toronto, Guelph, Montreal, Quebec and Vancouver which are all in flourish- ing condition. The appearance of the new books and pamphlets on Entomo- logical subjects has been promptly chronicled. The Society has, as usual, furnished the Ontario Department of Agri- culture with an account of its annual meeting, and a number of articles of popular and economic nature. These have just been published under the — well-known title of The Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Report 37 contains 120 pages illustrated by 6 beautiful half-tone plates of insect galls found on plants of various kinds, 36 cuts in the text — and a portrait of our last year’s President, Mr. John D. Evans. Among the papers may be mentioned: Parasitism of Carpocapsa pomonella, (the Codling Moth), by Dr. Brodie; A Hunt for ‘a Borer by Mr. H. H. Lyman; Insect Galls of Ontario, by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; Hemiptera, by Rev. Dr. Fyles; Injurious Insects of 1906 in Ontario, by Rev. Dr. Bethune; Basswood, or Linden, Insects, by Mr. A. Gibson; Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1906, by Dr. James Fletcher. Dr. Fletcher’s Entomological Record for 1906 requires 19 pages, is full of notes on the occurrence and distribution of the rarer species of Canadian insects, and becomes each year more valuable. In conclusion your Delegate drew attention to the fact that the much dreaded Brown-tail Moth had established itself in Nova Scotia and hoped that immediate and thorough action would be taken to rid the country of an insect, which, if allowed to breed without check would prove disastrous to the far famed apple orchards of the Annapolis Valley. Beek. 1907 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 During the remainder of the morning and in the afternoon the following papers were read and briefly discussed: ‘‘Further notes on Hepialus Thule at Montreal’? by Mr. H. H. Lyman, and ‘‘Notes on Collecting Sthenopis. (Hepialus) Thule at Montreal’ by Mr. E. Denny. (These two papers are published in the Canadian Entomologist for December 1907). ‘The Two- winged Flies of the Province of Quebec’’ by the Rev. Dr. Fyles; ‘The Scale Insects of Ontario,’’ illustrated by a large number of specimens, by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; “‘An Unusual Outbreak of Halisidota Caterpillars’? by Mr. Arthur Gibson; ‘A Remarkable Outbreak of the Variegated Cut-worm”’ by Prof. Bethune and Mr. L. Caesar; “Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1907” by Dr. James Fletcher; “Insects of the Season, 1907’? by Prof. Bethune; ‘The Entomological Record for 1907’’ by Dr. Fletcher. The session was brought to a close with the Presidential Address of Dr. Fletcher on ‘“The Entomological Outlook in Canada.’’ These papers will be found in subsequent pages of this report. In the evening an illustrated lantern lecture was given in Massey Hall bv Dr. E. M. Walker of Toronto, on collecting and rearing Dragon-flies, after which votes of thanks were accorded to President Creelman, the local officers of the Society and the lecturers. The meeting then adjourned. = COLLECTING AND REARING DRAGON-FLIES AT THE GEORGIAN BAY BIOLOGICAL STATION. By E. M. Watker, M.D., Toronto. During the summer of 1907, I spent two months at the Freshwater Biological Station, Georgian Bay, Ont., and there had good opportunities for studying the aquatic insect life, especially the Dragon-flies, which were particularly abundant both in species and individuals and to which a con- siderable amount of time was devoted. In this work I was ably assisted by W. J. Fraser, who also continued the work for about three weeks after I left, and to whose keen observation and enthusiasm much of the credit of the work is due. The Georgian Bay Biological Station, whose site is on one of the num- erous islands about the entrance to Go Home Bay affords the entomologist almost ideal conditions for the study of aquatic insect life, combining as it does the advantages of a laboratory equipment with those of extremely _ varied natural surroundings in which a great many different kinds of aquatic environments are represented. In addition to the laboratory building, the Station is provided. with a dwelling house for the use of its working staff, a store-house for material, a tank and pumping engine to supply the laboratory with running water and a boathouse supplied with several small boats, fishing-nets and other collecting apparatus.- The laboratory building is situated close to the water’s edge and has an ample floor space of 20 x 40 ft., divided into a large general laboratory and 4 small rooms, used respectively as photographic, chemical, glassware and private rooms. The laboratory affords working space for 12 students and in its centre is a long aquarium table supplied with running water from the tank so that it is possible to keep under obser- vation animals, such as fish-embryos or the inhabitants of rapid streams which soon die or at least do not thrive in an ordinary aquarium. In view of its connection with fhe Department of Marine and Fisheries the work of the Station is primarily concerned with problems relating to pisciculture, such as the spawning habits of the various food fishes and the 440° THE REPORT OF THE 4. he ' I es fF * natural history of the smaller forms of life upon which they feed. In this connection a knowledge of the life histories of the aquatic insects is of con- siderable importance, forming as they do a large part of the food of some of the fish. The food of the brook-trout for example as Prof. Needham has shown (Aquatic Insects in New York State, Bulletin 68, N.Y. State Museum) consists almost entirely of certain aquatic insect larve, particu- larly those of a certain Chironomid fly, while other small dipterous larve, caddis worms, etc., contribute a considerable proportion. At Go Home Bay we frequently found the stomachs of the common sucker filled almost exclusively with the full-grown nymphs of the large. May-fly (Hezxagenia bilineata) which breeds in enormous numbers in the bays and channels in that locality, and many other instances could be given of insects forming an important part of the food of fish. A considerable portion of the two months which I spent at the Station was accordingly devoted to this branch of the work, most attention having been given to the Dragon-flies, as the group with which I was most familiar and one which was very abundantly represented there. ee So CNSR Le BT Th ‘Sse ATS Fig. 6. Larva seizing its prey and the Dragon-fly emerg- Fig. 8. Nannothemis ing from the Nymph. bella. 7 = Er BO eens ET ds Ue Oe Se eae Sea ANA esr ghana oe Re a ee ~ = ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 45 Lire-History or DRAGON-FLIES. All Dragon-flies (Fig. 4.) are aquatic in their early stages and all in- habit fresh or occasionally brackish water. The eggs are deposited by the female upon various aquatic plants or freely upon the surface of the water, either singly or in clusters of varying size, sometimes enveloped in a gela- tinous mass like those of snails or frogs. On hatching the young nymphs at once begin the active predaceous life which is characteristic of the whole tribe. They feed upon all kinds of small aquatic lfe, such as other aquatic insects, snails, tadpoles, or even small fish, which they grasp by means of a pair of hooks at the end of the enormously developed labium. This struc- ture when at rest is folded under the head, concealing the mouth-parts like a mask, but when a small insect or other suitable animal chances to pass near by, *t is suddenly thrust out with lightning speed and the victim drawn back within reach of the powerful mandibles (Fig. 6.). The length of the nymph’s life varies greatly in different species, sometimes 3 or 4 years being required to reach maturity. When ready for transforma- tion the nymph crawls out upon some suitable support such as a rock, reed or log, the choice of this support and its distance from the water’s edge wt ie fe varying in different species (Fig. 6). In a few minutes the thorax begins to bulge, the skin splits along the median line and across the head, and the insect gradually emerges, the thorax appearing first, then the head, wings, legs and finally the abdomen; the latter is at first comparatively short and stout but rapidly elongates and at the same time the wings expand. The coloration is at first very pale and indefinite and it generally requires at least a day before it is fully mature. Transformation usually takes place early in the morning and hence this is an excellent time for collecting material, for one can often get the imagoes of good species, together with the exuvie of their nymphs, which retain the form of the latter perfectly and are therefore invaluable as speci- mens. The imagoes with their exuvie are best collected in paper bags, 1n which they can be kept until the colors have matured. Nymphs (Fig. 5.) of different species inhabit different aquatic envir- onments and all such should be thoroughly searched. The best apparatus for general collecting is the sieve-net devised by Prof. Needham (Bull. 39, U.S.N.M.). This is a deep galvanized iron tray with a bottom of gal- vanized wire-screen. It can be made like a rake as a combination of net and sieve. Most nymphs are easily reared in ordinary aquaria though some require running water. We used large, glass jars, covering the top when necessary with cheese cloth. A quantity of the rubbish in which the nymphs natvr- ally live should be placed in the water and a few branches or boards for them to crawl out upon at the time of transformation. A sufficient quan- tity of aquatic plants must be used to keep the water fresh and the rubbish containing the nymph’s food changed once a week. As already observed the natural conditions which obtain in the vicinity of Go Home Bay are very well adapted to the study of aquatic insect life. Lying at the mouth of the Go Home River, one of the outlets of the Mus- koka Lake system, it is within easy reach of a variety of different kinds of aquatic environment, representing all the transitions from the open lake to the sheltered river system. There are the rocky islands and reefs in the open lake, wind-swept and wave-tossed and either wholly barren of vege- tation or affording but a scanty sustenance to a few stunted pines, junipers and other hardy plants in the crevices of the rocks, while further inland there are the deep quiet waters of the bay witk numerous wooded islands, nf v =m nA ~~ ia) .— ¢ ~ Ree REPORT - Bas Sie pO ie To Y ey : ” Rune OF THE = = and finally the moving water of the Go Home River. Then at many points : along the irregular shores of the mainléid and the larger islands, shallow inlets with sandy or gravelly bottoms and a luxuriant aquatic and shore vegetation support a widely different fauna from that of the more exposed parts, while finally there are numerous small inland lakes, which again present conditions quite distinct from any of those already mentioned. Their shores are sometimes rocky and bare in places but are for the most part swampy; floating sphagnum bogs being a special characteristic of the margins of these lakes. These are often gems of natural beauty and are of great interest to both zoologists and botanists on account of the many rare and interesting forms, mostly of a boreal character, which are met with here. The first collecting trip after my arrival at the Station was made on June 16th to one of the larger of these enclosed lakes. The black flies were so tormenting that collecting, especially in a sheltered spot like this, was by no means a pleasure and even in the more exposed islands their numbers were sufficient to cause us considerable annoyance. But few dragon-flies were as yet abroad and these had for the most part not yet attained their mature coloration. Jzbellula erusta, Say., was the most abundant and con- tinued to be so throughout a large part of the season. It is not common with us at Toronto but here, particularly during July, was extraordinarly numerous everywhere in the woods, but especially about these lakes and in the shallow swampy inlets. The female is inconspicuously colored but the males have their bodies covered in part by a bluish-white bloom which renders them very conspicuous when chasing each other over the water or resting on the rocks and logs. We found the nymphs of next year’s brood in large numbers, in the red-rotten vegetation at the bottoms of these lakes and the exuviae where commonly found adhering to the sedge and grass near the water’s edge. Another Dragon-fly of very different structure and appearance but fre- quenting the same sort of waters, is Gomphus spicatus, Selys. This was also met with on our first trip in considerable numbers and continued to emerge for some days afterwards. It belongs to a group whose nymphs are burrowers and in accordance with such habits are more or less flat with legs adapted for digging. They live in the silt at the bottom of lakes, ponds and streams, the tip of the elongated abdomen being held above the sur- face for breathing purposes. The imagoes, like most species of the genus, - are dark brown with yellow bands and spots, rather small, widely separated eyes and a more or less club-shaped abdomen in the male. They also have the characteristic Gomphine flight, which though swift is generally very short, the insect constantly alighting, usually upon flat ground, seldom perching upon twigs after the manner of Libellulines: G. spicatus became very abundant at Go Home but like most of its congeners it is comparatively short-lived and by the middle of July has almost disappeared. A third species of which only freshly emerged examples were taken on this date was Leucorhinia frigida, Hag., a small Libelluline of distinctly northern distribution which is quite absent from the fauna of southern Ontario. It became one of the most abundant Dragon-flies at Go Home Bay and was especially characteristic of the small lakes, while our common southern species LZ. intacta, Hag., was but rarely met with. Its nymphs had never been found before, but we obtained them in large numbers and reared them without difficulty. Four other species were also taken on this date, two common little Damsel-flies or Agrionidae, the little blue Hnallagma Hageni (Walsh) S SS ig eae hes haa s Fi Ade P A - 2) ok — ae TY ‘ ey : A . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AT ad the wide- spread Ischnura verticalis (Say), that familiar little green and black species with the blue-tipped abdomen; and two species of Yetra- - goneurra, the common semiaquea (Burm.), and the larger and more north- ern spinigera (Selys.). The former is common everywhere in southern Ontario, but I have never seen them in anything like such large numbers as they appeared at Go Home Bay, especially about the last week in June, when on hot still days they positively swarmed in favorable spots. They _ breed most abundantly in the little marshy coves along the shore, and here the exuviae were sometimes so numerous that a single reed: or grass stem would bear half a dozen of them. | Next day we went to the ‘Chute,’ a waterfall a short distance up the river. Here two other dragon-flies not often taken by the ordinary collector were found. These were Didymops transversa (Say), and Bastaeschna jan- ata (Say.). The former is a brown insect with clear wings, the abdomen transversely banded with pale yellow and distinctly club-shaped in the male, while the latter is closely related to the various members of the genus Aeschna, those large dragon-flies with blue-spotted bodies that are so com- mon in late summer. Both of these forms have the habit of following the shores of the lakes and streams in a regular beat so that if one stations one’s self at some point along their course, one has a fair chance of capturing them as they pass by sweeping the net at them from behind. a The nymph transversa is a very curious spider-like creature with a round abdomen and long sprawling legs which clambers about the rocks along the shores of the bay and when ready to transform usually crawls several yards at least from the water’s edge. The only other Canadian species allied to it also appeared at Go Home, but later in the season, namely about July 4, when Didymops had already disappeared. The nymph of this species (Macromza Illinoiensis, Walsh) closely resembles that of Didy- mops but the imago is a much larger and finer insect, a splendid dragon- fly, black with a conspicuous yellow spot on the upper side of the abdomen and the sides of the thorax metallic green with an oblique yellow stripe. It has also superb aerial powers and “great patience and determination is required to get many specimens. Towards the end of June new dragon-flies were constantly making their appearance. On the Station Island, which lies partly well out toward the open bay, three species of Gomphus appeared about this time, G. sordidus, Selys., a large species, much resembling spicates but quite different in habitat, appeared im great numbers, the nymphs crawling out from among the boulders along the shore and transforming upon the rocks close to the _water’s edge. In a few days the islands were covered with them but they were very short-lived, the great majority having disappeared by the first week in July. A few specimens also of G. brevis (Selys.), a short thick-set form, appeared about the same time but were found to be more character- istic of the rapids of the river, while a few days after the first sordidus emerged, G. exilis (Selys.), appeared, soon increasing greatly in number and showing a much wider choice of habitat than either of the others. While spicatus and sordidus were only accidentally found together, ezilis wag commonly associated with both of them. The food of these Gomphines seems to consist chiefly of May-flies, which are so abundant during their season of flight and which likewise disappear so suddenly. More interesting than any of these, however, was the discovery of Neurocordulia yamaskanensis (Prov.), a species originally described from Mount Yamaska, Quebec. by L’Abbe Provancher, but which has been taken by very few collectors since then. Several years ago I obtained a number of nymphs and exuviae, of a kind unfamiliar to me, in Algonquin eA ce: ees eee ater ho See 9 SH ES PRR ace AP ae YS ead er ae OY een aed Sere 7% ay = rey 7 ‘ ss coal Satie wee 48 . ee _ THE REPORT OF THE. Park, which were referred by supposition to this insect, as they clearly be- — longed to the same genus as /V. obsoleta (Say.), the only other regional species and whose nymph was already known. This summer I had the good © fortune to come upon the same kind of exuviae upon the timbers of the wharf at Go Home, where they had evidently emerged from water of considerable depth, 5 or 6 feet at least. Further search revealed others on the steeper parts of the rocky shores and on June 28th a special hunt for the emerging imagoes was made in the early morning. After protracted search, when we had almost come to the conclusion that their time for transformation was over, one was at last found in a wide crevice accompanied by its exuviae, and on subsequent occasions several more were obtained. No imagoes could be found on the wing, however, and it became a sub- ject of conjecture to us what became of them. One evening, however, some time after sunset, Mr. Fraser made the discovery that they were flying about the island in pursuit of May flies. Since then we took them repeatedly at almost the same hour, but at no time during the day were they ever seen upon the wing, except when started from a bush or tree where they were resting. This is the only case I know of a strictly crepuscular dragon-fly though several diurnal species, such as the Aeschnas, are known to fly until dusk. Several other forms belonging to this same group of Cordulinae were met with but the only ones which occurred in large numbers besides the Tetragoneurias already alluded to, were the dainty and beautiful little Dorocordulia libera, (Selys.) and the large and striking E'picordulia prin- ceps, (Hag.). The former with its delicate form and slender waist, its vivid emerald green eyes and dark metallic green body is one of our most exquis- ite dragon-flies. Its nymph is an inhabitant of the swampy inlets and boggy margins of the enclosed lakes, and here the imagoes may be found coursing up and down over the water or the bog, with the abdomen tilted up in a peculiar way, or sunning themselves upon the leaves along the shore. Epicordulia princeps, (Hag.) is a species of more southern distribution and hence more often seen in collections. It is peculiar among Cordulines in having the wings spotted after the manner of some of the common Libel- lulae, but is readily distinguished from these on the wing for it is a much more restless insect, flying ceaselessly over the larger bodies of water often at considerable heights, but also common enough in the rocky open woods some distance from the shore. It was a very characteristic species about Go Home Bay from the last week in June until about the middle of August. The largest and most striking of all the dragon-flies of the region, how- ~ ever, has not yet been mentioned. This is a great black and greenish-yel- low Gomphine, Hagenius brevistylus, (Selys.) which suddenly appeared on the Station island and elsewhere in considerable numbers. Its great size, striking coloration and the peculiar way in which the abdomen is curved downward in flight renders it a formidable-looking insect on the wing, while its nymph is a most gorgeous creature very different in appearance from other Gomphines. It is a large flat brown insect with a nearly circu- — lar abdomen looking more like a gigantic bed-bug than anything else. They live among the roots and debris along the lower and more sheltered parts of the shore, always, however, where there is considerable wave-action or eurrent. The few nymphs we found before their time for transformation began died in confinement, the water in which they were kept not having | been sufficiently well aérated. . Numerous other dragon-flies were taken and the nature of their breedaas ing places more or less definitely determined, but time does not permit me : to mention more than a few of these. q . : A) 4 —— The greatest rarity was Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Ram.) of which prob- ably less than twenty specimens exist in collections, although it is dis- _ tributed as far south as Texas and has been known a long time. Last year Mr. Fraser obtained three specimens of its peculiar nymph near Bala, _ Muskoka. This is a large sluggish dark-brown creature of apparently sim- ilar habits to those of Hagenius but entirely different in appearance. This summer I accidently found a nymph clinging to my p.ddle while passing through a short channel which leads into one of the small lakes. Further search for nymphs proved fruitless but a few days afterwards a few imagoes were seen on the wing over a marsh on the border of the same lake, but _were too wary to be netted. About a week later, however, I chanced upon a similar spot in another locality and managed to net a fine male, and this _ was the only one taken as the season was apparently about over. 4 Another somewhat rare species and a very odd and interesting little one is Nannothemis bella (Uhl.) Fig. 8. This is a very tiny dragon-fly, though it belongs to the Libellulidae which are mostly large forms, where- as all the rest of our very small species belong to the Agrionidae or Damsel- flies. The male, which is at first perfectly black, very soon becomes covered with a bluish dust, while the female is black with transverse bands of yel- low. It was only found in two places but at one of these it was exceedingly abundant. This was a small floating sphagnum bog occupying one corner of an enclosed lake and having an area of scarcely 50 square yards. Here they were flying about among the grass and bog plants close to the ground and when perching had the peculiar habit of folding the wings downwards on each side of the stalk which formed their support. This spot was a veri- table little garden of orchids and other interesting plants. Over the sphag- num moss the cranberry vines trailed in the greatest profusion, while pitcher- plants, sundews of two kinds, the delicate rose-colored orchids, Pogonia ophioglossoides and Limodorum tuberosum, and the tufts of white cotton- grass were a most charming spectacle. It is among the roots: of the cran- berry-vines and sphagnum that the nymphs. of Nannothemis live, these being well immersed in water. We could not find any, however, and two -exuviae were the only reward of a most careful search. This bog and others of the same kind were the home of many other dragon-flies, but I shall make mention of only two or three of the Damsel-flies or Agrionidae (Fig. 7), a large group which I have as yet scarcely alluded to. Some 18 species were ‘taken in the vicinity of Go Home Bay, two of which were new to Canada. These Agrionids are the small delicate forms that -flit about in such large numbers among the grass and sedge about the margins of lakes and streams. One of the smallest of our species Nehallennia gracilis, Morse, and a new addition to the Canadian fauna, we found in vast numbers in every sphag- num bog. It is an exceedingly delicate little bronze-green insect, the under parts yellowish-green and the end of the abdomen beautifully tipped with pale blue, and very closely resembles the common species WV. irene, which, however, has different haunts, preferring the shallow marshy inlets of the bay to the bogs of the small lakes. . The most familiar members of this group, however, are the beautiful little azure-blue Enallagmas and the larger, dark metallic-green forms with broad black or banded wings belonging to the genus Calopteryz. Enal- lagma was abundantly represented by 8 species, but Calopterye of which C. maculata is familiar to every collector was exceedingly rare, it being a frequenter of woodland streams of which there were very few in the dis- trict. ee EN. aS ‘ee + amine: ir Wy Vv : ie Taba RE RR ey aN Nada NORV N Ms y * \ sige Salad Gh: nt asi Salat an as acral TR aS EG BOG hi Sea Re AU: SEN a ae Ashiya a; ug C5 es She Tes eis nn! ee 4 / , er ee ay ih cae ) * aries: OO THe REPORT OF THE Lestes is another large genus of this pee and was Sonupican alee represented at Go Home, the large and graceful L. vigilaz being particu-— larly numerous in all marshy places. These forms are slender, graceful — insects, generally bronze in color and are easily recognized in the field by the listless way they have of resting upon a grass stem or reed with the — wings half spread, Other Agrionids keep their wings folded together over | the back, while in the rest of the dragon-flies they are held in a horizontal — position. These Lestes are among the later dragen-flies to appear and are com- mon until well on in September, when dlmbst the only other survivors of the group are the Aeschnas and the various species of Sympetrum, those hardy little red fellows which are so abundant in late summer and fall. The dragon-fly season, in fact, begins to wane before the end of July, though a host of forms are still abroad in August and several species do not appear until the month has begun. We have, however, dealt with a sufficient number to indicate the nature of this part of our summer's works at the station and the character of the fauna in that region. Fifty-eight species were taken and the nymphs or nymph exuviae of nearly half that number, and it is to be hoped that the work will be continued year by year until the life histories are known not only of the dragon- flies but of all the aquatic insects of the region. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE SCALE INSECTS OF ONTARIO. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. ) The following list of 48 species is certainly not a complete one for our province, but may serve as a basis for further work by other collectors. Twenty-eight of these are found on forest trees, 8 on fruit trees, 10 on shrubs, 9 on greenhouse plants, 2 on weeds, 2 on staple crops, and 1 in nest of ants. T am deeply indebted to Prof. J. G. Sanders and Prof. C. L. Marlatt, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, for identification of many of the species. I owe thanks to Mr. L. Caesar for his assistance in describing many of the insects. To the following, also, my gracious acknowledgment is due for assistance in various ways: Dr. Bethune, O. A. College; Dr. Fletcher, — Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Prof. C. C. James, Thomas Rivett and Percy Hodgetts, Department of Agriculture, Toronto. Many of the illustrations are after Lochhead (the Sonn José Seale and other scale insects). ORTHEZIIN 2. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of Coccide of the World, by Mrs. Fernald.) 90 Orthezia Americana, (Walk)—Artemisia sp., Woodstock. i 98 Orthezia insignis, (Dougl.)—Palm, Greenhouse, Toronto. DACTYLOPIINA. 192 Asterolecanium variolosum, (Ratz.)—Oak, (Quercus sp.)—Niagara, Ottawa. 254 Kermes Pettiti, (Ehrh.)—White Oak (Quercus alba), Toronto. 4a, EN. ° shal Lie ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 1055) Kermes pubescens, (Bogue)—Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)—Guelph, - Perth, Toronto. Gossyparia spuria, (Modeer)—American Elm (Uimus arnniee again ronto. 391 Ae ee aceris, (Sign.)—Soft Maple (Acer saccharinum), Amherst- urg, t 401 Phenacocecus Dearnessi, (King)—Hawthorn (Crategus sp.), London. 454 Pseudococcus citri, (Risso) —Many species of plants, greenhouse, Ont. Be See eT: ce “1 we) % — 490 aeeeceacene longispinus, (Targ.)—Many species of plants, greenhouse, on nt. r 529 Pseudococcus trifolii, (Forbes)—Clover roots (Trifolium repens)—Col- ws lingwood. 4 572 Ripersia lasii, (Ckll.)—Nests of ants, Toronto. 699 Pulvinaria vitis (L.), (Rathvon)—Acer sp., Salix sp., Ilex verticillata, " Crategus sp., Tilia americana, Viburnum pubescens, Western On- tario. 661 Pulvinaria floccifera, (Westwood)—Brassia sp., greenhouse, Ottawa 848 Coccus hesperidum, (Linn.)—many species of greenhouse plants, green- Bs. house, Ont. _» 860 Coccus pseudohesperidum, (CkIl. greenhouse, Guelph, Ottawa. 959 Eulecanium quercifex, (Fitch.)—Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Jubilee ‘* Point, Lake Ontario. Se» 918 Palecanian carye, (Fitch)—Am. Elm (Ulmus americana); Hawthorn ‘ (Crategus sp.)—Guelph, St. Catharines. — 921 Eulecanium cerasifex, (Fitch)—trees, shrubs and vines of all kinds. All parts of settled Ontario. _ 935 Eulecanium Fletcheri, (Ckll.)—White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis), ze. Guelph, Ottawa. 950 Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, (Perg.)—Soft Maple (Acer saccharinum), St. Catharines, Walkerville. 902 Toumeyella pini, (King)—Austrian Pine (Pinus Austriaca), London. Toumeyella liriodendri, (Gmel.)—Tilia Americana, Ottawa. DIASPIN#. 1036 Chionaspis Americana, (Johnson). ~~ 1055 Chionaspis furfura, (Fitch)—Pyrus, Crategus, Ontario. ~ 1062 Chionaspis Lintneri, (Comst.)—Alder (Alnus incana), Dogwood (Cor- ¢ nus stolonifera), London, Guelph, Rondeau, Ottawa. _ 1073 Chionaspis pinifoliz, (Fitch)—Pinus and Picea, Ontario. ~ 1081 Chionaspis salicis, (Linn.)—Leatherwood (Dirca palustris), White Ash, ) (Fraxinus americana), Guelph. -— 1096 Aulacaspis Boisduvalii, (Sign.)—Palm, greenhouse, Guelph. 1127 Aulacaspis rose, (Bouche)—Rose, Raspberry, etc., Ontario. 1143 Hemichionaspis aspidistre, (Sign.)—Pteris serrulata, Ottawa. 1199 eae eseuli, (Johnson)—Tilia americana, Toronto, Brantford, . uelph. ; - 1200 Aspidiotus ancylus, (Putn.)—Weeping Willow, Am. Elm, Belleville, Ottawa, Toronto, St. Catharines. 1220 Aspidiotus diffinis, (Newst.)—Basswood (Tilia americana), Guilds. 1229 Aspidiotus Forbesi, (Johnson)—Beech, Fragrant Currant, Apple, Plum and Hawthorn—London, Ottawa, Niagara District. 1233 Aspidiotus hedere, (Vall.)—Oleander, etc., greenhouse, Ontario. 1239 Aspidiotus juglans-regie, (Comst.)—Apple, Willow, Cottonwood, Nia- gara, Collingwood. RA OP OMIM e rs ter Mey SOM NB MDENE TG Act AE CT ee pe won ae ' ; 5 hiniyey, ’ ge ay firs 59 HE REPORT ORSTHE 77 ean ‘ 3 x 1250 Aspidiotus Osborni, (Newell and Ckll.)—Quercus alba, Betula lutea— eae Guelph, Toronto. ; Nay aa i 1252 Aspidiotus ostreeformis, (Curt.)—Apple, Pyrus, Maple, (Acer sacchari- num, Hawthorn, Ontario. 1256 Aspidiotus perniciosus, (Comst.)—Apple, Pear and many shade trees— Niagara district, London, Aylmer, Essex district. 1270 Aspidiotus ulmi, (Johnson)—Ulmus americana—-Guelph, Toronto. 1300 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, (Morg.)—Cinnamon, greenhouse, Ottawa. 1305 Chrysomphalus obscurus, (Comst.) 1330 Targionia Dearnessi, (Ckll.)—Arcostaphylos uva-ursi, Bruce Peninsula, Shores of Lake Huron. 1377 Lepidosaphes Beckii, (Newm.)—imported oranges and lemons. 1431 Lepidosaphes ulmi, (Linn.)—many species of trees, Ontario, 1442 Parlatoria Pergandei, var. these, (Comst.)—lemon, O.A.C. greenhouse. The San José Scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, (Comst.), figs. 10-14. Wherever it occurs the San José Scale is considered, and rightly so, the most destructive insect that fruit growers have to combat. Fortunately for us, however, in Ontario it is confined to the south-western portion of the pro- vince. The mature female scale is small, circular, 1-2 mm. in diameter, only slightly convex, grayish brown in color except the central part, which is often of a lighter shade, being usually a light yellowish-brown color. The exuvie or larval skin is centrally situated, or nearly so. The surface is fairly smooth. Sometimes a sooty fungus (Fumago salicina) darkens the color of the scale. ~ The male scale is much smaller and different in shape. It is oblong in- stead of circular, and about twice as long as broad, but the total length is only about half the diameter of the female. The exuvial part is not central, but situated near one end. The color as a rule is considerably darker than that of the adult female. The usual appearance of the wintering stage of the female scale is differ- ent from the summer form, being very small, almost black and circular, with exuvial part central. There is a distinct nipple with a ring or depression around it. There are four other Aspidiotus scales found in Ontario which are very difficult to distinguish from the San José scale. The particular points of difference between each of these and the San José scale will be discussed as these scales are respectively taken up. It should be noted, however, that ‘f one takes his knife and cuts off a slice from a twig or branch affected with San José scale the cambium and some of the sap-wood just beneath the bark will be seen to be colored purple. This purplish color is very often seen also on the surface of the bark, and on the fruit around where the seale is situated. Though the scale insects are in all stages when winter comes on, yet by far the majority of the females are of the type described above under the heading of the wintering stage. In the spring, about the end of May, though this year not until the middle of June, the winged males come forth and fer- tilize these half-grown females. About a month after this, the latter begin to give birth to living young. About eight or ten young are born in a day as a rule, and a single female continues to reproduce at this rate for about six weeks, when she dies. A young female takes about forty days to mature and then in turn begins to produce living young. In this way we find that all stages of the insects are to be found all through the summer until the frost stops the reproduction. So very prolific is the insect that it has been cal- culated that if every scale were to live and mature, 3,000,000,000 individuals could be traced back to a single fertilized female in one summer. Hence *t ‘ . is . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : Pek ae ’ ig easy to understand why the scale so quickly destroys infested trees. It is usually found that if no steps are taken to check the pest, it will kill young thrifty trees in three years. Almost any kind of fruit trees and bush fruits are liable to be attacked by the scale. Many shade and forest trees are also attacked. Remedies. (1) There is one great standard remedy that has given good satisfaction whenever carefully made and thoroughly applied, namely, the lime-sulphur wash. This should be put on in the spring, or in badly infested orchards it _will pay to give the frees a double dose, one in autumn as soon as the leaves fall and the other in the spring before the buds have burst. ’ ' (2) Kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, and a number of other ready- made oil washes, like Scalescide, give fairly good results. They have not, however, been found to be so reliable as the lime-sulphur wash, and in addi- tion are much more expensive. Before any tree is sprayed it should be carefully pruned and the branches thus removed should be burned. Fig. 10. San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). (a) Four young scales and two male scales, showing the nipple and ring even in the very young forms; (b) four immature female scales, and two nearly grown male scales, showing the prominent nipple and circular groove about the nipple, of the black scales; (c) two small female gray scales, showing the central nipple and circular groove. One scale has a nipple not central. The body of insect is beneath the scale. Parasites. (1) Two small Chalcid flies, Aphelinus mytilaspidis (Le Baron), and Aphelinus fuscipennts, (How.) (2) Two ladybird beetles, Pentzlia misella, (Lec.), fig. 15, and Chilo- corus bivulnerus, (Muls.) (3) In some districts a fungus ,Spherostilba coccophila. It is difficult to say whether the latter is at work in Ontario. Hes Note.—At the 1906 meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1 ‘ gave observations on a scale insect, which I thought to be the San José scale, in gardens at Toronto. Since that time I have made a more careful 4 microscopic examination, and find it to be Aspidiotus ostreeformis or Curtis scale. The bark around the scale was pink, much like the appearance of the San José scale infested bark. : Fie. 11. San José Scale larva, the active crawling form, showing the two feelers, six } legs, and long sucking tube; (b) enlarged drawing of anal plate. ‘a tn A = 4 Fria. 12. A portion of branch covered with San José Scale. Appearance of scale on bark; (a) infested twig, natural size; (b) bark as it appears under hand lens, showing scales in various stages of development and young larve. Fig. 13. Adult male insect of San José Scale, escaped from covering scale, showing the two wings, two feelers, two eyes, six legs, and long anal style. (Div. Ent. Us: Dept. Ag.) ) 3S vy SNARES is SH ic OR PC aR Gs scuba MF ORR IP ees i aa THE REPORT OF THE ~ Fie. 14. Anal plates of female San José Scale. (a) Anal plate, showing median lobe (1), second lobes (2); incisions (6), (3), (4); chitinous thickenings on each margin of these incisions, and the spines (7) on each of the lobes. (The plates have not been drawn in this case). (b) Anal plate, showing the lobes, incisions, thickenings, and plates (5) a pair of plates between median lobes, a pair at first incision, and three at second incision. Notice the large size of second lobe, which is notched once on the margin. (Spines have not been drawn). (c) Anal plate, showing both spines and plates. Notice the chitinous thickenings between the median and second lobes are nearly equal in size and close together. (d) Anal plate and last segment of adult female. There are no ventral glands. (1) Vaginal opening; (2) anal opening. - ‘ie , wb Vey Nu ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIE ie % 4 Fig. 15. Two enemies of the San José Seale. (a) Beetle; (b) larva; (c) pupa of Pitiful :. Lady-beetle (Pentilia misella); (d) blossom end of pear, showing scales with larva a and beetles feeding on them; (e) Twice-stabbed Lady-beetle (Chilocorus bivulnerus) ; 7 (f) its larva. (a, 6b, c and d after Howard, & Marlatt, e and f after Riley). = Curtis scale (Aspidiotus ostreeformis Figs. 16-18. This scale is much more widely distributed throughout Ontario than _ has been hitherto supposed, but in spite of its prevalence, it does not seem to be very destructive. Ae 3 The adult female resembles the San José in being circular and having the exuvie centrally situated as a rule, though with many exceptions. It differs, however, in several important particulars: (1) It is considerably larger, averaging about 2 mm. in diameter, whereas the San José averages about 1.4 mm. (2) It is much more convex. (3) A smaller proportion of the exuvial part is light colored, in fact only the nipple, whereas a con- siderable part of the central portion of the San José was lighter than the general color of the scale. (4) There is a light or whitish colored margin to be seen around the outside of most of the scales. (5) The surface is rougher. (6) The usual winter form is not nearly black like the San José but isa whitish brown, and has no ring or depression around a distinct nip- 7 ple. i, a’ > na Ves 5 This scale passes the winter in mature condition for the most part. It _ matures about the end of June. Like the San José it brings forth living young which continue to be produced throughout nearly all of July. There is, however, only one generation in a year. 58 THE REPORT OF THE. 1 The scale has been reported to us or found by us in very many places in Collingwood on the west to Trenton in the east. | ; Its chief food plants in Ontario seem to be the apple and pear. It is said, however, to attack also the plum, cherry, currant, mountain ash, elm, basswood, Carolina poplar, and willow. Natural enemies: (1) A white fungus, commonly attacks it at Guelph. See Plate D. (2) A few of the scales were perforated in a manner characteristic of Chalcid flies, so that it is probably attacked by one of these tiny parasites. Remedies : Serape the rough bark off the trunks of trees and use the same remedies as for San José scale. Wie. 17. Curtis Scale (Aspidiotus ostreeformis). hidden beneath it—a characteristic feature. (a) Young scales which are not nearly full-grown; the nipple is plain, but the circular grove about it is wanting; (b) Full- grown pregnant female; the nipple is large; (c) old scale with several young scales 59 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. g and Seale, showing lobes, incisions, thickenings, be are decidedly developed; outer lateral ; chitinous processes of first incision lon late much enlarged. dulating (b) anal p 2 The inner angles of second lo The Cherry Scale, margin of second lobe un nearly equal in size; fie. 18. Anal plate of Ostrezeform or Curtis and spines. 19 and 20. Figs. spidiotus Forbest (Johnson). The Cherry Scale, although found in several localities in Ontario, has A , been reported as doing much damage. not yet, with one or two exceptions nearly smooth, slightly convex, about 1.3-1.5 mm. in diameter, and has the exuvie usually centrally situ- ated. The general color varies from a yellowish brown to a greyish yellow. The exuvial part is usually orange. at: The adult female scale is circul _ a. < - — UF te Giga) -2eh “eli diy 2) eZ Gaeta, Ee el NA Ae Ue Nc aD ari 5 ONCE A a COL | THE REPORT OF THE _ BP it ats 1 baa Sat ele B, re f ‘ e oo at EES The adult female scale is very difficult to distinguish from the San José. The San José, however, has the exuvie light brown, the Cherry has orange exuviez. The immature San José scales are often dark and have a distinct nipple, with a ring or depression around it; the immature Cherry scales are much the same color as the mature scales and there is not the same prominent nipple and encircling ring. Furthermore the San José scale discolors the fruit, bark and cambium layer, the Cherry scale does not. Fig. 10. Anal plate of Forbes Scale, showing lobes, incisions, thickenings, and spines; also anal opening (2), vaginal opening (1), and ventral glands (3). Notice that the median lobes approximate at apex, and that the inner thickening at first incision is very large and club-shaped. wy Fie. 20. Forbes or Cherry Seale. (a) Young scale, light colored, with central nipple but no circular groove; (b) adult female scale with central or nearly central, orange- colored nipple, and gray outer margin of scale; (c) male scale, showing the oval shape, and nipple near one end. The body of the insect is under the scale. ay Ti aS PR IP RE BG eg RA) ROO eh gl A EN a a US a. sakes SA otk aed it in eo ae aU i Ea a _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Cage | ¥ The life history of this scale is said to be as follows: It passes the win- _ ter in a partly grown stage. The males emerge about the end of April. In _ May the young begin to come forth and eggs and young may both be found up to about July. There are two broods in some of the American States, but __ whether there is more than one in Ontario has not yet been discovered. : The Cherry scale has been found in Ontario at Ottawa, London, St. - Catharines, Grimsby, and in Prince Edward county. The host plants so far discovered are cherry, apple, hawthorn, fragrant currant, and beech. _ Remedies: ia The same remedies should be used as for the San José scale. t Natural Enemies : a Several species of Chalcid flies are said to attack it, also a tiny white _ mite, and the twice-stabbed ladybird beetle (Chilocorus bivulnerus, Muls.) The English Walnut Scale (Aspidiotus juglans-regie, Comst.) Figs. 21 Peand 22. Fig. 21. The English Walnut Scale (Aspiodiotus juglans-regie). (a) Female scale; (b) male scale; (c) male chrysalis; (d) male scales on twig; (¢) female scales on twig. a, 0, ec, enlarged ; d, e, natural size. After Howard. From U.S. Dep. Agr., Year Book for 1894. Fic. 22. Anal plate of English Walnut Scale, showing the large median lobes, and notched outer margin of second lobe. fy The English Walnut scale has been found in Ontario in only two or three localities, although it probably exists in several others. If some sam- TS Be = a RRR: a HARA MAM a CON melt amie. iti Batata | nip ty J . aa f an 62 ) THE. REPORT OF. THE (40!) Wve ples from Collingwood, sent by this department to Washington, and thought by the authorities there to belong to this species, should prove to be really such, the scale is capable of doing great injury to the trees it attacks. The poplars and willows at Collingwood on which it was found were very thickly covered, and were dying, apparently from the effects of the scale. The adult female scale is larger than any other species of Aspidiotus described in this paper, averaging almost 3 mm. in diameter. It is circu- lar or nearly circular in outline, very flat for its size, resembles closely the color of the bark it is on, being usually a pale grayish brown. The exuvie are usually eccentric and are orange or reddish in color, though often this color is partly concealed by a waxy secretion. Though the adult female of this scale is easily distinguished from the San José by its large size and reddish eccentric exuvie, yet the winter stage of some specimens we have received is with great difficulty distinguished from the winter stage of the San José. The chief points of distinction seem to be: (1) The winter stage of the Walnut scale is a little larger than that of the San José; (2) Even in these winter scales, the reddish exuvie can often be seen with the aid of a lens although a waxy secretion almost conceals it. In the San José scale this reddish color does not appear. We have very little knowledge of the life-history of this scale. From specimens we have seen this autumn it seems to pass the winter for the most ~ part in an immature stage. It does not bring forth its young alive but lays eggs. There is probably more than one brood in a season. The scale has been found only at Grimsby and Collingwood (?) The host plants so far discovered in Ontario are apple, willow and poplar. Remedies: The same remedies should be used as for the San José scale. We have not been able to observe what natural enemies this scale has. The Putnam Scale, Asprdiotus ancylus, (Put.) Fig. 28.- ee Fig. 23. Anal plate of the Putnam Scale, showing the unequal thickenings in first incision, the rudimentary second lobe, and the wide interval between median and second lobes. The Putnam scale is distributed fairly widely throughout Ontario. It has not, however, been known to do much damage in the province although in some of the states across the boundary it is said to have been quite de- structive. The adult female scale is usually more nearly oblong than circular, about 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.8.mm. wide, and slightly convex. The general color is greyish black, varying somewhat with the color of the bark it is on. The exuvial part is eccentric and practically always red or reddish. Sometimes this red color is obscured by a whitish film which can easily be rubbed off. This scale can be easily distinguished from the San José by its oblong shape and the red eccentric exuvie. It has the peculiarity of producing in a small degree the purplish color so characteristic of the San José scale. Ha 1 at ee ne Amen a passes the ante in a nearly full grown stage. The males begin B a, from 30 to 40. eggs. These hatch in July. There is only one brood Savin a season. | * : The scale has been reported from Ottawa, Toronto, Belleville, St. Cath- arines, and Kingsville. It has been found on plum, elm, and willow in Ontario, but is said to at- E: tack also cherry, apple, red currant, maple, oak, ash, and beech. Remedies: The same remedies should be used for this scale as for San José, Parasites : , The only parasite we have heard of as attacking it is a minute Chalcid fly, Coccophagus varicornis, (How.) Osborn’s Scale (Aspidiotus Osborn). Osborn’s scale is found on forest trees in northern and western On- tario. The mature female is about the same size as the Curtis scale, averaging about 2 mm. in diameter. It is very smooth and circular, and the exuvie is eccentric. The general color is brown, varying somewhat with the color of the bark of the host; under the loose bark of the paper birch the color is eray. It has been found on paper birch, yellow birch, cottonwood, and white oak. It passes the winter in a nearly full grown stage. Parasites : The work of Chalecis flies have been found on several occasions. The New York Plum Neale, Kulecanium cerasifer (Fitch.) Fig. 24. ~The New York Plum Scale has become one of our most common scales and like the Oyster-shell scale has spread over practically the whole prov- ince. Though not so destructive as the Oyster-shell, it is often quite in- jurious where abundant and sometimes kills the infested tree. The scale is one of our largest species. The mature female is nearly hemispherical, but usually a little longer than broad, being 3-5 mm. and 2.5-4 mm. wide. It varies in color from light brown ta almost black. The surface is usually glossy with, however, numerous little depressions and ele- vations which sometimes take the form of grooves and ridges radiating from the apex to the base. The male scale is very unlike the female in shape, size and color. It is elongated in form, 2-2.5 mm. long, and 1 mm. wide, only slightly convex, and is grayish white in color. Both male and female scales are found near each other on the same branch. The winter is passed by both sexes in the half-grown stage. The winged males appear June Ist (this year, 1907, it was June 12th), and soon after this the females lay their eggs and die, but their dead body still remains as a cover for the egg mass. About the end of June (this year on July 19th), the eggs begin to hatch out. There are sometimes about 1,000 eggs laid by a single scale. The young scales move from the branches to the leaves where they remain until autumn and then migrate back to the branches for the winter. There is only one generation in a year. » We have found this scale on a great range of trees and other plants at Guelph, the following being the list as observed up to date of writing :— apple, plum, pear, mountain ash, hawthorn, currants, gooseberry, wild red * a ane Vo ee 0 Pear’ it is said, in May. Im late spring or early in summer the female Me aCe TON PAL, coat te Biases i a th is Re iumty Ma. a a ACO y 6 ys ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETYC Fle) ea ging a THE REPORT OF THE raspberry, wild black currant, wild grape, Virginia creeper, elder, red-osier | dogwood, mountain maple, black maple, silver maple, white ash, black ash, — beech, blue beech, ironwood, basswood, alder (Alnus incana), poplar (Popu- lus alba), rock elm, American elm, prickly ash, butternut, black walnut, catalpa, hazel-nut, pin-cherry, bur oak, English oak (Quercus robur), sweet hickory, and many species of herbs near infested trees. Remedies : (1) The lime sulphur spray. This must be very carefully put on as the scales for the most part in fall, winter, and spring, are to be found on the lower side of the branches. (2) Kerosene emulsion, applied when the tree is dormant, preferably as soon as the leaves fall in autumn. Dilute the stock emulsion with four parts of water. (3) Kerosene emulsion, flour kerosene, or whale-oil soap at ordinary strength applied as soon as eggs have hatched, which must be determined by actual observation each year. Fig. 24. Twig of plum infested with Lecanium or New York Plum Scale. (a) The old scale of the previous summer empty and lifeless; (b) the immature wintering scales, which will become full grown like (a) next June. 1 2 3 4 5 Cecidomyia ulmi, Beuten. Lasioptera corni, Felt. Cecidomyia balsamifera, Lintner. Hormomyia crateegifolia, Felt. Choristoneura perfoliata, Felt. lol? ss for} Choristoneura flavolunata, Felt. Rhabdophaga batatas, 0.8. Agromyza zeneiventris, Fallen. Rhabdophaga nodulus, Walsh. PratE B. entille, Bass. Andricus futilis, O.S. phus pot Neuroterus umbilicatus, Bass. Diastro 4. 5. 6. Gill. r ys Sp1no0sus di Rhodites multi Rhodites sp. on Blackberry. astrophus turgidus, Bass. We 2 3. PLATE C. Andricus punctatus, Bass. Biorhiza forticornis, Walsh. Andricus clavula, Bass. Cynips strobilana, O §. ewe . Andricus papillatus, 0.8. Andricus topiarius, Ashm. Eucosma scudderiana, Clem, Pemphigus ulmi-fuscus. mone Eriophyes sp., Amelanchier Canadensis. Eriophyes sp., Juglans nigra. Eriophyes sp., Populus italica. Eriophyessp., Vitis cordifolia. us Eriophyes sp., Salix fragilis. Young Oyster-shell sceles parasitized by a fungus. Curtis scale parasitized by a fungus. Py ae NOC 9 oh hs RSP a ad er sl eee A ot» “Nias CL |e oe ie BL ive f i en Moles eitn ey Riv iu er, { f Ripa ie :* uid “ ‘ am “ - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 : Parasites : (1) A fungus disease (Cordyceps clavulata), attacks and destroys many of the scales. | (2) At least 3 chaleid flies, Pachyneuron altiscuta (How.) Kunotus lividus (Ashm.), and Coccophagus cognatus (How.) (3) Several species of lady-bird beetles. (4) A large flesh-colored species of larva was found feeding on the eggs but we were not able to rear the adults. The Terrapin Scale, Hulecanium ngrofasciatum (Perg.) This scale was first discovered in Ontario in 1901 at St. Catharines. Up ‘to the present time it has been reported to us only from St. Catharines, Walkerville, and Windsor. In each case the infested twigs forwarded were taken from maple trees and these were literally covered with the scale. It is clear from such specimens that a badly infested tree would soon die, and so the scale is one to be guarded against. Mr. Sanders of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, in his circular No. 88, says that the scale must be considered a ‘‘dangerous pest.’’ The easiest time to recognize this scale is in the winter stage. At this season it is considerably smaller than the New York Plum scale, Eulecaniwm cerasifex, which, even when mature, it never equals in size. It has the same general shape as this well known scale, being nearly hemispherical. It is about 2 mm. in length and slightly less in width. Along the top running longitudinally is a reddish streak or stripe about 1 mm. long and .3 mm. wide. The rest of the surface is usually mottled red and black, the red forming the ground, so to speak, and black stripes radiating from the reddish top to the base. Sometimes the black forms a belt around the scale extending from the red boss or crown nearly to the base, which has also often a red margin in such cases. Not uncommonly a scale looks almost entirely red or on the contrary almost entirely black. When mature there is still the same general color and shape but there is an increase in size, the scele now being 3-8.5 mm. long and somewhat less than this broad. Later in the season the color fades. A peculiarity, at least, of the winter stage of the scale is that when punctured or crushed, a reddish liquid exudes from the wounds. The eggs are laid in the spring and hatch about the end of June. In August the tiny winged males emerge and consequently the half-grown females are fertilized the same season. Although only maple trees have been reported to us as being attacked up to the present time in Ontario, yet we find that in the United States the scale infests not only these but also the peach, plum, apple, pear, quince, hawthorn, and several other trees. Hence it is clear that fruit-growers should be on their guard against it. Remedies : The lime-sulphur wash has proveda failure in the case of this scale and the most satisfactory remedy so far discovered is to spray the trees care- fully when the leaves are off with kerosene emulsion of about 25 per cent. strength. Care should be taken to prevent the emulsion running down the trunk and getting to the roots which it would probably injure. Late autumn or early spring before the buds begin to burst would be the proper ime to spray. While this is practically the only spray recommended against this scale insect, some very able entomologists doubt whether even it is anything like so successful as its advocates claim. Seeing that there is so much doubt about the effectiveness of washes and that the scale is capable of doing grea 5 EN. as Yh Ay ‘ } ¥ Xi Pd oh) ee Re ae Pa ee Coe ee, 2 en TE ae lg Pie te Soi i Pe ae a ChE : ; Ses RN -ieeaalh iu A SEN Re, SER PI See Mar oan h - t aot Det) Pan rs ea ae Py 5 t Ni ’ st alia 66 " THE REPORT OF THE Nee aS) damage, the proper course to take is to be on one’s guard against allowing it to get a footing and, if a tree should be found to be infested, cut it down and burn it at once, thus taking no risks. Parasites : This scale lke almost all the rest has its insect foes, a tiny chalcid fly of the genus Coccophagus has been found to attack it. A fungus parasite known as Cordyceps clavulata is not uncommon on this scale. Eulecanium carye, (Fitch). _ Eulecanium carye is said to be the largest known species of Euleca- nium. I¢ has been in Ontario for at least ten years, having been discovered by Dr. Fletcher in the Niagara district in 1898. Judging from the fact that it has been found in that district and that we have discovered it at Guelph on several trees in the forest, it probably occurs at least all over the south- western part of Ontario. From our own experience and that of others we believe that the scale is very seldom abundant on any tree; in every case where we discovered mature scales there were only two or three at most, and often only one specimen to be found on a branch (always on the under side). Consequently the scale is seldom sufficiently injurious to cause any alarm. It is easily identified by its large size, being more than twice as large as the New York Plum scale (Eulecanium cerasifex). Like this scale Eule- canium carye is more or less hemispherical in shape. It is 7-10 mm. long, 6-9 mm. broad, and 3-4 mm. high. The surface is glossy, light brown to black in color, and covered with a fine powder. On all the specimens a keel- like structure ran longitudinally from end to end through the centre. The rest of the surface was more or less rugose. In some cases we could see fine (including the keel-like structure), nearly parallel longitudinal ridges; in others these ridges, except the keel, were not perceptible. We have not yet traced out the life history of the scale, but from ob- servations made believe that it is probably very similar to that of the New York Plum scale; that is, it passes the winter in the nearly mature stage, the males emerge in late spring; the eggs, which are very numerous and white in color, hatch out in July; the young migrate to the leaves and re- migrate to the branches in the autumn. This scale has been found at Guelph on the hawthorn and American elm, and at St. Catharines on the peach. Remedies : Seldom any need be applied, but the same remedies as are used for the New York Plum scale should destroy this one. Parasites : There is a very little doubt that the failure of this scale, laying as it does a very large number of eggs, to increase rapidly is to a great extent due to the attacks of parasites. Dr. L. O. Howard informs us that a chalcid, Chiloneurus albicornis, (How.) attacks it. (Bull. vii, N. S. Div. Ent. VU. S. Dept. Agr. 1897, p. 63). This is one of probably a considerable number of parasites. Kermes pubescens (Bogue). Kermes pubescens is a large scale resembling the New York plum scale and other Eulecanium scales, but differing in external appearances chiefly in being more nearly spherical. It has been found by us at Guelph, Toronto, and Perth, hence is probably wide spread over the province. Only oak trees are attacked, as it was found in abundance on each infested tree it must do considerable injury. Mr. Bogue, who discovered and named the scale, reports it as attacking the young twigs and leaves, but we have always Sa EN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 found it in the cracks of the bark on the trunk and branches and have not yet observed it on very young twigs or on leaves. The mature female scale is nearly spherical as a rule in shape, though often it seems to be modified in form by its position in the cracks or fissures of the bark. It is 3-4 mm. long, 3 mm. high, varies in color from light to dark brown, often mottled with black, is shiny in appearance and covered with a short white pubescence. The male scale resembles very much the male of the New York Plum scale. It is, however, whiter, being snow-white. In shape it is oblong, 2mm. in length, 1 mm. in width and fairly convex. The winter is passed by both sexes in the nearly mature stage. The males emerge about the first of June or a little earlier. This year ’07 the season was late and they were observed coming forth June 12th. Though the females are fertilized shortly after this we have not yet had opportu- nity to discover the date when the eggs hatch. Remedies: (1) Kerosene emulsion 25 per cent. put on when the trees are dormant should kill the scale. The tree must be soaked, however, to ensure the spray getting into the crevices of the bark where the scales are. Parasites: A considerable number of the scales observed had been perforated, evi- dently the work of a small chalcid fly. The Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvinaria vitis (L.). The Cottony Maple Scale is by no means a stranger in Ontario. It is found all over the western part of the province at least, and probably over much of the remaining parts also. As the name indicates, it attacks the maple: chiefly, and in cities often does much damage to maple shade trees. It is, however, rarely abundant for many seasons in succession, because of the attacks of parasites. The scale is most easily identified in spring or early summer. At this time of the year it appears as a brown, elliptical, convex insect, with so large a cottony-like egg-mass protruding from behind and beneath that the scale seems to be standing on its head, or nearly so. The egg mass and scale to- gether are about 1 cm. long, the scale itself being about 1-3 of this length. The cottony egg-mass has given the scale its name and makes its identifica- tion easy. The young lice hatch about the middle of June usually, the hatching period extending over a couple of weeks. The tiny insects at once migrate to the underside of the leaf, though some also establish themselves on the upper surface. On the leaves they usually arrange themselves alongside the midrib and veins. About the end of August the winged males emerge and fertilize the females. A few weeks later the females desert the leaves and go back to the branches, where they pass the winter. In the spring of the year they rapidly swell, and in early summer form the cottony mass and lay their eggs init. Hence there is but one generation in a year. Although the maple trees are the ones most commonly attacked, the scale is found on many other trees as well. It has been found at Guelph on the following maples: Acer saccharum, A. saccharinum, A. nigrum, A. rubrum, and A. negundo; also on basswood, American elm, hawthorn, white poplar (Populus alba), scrub willow, red-osier, dogwood, ilex (verticillata), Spirea (salicifolia) and grape vines. 68 THE REPORT OF THE Remedies. Except in towns there is very little need of using any remedy be- ~ cause parasites keep the scale well in check and, as mentioned above, it is seldom bad many years in succession. In towns, await the hatching of the young, and shortly afterwards prune severely, and where valuable’ trees are attacked spray these thoroughly with kerosene emulsion, flour kerosene or whale-oil soap. More than one spraying will probably be necessary. The Oyster-shell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmt, (Linn.) Fig. 25. The Oyster-shell scale is found in almost every district in Ontario, and is ound more injury to the fruit trees of the province as a whole than any other scale. The scale can easily be recognized even without the aid of a lens. It is 2.5-4 mm. long, and .75-1 mm. wide in the broadest part, tapers toward the the end, is shaped like a diminutive oyster-shell, and closely resembles in color the bark on which it is found. The small end, or exuvia, is usually much lighter in color than the rest. The male scale differs from the female chiefly in being considerably smaller and broader in proportion to its length. It passes the winter in the egg stage, from 20-100 eggs being concealed under the covering of a single scale. The eggs hatch about the first week in June. The tiny, white, young scale insects run about for a day or two on the bark or leaves and then insert their sucking tubes in some chosen spot from which they never move during the rest of their life. There is only one brood in a season, but even so, the scales increase very rapidly where no attempt is made to keep them in check. Badly infested trees become much weakened and often die. Not only does this scale attack apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees, but it also attacks currants, gooseberries, rose bushes, spirewas, lilacs, and num- erous shade and forest trees, such as the mountain-ash, hawthorn, red-osier dogwood, black and white ash, American aspen, prickly ash, mulberry, and horse-chestnut. Remedies. There are several remedies that can be used with success in combating it:— _ (1) Spray with kerosene emulsion, flour kerosene, or whale-oil soap dur- ing June as soon as all the eggs seem to have hatched. This date can easily be ascertained by examining carefully, even with the naked eye, a few infested branches. These remedies are the most popular. (2) The lime-sulphur wash. This remedy, though not so popular as No. 1, has given excellent results when well made and carefully put on late in. the spring when the buds are well swollen or are opening. (8) Whitewash. The trees must be sprayed twice, with an interval of a few days between, with whitewash. This should be done as soon as the leaves fall in the autumn. Use 1 to 2 lbs. lime to 1 gal. water. Parasites.—The most common parasites are: (1) A tiny little mite, probably Tyroglyphus malus, that preys both upon the adult and the eggs; (2) a small, yellowish chalcid fly, probably Aphelinus mytilaspidis, Le Baron, the larva of which preys upon the eggs (scales perforated by small, round holes have been parasitised by this kind of insect); (3) certain species of ladybird beetles, especially the twice-stabbed lady beetle (Chzlocorus bivulnerus) Muls. This year we found a pink fungus attacking the young scales, and on a mountain ash tree, in Toronto, which was covered with scales, the pink fungus para- sitised and killed nearly all the scales on the tree. (See Plate D. Fig. 6.). 69 Fie. 25. Oyster-shell Barklouse (Lepidosaphes ulmi). (a) Adult female, back view, showing the two moulted skins at anterior end, and the bristles of the sucking tube; (b) adult female turned over, showing the insect at the anterior end and the eggs at the posterior end; (c) adult male scale, much smaller than female, with one moulted skin at anterior end. The Scurfy Scale, Chionaspis furfura, (Fitch). Figs. 26 and 27. The Scurfy Scale, though widely distributed throughout Ontario, is seldom found in so great abundance as the Oyster-shell. Badly infested trees or other plants are very much weakened and not infrequently die as a result. The mature female scale is somewhat of the shape of the Oyster-shell, but is much broader in proportion to its length, and is more properly describ- ed as pear-shaped, being 2-3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide in the broadest part and tapering rapidly to a fine point at one end. It is very slightly convex and is grayish white in color. The scurfy appearance which it gives to a badly infested branch or twig has evidently been the cause of its receiving its present popular name. The male scale is very different from the female. It is elongate in shape, is only about 1-3 the length of the female, is whiter in color and has three ~ parallel longitudinal ridges on its back (tricarinate). 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ————— The Scurfy Scale has a very similar life history to the Oyster-shell. It passes the winter in the egg stage, there being from 20-80 purplish red eggs under a single scale covering. About the first of June these hatch into tiny orange or reddish brown larve, which run about freely for a few hours, and then in some favourable place insert their sucking tube, or proboscis, into the bark, leaf, or fruit and remain stationary henceforth. There is only one generation in a year. Many kinds of trees and shrubs are attacked by the scale, but the most common are the apple, pear, quince, currant, gooseberry, mountain ash, white ash, hawthorn and horse chestnut. Fie. 26. Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfura). Adult male and female. Fie. 27. Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfura). Adult female, under surface, show- ing the insect at anterior end, and the numerous purplish eggs. ‘ Kiel efiA r 1907 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 ene same remedies should be used as for the Oyster-shell scale. _ Parasites.—The parasites are largely the same as those that attack the Oyster-shell. The most common are (1) the mite, Tyroglyphus malus (Schimer); (2) a small chalcid, Ablerus clisiocampaw, Ashm; (3) the twice- stabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus bivulnerus, Muls. The Rose Scale, Aulacaspis rose, (Bouche). Here and there all over the province we find the Rose Scale attacking rose bushes, and blackberry and raspberry canes. The plants attacked are nearly always in damp, shady places, such as overcrowded gardens, and it is seldom that we find the scale out in open, airy plots. The mature female scale is nearly circular in shape, moderately convex, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, almost snow-white, except for a brownish yellow spot, the exuvie, situated towards one side and extending nearly to the centre. The male scale is also white, but is very different in shape and size. It is elongate, about 1 mm. in length, 3 mm. in width, and has three parallel ridges running longitudinally along the upper surface. The scale may pass the winter in almost any stage, from the egg to the mature insect. Breeding goes on almost continuously from the warm days of spring to the severe frosts of late autumn. Remedies.—From the tendency of this scale to occur almost solely on damp, much shaded plants, the most rational method of treating it is to prune out the bushes so as to let plenty of air and sunlight get access to them. In this pruning, of course care should be taken to cut out the worst infested parts. In special cases, it may be necessary to resort to lime-sulphur, kerosene emulsion, or whale-oil soap, to be applied when the plants are dormant. In- vigorating the plant by fertilizers is also helpful. The Pine-leaf Scale, Chionaspis pinifoliw, (Fitch). The Pine-leaf scale is very common in many parts of Ontario, and is probably found all over the province. It has not, however, so far as we know, caused any perceptible injury to the trees, although reports from New York state go to show that wherever it is very abundant on a tree it does much damage. The scale is easily identified from its shape, size, color, and the fact that it is only found on coniferous trees. The female scale resembles to a large degree the Oyster-shell scale in size and shape, but unlike it is seldom curved and is almost entirely snow-white, exgept for the exuvie, which are dull colored. The scales are not always of the same shape, some being longer and narrower in proportion to their length than others. This, in many cases, seems to be due to the shape and size of the needles they are situated on. The average length is 2.5-3.5 mm. and the average width .75-1.3 mm. The scale is more convex than the Scurfy Scale and is a little thicker in texture, though not nearly so thick and firm as the Oyster-shell scale. The male scale very closely resembles the male Scurfy scale, and like it is less than one-third the size of the female scale. It is elongate, about 1 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, snow-white in color and has three parallel ribs or ridges running longitudinally along the upper surface. The winter is passed in the egg stage. From 20-70 purplish eggs are to be found beneath a single, scale cover. The eggs usually begin to hatch about the end of May, but this season were about three weeks later. There are said to be two broods each year, the females of the last brood laying their eggs late in the autumn. The scale, as mentioned above, confines its attack solely to conifers. We have found it at Guelph on the following pines: White, Bull, Austrian, NE Soe A RPA gt DTS Pia RD ony ett ean Om ie ha - itige } Ki! i a UAH NES 72 ; THE REPORT OF THE | Scotch, Jack, and Dwarf Mugho, and also on the Norway and White Spruce. Remedies.—As a rule, there is no need of resorting to any remedy to con- trol this scale as it is seldom sufficiently abundant to do much damage. | If, however, it should be found in such numbers as to injure perceptibly trees in a lawn, kerosene emulsion can be used, but this would be impracticable, of course, in any place where there were a very large number of trees to treat. Parasites.—About one-third of the scales examined this year were found to have been parasitised, apparently by a Chalcid fly. A species of mite was also found preying upon them. Thus it is probable that we owe much of our | security against the rapid increase of this insect to these parasites.” THE LIME-SULPHUR WASH. ‘ By L. Carsar, OntTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. From time to time during the last two years questions have arisen in connection with the lime-sulphur wash which have made the Entomological department feel that there was need of a further study of this important mixture in order that they might be able to give fuller and more definite in- formation to fruit-growers. Accord*ngly Dr. Bethune and Mr. Jarvis, not having an opportunity themselves to devote their attention to this subject on account of the mass of other work to which they have to give their time and energy, asked me to begin the investigation this year. After reading the best literature I could find on the subject and get- ting valuable suggestions in this way, I began to make the mixture on a small scale in the chemical laboratory, where I could use glass vessels and see the different phases passed through, so far as there was any physical evidence of these. It was my intention at first to attempt to study the chemistry of the wash, but I soon found that this would make a whole season’s work and that in any case the field experiments were necessary first to show what chemi- eal problems there were. This autumn Professor Harcourt of the Chemical department informed me that his department intended, if possible, this win- ter to study the chemical side of the wash. He asked me to let him have a list of any chemical problems that had occurred to me in connection with my work on it during the season. After some laboratory experiments I began my field experiments. Any experiments, however, made at Guelph alone would be inadequate, because we have no San José scale here, and because we are also free from a number of plant diseases that are very troublesome in the more truly fruit-grow- ing districts of the province. Hence, I determined to make a trip to the Niagara district in the spring when the wash was being applied to the trees, and again in the fall to see the results, and to interview the best fruit-grow- ers to find out their experience with the wash. I tried, moreover, where- ever possible, to supplement my own experiments by visiting particular or- chards in other districts or communicating with men who were using the spray. In these ways considerable information about the wash has been obtained, although I am aware that it will require further experiments for two or three years longer before we shall know all that we should about this mixture. T shall not attempt to give any account of the details of the experiments made, but rather will discuss the different points of interest in succession. Before proceeding to deal with these points, I should say that it was not Sie ate bi rele dice all a2 a NA i vt rath . ESSE NG Noe _s ra Wn yee PUA Open owe. Ae a’ ae a ‘ el ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 73 ; merely a few trees that were sprayed with the mixture at Guelph; almost 600 gallons of the spray were put on. Each tree was carefully done but was only sprayed once. 3 Wuat Formuta SHatt We Use? One of the first points of interest is to determine what formula is most satisfactory. While this is an important matter, yet there is room for a considerable amount of freedom. In countries like California and some other American States where there is very little rain, a weaker mixture than will suit our conditions may be used with good results. I found that the chief objection to using a formula as weak as 15 lbs. lime, 12 lbs. sul- phur and 40 gallons water was that the spray was washed off the twigs too quickly by the spring rains. It is very important, however, that the spray should remain on all parts of the tree as long as possible. The lowest for- mula that seemed to me satisfactory, from my own experiments and those _I observed elsewhere, was 20 Ibs. lime, 15 lbs. sulphur and 40 gals. water. This formula has given excellent results. For instance, Mr. W. H. Bunt- ing, of St. Catharines, one of the most successful fruit-growers, has used it + for some years, and though the San José scale has been in his orchards for a long time and is very bad in neighboring orchards, he keeps it under com- plete control with lime-sulphur of the above strength. Many farmers, how- ever, prefer to use a slightly stronger wash. The majority of those I met in the St. Catharines district used 22 lbs. lime, 18 lbs. sulphur and 40 gals. water. This is also about the average strength used at Grimsby, Winona and Fruitland. There is no trouble. whatever in spraying a mixture as strong as this or even stronger, as I myself proved. New nozzles of the type of the ‘‘Friend’’ allow such mixtures to be put on in a fine mist without any trouble from clogging. There can be no objection then to a fruit-grower using a mixture of this strength or even stronger except that where spray- ing is done every year 20 lbs. lime, 15 Ibs. sulphur and 40 gals. water give practically as good results and the expense is considerably less. First Steps 1n Bornine. Having decided then that 20 lbs. lime, 15 lbs. sulphur and 40 gals. water shall be the minimum strength, let us next consider the best way to go about making the wash. After testing several ways, I found none more satis- factory than the following: put about 13 gals. (about one-third of the total 40 gals.) of boiling water into the barrel. Turn off the steam and at once put the 20 lbs. of lime into the water. (Care must be taken to use only fresh _unslaked lime). When the lime has begun to slake vigorously add the sul- _phur, which should have been made into a thick paste with boiling water _ before the lime was added. The whole should now be stirred as well as the boiling will permit. When the boiling begins to slacken, turn the steam on again. Stirring should be repeated every five minutes or so in order that any httle lumps of sulphur may be more readily broken up and go into combin- ation. Boiling must always be vigorous, so vigorous as to keep the contents of the barrel in constant commotion and cause the liquid to splash up to the top. How Lone to Bott. One set of experimenters used to say that boiling should be continued until the deep green color came, others said to boil until the orange or am- _ ber shade was reached. When Prof. Harcourt and I visited the St. Catha- ve ae ee Fy ok Cay AR, Arti CP eee & A She CDNA NW Ob aR NA ene A J ee ae ate AAS 74 THE REPORT OF THE, rines district last spring and saw the dirty, dark green color characteristic — of most of the spray that was being used, we both remarked that we could not possibly get such a color with our Guelph lime. On our return I pro- cured, with Prof. Harcourt’s assistance, a bushel of lime from Port Col- borne and another from Beachville. Laboratory tests were made with each of these, and with Guelph and Caledon limes, to see what color of wash would be obtained from each kind. The results were interesting. Port Colborne lime gave a dirty dark green, Beachville a greenish orange or greenish yel- low, Guelph was slightly lighter in shade, Caledon gave a green but one considerably lighter than that from Port Colborne lime. Each kind of lime was boiled for one hour under as nearly as possible exactly similar condi- tions. The formula used was 22 lbs. lime, 18 lbs. sulphur and 40 gals. water. Hence it is quite clear that the color obtained depends solely upon the kind of lime used. For general directions, therefore, it is not possible to say what color must be reached. The best way is to boil vigorously for one hour. By the end of this time all the sulphur will have entered into combination with the lime and further boiling will not make the wash more effective. It should be remembered that if the barrel is nearly full or even half full of water, it will not boil quite so rapidly as if there were only about 13 or 14 gals. of water in it. Is rr Necessary To Use Any SpecraL Kinp or Lime? Whether the lime of one’s own district will give satisfactory results or not is an important question. There is very little doubt that the lime with a high percentage of calcium in it is more desirable than a lime like that of Guelph, containing nearly 40 per cent. of magnesium. This element will not unite chemically, to any extent at least, with sul- phur, and hence to some degree weakens the wash. However, I have found that even Guelph lime will give good results though not quite so good as Port Colborne or Beachville lime. Of these latter two, Port Colborne was the more convenient to use, because the wash made from it stands up bet- . ter than any other I have experimented with, and so requires less agitation in the field. If any one is in doubt about the spraying value of his lime, he could easily have it tested by forwarding a sample to the Chemical depart- ment, but there is little question that good results will be obtained from al- most any kind of lime. It is always easy to send for a bushel of some known lime like Port Colborne and compare results with those from the home lime. THe DinvutTion oF THE MiIxTURE. Many farmers dilute with cold water, but it is more desirable that hot or warm water be used so that the spray will be put on fairly hot. There are several reasons for this: (1) It is easier to spray with a warm than a cold mixture because the nozzle is less likely to clog. (2) The spray pene- trates crevices and covers the bark better if put on hot. (3) If the mixture is allowed to cool there is a danger of certain substances crystallizing out in the form of tiny orange needles. This fact suggests that, if for any rea- son the mixture is left over night, it will be necessary to reboil it for a short time to bring these crystals into solution again. A convenient method that I have used is to dilute with cold water and then turn on the steam for a few minutes to heat the barrel up a few degrees before transferring the mixture to the spray tank. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; 75 Devices For BorLine. Much the handiest and cheapest method of boiling is that a number of _ farmers should club together and hire a man to boil for them with a steam- engine. An ordinary threshing engine is generally used. An engine of this sort can be so adjusted as to boil from eight to ten barrels at once. A number of farmers have small upright steam generators, each of which costs about $125. This is a very satisfactory method of boiling. Many farmers, however, are doing excellent work with ord nary large iron kettles, each holding about 20 to 25 gallons. These are either placed in a brick arch or are enclosed by sheet iron so as to concentrate the heat and prevent the wind from blowing the flames in every direction. One enterprising young Eng- lishman had no engine or kettle, so he made a tight-fitting box of planks about 6 x 4 x 14 ft. in size and covered the bottom and sides of this with sheet-iron to prevent the wood from catching fire. A small foundation about a foot high was built for the box to rest upon. An opening was left in the front of this to throw fuel in and a stove pipe arranged at the other end to draw oft the smoke and create a draft. Upon the box a cover was placed of boards nailed together but with an opening along the centre to work a hoe in to stir the liquid. This simple device worked splendidly and good mix- tures were made by it. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that very few of the fruit-growers are to-day using the self-boiled method of preparing the wash. It has not given nearly so good satisfaction as the other method. THINGS TO OBSERVE IN SPRAYING. One often hears a great deal about the unpleasantness that accompanies the use of lime-sulphur. Much of this objection can be removed by attend- ing to the following points: (1) Every precaution should be taken to choose as convenient a place as possible for making and loading the spray. This place should not be allowed to become muddy. The use of a few boards and the digging of a little drain if necessary can usually remedy this de- fect. (2) Spraying should be done only with and never against the wind. (3) Long hose should be used so that the driver and horse need not be brought close to the tree, and so may escape getting covered with the spray. (4) Workmen should be provided with suitable gloves to protect their hands. (5) A nozzle that will not easily clog, such as the “Friend’’ or “Simplex’’ should be used. Of course the spray should be carefully strained before it enters the tank. To give satisfactory results good, careful spraying must be done. A day or two after an orchard has been sprayed, the spray-wagon should be taken over it again and any twigs or branches that have been missed can then be clearly seen and sprayed. Unless every part of the tree is drenched, the best results cannot be obtained. Some fruit-growers take so much care to see that every tree is thoroughly done that they even go through the or- chard a third time to touch up any poorly sprayed places. Tuer Best Time To Spray. I have not yet had a chance to test the merits of fall spraying. It is well known that it does not meet with so much favor as spring spraying. There is no doubt, however, that if a man knows that for some special reason he is likely to be unable to spray in the spring, he should by all means do so in the autumn as soon as the leaves fall. Of the spraying that is done ease be ie er BM Lal ETON dln Mmm AN ba A kw Pears o AE OA ROS Ray SRR rd a Pa Mbps 4 ge pe eae UR ar Fath 1G 3) i oy ath et M 7? 5 ah Me CEN 76 | THE REPORT OF THE a in the spring my experience leads me to give a decided preference to that which has been put on when the buds were actually bursting, compared with what was sprayed a month earlier. I find that the longer the wash remains on the trees the better the results. Now a spray put on a month before the leaves come out will wash off much more rapidly than that put on when the buds are opening, for the simple reason that, in the latter case, the leaves coming out soon after, break the violence of the rain and to a very-con- siderable extent protect the spray. Many other experimenters have found the same result. In Bulletin No. 107 of the year 1906, Prof. Forbes, of Illinois, says, that January applications were only about half as efficient as those made in March. Allowing for difference of climate this would be practically the same thing here as spraying in March compared with the end of April. I found that trees sprayed for Oyster-shell scale on March 9th seemed to be but little benefited, whereas a very large per cent. of the scale was killed on those sprayed on May 10th, that is two months later. In every case where I examined trees for either Oyster-shell or San José scale I found that those on which the wash had remained longest showed much the best results; and, other things being equal, these were always the last sprayed trees. But some one may ask, ‘‘How late is it safe to spray?’’ Personally I think it is perfectly safe to spray until the buds are nearly open. I sprayed a few currant bushes when the leaves were nearly an inch wide, and there were scarcely any signs of injury to the foliage. Apple and plum branches were also sprayed when the buds were almost open; a very slight sign of their having been burned in some cases around the edge was all the injury I could detect. I have seen a number of plum trees sprayed when the buds _ had practically burst and yet no injury resulted. In the, Niagara district I made a number of inquiries on this point and in every case gotthe answer that it was quite safe to spray even while the buds were actually bursting. Peach trees, having a very tender foli- age, should not be sprayed quite so late as more hardy trees. I found that a number of the farmers next year think of spraying, as an _ experi- ment, a few trees just after the blossoms have fallen. Their object is to see the effect upon aphids, plum rot, and apple and pear scab. Mr. J. W. Smith told me of an interesting experiment that had been performed by his tenant, Mr. R. Doughbrough, on Mr. Smith’s farm at Vineland. I called on Mr. Doughbrough and asked him for further information. He said he had sprayed some pear and plum trees this spring just after the blossoms had fallen. He used the full strength 22 lbs. lime, 16 lbs. sulphur and 40 gals. water, boiled for 45 to 60 minutes. : The foliage, he claimed, was practically uninjured and was equally as good as that on trees sprayed earlier in the spring. The results upon the scab will be referred to later. Though Mr. Doughbrough was able to spray so late this year without injury, it is very probable that a difference of weather would have caused the spray to burn the foliage severely. There- fore, while it is advisable to spray as late as is safe, all spraying should cease before the blossoms come out. In any case the blossoms and leaves would prevent the spray from covering the bark of the tree thoroughly and so scale or other hibernating insects could not be so effectively controlled. Tuer Errect or Rain. The question has sometimes been asked whether, if rain comes after . spraying, it will be necessary to spray again. The best answer to this ques- a} % te : A No. 19) 7 CAT WAN OSAL eee tle T ree 4 AT - é iM TONE : bit We : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 77 tion is that those who have any doubts about the rain having injured the _ spray should examine the trees a day or two later and see whether it has been washed off. If it has, the bare twigs or branches should be given another coat of the mixture. I sprayed a few trees purposely during a moderately - heavy shower to see the effect. A day or two afterwards I examined them and found, as I expected, that there was very little of the spray on them. Some other trees, however, had been sprayed an hour before the shower be- gan and had had time to become dry; these were not visibly affected by the rain and sleet. It stands to reason, moreover, that one should not spray immediately after a shower but should wait until the trees are dry. Before leaving this subject it is perhaps well to remove the misconception that at least some mixtures of lime-sulphur, once they have become thoroughly dry, are scarcely at all affected by rain. On one occasion this spring I investi- gated this point during a fairly heavy rain. Some of the trees had been sprayed with Port Colborne lime, others with Beachville, others with Guelph. In some cases the wash had been boiled 45 minutes, in others 60, in others 90, and in others as long as 3 hours. In every one of these cases lime was quite visible in the large drops on the underside of the twigs and branches. So that the length of time the wash remains on (one season com- pared with another) depends to a large extent upon the amount of rain that has fallen. In a very wet spring it is quite probable, therefore, that the efficiency of the lime-sulphur, while not entirely destroyed, would be greatly lessened. How THE Spray KILLs. It is very difficult to say just how the spray kills. Chemists have found that as a result of the chemical reactions that are constantly taking place on the tree, minute particles of sulphur are being constantly set free. Sulphur is known to be not only a good fungicide, but also an insecticide and it is possible that many of the insects like the San José scale, which have a thick covering to protect them, are killed by inhaling the sulphur which would naturally permeate everywhere, even beneath the scale. At any rate spray- ed branches examined bv me this year showed that by June 8th the San José scale insects were nearly all dead beneath their covering. In many cases the direct caustic nature of the wash seems to be the cause of death, e.g., of freshly hatched aphids. In others, such as the Oyster-shell scale, the wash seems to harden around the scale and prevent the young from hatch- ing or from emerging after hatching. Under the same scale coverings of this insect I have found some of the eggs unhatched and others hatched but the young larve lying dead as if unable to escape. Of course it is very probable that some sort of caustic action also helps in destroying this scale. IT have noticed that the scales are nearly always more brittle and so more easi- ly removed on the sprayed trees than on the unsprayed; so that the eggs may to some extent be exposed to the weather and thereby destroyed. The same thing may hold true of the San José scale insects. I have not found, how- ever, that a very large percentage of deaths is due to the scales being loos- ened and falling from the trees. Not more than three per cent., I think, of the Oyster-shell scale were destroyed in this manner. Later on in the sea- son, however, the old dead scales on the sprayed trees began to peel off and leave the bark fresh and clean. Probably one of the most effective ways in which the wash acts as an insecticide is in keeping the bark covered and either making it difficult for the young scale insects to find a suitable and at- tractive place to settle down and insert their sucking tubes, or else making it impossible for them to insert them at all. 4 Beer eT yh bh And eh ER Ryle? pW 78 THE REPORT OF THE Be. The fungicidal value of the wash is probably due, first to the sulphur and certain sulphur compounds which are well known to have a fungicidal value, and secondly to the covering left on the tree acting as a means of preventing spores from finding so favorable a lodging place as they other- wise would. The spray that falls on the dead leaves on the ground beneath the tree must do much to destroy spores that are hibernating there. We cannot, however, say definitely just how the wash gets its full insecticidal and fungicidal value. Kinps or TREES AND SHRUBS THAT May BE SPRAYED. Many fruit-growers are using this wash now on every kind of fruit-tree and shrub, even on raspberry bushes. A few are using it on grape-vines but this is unusual. It has no known injurious effect upon any of these plants. Resvuuts Uron Insects ano Funeus DIskEASsEs. In discussing the results of the spray, I shall take up its effect upon insects first and then upon fungus diseases and upon the general health of the tree. Tue San José SCALE. . It seems hardly necessary to discuss the effectiveness of the lime-sulphur wash against the San José scale. There is none of this scale at Guelph, hence I had to rely upon my own observations elsewhere and upon the testi- mony of reliable fruit-growers for my information, on this point. I shall mention a few cases simply by way of illustrating that the wash will most effectively control this terrible pest. In the St. Catharines district the fruit- growers who have carefully and systematically sprayed their trees with this wash are not at all afraid of the San José scale, whereas those who never spray or carelessly spray are rapidly losing their trees by its ravages. Such men as the latter class explain the success of their neighbors on the ground that Heaven is kind to some people while others never have any luck. But let us take the case of Mr. Bunting, president of the Fruit-growers’ Asso- ciation of the St. Catharines district. On one part of his farm there were four or five rows of pear trees that had been sprayed with Scalecide at the strength of one part to fifteen of water. Nearby in the same orchard were several acres of peach trees that had been sprayed with lime-sulphur. As I walked along between the rows of pear trees and looked at the fruit on the ground, I saw that nearly every pear showed numerous red spots, which said more plainly than words that they were badly attacked by the San José scale. In the peach orchard, however, I sought in vain for some time to find a single scale. Mr. Bunting said there were some left but so very few that one often had to look a long time to find any. Another example of the effect of the wash was seen at Mr. Doughbrough’s farm at Vineland. On this farm the lime-sulphur had scarcely been used at all until th's year. The rapid increase of the scale, however, caused Mr. Doughbrough to try the wash this season on all infested trees. Last autumn several trees were so badly weakened by the scale that it was thought they would die. It was decided not to cut these down this spring but to keep them as a special test of the merits of the wash. Accordingly each tree was very carefully spray- ed. The results surpassed the hopes of Mr. Doughbrough. On all the trees but one there was hardly a scale left and this one had fewer than the previ- ous year. Furthermore the foliage was vigorous and the trees bore almost an average crop of fruit. It is unnecessary, however, to mention other ex- 7) 4 ~_ =< MAN 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 79 amples that could easily be given from any farmer who has carefully used this wash against the scale. The fact is that wherever a man says he has not got good results against the San José scale from the use of lime-sulphur, it will turn out on close investigation to have been due to some fault in pre- paration or manner of application. The wash is at ‘present the cheapest and most effective remedy for the San José scale in Ontario. Tur OystTEeR-SHELL SCALE. If we take Ontario as a whole we shall probably find that more injury is being done at present to fruit-growing by the Oyster-shell scale than by the San José, simply because the former is abundant in almost every orchard while the latter is limited to only a few districts. Consequently a good remedy against the Oyster-shell scale would be a great boon to the province. Whether one year’s experiments are enough to decide this question is a - matter of some doubt. I have endeavoured to make my experiments suffi- ciently extended to draw accurate conclusions. I have also visited several apple orchards in different parts of the province to compare results. It has been more difficult, however, to determine the effect of the wash definitely than one would have thought. The reason for this is, that owing to the cold, backward spring and the unfavorable weather which followed soon after the hatching of the eggs a very large proportion of the young scales, even on unsprayed trees, died before reaching maturity. When there were so -mahy dead scales it naturally required much more careful work to determine accurately the effects of the wash. I found that on the trees that were sprayed before the middle of April almost all the eggs hatched out; on those sprayed about the middle of April much fewer, and on those sprayed in May when the buds were bursting, only a small percentage hatched. In other words wherever the wash remained well on the tree and covered it, there were very few eggs hatched compared with the cases where it washed off before the hatching season. Not all the eggs, however, on any tree were killed. I found practically the same results in other orchards. But some farmers, whose orchards I had not a chance to visit, reported that the wash had been useless. JI think the majority of fruit-growers who have tried lime- sulphur only once or twice for the Oyster-shell scale have not been satisfied with the results. I believe the reason for this is largely that they sprayed _ too early in the spring and did not cover the trees so thoroughly as they should; in short they did not drench the trees from top to bottom. Had these points been attended to they would have killed a large percentage of the scale, though not all in one season. I have observed that where orchards are sprayed every spring for a number of years in succession there are prac- tically no Oyster-shell scales left. But it is not enough to examine the trees soon after the eggs have hatched; they should also be examined later in the season to see what proportion of the young larve has matured. I find that on the trees that showed the most successful results in July, it is difficult to discover a single living scale this autumn. Yet one should not draw inferences rashly from this condition of affairs; for as I have mentioned above a very large percentage, apparently as high as 75 per cent. of the young scales died even on the unsprayed trees here this year. If then we are to judge by the earlier results we can only say that lime-sulphur is not a perfect remedy for Oyster-shell scale if it is only to be applied once; but that if it is put on late in spring and repeated for several years 1n succession it gives excellent results. For a single application I be- lieve kerosene emulsion or flour-kerosene put on when the eggs have just FR a UM ee? ans ARO PE ae ger be ON era Net A ty 80 THE REPORT.OF THE sy 2.) No. 19 hatched gives better results. Whitewash applied twice in the autumn after ‘ the leaves have fallen is said to be an excellent and cheap remedy. § Tue New York Puvum SCALe. All the scales of this species which were covered with the spray were killed and shrivelled up. As these insects hibernate chiefly on the underside of branches and twigs and are sometimes found in great abundance on this part of the lowest branches, great care should be taken to see that the spray — is forced up through the tree from beneath as well as driven in from the side or allowed to fall upon the branches from above. Tuer PEAR-TREE PSYLLA. I asked the opinion of those farmers who have tested the effect of this : wash upon the Pear-tree Psylla. The most definite information I got on the subject was from Mr. E. M. Smith, of Winona. Mr. Smith was one of the first men in the district to begin using lime-sulphur. It occurred to him one year that the wash might destroy the Psylla, so he made a special — test. A certain plot of pear trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur, and an- other plot equally bad with the Psylla was left unsprayed. The result was such as to convince him most strongly that the wash would destroy this in- sect. —_ APHIDS. Whether the lime-sulphur will destroy aphids’ eggs and thus control the aphid pest is a much disputed question. Some of the fruit-growers think it will, others think not, but none whom I met could give definite informa- tion. In some of my own experiments this year the aphids had already hatched and were on the ends of the opening buds; some also had worked their way in among the tiny bud leaflets. About 50 per cent., as nearly as I could tell, were destroyed by the wash. Only those died that the spray had — actually fallen upon. Those that were in among the leaflets of the bud were of course safe, and in spite of the most careful spraying some of the others failed to be hit. On trees that had been sprayed before the hatching of the eggs, I found it impossible to determine the effect on the eggs simply because there were scarcely any eggs to be found. In order to test this point better, a tree with numerous eggs on the twigs was sprayed this autumn on ~ November 23rd, but it is not possible to determine the results in time for this — paper. A number of good entomologists tell us that the wash does destroy the aphid eggs. Every one should test this for himself, and if it prove ~ to be true in our climate as well as in the United States, it will be another ~ strong argument in favor of using lime-sulphur. . a ee ee ee = Se Te Tue Bup Mors. The part of the orchard which I sprayed in May was the part where the Bud Moths were worst. So far as I could see from comparing sprayed and unsprayed trees very few of these insects were killed. It is probable that all the larvee were already out of their winter cases and were in the bursting ~ buds and so escaped the spray. There is need of further experiments to — determine the effect upon this pest. Tue Coprtinc Worm. ; As a result of spraying with Paris green there are very few Codling worms in the College orchard; hence I could not determine the effect of the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 81 ; Pack upon them. It is difficult to see how these insects could be injured by the spray, yet some American Experimenters state that the wash does a good deal to control the Codling worm. The only case that I know of which _ would tend to show that the wash may greatly lessen the number of codling _ worms was at Fruitland in one of Mr. Tweddle’s orchards. For some cause _ Mr. Tweddle sprayed about an acre of apple trees at one end of the orchard and situated just at the base of the mountain; the rest of the orchard was not sprayed with lime-sulphur, although both parts were sprayed with poisoned - Bordeaux mixture later in the season. When I went through the orchard in September there were scarcely more than half as many wormy apples in _ the sprayed as in the unsprayed part. Mr. Tweddle attributes this result to the lime-sulphur. Possibly this was the case, but it would be necessary to make sure first that the later spraying with poisoned Bordeaux mixture had not been put on at exactly the proper time in this part and a little too late in the rest. Mr. Tweddle intends to make further experiments on this point next year. It is certain, however, that whatever benefit in this re- spect may be obtained, the wash will not completely control the codling worm; for in several orchards where it was used there was a very large pro- portion, about 50 per cent., of wormy apples. Preacu Lear-Curt. The evidence in proof of the lime-sulphur as a reliable preventive of Peach Leaf-curl is practically overwhelming. If any one has any doubt on the matter I refer him to such well known fruit-growers as Messrs. J. W. Smith, of Winona, Robert Thompson and W. H. Bunting, of St. Cath- arines. These and many other successful fruit-growers can, from their own experience, convince any man who is willing to be convinced. GoosEBERRY MILDEW. It is well known that the chief difficulty in growing English gooseber- ries in America is that they are very subject to attacks of mildew, which _ practically destroys the leaves and fruit. Three vears ago, almost by ac- cident, Mr. Joseph Tweddle, of Fruitland, sprayed his English gooseberry bushes with lime-sulphur and was pleasantly surprised to find them com- paratively free from mildew that season. Next year, and again this vear, he has used the same wash with the same good results. This year Mr. KE. D. Smith, of Winona, tried lime-sulphur on his bushes and agrees with Mr. Tweddle in saying that so far as their experience has gone the lime-sul- phur makes the growing of this class of gooseberries both possible and profitable. Other fruit-growers in the Niagara district who have heard of these results told me they intended trying the experiment next year. Should these experiments turn out in the way it is expected no small benefit will accrue to the fruit-growers of the province. Prium Ror. Very few plums rotted this year, hence the effect of the lime-sulphur upon plum rot cannot to any appreciable extent be determined by this year’s experiments. The general consensus of opinion, however, among those who have used the wash on their plum trees for several years, is that it has con- siderably lessened but not entirely prevented the disease. 6 EN. tae M |. 7 ee | fe a A NM Come eT atid Ol SiLN cots WAAAY Ay INARA IS eae a 82 THE REPORT OF THE Sk! Noi Pear Scas.- An interesting experiment to determine the effect of lime-sulphur upon | the Pear Scab, when applied much later than usual in the spring, was made — by Mr. Doughbrough, of Vineland. Mr. Doughbrough, as I have mentioned above, sprayed some pear trees with lime-sulphur after the blossoms had — fallen. These trees had been badly affected with Pear Scab the previous year. Some nearby trees were left unsprayed. The result was that the fruit — on the sprayed trees was very much cleaner than on the unsprayed. He said that one could tell by a glance at the gathered fruit which belonged to the sprayed trees, and which to the unsprayed. I have not had an oppor- tunity of finding the effect upon the disease of spraying at the usual date. I have not been able in this one season to deal with all the prob- lems that have suggested themselves to me in my study of this very use- ful spray. There are many fungus diseases yet upon which I have either no information or none that is valuable; for instance, apple scab, shot-hole fungus, and powdery mildew of cherry. Moreover the effect upon many insects and insect eggs has not been dealt with. No one orchard, probably no one district, affords an opportunity to make experiments upon all of the fungus diseases and insect pests which are to be found in this province. To get as full information as is desirable experiments must be carried on for several years and by several persons in different localities. The first year’s work, though quite valuable in direct results, is perhaps even more valuable in showing what problems should be investigated and how to go about their investigation. In conclusion there are a few points that should be mentioned: (1) It is clear that the trees treated with lime and sulphur ought to show a more thrifty appearance as a result. This was very conspicuous in many orchards — and my attention was frequently directed to it by the fruit-growers. (2) No person should think that because lime-sulphur is such an excellent wash he need use no other spray. It must not be forgotten that lime-sulphur is only — meant for a spring or fall wash and there are many fungus diseases and in- sects that can only be controlled by the use of a summer wash in addition. Poisoned Bordeaux mixture is, therefore, necessary to supplement lime-sul- phur. In the careful use of these two spray mixtures lies the secret of much of the success of our best fruit-growers. _—_ —— = ee eee ee Oe eee ee ee eee ee —~-—_ AN UNUSUAL OUTBREAK OF HALISIDOTA CATERPILLARS. By Arruur Gipson, Assistant Entomologist, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. One of the interesting outbreaks of the season of 1907, has been the un- usual number of the caterpillars of two Halisidota Tussock Moths, viz., the — Hickory Halisidota, Halisidota carye, Harr., and the Spotted Halisidota, — Halisidota maculata, Harr. We have no record of these insects being so ; abundant and destructive in Canada, as they were during the past season. © In the United States, the Hickory Halisidota Tussock Moth has, on several | occasions, being recorded as doing much damage in limited localities. During © the present year the Hickory Halisidota while numerous and injurious in © Ontario and Quebec, was particularly destructive in the Maritime Provinces. — The Spotted Halisidota, on the other hand, while also troublesome to some i extent in Ontario and Quebec, was specially reported as doing harm in Mani- ~ 6a EN. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 _toba and Saskatchewan. In the Ottawa district, both of these caterpillars _ were decidedly more in evidence than is usual and their work could readily % be seen, chiefly on elm and basswood trees. Many specimens and reports of injury by these insects have been sent in. The following extracts from some of the letters received at the Division of _ Entomology, will give an idea of the extent of the infestations. OF $ Tur Hickory Hatistpota Tussock Morn. Weymouth, N.S., August 15. ‘‘The caterpillars which I sent you on ‘ the 7th inst., and which you identified as those of the Hickory Tussock Moth, ; are very numerous on alder trees. To-day I noticed several trees which were covered from top to bottom with these caterpillars. I also found them on ‘ an apple tree, hundreds on a leaf.’? M. G. DeWolfe. - North Range, N.S., August 16. ‘‘I send you some caterpillars which ; are attacking the beech trees here. They move about from one limb to ee the T am also told that they are on the apple trees near by, as well as on the beeches.”?’ F. V. McNeill. , _ Smith’s Cove, N.S., August 15. ‘I am sending you some caterpillars. Please tell me what they are as they are eating the trees very badly. They -are mostly on hardwood trees, birch and beech, but apple trees are also being injured. enc WV. 5 OULer, | Bear River, N.S., August 21. “Am sending you a small box containing samples of caterpillars that are numerous in some sections of Digby County. > Please tell me what they are and give me a remedy for them.”’ B. C. Clarke. 4 “Tar Spottep Hauisrpota Tussockx Morn. e, Lancaster, Ont., August 28. ‘‘I found a large number of caterpillars, “such as the one I am sending, on apple trees.’’ A. G. McBean. Brome Centre, Que., August 31. “I am sending a species of caterpillar which has been very numerous and very destructive here.””’ H. H. Millar. ’ Brandon, Man., Sept. 13. ‘I am sending you some specimens of a cater- pillar which I found quite common in many tree plantations during the past two weeks or more. This caterpillar is found most frequently on the Mani- Htoba maples. I have also found it on Russian poplars, and some of the bush ‘fruits, such as gooseberries and currants, are infested to quite an extent.”’ OG aE acombe, Inspector of Tree Plantations, Dominion Forestry ranch. Yellow Grass, Sask., Sept. 18. ‘‘The caterpillars which I send have Been doing considerable harm by eating the leaves of ash-leaved maples.”’ J.J. Odell. a Barronsfield, N.S., Sept. 16. ‘‘I send a caterpillar which seems very destructive. One Manitoba maple tree noticed particularly was completely covered with them.”’ J. H. Seaman. Mount Hebron, N.B. ‘‘I enclose a caterpillar which is abundant on apple trees in this vicinity.” HY Biggar’ At Rostrevor, on Lake Rosseau, Muskoka, Ont., where I spent the first three weeks in September, the larve of the Hickory Halisidota were very abundant. In the rich woods of maple, birch, etc., near by, the caterpillars, which were wandering around in search of winter quarters, could be seen at almost every step. The Spotted Halisidota was also present at Rostrevor, but was not nearly so abundant. Such larve of the latter as were seen were all on alder. _ From the above quotations, it will be seen that the abundance of these insects in 1907 was much commented upon and caused considerable anxiety. ppettunately, however, these caterpillars appear late in the season and, for ‘ A 1h My y 84 THE REPORT OF THE _ No. 19 this reason, their injuries were not of such a serious nature as they would q have been had the habits of the larve been different and the outbreak occurred — in June or early in July, when the trees were making most growth. F The caterpillar of the Hickory Halisidota and that of the Spotted Halisi- dota are very different in appearance. The body of the former is clothed with dense tufts of white hairs, with a ridge of black hairs down the centre ~ of the back, and two pairs of long black pencils on the Ist and 7th abdominal — segments, while that of the latter is covered with tufts of bright yellow and — black hairs, the black tufts being on the four anterior and three posterior — segments and the yellow tufts on the remaining segments. The latter are © centered down the middle of the back with a row of black spots. The larva ~ of the Hickory Halisidota is slightly the larger of the two, measuring when ~ full grown about an inch and a half in length. q Both caterpillars are general feeders, being known to attack a great — many different kinds of plants. At Ottawa, we have found the larve of — both species chiefly on elm, basswood, alder, willow, oak and ash. In his “Tnsects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees,’’ Dr. E. P. Felt says that in New York State the caterpillars of the Hickory Halisidota show a decided — preference for walnut, butternut and sumac. The larva of the Spotted — Halisidota Tussock Moth is chiefly recorded as an oak-feeding species, in fact it is referred to by some writers as the Oak Tussock Caterpillar. When dis- — turbed, both of these larve have the habit of falling to the ground and curl- © ing up, in which position they may remain for some little time. : When these two kinds of caterpillars become full grown in autumn, © they wander about in search of suitable places to make their winter homes, ~ and when such are found each larva spins an oblong oval cocoon composed — cf the hairs from its body. The cocoons of both species are of the same size, averaging a little over ? of an inch in length by about 4 an inch in width. © They are different in colour, however, and owing to this can be easily separ- ated. Halisidota carye has a cocoon of a uniform ashy gray colour, while © the cocoon of Halisedota eee is of a decided yellow, from the bright | Fig. 28. The Hickory Halisidota Tussock Fig. 29. The Spotted Halisidota Moth. Tussock Moth. body of the caterpillar. In some specimens of the latter the yellow is more intense than in others, this of course being caused by more than the usual number of the vellow hairs on the larva. At the present time these cocoons — can be readily found in open woods, etc., under pieces of old plank, dry logs. or even stones. On October 8th of the.present year, I collected 13 cocoons of | the Hickory Halisidota, fastened to the underside of a small piece of board. | This was near a large basswood tree on which the larve had been feeding. Many other cocoons occurred near by. | Soon after completing its cocoon the caterpillar changes to a reddish- brown pupa, the moths emerging the following June. The Hickory Halisi- dota Tussock Moth (Fig. 28), measures when the wings are expanded from ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 13 to nearly 2 inches. The ground colour of the forewings is ochre-yellow, but is heavily dusted with brown scales. On the forewings are five, more or less, transverse bands, or rows of spots joined together. The outer two _ rows of these are pearly, the others mostly the ground colour of the wings, edged with brown. The hind wings are paler, semi-transparent, and without any markings. The body is about the same colour as the wings, the shoulder covers of the thorax being margined with brown on the inside. The male 7 differs from the female in being rather smaller and in the antenne being more pectinate. The Spotted Halisidota Tussock Moth (Fig. 29), is a more conspicuous looking moth. The forewings are also ochre-yellow, but are spotted with blotches of dark brown, the outer of which forms a distinct band across the wing. The other blotches form four partial transverse bands, the 2nd, 3rd _and 4th of which, in most specimens, join in the centre of the wing, forming “= one large blotch. The hind wings are the same as those of H. carye. The body is of much the same colour as the forewings, and just behind the collar are two oblique stripes, which converge and almost form a V-shaped mark. In width of wing expanse, this species averages slightly more than the first named species. The same differences occur between the males and females. As mentioned above, the caterpillars of these two Halisidota Tussock _ Moths only appear late in the season, but, if another year they should again - occur in such numbers on trees of value which it was thought should be pro- ~ tected throughout the whole season, they could, of course, be easily destroyed by spraying the trees with a poisonous arsenical spray, such as Paris green one pound, fresh lime one pound, water 160 gallons. In apple or other _ orchards which are regularly sprayed with the poisoned Bordeaux mixture, little injury would be done by these and many other kinds of leaf-eating » caterpillars. ADDITIONAL INSECT GALLS OF ONTARIO. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. In last year’s Annual Report,* I gave an account of a considerable num- ber of Insect Galls found in Ontario. Further collections and investigations have enabled me to add the following to the list : — DIPTERA. The Iris Leaf Gall. (Agromyza magnicornis) (Lowe). An oval enlargement on the inside of the leaf, usually about 1 in. from the tip. Length 4-3? in., width 4 in., thickness, 4 in. Surface green, like that of the rest of the leaf, except that it is somewhat whitened and withered in appearance. The interior is composed of loose, parenchymatous tissues separated from one another by many air cavities. In the centre is a single chamber about 4 in. long and } in. in diameter. Where the gall occurs the leaf broadens, but above the affected part it becomes distorted and dwarf- ed. Larva, white. Pupa, dark brown. Occurs on the Blue Flag (/ris versz color). Common. Aspen Egg Gall. (Agromyza eneiventris, Fallen). Plate A., fig. 8. This gall resembles in external appearance the Egg Galls of the willow *Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1906, pages 56-72. \ eat 7 ia » stele ar as al SES fe MT Re a al OF” el Ser Rd or bl TA Ce oh, i Le SAR INA ES eh ae PR eS ¥ 4 I aes We J “ ‘ins 86 | THE REPORT.OF THE == |. No 19 @ and Basswood, but sometimes it more nearly encircles the branch or twig. In form it is irregularly oval, about 4 to 4 in. long, } to 4 in. wide and } to4 — in. high. The texture is pit-like. The surface, at first smooth and like — that of the bark, grows rougher as the gall matures. Polythalamous. The ~ larve are greenish, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. thick. It occurs, usually, © singly but often with two united in a straight line, on the terminal branches — of the American Aspen (Populus tremuloides). Fairly common at Guelph. The Willow Potato Gall (Rhabdophaga batatas, O. 8S.) Plate A., fig. 7. — An oblong ovate gall about 1 in. in length and 4 to4 in. in thickness. — The surface is irregular, but for the most part fairly smooth. The color is — similar to that of the bark at first, but turns gray when mature. The texture — is pith-like, but fairly hard. The gall is polythalamous. The larve are ~ small and pinkish. It occurs singly usually, but sometimes with two or — more in close proximity on any part of the twigs of the Scrub Willow (Saliz | sp.). Common. Cock’s Comb Hawthorn Gall (Hormomyia crategifolia, Felt). Plate A, fig. 4. This gall is very similar to the Cock’s Comb Gall on the Elm (Colopha a ulmicola). It is on the upper surface of the leaf and has the appearance of ~ two tiny leaflets about 4-6 mm. high and 8-10 mm. long growing up parallel ~ tc each other but at right angles to the surface of the leaf. The upper margin © -of each is crenate usually, but sometimes the two leaflets coalesce at the top and become thickened in this part. They are green in appearance and of the same texture as the rest of the leaf. On the under surface, there is usually a considerable depression or groove on each side of the base of the gall. Of the infested leaves examined, none had more than two galls to a leaf. Mono- thalamous; contains a single white larva tinged with yellow. Occurs on the Hawthorn (Crategus sp.). Rather rare. Flm Leaf-fold Gall. (Cécidomyia ulmi, Beuten.) Plate A, fig. 1. | The gall takes the form of a pulpy thickening of the tissues in the under- — surface of the leaf, extending for some distance along the midrib. It is usually near the base of the leaf, and causes the upper surface to double on itself instead of expanding in the ordinary way. The enlargement varies — in length from about } tol in. and usually extends about } in. on each side of the midrib. It is about 2 mm. thick. The surface is pubescent like that of — the rest of the leaf, but is more or less irregular, with ridges and hollows, ~ often appearing as though two or three galls were joined together. On the upper surface of the leaf the pocket found opposite to the enlargement on ~~ the lower surface contains several small white larve which have a slight pink- ish tinge. The gall occurs on the American Elm (Ulmus Americana). Fairly common this year, 1907. Balsam Fir Needle-Gall. (Cecidomyia balsamifera, Lintner). Plate A, fig. 3. This is an irregularly oblong gall, situated near the base of the needle | on the new growth. It encircles the needle, is about 3 mm. long, and from ~ 1 to 2 mm. thick. The surface in most cases is smooth, though often some- — what corrugated, especially on the under surface. The color is a little paler | green than that of the needle and the texture somewhat looser and more pulpy. The gall is monothalamous and contains a single orange-colored larva which © (August 5th, 1907) had not yet begun to pupate. There is usually only one © gall to a needle, but sometimes two continuous ones are found. Occurs on — the Balsam Fir, (Abies balsamea). Rare. ; Dogwood Leaf Gall. (Lasioptera corni, Felt.). Plate A, fig. 2. Thin-walled circular elevations on the under side of the leaves of Cor- 4 mus. Somewhat bladder-like in appearance, and sometimes occurring in —} 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 great numbers. A light-colored areola surrounds the gall which is mono- thalamous and contains a small larva which moves about quite actively when disturbed. Generally about .0 cm. in diameter. Not commonly distributed but, when found, occurring in great numbers. Late July and August. Found on Cornus sp. Common at Guelph. Willow Joint Gall. (Rhabdophaga nodulus, Walsh). Plate A, fig. 9. _ A-rather small, irregularly, oval enlargement of the stem at the joints or nodes, about 4 ae 4 in. in length and } in. in diameter; the texture is woody; the surface smooth and kee that of the bark; mibnorhedeceraees It ‘occurs on the stem and branches of the Scrub Willow (Salix sp.). Fairly common at Guelph. Hickory Cone Gall, (Cecidomyia sanguinolenta, O.S.). This is a conical or sometimes almost spherical gall, situated on the | under surface of the leaf along the veins. It is much constricted at the point of attachment with the leaf. Height about 4 mm., greatest diameter 3 to 4 -mm., surface even, slightly pubescent, color at Gee red or purplish, later turning brown, monothalamous. The surrounding walls are nearly 1 mm. ‘thick and of close, firm texture when mature. Numerous galls are usually found on a single affected leaf. They occur on the Sweet Hickory (Carya alba). Common in some localities. Hickory Seed Gall, (Cecidomyia caryecola, O. S.). This is a conical gall with a fine, elongated tip. Itis about 5 to 6 mm. in length and 2 to 3 mm. in greatest diameter, is smooth, pale green, turning brown in autumn, monothalamous; the enclosing mails are About . mm. Shick, close and firm in texture when mature. It is found singly or in large ‘numbers along the veins on the under side of the affected leaves of the Sweet ‘Hickory, (Carya alba). Common in some localities. Y Grape Vine Tomato-Gall, (Lastoptera vitis, O. S§.). t “Consists of a bunch of irregular swellings of various rounded shapes. Soft, juicy and succulent. Yellowish green, tinged with red or entirely of this color. On stems and leaf stalks of Wild Grapes. May and June. Com- ‘mon.’ (Beutenmuller). I have not seen the gall myself, but it is reported from Ottawa by Dr. Fletcher, in the Report of the Entomologist and Botanist for 1887, page 29. Bunch Gall on Willow. (Rhabdophaga brassicoides). This is a gall of the same type as Cecidomyia solidaginis. It consists of a bunch of massed leaves which surround a small cell containing a yellowish ‘larva. Growth having been checked at the end of the stem, this cluster of leaves has been formed. Occurs on Scrub Willow (Salix sp.). Not common. Goldenrod Terminal Gall (Asphondylia monacha, O. S8.). 4 This gall occurs at the tip of the plant and is a leafy conical structure 4 to 14 in. high and } in. in diameter. It consists of many leaflets clustered “ together and having their basal parts thicker than the part above. This thickened part forms the broad base of the cone, and the thinner part immed- iately above being incurved completes the conical structure. Above this conical foundation the tip of the leaflets extends to a greater or less degree ‘and forms a sort of rosette. Between the thickened parts of the leaflets live from one to many small yellowish white, or in some stages almost orange, larve. The gall occurs on the Goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis). Commen. Willow Bud Gall, (Rhabdophaga triticoides, Walsh). This. gall seems to be an altered or transformed bud. The bud scales become elongated and the interior becomes a cavity in which the larva lives. The gall is about 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, and 1 mm. thick; the side against the stem is flattened. The color and surface are like those of the stem itself. j Monothalamous. It occurs on the twigs of the Scrub Willow (Saliz sp.) and * . a be Ag) ae | 88 THE REPORT OF THE No! 1908 usually causes the stem to bend at the infested point. Common in some | localities near Guelph. 4 Lunate Marginal Gall. (Choristoneura flavolunata, Felt). Plate A, — fig. 6. Circular or somewhat irregularly elliptical spot-like galls only project- ing very slightly from each side of the leaf. They are about 1-5—2-5 inch in diameter, the main part of the spot is light colored (usually yellowish), this being enclosed by a dark ring, thus giving it some resemblance to an ~ eye. The galls are glabrous and monothalamous, the larve feeding on the internal tissue of the leaf without causing much projection from within. Usually not more than 1 to 2 spots on each leaf. Occurs on Solidago Cana- densis. Common at Guelph. Blackberry Leaf Gall, (Cecidomyza farinosa, O.S.). Consists of woody swellings at the base of the leaflets or on the midrib of the blackberry. The larve are purplish in color. Rare at Guelph. Boneset Stem Gall (Choristoneura perfoliata, Felt.) Plate A, fig. 5. Consists of oval swellings of the stems and leaf stalks. When mature, the enlargement is about twice the normal size of the stem. The gall is monothalamous and contains red larve. Fairly common at Guelph. Spirea Pod Gall (Cecidomyia salicifolie, O. 8.) The Pod Gall of the Meadow Sweet is found not only on Spirea salict- folia but also on S. tomentosa and S. betulefolia. It is quite similar in shape and appearance on all three, and in each it is found on the under sur- face of the leaf as stated in Entomological Report of 1906, page 68. Golden-rod Gall (Trypeta polita, Loew). Consists of a bunch of dwarfed leaves caused by the arrest of the growth of the branches. It is a little more than half an inch in length. The larva lives at the base of the gall. Fairly common at Guelph. On Golden-rod (Solidago Canadensis). HYMENOPTERA. The Large Spiny Rose Gall (/thodites multispinosus, Gill). Plate B, fig. 3. This gall, when mature, is oblong or sometimes ovate in shape, and is found on the stem and the branches. It averages 1 to 2 in. in length and 3 to 1 in. in thickness in the widest part. The surface is covered with numer- ous spines or prickles about + in. long and is light brown colored. _ The sur- face of the gall itself is somewhat rough and irregular, with depressions and elevations sometimes of considerable size. Moreover, after the gall-insects have emerged it is perforated with from 30 to 50 small, circular apertures, each about 1.5 mm. in diameter. The color of the gall is a dull gray. Its texture is firm, hard, brown colored, and granular. The gall is polythala- mous, containing from 30 to 50 chambers, each about 3 to 5 mm. long and 2 mm. ons and arranged more or less radially along the longitudinal axis. When mature, the gall-insects make a tunnel from these to the surface. The adult insect is a Cynipid about } inch long with reddish colored head, thorax and abdomen. The gall occurs on the Wild Rose. Rare; Niagara District and Toronto. Cinquefoil Axil Gall (Diastrophus notentill@, Bass). Plate B, fig. 5. The gall is spherical or oval in shape, from + to 4 inch in diameter and about 4 inch long, and is borne on a slightly curved peduncle 3-5 to 4 inch long arising in the axil of the leaves. The gall is spongy in texture, with a solitary central chamber containing the white curved larva which is about 3 mm. in length. The gall is green in summer, reddish brown in winter. Oceurs on Potentilla Canadensis. Rare in Eastern Ontario. , ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 Blackberry Seed Gall (Diastrophus cuscuteformis, O. S.). Consists of hard, woody, somewhat globular seed-like bodies 2 to 4 mm. in diameter. More or less covered with curved spines which are about 2 mm. long. Yellowish green or olive in color and borne in clusters on the stem, each gall containing one chamber. Rare at Guelph. Occurs on Black- berry (Rubus villosus). Raspberry Stem Gall. (Diastrophus turgidus, Bass). Plate B, fig. 2. | A large reddish-brown polythalamous, tubercular or irregular gall, about 1 to 1.75 in. long and .5 in. in average diameter, arising abruptly on the stem. Green in summer, darkening towards winter. Chambers are very numerous, oval in shape, 1. 5 to 2 in. in width and 2.5 in. deep. The gall has a number of prickles scattered over it which are about 2 to 3 mm. long, and appear to be enlarged stem prickles. Oval Willow Stem Gall (Zuura S. nodus, Walsh). “A mere general enlargement of a twig from one-quarter more than its normal diameter up to twice its normal diameter, almost always without any abnormal roughness on the external bark, and not always confined to one side only of the twig. General color that of the twig. When cut into (August 28th), the interior of each gall is found to be pithy and to contain 1 to 3 larve in separate cells. Frequently on a piece of twig 6 in. long, 2, 3, or 4 of these galls are placed at irregular intervals. No appearance inter- nally of any transverse plates or transverse fibres as in S. ovwm and S. ovulum. Length .75 to 1.50 in., diameter .10 to .25 in. Very hke the Cecidomyidous gall, Si nodulus, on the same willow (Proc. Am. Ent. Soc., Philada., IIT, p. 600) but is much larger, is polythalamous instead of monothalamous’’ (Walsh). The specimens found at Guelph were from .50 to .75 in. in length. The adults of any specimens examined on May 30 had emerged. Occurs on the Serub Willow (Salix sp.). Common in some localities. Rose Leaf Nipple Gall, (Rhodites lenticularis, Bass). This is a small circular gall of about 3 mm. in diameter. The upper surface is practically on a level with the surface of the leaf and is pale green in color. It is characterized, however, by the presence of a little nipple in the centre, the nipple often being of a purplish shade. The under surface is slightly raised beyond the rest of the leaf and, unlike the upper, is purplish | in color and has a slight depression in the centre corresponding to the nipple above. The galls occur singly or, more commonly, in groups, often covering the whole leaf and making its surface uneven. Found on the Rosebush (Rosa sp.). Rare. Oak Wart Gall (Andricus futilis, O. S.). Plate B, fig. 4. This is a rather small, wart-like gall situated in the parenchyma of the leaf and protruding beyond both surfaces, but chiefly beyond the lower. The protuberance on the lower surface is roughly hemispherical in form, averag- ing 4mm. in diameter and 2 mm. in height. Its surface is often smooth and even, but quite often it is uneven or pebbly. The color is considerably lighter than the rest of the under surface of the leaf. The protuberance on the upper surface is much the same shape and nature, but is not so high as a rule, being usually only about 1 mm. in height. Its color is also lighter than the color of the surrounding part of the leaf, but darker than that of the under side of the gall. The walls of the gall are thin and much the same texture as the parenchyma of the leaf. The interior contains a kernel com- posed of two small oblong cells joined together along the side parallel to their longitudinal axis. Each cell has a small cavity within it containing a single, small, white larva. The adult insects emerged about July 30, 1907, and were small, reddish Cynipids. One to several galls may occur on a leaf. They Tire, AL es wr Leeray uu Meee Pe ee: US PG) ah be LL AS et? ee) eee ee ane Wy ‘ My “ “ ty SOR RS PRIOR ET SE Ny PON TREN nS SUSE RR “ } . . j \ fe yet ae Pina ray ol ey ah ' ‘ viet May a) 90 THE REPORT OF THE. ep 00 Nol gece are found either on Burr or White Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa and Quercus alba). Common. pons Burr Oak Leafy-wreath Gall (Andricus topiarius, Ashm). Plate C, fig. 6. This gall resembles in external appearance the Goldenrod Bunch Gall (Cecidomyia solidaginis). It consists of a cluster of dense, narrow leaflets springing from a bud. When mature several small, brownish pupal cases about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide can be seen among the leaflets, attached at the base to the woody tissues below. The larve are minute and whitish. Tt occurs on the terminal twigs of the Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Com- mon. Oak Knot Gall (Andricus punctatus, Bass). Plate C, fig. ily This is a rough, hard, woody, somewhat globular, knot-like gall en- circling the stem and varying greatly in size, but commonly 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The surface.is ashy brown in color, and rough, with almost a net- work of little ridges and depressions. Polythalamous. It occurs on the branches of the Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea). Common. Oak Seed-Gall (Andricus seminator, Harr.). This is a woolly gall encircling the stem. It is irregularly oval, } to 14 in. in diameter and { to 2 in. in length. Polythalamous, containing many cream-colored cases attached to the twig, each case looking very like an oat seed. arly in the season the gall is white, but later it becomes brown. Occurs on the twigs of the White Oak (Quercus alba), Puslinch Lake. Rare. Pine-cone Oak Gall (Cynips strobélana, O. S.). Plate C, fig. 4. This gall is formed in the axil of a lateral bud just at the base of the terminal bud-cluster. When viewed from some little distance, it appears like a solid globular structure about 4 in. in diameter, but when more closely — examined it is found to consist of a rosette, or head of hard, brown, nut-like, wedge-shaped structures fitting closely to one another and attached at the base to a small spherical receptacle about } to 4 in. in diameter. Inside of each of these nutlets there is a single chamber, containing but one white larva. Occurs on the terminal twigs of the Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Common at Guelph. : Oak Fig Gall (Brorhiza forticornis, Walsh). Plate C, fig. 2. A group of many small, soft, bladder-like, one-celled structures, each about 1-3 in. in diameter. These are often compared to a bunch or cluster of pressed figs, but seem to me to resemble more nearly the honeycomb of the bumble-bee, except that they are pale yellow in color, sometimes tinged with red, turning yellowish brown in autumn. They are arranged in a cylindri- cal cluster along the stem of the branches or twigs. The cluster is 1 to 2 in. long and 4 to 3in. in diameter. The interior of each one of these bladder-like bodies is loosely filled with woolly fibres which keep in its position the small larval cell. Occurs on the twigs of the White Oak (Quercus alba). Common in some localities. Empty Oak Apple (Amphibolips inanis, O. S.). This oak apple gall is very similar in external appearance to Amphi- bolips confluentus (Harr.) but is considerably smaller and is quite dissimilar in its internal structure. It is found on the under side of the leaf, and springs from one of the main veins, is nearly spherical.in form, about 3—5-6 in. in diameter, and has a smooth, glossy, light brown surface when mature, which earlier in the season is green. The walls which enclose the almost empty interior are very thin, somewhat parchment-like and brittle. The small spherical larval cell within the cavity is about + in. in diameter and i i ‘ q | 4 | | , 7 { j | } i i 4 eae a es eee yy IW a RA PAR PE LEN ED | ese WLR Mig biah MeN py gem Oe eae era Ie NY fa Re cade - een A Fae Di ical ar as bi tas ibe . ut ‘ ; } ¥ BRA ae, VAM Ana f : Le ¥ yy : ’ mya oN i ~ ’ - 5 # A pate , \ , ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | ‘91 & is held in position by a comparatively small number of filaments which radiate from it to the surrounding walls. It occurs on the Red Oak (Quercus rubra). _ Rare. White Oak Club Gall (Andricus clavula, Bass). Plate C, fig. 3. This is a club-shaped gall situated at the tip of the twigs. It evidently originates in the terminal bud-clusters, which it prevents from developing, though occasionally a few leaves grow out from the gall itself. When mature, itis $ to lin. long, hard and woody in texture, a little darker in color than the mest of the bark, and somewhat grooved and ridged. Very often a second, or even a third, somewhat smaller gall is formed from the lateral buds immediately below. The terminal gall, in the cases examined, was dithala- mous, the lateral ones monothalamous. It occurs on the White Oak (Quer- cus alba). Common in Muskoka. Willow Petiole and Leaf-base Gall (Saw-fly)—Pontania desmodioides (Walsh). This gall has the form of an oblong enlargement of the petiole, or often of the midrib of the leaf near the base. It is 8 to 15 mm. long and 4 to 6 mm. in diameter. Surface smooth and glossy, like that of the leaf; occasionally, however, it is somewhat rugose and irregular. The gall is solid and of a pulpy texture. It was monothalamous on July 8th, the date of discovery, the cavity being very small and containing a tiny greenish-white transparent larva with a brown head. Occurs on the Willow (Saltz lucida). Rare, at Guelph. Red Oak Gall (Andricus papillatus). Plate C, fig.5. This gall is red and projects on both sides of the leaf. It is round and about 4 mm. in diameter. Above dark red, below yellowish. About three times the thickness of the leaf. On Red Oak at Puslinch Lake. July. Spiny Ball Gall on Wild Rose leaf. The gall described as Rhodites bicolor (87th Annual Report, page 70, Plate E, fig. 2), has been identified by Mr. Wm. Beutenmuller as R. nebu- - losus. LEPIDOPTERA. Golden Oval Stem Gall (Hucosma Scudderiana, Clem.). Plate C, fig. 7. This gall is situated on the stem and is oval in form, about 1 cm. long and 4 to 5 mm. in diameter. Its surface is similar to that of the stem, but the color is a little darker around the central part. It is pithy in texture and monothalamous. At the date of writing, July 24th, the chamber was small and cylindrical, and contained a single orange-colored larva. The galls are found either singly or often with two united and forming an irregu- lar elongated enlargement. They occur on the Goldenrod (Solidago sp.). Common in Muskoka. HEMIPTERA. Plum Gall on Elm (Pemphigus ulmi-fuscus). Plate C, fig. 8. This attractive looking gall occurs on the upper surface of the leaf and resembles in shape an unripe cherry or plum, there being an upper glossy green drupe-like part and a short stem connecting this with the leaf. The drupe-like part is slightly oblong in most cases and varies in length from 8 to 10 mm. and in thickness from 5 to 7mm. The stem is from 3 to 4 mm. long and 2to3 mm. thick. The gall is monothalamous; a rather thin outer cover- ing about 1 mm. thick and somewhat firmer in texture than the leaf encloses a large, round cavity, in which a single mother insect brings forth her brood of many young. The part of the leaf from which the gall springs is drained WS) Are aha es os WO. Cue Peas CR AIT, Oe, PES AS 92 THE REPORT OF THE of its nourishment and becomes whitish and roughened or blistered on both sides. Occurs singly on the leaf of the English Elm (Ulmus campestris). Rare. Nore.—There is a very similar gall on the Red Elm, but differing in the following respects: (1) It is twice as large; (2) Its texture is a little thicker; (3) The surface is rough, like the leaf, not glossy; (4) The part of the leaf around the base is quite normal in appearance, showing no signs of being weakened through lack of nourishment or any other cause. Probably the difference in the vigor of the two kinds of trees and in the character of leaf will account for these differences in the galls. Hickory Hemispherical Gall (Dactylosphera hemisphericum). This gall is nearly hemispherical in shape, is formed in the parenchyma of the leaf, and the main part of it projects above the upper surface. It _ varies in size, being from 4 to 10 mm. in diameter and 3 to 5 mm. in height. The color is usually pale green, often changing to a reddish shade on most of the upper surface of the gall. After maturity the gall withers and becomes dark brown and dead looking, thus greatly disfiguring the leaf. The upper surface of the gall, before it has begun to wither, is slightly roughened by a few depressions and elevations. The under surface is of a paler color, be- ing greenish-white. It does not project beyond the surface except at the small aperture, which is a slit about 4 of the total diameter in length. Both sides of this slit project a little beyond the rest of the base of the gall and are reflexed so as to form a mouth-like structure. The gall is monothala- mous. The walls are nearly 1 mm. thick and are somewhat hard and tough in texture. There may be only one or many galls on a single leaf. In most eases where they are abundant they seem to arrange themselves in rows along the midrib, often two deep on each side. Occurs on Shell-bark Hickory (Carya alba). Common. ERIOPHYID®. Buttonwood Gall (Eriophyes cephalanthi). This gall usually has the form of a number of small protuberances from 1 to 3 mm. high, which have coalesced at the base into one irregularly shaped cluster. The size and extent of a cluster varies greatly; sometimes a very small part of the leaf, less than one-eighth in some cases, is affected; at other times several large clusters are found on the same leaf, and occasionally the whole leaf is covered with galls. The galls are usually of a little paler shade of green than the rest of the leaf, but the top is often reddish in color. The texture is somewhat thicker and firmer than that of the leaf. The under surface of the leaf at the affected part is usually depressed, is rough and covered with a white pubescence. The gall occurs on the Buttonweed (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Common in Muskoka. Ball Gall of the June berry (Hriophyes sp.). Plate D, fig. 1. This is a small, nearly globular gall averaging about 2 mm. in diameter. It is found either singly or in clusters on any part of the upper surface of the leaf. On the lower surface the presence of the gall is indicated by a very small protuberance which is covered with a hoary pubescence. The main part of the gall, as seen on the upper surface, is dark brown in color, has a slightly roughened surface and is covered with a similar pubescence to the part on the lower surface. It is monothalamous. The walls of the chamber are thin (about 2 mm. in thickness), firm, and somewhat leathery in texture. The chamber is spherical. The gall is rather broadly attached to the leaf, the constricted part being about 4 of the total diameter of the gall. It occurs on the June berry (Amelanchier rotundifolia). Rare. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 The Unsightly Willow Gall, (Zriophyes sp.) Plate D, fig. 5. This far-from-beautiful gall seems in most cases to spring from the axils :: of the leaves; occasionally, however, it is formed on the leaf itself. Often ’ several galls are formed near the end of a twig. In these cases probably ___ they started in the axils of the leaves which were subsequently absorbed into the galls themselves. Where the galls occur near the terminus of a twig, ; they are usually thickly clustered and encircle the stem, whose longitudinal growth becomes checked in such cases. The galls vary greatly in size and compactness of structure. Occasionally one is found that has the appearance , of a small rosette, about 4 to 1 inch in diameter, composed of tiny, thickened i leaflets covered with a whitish pubescence, the basal half of the leaflets being grown together and only the upper half being separate. In other cases a number of smaller galls are loosely clustered into one fairly large group, often an inch or more long. In other cases only a single diminutive gall is found. The galls, especially where loosely clustered, look considerably like the flower or fruit clusters of Lamb’s Quarter (Chenopodium album), or like a very irregular whitish green fungus growth. In fall and winter they become grayish black and, where numerous, disfigure the tree considerably. They : occur on the Scrub Willow (Salix sp.). Rare, except in a few localities. E Chestnut Leaf Gall (Hriophyes, sp.). A small gall projecting from both sides of the leaf. When found along the side of the leaf-vein it is hemispherical, elsewhere is more or less spherical. \ The diameter is about 2 to 3 mm. Somewhat the larger half of the gall is on the upper surface. The color at first is green, but turns brown when mature. Monothalamous. Occurs on the Chestnut (Castanea sativa). Com- mon. Convex Gall of Poplar (Eriophyes sp.). Plate D, fig. 3. This gall has the shape that one imagines would be formed if he were to press the tip of the little finger, or of some round instrument, against the lower surface of the leaf and, without breaking the tissues, were to cause them to yield until there was a decided depression on the lower surface and _a corresponding bulge on the upper. There is practically no thickening of the tissues of the leaf or change in color except that the under surface of the gal] is orange yellow. The depression varies in size, being about 4-12 mm. in diameter and 2-5 mm. in depth. Occurs on Lombardy Poplar (Popu- lus dilatata). Rare. Walnut-leaf Wart Gall (Hriophyes sp.). A warty protuberance chiefly on the upper surface of the leaf, con- stricted at the base, about 2-5 mm. high and 2-3 mm. thick in its widest part; surface usually very uneven with many depressions and elevations; color green; texture of outer part somewhat pulpy but most of the interior is composed of a mass of loosely woven silvery fibres or strands. This gall resembles greatly the Klm-leaf Wart Gall (Kriophyes ulmi), but has a rougher surface at the top and is not frequently found on the under sur- face of the leaf. Occurs on black walnut (Juglans nigra). Common. Walnut-Cushion Gall (Hriophyes sp.). Plate D, fig. 2. Large and somewhat cylindrical in outline. Found on. the lower por- tion of the petiole (in some cases the pulvillus is affected). A green solid swelling clothed by a dense fur-like covering of short reddish hairs about 1 mm. in length. The galls usually appear on the upper side of the petiole, with the edges overlapping. 8-10 mm. long and 4-8 mm. broad, but varying considerably in size. On black walnut (Juglans nigra). Unsightly Poplar Stem-gall (Hriophyes sp.). This is one of the most irregular and unsightly of all our galls. It is found on the stem of young twigs though sometimes it extends to the basal i: el TAT ‘a Te eS ee ae CPanel a Rao) dahl hae « ETI RAT) Ame ae a ao Ret eA Sia uma ra ea aR att ea Ma nha MM utticts Nba ali hy 7? } Ber hs Peat ay ses yd ABN a AY bach BN AAU eX asy Meco Oye ead 7 4 w a a ay Hi. f 7 i » ry ‘ ’ 94 THE REPORT OF THE part of an adjoining leaf or leaves. It seems always to start in the axil of 3 a leaf. The stem gradually thickens at the affected part to almost three times its normal size and does not continue to elongate in this part as it does above and below it; so that in a space of 1 to 2 inches where we should nor- mally find not more than four leaves, we here get eight or nine, some of them dwarfed and distorted. Moreover the stem at this point, instead of growing straight out in its normal direction, often becomes distorted and bent in another direction, sometimes nearly at right angles to its former course, and then coming back to its first direction grows on parallel to it. The gall itself looks like a very irregular tubercular mass of closely packed small reddish-green protuberances about + inch high. These irregular masses | in some places encircle the stem, in others are chiefly on one side of it though often extending to the basal part of the leaves. Sometimes the masses are so close as to be continuous, at other times they are } inch or more apart. The whole of the affected part of the stem is usually from 4 to 14 inches in length, and the irregular mass when surrounding the twig makes the total diameter 4 to 1 inch. Later in the season and during the winter the gall is black and the part of the stem above it in most cases dies. There is usually but one gall on a stem, but sometimes a second or third occurs at some dis- tance below it. This gall is somewhat similar to what I have called the unsightly Willow Gall, described above. It occurs on the American Aspen (Populus tremuloides). Rather rare. Speck Gall of Chokeberry (Hriophyes sp.) This gall, as the name indicates, is a very tiny, speck-like structure, usually much smaller than the head of a pin but occasionally a little larger. It is visible equally on both sides of the leaf and, when mature, is of a brown color. In none of the numerous specimens observed did it extend more than .5 mm. beyond the surface. The gall resembles very much a species of Eriophyes gall found on the hawthorn. Numerous galls, scattered here and there throughout the parenchyma, are usually found on each infested leaf. They occur on the chokeberry. (Pyrus melanocarpa). Common in Muskoka. Grape Leaf Wart Gall (Eriophyes sp.). This is a small semi-circular, or sometimes nearly circular, wart-like gall situated along the veins of the leaves. It is about 2 mm. in diameter and only very slightly elevated beyond the plane of either surface of the leaf. The upper surface is fairly smooth and slightly paler in color than the rest of the leaf. The under-surface is of much the same color and kind of surface as the underside of the leaf, but it has a tiny white nipple in the centre, and around all the gall, except the part touching the vein, there is a distinct depression or furrow. There are often several galls on a single leaf. They occur on the Wild Grape (Vitis cordifolia). Pin Cherry Gall (Hriophyes sp.). Oblong or club-shaped, reddish projections scattered over the leaves, somewhat irregular in outline and pubescent, 3-4 mm. long .5-1 mm. dia- meter, being broadest at the top. Generally borne on a little curved pedun- ele-like portion which is about 1 mm. Jong and lighter in color. In conclusion the writer desires to express his thanks to Dr. E. Porter Felt, Mr. William Beutenmuller, and Prof. Bethune who have most kindly aided in the preparation of this paper. Especial recognition must be given to Mr. L. Cxsar, who has assisted in describing many of the species. I am much indebted to Mr. W. R. Thompson and Mr. C. D. Jarvis, who have furnished the photographs for this paper. 115 1) 8" gat BU ik RG To FAN aT eS aN A Ai hp ie ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 ‘a ie h INJURIOUS INSECTS IN ONTARIO IN 1907. .. - .. 7 By C. J. S. Bernune, Ontario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Owing to the prolonged cold weather during April and May the season of 1907 was remarkably backward and the appearance of our common in- sect pests was much later than usual. Many kinds were no doubt greatly re- duced in numbers by the change from very warm days during the last week in March, which caused them to come out of their winter quarters, to the abnormal cold of the following two months. Ns, } ree} i ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 99 _ which sucks out the sap of the plant and greatly reduces its vitality; in these eases the blight might be caused by the insects’ attack. But in the majority _ of examples which we have received and examined there was no trace of any injury by insects nor of any fungus disease. Specimens examined at the - Bacteriological laboratory were also found to be free from any disease of a bacterial character. The conclusion was therefore arrived at that the blight was due almost entirely to atmospheric conditions, namely, late frosts in some localities, and in others cold, almost frosty, nights succeeded by bright, sunny days. The very late season evidently contributed to the injury, as the crop generally did not possess the vigor and vitality which would enable it to withstand the effects of occasional unfavorable weather. REMARKABLE OUTBREAK OF THE VARIEGATED CUTWORM. Bre ©. J. 9. Betuune, Ontario AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, GUELPH. On the evening of the 25th of July, a telephone message from Leamington was received at the Ontario Agricultural College urgently asking for help - against a worm that was devouring everything before it. As no information was supplied that gave any clue to the identity of the depredator, an arrange- - ment was at once made by the Department of Entomology to send to Leam- ington Mr. Cesar, a fourth year student, and Mr. McMeans who is in charge _ of the vegetable gardens. They left the next morning and on the following _ evening Mr. McMeans brought me back specimens, which proved to be the _ Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia), and gave me an account of the rav- ages of the insect and the advice that was given to the farmers whose crops ; Fig. 32. Peridroma Saucia ; a, moth ; 6, normal form of larva, lateral view ; c, same in curved position ; d, dark form, dorsal view ; e, egg from side; /, egg mass on twig (after Howard, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture). were being attacked. Mr. Cesar, who remained longer, subsequently gave me the more detailed report which is appended hereto. The outbreak is very remarkable, as nothing similar has been recorded since the year 1900, when these cutworms appeared in enormous numbers in British Columbia and the neighboring Pacific Coast States and were unusually abundant in Mtr A Noag COME RIAAT WM MW aba Ne TAs in ieee gt iii a ht b Tee ae Seana Ravana SY Sire MAR ig f ft Ras | THE REPORT OF THE Manitoba, Ontario, and many of the States to the south-west of us. Dr. Fletcher, in his annual report for 1900 (pages 215 to 227), gives a very full — account of the insect and its ravages in British Columbia during that year. Near Leamington the worms were first observed in clover fields, where they soon devoured the crop and left the ground bare and black; they then marched on to the next field and consumed whatever vegetation they met with; corn and tobacco, tomatoes and other vegetables seemed especial favor- ites for consumption. If a fruit tree happened to be in their way, they climbed it and devoured both fruit and foliage; many peach trees were thus attacked and the fruit ruined. Like other cutworms these caterpillars feed only at night and remain in concealment during the day, hiding in the ground where the soil is loose, and under any rubbish or other shelter that they can find. When full-grown the worm is about two inches long, with a yellowish stripe on each side above the legs, the rest of the body is darker and mottled with black, white — or grey; the most characteristic feature is a row of yellow or white spots, five to seven in number, along the middle line of the back. Fig. 32. Some of the worms changed into the chrysalis stage early in August, others later; for this purpose they buried themselves in the ground and formed there an oval earthen cell. The moth, into which they finally turned, has a wing expan- sion of about an inch, and is dark blackish brown in color, often clouded . with red towards the front margin of the wings, but with no conspicuous or distinguishing markings; the underwings are white with a pearly lustre. Like so many other of our most destructive insects, this one has come to us from Europe. : Rerort sy Mr. L. Czsar to C. J. S. Beraune, Proressor or En tromonoey. Srr,—I have the honor to submit the following report of my trip to Leamington, July 26th to 29th, to aid the farmers in their struggle against an insect pest that seemed to be devouring everything before it. I arrived at Leamington about sunset, July 26th, and at once set out for the farm of W. T. Moore, who was the first to propose sending to your department for aid. By the assistance of a lantern we were able to see the caterpillars at work on Mr. Moore’s tobacco and tomatoes. They proved to be the Variegated Cutworm (Peridroma saucia) and were very numerous, Mr. Moore on one occasion counted as many as 290 on a single plant. They had begun their ravages in a small plot of second growth clover which he was keeping for seed. To check them Mr. Moore at once plowed this down and rolled it, thereby no doubt destroying countless numbers; but many still remained. Finally, in his efforts to keep them from destroying his tobacco and tomatoes he had hit upon the device of plowing a furrow ahead of them. This, in a very sandy soil like his, gave excellent results and impeded the progress of the caterpillars better than one would have thought possible, especially as they climb corn stalks and trees without difficulty. The fine. grains of sand, however, yielding as they tried to climb, made an insuperable barrier in most cases. J recommended Mr. Moore to make holes with steep edges and about one foot deep at intervals of about every twenty feet in the furrows. Next morning I had a chance to see the work of the furrow and holes combined on an adjoining farm. The result was most gratifying to all of us. In every hole there was a mass of caterpillars an inch or more deep. The farmer went from hole to hole with a piece of. fence rail about five feet long and pounded his foes in each hole to death, evidently taking much pleasure in the operation. \ )) “1M pie RRO SEE SS oY i TAD sa le A Ng CR rat AIS a ag RO ee wad et a } ¥ > \e - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. = 1k Though I saw that very few caterpillars had been able to escape from the furrow and holes, yet as an extra precaution I advised that the unin- jured plants immediately in front be sprayed with a strong mixture of Paris green and water, or that poisoned bran be scattered among them. Mr. Mc- Means of the Horticultural department, who was with me, suggested shorts as an alternative for bran. After arranging to come back in the afternoon and superintend the pre- paration of the poisoned bran or shorts, I was driven by Mr. Moore to sev- eral other farms which were reported to be attacked by the same pest. Of these one belonged to Mr. Quick. This gentleman, the night before I came - to-Leamington, had lost more than en acre of good tobacco by the attack of caterpillars. Practically nothing had been left of it. Having heard, how- - ever, of the furrow plan, he at once ploughed one and the next night was delighted to observe by the aid of his lantern that it seemed to be an effec- tual barrier. I mentioned a few ways in which I thought Mr. Quick could improve his furrow and also told him of poisoned bran or spraying with _ Paris green as further remedies. There was evidently a good deal of scep- ticism in his mind and in the minds of some other farmers as to the efficacy of Paris green in any shape or form. Probably this was because they did not see dead caterpillars lying on the plants or on the ground where they had tried spraying. They could scarcely be expected to think of their hav- ing buried themselves and died in the ground. However, I told them to come down and see how the experiment with the poisoned bran resulted at Mr. Moore’s. _ The next farm visited belonged to Mr. Copeland. Here I saw the most discouraging sight I had witnessed anywhere in the district. From several acres of clover the caterpillars had spread out in a single night and attacked In enormous numbers about two acres of beautiful corn and ruined it. Not only had they attacked the leaves but they had eaten through and through the stalks themselves. In addition to the corn they had attacked two rows of peach trees that were about three years old. If one of these trees were given a quick shake numerous caterpillars would fall from their hiding place among the foliage to the ground. Here again Mr. Copeland, having heard of the furrow and holes had resorted to this device to save the rest of his crop. It was interesting to see the host of caterpillars in the large holes he had made. So strongly did he trust to his furrow and holes that he was leaving to sun to do the work of destroying the caterpillars for him. Practi+ cally none seemed to be escaping, but I advised their immediate destruction in whatever way he wished, whether by boiling water, by kerosene, or by pounding with a stick as his neighbor had done. Several more farms were visited and the best remedies I knew of ex- plained to the farmers, many of whom had no idea of what they ought to do. On my return to Mr. Moore’s in the afternoon I helped him to make up what little bran he had into a poisoned mixture. The method I employed was to sweeten some water with black-strap, then moisten the bran with it and add the Paris green little by little to the moistened bran, mixing it thoroughly. I believe that a better and easier way would have been to make a paste of the Paris green with a little water and then add this gradually to the moistened bran and mix thoroughly. The trouble with the former me thod was that in spite of every precaution the Paris green: tended to form flakes and could with difficulty be got to mix up finely with the bran. It was impossible, however, to get any more bran or shorts in the town, so we used flour and Paris green, mixing them dry. This was put on by means of a Planet Junior hand-drill, a very convenient method. Mr. Moore pro- THE REPORT OF THE mised to observe by lantern light the results of our experiments with the _ bran and flour mixtures respectively. So after watching some spraying of ~ hedges around a clover field, I returned to the town. Late that night Mr. Moore met me in town and seemed very much pleased with the experiments. He reported the poisoned flour a decided success. He had less to say about the poisoned bran. - ’ Illness during Sunday, July 28th, prevented my visiting any of the operations which I heard were going on all that day. A few farmers, however, met me and made enquiries how to fight the pest. At the request of several of the most intelligent farmers, I arranged early Monday morning for the publication and distribution of 1,000 leaflets giving instructions how to combat the caterpillars. Having seen to this and visited two in- fested farms where I saw that the foe was still under control I felt com-. _ pelled by continued illness to return to Guelph at once. It may be of interest to note that on at least two farms large flocks of — cowbirds were seen feeding upon the caterpillars. I looked for signs of Tachina flies and other parasites, but saw none attacking the caterpillars; these were, however, great numbers of cocoons of Braconids to be found on the clover leaves. I brought some of these home and reared several adults from them. Respectfully submitted, L. Casar. TWO-WINGED FLIES. By Rev. Tuos. W. Fyzzes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Que. Two-winged flies seem to be everywhere in evidence. They are met with as far north as man has made his abode; and they abound in tropical regions. In light or darkness, be the weather fair or foul, in early Spring and late — Autumn—aye, and under favorable circumstances in Winter also—two- winged flies are to be found. Baron Osten Sacken, in his ‘‘Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America,’’ gives the names of no less than 4,077. species of these insects; and-doubtless there are many more unnamed species, belonging to the order, that will be found as time goes on and dipterologists increase. The same distinguished naturalist groups the flies into 64 families. It may well be believed that such formidable numbers are deterrent to the study of the Diptera. Moreover, there is, I think, a prejudice, formed in early life, against the two-winged flies. The annoyance caused by house-flies, gnats, and cat- tle-flies, the abominable character of the blow-fly, the accounts of the tsetse and other hurtful species, all tend to create an utter dislike to the Diptera that is hard to overcome. I know that as a boy I was not much impressed by the story—told as a warning—of the ill-famed and ill-starred Roman Emperor who amused himself by killing flies. Questions arose in my youth- ful mind as to whether, in so doing, he was not acting as a public benefactor; and I am inclined to think that many a mother who in the nursery, would tell her children not to be cruel and kill flies, would, in the kitchen, spread a sheet of “tangle-foot’’ without compunction. Yes—the order Diptera is not generally regarded with favor. Never- tbeless, as Mr. Macy says in Silas Marner, ‘‘a fly is a fly, though it may uel =e i'f » je al Fe PN Ba ieee ane N coh CURE ny ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Uiee ens LOS be a hoss- fly,* and the habits of even this depreciated ‘ ‘hoss-fly’’ are so re- markable and ‘its life-history is so strange, that, duly observed, they can- not fail to interest. Undoubtedly many of the two-winged flies cause annoyance, both to man and beast; some are highly destructive to our food-supphes; some, on the other hand, are useful in keeping down the numbers of other insects, and others again, in consuming animal and vegetable substances that would cause harmful exhalations. I shall endeavour to guard against wearying my readers with minute descriptions of many species. I hope to kindle an interest in the Diptera by telling of peculiarities in the structure and habits of some of the more remarkable of the kinds that have come under my notice. The first family in Osten Sacken’s list is the Cecidomyiide a very im- portant group of insects. In it come two of the worst insect pests that have | troubled the Agriculturist, viz., the Hessian Fly (Fig. 33), Cecidomyia de- structor, Say, and the Wheat Midge, Diplosis tritici, Kirby (Figs. 34 and Fig. 33.—Hessian Fly Fig. 34.— Wheat Midge—natural Fig. 35.—Wheat Kernel —greatly magnified. size shewn below. attacked by Midge. Fig. 36.—Willow-gall Midge—a the Fig. 37.—Diplosis grassator—l1 larva, 2 pupa, 3 Aly, fly, much enlarged, 6 antenna side view, 4 fly, under side (original). highly magnified. May, the other Of C. destructor, two broods appear 1 in September. Each female fly lays about 30 eggs, on the blades of wheat, or of some other kind of grass. The eggs are minute, cylindrical, red points. *“And you’re a doctor, I reckon, though you’re only a cow-doctor—for a fly’s 4 fly, though it may be a hoss-fly,’’ eoncluded Mr. Macey, wondering a little at his own ‘euteness.’’—Silas Marner, ch VII % eg sy nisl VALAIS irik dull Pa tt 4 Lars ai Hh se RENT . SACRA, nti 8 ADSM ora ay e. ie : } ri ie Mi ‘ = , Py m ‘ Oy ; ¥ i r 4 y 104" THE REPORT OF THE They hatch in a week if the weather is warm; and the little white maggots work their way down between the leaf and the stem of the plant, till they come to a joint; there they commence to drain away the juices of the plant. About the first of June, the maggots go into what is called the “Flaxseed stage,’’ because of the shape and color of the pupa case, or “puparium.”’ The perfect insects appear in August, and lay their eggs for the second brood. Where Fall Wheat is grown it should not be sown till September; and Spring Wheat should not be sown till the end of May. Diplosis tritici became very destructive in Lower Canada in 1834. In 1856 it was estimated that the loss on wheat in Canada, occasioned by the Midge was $2,500,000. The perfect insect is a minute, orange-colored fly, with black eyes, yellow legs, and wings that resemble thin films of mica. It makes its appearance when the wheat is in flower; and the female lays her eggs in the floret—the harm done by this insect is directly to the ker- nel (Fig. 35). The maggots get their growth in three weeks, and then wriggle to the ground ‘and bury themselves, remaining unchanged through the Winter, and going into pupa in the Spring. The flies come forth in une end of June. Because of the damage done by this insect, and because Western flour can be bought so cheaply, our farmers in Quebec Province nave, very generally, abandoned the growth of wheat. A very interesting Cecidomyian is C. strobiloides,, Osten Sacken (Fig. 36). This fly lays an egg in the terminal bud of a shoot of sallow. The little orange-colored grub that comes from the egg so affects the bud, that it develops into a good-sized cone-shaped gall, which becomes dry and hard as the Winter advances. In the centre of this gall, and in a delicate, mem- braneous cocoon, the grub remains till early Spring, when it changes to a pupa. In April or May the perfect flies appear. When I was studying these creatures I opened some of the galls to watch the changes of the in- sect, and, as I thought, to aid the prisoner to escape, but the interference did harm; the fly from the open gall was always defective—as we say ‘‘crip- pled.’’ It seemed as if the effort on the part of the insect to work its way upward, was absolutely necessary to the attainment of its higher life. And in this we have one of Nature’s many parables. A fly of great economic importance is Diplosis grassator, Fyles (Fig. 37), which in this country preys upon and keeps down the numbers of the dreaded Phyllozera vastatriz, Planchon. The story of my discovery of this insect is as follows: In the summer of 1882, I spent some time at Como, on the Ottawa with my friends, Mr. and Mrs. I. J. Gibb. Growing over the fences of the high- way which ran through their estate, and extending for many yards, were several native vines. They were badly infested with Phyllozera vas- tatriz. As this pest was then exciting much attention, I was pleased with the opportunity of studying its habits. I soon found that at this place it was assailed by a formidable foe, an orange-colored dipterous larva. The business-like way in which this creature gave the quietws to the larva of the Phylloxera aroused my curiosity, and I resolved to study the species care- fully. Accordingly I took a mass of the affected foliage home to Cowans- ville, where I then resided, and arranged for fresh supplies, properly secured, to be sent to me by post. At home I spent much time at the microscope, observing the structure, habits, and metamorphoses of the species; and I made, with the utmost care, drawings of it in its larval, pupal, and imago stages. The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held that year in Montreal, and was attended by a number of scientists from the y : , d i A yi ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 United States. Among them were Professors Lintner, Hagen, and Riley. 3 I brought the insect under the notice of the meeting. No one present professed an acquaintance with it, except Dr. Wm. Saunders (see 13th An. Rep. Ent. | Soe. of Ont. p. 10); but ‘Dr. Riley, from the description given, and the speci- ; mens shewn, pronounced it to be a species of Diplosis. I then wrote to Dr. Williston, sending him particulars, and asking him for information Ue very kindly replied, furnishing me with references to a number of species of Cecidomyia, and adding: : “It is probable that your species is not one of these, but new. Still I a should examine the subject as far as possible. At all events its life’s his- _ tory is interesting, and worthy of immediate publication. ZL. vitis is the _ only species in which the imago and complete life history are known.’ a Acting upon Dr. Williston’s suggestion, I sent the life-history of the insect, with illustrations to the “Canadian Entomologist.’’ - They appeared in the December number of the magazine (Can. Ent. Vol. XIV, p. 237), together with a confirmatory statement from Dr. Saun- ~ ders, the editor. The number was printed January 10th, 1883. : On the 27th of February, 1883, I received a kind latter from Dr. Hagen, who said, with reference to D. grassator—specimens of which I had sent him: “The fly is, I think, a Cecidomyia. I think it is not sure that it be- longs to Diplosis. At least the reticulations of the wing differ in having the - median veins straight, and the fork at the hind margin wanting. You will see in Osten Sacken’s Catalogue, that the museums do not possess this type for Cecidomyia. I have gone through the literature, and find, till now, _ that your species is not described.”’ D. grassator is not a gall-producer like certain Cecidomyians spoken of by Walsh and Riley. Its Jarve do not extract sap from pale as do those of C. albovittata, Walsh. | They do not feed on fungi, like those of D. coniophago, Winnertz. They have not horny hooks at the tip of the abdomen like those of C. populi, Duf. They are not white, like those of D. carye, O.S. They do not go under ground to pupate like those of Lasioptera vitis, The pupa has not two oblique processes from the anal end, like that of the Lucopis mentioned by Riley. The imago has not violet- bios spots, nor are tibie and tarsi annulated with black, as in D. maccus, Lew. It is not brownish-black with white hairs like that of C. (Diplosis) Pini, De Geer. Its thorax is not blackish above with a golden pubescence as in Lasiop- tera vitis, O.S. I think I may sav with all confidence, that my account of the insect, with the notes of Drs. Hagen and Saunders, and the illustrations given af- ford sufficient specific distinction for the recognition of the insect. If D. grassator had been carried to France with the American vines in- troduced by the Duchess of Fitzjames, the loss to the Gironde, amounting to $100,000,000, might have been lessened, and the vineyards ultimately saved. In the next family, the Pulicide, Packard and others have placed the Fleas. These creatures, though they have no wings, are shown by the form and habits of their larve, to be rightly placed. Of their many species two are very well known“ Plex. vrrstan s, Linneus, the Human Flea, and Cera- _topsyllus serraticeps, Gervais, the Cat and Dog Flea (Fig. 38). 4 bs aii PSO ha i peer PAR NTIN ee aa i alk S i 3 ): ¥ 2 ‘ 4 ‘3 * Ri 106 THE REPORT OF THE \ pt About fifty years ago an ingenious Italian (said to have belonged to a good family in his own land), was employed by Sir Edmund Head, as stew- ard, and afterwards in the same capacity by the Stadacona Club of Quebec. Bertolotto—for that was his name—observing the structure of the flea, its great strength, and its rigid, protective armor, conceived the idea of har- nessing the insect, and turning it to account for the amusement of himself and his friends. And here I would say that I am indebted for most of the information that I can give, respecting Bertolotto and his Fleas, to D. Jewell, Esq., broker, who was intimately acquainted with Bertolotto, Lt. Col. Gray of © H. M. Customs, who was a member of the Stadacona Club during the time of Bertolotto’s stewardship, and the Rev. E. A. W. King, M.A., Rector of — St. Peter’s, who witnessed one of Bertolotto’s exhibitions in Boston, Mass., at the time of the American Centennial (1876). These gentlemen are all living in Quebec. Bertolotto broke his fleas of the habit of jumping, by confining them in a glass tube about half an inch in diameter. He fastened a silken tie around the waist of each; by means of this he could attach them to various contrivances. He made a small carriage, fastened fleas inside as passengers, a flea on the box as coachman, and a flea behind as footman or guard. Then fastened fleas to the pole as horses. These soon found that ‘‘a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull all together,’’ was the way to advance; and so the equipage moved on, to the delight of the observers. A number of like con- trivances made up a show, that from its very novelty, became popular, and consequently remunerative; and Bertolotto travelled to exhibit it. I have been told that, on a certain occasion, when giving a parlour en- tertainment, before some exalted personages, Bertolotto discovered, to his dismay, that his leading performer, his best trained flea, which he had named Napoleon, had made its escape. In the warmth of his southern tem- perament he bewailed his loss—‘Oh, my Napoleon! My Napoleon is gone! What shall-I do?’’ As the escape of Napoleon the Great from Elba occasioned dismay amongst the powers of Europe, so the escape of Napoleon the Little occa- sioned disturbance in the minds of the ladies present—they anticipated dire attacks. Presently one of the fair ones hastily left the room. Soon afterwards a maid came in, bearing a plate, and on the plate a glass, and under the glass a flea. Bertolotto welcomed it with delight. But telling the story afterwards he said, ‘‘Lo.and behold, it was not my Napoleon at all!’’ The Rev. Mr. King thus described the performance he witnessed :— “Bertolotto stood behind a counter, and had a sheet of glass before him. His visitors were seated round the room. Three or four persons came up to the counter at a time. Bertolotto first exhibited a small house, that he called the “‘Fleas’ Hotel’’—he had about 50 fleas in it. Then an wneducated flea, fastened by a fine gold chain to a small ball, was shown. This flea jumped about wildly. After that a Flea Orchestra was exhibited; about twenty- five fleas, each bearing a minute imitation musical instrument, were placed in a semicircle, and went through the motions of playing upon their instru- ‘ments, while a musical box gave forth a tune. The Prince of Wales in In- dia was represented; a toy elephant bearing a howdah was set out; fleas represented the prince and his attendants, and a flea was the mahout. A Military Review; the Coach and Horses; a Flea working a windlass that — brought up a small bucket, ete., etc., were shown.”’ i ye eat ee ae SpA No. 19 ss pT om ee ee ee eee ee ee “4 | ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ‘ 107 Questioned about the feeding of his fleas, Bertolotto said that he fed them only at night; and he showed a red place on his wrist—a token of the phle-botomy he had undergone the night before. When ‘he was asked, ‘‘Where do you get your fleas?’’ he replied, ‘‘Not ‘in Massachusetts; the fleas here are too poor—they are no good. J have to send to Canada for the good ones!’’ ee Jewell has given me an original ticket for Bertolotto’s show. It reads : — “Signor Bertolotto’s original exhibition of the EDUCATED FLEAS Now open at 89 Union Square, From 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Admission .. asic Programmes in the Rehibition Rooms.’ Between the words original and exhibition there is a small engraving of a flea with a soldier on its back. g The family Simulide is an objectionable one. I lived many years ago in a cottage near a brook, which meandered through a valley, and fell into a neighboring lake. This brook abounded with the pretty little trout, Salmo fontinalvs...... It also abounded with the -larve of the Black Fly of the North, Stmuliwm molestum, Walker, which are said to be harmful to the young fry of the fish. The Black Fly itself is a compact insect having a stout proboscis with which it inflicts a more severe wound than that given by the mosquito. I have seen the faces and necks of children running with blood from the bites of this insect. There is a stately White Willow over-shadowing my yard at Levis, and other trees are near. In the calm summer evenings, when the light has been fading, I have often sat upon my verandah and watched the mazy dance of Plecia heteroptera, Say, plainly seen against the western after- glow. _ This insect is a black fly—entirely black; but it is “guileless of of- fence.”’ It belongs to the family Bibionide. Ths disreputable family of mosquitoes known as the Culicide have been ably set before us by Howard, Smith and other writers. Our common spe- cies at Quebec is Culex consobrinus, Robineau-Desvoidy. Drain the land, stock the pond with fish, keep the water-butts closely covered, banish the mosquitoes—“their room is better than their company. A very interesting family of two-winged flies is that of the Tipulide. The typical insect of this is the Tipula, Crane-fly, or Daddy-long-legs. The finest of our Quebec Tipulide is Tipula flavicans, Fab. It has an expanse of wings of nearly two and a half inches; and its legs when extend- ed reach over a space of three and a half inches diameter. The wings of this insect are prettily veined and are spotted with brown and white. Its long abdomen is light with dark brown markings. A very pretty Crane-fly is 7. trivittata, Say. It has three smoky brown aaa crossing the wings, and the wing tips are clouded with the same color A very common insect in our woods is 7’. cincta, Lew. It is very Quak- er-like in its coloring, having body, Rik and wings of a sober drab. Smaller and brighter in color is . ferruginea, Fab. Its prevailing color is orange-red. 3 e SOS ASEAN De 2S a iW PIE: IRA Bee Ho ONE | IV RICH geOC ENR EL eI ra ide SS MANA SE ON Shs eS wi¥ hs { “ A i 4 wy a) 108 ; THE REPORT OF THE Pedicia albivitta, Walker, is a larger and handsome Crane-fly. It may be readily distinguished by its brown costa and the obtuse-angled trian- gle raised upon it. In the male of the species there is a brown line running from the obtuse angle to the hind margin of the wing. | In June, 1896, I took, in the grounds of my friend Mr. Wheeler, at — Bergerville, a fine species of Ctenophora. Its head and thorax are jet black, — polished; its abdomen is black, excepting the two first segments which are a Fig. 38. Cat and Dog Flea, greatly Fig. 39. Bittacomorpha Cla- magnified ; a the egg. vipes. (original). = VY N\ Wh cea) \ WUE NY's Fig. 42. Pterodonti Fig 40. Black Horse Fly ; Tabanus atratus. Fig. 41. Robber Fly; Asilus. flavipes (original), bo “a Fig. 44. 1. Odynerustigres. 2. Tem- Fig. 45. Tachina Fly, parasite Fig. 43. Syrphus Fly. nostoma bombilans (original). of the Army-worm. bright red. The legs are red. The wings are somewhat smoky; their veins are dark brown distinctly marked, and there is a brown spot on the costa at about one-third the length of the wing, counting from the tip. : But I think the most remarkable of the near relatives of the Tipulide is Bittacomorpha clavipes, Fabricius (Fig. 39). This creature has trans- — nye ie Sel at i it cea PUM aR ee i INN all ald, Re Petled Wenyiy Wire Th 7 nate 4 j / ] fp ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mex OD! _ parent wings, a thin body, and long legs banded with white. When it flies you do not see its wings—it seems to float like a film. It is an insect fairy. q One female Crane-fly will lay about 300 eggs. These are small, black and glossy. They are laid in, or close to, the ground. The grubs that come _ from them are familiarly known as Leather-jackets. They feed on the roots of grasses, corn, etc., and sometimes do much damage. Unlike other mag- : gots the larva of the Crane- -fly has a well-marked head, black and horny, _ with a pair of strong black jaws; and a pair of small horns. At the blunt _ extremity of the creature are four tubercles. The grubs turn to pupe in the ground; and the flies appear towards the end of summer. Fall ploughing, rotation of crops, lime-dressing for the land, drainage, all help to keep the numbers of the Leather-jackets down. g The perfect flies are quite harmless. They are remarkable for the - seeming ease with which they part with their limbs. I find it rather a difficult matter to obtain perfect cabinet specimens of them. In the Cenomyiide comes the Cenomyia pallida of Say. This fly is 4 figured by Gosse in the Canadian Naturalist p. 199. It is believed to be the _ same as the C. ferruginea of Europe. I have four fine specimens in my collection. They were taken in the Eastern Townships, at different times. _ The fly is fawn-colored throughout, with large blue-black eyes. : The family Stratiomyide numbers some fine insects. One of them is ~ quite common at Quebec, viz., Stratiomyia obesa, Loew. It has a yellow face jet black eyes, a black body marked. with yellow stripes; its legs are yel- _ low, and its wings are light fawn-colored, darker on the fore part of the wing. It is a handsome fly. | A family of objectionable insects is the Tabanide. Amongst them comes that annoying fly, Chrysops fugaz, Walker, which does its worst to spoil the entomologist’s pleasure in the woods and fields, especially when there are cattle near. This fly is black, and has a brown patch in the cen- tre of the wing. There is no mistaking it—its incessant audacious attacks — make it known. ” Happily we have not in Quebec the formidable Tabanus atratus, Fab. (Fig. 40). But the fine fly Tabanus rufus, Palisot Beauvois, often made its appearance round my stable when I kept a horse and cows. It is three- quarters of an inch in length of body, and an inch and a half in expanse of wings. Its prevailing color is brick-red. To the Asilide belong the Robber Flies (Fig. 41), which are so named from their habit of pouncing down upon the backs of other insects and de- stroying them. I have seen the King Bird alight, with the utmost daring and dexterity, upon the shoulders of the Hen Hawk, and peck at its head to drive it away - from the neighborhood in which the little King Birds were gathered. And _ the Robber Flies do not hesitate to pounce down upon such formidable in- sects as wasps and bees—not merely to put them to flight, but to drain away _ their life-juices. Our commonest kind is Asilus Nove-Scotia, Macquart. The Bombylide are an interesting family. From their habit of hover- ing over blossoms, they are called Bee Flies. Anthrax fulviana, Say, is quite common at Quebec. Its brown body is covered with a yellow down, and its wings have an irregular brown border along the costa. A less bulky and prettier fly is Anthrax sinuosa, Wiedemann. This is dark _ brown in color, and its wings are of a rich warm brown, but have a clear space along the hind margin. In the genus Bombylius we have fratellus, _ Weid., major, Linne, and pygmeus, Fabricius. The last named is a veri- table fairy. Its small brown body is edged with yellow; its wings are richly C? 4 . , SEP Poe ee TAPE Wages es oe. eit Tek Pat Elem Using Saeed aie Sob : ue . Re UL CRM ak ie » ee THE REPORT’OF THE” 2-5) 7 spotted with black, and have a brown bar along the costa; and its probos-_ cis extends in a straight line from the head—as is the case also with fratellus and major. ; Of the Leptide I have taken Leptis Boscii, Macquart, at Quebec; of th Empide, Rhamphomyia umbrosa, Lew.; and of the Therevide, Thereva senez, Walker. A fly of strange appearance is Pterodontia flavipes, Gray (Fig. 42). It is oval in shape and raised, and looks lke a large Lady-bird. Its colors are black and red. It comes in the family Cyrtide. I have taken a few speci- mens of this fly at the Gomin Swamp. The family Syrphide contains a number of remarkable flies. Some of them have a strange resemblance to wasps (Fig. 43). One day when seeking in the woods for additions to my collections of the Vespide, I saw what I took to be a fine female of V. arenaria. I caught it and found that it was a specimen of the Syrphid, Spilomyza fusca, Loew. Milesia eccentrica, Harris, resembles a yellow wasp, and so in less de- gree, does Chrysotozum derivatum, Walker. Temnostoma bombylans is a handsome fly belonging to the Syrphide. I do not know its history; but the creature bears so striking a resemblance to Odynerus tigres, that I suspect it to be a familiar of that wasp (Fig. 44). Sericomyia militaris, Walker, is quite common at Quebec. It proba- bly derives its name from the yellow bands on its abdomen, which look like the facings of a soldier’s coat. : Spilomyia quadrifasciatus, Say, is a large, handsome fly. Its long, cylindrical abdomen has a conspicuous golden band round the upper part. The rat-tailed maggots of Hristalis tenaz, Linneus, thrive in polluted water. The tail is a breathing-tube. The flies of the species may easily be mistaken for drones of the Hive Bees, and are commonly called Drone Flies. Besides this species, H. transversus, Wied., and EH. dimidiatus, Wied., are common at Quebec. Volucella evecta, Walk., is very common with us. Its Larve are found * in Bumble Bees’ nests. : I have taken three specimens of the pretty fly Conops furcillatus upon flower-heads. The larve of the Conopide are said to be parasitic in the bodies of Bumble Bees.* In the (stride we find the Bot-flies of the horse, ox, sheep, etc. The Horse Bot-fly, Gastrophilus equi, Meigen, lays its eggs on the fore-legs of the horse. The larva, leaving the egg, causes irritation and is licked off by the horse. It is carried in the saliva to the stomach of the animal. There it attaches itself, and from thence on getting its growth, it is voided. The larve of the Ox Bot-fly or ‘“‘Warble-fly,’’ Hypoderma bovis, Fab», cause tumors in the back of the ox, which injure the skin—a grubby hide is of one-third less value than a sound one. The Sheep Bot-fly, @strus ovis,-Lin., lays living maggots in the nostrils of the sheep. These crawl into the frontal hollows of the sheep’s head, and get their growth there. The family Tachinide is a large one, Fig. 45. In it we have Histricia vivida, Harris, a showy bustling insect, with a rounded, red abdomen, set with black bristles. It is common and well known. *“The Conopians undergo their transformations in the bodies of humble bees, their young subsisting on the fat contained within the abdomen of their luckless victims.’’— Harris, ‘‘Insects Injurious to Vegetation,’’ p. 611. o Ce ee ge eS ss <- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY." 2 111 _ Another fine insect in the same family is Echinomyia florum, Walker. It is of a glossy blue-black, with light sienna-colored wings, and has a yellow patch on either side of the first joint of the abdomen. __+~Gonia capitata, DeGeer, is a prettily banded fly, also in the Tachinide. It frequents flower-heads, and was abundant at Quebec two years ago. A fly of strange habits is Sarcophaga sarracenia, Riley, Fig. 46, belong- ing to the family Sarcophagide. In the pitchers of the plant, Sarracenia purpurea, will be found a decaying mass of insects, which had been attracted by, and drowned in, the liquid that the pitchers contain. Into this corrupting mass the fly, S. sarraceniw drops her eggs. The maggots from these thrive ‘in pollution and, after attaining their growth, bite a way through the side ‘of the pitcher and fall into the surrounding herbage, in which they undergo the pupal change. ; The Muscide form another large family, Fig. 47. In it we find Musca domestica, Linn., Lucilia Cesar, Linn., Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn., house- hold pests too well known. In the Anthomyide comes the troublesome Anthomyia raphani, Harris, which spoils our radishes. ‘ The ochre-colored Dung-fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, Linn., is common. It is a representative of the Cordyluride. Fig. 46.—Sarcophaga sarraceniz. Fig. 47.—A Muscid Fly. . : Among the Ortalide is found that most remarkable and handsome fly, -Pergata undata, Wied., which is figured on page 610 of ‘‘Insects Injurious to Vegetation’? by Harris. I have taken several specimens of this fine fly ; in the Eastern Townships. ____ Another. beautiful insect belonging to this family is Chetopsis wnea, Wied. It has a glossy blue body, and pretty banded wings. I have found its -“Inaggots preying upon Lepidopterous larve, in the stems of bulrushes, and have raised the perfect insects from them. } Of insects in the family Trypetide I have taken at Quebec, Straussia longipennis, Wied., Hutreta sparsa, Wied., Eurosta solidaginis, Fitch, and Tephritis albiceps, Loew. It is Eurosta solidaginis that inhabits the large, round pithy galls that ‘are found on the Golden Rod. In the Piophilide comes the well known Piophila casei, Linn., whose larvee are the ‘“‘hoppers’’ found in cheese. _ There are some other families of Diptera to which it does not come within my present purpose to refer. I have endeavored to compress within the limits of this article such information as seemed to me likely to arouse an interest in the two winged flies, and to convey ideas of their number, variety ‘and habits. Every species has doubtless its peculiar life-history —known or unknown, to man. Every species fulfils its purpose in the economy of Nature. They all bear testimony to the marvellous resources of the Divine Creator, who an Wisdom hath made them all. ys : 1s 4 Fe eT Fee 8 eee A Se we a et 6 ee ee ae Gite ~~ ot a TO a eS mee haa’ ad tated Fils Sanit ant is vss x a yep dl me ‘ a yeu a Ras: Tame ete ¢ “sah bag + ~ . ‘ . : ‘ : olighe sie eal Sa a bi a ERE eoae Ce bee 112 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ci SUMMER MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. i ey A summer meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural © College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, July 4 and 5, 1907. Through the kindness of President Creelman the members from a tieeace were hospitably entertained in the College residence during their visit, the ladies of the party being provided for in the Macdonald Hall. The number in attendance was smaller than anticipated, many who had been looking forward to taking part in the meeting being prevented from coming by a variety of causes. A very satisfactory audience, however, was made up by the Summer School of | Ontario teachers from the Macdonald Institute, and several students. and members of the College staff. The sessions began on Thursday afternoon — in the lecture-room of the Biological Department, the President of the Society, Dr. Fletcher of Ottawa, being in the chair. Mr. H. H. Lyman, of © Montreal, read a paper on the distinctions between 7'hecla calanus and Edwardsi. Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, described the life-history of a colony of the Tent — Caterpillar and related his experiences in breeding a large number during — a series of years in order to observe the effects of parasites upon them. Dr. Fletcher gave an account of a visit he recently paid to Massachusetts — ~ and described what was being done to control the Brown-tail and Gypsy moths a by the importation of parasites from Europe and by practical field operations. — Mr. C. W. Nash, of Toronto, spoke on ‘‘Balance in Nature,’’ in which ~ he described in a very interesting manner some of the numerous checks and — ‘counter-checks which are provided in order to prevent the undue preponder- ance or the extermination of any particular species, and showed how this balance had been upset by man’s disturbmg agency and the difficult problems — that had arisen in consequence. A discussion followed which was partici- — pated in by the chairman, Dr. Brodie, Prof. Bethune, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Cesar and others. In the evening the session was held in the Nature Study Lecture-room — of the Macdonald Institute and was attended by the Summer School and a number of others from the town and College as well as by the members of the Society. Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, gave a highly interesting lecture on ‘‘Insects as Carriers of Diseases.’?’ Mr. C. W. Nash followed with a lively address on “Instinct vs. Education’’ and Dr. Fletcher spoke in his | usual attractive manner on “Nature Study as a Means of Education.’’ The evening was thoroughly enjoyed by all present and no doubt the school — teachers carried away with them much information and many impressions that will be of value to them in the future. The next day, July 5th, was given up to an excursion to Puslinch Lake, a picturesque sheet of water about nine miles from the College. The Summer — School joined in the picnic, making up a party of more than sixty in all. The day was spent in collecting botanical and entomological specimens and other — objects of interest. At the close short addresses were given by members of — the College staff and others on various specimens that had been brought in, including fresh-water shells, insects, and plants. The meeting on the whole was so delightful and successful an experiment that it will no doubt be re-— peated in future years and become annually more attractive and well-attended. ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1907. By Dr. James Frercuer anp ArTHUR Gipson, Ottawa. . \ The season of 1907 in Canada will long be remembered for its unusual and irregular character. The spring, right across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was cold, dry and late. As a consequence, insects of all kinds were remarkably scarce, and the paucity of insect life in April and May had a direct effect on bird life as well as in many places also upon the fruit crops. Where fruit growers were fortunate enough to have colonies of bees near their grounds there was a conspicuous advantage to the crop from the much larger number of flowers which were fertilized by these useful agents and friends of the fruit grower. The main migration of warblers and other insect-eating birds was much delayed by cool weather and the tardy revival of insect life. The exceptionally backward nature of the season con- tinued throughout the summer and was only in a measure compensated for by the long open autumn without killing frosts. From an entomological point of view, we seem to be passing through a period of ‘“‘poor years,’’? which began with the year 1901. Notwithstanding this, there has perhaps never heen a time when better work has been done in investigating the insect fauna of the country. This is directly due to the far higher appreciation of the value of entomological studies, the greater number of workers and the im- proved facilities for those studying insects to get into touch with others of similar interests. The appearance of several elementary works on various branches of the subject, such as the Insect Book, the Butterfly Book and the Moth Book, have acted as a stimulus to direct the attention of students to, and encourage them in the study of entomology. Local Natural History Societies, Horticultural Societies and schools, in all parts of the country, are devoting more time than ever before to the habits of insects, and the observations of their members are being published for the help and encouragement of others. Agricultural journals now include regularly articles upon the insect foes and friends of the farmer. The value of these articles depends entirely upon their scientific accuracy, and there is a constant demand for information on the life histories of insects. Such facts as this information is founded upon, can only be learnt by careful and close personal observation by the trained entomologist. The members of the Entomological Society of Ontario, located in all parts of the Dominion, are collecting assiduously and, in the pages of the Canadzan Entomologist and of the Annual Reports, are making known their discoveries for the benefit of the whole country. During the past year, in addition to the constant and important work of many collectors who have not the opportunity to travel from their own home fields of action, several collectors have penetrated to little known fields of work and have brought back many treasures, which in due time will be worked up and reported upon; thus, useful knowledge will be disseminated as to the geographical distribution of species, their life habits, and varying foods in widely separated localities. Of the officers of the Geological Survey Depart- ment, Mr. Joseph Keele, collected during the past summer along parts of the Stewart and Pelly Rivers in the far off Yukon. Mr. W. J. Wilson again visited the Hudson Bay slope and was this year along the height of land. Mr. T. P. Reilly, of the Alaska Boundary Survey, and Mr. Douglas H. Nelles, of the same Survey, brought back small collections, the former from near Sixty Mile River, along the 141st meridian in the Yukon, and the latter from Bartlett Bay, off Glacier Bay, Alaska. Mr. Andrew Halkett, Naturalist vf the Department of Marine and Fisheries, collected during the Inst summer 8 EN. [ 113 ] 1 RTL Aa VIN a Ruse MCI RR e aE vb i Roe aan me s) Wino ihue tad Sis) aha F F om : ; Peaks eo eae Y 114 THE REPORT OF THE | in the Provinces of Saskatchewan, around the Qu’Appelle Lakes, and in Alberta around Beaver Lake, which localities he was visiting to study the local fishes, but found time to collect several interesting insects. Mr. J. B. Wallis, of Winnipeg, collected at Banff, in the Rocky Mountains, and at Peachland, in the Okanagan Valley, B.C., where he made large collections of insects during July and August. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, spent the summer at the Georgian Bay Biological Station, at Go Home Bay, Ont., where he made interesting observations on aquatic insects. He also took short trips to Nepigon and Fort William, where he made important collec- tions of orthoptera and odonata. In the month of June, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, the well known microlepidopterist, of Montclair, N.J., paid a visit of a few days to Ottawa, where he made large collections at various places in the dis-- trict. Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, also visited Canada and, after addressing our members at the summer meeting in the beginning of July, proceeded with Dr. Fletcher to Nepigon where two days were spent. They then went to Aweme, Man., and had four days collecting with the Messrs. Criddle, after which a long trip was taken in company with Mr. T. N. Will- ing, along the Canadian Northern Railway; districts visited were, the Goose Lake district west of Saskatoon, Duck Lake, Prince Albert, Kinistino, Radis- son, Lloydminster, Edmonton, Calgary, Banff and Laggan. From Laggan Dr. Fletcher went alone to Vancouver Island. Large numbers of insects were collected in all localities mentioned above. Mr. Gibson spent the first three weeks in September at Rostrevor, on Lake Rosseau, Muskoka, and not- withstanding the unfavorable season, collected enough insects to indicate the richness of the locality. Mrs. Nicholl, of Bridgend, South Wales, this year made a third expedition to the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, for the special purpose of collecting butterflies. In part of her expedition she was accompanied by Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, and, on the whole, these trips were very successful. Mr. Dod has kindly provided us with several of Mrs. Nicholl’s records in addition to his own, and there is much of the material still to be worked up. We have again to express our great obligation to the leading specialists _ in the United States for their constant courtesies in naming material for our Canadian collectors. Dr. Howard, of Washington, with his assistants; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J., Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J., and Mr, E. P. VanDuzee, of Buffalo, have placed us all under deep obligations to them. Sir George F. Hampson, of the British Museum, has not only sent several copies of his valuable cata- logue to those who have contributed specimens to the British Museum, but has also corrected the names of some species which had been standing under wrong names in Canadian collections for some years. ee ee ee ee a es ee ee a a ee On Ee ae ST oe eee ee LITERATURE. Among the many valuable works, reports and separate papers which have dealt with Canadian insects and which have appeared during the past year, special mention may be made of the following: . Buscx, August, Revision of the American Moths of the Genus Argyres- thia (separate from Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XX XII., pp. 5 to 24, plate IV., V.), Washington, D.C., 1907. In this important pamphlet, Mr. Busck gives a monograph of the American species of these most attractive and beautiful little moths. All the species are figured except three doubtful species which are unknown to the author. Of particular interest to Canadian collectors are A. conjugella which is occasionally destructive to apples in British Columbia and A. thuiella, which has been noticeably injurious to the 8a EN. aT ee ee an Le ETE ey eS ee ee 9A Abba 9 ts f; PRE Te AM TERN ae bee EA pike Peay CORE SAN Se aie ee he : y , i + BT ed ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 De ticas Arbor-vitz, or White Cedar, of Eastern Ontario and Western Que- bec, for the past three years. With Mr. Busck’s excellent paper there should _be no trouble in recognizing any species that have been described. ns Caupett, Andrew Nelson, The Decticine (a group of Orthoptera) of North America, ninety-four figures. (Separate from Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXII, pp. 285-410, published May 23, 1907.) An important paper and one which will be of great help to those studying Orthoptera. Mr. Caudell deals in an exhaustive way with a group which has been found very troublesome to students. His opportunities to study a large number of specimens and also of having travelled extensively in the localities where many species occur have given him facilities which few have enjoyed. The figures given are excellent and will be of great assistance to those working at these difficult insects. Several published species have been reduced to synonyms and new genera have been erected, but the work is very thorough and all orthopterists will be grateful to the author for this timely monograph. CuirrenDen, F. H., Sc.D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Insects _Injurious to Vegetables. Small 8vo. New York. Orange Judd Co., 262 pp., 163 illustrations. This is a handy little manual treating briefly of the best known insects which attack vegetable crops and giving the remedies usually applied. Preliminary chapters deal with the value of a knowledge of entomology, the classification of insects, practical agriculture and artificial remedies, and apparatus. Not only will this book be of use to gardeners, but it should be a convenient handbook for students and teachers. Dyar, H. G., Report on the Mosquitoes of the Coast Region of California, with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXII, pp. 121-129). Although a paper of only a few pages, this article by Dr. Dyar will be read with much interest by our western dipterists, as it deals with many species which are found in British Columbia and some other parts of Canada. Anopheles maculipennis of the West is now Anopheles occiden- talis D. & K. / Lepidopterous Gall .....0.c.éc..cccs2.0cs.- 91 Rhodites Gally ...............242.. 88, 89, 91 - & Lepidosaphes ulmi ................. (figs.) 6d Robber Flies ...... safe sale stele 2 AOR eT ee 109 _— MESHES Vl OPV iste a bells addtme ce seeieene< sus 50 Rose, Galls on ..............-.0008 88, 89, 91 - ‘ Leucorhinia PROUT eee aee tics ote ses 46 iose (Seale) 02) 5!.22045vhestsk 2c aerate 71 2 ) MONG U CEA, tose aici Nee aielteelsiee 46 ‘ ie on Dibellula exusta .3-../---.20ss.seeseeyseeee Ats Sind Wek yamaha 52 (figs. Y ans 7 a : Tame-Sulphur Wash. ..............0.s.00: 72 Bialal Tanccheat Gntarie, ie a Nee 50. 4 _ Marcromia Illinoiensis .........0..0s0+ 47 ad cis i soe veeeteees ca om : : Eh eRe mrt ames Ney 4 gs. ) Pee NT GRQWICOGS, .25...0-u2s4ecssesencereeasacees 107, 115 Bhothele Borer i ae i7, 97 IMammotuhemiis. bellar.c¥.8. 00s. cetec ees oe 49 Buin eae ern San José Scale ... Se a He ash, CW, article by <.....5.0....66: 24 gE aa coed pac pane Gt me ae ae s . Nasiaeschna ‘pentacantha Ate she el AQ Spotted Halisidota Tussock ee 83 i Nehallennia gracilis PER a ar i oti a 49 Stalk- borer eee a clececnenocveresstsssetecesereus 25 4 Neurocordulia Yamaskanensis ......... 47 Terra Saal o pin Scale ihc, no eee 20, 65% New York Plum Scale ......... 63 (fig.) 80 Tetragoneuria semiaquea ............... ae TS ETAL RPG) 0) gee oe ees 89, 90, 91 Trypeta Gall eee te ao Se a q Gdonatas. Captures, Of. 0.5.0 d, cen. 13h Turnip Aphis neh Soot kL aaa 98 i OPTMCDIS) PTUINOSA ~.-.- 0.5 .05.-. sare ce ese DB. sR hte WR ch ay oy Cane kane Bie 4 wii Orthoptera, Captures of .....-.......... 130 Variegated Cut-worm ............ (figs.) . 99 PERMITS ME CALC © closet chs ok use ses et eace sass 63 Vegetables, Insects Injurious to: J Oyster-shell Scale ....19, 68 (figs), 79, 96 Chittenden! (oie... hokecae at eee 115 4 Parasites, Importation of ............... 30 Walker, E. M., article by .....%......... 43 | aapiag dueat curis’s. <1. scdecdsitestapee cen sibs 81 Walnut, Gallsvom ....0.25:2:50 eee 93 [OE DANST CE) Oo ae a 82 Wheat Midge a5 .cci.c fon-ceasaeeates (figs.) 103. Pear-tree “Psylla ........ TBC RCO 80 Williams, J.. B., article by :.:.. 2s 24 i Pawan nipais Gall Cc esi. . aces cin ted enae “oe 91 ‘Willow, Galls on ............ 87, 89, 98, 104 Peridroma saucia ....:..:...-....5: (figs.) 99 Winn, vA): E., article shy, s.-2-40-caaeneee 4139 PMOte aT SEMIS 54.5.2 ho eleebennenntnes > cs nal Woolly: Aphis’: s..25.2-, Sygseehes eee 218 TERA COLY Pek cok osc sake Sse oaendsee aes ees 81 4 monica Gralliox cs ier css tlre a 91 Young, C. H.,; article by tsi wees 22 { x « 4 4 Ps a Ebi —_ i a = DY. -INSEOTER, OF THE | Entomological Society wee OF ONTARIO | ie os > a Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. 2 apt ts ; peers ) ; PRINTED BY ORDER OF _ THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO \ A TORONTO: "Printed by L. K, CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1909 fi “i ¢ f fe ~ 4 Thirty-Ninth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1908 Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1909 Printed by WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers, ae TORONTO. To the Honourable Joun Morison Gibson, K.C., LL.D., etc., etc., etc., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May ir Presse Your Honovr: The undersigned begs to present herewith for the consideration of your Honour the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1908. Respectfully submitted, JAMES S. DuFF, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1908. (3!) CONTENTS. PAGE Orwtomns: FOR. LGOB-1L908 lv eackapres cs pcacanantied waht cackiocs newetv cas a'astaeeenamralenend, Mies eee 6 List oF CANADIAN. MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY .0.6..:.c0..ceccsnccovcsascsecnescacscceracususeses ‘ ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO .............c0ceseceeeeees 9 Report on Insects of the Year: Division No. 2,C. E. GRanT .................. 10 Division No. 3, J. B. WitLtaMs ............... 10 Division No. 4,C. W. NASH ...............08. ‘Bl The’ White-marked Tussock Moth: Paws HAWN .2..05.02 sec ses ececseesonecsacsessansdtayce 13 Conference on the chief Insect Pests of the season ............ccececeeceeeeecetecetectace 15 ihe interpretation of Natures. Bi. Pi Mmm soc)... sesccsemies cetaossaes tue sscdseeeoee cee 23 Entomology in the Graduate School of Agriculture, Cornell University, 1908: NW SIG OREN fins sae alees sels Suen = a = = I advised them strongly to collect the egg-masses and urged them to get a special permit from the Government to pass a by-law compelling citizens to rid their trees of these egg-masses. Very soon after this visit I took ill and was unable to follow up the matter, having to go out of town for quite a long time. Last year I thought again about taking up the matter, but being still in poor health I had to abandon the idea. I made out a report, called on the Board of Control, and bringing the matter up most forcibly at their meeting I persuaded them to give the Park Commissioner a grant of $5,000 to enable him to clean the city trees of these egg-masses, at the same time urging the passing of the by-law compelling the citizens to clean their trees. . On receipt of the grant of $5,000 the Park Commissioner at once sent out several gangs of men and they did splendid work in the infested places. About October Ist the by-law was passed and it was published in all the papers, giving the citizens ten days’ notice to have their trees cleaned. Should the property holders not comply with this request the city has full power to enter upon the premises, do the work and charge it up to the citizens. This charge to be levied and collected with the local improvement rates for the current year or other municipal rates. Should it be necessary the Park Commissioner will engage the school- children again to collect the caterpillars and give them so much per quart, and if needed some spraying will also be done. With the above method I feel sure the pest will be wiped out. Dr. BETHUNE expressed his gratification at the success which Mr. Hahn had achieved in at length persuading the Board of Control in Toronto to adopt proper methods of dealing with the Tussock Moth trouble. It was a disgrace to the city that this insect should have been permitted for so many years to ravage the horse chestnut and other shade trees; the failure to deal properly with the pest was due to the late Park Superintendent who would not take the advice of Entcmologists but adopted methods of his own, which were perfectly useless. Mr. Nasu: I have this to say that I think the whole trouble in Toronto may be very fairly charged to the late Park Superintendent. It was in 1887 | that I first noticed the Tussock Moth in Toronto, and I called his attention to the fact, and he then gave me to understand that he knew all about it, that he required no advice nor assistance, and that he would do as he pleased in the matter. I think about the same time I spoke to Dr. Brodie and he said that he and other members had endeavoured to do something and that they had failed. However, from that time on the Tussock Moth increased. Application was then made for funds and every year he has been supplied with three or four thousand dollars. He could have used that money to very good advantage, but as a rule it was simply thrown away. They waited until the larve were about to spin their cocoons and he then expected to kill the insects by putting poisons on the foliage long after the caterpillars had ceased to eat. However, we have now a thoroughly educated man in charge of our parks, one capable of judging and observing for himself and willing also to take the advice of those who are experienced. It is not possible for us now to exterminate the Tussock Moth; it has spread all through the woods and is all over the country. I found it on Manitoulin Island and on St. Joseph’s Island where it had done an immense amount of mischief. As everyone knows the egg-masses must be destroyed and this can very easily be done during the winter months. 1908 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 CONFERENCE ON THE CHIEF INSECT PESTS OF THE SEASON. . Tue LEAF BLISTER MITE. The Chairman, Mr. T. D. Jarvis, announced that the rest of the after- noon would be devoted to a discussion of some of the chief insect pests of the season, taking up especially those injurious to fruit culture. The first to which he would draw the attention of the meeting was the Leaf Blister Mite (Eriophyes pyrt) which attacks the foliage of the pear and apple, and has during late years slowly and steadily spread throughout Ontario. It is an almost microscopical mite and by its attacks causes little blisters to appear which become dark brown on the under side of the leaves. Mr. CarEsak showed some mounted specimens of the Blister Mite and stated that they are to be found on the under side of pear and apple leaves on which they produce dark swellings which look like a fungus disease. In travelling through the province this year he had found this Blister Mite in the Niagara district, at St. Catharines, Grimsby and other places; also in Essex county, some in Norfolk, a great deal in Prince Edward county, a considerable amount in Peel county. In his own home orchard in Peel county were some pear trees that had hardly a single leaf that was not covered with the work of the Mite. A year ago here at the College he found it in the orchard on the pears, but this year he could not find any. The only explanation that he knew of for its disappearance in the orchard was that the trees had been sprayed with lime-sulphur. It is found that this Blister Mite winters over in the nearly full grown stage. It is such a tiny little animal that it can hardly be seen with the naked eye. Before winter comes on it gets under the scales of the buds where the lime-sulphur wash may reach and destroy it. There is also another remedy that has given good results for the destruction of this pest, viz.: kerosene emulsion. Mr. Caesar did not know how injurious the pest might be, but from the diseased trees which he had seen, it must do a great deal of damage by lessening the power of the tree to supply food for its necessary growth. Mr. Jarvis: It is interesting to hear that the lime-sulphur wash may destroy this pest. A species of this genus of mite with similar habits attacks perhaps forty or fifty of our forest and shade trees, and if the lime-sulphur will kill them, it will be a good remedy for the Soft Maple mite as well as many others which winter in the leaf buds. Dr. FEttT: The Blister Mite, in some parts of New York state has been very injurious. I noticed one place in particular where some trees were so badly infested by Blister Mites that one could see the brown foliage a quarter of a mile away, and when the foliage is in that condition there is no doubt that the trees are seriously injured. Our experiments go far to show that lime-sulphur or an application of miscible oils or kerosene emulsion in early spring is very effective in controlling the mites. Respecting the value of the lime-sulphur wash on Maple trees it would depend on whether it would go under the bud scales and thus destroy the mites; he was doubtful whether it would do so. Mr. Jagvis: I have had no experience with the lime-sulphur on these trees; I only suggested its use, but as Dr. Felt implies the scales of the Maple buds are very compact and perhaps the wash would not get into them 80 well as it would those that are looser. . Mr. Carsak wished to know whether the wash had ever been applied in the fall instead of the spring with the same good results. 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ) Dr. FELT: I see no reason why the application would not be just as successful. In the case of the San José scale we do not hesitate to recommend the use of the lime-sulphur in the fall; I think the same would be true in the case of mites, but I would much prefer to advise putting it on in the spring. If the operations are delayed a little the buds will be slightly opened and you will secure greater results in that way. The material retains more or less its caustic value for a considerable period and the wash will, therefore, prove destructive to any mites which it reaches. THe LESSER APPLE Worm (Enarmonia prunivora). Mr. Jarvis: There is considerable interest being taken in the so-called work of the Lesser Apple Worm this season and I shall ask Mr. Caesar to introduce the subject. Mr. Carsar exhibited a number of apples that had recently been sent to him from Prince Edward county and from St. Catharines. The senders believed that the injuries were due to some new worm. Mr. Caesar said that all he knew about this pest was what Professor Quaintance had described in his bulletin on the subject but that he was very anxious to get any information that any of the entomologists present could give him. He felt that the Injuries on some five or six apples which he picked out corresponded very closely with Prof. Quaintance’s descriptions and illustrations. On showing these to Dr. Felt the latter agreed with him that they were probably due to the Lesser Apple Worm. The other injuries Dr. Felt and others thought were not caused by this insect. Mr. Caesar said that if the first class of injury pointed out was due to the Lesser Apple Worm, it would appear that ' this insect was to be found throughout a large proportion of the best orchards of the province but that it was satisfactory to find that nowhere was it abundant. It was not an entirely new pest because Dr. Fletcher had reported its presence at Toronto, Prince Edward county and Ottawa several years ago. It is also very widely spread throughout British Columbia but Mr. Palmer, one of the Agricultural College students and a son of the Mr. Palmer who has furnished Dr. Fletcher with reports of its progress in the West, states that it is not increasing rapidly in British Columbia. The life-history of the insect is very similar to that of the Codling Worm but, unlike the latter, instead of boring a hole into the core of the apple it lives near the surface, often causing ugly blotched mines either on the side © or at the calyx end. These blotches are often as large as a ten cent piece, or even larger, and disfigure the apple greatly. It is believed that the spray- ing that controls the Codling Worm will also control the Lesser Apple orm. Prof. LocuHraD: I have not observed its work at all in the Montreal district. The only reference to it I have had came from Kingston, so I have have had no experience in dealing with it. I do not think it has been reported from Quebec province. Mr. Jarvis: It is so much like the Codling Worm that we may easily pass it by and not recognize it. Dr. Fett: I wish to say that I have had no experience with the Lesser Apple Worm. We know, however, that the Codling Worm goes deeper into the apple, so it appears as though the apples exhibited may in some cases have been attacked by this less common pest. The only way, I think, that we can be absolutely certain about it is to find some of the larve at work. Although the larva of this insect is very like that of the Codling Moth, yet on careful comparison you can see a difference, particularly, if I remem- ber correctly, at the posterior extremity. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 \ Tue AppLe Maaoor (fhagoletis pomonella), Mr. Jarvis: The Apple Maggot is the larva of a little two-winged fly, and it is reported from a few places in Kastern Ontario. I should like to know if it has spread to any other districts. Prof. LocuHEaD: We found the Apple Maggot somewhat abundant in certain districts about Montreal. A few miles up the Ottawa River the Apple Maggot has been abundant for some years in a large commercial orchard and the owner has done everything in his power to control it. Just across the river from Como there is a farm where the Apple Maggot is known to be and we have two careful observers there, upon whose observa- tios I think we can depend. At St. Anne’s, five miles from there, I have found the Apple Maggot in some of the old orchards on French farms. I have not observed it on the College trees. Then at Hull, further west, Mr. Reid, Secretary of the Quebec Horticultural Society, reports its presence; ‘and at Covey Hill, near the boundary line between Quebec and New York. I have not seen it there myself. Mr. Swaine was in that district and he confirms Mr. Reid’s observations. Then in the City of Montreal one of this College’s graduates, who is in charge of the work this year, reports the _ Apple Maggot as doing serious damage. It is in the barrels in which the apples are packed for shipping. Sometimes he finds it hard to detect. The Apple Maggot, of course, works underneath the skin of the fruit and seldom comes close to the surface. It is difficult to tell when an apple contains one of these maggots. (Fig. 2.) The only method that we can recommend for its destruction is clean culture and gathering and destroying all the apples that fall. It seems that the Apple Maggot does not leave the apple until full grown. As soon as the apple falls the maggot matures, crawls out and hides at or near the ‘surface of the ground, and there pupates. Now, it is thought that if hogs or sheep or any common stock are allowed in the orchard to pick up and destroy this fallen fruit the pest would be unable to develop and to pupate. I think that this is probably one of the best methods; but then again we have the point: no matter how careful we are, suppose our neighbors do not take steps for their control, would not the apple flies come over to us from our neighbors? It has been asserted that the flies are not given to the habit of flying from orchard to orchard but confine themselves to the same trees. I do not know how far that can be confirmed. Going through Prince Edward county six or seven years ago I estimated that from one-third to one-half of the apples were damaged by the Apple Maggot. It does not seem to spread very far out of that particular district. It just seems to locate in certain parts and is not widely spread. Mr. Gipson: We have had reports from Ontario and Prince Edward counties regarding it this summer. Mr. Cassar thought the fly did not migrate as a rule. He had found in Prince Edward county a Snow apple tree which had been badly affected bv the maggot for three years, while the fruit on the other trees near by of the same variety was untouched. Tolman Sweets were attacked, but Spys and some others in the same orchard were not; Crab apples were also severely injured. It seems on the whole as if the insect preferred the early varieties. The fruit-buyers have now become sufficiently familiar with the pest to refuse to purchase fruit affected by the maggot; such fruit is only fit for the cider mill. Mr. Caesar did not mean to imply that winter apples were not attacked because in other orchards than the one referred to he found 2 EN. 18 THE. REPORT OF THE . No. 19 Spy apples very badly affected. While in Prince Edward county he had met one man who had succeeded in almost completely destroying the insects by careful attention to fallen fruit. Hogs had been of great service in accomplishing this result. Mr. Jarvis: While there is no doubt that the Apple Maggot attacks winter apples, yet my experience has been that it prefers Yellow Harvests to any other variety. I also find it in fall apples. MALFORMATIONS OF FRUIT DUE TO INSECTS. Mr. JARvIs: We should, I believe, now discuss another question that has interested us a good deal this year, viz: the cause of malformations of apples and pears. I hope anyone who has had any experience and has studied them will speak out and help in the discussion. Mr. Caesar: Here is an apple that was sent in by Mr. Sweny, son of Colonel Sweny, of Toronto, from British Columbia, to find out what was ' wrong with it. You will notice that there are several strangely elevated areas on its surface suggestive of the boils that rise on a person’s body, if I may be allowed to use the comparison. There are also several rather deep depressions. The sender said that whole orchards last year and this year were affected in this way. He said that this year his neighbors had care- fully drenched their trees with Bordeaux in the hope of getting free of the trouble. He had used lime-sulphur on his orchard. The result had been that his orchard, with the exception of some of his Duchess trees was very little affected, while his neighbors have had poor results from their spraying. I have very little idea as to what has produced this malformation that you see. Mr. Sweny says: ‘‘On Spys, Duchess, Wealthy and Ben Davis, the injury appears chiefly as a hollow, usually turning brown, with a dry brown spot running to the core. On peaches the appearance is the same, but the’ flesh is not affected.’?’ The specimen I have shown you is, he thinks, another form of the same trouble. If he is right in his belief that lime- sulphur has saved many of his apples this. year it would, I think, stand to reason that the insect (for there is not much doubt that it is an insect) hibernates in some form on the tree and so is destroyed by contact with the wash. Bordeaux of course would not be expected to give good results against an insect. There have been a number of pears and a few apples sent to us this year from Brooksdale and Bowmanville, Ontario. These were badly dis- torted by depressions and elevations. It looks very much as though the trouble is due to the punctures of some insect. When over in the State of New York this autumn I found similarly misshapen apples and asked the entomologist at Geneva what he thought was the cause. He said he had always attributed it to the Plum Curculio. A few days afterwards I showed the same fruit to Prof. Slingerland, who thought that it was not the Cur- culio but some species of Hemipterous Leaf Bug that had caused the injury. Dr. Fletcher also thought the injury was due to some Hemipterous insect, possibly a Jassid (Leaf Hopper). I hope some one here has had some experience that will throw further light on this important matter. No one present had devoted sufficient time to the subject to feel able to give any further suggestions. It was pretty unanimously agreed, however, that the injury was due to some species of insect. After this specimens of the undoubted work of the Plum Curculio on apples were shown. 2a EN. ° ENTOMOLOGICAL «SOCIETY. 19 Bees eS 8 cted b Fie. 3.—Scolytus rugulosus: a, adult beetle; b, same in profile; c, pupa; d, larva—all magnified about 10 times. (U. S. Dep’t. of Agriculture). Fig. 5—Gvalleries of Scolytus rugu- Fie. 4.—Work of Scolytus losus on twig under bark; a, a, rugulosus in twig of apple— natural size. (U. S. Dep’t. main galleries; b, b, side or lar- of Agriculture). val galleries; c, c, pupal cells— natural size—(after Ratzeburg, from U. S. Dep’t. of Agricul- 7 ture). 20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 Tur SHOT-HOLE Borer (Scolytus rugulosus), Mr, Jarvis: The Shot-hole Borer or Engraver-beetle has been doing considerable injury, or at least we think it has been doing so, during the past two or three years. At one time it was thought that the borer only worked on decaying wood or on unhealthy trees, but some of our fruit- growers are beginning to think that they cause the death of the tree. We would like to hear from any of the members who have had any experience with this beetle. Mr. Caesar: The Shot-hole Borer was brought up and discussed last year at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society. We had hoped that its ravages would be checked bv this year, but it has been so destruc- tive this spring and fall that it is necessary, in justice to the Society, J think, and in justice to those who are interested in the work of the Society, that it should be brought to the attention of the members. When I was down near St. Catharines on the 10th of June examining a fungus disease that was attacking the peach trees, Mr. McCalla—one of our best and most scientific fruit-growers,—asked me to come and look at his cherry trees. He had fifteen fine sour cherry trees apparently flourishing so far as the foliage showed at that time, but every branch up to half an inch in diameter was practically covered with exudations of gum. There were thousands of exudations on the trunks and all over the trees. Of course a tree cannot stand that sort of thing very long. On removing the Se ee ee gum with a knife one could see a little round hole quite clearly. A black — beetle about a quarter of an inch in length was causing the trouble. Last year I found in about ten different districts perfectly healthy trees, both sour and sweet cherry, attacked by this same Shot-hole Borer, (Scolytus — rugulosus), Figs. -3, 4, and 5, 7 Not more than two weeks ago a man near Grimsby, to whom I had recommended a method of treatment last year, wrote me that he had again this fall millions of these beetles. ‘‘I believe,’’ he said, ‘it is the most difficult pest there is in the Province to combat. I have already this fall removed sixty of my cherry trees out of three hundred. JI have taken out — twenty loads of branches in addition and I am afraid I am going to lose every cherry tree I have got.”’ Just the other day I had a letter from Mr. Beattie, of St. Catharines, stating that his peach trees were being severely attacked. I have often seen a peach tree here and there throughout the district attacked but the — sweet and sour cherry trees are bv far the most commonly assailed, occa- sionally plum trees are rather badly attacked. Dr. Fett: You have found that they attack the healthy cherry trees as well as diseased ones? Mr. Carsar: Yes, the fifteen cherry trees belonging to Mr. McCalla gave every appearance of being perfectly healthy when attacked. Many of the trees I found attacked last autumn were also healthy ones. Dr. Fett: Is it not probable that there is a creat deal of dying wood in that district ? : Mr. Carsar: There is a great deal of it. I am afraid that unless old orchards that have been killed by San José scale or trees that have died from ~ other causes are cut down and burned, these may afford such excellent breed- ing grounds for the beetles that the fruit-growers may lose very seriously from the attacks of great numbers of them on healthy trees. The beetles certainly are increasing at an alarming rate. : 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 My observations this year and last year lead me to believe that there are two periods in the year when they are specially destructive: First, in May, continuing on for some time into June; second, in August, continuing on through September. I might say that in no case hitherto have I been able to find either eggs or larve under a gum mass on a healthy tree; so that it _ would seem perfectly possible in many instances to save healthy trees even after they are attacked. If there were eggs or larve under the gum masses this would be impossible. The treatment recommended last autumn in a circular letter to the press . of the district was,to cut down and burn before the warm days of the spring all dead and dying trees, and also any trees so badly weakened that there was small hope of their recovery. In addition, dead or badly attacked branches were to be pruned off and burned. This was to be followed by the thorough spraying of all the remaining trees with lime-sulphur in the spring. This was done in several orchards and no further trouble was found, or in those orchards where spring applications of an oil wash had been made. This is not sufficient, however, to prove that lime-sulphur or an oil wash, such as Carlson’s Mixture, was the real cause of the absence of the beetles, though it looks as though such was the case. For the August attacks it seems probable that lime-sulphur or a lime and soap wash with a little car- bolic acid in it would be very useful as a means of warding off the beetles. Prof. LocHHEAD: I remember that some years ago when dealing with the San José scale this Shot-hole Borer was very abundant in some districts where the scale had already killed the trees. I have always believed that the Borer attacked trees that were a little off-color or something wrong with their roots, and so not completely healthy. I do not see exactly why the borers should limit themselves to diseased trees; still it seems to be their natural habit to go to such trees. Mr. Jarvis: I know of three peach trees in sod in the Grimsby district which are badly attacked by this beetle; close by there are other trees where the soil is cultivated, which show no evidence of this pest. Dr. Fett: I have watched these insects for some years and know that generally speaking they do attack weakened or diseased trees. I believe, however, that they do, as mentioned this afternoon, sometimes attack per- fectly healthy trees. The real source of the trouble in such cases is not necessarily due to their breeding in the immediate neighborhood. Dr. Hop- kins has recorded flights of the beetles evidently coming from a considerable distance and I believe that they fly in more or less large swarms. My impres- sion is that the beetles that have attacked the healthy trees referred to have _ probably come in swarms of greater of less extent. I think the only prac- tical solution of the difficulty is to get the fruit-growers interested and remove all the dead material. Then let them, as suggested, put on their lime-sulphur. If it does not ward off the beetles it will at least pay for itself by warding off fungus diseases. In answer to the question whether he agreed with the statement that there were apparently two main times in the season that attacks were to be feared, Dr. Felt said ae believed the statement was correct so far as he knew. | APHIDS. Mr. Jarvis: The cabbage Aphids have heen increasing year after year now for several years. We get a great many letters asking for remedies. We find it very difficult to get any really satisfactory remedy that seems practicable. 22 THE, REPOR PoOh Ste Ge -No. 19 Mr. CAgsAR said he was afraid that no remedy could possibly ward off attacks because he thought that winged females flew from plot to plot and rendered all remedies more or less futile. Mr. Betuune: [ think that it is the long continued dry wonthie that has allowed the Aphids to become so very numerous and destructive this year. It is very difficult to suggest a remedy to a farmer who is growing turnips by the acre, because he will not apply a troublesome spray, and what I recommend them all to do is to be on the lookout when they are hoeing the crop and trample underfoot any affected foliage. Some farmers said that their crops were entirely destroyed, while others said that the turnips were all right though the foliage was very badly affected. Another insect which has been serious in a great many places is the Turnip Maggot, similar to the Cabbage Maggot. These insects cause the turnips to be all distorted and with woody or rotten spots. They are then useless for any purpose as the cattle will not*eat them and they are of no use in any other way. I do not know any remedy that is really practicable for dealing with this insect. THe Bac Worm. Mr. Jarvis: I wish to call your attention to another insect that was found by Raymond Zavitz, of Guelph, this year, the Bag Worm. It was found on a cherry tree. I think it has been found here for the first time. I would like to hear what Dr. Felt says about this pest. We have it here this year and it is probably the first time that it has been reported in the Province. I saw a note about its being found in New York State. Dr. Fett; The Bag Worm is in New York State, rather commonly about New York City, and I should say off and on ranging rather abun- dantly for thirty miles around. This last summer I was rather surprised to receive the Bag Worm from Red Cedar, forty miles south of Albany. I think it is an unusual record for New York State and just why you should find the inséct here I do not understand, because this must be equivalent to about fifty miles further north than the latitude of Albany, and perhaps the weather is a little more extreme in winter. Dr. BetHUNE: I had a specimen of the moth given to me two years ago, which was taken in this part of Ontario and I thought it was extremely remarkable. I never heard of the Bag Worms in Ontario before. Here in Guelph we are just on the verge of the upper Austral and the Canadian Boreal zones and we get a little of the fauna and flora of both zones, so that we find a few insects reach us here that hardly extend further north or south, as the case may be, and it seems we are free from most of the southern species which are troublesome along the shores of Lake Erie. This insect certainly is remarkable for having come to such a point as this. As far as these zones are concerned I suppose we are rather more than fifty miles further north than Albany. It is never safe to say where the line between these zones should be drawn. We find many things growing quite luxuriantly about.Dundas and in the vicinity of Hamilton, which will not grow here at all. We are, I think, about 1,100 feet above the level of the sea and are more than twice as high above Lake Ontario as the Hamilton Mountain, so that there is a dif- ference in altitude as well. After some further informal discussion on a variety of injurious insects. the meeeting adjourned. te oa 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 EVENING SESSION—THURSDAY, NOVEMBER dru, 1908. A public meeting was held in the Massey Hall building of the Ontario Agricultural College, and was largely attended by members of the Society, students of the College and Macdonald Institute and visitors from the city. The chair was taken. by Dr. Bethune, Professor of Entomology. The proceedings were very much enlivened by musical selections excellently rendered. by the College Orchestra. The chairman, in his opening remarks, referred in feeling terms to the great regret that was felt by all at the absence of their President, Dr. James Fletcher, who was seriously ill in a hospital at Montreal. Being the forty- fifth annual meeting of the Society, of which he, the chairman, was one of the founders, he gave a short account of the history of the Society and of the good work which it has accomplished during all these years. He then intro- duced, as the chief speaker of the evening, Dr. E. P. Felt, of Albany, the State” Entomologist of New York, who was widely known from the numerous books and papers on economic and systematic entomology that he had published; though still a young man he had attained a high reputation due to the excellence and thoroughness of his work. Dr. Felt then gave the following lecture on ‘‘The Interpretation of Nature,’ which was illustrated with a large number of beautiful and interesting lantern slides. THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURE. By E. P. Fett, Avpany, N.Y. Our civilization is based on the accumulated wisdom of the ages. The ancient lore of the Chinese, the mystery of the Hindoo, and the culture of the Greek, all have had an important influence upon the development of the human race. The learned man acknowledges his debt to these and other sources of wisdom. None take issue with Pope when he writes: ‘‘The proper study of mankind is man.’’ We would go farther and say: The proper study of mankind is man, the earth and the fulness thereof. Even as _ ignorance of the wisdom of the ancients restricts the usefulness and activity of the individual, so does a failure to understand the laws governing the existence of other forms of life, circumscribe the power of dominant man. In other words, the welfare of man is most closely bound up with that of a number of animals and plants. Detailed knowledge of these latter is essen- tial to continued progress. One can not be separated from the other. Nature is kind to the student of economic entomology, since she gives him five or six opportunities to identify an insect, namely, the egg, larva, pupa, adult and work. This kindness is not always so apparent, especially when it is remembered that this abundance and variety of form means a corresponding increase in the number of characters to be memorized, particularly as an entomological constituency frequently expects identifica- tion in all stages. The story is easy to decipher if the page has been pre- viously studied, otherwise its translation may be as difficult as that of the Egyptian hieroslyphics. Not infrequently neither the egg, larva, pupa, adult, work or debris is at hand, and the entomologist mav be called upon to separate fact from poor or absolutely misleading descriptions. In the latter event, it not infrequently happens that an intimate knowledge of local conditions is of vast service in reaching a satisfactory conclusion. 24 THE (REPORT OF THE: No. 19 The work of the economic entomologist only begins with the identifica- tion of the insect. ‘This step is simply a means to anend. Now, he is called upon to exercise his proper function as an interpreter and to render an opinion as to the nature of the insect. His prognostication depends upon several factors, the most important of which is a knowledge of the insect and its previous history in the locality under consideration. This is of much service in the case of well known insects but of comparatively little value when an unusual outbreak occurs. Then he must fall back upon his ° knowledge of the general habits of the group, supplemented in not a few instances by an understanding of the local conditions. Furthermore, he must take into consideration the influence of climate and the likelihood of parasites being abundant enough to check an outbreak in its incipiency. Recommenda- tion naturally follows prognostication and is determined in large measure by the previous findings. It frequently happens that, owing to the nature of the crop infested or the character of the outbreak, direct control measures are impossible. An intimate knowledge of the possibilities may result in a different rotation of crops being advised or modifications in culture. The wisdom of applying direct insecticides, such as the internal poisons or those destroying by contact can be determined only by a variety of conditions. We must take into account the time of year, the condition of the crop, particularly if it be fruit, and the recommendations may not only vary from year to year but be widely diverse in different seasons of the same year. The Bark Borers are. extremely interesting forms and we propose to discuss a number of species very briefly because of the most admirable records they give concerning the identity of the form responsible for the mischief, the time when the injury was inflicted, the sequence of the species working in the bark and a variety of interesting biological data, all of which may be gleaned by a study of their workings. The small, pale, yellowish, gummy exudations on the limbs of peach trees are very suggestive of the Fruit-tree Bark-beetle (Hccoptogaster rugulosus, Ratz.). It is only necessary to make an examination and find the circular exit holes or to disclose the characteristic galleries lying beneath the bark, in order to confirm our suspicions. The early work of this insect is very beautiful, showing the longitudinal gallery made by a single female and the numerous, more slender larval tunnels, the latter increasing in size with their length and ending in a pupal cell. This species is occasionally so abundant in New York State as to literally destroy the inner bark and thickly score the sapwood. This illustration shows such a condition and also represents the work of a wood-pecker. This bird not only removes the outer bark in its search for the grubs and pupa, but frequently splinters the wood in its eagerness to secure such delicacies. The Hickory Bark-borer (Scolytus quadrispinosus, Say) is related to the preceding and has a very similar method of operation. The female enters at one point. continues her gallery with the grain of the wood, depositing eggs on either side. The larval galleries diverge therefrom as in the preceding species. It is com- paratively easy to estimate the prolificacy of an individual hv counting the larval burrows originating from the tunnel of a female. This species is occasionally verv injurious to hickories in New York State. The Red Cedar Bark-beetle (Phloesinus dentatus. Say), though rarely abundant enouch to cause material injury, is extremely interesting because of the beautiful and very characteristic galleries it makes in its food plant. There is almost invariably a three-lobed chamber at the point of entry, while the long, slender larval tunnels, just grazing the white wood. present a strone con- trast to the dark brown bark delimiting their margins. Most interesting of — ie? il . 4 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 all, we occasionally find a piece of fossilized wood engraved by one of these borers. We have before us an illustration representing a piece of arbor vite from the interglacial beds in the vicinity of Toronto, and the carvings, though faint, tell interesting stories of early life on this continent. The form of these galleries is so characteristic that Dr. Hopkins, our American authority on this group, referred the maker (Phloesinus squalidens, Scudd.) to a genus and on account of the restricted food habits of its allies, gave a provisional determination of its food plant. The Ash Bark-beetle (Hylesinus aculeatus, Say) presents another type, since the adult galleries diverge from a common point, indicating, as we are told, that two females are probably responsible for their poretenetion The borings are beautiful in their regularity. Some of these insects are very injurious to our forest trees, and a study of their habits has theretore a practical, as well as a scientific value. It is interesting to note what can be learned from a large pine tree which has evidently been dead some years. The bark may have largely disappeared, as in the case illustrated, but a close examination of the lower portion of the trunk shows that the sapwood has been badly scored by some borer, and a little familiarity with the habits of these insects would enable us to name the offender. Before attempting this, let us look at the condition of two pines as they were in September. One is apparently in excellent condition while the top of the other has perished. The needles of both, though not shown in the illustration, were decidedly unhealthy and by the following spring the trees were bare and the bark had begun to peel. An examination of the lower portion of the trunk shows a number of pitch tubes, indicating clearly that certain bark beetles had been at work before life was extinct. A pitch tube is nothing more than particles of pitch carried by the insects from their burrows and laid around the mouth of the exit. The insect responsible for this work is known as the coarse writing bark beetle (7’omicus calligraphus, Germ.), a species which makes a very characteristic series of galleries and confines its operations almost exclusively to the thicker bark of the lower portion of large trees. Occasionally a dead tree may be found standing and give little external evidence as to the cause of injury. A closer examination may result in finding circular exit holes here and there upon the bark. These. invariably mean that insects have been at work beneath. The’ removal of a large piece of bark may reveal a confused mass of galleries frequently nearly filled by borings and decaying particles of bark. Apparently there is little of significance, but on brushing away the debris, we sometimes find a few galleries preserved by infiltrated pitch, incontrovertible evidence that the pine was attacked while alive. The tree, in making an effort to recuperate from the injury, exudes pitch. This latter infiltrates the walls of the galleries and thus a record of injury may be preserved for years. The bark borer is followed in turn by certain species which live upon the dead inner bark, and in some instances also upon dying wood. One of the most charac- teristic of these is Rhagiwm lineatwm, Oliv., a species which produces, between the bark and the wood, very characteristic pupal cells, the walls of: the latter being composed largely of white fibres torn from the sapwood. Pytho americanus, Kirby, is an ally of the same and, like its associate, constructs Thatanoea the bark and the wood a distinctive panel cell, the walls of the latter being composed entirely of almost rotten bark borings. The two last named snecies may also be found in association with Monohammus, the larve of which are perhaps better known as sawyers. The exit holes of Monohammus are large, irregular. not sharply defined. The galleries made by the larve are easily recognized, since they are broad, irregular, traverse 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 j both bark and wood, occasionally entering the latter to a considerable depth, and are invariably accompanied by coarse, sawdust like borings. The coarse writing bark beetle mentioned above is usually hardly more than an assistant to the pine bark beetle (Yomicus pint, Say). This latter is a smaller form and confines its operations to the thinner bark of the middle of the tree and on the larger branches. Its galleries, like that of its associate working below, are very characteristic and, in some instances, extremely beautiful. Not infrequently this insect breeds in such large numbers that the bark is fairly dotted with its exit holes, while the tissues beneath are riddled by numerous galleries of both adults and larve, not to mention the borings of young Monohammus larve, frequently found in these situations. Later, Rhagium and Pytho may occur, though as a rule, not so abundantly as under the thicker bark at the base of the tree. The Balsam Bark-borer (Yomicus balsameus, Lec.) is another extremely interesting species. It is occasionally quite injurious to its food plant. The early work begins with an irregular central chamber with two or more transverse adult galleries, the larval burrows being usually with the grain of the wood. This insect breeds throughout the length of the tree and occasion- ally a group of adults, starting from one central chamber, may entirely girdle a young twig, though this method of work is somewhat exceptional. Three transverse galleries originating from a central chamber is somewhat typical of this insect’s work. The plan of operation is frequently obscured in a hadly infested tree by interlacing of the galleries and the development of fungus in the decaying tissues. Under these conditions, the only evidence we know of to show that the tree was attacked while alive is the occurrence, in small chambers here and there, of masses of dried balsam. These ~ accumulations usually result from balsam flowing into cavities from injured living tissue. It will be seen from the preceding that much can be learned from com- paratively obscure signs when one understands their significance. The gal- leries of various bark borers are so characteristic as to permit of the ready identification of most species, and in not a few instances the determination of the plant affected. Furthermore, the condition of the tree at the time of attack can be determined with a considerable degree of confidence and the sequence of the species ascertained. The same is true of insect work in many other groups though it is not always so susceptible of proof. Many times the signs have little or no significance because we fail to comprehend their import. Records of insect work are sometimes made under other than natural conditions. Certain species invade the house, and, unfortunately, many of us are too familiar with signs of their presence. Occasionally, as in the instance under consideration, the insect is the sufferer. This particular case 1s of special interest, since it is practically an artificial fossil, a large June beetle (Lachnosterna) having been literally crushed into the paper during the process of calendaring. Note the preservation of the antenne and legs, suggestive of what might be done along this line with other species. Incidentally, we wish to call attention to the melancholy fact that a few individuals, insect as well as human, attain notoriety only when they make an exit from this world in an unusual manner. Turning now to some forms which are of great interest to residents of cities and villages, allow me to give you a little idea of their importance in an adjacent State. The work of the White Marked Tussock Moth (Hemerocampa leucostiqma, Sm. & Abb.) is so well known that we uncon- sciously associate defoliated horsechestnut trees with the presence of this , ye . 1908. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 insect. It has been very destructive in recent years in many cities, and villages of New York, particularly at Buffalo. Furthermore, judging from accounts which have come to our attention, certain Canadian cities have not been altogether free from the ravages of this beautiful caterpillar. The wingless female 1s probably well known to most who are at all interested in preserving our shade trees, while the characteristic white egg masses need no description at the present time. The control of this insect is easily affected, either by collecting egg masses or thorough spraying with an arsenical poison at the time the young caterpillars begin operations. The selection of one method to the exclusion of the other must be governed largely by local conditions. The Elm-Leaf Beetle (Galerucella luteola, Mull.) is another species which has been very injurious to elms for over a decade in the Hudson valley. It has recently become quite destructive at Ithaca, N.Y., and will presumably inflict considerable injury upon elms in other cities in the western portion of the State. Saratoga Springs and its vicinity seems to be the northern- most limit in New York. State where serious injury is likely to occur. It displays a marked preference for the English and Scotch elms and, under certain conditions, may become injurious to the American elm. The larvee feed exclusively on the lower surface, leaving the tough upper epidermis wnbroken. The leaves are skeletonized, only the mid and lateral ribs, sup- ported by a thin, brown membrane, remaining. This habit of the larva makes it imperative tu apply the arsenical poison to the under surface of the leaves. The Snow-white Lindep Moth (Hnnomos subsignarius, Hubn.) attracted a great amount of attention, because the delicate, snow-white moths appeared in myriads about the electric lights of New York City, various other local- ities in the Hudson valley north to Saratoga and along the Mohawk valley westward to Utica. Reports of similar flights also came from northern New Jersey, from Springfield, Mass., and Ottawa, Canada. This species has not, in recent years at least, attracted notice on account of injuries to shade trees, and even during the past summer there was no marked damage by the caterpillars of this insect to street trees. There were, however, serious out- breaks bv this species in both the Adirondacks and the Catskills, the injuries in the latter locality having been preceded by extensive defoliation the pre- ceding year. The light ‘brown, barrel-shaped eggs of this insect iare deposited in clusters upon the bark, and a seareh for them should give some idea as to the probability of the injuries being repeated another season. The Sugar-Maple Borer (Plagionotus speciosus, Say) is rarely seen, though its operations upon sugar maples are very evident in many localities throughout New York State. The initial injury is usually marked by an oblique elevation on the trunk or near the base of the lower branches. This overlies the gallery of the grub and is caused by the abundant formation of new tissues along the line of injury and the consequent pushing up of the old bark. The latter, in case of a bad injury, eventually cracks, exposes the wood, and after a series of years, owing to the deficient circulation, both above and below the oblique part of the wound, the bark dies back till we have a large bare space, usually accompanied by the death of the limbs on that side of the tree. The exposed tissues decay and eventually wind and storm bring about the destruction of magnificent trees. This insect may be regarded as one of the most serious enemies of maples in New York State, though its work is conducted in a very unobtrusive manner. The Gipsy Moth (Porthetria dispar, Linn.) should be mentioned in this connection, though it has not yet been found in New York State. It has 28 THRE REPORT OF (THE ; No. 19 © become established in two Massachusetts localities within fifty miles of our line. The control of this insect is of great interest to all States liakle to become infested. It would be a rash individual who would dare to say that any locality in the Northeastern United States or in a territory adjacent to the north might not be invaded by this insect within a decade. Defoliated woodlands are characteristic of a bad infestation by this species. The cater- pillars not infrequently become so abundant as to form large clusters at the base of trees, sometimes fairly covering the trunks as they range themselves side by side. The caterpillar itself is an inch and a half to two inches long, hairy, dark grayish, with a double row of warts down the middle of the back, the ten anterior blue, the twelve posterior red. The insect is also easily recognized by the heavy bodied, dingy white female lightly and irregularly streaked with black and gray, in connection with the conspicuous yellowish or buff colored, oval egg masses about an inch in diameter and appearing much like a section of a sponge. The Brown Tail Moth (Luproctis chrysorrhwa, Linn.) though a more recent introduction, has become much more widely disseminated than the preceding. It has not yet become established in New York State, though it occurs in Nova Scotia. The winter nests of this species are very familiar, while the snow white, brown-tailed moths and the orange brown caterpillars, with a conspicuous row of white spots on either side and two bright red spots near the posterior extremity, are easily recognized. This insect is not nearly so injurious in Massachusetts as the Gipsy Moth. The control of these two introduced species is of great importance to all residing in territory likely to become infested, ,since the more thoroughly the inscet is kept in check, the less chance there is of its becoming estab- lished, in new territorv. Massachusetts authorities are using thoroughly up-to-date power spray apparatus for the application of arsenical poisons to shade and forest treees. Recent improvements have resulted in greatly increasing the capacity of the ordinary spraying outfit by replacing the usual six horse power gasolene engine, weighing some 1,800 pounds, by a ten horse power engine made especially for automobiles and weighing only 400 pounds. Furthermore, a heavier and more powerful pump has been employed, the whole weighing no more than the usual spray outfit. The machinery is mounted upon a stout wagon with a 400 gallon tank, and a heavy inch and a half hose some 400 to 800 feet long, with a smooth quarter- inch nozzle, is employed. A’ pressure of 200 to 250 pounds is maintained. The hose is handled much as though a fire was in progress. Ten men, at intervals of six or eight feet, carry the end of the hose, the nozzle being in charge of a superior man, with instructions to keep it moving all the time. The pressure is sufficient to throw the insecticide 40 or 50 feet and the resistance of the air breaks it into a fine spray. The foliage is well cov- ered if the nozzle is handled intelligently. This giant outfit is particularly adapted to work in woodlands. It usually requires four horses and is cap- able of spraying 14 to 16 acres a day, much depending upon conditions. The cost of treatment in this manner is reduced to about $10.20 per acre where the woodland is fairly clear of underbrush. An interesting modification of this apparatus has been employed for spraying strips along the road side, and it could probably be used, under some conditions at least, upon shade trees. It simply consists of a giant extension nozzle mounted on a universal joint so that the tip may be lifted 40 or 50 feet from the ground. This last named apparatus. with a favorable wind, can cover a strip 400 feet wide. ‘ The work with parasites of the Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths, con- ducted by the State of Massachusetts in co-operation with the Federal Gov- 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 ernment, is most encouraging. The work of 1907 has been considerably extended in providing larger quarters and a more adequate staff. Further- more, efforts have been made to secure larger sendings from HKuropean coun- tries, and a special agent was dispatched to Japan. This latter undertaking has proved most encouraging, in that a large Apanteles and a new egg para- site of the Gipsy Moth have been received from Japan. The Apanteles has been bred through one generation in American caterpillars. The sendings from Japan have, in addition, resulted in the introduction of four species of Tachinide which promise to be very efficient parasites of the Brown Tail Moth. Marked improvements have been made in methods of handling and rearing parasites and other natural enemies. This latter justifies the expec- tation that it would be practical to breed thousands of the more effective species prior to their being liberated under favorable conditions. This work with the parasites may rightly be considered as most important, owing to the fact that the Gipsy Moth is now so widely established as to render any ‘widespread method of control, aside from that with natural enemies, exceed- ingly costly. There are several fruit tree insects worthy of mention in this connection, though most of them are so well known that comparatively little that is new can be given. The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn.) lays heavy tribute upon our fruit growers, causing an annual loss on the apple and pear crop of New York State estimated at $3,000,000. The operations of the Apple Worm are too familiar to require description, and the same is true of the characteristic pupal cells found under the bark. The parent insect is less frequently seen and the transparent, whitish egg, sometimes deposited upon the fruit and frequently upon the leaf, practically escapes observation. Our fruit growers rely almost entirely on thorough spraying with an arsenical poison, making the application when the green sepals are still open. Arsenate of lead, in the experience of one pear grower at least, has proved much more effective than other poisons in controlling this insect upun that fruit. The Cigar Case-bearer (Coleophora Fletcherella, Fern.) has caused much injury to fruit trees in some sections of Western New York. This species appears to be much more destructive in that region than in the Hudson valley. The brown, cigar-like cases are about one-quarter of an inch long and easily recognized by their characteristic form. The young caterpillar, as is well known, eats a little hole into the leaf and then devours the more tender parenchyma lying between the upper and lower epidermis. This habit renders its control somewhat difficult, though an early application of a poison at the time the leaves begin to appear has proved very effective. The Blister Mite (Yriophyes pyri, Nal.) has been unusually destructive in certain orchards in Western New York and its presence has also been noticed in the Hudson valley. The work of this species is quite character- istic though it presents a somewhat superficial resemblance to that of the ease bearer mentioned above. The blisters caused by the mite are invariably raised, somewhat thickened, and there is a small, irregular, circular hole near the center of the blister. The venation also disappears in the affected area. These characters serve to separate its work from that of the case bearer mentioned above, while the thickening of the tissues at once differ- entiates it from fungous attack. Spraying in early spring with either 2 lme-sulphur wash or a whale oil soap solution has proved effective in con- trolling this species. The advisability of making such an application must be determined largely by the abundance of the mite. 30 THE REPORT OF “THE No. 19 Several scale insects are more or less common in New York State orchards. An old and common enemy is the Oyster Scale (Lepidosaphes udmi, Linn.), a species which is sometimes quite abundant upon young fruit trees and is especially likely to be numerous on ash. It is easily controlled by thorough applications of either a whale oil soap solution or a kerosene emulsion, the latter part of May or early in June at the time the yellowish young are most abundant. The Scurfy Scale (Chionaspis furfura, Fitch) is another old enemy, which in recent years has proved somewhat more destruc- tive than the Oyster Scale mentioned above. It can be controlled in the same way. The San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.) has become well established in a number of sections in New York State and our more progressive growers are quite confident of their ability to keep the insect in check. Early spring applications of a lime-sulphur wash, or a miscible or so-called ‘‘soluble’’ oil are the two methods most extensively employed. We think it safe to say that by far the most of our fruit growers rely upon some preparation of a lime-sulphur wash and, as a rule, obtain very satisfactory results. The application is generally made in the spring, the more thorough growers making a practice of giving two sprayings, with the wind in opposite directions, whenever possible. In conclusion, we wish to call attention to one of the most important of economic insects. The welfare of our forests, the preservation of our shade trees and the production of large quantities of farm produce, while valuable and in may ways essential to happiness, is of no avail if life be in danger by reason of neglect of ordinary sanitary precautions. The ubiquitous House-fly, tolerated for ages and assumedly an inevitable nuisance (not to use a stronger word) has come to be regarded as one of our most important economic insects. This change in attitude is due to the recent discovery that, under certain conditions at least, the House-fly may be an important factor in the distribution of typhoid fever and the germs responsible for certain other grave intestinal disorders. It is stated that there are 350,000 cases of typhoid fever annually in the United States, about 35,000 proving fatal. Recent investigations in the City of New York, conducted under the auspices of the Merchants’ Association, show a remarkably close parallelism between the abundance of flies and the occurrence of typhoid fever and related infec- tions. It is not necessary at this time to give full details respecting this insect. The House-fly is a child of filth with inherited tastes perverted beyond the possibility of reclamation. Furthermore, its breeding places are comparatively restricted. It is entirely within practicability to reduce its numbers to an almost negligible quantity He who is indifferent to this insect and its possibilities might well dance on the edge of acrumbling cliff overhanging a deep chasm inhabited by one of the most hideous forms of death. This is strong language. The situation justifies it. The suffering of a typhoid patient and the heavy pall of grief falling upon the afflicted family, cannot be adequately depicted by words. The true relation of the House-fly to the welfare of man must be known. This bearer of malignant germs should be excluded from our homes and a campaign begun which should eventually result in the practical eradication of this insect from the. haunts of man. 4 i 4 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ol | ENTOMOLOGY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, JULY 6-31, 1908. By Wa. LocHHEAD, MACDONALD CoLLEGE, P.Q. ‘It was somehow or other unconsciously taken for granted by all students of insect life that Entomology would form one of the parallel courses offered during the summer session of the Graduate School at Cornell University. To have a School of Agriculture at Cornell without Entomology was hardly possible, even thinkable, for did not four-fifths of all the Experiment Station workers and teachers in Entomology in agricultural colleges receive their inspiration and early training from Professor Comstock and his able staff of co-workers? So it came about naturally that Entomology was placed on the programme of courses, as soon as it was decided that the Graduate School would be held in 1908 at Cornell. The task of arranging for speakers, topics and dafes fell mainly on Prof. Slingerland, who also acted as chairman of each meeting. It was finally decided to have a lecture every morning (except Saturday and Sunday) from 9.30-10.30, and seminars on Tuesdav and Thursday afternoons from 3 to 5. By this schedule, the horticulturists at the School were free to attend, and to benefit by the course. This arrangement was welcomed, and many of them attended every lecture. The first week’ was assigned to the experts of the Bureau of Entomology at Washington. Dr. Howard gave two lectures on (1) ‘‘The Present Condition of Economic Entomology,” and (2) ‘‘Recent Developments in the Practical Handling of Beneficial Parasitic Insects.’’ Prof. A. L. Quaintance discussed the deciduous fruit investigations of the Bureau of Entomology, and led a large field party in a study of Mr. King’s extensive orchards at Trumansburg. Prof. A. H. Hopkins gave one lecture on ‘‘The Work of the Bureau of Entomology Against Forest Insects,’’ and conducted a field trip for the study of the common insects infesting trees in the vicinity of Cornell. Prof. F. M. Webster concluded the lectures of the first week by an account of the investigations of insects injurious to grain and forage crops by the Bureau of Entomology. _ The second week was assigned to some of the most important Station Entomologists. Prof. P. J. Parrott of the N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, gave two lectures on methods in planning and conducting co-operative experiments which were very suggestive and helpful. His seminar was devoted to a study of problems which were interesting him at the present time, viz., the pits on apple twigs and branches, made by the tree-cricket; the pits and markings on pear fruit by membracids; the leaf , blister-mite in apple orchards; the willow girdler. Prof. Slingerland described the work of an interesting plum leaf miner (Nepticula), and the work of Heterocordalis malinus, a bright red bug which distorts the leaves and fruit of the apple, preferably Greening and Ben Davis varieties. Mr. Crosby described a new chalcid (Syntomaspis druparum) which he found infesting apple seeds. Prof. E. D. Sanderson, Director of the Vermont Experiment Station, gave two lectures, one on the publications of the State Entomologist, and the other on methods of studying the Codling Moth, and conducted a seminar on the Codling Moth. The work of Prof. Sanderson was highly appreciated by all who took part. Dr, E. P. Felt. New York State Entomologist at Albany, gave a lecture on the “Work and Systems in the Office of the State Entomologist,”’ giving : ‘ z, J \ y - 4 * 32 THE REPORT. OF. THE No. 19 ate ee z “AZ, —} particular attention to the methods he adopted in indexing and cataloguing insects, experiments, and correspondence. The third week was assigned to Dr. Forbes and Dr. Folsom of Illinois. The former in his first lecture discussed the scope of economic entomology, — and emphasized the importance of the ecological phase. the Economic Ento- mologist should study both plant and insect ecology on account of their mutual bearings, and should keep continually before him the humanistic aspect; that is, the value of his results is to be interpreted by their ultimate vood to man. Dr. Forbes’ second lecture dealt with concrete examples of economic studies, which he himself had made in Illinois, viz., the Northern and the Southern corn-root-worms, the common white grubs, and the aphids of the corn plant. In the period allotted for a seminar, Dr. Forbes described his method of keeping his office records. . He keeps (1) an Accession Catalogue, (2) A Species Catalogue, and (38) An Experiment Record. Dr. Folsom gave three most interesting and instructive lectures on the ‘‘Insects Injurious to the Clover Plant,’’ and conducted a trip for the study and collection of these insects in the fields. He dealt with the following: Clover-leaf weevil, Pea aphis, Clover-stem borer, Clover-seed Midge, Clover-seed Chalcid, Cine seed Caterpillar, Clover-root Borer and Clover-hay worm. A monograph on clover insects will be published soon by Dr. Folsom, who has devoted nearly five years to this subject. The fourth week was assigned to the Entomological Staff of Cornell University. Prof. Slingerland “devoted two ‘lectures to insect photography, to which he has given much attention, so that he is now considered our foremost insect photographer. Dr. J. G. Needham gave a lecture on ‘‘What Shall be Done with the © Marshes?’’ He pointed out that while many marshes should be drained and made valuable as agricultural lands, there are other marshes that should not be drained, as they serve useful purposes, and on account of their location would never be valuable as farm lands. He urged that such areas be made places of beauty and recreation, free from the festive mosquito. Dr. Needham conducted the class to his Marsh Laboratory near Renwick Park and explained the nature of the investigations he was conducting with aquatic forms. Drs. MacGillivray and Riley gave interesting lectures on the ‘‘Methods and Aids in Entomological Instruction.’’ They urged the importance of care- | ful systematic work, not only along the older lines of anatomical and syste- matic Entomology, but also along the newer lines of morphological and embryological investigations, if many of the problems that are now con- fronting the economic entomologists are to be solved successfully. Much credit is due Prof. Slingerland for the excellent course of lectures provided, which every member of the class thoroughly enjoyed. . From the old Cornell students in attendance, the absence of Prof. and Mrs. Comstock—who were taking a well-earned holiday in Egypt and EKurope—called forth many expressions of regret, for to most of them the most pleasant memories of their Cornell life are associated with Prof. and Mrs. Comstock in the Entomological Laboratories. At the close of the proceedings a hearty vote of thanks to Dr. Felt was proposed by Prof. Lochhead, seconded by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, of Quebec, and enthusiastically adopted by the meeting. After a musical selection by the orchestra, the audience joined in singing “‘God save the King,” and the: session was brought to a close. 1908. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 6rx, 1908. The Vice-President, Mr. Tennyson D. Jarvis, took the chair at 9.30 o’clock a.m. in the Biological lecture-room of the Ontario Agricultural College. There was a good attendance throughout the day, composed of students as well as members of the Society. The first order of the day was the reading of the reports of the Council, the Branches of the Society at Montreal by Mr. H. H. Lyman, Quebec by Rev. Dr. Fyles, and Toronto by Mr. J. B. Williams. The reports of the Treasurer, Librarian and Curator were presented by the respective officers, and that of the Delegate to the Royal Society by Mr. Arthur Gibson of Ottawa. This was followed by the election of officers for the ensuing year, 1908-9 (see page 6). Dr. Fletcher was unanimously re-elected President, and Mr. T. D. Jarvis and Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, first and second Vice-President respectively; the latter appointment was made in view of the fear that Dr. Fletcher might be incapacitated from accepting any office. This apprehension proved unhappily to be well-grounded; our reverend and beloved friend died two days later—an account of his life and fatal illness will be found in another part of this report. At a subsequent meeting of the Society held on Novem- ber the 18th, Mr. Jarvis was elected President and Dr. Walker, Vice- President. | REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present the report for 1907-8. The forty-fourth annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on October 31st and November Ist. Many members from a distance, almost all of the local members and a considerable number of interested outsiders, including many of the students of the College, were present. : The first afternoon was devoted to a conference on Fruit-tree Insects. The chief insects discussed were the Fruit-tree Bark Beetle or Shot-hole Borer, which had been doing much damage to Cherry trees in the Niagara district during the season, Codling Worm, Oyster-shell, Terrapin and San José scales, and the Woolly Aphis. This discussion was followed by the “Reports on Insects of the Year’’ by the directors from their respective divisions of Ontario. In the evening the president, Dr. Fletcher, delivered his inaugural address entitled ‘‘The Entomological Outlook.’’ This was followed by a very interesting and instructive illustrated lecture by Mr. A. H. Kirkland of Boston, Mass., on ‘‘The Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths in Massachusetts.’? The morning and evening of the second day were occupied with the reading of reports from the branches and officers of the Society and a series of scientific and practical papers on various subjects. In the even- ing session Dr. E. M. Walker of Toronto University gave an illustrated lecture on ‘‘Collecting and Rearing Dragon Flies at the Georgian Bay _ Biological Station.’ All of these papers and addresses have been published _ in the annual volume. ‘ This volume, the 38th Annual Report to the Legislature of Ontario, was _ published early in March, and contained 136 pages, and four excellent _ half-tone plates of Galls from a variety of plants. Besides the papers t 4 3 EN. 384 SHE REPORT OF THE No. 19 | already mentioned it included the following articles: ‘‘Voices of the Night,’’ by Dr. Fyles; ‘‘A Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Otnario,’”’? by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; ‘‘The Lime-Sulphur Wash,”’ by Mr. L. Caesar; ‘‘An Unusual Outbreak of Halisidota Caterpillars,’’ by Mr. A. Gibson; ‘‘Additional Insect Galls of Ontario,’’ by Mr. T. D. Jarvis; ‘‘Injurious Insects in Ontario in 1907,’’ by Dr. Bethune; ‘‘A Remarkable Outbreak of the Variegated Cut- worm,” by Dr. Bethune and Mr. L. Caesar; ‘‘Two-winged Flies,’’ by Dr. Fyles; ‘‘A Report of the Summer Meeting,’’ by the Secretary; and ‘‘The Entomological Record,’’ by Dr. Fletcher and Mr. A. Gibson. ‘The Canadian Entomologist,’’? the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The 39th annual volume was completed in December last and eleven numbers of the 40th volume have already been published. The volume for 1907 consisted of 423 pages and was illustrated with eleven full-page plates and a number of figures from original drawings. The contributors were 73 in number and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, the United States, Cuba, Jamaica, the Hawaiian Islands and England. The articles are for the most part of a scientific character and contain, among much highly valuable matter, descriptions of eleven new genera and 222 new species and varieties of insects belonging to various orders. There is also a series of articles by different authors on subjects included under the title of ‘‘Practical and Popular Ento- mology.’’? The material contained in the volumes of our magazine is so indispensible to specialists in all departments of Entomology that there is a steadily increasing demand for volumes and numbers, and occasionally for complete sets. The reports from the Branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec, Toronto and British Columbia are very satisfactory, meetings having been regularly held and many papers read and discussed. The Bulletin published quarterly by the British Columbia Society contains lists of local insects and many notes and observations of a highly interesting character. From October to the third week in March meetings of the Society have been held every alternate Wednesday evening in the Biological lecture-room of the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. The attendance throughout has been satisfactory and a gratifying amount of enthusiasm has been shown by the members throughout the year. The following is a list of the papers | read at the meetings: ‘“The Cynipid Galls,’’ by Mr. W. R. Thompson; ‘‘The | Fight against the Brown-tail Moth in Nova Scotia,’’ by Mr. T. Brady; — ‘‘Wing Classification of the Heteropterous Land Forms,’’ by Mr. R. C. Treherne; ‘‘Parasitism,’? by Mr. G@. M. Frier; ‘‘Adaptions of Aquatic Insects,’? by Mr. L. Caesar; ‘‘Fungi that attack Insects,’’ by Mr. J. W. Eastham; ‘‘Insects as carriers of Disease,’? by Mr. T. I). Jarvis; ‘‘Reminis- scences of Entomologists whom I have known,’’ by Dr. Bethune. It is with deep regret that the Council records the death in his 67th year of Mr. John A. Balkwill, Director for the London District, and for several years the efficient Treasurer of the Society, which took place at his residence in London on the 10th of October, after a few weeks’ illness. While much interested in Entomology, he was particularly devoted to Botany and Horti- culture, and was familiar with all the wild plants in the neighborhood of London.. He was the first President of the local Horticultural Society and continued to be an active member of its directorate, taking a leading part in its annual floral exhibitions and in the general improvement of the parks, boulevards and gardens of the city. The members of the Council beg 3a EN. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. © 35 to offer to his widow and family their respectful sympathy in the bereave- ment that they have sustained. The Council has also to lament the death of one of the Honorary Mem- bers of the Society, Dr. William H. Ashmead, which took place on the 17th of October. For nearly thirty years he was a constant and valued contributor to the pages of the “‘Canadian Entomologist’? and had attained a high reputation among all students of this department of science from the thoroughness of his work. He had devoted himself especially to the study of the Hymenoptera and became the chief authority on the order in North America. His death at the early age of 53 years is a distinct loss to science and leaves a gap that it will not be easy to fill. Respectfully submitted, TENNYSON D. JARVIS, Vice-President. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 294th regular, and 35th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held in the rooms of the Natural History Society, Drummond Street, on Saturday evening, May 16th, 1908. Members present: Messrs. Geo. A. Moore in the Chair; Henry H. Lyman, E. C. Barwick, G. Chagnon, A. E. Norris, A. F. Winn. The Secretary read the following report of the Council. During the season 1907-08 meetings have been held: monthly except in July and August, making ten in all, the average attendance being 74, and two meetings of the Council have been held. The papers read at the meetings were as follows :— Annual Address of President, Geo. A. Moore. Hemiptera taken at St. Madeleine, Quebec, May 24, Geo. A. Moore. Notes on Coleoptera taken at St. Madeleine, G. Chagnon. An Afternoon at Highgate Springs, Vt., A. F. Winn. Canadian Cerambycide, 1907, G. Chagnon. Sugaring Record—August, 1907, A. F. Winn. Hemiperta taken at Lacolle, Quebec, July 19-31, G. A. Moore. Report on Boston Meeting Ent. Soc. of America, and Work on Brown- tail and Gypsy Moths, Henry H. Lyman. A Field of Golden-rod, A. F. Winn. Notes on collecting Sthenopis thule, E. Denny. Note on Sphinx Canadensis, E. C. Barwick. Variations in shade of Samia cecropia, E. Kollmar. On the Oriental Moth, Henry H. Lyman. An Account of the Annual Meeting at Guelph, Henry H. Lyman. Plusia precationis at Petunia blossoms, A. F. Winn. Further Notes on Hepialus thule, Henry H. Lyman. Larval habits of Pyrausta theseusalis, walk, G. Chagnon. An odd Home for a Micro Larva, A. F. Winn. Another Fortnight at Biddeford. Me., A. F. Winn. Notes on Hemiptera taken at Biddeford, Me., Geo. A. Moore. Collecting and breeding Notes for 1907. Henry H. Lyman. A few remarks on the Season’s Work, E. Denny. 36 THE REPORT OF THE i No. 19 My best Captures for 1907, G. Chagnon. Notes on the Season 1907, A. F. Winn. On the attraction of Male Moths to bred females, E. C. Barwick. Notes on the English Season 1907, L. Gibb. Habits of Insects as a Factor in Classification, Prof. H. Osborne, (selected) read by Mr. Lyman. A Trip to Chicago and Decatur, Ill., Henry H. Lyman. Type and Typical, Henry H. Lyman. Our Meetings—a Statistical Review, Henry H. Lyman. Evolution of a Locality Label, A. F. Winn. North American Species of Monohammus, G. Chagnon. ~ A little Journey to the Home of Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, G. A. Moore. Entomological Reminiscences, Henry H. Lyman. While the average attendance at the meetings is smaller than might be hoped for, it is gratifying to your Council to be able to state, that not only has the work of contributing papers been shared among the members, but also that the total of 34 papers is the largest number for any year in the history of the Branch. During the year we have added four names to our roll, but we have lost from our active list—for the time being—Mr. G. R. Southee, whose business position has necessitated his removal to Calgary, Alta. However, we feel sure he will favor us from time to time with accounts of his work among the butterflies and moths of that vicinity. We had the pleasure of having Mr. C. H. Young of Ottawa at our October meeting. One field day was held at St. Madeleine, Quebec, on May 24th, but weather conditions were very unfavorable. The collection of photographs of members has been added to by the presentation of a portrait of the late Mr. Robert Jack. In the library have been placed copies of the current numbers of the Canadian Entomologist, the annual report of the Parent Society for 1907, report of the South London Entomological Society, 1907, Dr. Fletcher’s ‘‘Weed book,’’ the N. Y. State Entomological publication and the Plates of Wright’s Butterflies of the west coast. The Curator’s duties have not been made arduous by the addition of any new specimens, but the collection is in good condition, and any duplicates the members can spare will be very acceptable. The Treasurer presented a statement showing a balance on hand of $65.35. The following officers were elected: President, Geo. A. Moore; Vice- President, Henry H. Lyman; Secretary-Treasurer, A. F. Winn; Curator and Librarian, L. Gibb; Council, E. C. Barwick, G. Chagnon and E. Kollmar. ALBERT F. Winn, Secretary-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The season of 1908 has been a very remarkable one. We have had a long continuance of fine weather and a great lack of rain. The long drought dried the leaves on the trees and they began to fall before the frosts came. There have been destructive forest fires all around us, and the air has been full of smoke—at times so dense as seriously to impede navigation. “e. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 In consequence, there have been but few insects on the wing, but Mrs. Turner took a lovely specimen of Hyphoraia parthenos, Harris, at ber summer residence on the Island of Orleans. Mr. Boulton captured several interesting specimens on the same island, amongst them one of Phycanassa viator, Kdw. This insect is rare in our locality. We are greatly indebted to Miss Freeman for several valuable donations for our cabinet, of choice specimens from the South and West of America. We have heard with deep concern of the serious illness of J. H. Simmons, Esq., a member of our council. Many earnest prayers are offered on his behalf. The Rev. Dr. Fyles has retired from the position of chaplain at Quebec for the 8.P.C.K., and intends to move from this neighbourhood shortly. He has therefore felt called upon to present his resignation of the office of president of the Branch. He has done so with regret. The loss of his valu- able services will be greatly felt by the members of the Branch whose best wishes accompany him to his new home. (Signed) R. A. M. Bourton, President. CrRAWFoRD LInpDsay, Sec.-Treasurer. REPoRT OF COUNCIL. The Branch now numbers 29 members. The secretary-treasurer’s report will be submitted to you. During the year papers were read on the following subjects :— By the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles: ‘‘Two-winged Flies, ” “Variations in Insects,’’ “Southern Hawk Moths,’’ ‘‘Form and habits of the mole cricket.’ By Mr. R. A. M. Boulton: ‘‘Moths collected by the electric light at Montmorenci Falls,’’ ‘‘Buterflies of the New Forest, England.”’ The thanks of the Branch are due to the authorities of Morrin College for allowing the members the use of their rooms. (Signed) CRAwForp Linpsay, Sec.-Treasurer. At the annual meeting held on the 24th October, 1908, the officers for the coming year were elected as follows :— Honorary President: Hon. R. Turner, M.L.C. President: Mr. R. A. M. Boulton. Vice-President: Mrs. R. Turner. Secretary-Treasurer: Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay. Council: J. H. Simmons, Esq., James Geggie, Esq., Miss Bickell, Miss Freeman, Miss Hedge. (Signed) Crawrorp Linpsay, Sec.-Treasurer. 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 , REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL , SOCIETY FOR 1907-8. The twelfth annual meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday, May 26, 1908, in the Provincial Museum, St. James’ Square. The President, Dr. Brodie was in the chair, and the following members were present:—Mr. Coleman, Mr. Webb, Mr. Williams, Mr. Woods, Miss Blackmore, Dr. Abbott. The following officers were elected for 1908-9 :— President: Dr. Brodie. Vice-President: Dr. Walker. Secretary-Treasurer: Mr. Laing. Inbrarian: Mr. Williams. Curator: Mr. Laing. Council: Mr. Woods, Mr. Webb, Mr. Ivey, Dr. Abbott. During the past year 12 meetings were held with an average attendance of 8. The Society also spent a day at Niagara Glen which was both profitable and enjoyable. The membership of the Society has increased to 30. As a number were comparatively young in the study of Entomology, an effort was made during - the past winter to study the orders systematically. A committee for identification was also formed so that members might have some assistance in identifying their specimens. The study of Botany, in so far as it relates to the life history of insects, has also been introduced. The work of making as complete a record as possible of the fauna and flora of Niagara Glen has also been proceeded with and reports from several members have been made. The subject of Insect Mimicry has received much attention, and discussion, as the list of papers appended will show. The treasurer’s report shows the finances to be in a satisfactory condition with a balance in hand of $4.51. 4 List oF Paprers READ. Characteristics of the Order Orthoptera—Dr. Walker. Defence of Theory of Mimicry—Dr. Walker. Insect Mimicry and Evolution—Dr. Brodie. The Order Lepidoptera—Mr. Williams. Arrangement of Insects according to habit—Dr. Brodie. Interior of Africa—Mr. Thurston. Galls—Mr. Cosens. Relation of Plants to Insects—Mr. Ivey. Aquatic Hemiptera—Dr. Walker. Respectfully submitted, _E. BLACKMORE, Sec.-Treasurer. a - 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 FINANCIAL STATEMENT. Of the Entomological Society of Ontario made to the Department of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario for the year ending August 31st, 1908. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES. Cash on hand from previous Supplies of pins, cork, ete. .... $51 67 year as per last report...... $640 73 Back’ volumes, 200254. oer ne 2 00 Members’ fees and_ subscrip- Mees remitted. sacs eens 5 11 tions to ‘‘The Entomolo- Prinbinie ssh ee eset oo ae ee 869 02 TST ERO tenets cateles- comet isalaete 402 3] Expenses—Postage, express, Sales of cork, pins, etc. ......... 68 49 CE) os Bp SN ee AOA, - 47 49 Sales of back numbers of Anwual** meeting * oS) szcccee cee 109 31 “Entomologist” ................+- 121 70 Library) ies sce ee ease bis} Advertisements in ‘‘The Ento- Ammiitalay reports) ara. eked: teaee 114 29 PRM Soc ts- sb ee wahsavee sagen: 52 75 Salartest tierra hie sala) aan 300 00 Government grant ......,........ 1,000 00 Honorarium—Dr. Bethune for Interest on bank deposits...... 11 28 services in moving head- Printing—Sale of extra pages, QUATLOTS GG se awl ata) Pe 50 00 UTES HERDL Col hnel: necuseue nolenoomaee sees 32 20 Expenses—Return of postage by Government, etc. ......... 10 41 iol SER nee $2,339 87 is eB cuba iytice O98 a $1,560 13 Balance on hand August 31st, MS Ut tube ae! Ao EEE Mk oo Ueda aan $779 74 Examined and found correct this 5th day of November, 1908. J. W. EastHam, ) : J. W. Crow, j Auditors. STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES. ASSETS. SS Te Lain cS he URGE Sia A SS a Rk Ok a eR LE er $779 74 asec N AC AMIN ESPN MBTALY® sicccnce-sae ed cadind dues aceeep welaut cack hedyoaleuue. dsc an fagee, 2,500 00 PUTT ENTE TIT rete ae oe eee erecta SN LUN TO UE Te aoe ue RU oc eR A ee eet el 1,600 00 MAHMRE MI TALON ELOCHTOS | CLC. oc), o5'.0s.ccaess ano < acahaseoesdacde vas seweas oanigviins Geabeddocs sf a 700 00 MEIER REIT C IEG Meee ese av wavaccoe ar eed tase peta essen acai namseoneo aed Mane sane ieeene 75 00 Back’ numbers of the Canadian Entomologist and annual reports.................. 850 00 MREEIRC ROR cece tied te Mace ics isl da Mane sels (hdd s veladmepiigeee canoe aon dane dade glint eae Ue eee 225 00 $6,729 74 LIABILITIES. Nil. S. B. McCreapy, Treasurer. 40 THE: REPORT, OF THE . No. 1Y CURATOR’S REPORT. During the past year, as in previous years, the curator’s work has been chiefly the general care and supervision of the Society’s collections and the recording and placing of new specimens received from members of the Society. Last year lists of the species especially desired for the Society’s collections were prepared and sent out to some of the members. These lists were long and contained many common species and gave the idea to some of the members who received them that the Society’s collections were far from being representative of the fauna of Canada. This, however, is not the case as nearly all the common species appearing in the lists are in the Society’s collections but many of them lack date and locality labels, and some of them are old and imperfect specimens. Thus they were included in the lists in the hope that in time all the common species might be represented in the Society’s cabinets by perfect specimens bearing date and locality labels. Since the last report the following contributions have been received and our sincerest thanks are due to the generous contributors for the same: 6 specimens of Coleoptera, by A. Gibson, Ottawa; 2 specimens of Lepidoptera, by James Fletcher, Ottawa; over 200 specimens of Lepidoptera, by Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod, of Millarville, Alberta; 50 specimens of Lepidoptera, by Mr. Charles R. Ely, of Washington, D.C.; 87 specimens of Cuban Lepidoptera, by Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, Guantanamo, Cuba. In conclusion, the curator begs to remind the members of the Society that specimens, especially of rare and new species, are always most accept- able, and help to make the Society’s collections more representative and of more value to every member of the Society. Respectfully submitted, J. E. How1rt, Curator. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year ending August 31st, 1908, forty-nine bound volumes have been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 1,971; also a very large number of periodicals, pamphlets and bulletins, many of which will be bound during the next few months. Among the new books may be mentioned the English reprint by Mr. P. Wytsman, of Brus- sels, of Hubner’s Sammlung Erxotischer Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera _ Exotica), edited by Mr. W. F. Kirby, of the British Museum; this work, which has been issued in parts during the last fourteen years and is now completed, forms three large quarto volumes and contains 491 hand- coloured plates of Lepidoptera, carefully copied from the originals, together with notes by the Editor on all the species depicted. The Farm Weeds of Canada, by Dr. Fletcher, with coloured illustrations of a large number of species, is another noteworthy addition to the useful books in the library. Thirty-eight volumes have been taken out by members during the year, but this does not at all indicate the use that has been made of our books as they are being consulted almost daily by students and members of the Society. Respectfully submitted, Cuagrtes J. S. Beruvune, Librarian. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 e REPORT TO,THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. By ArtHur Gipson, OTTAWA. As delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario, I have the honour of presenting the following report of the work of the Society during the past year. The annual meeting of the Society was held on October 3lst and Novem- ber Ist last, at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, the headquarters of the Society. This meeting was a most successful one and a large number of prominent entomologists and others were in attendance during the two days’ session. A feature of the annual meeting of this Society is the recep- tion and discussion of the reports of the directors of the six Districts in Ontario into which the economic work of the society is divided. In these ‘reports mention is made of the insects which have been particularly destruc- tive during the season. The annual report of the Society appeared in March last and in this an account of the proceedings of the above meeting are given, as well as most of the papers which were presented at the sessions. Among these latter the following may be mentioned : “The Entomological Outlook’’ (Presidential Address). By Dr. J. Fletcher. “The Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths in Massachusetts.’? By Mr. A. H. Kirkland. “Voices of the Night.’’ By Rev. Thos. Fyles. “Collecting and Rearing Dragon-flies at the Georgian Bay Biological Station.’’ By Dr. E. M. Walker. “A Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Ontario.’” By Mr. T. D. Jarvis. “The Lime-Sulphur Wash.’’ By Mr. L. Caesar. Bd “‘An Unusual Outbreak of Halisidota Caterpillars.’’ By Mr. Arthur ibson. ‘Additional Insect Galls of Ontario.’? By Mr. T. D. Jarvis. ‘*TInjurious Insects in Ontario in 1907.’ By Rev. Prof. Bethune. “Entomological Record, 1907.’ By Dr. James Fletcher and Mr. Arthur Gibson. During the year the Society also held a summer meeting at the Ontario Agricultural College, on July 4 and 5, when interesting papers were presented by Mr. H. H. Lyman on ‘‘“Thecla calanus and edwardsii’’; Mr. C. W. Nash on ‘‘Balance in Nature’’; Dr. Henry Skinner on ‘‘Insects as Carriers of Diseases’’; Dr. J. Fletcher on ‘‘Nature Study as a Means of Education’; Dr. W. Brodie on ‘‘The Life-history of a Colony of the Tent Caterpillar,’ and Mr. C. W. Nash on “Instinct vs. Education.’’ An excursion was also held to Puslinch Lake, about nine miles from the college, many specimens of interest being collected. The Branches of the Society at Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Guelph and Vancouver, have all been actively at work during 1907, and much useful work in entomology is being thus encouraged at all of these centres. Regular meetings during the winter have been held by all of these Branches of the _ Society and many interesting papers have been presented and discussed. During the year 22 bound volumes have been added to the Society’s library at Guelph, besides a large number of periodicals, bulletins and pamphlets. Many of these latter are being bound up into permanent volumes. 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 This library which is one of the most complete entomological libraries in America is continually being used by members of the Society and by students specializing in entomology at the Ontario Agricultural College. The collections of insects belonging to the Society have been materially added to during the year and considerable work has been done in going through the cabinets and rearranging the specimens. The Canadian Entomologist, which is published by the Society, is now in its 40th volume. Volume XX XIX, which ended with the December, 1907, number comprised 423 pages, with 11 full page plates and 23 figures in the text. No less than 73 different entomologists contributed to the volume, and 11 new genera, 216 new species and 5 new varieties are described. These papers are of a high character and in a report like this it is impossible to mention very many of them. Some of the more important, however, are. ‘‘New Micro-lepidoptera,’’ by Mr. W. D. Kearfott; ‘‘New species of North American Lepidoptera,’’ by Dr. W. Barnes; ‘‘Notes on Chalcolepidius and the Zopherini,’”’ by Major Thos. L. Casey; ‘On the Classification of the Mosquitoes,’’ by Dr. Harrison G. Dyar and Mr. Frederick Knab; ‘‘A New Somatochlora, with a Note on the Species known from . Ontario,’ by Dr. E. M. Walker; ‘‘Habits of some Manitoba ‘Tiger Beetles’ (Cicindela),’’? by Mr. Norman Criddle; ‘‘Studies in the Genus Incisalia,’’ by Mr. John H. Cook; ‘‘The Eupitheciae of Eastern North America,’’ by Rev. G. W. Taylor; ‘‘List of Hemiptera taken at Como, Quebec,’’ by Mr. G. A. Moore; ‘‘The Classification of the Culicidae,’’ by Miss Evelyn Groesbeeck Mitchell; ‘‘The Stridulation of the Snowy Tree-cricket (Hcanthus neveus),”’ by Mr. A. Franklin Shull; ‘‘New Coleoptera from the Southwest,” by Mr. H. C. Fall; Tenthredinidae of Colorado,’’ by Mr. Geo. P. Weldon; ‘‘New Tropical American Hesperidae,’’ by Mr. Geo. A. Ehrmann; ‘‘Perlide from British Columbia and Alberta,’? by Mr. Nathan Banks; ‘‘Diplonychus, Laporte (—Hydrocyrius, Spinola), and its Relation to the other Belostomatid Genera,’’ by Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno; ‘‘New species of Colorado Aphidide, with Notes upon their life-habits,’? by Prof. C. P. Gillette: ‘‘Further Notes on the Occurrence of Hepialus thule, Strecker, at Montreal,”’ by Mr. H. H. Lyman. Besides the above technical papers, the following appeared under the heading ‘‘Practical and Popular Entomology”’ : ‘‘How Insects are Distributed.”” By Mr. L. Caesar. ‘‘A Homemade and Effective Insect Trap.’’ By Mr. Jobn D. Evans. ‘The Scolytidae or Engraver-Beetles.”’?’ By Mr. J. W. Swaine. “The Walking-Stick Insect’? (Diapheromera femorata). By Mr. J. B. Williams. “Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas for Beginners.’’ By Prof. Glenn W. Herrick. The Society now has 185 Canadian members. The Canadian Ento- mologist is sent out to 486 subscribers each month as it is issued. Besides the subscribers there are on the Exchange List, the names of 112 Societies, ete., which receive the Canadian Entomologist regularly. _ —1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL: SOCIERVY. 43 THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND FOOD HABITS OF AMERICAN GALL MIDGES. By E. P. Fert, Ausany, N.Y. The extensive and frequently severe depredations of the Hessian-fly, Mayetiola destructor, Say, are too well known to require extended notice in this connection, and the same is also true, though perhaps in a more limited sense, of the Wheat Midge, Cecidomyia tritici, Kirby. The genus Con- tarinia appears to be a very important one to the economic entomologist. It contains the somewhat well known Pear Midge, Contarinza pyrivora, Riley, a species which has been responsible in recent years for the destruction of considerable fruit in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and presumably in adjacent states. A more recently discovered species is known as the Violet Midge, Contarinia violicola, Coq., a form which has proved a serious enemy of the extensive violet growing industry located in and about Rhinebeck; N.Y., and one that bids fair to cause more injury in the future unless growers are very careful to avoid conditions favorable for its multipl- cation. The Sorghum Midge, Contarinia sorghicola, Coq., another recent discovery, breeds in sorghum seed and, in recent records, has been credited with causing the common failure of this plant to produce a full crop of seed. A still later note states that this insect destroys all sorghum seed in Texas south of a certain line. The Cotton Midge, Contarinza gossypi, Felt, is a species of some economic importance, since it has been reported as injurious to cotton in the British West Indies. Still another form, Con- tarinia negundifolia, Felt, was reared from the leaves of a box elder and is possibly identical with the Cecidomyia negundinis, Gill., a species which has been recorded as decidedly injurious to its host plant on the college campus at Ames, Lowa. There have been several other injuries by Cecidomylide brought to notice recently.. One of these is the extensive destruction of linden buds by a form which we have been unable to rear as yet. This insect was so abundant at Rhinecliff, N.Y., as to destroy from 50 to 75 per cent. of the buds on large trees, causing the death of numerous twigs and of a few large branches. Similar injury to young Catalpa trees has recently been recorded by Prof. Gossard and is probably due to the work of Ceczdomyia catalpe, Comst. Several years ago a small proportion of the grape blossoms in the Chautauqua grape belt were found infested by Cecidomyiid larve. This last season the insect, Cecidomyia Johnsoni, Sling., was so abundant in an acre of Moore’s early grapes near Fredonia, as to destroy from 60 to 75 per cent. of the crop. Observations have shown this pest to be generally distributed through- out the grape belt, and it is very probable that some other mysterious failures of the crop were due to the work of this insect. A number of species are known to live in the buds of plants, and it is presumable that other bud- inhabiting forms, aside from those mentioned above, have caused or are able to cause serious losses. It is certain that members of the Cecidomyiide are capable of inflicting grave injury, and no scientist can state that any one species might not become destructive in the near future. More knowledge pe eecting this group is necessary before its economic status can be accurately xed. It is gratifying to state that some species of Cecidomylide at least, are distinctly beneficial. The members of the genus Aphidoletes, Kieff., live at the expense of aphids, and are therefore beneficial. One species, A. ica > iD) 4 l meridionalis, Felt, was reared a number of years ago from Siphonophora lirrodendri. Aphidoletes cucumeris, Lintn., undoubtedly preys upon. the W 44 THE. REPORT OF THE No. 19 — { melon louse, Aphis gossypri, Glov., though when it was described by the © late Dr. Lintner as a Diplosis, it was supposed to be responsible for a bud gall. Another species of Aphzdoletes, bred from the melon aphis and probably A. marina, Felt, was recently received from Prof. C. P. Gillette of Colorado, accompanied by the statement that it was particularly destructive to plant lice in the Insectary and was not uncommon out of doors, attacking different species of plant lice. The genus Afycodiplosis, Rubs., is zoophagous and it is gratifying to note that Mf. acarivora, Felt, preys upon the red spider infesting the Citrus trees of California. The above is sufficient to show that the food habits of this group are of — interest to the economic entomologist. We now propose to gvie some brief notes respecting the habits of various members of this family. The Campylomyzariz include a considerable number of forms most frequently found in forests or in association with decaying vegetable matter. The very characteristic genus Joanissia, Kieff., presumably breeds in decaying vegetable matter, since Kieffer records rearing several species from decaying wood, tufts of moss and mold covering a fungus. Members of the genus Campylomyza, Meig., are rather common in woodlands. One species, C. lignivora, Felt, was reared in considerable numbers from the fungous affected heart wood of pine. The long, yellowish larve evidently eroded the tissues to a considerable extent, as the cavities inhabited by them were more or less filled with extremely fine wood flour. C. pinicorticis, Felt, was bred from galleries of a Scolytid in pine. Campylomyza coprophila, Felt, was obtained from manure, while C. dilatata, Felt, was reared from a vial containing elm seeds and debris. One _ species, Campylomyza pomiflora, Felt, occurs commonly in early spring about blossoms of cherry and shadbush. The peculiar Miastor americana, Felt, was taken on either beech or chestnut leaves. Several species of Brachyneura, Rond., have been reared, B. eupa- tore, Felt, being obtained presumably from an oval swelling on the stem of thoroughwort Hupatorium perfoliatum, and another, B. vitis, Felt, was reared from a jar containing the familiar Laszoptera vitis, O. S., gall on grape. The Lasiopterarie is a very characteristic group, the members of which appear to invariably‘undergo their final transformations within the tissues of the host plant. The peculiar Clinorhyncha seems to be restricted to the hlossoms of certain composite, ‘since C. millefolii, Wachtl., occurs in apparently normal florets of Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, while C. eupa- tori-flore, Felt, may be obtained from similar flowers of thoroughwort Eupatorium perfoliatum. Baldratia, Kieff., is another exceedingly inter- esting genus, since most of its species breed in the peculiar, apparently fungous affected blister galls so common on aster and solidago. The sixteen species reared are divided about equally between species of aster and solidago. A few forms have been obtained from comparatively normal leaf tissues, and one interesting species bred from small, oval galls on aster leaves recognized simply by a slight elevation on the under surface. Mem- bers of the genus Lasioptera and Neolastoptera occur almost exclusively in stem galls on herbaceous plants and in subcortical galls on woody plants. The irregular eccentric stem gall of Lasioptera tumifica, Beutm., on solidago is an excellent type of one form of gall, while the irregular subcortical gall on Cornus, made by Neolasioptera cornicola, Beutm., illustrates the other. The species of both genera winter, so far as known, within the gall, those 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 q ’ inhabiting herbaceous plants usually appearing in rather early spring, while certain of the forms occurring in woody tissues do not emerge till June. | Representatives of the genus Vasyneura exhibit a marked preference for leaf folds, leaf buds or loose leaf bud galls. Dasyneura anemone, Felt, occurs in a loose apical bud of Anemone canadensis, while D. clematzdis, Felt, inhabits an oval stem gall. The genus Rhabdophaga, as we understand it, exhibits a marked partiality for the willow, breeding for the most part in bud galls or woody tissues. Some eighteen species are known to inhabit this plant. The Oligotrophiariz is best represented by the genus Ahopalomyza, which latter displays a very marked preference for solidago, fifteen species ‘occurring on this plant and subsisting at the expense of the flowers, the leaves, the stems, or even on portions of the underground root stocks. The especies are easily reared and, so far as we have been able to determine, each is responsible for a peculiar type of gall. Six species of Afayetzola have been reared from willow, M. walshz, Felt, producing an apical rosette gall, M. rigide, O. S., forming a characteristic apical beak gall, while the other species occur in woody tissues. The Asphondyliariz is a very well marked group exhibiting consider- able similarity in habit. The typical genus Asphondylia may well be repre- sented by the common A. monacha, O. S., a snecies which breeds in both solidago and aster. It has been reared from apparently unaffected blossoms of plants belonging to both genera. It occurs in small rosette galls on the narrow-leaved solidago, Huthamza lanceolata, and has been reared from ‘what we have designated as the adherent leaf gall on Soledago canadensis and S. serotina. This latter gall is simply an oval cell formed by two leaves adhering at the margin of the cavity. Most of the species of Asphondylia occur in bud galls, and it is probable that some forms are injurious. The allied Schzzomyza likewise breeds in bud galls or may be responsible for modifications of the same such as the hard, nut-like, polythalamous gall of Schizomyia pomum, Walsh, much better known as Cecidomyia vitis-pomum, A large, oval or fusiform petiole or tendril gall is made by S. petiolicola, Felt. The genus C2ncticornea is also included in this group and breeds, so far as known, in leaf galls. Cincticornia carya, Felt, was reared from a conical leaf gall on hickory, while C. pilule, Walsh, better known under the ie of Cecidomyia, inhabits the common reddish, ovate hard leaf gall on oak. The Diplosarie includes a large number of forms most easily recognized by the two swellings on each antennal segment in the male. Practically nothing is known concerning the life history of the larger, heavier forms of _Hormomyia, though some of the smaller, lighter forms have been reared, such as H. carye, O. S., and H. holotricha, O. 8., both better known under the name of Cecidomyia. H. crategifolia, Felt, has been reared from a cocks- comb gall on Crategus leaves. Cecidomyia resinicola, O. S., is interesting because the larve occur in pitch masses. Many species belonging to this group may be bred from buds or leaves and a few, as mentioned in the pre- ceding economic discussion, from seeds. We have reared a number of species of Mycodiplosis and particularly of Lestodiplosis from various leaf galls. The habits of these species.are not sufficiently well known so that _we feel certain that in every instance we have secured the form responsible for the deformity. There is still need of much life history work in this group before certain puzzles as to relationships and food habits can be sat- isfactorily solved. q q 46 THE REPORT ORVIBE ' No. 19° Comparatively little is known concerning the food habits of our Epi- dosarie. Asynapta saliciperda, Felt, has been reared from old, dried Rhab- dophaga batatas, Walsh, galls, while Winnertzia pinicorticis, Felt, was bred from under the bark of Pinus inops. This group presents great structural variations and it is to be expected that further investigations will disclose considerable variation in habits. The Cecidomyiide show some exceedingly interesting preferences in the selection of food plants. For example, 39 species havé been reared from — solidago, 15 of these belonging to the genus Rhopalomyia; 28 species have been bred from Salix, 16 from aster and 10 from grape. Lasioptera exhibits a a marked partiality for aster and solidago. The latter is also a prime — favorite with Rhopalomyia. The genus Rhabdophaga occurs mostly in’ Saltz and a number of species of Mayetiola also live upon this plant. The species of Asphondylia, probably because of their inhabiting buds, do not display a marked preference for any food plant. The Asphondylid genus — Cineticornia is found largely in leaf galls on Quercus, while the smaller — forms of Hormomyia are equally partial to various hickory leaf galls. The — statistics just given are based upon rearings of over 300 species. The data presented can not be regarded as conclusive because most of the rearings — have naturally been made from plants most easily secured or from which insects were most readily bred. Some idea of the extent and complexity of — this work may be gained when it is remembered that we now know some 700 North American species, representing about 50 genera. After some remarks upon the paper by the Chairman, a discussion arose respecting the nomenclature of galls and the insects that produce them, which was participated in by Messrs. Jarvis and Nash and Drs. Felt and © Bethune. The conclusion arrived at was that names employed to designate botanical structure alone should not necessarily be attached to zoological © species, that is to say that a name given to a gall with a description of the gall only and perhaps also of the larva found in it should not hold in entomology; that the only specific names to be recognized should be based upon the description of the adult perfect insect. Otherwise it was felt that great confusion must sooner or later arise. —_——. Mr. W. R. THomrson, of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, gave an interesting account of the work now being carried on in Massa- chusetts for the rearing of native and imported parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths. He was engaged during the summer months as an assistant to Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, who is in charge of the parasitic work, especially as regards the Dipterous family Tachinidae. Mr. Thompson described fully and clearly the various operations carried on in connection with the importation of nests of Brown-tail Moth caterpillars, predaceous beetles, etc.; and the methods employed in rearing the larve and obtaining the parasites on their emergence from the host caterpillars. He also explained some of the apparatus used by means of drawings on the black- = L Ww board. His narration was listened to with much attention and gave those © present an excellent idea of this notable experiment in economic Ento- mology. As Dr. Howard, who is in charge of the whole work, sent a paper on this subject, which was read at the evening session, Mr. Thompson preferred that his descriptions should not be published. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4.7 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SORGHUM MIDGE. By R. C. TREHERNE, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Before commencing the discussion of my subject, I should like it under- stood at the outset that the observations recorded have not yet been con- firmed by repetition, and, no doubt, therefore, some of them may not be entirely correct. The first study of the life-history of any insect is apt to be wrong in many respects, as we find, for instance, was the case with the first published statements made at the beginning of the Mexican Cotton-boll Weevil investigations, I purpose, therefore, to give a mere outline of such observations on the life-history, distribution and habits of the Sorghum Midge as came under my notice during this summer of 1908, and crave indulgence for the apparently inconclusive form of some of my records. Again I ask you to bear in mind that the work was undertaken by a student, the result of whose work still awaits proof. Sorghum is grown in Louisiana in comparatively smal] areas, nearly every plantation, however, possessing a patch which rarely exceeds half an acre in size. General, therefore, as the growing of this crop would seem to be, it has for a considerable time been regarded as one which did not mature its seed. Investigations into the cause of this non-maturity did not greatly exercise the minds of the planters for the reason that the crop was not grown for its seed production, but was grown rather for green feed and for the manufacture of molasses. General theories were advanced as to the cause of this non-fruitage, but the attacks of the Sorghum Midge on the ovaries of the sorghum plant now seem to be the most potent and the main cause as yet determined. Yet it would be incorrect to say that the failure of sorghum to mature its seed in Louisiana was entirely due to the work of this midge, for the reason that the Sugar-cane Borer, Diatrea saccharalis, F., the moth Nigretia sorghiella, Riley, the Sorghum Smuts, the English Sparrows and I have ‘no doubt yet other destructive agencies, are all means which help to prevent the sorghum crop from maturing its seed in the South. So far as we know, this insect was first mentioned and described by Pro- fessor D. W. Coquillet in Bulletin 18, N. S. Bureau of Entomology, on “‘A Cecidomyiid Injurious to the Seeds of Sorghum.’’ His description was taken from some specimens sent from Alabama in 1895. The midge seems not to have attracted further attention until 1907, when Mr. C. R. Ball, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture made a number of observations on its destructiveness in Louisiana. During this summer of 1908, systematic investigations on the life-history and habits of this midge, were begun, with the result that Professor F. M. Webster, who has the matter in hand, pos- sesses considerable data to verify and to resume work on, if so desired, at an early date next year. With the adult flies of this species, the two sexes are of practically the same dimensions, the females, however, on a superficial examination, appearing, on account of their length of ovipositor and somewhat plump abdomens, to be the larger. The abdomens of both sexes are brick red in general color, while their heads and thoraxes present black indications. The antenne of the males are considerably longer than those of the females and it is by this characteristic that the two sexes are most easily recognized. The females are somewhat more sluggish in their movements than the males. The males, on the other hand, are the more active and are usually seen on 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 the wing hovering around the heads of sorghum in the early morning, evi- dently awaiting the emergence of the females. The total length of the life of the female is about 32 hours, that is to say, when facilities for the deposi- tion of her eggs are given her soon after emergence. The males live about half as long as the females. No attempts to breed this fly to maturity under artificial conditions were successful. The egg is elongate in form and cylindrical, tapering towards the end and is about .28 mm long and about .09 mm broad and resembles very nearly the eggs of closely related species. It is laid by the female fly between the glumes of the sorghum spikelet and on or very near the ovary of the plant so that when the young larva develops it may find abundance of food ready at hand without material need of any search. The injury to the ovary of the plant is caused, evidently, by absorption of the juices of the ovary by the larva which appears to carry out the extraction throughout the entire length of its body. The larva when full grown is brick red in general color and the developing pupa possesses the same characteristic shade. When the period for transition from pupa to adult approaches, the pupa works its way upwards and the emergence occurs at the apex of the glumes. After emergence takes place, several seconds are allowed for wing development. I think I may mention here that there is, at present, in Louisiana an extremely interesting but obnoxious little ant, Zridomyrmex humilis, Mahr. This ant is over-running the southern portion of the State and is having considerable attention given to it by reason of its relationship to the agri- cultural interests of the State. In the sorghum patch in which the experi- ments with the sorghum midge were carried on this summer, this particu- lar ant abounded. The ants were continually running about the leaves, stems and heads of the sorghum plants attracted evidently by the sweet sap of the plant and the excretions of the aphid which fed upon it. As the adult fly is about to emerge from the pupa, the glumes of the plant are neces- sarily forced slightly open and the ant, which is omnivorous, is thus allowed to gain access to the helpless pupa. I actually observed an instance where an ant bit off the terminal apex of the glumes and extracted the pupa. Other instances were observed in which the ant was unable to make its way to the enclosed pupa, probably, I suppose, on account of the glumes not being sufficiently open and hence not allowing of a good hold. I have no doubt that in a field in which this ant abounds, the death of many flies may be accounted for. The total life-history of this species, according to Mr. C. R. Ball, varies from 14 to 20 days. This summer it was estimated that it ran perhaps somewhat longer, between 19 to 25 days. However, this is one of the points that still awaits proof. The entire life-history takes place within the sorghum flower, the egg being deposited there and the adult fly emerging from it when the required developmental period is accomplished. The gen- eral habits of this midge, therefore, can be seen to coincide very closely with the habits of already studied and familiar species of the same genus and closely related genera. In Louisiana this midge is heavily parasitised by Aprostocetus diplosidus, Crawford. This parasite is accompanied by a species of Tetrastichus which Professor F. M. Webster considers as probably a secondary parasite. In reference to the distribution of the midge, I may say that it is more generally to be found over the South than it was first thought. Early in the summer it was known to exist in comparatively few States, but it now appears that it has actually been found in Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri and South Carolina. For the reason that this midge ne ee ee et eae eee Do 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. e 49 —- has not yet attracted the attention of the Experiment Stations, it 1s alto- gether probable that it is of more general distribution than these statements show. Its destructiveness, too, is of a varied description. In the alluvial lands of Louisiana, for instance, the main part of the crop is completely spoilt, while in the hill lands of the State, the crop is not so affected and again in Arkansas and Missouri the attacks of the midge are so inconsider- able that its presence would not be suspected. I will close these remarks by asking an apology for placing before you records of an insect which is probably of only semitropical distribution, but I thought that, as its method of attack closely resembles the attack of nearly related species in the North and as these are practically some of the first remarks on this particular species, this paper might be of interest. Mr. Treherne then exhibited a Cotton Plant which was grown in the College greenhouse and pointed out the various stages of growth—the bud, the square, the flower and the boll. The only time during the growth of the plant that poison can be satisfactorily applied against the plant’s chief enemy, the Cotton Boll Weevil, is between the budding and the squaring stages. Any poison applied after the plant has formed squares is of no use against the weevil for the reason that once the square is formed, the insect feeds within it and hence does not come in contact with the poison. ‘ Experiments have recently been conducted with powdered arsenate of lead as a new poison for the Boll Weevil. Great hopes are entertained” by Prof. Wilmon Newell, of the State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana that this poison will prove to be satisfactory. If these hopes are realized, arsen- ate of lead may possibly be of use to fruit-growers and gardeners in the North. He next showed some specimens of the Fire Ant (Solenopsis geminata), which is so useful in excavating the larva of the Boll Weevil from the square; the Argentine Ant which is causing much consternation in the households of the South; the Texas Fever Tick and a parasitic fungus on the White Fly (Aleyrodes). : HYDROECIA MICACEHA, ESP. IN CANADA. By ARTHUR GIBSON, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. Of recent years much attention has been paid, by several entomologists, to the boring larve and the perfect moths of Gortyna, Hydrecia and Papaipema. In Canada, the best work on these interesting insects has been done by our esteemed member, Mr. Henry H. Lyman, of Montreal. In the United States, our friend, Mr. Henry H. Bird, of Rye, N.Y., has care- fully studied the life-histories of many species, probably the most of which have been described as new to science. The larve of some of the moths of this group are, more or less, of economic importance. The Hop Vine Borer, Gortyna émmanis, Gn., is well known from its ravages in hop yards. In the annual report of the Domin- ion Experimental Farms for 1892, Dr. Fletcher treats of this insect at con- siderable length and gives the life-history. The Columbine Borer, Papat- pema purpurifascia, G. & R.,* is recorded as a destructive enemy of culti- vated plants of the genus Aquilegia. The Stalk Borer, Papaipema nitela, Gn., is widely known from its attacks on potatoes, tomatoes and corn. The *Report, Ent. Soc. Ont., 1904, p. 81. 4 EN. pas be “a =, Vy ¥ ys lam tS iA De! V2 4 Wace a Loree ore i bre T tee 4 Wy Yo a “ Sey Nah he ke ts AW) yy f : Le) " ? 7 Fe ‘ an - 3 won < r x 50 THE REPORT OF THE =} ss No. 19 Burdock Borer, Papaipema cataphracta, Grt., is very common in Ontario, and is sometimes very injurious to many kinds of garden plants having thick, succulent stems. It has a wide range of food plants, but in the Ottawa district it has been found boring chiefly in the burdock. The species, however, which I wish to call special attention to to-day is’ one which has been reported to the Division of Entomology, on several occa- sions during the last four years. Attention was first drawn to it in August, 1905, when, early in the month, Mr. George Welch, of Westport, N. S., | wrote asking for information as to how to destroy worms which were boring into the pods of his garden peas. He said that the worms were large and quite plentiful. Not recognizing the enemy, Dr. Fletcher wrote asking for specimens. Under date of August 31st, Mr. Welch sent two caterpillars, all he could find at that date, and mentioned that after the end of July they were not so plentiful. One of the larve, unfortunately, had died dur- ing transportation and the other specimen had changed to the chrysalis state. From this latter a perfect specimen of the moth was reared on Sept. 18th. On July 18, 1906, Dr. C. A. Hamilton, of Mahone, N.S., forwarded a caterpillar which he had found in a corn stalk. Only one larva was found on that date, but Dr. Hamilton said that other plants had withered away, probably from the same cause. This caterpillar pupated on July 19th and the moth emerged on August 7th. In 1907, another single larva was received, on July 12th, from Mr. Capel B. St. George, of Tramore, Ont., who stated that he had found it boring in corn in his garden. The moth from this specimen emerged on Sept. 6th. On June 30th of the present year, Dr. Hamilton forwarded another specimen from Mahone, N.S., which he had found in corn. The moth emerged on August 6th. A larva had also been found a few days previ- ously, but unfortunately had been lost, and a further plant was seen to be injured, but the caterpillar could not be found. In the collection of insects of the Division of Entomology at the Cen- tral Experimental Farm, are two specimens of the moth, which were taken at St. John, N.B., on August 29, and September 12, 1902. These were sent to Dr. Fletcher under the name of Gortyna medialis, Sm. In Mr. McIn- tosh’s list of the noctuide of New Brunswick,’ the following note appears: “Hydracia medialis, Smith; one taken September 2nd, (1898).’’ In Dr. Fletcher’s Entomological Record for 1903,’ this moth is recorded as having been ‘‘very abundant, August and September, St. John, (McIn- tosh).’’ From this statement, and in view of the above occurrences at, West- port, N.S., it will be seen that this insect is not uncommon during some seasons in the Maritime Provinces. The record of this insect having been found at Tramore, Ont., is very interesting. While the presence of isolated individual larve in corn, or other plants, is of no economic importance, still as shown above, the insect has on occasions been noticeably destructive. The habit of the caterpillars boring into the pods of garden peas, as observed by Mr. Welch, is certainly remarkable and is the only instance known to the writer of a larva belonging to this group boring into anything other than a stem or a root. ‘The Noctuide of New Brunswick. Reprinted from Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, (St. John) No. XVIII., 1899. *Report of the Entomological Society, 1903. See aioe ? = ~ - 2 ee a ae ee ee t ee ee eee en ee ee ee ee - ' ~ a if I al er ee ee 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY. Boil: 51 ; The following description of the caterpillar was taken from the speci- men received from Dr. Hamilton in July, 1906: 4 Length, 32 mm. Head, rounded, chestnut brown, shining, mouth parts darker. Body : : a dirty, creamy poten with a pinkish tinge on dorsum, except -at intersegmental folds. Thoracic shield pale brown, ‘Mmargined anteriorly with dark brown. Tubercles pale brown, each with a single pale hair. Tubercle ITV on seventh abdominal segment is almost as large as the upper half of the spiracle, the upper edge being slightly above the upper edge of the spiracle. Spiracles black.. Anal shield blackish. Dorsal vessel dis- tinct. No markings whatever on the body. Feet all pale. 7 A description of the larva from Mr. St. George was also taken, but the only differences which my notes show, are that the thoracic shield was mar- -gined in front with black, and the body noted as being greenish-white with a rosy tint above spiracles except at intersegmental folds. nie . The moth reared from garden peas from Westport, N.S., was submitted to Mr. Henry Bird, who reported upon it as follows: ‘‘The Nova Scotian specimen looks like medzalzs. A series might be quite convincing.’ As this left some doubt about the exact determination of the moth, a specimen was sent to Sir George Hampson, of the British Museum, who determined itas Hydracia micacea, Esp., with the statement that it was “exactly like European specimens.’ _ . In Miss Ormerod’s Report for 1898, an account of injury to potatoes by Hydrecia micacea is given, under the popular name of the Potato-stem Borer. This outbreak which occurred at Fyvie, Aberdeen, Scotland, is described as having been destructive to the growing crop of potatoes, espe- -eially in gardens. The injury had been noticed every season for some years and a careful examination invariably showed that the damage had been done by the borer. Miss Ormerod quotes from Mr. Richard South : “This “species is known to feed in larval stage in Dock and species of Equisetum.’’ In Stainton’s *“‘Manual of Butterflies and Moths,’’ vol. 1, p. 198, the larve are said to feed ‘‘in the roots of various Cyperacez.’’ In Kappel and Kirby’s “British and European Butterflies and Moths,’ it 18 stated that the larva “lives in the roots of Glyceria spectabilis, Iris, etc.’ The moth which is known as the Rosy Rustic is Lae to be ‘‘common and widely distributed in Central and Northern Europe in August and September.’’ Miss Ormerod says: ‘The moth is from an inch and a quarter 'to a little over an inch and a half in expanse of the forewings, which are variously described as of a pale brown ground color with a rosy tinge, or of a ‘rich, reddish brown’; on the wing is a ‘broad dark patch’, otherwise described as a ‘broad median band’, the outer portion being ‘very rich, dark brown’. Hind wings ‘whitish grey with darker central line’, or ‘dingy erey brown with a darker erescentic discoidal spot and transverse median bar’ ; the antenne nearly white.’ . The above occurrences of Hydrwcia micacea in Canada are, as far as ‘we know. the only American records of this insect. 52 | THE REPORT OF THE FURTHER NOTES ON THE COCCIDAE OF ONTARIO. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, O.A. CoLLeGe, GUELPH. In last year’s Annual Report, I gave an account of forty-eight species — of Coccids for Ontario. Further collections and investigations have enabled — me to add the following to the list. Kermes galliformis (Riley), Red Oak, Toronto. Saissetia hemisphaericum (Targ), Cotton, etc., Conservatories in most parts of Ontario. Aspidiotus abietis (Schr.), Hemlock, Guelph. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.), Ficus elastica, Conservatory, Guelph. | Ischinaspis longirostris (Signoret), Palm, Conservatory, Toronto. Undetermined Species of Pseudococcus. On bark of Apple—Pyrus malus, Guelph. . Hawthorn—Crataegus sp., Guelph. - Hlorsechestniut—Aesculus hippocastanum, Guelph. Beech—Fagus ferruginea, Guelph. eo * Willow—Salzz sp., Guelph. Lombardy Poplar—Populus italica, Guelph. On leaves of Soft Maple—Acer saccharinum, Guelph. eo | Willow—Saliz sp:, Guelph. On roots of Raspberries—Rubus str¢gosus, Muskoka. Blueberries—Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Muskoka. cc Goldenrod—Solidago canadensis, Guelph. Yellow Avens—Geum strictum, Guelph. Yarrow—Achillea millefolium, Guelph. Wormwood—Artemisia sp., Guelph. Ox-eye Daisy—Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Guelph. «Daisy Fleabane—“rigeron philadelphicum, Guelph, Kermes galliformis (Riley). These scales occur either singly or in clusters on the twigs and branches | of Red Oak (Quercus rubra). The form of the adult female puparium is | globular with a slight incision for insertion on the stem of the food plant. | It is nearly smooth and somewhat shining. The colour is white andl beautifully variegated with yellowish, gray and black. Mr. A. Cosens found this fairly common on Red Oak at Toronto. Satssetia hemisphaericum (Targ.) The adult female varies from lght to dark brown, frequently shaded |} with darker brown to black. || It is more or less hemispherical or slightly elongate and convex. The | surface is smooth and shining to the naked eye but with higher magnifica- tion is seen to be thickly studded with little dots. The immature female is | usually of a pale yellow with a well defined central and two lateral carinae, | It is a very common scale in conservatories throughout Ontario. Asprdiotus abietis (Schr.). Puparium of the female oval or elongate oval and the side next the midrib compressed and straight. About 1.5—2 mm. long and 1—1.2 mm. wide. Colour dark brown; back convex. Exuviae central, dull yellow. | Common at Guelph on Hemlock (7'suga occidentalis), | 4 - ¥ - Ler ? 4 eet aN ‘ sf ’ \ : 4 1 »ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 53 Chrysomphalus aontdum (Linn.). Adult female puparium circular and somewhat convex. Colour reddish ‘ Sayin, turning paler towards the margin. Exuviae central, dark orange and nipple- like. It has been found in the conservatory at Guelph on Ficus _elastica. Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret). The puparium of the adult female is very long and narrow. Back shining black; exuviae orange coloured. A few specimens were found in a Toronto conservatory. DISTRIBUTION OF SAN Jose SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus) IN ONTARIO. The San Jose Scale is slowly gaining ground in Ontario. The most northern point of infection is at Lorne Park, County of Peel on the north- -ern shore of Lake Ontario. . a mY PARRY Sound , LL He ny I}! A\ ~~ GEORGIA wy PROVINCE OF NTARIO a ed Fig. 6. The shaded portions of the map shew the counties of Ontario in which the San Jose scale is now established. THREE NEw Host Puants ror EULECANIUM CARYAE IN ONTARIO. | 5 Rock Elm (Ulmus racemosa), Hornbeam (Ostrya virginica), Blue or Water Beech (Carpinus caroliniana). We have now five host plants for this scale in Ontario. A New Host Puant ror E. FLETCHERI IN ONTARIO. This year #. Fletcheri was found at Guelph on Red Cedar (Juneperus wirginiana). 54. _ THE REPORT OF THE One Broop For THE Prine Scate (Chionaspis pinifoliae) In ONTARIO. This scale passes the winter in the egg stage. The eggs hatch in the early part of June and the female reaches maturity about the middle of August when she lays her eggs which do not hatch until the following year. SOME ENEMIES OF ONTARIO COCCIDAE. By J. W. EASTHAM, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. Leaving out our wild birds, upon which I have nothing to say, the | enemies of Scale insects or Coccidae may be divided into three classes, — namely :— 1. Predaceous insects; 2. Hymenopterous parasites; 3. Fungus Diseases. Amongst predaceous insects the members of the family Coccinellidae or Ladybird beetles are by far the most numerous and most important. Of — beetle with a small red spot on each elytron. The larvae of the species of | Hyperaspis do an immense amount of good by destroying large numbers of — the egg sacs of the Cottony Maple-scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis). The | larvae are large, white and mealy, and much resemble certain species of | Dactylopus, for which they might easily be mistaken by a casual observer. | The larvae pass from one ovi-sac to another, devouring the eggs as they pass © along, but leaving the ovi-sac apparently little the worse externally. Dur- — ing the summer fully 80 per cent. of the ovi-sacs of Pulvinaria in the © vicinity of Guelph were destroyed by the Hyperaspis larvae. Another very common and important species is the Twice-stabbed Lady-bird (Chilocorus bivulnerus), Fig. 7, the adults and larvae of which © are to be found feeding on no fewer than seven species of scales in this © neighbourhood. Its special favourites, however, are the Oyster-shell Bark-— louse and Curtis Seales, on both of which it is usually quite common. It — is interesting to note that the larvae of this insect are preyed upon to a con- | siderable extent by lLace-wing fly larvae (Chrysopa). Figs. 8 and 9. — Another species which preys more especially upon HLulecaniwm cerasifer 1s the 13-spotted Lady-bird (Hippodamia 13-punctata), Fig. 10. These lar- © vae are very thorough in their work as they devour everything but the body — walls of the scale. . Another common predaceous insect is a small mite Monieziella, sp. — which is generally found feeding on the Oyster-shell Bark-louse and Curtis — scale, especially the former; it is also found feeding on the eggs of E. cera- | sifex but not to any great extent. . 4 Another predaceous insect occasionally to be found is a Lepidopterous |} larva which eats its way through the cottony masses of Pulvinaria innumer- | abilis, and in this way one caterpillar can destroy many scales. Although |} several attempts were made I was unable to rear the adult; but in all | probability it is the larva of Laetilia coccidivora, Comst., an insect whose ~ larvae prey on Pulvinaris to a considerable extent in some parts of the » United States. Y Turning next to the Hymenopterous parasites, we find that in this dis* trict they belong entirely to two sub-families of the Chalcididae or Chalcis | Flies—the Aphelininae and Encyrtinae. These two families are readily | ad ~ 1908 F ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 distinguished from each other by the fact that members of the Aphelininae » have 8-jointed antennae, a divided meso-pleura, and the middle tibiae are not specially adapted for saltatory purposes. The Encyrtinae, on the other hand, are characterized by the large saltatory spine of the middle tibiae, which is generally long and stout, though less frequently it is found dilated at the base, and armed with a double-row of black teeth or spines. This last feature readily marks off Encyrtinae, as no other family, as far as I am aware, possesses this large saltatory spine. The Aphelininae are generally parasitic upon the Aleyrodidae or, - amongst Coccidae, upon members of the sub-family Diaspinae. The commonest member of this family is Aphelinus mytilaspidis, a small yellow parasite which attacks several species of scales but principally the Oyster- _ shell Bark-louse.. The larva feeds on either the scale. body or eggs accord- ing to the time of the year; but like most Aphelinids there is not usually more than one larva to a single scale. The larvae, when full grown, are about 1 mm. long and very stout, being almost as broad as long; the pupae, stout, dark and contracted. j It appears to be double brooded as the adults were reared at the begin- ning of June and end of August; the adults may be usually observed ovi- : positing on the young scales during June. Another closely related species ; | SS ‘ a Fig. 7. Twice-stabbed Lady- Fig. 8. Lace-wing fly and Kig. y. Lace-wing Fig. 10. bird, larva and beetle. eggs. fly eggs and larva. Thirteen- spotted ladybird. is Aphelinus fuscypennis which attacks both San Jose and Curtis Scales. This parasite is widely distributed, one being common on San Jose Scales in some parts of the United States. It differs from the preceding species in having slightly clouded wings. Another very important member of this family is Coccophagus lecandi ——a small Chalcid with yellow markings upon the meso-scutum and scutel- lum. It is this parasite, acting in conjunction with Hyperaspis signatus mentioned previously, which so effectively controls the outbreak of Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis). It is amongst the Encyrtinae, _ however, that we find the most important Hymenopterous parasites of the Coccidae. During the last summer some twenty species of parasites belong- ing to this family were reared by me from various scales—but principally from the various species of Lecanium.’ No fewer than ten of these species, or 50 per cent. were reared from one species of scale, namely Hulecantuwm Fletcheri. The most common of the Guelph representatives of this family belong to the genus Comys, of which three species are found in this neighborhood. Comys scutellata is a large, handsome species which parasitizes Vule- canium caryae to such an extent that few scales escape. It is probably a _ European species, accidently introduced and now widely distributed in North America. Comys fusca, a closely allied form, is very common around oe THE REPORT OF THE Fh NO: ae _ Guelph parasitizing the New York Plum Scale (#. cerasifex). It is this parasite which is so effective against the Brown Scale in parts of ‘California. Other common genera belonging to this family are Blastothrix, Chil- oneourus and Encyrtus—all of which are found on the Lecaniums of the district. No fewer than 41 specimens of an Kncyrtid were reared from a single scale of Kermes pubescens, an occurrence which seems to indicate that polyembryony exists, at least among some of the Scale parasites: as it seems incredible that 41 eggs would be deposited in a single scale. Coming to the fungus enemies we find on record several species from various parts of Ontario, only two of which I have found in the vicinity of Guelph. Of these two Cordyceps clavulata is by far the more abundant. It © is, however, of not much economic value as it does not appear till late in the _ season—this year it was nearly the end of July. It attacks chiefly /. cer- asifer but also Fletcher? and occasionally FE. caryae. The other fungus is known as Microcera coccophila) and attacks the Cur- tis Seale—the attacked scales being entirely destroyed. The small red fruiting bodies of this fungus only appear after rain, disappearing again within the space of a few hours after the rain ceases, and consequently, since the spread of this fungus appears to be dependent upon rain, it is not of ‘any great economic importance, at least in this part of Ontario. “SOME BEETLE HAUNTS,’ BY AN AMATEUR BOTANIST. By F. J. A. Morris, Triniry CoLLeGre ScHoont, Port Hore. In my four seasons of collecting, as a coleopterist, there have been three collecting grounds that have most attracted me: (a) Stumps and tree trunks; (b) Blossoms; (c) Foliage. In all three I have found a considerable range of beetle-guests and am able to record rare or interesting finds. It is probable in the second of these three haunts that I have had most success, but it is with the first that I intend chieflv to deal in this paper. There are two conditions under which stumps make a good collecting- ground; one is when they are dead and dry, but have the bark still covering them; it was this condition that first drew my attention and held it through my first season as a collector. The other condition is when there is yet some life in the wood so that the top of the stump bleeds. I have found that stumps ooze sap in this way for several seasons after the tree has been cut down. A good way to catch beetle-visitors is to scatter some good sized chips or lay a slat or two of wood or bark on the top. Most beetles are active at night, and when there is a shelter of this sort, they take cover there instead of flying away when the sun rises. Easily the best tree for its range of beetle visitors, as well as for total quantity, I have found the basswood; next to that the white pine; then the maple, the birch and the elm. Often when a stump is dry and apparently not in a condition to attract guests it may be made inviting if the bark is still partly green. I have often pried up the bark with a chisel and laid the strips thus removed on the top of the stump; the smell of the sap or juice fermenting has generally lured some prizes to this bait and trap combined. The season for collecting in this way may be said roughly to extend from the beginning of May to the middle of July. I began collecting in 7} the spring of 1905, but as I went to England at the end of June I did not — make much headway that season. In 1906, however, I did a great deal of | collecting and gained quite a lot of experience. One of my first finds was 7} is ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BT. ‘ at the beginning of June while prying the bark from a basswood stump. I discovered something like a dozen specimens ef Saperda vestita, newly hatched and buried in the inner bark of the tree. I had my killing bottle with me, but as the insects were still soft I put them into a small tin box. Here they crawled about excitedly, squeaking (or rather, stridulating) when Fig. 11. Dicerca Fig. 12. Cicindela Fig. 13. Monohammus divaricata. sex-guttata. scutellatus. Pe. Fig. 14. Monohammus confusor. Fig. 16. Prionus laticollis. Fig. 15. Orthosoma brunneum. ' handled. On examining them after my return home, I found they had fought in the box, two of them had had their antennae nipped off and several had been deprived of their full complement of legs. JI had not yet learned the advantage of laying the detached bits of bark on the stumps as shelter 58 THE*REPORT) OF .. THE No. 19.4 for nocturnal visitors and so missed a golden opportunity. However, there | were a number of basswood stumps in the clearing where I made my first — capture and from these J got several more specimens. About the last day of June in the same season while struggling from — a tamarack swamp in which’I had found a rare fern (Botrychium simplez), — I noticed a falling and decaying trunk of elm and on removing some bark | I found it infested with a larva closely resembling that of Saperda vestita; — I took one that appeared nearly full grown, with some of the rotten inner — bark, and succeeded in rearing it; some three weeks later it emerged from — the pupa as the elm-borer (Saperda tridentata). I have taken only one other — specimen of this beetle; it settled one fine Sunday night in June on a supper | table at which I sat, a guest; the entomologist, however, would not be denied, — and in spite of looks of outraged propriety on the part of my fellow guests, — and some embarrassment (not mine, but my hostess’), I produced a cyanide bottle and captured the insect. Early in July I went to Oliver’s Ferry, on the Rideau, and in a day or © two chanced upon a spot that proved a regular treasure house to the young ~ collector; it was at the side of a path through a wood of young growth, mostly | basswood and maple. Here lay a log of basswood with the bark still on it, © close by the stump from which it had been cut, and a pile of basswood split | and stacked. In the bark of the stump and the log I found larva and pupe © of the Saperda vestita; some pupe that I took home lived and from two or ~ three I secured specimens of the imago. In the hot sunshine beetles lit on | the log and on the wood pile, and I tried the experiment of laying detached — pieces of bark on the stump, the log, and the split wood; sometimes sand- | wiching bits of bark between sticks of the wood pile. This simple con- | _ trivance of bait and trap yielded splendid results for over a week, at the end © of which time the bait was filched bv the sun drying all the moisture out. My captures comprised an Elater as large as Alaus oculatus and dark pitchy © brown in colour; two specimens of a Chalcophora, 3 or 4 of Dicerca divari- © cata (Fig. 11), and 15 of a Chrysobothris about the size of the apple borer — (Ch. femorata); a dozen or more of a blackish weevil akin to the strawberry — weevil, some two dozen specimens of Hupsalis minuta, sexes evenly divided — 25 specimens, of Parandra brunnea, one specimen of Tragosoma Harrisi, and a beautiful specimen of the little Amphitonycha flammata; this last Dr. Bethune tells me, has seldom, if ever, been reported from Ontario, and it may — therefore be interesting to some of you to. know that I captured a second specimen of the same beetle about three days later, sunning itself on a leaf of _ basswood, within 50 yards of the first capture. It was a bright, calm day © ‘in July when J captured the first, and very hot with the sun almost at its © zenith, and the log on which the insect lit was bathed in sunshine; small as — the creature is, the sharp click with which it settled was distinctly audible. | As the basswood pile was beginning to fail me, I happened on a clearing © where some small maples had been felled. Finding the stumps still moist, — IT laid chips and bark about their tops. This yielded me several new species— © a beetle marked like the Megalodachne, but smaller and with the ground- |} colour light brown instead of dark chestnut: 3 or 4 specimens of a beetle | allied to the weevils, I think one of the Anthribidae; and, settling on a stump } in the sunshine, a magnificent specimen of Purpuricenus humeralis, a longi- — corn of great beauty. ; At the end of August I was out fern-hunting at Lake Dalhonsie, about ~ 20 miles north of Perth. From a stump of white pine I took the pupe of a longicorn which later emerged as Rhagiwm lineatum, and while raising some ~ chips from the top of a fresh and resiny stump of white pine I drove | —_ Va bs _ mn \ ; in § . — rw | a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 59 from cover a Clerid that was then new to me; the head and thorax were dull orange, the base of the elytra the same, the rest of the elytra was alternate grey-white and black. Up to that time I had only found two species—a small scarlet one, fairly common, under bark, and one banded with orange and dark blue, which is frequent on certain blossoms. Early next spring, about April the 28th, I found some white pine had been felled in the winter, not many miles from the school in Port Hope. Recollecting my find of the previous autumn, and thinking the fresh resin might be the attraction, I laid some bits of bark and chips on the surface of the stumps. On visiting my traps a day or two later I was agreeably surprised to find 3 specimens of the resin-loving Clerid. About the same time I got 5 more specimens from newly-felled pine, under the chips that had been left on the stump by the axe. Some of these stumps I baited with chips and in all captured about a dozen. J have never found them on dry stumps, but only under fresh chips and associated with new resin. The creature closely resembles a beetle, figured by Curtis in his British Entomology as Thanasimus formicarius. It is there said to frequent the Scotch fir, which, of course, is also a pine. About the middle of May in the same season (1907), I visited the bass- wood stumps from which the year before I had got the Saperda vestita. Some of the bark that I pried up was infested with Leptura ruficollis, and I took also from under the bark two pupae of a longicorn closely allied to Urographis. Ripping some bark from the sides of several stumps I laid it on the tops. This proved an admirable bait, and among my captures were 3 or 4 specimens of a tiger-beetle (Cicindela searguttata), Fig. 12, 7 specimens of a rove-beetle (Staphylinus violaceus), 12 or 14 of the northern Brenthid (Hupsalis minuta), a single specimen of a locally rare darkling beetle Phellopsts obcordata), 5 Penthes and 6 or 8 Alaus oculatus. I may say that I have found the species oculatus very common on the basswood, and in one or two cases the beetle, under concealment of the strips of bark, had during part of the night half buried itself in the wood of the stump. The beetle can eat very fast. A friend of mine took 9 or 10 from a rotten basswood log and sent them to me in a stout cardboard box. When I got the parcel, one of the largest specimens had eaten a hole through the corner of the box and was through two folds of the brown paper wrapper. I have never found the allied species of myops on basswood but always in white pine, usually under the bark of dead, dry stumps where it is fairly abundant. Later on in the same season, while wandering about the upper reaches of Gage’s Creek, about 6 miles from the school, I passed through a clearing in which hemlock had been felled. Among several other Buprestids settling on the bark of prostrate logs as well as standing trees, were two that were new to me, both very active and only to be caught (unless you had a net) by careful stalking—one a small Chrysobothris and the other Melanophila Drum- mondi. This last I had never seen before and have never seen since, but on this newly-felled hemlock, as well as on living trees, it was abundant, and I captured about a dozen specimens. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 65 COLLECTING WITH A LANTERN TRAP DURING THE SEASON OF 1908. By J. D. Evans, TRENTON. The apparatus used during this season consisted of a quart gem jar charged with cyanide of potassium. The jar was prepared in the following manner, lumps of the cyanide of potassium were distributed over the bot- tom of the jar upon which were placed cork crumbs to the depth of about 1+ inches—then plaster of Paris formed with water to the consistency of eream poured in to the depth of about 14 inches, (although a 4 inch or ? inch would have been sufficient.) In all other respects the trap was prepared and set up as described in the Canadian Entomologist for May, 1907. The plaster of Paris gives a better bottom and remains in better condition than the cotton batting filling as there described. This jar remained in good condition for at least three months’ service, then getting weak a # inch hole was bored in the plaster of Paris and lightly stopped with a loose plug of cotton batting and a small quantity of chloroform poured into the hole by the aid of a glass funnel, a charge thus made would last for several nights. Collecting with the trap was commenced in the first week of June and continued daily uninterruptedly until the end of September, except for a night very occasionally when it was raining—there is no record of these nights during June and July, but perhaps one night in each month would be the Lbmit, but in August the 12th was the only exception and the 28th in September. The 4th September was a very cold night and the trap was not put out. A daily record of the number of moths taken was not kept during June and July, but frequently the number exceeded 200 and upon one night the number was 434. During August the total number. of moths taken was 2,724, the greatest number in any one night being on the 3lst, when 220 were taken; the smallest number on the 24th, when 21 were taken. In September the total was 893. The largest catch being on the 5th, 160 moths and the smallest on the 15th and 19th, which were each only 2. These nights being very cool, the 29th and 30th being very cold nights nothing was taken. Besides the moths, insects of several other orders were taken. Beetles of a considerable number of species, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera (principally leaf hoppers of many species), Trichoptera, and Neuroptera. Upon some nights the jar would be almost full of myriads of Phrygania flies, midges, and other insects, and upon one occasion the jar was not only full but the mass extended up some distance into the paper funnel. One might imagine that the moths would become spoiled with the multi- tude of occupants, but such is not the case, for many a moth was taken with its scales and fringes in perfect condition, even if in company with large beetles, such as the Lachnosternas. With the exception of the moths, the captures in the other orders have not yet been named and listed for want of time, but with the moths there have been 281 species listed and a large number yet unnamed more particularly among the Micros. Se eee ee ee eee eee ee eee 5D EN. 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF LACHNOSTERNAS IN 1908. By J. D. Evans, Trenton. During the past nearly forty years the writer has collected Coleoptera and paid particular attention to the Lachnosternas, (commonly known as May Beetles or June Bugs), but a dozen or so specimens would be the maxi- mum number taken in any one season and more often the number could readily be counted on the fingers of one hand. F/'usca was considered the common species, but Dr. J. B. Smith separated and named others in the family or group fusca viz. arcuata, insperata and dubia. Since then it has been found that fusca is quite uncommon, the common species being insperata and dubia and the manner of separating these two species as given by the late Dr. Jno. Hamilton is the presence or absence of a tuft of hair on the head next to and between the eyes, in some specimens this tuft of hair may be much abraded. The Lachnosternas were very numerous, this season the writer took 168 specimens either at lighted windows or in the trap, of which 91, or more than one-half of the number were fusca. The females of ¢nsperata and dubia are quite common, being usually about one-third of the number of the males, but with fusca it is very different, for the writer has never seen a female fusca among a large series taken at Trenton, Belleville, Sudbury and Ottawa and not until this season when one female only was taken as against 90 males. Culiata is another species a few specimens of which are taken almost yearly, but yet the female has never been seen by the writer. The number of specimens taken of each ofthe species throughout the season, being from 17th May to 6th July. is as follows: Jnsperata, 44 males, 10 females; dubia, 5 males, 14 females; fusca, 90 males, 1 female; ciliata, 4 males; total, 168. In connection with this it might be mentioned that Lachnosternas occurred in large numbers this season at Gardenville and Wellington in Prince Edward County, where they have been very destructive to roots of strawberries, potatoes and other plants and in the imago state both at Trenton and Gardenville they were guilty of stripping off leaves from shrubs, raspberry canes and other fruits. APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING SMALL ARTHROPODS TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC. By Tennyson DPD. Jarvis, O. A. COLLEGE, GUELPH. In the February number of the ‘‘Entomological News’’, Vol. XVII., Dr. L. O. Howard, of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, described an apparatus, devised by Dr. Berlese, of Florence, Italy, for collecting small Arthropods and in great quantities... Being much interested in the study of Acarids our Department immediately had made an apparatus simi- lar in structure. From it we got excellent results and a short time after- ward we devised a machine for collecting aquatic insects and Acarids. We have found both collecting traps highlv satisfactory. In the terrestrial trap Arthropods have been taken from many orders, but the largest numbers have been received from the Acarina, Araneida and Thysanura. 5a EN. 67 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Apparatus for collecting small aquatic Anthropods. Fie. 19. Apparatus for collecting small terrestrial Arthropods. 18. 68 THE "REPORT ‘OF THE 1 The terrestrial apparatus is made of copper, lined with tin. It consists -| of a central cone underneath which heat is applied. Four funnels with | smooth tin lining and at the bottom of each is attached a small glass phial which may or may not contain alcohol. The funnels are surrounded by water and the water is kept hot from the gas burner below. On the top of each funnel is placed a shallow or deep tray of metallic network and on them is placed the material to be examined. The water is gradually heated and as the mites become uncomfortably hot they leave their host or other material on which they feed and travel downward into the glass tube below. { If the life-history of the mite is desired, they are removed from the bottle © and placed on suitable media. If the specimens are to be preserved, the — tubes are usually filled with 95 per cent. alcohol or some other suitable © preservative. (Figs. 18 and 19.) j A partial list of materials from which mites have been obtained is as — follows : Manure: Mites were obtained from nearly all kinds of manure and were especially abundant in horse and cow manure. From one small lot of horse manure the mites dropped down like a snow storm and filled a 4 ce. phial in a few minutes after the water was heated. Five different species were taken from this one lot. Bark from Trees: The bark from a host of deciduous and evergreen trees | were given a trial on the mite machine, and from nearly every species of | tree one or more species of Acarid was taken. Many mites resemble the bark © in colour or shape, on which they live, and if it were not for such a device | it would mean an endless amount of waste in time and patience. A good © example of this is that of a species belonging to the genus Nothrus. Thie | ‘mite in shape and colour resembles bits of bark or lichens. Ensilage: A large quantity of mites were taken from ensilage from | the O. A. College silo. These acarids may be largely responsible for the spread of fungus spores in the silo. Bone: Some mites were taken from pure bone and others from bone with remnants of flesh adhering to it. i ee 4k et we a eee Rock: This is one of the favorite resorts of acarids. Some species evi- dently live on the sound rock, others on the l‘chens or decaying organic matter on the rock and still others take refuge in the crevices of rock. Many species were obtained from this source. Decaying leaves, humus, soil from roots of plants, ete.: Decaying leaves is especially a very favourable resort for acarids, Some live on the decaying matter and others hibernate under the leaves. a Bulbs and Tubers: Here again nearly every kind of bulb and tuber tested yielded one or more species of mite, e.g., Potatoes, Calla Lillies, — Hyacinths, Onions, etc. | Fruits: Only a few fruits were tried. The apple is the only one that responded. The mites on the apples were feeding on the wax covering | the surface. The King gave the best results. | Roots and Vegetables, etc.: From beets, mangolds, turnips, arti- chokes, Kohl Rabi, parsnips, squash, mites were obtained. In root houses and such places the mites carry spores of moulds on their feet and disseminate the fungus. ‘ Moss: A few species were obtained from moss. : i ee 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ° 69 2 Nests: The nests_ of robins, mice, domestic fowl, were the only ones tried and from each one or more species were obtained. Vertebrate Animals: Several animals were killed and placed on the sieve and mites were obtained from the following: young mice, mature mice, robins, groundhogs, and muskrats. ~——- —_— < Fungi: Only a few specimens were tried. Polyporus and Boletus _ were infested. Boards and Sawdust: In this case the mites were probably hiding or hibernating. . Grains: Some of the different kinds of grains that mites were obtained from were: Wheat, barley, corn, oats, mangold seed; whole and ground oats, . | Decaying material: Decaying squash, parsnips, potatoes, apples, beets, Kohl Rabi and carrots all yielded mites. Hay: From Timothy and Clover hay mites were taken. Cones: One or two species were obtained from Pine cones. Miscellaneous: Litter from chicken run, grass, road scrapings, living _ Chickweed, flowers of plants, roots of herbs, granary sweepings, decaying _ stumps, artichoke stubble, etc. The aquatic apparatus is made of the same material as the terrestrial -one—tin and copper. It works on the same principle as the terrestrial machine, that is when an arthropod becomes uncomfortable it goes up or down to obtain air. The Hexapods usually go up or to the surface of the _water and the Arachnids go down, but instead of applying heat a few drops of formalin or alcohol is added to the aquatic material. The trap consists of a central bowl with a metallic sieve above and below. The material to be examined is placed in the bowl and enough water is added to fill the bowl to the level. When the alcohol or formalin is added the aquatic larvae go up to the top of the cone and are pulled out by a little strainer. The Acarids, etc., go down and are caught in a bottle below. This collecting trap may be taken to a pond or lake and in a short time an immense amount of material can be obtained. 70 THE REPORT OF THE The insects which produce galls are confined to the following orders: Acarina, which are not true insects, but mites; the Diptera or flies; Hemiptera, or bugs; optera, or beetles; A CATALOGUE OF THE GALL INSECTS OF ONTARIO. By Tennyson DPD. Jarvis, O. A. C., GUELPH. groups of plants as the following table will show. the Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; the Cole- and the Hymenoptera, or bees, wasps, ants and sawflies. Their food-plants cover a wide range, some twenty-six orders of plants being affected by them. Some species show a decided preference for certain | the s = dé ———s 3 a Se 2g a tS =I & ® oy 2S [2m oe 2 g g = 3 5 a P © S iS, <{ Q op on 4 oO IRORRCE REN eA et lac oo) ite has oe i a 13 14 lai PM hs ets ante 5 | @onmuliterdek (eee cs is Aolecetuers clea 13 5 22 hd REED ik cure eel eae ATOR CERO apee tice oct iets alterert hee sealer ils} 10 5 3 1 1 NT eRee ne te ct. wk uirahs » < sighs hpeieleiaas 5 Ce Nesaeee st 6 eee alee ROR IEA EN, oe U ete Ss cet yc teas mee eee elk Seis Mince 10 3 1 3) 0,1 2s) EE AA ICORG lsc8 s, svta inc Se lshe Nicbdera wane otbeate eps 2 OAH fetes ee 6: [oak ae ae RIADUMNOACEAB. : 05° (a bicidii lara 6h es Soaps Wid alo RE 7 BH PS oa. esa Gee ho ae en ee \YATUEY OE 11 ey SURV ASR ROI RR CS ¥. Bo We Sess RR! Ch bot Fao ail cM | MITRCCA GE Om or ei Maval, okt, Siecyede ste eegeueiaes 3 Pea RCA Mae 9 Ly eee (OEY CT Me AER I aE A rE Ut ds Ror 5 VAT PRR DS PAA Lec Nik AMT CATCTIACEREM Ho. fcc cron bisa ade me ae: Da Molle ce RO Rt eee Deel, ee ee (WOUNACEAR es Cia teele eotces lonGin basa we oi oe ioe cbiche Biel va A allege, RAL Wee. A a OPOTITI TES IY ee ee ret AR eae a ae i caphenttoey | othe lens oes es eels eters i Me ee Te 1 KGeranlaccacrsmn enh aay ni Nake ORE Ie ok Spun Se kai 8 DADS AA eee wis ples peeeee Can GMAT EAE es Os aces See ee as Sees eee 5 Blan an eeee 2) JIG ESS Bac Re ee Eas. Con ELaImamMeltdeae ses ac eye ee Bedi oe eae no Se eae vie deere [tty A pea Br {ene NP MERIAL EAC ie cies 5 oe Ae clin ean ie ey Ne ain Eciiinaeas Bt basin iene ara cate 1. |ees. een TAN ACCT O ae ayan ne Oa ere eee leet ele eee 1 le NABI Rae TAGE at |. BVA CA GEHTS 5 Eee be weES Reait. LORS ALBA Lab Ne i eae GR. hve oe Tie LARA ARS Sore gees es a NGVCLA REACH rake tree ce tee eeubck fl UDR ital vine ARM NADH epee ames BIR ees Ch) Sadler ths ha | ioc. BES UTIINOSAC, Ae vera ee eis eV aeet ears SN aN B et ae ot SBist ceeeab nisl ero abe Ls ee MiapHOliBCeRS . Jay 32 -.edt ica aA Rie Gane eed teers Ds a ajalepaldicca [Wee ohne tei) holes ete eee RAIN A COE 5 cei. fe eas atannaster eat A vecche hall ore es iso cel ok ete gcc eh isis a dened canteens 1 INMDIACCAe Re inner the civ raceta is BD ye I eedeeeaekis cu] Dace Suan tes ch eal Bheeaee a Repetto eae Cea DSARUTAPACCABS en cre ton = cies esata Ee ie a lereteter teva ea SRA I aie lhe aeee aia Te. le oe ao ele er MET DETACCACH techs. oi Neves (cid oc. dec feteseitehca inl Wet hc ween | ate eae Reuter eS en eee rete Site ———S|]§_ | a Mota Srey eix tite hee oe 61 77 49 24 fone 3 ; ACARINA. wy Family—Eriophyide. unusual in structure. Gall Mites. This is a family of microscopic mites which are quite curious and ‘| They have only two pairs of legs and the abdomen | is long and striated. These striations, which differ in the different species, | and differ in number on the dorsal and ventral surfaces are of considerable value in classification. The galls produced vary in form, but are always open or provided with an opening through which the mites pass in and out.” They are generally lined with minute hairs (trichomes) which may be simple or branched. The different types of phytoptid galls are shown below, | figures 20 to 28. ; 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 Fria. 20. A a a A DEELEL ELE, ZEEE CLE EE Siem" Erineum on leaf of beech ; natural size and highly magnified. Ives aL Capsule Gall: Upper and lower surfaces ; interior and opening of capsule, highly magnified. 72 THE: REPORT OF THE No. 19 Fic. 22. Dimple Gall and section of interior Fic. 23. Pocket Gall: Upper surface of leaf ; greatly magnified. interior of gall, much magnified. Fic. 24. Pouch Gall on upper surface of leaf; interior of gall, much magnified. Fia. 25. Leaf-margin Gall. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 Fic. 26. Leaf-distortion Gall, different stages. Fic. 27. Bud-like } Galls. Fic 28. Serpentine Gall. E os 74 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 194 A simple apparatus, based upon the principle that most insects seek light, provides an efficient and safe method of obtaining parasites from parasitized material, rearing gall insects, etc. Figures 29 and 30. © Fig. 30. Apparatus for procur- ing Parasites. (View from Fic. 29. Apparatus for procuring Spore Parasites. (Side view. ) It consists of a simple cardboard box about 20 x 12 x 12 cm., upon one end of which is fixed by tacks driven through the cardboard from inside, an oblong block of wood about 9 x 7 x 1 em. with a hole about © 2.5 cm. in diameter bored through the centre of it. The cardboard behind ~ this hole is removed neatly leaving a circular hole opening into one end of - the box. Into this hole the paper cone, open at both ends, is thrust. A glass tube is thrust into the paper cone. This provides an arrangement which is quite tight and yet easy to handle. The material from which it is desired to obtain insects or parasites is placed in the box. When the — insects emerge into the tube it is removed quickly and corked and another tube is put in its place. In case work is being done with very small insects a sheet of cotton cloth covered with a thin layer of cotton batting may be placed over the top of the box and the lid forced down over it, thus pre- @ venting the escape of any under the lid. When all the insects which are — living have emerged, the material remaining in the boxes may be examined for dead insects. COLEOPTERA. Family-Buprestide. Metallic Wood Borers. A few produce galls, the most important one being the Red-necked Agrilus, producing galls on the Raspberry and Blackberry. Family-Cerambycide. The Long-horned Beetles. These beetles are of medium or large size. The body is oblong or cylindrical and the antenne are long, often longer than the body. Only one — species of gall maker is known to occur in Ontario; the Willow Branch Borer _ (Saperda concolor). 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 75 Family-Curculionide. The Cureulios or Wecrile! In this family the head is prolonged into a beak which is sometimes longer than the remainder of the body. Specimens of the Red Pine Stem Gall (Podapion gallicolla) were received from Mr. A. Cosens, Toronto. LEPIDOPTERA. Family-Tortricide. The Tortricids are generally small moths; but as a rule they are larger than the Tineids. Hcdytolopha insiticiana is abundant on the Honey Locust and Hucosma Scudderiana is common on the Goldenrod. Family-Tineide. The Leaf-miners and Clothes Moths. The family contains but few gall makers. Species Nepticula occurs on the Aspen and Stagmatophora ceanothiella is found at Toronto on New Jersey Tea. Family-Gelechiide. These are small moths closely related to the Tineids. Two species, belonging to the genus Gnormischema, are abundant on Solidago. HEMIPTERA. Family-Aphidide. Aphids or Plant Lice. These are small, soft-bodied insects which suck up the juices of plants and which often produce galls. The galls produced vary in form from mere leaf curls to forms of most curious appearance but of quite simple structure. They are all open or furnished with an opening. Twenty-two species of gall producers are recorded for Ontario. Family-Psyllida. Jumping Plant Lice. The members of this family resemble the preceding to a great extent, but they are not so numerous. The hind legs are formed for jumping. Only two species are so far recorded for Ontario. DIPTERA. Family-Cecidomyida. Gall Gnats. These are very delicate, small, two-winged flies with few veins in the wings and with sucking mouth parts. The eggs are laid upon the leaf sur- face and the larva either feeds there, making an open gall, or makes an incision in the leaf and enters, forming a closed gall, which splits open at maturity at the point where the larva entered. The Larve can be readily identified by their color, which is orange, red or pink, and by the develop- ment, between the second and third segments of the body, of a peculiar, horny projection called the breast-plate, the use of which is not definitely known. Eleven genera have been recorded for Ontario. Family-A gromyzide. They are small flies closely related to the Trvpetide. Only a few are gall makers. One species occurs on Iris and another on Salix. 76 . VTHE*REPOR TD OF Arie No. 19 Family-Trypetide. This family comprises a large number of rather small flies, usually with prettily-marked wings. A few species belonging to the genus Trypeta produce galls on the stems of composites. HYMENOPTERA. Family-Tenthredinide. Of this family the Nematine produce galls. The head and thorax are wide. The base of the abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax and the abdomen of the female is furnished with a pair of claws. The larve have from twelve to sixteen prolegs. These insects have been very thoroughly taken up by Norton in his’ monograph on the Nematine. A large number make galls on Willow. Family-Cynipide. Gall Flies. This is a family of very minute, four winged insects. In the adult gall- fly the abdomen is unusually compressed and joined to the thorax by a short peduncle, the first abdominal segment. The ovipositor is long and slender. The insect deposits its eggs within the tissues of the plant by piercing it with its ovipositor. The galls produced are closed and the insect emerges at maturity through a hole it cuts in the gall. The writer’s thanks should be here expressed to those who have so kindly assisted in the preparation of this paper. I am under special obligation to Prof. Bethune, O.A.C., Guelph; Dr. E. Porter Felt, State Entomologist, N.Y.; Mr. A. Cosens, Toronto, and Mr. W. R. Thompson, Guelph, and Mr. C. D. Jarvis, Storrs, Conn. The present list is arranged alphabetically by host plants. AFFECTING ALDER. A white, frost-like erineum on under side of leaf in the axils of the veins. Trichomes dense, pellucid.—Hriophyes sp.—Alnus incana. A small, red or green pubescent pocket gall on leaf. Alder Pocket Gall— Eriophyes sp.—Alnus incana. A rounded gall, a deformation of the terminal bud. Alder Bud Gall.— Dasyneura serrulate—O.S. Alnus incana. AFFECTING ASH. Spherical, pulpy green galls about the size of a pea, springing from the upper surface of the midribs or veins. Ash Ball Gall—Cecitdomyiada— Fraxinus sambucifolia. Elongated, green, succulent galls on the under side of the leaf. Ash Midrib Gall—Cecidomyia pellez—O.S. Plate F., fig. 5. Fraxinus ameri- cana. Small, irregular, smooth, more or less spherical capsule gall, protruding on both sides of the leaf. Ash Mite Gall—EHriophyes frazini—Garman, Fraxi- nus americana. Pinkish white, elongated capsule galls on the veins of the leaf. Ven- trally the galls appear as white, hairy projections following the veins. Ash Vein Gall—Eriophyes sp. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 A deformation of the terminal buds, their development arrested, pro- ducing a mass of small twisted leaf ends. Hriophyes sp.—Fraxinus ameri- cana. Leaves dwarfed and distorted in a bundle. Resembles somewhat Ceci- domyia solidaginis. Ash Bunch Gall—Hriophyes sp. Plate L., fig. 2. Fraxinus americana. Small, irregular, more or less spherical capsule gall protruding on both sides of leaf. Galls hairy—Hriophyes sp. Fraxinus pubescens. AFFECTING BARLEY. A small] gall forming a woody growth which fills up the cavity of the stalk and causes the joints to swell. Barley Jcint-Worm Gall—Isosoma hordez (Harris). Hordeum vulgare. AFFECTING BAsSswoop. A.-—Galls on the leaves. Balloon-shaped valls on the upper surface of the leaf Apex of gall usually serrated. Basswood Balloon Gall—Hriophyes abnormis Garman— Plate I., fig. 6. Tilia americana. Irregular, circular, dark reddish-brown spots about 4-5 mm. in diameter, having in their centre very characteristic tufts of whitish hairs. Basswood Tufted Gall. Tilia americana. A white erineum or shallow dimple on underside of leaf, much like the Erineum on Acer negundo. Eriophyes sp.—Plate M., fig. 4. Tilia europea. Small swellings about 3 mm. in diameter, protruding from both sides of the leaf. Red above and green below. Basswood Wart Gall—Cecidomyta verrucicola, O.S. Tilia americana. B.—G@alls on Stem. Oval swellings of the cortex about 1 cm. long. Texture pith-like, sur- face smooth and of the same color and appearance as the bark. Basswood Egg Gall. Tilia americana. AFFECTING BEARBERRY. Red galls about 10 mm. long and 4. mm. broad, upon the leaves. Result- ing from the folding over of the edge of the leaf or sometimes both edges, forming a pocket. Bearberry Leaf Gall—Pemphigus Coweni (Ckl.)—Arcto- staphylos uva-ursi. AFFECTING BEECH. A frosty, white erineum in large patches on the under side of the leaf. Trichomes spherically capitate. Hriophyes sp.—Plate H., fig. 4. Fagus americana. AFFECTING BLUE BEECH. Fold of the leaf along the veins forming a long hollow tube. Vein Gall of Blue Beech—Cecidomyia pudibunda—O.S. Plate E., fig. 6. Carpinus caroliniana. AFFECTING BIRCH. A bud deformation, crowded and irregular, often in bunches of large size. Birch Bud Gall—Eriophyes sp.—Plate G., fig. 6. Betula lutea. A rosy pink erineum in large patches on the upper side of the leaf. Eriophyes sp.—Betula lenta. 78 THE; REBOR® ,OR : THE No. 19 A yellowish-white to brownish erineum forming large patches between the ribs on the under side of the leaf. Hriophyes sp.—Betula papyrifera. A transparently white, granular erineum on the surface of the leaves— Eriophyes sp.—Betula pumila. A capsule gall, very small, yellow to brown. Paper Birch Capsule Gall-— Eriophyes sp.—Plate M., fig. 5. Betula papyrifera. A nodular pocket gall, occuring upon both faces of the leaf; yellowish or reddish to purplish. Paper Birch Pocket Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Plate K., fig. 1. Betula papyrifera. AFFECTING BLUE FLAG. An oval enlargement on the inside of the leaf, usually about 1 inch from the tip. Iris Leaf Gall—Agromyza magnicornis (Lowe)—Iris versi- color. AFFECTING BONESET. Oval swellings on the stems and leaf stalks. Boneset Stem Gall-- Choristoneura perfoliatum (Felt)—Plate A., fig. 5. HEupatorium perfoliatum. AFFECTING BRAMBLE. A.—Galls on leaves. Irregular-shaped, woody swellings at the base of the leaflets, or on the midrib of the Blackberry. Wood Leaf Gall—Lasioptera farinosa (Wm. Beutm)—Rubus villosus. Irregular sub-conical stem galls about three-quarters of an inch in length. Blackberry Stem Gall—JLasioptera nodulosa (Beutm)—Rubus vil- losus. B.—Galls on stem. A mass of hard, small cells covered with a dense thick mass of green fila- ments clustered around a branch or twig of Blackberry. From 1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter. Mossy Rose Gall—Rhodites rose (Linn)—Plate B., fig. 1. Rubus villosus. Large, oblong, polythalamous stem gall, 1 to 3 inches in Tenth: Sur- face uneven with deep longitudinal furrows which divide the gall, more or less completely, into 4 or 5 portions. Pithy Blackberry Gall—Dvzastrophus nebulosus, O.S.—Rubus villosus. Symmetrical swellings of the Blackberry cane. Gouty Gall Agrzlus rufi- collis (Fab.)—Rubus villosus. Hard woody, somewhat globular, seed-like bodies 2 to 4 mm. in diameter formed in clusters on the stem. More or less covered with curved spines which are about 2 mm. long. Blackberry Seed Gall—Dvastrophus cuscute- formis (O.S.)—Rubus villosus. Large, reddish-brown, _polythalamous, tubercular or irregular gall about 1 to 1.75 inches long and .5 inches in diameter, arising abruptly on the stem. Green in summer, ee te towards winter. Raspberry Stem Gall— Iastrophus turgidus (Bass)—Plate B., fig. 2. Rubus strigosus. AFFECTING BUGLEWEED. ‘ An elliptical or sometimes almost spherical gall formed on the stem. Bugleweed Stem Gall—Lasioptera lycopi (Felt)—Plate N., fig. 5. Lycopus virginicus. un hc aeeo teehee Pe a a ee an ee PS SP ee . | 1 | ae 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 AFFECTING BUTTONBUSH. Clusters of small dimples on the upper side of the leaf, 1 to 3 mm. high. Buttonbush Dimple Gall—Kriophyes cephalanthe (Cook)—Plate KS (ugh. oO: Cephalanthus occidentalis. AFFECTING CHESTNUT. A small capsule gall, on the leaf, more or less spherical and 2-3 mm. in diameter. Chestnut Capsule Gall—Eriophyes sp.—Castanea sativa, var. americana. AFFECTING CINQUEFOIL. ~ Oval or spherical galls from } to 4 inch in diameter, arising in the axil of the leaves. Cinquefoil Axil Gall—Dvzastrophus potentille (Bass)—Plate B., fig. 5. Potentilla Canadensis. Oval or cylindrical swellings from 1 to 2 inches long on the stems usu- ally near the base of the plant, Monothalamous. Cinquefoil Stem Gall. Potentilla norvegica. AFFECTING CURRANT. Red or purple elevations or folds on the upper side of the leaf. Currant Leaf Gall—Myzus ribis, Linn—Ribes rubrum. AFFECTING DANDELION. Irregular, knotty, pithy swellings, forming oblong irregular galls along and surrounding the leaf-petiole; average length from one-quarter of an inch to fully two inches. Dandelion Petiole Gall—Gulletia Tarazaci, Ashmead— Taraxacum officinale. AFFECTING DoGwoop. Club-shaped and about 4 to 1 inch ila On terminal twigs. Dogwood : Club Gall—Cecidomyia clavula (Beutm.)—Cornus florida. Thin-walled circular elevations on the under side of the leaves. Dog- wood Leaf Gall—JLasioptera cornt (Felt)—Plate A., fig. 2. Cornus florida. Small, nearly oval Gall situated on the petiole of the leaf. Flowering Dogwood Petiole Gall. Cornus florida. AFFECTING ELM. _A.—Galls on the leaves. Round dimples in the backs of the leaves resulting in small elevations on the upper side. About 2 mm. in diameter and surrounded by an areola of lighter green. In the cavity of the gall rests a small, white larva covered with a viscid, transparent secretion. Pimple Gall—Cecidomyiade—Plate -P., fig. 4. Showing larva and gall. Ulmus americana. A leafy growth arising from a bud and resembling the Pine Cone Willow gall but more nearly spherical and only about $ an inch in diameter. Remains green during summer but changes to a dark brown in winter. Red Elm _ Bud-Gall—Plate P., fig. 6. Ulmus pubescens. A green plum- lite structure on the upper surface of the leaf. About 10 to 12 mm. in length and 3 to 7 mm. in thickness. Plum Gall—Pemphigus ulmi . fuscus—Ulmus campestris. There is a similar gall on Red Elm, but differing in the following "respects : (1) It is twice as large. (2) The wall is a little thicker. (3) The Sy ese 80 THE REPORT OF THE . No. tom surface is rough like the leaf not glossy. (4) The part of the leaf around the base is quite normal in appearance, showing no signs of being weakened through lack of nourishment. Ulmus pubescens.—Plate C., fig. 8. Hollow, cock’s comb-like, thin walled gall; on the upper surface of the ~ leaf. Cockscomb Gall—Colopha ulmicola (Fitch)—Plate I., fig. 5. Ulmus — americana. A pulpy thickening of the tissues on the under surface of the leat, extending for some distance along the midrib. Causes the upper surface to double on itself instead of expanding in the ordinary way. Leaf Fold Gall— — Cecidomyia ulmi (Beutm)—Plate A., fig. 1. Ulmus americana. Curling and gnarling of the lleawae forming thereby a sort of pseudo-gall. Woolly Aphid Leaf Gall—Schizoneura americana (Riley)—Plate Q., fig. 1. Ulmus racemosa. B.—Galls on the stems. ' Aphids clustering on the limbs and trunks, causing a knotty unnatural growth of the wood. Woolly Aphid Stem-gall—Schizoneura Riley (Thomas). Ulmus americana, Small green to yellowish pocket-galls, more or less spherical, usually om the upper side of the leaves. Elm Pocket Gall—Hriophyes ulmi (Garman)— Plate H., fig. 5 and 6. Ulmus americana and U. Racemosa. An erineum on the under side of the leaf; white at first changing to brown. Trichomes simple, tangled. Rock Elm Erineum Gall—EFriophyes — sp.—Plate H., fig. 3. Ulmus racemosa. A very large pouch-gall on the leaves, commencing as a cone or deep ~ dimple. Hriophyes sp.—Plate L., fig. 6. Ulmus pubescens. A cone-shaped pouch gall resembling those on Tilia and much larger 5| than Eriophyes ulmi. On the upper surface of the leaf, often very many on a single leaf but thickest along the midrib usually; shape irregular but usually tapering towards both ends and twice as long as thick, average © length being about 5 mm., and average thickness about 2-2.5 mm.; color — green. Hriophyes sp.—Plate L., fig. 5. Ulmus americana. . AFFECTING EVERGREENS. Irregularly oblong gall, situated near the base of the needle on the new © growth. Balsam Fir Needle-gall—Cecidomyia balsamicola (Lintner)— | Plate A., fig. 3. Abies balsamea. # Oval swellings on the twigs of various species of Spruce. Spruce Gall in louse—Chermes abietis—Picea nigra, P. excelsa and P. alba. ; The gall consists of an enlargement of the smaller branches. Red Pine ~ Stem Gall—Podapion gallicolla (Riley)—Pinus resinosa AFFECTING FatsE NETTLE. | An elongate, fusiform swelling of the stalk. False Nettle Stem Gall— | Cecidomyia (?) behmeria (Beutm)—Behmeria cylindrica. | AFFECTING GINSENG. Spherical or irregularly cylindrical, brown galls upon the roots. Gin- ~ seng Root Gall, Aralia nudicaulis. ¢ PrarEn A. Cecidomyia ulmi Beuten. Lasioptera corni, Felt. Cecidomyia balsamifera, Lintner. Hormomyia crateegifolia, Felt. Choristoneura perfoliata, Felt. (ole one hor) Choristoneura flavolunata, Felt. Rhabdophaga batatas, O.S. Agromyza zeneiventris, Fallen. Rhabdophaga nodulus, Walsh. PLATE B. Rhodites rosae, Linn. on Blackberry. Diastrophus turgidus, Bass. 3. Rhodites multispinosus, Gill. ie Bais 4. Andricus futilis, O.S. 5. Diastrophus potentille, Bass. 6. Neuroterus umbilicatus, Bass. 1. Andricus punctatus, Bass. 2. Biorhiza forticornis, Walsh. 3. Andricus clavula, Bass. 4. Oynips strobilana, O.S. Prare C. Andricus papillatus, O.S. Andricus topiarius, Ashm, Eucosma scudderiana, Clem, Pemphiens ulmi-fusens. 9 oS one) | Puate D. 1. Eriophyes gp., Amelanchier Canadensis. 4. Eriophyes sp., Vitis cordifolia. 2. Eriophyes sp., Juglans nigra. 5. Eriophyes sp., Salix fragilis. 3. Eriophyes sp., Populus italica. PLATE E, 1. Furry Ball Gall on Oak. (Andricus Zana. ) 5. 2. The Larger Uak-Apple. (Amphibolips confluentis. ) 3. Oak Midrib Gall. (Andricus piger. ) 4. Mossy Rose Gall. ( Rhodites rosae.) 7. Virginian Creeper Midrib Gall. Vein Gall on Oak. majalis. ) pudibunda. ) ( Cecidomyia sp. ) ( Cecidomyia quercus- 6. Vein Gall on Blue Beech. (C'ecidomyia Cohor Puare F. Ball Gall on Hickory. (Diplosis caryae. ) Spiny Ball Gall on Wild Rose. (Rhodites nebulosus. ) Ball Gall on Wood Nettle. (Cecidomyia urnicola.) 4. 5. 6. Rose Stem Gall. (Rhodites globulus.) Ash Gall. Cecidomyia pellex. ) Eye Spot Gall of Maple. (Cecidomyia ocellata. ) St OSAP SPs ed ‘fury PLATE G. 1. Vein Gall on White Ash. EHriophyes sp. 4. Manitoba Maple Wart Gall. Hriophyes sp. 2. Chokecherry Mite Gall. Hriophyes. sp. 5. Poison Ivy Mite Gall. Hriophyes sp. 3. Hawthorn Serpentine Gall. Hriophyes sp. 6. Birch Bud-Gall. Hriophyes sp. PuatEe H. 1. Sugar Maple Pink frost-gall. Hriophyes sp. 4. Beech frost-gall. Hriophyes sp. 2. Mountain Maple frost-gall. Hriophyes sp. 5. Elm mite gall. Eriophyes ulmi. 3. Rock Elm frost-gall. Hriophyes-sp. 6. Elm mite gall. Enlarged opening.on under surface. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 ta ) > : r i ne ea AFFECTING GOLDENROD. A.—Galls on leaves. Circular or somewhat irregularly elliptical, spot-like galls, only pro- jecting very slightly from each side of the leaf. The main part of the spot is light colored, this being enclosed by a dark ring giving it some resem- blance to an eye. Lunate Marginal Gall—Choristoneura flavolunata (Felt)—- Plate A., fig. 6. Solidago Canadensis. Small, oblong, or seed-like galls, light green in color, on the lower sur- _ face of the leaves. Seed Gall. Solidago Canadensis. Conical leafy structure 4 to 14 inches high and 4 inch in diameter. Between the thickened parts of the leaflets live from one to many, small, orange coloured larve. Terminal Gall—Asphondylia monacha (O.8.)— Solidago Canadensis. Leaves thickened and folded lengthwise, somewhat like a pod; green or red in colour. lLeaf-fold Gall—Chactophorous sp. (undescribed)—Solidago Canadensis. B.—Galls on the stems. Large, elongated, monothalamous gall with a very large larval chamber situated on the stem below the branches. Elliptical Gall—Gnorimoschema, gallesolidaginis (Riley). Spindle-shaped galls about 3 cm. in length. Situated high up on the stem on the main axis of the plant among the branches, often causing some of these to abort. It passes the winter in the larval stage. Goldenrod Spindle Gall—Eucosma Scudderiana (Clemens)—Plate J., fig. 2. Solidago Cana- densis. Elliptical, hollow gall, 1.25 inches in length, .48 of an inch in diameter, the diameter of the plug .08 of an inch. The galls are found a short dis- tance above the ground.—Gnormischema galleisterella (Kell). Solidago Canadensis. Apical, bunch-like galls produced by the arrest of growth in the stalk, which causes the leaves to accumulate. Bunch Gall—Cecidomyia solidaginis (Loew)—Solidago Canadensis. Globular, ball-like enlargement about 1 inch in diameter. Ball Gall— Trypeta solidaginis (Fitch)—Plate J., fig. 3. Solidago Canadensis. Consists of small bunch of accumulated aborted leaves about 4 inch in length. Cylindrical Bunch Gall—T7rypeta polita (ooew)—Solidago Cana- densis. C.—Galls in flower stalk. Bud-shaped, green galls, which are larger and stouter than the normal buds. Bud Gall—Ceczdomyia racemicola (O.S.)—Solidago Canadensis. AFFECTING GOOSEBERRY. An irregular or rounded cluster of bud-like galls arising from a spherical receptacle on the stem. Gooseberry Bud Gall. Plate O., fig. 6. Rzbes cynosbatt. AFFECTING GRAPE. A.—-Galls on leaves. A white erineum on the underside of the leaf. Trichomes simple. Frio- _ phyes sp.—Plate L., fig. 4. Wild Grape. Small, semi-circular or nearly circular capsules along the veins, about 2mm. in diameter and but slightly elevated on either surface of the leaf. On 6 EN. upper surface paler than the leaf, below, with a white nipple surrounded by . a furrow. Friophyes sp.—Vitis cordifolia. Small, rough galls usually on the upper surface of the leaf. The galls ~ are very numerous, and frequently the leaves are absolutely covered with them. Grape phylloxera—Phyllozera vastatriz (Planchon)—Vitis sp. Elongated, conical, red galls, .7-1 cm. in length usually on the upper side of the leaves. Grape Vine Tube Gall—Cecidomyia viticola (O.S8.)— Plate: Outi) 1.4-Viatisvsp: Irregular, soft and succulent swellings on stems and leaf-stalks of © Grapes; yellow green or red in color. Grape-vine Tomato Gall—Lasioptera vitis (O.S.)—Vitis sp. Oval, red swellings of the petiole. About 4 inch long and 4 of an inch in diameter. Grape Petiole Gall—Vitis cordifolia. B.—Galls on Stems. Rounded galls flattened at the base and jointed at the top. On the stems — of Wild Grapes. Grape-vine Apple Gall—Cecrdomyza vitis-pomum (Walsh & Riley). AFFECTING HACKBERRY. A witch-broom gall on branches and twigs. Hackberry Witch-broom Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Celtis occidentalis. A woody gall with bluntly-rounded apex and slightly constricted at the point of attachment to the leaf. Opposite the gall is a concave depression. Hackberry Nipple Gall—Pachypsylla celtidis-mamme (Riley)—Celtis ocei- dentalis. Circular spot-like gall on the under side of the leaf with a small nipple in the middle. Hackberry Blister Gall—Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum (Riley)—Celtis occidentalis, AFFECTING HAWTHORN. A fold of the leaf making long, irregular, wavy projections on the upper a surface of the leaf. From the midrib to the edge of the leaf is the general © direction of the gall. Serpentine Gall—Acarus crategi vermiculus—Plate — G., fig. 3. Cratzegus sp. Small, round swellings (capsules) protruding very slightly on both sides i of the leaf. About .5-1 mm. in diameter. Galls very numerous where they ~ occur—sometimes more than 100 on a single leaf. Speck Gall—Hriophyes — sp.—Crategus sp. These tiny oval galls can be easily recognized from their peculiar habit of arranging themselves all around the margins of the leaf, thus forming a _ sort of border for it. They are often so numerous that there is one for each serration. Each gall is about 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, and about 5 mm. |} thick. It extends about equally beyond both surfaces of the leaf and is of || much the same texture as the leaf itself, except that towards the apex both | it and the apex of the serration on which it is situated tend to become brown. — In this brown part there is a small aperture. The gall is monothalamous, and contains a single, yellowish white, short, fat larva, which on July 31st_ , had not vet begun to pupate. Hawthorn Leaf-border Gali—Plate N., fig. 7. Crategus sp. Small red, pod-shaped structures slightly tapering towards one end on qi the upper surface of the leaf. From 5-8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. — Pod Gall—Cecidomyide—Crategus sp. Oa EN. 4 82 THE REPORT OF THE No! 4a “a sd a eae eae! jee i i 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 Tiny, oval structures arranged around the margin of the leaf. Often so numerous that there is one for each serration. Leaf-border-Gall Cecidomyia Crategus sp. Green or pink, globular, bladder-like structures on the under surface of the leaf. About 5 mm. in diameter. Bladder Gall—Cecidomyide—Plate O., fig. 5. Crategus sp. Very small, monothalamous, conical structures, 1 to 2 mm. high and 1,1.5 mm. wide at the base; formed anywhere on either surface of the leaf and sometimes on the stem of young twigs. Cone Gall —Hriophyes—Crategus sp. Cylindrical structures, hollow, red or green in color, about 3 mm. in height and diameter and with a hole in the top. Top of gall thickly set with spines. Burr Gall—Cecidomyza bedeguar, O.S.—Plate O., fig. 38. Crategus sp. Cock’s comb-like structure on the upper surface of the leaf. Cock’s Comb Hawthorn Gall—Hormomyia crategifolia (Felt)—Plate A., fig. 4. Crategus sp. Leaf slightly thickened, purplish in color and rolled in upon itself, the under surface being the one enclosed. Wooly Aphid Gall (Schizoneura)— Crategus sp. AFFECTING HELIANTHUS. Globular gall about 4 an inch in diameter on the leaves. Helianthus Ball Gall—Cectdomyia bulla (Walsh)—Helianthus divaricatus and H. Strimosus. Linear-shaped galls in clusters on the stem. Cecidomyia helianthi (Brodie)—Helianthus divaricatus and H. strimosus. AFFECTING HAZEL. This gall is found only along the main veins of the leaf. The part of the leaf round the affected portion of the vein become crimped, the crimps all radiating towards the vein as a common centre. Hazel Leaf Crimp Gall (Undescribed)—Corylus americana. A bud deformation, which attacks bud as soon as it expands, and checks its subsequent development. Hazelnut Bud Gall—Friophyes avellane— Corylus americana. AFFECTING HICKORY A.—Galls on leaves. Flattened, circular, yellow or whitish galls, an inch in diameter. Hick- ory Button Gall—Phyllozera fovela—Plate N., fig.1. Carya glabra. Red, elongated galls, consisting of a fold of the main veins running from the midrib to the edge of the leaf. Hickory Vein Gall—Phyllorera caryevene—Carya Glabra. Cone-shaped gall about 3 mm. in diameter, on the upper side of the leaf. Green in color; the opening on the lower surface is fringed with hairs. Hickory Cone Aphid-Gall—Phyllozera caryefallar—Plate I:, fig. 4. Carya ovata. Hemispherical gall on the upper surface of the leaf, opening on the under surface by means of a narrow slit, 4 to + of an inch in diameter. Hick- ory Hemispherical Gall Phylloxera carye-globuli—Dactylosyhera hemis- pericum—Carya alba. Expansion of the young fruit or ovary to two or three times the size of the normal fruit. The centre of the gall is filled with Aphids. Fruit Gall-- Phyllorera (undescribed)—Carya ovata. $4 THE.REPORT OF THE No. 19-9 Conical or sometimes almost spherical, red or purplish gall on the under surface of the leaf along the veins. Hickory Cone Gall—Cecidomyia sanguinolenta (O.S.)—Carya ovata. Smooth and rounded, with a fine elongated tip, 5 to 6 mm. in height and 2to3 mm. in greatest diameter. Pale green, turning brown in autumn on the under surface of the leaves. Hickory Seed Gall—Cecidomyia caryecola (O.8S.)—Carya ovata. Sub-globular, pubescent, onion-shaped gall on the under side of the leaves. The pubescence is pale when gall is young and rose-coloured when mature. Hickory Onion Gall—Cecidomyia holotricha (O.S.)—Plate R.., fig. 6. Hicoria ovata. Narrow, cylindrical, tube-like gall, on the under side of the leaves. Green when immature becoming brown or blackish when ripe. ‘Hickory Tube’ Gall—Cecidomyia tubicola—Carya alba. Rounded, brownish, downy gall on the under side of the leaves. Resem- bles somewhat a diminutive peach. About 4 to 1/5 of an inch in diameter. Hickory Peach Gall—Cecidomyia persicoides—Carya ovata. Large, irregular knobs all over the husk of the nut containing thick- walled cells. Hickory Nut Gall—Cecidomyia caryenucicola—Carva alba. Thin-walled galls about 3 mm. in diameter, hard and brittle, attached to the under side of the leaves by a projection at the base which appears on the upper side as a black dot surrounded bv a light yellow areola. Hickory Ball Gall—Doplosis carye—Plate F., fig.1. Carya ovata. B.—Galls on Stems. Large, globular or hickory-nut shaped galls on the stem, petiole or mid- rib of the leaf. Variable in size. Hickory Aphid Gall—Phyllozera carye- caulis (Fitch)—Carya ovata. AFFECTING Horse-Batm. An inverted, pear-shaped gall much resembling the gall in the Wood Nettle. The large end is weakly attached to a vein on the underside of the leaf. Horse-balm Leaf Gall—Cecidomyia collinsonie (Beutm)—Plate O., fig. 4. AFFECTING HUCKLEBERRY. Rounded or elongated galls 1-2 cm. in diameter on the stem of the Huckleberry. Huckleberry Gall—Solenogopheria vacinit (Ashm)—Gaylus- sacia resinosa. AFFECTING GENUS JUGLANS. The Walnut and Butternut. A brown, velvety erineum surrounding the leaf stalks, or on the main veins, causing a swelling or bending of the stalk or vein. Walnut Cushion Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Plate D., fig. 2. Juglans nigra and probably J. cinerea. A green pocket-gall on the upper side (usually) of the leaf. Walnut “Wart”? Gall—Eriophyes sp.Juglans nigra and probably J. cinerea. AFFECTING JUNEBERRY. Small nearly globular, dark brown, pocket galls, averaging 2 mm. in diameter, singly or in clusters on the upper side of the leaf. Juneberry Ball Gall—Eriophyes sp.—Plate D., fig. 1. Amelanchier rotundifolia. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 AFFECTING Locust. Oval swellings on the branches and twigs, generally occurring at the junction of the leaf petiole with the branch. Locust Twig Borer—Hcdy- tolopha insiticcana—Gleditschia triacanthos. AFFECTING MAPLE. A whitish frost-like erineum with scattered spots of rosy pink, on the upper surface of the leaf, sometimes nearly covering it. Hriophyes sp.— Plate H., fig. 1. Acer rubrum. A pale yellow or white erineum on the under side of the leaf. Trichomes capitate. Hriophyes sp.—Acer saccharinum. A nearly spherical pocket gall on the upper surface of the leaf, varying from light green through red or purple to black. Phlecoptes quadripes— Plate J., fig. 1. Acer saccharinum. A white or whitish erineum in patches on the under side of the leaf, often limited by the veins. Trichomes capitate. When old the trichomes — assume a brown color. Hriophyes sp.—Acer saccharum. A green, reddish or purplish, slender, pouch-gall projecting from the upper surface of the leaf. Phlecoptes aceris—Plate M., fig. 6. Acer saccharum. A white or whitish erineum in patches on the under side of the leaf. Eriophyes sp.—Acer nigrum. Irregular wart-like swellings (Dimple) on the upper surface of the leaf. The swellings are green at first and turn gray when mature. The average diameter is about 3 mm. Manitoba Maple Wart Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Plate G., fig. 4. Acer negundo. A white, whitish, or pale yellow erineum on the under side of the leaf, in patches often in the axils of the veins. Trichomes long, tangled and dis- torted.—Hriophyes sp.—Plate H., fig. 2, Acer spicatum. Target-like, circular, flat galls on the leaves of Red Maple, Eye-spot Gall of Maple—Cecidomyza ocellata, O.S.—Plate F. fig. 6. Acer sp. Swellings on the midrib of the leaflets much resembling the Ash Midrib Gall, Manitoba Maple Midrib Gall—Cecidomyza negundinis (Gillette.) Acer negundo. Irregularly elliptical swellings along the veins of the leaves of Hard Maple, red, green or yellow in colour. Hard Maple Leaf-vein Gall— Cecidomyid sp.—Plate P. fig. 1. Acer saccharum. AFFECTING MUHLENBERGIA. Bud galls with very much enlarged glumes. Muhlenbergia Bud Gall— Lasioptera muhlenbergiw (Naster) Muhlenbergia glomerata. AFFECTING NEw JERSEY TEA. A terminal, spindle-shaped enlargement of the stem, 10-15 mm. long. New Jersey Tea Stem Gall—Stagmatophora ceanothiella (Cosens)—Cean- othus americanus. AFFECTING Oak. An irregular dimple upon the blade of the leaf. From beneath it appears as an irregular concavity, lined with a tangled mass of white vege- table hairs. Oak Dimple Gall—Zuriophyes querci—Plate L. fig. 3. Quer- cus macrocarpa. 86 THE (REPORT On RAE No. 19 A dense mat of brown hairs growing in large patches upon the under sides of the leaves. Oak Hair Gall—Eriophyes sp.—(Undescribed)—Quer- cus sp. : A dense, white pubescence upon the under side of the leaves causing a distortion and folding of leaf blade. The pubescence is inside the fold, forming the lining of the gall. Oak Fold Gall—Cecidomyia Niveipila, O.S. Quercus rubra. Green or brown, narrowly oval, inflated galls produced along the veins on the under side of the leaves. The surface of the gall is netted with veins. Oak Vein Gall—Cecidomyia quercus majalis O.S.—Plate E., fig. 5. Quer- cus rubra. Pale red, saucer-shaped galls in clusters on the under surface of the leaf. Oak Spangles—Cecidomyia poculum O.S. Quercus alba. Small, bright red galls, joined to the leaf by a small portion of the sur- q face, so that they are easily detached without injuring the leaf. The sur- face of the gall is netted with innumerable fissures between which are small elevations with very short spines. When on the under side of the leaf, the gall is white in color. Oak—Adraspis macrocarpa—Quercus macrocarpa. White, furry, hemispherical mass varying from 4-11 mm. in diameter. This is composed of innumerable fine, woody fibres to which are attached small, round kernels. The Larger Furry Ball Gall—Andricus lana—Plate E., fig. 1. Quercus macrocarpa. Small, button-like enlargements upon the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. Button Gall—Neuroterus umbilicatus (Bass)—Plate B., fig. 6. Quercus macrocarpa. Small, dithalamous, pea-shaped gall on the upper side of the leaf. The surface is fissured or netted with depressions between which are elevations. Oak Pea Gall—Cynips Pisum—Quercus alba and macrocarpa. Hard, woody gall occurring on midrib or petiole. Green or red in color and more or less roughened on the surface. Oak Petiole Gall— Andricus petiolicola. Large globular gall about 4 cm. in diameter. Exterior surface smooth and somewhat irregular. Interior filled with a spongy mass of fibres, very loosely attached to the wall of the chamber. The Larger Oak Apple Gall— Amphibolips confluentis, (Harr.)—Plate E., fig. 2. Small. pale-green, wart-like gall situated in the parenchyma of the leaf and protruding beyond both surfaces but chiefly beyond the lower. Inside are two or three seed-like, oblong kernels, kept in position by white fila- ments. Oak Wart Gall—Andricus futilis, O.S.—Plate B. fig. 4. Quercus MmMacrocarpa. Round or oval galls growing on the midrib of the leaf. The gall is — white or yellowish and covered with fine bright pink or red spines about 1-2 mm. in length. Oak Hedgehog Gall—Acraspis crinacei—Plate R. fig. 1. Quercus alba. ; Small spherical gall about 3 mm. in diameter upon the veins of the leaves upon the under side of the leaf. It is thickly covered with fine short hair which forms a cushion all around it. Oak Furry Ball Gall—Neuroterus floccosus—Plate R. fig. 2. Quercus alba. Large, smooth, spherical galls from 2-3 cm. in diameter occurring on. the under side of the leaves. The small, spherical, larval cell within the cavity is held in position by a comparatively small number of filaments which radiate from it to the surrounding walls. Empty Oak Apple Gall— © Amphibolips inanis (O.S.). Quercus rubra. f | . | : 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 Somewhat circular, about 4 mm. in diameter, projecting on both sides of the leaf. Above dark red, below yellowish, about three times the thick- ness of the leaf. Oak—Andzcus papillatus O.S.—Plate C. fig. 5. Quercus rubra. 3 Irregular woody swellings of the midrib about 7-8 inch in length, sur- face is glabrous or slightly pubescent and projects on both sides of the leaf. Oak Midrib Gall—Andricus pige—Plate E. fig. 3. Globular, hollow gall, nearly always at the outer edge of the leaf blade. From .9-1 cm. in diameter and comparatively thin walled. Oak Apple Gall —Andricus singularis (Bass.) Quercus rubra. Cluster of dense, narrow leaflets, springing from a bud. Oak Leafy- wreath Gall—Andricus topiarius (Ashm).—Plate C. fig. 6. Quercus macro- carpa. B.—Galls on stem. Spherical gall, hard and woody with a small cavity in the centre. A short joint at the apex distinguishes this species from Globulus. Pointed Bullet Gall—Holcaspis duricaria (Bass.) Quercus macrocarpa. Hard, conical galls occurring in numbers on the stems. Oak Cone Gall— Andricus ventricosus (Bass.)—Plate R. fig. 3. Quercus sp. Small, soft, bladder-like, one-celled structures, each about 1-3 of an inch in diameter. Arranged in a cylindrical cluster along the stem of the branches. Oak Fig Gall—Bvrorhiza forticornis (Walsh)—Plate C. fig. 2. Quercus alba. Rosette or head of hard, brown, nut-like, wedge-shaped structures fitting closely to one another and attached at the base to a small, spherical receptacle about 4-1-3 of an inch in diameter. Pine-cone Oak Gall—Cynips strobilana (O.S.)—Plate C. fig. 4. Quercus macrocarpa. Irregularly oval, woody gall encircling the stem. Polythalamous, con- taining many cream-colored cases attached to the twig, each case looking very much like an oat seed. Oak Seed Gall—Andricus seminator (Harr.)— Quercus alba. Rough, hard, woody, somewhat globular, knot-like gall, encircling the stem and varying greatly in size, but commonly 1-2 inches in diameter. Oak Knot Gall—Andricus Punctatus (Bass.)—Plate C. fig. 1. Quercus coccinea. Bullet-like, corky gall with a small cavity in the centre. On stem of Burr Oak and White Oak. Oak Bullet Gall—Holcaspis globulus (Fitch). Quercus macrocarpa and Q. alba. Club-shaped, hard and woody with often a few leaves growing from it. 4 to 1 inch in length. Club Gall—Andricus clavula (Bass.)—Plate C. fig. 3. AFFECTING PopPLaR. A. Galls on the leaves. Small, circular, pimple-like elevations on the upper surface of the leaf, with a corresponding depression on the lower surface. Pimple Gall. (Plate P. fig. 3.)—Populus balsamifera. Leaf folded at its edge to form a red or green pouch over the gall which is narrow and tent-shaped, and is formed from the leaf surface. Aspen Tent Gall—Plate P. fig. 2. Populus tremuloides. Oblong enlargements of the petiole close to the base of the leaf. Nep- ticula sp.—Populus tremuloides. Pear-shaped, monothalamous galls growing on the upper side of the ‘leaf and joined to the leaf by a slight constriction. Aspen Ball Gall—Plate P. fig. 5.—Populus tremuloides. ca 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 _ 1 Large, irregular galls on the tips of the twigs, consisting of a double — row of lamina; between these two layers are large numbers of aphids. Vaga- — bond Gall—Pemphigus vagabundus—Populus deltoides. Irregular, spherical gall developed at the junction of the petiole and blade of leaf. Poplar Petiole Gall—Pemphigus populicaulis—Plate I. fig. 3. Populus deltoides. Circular, flat or slightly convex, frost-like patches varying from 2-3 mm. in diameter; on the upper side of the leaf. Large-toothed Aspen Frost Gall—Eriophyes sp.—Populus grandidentata. Circular depressions dimple always on the lower side of the leaf. On the upper side it appears as a green red circular elevation. Large-toothed Aspen Convex Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Plate M. fig. 1 & 2. Populus grandi-. dentata. Dimple-like galls on the upper side of the leaf of the Aspen. Aspen Dimple Gall—Lridophyses sp.—Plate M. fig. 3. Populus tremuloides. Irregular, warty protuberances on the midrib or other veins of the leaf and extending beyond both surfaces but chiefly the upper one. Large- toothed Aspen Vein Gall. Populus grandidentata. Irregular tubercular masses of closely-packed small reddish-green pro- tuberances on the stem. Unsightly Poplar Gall—Hriophyes sp. Populus ~ tremuloides. Awa depression on the lower surface of the leaf, 4-12 mm. in diameter and © | 2-5 mm. in depth. Under surface of gall is orange yellow—LHriophyes sp. —Plate D., fig. 38. Populus italica. Margin of leaf distorted and curled. LHriophyes sp. —Plate T., fig. is Populus tremuloides. B.—Galls on the stem. Irregular swellings caused by a species of Woolly Aphis, on the smaller * branches and twigs of the Cottonwood. Woolly Aphid Stem Gall— Schizoneura sp. Populus deltoides. Irregularly oval, about 1-3 to 4 inch long, smooth and about the same color as the bark. Usually on one side of a branch but sometimes nearly encircling it. Aspen Egg Gall—Agronyzaaoneiventris (Fallen).—Plate A., fig. 8. Populus tremuloides. AFFECTING GENUS PRUNUS. Reddish, slender pouch-galls, somewhat irregular and pubescent, 3-4 mm. long and .5-1 mm. in diameter. Pin Cherry Pouch Gall—Friophyes sp. Prunus pennsylvanica. Green or rosy-red pouch gal on the upper side of the leaf, .5-6 em. in length. The gall is constricted about half way to the leaf. Black Cherry Pouch Gall—Eriophyes sp. Prunus serrotina. Green or reddish pouch gall on the upper side of the leaf, differing from the Black Cherry Pouch Gall in that the aperture is not funnel- shaped. Choke Cherry Pouch Gall—Kriophyes sp.—Plate G., fig. 2. Prunus vir- giniana. A very long, slender pouch-gall, green or whitish on either side of the leaf. Wild Plum Pouch Gall—Friophyes sp.—Plate K., fig. 2. Prunus — americana. A tubercular growth, encircling base of buds and shoots. Plum Bud Gall—Hriophyes phloeocoptes. Prunus domestica. , A club-shaped, monothalamous gall with one or two leaves growing from its side. The gall is an enlargement of the terminal buds of young 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 89 shoots. Black Cherry Bud Gall—Cecidomyia serotinae. Prunus Serotina. A malformation of the fruit. The pit or stone is absent and the fruit is enlarged, forming a thick walled pouch about 1 cm. in length by 5 mm. in width. Chokecherry Pocket Gall—Cecidomyia virginiana. Prunus vir- giniana. AFFECTING GENUS PyRwUs. ; Apple, Crab Apple, Pear and Chokeberry. Dimple galls, with the concavity on the upper surface of the leaf. ee surface corrugated. Apple Dimple Gall—lriophyes sp. Pyrus malus. Capsule Galls on the upper side of the leaf. Apple and Pear ‘‘Leaf- blister’? Gall—Hriophyes pyri—Plate K., fig. 6. Pyrus malus, P. cor- onaria and P. communis. Knot-like swellings on the stems. Woolly Aphis Gall—Schizoneura langigerta. Pyrus malus. Capsule Galls, very small. When mature, brown in color. Choke- berry Speck Gall—riophyes sp. Pyrus arbutefolia. AFFECTING ROSE. A.—Galls on the leaves. ne Small, thin walled, spherical galls, red or green in colour, and covered with short spines. About .75 cm. in diameter and monothalamous. Spiny Ball Gall—Rhodites nebulosus.—Plate F., fig. 2. Rosa Carolina. Small, circular galls about 3 mm. in diameter on the upper surface of the leaf. Pale green in colour and characterized by the presence of a little nipple in the centre of the gall. Nipple Gall—hodites lenticularis (Bass.) Rosa Carolina. Round, woody, globular or irregularly shaped galls, covered with a white mealy substance. Mealy Rose Gall—hodites tgnotus (O.S.)—Rosa sp. B.—Galls on: the stem. Smooth, corky enlargement rising at each end abruptly from the branch; 2-2.5 em. in length and 1-1.5 cm. in width. Globular Rose Gall—Rhodites globulus.—Plate F., fig. 4. Rosa Carolina. Hard, small cells, clustered around a branch or twig. The cells are covered with a dense, thick mass of green filaments which grow from them; monothalamous and from 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Mossy Rose Gall—Rhodi- tes rosae—Plate E., fig. 4. Rose Carolina. Large, round or oblong galls from 1 to 2 inches in length; reddish brown and covered with stout spines or prickles. Spiny Rose Gall—Rho- dites multispinosus (Gill.)—Plate B., fig. 3. Rosa sp. Spherical, covered with many prickly spines which vary in length, and are sometimes larger than the diameter of the gall. Internally it is hollow with the wall about 1 to 2mm. thick. Yellowish green, sometimes tinged with red. Soft and fleshy in summer, woody and brown in winter. It is found singly or in clusters of from two to ten or more, upon twigs of differ- ent kinds of wild roses. (Beutm.)—Rhodites bicolor (Harr.). Rosa sp. Elongated swelling of the branch, gradually tapering at both ends. Smooth or densely covered with short spines. About 2 inches long and polythalamous. Long Rose Gall—Rhodites dichlocerous (Harr.). Rosa sp. 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 C.—Galls on the roots. Large, irregularly rounded, reddish-brown galls from 1 to 2 inches in length; polythalamous. Rose Root Gall—Rhodites radicum (O.8.). @ Rosa sp. AFFECTING SPIR#A., A pod-like gall formed by the folding of the leaf along the midvein. Spirea Pod Gall—Cecidomyia salicifolia}H—Spirea tomentosa, S._ salici- ; folia and S. betulefolia. A bud-like, sessile gall in the axil of the leaf. Meadow Sweet Bud Gall—(Undescribed)—Spirea salicifolia. Small, cone-shaped galls on either the upper or lower surface of the : leaf. Spirea Cone Gall (Undescribed)—Spirea salicifolia. AFFECTING SUMAC. The leaf margin rolled tightly upward and inward on both sides. Sumac 4 Leaf-margin Gall—Hriophyes sp.—Plate K., fig. 3. Rhus typhina. Irregular, rounded, dimple gall, convex on the upper or under side of 4 the leaf. Green to red or purple in color; inside clothed with white tri- — chomes. Poison Ivy Dimple Gall—Eriophyes sp.—Plate G., fig. 5. Rhus © radicans. Large, smooth, rounded galls, somewhat resembling a tomato in shape, 5 on the under sides of the leaves. Sumac Potato Gall—Pemphigus rhois. Rhus typhina. AFFECTING STRAWBERRY. A much elongated, cylindrical enlargement of the petiole of the leaf, 1 to 4 in. long and 1-10 to 1-6 in. in diameter. Its surface, owing to slight — annular constrictions has a more or less segmented appearance. The con- -trictions are seldom more than abeut .5 mm. deep and as a rule do not occur — at regular intervals. Sometimes they are found every 1-16 of an inch, but in other cases they are as much as an inch apart. The surface of the gall is — nearly red, or greenish, and is pubescent like the rest of the petiole. The © texture is pulpy. The gall is polythalamous, as few as 10 and as many as 35 small chambers having been counted in specimens examined. These are all centrally situated and each contains a single, white larva, August 7, 1907. Occasionally two separate galls or gall clusters are found on a single petiole. Strawberry Petiole Gall. Plate R., fig. 7. Fragaria Virginiana. AFFECTING ToucH-ME-NorT. Globular, succulent, semi-transparent, at base of flowers. Touch-me- we not Flower Gall—Cecidomyia impatiens (O.S.). Impatiens fulva. Green, succulent, globular or irregularly rounded swelling on the vs stem, petiole or leaf. Touch-me-not Stem and Leaf Gall—Cecidomyna. —Plate O., fig. 2. fulva (Bent)—Impatiens fulva. AFFECTING TuLIr TREF. Hollow swellings, varying from 5 to 2.5 em. in length on the midrib ~ and lateral veins of the leaves. Tulip Tree Midrib Gall—Cecidomyia tul- — ipifera—Liriodendron tulipifera. AFFECTING VERVAIN. An oval, hard and woody gall, an enlargement of the stem. Blue Ver- vain Stem Gall (Undescribed)— Verbena hastata. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 AFFECTING VIBURNUM. A small, blister-like. gall, circular in outline, 3-4 mm. in diameter. Viburnum Leaf Blister Gall. Viburnum acerifolium. AFFECTING VIRGINIA CREEPER. Green and succulent fold gall on the midrib of the leaf. Midrib Gall on _ Virginia Creeper—Cecidomyia sp.—Plate E., fig. 7. Ampelopsis quinque-— folia. AFFECTING WHITE LETTUCE. Large, rough, irregular swellings on stem. White Lettuce Stem Gall— Aulaz nabali (Brodie)—Plate R., fig. 5. Prenanthes alba. AFFECTING WILLOWS. A.—Galls on leaves. . Smooth, fleshy, sessile, globular or slightly oval, monothalamous gall. like a miniature apple. About 1 cm. in diameter growing on one side of the midrib of the leaf. Willow Apple Gall—Pontania pomum—Salix sp. Smooth, flattish, glossy enlargements of the: petiole or often of the mid- rib of the leaf near the base. Willow Petiole Gall—Pontania desmodeoides. Salix lucida. . Irregularly elongate-oval fleshy galls projecting equally on both sur- _ faces of the leaf. Usually many on a leaf. Willow Flat Gall—Pontania hyalina—Salix sp. Cluster of massed leaves surrounding a small cell containing a yellowish larva. Similar in appearance to the Goldenrod Bunch Gall. Willow Bunch Gall—Khabdophaga brassicoides—Salix sp. > A pale green or purple capsule gall, projecting either above or below the leaf, or both; 14 to 2 mm. in diameter. Hriophyes sp. Salix cordata. Small, irregular, serrate and roughened pocket-galls or semi-capsules, green or red, strongly pilose above and thickly pubescent beneath. Usually on the upper side of the leaf. Hriophyes sp.—Plate K., fig. 4. Salix dis- color. Small, crimson pocket-galls or semicapsules on the upper side of the leaf. 14 to 24 mm. in diameter. LHriophyes sp. Salix amygdaloides. A small capsule gall, irregularly hemispherical, greenish yellow, with a projecting aperture usually on the lower surface of the leaf, 1 to 24 mm. in diameter. LHrzophyes sp. Salix nigra. Small irregular, serrate capsule-gall, green or red, usually on the upper side of the leaf; beneath sometimes impressed, more often projecting. 1 to 2mm. in diameter. LHriophyes sp. Salix bebbiana. Small irregular, serrate capsule-gall, projecting on both sides of the leaf, 1 to 2 mm. in diameter. Hriophyes sp. Salix petiolaris. A bud deformation of the flower catkins and leaf buds or parts of leaves, producing a large, irregular, crumpled mass. LHriophyes sp.—Plate D., fig. 5. Salix nigra. Rosette-like structures on the leaves and stems. Unsightly Willow Gall—Eriophyes sp. Salix sp. This gall has two different forms in the course of its development. There is first the ‘‘bead”’ stage, when each gall looks like a small yellowish- white bead about 1.5 mm. in diameter, two-thirds of the bead appearing on the under and nearly one-third on the upper surface of the leaf. The tip of the bead, on the lower side of the leaf, is perforated. The texture is hard and close and the surface even and somewhat pubescent. The sec- 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 194 ond stage seems to occur in July. In this month the galls elongate on the — lower surface into nipples 3-4 mm. long and 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. The color is rather lighter than before, except that the end of the nipple itself — is often nearly black. The pubescence is much more visible than before. — The galls occur either singly or in closely united groups of 2-15, chiefly © along or near the midrib. They are monothalamous but no larvae were — discovered in the specimens examined. Willow-leaf Bead and Nipple Gall— — (Undescribed)—Salix rostrata. 7 B.—Galls on stems. 4 Large, rough galls on the stems of the Willow. The galls are smooth © at first but become rough later in the season.. Willow Branch Gall—Saperda — concolor—Salix sp. | Cone-shaped mass of closely-imbricated leaves at the end of a twig, © caused by the arrest of growth at the end of the stem. Pine Cone Willow — Gall—Cecidomyta strobiloides.—Plate O., fig. 7. Salix, sp. i Club-shaped gall formed on the lateral shoots of the Willow, an enlarge- ~ ment of the whole stem. About ? of an inch in length. Willow Club Gall— © Cecidomyia rigida—Salix sp. a Oval galls on the sides of the twigs, hard and woody and usually the © same colour as the stem. ~ Willow Egg Gall, Huura ovum—Salix sp. ¥ Oblong-ovate, polythalamous galls, about the same color as the bark — while young but gray when mature. Willow Potato Gall—Rhabdophaga — batatas O.S.—Plate A., fig. 7. Salix sp. | Irregularly woody, oval enlargement of the stem at the joints or nodes. ~ 1-3 to 4 an inch in length. Willow Joint Gall—Rhabdophaga nodulus (Walsh). Salix sp. 'C.—Galls of the Buds. Altered or transformed buds. The bud scales become elongated and the interior becomes a cavity in which the larva lives. Willow Bud Gall— Rhabdophaga trilicoides (Walsh). Salix sp. AFFECTING WiLpD LETTUCE. An irregular, oval, polythalamous, knotty enlargement of the stem c varying greatly in size. The interior is soft and pithy. Lettuce Tumor Gall—Aulaz tumidus—Lactuca Canadensis. AFFECTING WitTcH HAZEL. A conical swelling on upper side of leaf. Witch Hazel Cone Gall— Hormaphis hamameliais (Fitch).—Plate I., fig. 2. Hamamelis virginiana. — Round gall covered with long spines. A deformation of the fruit bud. ~ Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall—Hormaphis spinosus—Plate I., fig. 1. Hamam- elis virginiana. AFFECTING Woop NETTLE. Ball-like galls occurring either on the upper or lower surface of the leaf. ~ Wood Nettle Ball Gall--Cecidomyia urnicola—Plate F., fig. 3. Laportea — Canadensis. | A gall consisting of a malformation of the fruit, much like the ball gall on the leaves. Wood Nettle Fruit Gall—Cecidomyia sp.—Laportea Canadensis. Soft, smooth, spongy, oval or rounded gall of a pale brown colour, on ~ the stem. About 1 cm. in diameter. Wood Nettle Pod Gall—(Undescribed). — Laportea Canadensis. ‘ 1908 ji ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY. HERMANN ADLER, M.D. Adler. ‘‘Ueber den Generations-wechsel der Eichen Gallivespen,’’ Zeit- schrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. 35. Leipzig—‘‘Alterna- ting Generations, a Study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies; translation by C. R. Stratton, Clarendon Press, Oxford. J. M. ALDRICH. Aldrich. Bul. 26 of the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, 1901. W. H. ASHMEAD. Ashmead, 1879. Injurious and Beneficial Insects Found on the Orange Trees of Florida. Canadian Entomologist, 11:159, 160. A Bibliographical and Synonymical Catalogue of the North American Cynipide, with descriptions of new species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. XII, 291-304. On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 125-158. Description of new Cynipidous Galls and Gall-Wasps in the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XIX, pp. 113-1386. 1897. Description of some New Genera in the Family Cynipide. 1903. Classification of the Gall Wasps and the Parasitic Cynipoids on the superfamily Cynipoide. Psyche 10: 7, 59, 140, 210. W. B. Barrows. Barrows, 1899. Jumping Oak Gall. Michigan Agr. Exp. Station, Division of Entomology, Bull, 175. NatTuHan BANKS. Banks, 1904. A Treatise on the Acarina. U.S. National Museum Proceed- ings, 13882. 28:1-114. 1905. Descriptions of some new mites. Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings, 7:141. 1907. A Catalogue of the Acarina. U.S. National Museum Proceed- ings, 15538. 32:595-625. H. F. BAssett. Bassett. Descriptions of several supposed new species of Cynips, with remarks on the formation of certain Galls. Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil., Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 323-333. Description of several new species of Cynips, and a new species of Diastrophus. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. III, pp. 679-691. WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER. Beutenmuller, 1892. Catalogue of Gall-producing Insects. American Museum Bulletin, 4:278. 1904. The Insect Galls of New York City. American Museum Journal 4:124., 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 1904. Catalogue of Gall-Producing Insects found within fifty miles of © New York City, with Descriptions of their Galls, and of some new | species. Am. Mu. of Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, No. 1, Art. XV, pp. 245-268. . 1907. The North American Species of Rhodites and their Galls. Ameri- — can Museum Bulletin, Vol. XXIII., Article XXVII: 629-651. 4 1907. New Species of Gall producing Cecidomyide. American Museum ~ Bulletin, Vol. XXIII., Article XVII: 385-400. 1908. Some apparently new Cecidomyide. Can. Ent. Vol. XL. 73. Dotr Mario BeEzzt. Bezzi, 1899. Primo Contributo Allo Studio della Cecidiologia Trentina Con Note Sopra Alcume Altre Galle. F. T. Brovertt. Biolettt. California Agricultural Experiment Station, Bul. No. 131, 1901, “The Phylloxera of the Vine.’’ 3 W. A. CANNon. | Cannon. The Gall of the Monterey Pine. The Amer. Nat., Vol. XXXIV, No. 406 (Oct., 1900), p. 801. . Grorce H. CHapwick. Chadwick, 1908. A Catalogue of the “Phytoptid’’ Galls of North America. i New York State Museum, 28rd Report of the State Entomologist, — 1908. T. D. A. CocKERELL. Cockerell, 1903. A New Oak-Gall. Can. Ent. 35: 217. 1904. Three New Cecidomyid Flies. Can. Ent. 36 : 155-156. 1902. A New Gall-making Coccid. Can. Ent. 34:76. 1902. Some Gall Insects, Cynipide. Can. Ent. 34:183-184. 1901. A New Cecidomyid on Gutierrezia. 1900. A New Oak Gall from New Mexico. Can. Ent. 32:91. Water E. CoLiince. Collinge, 1906. Report on the Injurious Insects and other animals observed | in the Midland Counties during 1908. J. H. anp A. B. Comstock. Comstock. Manual for the Study of Insects. Epwarp T. Connoxp. Connold, 1901. British Vegetable Galls. Hutchinson & Co., London. MELVILLE THURSTON Cook. Cook, 1902, 1904. Galls and Insects Producing them. Ohio Naturalist, 2:263-78; 4:115. . 1904. Insect Galls of Indiana. Indiana Department of Geology, Annual Report, 29 : 801-62. j 1906. Aleunas Agallas de Cuba Producidas por insectos Tomado del Primer Informe Annual de la Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba. Publication el 10 de Junio de 1906. RIES seen ah Ra ae Cae 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95. MAXINE CoRNU. Cornu. Etudes sur le Phylloxera vastatrix. Mem. a l’Academie der Sciences, de l’Inst. Nat. de France, Tome X XVI, No. 1. A. DESPLIssIs. Desplissis. Phylloxera of the Vine. R. W. Doane. Doane, 1900. Notes on a new Sugar-Beet Pest, with a description of the Species. Entomological News, 11:390-391. M. Lacaze-DvruHiers. Lacaze-Duthiers. Recherches pour service 4 L’Histoire des Galles. Extrait des Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Tome X XIX. E. Porter FE tT. Felt, 1907. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N.Y. State Museum Memoir 8, 2:619-20, 630-31, 633-34, 7138, 725, 745, 755. 1907. New Species of Cecidomyide. New York State Museum bulletins 110, 22. Report of the State Entomologist, 1906. 1907. New Species of Cecidomyide 11, 23 Report of State Entomo- logist, 1907. W. W. FrRoGGATT. Froggatt. Some Account of the Gall-Making Insects of Australia. Natural Science, Vol. V,; No. 30, 1894. CLAUDE FULLER. Fuller, 1896. Forest Insects. Some Gall-making Coccids. Harrison GARMAN. Garman, 1883. The Phytopti and Other Injurious Plant Mites. Entomo- logist of Illinois, Annual Report, 12: 123-27. 1892. American Phytoptocecidii. Psyche, 6:241. A Plum Twig Gall Produced by a Mite. 7th Annual Rept. Ky. Agri. Ex. Station, 1894. C. P. Ginette. Gillette, 1889. Notes on certain Cynipide, with descriptions of new species. Psyche 1889: 183-188, 214-221. 1890. A New Cecidomyid infesting Box-elder (Acer negundo) Psyche 1890: 392-393. 1892. Colorado Cynipide, Ent. News, 3 : 246-248. 1893. Colorado Cynipide, Entomological News, 4:28-31, and 166-167, and 210-211. A ARSENE GIRAULT. Girault, 1903. A New Species of Gall-Wasp (Cynipide) from Goldenrod (Solidago). Entomological News 14:323-324. 96 THE. REPORT OF THE No. 19 @ oN, HAGEN. Hagen, 1885. Collection of Phytoptocedia. Canadian Entomologist, 17: — 21-29. 1885. On the relations of Fungi to Galls and to Larve of Cecidomyia living in Galls. Psyche IV: 334. W. D. -HUunTER. Hunter. The Aphidide of North America. Iowa Agri. Col. Ex. Station, Bul. 60, 1901. C. F. Jackson. Jackson, 1908. A Synopsis of the Genus Pemphigus with Notes on Their : | Economic Importance, Life-history and Geographical Distribution. Proceedings of the Columbus Horticultural Society. Tennyson D. JARVIS. Jarvis, 1907. Insect Galls of Ontario. Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual Report, 37 :56-72. : 1908. Additional Insect Galls of Ontario. Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual Report, 38 : 85-94. J. A. LINTNER. Lintner, 1889. In N.Y. State Museum Annual Report, 42:303. 1896. Phytoptus? pruni (Amerl). N.Y. State Museum Annual Report, 50:318, 350. V. H. Lowe. Lowe. The Woolly-Louse of the Apple (Schizoneura lankgera). Fifteenth Annual Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station (Geneva), 1896, pp. 570-582. Dr. Franz Loew. Loew, 1885. Ueber neue und schon bekannte Phytoptocecidien; Verhand- lung der k.k. zoologische-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien (Vienna). p. 451-70. Otto LUGGER. Lugger. Bugs Injurious to our Cultivated Plants. Univ. of Minn. Agri. Ex. Station, Bul. No. 69, 1900. B. Prckman Mann. Mann, 1883. Contributions to the Knowledge of Parasitic Life in Galls. Psyche, 4:89-91. A. NALEPA. Nalepa, 1898. Eriophyide (Phytoptide) in “Das Thierreich.’’ Lief., 4:8. Baron R. Osten-SAckEn. Osten-Sacken. On the Cynipide of the North American oaks and their Galls. Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil., Vol. I.. No. 3, pp. 47-72. Additions and Corrections to title 22. Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil., Vol. I., No. 8, pp. 241-259. DOP bor Puare I. Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall. (Hormaphis spinosus. ) Witch-Hazel Cone Gali. (Hormaphis hamamelidi:. ) Cottonwood Petiole Gall. (Pemphigus populicaulis, ) Hickory Cone Gall. ( Phyl/oxera caryae-fullax. ) Cockscomb Gallon Elm. (Covopha ulmicola. ) Basswood Mite Gall. (Hriophyes abnormis. ) \ PLATE 1. Soft Maple Mite Gall. ( Phloecoptes quadripes) . 2. Two specimens on left. 3. Two specimens on right. J. ( Eucosma scudderiana. ) ( Trypeta solidaginis. ) 4 a eae a ro, a Pe ST ae ny a eee ae Bees Puate K. Eriophyes sp., Betula papyrifera. Eriophyes,sp., Prunus Americana. Eriophyes.sp., Rhus Cotinus, Eriophyes sp., Salix discolor. 5. Kriophyes cephalanthae, Cephalanthus occidentalis. 6. Eriophyes pyri sp., Pyruis communis. 1. Eriophyes sp., Populus tremuloides. 2. Eriophyes sp., Fraxinus Americana. 3. Eriophyes sp., Quercus macrocarpa. Puate L. 4. Eriophyes sp., Vitis sp. 5. Eriophyes sp., Ulmus Americana. 6. Eriophyes sp., Ulmus pubescens. PuaTe M. 1. Eriophyes sp., (under surface) Populus grandidentata. 2. Eriophyes sp., (upper surface) Populus grandidentera. 3. Eriophyes sp., Populus tremuloides. 4, Eriophyes sp., Tilia Europea. 5. Eriophyes sp., Betula papyrifera. 6. Phlcecoptes aceris, Acer saccharum. me Gb Puate N. Hickory Gall. 5. Lasioptera lycopi, Lycopus virginicus. Pod or fruit gall, Laportea Canadensis. . 6. Cecidomyia virginiana, interior of gall, Golden Rod seed gall, Solidago Canadensis. Prunus virginiana. Cecidomyia caryae-nucicola, Carya alba. 7 Hawthorn Leaf-border gall, Crataegus sp. 1. Cecidomyia viticola, vitis sp. 2. Cecidomyia sp., Impatiens fulva. 3. Cecidonyia bedeguar, Ceataegus. 4. Cecidomyia? collinsoniae, Collinsonia Canadensis. PLATE O:. 5.. Hawthorn Bladder gall, Crataegus, sp. 6.. Gooseberry Bud gall, Ribes grossulare. 7. Cecidomyia Strobiloides, Salix discolor. Puatse P. Maple Vein gall, Acer Saccharum. Aspen Tent gall, Populus tremuloides. Balm of Gilead pimple gall, Populus balsamifera. 4. Elm-Pimple gall, Ulmus Americana. 5. Aspen Ball gall, Populus tremuloides. 6. Red Elm Bud gall, Ulmus fulva. F 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 97 Contributions to the Natural History of the Cynipide of the U.S. and their Galls. Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil., Vol. II., p. 33-49. id., Vol. IV., p. 331-386 id., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. III., pp. 54-64 _ Biological Notes on Diptera (Galls) on Solidago. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. II., pp. 299-805. Two New North American Cecidomyia. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. VI., pp. 219-220. Monograph of the Diptera of North America. Smith, Miss. Coll., Vol. VELL. Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America. Smith, Miss. Coll., Vol. XVI. A. S. Packarp. Packard. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Com., 1890. P, J. Parrort. Parrott, 1907. The Apple and Pear Mites. N.Y. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 283. Cuartes H. Peck. . Peck, 1869, in N.Y. State Museum Annual Report, 22:101. THEO. PERGANDE. Pergande. The Life History of Two Species of Plant Lice. Inhabiting both Witch-Hazel and Birch. Tech. Series, No. 9, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Ent., 1901. North American Phylloxerine Affecting Hicoria (Carya) and Other trees. Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., Davenport, Iowa, Vol. IX., 1904, pp. 185-273. C. H. PErsoon. Persoon, 1822. Mycologia Europea, p. 2. ©. Y¥,. Ribey. Fuley, 1870, in American Entomology and Botany, 2:339. The Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera vastatrix, Planchon. 8rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Annual Reports of the Noxious and Beneficial and other Insects of the State of Missouri. RILEY anp MoneELu. Riley and Monell. Notes on the Aphidide of the United States, with des- criptions of species occurring West of the Mississippi. Bull. of the U.S. Geol. and Geol. Survey of the Territories, Vol. V., No. 1, 1879. G. B. RorHera. Rothera. On the Aitiology and Life History of Some Vegetal Galls and their Inhabitants. Natural Science, Vol. III., No. 21, 1893. Joun A. Ryper. Ryder, 1879. A probable new species of phytoptus or gall mite. American Naturalist, 13: 704. eee EN. 95 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No, 19 ; . ; ; Wan. SAUNDERS. Saunders. Insects Injurious to Fru*ts, 1883. Henry SHIMER. Shimer, 1869. Descriptions of Two Acarians bred from the White Maple. American Entomological Society Transactions, 2:319. A Summer Study of Hickory Galls, with description of supposed new insects bred therefrom. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1869, pp. 386-398. J. M. STEDMAN. Stedman. The Woolly Aphis of the Apple, or the Apple-Root Plant Louse (Schizoneura lanigera Hansen). Missouri Agri. Ex. Station, Cir- cular No. 6, 1898. Cyrus THOMAS. Thomas. 8th Report of the Illinois State Entomologist, 1879. | Dr. C. G. pE Datura Torre. Dalla Torre. Catalogue Hymenopterorum, Cynipide, Vol. II., 1893. . A. TROTTER. Trotter, 1903. Descrizione di varie galle dell’ America del Nord. Marcellia 2:63-75. C. H. Tyter TownseEnp. Townsend, 1893. Stem Gall on Ephedra Nevadense. Entomological News, 4: 242-243. | A Cabbage-like Cecidomyidous Gall on Bigelovia. Psyche, 6:491. A Cocks-comb Gall on Rhus microphylla. Psyche, 6:504-505. On a Fleshy Leaf Gall on Scrub Oak. Psyche, 6: 523. A Cone-like Cecidomyid Gall on Bigelovia. Psyche, 7:176. A Psyllid Leaf-Gall on Celtis. Probably Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens, Riley. Psyche, 7: 187-188. Gall of Eurytoma sp. on the Cat’s-claw Thorn. Psyche, 7: 202-203. B. D. WatsuH. Walsh, 1864, 1867. On the Insects, Coleopterous, Hymenopterous and Dip- terous Inhabiting the Galls of Certain Species of Willow. Entomo- logical Society of Philadelphia Proceedings, 3 :543-644; 6: 225-88. On the Genera of Aphidide found in the United States. Proc. Ent. Soee.; Phil:, Vel, 2.,.No. 9, p.'294. On Dimorphism of the*Hymenopterous genus, Cynips, with appendix, containing lists for a new classification of Cynipide and a list of Cyn- ipide, including description of several species inhabiting the Oak Galls of Illinois. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. II., No. 4, pp. 445-500. ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD 1908. By James FLercHer anp ARTHUR GIBSON. The season of 1908 in most parts of Canada was an exceptionally dry one. The continued drought which began in early June, lasted well on into September in many parts of the Dominion. The weather, too, was extremely hot, and vegetation, consequently, was much injured and reduced in vigour. Insects have been particularly numerous in certain localities, and some kinds of injurious species were very destructive. From the collector’s standpoint, the season, on the whole, throughout the country, was probably better than that of each of the three or four preceding years. Some correspondents report that the season in their immediate vicinity has been a particularly poor one, others that it has been an improvement on the recent years. More are of the latter opinion. As in the past a great many records have been sent in by correspondents. From these have been taken those which, for one reason or another, have been thought to be of most interest. As has been pointed out before, an insect may seem rare to the collector who sends in the record, when in reality, its occurrence may be widerspread, and for this reason not worth recording in the Record. | As in previous years, some of the federal Government officers brought back with them, from their distant fields of labour, small collections of insects of special interest. Mr. Joseph Keele, during the past summer, made some valuable collections at the mouth of the Gravel River and along the McKen- zie River adjacent, on the eastern slope of the Rockies. Mr. C. H. Young, of the same Department, spent the months of August and September at the Biological Station, Departure Bay, B.C., with the well-known lepidopterist, Rev. G. W. Taylor, who is now there as Curator of the Station. Mr. Young collected insects of several orders, among which are many of much interest. Mr. Douglas H. Nelles, of the Alaska Boundary Survey, spent the summer in the Yukon District, between White Horse and the 141st Meridian, and made a collection of butterflies. Mr. Andrew Halkett of the Fisheries Museum, returned to Ottawa in November, bringing with him a small col- lection of various insects taken in Alberta. Dr. Fletcher made a hurried trip to British Columbia in September and October. and while stopping over for a day or two, each at Nepigon, Ont.; Regina, Sask.; Banff and Laggan, Alta.; and Departure Bay, B.C., collected many insects of value. Mr. Gibson spent most of July at Youghall, N.B., and while there made col- lections in all orders. Acknowledgments are again due to the leading specialists.in the United States who have rendered much help to Canadian students during the year: Dr. L. O. Howard. with his assistants at Washington; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J.; Professor H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. W.D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N.J.; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. Wm. Beutenmuller and Professor R. C. Osburn, of New York, N.Y., and Prof. J. S. Hine, of Columbus, Ohio. Sir George Hampson, of the British Museum, has also been of much help in identifying specimens of lepidoptera. N.B.—Owing to the death of my good friend, chief, and ever kind teacher, Dr. James Fletcher, the manuscript of the Entomological Record for 1908 has had to be prepared by me. Dr. Fletcher had, I know, certain records and other notes which he intended to include. I trust, however, that anv omissions which may be noticed will be made known, so that they can be included in the Entomological Record for 1909.—Arthur Gibson. [99] 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 LITERATURE. Among the many valuable publications which have been received during the past year, and which are of interest to Canad‘an students, mention may be made of the following :— Banks, NatHan. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odo- nata) of the United States. Philadelphia: Transactions, American Entomo- logical Society, 1907. This valuable catalogue of neuropteroid insects was not received in time to be mentioned in last year’s Record. The name of the author is sufficient to guarantee the usefulness of this list. Altogether there are nearly 900 species included in the catalogue, arranged under 210 genera. BETHUNE, C. J. S. Bibliawrs pty of Canadian Entomology for the year 1907. Ottawa : Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Third Series— 1908-1909, Volume II., Section IV.; separate received December 15, 1908. This paper, which is annually presented to the Royal Society of Canada by the Rev. Prof. Bethune, is a most useful publication. In the above biblio- graphy, 125 references are made to contributions which have appeared during 1907, all of which are of value to Canadian students. With each reference a short explanatory statement is made. We are very grateful to the author for this annual publication. To many, it is the only source of reference to articles which have appeared during the year on Canadian Entomology. Buscx, Auacust. A Generic Revision of American Moths of the Family (Ecophoride, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXV., pp. 187-207; published Oct. 31, 1908. The results of Mr. © Busck’s work on Microlepidoptera are always of much value. In this paper the genera of the above family are treated of. As very little study had previously been given to the North American species, this contribution will be of great service to students of Tineid moths. Mr. Busck states that there are now 121 described species of this family represented in North America. BrapDiey, J. Cuester. The Evaniide, Ensign-flies, an Archiac Family of Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., No. 2, April-May- June, 1908; pp. 101-194, 11 plates. This contribution deals with the North American species of Evaniide, insects which are usually not well represented in collections. References to species occurring in Canada are given and many new forms described. This paper will prove of much use to hymenopterists. The Ensign-flies, which are so named because they carry the abdomen aloft like a flag, are parasitic. CAaUDELL, ANDREW Newson. Notes on some Western Orthoptera, with the Description of one New Species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXIV, pages 71-81; published April 17, 1908. As this paper includes notes on species collected in western Canada in 1906, it will prove of value to those of our entomologists who study orthoptera. 27 different species are recorded, from British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Frernatp, C. H. The Genera of the Tortricide and their Types. Amherst, Mass.; published by the author, June, 1908. Professor Fernald is to be congratulated on this most valuable piece of work. Over 300 generic names are reviewed. In the Canadian Entomologist, Sept. 1908, Mr. Kear- fott says: “This work is the first of its kind that has ever been published in the Microlepidoptera. As its title implies, it takes up one by one every Tortricid genus known to the author, froni the tenth edition of Linneus down to the present day, and fixes and names the type species in each genus.”’ Harrineton, W. Hacusz. Fauna Ottawensis: Hymenoptera—Super- family III.—Vespoidea; The Ottawa Naturalist, July, 1908. This contribu- — 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 tion to the insects of the Ottawa District is a most welcome one. Mr. Har- rington has always paid special attention to the fauna of this locality, and, as our highest Canadian authority on the hymenoptera, the above paper, which mentions 87 different species, is of much value. In the introductory remarks information is given on the Families Ceropalide, Vespide, Kumeni- dz, Chrysidide, Bethylide, Tiphiide, Thynnide, Myromoside and Mutil- lide. Kearrott, W. D. Descriptions of New Species of North American Crambid Moths. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXV., pp. 367-393; sep- arates published Oct. 31, 1908. In this valuable contribution to the Pyra- lide, 20 new North American species of crambid moths are described, 5 of which are from Canada. Kwnas, FREDERICK. Observations on the Mosquitoes of Saskatchewan. Reprinted from Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Quarterly Issue), Vol. 50; published Feb. 20, 1908. These observations were the result of an expe- dition to western Canada during the spring of 1907. Nine different species were collected, eight of the genus Aedes and one of the genus Uuliseta. The habits of some of the species are discussed, and notes given on their life- histories. MitcHeLtL, EVELYN GRoESBEECK. Mosquito Life. J.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London. The Knickerbocker Press, (1907). This most inter- esting and extremely valuable book came to hand early in 1908. It reviews previous work on these important insects, and includes much original matter not previously published. The titles of the different chapters will give an idea of the extent of the work. I. Systematic Position and Structure. IT. Some Habits of the Adults. III. How Far Mosquitoes Fly. IV. Mating. VY. Larve and Pupe. VI. Malaria. VII. Yellow Fever and Other Dis- eases. VIII. Mosquito Remedies and Enemies. IX. Notes on the Com- moner Species. X. Collecting and Laboratory Methods. XI. Identification Keys and Systematic List. - OspuRN, Raymonp C. British Columbia Syrphide, New Species and Additions to the List. Canadian Entomologist, January, 1908. In this paper, 50 different species are mentioned, 6 of which are described as new. This article brings the list of British Columbian Syrphide up to 128 different species. It is pleasing to note that the large majority of the species were collected by local entomologists. This and Mr. Osburn’s previous paper, (Can. Ent., Vol. XX XVI., Aug.-Sept., 1904), will make an excellent founda- tion for future work, in this family, for British Columbian dipterists. Smitu, Joun B. Notes on the Species of Amathes, Hbn., Philadelphia: Transactions, American Entomological Society, XX XIII., Nov. 1907; sepa- rate received Feb. 3, 1908. This paper, which treats of some of the North American species of noctuids in our lists under the genus Orthosia, is a wel- come addition to the literature. Ten species of the genus Amathes have been found in Canada. This genus has the ‘‘Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely porrect, fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd joint short; frons smooth; eyes large, rounded; antenne of male typically ciliated; head and thorax clothed with hair only; the tegule produced to a dorsal ridge, the pro- and metathorax without distinct crests; abdomen dorsally flattened, with lateral tufts of hair and some rough hair at base but without crests. Fore- wings with the termen evenly curved.” SmitH, Joun B. A Revision of Some Species of Noctuide heretofore referred to the Genus Homoptera, Boisduval. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXV., pp. 209-275, separates published November 10, 1908. This important contribution on the old genus Homoptera wll be hailed with delight 102 | THE REPORT OF THE Ne. 198 by lepidopterists. There has been so much confusion in the genus, and it — was previously very difficult, in many instances, to get exact determinations. — Dr. Smith has gone into the ‘subject very fully. Of the 25 species treated of, nine are recorded from Canada. In addition four other species occur in | Canada, as mentioned in the Ottawa Naturalist, October, 1908. The old name Homoptera is replaced by Phceocyma of Hubner, an earlier name. 4 Van Duzez, E. P. Studies in North American Membracide. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. [X., pp. 29-129; issued April — 18, 1908. This publication will prove of much value to hemipterists. Most — of the Membracide, or “tree-hoppers,’’ are of uncommon occurrence, and for — that reason, probably, the family has not been very much studied. The © author gives tables of the sub-families, genera and species, and, at the end, — a list of all species known to occur north of the southern boundary of the — United States. The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard — from during 1908 :— Anderson, HK. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. Baldwin, J. W., 74 Besserer Street, Ottawa. Bethune, Rev. Prof., O. A. C., Guelph. Boulton, A. R. M., c/o King Brothers, Quebec, Que. Brodie, Dr. W., Provincial Museum, Toronto. Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. Chagnon, Gus., Box 186, Montreal. Cockle, J. W., Kalso, B.C. Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. O., Duncans, B.C. Denny, Edward, 200 Mitcheson Street, pal eek Dent, W. A.., Sarnia; Ont. DeWolfe, ft ry Penticton, B.C. Ded) FSH. Wolley- Millarville, Alta. Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fletcher, James, Pye aka: Farm, Ottawa. Fyles, Rev. T. W., Levis, Que. Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Groh, H., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Halkett, A., Fisheries Museum, Ottawa. Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C. Harms, J. F., Treesbank. Man. Harrington, W. H., P.O. Department, Ottawa. Harvey, R. V., Victoria, B.C. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta. Jarvis, T. D., O. A. C., Guelph. Keele, Jos., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C. Létourneau, Jos. A., Exp. Farm, Ottawa. Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish Street, Montreal. Marmont, L. E., 2553 Second Ave. West, Vancouver, B.C. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 Metcalfe, W., 288 Bank Street, Ottawa. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Moore, G. A., 209 Prince Arthur Street, Montreal. Morris, Frank, Port Hope, Ont. Nelles, Douglas H., Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Ross, Ernest, Port Arthur, Ont. Russell, John, Digby, N.S. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. Saunders, Henry, 21 Harbord Street, Toronto. Sherman, R. S., 2285 Sixth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. _ Simpson, W., Dom’n Observatory, Ottawa. Swaine, J. M., Macdonald College, Que. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Departure Bay, B.C. Tipping. E. Dalton, Bluff Centre, Alta. Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., 99 St. George St., Toronto. Wallis, J. B., Machray School, Winnipeg, Man. Willing, T. N., Regina, Sask. Wilmot, E. S., Vernon, B.C. Wilson, W. J., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Winn, A. F., 132 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Zavitz, E. J.. O. A. C., Guelph, Ont. NOTES OF CAPTURES. LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S.N.M. Bull. No. 52). RHOPALOCERA. (Dyar’s number). 20. Papilio indra Reakirt, a. nitra Edw. Bluff Centre, Alta., (Tipping). 23. Lertias philenor UL. Grimsby, Ont., larva, Aug. 9, (J. W. Daniel). 92. LHuptoreta claudia Cram. Toronto, “Humber Road, Old Mill,’’ July, (Hahn). 104. Argynnis electa Edw. Hope Mts., B.C., not common, July 17, ; (Sherman). 134. Brenthis triclaris Hbn. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 6, three speci- mens, (Young, Criddle, Gibson). 158. Lemonias taylori Edw. Hope Mts., several taken at summit, 5,800 feet, July 20, (Sherman, Harvey, Day). 189. Phyciodes tharos Dru. Hope Mts., July 21-23, (Sherman, Harvey, Day). A fine specimen of the aberration packard Saund., was taken at the Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, ky Mr. Young. 190. Phyciodes batesii Reakirt. On railway track, between Cache Bay and Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que., June 13, (Gibson). 223. Junonia coenia Hbn. Orillia, four specimens in two days. It looks as if this butterfly had become a permanent resident, (Grant). Tor- onto, August, (Miss F. Hahn). 104 THE REPORT OF THE No; 19) 3 271. Erebia vidleri Elwes. Hope Mts., July 20, (Day). — 876. Incisalia henrici G. & R. A specimen of this butterfly taken at Mon- treal by the late Mr. Caulfield has recently been identified by Mr. Cook, who says it is the furthest northern record. 584. Epargyreus tityrus Fab. Cartwright, Man., one in garden, June 19, second appearance here, (Heath). HETEROCERA., 678. Pholus pandorus Hbn. Ottawa, larva on Virginian Creeper, moth : emerged July 8, (Gibson). 747. Tropea luna L. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, (Wallis). Mr. Wallis also reports that a specimen of this rare moth was taken some years ago at Gall Harbour, (Miss Cowley). 836. Utetheisa bella L. Hyde Park, Ont., one specimen, end August, (J. F. Weir); Hymers, Ont., Sept. 19, (Dawson). 853. Estigmene prima Slosson. Winnipeg, June 2, two specimens, (Wallis). 861.. Phragmatobia assimilans W1k., a. franconia Slosson, Hymers, June 9, (Dawson). 868. Neoarctia beanii Neum. Larva from N. B. Sanson, found on Sulphur Mountain. Moth emerged at Ottawa, June 15, (Gibson). 872. Hyphoraia parthenos Harr. Ottawa, a fine specimen, at ight, July 1, (Baldwin). Rare at Ottawa. 874. Apantesis virgo L., a. citrinaria, N. & D., Toronto, (Hahn). 888. Apantesis nevadensis G. & R., b. superba Stretch. Hope Mts., July 20, (Sherman). Penticton, B.C., (Wallis). 889. Apantesis williamsii Dodge, a. determinata, Neum., July 7, (Daw- son), first Ontario record. 890. Apantesis phyllira Dru. Toronto, (Hahn). 1,000. Apatela quadrata Grt. Hymers, June 22, (Dawson); Orillia, (Grant). Apatela inclara Sm. Billings Bridge, Ottawa, (Fletcher). New record for district. ; 1,034. Apatela perdita Grt. Peachland, B.C., July 8, (Wallis). 1,047. Apharetra pyralis Sm. Aweme, Aug. 28, (EK. Criddle). 1,075. Baileya doubledayi Gn. Ottawa, July 20, (Baldwin), 1,084. Catabena lineolata Wlk. Ottawa, July 20, (Baldwin). First record for the district. 1,088. Platysenta videns Gn. Cartwright, Man., one, July 4, always rare, (Health); Ottawa, June 6, (Gibson). 1,165. Hadena diversicolor Morr. Sudbury, (Evans). 1,176. Hadena didonea Sm. Trenton, (Evans). 1,216. Hadena contradicta Sm. Hymers, June 22, (Dawson). First record received for Ontario. 1,229. Hadena alticola Sm. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Hadena multicolor Dyar. Victoria, B.C., May 22, (Harvey). 1,255. Macronoctua onusta Grt. Trenton, four specimens, Sept. 17, 18, 20, 25, (Evans). Larva again found at Ottawa, (Gibson). 1,341. Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morr. Hymers, Aug. 22, (Dawson). Rhynchagrotis sambo Sm. Ainsworth, B.C., Aug. 3, 11, (Rev. G. H. Findlay); Kaslo, July and August, (Cockle); Peachland, July, (Wallis). 1,412. Adelphagrotis stellarts Grt. Victoria, July 26, (Anderson); Dun- cans, (Hanham). PLATE Q. 1. Schizoneura Americana, Ulmus Americana. 4. Schizoneura sp., Alnus incana. 2. Phylloxera sp., Carya_alba. 5. Chermes abietis, Picea exceisa. 3. Schizoneura sp., Populus tremuloides, 6. Phylloxera caryaevena, Carya ovata. PowhNr . Acraspis erinacei,:Quercus alba. . Neuroterus floccosus, Quercusialba, Andricus ventricosus, Quercus sp. . Aulax nabali, Prenanthes alba. Piare R. 5. Gilletia taraxaci, Taraxacum officinale. 6. Cecidomyla holotricha, Carya ovata. 7. Strawberry Peticle gall Fragaria virginiana. THE LATE JAMES FLETCHER, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 Pachnobia monochromatea Morr. Ottawa, July 3, (Young). Pachnobia littoralis Pack. Hymers, June 22, (Dawson). Only Ontario record we have. Pachnobia wockei Moeschl. Labrador, July 19, (Dr. A. P. Low). Setagrotis dolens Sm. High River, Alta., (Baird). Agrotis geniculata G. & R. Meach Lake, Que., near Ottawa, Aug. 31, (Fletcher); Truro, N.S., (DeWolfe); Toronto, (Gibson). Rhizagrotis perolivalis Sm. High River, Aug. 25, (Baird). 1,544. Feltia gladiaria Morr. Trenton, (Evans). This is the first Canadian specimen we have seen. 1,600. Paragrotis perfusca Grt. Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). 1,682. Paragrotis fuscigera Grt. Olds, Alta., June 21, (Willing). 1,697. Paragrotis dissona Moesch. Aweme, Aug. 28, (KE. Criddle). Paragrotis cocklei Sm. Departure Bay, Aug. 7, (Young). 1,780. Mamestra determinata Sm. Trenton, at light, Aug. 27, (Evans). 1,783. Mamestra detracta Wik. Trenton, J uly 31, (Evans). 1,789. Mamestra capsularis Gn. Among some noctuids named for Mr. Evans, was a specimen of this moth with the label “E. Cntario, Canada,”’ on it. This is the first Canadian record we have. 1,797. Mamestra gussata Sm. Ottawa, April 24, (Young). 1,821. Mamestra rugosa Morr. Sudbury, (Evans). 1,825. Mamestra goodellii Grt. Peachland, B.C., July 18, (Wallis); Otta- wa, July 24, (Saunders); Sidbury, (Evans); Mt. St. Hilaire, near Montreal, May 24, (Chagnon). 1,840. Mamestra sutrina Grt. Laggan, Aug. 4, (Fletcher). 1,894. Xylomiges dolosa Grt. Hymers, May 10, (Dawson). 2,024. Graphiphora furfurata Grt. Mt. St. Hilaire, near Montreal, July 2, (Chagnon). The true species (J. B. S.). 2,074. Pleroma bonuscula Sm. Victoria, (Fletcher). A new locality for the species, (J. B. S.). 2,108. Xylina bayleyt Grt. Duncans, B.C., April, (Day). Hydrecia micacea Esp. Specimens of this moth have been reared in the Division from larve received from Mahone Bay, N.S., (C. A. Hamilton); Westport, N.S., (Geo. Welch), and Tramore, Ont., (Capel B. St. George). As mentioned in Mr. Gibson’s paper, in this report, the above and specimens of the moth taken at St. John, N.B., by Mr. W. McIntosh, and recorded by him under the name of Hydrecia medialis Sm., are the only American records of this European insect. 2,214. Tapinostola variana Morr. ‘Trenton, at light, Aug. 6, (Evans); | - Westbourne, Man., July 28, (Wallis). Amathes duscata Sm. Aweme, Aug. 28, (E. Criddle). Amathes acta Sm. Departure Bay, B.C., Sept. 5, (Young). 2,224. Orthosia tnops Grt. Cartwright. Man., July 30, (Heath); Aweme, Aug. 25, (Fletcher); Aug. 30, (E. Criddle). 2,231. Orthosia lutosa Andrews, Peachland, B.C., July 6, (Wallis). Orthosia verberata Sm. Bartlett Bay, off Glacier Bay, Alaska, June 10, (Nelles). A new locality for the species. (J.B.S.). ; 2,280. Pippona bimatris Harv. Aweme, (Fletcher). Quite a rare species. First Canadian record. ; 2,390. Dasyspoudwa meadii Grt. High River, Alta., (Baird). 2,423. Heliaca nexilis Morr. Several on summit of Hope Mts., B.C., July 20, (Harvey). 8 EN. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 2,617. 2,618. 2,661. 2,169. 2,830. 2,808. 2,901. 2,900. 2,900 2,991. 3,000 3,002. 3,038. 3,066. 3,087. 3.517; 3,392. Eustrotia includens W\k. Trenton, July 18, (Evans). Galgula hepera Gn. and var. partita Gn. Mt. St. Hilaire, near Mon- . treal, Aug. 30, (Chagnon). Mr. Winn has also taken the species — at Montreal. Tarache terminimacula Grt. Trenton, (Evans). | Meliopotis limbolaris Geyer. Lorne Park, Ont., July 25, (Williams), © Catocala concumbens Wlk. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen); Fort Selkirk, — Yukon, July, (Miss Seymour). Both of these records are of much © interest; the latter is the most northern limit of concuwmbens known — _ at the present time, (Beut.). Catocala coccinata Grt. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 10, (Wallis). Catocala subnata Grt. Billings Bridge, Ottawa, (Fletcher). First — record for the district. | Catocala preclara G. & R., Digby, N.S., Sept. 17, (Russell). Be Homoptera norda Sm. Olslesa, Que., near Ottawa, May 30, (Gib- 7 son); Ottawa, May 16, 18, (Young); Kaslo, (Cockle) ; Cartwright, ‘ (Heath). e Homoptera minerea Grt. Britannia, near Ottawa, June 20, (Bald- — win). In the Entomological Record for 1906, this species is — recorded from White River, Hudson Bay Slope, June 2, (Wilson). — On further examination Dr. Smith could not confirm this identifi- — cation, as the specimen was much rubbed and crushed. | Homoptera calycanthata 8. & A. In the Entomological Record for — 1904, this species is recorded from Kaslo. According to Dr. Smith’s _ Revision of the Genus Homoptera, just published, this record — should now refer to his new species norda. Bi Homoptera unilineata Grt. Winnipeg, June 2, (Wallis). Only Can- — adian record which we have. | Homoptera duplicata Bethune. As mentioned in the Ottawa Natur- © alist, Oct. 1908, the record of this moth having been taken at Wel- lington, B.C., (Taylor), should now refer to largera Sm. Dupli- cata has bean! taken at Digby, N. S., (Russell), and Truro, N.S., — (DeWolfe). ot Homoptera helata Sm. Britannia, near Ottawa, June 20, (Bald-— : wil Ep aies hanhami Sm. Trenton, Aug. 2, (Evans). An unex- ¥ pected locality; all the specimens heretofore seen are from Winni- — peg, (J.B.S.). y Bomolocha bijugalis Wlk. Cartwright, July 4; recorded previously from Winnipeg by Hanhan, first I have taken, (Heath). Be Gnophela latipennis Bdv. Similkameen, B.C., July 22 and 24, — (Sherman and Harvey). ie Eupithecia nevadata Pack. Duncans, April, (Day). ‘ Eupithecia quebecata Taylor MS. Digby, N.S., Sept. 19, (Russell) ; : Rostrevor, Ont., Sept. 16, (Gibson). First Ontario record. $ Eucymatoge togata Hbn. Digby, July 22, (Russell). Mr. Taylor — says: “This is a specimen of the European FE. togata, which I have placed on the American list. I have taken the species at Welling- © ton, B.C. This Nova Scotian specimen is more typical than mine.’’ Hydriomena speciosata Pack. Departure Bay, B.C., Aug. 10, (Young). % Hydriomena manzanita Taylor. Goldstream, B.C., April 19, 1,000 feet, (Harvey). : Xanthorhe fossaria Taylor. Victoria, May and June, (Harvey). 6,239. 6,257. 6,301. «66,305. 6,310. ~ 6,608. 0,610. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 Cymatophora wauaria L. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., June 30, (Chagnon). Sympherta tripunctaria Pack. Departure Bay, Aug. 25, (Young). Alcis latifasciaria Pack. Departure Bay, Aug. 22-28, (Young). Alcis latipennis Hulst. Departure Bay, Aug. 3, (Young). Jubarella danbyi Hulst. Duncans, April, (Day). Ennomos subsignarius Hbn. As mentioned in the Ottawa Naturalist, Sept., 1908, enormous numbers of these moths visited Ottawa on July 23. Thousands appeared in all parts of the city. Leucobrephos brephoides Wilk. Hymers, April 9, (Dawson). This is the first record we have for Ontario. Sesia pictipes G. & R. Levis, Que., (Fyles). Sesia acerni Clem. Ottawa, July 8, at light, (Fletcher). Nymphula obliteralis Wlk. Larve found at Ottawa feeding on Lemna trisula, (Fletcher). Crambus bidens Zeller. Aweme, Aug. 9, (Criddle); Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, July, (Young). Crambus trichusalis Hulst. High River, (Baird); Regina, (Willing) ; Redvers, Sask., (A. J. Crocker). Crambus zeellus Fern. Ottawa, July 15, (Gibson). Crambus cockleellus Kearf. Kaslo, Aug. 10, 11, (Cockle). Crambus dorsipunctellus Kearf. Rounthwaite, Man., July, (Mar- mont). Crambus youngellus Kearf. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, July 2-10, (Young). Thaumatopsis gibsonella Kearf. Rostrevor, Ont., Sept. 2-16, (Gib- son). ae annetteana Kearf. Cartwright, May 23, (Heath). Hucosma medioviridana Kearf. Ottawa, Aug. 17-21, (Young). Ancylis mediofasciana Clem. Cartwright, May 23, (Heath). Enarmonia multilineana Kearf. Aweme, June 26, 29, (Criddle). Gelechia terminimaculella Kearf. Aweme, June 13-16, (Criddle); Rounthwaite, June 15, (Marmont). Gelechia alternatella Kearf. Aweme, May 12-25, (Criddle). Coleophora elwagnisella Kearf. Ottawa. Larve abundant on Ele- agnus argentea, moths emerged July, (Fletcher and Gibson). Lithocolletis lucidicostella Clem. Ottawa, June 11, (Young). Inthocolletis basistrigella Clem. Ottawa, bred from oak, March 11, (Young). Iithocolletis aceriella Clem. Ottawa, June 16, (Young). [nthocolletis tilieacella Chamb. Ottawa, July 17, (Young). ; Iithocolletis fletcherella, Braun. Ottawa, bred from Oak, (Fletcher and Gibson). Argyresthia laricella Kearf. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, reared from terminal twigs of Larix americana, moths issued Ottawa, June 12- 23, (Fletcher and Gibson). Hepialus hyperboreus Moesch. Hymers, Ont., Aug. 23, (Dawson). Hepialus gracilis Grt. Levis, (Fyles). CoLEOPTERA. _ {Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico). 18c. Cicindela montana Lee. Lethbridge. Alta., (Harms). 25a. Cicindela audubonii Lec. Lethbridge, April, (Harms). ‘eon < THE REPORT OF THE ~ Nea . Cicindela 12-guttata De}. Lethbridge, (Harms). Cicindela 10-notata Say. Lethbridge, April, (Harms). Cicindela fulgida Say. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 14, (Wallis). New to Manitoba. ; a Cicindela vulgaris Say. Lethbridge, (Harms). Cicindela pusilla Say. Westbourne, Aug. 14, seven specimens, show- ing great range of maculation from almost immaculate to very bright and evenly marked, (Wallis). Cicindela hirticollis Say. Lachute, Que., Aug. 3, (Criddle and Flet- cher). Carabus oregonensis Lec. Westbourne, Aug. 19, (Wallis). Calosoma zimmermanni Lec. Lethbridge, (Harms). Promecognathus levissimus Dej. Goldstream, B.C., 1,110 feet, July 4, (Harvey). Amara thoracica Hayward. Mr. Evans has sent in the following © ee 1 specimen collected by John Macoun in the N. W. T., in — 0. ; Zacotus matthewsii Lec. Victoria, B.C., Feb. 20, (Harvey). 4 Harpalus amputatus Say. Vernon, Aug. 18, (Harvey). New to British Columbia. Harpalus innocuus Lec. Vancouver, May 1, (Harvey). Matus bicarinatus Say. St. Lambert, Que., Aug., (Chagnon). Rhantus notatus Fab. Winnipeg, Sept. 11, (Wallis). Rhantus tostus Lec. Winnipeg, July 24, Aug. 8, (Wallis). Dytiscus hybridus Aubé. Winnipeg, May 24, (Wallis). Dytiscus verticalis Say. Mahone Bay, N.S., May 20, (Miss Blanche ~ Colp). Record sent by Dr. C. A. Hamilton, of Mahone Bay. Dytiscus sublimbatus Lec. Winnipeg, May 8, (Wallis). Dytiscus marginalis L. Winnipeg, May 8, (Wallis). . Graphoderes cinereus L. Winnipeg, July 4, (Wallis). . Hydrophilus ovatus, G. & H. Ottawa, at light, May 12, (Fletcher). — Philhydrus bifidus Lec. Winnipeg, Aug. 20, (Wallis). | Tachinus crotchii Horn. Vancouver, March 23, (Harvey). Mysia hornit Cr. Vernon, (Venables). Anatis rathvoni Lec. Victoria, April 11, (Harvey). Triphyllus humeralis Kirby. Found in large numbers, near Mon- 4 treal, in fungus, early May. Mr. Fall tells me that this belongs | to the Malandryide and should be transferred to that family, — (Chagnon). . Exoma pleuralis Casey. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Helodes apicalis Lec. Vancouver, April 14, (Harvey). Cyphon brevicollis Lec. Wellington, April 17, (Harvey). .. 3 Stethon pectorosus Lec. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., several found ~ by Mr. Swain and me, in July, under bark of fallen tree, (Chag- non). | Sarpedon scabrosus Bonv. Vancouver, (Harvey). New record for British Columbia. Two specimens of this rare beetle were taken many years ago at Ottawa, (Harrington and Fletcher). Cardiophorus fenestratus Lec. Vancouver, April 28; Victoria, July 8, (Harvey). Corymbites protractus Lec. Vancouver, April 28, (Harvey). New to British Columbia. Corymbites tarsalus Melsh. Vancouver, April 27, (Harvey). New record. . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109 Asaphes oregonus Lec. Goldstream, July 4, (Harvey). f Chalcophora angulicollis Lec. Near Princetown, B.C., July 238, (Harvey). Aegolia cylindrica Esch. Vancouver, April 14, (Harvey). Aphodius granarius L. Vancouver, May 9, (Harvey). New record. Cremastochilus pilosicollis Horn. Vernon, in ants’ nests in early spring, (Venables). 6,174. Calloides nobilis Say. Wakefield, Que., on oak, July 7, (Gibson). 6,223. Desmocerus cribripennis Horn. Hope Mts., B.C., July 17, (Sher- man). 6,246. Toxotus obtusus Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 6,323. Leptura instabilis Hald. Vernon, on lupin, June, (Venables). 6,3823a. Leptura convera Lec. Vernon, on lupin, June, (Venables). 6,340. Leptura quadrillum Lec. Grouse Mt., Vancouver, B.C., July 9, (Sherman). 6,556. Zeugophora consanguinea Cr. Vernon, (Venables). Acanthocinus edilis 8. A specimen of this fine European beetle was found at Ottawa among some packing in a box of chinaware received from Germany, (R. B. Whyte). 6,560. Syneta simpler Lec. Vancouver, Aug. 2, (Harvey). New record for British Columbia. 6,968. Haltica evicta Lec. Nicolum R., B.C., July 13, (Harvey). 6,988. Lpitric subcrinita Lec. Vernon, (Venables). 7,396. Calocnemis dilaticollis Mann. Penticton, B.C., (Mrs. Fowler). Record sent by Mr. Wallis. 7,721. Rhinosimus eneirostris Mann. Vancouver, April 14, (Harvey). 7,724. Calopus angustus Lee. Duncans, in a spider’s web, March 15, (Hanham). 8,158. Cantharis sphericollis Say. Princetown, B.C., July 22, (Harvey). | 8,488. Lepyrus geminatus Say. Hope Mts., July 21, (Harvey). 8,548. Erycus puncticollis Lec. Under rotten logs on shore of Long Lake, March 31; on leaves of wild raspberry, same place, May 24, (Ven- ables). 9,942. Hister umbrosus Casey. Vernon, under carrion, (Venables). 9,944. Hister electus Casey. Wellington, July 2, (Harvey). New record. 11,073. Cryptorhynchus lapathi LL. Durndurn, Sask., in Carolina poplar. end May, (Dr. W. A: Wilson). | 9,928 DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI., No. 1,144. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.) 92. Friocera longicornis Walk. Mamamattawa River, Hudson Bay Slope, June 21; Little Current River, Hudson Bay Slope, July 8; Nagagami River, Hudson Bay Slope, June 20, (Wilson). Anopheles occidentalis D. & K. Negagami R. 7th portage, June 7, (W. J. Wilson). 131. Aedes sylvestris Theob. Ottawa, June 20, 1901; June 18, 19, 1906, (Fletcher). Aedes riparius, D. & K. Winnipeg, (F. Knab); Ottawa, June-11. (Fletcher). Aedes campestris D. & K. Regina, June 14, 15; Carnduff, May 28; Qu’Appelle, June 9, (Willing). THE REPORT OF THE No: 198 236. 236. 281. 282. B47, 348. 361. 367. 385. 387. Culex restuans Theob. Ottawa, Aug., Sept., (Fletcher). 7 Tenorhynchus perturbans Wik. Ottawa, June 20, July 1, (Flet- cher). Dilophus breviceps Loew. Mamamattawa River, June 21, (Wil- son). Simulium bracteatum Coq. Vancouver, April 24, (Harvey). Chrysops discalis Will. Maple Creek, Sask., June 12, (Willing). Chrysops lupus Whitney. Youghall, N.B., July 27, (Fletcher).This — is of interest as it had not been taken so far east before, (J. S. H.). Tabanus carolinensis Macq. Ottawa, May 20, (Fletcher). Tabanus epistates O.S. Meach Lake, Que., near Ottawa, June 18, (Fletcher). Tabanus illotus O.S. Megiskon River, Ont., July, (Wilson). Tabanus insuetus O.S. Prince Albert, Sask., July 27, (Fletcher). Tabanus osburni Hine. Banff, Aug. 2. (Fletcher). Tabanus punctifer O.S. Vernon, July 11, (Venables). x ee septentrionalis Loew. St. Albert, Alta., July 20, (Flet- cher Hea variegata Walk. Mamamattawa River, June 21, (Wil- son). Cophura albosetosa Hine. Hope Mts., B.C., July 19; Similkameen, July 20, (Harvey and Sherman). Anthrax havueus Hine. Hope Mts., July 20-23, (Sherman and | Harvey). Bombylius lancifer O.S. Bowen Island, Vancouver, B.C., May 24, reported by R. V. Harvey. First record for Canada, (J.S.H.). Bombylius metopium O.S. Hope Mts., July, (Harvey). First record for Canada, (J.S.H.). Machimus avidus Van der Wulp. Victoria, July 22, (Harvey). First record for Canada, (J.S.H.). Asilus angustifrons Will. Goldstream, Vancouver Island, Aug, 20, (Harvey). First record for Canada, (J.S.H.). Chrysotocum derivatum Walk. Hope Mts., July 20, (Sherman). Chrysotozum ypsilon Will. Banff, Alta., one specimen, (Sanson). I recently recorded the first record for Canada from a specimen taken at Kaslo, B.C., in 1903, by Dr. Dyar. This Banff record is the first east of the Great Divide, and bears testimony towhatI have written once or twice, that the various species of insects find dis~ tribution over the Divide much easier in Canada than in the Rockies further South. (R.C.O.). Melanostoma kelloggi Snow. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 19, (Fletcher). . Xanthogramma tenuis Osburn. Ottawa, Sept., (Fletcher). This is an exceptionally good find, (R.C.O.). The species was described in Can. Ent., Jan., ’08, from a specimen taken in the Hope Mts., by Mr. R. V. Harvey. Syrphus paurillus Will. Gabriola Island, B.C., June 6, (B. R. Elliott). Syrphus insolitus Osburn. Victoria, one pair, April 18, (Harvey). Eristalis compactus Walk Banff, one specimen, (Sanson). Only one previous record for Canada, at Martin Falls, the type, (R.C.O.). Eristalis occidentalis Will. Regina, June 18, (Willing). Much farther east than ever before recorded. I have specimens from Banff, the farthest eastern record previously, (R.C.O.). 1908 7M ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 389. Lristalis transversus Weid. Little Current River, July 16, (Wil- son). 400. Chrysochlamys cresus O.S. Victoria, B.C., July 1, one specimen, (Hanham); Goldstream, B.C., July 4, (Harvey). I recently pub- lished the first record for Canada based on a specimen taken by Harvey at Victoria, 8, VI., ’06, (R.C.O.). Specomyia occidentalis Osburn. Gabriola Island, June 6, (B. R. Elliott). 572. Helomyza limbata Thom. Grouse Mt., July 9, (Sherman). First record for Canada, (J.S.H.). HYMENOPTERA. In last year’s Record mention was made of some Bombi which had been determined by Mr. H. J. Franklin. During the past year further collec- tions of these insects have been examined by Mr. Franklin, and from a com- plete list of the species named by him, the following are thought worthy of mentioning here. Unfortunately, little work seems to have been done in the important order of hymenoptera in Canada during the year, consequently very few other records have been received. Bombus praticolus Kirby. St. Albert, Alta., (Fletcher); Metlakatla, BC (Keen). Bombus mixtus Cress. ~Metalakatla, (Keen); Mt. Cheam, B.C., (Fletcher) ; Banff, Alta., (Sanson). Bombus appositus Cress. Kelowna, B.C., (Fletcher). Bombus edwardsii Cress. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C., Duncans, B.C., (Fletcher) ; Banff, (Sanson). Bombus kirbyellus Curtis. Bartlett Bay, Alaska, at sea level, (Nelles). One of the rarer species (H.J.F.). Bombus borealis Kirby. Beaver Lake, Alta., (Halkett). Not a very com- mon species, (H.J.F.). Bombus sitkensis Nylander. Mt. Cheam, (Fletcher); Skagway District of Northern British Columbia, (G. White-Fraser). Bombus californicus Smith. Olds, Alta., (Willing); Duncans, (Fletcher). Not very common in western Canada; not present in eastern Can- ada, (H.J.F.). : Bombus nigroscutatus Franklin MS. Skagway District of Northern British Columbia, (G. White-Fraser). Apparently rare in Western Can- ada; not present in eastern Canada, (H.J.F.). : Bombus terrestris, var. moderatus Cress. Banff. (Sanson). Rare in Western Canada; not present in the east, (H.J.F.). Bombus couperi Cress. Nepigon, (Fletcher); Anticosti, (Dr. Jos. Schmitt). One of the rarer species, (H.J.F.). Bombus rufocinctus Cress. Ottawa, Sept. 20, (Fletcher); Radisson, Sask., (Fletcher). This species is rare in eastern Canada, and extremely variable in colouration, (H.J.F.). Bombus vagans Smith. Rostrevor, Muskoka, Ont., Sept., (Gibson); Regina, Sask., Banff, (Fletcher); Westbourne, Man., Aug. 26, (Wallis). Bombus virginicus Oliv. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 6, (Gibson). Psithyrus consultus, Franklin, MS. Nelson, B.C., Mt. Cheam, Regina, (Fletcher). Psithyrus suckleyi, Greene, Duncans, Banff; Mt. Arrowsmith, (Fletcher). Prosopis basalis, Smith. Winnipeg, June 10, (Wallis). 112 peg THE REPORT OF THE . No. 19) Pompilus terminatus, Say. Penticton, B. C., Aug., (Miss B. Farmer). — Ichneumon feralis, Cress. Winnipeg, Aug. 23, (Wallis). ; Ichneumon caliginosus, Cress. Westbourne, Man., Aug, 24, (Wallis). — Ichneumon acerbus, Cress. Treesbank, Man., April 17, (Wallis). Rhyssa persuasoria, LL. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 6, (Dawson). Ephialtes gigas, Walsh. Hull, Que., June 18, (Gibson). Thyreodon morio, Fab. Stonewall, Man., July, (Wallis). Macrophya oregona, Cress. Hope Mts., July 17, (Harvey). Tenthredo melanosoma, Hartg. Hope Mts., July 17, (Harvey). HEMIPTERA. Several collectors have, during the year, given special attention to the — hemiptera. Most of the species mentioned below were identified by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee. The Ottawa species, probably none of which are very rare, — are included as they are the only records we have for the district. Telamona reclivata, Fitch. Ottawa, July 14, (Metcalfe); Sept. 2, on basswood, (Groh). . 7 Telamona ampelopsides, Harr. Ottawa, July 14, (Gibson). Cyrtolobus vau, Say. Ottawa, June 29, on red oak, (Fletcher). Cyrtolobus griseus Van D. Ottawa, on oak, Aug. 25, (Metcalfe). Scolops sulcipes, Say. Ottawa, Sept. 5, on Goldenrod, (Groh). ae foveata, Van D. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June-Sept., (Met- calfe). Aphrophora signoretii, Fitch. Regina. Sask., Aug. 8, (Fletcher). Bythoscopus pruni, Prov. Ottawa, June 21, (Gibson). Gypona flavilineata, Fitch. Ottawa, Sept. 7, (Gibson). Gypona scarlatina, Fitch. Wakefield, Que., July 7, (Gibson). Gypona albosignata, Uhl. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1, (Evans). = Deltocephalus abdominalis, Fab. Near 60 Mile River, along 141 Merid- — ian, Yukon Territory, (P. Reilly). Phlepsius irroratus, Say. Ottawa, Oct. 8, (Fletcher). . Athysanus extrusus, Van D. N.W.T., 1881, (John Macoun); record sent by J. D. Evans. q Dorycephalus platyrhynchus, Osborn. Aweme, Man., July 13, — (Fletcher). Typhlocyba bifasciata, G. & B., Ottawa, June 22, (Gibson). Cicadula 6-notata, Fall. Ottawa, on aster, Aug. 31, (Fletcher). Thyreocoris unicolor, P. B. Aylmer, Que., in pappus of Sonchus arvensis, Aug. 29, (Groh). Eurygaster carinatus, Van D. Vernon, B. C., June 6, (Venables). Carpocoris remotus, Harvath. Vernon, Aug. 12, (Venables). Brochymena affinis, Van D. Peachland, B. C., June 27, (Wallis). 3 Leptoglossus occidentalis, Heidemann MS. Vernon, B.C., Sept. 27, (Venables). | Nysius scolopax, Say. Vernon, (Venables). Geocoris decoratus, var. solutus Mantodon. Ottawa, June 4, (Fletcher). i aes limbatus, Stal. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, uncommon, (Met- calfe). Geocoris uliginosus, var. limbatus, Stal. Vernon, Sept. 4, (Venables). Lygus monachus, Uhl. Ottawa, on basswood, July 1, (Metcalfe). : Lygus tenellus, Uhl. MS. Ottawa, on basswood, June 25, (Gibson). Lygus invitus, Say. Ottawa, on basswood, June, (Metcalfe). a Calocoris bipunctatus, Fab. Annapolis Royal, N.S., (V. A. Eaton). — 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 Neoborus pettiti, Uhl. MS., Ottawa, on white ash, Aug., (Metcalfe). Neoborus saxeus, Dist. Ottawa, on white ash, Aug., (Metcalfe). & Hee obscurus, Uhler, Aylmer, Que., near Ottawa, Aug. 29, roh). Triphleps tristicolor, White. Ottawa, Dec. 6, (Fletcher). Gerris sulcatus, Uhl. Beaver Meadow, Hull, Que., May; Toronto, April, (Metcalfe). - ey rufoscutellatus, Latr. Ottawa, May; Toronto, April 1, (Met- calfe). Acanthia ligata, Say. Little Current River, Hudson Bay Slope, July 11, (Wilson). Corythuca marmorata, Uhl. Ottawa, rare, June, (Metcalfe). Microvelia americana, Uhl. Beaver Meadow, Hull, May, (Metcalfe). Acanthia humilis, Say. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). Acanthia confluens, Say. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). Acanthia reperta, Uhl. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). Acanthia signoretti, Guer. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). Ranatra quadridentata, Stal. Pickerel point on Ottawa River, near Ottawa, July, (Metcalfe). Ranatra kirkadyi, Bueno. Ottawa, (Metcalfe). - . ydrometra martini, Kirby. Ottawa River, Pickerel Point, J uly, (Met- calfe). ; ORTHOPTERA. During the year some good work has been done in this important order. Dr. E. M. Walker writes: ‘‘I have examined some 800 specimens from the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, collected chiefly by Messrs. T. N. Willing and N. Criddle, Prof. W. J. Alexander and the late Dr. Fletcher. These will form the basis of a paper which I have about completed. Besides this material I have yet to report on collections made at Go Home, Georgian Bay, the Temagami region, Fort William and Nepigon, Ont.’’ The following records have been sent in by Dr. Walker as worthy of being included here : — Nomotettiz cristatus (Seudd.). Go Home, Georgian Bay, June-July, 1907, (Walker). Tettix acadicus, Scudd. Temagami, Sept, 1908; Fort William, Aug. 1907, 1 female (Walker); Aweme, Man., May-June, 4 males, 5 females (Criddle). Tettix brunneri, Bol., Temagami, Sept., 1908, 1 male, long-winged, (Walker). Platybothrus brunneus, (Thom.). Regina, Sask., June 5, 1903, 1 male, (Willing). Encoptolophus parvus, Scudd. Aweme, Sept. 6, 1907, 1 male, (Criddle); Walsh, Sask., Aug. 23, 1901, 4 males, 12 females; Regina, Sept. 19, 1903, 1 female, (Willing). Hippiscus neglectus, (Thom.). Aweme, July 14, 1904, 2 females, (Criddle). Circotettiz undulatus, (Thom.). Cowley, Sask., July 29, 1901, 1 female; Medicine Hat, Oct. 1, 1903, 1 female, (Willing). Circotettix carlinianus, (Thom.). Maple Creek, Sask., Aug. 2, 1902, 1 female, (Willing). Melanoplus angustipennis, (Dodge.). Aweme, Aug. 18, 1906, 1 male, (Criddle). Melanoplus angustipennts coccineipes, Scudd. Aweme, July, Aug., Oct., 1904-07, 4 males, 1 female, (Criddle). Melanoplus foedus, Scudd. Swift Current, Sask., Aug. 5, 1901, (Will- ing). Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, (Thom.). Walsh, Sask., Aug. 23, 1901, 1 short-winged female, teneral, (Willing). . Oecanthus quadripunctatus, Beut. Aweme, Aug-Sept., 1904, 2 males, 2 females, (Criddle). ODONATA. Some interesting collections of these insects have been made in 1908, and much materia] collected in previous years, has been gone over and carefully identified. Dr. E. M. Walker has been most helpful in naming material, and we are all very grateful to him for his continued kindnesses. Dr. Walker says: “In the Odonata, about 400 specimens from the Prairie Provinces have been examined. These were taken by Messrs. Willing, Criddle, Alexander, Fletcher, and Wallis. A list of these will give a fair idea of the Odonata fauna of this region, which is at present a terra incog- nita in this order. A conS8iderable number of species was also collected by Mr. A. G. Huntsman, of the Biological Department, University of Toronto, at the new marine Biological Station on Vancouver Island, B.C. A good deal of material from the East has also been gone over. It comprises collec- tions from the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie, belonging to Mr. E. B. William- son, of Bluffton, Ind., from Georgian Bay, Fort William, Nepigon and Temagami, made by the writer, and from Youghall, New Brunswick, by Mr. Arthur Gibson.’’ Dr. Walker has provided the following records :— Lestes congener, Hagén. Aweme, Man., Aug. 29, 1907, 1 male, (Criddle); Westbourne, Man., July-Aug., 5 males, 6 females, (Wallis). Nehalennia irene, Hagen. Westbourne, Man., July 27-29, 1908, 1 male, 2 females; Winnipeg, July 7, 1908, 1 male, 1 female, (Wallis). Agrion lunulatum, Evans. Aweme, July 4, 1905, 1 male, (Criddle); Winnipeg, July 6, 1908, 1 male, (Wallis); Carnduff, June 18, 1905, 1 male; Regina, 2 males, 1 female, (Willing). This is the first time this Old World species has been reported from North America. I had thought it a new species, but Mr. K. J. Morton, of Edinburgh, Scotland, who has specimens from Redvers, Sask., pointed out to me its true relationship. The Canadian specimens differ slightly from European ones with which they have been com- pared and may be distinct, but more material will be necessary to determine the point (E. M. W.). Agrion resolutum, Hagen. Youghall, N.B., July 20, 1908, 1 male, (Gibson); Little Carp River, Algoma, Ont., June 29, July 6, 1907, 5 males, 2 females, (Donaldson); Winnipeg, Man., July 7, 1908, 1 male, (Wallis). Enallagma civile, Hagen. Winnipeg, July 9, 24, 1 male, 1 female, (Wallis). Aeshna sitchensis, Hagen. Westbourne, Aug. 19, 1 male, (Wallis). Aeshna constricta, Say. Westbourne, July 29, Aug. 26, 1 male, 3 females. This is the extreme northwestern I’mit of this species’ range, 80 far as known, (EK. M. W.). Somatochlora forcipata, Scudd. Silver Creek Falls, Algoma, July 9, 1907, 1 male, (Donaldson). Cordulia shurtlefi, Seudd. Silver Creek Falls, July 9, 1907, 1 male, (Donaldson); Youghall, N.B., July 18, 1 male, (Gibson). q Bie, , 114 3 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 € a 1908 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. > 115 Leucorhinia borealis, Hagen. Aweme, Julv 15, 1907, 1 female, some- what teneral, (Criddle). This species is but little known and is represented in very few collections. The determination was verified by Dr. Calvert, (E. M. W.). NEUROPTEROID INSECTS, (HXCEPT ODONATA.) During the year some small collections of neuropteroid insects have been submitted to specialists. The names of some of the species have been received; others have not yet been reported upon. The species mentioned as having been collected by Mr. W. J. Wilson, cf the Geological Survey, Ottawa, were taken in the Hudson Bay Slope, and, through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard, have been recently identified by Dr. Nathan Banks, who also examined Mr. Wallis’ specimens. The numbers below refer to the pages in Dr. Banks’ catalogue published in 1907 by the American Entomo- logical Society. ARCHIPTERA. 10. Pteronarcys regalis Newm. Winnipeg, June 1, (Wallis). \ 11. fsogenus frontalis, Newm. Kabina Kagami River, Aug. 1, (Wil- son). 13. Lsoperla bilineata, Say. Little Current River, July 16, (Wilson). 13. Lsoperla ebria Hag. Treesbank, Man., June, (H. Ellis). 14. Nemoura perfecta, Walk. Little Current River, July 20, (Wilson). 15. Capnia vernalis, Newp. Mamamattawa River, June 21, (Wilson). NEUROPTERA. 21. Chauliodes californicus, Walk. Kaslo, B.C., July 27, (Cockle). 22. Szalis infumata, Newm. Little Current River, July 16, (Wilson); Nerman, Ont., July 19, (Wallis). 33. Panorpa rufescens Ramb. Winnipeg, July 1, (Wallis). 34. Boreus californicus, Pack. Kaslo, on snow, (Cockle), Banff, (San- son). TRICOPTERA. 30. Phryganea improba, Walk. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 5, (Wallis). 36. Glyphotelius hostilus, Hag. Kabina Kagami River, Aug. 1, (Wil- son). 36. Limnephilus indivisus, Walk. Westbourne, Aug. 17, (Wallis). 36. Limnephilus extractus, Walk. Westbourne, Aug. 20, (Wallis). LIimnephilus moestus, Banks. Westbourne, Aug. 20, (Wallis). 37. Limnephilus ornatus, Banks. Winnipeg, June 19, (Wallis). 37. Anabolia bimaculata, Walk. Westbourne, Aug. 1, (Wallis). 37. Colpotaulius medialis, Banks. Westbourne, Aug. 20, (Wallis). 37. Colpotaulius perpusillus, Walk. Westbourne, Aug. 20, (Wallis). ti Pyenopsyche similis, Banks. Kabina Kagami R., Aug. 11, (Wil- son). 42 Brachycentrus fuliginosus, Walk. Nagagami R., Station 52, June 23, (Wilson). . 45. Leptocerus resurgens Walk. Westbourne, Aug. 1, (Wallis). 46. (cetina avara Banks. Westbourne, July 28, (Wallis). 47 Hydropsyche cockerelli, Banks. Nagagami R., June 6, (Wilson). 116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 ARANEIDA. Among some insects brought back from the Hudson Bay Slope in 1903 bv Mr. W. J. Wilson, of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, was a small collec- tion of spiders. These have recently been kindly named by Dr. Banks, ~ through Dr. Howard. Owing to the northern locality at which the speci- mens were collected the list is given in full. Epeira silvatica, Fm. Kabina Kagami River, Aug. 11. Epeira patagiata, Clerck. Mamamattawa River, June 21. Gnaphosa conspersa, Th. Nagagami River, June 15. Amaurobius bennetti, Blk. Nagagami R., June 6. Tetragnatha eatensa, L. Wittle Current River, July 16. Lycosa pratensis, Emer. Kabina Kagami River, Aug. 11. Lycosa kochi, Keys. Kenogami River, July 2. Agreca pratensis, Kmer. Kabina Kagami River, Aug. 9. Agalena nevia, Htz. Little Current River, July 17. INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1908 AT OTTAWA. By ArtHur Grsson, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARmM, OTTAWA. The season of 1908, at Ottawa, has been a remarkable one, owing to the long continued drought. The months of June, July, August and Sep- tember were particularly dry, the rain fall from the end of May till the beginning of October being only 6.80 inches. Vegetation consequently suffered very severely, but insects were more plentiful than usual and some serious outbreaks occurred. Early in the season Cankerworm larve were abundant, their attacks — being specially noticed on basswood, beech and birch. These insects seem to be on the increase again. The injury ceased about the 15th June, after which date very few caterpillars were noticed. The American Tent Caterpillar, Malacosma americana, Fab., is also on the increase. On May 16th the work of the young caterpillars was very conspicuous on many trees near the city. On May 30th a large number of the nests were noticed at Chelsea, Que., about 7 miles from Ottawa. At that date some small wild cherry trees were almost stripped of their foliage. On the same date at Chelsea, I found a nest of caterpillars of Archzps fervidana on red oak. The nest was rather conspicuous, being several leaves drawn together somewhat in the shape of a ball. The caterpillars were all inside. This insect is better known in the United States where it has been recorded as destructive to several kinds of oak. In the Ottawa district it has never appeared commonly. When mature the caterpillar is nearly an inch long, of a yellowish-green colour, with the head and thoracic shield _ black. Moths from the above larve emerged on July 20th. - The Turnip Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta vittata, Fab. This small, very active, shining, black beetle was very troublesome in many gardens. The beetles did much harm to young turnips and were also very destructive to the first sowing of radishes. Where Paris green and land plaster, or Paris green and flour, were dusted on the plants, one pound of the former to 20 of the latter, the injury was soon stopped. Root Maggots were more abundant than in 1907. The flies of the Radish Maggot were noticed flying around the young plants on May 16th. About the middle of June many plants examined were seen to be infested. Unfortunately there is nothing new in the way of a remedy, that we know of, for these very destructive insects. For radishes preparations con- — 2 - x ‘] ~ 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LiF taining carbolic acid, applied once a week after the plants appear above ground, until they are ready for the table, have given about the best results. The Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor, Say., was present, in the district, in destructive numbers in spring wheat. Plants were noticed to be infested about the end of May, and in some places the attack was quite serious. On the Central Experimental Farm, in fields where the soil was poor and where the unfavourable weather conditions had weakened the plants, probably as many as 50% were infested by the Hessian Fly. In other fields where the soil was better, the plants were stronger and better able to withstand the unfavour- able conditions of the season, and in these fields the loss from Hessian Fly would amount to about 5%. From collected material, both sexes of the flies emerged in the Division on June 20th, 22nd and 23rd. For some years we have noticed at Ottawa, that the young leaves of spinach were fastened together at the tips of the shoots by a small lepidop- terous larva. This year we made some observations on the insect and were successful in rearing the moths, specimens emerging on July 18th. It ‘s one of the micros and we hope soon to have its determination. During the present year the insect was particularly abundant, and in my own garden, and one or two others which I visited, it practically rendered every plant unfit for use. Sparganothis flavibasana, Fern. This interesting and rare tortrix was again destructive to the Caprifolium group of Loniceras in the Arboretum and Botanic Garden of the Central Experimental Farm. The larve were quite numerous on some of the bushes. In 1907, however, they were ‘n much greater numbers and did very noticeable damage. The caterpillar draws together the upper pair of leaves, fastening the same along the edges, so that the newly formed berries and itself are within this tent-like structure. Their presence on a bush is thus easily detected. The injury is done chiefly to the cluster of young berries, or immature fruit, which is eaten, and among which the caterpillar makes a web of whitish silk. In 1907, the larve were plentiful on June 19th, and many specimens were collected by Mr. Kearfott and me, from which moths were reared on July 2nd to July 6th. This year larve were collected on June 6th, from which we got moths on June 27, 29, 30 and July 9. Pupe were also found where the larve had been feeding. When mature the caterpillar is 15 mm. long when at rest, 17 mm. long when extended. It is cylindrical in shape, bright apple green in colour, and the segments are wrinkled. Dorsal vessel distinct. No mark- ings on the skin. The head is black and shining. The thoracic shield is black, margined in front with white. Tubercles on body are inconspicuous, each bearing a single pale, slender, hair. The feet are all concolorous with the body. Eriophyes species. The small pocket galls of the genus Hriophyes were very noticeable during the past season. The foliage of elm, basswood, maple and wild cherry were particularly disfigured by the work of these mites. Basswood trees were examined on June 12th and were found to be heavily infested by Eriophyes abnormis, Garm. Quite a few of the galls were on the under side of the leaves. The leaves of the soft maples, at Ottawa, have been much disfigured of late years by the galls of Erzophyes quadripes, Shimer. At an excursion of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, held to the Mer Bleue, and nearby vicinity, on June 20, some interesting material was col- lected. The Mer Bleue is an extensive peat bog, about 12 miles from Ottawa, and is one of the best hunting grounds which we have in the district. The small, curious caterpillars of the plume moth, Pteronhorus eupatorii, Fern., a? 118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 were found in numbers feeding on the leaves of the Joe Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum, L., and in some pasture fields the Hard Hack, Spirea tomentosa, L., was seen to be badly infested by a cecidomyid. Many of these plants were ‘entirely covered by these galls. Since, the small fly has been reared and specimens have been determined by Dr. E. P. Felt, as Rhabdophaga salicifolia, a species which has been found abundant in Mass- achusettes and New York on the above plant and also on the Common Meadow-sweet, Spirwa salicifolia, L. A single worn specimen of the rare butterfly, Argynnis triclaris, Hbn., was taken in the Mer Bleue by Mr. Young. On June 9th three fine examples of this insect were captured ‘n the bog, one by Mr. Criddle, one by Mr. Young, and the other by. the writer. Dr. Fletcher has, once or twice previously, collected this butterfly at the. Mer Bleue, which is probably the most southern locality known for this insect. The Fall Webworm, Hyphantria textor, Harr., was particularly abund- ant all over the district. Their conspicuous nests were present in large numbers on willow; maple, elm, birch, apple, hawthorn and wild cherry. On July 25th the caterpillars were about half an inch in length and a little over a week later they were nearly an inch long. It is a pity, and a disgrace to every one who has trees, that this insect is allowed to increase to such an extent and render trees so unsightly by the conspicuous nests made by the larve. It is a simple matter for hundreds of owners of trees to cut off these nests when they are first noticed, and trample upon the caterpillars under foot. The Snow-white Eugonia, Ennomos subsignarius, Hbn. On the evening of July 23rd last, enormous numbers of these moths appeared in all parts of the city, being attracted to the electric lights. An account of this visita- tion is given in the Ottawa Naturalist, September, 1908. The large numbers of these insects present on that evening caused a good deal of comment. Some of the electric light poles and the sides of buildings were literally covered with the moths and looked as if they had been whitewashed, or given a coat of white paint. The sparrows of the city had a great feast early the following day. Next morning the wings of the insects were to be seen all along the main streets. At the entrance to some of the larger buildings, the wings were so numerous that some little time had actually to be taken to sweep them away. In Dr. E. P. Felt’s valuable report for 1907, which has {just come to hand, it is stated that the caterpillars of this moth were found in immense numbers defoliating beech trees in Ulster County, New York, during the summer of that year. Possibly they were present in large numbers in other districts. These caterpillars when seen, were mostly mature, and were pupating by July 26th. Moths from these larve emerged soon afterwards and eggs were deposited. The insect, there- fore, has been steadily increasing for the last two or three years. No cater- pillars have .been seen in the Ottawa district during the present season, and it would be most interesting to know where all the moths came from. Their sudden great abundance was certainly remarkable. According to the meteorological observations taken at the Central Experimental Farm, by Mr. W. T. Ellis, there were no strong winds at Ottawa during the week beginning July 19th, nor in fact during the week previous to that. The prevailing winds from July 19th to July 25th were south and southwest, but the word ‘‘calm’”’ in Mr. Ellis’ report signifies that there was practically no wind blowing when the records were taken. During the whole week above mentioned the number of miles recorded is only slightly over 191, while the average of wind for a week is over 900. Of course, the upper currents may have been very much stronger. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119 The occurrence of the Apple Leaf Hopper, Empoasca mali, LeB., in such enormous numbers was undoubtedly the most notable outbreak of the year in Hastern Ontario. At Ottawa injury was done chiefly to potatoes, although beans and other vegetables were severally attacked. The presence of the insects in destructive numbers was noticed towards the end of June, and the injury continued throughout the summer. These insects, which are pale green in colour, slender, about an eighth of an inch in length when mature, feed on the under sides of the leaves by sucking the juices out of the plants. When they are young and before they have developed wings, they can be destroyed by spraying the infested crop with whale oil soap, one pound in five gallons of water, or with the ordinary kerosene emulsion. Some pota- toes which were sprayed early in July, before the young leaf hoppers acquired their wings, were freed from the pest, and were not since injured to any appreciable extent. The severity of this outbreak has been much aggravated this season by the exceptional drought and heat, which weakened the plants, and made them more than usually susceptible to injury by the insects. The Potato Flea-beetle, Hpztrexr cucuwmeris, Harr., was present in potato fields in the district in considerable numbers. On August 2lst *t was found to be abundant on potatoes on the Experimental Farm, working with the Apple Leaf Hopper, Xmpoasca mali. This flea-beetle is some- times, in hot dry seasons, one of the worst enemies of the potato. Dr. Fletcher recommends spraying the vines with Bordeaux mixture, as this treatment has given far better results than spraying with Paris green. In early August the Destructive Pea Aphis, Nectarophora pisi, Kalt., did severe injury to sweet peas in gardens. The plant lice were present in large numbers and from specimens collected later, a number of parasites of the genus Praon were reared. The parasitized plant lice were rather numerous on the vines. Field peas near Ottawa were also much attacked by this pest, several complaints of very serious injury being received at the Division. Other kinds of plant lice were much in evidence during the season. Apple trees were badly infested by the Apple Aphis. Some young trees examined on August 12th were practically covered with the aphides. Some seedlings were sprayed on August 8th with whale oil soap, 1 Ib. to 4 gallons of water, and with the ordinary kerosene emulsion, but neither of these mixtures killed all of the insects. The kerosene emulsion did the better work. Vegetable marrows were much reduced in vitality by the attacks of an aphis. Towards the end of the season, Swede turnips, cabbages, and cauli- flowers, were attacked by the Turnip and Cabbage Aphis. Early in October, celery plants were severely injured by plant lice, and many rendered useless. The Woolly Aphis of the Apple and the Woolly Aphis of the Alder were also more than usually abundant. Cutworms, as usual, did much harm in some gardens early in the season. At East Templeton, near Ottawa, they destroyed many tobacco plants. Mr. Letourneau, of our office, who visited the locality early in August, reported to me that cutworms had been much complained of by the farmers of the district. A rather interesting occurrence of the Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia, Hbn., was discovered in one of the greenhouses at the Central Experimental Farm, on August 24th. On September Ist, larve about 4 an inch long were brought into the Division. In all about 75 larve were collected, which had been found feeding on Primulas. No other plants were injured. In confinement they grew rapidly and buried on September 12th, 13th and 14th, the moths emerging in the office on October 20th and 22nd. (Fig. 31). 120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 _ The caterpillars of the Small White Cabbage Butterfly, Ponta rape, L., were very troublesome in the Ottawa district during the past season, and many market gardeners complained of their ravages. ‘The remedy of dusting the plants with pyrethrum insect powder, 1 lb. in 4 lbs, of cheap flour, after the whole has been mixed together and kept in a tight jar ‘or 24 hours, is so simple that it is most remarkable that the annual loss by this insect is allowed to take place. The Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, L., was injuriously present in many orchards in the district. A number of trees near the city were examined on August 12th, and it was estimated that about 25% of the apples on some of the trees were wormy. The work of the Pear-tree Slug, Hriocampa cerasi, Peck., (Fig. 32), which does much harm to pears, cherries and plums, was noticed on plum trees on August 25th. Many of these slimy, greenish-brown, slug-like, larve were present on the trees and had done very apparent injury to the foliage. Specimens were found as late as October 5th feeding on the leaves. Spray- ing with any of the recognized poisonous mixtures, or dusting the trees at short intervals with freshly slaked lime, will destroy the larve. Many householders complained of the ravages of the Clothes Moth. This insect was certainly very abundant in Ottawa during the past summer and did a great deal of damage to furs and woollen goods in houses. The best remedies for these insects are of a preventive nature. All articles liable to attack should be well shaken, brushed, and put away before the moths appear in the spring. As the caterpillars feed only on substances of animal origin, clothing, etc., to be protected may be wrapped tightly in linen, cotton or paper, and left in this way until required for autumn and winter use. ¥1g. 31. Peridroma Saucia; a, moth; b, normal form of larva, lateral view; c, same in curved position; d, dark form, dorsal view; e, egg from side; f, egg mass on twig (after Howard, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture). Fie. 32. Pear-tree slug. eee ae ee eee ‘ps dhe ha. hak y b x : 1908 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE WORK CONNECTED WITH THE IMPORTATION OF THE FOREIGN PARASITES OF THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. By L. 0. Howarp, Wasuineton, D.C. In sending this paper to be read before the forthcoming meeting «f the Entomological Society of Ontario, the wr’ter assumes that the members of the Society, through the reports by Doctor Fletcher and through the read- ing of reports published by the Bureau of Entomology of the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, as well as from the lecture delivered before the Society last year by Mr. A. H. Kirkland, are informed concerning the progress of this work down to the close of 1907, and what follows is sup- plementary to that information. In the autumn of that year the parasite laboratory was moved from Saugus, Mass., to Melrose Highlands, Mass. The new location is much more accessible to Boston and to most of the field colonies of the parasites. The buildings, including several substantial structures built for laboratory purposes by the State of Massachusetts, are much beter fitted for the work. Upon the whole the results of the year’s importations have been very prom- ising. In planning the work several new features have been introduced. The parasites that are constantly being sent over by agents belong to three main groups, namely those of the order Hymenoptera, including the Ichneu- mon flies, the Chalcis flies and others; those of the order Diptera, including the Tachina flies, and those of the order Coleoptera, including the preda- ceous ground beetles. The amount of material received has been so great, and the character of the different life histories of the insects involved has been so diverse that it has seemed of great importance to have a thoroughly trained expert, skilled in the biology of each group, placed in charge of each group. This has been done, and an expert has had charge of the Hymenoptera, another of the Diptera, and another of the Coleoptera. Further. the condition of European sendings by mail and by express during the summer of 1907 was by no means uniformly good. The send- ings from eastern Europe which are subject to long railway journeys :n addition to the sea voyage, frequently arrived in bad condition. Therefore an innovation was made and a general laboratory depot was established at Rennes, France, under the general supervision of Mr. René Oberthiir, and a skilled assistant, Mr. A. Vuillet, was placed in specific charge. Nearly all of the European sendings were shipped to Rennes, were examined, repacked, carried personally by Mr. Vuillet to Cherbourg or to Havre on the known days of sailing of certain steamers, then placed in the hands of the chief stewards of the vessels and carried in the cold room to New York where they were admitted without customs examination and sent direct to Boston. This method has resulted 'in a much beter average condition of the material received, and has facilitated the rapidity with which the work ‘s being accomplished. The courtesy of the steamship officials is highly appreciated. The third innovation has been an attempt to secure Japanese parasites of the gipsy moth. It has been known for some years that the true gipsy moth, or one of its varieties, or at least a most closely related species, occurs in Japan, though not in great numbers, and that it is apparently held ‘n check by its parasites. Rev. H. Loomis, an American living in Yokohama, has repeatedly written to the State authorities of Massachusetts and to the 9 EN. 122 THE REPORT OF THE } No. 198 Chief of the Bureau of Entomology conveying this information, and attempts have been made by mail and otherwise to send these parasites to the. United States, but without success. Later information received from one of the most skilled economic entomologists of Japan, Mr. Nawa, indicated that there exists in Japan an important egg-parasite of the gipsy moth. Remem- bering that the Massachusetts gipsy moth came originally from Europe tt seemed altogether desirable to introduce first the European parasites, and it seemed probable that these would by themselves reestablish the balance of nature. Then too, the importation of the Japanese species seemed somewhat dangerous, on account of the chance that the Japanese Gipsy moth might prove ~ even more voracious and destructive than the Kuropean moth; but, after consideration, it was thought best to leave no stone unturned and to neglect no chances in the search for effective parasites. The European service of collectors and agents and advisers had been well organized and instructed: — during three annual visits of the Chief of the Bureau to Europe, and it was ~ therefore decided to interrupt the European trip for the present year and to send an agent to Japan. Professor Trevor Kincaid, of the University ot Washington at Seattle, was chosen on account of his skill as a collector, h's comparative proximity to Japan, and the fact that he is personally acquainted with many persons in Japan. He sailed on the 2nd of March, and the results of the expedition have more than justified the expense involved. A very ~ large amount of parasitic material has been received from him in good condition at Boston, and very many parasites from Japan have been col- onized in the woodlands of New England. Still another decided innovation has been the carrying on of active winter work with parasites, especially those secured from imported nests of the brown-tail moth which began to come in from Europe in December. It was found quite possible to breed these parasites in artificially heated rooms, feeding them upon hibernating native brown-tail moth larve brought in in their nests from out of doors, feeding the latter upon lettuce and other hothouse foliage and in the early spring securing more normal food for them by sending it up in boxes by mail from Washington and points south. In this way the breeding of the parasites of the genus Pteromalus was car- ried forward uninterruptedly throughout the winter, and, as during the breeding of successive generations they multiplied exceedingly, it was pos- sible later in the year to liberate a vastly greater number of individuals — than would have been possible had the imported species been allowed to hibernate normally in the nests. In the course of this work Mr. W. F. Fiske, in charge of the breeding operations, has invented a rearing tray which has been of the utmost advantage and which will greatly facilitate parasite rearing work in the future. Still a fifth innovation and one of great value has been the discovery and practice of retarding the development of brown-tail moth eggs by keep- ing them in cold storage until the arrival of the European egg-parasites which will oviposit upon and breed in these cold storage eggs as freely as those which they attack in the state of nature. This process it has been ascertained may be carried on for a long time, and successive generations of these egg-parasites may be reared from eggs retarded in their develop- ment by cold storage. It is thus easy to breed and to liberate an almost — infinitely greater number of these egg-parasites, and under favourable con- ditions, than would be possible from a simple importation of European — parasitized eggs which would have to arrive in America at a specific time. These latter innovations have been due to the ingenuity of Mr. Fiske to whom great praise should be given. 9a EN. PE Ee ee ee ee ee : ie a eee ey Wes — ~~ eet le oe ee eee ee 1908 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 In the same way great advance has been made in the rearing of the Tachinid parasites, under the charge of Mr. C. H. T. Townsend who has devised methods and made observations that have greatly added to our knowledge of the biology of these insects and have resulted in the accumula- tion of a store of information of the greatest practical value not only in the prosecution of the present undertaking but in any problem of parasitic introduction or control that may arise later. Extraordinary and almost revolutionary discoveries have been made in the life histories of certain of these flies, and without this knowledge the greatest success in handling them practically could not have been reached. Similarly Mr. A. F. Burgess, in charge of the Coleoptera, has succeeded in a very perfect way in rearing and liberating the important European predatory beetle Calosoma sycophanta, as well as some other insects of the same family. Altogether during the fiscal year the following material has been imported : Brown-tail egg-masses, about 26,000. Hibernating nests of the brown-tail from 50,000 to 60,000. Larve and pupae of the brown-tail, about 178,000. Gipsy moth egg-masses, 7 boxes, each containing very many masses. Gipsy moth larve and pupe, about 161,000. Gipsy moth larve from Japan, 8 large boxes containing several thousand larve and parasitic cocoons. Predatory beetles, 2,892. It will be noticed that only about half as many of the hibernating nests of the brown-tail were imported during this fiscal year as during last, but the smaller number is offset by the larger numbers of larve, pupe and egg- masses, so that the gross amount received is about the same as that of the previous year. The material received from Japan listed above came in before the Ist July, but in all there have been received about 40 boxes, nearly all of large size. From one shipment of the cocoons between forty- thousand and fifty-thousand adults of one of the most important parasites of the genus Glyptapanteles were reared and were liberated directly in the open. The colonization work has been going on rapidly during the summer of 1908, and of the species colonized the following have been the most numer- ous: Pteromalus from the brown-tail moth nests, 114,000. Trichogramma from the brown-tail moth eggs, 11,600. Telenomus from brown-tail eggs, 4,560. Apanteles of the brown-tail, 12,875. Japanese Glyptapanteles, 45,000. Meteorus from brown-tail, 1,080. Pimpla from brown-tail pupe, 2,051. Unclassified Tachinids, 4,177. Named Tachinids, 1,600. Calosoma sycophanta, adults and larve, 978. Thus making nearly 200,000 of the most active enemies of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth liberated under the most favourable condi- tions during the year. The result of the colonization work of previous years has not become very evident. It is altogether likely that the species introduced have found conditions favourable to their increase and that at the present time they exist in considerable numbers. The area, however, is so extensive as to make their occurrence in ordinary collections a matter of chance rather than 124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 of likelihood. There has been during the past two years a tremendous destruction of the larve of both brown-tail moth and gipsy moth from bacterial and fungus diseases. These diseases have appeared in spots, but unfortunately some of these localities were those where colonies of parasites had been established, and in the wholesale destruction of the caterpillars by disease the introduced parasites must have suffered severely. Knowledge has been gained, however, which will make it more easy to select better localities for colonization in the future. Several of the parasites have been found to have established themselves, and notably the predatory beetle, Calosoma sycophanta, has been found in numbers. At least seven species have been found under conditions which indicate their establishment. There have been imported in all 23 species of Hymenopterous parasites, of which 16 are European. 6 are from Japan, and one at least is common to both regions. Eleven of these have been reared from the gipsy moth, six from the brown-tail moth, and six from both insects. A number of species of secondary parasites have been reared, and have been killed. Of Dipterous parasites, at least 29 distinct species have been imported, of which nearly all are parasitic upon both gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. Of Coleoptera, five species have been imported, all of which will feed upon both gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. This makes a total of 57 beneficial species, enemies of gipsy moth or brown-tail moth or both, that have been brought over in the course of this work. The outlook is more favourable than at any period during the progress of the work. Success seems an ultimate certainty, but the time at which perfectly obvious results will be apparent is as yet uncertain. THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). By Witiiam LOocHHEAD, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. This insect is reported as having done considerable damage in 1908 in certain localities, particularly Prince Edward County. It is a small brown- ish weevil about 1-10 inch in length, with a snout about half as long as the body. The specific name signatus is given it on account of the dark spot near the middle of each wing cover. There is probably but one brood a year. The weevils make their appear- ance about the time of the earliest blooming of the staminate varieties, and continue their depredations for three or four weeks. ‘““‘The female first deposits an egg in the bud, then punctures or cuts the stem below it so that in a few days it drops to the ground. Within the severed bud the larva hatched from this egg develops and transforms to the pupa and afterwards to the beetle’? (Chittenden, Circular 21, U.S. Bureau of Entomology). The larva hatches from the egg in from 4 to 7 days, and feeds on the pollen within the buds. It becomes full grown in less than a month, and transforms to pupa, and to adult within the cavity of the bud. The pupal stage lasts about a week, and the entire cycle lasts about five weeks. ie The adult weevil soon makes its way out of the bud, feeds for a few days; then finds a suitable hiding place for the remainder of the year. Remedial Treatment: (1) As the weevils are always found on flowers that bear pollen, it is advisable in districts where the weevils are injurious 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 125 to grow mostly pistillate varieties, and only enough of staminate plants to pollinate the pistillate plants. (2) Chittenden says that covering the bed is nearly a perfect preventive. This covering may be of muslin, and should be in position at least a week before the first blossoming occurs, and left in position until the first berries are picked. (3) Another remedy is to grow profuse blooming varieties. (4) Trap crops of very early blooming varieties such as the ‘‘Chas. Downing’’ may be planted. Upon these the weevils collect, and many can be killed by the application of arsenical sprays. . (5) Clean culture may be of considerable value in controlling the weevils —the removal of volunteer plants, and the burning over in early spring of underbrush and weeds. (6) Certain substances, such as dilute crude carbolic acid (1 part in 100 of water), and Bordeaux, seem to act as repellents, and their applica- tion would appear to be of value. WHAT ENTOMOLOGY THE FARMER AND FRUIT-GROWER SHOULD KNOW. By WILi1aAmM LOCHHEAD, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. This title was suggested to me after reading an address on this topic by Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois. I must also confess to the appropriation of many of the ideas in Dr. Forbes’ address, for they represent the matured thought of a distinguished Entomologist of long experience, and one who has done much valuable work along economic lines. The ideas, however, are not new; they have been expressed, per- haps partially, time and again at the meetings of this Society, at Farmers’ Institute meetings, and at Fruit Growers’ Conventions. They require how- _ ever to be expressed often, and in all kinds of meetings, to effect a lodgment with the people and to be incorporated into the practical work of the orchard and farm. That, then, is my reason for dealing with this subject at this time. 1. The farmer and fruit grower should know the principal injurious insects that affect the crops of the farm, orchard and garden. As intelligent business men they should be able to identify those agencies that make for losses, and to acquaint themselves with the best up- to-date methods of controlling these agencies. The habit of the insects should be studied, in order that the methods of control may be as effective as possible. Haphazard experimenters are out of place just as much in successful farming as in successful manufacturing. For example, he should know when the Codling Moth of the apple makes its appearance to lay eggs, when the young worms attack the apple, in order that he may apply his poison sprays at the best time to kill them. He should know the life-habits of the white grubs which live two years in the ground as grubs, become pupz and beetles in the fall of the second year; the beetles not emerging until the following May or June to mate and lay eggs. When infested grass land is broken and the adult beetles are prevented from laying their eggs in that field, he must not expect an entire absence of white grubs, for the young white grubs will continue to feed until their food supply :s exhausted. ‘‘He will not turn pigs into his grass lands late in fall, to clear ‘ 126 - THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 them of the grubs, for these bury themselves a foot or two below the surface on the approach of frost.’’ 2. The farmer and fruit grower should know the injuries done by the principal injurious insects. Every crop is attacked at some part at some stage of its existence. For example, the apple tree may be injured in its seedling stage by the leaf- blister-mite on its leaves and the woolly aphis on its roots; the growing tree by borers, plant. lice, oyster-shell scale, San Jose scale; and the fruit by the codling worm and the railroad worm. The turnip is attacked by the flea- beetle, during its young stage, and by the turnip aphis and others during its growing period. The corn plant may be injured by the attacks of the seed-corn maggot and wire worm on the seed in the ground, by the white grub and wire worm on its roots, by the cut worm on its stems, by the corn worm on its leaves, and by the grain moths on the stored grain. The farmer and fruit grower should be able to diagnose the causes of the most serious insect troubles by the nature of the injuries inflicted, as he would diagnose the cause of any ailment of his live stock. It is possible after a careful study of the injuries to plants to identify the particular insects that are causing the injuries, and to deal with them effectively. Sometimes one has to rely entirely on the nature of the injuries for the identi- fication of the insect. Cutworms, for example, work at night and lie concealed in the day time. It is easy to distinguish the work of sucking insects from that of biting insects, but this easy distinction is of prime importance in any rational control of a pest. We sometimes hear of gardeners and fruit- growers using paris green for the control of plant lice. A little elementary knowledge of Entomology on their part would have saved them money, and would have given them success instead of failure. 3. The farmer and fruit grower should know the characters of the chief orders of insects, and should be able to recognize the order to which any common injurious form belongs from a glance at the larva or adult. There are for all practical purposes but seven orders or divisions into which the chief injurious insects may be placed. He should know what’ orders or groups pass through a complete metamorphosis,—from egg to larva, to pupa, to adult,—during their life-history, and what orders have an zncom- plete metamorphosis, 7.e., have the young somewhat like the adults; the meaning of the terms cocoon, chrysalis, larva, pupa; the difference between a caterpillar and a grub; between a grub and a maggot; and of what order each is characteristic; what orders have biting mouth parts, and what orders have sucking mouth parts. All this information is needful and preliminary to an intelligent control of injurious insects. 4. Every Farmer and Fruit Grower should know the Effect of Crop Rotations, Good Cultivation, etc., 7.e., Cultural Methods in Insect Life. Cultural methods stand opposed here to artificial methods, such as spraying. Where crop rotation is not practised the white grub and wire worms sooner or later take possession of grass lands, and the cultivated lands for a year or two after they are broken. But a good crop rotation, where the crop is changed frequently makes it impossible for any insect to pass through its life-stages without being seriously disturbed and its food supply destroyed. Some rotations are preferable to others when certain 4 7 a 1 oe 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127 insects become injurious. For example, where corn is the chief crop, a rotation of clover, corn, oats is better than forage grasses, corn, oats, for the reason that many insects which are injurious to hay and grass land are also injurious to corn. Where a system of short crop rotations has been in use injurious insects such as the wire worm and white grub are seldom troublesome. The setting apart of a field for a number of years in succession to the same crop, be it pasture, hay, oats, wheat, clover or corn, must of necessity be attended with serious loss from insect injury. Good cultivation involves careful treatment of the soil, the crop, and its products. It means careful attention to the waste products and the waste places which are breeding places for many insects injurious to farm crops. It means the adoption of deep late fall plowing under certain conditions, which practice is one of the best methods of dealing with wire worms, white grubs, cut ‘worms and grass-hoppers. It means high fertility of soil, and good drainage of the land, so that vigorous, healthy plants, capable of resisting the drains of insect attacks are grown instead of poorly nourished ones, which are much more liable to succumb. The effect of high culture is to make the plants recover quickly from insect attacks. Dr. Forbes says correctly, “The effect of nearly every form of insect injury is virtually a starvation effect. If the roots of a plant are eaten away or otherwise injured, the surface for the absorption of food is thus reduced and the plant suffers from starvation as a consequence. If the elaborated sap is withdrawn from its cells and vessels by the beaks of suck- ing insects, the effect is essentially the same—the plant is starved. If the substance of the leaf is injured or destroyed the process of assimilation is interfered with, and less assimilated food becomes available for maintenance and growth,—again a starvation effect.’’ The effect of timely plowing and planting in the control of insects is not well enough known by our farmers. Much valuable information on these points is now available. Two or three late fall plowings are efficacious against wire worms and white grubs; early plowing of grass land in August will prevent severe cutworm attacks the following year; late sowing of fall wheat will prevent Hessian Fly injury; and early cutting of the first crop of clover will destroy the first brood of the clover-seed midge, and thus save ‘the clover-seed of the later crop. 5. Every Farmer and Frutt Grower should know the value of Co-opera- tive measures in dealing with injurious pests. The importance of co-operation has been brought vividly to our atten- tion in several cases; viz., the Hessian Fly outbreak a few years ago, the Pea-weevil scourge, the Codling Moth and the San Jose Scale ravages; and the apple maggot injuries in some sections. As a matter of fact, many of our economic problems in Entomology will remain unsolved until a widespread public co-operative sentiment arises in our midst, ‘‘Many diffi- culties which would yield at once to community action are beyond the power of individual remedy.’’ I have stated briefly five of the main points which I believe every Farmer and Fruit Grower should know. While we realize that but few per- sons possess this knowledge, are we doing much to hasten the day when all shall have this knowledge? I believe this Society has done much good through its individual members and through the Reports which are published every year. I believe, however, that the most effective work must be done 128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 at the agricultural colleges with the young men who assemble there ‘or instruction. Such knowledge as I have indicated cannot be imparted in a few popular lectures. Time is required to give the knowledge of, and and acquaintance with the insects that will be of much practical value to the young farmers when they return to put into actual operation the lessons they have learned in the class-room and laboratory. I believe the agricultural colleges are giving courses in Entomology along the very lines I have indicated. The courses in Entomology at the O. A.C. and Macdonald College are so arranged that the important elementary economic topics are discussed and studied in the second year by all the students in that year. Practically, then, all students who attend the O. A. C. and Macdonald College are given instruction in this most important aspect of agricultural operation. Unfortunately all students are not missionaries; many fail to proclaim the important entomological tidings to their benighted neighbours, and so the great work of the evangelization of the whole land is delayed. The wide-spread interest in agricultural education for rural schools indicates that some of the seed, at least, that was planted by the older men among us fell on good ground; for the present, interest has, to some extent, developed by way of Nature Study. To one who took an active part in this movement for agricultural education it is clear that the presentation of the various phases of insect life by many of the members of this Society throughout the Province made a .deep impression, whereby it was possible to introduce Nature Study into many of our schools. INJURIOUS INSECTS IN ONTARIO IN 1908. By C. J. S. Beruune, Ontario AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. The season of insect activity, which has now come to a close, has not been marked by any unusual outbreak, such as that of the Variegated Cut- worm last year, but several of our well known pests have been more than usually destructive to certain kinds of vegetation. The long hot summer, with plenty of rain in this part of the Province till the middle of August, and the subsequent protracted drouth which has lasted with but few slight breaks till the present time (November), has been favourable to the multi- plication of many insects while detrimental to others. Insects AFFECTING FARM CROPS. Priant-Lice. There have been more complaints this summer concern- ing the damage done to turnips and cabbages by Plant-lice (Aphids) Fig. 33, than regarding any other kind of insect. From every part of the Province letters have come asking what could be done to get rid of the pest and to save the crop. Usually the application has been too late—the plants have been injured beyond recovery, and no treatment could restore their lost vitality. The warm dry weather in September was very favourable to the increase of this most prolific insect, and they multiplied to enormous num- bers before their attack was noticed. They usually congregate on the under side of the leaves and are out of sight to a casual observer, but many of them are on the upper surface as well and the dead and withering leaves should serve to draw attention to them. These plant-lice are dark green in colour, much the same shade as the leaf they are feeding upon, and are ; pa 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129 covered with a mealy-looking powder of a bluish or ashen hue, which gives them a particularly disgusting appearance. Each of the myriad lice is engaged all day long in sucking the juices of the plant on which it is stationed and the combined effect of so many feeders is soon shewn by the impoverishment and destruction of the leaf. These sucking insects can be destroyed by the application of any of the usual contact remedies, such as kerosene emulsion, tobacco wash or strong soap-suds; the last is probably the cheapest and easiest remedy to procure and has been found very effective. A difficulty, however, is experienced with all these applications in getting at the insects on the under side of the leaves which are often close to the ground. In order to ward off an attack next year all the refuse of the crop, such as cabbage stalks and turn'p leaves, should be destroyed by forming them into a compost heap or some other method which will prevent any lice upon them from finding secure winter quarters, and also kill the eggs which are Jaid on stems and leaves. This should have been done as soon as the crop was taken off the field. Next year these vegetables should not be planted on the same piece of ground, and should be watched for the first appearance of any colonies of lice. If a sharp look-out is kept during hoeing and any affected plants cut out and crushed under foot, a very great deal will be done to reduce the number of colonies if not to entirely clear out the insect. WirE-Worms AND WHITE Gruss. (Figs. 34 and 35). Next in order to the foregoing were enquiries respecting these two classes of insects, which attack the roots of various plants and destroy large numbers of them. Being underground feeders no method has yet been found of applying a poison for their destruction. A great many experiments have been made in various - places and all sorts of things have been tried, but nothing has yet been found to answer the purpose. Salt is often suggested, but it would require so large a quantity to kill the worms that all vegetation would be destroyed as well. Apparently the only thing that can be done is to prevent their breeding and coming to maturity by a short rotation of crops. Both these insects increase and multiply in grass lands, especially old pastures, where the worms and grubs feed upon the roots. If left long undisturbed they become very numerous and destructive. When an infected field of this kind is broken up for the first time, not much damage is done to the crop that is put in as the worms have still plenty of food in the roots and leaves of the grass that has been ploughed under. The next year this supply of food is gone and the worms must attack the roots of the crop whatever it may be or perish of hunger. Hence it is that corn and many other things suffer severely the second season after the grass field has been broken up. The most effective method, so far as the writer knows, is to plough up the infested field in August to destroy the tender pupe which have been formed by that time and again late in October to expose the newly formed beetles and also the young worms to the cold and frost of winter; this ploughing will also enable birds and other creatures to get at and devour them; poultry and pigs will feed upon them eagerly and should be allowed to range over the field immediately after it is broken up. Wueat Insects. The Hessian Fly has been present in injurious num bers affecting winter wheat in the Counties of Norfolk, Brant and Essex and in the Niagara District; in other parts of the Province it does not seem to have inflicted any appreciable injury. The plan of sowing wheat after the middle of September in order that the plants may be too late for the egg- laying of the flies has proved satisfactory, though it is attended with the risk in an unfavourable season of having an imperfectly grown plant to 130 THE: REPORT OFT # Ee No. 19 or. withstand the dangers of winter. A useful method is to sow a strip of wheat two or three weeks before the regular crop and thus provide the flies with a suitable place in which to deposit their eggs; later on this should be ploughed _ under and the insects destroyed, thus leaving the main crop free from injury. \ Fig. 33. Cabbage aphis : winged male, wingless female. Small figures are the natural size. ; \ 7 + Py + = : Fig. 36. Wheat:joint-worm ; affected joints; fly greatly magnified. The Wheat Joint-worm (Jsosoma tritici, Fitch), Fig. 36, is not of com- mon occurrence in Ontario. Three years ago Dr. Fletcher reported a some- what severe outbreak at Millbrook and complaints were made of it in some of the south-western counties. This year specimens of its work have been ae oie bial Se al a - aad * 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131 sent to us from Petrolia only. The parent insect is a minute black four- - winged fly, belonging to the same order as Wasps and Ichneumons and to a family most of the members of which are parasitic upon other insects. The eggs are laid at or near a joint of the growing wheat plant, and the larva burrows into the stem and causes a gall-like swelling to be produced inside which it lives and feeds. This swelling becomes hard and renders the straw so brittle above and below it that it is frequently broken off in a storm. The hardened portions which remain when the grain is cut are apt to be separated from the straw and to come through the threshing machine with the grain. When winnowed out these fragments with other refuse should be burnt. Most of the galls, however, are left in the stubble and contain the wintering larve; in order to destroy these the field should be burnt over in the fall if practicable, or the stubble deeply ploughed under. Usually a short rotation of crops with clean cultivation serves to keep th's insect in check, and thus we do not often hear of any damage being done by it. Inpran Corn Insects. The Greasy Cutworm (Agrotis ypsilon) Fig. 37, has severely attacked some fields of corn, cutting off the young plant at the surface of the ground, and also attacking the roots; and the Glassy Cutworm (Hadena devastatriz) Fig. 38, caused much damage to several acres of corn near Listowel. Other species have seriously injured turnips and wheat in some localities. These night-feeding caterpillars are half grown in autumn and feed voraciously on almost any kind of vegetation that comes to hand in the spring. Fortunately there is a very satisfactory remedy which can easily be applied; it is called the poisoned Bran-mash. It is made by mixing half a pound of Paris green in fifty pounds of bran, stirring constantly and adding the poison little by little; this is sweetened by the addition of two quarts of cheap molasses previously diluted in about a gal- lon of warm water; the whole must be thoroughly mixed to such an extent that the bran will crumble through the fingers and not form hard lumps. The mash is distributed through the infested plot by means of a Planet Junior drill or by hand in the evening, taking care that poultry do not get at.it. The worms come out at night and devour it in preference to the plants, and usually go off to die either under the surface of the ground or some other convenient hiding place, so that no dead ones are found lying about in the morning. One who tried this remedy with very much doubt as to its value, unearthed quarts of dead cutworms after a night’s application and became thoroughly convinced of its effectiveness. Tue Pea Motu. (Semasia nigricana) Fig. 39, has been troublesome in the neighbourhood of Lindsay. Eggs are laid by the parent moth on the young pods and from these hatch out small caterpillars which make their way inside and devour the peas; when full grown they leave the pods and form a cocoon beneath the surface of the ground and there remain all winter, the moth coming out the following summer. It has been found that early maturing varieties of peas are free from the attack as they are too far _ advanced when the eggs are laid, it is therefore advisable to sow as early as possible wherever it is known that there is danger of injury from this insect. In gardens the ground should be dug deeply in the fall, to bury the cocoons so that the moths cannot reach the surface when they come out, - and all immature pods should be burnt when the crop has been picked. In 132 THE REPORT OF THE. No. 19 field cultivation deep plowing and the removal of all refuse should be attended to; any infested plot should not be sown with peas again for two or three years. It is not likely that any poison can be successfully applied as the worm buries itself in the pod as soon as it is hatched. | Tue Pea WeEEviIL. (Bruchus pisorum) Fig. 40, is to be found every year in many localities. If growers everywhere adopt the simple method of fumigating with bisulphide of carbon as soon as possible after harvesting there would soon be little injury to complain of; one ounce to one hundred ~ pounds of seed has been found sufficient. All refuse after threshing should — be cleaned up and burnt and no weevilly peas should ever be sown. 4 . ee, Fie. 38. Glassy Cutworm. . Fie 39. Pea moth, larva and infested peas. == -= Fie. 40. Pea Weevil. CLtover-SEED Mipcre. Many complaints have been received respecting — loss caused by this insect. The adult is a two-winged fly which lays its — eggs in the flower heads of clover; the maggots, when hatched, burrow into the ovaries and feed upon the developing seeds. They become mature at the end of June, descend into the ground and pupate there. A second brood of flies come out when the clover is again in flower and the same — course is repeated; in this way both crops are prevented from maturing a — large proportion of their seed. The winter is passed by the maggots in ~ 1908 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133 _ the earth; they do not, like the Pea-weevils, remain in the seed or continue their work of destruction. These red larve may, howver, be found amongst the seed after threshing, but any that we have seen at that time were dead. There is a simple remedy which has been found very effective, that is to cut, or feed off, the first crop of clover by the 15th of June, and thus destroy the maggots before they go into the ground to pupate. The result is that they fail to mature and there are no flies to lay eggs for another brood. The second crop will then produce good clean seed, having the further advantage of many more bumble bees in August than there were in June to assist in the process of fertilizing the bloom. Insects AFFECTING FRUIT-TREES. In the earlier part of this report there is given an account of the discus- sion of many of the most serious insect pests of the orchard; it is, therefore, unecessary to refer to them here, except very briefly. Of the scale insects we have as usual received complaints of the Oyster-shell Bark-louse from all over the province. The San José scale is reported from Dresden, a new locality; the Curtis and Scurfy scales have been sent in from Simcoe and from Vineland, and no doubt are to be found in many other places, but they are seldom numerous enough to do any serious damage. THE PEAR AND CHERRY-TREE SLUG (Hriocampa cerasi) has been very abundant in many places this year; the second brood continuing their injury-to the foliage till quite late in the fall. The slimy black or greenish slug-like larve can be destroyed by dusting with Paris green or lime, or _ spraying with white hellebore mixed in water. Apple-trees in unsprayed orchards in Sandwich, London, Simcoe, Guelph and other places suffered a good deal from the Cigar Case-bearer, the Apple-bud Moth and the Trumpet Leaf-miner. The fruit itself was attacked in many localities apparently by the Snowy Tree-cricket and the Plum Curculio, causing malformations of the apples and a serious impair- ment of their value; the Tussock Worms were also found attacking the fruit in-a similar manner. Not much attention has been paid to injury from these sources; it is important therefore that careful observations should be made both as to the insect causing the injury and the time when it is done, in order that intelligent measures may be adopted for prevention. Among the small fruits, Strawberry plants have been much damaged by Wire-worms and White-grubs at the roots, especially where they were planted in old pasture fields which had recently been broken up. It is impossible to apply any remedy for the destruction of these underground feeders; the only method of getting rid of them is by a short rotation of crops involving frequent cultivation of the soil and the consequent disturb- ance of the grubs and pupa, as stated in the earlier part of this paper. The Strawberry Weevil has caused some damage by cutting off the pollen- bearing blossoms and preventing the setting of the fruit. The Rose Chafer, which usually appears in swarms about the time that the Grapes are in blossom, has not been so abundant as usual this year, though bad at Cooksville, Niagara Falls, Simcoe and some other places. Raspberry and Blackberry bushes have been attacked in some local- ities by the Cane-girdler—a slender beetle, less than half an inch in length, black in colour with an orange or yellow thorax on which are three black dots. The beetle bites a series of small holes close together all round a cane not very far from the tip, and then makes another series about the length of its own body from the first; between these two girdlings it excavates a hole and deposits an orange coloured egg. The grub lives on 134 THEARBPOR TF OFTHE No. 19 the pith of the cane, which soon withers and dies above the girdling, and is checked in its growth. All affected canes should be cut off an inch or — two below the place attacked and the prunings burnt in order to destroy the grubs within them. A Leaf-miner (Scholioneura capitalis) has been very prevalent this year at St. Catharines, Oakville and in Prince Edward County, injuring the leaves of Blackberry bushes; in some cases a large proportion of the leaves were attacked and became prematurely withered. INSECTS OF THE VEGETABLE AND FLOWER GARDEN. There has been no special outbreak during the past season, but many of our familiar pests have been more or less abundant and destructive. The Asparagus beetles, which came to us across the Niagara river and spread westerly and northerly, are now travelling eastward along the shore of Lake Ontario as well; the latest reports have come from Oshawa. Wherever they go they establish permanent colonies and will require to be dealt — with every year. Plant-lice (Aphids), as already mentioned, have been unusually abun- dant this year, and have not only attacked turnips and cabbage, but also lettuce, peas, potatoes, roses, and most other garden plants, a variety of species being present. Tomatoes have in several places been attacked by the large caterpillars of the Sphinx moth; where these voracious feeders are numerous they devour a large amount of foliage and sometimes strip the plants of their leaves. Being so large and conspicuous they can easily be picked off by hand and crushed under foot. Owing probably to the very hot weather in September — a number of moths emerged from the chrysalids that we had in a breeding cage, instead of remaining buried in the ground all winter. MISCELLANEOUS. The Mediterranean Flour Moth (Lphestia Kuhniella) has made its unwelcome appearance in several mills in this part of Ontario. In one situated in Guelph, an annual fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is made with excellent results; it would probably be better, however, to repeat — the operation at an interval of a few weeks when another brood may be | developed, as it is doubtful whether the gas will kill the eggs of the insect. All sacks and packing material brought from other places should be steamed, or otherwise treated, as the insect is evidently in this way introduced into mills previously free from it. The Indian-meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella) has been found in num- bers infesting a mill, and the caterpillars in another place were discovered devouring seed wheat, of which they eat the germs and thus spoil a larger quantity than they actually consume. If a whole building should be infested by them it would be advisable to fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas, but where they are confined to the grain bins they may be destroyed with bisulphide of carbon. Grain Weevils (Calandra granaria and oryz@) have also been found infesting stored grain. These small snout beetles will continue for years breeding and devouring the grain in the same receptacle if left undisturbed. — Bisulphide of carbon may also be used as a remedy for these as well as any other granary insect. One great means of preventing injury from all these — insects is cleanliness; all bins and other places where grain is stored should be thoroughly cleaned out at least once a year, and fresh grain should not es Pies 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135 4 be brought in till the old has been cleared out. All corners and dark places where flour-dust and other refuse accumulate should be regularly swept out at short intervals and thus leave no undisturbed breeding places for these destructive creatures. is Another insect troublesome in the barn is the Clover-hay Worm (Asopia costalis), the caterpillar of a very pretty little moth, which has rich red wings adorned with yellow markings. The caterpillar feeds upon dry clover, both in the stack and the mow, and spoils it for fodder, as cattle will not eat it when badly infested. In this case also cleanliness is most important; no old clover or refuse should be left in the barn when fresh supplies are about to be brought in, and the remains of old clover stacks should be burnt or thoroughly cleaned up before a fresh one is built on the same spot. During a summer trip to Fort William and Port Arthur it was disheart- ening to find that the Larch Saw-fly (Vematus Erichsoniz) had extended its ravages along the north shore of Lake Superior. On the line of railway as far east as Nepigon the tamaracs were noticed to be every where dead or dying; on reaching this latter place an examination was made of a number of trees and all were found to be swarming with the caterpillars of this insect. This region of country was burnt over some twenty-five years ago, and the land is now covered with a vigorous growth of young trees of various kinds twenty and thirty feet in height. Scattered through these, as well as in clumps, are great numbers of larches, all of which seemed to be infested with these worms; in all probability in a year or two there will not be a living one left, thus repeating the devastation that was experienced soMe years ago in the Eastern Townships of the Province of Quebec. As the insect abounds over hundreds of miles of wild country it is evident that nothing can be done to check its devastating work. Spruce trees in this part of Ontario continue to be attacked by the Spruce Gall-louse (Chermes abietis), which has several times been described in these reports. Young nursery trees and individuals grown for ornament may be treated when the young lice are exposed towards the end of May and of August with a soap and tobacco wash or kerosene emulsion. At Whitby some Spruce trees were defoliated this year by the caterpillars of the Spruce Saw-fly (Lophyrus abietis). Spraying with any of the arsenicals, applied as soon as any of the worms are seen, would soon get rid of them. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF QUEBEC IN 1908. By WILL1amM LOCHHEAD, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. The damage done by insects in Quebec in 1908 has not been heavy. The season was exceptionally dry over a large area of the Province, which condition may have influenced the insect life in some way not yet ascer- tained. Dr. Forbes, of Illinois, says that ‘‘a wet season—if not too wet— is a favorable one, and a dry season an unfavorable one,’’ inasmuch as the condition tends to the increase in growth and food-supply to the plant. Most serious insect injuries to growing crops diminish with wet weather and increase with dry. In very wet weather ‘“‘the sap of the plant may become so dilute, through excessive absorption of water by the roots that it loses its nutritive value, and insects dependent on it are not so well nourished as by the denser sap of a plant growing in a drier soil. They consequently grow less thriftily and multiply less abundantly, and may ’ 136 THE REPORT OF THE No: 19°94 — even diminish rapidly in numbers during a wet season, while if the weather were dry and their food nourishing they would increase steadily at a geome- trical ratio. After a year or two or three of drouth the intelligent farmer will be more watchful for the first appearances of insect outbreak than after a series of unusually wet years.’’ The Relation of Weather to Insect Life is still a baffling problem, but the economic importance of a satisfactory solution warrants the spending of much time, money, energy, and ability. It is just as difficult to get reliable returns concerning insect pests'from © Quebec as it is from Ontario. Many of our common injurious forms are still known as worms, or bugs, vers or pucerons, and there are but few per- sons who can name even the most common injurious insects. InsEcTs AFFECTING CEREAL Crops. No reports of the presence of the Hessian Fly or Wheat Midge have been received from any part of Quebec. The wheat grain aphis did considerably damage in certain localities. At Macdonald College the experimental plots were badly infested, but towards the end of the season it became very evident that the parasites were very numerous, and that they were controlling the aphis, but they did not appear soon enough to prevent serious damage. InsEcTs AFFECTING VEGETABLES. The cabbage and turnip aphis was a very common pest in late summer and autumn, but judging from reports which have reached me, no very serious damage has resulted. Mr. Chapais informs me that he has not found the Cabbage aphizs in eastern Quebec. The green cabbage worm has been prevalent over a large part of Quebec, and considerable damage has been done. It is a very common pest in eastern Quebec, but not plentiful. The Cabbage Root Maggot can usually be found in most fields of vegetables where cabbage and rape are grown, but for the last two or three years, this pest has not made itself manifest to any extent. In some parts of the Province this insect is unknown, as it occurs only at intervals of many years. The Squash Bug (Anasa tristis) is not met with in Quebec. Mr. Chapais reports meeting with it now and again, but he says it never causes much damage. I have not seen any specimens of it at Macdonald College during the last two or three years. The cucumber beetles, however, are very abundant and injurious. In eastern Quebec they are not so abundant as in the western parts. The melon aphis, although present, is not at all injurious, and has not been found by Mr. Chapais east of Quebec. The Colorado potato beetle is keep- ing up its reputation as being the most abundant and persistent pest we have. In spite of all changes in temperature—hard winters and mild win- ters, wet summers and dry summers, this pest continues to hold its own. In fact, it seemed as if it required a stronger dose of Paris green to kill it than it did a few years ago. Insects AFFECTING LARGE Fruits. The Codling Moth is reported as being very abundant at Cowansville and at Chateauguay, Covey Hill, Abbotsford, La Trappe and the lower St. Lawrence; in fact, all the reports received emphasize the abundance of this pest of the apple as doing a great deal of damage. The Apple Maggot was not observed at La Trappe, but was very abundant at Como, just across the Ottawa River, and according to Mr. Reid of Chateauguay, is prevalent at Covey Hill. It is evident that it is not prevalent throughout Quebec, else its presence would have been reported by more of my correspondents. The Plum Curculio, which injures both the apple and the plum was a very bad pest at Chateauguay. Mr. Reid states that it is the worst pest the fruit growers have in his district. Mr. Chapais reports it as abundant along the lower St. Lawrence. It does not seem to affect the apples much at La Trappe, but it is very severe on the plums. The green apple aphis is more or less prevalent in Z i " ‘ ee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee eee wo 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 187 some parts of Quebec, but is not troublesome at Cowansville or in the eastern part of the province. It is very abundant at Chateauguay and La Trappe. The Oyster-shell Bark-louse is also one of our most widespread insects in Quebec, and is reported as being very abundant at Cowansville, but at present it is not injurious at La Trappe to any extent. The Canker- worm is not troublesome. The Fall web-worm is very prevalent throughout the province this present autumn. Insects AFFECTING SMALL FRuITs. The Currant-worm is common everywhere, and is very injurious when left uncontrolled. At the Agri- cultural Institute, at La Trappe, the insect was successfully controlled by Nico Soap. The Raspberry Came-borer was reported as doing little or no harm, but has been observed as being abundant on the wild canes. Mites on Raspberries. In 1907 the raspberry plantation at Macdonald College was badly infested and injured by mites, which have the habit of clustering on the under surface of the leaves. They were again observed in June, 1908, and spraying operations were begun to determine the effect of various solutions in controlling the pests. These operations were in charge of Mr. J. M. Swaine. Ten plants were selected of about the same degree of infestation. The following substances were used: 1D STEVES Dat Se Stace gs Fair results. Lime-sulphur (5 oz. lime, 21-23 S, 2) 4 gal H,O.. Effective but killed leaves. Pesdarsenate (lL to 10). ios... ok. catecsthanate eae Not effective. ; O72 1 Le BR ee isa ooanvean NOL-eftective: tA ere critaa ein, th eliotn eRA Nine Kiffective. veale Oil Soap, 3° 0z:; 10 gale: ......56...0440040- Fair results. Beerar eo MeCOE ON 15 2 sets 453. .;2icdsaderennsd dv ieee Fair results. ierosene Hmulsion’ (1 to 9) .....%..0..2-d.5c02eoeees Most effective. ol plage ip Ss Neely SRO ae enti ae nai nena RDA RI Ps NO Effective. Later, the whole patch, excepting three rows, was sprayed with whale oil soap, tobacco decoction and V2. They all killed the mites, where they were very carefully applied, but on the whole about half of the mites were killed. ‘Tobacco was as effective as any of the substances tried. Probably these mites can be better controlled by winter sprays, and experiments will be conducted this coming winter to test the effectiveness of winter sprays. Tur WuHite MarKep Tussock Motu. Mr. Swaine reports that the Tus- sock Moth was not nearly so abundant on the shade trees of Montreal as it was in 1907. Fully 90 per cent. of the larvee that were collected at random from trees were found infested with parasites. Mr. Swaine bred 16 species of parasites. INSECTS OF THE EASTERN Townsuirs. According to Mr. Douglas Weir Grass-hoppers were the cause of some damage to the grain crops in the Eastern Townships, and the Potato Flea Beetle was observed in somewhat greater numbers than usual, assisting the Colorado Beetle in the devasta- tion of the potato crop. In the orchards the 7ent Caterpillar and plant lice were perhaps most evident, while in the forests and wood lots a species of Saw-fy (Nematus Sp.) defoliated many fine groves of birch (mostly Betula papyrifera and B. populifolia). Insects OBSERVED AT THE Port or Montreat. Mr. Merritt Baker, Fruit Division, Ottawa, who is in charge of the inspection of apples at the port of Montreal in connection with the inforcement of the Fruit Marks Act informs me that the three most important insects which he has observed in the course of his inspection are the Codling Moth, the Plum Maggot and the Lesser Apple-Worm. The apples which he examined came mostly from the Lake Ontario District, Ontario. The Lesser Apple Worm (£nar- 10 EN. 138 | THE REPORT OF THE . No. 19 monia prunivora) is an insect which deserves more attention than it has usually received. It is probable that many of the injuries which have been done by this insect have been attributed to the young codling worms. This Insect usually bores just below the skin at the blossom end of the apple, or at the point where two apples are in contact. The effect produced is a sunken area, somewhat irregular in outline, still covered by the dead skin of the apple. Observations show that it rarely bores into the fruit very far; never exceeding half an inch. Mr. Baker states that the injury to the apple may continue after the fruit has been packed in barrels. Dr. Felt, New York State Entomologist, states that it works also upon the domestic variety of plums. In appearance, the lesser Apple Worm resembles some- what the Codling Worm. It is very probable—although direct experiments | have not been conducted to test the effectiveness of the remedy—that this insect can be controlled by the same applications as those adopted against the Codling Moth. Tue Appts Maccor or Rarrroap Worm (Rhagoletis pomonella) has ~ become one of our most serious apple pests. It does not appear to be widely distributed as yet. It appears locally in several districts, and does not sem _ to have the faculty of spreading far from that locality. The insect winters over as a little brown oval puparium, either on the surface of the ground or at the bottom of barrels containing apples. The adults emerge very regularly | throughout the season, from early July up into September, so that they affect both early and late-maturing apples. The adult is a blackish two- | winged fly, a little smaller than a common house fly, and may be recog- nized by the narrow, white bands on its abdomen, and by the four black bands across its wings. The eggs are deposited under the skin of the apple, and the young maggots hatch within a week and begin burrowing and mak- ing channels in the developing apple. It seems as if the maggot does not emerge until the apple is matured; there is therefore great danger that many apples which appear quite free from injury when picked and packed in barrels will show serious injuries when the barrels are opened. There is but one brood each season. As spraying has little or no effect in con- trolling this insect the best methods of control are the gathering and destroy- ing of the fallen apples, which contain the maggot, and the cultivation of the soil in the orchard, at intervals early in the summer, before Ist July, to destroy the pupe in the soil. THE FARMER’S WOOD LOT. By Rev. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., Levis, P. QUE. ‘‘ How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, When fond recollection presents them to view : The orchard, the meadow, the deep tangled wild-wood, And ev’ry loved spot that my infancy knew.’’ Many a man who, in early life, left his father’s homestead to try his fortune far away, has listened to the song of ‘“The Old Oaken Bucket’’ with keen emotion. It is the nature of man to ‘look before and after, And sigh for what is not.’’ And, in his leisure moments, when wearied with the turmoil of the busy world, the fancy of the exile from home will often revert to the scenes of his early life. | 10a EN. 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139 Among the cherished recollections of such a one will be the Wood Lot, with its stately trees, its pleasant glades, its cool retreats. He will think of its hazel copses, its blackberry tangles, its furred and feathered denizens, its wealth of flowers. He can call to mind its appearance in the early summer, when all the trees of the wood rejoice before the Lord, when the delicate green of the young foliage was relieved by the yellow catkins of the birches and the darker hues of the pines. The glories of its autumnal tints will also present themselves to his fond remembrance—the splendid crimson and gold of its maples, the Indian yellow of its beeches, the rich rosy bronze of its oaks. It will seem to him as if the woodland were wont to don its richest robes, to bid adieu to summer with befitting state. Amid such scenes he received his first lessons in wood-craft, and learned to call the trees by their names, and to distinguish each kind by its peculiar- ities, and to know the timber of each by its grain, and to tell the uses for which it was adapted. There he learned to admire the inexhaustible resources of the Divine Creator revealed on every hand, and the marvellous—to speak paradoxi- cally—diversity in uniformity under which no two leaves of one tree exactly agree in all points of outline and venation. Then, it may be his thought will revert to his early companions, and their frolics in the woods and sugar-house. He can recall the names, the features, the characteristics of his early friends; and he may wonder whither their several paths in life have led them. But dearest to his fond recollection—dear and yet sorrowful—will be the remembrance of the home circle. He will think of his parents now laid to rest, it may be, in a selected spot of their own land; and he will perhaps view, with shame and regret, his conduct in leaving the old folk to carry on the farm, in their declining years, without the aid of his youthful energy and strong right arm. “It is true,’ our friend may say to himself, ‘‘that the farm was less productive than it had been, that the prices of produce were low, and the gerteral outlook somewhat gloomy; but observation has since taught me, that, as the population has increased, the prices of produce have risen, that new railways have given access to better markets, that such noble institu- tions as the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and the Macdonald College at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, have made known that more can be done with, and made from, the land than our fathers were aware of. If I could have had the advantage of a training, such as these colleges afford, my ambition would have been aroused, and I would have staid by the land and made it profitable. And what nobler business can a man undertake! The cultivation of the soil was the work appointed for Adam by his Maker. The occupations of the farmer have not unfitted men for high endeavours. Stock- raising was the business of Abraham, the father of the faithful, the friend of God: the prophet Amos was a herdsman; it was from the sheep-fold that God took His servant David away, that he might feed Jacob His people, and Israel] His inheritance. It was from the plough that Cincinnatus was called to the Dictatorship; and the poet, Horace, delighted in his Sabine farm.”’ But, leaving our city man to his cogitations, let us now make some observations on the wood lot for ourselves. I do not in this article refer to the White Birch allotments that may - be seen on the French Canadian farms around Montreal, nor to the Spruce growth on many of our northern farms; though these have their interesting features. I have in mind the mixed growth, remains of the old forest that 140 THE REPORT OF THE * No. 19 _ once covered the land: such as may be seen on the rougher portions of farms, in parts of the Eastern Townships and the New England States. The arestocracy, so to speak, among the trees of such wood-lots are the lordly pine, the sturdy hemlock, the stately yellow birch, and the bass- wood beloved of bees. These rise, straight and tall, amid the numerous spruces, balsams, tamaracks, elms, maples, beeches, poplars and balm-of- Gileads. | Among all these fine and useful trees are others of smaller growth: thorns, hornbeams, amelanchiers, moosemissies, etc. Stand with me in such a wood, and see the tall pines, with their spread- ing layers of foliage rising tier above tier; the graceful balsams, like church- spires pointing heavenward; the vase-like contour of the elms. Time would fail us to consider the peculiarities and uses of many of the trees—let us observe those of one genus, that of Fraxinus, the Ash. Of the six kinds of Ash accredited by Grey to North America, three are found commonly in Canada: The White Ash, Prazrinus Americana; The Red Ash, Prazinus pubescens; The Black Ash, /razinus sambuctfolia. The fruit of each of these is a Samara, or winged seed, and the leaves are compound leaves, and these afford distinguishing features for the three kinds I have mentioned. In the White Ash the stalks of the leaflets are smooth and glabrous. In the Fed, they are softly pubescent. In the Black, the leaflets have no stalks—they are sessile. Again, : — The seed of the Whzte Ash is winged from the apex only. In the Red, the seed is edged on either side; and the edges gradually. expand into the wing. In the Black, the seed is winged all round. These seeds hang in clusters. The children in England call them locks and keys. } The White Ash is a valuable shade tree. Its symmetrical stem, its graceful contour, and its elegant foliage render it a favorite for the lawn or park. Then it is remarkably free from insects. In North America some 50U kinds of insects feed upon the oak; but about 50 only feed upon the ash; and of these very few can be said to be injurious or offensive. The wood of the White Ash, on account of its toughness, its close grain, and its freedom from flaws, is valuable for the construction of carriages, farm vehicles and implements. The wood of the Black Ash is useful for other purposes. Bars of it are well soaked, and pounded with mallets. They can then be rent into fine strips for basket work and bottoming of chairs. Let us now turn our thoughts for a few moments to the sentient things around us. I dare say you noticed when we entered the wood-lot that a sentinel- crow sounded an alarm—and now a dead silence seems to have fallen on the woodland. Let us sit on this log till the inhabitants of the wood have regained confidence. Meanwhile, I will say a few words about the crows. The crows build frequently in spruce trees. The dense foliage of these — trees hides their nest. T had the curiosity to climb to a nest some years — ago; andI was rewarded for my pains, for a strange nest I found it. The 1908 ; * ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 141 builders had stolen a whole length of clothes-line, and with great ingenuity had wound the cord round and round, and between the young branches of the tree, making a very firm basis for their nest. You all know that the first egg of a pullet is sometimes very small: the mother crow, whose nest I invaded, must have been a yearling bird, for there was in the nest one very diminutive egg, with others of the usual s1ze. Ah, our patience is meeting with its reward—the birds and animals are no longer silent. There is an oriole wending its way to its nest that we saw suspended from the extremity of an elm bough on the verge of the wood. And yonder, near the top of that tall hemlock stump, a Golden-winged Wood-pecker (Colaptes duratus) is busy enlarging a hole in which to make its nest. What a litter he is making! ‘‘The carpenter is known by his chips.’’ Now he flies away. Observe the graceful curves of his flight, and notice his peculiar call, which suggested the common name by which he is known— ““Wake-up.’’ The stump he was operating upon must be fourteen feet high. Its top shews that the are had severed it from the upper portion of the tree. How did the woodman find standing room for his work? The explanation is this :—the tree was blown down in some fierce gale. It tore from the ground, on all sides but one, a mass of roots, charged heavily with soil and stones, and leaving a deep hollow in the earth. The farmer came; peeled off the bark as far as the branches; cut off the limbs and top; then marked the trunk into lengths. He stept up on the tree, and standing with feet wide apart, chopped off standard logs—one—two—three. As the third log fell, he felt the butt, on which he was standing, beginning to move. He jumped, and so doing, escaped from being shot, as from a catapult, yards away. The counter weight being gone, the heavy mass of roots, with the stump in place, fell back into its matrix with a thud. See yonder in the maples a pair of grey squirrels. What a frolic they are having! Chasing each other as if they were playing “tag,’’ their long tails extended, or curved gracefully over their backs. Those tails serve them for Winter blankets. The little creatures, in their snug retreats, during the cold weather lie closely curled, and wrapped by their soft tails, heedless of wind and storm. They are sportive enough now—bye-and-bye, when Autumn is well advanced, they will be busy collecting beech nuts, acorns and butter nuts for their Winter supplies. The butter nuts are truly to the squirrels Juglans—Jovis glans—Jupiter’s nuts—the provision made by Providence for their Winter’s need. On the other side of us a red squirrel is scolding—‘‘chuck, chuck.’’ I have lost my liking for this little animal ever since I saw one of its kind tearing to pieces the callow young from a young bird’s nest that it had dis- covered. Yonder runs the prettily striped ground squirrel or “chipmunk.’’ One evening in the first year of my residence in Canada, I walked out from Mon- treal, where I was then living, to Cote des Neiges. There I encountered half a dozen boys who were greatly excited. Some of them had sticks in their hands; some large stones; all were eagerly searching the stone fences. ‘““What are you hunting?’’ IT asked. “A chipmunk! A chipmunk! !’’ they shouted. and away they ran. I had never before heard the name. I wondered what ferocious beast was known under the strange appellation. I was as perplexed as the tourist who came to Quebec to view the Winter scenery. He was a man of more leisure and means than wit. He put up at the St. Louis Hotel, and in the afternoon walked out to the Plains. 142 THE REPORT OF THE Wo 194 He admired the pure unbroken expanse of snow and the fine view over the St. Lawrence and towards St. Jean Chrysostom. Next morning he arose early and took the same course to gain an appetite for breakfast. When lo, he saw some strange tracks in the snow. They were very large, and there was something like the imprint of a spur behind each of them. While he stood greatly puzzled, an old Scotchman drove along on a traineau. Our friend stopped him; and the following colloquy occurred :— “Can you tell me, Sir, what made these tracks ?’’ “The snaw-shus.”’ “What huge tracks! They come from the woods’’ (pointing towards Wolfe’s Field). “O aye, that’ awa.”’ “They came in the night?”’ “Like as not.’’ “And they go towards the town. Ar’n’t the people afraid ”’ “Na’, na’. They’re used to them.’’ And he drove on. Out came the stranger’s note book; and he wrote :— “The Great Snortshius, a strange creature with huge feet, comes from the woods in the night, and passes into the town; and the people are not terrified. I must enquire further.”’ So I felt about the chipmunk. I must enquire further; and I did. The chipmunks and field mice are very mischievious. Towards Spring when their Winter storm of provisions have run short, and when the snow next the earth has melted, leaving run-ways amidst the buried brush, the little animals follow these passages till they come to the young maples, that the farmer has been preserving to form a second growth sugary. They gnaw the bark of the trees near the ground. After a 'ong Winter I have seen scores of young trees completely girdled and destroyed by them. If a young orchard is near the creatures are apt to serve the fruit trees in the same way. Lengths of stove pipe unhooked at the sides, and placed around the base of the sete and then hooked together again, are a safeguard against the spoilers. From our seat on the log we can observe many interesting things. Yonder runs a Ruffed Grouse or partridge. It probably has its nest at the foot of some neighbouring tree. The nest is but a slight hollow in a dry spot. The bird lays many eggs. She sits close; and her colour and markings so resem- ble her surroundings that she is seldom noticed by a passer-by. Her young can run as soon as they are hatched. I have witnessed a strange device that the partridge has of escaping its foes in the Winter. | I was standing beside a church which was built near such a wood lot as we are considering. The snow lay deep on the ground, and was drifted against the edifice. Suddenly a pair of partridges whirled rapidly round the gable of the building. They were unaware of my presence till they came upon me. I cnuld have touched them but they dived with startling rapidity into the drift heside me, scatter‘ng the light snow all around as they passed in, and so enmpletely closing up their passage way that I could not tell the exact spot where they had entered, though it was not more than three yards from me Renresentatives of the insect world are on the wing, or sunning them- - selves on the foliage. There is Polygonia faunus, Edwards, the most beauti- ful of onr Graptade. Notice the rich mottling of its under side. There, too, is Rasilarchia arthemis, one of the finest of our butterflies. The dark 1908 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143 purple of its upper surface is banded with pure white and adorned with orange svots and blue crescents. The larve of these lovely butterflies feed upon the elm, willow, etc., and they do little, if any, harm. But we must not dwell upon the inoffensive insects, however beautiful. Let me draw your attention for a moment to creatures that work in darkness, to the injury of the trees. Some of these belong to the Hymenoptera: J're- mex columba, Drury (Fig. 41); Uroceros albicornis, Fabricius; U. eyaneus, Fabricius; U. flavicornis, Fabricius. They are large, handsome, but for- midable looking flies. Their larve tunnel in various trees and do much damage. Fortunately their number are kept down by several species of even more dangerous-looking ichneumons: Thalessa atrata, Fab.; 7’. lunator, Fab.; I’. nortone, Cresson, &c. The larve of these follow up the larve of the others and devour them. Many a tragedy, that we know not of, is done in the darkness. Fig. 41. Pigeon-tremex—the Horn-tail borer—( Tremea Columba. ) The larvee of many beetles are borers. I dare say that this log on which we are sitting is bored through and through by the larve of Orthosoma brun- neum, Forster. We do not greatly wonder that larve of some of the four-winged flies, and of some of the beetles should bore in timber; but it does seem remarkable that larve of some of our moths should do the same. Yet the larve of Cossus centerensis, Lintner, bore in the Balsam Poplar; the larve of Prionorystus robinie, Peck, bore in the locust; the larve of Prionoxystus Macmurtrei, G.-M., bore in the oak; the larve of Mgeria aptformis, Clerck, bore in the willow; the larve of Sesia acerni, Clemens, bore in the maple; and there are others of lke habits. Turning our attention to the trees again. There is a White Cedar. Cedar is not plentiful on the Eastern Township farms. The man who owns a cedar swamp owns a mine of wealth for Cedar is of great value for shingles. There are, however, extensive tracts of cedar elsewhere. At Grand Metis, a company, called the “Grand Metis Lumber Company”’ is operating. This firm cuts, I am told, from 150,000 to 200,000 logs per year, out of which they manufacture from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 shingles in the same period. They ship their output by rail to the New England States. One thousand feet, log measure, will yield about 8,000 shingles (32 bundles of 250 shingles each). First quality shingles are worth from $4.00 to $4.35 per thousand, deliv- ered at New England points. The duty at the border is 30 cents per thousand. Cedar, to the lumber firms, is about twice as remunerative as spruce. 144 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 The White Birch is another valuable tree. The spools which are of use all over the world are made from its wood. There are districts in which the White Birch (or “Bouleau,’’ as the French call it) grows abundantly. Such a tract is that from Matane to Cap Chat, on the south coast of the St. Lawrence. The firm operating in that part of the country is James Richardson & Co. The timber is sawn into strips 14 to 6 feet long, 2 inches broad, 2 inches deep. The white wood only is used; the heart wood is laid aside for fuel. The strips of white wood are tied up in bundles, and shipped from Matane, in Norwegian sailing vessels, to Coats & Co., of Glasgow, who with some associated companies have the spool business entirely in their own hands. The vessels that convey the spool wood to Scotland, when taking in cargo at Matane lie half a mile, or more, from the shore; and the lumber is carried out to them in scows, open boats and schooners. 3,000,000 feet of spool-wood board measure is exported from the Matane district every year. Observe that small tree with blossoms resembling hops. It is the Hop Hornbeam or Iron Wood (Ostrua virginica). Young trees of this kind and young ash trees furnish the farmer with levers firm and good. Speaking of levers, this incident came under my observation some years ago:—A farmer made a ‘“‘Bee’’ for the purpose of drawing sawlogs to the mill. The neighbours came. On entering the wood, those who were not already supplied cut levers for themselves. An emigrant, who had been engaged by one of the men, observing this, cut a lever for himself. The work commenced. The emigrant made a great show of strenuous effort—it was but a show. The man beside him called out, ‘‘Lift man, lift!’’ Then he added, “Let me see your pry.’’ Holding this up, he shouted, “A basswood! A basswood !’’ A roar of contemptuous laughter followed from the other men. The immigrant stood amazed. In his ignorance of the nature of the wood, he did not know that his pretentious ineffectiveness had been exposed. Even the bushes around us are worthy of attention. There is the Moose- wood, also called Wicopy (Dirca palustris). You cannot break a stick of it— the rind is too tough; but the wood, when peeled, is remarkably brittle. The farmers, when short of string, use strips of the bark, which is pliant as well as tough, for tying up the mouths of their sacks of grain, ete. As we make for home, let us consider the condition of things in some parts of the country. It is grievous to see the way in which farms are often mismanaged. Men with little means and less judgment, buy farms “on time’’ at more than their value. To meet their payments these men have to part with every- thing that will bring money. They have not wherewithal to purchase suf- ficient stock; and they sell the hay off their land year after year, impover- ishing the farms more and more. They cut down their woods, and sell the maple for fuel, and the spruce for pulp wood. Where there are chemical works within reach the denudation of the land goes on rapidly, for hard wood is in demand for the distillation of wood alcohol, and other wood for feeding the furnaces in the work. By and bye the farm will be so unpro- ductive that the owner will have to leave it. According to the latest reports there are in Rhode Island 228 abandoned farms. In Massachusetts the abandoned and waste land amounts to one- tenth the total area of the state. But wealthy and intelligent men are now buying up the abandoned tracts and planting them with trees. One of them this year has planted 63 acres with white pine, and intends to plant 50 acres per year for the next ten years. See the “Richford Gazette’’ for October 9th, 1908. — er a Se ee - 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3 145 Our own people should seize every suitable opportunity for tree-planting. They should put in trees for wind-breaks to their homesteads and orchards, shade trees for their roadsides, ornamental trees for their lawns and parks, young fruit trees to supply gaps in their orchards, young maples to keep up their sugar woods, useful trees in every waste spot. In conclusion [ would impress upon your minds the advice of an old North Countryman : “* Be aye stickin’ in a tree. ’Twill be upwards creepin’ While ye are a-sleepin’. LIFE HISTORY OF EUCHATIAS OREGONENSIS (Stretch). By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., MonrTrReat. On 10th July, 1898, I had a day’s collecting in High Park on the western outskirts of Toronto. Neonympha Canthus was abundant in the moist hollows and Satyrus Nephele was also flying. Thecla Edwardsti and Lycaena Scudderi were common, the former on Ceanothus Americanus a low spreading shrub with white flowers, and the latter coquetting with the blue flowers of the harebell. Thecla Acadica was also flying with Hdwardsw and L. Neglecta, P. Troilus, much worn, P. Nycteis, Plusia Simplex, brown form, were also taken while 1 Be Arthemis, P. Oleracea, presumably of second Brood were seen, as well as D. Archippus from the south leisurely ovipositing. While collecting the Theclas a white moth came flying around the same plant and was taken. I saw it was a species of EHuchetias new to me and as it was a female I kept it alive to secure eggs if possible. I subsequently learned that it was Oregonensis, but it had lost all the pale drab tone of the primaries and was practically white. Eggs, round, gum-drop shape, about as high as the diameter, which is .83 mm., shiny, but showing minute facets under a 2-inch power. Colour, honey-yellow when laid, turning dark lead colour just before hatching. Began hatching 18th July, and all but one were out on 19th. Egg period about 8 days. Young larva, length including forked tail 2.33 mm., the forked tail being .17 mm. This forked tail seemed marked under the microscope, but when larva was examined with ordinary pocket magnifier on 2lst, after it had fed the forking seemed less conspicuous. Head, rounded above, brown, darker on upper lobes, the lower part and median suture pale, with a few short hairs. Body after feeding green, yellowish-brown about warts which are dark brown or black. Sete mostly long, black; cervical shield brown. Wart III. on abdominal segments has two sete. The sete on 4th segment are larger than on middle segments and project forward. On 5th segment the upper sete are nearly twice as long as on middle segments. On 11th to 13th segments they are also longer than on the middle ones, those on 12th and 13th being longer than on the 11th. Feet, dark brown, claspers greenish. For a wonder the specimen described kept quite still while its descrip- tion was being taken. The larve on hatching were placed on Asclepias, but did not fancy it. Mr. Winn suggested Dogbane (Apocynum Androsemi- folium) which was then supplied and accepted by the larve as satisfactory. 146 THE REPORT OF THE “F ‘No. 19 © On 22nd July they began passing first moult, the length after the moult being 4.7 mm. ; ; As I was leaving town early in the morning of Saturday, the 23rd to spend Sunday at Lake Memphremagog, I merely took the length expecting to be able to take the rest of the description on my return, but on the 26th recorded in my note book that the second moult had already been passed and made the following description : “a Stage III., after second moult. Length 8.6 mm. Head, rather small, rounded above, yellow, the ocelli, brown. Body, rather plump, greenish yellow, with a green dorsal stripe, more conspicuous on the abdominal segments. Hairs spreading, a few longer than the others on some of the anterior and posterior segments, yellowish. The lateral warts seem to be placed in depressions. Feet and claspers, yellowish. These larve matured very rapidly and on 28th the third moult was being passed. Stage IV., after third moult. Length before feeding about the same as when last taken. Head, yellow, mouth parts brownish. Body greenish yellow, the pul- sating vessicle showing as a green line. Hairs, long and silky, overhang- ing the head and anal extremity, light yellowish. Anal claspers, rather small and spreading. Feet and claspers, pale yellowish. The catervillar under observation which had just passed the moult stood on its central abdominal claspers and raised both extremities, back to back, brushing them together to adjust the hairs. This it did repeatedly and with so much energy that it lost its hold and fell off the leaf. On 31st July all but two had passed the fourth moult. } Stage V., after fourth moult. Length, 12.5 to 14 mm. Head, yellow, with tinge of orange, ocelli dark brown or black. Except when feeding or in motion the head is concealed by the hairs of the second and third seg- ments which overhang it. Body, pale greenish, the spreading hairs greenish yellow. There are a number of long hairs on the segment projecting for- ward over the head, and a few on the third and fourth segments which stand straight up or project slightly forward. These hairs are from three to four times as long as the other hairs. There are also a number of similar long- hairs on the 11th, 12th and 13th segments which slope towards the rear. While I was describing these, at least about a half of them roused them- selves and began running about, especially around the rim of the jar, stop- ping every few seconds and sounding with their feet, raising the thoracic — segments and striking a number of times and then going on again. They sometimes crawled part way down the outside of the jar, but generally crawled up again, not showing any disposition to go far from home. Two, however, crawled down to the table, but one of these crawled upon the tin cover of the jar and rested there. 5 On Ist August two were found to have passed the fifth moult, but no ~ change in size was apparent. As I was leaving that evening for a brief trip to Tadousac on the lower St. Lawrence I had no time to make any detailed description of Stage VI. On 5th August the larve were passing the sixth and last moult and changing their appearance considerably, but also showing a good deal of variation. Some were mouse-gray all but the head which was still honey- yellow, while others were gray as to the skin, but with yellowish hairs and some had yellowish hairs with a few mouse-gray ones mixed in. These larvee were perfectly healthy up to the time of my leaving — Tadousac for home on the evening of 7th August. They had been perfectly ~ 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147 _ easy to.rear, developed rapidly and none had been lost, but I doubtless made the mistake of not separating them sufficiently as they approached maturity for on my arrival home on the morning of 9th August I found that a choleraic disease had broken out among them and several were dead. I immediately separated them into a number of jars which I had washed with a disinfecting solution of permanganate of potash, putting those that seemed quite healthy by themselves and those under suspicion by themselves. On 12th August one of those under suspicion spun a rather flimsy gray ~ cocoon weaving in the hairs of its body, but by 21st August all the others had died in spite of all the care that was lavished upon them. * Afterwards I found that the one which had spun its cocoon had not had sufficient vital- ity to pupate. I thus succeeded in working out the life history of the species, though my cabinet was not enriched with any bred specimens. Diameter of larval faces of the first six stages were .41, .58, .80, 1.12, 1.38, 1.67 mm. DR. JAMES FLETCHER. It is with the most profound regret that we record the death of our very dear friend, Dr. James Fletcher, which occurred on Sunday morning, November 8th. For the last two years his health had not been entirely sat- isfactory and for more than a twelve month he had been troubled more or less with an internal hemorrhage which caused him much inconvenience and discomfort at times, but which he did not regard as particularly serious. His cheery habit of mind caused him to treat lightly symptoms which would in most cases have excited much alarm. In the middle of September he went out to British Columbia on his annual visit and was absent from home for about six weeks. On his return his colleagues noticed that he had not benefited as much as usual by the trip, and that his appearance was by no means robust. But with characteristic energy he at once set to work to make the arrangements for the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, which he desired should be one of the most successful in its history. As President for the second vear in succession, he expected to retire from office, but fully counted upon being present at Guelph and occupying the chair at the various sessions which were held on November the 5th and 6th. During the preceding week, however, he wrote saying that he was going to Montreal to consult a specialist, and might after all be unable to attend. He went down on Saturday the 3lst of October, and was at once sent to the Royal Victoria Hospital, there to prepare for an operation. To the writer he sent a letter the following day expressing his great disappoint- ment at being laid up and prevented from coming to Guelph, but full of confidence in the wonderful power of modern surgery and with apparently no fears as to the result. The operation took place on the following Satur- day, but he failed, owing to his weak condition, to rally from it and the next morning he died. The operation revealed that he had been suffering for some time from a malignant tumour which had sapped his vitality and would very soon in any case have brought his life to a close. Up to the end he was cheerful and uncomplaining, free from despondency or anxiety about himself, and full of the happy optimism which had always been one of his charming characteristics. 148 THE REPORT. OF THE No. 19 | Few men ever made so many loving friends in all walks of life; every one who came to know him could not fail to become warmly attached to him. There are many sad hearts grieving at his loss all over the Dominion of Canada and many, too, in widely scattered places in the United States. Old and young, rich and poor, learned or ignorant, children and their eld- ers, ‘t made no difference—he had a kindly word for each one and most can treasure in their memories a kindly deed as well. When he addressed a meeting he captivated his audience at once and when he joined an excursion of nature students all were eager to be with him, and learn from him some of the secrets of the woods and fields that he knew so well. We shall not see his like again, but we may all feel that it was good for us to have known him—his memory will long live in our hearts—his noble words and generous deeds will be happy recollections for many a year to come. Dr. James Fletcher was born at Ashe in the County of Kent, England, on March 28th, 1852. He was educated at King’s School, Rochester, and came to Canada in 1874 to fill the position of a clerk in the Bank of British North America. Finding the work uncongenial after two years, he gave it up and became an assistant in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa. All his spare time he devoted to Botany and Entomology and became as years went on a recognized authority in each of thse branches of natural science. This led to his appointment as honorary Dominion Entomologist and Botan- ist and a year or two later to his taking up the work of these departments at the newly established experimental farm. This was in 1887 and for twenty-one years he has been a highly valued assistant to Dr. Saunders, the director, and long since became known throughout North America as one of the ablest scientific men of the day in his special departments. In 1878 he became a member of the Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and every year since he has been elected to hold some office in it, being four times Vice-President, and President for three years, from 1886 to 1888 and again from 1906 to the time of his death, when he had just been re-elected for another year. His first contribution to the Society’s publications was an article on Canadian Buprestide, which was published in the Annual Report for 1878, and his first contribution to ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’? appeared in January, 1880. During all the years that have followed no volume of either publication has been issued without some valuable articles from his pen. ; In 1879 he was one of the originators of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, the most successful society of the kind in the Dominion, and more recently he suggested, and by his energy and influence accomplished, the formation of the important Association of Economic Entomologists of North America, of which he was elected President in 1892. He was also one of the original Fellows of the recently formed Entomological Society of America, and was First Vice-President last year. In 1886 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society, of London, and in 1896 he received the degree of LL.D., Honoris causa, from Queen’s University. In 1885 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; in 1895 he became President of Section IV., which is devoted to Geological and Biological Sciences. For many years he was Honorary Treasurer of the Society, and for the last two years Honorary Secretary. To the transactions of the Royal Society he contributed the following papers: Pre- sidential Address, 1895, on Practical Entomology; Recent Additions to the list of Injurious Insects of Canada, 1899; The Value of Nature Study in Education, 1901; Descriptions of some new Species and Varieties of Can- adian Butterflies, 1903; Notes on the Preparatory Stages of some Species of Canadian Lepidoptera, 1907. : 1908 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 149 A list of his contributions to scientific and agricultural journals would occupy many pages, if such a list could be completely carried out.. His most valuable publications were his annual reports on the work of his depart- ment at the Central Experimental Farm and the Bulletins in connection with it, in which he gave accurate detailed descriptions of a large number of injurious insects, and also his papers in the Annual Reports to the Legis- lature of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Two years ago he com- pleted an admirable work on the Farm Weeds of Canada, containing descriptions of all the most important weeds that are a trouble to agricul- turists throughout the Dominion; a handsome quarto volume illustrated with 56 beautiful coloured plates. Not only with his pen, however, did he perform useful work, but with his voice as well. He was in great demand as a public speaker at Agricul- tural, Horticultural, and Fruit-growers’ conventions, meetings of Farmers’ Institutes and other gatherings. On these occasions he at once secured the attention of his audience and charmed them with his graceful language and lively humour. No one else, indeed, has done so much for Canada in instructing the people in a practical knowledge of their worst insect foes and the best methods of dealing with them. His work has thus been of vast importance not only to those directly interested in the products of the soil, but indirectly to all the dwellers within the domains of this wide Do- minion. Though so fully occupied with scientific work he yet found time for other things. He was one of the most efficient members of St. Luke’s Hos- pital board; for many years lay-reader and superintendent of the Sunday school in Holy Trinity Church, Archville, a suburb of Ottawa; and an active member of the St. Andrew’s Brotherhood. His religious life as a devout son of the Church of England was known perhaps to but few amongst his intimate friends, though manifested in many ways through his goodness of heart; he lived and died an earnest, God-fearing man, devout and upright, filled with unobtrusive piety, a sincere Christian indeed “in whom was no guile.’’ While we deplore the loss that we all feel we have individually sus- tained, we desire to express to his sorrowing family, Mrs. Fletcher and her two daughters, the deepest sympathy with them in their sad bereavement. To them the loss is beyond all words, but it may afford them a ray of comfort to know that he whom now they mourn was so widely beloved, admired and respected and that so many friends share in their grief and are filled with sorrow for him who is gone. C. J. S. BeTHUNE. Dr. iu. O. Howarn, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology in the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington, a friend of many years standing, writes as follows: “Dr. Fletcher’s services to his country were very great. He had a wonder- ful grasp of a very broad field in Entomology, and was one of the best- informed men of his time on the intricate and manifold aspects of economic Entomology. His reports were sound and practical, and as a public speaker before assemblages of agriculturists and horticulturists he was unexcelled. His address years ago before the National Geographic Society in Washing- ton, on the Canadian Northwest, was one of the most perfect lectures I ever 150 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19 heard. He was known, admired and loved all through the States. In fact, I have never known a man who had so many absolutely devoted friends as Dr. Fletcher. His*energy, his enthusiasm, his absorbing interest in every- thing that lives and grows, his warm heart, his cheeriness, his perfect lack of even a suspicion of egotism, attracted every one who knew him, and bound them to him in friendship, and even love, forever. Here in Wash- ington among the Entomologists and others there are many sad hearts to-day.”’ DR. WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD. On the 17th of October Dr. William Ashmead died in Washington, D.C., aged 53 years. For more than a year he was in such an unsatisfactory state of health that his recovery appeared impossible and it was therefore no surprise to learn that the end had at last arrived. His break down in the midst of a career of scientific usefulness was evidently brought about by overwork; he devoted himself with such intensity to the study of the Hymen- optera and the publication of the results that he gave himself no rest and literally wore himself out, to the grief and distress of his family and many friends. For close upon thirty years he was a constant contributor to the pages of “The Canadian Entomologist,’’ his first articles on insects affecting the orange, having appeared in 1879. At that time he lived in Jacksonville, Florida, where he was engaged in the publishing business, which included the issue of a daily paper and a weekly agricultural journal. He was natur- ally much interested in the production of oranges and his attention thus became drawn to the insects injuring the trees and fruit and those parasitic forms that somewhat keep them in check. His work was so thorough that he was made a field Entomologist for the United States Department of Agri- culture in 1887, and began his career as a professional Entomologist. In 1890 he went to Germany and studied for some time in Berlin, thus becoming qualified for the performance of scientific work of a high char- acter. In July, 1897, he was appointed a Curator of the Department of Insects in the United States National Museum at Washington, and con- tinued to hold the position till incapacitated by illness. In October, 1904, he was elected an ‘“‘Honorary Member of the Ento- mological Society of Ontario in recognition of his eminence in the science and the valuable contributions that he so constantly made to the pages of the “Canadian Entomologist.’’ His studies were devoted to the Hymen- optera, and he published many systematic papers on various super-families in the order and described a large number of genera and species. His work was of such a high character that it is regarded as authoritative and has attracted the attention of the leading Entomologist of both Europe and America. One of his completed works is his Monograph of the Proctotry- pide, a volume of nearly 500 pages published in 1893. Most of his papers are to be found in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia and in the Canadian Entomologist. He received the honourary degree of Doctor of Science from the West- ern University of Pennsylvania and was the recipient of many distinctions from various Entomological Societies. Personally he was esteemed and beloved by all who knew him and there are many who now deplore his loss. CO. Fg S2-B: : Pace. prider, galls affecting ....s0si-....+. 76 Amblyscirtes samoset, .................. 63 American Tent Caterpillar .......... 116 Aphelinus fuscipennis .................. 55 i MY LUASPIGIS! Posts. see. .-. 55 eMpOAGS, Injuries LrOM \-...<-;.-6-++-+... 119 the Cabbage and Turnip...21, 128 Apple, galls affecting .................. 89 poe SMeaL HOPE © ie ccsedsores...-2--2- 119 Elem Min aro bases ob. tcsnesant > 17, 19, 138 ‘“- Worm, the Lesser ............ 16 Araneida, Record of captures ...... 116 ATC OUP Se TOLVACANA), Siescc-cdaceseacecdess 116 ASH AT R-DOGEIE s..cccs0. sacsceresesscencs 25 PGMs PAE CUING | 05... l.c..c2.c.8e0se.: 76 Ashmead, Dr. W. H., the late...... 150 PASPHOIOUUS TADIOUIS: ../.52 02 .6005.-+020000- 52 « PETIICIOSUS Ho occoueccaddeces 30, 53 A CeO TINA RE eis cveitiesisticins ons sdeamons oes 22 Balicwill, J; A., death of .......... 34 Balsam Bark-borer 32/35. 0sesecsssse Rais 26 ‘ Banks, N., Neuropteroid insects GOT ORMANIM OU weet ig tie atte se aiews sata ae ters 115 Banks’ Catalogue of Neuropteroid IDTSSTOLRSS SES Gee eae anne Mtoe ere Siege 100 Banko BOROLS Hs. cs.c-c5< 00% 19) 20524" 25; 26 Barioy, Gall atectin® o..y.els.....0i-s 77 Basswood, Galls affecting ........... 1 oie i Bearberry, Gall affecting .............. 77 Beech, Galls affecting .................. Ci NS@eulOs MAUI DS pra. pee venience toesas ond ses 56 Bethune, C. J. S., articles by...... 128, 147, 150 Bethune’s Bibliography of Can- adian Hntomology. .....2.<.i2cd...5... 100 Pirew. Galls affecting ....02).60eh.0... 77 Blue Flag, Gall affecting ............ 78 Boneset, Gall affecting ............... 78 mebradleyes MVandee .2....sccccgcsces sess 100 Bramble, Galls affecting .............. 78 Browr-tail Moth. ....:....0:...cense-.---. 28 ss importation of Para- BEGGS) sceaatatcewe St ose. 121 Bugle-weed, Gall affecting ............ 78 Busck’s Revision of Oecophoride.. 100 Butternut, Galls affecting ........... 84 Buttonbush, Gall affecting .......... 79 Cabbage. APMIS! ve rat. se. cceserecccesess 21, 128 ia Butterfly, the White ...... 120 Calosoma sycophanta, importation 123 Caudell’s Notes on Western Orthop- DUMP Renan cemeciae cent sock edcaesedens 100 Cecidomyiide, injuries caused by. 43 Cherry, Galls affecting ................ 88 Chestnut, Gall affecting .............. 79 Chilocorus PUVUINETUSts.. 2 s.ccesscsscs 0. 54 Chionaspis furfurus ..................... 30 is PUT ONS. 60). gi cin se va ees os 54 Chrysomphalus aonidum ............. 52, 53 Chrysopa larve devouring Scale “USES: Eee 54 Giear Oase-bearer ..........0.0.00ceecees 29 Cinquefoil, Galls affecting ............ 79 wo) DS) PES) Vo on 120 iloveray: WOT: ..-...65.c2..0secs0dsees 135 @lover-seed Midge ..2............000808 132 PaGE Coccidés of {Ontariones.:sesescssue ete 52 5 SOMeFSHeMIesP Ol -eaueree 54 Coccinellidz, usefulness of........... 54 Coccophaguys. lecamiiy ¢.s.c.;.0:--eeeeee 55 Codling'« Moth "2.2. s/o. o.n, terete see 120 Coleoptera, Record of captures...... 107 Coleophora Fletcherella ............... 29 Collectors of Insects, list of......... 102 Comiys ;fuseae tn 2: eckeesor eee 55 “vs “scutellaitaonen see eae ae eee 55 Cordyceps? clavulatay ..cs0c2-.cssceeeer 56 Cosmopepla carnifex ..............0200 11 Cottony Maple-scale, enemies of... 54 Currant; Gall “affectine »4.n sss 79 Cutwormsiettsir.cs one ee 119, 131 Dandelion, Gall affecting ............ 79 Diptera, Record of captures ......... 109 Dogwood, Galls affecting. ............. 79 Eastham, A., article by ............... 54 Hime Gallsafechinie ti. ....a0eese ee 79 Bilm@leat Bectles. siscsonetcss scenes snes 27 Em poascan malty sc: idessss~cose+ soca 119 HnarMmonia PruUnivora <...6..., anticlessbyssstes eee 65, 66 Evergreens, Galls affecting ......... 80 Halla Webwiorm sssceteeescs chee eee renee 118 Felt. Hi Ps canhiclesvibyarecceoccere 23, 43 Fernald’s Genera of Tortricide.... 100 Fletcher, James, article by............ 99 Fletcher, James, memorial of the lates jacd cktlveu Seonctostteee eer cen eweee 147 Franklin, H. J., leterminations of Bombay cesses wereemecs senacm. aenenare 111 Truit Malformations due to in- BOC Cait eee ea er eee 18, 182 Fruit-trees, insects affecting.15, 133, 136 Fungus diseases of Coccidee.......... 56 Pyles, 28. Wi. -anticlen bye. 138 Gall Insects of Ontario recess 70 Gall Midges, importance of ......... 43 Gall! Mibeshin ie eiG ec cscueceersessonte 70 Galls, types of Phytoptid ............ 71 Galls) writers Omi iacce dec. tee celciseits insists 93 Gibson, A., articles by...... Al, 49, 99, 116 Ginseng, Gall affecting .....:......... 80 Goldenrod, Galls affecting............ 81 Gooseberry, Galls affecting........... 81 Grains weevilsiiutan ceovscncss say eaetacae 134 Grant, ©. -W.5 arbicle: Byi..i.ceescueass 10 Grape, Galls affecting .................. 81 Gwinsy Mothe-ticcea-tickkecceseeeccreeene 27 importation of Para- Bitesie cats ace esse sees 121 Hackberry, Galls affecting ........... 82 Hahn; Paul} *article by. <2):-4 eet 13 Harrington’s Hymenoptera of Ot- PAWAN SIRE eee eo ean ee 100 152 THE REPORT OF THE EMTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAGE Hawthorn, Galls affecting ............ 82 Hazel, Galls affecting ................. 83 Helianthus, Galls affecting .......... 83 Hemiptera, Records of captures... 112 EEE TE cis col bee ars ee ae aR ee A 117, 129 Bickorys Bark=DOrer 02. g.0ce..07.4.25..c.eeae 89 Saissetia hemisphericum .............. 52 San Jose Gealon” Sa ues ee ral ecait mene 30 me in Ontario (map) 53 Scale Tnsects= sss jach-cnae se sate eee 52 i enemics Of tA ycteeeeeceee 54 Scolytus quadrispinosus ............... 24 vf THE ULGSUS js...) warn ae cones 19, 20, 24 ScurtyaScale hse eee 30 Shot-hole»Borertnci cute 19, 20, 24 Smith’s notes on Species. of Amarth Gs -aisssect sce iisisae cc sea neeeee 101 Smith’s Revision of genus Homop- LODE: catotsaiansoreseak oes one laek coer 101 Sorahum Madges-9, ..[.cis..-2ses eee 43, 47 Sparganothis flavibasana ............ 117 Spirwa, Galls affecting»: .iis-asese 90 Spruce trees, insects affecting...... 135 Stalk-bordts* 2024532 eaweeree ec eee 12, 49 Strawberry, Galis affecting ......... 90 Strawberry Weevil .................0605 124 Sumac; ‘Galls “affecting 2-2.-¢---. 90 Pertas: lisa ssasans sede por scL cues eee 63 Tomicus:balsameus™ syssse.nesos-eeteee 26 £00 Callionan hiss Sgenssses dee 25 Of cy DUM we. veassataedes adadeaace eae 26 Touch-me-not, Galls affecting......... Treherne, R. C., article by............ 47 Tulip tree, Galls affecting ............ 90 Turnip. ‘Wlea-beetle: :.222225 cs. 116 Purnip lice. 2s 21, 128 Tussock-Moth, White marked ...... 13,26 Van Duzee, E. P., Hemiptera.de- termined: 4.seeseeesceocenee Ws hea PALS Van Duzee’s N. American Mem- Hracids. ..iyscscacseheec eee ee Vegetables, insects affecting ...... 134, 136 Vervain, galls affecting ............... 90 Viburnum, Galls affecting ........... rod Virginia Creeper, galls affecting.... OF Walker, E. M., Odonata deter- TES js cdn0s ducting yeas ate eae ane eae 114 Walker, E. M., Orthoptera deter- TNITIOC), .kvcasensteachinnwennccnse eee esate 113 Walnut, Galls affecting 22.2.7 ccacn 84 Wihest! ‘sects ssccecnsocccsnasccactt tess 129 Cen JOIN T-WOTIM is <> deena cee 130 White Grubsiysiccctesee cet oatastincse eanse 129 Williams, J. B., article by ......... 10 Willow, Galls affecting ................ 91 Winn, A. F.;artiele by oii. iaces-e 63 Ware=wOrmsi.:schcuckaa-eoseresncestiser eines 129 Witch Hazel, Galls affecting ......... 92 Wood Nettle, Galls affecting ee 92 x tS ig sz * \m'> D>? BD >» | ihe thd dae FOL ALES Sy wv iin, wv dba we ve —— yb > DbD ary a? > 2» _ f 3) ay D yy) » ) So Vy vee Seiesyss GPO 924000 Su ve oz wd we ¥ IBRARY CH ARGE CARD epee. SUeyy ptr ev’ _ iy Pd DU Dw 2. 5 21>) DY) DY > dir d)> DD DD” “| , we a. ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Ss 9088 01268 1177 ti