teal hd kad mannan ee a LR New York State Education Department NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM god ANNUAL REPORT 1908 In 4 volumes VOLUME 2 APPENDIXES 3-5 een NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MARCH 15, 1909 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORE 7909 sf ff ~ > NK i~-— STATE OF NEW YORK Ce EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 Wuireraw Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York 1917 St CLain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Brooklyn trgtg DANIEL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. - - + + Watkins 1914 Piuiny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - - Palmyra 1g9t2 T.GuiLtrorp Smith M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - Buffalo 1918 Witt1AM NotrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - Syracuse tgto CHESTER S. Lorp M.A, LL.D. - + «+ \». New orm 191s ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany 1911 Epwarp LauTerspacH M.A. LL.D. - - - New York 1920 EuGENE A. Puitpin LL.B. LL.D. - - - New York 1916 Lucian L. SHEDDEN LL.B. LL.D. - - - Plattsburg 1921 FrRAaNcISs M. CARPENTER - - + + + Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Aucustus S. Downinc M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant FRANK Rouuins Ph.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. WYER, JR, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE Ph.D. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, Hartan H. Horner B.A. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WiLt1AM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, CHARLES F, WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A, School Libraries, CHARLES E. Fitcu L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ARrHUR D. Drawn B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B, 1 5 - 1910 FEB c SG@aee or NEw YorkK No. 64 igs NEW YOR BOTANICA! IN ASSEMBLY MARCH 15, 1909 62d ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM VOLUME 2 To the Legislature of the State of New York We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 62d Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of the Director, including the reports of the State Geologist and State Paleontologist, and the reports of the State Entomologist and the State Botanist, with appendixes. St Crain McKetway Vice Chancellor of the University 5- ANDREW S. DRAPER Commissioner of Education Tr . Sa ? v i ‘ 3 = = n ‘ 4 Appendix 3 Economic geology Museum bulletin 132 132 The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter Jure 24, 1908 at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 AL RAINY.» aN. ¥ JuLyY 15, 1909 ae New York State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE, Director Museum bulletin 132 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF NEW YORE STATE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1908 BY 7 D. H. NEWLAND PAGE PAGE PICGLACE occ dele arate ee attiets ne ciate alPeVEINeL Al! Wal OLS syle, oc. c oor< ci es-n 40 MatrOduction :.« 1.4.5 0qesente ees Syl A aiid Drees i a ae oe ei ae 45 Mineral production of New [EL ASIE cactigageee oe ity phi aa _ 40 94.05) qa PIS Peter Bek yg Suing sae OME ERE OLEMETION ot Sfivc as, cteres «ovis ee s)ehe'e 40 TIO NT: © <7). Memes handt hoa cee et Teel ee Ean ee tt. Ces aisha cis te ea Tele 51 (oo, RARE Oe sen een Lys. Le ee i s cn Te pero aw weg oie 2 Production of clay materials.... '6 | Sandand gravel. HrNnry LEIGH- Manufacture of building brick. 19 PORN ka Aa ay eR ce teeter 3 56 Other clay: materials. ...3..... 225 7 Sand-lnre DUCE mS eevee setae 63 Eerie on = oe hae eisai < cos orm Slaten comes: 5 ces SAO 63 RSTn CL AWA. th, Nils ars Sawstescie.a oats 24 | Stone. HEnry LEIGHTON...... 64 RETR ETY crate caain: os ale sarewdvaleaywiers eats 2 Production of stone.......:... 65 EIGSPAL oc = -ieteitoas sce css yee z Graeme aa en, n/a in eae ey: 66 MEAL HIOL acc cus dz ie te oes vrei 2 TSITES SLOW entation, hems cee a 69 WRC IRC Dao creas osc eoneot a artnet one 28 Wi esto tes Peak Se oe age Pe 73 NN gl osc nwa Rewtate, Qe ae Re a £9 VA TICISCO MCI otetatuiatawin. a's Sam xs &4 Neiierale paint: nn di scscey cae hee OMG GR Sita tc. Sale ARS EPA. er QI New York State Education Department Science Division, June 7, 1909 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education My DEAR sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publi- cation as a bulletin of the State Museum, the report on the Mining and Quarry Industry of New York State for 1908, prepared by David H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarkeE Director State of New York Education Department COM MISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 7th day of June 1909 ¢ ies : Commissioner of Education i * 3 - * is é 7 ‘ ‘ ad * } ” : é« 8 . “ou ns . = - \ - ‘~~ - 7 ve ' ; \ ‘ % ‘ a . as ’ . a 2 2 : / a 7 os Education Department Bulictin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 451 ALBANY, N. Y. JULY 15, 1909 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director Museum bulletin 132 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY OF NEW YORK STATE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING 1908 BY D. H. NEWLAND PREFACE This report deals briefly with the current discoveries, develop- ments and production of mineral materials in New York State and follows the general plan of the preceding issues published each year since 1904. The main purpose of its preparation is that it may be of service to those engaged in exploitation of our resources, or otherwise interested in them. It is proper to mention that the statistics of production relating to the year 1g08 have been collected and partially compiled in collab- oration with the Division of Mineral Resources of the United States Geological Survey, to whom credit is accordingly due for share in so much of the work. The descriptive text and notes, as well as the treatment of the statistics themselves, however, are independent of such cooperation, The author desires to express grateful recognition of the assistance given by the mining and quarry enterprises of the State, numbering nearly 2000 in all, which have cordially responded to the requests for information. 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM INTRODUCTION The year 1908, which will be remembered as an after-panic year, witnessed a marked reversal of conditions in the mineral industries of the State. To the prosperity and steady expansion that had so long obtained in these industries succeeded general depression and contraction, which continued with little or no relief throughout the 12 months. There were few mines or quarries that did not curtail operations, and many were closed down for at least a part of the year. The decline in productive activity was out of proportion to the rate of growth in the preceding years, so that the outputs of most materials were well below the totals recorded for 1907. Though the setback will doubtless prove only a temporary feature, it is certain that some time must elapse before the former activity is fully restored. The census of production that has been conducted for the present and previous issues of this report covers some 30 different materi- als which are mined or quarried in this State. The total value of the output reported for 1908 based upon the materials in their crude or first marketable forms was $29,519,785. Compared with the total of $37,141,006 recorded in 1907 this showed a de- crease of $7,621,221, or about 20 per cent. The Gutpateae 1907 was the largest ever made in the State, though it did not greatly exceed that of 1906 which was valued at $37,132,832. The corresponding total for 1905 was $35,470,987 and for 1904 $28,- 812,595, or a little less than the total for last year. Among the different departments of the mineral industry iron mining was one that experienced the full measure of the depression, as it also had been among the first to respond to the prosperous conditions of the preceding years. The output amounted to 697,- 473 long tons against 1,018,013 tons in 1907. Under favorable con- ditions, instead of this decrease, there would have been without doubt a large gain that might have set a new mark for the industry in New York. The production was made by 10 mining companies as compared with 13 who reported active in 1907. The loss was shared by all the districts though in larger portion by the mines on the Clinton hematite belt which has been under recent development, while the Adirondack magnetite mines made the most favorable showing. The value of the iron produced in 1908 was $2,098,247. The clay materials aggregated in value $8,918,863, as compared with $12,688,868 in the preceding year. The decrease of about 30 per cent was due both to a smaller output by the plants and to a THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 4 reduction in market values. The combined output of brick, tile, fireproofing and terra cotta used for building purposes was valued at $6,071,850 as against $8,909,392 in 1907. -In 1906 these materials represented a value of $11,063,433. The number of building brick made last year was 1,066,533,000 of which 817,- 459,000, or about three fourths, represented common brick from the Hudson river region. Along with the decline in building materials there was a large decrease in the ceramic industry, the value of the pottery manufactures amounting to $1,653,241 as compared with $2,240,895 in 1907. The number of plants that were engaged in clay manufacturing of all kinds was 240, or two less than in 1907. The value of the quarry products for 1908 was $6,615,614 against $7,890,327 in the preceding year, a falling off of 16 per cent. The total was divided according to the various uses into: building stone $1,264,403; monumental stone $139,077; curb and _ flagstone $928,511; crushed stone $2,659,016; other uses $1,624,607. The output of slate, millstones and limestone used in making hydraulic cement is not included in the figures. Of the different kinds of stone, granite was the one to show a gain and this was accounted for by its increased use for paving blocks and crushed stone. The quarries of the State are able to supply almost every variety of rock for building and other purposes, though there is a large im- portation from other states. The manufactures of hydraulic cement contributed a production last year valued at $2,254,758. In 1907 the value amounted to $2,971,820. Of the product last year 1,988,874 barrels valued at $1,813,622 consisted of portland cement and 623,588 barrels valued at $441,136 of natural rock cement. The latter industry has shown a steady decline for a number of years past due to general con- ditions in the trade. On the other hand the situation in the portland cement industry may be expected to improve and there is every prospect that the State will soon have a much larger share in the production than at present. From the salt mines and wells there was obtained last year 9,005,311 barrels valued at $2,136,736. The showing was better relatively than in many other branches of the mineral industry; as compared with the figures for 1907 (9,657,543 barrels valued at $2,449,178) there was a falling off in production of less than 7 per cent. For many years the output of the State increased very rapidly and it now amounts to about one third of the total for the entire country. Onondaga county where salt making was first introduced 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM more than a century ago still held the leading place last year, though most of its product was not put into marketable form but was con- sumed for the manufacture of soda products. Livingston and Wyoming counties lead in the production of rock and brine salt respectively for the trade. The mines and quarries of gypsum contributed an output of 318,- 046 short tons, or nearly the same as in 1907 when it amounted to 323,323 short tons. The value of the different gypsum materials including plaster of paris, wall plaster and gypsum sold in crude condition was $760,759 in 1908 against $751,556 in the preceding year. The gypsum industry has grown remarkably in the last few years, the output of the State having increased nearly tenfold in the decade from 1898. With the inexhaustible supplies afforded by the local deposits and the unrivaled facilities for reaching the principal eastern markets there is every prospect that the production will soon reach even greater proportions. The combined value of the petroleum and natural gas produced in the State last year was $3,059,308 against $2,536,349 in 1907. The quantity of petroleum taken from the wells amounted to 1,160,- 128 barrels valued at $2,071,533 as compared with 1,052,324 barrels valued at $1,736,335 in the preceding year. The natural gas production was valued at $987,775 against $800,014 in 1907; the volume of gas amounted to 3,860,000,000 cubic feet against 3,052,145,000 in the preceding year. The exhaustion of both the petroleum and natural gas pools does not seem to be imminent, judging from the records of production for recent years. A product of which the State has almost a natural monopoly is fibrous tale, which is found in St Lawrence county in extensive deposits and of superior quality. The material is consumed mostly in the paper trade and is shipped to all parts of the country as well as to foreign mills. The output of ground talc last year amounted to 70,739 short tons valued at $697,390 and showed a good gain over the total for 1907 which was reported as 59,000 short tons with a _ value of $501,500. The garnet mines in the Adirondacks were worked last year on a much reduced scale. The output of 2480 short tons valued at $79,890 was less than half that for 1907, when 5709 short tons with a value of $174,800 was reported. The decline may be ascribed to the smaller demand for abrasive materials during the year. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 9 Crystalline graphite was mined in Essex, Warren and Saratoga counties. The output amounted to 1,932,000 pounds valued at $116,100 against 2,950,000 pounds valued at $106,951 in 1907. The mineral springs of the State reported sales last year of 8,007,092 gallons valued at $877,648, or about the same as in the preceding year. Saratoga county with the famous Saratoga and Ballston springs contributed about $175,000 to the total value. Among the other mineral products of the State last year were apatite, carbon dioxid, clay, diatomaceous earth, emery, feldspar, marl, millstones, metallic paint, slate, pigment, pyrite, quartz, slate, sand and sand lime brick, the collected value of which amounted to $1,904,472 as compared with $2,318,764 in 1907. Mineral production of New York in 1904 oO UNIT OF PRODUCT pets ai QUANTITY VALUE Portland cement........... NR ACLOI SE ie eerie I 377 302 r 245 778 Natural rock cement....... Barrelse aia en t 881 630 I 207 883 Pee DIICK so. se es 2 ss Thousands: -,/: 2% I 293 538 7 473 122 RE So Sata Parate eres Lies sola Cree Wanety s STE & Sec c stole: os I 438 634 Other clay products..... Patt | acc ey yet et ee ee Okie 2 592 948 S22 GC! Se er Short tons. 4. 8 959 17 164 [Bhasin os ARS BSI One aeae Short tons. ~. o.- 1 148 17 220 Feldspar and quartz........ Tone ittons.-. 20% 8 703 28 463 RSASMCGs Te uisiy sp ach obs ws «Sine Short tons...... 3 045 104 325 GeIASS GANG 2 Pe See eer Snore tons... 2. II 080 8 484 SIGE 5 pees vd Te at we Pernaidisn 205,00 3 = 3132 927 TIQ 509 RRSEE 85 in eben) a oie SHOT LOUS si. 6... T§T 455 424 975 NG aS om nie pore ea Long tons owt: 619 103 I 328 8094 PREMISE OTC S ie tom vo ote, oh aay itn ae eee eM is os 21 476 IMGEALUC PAUIiy wer tus «/erien «ots Short) TOnSs ee 4 740 55 768 OORT ES a a ShorifoOns =... +5. 3 132 23 876 Moineral waters ., oo. 623s <6 Gallotisa4c.coer re 8 000 000 I 000 000 RELIC AOAC oie oka leo, snares 1000 cubic feet..| 2 399 987 552 197 PEGIOICTIIAN: 5/0 sieve % viene olan n Barrels. 2 soc... I 036 179 I 709 770 EERIE ona GSS D 2) hs a. ufo Line Lone fons. i... 5 275 20 820 TRS ee a eee BASTOIS na is: cis va. 8 724 768 2 102 748 PRCONIN GS SIAEC nee cis neces va: os DOUAKES 2 fy... sly 18 ogo 86 159 Pe RAT UPACLULER oe o's ge 2 lie Suter Gia vo e'K ey a)s|) fea Noele’n © 3 7 441 EM cag fin on Giatn'aS ba! psa a RM ete te TO art lls, ik gh Spo 0a 221 882 MSEC T . skuen et caaldin andl la,dse tie ee aL a Mae dete es 2 104 095 RR IMR MS Ta hd hes aM etacde RetaL cack fie washer ELA ooplateas ooo 478 771 EINER ins ules su ay nig AT tek wis ad ee oN” hoe Ginboes 1 806 697 RTM kta rin mis ate! ar ee elie capt ume nd 468 406 LE 8 ae ee ee SHOrt TONS... 65 000 455 000 Re SUIER WPIRCRUEL 504, eves se Clacl's. ig u-3.0in «dle Af na Aka 1 600 000 Tie jee Sig TO GS Akai eae ie Ut IS aA 9 ne ieee Gy eA Ao $28 812 595 alIncludes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, marl and sand. The value is partly estimated. 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mineral production of New York in 1905 - a UNIT OF neh d ; PRODUCT sien Garatienvaen QUANTITY VALUE ————— | | Portlandcement..) 6... DAIvelsi):.< Ata fe ud 2 117 822 $2 046 864 Natural rock cement........ Barrels: eens 2 257 698 I 590 689 Building buck eer eee Thousands...... T Sra IO 054 597 POttery «ee sie5 <'5 siete the we a PE eee cee I 620 558 Other clay products) .4°o"aso) cas oe are ket ae Cee cee 2 603 861 Crude clay ..23 5 ie nob eee Short tons... Fs. 6 766 16 616 Emery... cia cen ee SUOrbetOnse. ear I 475 I2 452 Feldspar and quartz........ Lonptonse.. ssa 17 000 48 500 Garret... 22 «ae ee SHOE LOU aca ee 2 700 94 500 Glassisand...~. oo. ee eee ee Short tons...... g 850 7 765 Crrapiitelt-.c i cacine erie eane Poundseres nee. 3 897 616 142 948 Gypsum). i's a Aes eee Be \ short: tons, =f. 191 860 551 193 {On Ore2.F oS oe ee | sLong tons. 4.126 827 049 2 576 123 Millstones:..\ 3... Ge oe en le ee Oe. Cee 22 944 Metallic' paint. oer somes -e | Short tons...... 6 059 70 ogo Slate pigment... +. eee Short tonse. --1 2 929 22 668 Mineral waterss. «cc teece Gallons vs eeee 8 000 000 I 000 000 Natural cas CU eer eee 1000 cubic feet..| 2 639 130 607 000 Petroleum: 1h onerace oe Barrels. sess 2.6 949 511 I 566 931 PY TILE a. cise. oe Cie are on oetonshy ses IO 100 40 465 Salt. one sen cae eee Barrels vest 8 575 649 2 303 067 Roose slate 2° -ac eae ae OGUALES 7 cose 16 460 94 009 Slate manufactures: .3.:....:c0:||eceen eee eee I 000 Granite... 2. 45 c5Ga aes ote ae ee ee 253 955 Limestone: 252 Sii2204 nae oe Lee Le ite ee 2 41I 456 Marble. . 3:56: he ica wee tee ene ee ie | ee eee vik ae, Sandstone so ps b...'s'vis Gs eee eee ere eel ee eee 2 043 960 pbc: ME seers Eh oi ee Aloe ere hE a 623 219 Tale... dsb See SHOES tOUSs 4.2 67 000 469 000 Other materialsa ten ects cess ae ae coe lee eee 1 800 000 Total value o-oo tan tp, 2 eas tive boaters fe a eee $35 470 987 a Includes apatite, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, marl, sand and sand lime brick. The value is partly estimated. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 Mineral production of New York in 1906 PRODUCT EL Oe QUANTITY MEASUREMENT Porpland cement. ...50-.6.% Barrelse et deice 2.423.374 Natural rock cement....... Barres jn ns: I 691 505 icine) brick. 2 irs ac doe 8 PHOUSANGS. a>. < I 600 059 ae ad RR RES Sea al gi el tie So eT ad ina Ree ae Prema CL OOIAS ss 2 Shik cts oS carey ak ee tl ps bes ue ae PRRGO Ay. Fi. Sys ss eau he Short tons..<5.. < 5 477 0 Se Pree pear SNOth tosses =. Ee 307 Feldspar and quartz........ EGOS Ouse. . sn5% 13 660 MN ae 1S gu teia\'s. tb) Bien |S & Short tons)... ..2 4 729 oe ES a 1 ae ea Short tons...... 9g 000 Dem TMEMERE Mine 2 ty h, ais ees 3 Pounts:< 200555. 2 811 582 RRRIIMEN SS BO ey ee PHOT TONS ee. 262 486 BECP C oe 2 Pe vo. ance whe Pong, tons F055 905 367 Ls PLS ep ME cg te ase geo ea nt Ne one Grate DOMKE ed. Sh. anno suort-tons 22... 2 714 Slee PHOMIONTE .:. as oles ee Short tons...... 2 045 Mineral waters...25.2....4% Gallons gogo ts 8 000 000 SPONSOR OAS. 6 Ghee Se Sate 1000 cubic feet..| 3 007 086 12 are 25 a a a Bartels. ck rane. I 043 088 EOMaRe Perea rie son hess oa < Long tous’. 2. - | Ir 798 1 RLS Sete AP er Barelse os Aer f | 9 013 993 ODT a? EN See eee Para equates 1545.5 16 24 SUPE IEMUEAOLEIES . 2, ciel aoe ee reis ede 5] Skee pes ame me ricki... ces Thousands...... 17 080 Te 2 RRS ap A rare | SSA a Ge A Ae 0 LTT SESS SE are patie Gane | nae pee cada Te ey (ae a era NM Boas) MS de Leis a Swetee’ ahtue't & a Fal eae wlbteneeo Ee i a, ale ge ON soem ie ahs. Belek owes RNY MN eras I iS 12 a oe evn nee vie eas gl ow dP wsind S's SAIC). 5 che ete ee Short tons... .. . 64 200 pele CRALCKIAUI ts ee eee eee Pak its a) cia | ese Sc aac ets SPSILAL WAINIG. cor. pases ee LP Pe cae ES Te eee ne —S———__ $3 Ne O FN / LE VALUE a Includes apatite, arsenical ore, carbon dioxid, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth, mar and sand and gravel exclusive ot glass sand. 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mineral production of New York in 1907 ae ‘ UNIT OF wr oniaies PRODUCT ‘awanuwemade QUANTITY | VALUE Portland cement........... Rarrelso se4i aoe 2 108 450 | $2 214 ogo Natural rock cement....... Barrels-iiih t.wie T3137 279) | 757 730 Building pricks mses ee Thousands aan +: I 366 842 | 7 424 294 POELELY 3-5 i cies wk + 2 Bow x5 9 = ees eit le. se ne 2 240 895 Other clay products: 3.0, sl! ¢ eee wie tye see eer | 3 023 679 Gruide-clay 77. sian eae Short tons! 04 2.027 6 163 Beery 35s 0 ae Short tons: «6s. I 223 13 057 Feldspar and quartz........ Lone tous... 8 723 36 230 CFATne ts Sse tee eae Short tonss...5. 5 709 174 800 Gilgss ‘sands. ox.antors oe ete SHOrE toms.\. .\.<. I 200 1 380 Graphite. vase mie eee ‘Pounds. oy.) 2 950 000 106 951 Gry Psumisy2e. Seen ee ice Short tonsis scr Seep anR 75r 550 IfON CLO sss aint hie en Long tonsie..% I o18 013 3 75° 493 Millstonless;,. 61.975. 000 283 720 Aes | 149 130 000 781 262 132 003 973 605 371 SC Piety ate Hens | 52 282 000 309 697 35 960 325 202 943 a | 35 876 o00 184 620 I2 094 825 57 723 | Peat ara et sys hee 2 667 oc00 20 352 2-321 7409 | 17 897 ivingston....... Pei: Ree Lael ee Bort rsia 490 000 | nine MN a | 25 198 000 148 462 15 617 815 93 730° ee 17 000 000 102 000 II 675 000 | 63 890 OO a 2 681 000 16 282 I 543 O74 | 10 892 SS a ee ee 15 126 000 94 560 17 436 000 83 731 Onondaga....... 22 460 000 146 160 14 028 000 76 030 BPMNEANION! 5 Sis o7icm acd 2 600 000 18 200 2 768 000 16 946 ee Saar 154 502 000 789 207 151 869 000 | 747 637 Rensselaer....... 15 488 000 78 540 10 949 400 60 723 Richmond....... 39 205 000 180 569 25 398 500 89 083 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of common building brick (concluded) 1907 1908 COUNTY —--- Number | Value Number | Value | Rocklandsn..0-. | 232 018 o00 |$x 258 467 173 926 094 | $800 603 St Lawrence. ....| 800 000 | 6 000 Gi 5 fae eee | Gevneaee waratoga........| 50 798 000 254 385 5I 034 000 243 728 whew bene tas sfc: 8207. 000r| 29 818 2 651 890 21 870 SS }ebs (oll heh Peco neaa Ba |i = 2ommzgonceo 124 610 20 108 I50 122 430 Wonmipkins=), ser I I00 000 7 100 ON eee sone Ger Qian WUStEr 2 Ay nic neers 260 404 000 | I 322 476 179 165 560 816 947 Warren .ts yack 5 020 000 25 000 (Maes Hers So oi re HP a Washington......| 2 750 000 14 300 CMR Aa (oc Gx Westchester...... 59 307 000 323°553 | (39) Sor 57% 184 774 Other countiesb. .| II 370 000 70 169 | 9 452 400 52 639 je ee ee eee WOUAL eset [I 352 591 000 |$7 201 525 |r 056 769 283 |$5 064 194 alIncluded under ‘‘ Other counties.” bIncludes in 1907 Genesee, Herkimer, Livingston, Montgomery, New York, Queens, St Lawrence and Wayne. In 1908 the following counties are included: Allegany, Broome, Fulton, Herkimer, Montgomery, St Lawrence, Schenectady, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren and Washington. Hudson river region. The greater part of the brick production of the State is made in the Hudson river valley, in the stretch from Rensselaer and Albany counties southward to Westchester county. There is probably no other region in the whole country that com- pares with it in the number of brick plants and annual output. Practically the entire product belongs to the common grade of building brick and is marketed in New York city and vicinity. With its facilities for cheap water transportation the industry of this section has little competition from other centers of brick manu- facture that ship by railroad. The brick clays are found in terraced deposits on either side of the river, reaching from water level to a hight of 300 feet or more in places. They are interbedded with, and sometimes covered by, layers of sand and gravel. Their thickness may exceed 100 feet, though usually it is much less. Some clay is obtained by dredging from the bed of the river, such operations being conducted in the vicinity of Haverstraw. The Hudson river clays are generally of marly character, due to the presence of from 3 to 6 per cent of lime carbonate. In the nine counties included in the region, there are more than 125 brickyards with a combined capacity of about one and a half THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 21 billion of brick a year. The average product, however, falls con- siderably short of that amount. During the past season, the depressed conditions in the building trade were responsible for a very small output from this region. On the whole business was poorer than for a long time with prices throughout most of the year at so low a level as to afford little or no profit to the manufacturer. An unfavorable factor in the early part of the year was the large number of brick carried over by the yards from 1907, amounting to fully 300,000,000 according to re- liable estimates, though by a purposed delaying of active operations beyond the usual time its influence upon prices was lessened to a considerable extent. The season of manufacture was very short, as the yards also closed earlier than usual. The prevailing prices in the early part of the year were about $4.50 a thousand. As the season advanced there was a gradual improvement; and shipments were made at $4.75 and $5 in the summer. The upward tendency continued throughout the fall and early winter with the revival of building operations, and at the close of the year the prices reached as high as $6.75 and $7. The stocks held along the river at the beginning of the current season were smaller than usual. The total number of common brick marketed from the Hudson river region in 1908 was 817,459,000 as compared with an output of 1,051,907,000 in 1907. The figures for the past year were compiled from the sales of the yards, while for the preceding year they were based on the output, so that some allowance must be made in com- paring the totals. The actual production last year was no doubt smaller than the number reported as sold. The largest production on record was in 1906, when it amounted to 1,230,692,000, or about 50 per cent more than that for 1908. There were 114 plants in operation last year with an average product of 7,171,000 against a total of 122 plants and an average product of 8,622,000 in 1907. The value of the brick averaged $4.75 a thousand in 1908 and $5.20 a thousand in 1907, showing a decline of nearly Io per cent. The highest price received in recent years was in 1905 when the average for the entire output of the region was $6.54 a thousand. The decline in the production was generally distributed over the nine counties of the region, and all reported a smaller total than in 1907, though the largest falling off was in Rockland and Ulster counties. Ulster county stood first in size of output, as in the pre- ceding year, with a total of 179,166,000 valued at $816,947. Rock- 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM land county maintained its place as the second largest producer in the region and reported a total of 173,926,000 valued at $800,603. Orange county ranked third in the list, the same as in 1907; its, total was 151,869,000 valued at $747,637. Output of common brick in the Hudson river region in 1907 NUMBER COUNTY OF PLANTS Apa 8 ch Soe a hee 10 Columbian... 6 Dutchess. 15 ss. eee 19 Greenest se ere 5 Orange 25). Pf Feces ace 9 Rensselaer.......... 7 OCKIANG. cin brs tod oe 31 Wiistersceo. saa 25) Westchester......... 8 Total acct enor 122 Output of common brick OUTPUT VALUE 60 210 000 $300 141 84 972 000 433 357 I49 130 000 781 262 35 876 000 184 620 154 502 000 789 207 15 488 ooo 78 540 232 018 000 I 258 467. 260 404 000 I 322 476 STE Ie) 322 553 in O51 907 000 | $5 471 713 AVERAGE PRICE PER M Annnnonin A wn the Hudson river region in 1908 OUTPUT VALUE AVERAGE PRICE PER M NUMBER COUNTY OF PLANTS PAAR YS. ..52are gee ore 12 Columpiac 3 3 eee 4 Distchess/.22% 2 ee 18 ( Coeto10( ae Ee ol cs 4 TANCE hs) ee 8 Rensselacr.. 50-2 6 Rockland 230 eee oe 29 UESCET Aly coeee ae 26 Westchester...) 22. 7 MOtal ces eee 114 6I 97I 000 283 720 I32 004 000 605 371 I2 095 000 a Tes 151 869 ooo 747 637 IO 949 000 60 723 173 926 000 800 603 I79 166 000 816 947 39 802 000 184 774 817 459 000 | $3 812 str | Other clay materials The manufacture of paving brick was carried on during 1908 in Chautauqua, Greene, Onondaga and Steuben counties. There were HFHAMAHAHAAL THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 23 five companies engaged in the business and the output was 14,570,- 140 valued at $211,289. In 1907 there were but four producing companies with a production of 12,296,000 valued at $184,306. The additional producer in the 1908 production was Chautauqua county, which made no output in 1907. Fire brick and stove lining were manufactured in Albany, Erie, Kings, Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Washington and West- chester counties by a total of 12 companies. The output of fire brick amounted in value to $442,967 and of stove lining to $102,984, a combined value of $545,951. In 1907 the value of the fire brick was $384,217 and of stove lining $239,816, a combined value of $624,033, 13 companies being represented in the output. The 1908 figures include a small production of acid proof brick from Onon- daga county. Draintile and sewer pipe were made in Albany, Cayuga, Erie, Genesee, Madison, Monroe, New York, Oneida, Onondaga, On- tario, Saratoga, Steuben and Washington counties, the only change in counties from 1907 being the addition of New York county with a small protluction of sewer pipe. The output of draintile was valued at $273,134 against $162,167 in 1907, and the output of sewer pipe was $133,716 against $463,500 in 1907. There were 22 companies engaged in these industries as compared with 19 in 1907 and 26 in 1906. The output of terra cotta, fireproofing and building tile came from Allegany, Chautauqua, Erie, Kings, Monroe, New York, Ontario, Rensselaer, Riczmond, Steuben and Westchester counties. Albany, Genesee, Onondaga and Queens counties which produced in 1907 reported no output in 1908, while Erie, Ontario and Steuben counties, not producing in 1907, made an output in 1908. Thirteen companies were active in 1908 as compared with 14 in 1907. The production of terra cotta was valued at $709,360 against $1,224,300 in 1907; fireproofing at $91,377 against $45,672 in 1907; and build- ing tile at $70,162 against $215,126 in 1907. Of the 1907 figures for the building tile output over half consists of roofing tile and the remainder of floor tile and decorative wall tile. Pottery Though pottery. clays do net occur in abundance within the bounds of New York State, the manufacture of the various grades of pottery is well represented. About the only materials of local origin employed in the industry are the stoneware clay of Onondaga 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM county and the slip clay of Albany, while the products of the potteries embrace stoneware, earthenware, clay tobacco pipes, china tableware, art pottery, porcelain electrical supplies, chemical and sanitary ware, etc. The kaolin used is brought in from other states or imported from England. Much of the stoneware clay comes from New Jersey and the feldspar from Canada. The number of potteries that were active in 1908 was 25, and of these all but one reported their production. The value of the out- put as shown by the returns, including an estimate for the single producer not reporting, amounted to $1,653,241, a sum consider- ably less than that of the preceding year. It may be remarked, however, that the total of $2,240,895 for 1907 was actually about $200,000 in excess of the proper valuation for that year, owing to the inclusion of extraneous material in the returns of electric sup- plies. The value of such pottery in 1g08 was based on the porcelain alone, exclusive of the hardware trimmings. The following counties were represented in the production: Albany, Erie, Kings, Livingston, Madison, Nassau, Onondaga, Ontario, Schenectady, Suffolk, Washington and Westchester. On- ondaga county with six active firms was first in importance of output, which was valued at $637,796. Erie county with two pro- ducers stood second and Ontario county with three was third. On- ondaga and Erie counties produced most of the tableware. The electric supplies were made chiefly in Schenectady and Ontario counties. Value of production of pottery WARE 1906 1907 1908 Stoneware; ©... .5%.).00 5 eee $84 031 $65 271 $44 712 Red! earthenware 4.2) 4 30 234 28 296 31 645 Porcelain and semiporcelain a.... 835 000 I 181 162 goo 548 Electric and sanitary supplies... . 768 236 869 378) 595 247 Miscellaneous? :\). tees rae Th Mi 96 788 81 089 $1 795 008 | $2 240 895 $1 653 241 a Includes china tableware and cream-colored ware. 4 : : f b Includes a value of about $200,000 for hardware trimmings used in electric supplies. Crude clay In the foregoing tables relating to clay products no account has been taken of the crude clay entering into their manufacture. There T Tv Ty T 7 T y 6 2 lo Bed THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 25 are a few producers in the State who do not utilize the crude clay themselves, but ship their output to others for manufacture. Some of the material, like the Albany slip clay for example, is even shipped to points without the State. In 1908 returns were received from eight producers in this branch of the industry whose total shipments amounted to 4697 short tons valued at $11,605. The cor- responding total for 1907 was 3927 short tons valued at $6163, and for 1906 it was 5477 short tons with a value of $9125. Besides slip clay the shipments included fire clay, brick clay and the white clay of Staten Island. EMERY There was a large falling off in the production of emery last year, the total amounting to 690 short tons valued at $8860 as com- pared with 1223 short tons valued at $13,057 in 1907. The decrease in quantity was thus 533 tons and in value $4197. The output was also smaller than in any recent year previously, the total for 1906 having been 1307 short tons valued at $13,870; for 1905, 1475 short tons valued at $12,452 and for 1904, 1148 short tons valued at $17,220. The statistics have been based on the crude material before grinding or other treatment except the rough cobbing to which it was subjected at the quarries. The rock was all shipped from Peekskill and distributed among the manufacturers of emery wheels and other emery abrasives, whose plants are mainly located in Pennsylvania. The list of producers in 1908 included: Blue Corundum Min- ing Co., Easton, Pa.; Keystone Emery Mills, Frankford, Pa.; Tanite Co., Stroudsburg, Pa., and J. R. Lancaster, Peekskill. The . total emery mined, as above given, exceeded somewhat the ship- ments from Peekskill, as these amounted to 579 short tons. The emery is a2 mixture of corundum, spinel and magnetite, the corundum of course being the ingredient of most value. It occurs as a very hard and dense rock, of dark gray to nearly black color, sometimes showing the corundum in well developed prismatic crystals of lighter shade. There is considerable variation in regard to the mineral composition, and Magnus! who examined thin sec- tions of the material reports that in some specimens the corundum constitutes over 50 per cent of the mass, while in others it is al- most wanting. The emery occurs in the form of lenses and bands within an area of gabbroic intrusives known as the Cortlandt series. It is to be regarded, doubtless, as a segregation of the 1 Abrasives of New York. N. Y State Geol. 23d An. Rep’t. 1904. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM igneous magna, quite similar in general features to the titaniferous magnetites that occur in gabbros and anorthosites. Some of the deposits were worked in the early days for iron ore, but the ma- terial proved too refractory for successful treatment in the fur- nace. The emery is not regarded in the trade as equal to the Grecian or Turkish product, though it is said to be very serviceable when made into wheels with a vitreous bond. FELDSPAR The small demand for feldspar among pottery manufacturers last year was reflected in a decreased output of the better grades of the mineral, i. e. the potash feldspars free from iron or other obnoxious impurities. On the other hand, the production of un- selected feldspar, such as finds employment for roofing material, poultry grit, abrasive purposes, etc. showed a substantial gain over the quantity reported in 1907. The occurrence of pegmatite, from which feldspar is obtained, is limited in this State to the Adirondack Precambric area and the southeastern region of crystalline rocks. The pegmatite forms dikes, sheetlike masses or irregular bodies, usually in association with larger masses of allied intrusive rocks of which it often consti- tutes but a coarser phase. Most occurrences have the composition of granite, containing besides feldspar a considerable proportion of quartz and smaller amounts of mica, hornblende or rarely pyroxene. The presence of iron-bearing minerals has an impor- tant bearing upon the quality of the product, since for pottery purposes it is absolutely essential that the feldspar contain nothing more than a trace of iron. When occurring in segregated particles their elimination can be effected sometimes by careful cobbing. In addition to those already enumerated, pyrite, magnetite and tour- malin are among the iron-bearing minerals commonly found in pegmatite. For pottery uses the potash feldspars (microcline and orthoclase) are the only ones produced in New York State and they seem to have the preference in that trade, though for what reason is not well understood. The plagioclase feldspars are found in the Adirondack pegmatites which are chiefly quarried for roofing material. The quarries now active in the State are situated in Westchester, Essex and Saratoga counties. Those near ‘Bedford, Westchester co. produce most of the pottery feldspar. They are operated by P. H. Kinkel’s Sons who grind a large part of the output before. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 27 shipment. The quartz obtained in the quarry operations also finds sale as a material for making wood filler. In the Adirondacks, the Claspka Mining Co. with a quarry near Batchellerville, Saratoga co. produces a small quantity of pottery feldspar, which is shipped crude to Trenton, N. J. The Crown Point Spar Co., Inc., is a recent enterprise with quarries and a mill near Crown Point. The property at Rock pond, Essex co. formerly owned by the Inter- national Mineral Co. is now operated by the Barrett Manufactur- ing Co. who use the output in the manufacture of ‘“ amatite”’ roofing. Some attention was given during the past year to an occurrence of pegmatite near Corinth, Saratoga co. The American Feldspar & Milling Co. was organized to develop the property, but no ship- ments were made, except for experiment. The pegmatite is stated to occur in a dike 60 feet wide and traceable for 2000 feet on the line of strike. The outcrop is about 3 miles distant and 700 feet above the railroad. The total production of feldspar in New York in 1908 amounted to 14,613 short tons valued at $53,148. The prices received at the quarries for the pottery grades ranged from $3 a long ton for crude to $6.50 a short ton for ground feldspar. The common grades of crushed feldspar brought about $3 a short ton. ‘ GARNET The conditions in the abrasive garnet trade during 1908 did not encourage activity among the Adirondack mines and the pro- duction showed a decided drop from the record figures reported in the preceding year. The demand was affected to some extent by an accumulation of stocks in the hands of abrasive manufac- turers carried over from 1907, though the consumption of abrasives ot all kinds was no doubt much below normal. With the improve- ment noticed in the latter part of the year it is anticipated that market conditions will be more favorable during the current season. No new companies engaged in the mining of garnet during 1908. The North River Garnet Co. with mines and mill on Thirteenth lake carried on as heretofore the largest operations. For three months in the first part of the year the company’s plant was closed down, while in the last three months it ran on a reduced scale. On Gore mountain the mines of H. H. Barton & Sons Co. pro- duced only a fraction of their usual quota. The Crehore mine near North River was inoperative throughout the year. The prop- 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM erty of G. W. Smith near Keeseville was taken over under lease by Mr E. Schaaf-Regelman and produced a small quantity of mass- ive garnet, mostly for the foreign market. A recent feature of the garnet trade has been the appearance of Spanish garnet, which was first imported in 1907. The min- eral is said to occur in detrital material along streams and is col- lected and sorted by hand. It can hardly replace the domestic garnet to any great extent owing to its fine size, though it is im- ported at a cost much below that attainable by mines in this country. The imports of Spanish garnet in 1907 amounted to a value of $6432. They fell off in 1908 to $2095. The average value placed on the consignments was about $16.40 a long ton, or less than one half the average selling price of domestic garnet. There is no duty on abrasive garnet. Garnet sands are of fre- quent occurrence along the streams and lake shores of the Adi- rondacks, but so far as observed they are too finely comminuted to be valuable for abrasive uses. The output of the Adirondack mines in 1908 amounted to 2480 short tons valued at $79,890. In the preceding year the total was 5709 short tons with a valuation of $174,800. The sales of garnet in 1908 amounted to 1996 short tons. Notwithstanding the small demand, there was no falling off in the prices which have been maintained at about the same level for many years past. The mar- gin of profit is small and most of the output is sold on contracts covering the annual requirements of the consumers. GRAPHITE In the graphite industry of New York the most notable feature of the past year was a large decrease in production. The amount reported by the Adirondack mines was 1,932,000 pounds with a valuation of $116,100. In 1907 the total was 2,950,000 pounds valued at $106,951, while in 1906 it was 2,811,582 pounds valued .t $96,084. The largest amount reported in any recent year was in 1905 when the production reached 3,897,616 pounds valued at $142,948. The statistics indicate a considerable gain in the value of the material which averaged 6 cents a pound in 1908 as compared with 3.6 cents a pound in the preceding year, though this may be partly due to a somewhat different standard used in reporting the values last year. The graphite after its first separation from the gangue undergoes repeated refinings, by which products of varying THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 29 purity and market value are secured. The finest grades of crystal- line graphite from the Adirondacks bring from 10 to 20 cents or even more a pound. The American mine owned by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. has for a number of years furnished most of the graphite obtained in the State. The mine is situated at Graphite near Hague on Lake George. The graphite occurs as disseminated scales or flakes in a quartzite of the Precambric series. The quartzite is quite widely distributed in the eastern Adirondacks, but no other locality has been found where it carries so coarse a flake and at the same time is so free from other scaly minerals. The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. owns a mine also just north of Hague near the lake shore and on Lead hill west of Ticonderoga, but these were not operated in 1908. The product of the American mine, after the first separation at the local mill, is refined at the com- pany’s mill at Ticonderoga. The Crown Point Graphite Co. was operative for a short time only during the past year, as it was engaged in building a mill at the mines near Chilson lake, Essex co. The deposit belongs to a different type than that described above, the graphite occurring in bunches and scattered flakes within beds of crystalline lime- stone. The process of separation devised by the company is said to consist in crushing the limestone to a powder and recovering the graphite on screens. Where the quartzite is the gangue, the graphite is separated by gravity or flotation methods. The Crown Point Graphite Co. has a finishing mill at Crown Point Center. The Glens Falls Graphite Co. made a small production in 1908 from the mines at Conklingville, Saratoga co. The graphite is found in a quartz schist, a feldspathic representative of the Pre- cambric sediments. Extensive beds of the graphitic quartzites occur near Rock pond, Essex co., 7 miles north of the American mine, and have been under development by John D. Bly of Crown Point. The work done in the past year has shown the existence of a rich seam, which assays up to 20 per cent carbon, and a very large area of lower grade rock. The Saratoga Graphite Co. has been recently organized for the purpose of working a deposit near Saratoga Springs. GYPSUM The production of gypsum is made in the central and western parts of the State, in Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, Monroe, Gen- 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM esee and Erie counties. The gypsum is associated with the Salina formation, which carries the rock salt beds, and is quarried or mined along the outcrop from Madison county westward. The Salina formation can be traced to the east into Albany county but with such diminishing thickness as to preclude the occurrence of workable gypsum deposits in that section. Most of the workings are situated near the southern edge of the belt occupied by the Salina beds. The gypsum occurs below the Bertie waterlime, which marks the top of the formation, and above the salt horizon. Its beds are regularly disposed with respect to the inclosing rocks, dipping with them at a very low angle to the south. They afford a practically inexhaustible supply. Their greatest thickness along the outcrop is in Onondaga county where as much as 60 feet have been found, divided into several layers. in the western part of the State the beds range from 4 to 8 feet thick. Many of the borings for salt have encountered gypsum, showing its continuation for long distances to the south along the dip of the strata. . The present extensive utilization of gypsum in New York has been due to the establishment of plants for the manufacture c plaster of paris, stucco, wall plasters, etc., a branch of the industry that has grown to large proportions in the last decade. Formerly the principal outlet for the mineral was in agriculture, which still affords a small market for the ground product. Another use that has become quite important is in the portland cement tra2 a considerable proportion of the gypsum listed in the accompan, ing table as sold in crude state is shipped to points in Pennsy]- vania and elsewhere for admixture with portland cement. The gypsum rock as found in New York has a gray or drab color. It contains a varying amount of impurities in the form of lime and magnesia carbonates, clay and silica or quartz, be- sides a small proportion of organic matter which is the principal coloring agent. In calcination the organic substances are broken up or driven off. The impurities on the average amount to from 5 to 15 per cent of the total. Manufacture. Most of the gypsum that is mined or quarried in the State undergoes some kind of preparation before shipment. In the case of the material sold to portland cement manufactur- ers, however, a portion is shipped in lump form to be later crushed at the cement works and mixed with the clinker before grinding. A part of the gypsum, also, is crushed at the mines and shipped in bags. A very small quantity is sold in calcined condition to / THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 31 cement makers who prefer to use the material in that form. For agricultural purposes the gypsum is always ground to a very fine product which is marketed under the name of land plaster. The manufacture of calcined plasters calls for the greater part of the output of gypsum at the present time. By calcination the gypsum is converted into plaster of paris or stucco in which form it is used largely as a structural material, also for casts, molds and in plate glass manufacture. The calcination is performed generally in vertical kettles, covered at the top, and provided with mechanical stirrers for keeping the material in constant motion so as to pre- vent overburning. In one or two of the more recently erected plants, the calcining process is carried out in a rotary kiln of the Cummer type, which has an important advantage of being con- tinuous in its work. For plaster of paris the temperature of burn- ing does not exceed 350° to 380° F. as a maximum. Wall plasters and cement plasters are made from plaster of paris by addition of some organic or mineral substance which serves to retard the setting process. Wall plasters may also contain some fiber, such as hair, fibrous talc, or a wood fiber made from basswood or wil- low. A product known as wall board consists of layers of paper emented with plaster of paris, forming thin sheets which can be nailed to the studding and joists of buildings in the place of lath and which are then covered with a coat of plaster. The manufacture of gypsum products is carried on in the State by other than the producing companies, and there are a number of ‘ants that make wall plaster, etc. from gypsum purchased from uit-local mines or imported. The imported gypsum comes mostly from Nova Scotia. No attempt to secure information of such oper-~ ations has been made in connection with this report. The mining companies who are engaged in the calcined plaster trade have plants in Syracuse and vicinity; at Wheatland and Garbutt, Monroe co.; Oakfield, Genesee co.; and Akron, Erie co. . Production and trade. The market conditions last year were rather poor, with a recession in both demand and prices. The de- crease in portland cement production affected the trade to some extent, while the falling off in building operations was an adverse factor in the calcined plaster industry. However, the production of crude gypsum showed only a small loss as compared with the record output of 1907. The total reported by the mining com- panies was 318,046 short tons against 323,323 short tons in 1907, a decrease of 5277 tons, or less than 2 per cent for the year. The 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM output was 262,486 short tons in 1906, 191,860 short tons in 1905, and 151,445 short tons in 1904. The growth of the industry suffered only a temporary check, and its prosperity in the future seems assured by reason of the inexhaustible character of the local deposits and their exceptional situation with regard to the principal markets. Within the last 10 years the State has gained a leading position in the trade, the production having increased during that period from an average of about 30,000 tons annually to the present total of over 300,000 tons. Of the quantity of crude rock that was reported as mined or quarried jast year about 65 per cent was converted into calcined plasters by the producing companies. Their figures showed a total of 160,930 short tons of plaster of paris, wall plaster, etc. valued at $574.757 as compared with a total output of 145,684 tons valued at $533,205 in 1907. The amount of ground gypsum or land plaster made was 5712 short tons valued at $14,255 against 15,441 short tons valued at $38,859 in 1907. The portion sold in crude condition to cement manufacturers and for other purposes amounted to 95,146 short tons valued at $171,747 against 91,060 short tons valued at $179,432 in the preceding year. Production of gypsum 1907 1908 MATERIAL $c |— Short tons} Value Short tons] Value Total output, crude........ G23") 42 ON tetra age heat 318 0400 er erate eae Sold crude cui oxigen stamens 91 o60 | $179 432 95 146 $171 747 Ground for land plaster... . 15 441 38 859 5 7a2 14 255 Wall plaster, etc. made..... 145 684 533 205 160 930 574 757 Total value: . nse. Clee eee S751 U5 50)) Caeteee $760 759 The Gypsum Products Co. has engaged in the mining of gypsum near Oakfield, Genesee co., shipping a small quantity last year for the first time. The Interstate Gypsum Co. is a new organization, owning a property near Akron, Erie co. The Empire Gypsum Co. has erected a calcining plant at Garbutt, Monroe co. The gypsum is taken from the company’s mine near by, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 33 which is worked on the room and pillar system. The calcining plant is equipped with a jaw crusher, rolls, cylindrical dryer, pul- verizer and three 11-ton vertical kettles. The gypsum is manu- factured into plaster of paris and wall plaster. A part of the crude rock is shipped to glass factories in the Pittsburg district where it is calcined and employed as cement in the grinding of plate glass. IRON ORE The iron mining industry received a decided setback last year and for the first time in a number of years the output showed a decrease. During the decade from 1898 to 1907 the State’s pro- duction gained steadily, reaching a total of 1,018,013 long tons in the latter year as compared with 179,951 long tons in 1898. Under favorable conditions of the iron trade there would have been a fur- ther increase last year, which probably would have set a new mark for the industry in New York. Several properties had been brought to the producing stage when the depression began and compelled a suspension of operations. With the contraction of the market the operative mines reduced their output and a few closed down entirely. Before the end of 1908 conditions showed some improvement, though it can hardly be expected that prosperity will be fully restored much before the close of the current year. There were 10 companies which reported a production of iron ore in 1908 against 13 companies so reporting in the preceding year. One new producer, the Cheever Iron Ore Co., was added to the list, so that out of the number of active companies in 1907 four were closed down throughout the year. The accompanying table gives the production of iron ore dis- tributed according to kinds for the period 1890-1908 inclusive. The statistics covering the years previous to 1904 are taken from the annual volumes of the Mineral Resources published by the United States Geological Survey. The production of magnetite as given in the table represents high grade ore and concentrates suitable for furnace use and not the mine output which is consid- erably larger as much of the ore is concentrated. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of iron ore in New York State ——eeeeeeeeeeeeeEeaeaeeeeeeeQIl_lS=SaS———SSS————= | MAGNETITE| HEMATITE LIMONITE |CARBONATE TOTAL Value YEAR |——_ | —__|— —— |—— Total value per | ton Long tons | Long tons} Long tons) Long tons | Long tons ae ae | a | | 1890 | 945 O71 196 035 30 968 | 8r-319 |I 253 393 | » +s < 000 ken r89x | 752 7a9 153 723 53 B54 27 6x24 |< Of7 286 | 03 sce eee 1892 | 648 564 124 800 53 694 64 O41 891 099 | $2 379 267 $2 67 1893 | 440 693 15 890 35 592 41 947 534 122 I 222 934 2 29 EQ A. N ‘036° 1470 I 709 770 PERCH Mau eT ois aker

[086 Crushed stone..................] $1" 590 205 | $1 725 203 | $1 647 620 Lame made. 55.5, ae Seas a795 348 a888 309 | 401 728 Building stone. i .:..¢ sks ta eee 229 479 180§782 245 655 Furnace Biixsesaneaatiad on ot 287 816 338 127 230 117 Rubble; riprapey sv as tie ne ee 32 975 14 588 c Blagping, curbing... 2522. iad oe 8 067 [3 124 15 668 Miscellaneois: tere IIo 560 Dutchess.......! BOG) 2A qu ccAoe.zh. 2:8] Secuoke eee emcee eel 399 244 Brien tietg = 194 144 300| 202 845) I14 351} 5 087 516 727 Bulionsies. oe 9. FAL) “LT 689) sue celta eee ae ee 20 778 Genesee? ... 27/2 9200. RSOle v5. cee | 82 863 SOG) \4 sce 283 513 Greene: 2-1 earns] 5 475 BOW atari 5 500 500 Ir 825 erkimers..1)e . 450 Be FBO a chet eee te 7 Sas 6 275 Jefferson. -=.-- AZ2\e SOLO Levee ee 6 067] 4 312 41 672 GOWIS, Belmaits's ace AWS CC POR GH 5 oye tcase 604 758 57 092 Madison. ..-..: | Aer OOO": Bee [eee aicloyo) EMRE Sie Ars os. 50 000 Monroe. fctia5.: I> BOa00S|) 2... alse eee 6 410 537 37 855 Monteomiery:./.)) +95. O00| rane 2a ores 6 677| I 038 42 715 Nidvarac.ac: 2. 20 123 BOO ae ae ae I g20| 8 250 40 793 Oneiday eee. PE hod ed Wek Me 4, O80... 2 seal ae a51kOs Onondaga...... | 63 885] 399 996 895} II 404] 3 600 479 780 Ontarions errr B-AB2| nts SN eat ee 808 678 4 919 Rockland? 2a. 12 284° BOO). tae apis Sere ae eee ne ee 284 800 St Lawrences. s|ecrcta-ne: IO 940 9 843 809 154 21 746 Saratoga....... TO 1OOG| rane -tss bein 25 OO| 2.2. I2 500 Schoharie...... 12 OSI EYeley frase 18.446) eee 30 797 DeHeCAL jc eceer eS 200 fa Mat ate I 750] 400 3075 iWarrenis- oct Di 200) 202 a5 30) neers 86| I 437 225 262 Washington.... 40. '000]||, “54, AOOls2 2 =o. )|\: oe eke [oe 94 400 Westchester....| 132 566) 24 116 2-75). 2 =k niet (eae 156 957 Other countiesa BMSOo| Oey hs 8 666 L425 215 30 561 Stal ss ys 3098338 127|$189 782|\$41 026|$3 182 447 a Includes Columbia, Essex, Orange, Orleans, Schenectady, Ulster and Wayne. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1g08 73 Production of limestone by counties in 1908 CRUSHED LIME \|FURNACE/BUILDING| OTHER ik alt STONE MADE | FLUX STONE USES aotey iS PLOMEI EOS tea oe silo ease $200 $500] $104 950 Cayuga: o>... 39 OSI $400) $510 6 216 2 500 48 677 0 18 136| 45 000; 5 640 8 250 7 592 84 618 Columbia...... rae | eee 4, 500 Cl eee 8 560 Dutchess.. . 233 261 16 (sfoYol keane ce ites eee © 5i2| 235. 3473 PENG ters vs, 2 «3 399 754 515| 138 563] 112 409] 33 711] 654 952 yr oo Oa POO PEAY SACL eal ee hae Sass 17 506 Genesee........ 122 310 E201 5571407 2 461 100} 180 798 Greene......... ONE Vie) Ree rd CE oe oe DONIC ts 2 a= 4 270 Herkimer...... 6 085 cl ow | eee eter 30 000 5 180 44 872 Jeserson:. .. ....3 aw: ots] Uae Ie 7 | eee 13 513] 133 521| 201 988 Wewis) so ccs: : 780 M eaGlizon a! 88 80 5 748 Madison....... Bt” OI asa He |, Seer Onals ss Lt. eu 14 340 45 333 INIOTITOS oy. 1. arc bs EA GGA)! 20s GSOke aise bs, 3 981 176 39 915 Montgomery... Ae Winns eetvls 5 343 6 416 20 320 Niagara........ I2 950 5 400 sm pias eco 2 622} 16 500 37 472 21g 2 ae ae BO REO fi 50 4 000 I 000 31 200 Onondaga...... 108 768) ar 450) We Seta satarid 16 709/355 105} 482 032 Rensselaer... .. ER FOOLS of ese oe | 1oo] 3 425 6 750 25 975 St Lawrence.... 462 7 305| 14 606 723 562 23 658 paratoga....... SWAG Se nin ee hota oct ore 625 227% 15. 155 Schoharie...... 32. O72 292i Retention: GO SHS Se Xo s,s 63 758 Lu I 340 400 60 E20 2 980 5 goo LS a 169 414 ae) On ae etal Mac eae 500] 172 444 iE 16 000] 170 832]........ I 005 Ban! 5.02 Other districts.. 7 123 1 484 2 400 OCH ea Aas ———— | ———_ |_| |_| LL Sandstone Orleans co. ....| $85 750} $139 140|$296 928) $15 500 $800] $4 100 Other districts..| 48 229 28 450 6 000| 35 693) 20 500 I 400 Combined total |$525 799/$1 051 070/$320 301] $55 818, $24 812] $20 617 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of sandstone in 1908 BUILD- | CURBING promnier rg AND PAVING |CRUSHED RUBBLE,| ALL sane Rosa FLAG- | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER STONE : ' GING Bluestone Hudson river.....| $26 400 $296 607]........ $45. 680] .....55 ale eee Delaware river....| 43 597) 428 372|........ 1 630) $4 185\ 4.5. enen Chenango co...... 54 S55 (ag Zales sees $10\ saucakiere $11 168 Wyoming co...... 170 722 ASOWS bic ods cee ae 3 O48. norma Other districts....}| 13 190 COBO shied. cust ote 8 045|.'+..:0 he an Total bluestone... .|$308 7801$758 Wel ee Ara ornte $55 644| $7 227) $1r 168 Sandstone | Orleansicow, <6 $59 138 $111 455|$227 537| $8 687, $1 470)........ Other districts... .|/ 12 255|~52 830] 12 7o2| 7x cal 20 095| $3 650 Total sandstone. i $71 393,$154 285 $239 239| $80 097, $21 565| $3 650 Combined total. . .|$380 paleo 843|$239 239)/$135 741| $28 792| $14 818 Trap Trap is a name commonly applied to a series of igneous rocks, distinguished chiefly by their basic composition, their fine grain, and, because of their basicity, by a dark color. In mineral com- position they differ from granite in the total absence of quartz and by the more basic character of their feldspars. They consist mainly of plagioclase (soda lime feldspar) and pyroxene. In diabase, by far the most common rock type of the series, the feld- spars have crystallized out in needle or lathlike forms, forming an interlocking network, with the pyroxene filling up the interstices. Trap appears usually in two forms of occurrence: (1) as dikes which are usually vertical, wall-like masses of rock, which have been intruded while in semifluid condition into fissures, from some molten mass below; (2) as sheets which are intrusions of similar character but which have been forced between the bedding eae of sedimentary strata and have a horizontai position. Of the first type, the dikes, there is an abundance annie the borders of the Adirondacks especially in Clinton and Essex counties. However, owing to their small size or their inaccessi- bility, they are with the exception of one near Greenfield, Saratoga co. and one at Little Falls, Herkimer co. of no present commercial importance. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 83 The sheet of diabase forming the Palisades and altogether in New York and New Jersey, having an outcrop of some 70 miles and a thickness of 300 to 800 feet, is the most valuable trap mass in the State. Rockland and Richmond counties are the chief pro- ducers. < The chief use of trap at the present time is in the form of crushed stone for use as a material in macadam road construction. Its peculiar interlocking crystallization and the abundance of pyroxene have given to the rock a very decided toughness, and, since this property is accompanied by the quality of the separate particles to bind into a firm mass after the road is constructed, the material has attained a well earned reputation as one of the best road metals. The other important uses are in the form of crushed stone for concrete construction and for railway ballast. As a building or monumental stone diabase is of little importance. In the first place its toughness makes it an extremely expensive stone to quarry and to dress, and then too its somber hue is generally objectionable, although in monumental work the contrast between the hammered and polished surface is a pleasing feature. The production of trap in 1908 was confined to the dike near Greenfield, Saratoga co., where considerable road metal was taken out, and to the Rockland county quarries at Haverstraw, Nyack, Mt Joy and Rockland Lake. The crushing plant of the Quinroy Construction Co. at Port Richmond, Richmond co. was destroyed by fire in March 1g08 and no output was made. They will probably rebuild their plant during the coming season. Owing to the general decrease in construction work during 1908, because of business depression, the output of trap rock fell below that of 1907, the total value in 1908 being $723,773 as against $941,627 in 1907. About 81 per cent of the production was sold Sor macadamizing roads and the remainder used for concrete con- struction and railway ballast, 84 NEW YORK STATE Production of trap MUSEUM 1907 1908 MATERIAL —---- ——__—_—__—_—___—__---- — CUBIC + : : CUBIC shane VALUE ‘each VALUE Crushed stone for roads ....| 362 904 | $349 485 755 754 $584 837 Crushed stone for other pur- TIOSESES Rbk eves peered 619 550 589 542 175 144 138 026 Pawine? plOGKS ;CUGs rie ie ere eee et eee 2° 600 | «cst siete Sy ee Oi in(-1 eee eA PA a terrae ASA rks ma rept |. cachc dud cut ters gio MO Gal sis e cits oe ee SE OO? AIS Am Orn an) 932 O11 $723 773 TALC Tale deposits, remarkable for their size and character, are found in St Lawrence county. They are exploited on a large scale and furnish most of the ground tale used in this country, besides a considerable quantity for export. The product is commonly sold under the name of mineral pulp, which is suggestive of its principal application ; much of the tale has a fibrous texture that is preserved even after fine grinding and this feature makes it particularly valuable for incorporation in paper stock. Foliated tale which occurs in subordinate quantity, is also produced to some extent by the mines. Features of the occurrence. The supply of fibrous and foliated talc is obtained from a single district, in southwestern St Lawrence county. Geologically the limits of the district can be quite sharply defined. The tale is associated with crystalline limestones and schists of Grenville age, which occupy a belt some 12 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide extending in a northeasterly direction nearly across the towns of Fowler and Edwards. The belt is in- closed by gneisses, largely of granitic and dioritic composition, no doubt in part at least of igneous derivation; while dark hornblendic gneisses of uncertain origin are not uncommon. A small area of the gneisses is included in the central part of the belt with the Grenville bordering it on all sides. The tale deposits occur along minor belts within the limestones and tremolite schists. They are locally described as veins, but really have nothing in common with them, being beds or layers interstratified with the limestones. They have the same strike and THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 85 dip as the latter and are at times continuous for long distances, as at Taleviile where workable deposits extend fully a mile along the outcrop. The derivation of the talc has been explained by C. H. Smyth jr as due to chemical alteration of silicates produced during the metamorphism of the limestone. Originally an impure calcareous sediment, the limestone under dynamic influences, has taken on a crystalline character and became impregnated with silicates, chiefly tremolite, actinolite and pyroxene. Certain beds seem to have con- tained sufficient magnesia and silica to permit a complete trans- formation into tremolite, forming a tremolite schist, while other layers with a preponderance of lime have undergone a partial change, showing scattered crystals and aggregates of silicates within the crystalline limestone. Tremolite is always the principal silicate in vicinity of the talc beds, though elsewhere pyroxene (enstatite and diopside) is common. The change from tremolite to tale is a result of weathering, and takes place readily under the influence of ground waters holding carbon dioxid. A coordinate process has produced serpentine from the same silicates, though this mineral is seldom found with the talc, being confined so far as observed to the outlying areas. The principle determining the nature of the end product, whether talc or serpentine, seems to be a problem not yet solved. The alteration of tremolite to talc, according to Van Ilise,! may be given the following chemical formula: Ca Me, Si, 0), + H,O-- CO, =H, Meg, Si, O,, + CaCO, The alteration is accompanied by an increase in volume of talc and calcite amounting to 25.61 per cent, though if the tale alone ts considered there is a decrease of .83 per cent a8 compared with the tremolite. There is little or no calcite present in the talc; it has doubtless been removed by the water circulations during the process of alteration. The beds under exploitation range from a few feet up to 50 feet or more in thickness. They are inclined at varying angles, usually between 30° and 60°, from the horizontal. The dip is uniformly toward the northwest. Masses and seams of unaltered tremolite are sometimes included within the deposits. Character of the talc. The characteristic product of the region has a fibrous texture, belonging to the variety known as agalite. It is in fact a pseudomorph of tremolite, to which the fibrous 1 Treatise on Metamorphism, p. 286. 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM texture is to be ascribed. Occasionally masses of very large fibers in closely compacted parallel arrangement are met with, very similar in appearance to amphibole asbestos. The usual grade, however, consists of a belted mass of interlacing fibers, seldom more than a fraction of an inch in length, and sometimes so fine as to resemble massive talc. On the western end of the tale belt, the mineral is quite often foliated. Certain mines in this section yield the foliated variety in quantity, as intercalated seams in the fibrous tale. The name rensselaerite has commonly been applied to the foliated variety, but such usage is not warranted. The type specimens of rens- selaerite collected and described by Ebenezer Emmons show it to be harder than talc and more nearly allied to serpentine in physical character, while it is an alteration product of pyroxene. The foli- ated talc is white with often a greenish tint and at times yields quite large and transparent leaves, resembling selenite. Near the surface the deposits show discoloration from iron and organic matter, but at a little depth they yield material which when ground is a beautiful opaque white, light in texture and very uniform. The only defect:in the tale from this section is the presence oftentimes of a certain amount of grit which is hard to eliminate from the ground product. It can be traced to fine particles of quartz disseminated through the tale and in the case of the fibrous variety also to the existence of some unaltered tremolite. Samples of the prepared fiber when examined under the polarizing microscope will commonly reveal a little of the original tremolite. The proportion of grit is so small as to have little or no effect upon the uses of the talc for many purposes, yet it limits the market to some extent, and efforts have been made to devise a method for its separation, though up to the present time without much success. Mining of talc. The mine openings are situated along the out- crop of the talc beds which have a northeasterly strike in con- formity with that of the inclosing limestones. With the exception of the mines owned by the Union Talc Co. near Silvia lake on the southwestern end of the belt they lie in proximity to the Oswe- gatchie river, which furnishes most of the power used in the talc mills. The American and Arnold mines of the Union Tale Co. are 2 or 3 miles south of the river. In the central part of the belt near Fullerville the Ontario Talc Co. owns three mines. The eastern portion of the belt around Talcville includes the mines of the THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 87 United States Tale Co. and the several properties of the Interna- tional Pulp Co., the largest producer in the district. A new com- pany, the Uniform Fiber Talc Co., is at present opening a mine just west of Talcville. Mining is all underground. The general practice in the district does not differ materially from the method employed in working other deposits which are similarly situated, though of course the soft and slippery nature of the material necessitates that the pillars left for roof support should be of large size. The workings are reached through inclines carried down on the footwall. In case the bed is not over 15 feet or so in thickness a single drift is run from either side of the jncline at intervals of about 50 feet. The drift is carried nearly the full width of the bed and connected with the level above at short intervals by upraises, after which the talc is removed between the levels, leaving pillars 25 feet square or more to support the roof. With a bed of greater thickness two drifts may be run on the same level, leaving a wall of talc between to assist in supporting the roof. Both machine drills of the percussion type and hand drills are employed in the mines. The talc is easily penetrated, though the holes must be cleaned at frequent intervals to prevent binding of the drills, and on that account the machines have not the usual advantage over hamd work as regards economy. The rock is blasted by dynamite. It splits readily along the bedding or cleav- age planes. The large blocks or slabs from blasting are reduced by sledges to a size convenient for handling. From the stopes the talc is loaded into cars and run out to the incline where it is dumped into skips for hoisting to the surface. It is aimed to leave the gritty and impure talc in the walls and pillars and to send only the milling grade to the surface. - Preparation for the market. The processes in use for grinding and preparing the talc have been gradually evolved out of long- continued experimentation. It is said that the first prepared talc sent from the district was ground in a gristmill. With the dis- covery of the value of the fibrous variety as a paper filler attention was given to the methods of treatment which have been perfected until the various grades now marketed are recognized as standard and find general favor in the paper trade. The development of the industry began to take on a permanent character about 1880 and in the next decade attained nearly its present importance. 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The mills, all of which are run in connection with the mines, number seven or eight in all. They have a combined capacity of about 100,000 tons of prepared tale a year. With one or two ex- ceptions they are situated along the Oswegatchie river in the stretch between Edwards and Gouverneur, the sites being selected with reference to water power facilities. The reduction of the tale is accomplished in several! stages. The lump talc, as mined, is first broken in a jaw crusher of the Blake type. The broken product is then run through a cone grinder or through rolls where it is reduced to 1 inch size or less. In the third stage the crushed product may be ground between burstones of special manufacture or in a centrifugal grinder of which the Griffin mill is the common type. After this grinding the finest material may be removed by screening or by fans which blow it into settling chambers and forms one of the grades for the market. The remainder undergoes a final reduction in pebble mills. Alsing cylinders are generally employed for the last stage. They are 8 or 10 feet long and 6 feet in diameter and are lined with porcelain brick. They make from 20 to 25 revolutions a minute. Their charge consists of about 1 ton of tale and 3 tons of flint pebbles. The grinding of a single charge takes from 2 to 5 hours depending upon the grade of product that is desired. The fibrous character of the tale is maintained throughout the grinding to the end product so that it is difficult to size the ground tale by screening; consequently the grades of fiber are generally regulated by the duration of the final grinding process. The foliated talc undergoes essentially the same treatment. The coarser grades as finished have a scaly appearance much like ground mica and can be used as a substitute in some of its appli- cations. This variety is ground also to an impalpable powder and employed for the same purposes as massive tale. The milling of either variety represents the greater part of the expense of produc- tion of the tale for the market. The finished product is shipped in sacks holding 50 pounds each. Quotations are made from Gouverneur as shipping point, though the mills along the Oswegatchie river are near the line of the Gou- verneur & Oswegatchie railroad and their output is loaded directly into cars. The product of the mills off the line of this railroad is hauled by teams to Gouverneur. Uses. -The talc from this district, as already stated, is mainly used in the paper trade. The fibrous product goes into book and THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 89 writing paper as filler and finisher, and it is used to a considerable extent, though perhaps not so widely, in newspaper. It is more readily incorporated with paper stock than clay and at the same time has a beneficial influence upon the strength of the paper. For wallpaper the foliated talc is often employed to give a lustrous surface. The manufacturers of gypsum wall plasters are consum- ers of tale which takes the place of hair, wood fiber or asbestos in these plasters. Among minor uses are in the manufacture of waterproof paints, steam pipe coverings and toilet powders. Production. The production of talc in recent years has averaged about 65,000 tons. Or late there has been no decided expansion fiom year to year, though the tendency on the whole has been up- ward rather than to remain stationary. This appears from the following table which gives the output and value for each year since 1806. Production of talc in New York : SHORT VALUE Sapa TONS veEoe PER TON Ss ei ee a a ne 46 089 | $399 443 $8 67 TT 2ST: Se eR Peg ew ea Re a ee eg 57 009 396 936 6 96 Me EE toler araty ci Ys pts “of nial eaadatiee eins eis 54 356 41I 430 ity, DLE TS oe SA enti Sat ee gs ie ee 54 655 438 150 8 02 TUS (8 tly s Cotas Chey RS Pee ie ae her garam 63 500 499 500 Y ey | WE Gein cpg Gee Che an ceri ei 62 200 483 600 6 99 128 (S 3" cit uc ghee ce tags PCIE ERRNO oe cael cite 7I 100 Ox5V350:. 8 65 ata atin hye Niet ele? Stew atcisaen da, aft iorenenn Pape eaters 60 230 421 600 Ug. DESMDS Chee fate ofan eset esi ctor sles shoe Afecciover state hese 65 000 455 000 Wie Ceti sc 2 ath ele (2 eV ctngemhaen tt ieee te totes yy haute 67 000 519 250 5 a A (Oyo fo Aen oe AO ae IE ae Ra SS fe ree mean Ie eager te 64 200 541 600 8 43 BSI. ePIC LCP Or ekg Pre Eee Ae RE Enc OR 59 000 50L 500 8 50 Tea oy tao exe icine 0 ssn saint eOM Cd i 70 739 697 390 9 86 The production in 1908 of 70,739 short tons valued at $697,390 was considerably above that of the preceding year due mostly to the shortage of supply in 1907 brought about by the burning of one of the larger milling plants. There was also an increase in the average prices received for the ground talc, the average of nearly $1o a ton being the highest for a long time. At the low prices which prevailed in some of the years past, there was little or no profit for the mining companies, and the present level can not be go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM considered as excessive. As the gain was made during a year of depression in the paper trade and in other lines of industry which are consumers of talc, the outlook for steadier and more remuner- ative prices in the immediate future seems very assuring. New developments. The new mill at Hailesboro built by the International Pulp Co. to replace the old mill which was destroyed by fire has been completed and placed in operation. The mill has a nominal capacity of 100 tons of ground tale a day adding about 25 tons a day to the former capacity. The Uniform Fiber Tale Co. was organized in September 1908 and secured a tale property on Wintergreen hill belonging to the N. H. Freeman farm just west of Talcville. Plans have been made looking toward the construction of a mill near the mine, for which purpose the Sullivan water power on the Oswegatchie river about ¥Y% mile above Dodgeviile has been purchased. The power will be transmitted to the mill by electricity. The company intends to make an output of from 30 to 50 tons a day. A vertical shaft put down on the property encountered a bed of fibrous tale of good grade. The Ontario Tale Co. has continued the development of the Potter mine below Fullerville with favorable results, finding an excellent grade of fibrous talc. INDEX Accord, millstones, 38. Acid-proof brick, 17. Acra Bluestone Co., 80. Adams, Edwin, 8o. Adirondacks, garnet, 8, 28; granite, 66, 67; graphite, 28; iron ore, 34; magnetite, 6; marble, 73; sand- stone, 75; trap, 82. Akron, gypsum, 32. Albany, building sand, 62. Albany county, bluestone, 76, 77, 80; brick, 19, 22; clay industry, 17, 18; crushed stone, 70; draintile, 23; fire brick, 23; limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; potteries, 24; sandstone, 76; sewer pipe, 23; slip clay, 24; stove lining, 23. Alden, natural gas, 46. Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 48. Aldrich, Newton, 75. Algonquin Red Slate Co., 40. Allegany, petroleum, 50. Allegany county, bluestone, 77, 80; building tile, 23; clay industry, 18; fireproofing, 23; natural gas, 46, 47; petroleum, 49, 50; terra cotta, 23. Allegany Pipe Line Co., 50. Alligerville, millstones, 38. Alma, petroleum, 50. Alsen cement works, 14. Amatite roofing, 27. American Bluestone Co., 8o. American Feldspar and Milling Co., 27. American mine, 29, 86. Amherst, natural gas, 46. Andover, petroleum, 50. Anna vein, 52. Antwerp, iron ore, 34. Arnold mine, 86. _ Atlas Brick Co., 63. Atlas Portland Cement Co., 14. gI Ausable Forks, granite, 66; syenite, 67. Avon, natural gas, 46. Ballston Springs, 41. Barite, 309. Barrett Manufacturing Co., 27. Barton, H. H. & Sons Co., 27. Barton hill mine, 35, 36. Batchellerville, feldspar, 27. Bedford, feldspar, 26. Bedford limestone, 71. Beekmantown limestone, 60. Benson mines, 36-37. Benson Mines Co., 34. Bertie waterlime, 30. Bishop, I. P., cited, 46. Black lake, peat, 49. Blue Corundum Mining Co., 25. Bluestone, 76-80, 81, 82; value of production, 78, 81, 82; directory of dealers, 79-80. j Bly, John D., 20. Bolivar, petroleum, 50. Bonanza-Joker mine, 35. Borst, G. A-,: 34; 37; 30: Bradford, Pa., petroleum, 50. Brick, 9-13, 15, 17, 19; value of pro- duction, 9-13, 16, 19, 21; number made, 7, 19; number marketed from Hudson river regions, 21; prices, 19, 21. See also Sand-lime brick. Brine salt, 54. Brockton, natural gas, 46. Brondart, William, 8o. Brooklyn, sand-lime brick works, 63. Broome county, bluestone, 76, 77, 79; building brick, 19; clay industry, 18. Brown, Earl, 8o. Buffalo, building sand, 62; flux, 71; natural gas, 46. furnace Q2 NEW Buffalo Sandstone Brick Co., 63. Building brick, see Brick. Building materials, value of output, YB Suilding sand, 61-62. Building stone, 7, 64-82; value of production, 65; from granite, 67, 68; from limestone, 69, 70, 71, 72; from marble, 74, 75; from sand- stone, 75, 76, 81, 82. Building tile, 15, 17, 23. Burke, sandstone, 75. Byron, mineral springs, 42. Caledonia, cement works, 14; nat- ural gas, 46. Capac, Mich., peat, 4o9. Carbon dioxid, 42. Carbonate, 34. Carmel, granite, 67. Carrolton, petroleum, 50. Cattaraugus county, bluestone, 77, 80; clay industry, 18; metallic paint, 40; natural gas, 45, 46, 47; petro- leum, 49. Cayuga, salt works, 53. Cayuga county, bluestone, 80; build- ing brick, 19; clay industry, 18; draintile, 23; furnace flux, 72; gypsum, 29; limestone, 72, 73; mineral spring, 44; molding sand, 590; sewer pipe, 23. Cement, 7, 13-15, 65. Ceramic industry, 7, I5. Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., 34. Chautauqua county, bluestone, 77, 80; building brick, 19; building tile, 23; clay industry, 18; fire- proofing, 23; mineral spring, 44; natural gas, 45, 46, 47, 48; paving brick, 22) /o2-sterrapcotta, 23: Chazy limestone 60, 71, 73, 75. Cheektowaga, natural gas, 46. Cheever Iron Ore CO., 33, 34. Chemung spring, 42. Chemung county, building brick, 19; clay industry, 18. Chemung shales, 46, 49. Chenango Bluestone Co., 80. YORK STATE MUSEUM Chenango county, bluestone, 76, 77, 78, 8o, 81, 82. Cheney, Louis A., 8o. ; Cherry Creek, mineral spring, 44. Chilson lake, graphite, 20, Clarence, limestone, 71; natural gas, 46. Clarke, Conroy & Co., 8o. Clarksville, petroleum, 50. Claspka Mining Co., 27. Clay, 15-23, 30; crude, o=la; 24-205 products, 9-13. Clay materials, 6, 15-23; number of plants in operation, 7, 16. Cleveland, glass sand, 61. Clifton springs, 41, 42. Clinton hematite, 6, 35, 37, 38, 39; mineral paint, 39, 40. Clinton brownstone, 76. Clinton county, building brick, 19; clay industry, 18; furnace flux, 72; granite, 66; lime, 71; limestone, 71, 72, 73; Marble, 73, 75> trans Clinton Metallic Paint Co., 4o. Cobleskill limestone, 69. Columbia county, brick, 19, 22; clay industry, 17, 18; furnace flux, 72; limestone, 72, 73; mineral springs, 42. Columbia Pipe Line Co., 50. Concrete, from granite, 67; limestone, 69; from trap, 83. Conduit pipes, 17. Conklingville, graphite, 209. Connor, M. L., 79. Connors, William, Paint Manufactur- ing Co., 40. Corinth, pegmatite, 27. Cortlandt series, 25. Cotter, E. J., 79. Craft, William, 79. Crehore garnet mine, 27. Crown Point Graphite Co., 29. Crown Point Spar Co., 27. Crushed stone, 7, 65; from bluestone, 76; from granite, 67, 68; from limestone, 69, 70-71, 72; from sandstone, 76, 81, 82; from trap, 83, 84. from INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 O03 Cummings Bros., 80. Curbstone, 65; value of output, 7; from bluestone, 76, 77; from lime- stone, 70; from sandstone, 75, 81, 82. Cuylerville, salt, 54. Darien, natural gas, 48. Dawes, Charles, 80. Deep Rock, spring, 42. Delaware county, bluestone, 76, 77, 79; metallic paint, 4o. Delaware river district, bluestone, 77, 78, 81, 82; directory of dealers, 79. Deposit Stone Co., 79. D‘abase, 83. Diamond Rock Spring, 44, 45. Diorites, 66. Dixon, Joseph, Crucible Co., 20. Dover White Marble Co., 74. Draintile, 15, 16, 17, 23. Dutchess county, brick, 19, 22; clay industry 17, 18; crushed stone, 70; limestone, 72, 73; marble, 73; mold- ing sand, 58; sandstone, 76. Eagle Bridge, metallic paint, 4o. Earthenware, 24. Easton, Pa., emery, 25. Edgecombe, Gilbert B., 8o. Edwards, talc, 84. Electric and sanitary supplies, 24. Elko Paint Co., 4o. Ellenville, glass sand, 6r. Ellis Stone Co., 80. Emery, 9-13, 25-26. Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 86. Empire Gypsum Co., 32. Engine sand, 62. Erie Bluestone Association, 79. Erie county, building brick, 19; building stone, 71; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; crushed stone, 70; draintile, 23; fire brick, 23; fireproofing, 23; furnace flux, 71, 72; gypsum, 30, 31, 32; lime- stone, 71, 72, 73; molding sand, 59; natural gas, 47; potteries, 24; sewer pipe, 23; stove lining, 23; terra cotta, 23. Esopus stone, 38. Essex county, feldspar, 26, 27; fur- nace flux, 72; granite, 66; graphite, 9, 29; iron ore, 36; limestone, 71, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; syenite, 67; trap, 82. Extra Dark Marble Co., 74-75. Fair Haven Iron Co., 35. Fancy pressed brick, 19. Fargo, natural gas, 48. Feldspar, 9-13, 24, 26-27, 309, 66. Filter sand, 62. Finch, Pruyn & Co., 75. Hine bricks.) LO; 075 23. Fire sand, 62. Fire tile, 17. Fireproofing, 15, 17, 23. Flagstone, 65; value of output, 7; from bluesttone, 76, 77; from lime- stone, 70; from sandstone, 75, 8&1, 82. Flue lining, 17. Flux, see Furnace flux. Ford Brooks Pipe Line Co., 50. Forest of Dean mine, 34. Fowler, talc, 84. Frankford, Pa., emery, 25. Franklin county, sandstone, 75. Fredonia, natural gas, 46. Front brick, 16, 17, I9. Frost Gas Co., 48. Fullerville, talc, 86. Fulton county, clay industry, 18; granite, 66; limestone, 72, 73. Furnace flux from limestone, 69, 70, FI=9a, Furnace sand, 62. Furnaceville Tron Ore Co., 34, 37, 30. Gabbros, 66. Garbutt, gypsum, 32. Garnet, 8, 9-13, 27-28; Spanish, 28. Gazlay, Mrs Mary, 8o. Genesee, petroleum, 50. Genesee county’ bluestone, 80; crushed stone, 70; draintile, 23; furnace flux, 71, 72; gypsum, 29- 30, 31, 32; limestone, 71, 72, 73; mineral springs, 42; natural gas, 46, 47, 48; salt, 53, 54; sewer pipe, 23. QO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Genesee Salt Co., 54. Glass sand, 9-13, 59-61, 62. Glen Salt Works, Watkins, 53. Glens Falls, marble, 73; peat, 49; sand-lime brick, 63. Glens Falls Graphite Co., 29. Glenville, granite, 67. Gloversville, granite, 66. Gneiss, 66, 67. Gore mountain, garnet, 27. Gorton, L., 80. Gouverneur, marble, 71, 73, 74; py- rite, 5I. Gowanda, natural gas, 46. Granger, petroleum 50. Granite (village), millstones, 38. Granite, 7, 9-13, 65, 66-68; value of production, 65, 66, €8. Granite Brick Co., 63. Grant Brick Co., 63. Granville, red slate, 64. Graphite, 9-13, 28-20. Gravel, 56-62. Great Bear spring, 42. Greene county, bluestone, 76, 79; brick, 19, 22; clay industry, 18; limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; paving brick, 22; sandstone, 76. Greenfield, trap, 82, 83. Greenport, cement works, 14. Greigsville, salt, 54. Gypsum, 8, 9-13, 20-33. Gypsum Products Co., 30. Hague, graphite, 209. Harmony mine, 35, 36. Hartnagel, C. A., cited, 38. Hastings, granite, 67. P Haverstraw, trap, 83. Hematite, 34, 30. Herkimer county, building stone, 71; granite, 67; iron ore, 37; lime- stone, 72, 73; metallic paint, 40; trap, 82. Hermon, pyrite, 51. High Falls, pyrite, 51. Highlands, granite, 66, 67, 68. Hoosick, black slate, 64. Hornblende, 26, 66. Hudson Iron Co., 34. | Hudson Portland Cement Co., 14. Hudson River Bluestone Co., 79. Hudson River district, bluestone, 76, 78, 81, 82; bluestone, directory of dealers, 79; brick production, 20; granite, 66, 67, 68; marble, 73; sandstone, 76. Hurd, A. J., 40. Hydraulic cement, value of output, 7. Ingalls Stone Co., 80. International Fuel & Power Co., 49. International Mineral Co., 27. International Pulp Co., 87, 90. International Salt Co., 53. Interstate Gypsum Co., 32. Iron ore, 6, 9-13, 33-38, 39. Iroquois Portland Cement Co., 14. Iroquois Salt Co., 54. Ithaca, salt, 53. Jefferson county, building brick, 19; building stone, 71; clay industry, 18; granite, 67; iron ore, 34; lime, 71; limestone, 72, 73; paving blocks, 68; sandstone, 75. Jewettville, natural gas, 46. Johnston, Thomas, 79. Joker-Bonanza mine, 35. Kaolin, 15, 24. Kazenstein, George W., 70. Keeley Bros., 80. — Keeseville, garnet, 28. Kemp, J. F., cited, 35. Kenney Bros., 709. Kerhonkson, millstones, 38. Keystone Emery Mills, 25. King, cited, 57. King, W. O., 70. Kings county, building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; fire brick, 23; fireprocfing, 23; potteries, 24; stove lining, 23; terra cotta, 23. Kingston, millstones, 38. Kinkel, P. H. Sons, 26. Kirkpatrick Bros., 70. Knickerbocker Portland Cement Co., 14. Kyserike, millstones, 38. Lake Erie, building sand, 61. INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 95 Lake mine, 34. Lake Ontario, building sand, 61. _ Lake Sanford, iron ore, 36. Lancaster, J. R., 25. Lancaster, natural gas, 46. Leach, James, 79. Lebanon Springs, 41, 42. Leighton, Henry, sand and gravel, 56-62; stone, 64-84. Leopold, J. & Co., 68. Lewis county, limestone, 72, 73. Lime, 30, 65, €9, 70-71, 72. Limestone, 9-13, 69-73; value of pro- duction, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72. Limonite, 34. Lincoln Spring Co., 42. Little Falls, crushed stone, 68; gran- ite, 66-67 ; trap, 82. Livingston county, building brick, 19; clay industry, 18; molding sand, 59; natural gas, 46, 47; petro- leum, 50; potteries, 24; salt, 8, 53, 54- Livonia, salt, 54. Lockport dolomite, 69. Lockwood, J. W., 79. Long Island, building sand, 62; clays, 15. Lupton, N. L., estate of, 79. Lyon mountain, iron ore, 34, 36. McArthur Bros., 79. Madden, P. S., 79. Madison county bluestone, 80; clay industry, 18; draintile, 23; fur- nace flux, 72; gypsum, 29; lime- stone, 72, 73; potteries, 24; sewer pipes, 23. Magnesia carbonates, 30. Magnetite, 26, 34. Magnus, cited, 25. Manhattan Island, granite, 67. Manny, Anthony, 79. Marble, 9-13, 65, 71, 73-75; value of production, 65, 66, 74, 75. Marbolith Stone Co., 74. Marcellus formation, 46. Marengo Portland Cement Co., 14. Massena Springs, 42. Masterson, James, 80. Maxwell, John, Sons, 79. Mayville, natural gas, 46. Medina sandstone, 46, 48, 75. Merrill, cited, 59. Metallic paint, 9-13. Mica, 26, 66. Microcline, 26. Middle Granville, slate, 64. Millstones, 9-13, 38-39, 65. Mineral industry, value of output, 6. Mineral paint, 309. Mineral waters, 9-13, 40-45. Mineville, iron ore, 34, 35. Molding sand, 56-59, 62. Monroe county, building brick, 19; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; draintile, 23; fireproofing, 23; gypsum, 29, 31, 32; limestone, 72, 73; sandstone, 75; sewer pipe, 23; terra cotta, 23. Montgomery county, limestone, 72, 73- Monumental stone, 7, 65; from gran- ite, 67, 68; from marble, 73, 74, 75; from syenite, 67. Mt Joy, trap, 83. Mount View, spring, 42. Murray, Benjamin, 79. Murray, Henry, 8o. Mutual Pipe Line Co., 53. Myers salt works, 53. Nassau, sand-lime brick, €3. Nassau county, building brick, 10; clay industry, 18; potteries, 24. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 42. Natural gas, 8, 9-13, 45, 47. Natural rock cement, 7, 9-13, I4, I5. Nevins, James, Sons, 79. New Hamburg, black slate, 64. New Lebanon, black slate, 64. New Rochelle, granite, 67. New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co., 42. . New York city, building sand, 62; cement works, 14. New York county, building tile, 23; draintile, 23; fireproofing, 23; gran- ite, 67; sewer pipe, 23; terra cotta, 23. Q6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM New York White Marble Co., 74. Newburg Sand Lime Brick Co., 63. Newland, D. H., cited, 38. Newport, building stone, 71. Newport Construction Co., 71. Newstead, natural gas, 46. Niagara county, building brick, 19; clay industry, 18; limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 59; natural gas, 47; sandstone, 75. Niagara river, building sand, 61. Norcross quarry, 74. Norites, 66. North Carolina, millstones, 38. North Granville, red slate, 64. North Leroy, limestone, 71. North River Garnet Co., 27. Nyack, trap, 83. Oak Orchard springs, 42. Oakfield, gypsum, 32. Ocher, 39, 40. Ogdensburg, metallic paint, 40. Old Bed mines, 35. Old Sterling Iron Co., 34. Olean, petroleum, 50. Oliver Mining Co., 51. Oneida conglomerate, 38, 76. Oneida county, bluestone, 80; build- ing brick, 19; clay industry, 18; draintile, 23; furnace flux, 72; glass sand, 61; iron ore, 35; lime- stone, 72, 73; mineral paint, 39; molding sand, 59; sewer pipe, 23. Onondaga Coarse Salt Association, 53. Onondaga county, acid proof brick, 23; building brick, 19; building stone, 71; clay industry, 17, 18; crushed stone, 70; draintile, 23; gypsum, 29, 30; lime, 70; limestone, 72, 73; natural gas, 46, 47; paving brick, 22; potteries, 24; salt, 7, 53, 54; sewer pipe, 23; stoneware clay, 23 Onondaga limestone, 46, 69, 71. Onondaga Pipe Line Co., 53. Ontario, mineral paint, 30. Ontario Center, hematite, 34, 37. Ontario county, building brick, 19; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; draintile, 23; fireproofing, 23; limestone, 72, 73; mineral waters, 42; natural gas, 47; potteries, 24; sewer pipe, 23; terra cotta, 23. Ontario [ron Ore Co., 35. Ontario Tale Co., 86, go. Orange county, brick, 19, 22; clay in- dustry, 17, 18; granite, 67; lime- stone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58. Orleans county, limestone, 72, 73; sandstone, 75, 81, 82. Orthoclase, 26. Oswegatchie river, talc, 86, 88. Oswego, mineral spring, 44; peat, 49. Oswego county, glass sand, 61; nat- ural gas, 46, 47; sandstone, 75. Oswego sandstone, 46. Otsego county, bluestone, 77, 80. Palmer, J. K. & Co., 80. Paper, made from peat, 49; from talc, 88. Paragon Plaster Co., 63. Pavilion, natural gas, 46, 48. Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 48. Paving blocks, 65; from granite, 67, 68; from sandstone, 75, 81, 82; from trap, 84. Paving brick, 15, 16, 17, 22. Peak, Cyrus, 70. Peat, 40. Peekskill, emery, 25; granite, 67. Pegmatite, 26, 27. Pennsylvania, millstones, 38. Perry, salt, 54. Petroleum, 8, 9-13, 49-51. Picton Island Red Granite Co., 68. Picton island, granite, 67. Piffard, brine salt, 54. Pierce, L. L., 80. Plagioclase feldspars, 26. Plaster, 31. Plattsburg, marble, 73, 75. Polishing sand, 62. Pomfret, natural gas, 48. Porcelain, 15, 24. INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 1908 97 Port Henry, iron ore, 34; limestone, 71. Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 34, 35. Port Richmond, trap, 83. Portage shales, 46. Portageville, bluestone, 77, 78. Portageville Bluestone Co., 8o. Portland cement, 7, 9-13, 14, IS. Potash feldspars, 26. Potsdam sandstone, 75. Potter tale mine, go. Pottery, 9-13, 15, 23-24; output, 7, 9-13, 17, 24. Prigge, Henry, 70. Putnam county, granite, 67. Pyrite, 9-13, 26, 51-52. Pyroxene, 26, 66. Quarry products, value, 7. Quartz, 9-13, 30, 30, 66. Quinroy Construction Co., 83. Randall, W. J., 70. Randolph, metallic paint, 40. Redstone Spring, 44, 45. Rensselaer county, brick, 19, 22; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; fire brick, 23; fireproofing, 23; furnace flux, 72; limestone, 73; molding sand, 58; stove lining, 23; terra cotta, 23. Retsof Mining Co., 54. Richfield Springs, 41. Richmond county, building brick, 19; building tile, 23; clay industry, , 17, 18; fire brick, 23; fireproofing, 23; stove lining, 23; terra cotta, 23; trap, 83. Ries, Heinrich, cited, 57. Ripley, natural gas, 46. Riprap, 65; from bluestone, 76; from granite, 68; from limestone, 70; from sandstone, 81, 82. Road metal, from limestone, 69, 70; from trap, 83. See also Crushed stone. ; Rochester, building sand, 62; petro- leum, 50. Rochester Composite Brick Co., 63. Rochester township, Ulster co., mill- stones, 38. value of Rock Glen Salt Co., 54. Rock pond, feldspar, 27; graphite, 20. Rock salt, 54. Rockland county, brick, 20, 21, 22; clay industry, 17, 18; crushed stone, 70; granite, 67; limestone, 72, 73; trap, 83. Rockland Lake, trap, 83. Roofing slate, 9-13, 63-64. Rosendale district, cement, 14. Roseton Sand Lime Brick Co., 63. Rossie Iron Ore Co., 35. Rossie Iron’Ore Paint Co., 40. Rounds, James, 8o. Roxbury, metallic paint, 4o. Rubble, 65; from bluestone, 76; from granite, 68; from limestone, 70; from marble, 74; from sandstone, 76, 81, 82. Rutland-Florence Marble Co., 75. Ryan, J. W., 8o. Sabin, L. C., cited, 61. Si Josen, millstones, 38. St Lawrence county, building brick, 20; furnace flux, 71, 72; limestone, 72, 73; marble, 71, 73, 74; mineral waters, 42; pyrite, 51; red hematite, 39; sandstone, 75; talc, 8, 84. St Lawrence Pyrite Co., 51, 52. Salem, slate, 64. Salina formation, 30, 38. Salisbury Center, iron ore, 37. Salisbury mine, 37. Salisbury Steel & Iron Co., 37. Salt, production, 7, 9-13, 52-56. Sand, 56-62; value of production, 62. Sand-lime brick, 63. Sandstone, 9-13, 75-82; value of pro- duction, 65, 66, 78, 81, 82. Sandstone Brick Co., 63. Saratoga county, building brick, 20; clay industry, 17, 18; draintile, 2 feldspar, 26, 27; graphite, 9, 20 limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; pegmatite, 27; sewer pipe, 23; trap, 82, 83. Saratoga Graphite Co., 209. Saratoga Springs, 9, 41, 42, 44. Scarsdale, granite, 67. w ae. , 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Schaaf-Regelman, E., 28. Schenectady, sand-lime brick, 63. Schenectady Brick Co., 63. Schenectady county, bluestone, 80; clay industry, 17, 18; fire brick, 23; limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; potteries, 24; stove lining, 23. Schists, 66, 67. Schneider, W. P., 79. Schoharie county, building stone, 71; limestone, 72, 73. Schuyler county, natural gas, 47; salt, 53, 54. . Scio, petroleum, 50. Seaboard Cement Co., 14. Seneca county, clay industry, 18; fur- nace flux, 72; limestone, 72, 73; natural gas, 47. Sewer pipe, 15, 16, 17, 23. Shale, 30. Sharon Springs, 41. Shaw, Herbert, 79. Shawangunk grit, 38. Shawangunk mountain, 38. Sheridan, natural gas, 48. Shushan, slate, 64. Sidewalk brick, 17. Sienna, 40. Silica, 30. Silver Creek, natural gas, 46, 48. Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co., 48. j Silver Springs, salt, 54. Silvia lake, talc, 86. Slate, 9-13, 30, 63-64, Es. Slate pigment, 9-13. Slichter, cited, 57. Smith, G. W., 28. Smith & Yager, 79. Smith mine, 35. Smyth, C. H. jr, cited, 8s. Soda products, 8. Solvay Process Co., 53, 54, 60, 70, 73. South Dover; marble, 73, 74. South Dover Marble Co., 74. South Shore Natural Gas Fuel Co., 48. millstones, Spring waters, 40-45. Standard Bluestone Co., 79. Standt, George, 8o. Staten Island, clays, 15, 25. Stella mines, 52. Sterling Iron & Railway Co., 34. Sterling Salt Co., 54. Steuben county, building brick, 20; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; draintile, 23; fireproofing, 23; natural gas, 47; paving brick, 22; petroleum, 40, 50; sewer pipe, 23; terra cotta, 23: Stewart, Edwin, 80. Stone, 64-84. See also Building stone; Crushed stone; Monumental stone. Stoneware, 24. Stove lining, 16, 17, 23. Stroudsburg, Pa., emery, 25. Suffolk county, building brick, 20; clay industry, 18; potteries, 24. Sullivan county, bluestone, 76, 77, 79. Sun Ray spring, 42. Syenite, 66, 67. Syracuse, building sand, 62; salt manufacture, 53; sand-lime brick, 63. Tahawus Iron Co., 36. Talc, 8, 9-13, 84-90. Taniles€o:. 25 Terra, cotta,- 15, 16,217.25 Ticonderoga, graphite, 20. Tide Water Pipe Line Co., 50. Tile,. 15, 17, 23. Tioga county, bluestone, 77, 80. Tompkins county, building brick, 20; clay industry, 18; salt, 53, 54. Tourmalin, 26. Trap, 9-13, 82-84; value of produc- tion, 65, 66, 83, 84. Travis & Kingsbury, 79. Trenton limestone, 46, 60, 73, 75. Triassic brownstone, 76. Troy, metallic paint, 40. Tuckahoe, marble, 73, 74. Tuckahoe Lime & Lumber Co., 74. a INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I908 gO Tully limestone, 609. Tyler, C. B., 7o: Ulster & Delaware Bluestone Co., 79. Uister county, bluestone, 76, 79; brick, 17, 20, 21, 22; clay industry, 18: crushed stone, 70; glass sand, 61; limestone, 72, 73; millstones, 38. Uniform Fiber Talc Co., 87, 90. Union Carbide Co., 69, 70, 71. Union Pipe Line Co., 50. Union Talc Co., 86. United States Talc Co., 87. Utica shale, 46. Vacuum Oil Co., 50. Virginia, millstones, 38. Vitrified paving brick, 16, 17. Vogel, Felix A., cited, 51, 52. Warren county, building brick, 20; clay industry, 18; graphite, 9; lime, 71; limestone, 72, 73; marble, 73. Warsaw, bluestone, 77, 78; salt, 53. Warsaw Bluestone Co., 8o. Washington county, building brick, 20; clay industry, 18; draintile, 23; fire brick, 23; lime, 71; limestone, 72, 73; molding sand, 58; potteries, 24; sewer pipe, 23; slate, 40, 63, 64; stove lining, 23. Watertown Sand Lime Brick Co., 63. Watkins, salt, 53. Waverly Marble Co., 74. Wawarsing, millstones, 38. Wayne county, iron ore, 34; lime- stone, 72; mineral paint, 39; sand- stone, 75. Weedsport Spring, 44, 45. Welch Gas Co., 48. Wellesley island, granite, 67. Wellsville, petroleum, 50. West Chazy, granite, 60. West Union, petroleum, 50. Westchester county, brick, 20, 22; building tile, 23; clay industry, 17, 18; feldspar, 26; fire brick, 23; fire- procmnc, 24; iurnace flux, 72; granite, 67; limestone, 72, 73; marble, 73; potteries, 24; stove lin- ing, 23; terra cotta, 23. Westfield, natural gas, 46, 48. Whipple, N. E., 79. Whitehall, sienna, 40. Williamsvilie, limestone, 71. Winston & Co., 79. Wirt, petroleum, 50. Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 34, 35. Woolsey, J. D., 79. Worcester, Mass., metallic paint, 40. Worcester Salt Co., 54. Wyoming county, bluestone, 77, 7%. 80, 81, 82; natural gas, 47; salt, 8, 53, 54. Yates county, bluestone, 77, 80; nat- ural gas, 47. Yonkers, granite, 67. Yorkshire salt works, Warsaw, 53. Young, George S., 79. Es Appendix 4 Entomology Museum bulletins 129, 134 129 Control of Household Insects 134 24th Report of the State Entomologist 1908 Hed : ’ ‘ « a ‘Pn ' * ; 7 . a he ry -\¢ va ve . : 7 . . ' f ‘ . w i * ; . * ‘ 2 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 446 ALBANY. jNaY: May 1, 1909 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director EpHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum bulletin 129 CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. PAGE PAGE WMAPRICIION so li os oh woke vecwin s RN TSR ool Len ea a I 23 WISER CARTIENS : 2 5.dc ca co ocak cs 7 Gloiies MOS) 4) Jes siiceas ade: 23 Typhoid or house fly........... 7 Carpet beetlescPe. ics. faces pastes 25 15g a) ) Se Ot ee Met Ne Bitar II Silver fish, bristle tail or fish moth 28 Malarial mosquito.............. 12 Book louse, ........+-.+200s00. 28 Y : WV SMO ADESY . bite whe oiva siosay cy 29 ellow fever mosquito......... 15 Crick ee PIGMOIS as. Sy, ole Coonan ae a3 30 WIRCHOTEIS ls F.. i5e Fee weed 15 PGCE Ee rans wit vd vie Leo ee a 30 RISER TLCS on ois, ch sieres btacara oat sve 15 H Ww a 6 OUSECAMESN uci inc eset 30 ASNS AA MOLHetS yaa ok a civ I Cock h House or rain barrel mosquito.. 16 Pca hi of MES eee ST eT a ES Ra : arder beetle...............++. 35 eee Se eNe re? 17 (CHEESE ERIDDEDs ae suiciaeh es wp ees 35 EV OIC LEASE aida ao Ueates ea how's 19 Cereal and seed pests........... 36 Bedbug...........06. eseseenes 20 | Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid RICANS GUTOR 5.crc as ok S ae ¥.s'0 v's 22 SGM aac via iie See eae teas oes 42 House centipede...... athe ate Say LNG SKE Sta ntersti tase tesles hea ke aa 45 = ~ > ia 1 eee .* 4: he a = ~ 7 - ~— ° a. . - * + me . a -_a- * SS Oe ae at ~ + . ‘ ot - . a & Ph - at fhe : ’ ” « ‘ a Ps ue , ek Ht Seth 8 Pras *4 "ie a ¢ 2 ow Pw le sore aye eee 9 + € 2 * ae wolt 1% oF ts d a oe er 2 >2'6 4s ' 7 « 2 See . ae rar ae el -¥ 4 nis ih 5 SC ges slew @ = abd ‘ ‘ - - Pen) r Guy =. "2 . n> a ere He es ae i) cate 5G Bar . . by res > etree RE A AMOR SOG tts | - ; Gi = Pat t * e? * 2 any 4 ‘ge: we * . Parr, , 7 - > a, = ® ge ay © > ts ee vip as oe ae Tf 4 New York State Education Department Science Division, April 2,1909 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education My, DEAR sir: The State Entomologist has prepared a short bulletin on the Control of Household Insects. I believe this would prove of usefulness to our housekeepers, an aid to public comfort and health and I beg to submit the document to you herewith, with the recommendation that it be printed as a bulletin of the State Museum. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER'S ROOM Approved for publication April 3, 1909 ei Commissioner of Education Se = . ~ > ¥ or > . a 2 oe oY 7 : } * ‘ . ( se d ig oz. : « a - i ae Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 446 AT BRAINY N.Y. May I, 1909 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director EpHRAIM PorTER FELT, State Entomologist Museum bulletin 129 CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS BY EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. INTRODUCTION One need not go back a decade to note a marked change in senti- ment toward certain insects commonly found in homes. There have been great additions to our knowledge respecting the economic mportance of some of these insects during recent years. This bulletin aims to present in concise form the status of the principal species and gives special attention to methods of controlling the pests. There is no denying the beneficial influence of a pleasant home. It should be a place where such material benefits as pro- tection from diseases, cleanliness and personal comfort predominate. There is deep pathos in the present situation. Many a widow protects cherished garments from ‘‘ moth and rust,’ while the insect primarily responsible for the disruption of the home, through the introduction of the germs of typhoid fever, flies about he house unchallenged and ready, under favorable circumstances, to play its part in another tragedy. 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Doubtless such deplorable conditions are preventable and our descendants of another century will stand amazed at our blind toleration of such a menace to life and happiness. Let us seek to control the ordinary household pests; let us recast our estimation of the house fly and the malarial mosquito and gage our actions accordingly. The malevolent house fly is a eonstant menace to the integrity of the home. Those who have not suffered from disease germs introduced by this pest, should recognize the danger and adopt adequate precautionary measures. Recent discoveries respecting the part played by insects in the dissemination of malaria, yellow fever and typhoid fever, read like a romance. Mosquitos as distributing agents of malaria have been suspected for many years. An active impetus was given to this suspicion through the discovery by Ross that certain Indian mosquitos harbored a malarial parasite affecting birds. It was only a step from this to human malaria. The mosquito-malarial theory took such firm hold that in 1900 Drs Low and Sambon spent the summer on the fever-ridden Roman campagna, relying entirely for protection from malaria upon flimsy mosquito netting. Their field test was further confirmed by the shipment of malarial-infected mosquitos to London, where they were allowed to bite Dr Patrick Manson’s son, who in due time came down with the disease though residing in a nonmalarious section. The deadly, justly dreaded ‘‘ yellow jack’”’ has likéwise been traced to its lair through the heroism of a few devoted scientists. Volunteers lived in a fever stricken locality with no protection from infection other than the frail mosquito bar. They even slept in beds soiled by fever patients for the sake of demonstrating beyond question that the disease was not infectious. Drs Carroll and Lazear went further and allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitos. Both contracted the disease, the latter losing his life on the altar of scientific investigation. This was true hero- ism. All honor to these martyrs. Theirs was not a useless sacrifice. Before their time, a yellow fever outbreak meant the loss of hundreds or thousands of lives, simply because there was no known adequate method of preventing the disease. Pro- longed arbitrary and wasteful quarantines were maintained. Thous- ands fled from infected districts. The horrors of the shotgun quarantine prevailed. The control of the yellow fever epidemic of 1905 in New Orleans is a most striking testimony to the value of the recent discoveries regarding this disease. This outbreak was handled as a mosquito-borne infection and for the first time CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS Ff the disease was stamped out before cold weather and with com- paratively little loss in either life or property. The Spanish-American War has resu'ted in a material addition to our knowledge respecting the part flies may play in the spread of typhoid fever, an infection costing the country $350,000,000 annually, it is estimated. The conditions in the army camps were such as to result in the unquestioned indictment of the ordinary house fly as the chief agent, under such conditions, in spreading the deadly germs of typhoid fever and other grave intestinal dis- eases. These conclusions have been supported by thoroughly competent investigators working under quite varied conditions. There is no questioning the deadly potentialities of the hitherto supposedly harmless house fly, if it has access to disease-infected discharges, a condition altogether too frequent in country districts. DISEASE CARRIERS Typhoid or house fly' Known and tolerated from time immemorial, this insect is more than a nuisance. It is a menace to life under certain conditions. It is far from being a necessary evil, since the adoption of com- paratively inexpensive methods is all that is essential to bring about an enormous reduction in its numbers. The fly as a disease carrier. The experience of recent years, particularly that of the Spanish-American War, has called atten- tion in a most forcible manner to the part flies may play in con- veying typhoid fever and other affections of the digestive system. Typhoid fever affects about 250,000 Americans annually, 35,000 of the cases proving fatal. There is no denying the important part played by water in carrying this infection, nevertheless the common house fly is a most efficient agent in this work. Virulent typhoid bacilli have been found on the legs and within the body of this insect, persisting in the latter case, for 23 days. A number of serious outbreaks have been observed by competent physicians in various parts of the country, and in each instance the infection through a common water or food supply did not afford a satis- factory explanation. Similarly, the cholera bacillus has been found in large numbers on flies, has been recognized in fly specks 17 hours after feeding and as late as four days, and infected flies have carried the disease germs to milk. It is equally certain that flies may convey the germs responsible for certain forms of diarrhoea and IMusca domestica Linn. 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM other intestinal disorders. It is more than probable that flies play an important part in causing the heavy mortality among bottle-fed babies, the proportion of deaths between these and breast-fed babies being as 25 to 1. It has been shown that flies may ingest, carry and discharge tubercular bacilli, thus aiding materially in spreading tuberculosis. Furthermore, it is held that flies may, under certain conditions, convey plague, trachoma, septicemia, erysipelas, leprosy, and there are reasons for thinking that this insect may possibly be responsible for the more frequent Fg.1 Typhoid or house fly: a, male, seen from above; b, proboscis and palpus from the side; c, tip of the antenna; d, head of female; e, puparium; 7, the anterior breathing- ee or spiracle, i enlarged. (After Howard & Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. ul. 4. n. s. 1896 new cases of smallpox occurring in the near vicinity of a hospital. The eggs of certain intestinal parasites, such as those of the tape- worm, may be swallowed by the fly and passed uninjured. Methods of carrying diseases. The most common and danger- ous infections conveyed by the house fly are typhoid fever, other intestinal disorders, including those affect ng young children, and tuberculosis. Typhoid germs may be discharged from the human system several weeks before diagnosis is possible, continue in num- bers 6 to 8 weeks after apparent recovery, and in exceptional cases may persist during a period of several years. There are authentic CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 9 records of a patient distributing these germs for 17 years and being the incipient cause of 13 cases during 14 years of that period. Even the urine of patients may contain active typhoid bacilli. Similarly, the germs producing other intestinal disorders are discharged from the system though presumably not persisting for such extended periods. It is well known that the germ causing tuberculosis is abundant in the sputum of patients. The house fly subsists entirely upon fluids and feeds with appar- ently equal gusto upon fresh manure, decaying vegetable matter, sputum or the daintiest culinary preparations. It is only neces- sary for discharges from patients suffering from typhoid fever or other intestinal diseases to be exposed in open vessels or poorly constructed privies in order to secure the spread of the infection. The hairy legs are fouled with thousands of deadly bacilli and countless numbers are swallowed. Shortly thereafter the flies may appear in the house and incidentally contaminate the food, to the great peril of the consumer, with the germs adhering to the limbs and those deposited with undiminished virulence in the familiar fly specks. This, while disgusting and abhorrent to every sense of decency, occurs repeatedly in nature and is apparently ignored by the masses, despite the deadly peril thus incurred. Habits. The house fly breeds by preference in horse manure, though it lives to a limited extent in cow manure and miscellane- ous collections of filth, especially decaying vegetable matter. The flies deposit their eggs upon manure and similar material, the young maggots hatching in less than 24 hours and, under favor- able conditions, completing their growth in 5 to 7 days. The maggots then transform to an oval, brown, resting or pupal stage, remaining in this condition from 5 to 7 days. The life cycle is therefore completed in 10 to 14 days, the shorter period being true of the warmer parts of the year, particularly in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. One fly may deposit 120 eggs, and as there may be to or 12 generations in a season, it is not surprising that this insect should become extremely abundant by midsummer. Calculations show that, under favorable conditions, the descen- dants from one fly might at the end of a season reach the stupen- dous number of over rgo quintillion. It has been estimated that 1200 house flies might be bred from a pound of manure, and at this rate a good load would produce two and one half million. Fortunately, breeding is confined to the warmer months, only a few flies wintering in houses in a more or less dormant condition. Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ordinarily, flies do not travel a great distance and, in most instances, probably breed within 300 to 500 feet of places where they are extremely abundant. Butcher carts, grocery wagons and electric or steam cars carrying more or less exposed meatzand other supplies attractive to flies, may become important agents in the dissemination of disease, since it is only necessary for these vehicles to load where conditions are favorable for fly infection and we may have a mysterious outbreak of disease at some distance from the source of trouble. Sanitary and control measures. It is perhaps needless to add, in view of the foregoing, that the greatest care should be taken to exclude flies from the sick room, especially in the case of contagious diseases. The flies are not only annoying to the patient but may aid in carrying the disease to others. The proper disposal of infected discharges, such as those from typhoid patients, should never be neglected, and under no conditions left where flies may gain access to the infection. All food, particularly that eaten without having been cooked, should be carefully protected from flies by the use of screens. This is especially true of milk, since it affords a favorable medium for the multiplication of certain disease germs. It applies to dealers in food supplies as well as to the home. An important step toward better sanitation would be taken if the public refused to patronize provision stores, restaurants and hotels overrun by flies. A large reduction in the number of house flies found in most places is thoroughly practical. This can be best effected by doing away with conditions favorable to the unrestricted multiplication of this pest. The first step is to prevent flies from breeding in horse manure and other waste products from the stable. All manure should be placed in a fly-proof receptacle or the accumulation treated daily with small quantities of chlorid of lime. If the manure is removed from the stable at intervals of seven days and spread upon the field, there will be comparatively little breeding. One of these measures can be applied to every stable in cities and villages. The farmer, if unable to carry out any of the preceding suggestions, will find a large measure of relief from the fly nuisance, if the manure is stored in tight, practically fly-proof cellars, such as can be easily constructed with the modern concrete foundation. Flies breed but little in darkness, and the writer has known of barns comparatively free from flies, simply because the manure was stored in the darker parts of a large barn cellar.” CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS Il The treatment of manure, described above, should be supple- mented by care in preventing the accumulation about the prem- ises, of decaying organic matter such as fruit, table scraps, etc. Swill barrels should always be provided with tight covers and care exercised that there be no leakage or an accumulation of fly-breed- ing material about the barrel. The old-fashioned box privy should be abolished unless it is conducted on the earth closet principle and the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so as to prevent both the breeding and infection of flies. The modern water-closet and cesspool is by far the best and safest solution of this last named difficulty. Such conveniences—one might well term them necessi- ties — are no more costly than a long run of fever with its attendant suffering and occasional death. The presence of numerous flies about the dwelling may be construed as indicating a nearby, usually easily eliminated, breeding place. It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions. They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use of window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of Tanglefoot or other sticky fly paper. This, though somewhat disagreeable, is much to be preferred to the use of poisonous pre- parations likely to result in dead flies dropping into food. Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist of South Africa, sug- gests, in addition to the above, putting fresh pyrethrum powder upon window sills and supplementing this by the judicious use of an insect net. The control of this pest is of great importance to the community. Individual effort in this direction should be strengthened and sus- tained by all officials charged with protecting the public health. The Health Department of Washington, D. C. has already pro- mulgated excellent ordinances against the fly pest. Similar action should be taken by health officials in our municipalities and villages. Fruit flies These light brown flies, only about $ of an inch long, are most commonly found about the pomace of cider mills and on overripe or partly decaying fruit. They are attracted by fermented liquids, such as wine, cider, vinegar, beer, and may frequently be observed on the sides of jars containing preserved fruits. There are two species! which appear to be most abundant. It is very difficult Drosophila ampelophila Loewand D. amoena Loew. I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to keep these insects out of houses on account of their small size. Dr Howard has listed these forms as likely to be disease carriers. * These little insects ordinarily enter the house rarely unless attracted by overripe or canned fruit. The latter should be her- metically sealed, making it safe from injury, and stored in the cellar or other place comparatively inaccessible to the flies, as soon as convenient. These small flies can be easily destroyed with fresh pyrethrum powder. a Fig. 2 Fruit fly: a, adult fly; 4, antenna; c, base of tibia and first tarsal! joint; d, puparium, side view; e,same, dorsal view; f, larva; g, anal segment of same; a, d, é, f, much enlarged; b, c, g, still more enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n.s. 1896) Malarial mosquito! This insect has always been with us. It is only recently that its connection with the spread of malaria has been established beyond question, though there has long been a suspicion that some mosquitos m ght be responsible for this disease. Infect on by malaria. Medical men, best qualified to pass upon the question, unhesitatingly affirm that certain mosquitos are responsible for the dissemination of this malady. Malaria, like some other diseases, is caused by a specific germ. It is peculiar in that it has to pass through certain changes within the body of the mosquito before it can develop successfully in the human system. Moreover, malarial mosquitos are harmless until they have become infected by biting some person suffering from this disease. These germs may be carried by man in a latent con- 1AAnopheles maculipennis Meign. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 13 dition for years. This is especially true of Italians. The sequence of events may be briefly summarized as follows: A female mosquito bites a person having malarial germs in his blood. The malarial parasites enter the walls of the mosquito’s stomach, undergo cer- tain changes therein, and in from 7 to 14 days make their way to the salivary glands and are then ready to enter the system of the next person bitten. These germs then undergo a series of changes, and if the person is not immune a more or less severe case of malaria develops. So far as known, the malarial mosquito, and that only, can carry this infection. The — , Fig. 3 Malarial mosquito,) female, connection between malaria and with male antenna at right and wing tip : i showing venation at left. (After Howard, extensive excavations has long U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s. been recognized, though it is only bes recently that a satisfactory explanation of this condition has ‘been advanced. Malarial mosquitos breed in large numbers in pools in and about excavations. Italians are our principal excavators. Most of them have suffered from malaria and have the disease germs ath Fig. 4 Common and malarial mosquitos at rest, the latter to the right. (Reduce from ae U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n. s. 1900) in their systems. The malarial mosquito, breeding in large numbers about recent excavations, derives its infection from the Italians and then, if opportunity allows, inoculates Americans. We therefore frequently have exceptionally severe outbreaks of malaria 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM following extensive excavations. This is exactly what would be expected if the above statements are true. Habits. The appearance and habits of the malarial mosquito are important if we wish to avoid malaria. The malarial mosquito is easily recognized by its spotted wings and, in particular by the characteristic resting position, the beak and the body being in almost a straight line and at a considerable angle to the supporting surface. On the other hand, our ordinary mosquitos do not have spotted wings and when at rest the beak and the body form an obtuse angle, the body being approximately parallel with the supporting surface. The wrig- gler of the malarial mosquito occurs in grassy pools, beside streams and is frequently very abundant in collections of water in and about recent excavations. The wriggler of the malarial mos- quito is easily recognized by the absence of a conspicuous air tube, by its resting in a hori- zontal position just beneath the surface film, and the usually bright or dark brown and green- ish colors. The wrigglers of the. common mosquito, conversely, have a large air tube at the posterior extremity, invariably rest with the body at a con- Fig. 5 Characteristic feeding position of siderable angle to the surface of malarial mosquito wriggler in upper figure, and that of the common moziuite im Jewer the water and are a dulllwiiem Diy sa rao ee or yellowish white. The mala- rial mosquito breeds more or less during the warm months of the year, the spotted-winged adults wintering in any shelter, frequently in houses and occasionally flying in midwinter. The capture of chilled specimens on snow banks in early spring is not unusual. Control measures. Malarial outbreaks may be prevented or controlled in two ways. The malarial mosquito is very local in its habits. It is comparatively easy, by draining breeding pools and treating those not easily drained, with oil, to eliminate the mosquito and thus do away with all danger of infection. This is practicable in most cases and in sections where malaria is more or less prevalent, is the only course to pursue. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 15 The malarial mosquito is widely distributed in the North and there is always a chance of an outbreak following the appearance of parties suffering from malaria or having the parasite in their blood, as for example, Italians. The advent of either in a neighborhood should be preceded if possible by extraordinary activity in draining or treating breeding places in order to destroy as many of the insects as possible and thus reduce the danger of infection. Methods of value in controlling common mosquitos will be equally service- able in checking this disease carrier. Yellow fever mosquito’ This, though a southern species, is of interest owing to its great economic importance. It is a dark brown form, marked with strongly contrasting silvery white, and is frequently designated as the day mosquito in the South. Yellow fever carrier. This insect appears to be the only method by which yellow fever may be conveyed from one person to another. As in the case of the malarial mosquito, the yellow fever mosquito is harmless until it has become inoculated with the germs by biting a yellow fever patient, and even then some 12 days must elapse before it can convey the infection. As a result of the recent discoveries relating to this insect, the control of a yellow fever outbreak means a strenuous, well sustained campaign against this insect, supplemented by the exercise of special care to prevent mosquitos gaining access to yellow fever patients. Habits and control. The yellow fever mosquito appears to have in the South much the same habits as our house mosquito in the North. It displays a marked preference for the water in cisterns, tanks and similar places; consequently measures of value in reducing the house mosquito will prove equally serviceable in controlling this much more dangerous southern species. ANNOYING FORMS Cluster fly This interesting species? has received its popular name because of the large clusters occasionally found in autumn in houses. It is easily distinguished from the rather closely related house fly by the black thorax covered rather thickly with tawny hairs frequently Stegomyia calopus Meign. *Pollenia rudis Fabr. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inclining to a grayish shade. The young of this species live about the roots of grasses and there is a record of its having been reared dusting the flies liberally with fresh pyrethrum powder. The insecticide may be molded into moist cones and burned if preferred. The stupefied flies, in either case, should be swept up and burned. Wasps and hornets The paper wasp! and the common wasp” frequently occur about buildings and are of considerable service in de- stroying flies. Occasionally, if excep- tionally abundant, they may become a nuisance on account of the danger from stinging. These insects can easily be excluded by the use of screens and in case of their being excessively abundant the nests should be found and the inmates destroyed at night with chloroform or bisulfid of carbon. Fig.6 Wasp enlarged. (After Riley) House or rain barrel mosquito* This modest, brown, though by no means retiring mosquito, hardly needs an introduction. Its suggestive song is so well understood that we instinctively prepare for the inevitable. This mosquito takes¥advantage of man at every possible oppor- tunity, while we tamely submit to a series of annoyances which could be eliminated at a less expenditure of energy than is necessary to endure repeated trials of patience with a reason- Fig. 7 House mosquito. Eggmasswithen- able degree of fortitude. larged eggs above and at the left; young wrig- : inde . aed " glers below. (Reduced from Howard, U. S. Habits. This insect winters in Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s. 1900) : small numbers in houses or other shelters,7the females depositing clusters of eggs upon standing water on the approach of warm weather. Breeding may continue Vespa germanica Fabr. *Polistes sp. Culex pipiens Linn,’ CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 17 under favorable conditions till checked by frosts in the fall. This domestic pest displays a marked partiality for water in rain barrels, cisterns, defective eave troughs, old wooden buckets, tin cans or similar receptacles. The black eggs are deposited in raftlike masses of some two to four hundred, and the entire development to the adult may occur within 14 days. One rain barrel may produce thousands of mosquitos and provide an abundance of these ubiquitous annoyances throughout a season. Control. This species, like a number of other mosquitos, is quite local in habit and its presence may be construed as an indi- cation of nearby breeding places. The elimination of useless barrels, tin cans, etc. will accomplish much toward reducing the numbers of this pest, and this should be supplemented by atten- tion to gutters and eave troughs to see that they have not become bent or clogged so as to afford breeding places. Rain barrels and cisterns, if a necessity, may be rendered innocuous by covering them closely, even though nothing more substantial than mosquito netting be employed. Should this latter be undesirable, the surface may be kept covered with a film of kerosene, without detriment to the employment of the water for domestic purposes, provided the water be drawn from the lower part of the vessel. Salt marsh mosquito’ The salt marshes, as might be presumed, present peculiar con- ditions and these are accompanied by a corresponding variation in animal life. Those at all familiar with marsh conditions have learned by experience about the large, voracious swarms of mos- quitos which may occur in such sections. Habits. The salt marsh mosquito is typical of several forms which breed by preference in brackish water. The short tubed, dark colored wrigglers are found here and there in pools, being by far the most numerous within two or three hundred feet of the high land, this area being that portion of the marshes flooded only by high tides. These more or less regular overflows of water result in numerous eggs hatching and the production of ravenous hosts of mosquitos, easily recognized by their white banded legs, beak and body, the latter in addition, bearing a conspicuous longi- tudinal white stripe. These insects differ greatly from our house mosquito, in that they fly considerable distances, there being authentic records of their having been found 4o miles from the nearest available breeding place. Occasionally hosts of these i Wulex sollicitans Walk. 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM residents. ; Control. The control of this species is practicable though at the outset it appears somewhat difficult. All that is necessary isto provide drainage so that pools of water will not stand more than a few days. This is accomplished by runn’ng narrow ditches within about 25 feet of the headland and 4o or 50 feet apart, all being connected with some tidal creek so that they are flushed out twice daily. The walls of the ditches should be perpendicular and the bottom at a uniform level. Experience has shown it inad- visable to have the walls sloping or to attempt to secure a uniform insects invade New York city to the great discomfort Zof < Fig. 8 Salt marsh mosquito from above, the toothed front claw more enlarged. (After Howard, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n. s. 1900) me het pitch, since the latter almost invariably results in"pools not reached by the daily tides. This work has been conducted on an extensive scale in the vicinity of New York city with most gratifying results. Several types of ditching machines are in use and the work is comparatively inexpensive. The elimination of mosquito breeding places on the salt marshes may, sometimes be accomplished by the use of tidal gates and a series of drains. This method, while thoroughly effective, belongs to the domain of land development rather than to that of insect subjugation. The additional cost in many cases may be more than met by the increased value of the marshes treated. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS Ig House fleas The cat and dog flea’ is the species most usually abundant in houses in New York State, judging from the specimens submitted with complaints. This species, as its common name indicates, occurs indiscriminately upon both the cat and the dog and may be found about their sleeping places. The minute, white eggs are laid mostly in such places. . The slender, active larvae feed upon organic matter in cracks and crevices, and are most numerous about the sleeping places of domestic animals The flea is a pro- lific insect. The closing of a dwelling for several weeks or more in warm weather affords almost ideal conditions for rapid multi- plication, and more than once householders have been surprised Fig. 9 Cat and dog flea, seen fiom the side, enlarged. (Original) on returning to find the home overrun by these active, annoying pests. A rat flea is an important factor in the spread of bubonic plague. Control measures. Fleas are very likely to occur on cats and dogs and if these animals must be retained in the home, care should be exercised to keep their sleeping places clean. Provide the animal with a mat or blanket upon which it may sleep. This mat should be taken up frequently, shaken and the collected dust beneath burned. This is a most effective method of pre- venting the multiplication of these insects An animal known to ICtenocephalus canis Curtis, 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM be infested with fleas should have a quantity of fresh pyrethrum powder rubbed into the hair. This willstupefy the pests, causing them to drop off and then they may be swept up and burned. Dust- ing hosiery with pyrethrum powder has been found very effective in preventing flea bites in situations where such precautions are advisable. It is frequently very difficult to deal with a bad infestation, due to the impossibility of getting at the breeding places or destroying all of the fleas at one time. Dr Henry Skinner of Philadelphia states that he has successfully destroyed fleas in a badly infested room, by sprinkling the floor liberally with about 5 pounds of flake naphthalene and closing the room for 24 hours. The acrid fumes destroyed the fleas and inflicted no material injury. There is no danger in this procedure and we earnestly commend it to those troubled by this pest. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, described on page 42, where practical, is a most satisfactory method of dealing with this condition. A sparse infestation has been handled satisfactorily, according to Dr Howard, by placing a white cloth, like a pillow case, in the middle of the floor. The fleas, attracted by the color, jump on the cloth and may then be captured with a wet finger and put into water. Bedbug' The brown, oval, flattened, malodorous insect so generally desig- nated by the above name, is too familiar to require description. Fig. 10 Bedbug; a, and 4, adult females from above and below, gorged with blood; ¢ -and d, structural details. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) WCimex lectularius Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 21 It is especially likely to be abundant in old; houses where cracks and crevices abound, and its continuance theren ‘s favored by the old style wooden bedstead with its numerous shelters The occurrence of this pest in a home is not necessarily a reflection upon the ability of the housewife. Its continuance there may be the occasion of grave reproach. Bedbugs are very liable to occur on boats, are occasionally found in sleeping cars and are said to be much more common in the Southern than in the Northern States. Habits. This insect, as many can vouch for by personal experi- ence, is nocturnal in habit. Recent experiments show that it may feed under certain conditions on mice as well as upon man. This habit, should it prove to be general, accounts for cases where bedbugs are found very abundant in houses which have been unin- habited for some time. Another species! occurs in swallows’ nests and occasionally invades adjacent living rooms. It appears to live almost exclusively upon birds, though a third form,? found on chickens, has been known to suck human blood, but not under natural conditions. The oval, white eggs of the bedbug are deposited in cracks and crevices in batches of 6 to 50 or thereabouts. The yellowish white, nearly transparent young hatch therefrom in a week or 10 days. Experiments have shown that about 11 weeks are neces- sary for the young insects to attain maturity, though the period is probably greatly modified by the degree of warmth and the abundance of food. It is said that ordinarily only one meal is taken between each of the five molts preceding the attainment of maturity. Full-grown bugs at least are able to endure long fasts with apparently no inconvenience. It has been stated that the bedbug may serve as a carrier of certain diseases. Control measures. Cracks and crevices, loose wall paper and the o!ld wooden bedsteads afford ideal hiding places for this disgusting pest. The modern tight construction of both floors and walls, and iron or brass bedsteads reduce the retreats of this species to a minimum and greatly facilitate its control. The insect can be controlled in the older type of dwelling only by extreme vigilance. Cracks and crevices should be stopped so far as possible, and the joints of the old-fashioned bedstead treated liberally with benzine, kerosene or similar oils. Hot water can be 1Cimex hirundinis Jenyns. **imex columbarius Jenyns. to to NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM employed for cleansing bedsteads where this treatment seems preferable. Corrosive sublimate 1s frequently used, though a deadly poison and should be employed with great caution. The daily inspection and the destruction of bugs found on the bed and bedding soon results in eliminating the pest un'ess the building affords comparatively inaccessible retreats, as, for example, a very defective floor. A room badly infested by this pest might well be thoroughly fumigated with brimstone; 2 pounds of sulfur are advised for each thousand cubic feet of space, the treatment being continued at least 24 hours if possible. The sulfur candles now manufactured are excellent for this purpose. A more effective though much more dangerous method is the employment of hydrocyanic acid gas, directions for the use of which are given on page 42. This latter is especially serviceable where entire buildings are badly infested. It may be comforting to know that the bedbug has active enemies in the little red ant and also cockroaches. Unfortunately these insects are serious nuisances in the household and hardly more welcome than the pest under consideration. Bedbug hunter This species! occasionally occurs about houses and with one or more allies was widely noticed by newspapers in 1898 under the name of kissing bug. This brownish or black insect is about # of an inch long and has somewhat the same shape as the malodorous squash bug of the garden. It is beneficial, since it preys upon insects. The grayish, sprawly legged young are unusually interesting on account of their being covered with particles of lint. ? This gives them a nondescript appearance Fig. 11 | Masked bedbug and undoubtedly is of service in enabling hunter cr kissing bug, from apever Spout iwice mata! them to creep up unobserved upon their Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. “prey. 22. Nn. S. 1900) 1IOpsicoetus personatus Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD House centipede' This light brown, rapidly running, sprawly legged centipede arouses more or less aversion and terror through appre- hension. Like other centipedes, it is capable of inflicting a somewhat poison- ous bite though, as a rule,it is only too glad to escape. The house centipede has become well established in the dwellings of Albany, N. Y. and is presumably more or less abundant in other cities of the State. It is beneficial in that it is known to prey upon house flies, cock- roaches and other insects. Its presence in a house should be welcomed, since it is capable of inflicting no injury aside from a somewhat poisonous bite, the latter being extremely rare. FABRIC PESTS Clothes moths INSECTS 2 WG Fig. 12 House centipede; seen from above, enla i, the head stil] more enlarged. (After Wood) The small, white caterpillars of these insects, frequently in a cylindric, webbed case, are very different pint i nT t \ from the young of the Sam ee ‘Soa SS 1 eas ae ine |: iW - Ss a ‘hy octal _— a) Fig. 13 The common case-making clothes moth; adult; larva and larva in case; enlarged. (After Riley) carpet beetles noticed on page 25, one referred to as the Buffalo clothes moth. tScutigera forceps. Raf. of which is frequently The true clothes moths 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are small, grayish yellow moths or millers, indistinctly dark spotted and having a wing spread of less than half an inch. The progeny of not all small moths are injurious to fabrics, though several such destructive species occur in this State. Description and habits. The most common form in New York State is known as the case-making clothes moth! easily recognized in the immature stage by the cylindric case which the small cater- pillar drags around as it moves from place to place. The webbing or southern clothes moth? is stated to be the more abundant and injurious spe- cies in the latitude of Wash- ington though it occurs far- he. ther north. This species is nal Maan about the same size as the preceding and has uniformly pale yellowish wings. The young or caterpillar does not construct a case but lines its runways with fine 2d e Eee ae et et pty pupal cia; Suk, ‘Uiis d@esveue aes Seocaiette acral pd pillar feeds on a variety of animal materials, having been found in woolens, hair, feathers and furs, and is frequently a troublesome pest in museums. The tapestry moth is rare in this country and is larger than either of the other two, hav- ing a wing spread of about ¢ ofaninch. The base of the forewings is black, the outer portion being a_ variable creamy white. This larger species displays a marked preference for the heavier fab- rics, such as carpets and es Bi) ee moth: adult, enlarged, horseblankets and may be found in felting, furs, skins, carriage upholstering, etc. Control measures. Clothes moths, like carpet beetles, fleas and some other household pests, thrive best in situations where there is relatively little disturbance. Clothing used almost daily and other fabrics subject to frequent handling, brushing or sweeping hee REARS A ITinea pellionella Linn. 7Tineola biselliella Hum. ‘Trichophaga tapetzella Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 25. are relatively immune from injury. Woolens and furs are most likely to be damaged while in storage during warm weather. These, before being laid away, should be thoroughly aired, brushed and carefully examined for the presence of the destructive larvae. Then they should be packed in cedar chests or tight boxes, preferably with some naphthalene or camphor, as these latter materials are of some service as repellents. A very effective and cheap method of storing articles for the summer is to put them in tight pasteboard boxes and seal the covers firmly with strips of gummed paper. Valuable furs and similar articles are frequently deposited with storage companies. Experiments conducted under the direc- tion of Dr Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, have shown that all danger of injury by clothes moths and their asso- ciates may be obviated by keeping the temperature at about 4o° Fahrenheit. This is sufficiently low so that insects, even if pres- ent, will remain in a dormant and therefore harmless condition. Occasionally a clothespress becomes badly infested by clothes moths. All garments should then be removed, aired, thoroughly brushed and care taken to destroy any larvae which may not have been dislodged by this treatment. The clothespress itself should be thoroughly brushed and cleaned. These measures should afford relief. It is a very poor plan to have in the attic or some unused part of the house miscellaneous woolens or other materials in which the pests can breed unrestricted, as such places are likely to serve as centers for the infestation of more valuable articles. Methods of fumigating are briefly discussed on pages 27, 42. Spraying with benzine or naphtha two or three times during warm weather is advisable for the purpose of preventing injury to cloth-covered furniture, cloth-lined carriages and similar articles in storage or unused for extended periods. Care should be exer- cised to prevent the inflammable vapor of these oils gaining access to fire of any kind. Carpet beetles Housekeepers of Albany, N. Y., at least, are seriously troubled by carpet beetles. These destructive insects, it will be seen by referring to page 23, are very different from the clothes moths though operating somewhat in the same manner. Description. The Buffalo carpet beetle! is a stout, oval beetle $ of an inch long or less and easily recognized by its black and i1Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM white or yellowish white and red mottled wing covers. The red markings form an irregular line, with three lateral projections on each side, down the middle of the back. The common name Bufialo carpet beetle is suggestive of the shaggy, stout grub or larva, some ¢ of an inch long, found working in carpets, more generally along seams or cracks in the floor. The black carpet beetle! is a more slender, black or brownish beetle somewhat larger than the oval Buffalo carpet beetle, though rarely attaining a length of is of an inch. It is peculiar on account of the greatly produced terminal antennal segment in the male. The slender, reddish brown grub, some quarter of an inch or more in length, is easily distinguished from that of the Buffalo carpet beetle by the long, brushy tail of reddish hairs and the sparse clothing of the tapering body. Habits. Both of these carpet beetles are rather common on flowers the latter part of May and early in June and may be brought into houses therewith. They also occur on windows in early spring, are found in the fall and occasionally in the winter. Both play possum when dis- turbed. The eggs of the Buffalo carpet beetle are deposited in convenient places and the young grubs develop quite rapidly. It is probable that there are not more than two generations in the North though the insects are active in warm houses throughout the year. The black carpet beetle has very similar habits though the develop- ment of its grub appears to be much slower. This latter insect is known to feed upon feathers and has been reared in flour and meal. Woolens are more liable to injury than other fabrics. Control measures. Obviously it is advisable to destroy the beetles found about houses before they have had an opportunity of laying eggs. It is desirable to avoid bringing the pests into the house with flowers. Both of these insects breed in organic matter, presumably in outbuildings or outdoors, as well as within, fly to the flowers and may then, in the case of the Buffalo carpet beetle at least, be carried into dwellings before eggs’ are deposited. The Fig 16. Buffalo carpet beetle, seen from above, en- larged (Original) iAAttagenus piceus-Ohiv- *Professor Slingerland, Rural New Yorker, 1896, 55:582, records obtaining eggs from Buffalo carpet beetles taken on flowers. 4). 4 #458 28. “a CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 27 substitution of rugs or matting for carpets is advised in localities where the pests are destructive. Infested carpets should be taken up and thoroughly cleaned, and if badly infested, sprayed with benzine. This latter should invariably be done outdoors, owing to the extreme inflammability of this oil. Local injury can frequently be stopped by passing a hot iron over a damp cloth laid on the affected part of the carpet. The steam penetrates the fabric and destroys the pest in its retreat. The danger of subsequent injury can be largely avoided by filling all cracks and crevices in poorly constructed floors with putty or plaster of paris. Laying tarred paper under a carpet has been frequently advised as a preventive. Fig. 17 Black carpet beetle, seen from above, enlarged; antenna of the male, stil! more enlarged (Original) These insects can undoubtedly be «lestroyed by fumigation with burning sulfur, bisulfid of carbon and hydrocyanic acid gas. The first named is frequently employed and though the fumes are very pungent, liable to blacken silver and cause other damage, par- ticularly if considerable moisture is present, it is one of the safest fumigants. Bisulfid of carbon, on account of its inflammability, is hardly a safe material to employ in dwellings. Hydrocyanic acid gas has been used extensively in the last decade for the destruc- tion of houschold pests. Directions for using it are given on page 42. For the treatment of garments and furs stored during warm weather, see the discussion on page 24. %". 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Silver fish, bristle tail or fish moth! This peculiar, elusive insect is frequently the subject of inquiry by careful housekeepers. It is rather common about houses though rarely seen. It is about % of an inch long, silvery gray and tapering. Perfect specimens have very long antennae and three equally long appendages at the posterior extremity. Habits. This insect feeds upon farinaceous matter such as the sizing of paper, starch, paste etc. It has even been known to eat off the face of museum labels to such an extent as to render them illegible. It thrives best in places where there is comparatively little disturbance and is therefore rarely numerous in houses having few crevices and no storeroom where articles are allowed to remain undisturbed for months or even years at a time. Control measures. This insect, if abundant, can be controlled to best advantage, according to Mr Marlatt, by slipping into their haunts pieces of paper liberally treated with a thick, boiled, starchy paste poisoned with arsenic. This material should be used with extreme care and placed only where there is no danger of children getting hold of the poison. Ordinarily the dusting of this insect’s haunts with fresh pyrethrum powder, followed by thorough clean- ing, is preferable to the employment of an arsenical poison. Dam- age is most likely to occur in comparatively moist places or where articles are allowed to remain undisturbed for a year or more. Book louse This is a pale louselike insect? only ss of an inch long and fre- quently designated as the “ death watch ’”’ because of the peculiar ticking sound it makes. This latter is supposed to predict an early death in the family. An allied species* has similar habits and is considered to be the true ‘‘ death watch.” Both of these species, as well as allied forms, live upon vegetable matter and occasionally may become very abundant. There have been several records of this insect issuing in enormous numbers from mattresses stuffed with hair, corn husks or straw. An infestation of this kind can be controlled best by removing and burning the infested mattress. The apartment then should be thoroughly cleaned. jbepisma domestica Pack, aAtropos divinatoria Fabs *Clothilla pulsatoria Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 29 White ants! These insects, despite their general resemblance to the more common ants, are{very different creatures. The flying ants, though having somewhat the same size as some of our winged, black ants, may be recognized at once by the numerous veins of the wings. White ants are frequently very injurious to buildings or their contents, particularly in Washington and to the south- ward. Occasionally they cause serious injuries in New York, and in at least one instance established themselves in safe deposit vaults and proceeded to destroy valuable records and to tunnel the wooden blocks of electrotypes. The whitish, wingless, antlike forms make large tunnels in woody and other vegetable fibers, Fig. 18 White ants: a, adult male from above; b, posterior extremity of the same from below; c, the same of the female; d, male seen from the side; e, side view of the abdomen of the female; f, tarsus showing the segments and the claw; «, d, e are en- larged; b, c, — greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul, 4. n. s. 1896) invariably avoiding the light. They pass from one object to another only through covered galleries. The secrecy with which these pests operate enables them to cause extensive injury before their presence is suspected. These peculiar insects are familiar to many who have observed their operations in an old stump. Control measures. Nothing but the most thorough work will clean a building or a vault of these insects, because their burrowing habits enable them to get beyond the reach of destructive gases. An infested vault should have everything removed, every crack and crevice thoroughly cleaned and then special attention given to doors or other means of entrance, to see that there is no possi- 1ITermes flavipes Kollar. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bility of insects entering through an unsuspected crevice. Before replacing the contents of the vault, wood, papers or other materials likely to be infested should be most carefully examined and, if necessary, thoroughly heated or repeatedly fumigated with some gas. Great care should be exercised to prevent the reinfestation of any such place. It is even more difficult to control this pest in buildings, since if it becomes abundant nothing can be done aside from installing brick, stone or concrete foundations. This form of construction is especially advisable in warmer sections of the -country. Where books, papers and exposed woodwork only are infested, thorough and protracted fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, described on page 42, may be advisable. Crickets These black, chirping, nocturnal insects! occasionally make their way into houses and for the most part are welcome. Sometimes they may cause serious injury. Dr Lintner records a case where a suit of clothes, just from the tailor, was completely ruined in a night by the common black field cricket? which had entered an open window in some numbers. Such injury is exceptional. Crickets can be destroyed where necessary by the use of ground-up carrots or potatoes to which a liberal amount of arsenic has been added. They may also be caught by taking advantage of their liking for liquids and placing low vessels containing beer or other fluids about their haunts. FOOD PESTS House ants There are several species of ants likely to occur in houses. These little insects are not specially destructive nor obnoxious aside from their faculty of getting into everything. The little red ant* is particularly troublesome, since its small size, it being only about is of an inch long, enables it to enter almost any receptacle not hermetically sealed. Furthermore, this little pest is very prolific and occasionally literally’ overruns buildings to the serious discomfort of the inhabitants. This tiny species is perhaps the most common and the most abhorred of all, owing to the difficulty of eradicating it. Gryllus domesticus Linn. and others. *Gryllus luctuosus Serv. ‘Monomorium pharaonis Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 3I The little black ant’ is about 4} of an inch long and though nor- mally occurring under stones in yards, also invades the house in considerable numbers. The pavement ant’ is about # of an inch long and is very common along the Atlantic seaboard. The large, black ant* is the giant among our household ants. It may be half an inch or more in length, is normally a wood feeder and has frequently been designated as the carpenter ant. This large species occasionally invades buildings, particularly in the country, lives in the timbers and makes systematic levys upon the food supplies of both kitchen and pantry. Occasionally this species may become very abundant in a dwelling. Control measures. A house badly infested by ants, particularly if a rather old building, might well be thoroughly fumigated with Fig. 19 Red ant: a, female; b, worker_or neuter, enlarged. (After Riley) |} 937% 3 hydrocyanic acid gas, directions for which are given on page 42. This method of treatment is especially good for the little red ant, because its nests are usually in the walls of the building and therefore inaccessible. Aside from the fumigation mentioned above, the next most satisfactory method of controlling these pests is to search for their nests and destroy them so far as possible. This can be accomplished only by ascertaining the origin of the continuous stream of ants and is frequently impossible. The little black ant and the pavement ant are very likely to build nests outdoors under stones. Should the nests be found they can be destroyed by liberal applications of boiling water or spraying with kerosene. IMionomorium minutum Mayr. *"Tetramorium caespitum Linn. Camponotus herculeanus Linn. ho NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM os) Outdoor nests of ants can be destroyed by the use of carbon bisul- fid. Make a hole several inches deep with a broom handle and put therein about 1 ounce of carbon bisulfid and cover quickly. In the case of a large nest, several holes should be made at a dis- tance of a foot or a foot and a half and each charged with carbon bisulfid. A more recent method is scooping out a portion of the soil and filling the cavity with a solution of cyanide of potassium, using 1 ounce of this deadly poison to a gallon of water. Another probably equally effective method is the sprinkling of the surface of the nest with fine particles of potassium cyanide. This material, it should be remembered, is a most dangerous poison and every precaution should be taken to avoid disastrous results. The nests of the large black ant are usually found in timbers, such as studding in the walls and are therefore wellnigh inaccessible. The writer has seen 2x 4 joists badly riddled by the operations of this insect. Trapping the ants by means of sponges dipped in sweetened water is frequently advised and gives good results if conscientiously carried out. First, attractive foods should be removed, so far as possible, prior to the distribution of the pieces of sponge saturated with sweetened water. These latter should be gathered from time to time and the ants clinging thereto destroyed by dropping in boiling water. Cockroaches Cockroaches and their smaller cousins, the croton bugs, are frequently the bane of the neat housekeeper, particularly in old city dwellings. These species are distributed through commercial agencies and have become well established in most large cities and villages on the principal routes of travel, especially seaports and places on rivers or canals, since these pests are invariably found on ships and boats.. The old houses with their numerous inac- cessible crannies and crevices afford a multitude of hiding places and enable the roaches to exist year after year, in spite of strenuous efforts to exterminate them. Description. At least three species of cockroaches may be found in houses. The American cockroach! is a large, dark brown species nearly an inch and a half long and has well developed wings. The Oriental cockroach or black beetle? is a nearly wing- less, dark brown or black form about an inch long. The Australian iPeriplaneta americana Linn. 27Periplaneta orientalis Fabr. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 33 cockroach,! frequently brought to our shores by vessels, is a red- dish brown form about an inch and a quarter long, easily recog- nized by the yellow, irregular, oval markings just behind the head. A slender, light green cockroach’? about an inch long is occasionally introduced with tropical fruits. The smallest and the most pestiferous of all is the croton bug,’ a light brown, dark marked cockroach only about ? of an inch in length. Habits. The larger American or European cockroaches are fre- quently somew hat abundant, but the most numerous is the smaller croton bug. These insects find the dampness of water pipes very congenial, and on account of their abundance in such places, they are widely known as water bugs. Roaches, both large and small, Fig. 20 Oriental cockroach: a and c, female from above and the side: b, male; d, a half =a individual; all natural size. (After Marlatt, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. feed upon a variety of vegetable and animal matter. The refuse scraps of the sink, the food on the pantry shelves, woolens, leather of shoes, furniture or books, the sizing or paste of cloth-bound books and similar materials are all liable to be gnawed by these almost omnivorous pests. Aside from the actual amount of injury inflicted, the fetid, roachy odor is imparted to infested food stuffs. It is only fair to state that these disgusting pests are known to feed upon that horror of the housewife, the bedbug. There is small choice between the two evils. IPeriplaneta australasiae Linn. *7Panchlora hyalina Stahl. *‘Ectobia germanica Linn. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Control measures. Badly infested houses can be cleared of these pests most easily by thorough and perhaps repeated fumigations with hydrocyanic acid gas as described on page 42. Carbon bisulfid, has also been advised as a fumigant. On account of the inflammability of the latter, we would prefer to use in houses the somewhat more poisonous hydrocyanic acid gas. Carbon bisulfid with its heavy fumes is particularly adapted to the destruction of these pests in the holds of vessels. ® A still safer method of fumigation consists in burning pyrethrum in infested compartments. It is stated that the vapors of this insecticide are frequently more effective in destroying roaches than the use of the powder itself. The room should be kept closed from six to ten hours. The smoke of burning gunpowder is also very obnoxious and deadly to roaches, particularly the black English roach. The moistened powder should be molded into Fig. 21 Croton bug: a, 4, c, d, successive stages in the development of the young; ¢, adult: f, female, with egg case; g, egg case enlarged; 4, adult, with wings spread; all natural] size except g. (After Riley) cones, placed in an empty fireplace and ignited. It is particularly valuable in the case of old houses. There are a number of roach poisons placed upon the market and some of these are undoubtedly very efficacious, particularly if assisted by persistent cleanliness and the eradication of inaccessible haunts, so far as possible. We would further suggest the testing of naphthalene in the flake form, as described on page 20, as a means of at least partially suppressing this pest. The liberal use of Persian insect powder or pyrethrum is also of service in destroying these insects. The paralyzed cockroaches should be swept up and burned. A relatively simple method, described by Mr Tepper of Aus- tralia, is to mix plaster of paris one part, and flour three or four CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 35 parts, in a saucer and place the preparation about the haunts of the pests. Near by there should be a saucer containing a little water and made easily accessible to the roaches, by laying a few sticks as bridges up to the rim. The insects eat the mixture, drink the water and soon succumb. There are several methods of trapping cockroaches, particularly the larger species. A deep vessel partially filled with stale beer or ale’can be placed in roach haunts and small sticks adjusted so that the insects can crawl over the edge and to within a short distance from the surface of the liquid. The pests fall into the trap and, being unable to escape, are drowned in large numbers. This method is of comparatively little service with the smaller, more wary croton bug. Larder beetle’ The parent insect, a stout, dark brown beetle with the base of the wing covers mostly yellowish, is frequently rather common about houses in May and June. This in- sect breeds by preference on animal matter such as ham, bacon, various meats, old cheese, horns, hoofs etc. The very hairy, brown grub is about half an inch long when full grown. Meats and other food stuffs attractive to this insect should be stored in places inaccessible to the beetles. It is said that old cheese can be used very successfully for trapping the parent insects. Cheese or meat infested by the grubs should have the affected part cut away and the surface ' . : : ; Fig. 22 Larder beetle, seen washed with a very dilute carbolic solu- from above, enlarged. (Orig- tion. The packing of meats in tight ney bagging is of considerable service in preventing attack. Cheese skipper The cheese skipper? is the young of a small, black, glistening fly about 1s of aninch long. The white, cylindric maggots are easily recognized by their peculiar jumping power. This is accomplished by bringing the two ends of the body together and then suddenly ‘Dermestes Lan dards, Linn: *Piophila casei Linn. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM straightening with a quick muscular action. The maggots of this insect are likely to occur on cheese, particularly that which has been kept for some time, and also upon ham. This species has proved to be a serious pest in some packing houses. It is more or less abundant about cheese factories. This little pest can be best controlled by storing products likely to be injured, in a dark place. Scrupulous cleanliness is a most efficient preventive. Rubbing daily the bandages and sides of cheese, in hot weather, has been recommended for the purpose of destroying or brushing off eggs. The cheese may be washed with hot whey or with lye, the latter acting as a repellent. Smoked meats should be put in places inaccessible to the flies. A fine screen, 24 to the inch wire mesh, effectively excludes this little insect. ¢ - Py = * hed Fig. 23 Cheese skipper: a, maggot or larva; b, puparium; c, pupa; d, male fly; e, female; all enlarged. (After Howard, U.S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) Cheese or meat infested by skippers is not necessarily ruined, since the injured parts can be cut out and the remainder used as food. Cereal and seed pests A number of these insects are likely to occur in houses and, on account of their somewhat similar habits, they are discussed under a general head. Most of these species are important because of their infesting cereals or cereal preparations of one kind or another. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 37 The Indian meal moth' is one of the more common of these species. The whit- ish, brown-headed cater- pillar lives in a _ large variety of substances, in- cluding all cereal prepa- rations and such diverse materials as various nuts, dried fruits, seeds etc. The caterpillar spins a light web to which par- Fig. 24 Indian meal moth: a, moth; }b, pupa; ticles of its food and frass c, caterpillar from the side; d, head and e, first abdominal segment of caterpillar, more enlarged. adhere. The parent moth (After Chittenden, U. S. Lep’t Agric. Div. Ent. L * z Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) is reddish brown, with a coppery luster and has a wing spread of about 2? of an inch. The meal snout moth? subsists mostly upon cereals though it has been recorded as feeding upon other seeds and dried “plants * Fig. 25 Meal snout moth: a, adult; b, larva; c, pupa in its cocoon; twice natural size. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) and displaying a preference for clover. The whitish caterpillars live in long, silken tubes. Fig. 26 Saw-toothed grain beetle: a, beetle, from above; “4, pupa, from below; ¢, grub or larva; all enlarged. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep't Agrc. Div. Ent. Bul. 4.tn. s. 1896) iPlodia interpunctella Hubn. *Pyralis farinalis Linn. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The saw-toothed grain beetle’ is one of the smallest and most persistent of the grain beetles. It is only about 1o of an inch long, reddish brown, flattened and easily recognized by the peculiar saw edge along the sides of the thorax. This species displays a marked preference for all cereal preparations though it occurs in preserved fruits, nuts and seeds and has been recorded as injuring yeast cakes, mace, snuff and even red pepper. This species will breed for extended periods in packages of cereals. The writer had his attention called recently to a case where this beetle multiplied by the millions in a brewery, spread therefrom to adjacent houses and caused a great deal of annoyance by getting into everything, not excepting clothing that was worn and bedding in use. " Fig. 27 Confused flour beetle: a, beetle from above; 4, grub or larva, from above; c, pupa, from below; all enlarged; ¢, e, and / structural details. (After Chittenden, U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) The confused flour beetle? is a stout, rust-red beetle about ¢ of an inch long. It, like the preceding form, has a marked liking for cereal preparations, though it occurs in such diverse products as ginger, cayenne pepper, baking powder, orris root, snuff, slippery elm, peanuts and various seeds. A closely allied form with sim- ilar habits, known as the rust-red flour beetle? occurs mostly in the Southern States. The meal worms‘ are rather common pests of meal and the ordinary stable foods. The large, brown or dark brown parent beetles have a length of about = of an inch and are frequently Gilvanus surinamensis Linn. *Tribolium confusum Duv. *7Triboliumferrugineum Fabr. ‘Tenebrio obscurus Linn. and T. molitor Linn. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 39 found about houses. The young or larvae are an inch or more in length, cylindric and yellowish brown. Fig. 28 Meal worm: a, larva; b, pupa; c, female beetle; d, egg, with surrounding case; e, antenna. a, b, c,d, about twice natural size, e, more enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n.s. 1896) The cadelle' is another inhabitant of grain.bins. The beetle is rather stout, shining dark brown and about # of an inch long. The peculiar grub or larva, over an inch long, is easily recognized Fig. 29 Cadelle, beetle and larva, from above, enlarged. (Original) by its flattened appearance and the dark brown plates just behind the head and at the opposite extremity of the body. ITenebrioides mauritanicus Linn. 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The drug store beetle! is a rather stout, light brown beetle about ¢ of an inch long, which attacks a large variety of substances. It occurs in mills, granaries and warehouses, living upon flour, meal, breakfast foods, condiments, roots and herbs and animal sub- Fig. 30 Drug store beetle, seen from above and the side, enlarged. (Original) stances. It has even been known to colonize itself in a human skeleton which had been dried with the ligaments left on, and has been recorded as perforating tinfoil and sheet lead. Fig. 31 Cigarette beetle, seen Fig. 32 Spider beetle, seen from fromyabove and the side, enlarged. above, enlarged. (Original) (Original) The cigarette beetle’ is another tiny omnivorous species. The beetle is light brown, stout, slightly hairy and only % of an inch long. It infests a large variety of food stufis, including condi- Sitodrepa panicea Linn. *"Lasioderma serricorne Fabr. CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 41 ments, drugs of various kinds and dried herbarium specimens. It is best known on account of its work in tobacco, cigarettes in packages being frequently perforated by this tiny pest. Spider beetles. The white marked spider beetle! is a small, reddish brown form with four white marks on its wing covers. Its long antennae and legs and subglobular body are suggestive of a spider, hence the common name. This species feeds upon a large variety of dried vegetable and animal substances, such as insect collections, dried plants and herbaria, red pepper, cotton seed, refuse wool, and is said to be injurious to furs, clothing, roots, grain, stuffed animals, etc. The brown spider beetle’ lives with the preceding, has similar habits and differs principally in the absence of the white markings. Fig. 33 Bean weevil, seen from Fig. 34 Pea weevil, seen from above, en- above, enlarged. (Original) larged. (Original) The pea weevil? and various bean weevils’ are stout, grayish weevils most easily recognized by their occurring respectively in peas and beans. The original infestation usually occurs in the field, though these insects are capable of breeding for extended periods in the dried seeds of their food plants. Control measures. It is comparatively easy, with the exercise of a moderate degree of care, to avoid serious injury by any of IPtinus fur Linn. *7Ptinus brunneus Dutt. ‘Bruchus pisorum Linn. ‘4B. obtectus Say and others. 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM these pests, since they invariably require access to a liberal amount of food for an extended period. Any materials likely to produce numbers of these insects should not be allowed to lie undisturbed and accessible for a series of months. Most of these pests can easily be destroyed by heating the infested material to about 125 or 150 degrees Fahrenheit. This should be done carefully and time enough given so that the heat will penetrate and destroy all of the insects. Anything infested should be promptly cared for either by destroying the entire package or treating the same with fumes of carbon bisulfid. Fumigation with carbon bisulfid is comparatively easy of exe- cution since it is only necessary to put the material in a tight pail or can, put on the top a spoonful or thereabouts of the insecticide in a shallow saucer or plate, cover the receptacle tightly and allow the whole to stand for preferably 24 or 36 hours. This insecticide may be used on a large scale accord- ing to Dr W. E. Hinds, at the rate of 3-5 pounds to 1000 cubic feet of space. FUMIGATION WITH HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS This is one of the most effective methods of destroying insects in houses, particularly if the infestation is general. It should be remembered at the outset that potassium cyanide, sulfuric acid and their derivative, hydrocyanic acid gas, are among our most active and deadly poisons. They should be handled with extreme care and every precaution taken to avoid an accident, since a slight mistake might result in one or more fatalities. One ounce of high grade, 98% cyanide of potassium and one fluid ounce of the best commercial sulfuric acid, diluted with two fluid ounces of water, should be used for every 100 cubic feet of- space. These amounts should be doubled for poorly constructed houses. The fumigation should last at least 30 minutes and it would be preferable to have it continue three or four hours, or if feasible, all night. Prior to treatment all fluids, especially liquid or moist foods, should be removed from the house. Arrangements should be made to open the building from the outside after the fumigation is completed. Windows and doors should be sealed as tightly as possible, either by stuffing damp paper in the crevices or pasting strips of paper over cracks. Chimney places, ventilators and other orifices should be closed tightly. The gas is generated by dropping CONTROL OF HOUSEHOLD INSECTS Az the cyanide of potassium, previously broken into lumps about the size of a walnut and preferably placed in thin bags or wrapped loosely in thin paper, into the requisite amount of diluted acid. The acid should be carefully diluted by pouring it slowly, accom- panied by frequent stirring, into the necessary amount of water. This dilution should be slow enough to avoid all danger of this very strong acid splashing and perhaps causing dangerous burns. It will be found advisable to have one or more jars or generators in each room or hallway, since it is not wise to use more than two pounds of cyanide in a generator. The large, preferably deep, earthenware vessels used as generators should be placed near the middle of the room and on a thick layer of news- papers in order to avoid possible injury from splashing acid. Pre- cautions should be observed, if the building is in contact with others in a row, to see that parties in adjacent dwellings are warned and arrangements made so that the rooms next the treated building will be kept well aired during the fumigation. It is unsafe to attempt to fumigate individual rooms in a house or a building in a row, unless one can be certain that there will be good aeration on all sides of the apartment or building. The deadly character of this gas is shown by the destruction of sparrows resting upon the eaves of a building during fumigation. One should not attempt to fumigate a building or a room alone, because an accident under such conditions is very likely to result fatally. Since hydrocyanic acid gas is lighter than air, operations should commence at the top of the building and proceed successively from floor to floor. Better still, place the requisite amount of the cyanide of potassium in thin bags, suspend each over its generator in such a manner that when a string near the exit is loosened, all will drop into the jars. The poison should not be in a thick paper bag, as the action of the acid may be seriously hindered if not almost prevented. Under no conditions should any one be allowed to enter the building prior to the completion of the fumigation and its thorough aeration. At least 30 minutes and preferably an hour or more, depending somewhat upon the means of ventilation, should be allowed for this latter process. It is unsafe to enter any recently fumigated building until all the odor of the gas, resembling that of peach kernels, has. disappeared. The contents of the fumigating jars should be carefully disposed of together with any remaining cyanide. These substances can either be buried deeply in the soil, or if in a city, may be poured into the sewer. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The following memoranda will doubtless prove of service in practical work. I nN ma fb Ww b oOo Cm 10 et Estimate the cubical contents and the amount of materials for each room. Remove all liquids and moist foods in particular. Seal all exits tightly with strips of paper or by filling crevices. Provide for ventilation from the outside. Weigh out the cyanide and place it in thin bags or do it up loosely in thin paper. Place the generators in the various rooms, each upon a thick layer of newspapers. Dilute the acid carefully and put it in the generators. Distribute the amounts of cyanide to the various rooms. Be certain that everything is all right and nobody in the build- ing or room. Notify occupants of adjacent rooms or houses that the fumigation is to be commenced. Drop in the cyanide, preferably from near the exit and close tightly. Adopt suitable precautions to prevent the room or building being entered during the fumigation period. Open the ventilators from the outside. After the building has been thoroughly aerated, remove the generators and take care of their contents together with any excess of cyanide. DN Dun xX americana, Periplaneta, 32. amoena, Drosophila, 12. ampelophila, Drosophila, 12. Anopheles maculipennis, 12. mits, house, 22, 30-32: white, 29-30. Anthrenus scrophulariae, 25. Arsenic, 28, 30. Atropos divinatoria, 28. Attagenus piceus, 26. australasiae, Periplaneta, 33. Bean weevil, 41. Bedbug, 20, 33; habits, 21; control measures, 21-22. Bedbug hunter, 22. Benzine, 21, 25, 27. biselliella, Tineola, 24. Black carpet beetle, 26. Book louse, 28. Bristle tail, 28. Bruchus obtectus, 41. pisorum, 4I. brunneus, Ptinus, 41. Buffalo carpet beetle, 26. Cadelle, 30. caespitum, Tetramorium, 31. calopus, Stegomyia, I5. Camponotus herculeanus, 31. canis, Ctenocephalus, Ig. Carbolic solution, 35. Carbon bisulfid, 16, 27, 32, 34, 42. Carpet beetle, 25-27; description, 25-26; habits, 26; control meas- ures, 26-27. casei, Piophila, 35. Centipede, house, 23. Cereal pests, 36-42; control meas- ures, 41-42. Cheese skipper, 35-36. Chloroform, 16. Cigarette beetle, 40-41. 45 Cimex columbarius, 21. hirundinis, 21. lectularius, 20. Clothes moth, 23-25; description and habits, 24; control meas- ures, (24-25: Clothilla pulsatoria, 28. Cluster fly, 15-16. Cockroaches, 22, 32-35; habits, 33; control measures, 34-35. columbarius, Cimex, 21. Confused flour beetle, 38. confusum, Tribolium, 38. Corrosive sublimate, 22. Cricket, 30. Croton bugs, 32, 33. Ctenocephalus canis, Io. Culex pipiens, 16. sollicitans, 17. Dermestes lardarius, 35. Disease carriers, 6, 7-15. divinatoria, Atropos, 28. domestica, Lepisma, 28. Musca, 7-II. domesticus, Gryllus, 30. Drosophila amoena, I2. ampelophila, 12. Drug store beetle, 40. Ectobia germanica, 33. Fabric pests, 23-30. farinalis, Pyralis, 37. ferrugineum, Tribolium, 38. Figures ant, red, 31. white, 20. bean weevil, 4I. bedbug, 20. bedbug hunter, 22. cadelle, 30. carpet beetle, 26, 27. 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figures (continued) centipede, house, 23. cheese skipper, 306. cigarette beetle, 40. clothes moth, 23, 24. cockroach, oriental, 33. croton bug, 34. drug store beetle, 4o. flea, 19. flour beetle, confused, 38. fly, fruit, 2: house, 8. grain beetle, saw-toothed, 37. Indian meal moth, 37. larder beetle, 35. meal snout moth, 37. meal worm, 39. mosquito, house, 16. malarial) 0A: salt marsh, 18. pea weevil, 41. spider beetle, 4o. wasp, 106. Fish moth, 28. flavipes, Termes, 209. Flea, house, 19-20. Flour beetle, confused, 38. rust-red, 38. Fly, cluster, 15-16. Titties Ban. house, 7-11. Food pests, 30-42. forceps, Scutigera, 23. Fruit flies, 11-12. fur, Pinus; 47. germanica, J Fic. r Poplar sawfly, leaf stem show- species. The larvae attain full ing oviposition and a portion of the d stem greatly enlarged. (Original!) growth very quickly and some may be observed spinning up the latter part of June. The period of oviposition is quite extended and eggs, young larvae and _ full- grown larvae may frequently be observed upon the same tree the latter part of June and into July. A second generation of larvae occurs about the middle of August. The full-grown larvae of the I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM first generation may spin their oval, brown cocoons in leaves or other debris. The second generation presumably hibernate in the cocoon, adults appearing the following spring and depositing their eggs in minute slits on either or both sides of the petiole in series of 10 to I5 or even more, since Dr Lintner records as many as 28 Or 30 in one row. Description. The egg is pearly white, oval and about 1 mm in length. Its position is indicated by a slight swelling about 1.5 mm long, the swellings being about I mm apart. Larva. The young larvae are about 6 mm long, have dark brown or blackish heads and pale green or yellowish green bodies. Partly grown larva. Length>t cm. Head subglobose, jet-black, the most of the body being a very pale green with a conspicuous row of sublateral, subquadrate, black spots, a pair on each segment. The anterior portion of the body, namely the first thoracic seg- ment and the lateral tubercles on the 2d, 3d and the 11th seg- ments, particularly laterally, is variably tinged with pale orange, giving a very characteristic appearance. The larvae are rather thickly clothed with short, whitish setae arising from inconspicuous tubercles. True legs pale yellowish basally, yellowish transparent apically. The whitish transparent prolegs occur on the 2d to the “th and 8th and oth abdominal segments, each segment also with a small, black, lateral dot. Anal plate subcircular, black with whit- ish setose tubercles. Full-grown larva. Length 1.5 cm. Head jet-black. Body a deep yellowish orange, sparsely covered with fine, whitish hairs and with a conspicuous row of irregu- lar subquadrate lateral mark- ings, a pair on each segment, and a substigmatal row of small triangular, black markings. The FA lec datayt tte Smo Nero black anal plate bears several larged. | (Original) pairs of submedian white setae. Adult. Length .8.cm. Wing spread 1.8 cm. Head shining black, short, broad. Antennae nearly as long as the body, com- posed of nine segments, the first two short, the others long, slender and tapering successively to the apex. Thorax black dorsally, the venter and the abdomen yellowish. Wings yellowish basally, the stigma large, distinct. Legs mostly pale yellowish, the pulvilli dark brown. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 15 Remedial measures. This leaf feeder should be easily con- trolled by timely applications of an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead. Bibliography 1888 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 44-46. (Brief account, as Aulacomerus lutescens) aan) =. Ins, N. ¥. 7th Rep't, p. 223-24. (Synonymy, as Aula- comerus lutescens) 1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:568-69. (General account) ] Grape blossom midge Contarinia johnsom Sling. The work of this little midge has been observed here and there in Chautauqua vineyards for the last four years. The enlarged blossom buds, infested by maggots, have been found in small numbers each spring. Nothing was known as to the source of these little pests, aside from the fact that they were produced by some small fly. It was not till the spring of 1909 that we were enabled to rear this insect and show that it belonged to the genus Contarinia and has as allies several destructive species. One closely related form, Contarinia violicola Coq., has proved very injurious to the extensive violet-growing industry located at Rhine- cliff, N. Y. Another member of this genus, Contarinia pyrivora Riley, is well known on account of its destroying young pears. A third form, Contarinia sorghicola Coq., infests sorghum in the South and causes a serious shrinkage in the production of seed, while a West Indian species, Conta- rinia gossypii Felt, is injurious to cotton. In addition, Contarinia viticola Ribs., which further study may show to be identical with the species attacking grape blossoms in the Chautauqua region, has been recorded as injurious to grape blos- soms in Europe by Riibsaamen,’ a noted authority upon this group. Injuries. The grape blossom midge of the Chautauqua region was first observed in scattering numbers by the late Professor Slingerland and Fred Johnson in 1904, at which time it was re- corded from the towns of Ripley, Westfield, Portland and Brocton. It has occurred in small numbers from year to year since then, and in 1908 aroused considerable apprehension among growers on ac- 11906 Riibsaamen, E. H, Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschafiliche Insekten- biologie, 2:194-08. 1909 ————- Die Wichtigsten deutschen Reben-Schadlinge und Reben- Niitzlinge, p. 74-76. 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM count of injuries inflicted upon early Moore grapes. One acre of this variety, belonging to Mr H. L. Cumming of Fredonia, had 60 to 75% of the blossoms destroyed by this midge. Investigations by the writer last June showed that the insect was generally dis- tributed, even in extensive vineyards, throughout the grape belt, being observed from Fredonia westward to Ripley, while Mr Fred johnson recorded its occurrence at North East, Pa. The injury resulting from the attack of this insect simply causes the destruc- tion of infested blossom buds. There was some complaint of grape clusters being unusually open and irregular during 1908, and as this midge was abnormally abundant, it was undoubtedly a fac- tor in the production of light bunches. Furthermore, it is probable that some of the mysterious failures of the grape crop in restricted areas may be attributed to the work of this species. An examina- tion of grapevines in the vicinity of Albany and at Nassau, N. Y. failed to reveal any signs of this insect’s work. Description. The presence of this enemy in a vineyard is easily recognized. The infested blossom buds remain closed and are con- spicuous on account of their abnormal size. They are about % of an inch in length and usually longer than broad. They vary in color from the nearly normal green to a variable red tinted extrem- ity. The actual presence of the destructive yellowish maggots is easily demonstrated by opening a bud. Seven to eight or ten larvae may occur in one blossom bud. The affected buds remain on the vines only a short time, dropping within a few days to a week after tlie injury becomes noticeable. Larva. The pale yellowish or whitish maggot or larva is about 1/12 of an inch long and may be easily recog- nized by the presence of a somewhat charac- teristic, brownish, forked breastbone near the anterior extremity. The younger maggots are whitish, becoming lemon-yellow upon at- taining full growth. The maggots, together with those of related species, have a peculiar method of locomotion. The extremities are brought together and then suddenly released. AO 3 Pion yt The movement frequently results in throwing eee Cnared the maggot a distance several times its own (Original) length. Fiy. The parent insect is an extremely delicate, pale yellowish ‘fly only about 1/25 of an inch long. The male is easily recog- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 b/s nized by the long, knobbed, hairy feelers or antennae one half longer than the body. The female is about 1/16 of an inch long and may be distinguished by the shorter, less densely haired feelers or antennae. This sex is provided with a long, slender ovipositor as long as the body, well adapted to placing the tiny eggs within the developing floral tissues. Technical description. Larva. Length 1.5 to 2 mm. The smaller larvae are whitish, the larger ones pale yellowish. Head rather short, broad, with a length about equal to the diameter. Antennae short, stout, uniarticulate. Breastbone bidentate, the teeth rather broadly triangular and moderately chitinized, the basal Fic. 4 Maggot of grape blossom midge, view Fic. 5 Maggot of grape blossom midge of head, enlarged. (Original) pee extremity, enlarged. (Orig- inal) portion semitransparent and tapering posteriorly. The segmenta- tion of the body rather distinct, the skin nearly smooth. The penultimate segment with a short, stout, cuticular process at the posterior lateral angles. Terminal segment broadly rounded, sub- truncate distally, posteriorly with a pair of submedian acute der- mal papillae, and just within, a pair of stouter, semitransparent, strongly curved pseudopods. Anus ventral, broadly oval. Male. Length 1mm. Antennae one half longer than the body, thickly haired, fuscous yellowish; 14 segments, the fifth with the basal portion of the stem with a length one half greater than its diameter, the distal part with a length three times its diameter, the enlargements subglobose, the basal one with a sparse subbasal whorl of setae, the circumfilum with the loops sparse, long and extending to or a little beyond the middle of the subglobular dis- tal enlargement, which latter has a scattering subbasal whorl of curved setae and a similar circumfilum, the loops extending to the base of the following segment. Palpi; first segment short, sub- quadrate, the second stout, with a length over three times its diam- eter, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one fourth longer than the third. Mesonotum fuscous yellowish. Scutellum and postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen fuscous yellowish ; genitalia darker. Wings hyaline, costa light brown, subcosta uniting there- with before the basal third, the third vein at the apex; fringe abundant. Halteres whitish transparent. Legs mostly pale yel- 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM lowish; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, truncate; terminal clasp segment rather stout, slightly tapering; dorsal plate short, deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes diverging, obliquely truncate and sparsely setose; ventral plate long, very deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes long, slender, with a few coarse setae at the narrowly rounded apex; style short, stout. Female, Length 1.5 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, rather thickly haired, fuscous yellowish, yellowish basally; 14 seg- ments, the third greatly produced, with a length six times. its diameter, the fifth subsessile, cylindric, with a length two and one half times its diameter, slightly constricted near the basal third, subbasal and subapical whorls rather thick, short, strongly curved; terminal segment somewhat produced, the apical fourth forming a broadly rounded knob. Mesonotum fuscous yellowish, the sub- median lines sparsely haired. Scutellum and postscutellum fus- cous yellowish. Abdomen a little lighter, the distal segments slightly fuscous. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale straw, the anterior and midtarsi fuscous yellow- ish, the posterior tarsi apparently pale yellowish. Ovipositor nearly as long as the body, the terminal lobes with a length six times their width, very slender, subacute apically and with a few coarse setae. Life history. The delicate parent midges undoubtedly appear with the unfolding of the blossom buds or soon after, and the female deposits 7 to 10 or more eggs. These hatch quickly, the maggots develop rapidly and become full grown at about blossoming time. Infested blossom buds were very abundant in vineyards June 11, 1908, while a week or 10 days later the insects had practically disappeared. This indicates clearly that the period of larval existence is very short. The maggots or larvae either drop from the infested bud or fall with it and seek shelter in the ground, remaining in an earthen cocoon during the rest of the sea- son and transforming to pupae the following spring. The few aduits reared by us under artificial conditions appeared April 30, 1909. It is probable that those hibernating in the field do not emerge till much later, namely, early in June before the grapes are in bloom. There appears to be no reason for believing that this insect can subsist upon other vines than grape, unless it be the allied Virginia creeper. The extent of injury is undoubtedly in- fluenced greatly by the time the midges appear, since if they fly in large numbers just as the blossom buds appear and the latter are therefore in a favorable condition for infestation, there is likely to be much more serious injury. This is probably the explanation of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 I9 the almost total destruction of the bloom in the acre of early Moore grapes noticed above. It is possible that this new American pest is an introduced species, brought to the Chautauqua region on re- cent importations of grape. It is to be hoped that it will not mul- tiply greatly and become a serious menace to this important industry. Remedial measures. Nothing very definite can be advised in the way of control measures. Clean culture, supplemented by lib- eral feeding, is the most hopeful method of avoiding serious in- jury, as we have yet to find this insect very abundant throughout large, well cultivated vineyards. Most of the infested clusters so far as our observation goes, occur near the outside of a vineyard in the vicinity of abundant natural shelters. The burning over of grassy headlands and margins of ditches in early spring could hardly cause much injury and might be of service in destroying the wandering maggots. The delicate parent insects would succumb readily to pyrethrum powder and presumably would be stupefied by heavy smoke. These insects fly mostly during the quieter part cf the day and it might be practical, in the case of a badly infested vineyard, to watch for the appearance of the adults and then stupefy or destroy them by generating a heavy smudge throughout the vineyard. Attempts to control this midge by applications to the vines before the flies appear are very likely to result in failure. Bibliography 1904 Slingerland, M. V. & Johnson, Fred. Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 224, p. 71-73. (Brief illustrated account with description of larva and gall, as Cecidomyia) 1908 Felt, E. P. Grape Belt, June 12; Buffalo News, June 13; Country Gentleman, June 18, 73:607; Economic Ent. Jour. 1:243. (Brief records of injury, as Cecidomyia) 1909 —— Grape Belt, May 18 (Records rearing of adult, outlines the life history and discusses remedies) 1909 —— Economic Ent. Jour. 2:257 (Records rearing and discusses im- portance) Gladioli aphid Aphis gladioli n. sp. The abundant occurrence of a plant louse upon gladioli bulbs is something unusual. No outbreak of the kind had been previously brought to our attention, and Dr L. O. Howard informs the writer that he is unable to find any record of an aphid occurring upon this showy plant. This new form of injury was first brought to 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM our attention last July, by the reception of a number of gladioli bulbs badly infested with plant lice, although they had been pre- viously fumigated with sulfur. The insect must be exceedingly prolific, since one small box containing about a dozen bulbs had the interstices almost filled with exuviae and plant lice. The presence of large numbers of these insects injures the salability of the bulbs, since it weakens them materially and frequently results in a failure to bloom. This species has caused more or less trouble to some of our growers for the past two or three years, particularly in late winter. Examples of this plant louse were submitted to Mr Pergande, through Dr L. O. Howard, and by him pronounced to be an unknown species of aphis. Description. The very young plant louse is about .75 mm long, pale yellowish or whitish transparent with an obscure subapical orange band on the abdomen. The antennae are slightly fuscous apically, the tip of the beak, the distal tarsal segments and the cor- nicles being fuscous; the eyes are black. The antennal segments in this stage have the following measurements: Third .21 mm, fourth .o6 mm, fifth .141 mm. The cornicles are subcylindric, being .og x .045 mm. The partly full grown wingless female has the following anten- nal measurements. Third segment .195 mm, fourth .12 mm, fifth .o85 mm, the sixth .415 mm, the cornicles being sub- cylindric, .135 x .o6 mm. The full grown wingless female is rather stout, a pale yellowish white, the head dorsally, frequently having a distinct yel- lowish cast and the subapical abdominal segments a deeper yellowish cast on the Fic. 6 Gladioli aphid, poste™ : rior extremity of wingless fe- venter. The apex of the third) aoun ges eae eros 3m net arieniial segments and the apexes of the tibiae, tarsi and the beak are fuscous. The cornicles are light fuscous and the eyes black. Winged female. Length 1.75 mm. This form is dark brown and yellowish, the antennae being mostly a fuscous yellowish, the head fuscous, the pronotal lobes a variable fuscous and separated from the mesonotum by a yellowish or deep orange area. The thorax has the median and two conspicuous submedian lobes fuscous. Scutellum fuscous, postscutellum light fuscous. Abdo- men a variahle yellowish orange and with a variable, oval, or sub- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 21 quadrangular, fuscous area on the dorsum of the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments. Cornicles fuscous and taperinsy slightly. Wings with a yellowish white stigma. Legs mostly a pale Fic. 7 Gladioli‘aphid, wings and antenna, much enlarged. (Original!) yellowish, the femora and tibiae apically and the tarsi fuscous. Venter of prothorax yellowish, the mesothorax with broad, angu- late, fuscous sclerites ventrally. The abdo- men ventrally yellowish and deep orange, the two apical segments narrowly margined mesially with fuscous. The antennal seg- ments have the following measurements: The third .36 mm, the fourth .165 mm, the fifth .105 mm and the sixth .375 mm, the sensoria being very abundant on the third oe and fourth segments; cornicles .15 x .045 Fis. 8 Gladioli_ aphid. mm, tapering gradually. (Original) Life history. Gladioli bulbs are kept by growers in large warehouses, the temperature being maintained at about 40 degrees throughout the winter. This insect is evidently unable to breed under these conditions. As spring advances and the house begins to warm up in March, the aphids appear in large numbers, repro- ducing so abundantly that the window frames and sills may become literally covered with wings and bodies of plant lice. It is comparatively easy, in a badly infested house, to sweep up a gill of wings and exuviae from under one window. This plant louse multiplies freely upon the bulbs, usually being massed around the origin of the roots and sometimes nearly covering the entire 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM under surface. Breeding evidently continues from some time in March until into July, with the production of numerous winged individuals the latter part of July, at least in the case of bulbs submitted for examination, though winged females un- doubtedly occur earlier in the season under warehouse condi- tions. By July 28th winged fe- males had entirely disappeared in our breeding cages, though young were still numerous on Fic, 9 Gladioli aphid, posterior extremity the bulbs; later, all disappeared. of young nymah, enlarged. (Origs14l) An investigation about the mmimale of August resulted in finding no living aphids in the storage ware- house or upon the plants in the field. It is stated that when dig- ging in October a few plant lice may be found upon the bulbs. These evidently remain in a dormant condition till the house warms up in the spring as described above. Remedies. Fumigation with sulfur has been found ineffective in controlling this species. It is more than probable that judicious fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas would be entirely successful in controlling this pest. This might be accomplished by treating the entire house or by arranging for the fumigation of badly in- fested trays whenever necessary. The bulbs would probably not be injured by any strength of gas which would be harmless to ordinary growing plants, and it is probable that more gas could be used with safety. This point can be determined only by actual tests made preferably under warehouse conditions. Green cockroach Panchlora hyalina Saus. Two specimens of this Central American form, kindly deter- mined through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, were brought to the office in March, each taken from a different section of Albany, N. Y. The occurrence of a single specimen would have little significance, as it might easily have been brought to the city upon fruit boats, but the finding of two in different sections is not so readily explained, particularly as we find records of this species having been taken in other parts of the country. The earliest record is that of a specimen being captured in a store in Boston REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 23 December 26, 1878, and is given on the authority of the late Dr Samuel Kneeland. Again in 1879 a female was found alive with numerous young in a house at Salem, Mass. In both of the above mentioned cases the insect was identified as Panchlora nivea Linn. A specimen was also taken by Dr Carl F. Gissler of Brooklyn, N. Y., September 21, 1890. It has also been recorded from Porto Rico. Description. This slender species is a rather fragile, light green, yellow margined form with the thinner por- tions of the wings transparent. It is nearly an inch long and has the long, slender, pale yellowish antennae characteristic of this group, the ter- minal segments of which are in- Fre. 10 Green cockroach, enlarged. teresting, since they are strongly We gees constricted at the base and thus subsessile. The legs and under- surface are pale yellowish green, The young, as noted by Dr Howard, are light brown and are remarkable in that the body becomes broader posteriorly. Life history and habits. This species, aside from being a tropical form, is particularly interesting because of its viviparous habits, most cockroaches producing large, characteristic odtheca. It is a tropical form and the abundance of constantly warm houses, not to mention greenhouses, should render it comparatively easy for this species to maintain itself in our climate, particularly when reinforced by frequent importations as appears to be the case at the present time. This or an allied form, according to Malcomb Burr, is occasionally found in Europe, being brought from South America. Bibliography 1890 Smith, J. B. Psyche, 5:405. (Recorded from Boston and Salem, Mass., as Panchlora nivea) 1891 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 3:356. (Recorded from Brooklyn. Ob- servations on life history, as Panchlora viridis); 3:443-44. (Brief general illustrated account) 1903 Rehn, J. A. G. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 19:285. (Distribution) 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The typhoid or house fly and disease Musca domestica Linn. The house fly is such an extremely common species that de- scription appears unnecessary. Dr Howard’s investigations show that fully 98¢ of the flies in houses are ordinary house flies. A few others are associated with this dominant species. The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. may be rather abundant about houses in the fall and is responsible for the persistent belief that under certain conditions the house fly bites. Invariably the offender is this last named species, a form which presents an ex- tremely close general resemblance to the house fly and may be dis- Fic. rt Typhoid or house fly: a, male, seen from above; b, proboscis and palpus frem the side; c, tip of the antenna; d, head of female; e, puparium; /f, the anterior breathing- pore or spiracle, all enlarged. (After Howard & Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent, Bul. 4. n.s. 1896) tinguished therefrom at once by its bite. It occurs, as a rule, about the stable. Another fly liable to be abundant about houses in the fall is the cluster fly, Pollenia rudis Fabr., a species some- what larger than the house fly and easily recognized by the yellowish hairs upon the thorax. The small, yellowish fruit fly, Drosophila ampelophia Loew, only about % inch long, is sometimes rather abundant in houses and is invariably found in association with overripe or decaying fruit. These REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 2 various species, although annoying and under certain condi- tions dangerous, sink into insignificance compared with the common house fly. Habits. The house fly subsists entirely upon fluids taken up by means of the fleshy tongue. It apparently feeds with equal gusto upon fresh manure, decaying vegetable matter or the daintiest culinary preparations. This catholicity of taste frequently results in flies feeding greedily upon exposed discharges, in open vessels or poorly constructed privies, from patients suffering from tvphoid fever or other grave intestinal diseases. The hairy legs are thus fouled with thousands of deadly bacilli and countless numbers of germs are swallowed. Shortly thereafter the same flies may appear in the house and incidentally contaminate the food, to the great peril of the consumer, with the germs adhering to the limbs and those deposited with undiminished virulence in the familiar fly specks. This, while disgusting and abhorrent to every sense of decency, occurs repeatedly in nature and is apparently ignored by the masses, despite the deadly peril incurred. There is abundant evidence to show that this insect breeds by preference in horse manure, though it also occurs to a limited extent in cow manure and in miscellaneous collections of filth and specially decaying vegetable matter. The parent insects deposit their eggs upon manure and similar materials, the young maggots hatching therefrom in less than 24 hours and, under favorable conditions, completing their growth in five to seven days later. The maggots then transform to the oval, brown, resting or pupal stage, remaining therein from five to seven days. The life cycle is thus completed in to to 14 days, the shorter period being true of the warmer parts of the year, particularly in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. One fly may deposit about 120 eggs, and as there may be 10 to 12 generations in one season, it is not surprising that this insect should become extremely abundant by midsummer. Calculations show that under favorable conditions the descendants from one fly might at the end of a season reach the stupendous number of over 1go quintillion. Dr Howard's studies show that as many as 1200 house flies, in various stages, might be found in one pound of manure. At this rate, one good load of manure tight produce two and a half million flies. Fortunately, breeding is confined to the warm months, only a few flies wintering in houses in a more or less dormant condition. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Flight and dissemination. This is something of great import- ance in view of the part flies may play in the spread of disease. The experiments of Dr L. O. Howard, Government Entomologist, have shown conclusively that the major portion of the flics about a building breed in the immediate vicinity, probably within 300 to 500 feet. There is no denying the fact that this insect is capable af flying considerable distances but ordinarily this does not seem to occur. There is another phase of this question which has ap- parently received little consideration, namely, the conveyance of flies by vehicles of one kind or another. Only a little observation ig necessary to show that the butcher cart of the country is a very efficient carrier of flies, presumably receiving accessions and leav- ing individuals at almost every stopping place, even though the route traversed may occupy an entire day. The same is true, though to a more limited extent, of trolley cars and express cars carrying sacked meat or other supplies equally attractive to flies. It is only necessary for these carriers to load where conditions are favorable for the infection of flies and we may have a mysterious outbreak of disease at some Sa RY distance from the source of trouble. . Natural enemies. The house fly, though so abundant, is subject to attack by various natural enemies. One of the most common is a fungous disease known as Empusa muscae which is occasionally responsible for the death of many flies, particularly toward the end of the summer. It is not uncom- \ mon to find a few individuals affected ) » \ by this disease every year. A small, reddish mite may be occasionally found attached to flies, seriously weakening the host. There are, in addition, wasps and spiders which prey upon flies and undoubtedly are of considerable service pe tat se pies Baaeate ari seen though they are very rarely sufficiently still more enlarged. (After Wood) abundant to materially reduce the num- bers of this pest. Another interesting enemy of the house fly is known as the house centipede, Scutigera forceps Raf., h, 1 | w Y} y WY a NANT A 74 ]}\ ALMA PO FAAS AA —- — SES > Z ZA REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 27 a harmless species which, in recent years, has become well estab- lished in many houses in New York State. It is credited with preying on house flies, cockroaches and presumably other insect inhabitants of dwellings. The house fly as a carrier of disease. The house fly is such 2 common insect that altogether too much has been taken for granted. Up to recently it has been considered simply as an inevitable nuisance. Later developments have shown that. this insect may be an important factor in the dissemination of certain diseases. Typhoid fever is one of the most serious ailments to which man is subject. There are about 250,000 cases of this disease annually in America, about 35,000 proving fatal. 60¢ of the deaths in the Franco-Prussian War and 30% of the deaths in the Boer War were caused by this disease. Positive statements have been made to the effect that the house fly was an active agent in the dissemi- nation of this disease, while certain reputable physicians consider this charge unproved. The Spanish-American War, if it accom- plished nothing else, called attention in a most forcible manner to the part flies might play in the dissemination of typhoid bacilli. Dr M. A. Veeder of Lyons writing in 1898 was very strongly \of the opinion that the house fly was largely responsible for the dis- semination of this disease in camps. Dr Walter Reed writing of an outbreak near Porto Principe in the annual report of the War Department states that the outbreak ‘“ was clearly not due to water infection but was transferred from the infected stools of patients to the food by means of flies, the conditions being especially favor- able for this manner of dissemination.” Dr L. O. Howard, writing in Ig00 on the fauna of human excrement, quotes from Dr Vaughan, a member of the army typhoid commission, as fol- lows: 27 Flies undoubtedly served as carriers of the infection. My reasons for believing that flies were active in the dissemi- nation of typhoid may be stated as follows: @ Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then visited and fed upon the food prepared for the soldiers at the mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently been sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whit- ened with lime were seen walking over the food. b Officers whose mess tents were protected by means of screens suffered proportionately less from typhoid fever than did those whose tents were not so protected. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM c Typhoid fever gradually disappeared in the fall of 1898, with the approach of cold weather, and the consequent disabling of the fly. It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two ways. In the first place fecal matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. In the second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried ir the digestive organs of the fly and may be deposited with its excrement. Dr Alice Hamilton in 1903, studying the part played by the house fly in a recent epidemic of typhoid fever in Chicago which could not be explained wholly by the water supply nor on the grounds of poverty or ignorance of the inhabitants, captured flies in undrained privies, on the fences of yards, on the walls of two liouses and in the room of a typhoid patient and used them to inoculate 18 tubes, from five of which the typhoid bacillus was isolated. She further found that many discharges from typhoid patients were left exposed in privies or yards, and concluded that flles might be an important adjunct in the dissemination of this infection. More recently, Dr Daniel D. Jackson investigating in 1907 the pollution of New York harbor, found that by far the greater number of cases occurred within a few blocks of the water front, the outbreak being most severe in the immediate vicinity of sewer outlets. He gives a series of charts showing an almost exact coincidence between the abundance of house flies and the occur- rence of typhoid fever, when the dates are set back two months to correspond to the time at which the disease was contracted. The bacilli of typhoid fever were found by Ficker in the dejecta of house flies 23 days after feeding, while Hamer records the presence of this bacillus in flies during a period of two weeks. Most sig- nificant of all, it should be noted that competent physicians in position to make extended observations upon this disease and the methods by which it may become disseminated, are most strongly ef the opinion that under certain conditions at least, the fly is a most important factor. Epidemics spread by flies, according to Dr Veeder, tend to follow the directions of prevailing warm winds. le considers flies the chief medium of conveyance in villages and camps where shallow, open closets are used, thus affording the insects free access to infected material, and where it is possible to eliminate water and milk as the sources of infection. Drs Sedgwick and Winslow, writing in 1903 state that “the three great means REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 29 for the transmission of typhoid fever are fingers, food and flies,” the authors holding the last to be the most important. The possibilities of transmitting typhoid fever are appalling to the layman when it-is remembered that the germs of this disease may be in the system several weeks before diagnosis is possible, continue in numbers six to eight weeks after apparent recovery and in exceptional cases may be discharged from the system during a period of several years. There are authentic records of a patient Gistributing these germs for 17 years and being the incipient cause of 13 cases during 14 years of that period. Furthermore, Dr M. A. Veeder of Lyons cites a case where typhoid fever was perpetu- ated from year to year in a locality, ascribing it to a physician recommending the burial of all typhoid excreta and the execution of this direction by a favorite nurse. It is well known that soil infected by these germs may be the origin of new cases, and Dr Veeder significantly observes that the annual recurrence of typhoid fever in the above mentioned locality ceased with the death of the two parties mentioned above and a change in the method of dis- posing of typhoid discharges. The evidence against this insect may therefore be summed up briefly as follows: Virulent typhoid bacilli have been found upon the legs and within the body of this insect, persisting in the latter case for 23 days. A number of serious outbreaks have been ob- served by competent physicians, where infection through a com- mon water or food supply did not satisfactorily explain the out- break. This positive evidence, while not establishing beyond all question the culpability of the fly, is further supported by the opinion of a number of reputable physicians who have had exten- Sive experience with outbreaks of this character. The evidence showing that flies may play an important part in the diffusion of cholera is, according to Dr Nuttall, absolutely con- vincing. He cites experiments showing that cholera bacilli may be found on flies in large numbers, while they may occur in the dejecta within 17 hours after feeding and as late as four days. Infected flies have been given access to milk and cholera cultures niade therefrom. Typhoid fever and cholera, while both serious infections, are by no means the only diseases which may be conveyed by flies. Cer- tain forms of diarrhoea and enteritis are undoubtedly due to spe- cific germs, and there is no reason why the bacilli causing these infections may not be carried as easily and in the same way as 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM those responsible for typhoid fever. The monthly bulletin of the New York State Department of Health for October 1908, states that during 1907 there were in New York State 37,370 deaths of infants under 2 years of age, 9213 being due to diarrhoea and enteritis. Careful investigators, it is stated, have placed the pro- portion of deaths between bottle-fed and breast-fed babies as 25 to I. Physicians recognize the necessity of providing pure milk tor young children, and in most instances it is comparatively easy to see how flies might be responsible for the major portion of the infections, since they usually occur in numbers about stables, in the vicinity of milk houses, in the neighborhood of milk stations, on milk wagons and, in fact, are found in greater or less numbers wherever milk is stored, excepting in refrigerators and similar places. Martin states that each succeeding year confirms his ob- servation of 1898 to the effect that the annual epidemic of diarrhoea and typhoid is connected with the appearance of the common house fiy, while Nash, in the Lancet, records no mortality from diarrhoea among infants at Southend during July and August 1902, this immunity being accompanied by the almost complete absence of the house fly. This insect was abundant in that locality in Sep- tember and coincidently epidemic diarrhoea developed. Sandi- lands, in the Journal of Hygiene, states that the great majority of cases of diarrhoea are due to the consumption of infected food, and suggests that the seasonal incidence of diarrhoea coincides with and results from the seasonal prevalence of flies. Dr Jackson records several epidemics of a malignant type of dysentery radi- ating from a single point and disappearing entirely when proper disinfection of closets was enforced. The evil possibilities of the fly are by no means exhausted in the above recital. It is well known that flies feed upon sputum. Ex- periments by Lord recorded in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal show that. flies may ingest tubercular sputum and excrete tubercular bacilli, the virulence of which may last for at least 15 days. He considers the danger of human infection from this source to lie in the ingestion of fly specks on food, and suggests that during the fly season great attention should be paid to the screening of rooms and hospital wards containing patients with tuberculosis and laboratories where tubercular material is ex- amined. . Nuttall considers that the evidence previously submitted proves that the house fly may carry about and deposit anthrax bacilli, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 31 though there may be a question as to how generally flies are re- sponsible for the dissemination of this disease. Parke admits the possibilities of flies distributing, in addition to those mentioned above, plague, trachoma, septicemia, erysipelas and leprosy. Fur- thermore, there are those who would hold flies responsible for the more frequent new cases which occur in the zone immediately sur- rounding the smallpox hospital and which may be due either to the wafting out of infected particles or their carriage by flies. The latter is considered the more probable. Howe, according to the statement of Dr Howard, has demonstrated that the purulent conjunctivitis of the Egyptians is spread by the house fly. The _ experiments of Grassi show that the eggs of Taenia, Trichoceph- alus and Oxyuris pass uninjured through the alimentary tract of flies. Sanitary and control measures. It is perhaps needless to add, in view of the foregoing, that the greatest care should be taken to exclude flies from the sick room, especially in the case of con- tagious diseases. The flies are not only annoying to the patient but may aid in carrying the disease to others. The proper dis- posal of infected discharges such as those from typhoid patients should never be neglected. Vessels which have contained any such material should be thoroughly cleaned and never left where flies may gain access to the infection. All food, particularly that eaten without cooking, should be care- fully protected from flies by the use of screens. This is especially true of milk, since it affords a favorable medium for the multipli- cation of certain disease germs. This applies to dealers in food supplies as well as to the home. An important step toward better sanitation would be taken if the public refused to patronize stores and eating places overrun by flies. A large reduction in the number of house flies found in most piaces is thoroughly practical. This end can be best attained by doing away with conditions favorable to the unrestricted multipli- cation of this pest. The first step is to prevent flies from breeding in horse manure and other waste products from the stable. All manure should be placed in a fly proof receptacle or the accumu- lation treated daily with small quantities of chlorid of lime. If all manure is removed from the stable at intervals of three days and spread upon the field, there will be comparatively little breed- ing. Some one of these measures can be applied to every stable in cities and villages. The farmer, if unable to carry out any of the 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM preceding suggestions, will find a large measure of relief from the fly nuisance, if the manure is stored in tight, practically fly proof cellars, such as can be easily constructed with the modern concrete foundation. Flies breed but little in darkness, and the writer has known of barns comparatively free from flies, simply because the manure was stored in the darker parts of a large barn cellar. The treatment of manure described above should be supple- mented by care in preventing the accumulation about the premises, cf decaying organic matter such as fruit, table scraps, etc. Swill barrels should always be provided with tight covers and care ex- ercised that there be no leakage or an accumulation of fly-breeding niaterial about the barrel. The old-fashioned box privy should be abolished unless the same be conducted on the earth closet prin- ciple and the contents kept covered with lime or dry earth, so as to prevent both the breeding and infection of flies. The modern water-closet is by far the best and safest solution of this last named difficulty. The presence of numerous flies about the dwell- ing may be construed as indicating a nearby, usually easily elim- inated breeding place. It will be found in practice that some flies are very apt to exist in a neighborhood even after the adoption of rigid precautions. They should be kept out of houses, so far as possible, by the use of window and door screens, supplemented by the employment of Tanglefoot or other sticky fly paper. This, though somewhat dis- agreeable, is much to be preferred to the use of poisonous prep- arations which are likely to result in dead flies dropping into food. Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist of South Africa, suggests, in addition to the above, putting fresh pyrethrum powder upon window sills and supplementing this by the judicious use of an insect net. Bibliography The following bibliography comprises most of the more import- ant literature relating to the life history and habits of the house fly and its part in the dissemination of various diseases affecting man. 1869 Packard, A. S. Am. Nat. 2:638-40 Observations on the anatomy and life history. 1873 ————. On the Transformations of the Common House Fly, with Notes on Allied Forms. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 16:136-50. A detailed account of the life history and of the anatomy of the early stages, with trie notices of allied sp2cies. REPORT CF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 332 1876 ————— The House Fly. Am. Nat. 10:476-80 Observations on the life history and habits. 1883 Harrington, W. H. House Flies. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t. 1882, p. 38-44 A somewhat extended discussion with quotations from Packard and other authorities. 1884 E. P. W. Dangers from Flies. Nature, 29 :482-83 Abstract of a note by Dr B. Grassi in which he calls attention to flies occurring upon Various pathogenic materials and conveying germs to receptive membranous surfaces. Ophthalmia is noted as an Egyptian complaint, very probably carried by flies. Grassi’s experiments show that flies may ingest and pass unharmed, eggs of a human parasite (Tr’- chocephalus) and probably of the tapeworm (Taenia solium). 1884 Riley, C. V. Am. Nat. 18:1267-68 Note on Grassi’s experiments showing that flies are agents in the diffusion of infectious maladies, epidemics and even parasitic diseases and recording the ingestion and passage of Trichocephalus eggs and also of alcoholic eggs of Taenia solium. 1887 ————- The Plymouth Typhoid Epidemic. Science, 10:214 Gives the mortality figures of the outbreak in 1885 and cites an instance ‘‘ in which the disease seems to have been transmitted through the air.’’ The first case, that of a stranger, occurred in a hotel, the discharges being thrown without treatment into a water-closet which communicated with a room only 3 feet distant in which the landlord’s daughters slept. The drinking water of the place was good and the three cases following the first were in all probability due to germs transmitted by flies. ) 1887 Fyles, Thomas W. Insects Troublesome in the Household and How to Deal with Them. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p. 33-34 A summarized biologic account. 1890 Aaron, C. B. In Dragon Flies vs. Mosquitos, p. 37-42, 53-54 A brief discussion of the life history and habits with observations on the house fly as a carrier of disease. 1890 Beutenmueller, William. In Dragon Flies vs. Mosquitos, p. 123-24 Brief observations on the habits of the house fly and the possibility of controlling the insect. 1890 Weeks, A. C. In Dragon Flies vs. Mosquitos, p. 81-84 Brief notice of habits of the house fly with frequent references to associated species. 1891 Marlatt, C. L. Insect Life, 4:152-53 Records unusual mortality among flies in Washington caused by Empusa Ameri- cana Thax. 1892 Power, Henry. Conjunctivitis Set Up By Flies. Brit. Med. Jour. Nov. 19, p. 1114 Records the severe inflammation of the conjunctiva accompanied by extensive corneal ulceration within 24 hours after having been stung in the eye by a fly which had apparently risen from a dung hill. The case was marked by general prostration and feebleness for months after. Another case was recorded, diphtherial in nature, after a fly had gotten into aman'seye, [The first case can hardly be attributed to a house fly.] 1894 Skinner, Henry. Ent. News, 5:18 Surgeon General Sir William Moore is quoted as reporting an instance where anthrax was spread by flies from the unburied carcass of a dog. It is also noted that the greatest abundance of flies in India is coincident with cholera outbreaks. It is suggested that leprosy is often conveyed by flies. Ophthalmia is thus disseminated. [These notes may not all apply to the house fly.] 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1896 Aylett, W. R. Am. Microscopical Jour. 18:288 Summary of Dr Aylett's experiments showing that flies ingest and pass tubercular bacilli. 1896 Lugger, Otto. Entomologist, Minn. State Exp. Sta. 2d Rep’t, Pp. 145-55 A somewhat extended account of the life history and habits of the house fly. The opinion is expressed that the larvae may be beneficial because they breed in and destroy material which might produce pathogenic germs, though attention is called to the probability of flies carrying cholera and gangrene. “7896 Howard, L. O. & Marlatt, C. L. U.S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. A. n.s. :p. 43-47, A summarized gene ral account of the house fly with mention of several associated species Preventive measures are discussed briefly. 1896 Osborn, Herbert. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 5. n. s., p. 19-20 Refers to opinions in which flies are held to be the authors or probable carriers in epidemics of anthrax, cholera, typhoid fever, phthisis, leprosy and ophthalmia. 1896 Sibthorpe, E. H. Cholera and Flies. Brit. Med. Jour. Sept. p. 700 Flies are considered as scavengers not conveyers of cholera. An outbreak of disease occurred in a native regiment and on each occasion after leaving an old camp for a new, a recrudescence occurred. This was attributed to leaving flies behind; when they followed and mustered in force the disease abated. 1897. Buchanan, W. J. Cholera Diffusion by Flies. Indian Med. Gazette, 3:86-87 Gives details respecting a cholera outbreak in a jail, stating that all prisoners affected fed in the corner of the jail near infected huts, whereas those eating in the opposite hospital corner, diagonally across, escaped the malady. This data was considered sufficient to indicate the fly as a very probable carrier of the contagion. 1898 Howard, L. O. House Flies. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Cir. Bo Sei ee) pieleo A summarized account of the life history of this insect, with a discussion of remedial measures. 1898 ———__———— Further Notes on the House Fly. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent, Bul. Io. n. s. p. 63-65 Gives details of experiments with applications of air-slaked lime, land plaster, gas lime, chlorid of lime and kerosene to horse manure, the treatment with Kerosene and chlorid of lime being advised. Data on the abundance of larvae and puparia in manure are also given, 1898 Veeder, M. A. Flies as spreaders of sickness in camps. Med. Record, 54:429-30 Records flies feeding upon typhoid excreta and passing from that to food supplies. Bac- terial cultures were made from both fly tracks and fly excreta. 1899 Howard, L. O. The Economic Status of Insects as a Class. Scietice, 32:233-47 It is stated on page 237 that purulent conjunctivitis of the Egyptians is spread by the house fly, while anthrax bacilli may be conveyed by the bite of Tabanus or Stomoxys. The house fly is mentioned as a probable carrier of typhoid fever. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 35 1899 Hutt, H. L. Ent. Soc. Ont. 29th Rep’t. 1898. p. 99-100 A summarized account of the life history and habits of the house fly, with mention of a few a ¥ ociated species 1899 Nuttall, G. H. F. On the Role of Insects, Arachnids and Myria- pods as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of Man and Animals, a Critical and Historical Study. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep’t, 8:1-152 Concludes that the evidence that flies transmit anthrax is not above question. Grants that flies are important agents in conveying cholera and assumes that the evidence relating to the dissemination of this disease could safely be applied to typhoid fever. Flies ingest and pass tubercular bacilli. An exhaustive examination of the evidence relating to the dissemination of a number of diseases. An extended bibliography is given. 1899 Reed, Walter. War Dep’t An. Rep’t, p. 627-33 Major Reed reporting on the local epidemics of typhoid fever in the 8th cavalry and rsth infantry encamped near Porto Principe in February and March 1899, after detailing the conditions existing in the camps, states that the outbreak ‘“‘ was clearly not due to water infection, but was transferred from the infected stools of patients to the food by means of flies, the conditions being especially favorable for this manner of dissemination.” 1899 Veeder, M. A. The Relative Importance of Flies and Water Supply in Spreading Disease. Med. Record, 55:10-12 Flies are responsible for such typhoid_and other intestinal diseases as occur in small neighborhood epidemics extending in short leaps from house to house, without reference to water supply or anything else in common. Epidemics spread by flies tend to follow the directions of prevailing warm winds. In villages and camps where shallow open closets are used, giving free access of flies to the chief source of infection, the flies are the most important carriers. These diseases are therefore usually fly-borne in villages and camps, The burial of typhoid infected matter in the ground is no protection against flies. On the contrary it actually perpetuates it in the locality from year to year. 1900 Howard, L.O. A Contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna of Human Excrement. Wash. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2:541-600 A detailed study of the insects breeding in human excrement, with special reference to the house fly and its part in disseminating typhoid fever. Unquestioned evidence is submitted to show that this insect may breed in human excrement, and the following conclusions from a paper read by Dr Vaughan before the American Medical Association at Atlantic City, N. J. June 6, 1900, are quoted. 27 Flies undoubtedly served as carriers of the infection. My reasons for believing that flies were active in the dissemination of typhoid may be stated as follows: a Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then visited and fed upon the food prepared for the soldiers at the mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently been sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime were seen walking over the food. b Officers whose mess tents were protected by means of screens suffered proportionately less from typhoid fever than did those whose tents were not so protected. c¢ Typhoid fever gradually_disappeared in the fall of 1898, with the approach of cold weather, and the consequent disabling of the ae It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two ways. In the first place fecal matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. In the second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried in the digestive organs of the fly and may be deposited with its excrement. 1g00 Reed, Walter, Vaughan, V. C.,& Shakespeare, E. O. Abstract of Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the U. S. Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. Washington, Gov- ernment Printing Office 1901 Fletcher, James. Can. Ent. 33:84-88 A review of Dr Howard's paper entitled: A Contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna of Human Fxcrement, and giving the more important conclusions resulting from the investigation. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1901 Howard, L. O. The Carriage of Disease by Flies. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 30. n. s. p. 39-45 A discussion of the house fly and associated species as carriers of disease, with a con- sideration of protective measures. It is assumed that the fly was responsible in a large measure for the typhoid outbreak in the army camps during the late Spanish-American War. 1902 Ehrhorn, Edward M. Insects as Distributors of Human Dis- eases. Cal. State Bd Hort. 8th Biennial Rep’t, 1901-2, p. 103-14 The life history and methods of controlling the house fly are briefly discussed on pages 111-12. It is considered an active agent in the dissemination of typhoid fever. 1902. Firth, R. H. & Horrocks, W. H. An Inquiry into the Influence of Soil, Fabrics and Flies in the Dissemination of Enteric Infection. Brit. Med. Jour. no. 2178, p. 936-43 An extended discussion with the conclusion that house flies, Musca domestica, can convey enteric infective matter from specific excreta or other polluted material to ob- jects on which they may walk, rest or feed, and that enteric bacilli pass through the digestive tract of the fly. 1902 Howard, L. O. Insects as Carriers and Spreaders of Disease. U..S. Dep’t Agric. Year Book, 1901, p. 177-92 The life history of the house fly and methods of controlling it and at the same time o preventing the dissemination of typhoid fever by means of flies is given on pages 185-88. 1902 Lounsbury, C. P. Agric. Jour. (South Africa) Jan. 30, repr. p. I-Io A detailed account of the house fly with a discussion of repressive measures. It is stated that medical men in India firmly believe that cholera is very frequently transmitted by the house fly, though typhoid or enteric fever is considered the most important disease conveyed by thisinsect. It is stated that an American zoologist found that fly maggots, genus Musca (species not stated), will devour the common round worm eggs and that the eggs of the latter are passed off alive in the excreta of the winged adults. 1902 Veeder, M. A. Typhoid Fever From Sources Other Than Water Supply. Med. Record, 62:121-24 A case is cited where typhoid was perpetuated from year to year, the continuation of the trouble being ascribed to a physician recommending the burial of typhoid excreta and its execution by a nurse. The death of these two parties was followed by a change in the dis- posal of typhoid infected material and the practical disappearance of the disease. A typhoid outbreak in the Spanish-American War, occurring in a company of the best and most in- telligent men, is charged to improper sanitary regulations, actuated by kindliness on the part of comrades. Data is also given respecting a picnic ground where unsanitary con- ditions prevailed and have undoubtedly been responsible for a number of typhoid cases, through the agency of the house fly. 1903 Geddings, H. D. The Fly and Mosquito as Carriers of Disease. Ohio Sanitary Bul. 7:31-39 Recommends the employment of every possible means to prevent the multiplication of flies and the infection by them of kitchens and messing places. 1903 Hamilton, Alice. The Fly as a Carrier of Typhoid. Am. Med. Ass’n Jour. 40:576-83 A detailed study of a typhoid outbreak in Chicago. She states that Majors Firth and Horrocks succeeded in proving that flies feeding on typhoid infected material could carry the same to suitable cultural mediums. The following are her conclusions: 1 The epidemic of typhoid fever in Chicago during July, August, September and Octo- ber of 1902 was most severe in the r9th ward which, with 1-36 of the city’s population, had over 1-7 of all the deaths from this disease. 2 Aconcentration of the epidemic in this locality can not be explained by contamination of the drinking water, or of food, or on the ground of ignorance and poverty of the inhabi- tants, for the r9th ward does not differ in these respects from several other parts of the city. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 37 3 An investigation of the sanitary conditions of this region shows that many of the street sewers are too small and that only 48% of the houses have sanitary plumbing. Of the remaining 52%, 7% have defective plumbing, 22% water-closets with intermittent water supply, 11% have privies connected with the sewer but without water supply and 12% have privies with no sewer connection. 4 The streets in which the sanitary arrangements are the worst had the largest number of cases of typhoid fever during this epidemic, irrespective of poverty of the inhabitants, 5 Flies caught in two undrained privies, on the fences of two yards, on the walls of two houses and in the room of a typhoid patient, were used to inoculate 18 tubes and from five of these tubes the typhoid bacillus was isolated. 6 Many discharges from typhoid patients are left exposed in privies or yards and flies may be an important adjunct in the dissemination of the typhoid infection. 1903 Martin, A. W. Flies in Relation to Typhoid Fever and Summer Diarrhoea. Public Health, 15:652-53 Each succeeding year confirms my observation in 1898, that the annual epidemic o# diarrhoea and of typhoid is connected with the appearance of the common house fly. x The annual epidemic of these two diseases begins and ends with the appearance and dis- appearance of the domestic fly. 1903 Nash, J. T. C. The Etiology of Summer Diarrhoea. The Lan- cet, 164:330 Records no mortality from diarrhoea among infants at Southend during July and August 1902, this immunity being accompanied by the almost complete absence of the house fly. In September the fly made its appearance and coincidentally, epidemic diarrhoea. The year preceding had 23 deaths during this period. 1904 Hayward, E. H. The Fly as a Carrier of Tuberculosis Infec- tion. N. Y. Med. Jour. 80:643-44 Flies feeding on tuberculous sputum in six hours passed tubercular bacilli unimpaired 1904 Lord, F. T. Flies and Tuberculosis. Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour. 151 :651-54 The experiments show 1 Flies may ingest tubercular sputum and excrete tubercle bacilli, the virulence of which may last for at least 15 days. 2 The danger of human infection from tubercular fly specks is by the ingestion of the specks on food. Spontaneous liberation of tubercular bacilli from fly specks is unlikely (experiment B), if mechanically disturbed infection of the surrounding air may occur. As a corollary to these conclusions it is suggested that 3 Tubercular material (sputum, pus from discharging sinuses, fecal matter from patients with intestinal tuberculosis) should be carefully protected from flies lest they act as dis- seminators of the tubercular bacilli. 4 During the fly season greater attention should be paid to the screening of rooms and hospital wards containing patients with tuberculosis, and laboratories where tubercular material is examined. 5 As these precautions would not eliminate fly infection by patients at large, food stuffs should be protected from flies who may already have ingested tubercular material, 1905 Cobb, J. O. Is the Common House Fly a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis? Am. Med. 9:475-77 Refers to experiments by Hayward and Hoffman showing that tubercle bacilli can be ingested and discharged by the house fly with undiminished virulence. He holds that the bacilli may enter the system through the digestive tract rather than by the lungs. He calls attention to the universal prevalence of house flies about stores of all kinds dealing in human foods, and states that here we have a most prolific source of infection. He claims to have collected reliable data from all over the world on this point. He states that army medical officers from the Philippines find that cholera was continually spread by street venders and small shopkeepers. 1905 Melander, A. L. The Common House Fly a Dangerous Pest. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Press Bul. p. 1-7 A summarized account of the life history, habits and methods of control. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1905 Mays, Thomas J. The Fly and Tuberculosis. N. Y. Med. Jour. & Phila. Med. Jour. 82:437-38 Unreservedly condemns the article of J. O. Cobb on the dissemination of tuberculosis by the house fly, claiming that his data is far from conclusive. 1905 Ward, Henry B. The Relations of Animals to Disease. Science, 45:194-05 My The spread of typhoid germs by flies is accepted and the reported conveyance by this insect, of cholera, anthrax, septicemia, pyemia, erysipelas, tuberculosis and bubonic plague .8 noted, some being regarded as well proved and others as open to question. Mention is made of Grassi’s experiments in which the eggs of both tapeworms and round worms, Taenia solium, Oxyuris and Trichuris were sucked up by flies and recovered unaltered from their dejecta. 1906 Howard, L. O. House Flies U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bur. Ent. Cits7, pean A summarized discussion of the house fly and other species associated therewith, with particular reference to remedial measures. 1906 Sandilands, J. E. Epidemic Diarrhoea and the Bacterial Con- tent of Food. Jour. Hygiene, 6:77-92 {Important conclusions: 4 The great majority of cases of diarrhoea are due to the consumption of food which has been infected in the district in which the cases have occurred. « TLé infected matter thus coaveyed to food is generally the excrement of some person suffering from diarrhoea. 6 The life history of house flies and the facility with which they can convey the fecal excrement of infected infants to the food of the healthy, suggests that the seasonal incidence of diarrhoea coincides with, and results from the seasonal prevalence of flies. 1907 —— Method of Transmission of Contagious Diseases. N. Y. State Dep’t Health. Mo. Bul. August, p. 11-13 An abstract of a circular issued by the Public Health Department of France, flies being credited with disseminating typhoid fever, tuberculosis, cholera, etc. 1907. Buchanan, R. A., Glasg, M. B. & Glasg, F. F. P. S. The Car- riage of Infection by Flies. Lancet, 173:216-18 An illustrated account with the following conclusions: The experiments conclusively show that flies alighting on any substances containing pathogenic organisms are capable of carrying away these organisms in large numbers on their feet and of depositing them in a gradually diminishing number on surface after surface with which they come in contact. They further serve to demonstrate the necessity for the exercise of stringent measures for preventing access of flies to all sources of infection and to protect food of all kinds against flies alighting on it. 1907 Dickinson, G. K. The House Fly and its Connection with Dis- ease Dissemination. Med. Record, 71:134-39 An extended summarized statement with bibliography. 1907 Hewitt, C. Gordon. On the Bionomics of Certain Calyptrate Muscidae and their Economic Significance, with Special Reference to Flies Inhabiting Houses. Jour. Econ. Biol. 2:79-88 _ The house fly is briefly treated on pages 83-86. 1907 M’Vail, John C. The Prevention of Infectious Diseases, p. 61, 66-67 The part flies play in the spread of typhoid or enteric fever is assumed and preventive measures described. 3 BHs (§ eth: pst vi ue 1907 Preston, C. H. Insect Carriers of Infection. Pub. by Con- temporary Club, Davenport, Ia. p. 20-21 £ The fly is charged with carrying germs of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, dysentery, etc. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 39 1908 Bruner, Lawrence. The House Fly. [Neb.] State Ent. Cir. 10, p. I-4 A summarized account. 1908 Frost, W. & Vorhees, C. T. The House Fly Nuisance. Country Life in America, May 1908 ————— Fighting the House Fly. North Carolina State Board of Health Bulletin. Reprint from Country Life in America A general account. 1908 Hamer, W. H. Nuisance from Flies. London County Council Rep’t, No. 1138, p. I-Io Observations on flies, with special reference to their development in horse manure, their occurrence about stables and similar places, and their relation to diarrhoea. 1908 ——— Nuisance from Flies. London County Council Rept, ING. -f207,-D.5-G Further observations, with remarks on behavior of Homalomyia, Musca and Stomoxys, and additional observations on flies and diarrhoea. 1908 ———— The Breeding of Flies. Summarized. Am. Med. 3:431 The breeding of flies in horse manure, collection of dust and other refuse confirmed. Children, dirty walls and ceilings and particles of food on the floor and in sinks are attractive to flies. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that flies may carry the typhoid bacillus in a living condition for over two weeks. They also disseminate the germs of zymotic diarrhoea and Asiatic cholera. Tubercle bacilli have been found alive in the intestinal tract of the house fly, 1908 Hewitt, C. Gordon. The Biology of House Flies in Relation to Public Health. Royal Inst. Public Health Jour. Oct. Separate p. 1-15 1908 Howard, L. O. How Insects Affect Health in Rural Districts. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Farmers’ Bul. 155, p. 1-19 The house fly is characterized as the principal insect agent in the spread of typhoid fever. 1908 Jackson, Daniel D. Pollution of New York Harbor as a Menace to Health by the Dissemination of Intestinal Diseases through the Agency of the Common House Fly. Pub. by the Merchants’ Ass’n, p. I-22 A detailed examination of local conditions showing that by far the greater number of cases of typhoid fever in 1907 occurred within a few blocks of the water front, the outbreaks being most severe in the immediate vicinity of sewer outlets. The same was also found true of deaths resulting from intestinal diseases. Charts are given showing an almost exact coincidence between deaths from the latter and the prevalence of the house fly. The same is shown to be true of typhoid fever when the dates are set back two months to correspond to the time at which the disease was contracted. Several epidemics of dysentery of a malignant type have been known to radiate from a single point and to entirely disappear when proper disinfection of closets was enforced. On several occasions local epidemics of typhoid fever were traced to transmission by flies. 1908 ————— Conveyance of Disease by Flies. Summarized. Bost. Med. & Surg. Jour. 159:451 Reports that he finds that the relation between the number of flies captured and the number of deaths reported are substantially the same as in 1907. A notable decrease in mortality this summer corresponded with catching a much smaller number of flies. Dr Jackson finds on 18 swill barrel flies 18,800,000 bacteria or over 1,000,000 to each fly. 1908 N. Y. State Dep’t Health. Mo. Bul. October, p. 259-83 Summary of International Congress on Tuberculosis, page 284, Mortality Statistics of Infants. 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1908 The House Fly. Cur. Med. Lit. 50:1656 Summary of Newstead’s report. Flies breed in horse manure, a mixture of this with cow dung, fermenting hops, ash pits containing fermenting vegetable matter and all temporary collections of fermenting matter. They feed on most decaying vegetable matter, manure and particularly human, rotten flock beds, straw mattresses, old cotton garments and sacks and waste paper, bread, fruits and vegetables and excreta of animals generally. 1908 Robertson, Alexander. Flies as Carriers of Contagion in Yaws (Framboesia tropica). Trop. Med. & Hyg. Jour. 11:213 Experiments show tkat flies may carry the virus of yaws. 1908 Smith, Theobald. The House Fly as an Agent in the Dissemi- nation of Infectious Diseases. Amer. Jour. of Public Hygiene, August, p. 312-17 Summary discussion. 1908 Theiss, Mary B. & Louis E. An Advance Agent of Death. Good Housekeeping, May 1908 Wilcox, E. V. Fighting the House Fly. Country Life in America, May Discussion of repressive measures. 1908 ————— House Flies. Florida Health Notes, May Brief general notice. 1909 Davis, Dora. Hops and Flies. The Christian Advocate, June 17, 1900, 84:054 Immunity from flies is believed to have been secured by shading porch and open win- dows with hop vines. 1909 Felt, E. P. The Economic Status of the House Fly. Econ. Ent, Jour. 2:39-44 . A general discussion of the fly as a disease carrier. 1909 ——————— Control of Household Insects. N. Y. State Mus. Bulls 120; p: 77-11 A summarized account. 1909 Griffith, A. The Life History of House Flies. Public Health, 21 1122-27 Biologic studies and observations on the house fly. 1909 Howard, L. O. Economic Loss to the People of the United States through Insects that Carry Disease. U. S. Dep't. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bul. 78:23-36 7 A general summary of the losses caused by disease-carrying insects. 1909 Metcalf, Z. P. The House Fly. N. C. Dep't Agric. Ent. Cir. 25. p. 1-8 A summary account with special reference to control measures. 1909 Smith, Theobald. The House Fly as an Agent in the Dissemi- nation of Infectious Diseases. Amer. Health Mag. May, 2:38-39 1909 —————_ The House Fly at the Bar. Merchants Ass’n, New York, p. 1-48 d A resumé of the evidence against the house fly, consisting of letters from health officers and others interested in sanitation, and with short articles or excerpts from publications by Dr D. D. Jackson, Dr L. O. Howard, Dr Alice Hamilton, Dr J. B. Huber, Prof. W. L. Underwood and others. ‘There is also a brief bibliography. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 4I NOTES FOR THE YEAR A number of insects have been brought to attention during the past season. Some of the more important outbreaks are noticed in the following paragraph. The large, greenish caterpillar of the imperial moth, Basilona imperialis Drury, was unusu- ally abundant during August and September, and on Staten Island it was credited with being somewhat injurious. Ordinarily this species is so rare as to attract no attention. The scurfy bark louse, Chionaspis furfura Fitch, has been abundant in several localities. This species has attracted more notice in recent years, partly because the presence of the San José scale has increased popular interest in the work of all Coccidae. The scurfy scale, however, appears to have been more destructive during the last five years than the equally common oyster scale, Le pidosaphes ulmi Linn. Maple trees have been injured somewhat in various localities by the cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathyv., and also by the false maple scale, Phenacoccus acericola King. Both of these species are more likely to be injurious in the southern part of the State, though the false maple scale was sufficiently abundant to attract attention at Johns- town. The elm bark louse, Gossyparia spuria Mod.,, oc- curred in numbers on elms in both Brooklyn and Mt Vernon and also at Schenectady. This latter pest is rather generally distributed in the eastern portion of the State at least and, as pointed out by the writer earlier, the English sparrow is probably an important factor in carrying the pest from tree to tree in our cities. Fruit tree insects Gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.). This insect has not to our knowledge established itself in New York State, though a marked advance in our direction was discovered during the season, small colonies having been found at Springfield and Greenfield, Mass., both localities about 50 miles from our State line. The work against this insect in Massachusetts, as shown by our investigations in midsummer, is being most vigorously pushed, particular stress being laid upon preventing its further spread. This species, as has been repeatedly explained, spreads slowly, being dependent largely upon the activity of man and beast for convey- 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ance from one locality to another. The continued exercise of vigi- lance by both state and national authorities may perhaps delay the invasion of this State for a decade or more. The warning placard illustrating both this species and the brown tail moth, has Been conspicuously posted in many post offices and other public places located in portions of the State where the pest is most liable to appear. Additional copies are on hand and can be used to replace those broken or lost and also for sending to other localities should future developments warrant such procedure. A better idea of what gipsy moth infestation means may be gained from the following notes made June 24, while examining conditions in the infested territory. Starting from Boston we passed through Cambridge and Brookline to Waltham, observing in particular conditions in Waltham park. This latter comprises ever 100 acres of rocky land mostly covered with a dense growth oi oaks some 20 to 40 feet high. No winter work such as creo-. soting egg masses on trees and clearing out underbrush was done, though the whole was rather badly infested. The entire park was sprayed with poison with one of the giant outfits described below, though the application was made rather late. The results were very gratifying, since practically no trees were seriously injured by caterpillars, though the park is surrounded by badly infested territory. The policy has been to safeguard such treated areas by clearing a strip about 100 feet wide around the entire border. This is done by cutting out and burning all underbrush and then apply- ing tree Tanglefoot to the trunks of the remaining trees, so as to prevent caterpillars from ascending the trees. The latter do not, as a rule, pass this barrier, though at the time of our visit some were entering the park and supplementary spraying was necessary here and there in order to prevent further damage. Continuing from Waltham we passed through Arlington, Winchester and Stoneham to Melrose. Here and there along the entire route con- siderable woodland areas were stripped or nearly defoliated by gipsy moth caterpillars, and in one instance at least, the badly affected area was fully a mile and a quarter in length. These woodlands were all on hillsides and consisted mostly of oak rang- ing from 30 to 50 feet or more in hight. These stony hills are said to have very little agricultural value, being rated at $15 per acre. The cost of adequately controlling a pest like the gipsy moth in such situations is at once apparent. The general condi- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 43 tion of the residential area was very gratifying, practically no trees either along the roads or on private estates were defoliated. Con- tinuing, we passed from Melrose northward and eastward to Lynn, thence to Salem and across to Beverly. The same conditions pre- vailed as were observed in the vicinity of Arlington, except that the injury north of Salem appeared for the most part to be more recent and the woodland had not suffered so much, though limited tracts here and there were evidently badly infested. The street trees of Salem, though in very bad condition a few years ago, are now practically free from the pest. The authorities are depending upon several methods for the control of the gipsy moth. Owing to the short season during which spraying is practical, an effort has been made to accomplish as much as possible by winter work, which latter consists in creo- soting egg masses on trees throughout the infested area. This is supplemented, in the case of woodlands, by burning over the ground in order to destroy egg masses which may have been broken while climbing the trees or dislodged by birds or other natural agents. This burning is preferably deferred till early spring, after the eggs have hatched, and is usually preceded by cutting out the under- brush. The latter, if abundant, must be removed so that the trees _ will not be injured by fire. Then, by carefully controlling the flames, and especially by backfiring, it is possible to burn over a large area without materially injuring the forest. The extended area infested makes it impossible to treat all parts in an ideal man- ner, and a rather crude method of controlling the pest in wood- lands has been adopted in some cases. This is accomplished by simply allowing the caterpillars to strip the woods and then burn over the ground just as the majority of them are leaving the trees and seeking food elsewhere. This method of procedure, while un- doubtedly injurious to the trees, is much less harmful than were the insects allowed to propagate without restriction. The work with parasites conducted by the state of Massachu- setts in cooperation with the federal government is most encourag- ing. The work of 1907 has been considerably extended by pro- viding larger quarters and a more adequate staff. Furthermore, special efforts have been made to secure larger sendings from European countries, and a special agent was dispatched to Japan. This. latter undertaking has proved most encouraging, in that a large Apanteles and a new egg parasite of the gipsy moth have been received from Japan, and the Apanteles at least, has been bred 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM through one generation in American caterpillars. The sendings from Japan have in addition resulted in the introduction of four species of Tachinidae which promise to be very efficient parasites ef the brown tail moth. Marked improvements have been made in methods of handling and rearing parasites and other natural enemies. These latter justify the expectation that it will be prac- tical to breed thousands of the more effective species prior to their being liberated under favorable conditions. This work with para- sites may rightly be considered as most important, owing to the fact that the gipsy moth is now so widely established as to render any widespread method of control, aside from that by natural enemies, exceedingly costly. Recent progress in wholesale spraying for the control of the gipsy moth has been most striking and should prove suggestive to the fruit grower and immensely helpful to all parties having charge of extensive spraying operations such as the control of in- sect pests upon shade trees. The capacity of the ordinary spray- ing outfit has been greatly increased by replacing the usual 6 horse power gasolene engine weighing some 1800 pounds, by a 10 horse power engine made especially for automobiles and weighing only 400 pounds. Furthermore, a heavier and more powerful pump has been employed, the whole weighing no more than the usual spray- ing outfit. The machinery is mounted upon a stout wagon with a 400 gallon tank, and a heavy inch and a half hose some 400 to 800 feet long, with a smooth one quarter inch nozzle is used for - work in the woodlands. A pressure of 200 to 250 pounds is main- tained. The hose is handled much as though a fire was in progress. Ten men, at intervals of 6 or 8 feet, carry the end of the hose, the nozzle being in charge of a superior man with instructions to keep it moving all the time. The pressure is sufficient to throw the insecticide 40 or 50 feet, and the resistance of the air breaks it into a fine spray. The foliage is well covered if the nozzle is handled intelligently. This giant outfit is particularly adapted to work in woodlands. It usually requires four horses and is capable of spraying 14 to 16 acres a day, much depending upon conditions. The cost of treatment in this manner is reduced to about $10.20 per acre where the woodland is fairly clear of underbrush. An interesting modification of this apparatus has been employed for spraying strips along the roadside. It simply consists of a giant extension nozzle mounted on a universal joint so that the tip may be lifted 40 or 50 feet from the ground. This last named appa- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 45 ratus, with a favorable wind, can cover a strip 400 feet wide. Contractors with apparatus such as that described above have been able to spray woodland where there was little or no underbrush and the trees ranging from 4o to 50 feet high at $17.50 per acre. This improved apparatus can also be employed in spraying street trees, a contractor being able to make money therewith at the rate of $1 to $1.25 per tree for spraying large elms. A responsible contractor stated that he could ship apparatus and men to a city at a considerable distance and treat a number of trees thoroughly at less than $2 per tree. The above is given since there are numer- ous inquiries as to the best method of spraying shade trees and the cost of doing such work. Brown tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.). The brown tail moth, though widely distributed in Massachusetts, seems to have become in the last year or so a pest of much less importance than the gipsy moth. Its nests are to be noted here and there but as a rule it is not very destructive. Part of the immunity from damage may be due to a fungous disease which has destroyed millions of the caterpillars, and also to the fact that many of the hibernating caterpillars were killed by the exceptionally cold weather of last winter. There is no record known to us of this insect having made its way nearer the New York State line than the Connecticut river valley. Cankerworms. Reports of injuries by these looping caterpillars were received from several localities on the north shore of eastern Long Island and also from the vicinity of New York city. Speci- mens submitted upon examination showed that both the spring cankerworm, Anisopteryx vernata Peck, and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harr., were responsi- ble for the injury, the last named species, however, being by far the more abundant on eastern Long Island and also in certain Con- necticut localities. The caterpillars vary greatly in color, ranging from light green to almost black, and are usually ornamented with several narrow, white lines, some specimens frequently being adorned with a broad, dorsal, black stripe margined by white lines and with the sides light green, thus presenting an intermediate con- dition between the. two extremes in color. The spring cankerworm may be recognized by the presence of but two pairs of legs at its posterior extremity, while the fall cankerworm has three pairs. The females of both species are wingless, grayish, grublike moths which are obliged to crawl up the tree if they deposit their eggs 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM where the newly hatched caterpillars can find an abundance of sus- tenance. ‘The spring form is so called because the females remain in the ground till some time after midwinter, crawling up the trees during warm weather, even in February though more usually in March. The fall cankerworm is thus designated because the females usually crawl up the trees and deposit their eggs in late fall or early winter. The eggs of both species hatch at about the same time, namely, when the young leaves begin to appear. Cankerworms are exceedingly voracious and, when present in numbers, nothing but the most prompt action will be of service in mitigating the trouble. The larvae are somewhat resistant to in- secticides and as a consequence it is advisable to spray at the incep- tion of the outbreak with paris green used at the rate of 1 pound of poison with an equal amount, by weight, of lime, to 50 to 75 gallons of water. The lime is added to lessen the danger of injury by poison. Arsenate of lead can be employed at the rate of 1 pound to 7 gallons of water, though as it is a slower acting poison, it is usually advisable to apply paris green. The homemade arsenite of lime is equally effective. Ordinarily one application of poison is sufficient, but if this does not prove satisfactory, a second treatment should be given a few days or a week later. Cankerworms spread very slowly, owing to the fact that the females are wingless, and as a result the species must depend largely for carriage upon winds and other natural agencies, conse- quently an orchard once freed of the pest is not likely to be attacked for some time. We have yet to hear of a serious outbreak in orchards systematically sprayed from year to year. The ordinary treatment for the control of the codling moth and other leaf feeding insects is usually sufficient to keep this pest under control. Advan- tage may also be taken of its limited means of locomotion and injury prevented by the use of sticky bands, such as Tree Tanglefoot, tar or printers ink. The Tree Tanglefoot is a new material which has come into high favor in eastern Massachusetts where it is used ex- tensively in gipsy moth work. Experience has shown that it can be applied with practically no injury to most trees, and possesses a decided advantage in remaining adhesive for a considerable period. It is advisable, if either tar or printers ink is used, to apply these materials to a band of tarred paper wrapped around the trunk of the tree, rather than to make the application direct to the bark. We much prefer to advise the employment of arsenical poisons, since they are of service in checking other leaf feeders, rather than to REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 47 recommend adhesive bands, because the latter have a very limited range of usefulness. Cigar case bearer (Coleophora fletcherella Fern.). This insect was responsible last spring for very severe injuries to a number of orchards at South Byron and vicinity. An examination of conditions early in June showed that a considerable proportion of the foliage was badly damaged and would drop within a few weeks. The operations of this insect were so severe in some places as to give the trees a brownish appearance when viewed from a distance. Fic. 13. Work of cigar case bearer. a, showing the spotted character of earlier work; b, leaf with the parenchyma entirely destroyed; ¢,a portion more enlarged. (Original) An examination in the fall showed that this species was rather abundant at Albion and promises to cause considerable injury an- other spring unless controlled by timely spraying. The cigar case bearer was by far the more abundant though a few specimens of the pistol case bearer, Coleophora malivorella Riley, were also present in the orchard. Both of these insects are amen- able to the same treatment, namely, thorough spraying with an arsenical poison at the time the young leaves appear in the spring. It is important that the application be made early, otherwise it may be difficult to destroy the voracious caterpillars before the buds have been seriously injured, 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Blister mite (Eriophyes pyri Nal.). The blister mite is widely distributed in western New York and has also been found in several places in the Hudson valley. It has been especially destructive the past season to apple trees, being so abundant upon the foliage at South Byron early in’ June as to give many trees a brownish appearance when viewed from a distance. Many of the badly infested leaves dropped later and the same is true of orchards in the vicinity of Albion. In some instances at least half of the leaves must have been destroyed by the work of this pest. The characteristic blister of this form is easily distinguished by its peculiar, raised, spongy, brick-red appearance. The venation dis- appears in the affected area and furthermore, there is almost in- variably a small, round hole near the center of the blister. These blisters may occur singly or in groups and frequently fuse to form irregular, reddish brown blotches which eventually may include a considerable proportion of the leaf. Inasmuch as the mites spend most of their time within the leaves, it is impractical to attempt any remedial measures during the summer. The pest winters under the bud scales and at such times it can be destroyed in large num- bers by spraying with a lime-sulfur wash or one of the miscible or so called “ soluble”’ oils. An application of a lime-sulfur wash is in our judgment preferable, since there is not the slightest danger of injuring the trees. Furthermore, reliable commercial prepara- tions of this material can now be purchased, so that it is not neces- sary to bother with boiling if one feels that the delay incident to preparation is a serious hindrance. Orchards which have shown during the past season a more or less general infestation by this mite should be sprayed after the leaves drop and before they appear again in the spring with one of the contact insecticides named above, in order to prevent the chance of serious injury occurring another season. oe Small fruit insects Grape root worm (Fidia viticida Walsh). This insect is generally distributed throughout the Chautauqua grape belt. There has been a marked improvement in conditions over those obtaining last year, as there was comparatively little evidence of injury, though there were reports of severe local damage in vine- yards in Sheridan or Fredonia. An examination of a number of vineyards failed to disclose any alarming conditions, and we are well satisfied that as a whole there has been a material betterment. Part of this is undoubtedly due to better cultivation, particularly REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 49 the stirring of the soil when the majority of the insects are in the pupal stage. Furthermore, many growers have sprayed with an arsenical poison, and this treatment has undoubtedly been of great service in preventing the pest from becoming unusually abundant. Severe local injuries may be expected in the future, and all growers are advised to keep a close watch of their vineyards, remembering that the insect may be very destructive in one portion of the field and hardly be present in another. Shade tree insects Elm leaf miner (Kaliosysphinga ulmi Sund.). The injurious work of this European species was first observed by us in this country in 1895, and a brief notice was given thereof in the re- port of this office for the year 1808. This miner was at that time very injurious to Camperdown elms in Washington park, though its oper- ations were also very apparent upon Scotch elms and were less extensive upon English elms in both Albany and Troy. The severe injuries of earlier years have been somewhat lessened though it has been reported from other sections of the State. A few years ago it was quite destructive to elms at Ithaca, N. Y. and last year it was reported as being very in- jurious to weeping elms at Syracuse. Complaints of its ravages were also received from Kenwood near Albany. There is no very satisfactory method of controlling this pest, since Fic. 14 Elm leaf miner (author's the larvae work exclusively between sas nti the upper and lower epidermis, de- vouring the tender parenchyma and making a rather characteristic, irregular blotched mine. The insect hibernates within a cocoon just below the surface. It has been suggested that the upper layer of soil might be removed and buried at some depth. Ordinarily the 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM insect is not sufficiently destructive to warrant adopting such measures. Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Mull.). This im- ported species continues to be a serious pest of elms, particularly in the Hudson valley, many of the elms of Yonkers, Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Albany, Troy, Schenectady, Schuylerville and Ithaca and probably other localities in the State being very badly injured. The work at Schuylerville and Schenectady was exceptionally severe and the same is also true of its operations at Ithaca. The major part of the injury in Albany at least was due to delay in appointing a city forester and getting the spray apparatus into operation. Further- more, it is very difficult to secure men who can be relied upon to do thorough work. Experience has demonstrated beyond all ques- tion the practicability of keeping the elm foliage practically intact, even in localities where the pest is very abundant. It is for public spirited citizens in affected localities to insist upon the maintenance of such a standard. The observations of the past season show in a most striking manner the extremely local character of this pest. The badly in- fested area in Albany has been restricted for the past decade to the older and more thickly settled fourth of the city. A study of con- ditions in Schenectady showed a similar restriction, the destructive work of the pest being limited almost exclusively to a small section of the older part of the city, in the vicinity of Church street and not extending in any direction more than 10 blocks from the center of the infestation. Furthermore, the most severe injury was noticed upon a group of elms near the open belfry of a church, clearly indicating that the insects winter most successfully where a structure of this kind affords abundant shelter. Bag worm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw.). New York city and its vicinity represents about the north- ern extension of this species, as a rule. It was somewhat surprising, therefore, to receive healthy larvae from Germantown, only about 40 miles south of Albany. Mr T. F. Niles, who sent in the speci- mens, states that no young trees have been set in this locality within the past 2 years nearer than a quarter of a mile, consequently it would seem as though the species was able under certain conditions to maintain itself considerably farther north than has heretofore been supposed possible. Fall webworm (Hyphantria textor Harr.). This com- mon species has been unusually abundant in some portions of the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 5I State, its webs on willow in particular forming conspicuous features in the landscape. In several instances small wild cherry trees were entirely defoliated by this pest. The promiscuous breeding of this insect on roadside and other trees, simply increases the danger of attack to more valuable trees, particularly when the latter are not sprayed systematically. Well cared for and systematically sprayed orchards suffer very little from injuries by this species. White marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leuco- stigma Sm. & Abb.). The white marked tussock moth continues to be a serious pest on horse-chestnuts and lindens in particular. It was extremely abundant and destructive in both Brooklyn and New York. It was numerous, though probably not quite so injurious in some other localities in the State. The impending destruction in Buffalo, we are pleased to state, was greatly mitigated by the activity and efficiency of the newly appointed city forester, Mr H. B. Filer. Buffalo has long held an unenviable reputation be- cause of the poor condition of its shade trees, particularly horse- chestnuts, and we trust that the above mentioned appointment means a well supported and an advanced policy respecting shade tree protection. The caterpillars of this notorious shade tree pest also occasioned considerable anxiety in the fruit section of the western part of the State. The partly grown caterpillars were found in considerable abundance in orchards, eating into the young fruit, the amount of damage being estimated at from 10 to 80¢. This method of injury is by no means unknown, since similar work was ob- served in Nova Scotia in the summer of 1907. Though it is diffi- cult to adequately control caterpillars which have developed the fruit-eating habit, it is very easy to keep this pest under control in commercial orchards. Systematic spraying with an arsenical poison will in the long run, at least, prove most efficacious in de- stroying the pest, though it may take a few years to bring about these results in badly infested orchards fruiting every season. It ‘is comparatively easy to practically clear trees of this insect by collecting the conspicuous white egg masses any time during the winter. This work can be done thoroughly and at comparatively slight expense, then there is no occasion for worry as to the out- come another season, and an orchard once cleared is easily kept comparatively free from subsequent injury. Snow-white linden moth (Ennomos subsignarius Hubn.), This species, at one time recognized as a most destructive 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM enemy of lindens, has risen with phenomenal rapidity from the obscurity of recent years. The past season has been most remarkable for the extensive flights of the snow-white moths [pl. 1, fig. 2] in many cities and villages, not only in New York State but in other sections. The moths were so numerous about electric lights as to attract widespread attention. Their advent in New York city occurred about July 16 and the effect was aptly compared by various writers to a snowstorm. In the well lighted sections myriads could be seen circling about the electric lights and invading many bril- liantly lighted places in such numbers as to be a veritable nuisance. The following morning the arc lights were found choked with the insects, and characteristic groups of snow-white wings here and there were mute evidences to the voracity of the English sparrow. This bird, despite its numerous failings, destroyed thousands of the moths, hunting them without mercy until there were comparatively few survivors from the night before. The abundance of the insects and the extended area where swarms were present is most remark- able. Aside from New York city, where the largest number of the moths seemed to be present, they were reported by the local press as swarming at Nyack, Ossining, Newburgh, Hudson, Albany, Troy, Cohoes, Ballston, Saratoga, Glens Falls, Schenectady, Amsterdam, Johnsonville, Gloversville, Little Falls, Herkimer, Ilion and Utica. It is interesting to note that the moths appeared in Albany and other northern localities about five days later than at New York city. Aside from the above mentioned records, the local press of numerous other cities and villages contained brief notices of the swarming of this species, though with no record as to local occur- rence. The widespread character of the flight is well illustrated by authentic records of hosts occurring at Newark, N. J., Spring- field, Mass. and Ottawa, Can., the latter flight occurring July 23d. This visitation is all the more striking when it is recalled that in recent years at least, this moth has been comparatively rare, hardly attracting notice for a generation, despite the fact that in earlier years it was considered an important enemy of lindens. | The remarkable local swarms recorded above are probably due to conditions being generally favorable for the multiplication of the species throughout the infested area. There is a possibility that some of the flights were due to swarms drifting with the wind from defoliated tracts lying at some distance. This is hardly an adequate explanation for the presence of many of the local swarms, particu- larly as observations in Albany show that the linden foliage in the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 53 western part of the city, where the trees are somewhat abundant, was badly injured by the insect, and it was in this section of the city where the moths were most numerous. It is probable that there were comparatively few extensive flights. The causes for this ex- cessive abundance are probably to be found in the scarcity of bird life, in the temporary reduction of native parasites and possibly in part to unusually favorable climatic conditions. The extensive defoliations by this species, recorded in our report for last year,| have been continued and large areas in the Catskills have suffered severely. Reports of injury in the towns of Harden- burg, Shandaken and Ladleton, Ulster co., indicated defoliation of extensive tracts of beech. There is also a record of severe injury by this pest from DeBruce, Sullivan co. This species was like- wise destructive to beeches in the Adirondacks, Forester E. S. Fic. 15 Snow-white linden moth, larva on twig. Fic. 16 Snow-white linden moth. (Original) pupae, enlarged. (Original) Woodruff reporting that the beeches on the John Brown tract num- ber 2, ranges 12 and 13, lots 3 to 8 were defoliated, the stripped area being about 3 miles long and having a width of ™% mile at one end and 1 mile at the other. The caterpillars fed at first upon young beeches, then stripped the older beeches, practically skeletonizing the foliage, and then turned to birches and maples, eating holes in the foliage of the latter. The lower limbs of the trees on the defoliated area bore numerous empty pupal cases in September, and irregular egg masses occurred in abundance upon the bark of beech, birch and maple. The eggs of this species are deposited at an oblique angle to the supporting surface, are about 1 mm in length, barrel-shaped and light brown, with a conspicu- ous dark salmon ring at the extremity. They occur in irregular IN, Y, State Ent, 23d Rep’t, 1907. N. Y. State Mus. Bul, 124, p. 23-28. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM masses [pl. 1, fig. 1] about half an inch in diameter, each contain- ing from 50 to over 100 eggs. It is not expected that the above recorded flights in cities and villages will be followed by extensive injuries another season, since it is very probable that the English sparrows destroyed many of the adults before there was an opportunity for the deposition of eggs. Spruce gall aphid (Chermes abietis Linn.). This intro- duced, widely distributed species has been the cause of an unusual number of complaints in New York State. Mr John Herliky, arboriculturist of Brooklyn, writing under the date of June 22d stated that many Norway spruce trees throughout Prospect park, and in fact in different parts of that section of the State, have been = aS \ \ | SSS I Fic. 17 Spruce gall aphid, normal type of gall. (Original) dying of late. Specimens were submitted for examination and were found to contain a few of the characteristic galls of this in- sect and, in addition, an apparently undescribed injury. Numerous subglobular, aborted buds were found here and there at the base of the branches or at the base of new growth and on investigation were found to contain numerous small, light brown aphids. It is probable that these aphids entered the developing buds the preced- ing year and, on account of their abundance, prevented the usual growth and the development of the normal type of gall. An ex- amination, at this time, of spruces in Albany showed that these trees likewise, in addition to the typical galls produced by this aphid, bore the subglobular dead buds inhabited by numerous aphids de- scribed above. An examination of infested trees in Albany the latter part of September showed that the dead buds described REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 55 above had been deserted by the aphids and many of them con- tained numerous cast skins. Some showed evidence of having been invaded by parasites, which latter presumably preyed upon the young plant lice. Complaint of this insect’s work, accompanied by specimens, was received from Mr C. C. Laney, superintendent of parks, Rochester, N. Y. This gentleman stated that the galls were more abundant on white spruce than upon any other coniferous tree. Serious in- juries were reported from Elizabethtown by Mr Seth Sprague Terry, who stated that 50 spruce trees, none over 25 feet high, have practically all the new growth affected by this insect. Mr John Nill sent from Star lake, in the southwestern part of St Fic. 18 Spruce gall aphid, destroyed buds; a, one en- larged. (Original) Lawrence county, badly infested spruce twigs with an inquiry as to the cause of the trouble. This insect, while rarely causing the death of the trees, fre- quently produces serious deformities, because twigs bearing galls are very likely to die, thus producing a very unsightly tree. Ex- periments conducted by Mr R. A. Cooley showed that thorough spraying in April with a whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to 2 gallons of water, is very effective in checking this insect. A more detailed discussion is given in New York State Museum memoir &, volume 1, pages 180-91. Miscellaneous Corn worm (Heliothis armiger Hubn.). This species is much better known as the boll worm of the South, though it is 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM frequently quite destructive in that section to corn. Occasionally 1t becomes somewhat abundant and injurious in New York State. Dr Lintner in his first report records this insect as being quite abundant and destructive to corn in Ontario county and its prob- able occurrence at the same time in the vicinity of Albany. Six years ago this insect was somewhat abundant in the vicinity of New York city, complaint of injuries having been received from Mt Vernon. The operations of this species in the North are confined mostly to corn and tomatoes, the major portion of the damage being inflicted in the late summer or fall. This latter was true of in- juries reported from Shelter Island, the caterpillars being brought to notice about the middle of October. The damage at Mt Vernon in 1902 did not occur until the latter part of August. The cater- pillar of this species is extremely variable in color, ranging from a light green with reddish brown marks on the side to a darkish green, brown or even nearly black caterpillar with a variable whitish lateral line. It closely resembles in general appearance some of our common cutworms, being stout, and when full grown is an inch or more in length. The caterpillars begin their opera- tions near the tip of the ear, eating down between the husks and making irregular frass-filled galleries over the face of the green cob, destroying a considerable proportion of the corn and defiling most of the remainder. Occasionally this species is quite de- structive to tomatoes, on account of its eating rather large holes into the ripening fruit. The pest can be controlled in the North only by recourse to hand picking. This measure will be particularly valuable at the incip- iency of the attack, since ears which have been injured somewhat are more attractive to the insect than those protected by tightly folded husks. Care should also be exercised when removing caterpillars from recently infested ears to replace the husks so far as possible and thus reduce the chances of reinfestation. White ants (Termes flavipes Koll.). It is not often that these insects are recorded as injurious in New York State, though they are undoubtedly present in many dwellings, particu- larly in the southern part of the State and occasionally inflict serious injury. Our attention was called last winter to the operations of white ants in the storage vaults of a New York city printing company. The vaults were filled with electrotypes and halftones REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 57 mounted and unmounted, newspaper files and other material. The white ants fairly riddled the blocks upon which the electrotypes were mounted and ran galleries through files of back publications, thus causing heavy losses. These insects can be easily recognized as white, wingless, ant- like forms. They are only seen, as a rule, when material in which they are boring has been disturbed as in the above mentioned Fic. 19 Termes flavipes:a, queen; b, young of winged female; c, worker; d, soldier, all enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 4. n. s. 1896) instance. This form remains active throughout the year in build- ings that are kept warm during the winter. The ants excavate numerous irregular galleries through wood, paper and almost any material except stone or metal. They are communistic in habit and with a social organization similar to that of the honey bee. The only satisfactory method of preventing injury in vaults and similar places is first to thoroughly clean the infested chamber or chambers 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM by removing everything in which the insects may be living. The door of the vault should be tight enough so that there would be no danger of subsequent entrance, and great care should be exer- cised to prevent reintroduction of the pest with material for storage. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas would be of but limited value, since the fumes would hardly destroy all the insects in their galleries. The infested backing of electrotype blocks should be burned, while the insects in bulky papers or other material could be destroyed either by spreading the papers out loosely and drying thoroughly, or in some instances by subjecting to a gentle heat fora considerable period, since white ants succumb readily to both heat and excessive dryness. Storage boxes for valuable papers should be of metal or at least lined with tin and special care exercised to avoid any crevice which would allow the insects to enter. Fic. 20 Termes flavipes: a, dorsal view of head of winged female; ), ventral aspect of same, with mouth parts open, greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul 4. n.s. 1896) Mosquito notes. The season of 1908 was particularly interest- ing because a considerable proportion of New York city was in- vaded by large swarms of the salt marsh mosquito, Culex sol- licitans Walk. Undoubtedly the insects came from adjacent marshes, possibly those of New Jersey and very likely some at least, from undrained areas on Long Island. The pests were so numer- ous in the city as to be a pronounced scourge for a few days, and did much to arouse popular interest in the problem of mosquito control. The draining operations on Staten Island have been completed and the resultant change for the better has been most marked. Many places which were previously almost uninhabitable because of the swarms of mosquitos are now comparatively free. The work of draining marshes in other portions of Greater New York has been REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 59 continued and during the summer a large proportion of the salt marsh areas in Flushing and its immediate vicinity has been ditched. Nine tenths of the Flushing meadows are now already drained, and it is probable that the work on the remaining tenth will be completed this fall. Operations have already been begun about Jamaica bay. The antimosquito work at Orient, L. I., begun some two years ago, has been pushed to a successful completion and most gratify- ing results have been obtained. The indications are that opera- tions of this kind will be continued until most of the salt marshes Fic. 21 Salt marsh mosquito from above, the toothed front claw more enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25. n.s. 1900) on Long Island will be practically free from these pests. The operations against the salt marsh mosquito naturally lead to some consideration being given to the fresh-water forms, particularly the common house mosquito, Culex pipiens Linn., and the malarial mosquito, Anopheles maculipennis Meig. Experience has demonstrated the practicability of controlling these two species, and it is only a question of time before this knowledge will be taken advantage of, and will lead to a great increase in comfort and practical freedom from malarial infections, 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento- mologist during the year 1908. Fifty-seven are given with title,! time of publication and a summary of the contents of each. Volume and page number are separated by a colon, the first superior figure gives the column and the second the exact place in the column in ninths: e. g. 71 :9697’ means volume 71, page 969, column 2, in the seventh ninth, i. e. a little more than two thirds of the way down. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 286-304. Separate, p. 1-23 (Issued Oct. 26, 1907) A number of new species are described. A Caterpillar. Country Gentleman, Oct. 31, 1907, 72:102571 A brief descriptive account of the red humped apple caterpillar, Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb. Shade Tree Protection. Troy Record, Oct. 29, 1907 The elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull.; the white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb. and several other injurious pests are discussed and a plea made for the better protection of shade trees. Notes on the Insects of the Year 1906 in New York State. U. 5. Dep’t Agric. Bur. Ent. Bul. 67. 1907. p. 39-43 A number of insects are briefly noticed, the following being the more important: San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.; grape root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh; sugar maple borer, Plagio- notus speciosus Say; white marked tussock moth, Hemero- campa leucostigma Sm. & Abb.; elm leaf bettle, Galerucella luteola Mull.; false maple scale, Phenacoccus acericola King; elm bark louse, Gossyparia Spuria Mod. and the violet gall midge, Contarinia’ (Mayetvola) violicola iGo Fighting the Scale. Suburban Life, 1908, 6:38—40 A summarized account of the San José scale, Aspidiotus per- niciosus Comst.; and methods of control with brief notices of the oyster scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. and the scurfy scale, Chionaspis £uxrf upaeiiiten. The Insect Year. Country Gentleman, Jan. 30, 1908, 73 :107% A summary of insect injuries. The following species are noticed: San José scaleye Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.; grape root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh; apple leaf folder, Ancylus nubecu- lana Clem.; Epizeuxis denticularis MHary.; white marked . Titles are given as published, and in some instances they have been changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 61 tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb.:; elm leaf beetles Galerucella luteola Mull.; sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say; green striped maple worm, Ani sota rubicunda Fabr.; the antlered maple caterpillar, Hetero- campa guttivitta Walk. and the snow-white linden moth, Enno- mos stubsignarius Hubn. Hair Snake. Country Gentleman, Feb. 6, 1908, 73 :128% A summary account of the habits of hair snakes, Mermis sp. with a statement of their harmlessness, Entomological Notes for 1907. American Fruits, 1908. 8:13 A summary account of injuries by the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.; grape root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh; apple leaf folder, Ancylus nubeculana Clem.; Epizeuxis den- ticularis WHarv., white marked tussock moth; Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm, & Abb., elm leaf beetle; Galerucella luteola Mull, green striped maple worm; Anisota rubicunda Fabr., antlered maple caterpillar; Heterocampa guttivitta Walk. snow- white linden moth, Ennomus subsignarius Hubn. and white grubs, Lachnosterna fusca Frohl. Observations on the Biology and Food Habits of the Cecidomyiidae. Economic Entomology. Journal, Feb. 1908, 1 :18-21 Summarized observations on the habits and life history of a number of forms, Scale in an Apple Orchard. Country Gentleman, Mar. 26, 1908, 73 2300! A general discussion of remedial measures for San José scale, As pid- iotus pernicious Comst. Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths and Miscellaneous Notes. Western New York Horticultural Society Proc. 53d An. Meeting 1908, p. 112-14 Notes on the progress made in controlling Porthetria dispar Linn. and Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn, with special mention of the work with parasites. Also brief observations on a number of forms injurious in 1907. Insect Control in its Larger Aspects. N. Y. State Fruit Growers Proc. 1908, p. 139-45. [Separate issued Apr. 11, 1908] In part in Country Gentleman, Mar. 5, 12, 1908, 73:229, 258 An address discussing briefly the present conditions and the methods most likely to be of service in the immediate future. Entomological Notes for 1907. Economic Entomology. Journal, Apr. 1908, 1:148-50. Brief notes are given on the San José scale, Aspidiotus per- niciosus Comst.; grape root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh; apple 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leaf folder, Ancylus nubeculana Clem.; Epizeuxis dentic- ularis Hary.; white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco- stigma Sm. & Abb.; elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull; sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say; green striped maple worm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr.; antlered maple caterpillar, Heterocampa guttivitta Walk.; snow-white linden moth, En- -nomos swubsignarius . Hubn. -and Lachnosterna. fusca Frohl. Contarinia gossypii n. sp. Entomological News, 1908, 19 :210-11 Original description of a species injuring cotton in the British West Indies. Bark Louse. Country Gentleman, May 14, 1908, 73 :488* Brief economic account of the scurfy bark louse, Chionaspis fur- fura Fitch. [Report on the Work of Importing Parasites of the Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths, Porthetria dispar Linn., Euproc- tis chrysorrhoea Linn.] Sup’t for Suppressing the Gipsy and Brown Tail Moths, 3d An. Rep’t, 1908, p. 210-13 A great improvement in the condition of infested territory is noted. The methods of importing parasites and the progress made are both most com- mendable. Careful biological studies of the parasites are advised, because of the importance of such knowledge in establishing species. The desirability of giving special attention to the rarer parasites is urged. Attention is called to the advisability of obtaining parasites from Japan, even though it involves considerable expense. Currant Worm. Country Gentleman, May 28, 1908, 73 :536-37 Brief economic account of the currant worm, Pteronus ribesii Scop. Protect the Trees. Troy Times, May 28, 1908; Ithaca Journal, Schenectady Star, Poughkeepsie Eagle, May 29; Albany Argus, May 30; Daily Saratogian, June 1; Albany Times Union, June 2 Brief warning notice in regard to the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. Maple Pest in Johnstown. Johnstown Republican, June 2, 1908 Brief descriptive account, with remedies for the false maple scale, Phenacoccus acericola King. Moth Work in Massachusetts. Country Gentleman, June 11, 1908, 73 7598-99 A review of the third annual report on the work against the gipsy and brown tail moths in Massachusetts. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 63 Grape Blossom Midge. Grape Belt, June 12, 1908, p. 4; Buffalo News, June 13 Brief statement of injury and life history of the grape blossom midge, Cecidomyia johnsoni Sling. Insecticides. Country Gentleman, June 18, 1908, 73 :606%—7!" Brief discussion of the relative merits of paris green and arsenate of lead in bordeaux mixture. Apple and Grape Pests. Country Gentleman, June 18, 1908, 73-007" Brief accounts of injuries by the cigar case bearer, Coleophora fletcherella Fern.; the apple blister mite, Eriophyes pyri Nal., and the grape blossom midge, Cecidomyia johnsoni Sling. Cutworms and Wireworms. Country Gentleman, June 18, 1908, 73 :60876 Brief general accounts with discussion of remedies. Apple Canker Worms. Country Gentleman, June 18, 1908, 73 60811 Brief economic account of the fall and spring canker worms, Also- phila pometaria Harr. and Anisopteryx vernata Peck. Observations on the Genus Contarinia. Economic Entomology. Journal, 1908, 1 :225—28 Brief notes are given on the following species: Contarinia Srcivora Riley C. sore bicol a..Cog,.G.-hiriedendri O., S., ae wan as 5 )-URMeyy C.4 £0 nTers. Loew, C..(eossypii. Felt, C. setigera Lint. C. negundifolia Felt, C. perfoliata Felt, C. quercitolia. Felt, C. agrimoniae Felt, C virginianiae. Felt and C. clematidis Felt. Some Problems in Nomenclature. Entomological Society of Amer- ica. Annals, 1908, I :102-4 A brief discussion of the validity of descriptions of insect galls with special reference to the Cecidomyiidae. Wireworms. Country Gentleman, July 2, 1908, 73 :646* Brief discussion of remedies. Elm Leaf Aphis. Country Gentleman, July 2, 1908, 73 :647" The life history and remedial measures for the elm leaf aphis, Schizo- neura americana Riley are briefly discussed. San José Scale. Country Gentleman, July 2, 1908, 73 :64778 Brief general discussion of the San José scale, Aspidiotus per- niciosus Comst., with a summary statement of the comparative value of the various sprays. 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Shade Trees and the Elm Leaf Beetle. Ossining Citizen, July 6, 1908 Brief statement respecting the practicability of protecting elms from the elm leaf beetle. Galerucella luteola Mull. Elm Leaf Beetle. Schenectady Union, July 7, 1908 A summary of local conditions with directions for controlling the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. Protect the Birds. American Humane Association. Leaflet. [Issued July 8] 1908. p. 1-4, 6-7 A brief popular discussion of the economic value of birds as natural checks upon injurious insects. The Hop Merchant. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1908, 73:667% A brief economic notice of the hop merchant, Polygonia comma Harris with special reference to currant. Gipsy Moth Work. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1908, 73 :667# A brief account of recent developments in Massachusetts with special reference to progress made in spraying and the necessity of keeping watch for the appearance of Porthetria dispar Linn. in New York State. Elm Leaf Beetle. Ithaca Journal, July 13; Amsterdam Recorder, Hudson Register, Poughkeepsie Eagle, July 14; Schuylerville Standard, July 16 General account of injuries by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., with a discussion of remedial measures. Oyster Scale. Country Gentleman, July 16, 1908, 73 :686%* Brief economic account of the oyster scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. White Marked Tussock Moth. Grape Belt, July 17, 1908 Brief directions are given for controlling the white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb. Shade Tree Pests. Dunkirk Observer, July 18, 1908; Grape Belt, July 28, p. 7 A reprint of a large portion of N. Y. State Museum bulletin 109 on the white marked tussock moth and the elm leaf beetle. The Soldier Bug. Country Gentleman, July 23, 1908, 73 :7047 Discusses briefly the habits of soldier bugs, Podisus sp., in connection with the finding of a nymph feeding on the grub of a potato beetle. Blister Mites. Country Gentleman, July 23, 1908, 73 :706* A brief discussion of the character, extent of injuries and remedial meas- ures for Eriophyes pyri Nal. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 65 Giant Caterpillar. Country Gentleman, Aug. 6, 1908, 73 :746*° Brief description of the larva of the giant caterpillar, Samia cecropia Linn. with observations on its life history. 99 Leaf Mites. Country Gentleman, Aug. 6, 1908, 73 :7477 Remedial measures are given for the clover or brown mite, Bryobia pratensis Garm., and the red spider, Tetranychus telarius Linn. Grain Moth. Country Gentleman, Aug. 13, 1907, 73 :7671° Brief discussion of remedial measures for the grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. Flies as Carriers of Disease (Press Bulletin) Albany Evening Journal, Aug. 13; Brooklyn Eagle, Aug. 13; Utica Press, Aug. 14; Yonkers Statesman, Aug. 14; Boston Herald, Aug. 15; New York Farmer, Aug. 20, p. 7; Country Gentleman, Aug. 27, 1908, 73 :830'°-31'° A summary account of flies as carriers of disease, with directions for abating the nuisance. | Scientific Notes] Economic Entomology. Journal, Aug. 15, 1908 Brief observations on the following: Grape blossom midge, Cecido- myia johnsoni_ Sling.,, page 243; white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb. page 276; bag worm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., page 276; elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull. page 280. Notes on the Work Against the Gipsy Moth. Economic Ento- mology. Journal, Aug. 15, 1908, 1:275-76 © A brief account with special reference to improved methods of spraying and the work with parasites. Melon Aphis. Country Gentleman, Aug. 20, 1908, 73 :786* Remedial measures are given for the melon aphis, Aphis gossypii Gloy. Saddle Back. Country Gentleman, Aug. 27, 1908, 73 :812* Brief descriptive account of the saddle back caterpillar, Sibine stimulea Clem, San José Scale. Country Gentleman, Sept. 17, 1908, 73 :889%° Brief economic notice of the San José scale, Aspidiotus per- niciosus Comst. The Wheat Wire Worm. Country Gentleman, Sept. 24, 1908, 73 910” A brief descriptive account of the wheat wire worm, Agriotes mancus Say, with a discussion of remedial measures. 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Insect Bands. Country Gentleman, Oct. 8, 1908, 73 :961' Brief comments upon the use and value of sticky bands with special reference to “ Tree Tanglefoot.” A Scale. Country Gentleman, Oct. 8, 1908, 73 :961'° A brief descriptive account of Chionaspis euonymi Comst. with a discussion of remedies. The Difficult Apple Maggot. 73 7962 A general account of the apple maggot, Walsh, with a discussion of remedies. Katydid Eggs. Brief descriptive account of the eggs of laurifolium Linn. nervis Burm. or M. Scientific Notes. Record of injury by Ennomos Country Gentleman, Oct. 8, 1908, Rhagoletis pomonella Country Gentleman, Oct. 15, 1908, 73 :984°° Microcentrum reti- Economic Entomology. Journal, 1908, 1 :330 subsignarius MHubn. and its unusual abundance. A new injury to gladioli bulbs by a species of Aphis is also recorded. 23d Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1907. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124. Oct. 15, 1908. Contents PAGE PAGE Introduction’. ....-7eeeeee ss: 5 | Appendix C: Report of the Injurious insects. [eee =: 13 | .., Entomologic Field Station, Green striped maple worm.... 13 Old ‘Forge; © 1905,;-55nes Antlered maple caterpillar.... 21 NEEDHAM... 52-500 eee 156 Snow-white linden moth...... 23 Appendages of the Second Apple leaf. folder--caceenes. 28 Abdominal Segment of Notes for the year. ee---.. 31 Male Dragon Flies. O. S. Fruit insects: ./).. s.eeeeeeere 31 THOMPSON...) ee eee 249 Shade tree insects............ 38 New North American Chi- Miscellaneous.’ .24 ... 2s 41 ronomidae. O. A. JOHANN- Publications of the Entomol- SEN o.oo ssa ewe eee . 264 ORISE) |S ves xs os 5.5 a 50 | Appendix D: New Species of Contributions to collection... .-- 56 Cecidomyiidae II ........-. 286 Appendix A: W. W. Hit col- Circumfili of the . Cecido- lection of Lepidoptera...... 61 myiidae +.\25 su nenerer rene 305 Appendix B: Catalogue of the Studies in Cecidomyiidae II.. 307 “Phytoptid ” Galls of North Explanation of plates........... 423 America. G. H. Cuapwick, 416 | Index . .. 5... sss eee SII 542p. 44 pl. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 67 ADDITIONS TO COLLECTIONS OCT. 16, 1907-OCT. 15, 1908 The following is a list of the more important additions to the collections. DONATION Hymenoptera Amphibolips prunus Walsh, oak plum gall, Sept., Michigan, through R. B. Hough, Lowville. Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen, poplar sawfly larvae, Aug. 21, Daniel Harrington, Cambridge. Kaliosysphinga ulmi Sund., leaf miner on elm, June 16, L. L. Woodford, Pompey. Urocerus edwardsii Brulle, Jan. 7, Hermann Von Schrenk, St Louis, Mo. Coleoptera Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz., fruit tree bark beetle on pear, through State Agricultural Department, Sept. 15, Rochester. Cryptorhynchus lJlapathi _ Linn, mottled willow borer, larvae on balm-of-gilead, Aug. 10, Corning, through C. H. Peck, Albany. Tyloderma fragariae Riley, strawberry crown borer, June II, D. B. Belden, Fredonia. Pissodes strobi Peck, white pine weevil, larvae on pine, July 6, J. G. Newbury, Coxsackie. Chelymorpha argus Licht., argus tortoise beetle, larva on grape, June 25, G. H. Barber, Westfield. Galerucella luteola Mull, elm leaf beetle, larvae and pupae, July 0, A. E. Milligan, Schuylerville. Plagionotus speciosus Say, sugar maple borer, adult on maple, June 26, J. C. Von Steenburgh, Ballston. Photinus? pyralis Linn. fire fly, serial, longitudinal and transverse sections, adult, Dr §. G. Shanks, Albany. Diptera Culex perturbans Walk., all stages, June and July, J. T. Brakeley, Hornerstown, N. J. A number of Cecidomyiid galls from Miss Cora H. Clarke, Magnolia, Mass. Siphonaptera Pulex irritans Linn, common human flea, adult; Cteno- cephalus jcanis Curt., cat and dog flea, adult, July 24, Dudley R. Kathan, Schenectady. — Lepidoptera Basilona imperialis Dru., imperial moth, larva, Sept. 3, M. J. Dutche, Oakwood Heights. Same, larva on maple, Aug. 14, Dr. A. B. Kelly, Albany. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hyphantria textor Harr. fall webworm, larvae on apple, July 7, J. A. Thompson, Rochester. Halisidota caryae Harr., hickory tussock moth, larvae, July 8, H. N. Otterson, Bolton, Mass. Same, larva, July 6, Irving T. Orchard Park. “hid : east Tolype velleda Stoll. lappet moth, larva, July 22, George S. Graves, Newport. Alsophila pometaria Harr., fall cankerworm, young, June 5, A. Mair, Oakdale. Ennomos subsignarius Hubn., snow-white linden moth, adult, July 23, C. Gordon Reel, Kingston, through Forest, Fish and Game Com’n. Same, pupae on oak, July 3, W. O. Ensign, Livingston Manor. Ania limbata Haw,, filament bearer or horned spanworm, larva, June 6, H. W. Covert, Waterford. Memythrus tricinctus Harr, M. polistitormis tian M. simulans Grote, M. asilipennis Boisd.; My eaoum Neum.,, Aegeria apiformis C€lerck, Sesia bassiftommue Walk., S. albicornis Hy. Edw., S. corni Hy: Edwisse soe Harr; Sw scitula Harr, SS. rubristigma’ Kellicorewanueeee pyralidiformis Walk., Apr. 30, G. P. Englehardt, Brooklyn. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw,, bag worm, larvae on red cedar, July 7, Germantown, through T. F. Niles. State Dep’t Agric. Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. adult in popcorn, Aug. 14, F. B. Holmes, Albany. Tischeria malifoliella. Clem, apple leaf miner, larvae on apple, July 7, J. A. Thompson, Rochester. Odonata Hetaerina americana Fabr., adult, Aug. 26, Winifred Gold- ring, Slingerland. Hemiptera Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, adults and young on hickory, June 8, The American Nursery Co., New York city. Same, gall on hickory, Sept. 1, Munson-Whitaker Co., New York city. Colopha ulmicola Fitch, cockscomb elm gall, on elm, June 18, L. L. Woodford, Pompey. Same, young on elm, July 6, Irving T.Thornton, Orchard Park. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch, nymphs on alder, Aug. 24, George S. Downing. Albany. Same on maple Sept. 19, Mrs George H. Freeman, Loudonville. Chermes abietis Linn. spruce gall aphid, young on Norway spruce, June 22, John Herliky, Brooklyn. Same, galls, July 30, Seth Sprague Terry, Elizabethtown. Same, galls on spruce, Aug. 10, C. C. Laney, Rochester. Same, dead adults on spruce, Aug. 31, John Nill, Star Lake. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., San José scale, adult on hornbeam, Oct. 13, W. E. Kenney, Brooklyn. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 69 Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook, tulip tree scale, young on tulip tree, Apr. 6, J. Aspinwall, Newburgh. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv., cottony maple - scale, adults on elm, June 2, E. S. Brignall, Schenectady. Same, on maple, June 12, Mrs Stephen Niles, Coeymans. Same, adults on maple, June 24, E. R. Concklin, Pomona. Phenacoccus acericola King, false maple scale, young on maple, Oct. 12, Frank H. Downer, New Rochelle. Same, May 20, G. F. Beakley, Johnstown. Same, adult on maple, July 29, S. B. Huested, Blauvelt. Gossyparia spuria Mod. elm bark louse, adults on elm, June 2, E. S. Brignall, Schenectady. Same, Aug. 3, W. E. Kenney, Brooklyn. Same, young on elm, Sept. 16, Mrs W. C. Mains, Mt Vernon. Icerya purchasi Mask., cottony cushion scale, on Acacia, Feb. 25, L. Menand, Albany. Orthoptera Panchlora hyalina Stoll. on apples, Mar. 16, Mrs Abraham Lansing, Albany. Same, Mar. 26, J. R. Gillett, Albany. Isoptera Termes flavipes Koll., white ant, adult, Feb. 3, A. T. De La Mare Co., New York city. EXCHANGE Diptera Culicidae Banks, C. S., Government Entomologist, Manila, P. I. Myzomyia ludlowii Theob, M. mangyana Banks, Myzorhynchus bar- birostris V. d. W., M. vanus Walk, Stegomyia aurostriata Banks, S. persistans Banks, S. samarensis Ludl., Worces- teria grata Banks, Helecoetomyia pseudotaeniata Giles, Leucomyia cuneatus Theob, Culex fatigans Wied. C. microannulatus Theob, Mansonia uniformis_ Theob., Banksinella luteolateralis Theob, Finlaya aranetana Banks, F. poicilia Theob, Aedomyia squamipenna Arriz. Dolichopodidae Aldrich, J. M., Moscow, Idaho. Psilopodinus mundus Wied, Agonosoma filipes? Loew, A. scintillans Loew, Meso- rhaga albiciliata Ald, Diaphorus mundus _ Loew, D. opacus Loew, Asyndetus syntormoides Wheel. Chryso- tus barbatus Loew, C. discolor Loew, C. picticornis Loew, Argyra robusta Jno, Leucostola cingulata Loew, Porphyrops effilatus Wheel., Syntormon affine Wheel. Neurigona carbonifer Loew, Medeterus aurivittatus Wheel. Hydrophorus philombrius Wheel, Scellus vigil O. S, Berl Epi March 1869. Though the contrary has been repeatedly stated, it seems perfectly clear to me that H. rufipes Eich. and H. salebrosus Eich. were described before H. opaculus Lec. and H. scabripennis Zimm., as will appear from the follow- ing: H. rufipes and H. tenuis were described by Eichhoff on page 147 of Berl. Ent. Zeit. for 1868, and H. salebro- sus on page 146 of the same article. In the Transactions of the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 77 American Entomological Society, 1868, volume 2, where the de- scriptions of H. opaculus and H. scabripennis appear, Dr Zimmerman begins his description of H. tenuis as follows: Pe. etenwmis. [riylastes te miis: Bich, »Berl-. Ent.: Zeit. 1868, 147].’’ Also Leconte, in the same paper [see p. 169, 173] refers to pages 147 and 149 of Eichhoff’s article just mentioned. There is therefore no question but that both Dr Zimmerman and Dr Leconte had Dr Eichhoff’s pages 146 and 147 before them when their descriptions of H. opaculus and H. scabri- pennis were written. In regard to the use of the names Ips, Tomicus, and Hylastes, perhaps a few words will be pardoned. The genus Ips was erected mutz7, by De Geer, Derneéestes typorrapius Lime being the first species described. All the other species included by De Geer in the genus Ips have since been removed to other genera, therefore leaving typographus as type. In 1802 Latreille described the genus Tomicus, including the single species, Hylesinus piniperda Fabr., which would therefore be the type. In 1807 Latreille referred Dermestes typographus Linné to the genus Tomicus, and gave a description of the genus. In 1836 Erichson erected the genus Hylastes with Bostrichus ater (=—Hylesinus piniperd’a Fabr.) as the type. Until recently Ips De Geer, 1775, seems to have been disregarded, and the name Ips has been applied to a genus of beetles of the family Nitidulidae. Tomicus Latr., 1802, has also been disre- garded. Tomicus Latr., 1807, has been used for the allies of typographus and Hylastes Er., 1836, for the allies of ater. Ips De Geer, 1775, has therefore priority over Tomicus Latr., 1807, and Tomicus Latr., 1802, has priority over Hylastes Er., 1836. The name Ips Fabricius, of the family Nitidulidae, dates from the year 1776 [Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 23]. If the above synonymy is correct, and I believe it to be, it is better to adopt it at once, even at the risk of temporary confusion. Following Bedel [Faun. Col. Bassin Seine, Rhyn, 1888], Hy- lastes is dropped in this paper and the terms Ips and Tomicus are used as indicated above. Geoffroy’s name Scolytus dates from 1762, and therefore can not be accepted. In 1776, O. F. Muller [Zool. Dan. Prodr. 57], described Scolytus punctatus which is certainly not a scolytid: “ Niger, thorace fossulato, elytris lineis quatuor elevatis, 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM intervallo punctorum duplici serie.” The name Scolytus should therefore give place to Eccoptogaster Herbst, 1793. The above is pointed out by C. L. Ganglbauer | Miinch. Koleopt. Zeit. 1903, p. 311, footnote (sep.) | and has been followed by Trédl in his cata- logue of the European Borkenkafer. I have been unable to verify Dr Leconte’s reference to Olivier, 1789 [Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 1876. 15:377]. According to Gemminger and Harold, Cat. Col., the following names should be added to the synonymy: Hylurgops glabratus Zett. crenatus Panz. Fn. Germ. 15, 7 paykulli Duftschm. Fn Austr. 3:09 Hylastinus obscurus Marsh crenatulus Duftschm. Fn. Austr. 3:104 fuscescens Steph. Ill. Brit. 3 :365 piceus Steph. Ill. Brit. 3:365 Crypturgus pusillus Gyll. aphodioides Villa. Col. Eur. duppl. Supl. 1833, p. 36 Hypothenemus eruditus West. ruficollis Fabr. Syst. El. 2:388. Ferr. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1868. p, 255 Trypodendron lineatus Oliv. limbatum Payk. Fn. Suec. 3:144 marginicolle Dahl. signatum Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1, 2:363 Duftschm. Fn. Austr. 3:95 Waringi Curtis, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1840. 5:279 Xyleborus dispar Fabr. rufipes Latr. Dej. Cat. ed. 3. p. 332 Dryocoetes autographus Ratz. var. micographus Oliv. Ent. 5, 78, p. 9, t. 2, f. 12 Ips pini Say. vicinus Dej. Cat. ed. 3, p. 332 Xylecleptes bispinus Duft. marginatus Megerle. Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz. haemorrhous Schmidberger, Kollar. Naturg. schadl. Ins. 1837. p. 271. Meg. Sturm. Cat. 1826. p. 104 flavicornis Géné. Dej. Cat. ed. 3, p. 332 punctatus Mus. Berol. Phloectribus frontalis Oliv. dubius Eich., Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1868. p. 150 setulosus Eich. loc. cit. 149 Gemminger and Harold list the following: Phloeotribus americanus Dej. Cat. ed. 3. p. 331, Amer. bor. Cryphalus asperulus Eich. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1871. p. 133, was re- named by Eichhoff in Rat. Tom., 1878, p. 153, as Stephanoderes cassiae; habitat given as “Asia (?).” REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 79 [ wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. J. H. Comstock for the material he so kindly furnished, to Dr E. P. Felt for help- ful criticism, and my especial obligation to Prof. A. D. McGilli- vray for his frequent assistance and advice. Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University, July 1, 1907 KEYS FOR DETERMINING THE GENERA OF THE IPIDAE (SCOLYTINAE) AND PLATYPODIDAE (PLATYPODINAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO The arrangement of family and subfamily names in the follow- ing keys seems the most natural at present. Published keys have been freely used. Cactopinus Schwz. (which has been omitted from the generic key) is distinguished from all other described North American Scolytidae by the sculpture of the pronotum: “ Disk in both sexes, with a longitudinal, tuberculated, and distinctly elevated, median area which projects beyond the base of the thorax as a triangular lobe,’ forming a “hoodlike projection over the scutellum.” bee AS ochwarz,. Psyche, vi8,/sap: ots p) Ei] Families a Head narrower than the prothorax; rst tarsal segment shorter fhan the others united; eyes oblong or divided [see pl. 4, fig. 6; pl. 5, fig. 10, I1; DL B.4he. 25 2) pl ig, figs 25 * ph rr fe 36 SF yout cecsnitee ates Ipidaet aa Head broader than the prothorax; Ist tarsal segment as long as the others united; eyes round, subconvex [see pl. 3, fig. I, 2]......0........ Platypodidae The family Platypodidae is represented in America, north of Mexico, by one genus, Platypus Herbst. Subfamilies of the Ipidae a Anterior “tibiae produced at the upper apical angle beyond the tarsal insertion into a mucro or bifid process.” (Blandford) [see pl. 3, fig. 5] b Foretarsus with the 3d segment bilobed; upper or outer border of the foretibiae unarmed or with few very small teeth.................... Eccoptogasterinae (Scolytini) bb Foretarsus with the 3d segment not bilobed; the outer border of the foretibiae strongly dentate [see pl. 3, fig. 3]...... +... Erineophilinae aa Foretibiae not produced at the upper or outer apical angle beyond the tarsal insertion into a mucro or bifid process [see pl. 4, fig. 6; pl. 5, fig. 10, 11] 1 Ganglbauer. Munchener Koleopterologische Zeitschrift. 1903, band 1, 311. So NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM b Head suboblong and prominent; pronotum nearly equably punctured, not more strongly roughened in front; tarsi with the 4th segment much smaller than the 3d, which is usually dilated and heartshaped or bilobed [pl. 7, fig. 20, pl. 8, fig. 21; pl. 9, fig. 25; pl. 10, fig. 26; pl, TI; fiz? G1, 792/96 a7lice ws ce hose eae ase ee eee Hylesininae bb Head globose, not visible from above, deeply immersed in the pro- notum, which is prolonged and usually strongly roughened with stout, backward pointing spines in front, and smooth or punctured behind; 3d tarsal segment simple, 4th segment distinct [pl. 4, fig. 6, 11.057 MR. LO-Mes DL V7, ae. TONS. ee ee Ipinae (Tomicini) Genera of the Eccoptogasterinae a Foretibiae with the outer apical angle produced into a curved spine, outer border unarmed b Venter of abdomen with the caudal portion bent abruptly dorsad plea hah ott es Perce eee ee Eccoptogaster Herbst. (Scolytus Geoff.) bb Venter of abdomen regularly curved, nearly horizontal..Loganius Chap. aa Foretibiae with the outer apical angle produced into a bifid spine, outer border near the base of the spine armed with a small tooth b “ Prothorax with a defined side margin.”.......... Bothrosternus Eich. lb “ Prothorax with no defined side margin, but usually with a fold above the femoral impression c “Sutures of the club curved; rostrum narrower than the front; body ON Aras, Cities lita ck tic ce ee oe eee Pagiocerus Eich. cc “Sutures of the club straight; rostrum scarcely narrower than the frant;. body.oblotic”. « (Blandford); .., ..di57sSenuee Cnesinus Lec, The subfamily Erineophilinae contains one genus, Erineophilus Hopk. Genera of the Hylesininae a Antenral funicle with less than 4 segments b Antennal funicle with 2 segments; club not distinctly annulated........ Crypturgus Erich. bb Antennal funicle with 3 segments; club annulated..... Dolurgus Eich. aa Antennal funicle with more than 4 segments b Antennal club not annulated, pubescent on both sides [pl. 9, fig. 24] ¢ Evyes:.completely divided...) 02 5s vj hse oe mae Polygraphus Erich. éc Eyes! not divided: (pl. 26, fie: 26).6) 0.5 Se an Chramesus Lec. bb Antennal club annulated [pl. 9, fig. 27; pl. 10, fig. 28-30] c Antennal club lamellate, of 3 loosely adjoined segments [pl. to, fig. Bol Ec Ty PS RPe eee eae) aaa oes ee ace Phloeotribus Latr. cc Antennal club not lamellate, segments closely connate [pl. 9, fig. 27; pl. 10, fig. 28, 29] d Antennal club strongly compressed e Antennal -funicle with 7 segments..............-. Hylesinus Fabr. ee Antennal funicle with 5 segments f Front coxae not contiguous g Antennal funicle with outer segments distinctly broader; coxae moderately distant [pl.‘o, fig.. 27]....:2.... eee Phloeosinus Chap. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 81 gg Antennal funicle with outer segments scarcely broader; coxae very narrowly separated........ Chaetophloeus Lec. ff Front coxae contiguous g Eyes emarginate or sinuate in front; prosternum in front of coxae very short or obsolete; antennal club oval-elongate h Antennal club with 3 segments; eyes emarginate in front; foretibiae with very few teeth on the outer margin...... Carphoborus Eich. hh Antennal club with 4 segments; eyes sinuate rather than emarginate in front; foretibiae with a row of stout teeth on the outer margin: .............. Renocis Casey gg Eyes entire; prosternum distinct in front of the coxae; an- tennal club subcircular [pl. 7, fig. 20; pl. 10, fig. 28]...... Dendroctonus Erich. dd Antennal club not strongly compressed, subglobular or conical e Ist, 2d and sth ventral segments of the abdomen subequal in length, 3d and 4th segments shorter; forecoxae widely sepa- rated [pl. 11, fig. 34] f Antennal club with the rst and 2d segments subequal in length, each as long as segments 3 and 4 united [pl. 12, fig. 39]...... Hylastinus Bedel ff Antennal club with the Ist segment much longer than- the 2d, nearly as long as segments 2, 3 and 4 united..... Scierus Lec. ee Ist and 5th ventral segments distinctly longer than the others; forecoxae narrowly separated or contiguous [pl. 11, fig. 33] f Mesosternum. protuberant; 3d tarsal segment dilated and bilobed; elytra separately rounded at the base [pl. 8, fig. 23; ls PU; Wie BOA. cc ot haar Srna a ome aie sian Hylurgops Lec. ff Mesosternum not protuberant; 3d tarsal segment subequal in width to the 2d, emarginate rather than bilobed; bases of elytra in a nearly straight line not separately rounded [pl. 9, figs 22. OL. UrT wip. ho a7 lesbomicussLattr.) 1602. :)tees ice sis ¥ (Hylastes Erich.) Genera of the Ipinae a Antennal funicle with less than 6 segments b Antennal club pubescent on both sides c Antennal club annulated on both sides; eyes not completely divided d Antennal funicle with only one segment [pl. 4, fig. 8] e Body robust; foretibiae without transverse ridges on outer side.. Corthylus Erich. ee Body slender; foretibiae with transverse ridges on the outer side als ORG nS a ORE a ER Pterocyclon Eich. dd Antennal funicle with more than 1 segment e Prothorax wider than long.............. Hypothenemus Westw. ee Prothorax longer than wide f Maxillary lobe pilose, without radiating spines on outer edge; wooanorers Upl, 0, >, 15) 501 « doe 0dm' ently Gnathotrichus Eich. ff Maxillary lobe, with radiating spines on the outer edge; bark borers [pl. 6, fig. 14] CO to NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM g Base of prothorax bordered by a fine, raised line; elytral declivity of the two sexes alike...... Pityophthorus Eich, gg Base of prothorax without a raised border; teeth of elytral declivity much larger in the male than in the female...... Pityogenes Bedel ce Antennal club not annulated; eyes completely divided; elytral de- clivity oblique, not excavated and not toothed [pl. 5, fig. 12, 13] Trypodendron Steph. (Xyloterus Erich.) bb Antennal club not pubescent on both sides, almost entirely corneous and usually not at all annulated on the inner face; at most, the outer segments of the club show from the inner side but slightly at the distal extremity c Antennal club obliquely truncate at the distal end of the outer sur- face, with the distal segments of the club confined to the truncate surface and telescoped so that the flat, pubescent, truncate surface appears concentrically annulated [pl. 6, fig. 18, ant.; pl. 13, fig. 42] d Antennal funicle with 4 segments; elytral pubescence scalelike.... Cryphalus Erich. dd Antennai funicle with 5 segments; elytral pubescence not scalelike e Elytral. declivity excavated: and: toothed..................ccceccee Ips DeG., in part (Tomicus Latr. 1807) ee Elytral declivity not excavated, and without prominent teeth f Caudal margin of prosternum extending into a long spinelike process which projects caudad between the forecoxae. Max- illary lobe with radiating spines on the outer edge, bark baners: -(pih: 6,, fice 14,3 DR acu «tcabankenaes Dryocoetes Eich. # Caudal margin of the extremely short prosternum at most but slightly produced on the median line; maxillary lobe pilose, without radiating spines on the outer edge, borers in wood and nuts [pl. 6, fig. 15, 17] g Tibiae with the outer edge straight, spinose; dorsum of pro- thorax not more strongly roughened in front than behind.. Coccotrypes Eich. gg Tibiae with the outer edge curved, finely serrate; dorsum of prothorax much more strongly roughened in front than behind Si 1ceis.c 2 cations seen titec = 6 ee ere reee Xyleborus Eich. cc Antennal club with the distal segments not telescoped to form a flat, truncate surface, distinct, and not confined to the distal extremity of the outer surface [pl. 6, fig. 16] d Elytral declivity not deeply excavated, at most only slightly con- cave; 2d segment of the ‘antennal club surrounding the Ist, which is nearly oval pl! 1e;. fie: Solis io eer as eve Xylocleptes Ferr. dd Elytral declivity deeply excavated and toothed; 2d segment of antennal club not nearly surrounding the rst, the 1st suture be- ing straight or angular fol. 6, fe: 167. ........ 2.2) eee eee Ips DeG., in part (Tomicus Latr. 1807) aa Antennal funicle with 6 segments b Antennal club distinctly annulated on both sides; elytra aculeate at 0 ik ee ere tree reine An oredr. Wes oc Micracis Lec. bb 1837 1837 1856 1856 1866 1869 1872 1875 1876 1876 1877 1877 1878 1881 1883 1888 1889 1895 1895 1895 1898 4 1901 1903 1904 1905 1905 1907 1793 1807 1836 1839 1864 1866 1866 1868 1876 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 83 Antennal club distinctly annulated on only 1 side; elytra not acyleate AE Pee aN een atin Dc weld Siw Bedale pice ues Thysanoes Lec. MacDonald College, Quebec October 15, 1908 Family SCOLYTIDAE Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:156-68 Kirby. Fauna. Am. Bor. p. 191 Nordlinger. Nachtr. f. Ratzeb. Forstins. p. 17-45 Perris. Ann. Ent. Soc. France, p. 173-245, pl. 5, fig. 200-323 Lacordaire. Hist. Nat. Ins. Col. 7:349-55 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. Gemminger & Harold. Cat. Col. bd. IX: 2669 Lindermann, Beitr. Kentniss Borkenk. Russl. Bul. Mosc. 49, pt 1, p. 131-46 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soe. Proc. 15:34!-91 Lindemann. Mon. Borkenk. Russl. Bul. Mose. 52, pt 1, p. 158-87 Perris. Larves des Coleopteres, p. 413 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:563-64 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 6 Eichhoff. Die Europ. Borkenk. p. 1-33 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 512-13 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 385 Cholodkovsky. Gange Borkenk. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22:262 Reitter. Bestimmung, der Borkenk. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:435-4I Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 81-88 Lowendal. De Danske Barkbiller Sharp. Camb. Nat. Hist. Insects. pt II, p. 294-95 Barbey. Scol. PEurop. Cent. 15, 33 Ganglbauer. Munch. Koleopt. Zeit. 1:309, 310 Comstock. Manual for the Study of Insects, p. 596-08 Kellogg. American Insects, p. 298-300 Nisslin, Leitfaden der Forstinsectenkunde Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. [Ent. Blatter, Nr. 1 mit 6] Subfamily PLATYPODINAE References are given under Platypus. PLATYPUS Herbst Herbst. Die Kaefer. 5:128, gen. 34 Latreille. Gen. Crust. et Ins. 3:277 Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:64 Ratzeburg. . Forstins. 1:230 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 17, 42, 43, 46 Chapuis. Mon. Plat. Lacordaire. Hist, Nat. Ins. Col. 7:356, 357 Leconte. Am, Ent. Soc, Trans. 2:150-51 Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proce. 15:342-43 84 ISSI 1883 1888 1895 1805 1897 1901 1825 1866 1888 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Eichhoff. Die Europ. Borkenk. 54, 305-7 Leconte & Horn, Col. N. A. p. 513-14 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 385, 404, 421 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:441-42 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 89-95 Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n. s. p, 14, 15 Barbey. Scol. Europ. Cent. 15, 115 CYLINDRA Il. Illiger. Duftschmidt. Faun. Aust. 3:87 Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 97 3edel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 404 I compositus Say Platypus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:324; ed. Lec. 2:182 Platypus. Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:65 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 163, fig. 75 Platypus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :344 Platypus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Platypus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149 Platypus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 3:418 Platypus. Riley. Ins. Life, 5:17 Platypus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 127; Bul. 2. Psp 207 Platypus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Platypus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 93, 94, 106 Platypus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7 n. s., p. 14 Platypus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 39, 45 Platypus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 384 Platypus. Pierce. Neb. Zool. Lab. Studies No. 78, p. 280 parallelus Fabr. Bostrichus. Fabr. Syst. El. 2:384 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 164, fig. 76 (?)—=compositus Say. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:344 tremiferus Chap. Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 176, fig. 85 (?) =compositus Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :344 perfossus Chap. Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 176, fig. 86 (?) =compositus Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :344 rugosus Chap. Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 176, fig. 87 (?) =compositus Say. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:344 Habitat. United States south of Delaware bay and Illinois. ; Food plants. Quercus, Acer, Fagus, Castanea, Ulmus, Tilia, Magnolia, Taxodium and many others. 1793 1801 1837 18661 1881 1895 IQOI 1907 1776 1781 1787 1793 1793 1801 i808 1866 1876 1878 1886 1894 1895 1897 1900 1837 1866 1865 187 1866 1876 1795 1866 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1go8 2 cylindrus Fabr. Bostrichus. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 2:364 Bostrichus. Fabr. Syst. El. 384, tab. II Platypus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:188, t. X, fig. 13 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 246, fig. 147 Platypus. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 305, fig. 108, 109 Platypus. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1 :547 Platypus. Barbey. Scol, l’Europ. Cent. 115 Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. 19 Habitat. Europe, Asia, America. Food plants. Quercus, Castanea, Fagus, Fraxinus. 3. flavicornis Fabr. Bostrichus. Fabr. Gen. Ins. Mant. p. 212 Bostrichus. Fabr. Spec. Ins. 1:67 Bostrichus. Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 36 Bostrichus. Herbst. Kafer, 5:118 Bostrichus. Fabr, Ent. Syst. 2:364 Bostrichus. Fabr. Syst. El. 2:384 Scolytus. Olivier. Ent. gen. 78, p. 4, t. 1, fig. I.a, b Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 154-56 Flatypus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :343 Platypus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Platypus. Lugger. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:36 Platypus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Platypus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 93, 95, Platypus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n. s. p. 15 Platypus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 361 bidentatus De). Platypus. Dej. Cat. ed. 3, p. 333 = flavicornis Fabr. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 155 disciporus Chap. Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 2109, fig. 123 = flavicornis Fabr. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :343 Habitat. Southern United States, Mexico. Food plants. Many deciduous and coniferous trees. 4 punctulatus Chap. Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 199, fig. 110 Platypus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :345 Habitat. Texas. Food plants. (7?) 5 quadridentatus Oliv. Scolytus. Olivier. Ent. 78. 3, pl. 1, fig. 3 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 337 1For other references see Chapuis’s Mon. Plat. p. 246. (9 2) on 104 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1876 Platypus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:343, 344 1878 Platypus. Schwarz. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 17:468 1893 Platypus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 127; But. 32, p. 207 1894 Platypus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 1897. Platypus. Hubbard. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul! 7. n. s. p. 15 blanchardi Chap. 1866 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 185, fig. 96 1876 == quadridentatus Oliv. Leconte. Am, Phil, Soc. Proc. 15:344 Habitat. West Virginia, Florida, Texas. Food plants. Many deciduous and coniferous trees. 6 rugulosus Chap. 1866 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 192, fig. 103 1876 Platypus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:343, 344 1895 Platypus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 92, 95, 107 1905 Platypus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:71 reticulatus Chap. 1866 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 194, fig. 104 1896 —rugulosus Chap. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 107 emarginatus Cap. 1866 Platypus. Chapuis. Mon. Plat. p. 199, fig. 109 1896 —rugulosus Chap. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 107 Habitat. Lower California, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama. Food plants. (7) Subfamily SCOLYTINAE 1837. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:157-230 1866 Lacordaire. Hist. Nat. Ins. Col. 7:355, 356, 357 1868 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:141 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:342, 345 1878 Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 6 1881 Eichhoff. Die Europ. Borkenk. p. 33 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 513, 514, 515 1888 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 385, 386 1895 Judeich-Nitsche Forstins. 1:442 1895 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 81, 118-20 BOTHROSTERNUS Eich. 1868 Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 150 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 24 1873 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 232 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523 1895 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 131, 132 1886 1896 1899 1899 1899 1864 1868 1873 1876 1881 1883 1895 1869 1873 1876 1890 1900 1868 1868 1869 1873 1876 1888 1890 1900 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I1GO8 Bothrosternus. 7 hubbardi Sz. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:54 (?) Bothrosternus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 131, 132 Habitat. Florida. Food plant. (?) Hicoria. CACTOPINUS Schwarz Schwarz. Psyche, vol. 8, sup. 1, p. I1 8 hubbardi Sz. Cactopinus. Schwarz. Psyche, vol, 8, sup. I, p. I1 Cactopinus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:368 Habitat. Arizona. Food plant. Cereus giganteus, CARPHOBORUS Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 27, 44, 46, tab. 1, fig. 8 Leconte. Am. Ent. ‘Soc. “Trams. -2:£72 Chapuis. Mem, Soc. Liége, p. 248 Leconte. Am. Pini Soc: Procy 151383 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 129 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:445, 446 Carphoborus. Carphoborus. Carphoborus. ‘Carphoborus. Carphoborus. g bicristatus Chap. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 97 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 249 Leconte. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 15:383, 384 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 726 Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Habitat. Georgia (‘‘ Middle and Southern States,’ Chapuis). Food plant. Carphoborus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Carphoborus. Carphoborus. Carphoborus. Carphoborus. fig. 255 Carphoborus. Pinus. to bifurcus Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 97 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 249 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:383 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep'’t, p. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Habitat. District of Columbia, Tennessee, Gulf States. Food plant. Pinus. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ir simplex Lec. 1876 Carphoborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :383 1890 Carphoborus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 725 Habitat. California. Food plants. (?) CHAETOPHLOEUS Leconte 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:382 12 hystrix Lec. 1858 Hylesinus. Leconte. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p. 81 1868 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:171 1876 Chaetophloeus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:382 1892 Chaetophloeus. Blaisdell. Ins, Life, 5:36 Habitat. California. Food plant. Rhus integrifolia. CHRAMESUS Leconte 1868 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:168 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:374 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 522 1895 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 142, 169 RHOPALOPLEURUS Chapuis 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 46 1873 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 254 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:374 13 hicoriae Lec. 1868 Chramesus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:168 1876 Chramesus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :375 1878 Chramesus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 1886 Chramesus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:54 1890 Chramesus. Packard. U, S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 296 1890 Chramesus. Smith, Ent. Am. 6:53, fig. 1891 Chramesus. Hamilton, Can. Ent. 23:65 1892 Chramesus. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:268 1893 Chramesus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 140 etc.; Buly24p; 212 1893 Chramesus, Smith. N. J. Agric. Rep’t, p. 537, fig. 95 1894 Chramesus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 1895 Chramesus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 170 1895 Chramesus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 1898 Chramesus. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:78 1899 Chramesus. Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 316 1900 Chramesus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 1906 Chramesus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 448-49, 502 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 89 lecontei Chap. 1869 Rhopalopleurus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. (?) 1873 Rhopalopleurus. Chapauis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 255 1876 =icoriae Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :375 Habitat. Canada, eastern, middle and western United States Food plants. Hicoria, oak buds (?). 14 chapuisii Lec. 1876 Chramesus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:375 1886 Chramesus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:54 Habitat. Louisiana, Food plants. (?) CNESINUS Leconte 1868 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:171 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:378 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523 1895 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 132, 135 NEMOPHILUS Chapuis 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 27 1873 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 235 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :378 15 strigicollis Lec. 1868 Cnesinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:171 1876 Cnesinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:278 1878 Cnesinus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 1886 Cnesinus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:54 1887. Cnesinus. Hamilton. Can. Ent. 19:66 1890 Cnesinus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:87 1891 Cnesinus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:79 1895 Cnesinus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 1895 Cnesinus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 136, 139 1899 Cnesinus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 1900 Cnesinus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 1907. Cnesinus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 8:113 strigillatus Chap. 1869 Nemophilus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 27 1873 Nemophilus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 235 1878 =strigicollis Lec, Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:378 Habitat. Pennsylvania, Illinois, South Carolina, West Virginia, North Carolina, Texas, Mexico. Food plants. Toxylon pomiferum, Liquidambar, Smilax, Hickoria (pith of twigs), Pyrus (?). Eichhoft. Eichhoff. Leconte & Horn. Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Anisandros. Dryocoetes. Coccotrypes. Coccotrypes. Coccotrypes. Coccotrypes. Coccotrypes. Bostrichus. (?) =dactyliperda Fabr. Rat. Tom. Borkenk. p. 52, 74, 267 Col. N. A. p. 538 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM COCCOTRYPES Eich. P. 57, 308 p. 98 16 dactyliperda Fabr. (?) Fabricius. Syst. El. 2 :387, 14 Lucas. Expl. Alg. p. 464, tab. 39, fig. 1 Dej. Cat. p. 332 Duft. Fn. Aust. Hornung. Stett. Ent. Zeit. Bach. Kaef. Doebner. Zool. 2:184 3:95, T2 2:123, 130 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 277 Borkenk, p. 26 Redtenb. Fn. Aust. ed. 3. 2:381 Ferrari. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 52, 74, 267 Schwarz. Hamilton. Hamilton. p. 58, 309 p. 116 (2) Ent. Am: 2):42 Am. Ent. Soc, Trans. 16:159 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:406 palmicola Horn. yy wea), (ZB), Hornung. Stett. Ent. Zeit. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 268 Habitat. Europe, Africa, America (carried in nuts). Dates, betel. Food plants. CORTHYLUS Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. I :64 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 279 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 2097 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom: p. 66, 421 Leconte & Horn. Hubbard. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 251-54 Ferrari. Blandford. Corthylus. fig. 27-30 Corthylus. Corthylus, Hopkins. Hopkins. Hopkins. 15 :347 Cof. R. A: ) p. 517 Nes. Deere MORIZUS Ferrari Biol. Borkenk. p. 59, 60 Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt.6, p. 251 17. columbianus Hopk. Can. Ent. Ins. Life, 6:281, 282; 7:146 26 :277 W. Va. Agric: Exp. Sta. Bul. 36, p. Sig-se: 1895 1897 1904 1906 1868 1868 1876 1878 1883 1890 1890 1891 1893 1894 1894 1895 1895 1897 19C0 1904 1905 1906 1891 1895 1836 1864 1868 1876 1881 1878 1883 1885 1888 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 gt Corthylus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:104, 107 Corthylus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent.. Bul. 7. n. s. p. 17-18 Corthylus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 253, 254 Corthylus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:702 Habitat. Virginia, West Virginia, Michigan (?), Massachusetts. Food plants. Quercus alba, Fagus americana, Tilia, Acer, Liriodendron tulipifera. 18 punctatissimus Zimm. Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:144 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:154 Corthylus. Leconte’ Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :347 Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 460 Corthylus. Merriam. Am. Nat. 17:84-86, fig. 1-5 Corthylus. Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 389, 390, fig. 144, 145 Corthylus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:178 Corthylus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:109-15 Corthylus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 127; Bul. 32, p. 207 Corthylus. Hopkins. Ins. Life, 6:281; 7:145 Corthylus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Corthylus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Corthylus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:104 Corthylus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n.s. p. 16-17 Corthylus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 361 Corthylus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 253, 254 Corthylus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:50, 65-67, fig. 7 Corthylus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:732 Habitat. Eastern, middle, southern and western United States. Food plants. Acer saccharum, Sassafras, Cornus, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, Gaylussacia resinosa. 19 spinifer Sz. Corthylus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash, Proc. 2:114 Corthylus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:104 Habitat. South Florida. Food plant. Quercus. CRYPHALUS Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:64 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 34, 45, 46 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:151, 153 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:361 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 45, 172 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 121 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 518 Goz. Rev’d. Ent. 4:278 Bedel. Faun. Col, Seine, 6:396, 307 Q2 1895 1QOI 1904 1860 1904 1844 1848 1867 1878 1881 1883 1886 1804 1894 IQOI 1879 1886 1837 1854 1862 1874 1878 1881 1888 1895 1899 IQOI 1906 1907 Judeich-Nitsche. Barbey. Blandford, Thomson. Blandford. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Cryphalus Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Habitat. NEW Forstins. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. Biol, Centr. Am. YORK STATE MUSEUM 1:448, 451, fig, p. 69 Colaape 6, ps 225 ERNOPORUS Thomson Skand. Col Biol. Centr. Am. . 1:147; vii:360 Col. 4, pt 6. p. 226 20 jalappae Letz. States, ete. Food plant. Cryphalus. Cryphalus: Habitat. Food plant. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Habitat. Leconte. Schwarz. Florida. Letzner. Abh. Schles. Jahrb. Letzner. Arb. Verand. Schles. Ges. p. 99 (Ernoporus). Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 12, 14, 16, note 4 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 134 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 46, 74, 187 Schwarz. Ont. Ent. Sec. 14:30 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Blandford. Ins. Life, 6:261 Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21 :406 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:432 Mexico (?), exported to various countries, Europe, United Jalap root. 21 miles Lec. Am: Phil, Soc’ Proc. 172433 Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Pinus (?). 22 mucronatus Lec. Leconte. -U.. S. Geol. Sar. Bul) 52518 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Colorado. Food plants. Bostrichus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Tomicus. Cryphalus. Cryphalus. fig. 5 Cryphalus. Cryphalus. Judeich-Nitsche. 23 piceae Ratz. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:163 Bach. Kafer. 2:136 Doebner. Zool. 2:168 Redtb. Fn. Aust. ed. 3. 2:376 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 2, 122 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 45, 172-76, fig. 38, 39 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:308, 414 Forstins. 1:492 W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 60, pl. 2, fi Hopkins. Barbey. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:753 Tredl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. 56, p. 444 g: 155 ping p. 12 1867 1878 1843 1867 1868 1885 1836 1864 1868 1876 1877 1878 1881 1883 1888 1805 190! REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1G08 93 asperatus abietis Ferr. Cryphalus. Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 12, (7) =piceae Ratz. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 122 Habitat. France, Germany, Austria, Turkey, United States (West Virginia, New York), Canada. Food plants. Pinaceae. 24 rigidus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :362 Cryphalus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Cryphalus. Schwarz. Ent. Am, 2:42 Habitat. Canada, Michigan. Food plants. 25 (?)robustus Eich. Cryphalus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 131 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:362 Cryphalus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 121 Habitat. “Am. Septent.” Food plants. 26 striatulus Mannh. Cryphalus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 235 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :362 Cryphalus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 147 Cryphalus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Cryphalus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 Cryphalus. Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rept 7:516 Cryphalus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:376, 650, 673 Habitat. Alaska, Utah, New York. Food plants. Picea engelmanni, Pinus, Abies, Tsuga. 27 (?)terminalis Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 298 Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 75 Bostrichus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 Cryphalus (?) Henshaw. Col. N. A. p. 148 Habitat. California. Food plants. CRYPTURGUS Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:60 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 33, 44, 46 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:142, 143 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :387 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:565 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 72 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 64, 165 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523, 524 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:389, 395 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:448, 451 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 68 O4 1893 1804 1809 1900 1868 1876 1877 1878 1886 1889 1889 1890 1891 1804 1808 1900 1904 1905 1906 1813 1834 1837 1839 1854 1856 1862 1864 1867 1878 1881 1888 1889 1893 1804 1894 1894 1805 1807 Crypturgus. Crypturgus. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 28 alutaceus Sz. Ins. Life. 5:288 Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:17 Schwarz. Schwarz. Crypturgus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 448 Crypturgus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:753 Habitat. Maryland, West Virginia, Florida. Food plants. Picea, Pinus palustris, Pinus inopis. 29 atomus_ Lec, Crypturgus. Leconte. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:152 Crypturgus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:387 Crypturgus. Provancher. Faun, Ent. Can. 1:565 Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom, p. 75 (?) =pusillus Gyll. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 = pusillus Gyll. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Crypturgus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Crypturgus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 727, 825, 861, 872, fig. 256 = pusillus Gyll. Hamilton. Ins. Life. 4:132 = pusillus Gyll. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:17 Crypturgus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 = pusillus Gyll. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 Crypturgus. Hopkins. U. S, Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 26 Crypturgus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 82 Crypturgus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:338, 359-60 Habitat. Canada, eastern United States. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga. 30 pusillus Gyll. Bostrichus. Gyllenhal. In. Suec. 3:371, (16) Bostrichus. Hartig. Convers. Lex. p, I10-12 Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:162, t. 13, fig. 16 Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:196-08, t. 13, fig. 16 Crypturgus. Bach. Kaefer, 2:137 Perris. Ann. Fr. p. 202 Crypturgus. Doebner. Zool. 2:167 Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. t. 1, fig. 12, (Ant.) Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 404 Crypturgus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 73 Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 165 Crypturgus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:395, 412 Crypturgus. Hamilton. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans, 16:159 Crypturgus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 14% etc.; Bul. 32; p. 218 Crypturgus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:17 Crypturgus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:407 Crypturgus. Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 82 Tomicus. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:527 Crypturgus. Johnson. Penn. Agric. Rep’t, p. 78-79, fig. 3 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 95 1898 Crypturgus. Blandford. Ent, News, 9:6 1899 Crypturgus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 346, 448, fig. 96 1900 Crypturgus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 1901 Crypturgus. Barbey. Scol. l’"Europ. Cent. p. 68, pl. 2, fig. 13; pl. 7, fig. 5 1907 Crypturgus. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ., 11. [Entomol]. Blatter, Nr. 1 mit 6] Habitat. Europe, Japan, eastern United States. Food plant. Pinaceae. id 1DENDROCTONUS Erichson 1836 Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:52 1864 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 26, 44, 46 1866 Lacordaire. Ins. Col. 7:360 1868 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148, 149 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 34 1873 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 242 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :384 1877. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:572 1881 Ejichhoff. Borkenk. p. 125 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523 1890 Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:27 1895 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:445, 446 1895 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 143, 146 1901 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 55 1906 Felt, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:337 3I approximatus Dietz 1890 Dendroctonus. Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28, 31 1902 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:32 1902 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 281 1903 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:61 1904 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 44 1904 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 281 1905 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 56, p. 11 1905 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:81 1907 Dendroctonus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 1908 Dendroctonus. Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash, Proc. 9:115 Habitat. Arizona. Food plant. Pinus ponderosa. 1The recent work on the genus Dendroctonus by Dr A. D. Hopkins, entitled The Genus Dendroctonus, and published by the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, as Technical series no. 17, part 1, has been received too late to be inserted in this list. ; ch The treatise referred to_discusses the structure of these beetles in detail, giving a long series of very fine plates. Besides describing a number of new species and putting the synon- batt of the various nmames im final shape, many new food plants are given, and the distri- tion of the various species is more exactly defined. Excellent figures of the various ying are given. The following new species are described from America north of Mexico: barberi Hopk., convexifrons, Hopk., arizonicus Hook, jeffreyi Hopk., pseudotsugae Hopk., engelmanni Hopk., borealis Hopk., murrayana Hopk. 96 1876 1890 1890 1899 1902 1902 1904 1904 1905 1905 1906 18o1 1868 1868 1876 1890 1890 1892 1892 1893 1893 1893 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1899 1899 1899 I9QOI 1902 1903 1904 1904 1905 1905 1905 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 32 brevicomis Lec. Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :384, 386 =frontalis Zimm. Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 17:28 Dendroctonus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 722 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 13 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:3 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 281 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 281 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:147, pl. 4 Dendroctonus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 74 Dendroctonus. Webb. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 58, pt 2, p. 20-22, 9 fig. Habitat. Cascade and Rocky mountain region of United States. Food plants. (?), Fabricius. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus, Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Pinus ponderosa, Pinus lambertiana. 33 frontalis Fabr. Syst. El. 2:380 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:149 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:173 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:384, 386 Dietz. Am, Ent. Soc, Trans. 17:28, 32 Packard. U..S.-Ent. ‘Com’n, sth Rept, p. 722 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:353 Hopkins. Science, July 29, 20:64 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 143; Buls 32, -p. 253 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. fig. 43 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. fig. 246 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ins. Life, 5:187-89 Riley. Ins, Life, 6:140 Hopkins. Ins. Life, 6:126 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Hopkins. Can, Ent. 28:250 Chittenden. U. S. Div. Ent. Bull 7. a siipay2e75; Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:81 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp.'Sta. Bul. 66, p. 315, 317, Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 395 Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 13, 14 Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 28, pl. XII Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 270-75 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:59 ; Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 41, 44, pl. 4, fies, 225 pl) WL vi Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 270-75 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:80 Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 100 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:6 1908 1908 1905 1908 1843 1852 1868 1873 187 1877 1877 1894 1899 1902 1903 1860 1868 1876 1877 1878 1878 1890 1890 1891 1894 1903 1907 1901 1902 1904 1904 1905 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1g08 97 Dendroctonus. Fiske. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:24, 25, 26 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:131 Habitat. Eastern and southern United States. Food plants. Pinus, Picea. 34 monticola Hopk. Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 56, p. 11 Dendroctonus. Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:12, 115 Habitat. Western United States. Food plants). Pinus lambertiana, P. monticola, P murrayana, P. ponderosa, Picea engelmanni. 35 obesus Mannh. Hylurgus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 296 Hylurgus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 356 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:173 Dendroctonus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 243 —rufipennis Kirby. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :385 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:573 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. v. 1, Add. et Cor. p. 13 —rufipennis Kirby. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21:35 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 15 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:3 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:60 similis Lec. Dendroctonus. Leconte. Pac. R. R. Explor. Ins. p. 59 —=obesus Mannh. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:173 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:384, 385 =obesus Mannh. Provanchers Faun. Ent. Can. 1 :373 Dendroctonus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 =rufipennis Kirby. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. v. 1, Add. p. 13 Dendroctonus. Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28, 30 Dendroctonus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 721, 722 Dendroctonus. Cook & Davis. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 73, p. 15 —=rufipennis Kirby. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc, Trans. 21:35 =obesus Mannh. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:60 Dendroctonus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 Habitat. Canada, Oregon, Colorado, Virginia, Texas, New Mexico. Food plants. 36 piceaperda Hopk. Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 28, p. 16, pl. 11 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep't Agric. Yearbook, p. 266-70, ‘fig: 23, 24 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 26 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 266-70 Dendroctonus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 82 98 1905 1900 1906 1907 1902 1902 1903 1904 — 1904 1905 1905 1905 1900 1868 1876 1886 1890 1890 1894 1897 1902 1837 1853 1876 1877 1878 1886 1890 1890 1804 1894 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. fig. 85 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Habitat. Food plants. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hopkins. U.S. Div, Ent. Bul. 56, p. 10-11 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:338, 370-85, 693, Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc, 8:4, 5 Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 New Brunswick to New York, New Mexico. Picea canadensis, Picea mariana. 37. ponderosae Hopk. Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent, Bul. 32, p. 10 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 275-81, fig. I, 28, 29, 30 Dendroctonus. Gillette. Col. Agric. Rep’t, 24:118 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 275, 281 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 44, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. III, VIII, IX Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:147, pl. IV Dendroctonus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 56, p. 10-22, fig. 1, 5, 6 Dendroctonus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 100 Dendroctonus. Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:4 Habitat. Rocky mountain region. Food plants. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. —rufipennis Kirby. Dietz. Dendroctonus. —=rufipennis Kirby. —rufipennis Kirby. fig. 2 Dendroctonus. Habitat. Food plants. Pinus, Picea. 38 punctatus Lec. Leconte. Am. Ent, Soc. Trans. 2:173 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:384, 385 Schwarz. Ent. Am, 2:56 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 722 Hamilton. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 Johnson. Penn. Dep’t Agric. An. Rep’t, p. 73-775 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:3 New York, Quebec. 39 rufipennis Kirby Hylurgus. Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:195 Hylurgus. Mannh. Bul. Mosc. p. 238, (217) Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :384, 385 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:573 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. v. 1, Add. et Cor. p. 13, 14 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 Dendroctonus. Dietz. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28 Hylurgus. Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 814 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Dendroctonus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:36 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 1897 Dendroctonus. Johnson. Penn. Agric. Rep’t, p. 73-77, fig. 2 1899 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 1899 Dendroctonus. Hopkins, W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 349, 393 1900 Dendroctonus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 1906 Dendroctonus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:753 1907 Tredl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk, Europ. 11 [Entomol. Blatter, Nr. 1 mit 6] Habitat. Alaska, Canada, northern United States. Food plants. Picea, Pinus. 40 simplex Lec. 1868 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:173 1876 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:384, 385 1878 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. v. 1, Add. et Cor. Pp. 13, 14 1886 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ent. Am, 2:56 1888 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 1:162 1889 =—rufipennis Kirby. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:175 1890 Dendroctonus. Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28, 31 1890 Dendroctonus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, sth Rep’t, p. 722 1899 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 1899 Dendroctonus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta, Bul. 56, p. 394 1906 Dendroctonus. Felt. N. Y. State-Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 1907 Dendroctonus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 Habitat. Canada to West Virginia, Colorado, California, New Mexico. Food plants. Picea, Larix. 41 terebrans Oliv. 1795 Scolytus Olivier. Ent. 4:78, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 6, a-b 1841 Hylurgus. Harris. Inj. Ins. Mass. p. 72 1852 Hylurgus. Harris. Rep. Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 75-76 1858 Hylurgus. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 728 1868 Dendroctonus. Lacordaire. Gen. Col. 7:361 1868 Dendroctonus. Zimmerman. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:149 1868 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:173 1869 Dendroctonus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 35 1873 Dendroctonus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc, Liége, p. 243 1876 Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:384, 385 1876 Dendroctonus. Thomas. Nox. Ins. Ill. rst Rep’t, p. 146 1877 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:572 1878 Dendroctonus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. v. 1, Add. et Cor. p. 13, 14 1878 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:460 1880 Hylurgus. Saunders. Ont. Ent. Soc. 10:5 1883 Hylurgus. Saunders. Ont. Ent. Soc. 14:55 1886 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ent, Am. 2:56 1888 Dendroctonus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc, Wash. Proc. 1:80 1900 IQOI IQOI 1902 1904 1905 1906 1907 1860 1868 1873 1876 1877 1895 1902 1903 1903 1904 1904 1905 1905 1905 1908 1868 1873 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. fig. 250 Dendroctonus. etc.; Bul. 32, Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. 415, 421 Dendroctonus. 247 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. fig T2533 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. pl. IV Dendroctonus. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Dietz. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 17:28, 29 Packard. U. S. Ent, Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 721, 858, Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 143 p. 213 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 146 Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 392, Hopkins. Hopkins. Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 317, fig. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Felt. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7:480-81, Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 28, pl. XII Felt... U. S: Div. Ent, Bal: 31, poe Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, pl. VII Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:81, 145, 147, Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:333, 338, 342-45, 357, fig. 64, 65, 66 Dendroctonus. Habitat. Snow. Kan. Acad. Sci. Trans, 20, pt 2, p. 64 Canada, United States. Food plants. Pinus, Picea. Dendroctonus. —=terebrans Oliv. Leconte. Dendroctonus. =terebrans Oliv. Leconte. =terebrans Oliv. Provancher. 42 valens Lec. Pac. R. R. Explor. Ins. v; 12, pt 2) prso Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:173 Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 243 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :385 Faun. Ent. Can. 1:572 Leconte. Chapuis. —terebrans Oliv. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 146 Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Dendroctonus. Habitat. Food plants. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 12 Gillette. Col. Agric. Rep’t, 24:118-19 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:61 Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 19 Powell. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 12:237-43 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:81, 147, pl. IV Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 74 Hopkins. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 56, p. 11, 17 Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:115 Southern Canada, United States, Mexico. Pinus, Picea. DOLUR GUSEichhoff Eichhoff. Berl, Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Chapuis. Mem, Soc. Liége, p. 232 1876 1878 1883 1843 1852 1868 1868 1869 1873 1876 1878 1894 1904 1905 1864 1876 1877 1878 1881 1883 1888 18905 1808 IQOI 1906 1852 1853 1868 1876 1878 1888 1890 1893 1805 1906 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 101 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :387 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 83 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 524 43 pumilus Mannh. Hylastes. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 297, (259) Hylastes. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 356, (146) Dolurgus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Aphanarthrum. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:152 Dolurgus. Chapuis. _ Syn. Scol. p. &8 Dolurgus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p, 232 Dolurgus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:387, 437 Dolurgus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 83 Dolurgus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 Dolurgus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18 Dolurgus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73 Habitat. Alaska, Oregon. Food plant. Picea sitchensis. DRYOCOETES Eichhoff Eichhoff. Berl, Ent. Zeit. p. 38, 45, 46 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:358, 361 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:568 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 283 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 52, 261 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 518 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 396, 400 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:449, 451, fig, Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 186, 189 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 100 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:337 44 affaber Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 359, (151) Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 3:235, (212) Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:162 Dryocoetes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :361 Dryocoetes. Hubbard & Schwarz, Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Dryocoetes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Dryocoetes. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 810, 857, fig. 201 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 138; Bul. 32, p. 212 Dryocoetes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:143 Dryocoetes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Habitat. Alaska, British Columbia, Colorado, Lake Superior to Virginia, Quebec. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies. 102 1837 1839 1848 1854 1862 1864 1867 1874 1878 1881 1888 1888 1890 1892 1893 1894 1894 1895 1895 1899 1900 IQOL 1904 1906 1907 1843 1853 1868 1876 1877 1878 1878 1881 1886 1888 1889 1893 1907 Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:194-95, t. 13, fig. 6 Nordling. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 240 Ulrich, Dej. Cat. ed. 3. p. 332 Bostrichus. Bach. Kaefer. p. 124, 130 Bostrichus. Doebn. Zool. 2:179 Dryocoetes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p, 39, t. i, fig. 18 Dryocoetes. Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 27 Dryocoetes. Redtenb. Fn. Aust. ed. 3, 2:380 Dryocoetes. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 284 Dryocoetes. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 261, 262 Dryocoetes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Dryocoetes. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:400, 416 Dryocoetes. Hamilton. Ent. Am. 6:44 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. Ins, Life, 4:258 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 137; Bul. 32,p. 218 Dryocoetes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35, 406 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 Dryocoetes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:143 Tomicus. Judeich—-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:454 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 445 Dryocoetes. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Dryocoetes. Barbey. Scol. ’Europ. Cent. p. ror, pl. III, fig. 20; Ob iis otter OI Dryocoetes. Schwarz. Harriman Alaska Exp. 8, Ins. pt 1, p. 185 Dryocoetes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 337, 460, 650, _ 672, fig. 118 Dryocoetes. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 17 [Entomol. Blatter, Nr. 1 mit 6] Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Xyleborus. Dryocoetes. Dryocoetes. Dryocoetes. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 45 autographus Ratz. Ratzeburg. Forstins, 1:160, t. 13, fig. 6 septentrionis Mannh. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 298, (261) Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 3:325, (210) Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 161 Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:361 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:568 Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:643 =autographus Ratz. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 284 =autographus Ratz. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 262 =autographus Ratz. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 =autographus Ratz. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:416 =autographus Ratz, Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 =autographus Ratz. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp, Sta. Bul. 31, D137 Bills seu pore nL Dryocoetes. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 1852 1876 1878 1888 1888 1793 1813 1878 1881 1894 1903 1906 1868 1876 1878 1891 1893 1894 1897 1899 1900 1906 1793 1837 1839 1868 1903 1907 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 103 semicastaneus Maunh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul, Mosc. p. 358 =septentrionis Mannh. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :361 =autographus Ratz. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 284 =autographus Ratz. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 =autographus Ratz. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:416 villosus Herbst. Bostrichus. Herbst. Kaefer. 5:121 (?) Bostrichus. Gyllenhal. In. Suec, 3:361 =autographus Ratz. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 284 =autographus Ratz. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 262 Habitat. Alaska, Canada, northern United States, New Mexico, Europe, Japan. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies. 46 eichhofh Hopk. Dryocoetes. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 320 Dryocoetes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:336, 337 Habitat. New York, Montreal Island. Food plant. Betula lutea. 47 granicollis Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:162 Dryocoetes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :361 Dryocoetes. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Dryocoetes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:79 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 138; Bul. 32, p. 212 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 Dryocoetes. Chittenden. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n. s. p. 72 Dryocoetes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 251, 346, 445 Dryocoetes. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Dryocoetes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:720, 753 Habitat. Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, Colorado. Food plants. Picea, Castanea, Juglans cinerea. ECCOPTOGASTER Herbst. Herbst. Die Kafer. 5:124 Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:168 Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1 :225 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:142 Ganglbauer. Munch. Koleopt. Zeit. 1:311, footnote Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. [Entomol. Blatter, Nr. 1 mit. 6:5] 104 1826 1867 1868 1873 1876 1886 1890 1892 1893 1894 1896 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM COPTOGASTER Illiger Illiger. Mag, fiir Ins. 6:321 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:386 SCOLYTUS Geoffroy Scolytus. Geoffroy. Hist, Ins. Envir. Paris. 1:309 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent, Zeit. p. 31, 44, 46 Lacordaire. Col. 7:386, 387 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 53 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 261 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:370, 371 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 39, 148 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 520 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:386 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:443 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 120 Barbey, Scol. ’Europ. Cent. p. 34 48 californicus Lec. Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:165 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 372 Scolytus. Smith. Ent. Am. 2:127 Scolytus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 33 :217 Habitat. California, New Mexico. Food plants. 49 fagi Walsh Scolytus. Walsh. Pract. Ent. 2:58 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:166 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil.. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 372 Scolytus. Smith. Ent. Am. 2:127 Scolytus. Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 520, 611 Scolytus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:722 Habitat. Illinois, Texas. Food plants. Celtis occidentalis, Fagus americana. 50 muticus Say Scolytus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:323; ed. Lec. 2:182 Scolytus. Walsh. Prac. Ent. 2:58 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:166 Scolytus. Riley. Ins. Inj. Mo. 5th Rep’t, p. 105, 108 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 372 Scolytus. Smith. Ent. Am. 2:127 Scolytus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 612 Scolytus. Hopkins. Ins. Life. 4:257, 259 Scolytus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 140 etc.; Bul. 32, p. 212 Scolytus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Scolytus. Klages. Ent. News, 7:11, 12, 282 1897 1903 1905 1906 1876 1899 1904 1905 1907 1826 1867 1868 1873 1874 1876 1876 1883 1886 1890 1801 1892 1893 1894 1804 1895 1895 1896 1896 1899 1899 1900 1901 1905 1905 1905 1906 1867 1867 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 105 Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Habitat. Klages. Ent. News, 8:90 Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 320 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:145, pl. 4 Felt. N. Y. State Mus, Mem. 8, 2:725 Pennsylvania, Missouri. Food plant. Celtis americana, Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Habitat. 51 praeceps Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 373 Hopkins. -U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 16 Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 21 Gutrie. = Ws 55) Dive, Bite, Bul] -53,_p. 70 Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 California, Idaho. Food plant. Abies. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Bul. 32, Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. Scolytus. 52 quadrispinosus Say Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:323; ed. Lec. 2:182 Walsh. Prac. Ent. 2:58 : Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:165 Riley. Inj. Ins. Mo. 5th Rep’t, p. 105-7, sup. p. 54 Le Baron. Nox. Ins. Ill. Rep’t, p. 146 Thomas. Nox. Ins. Ill. Rep’t, p. 145 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:37! Saunders. Ont. Ent. Soc. 14:51 Smith. Ent. Am. 2:127 Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 294, 860 Hamilton. Ins. Life. 4:130 Hopkins. Ins. Life, 4:258 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 139 etc.; p. 212 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Smith. Ent. News, 6:294 Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Smith. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 465-74 Klages. Ent. News, 7:12 Osborn. Iowa Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 33, p. 504, fig. I Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:344 Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 304, 315, fig. 245 Snuth: Cat. Ins. Nz Jo p: 363 Britton. Ct. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 267, pl. 8, fig. 2 Gossard. Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 79, p. 300, 311 Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. ror Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 275-79 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 446, 502, 504, 505 caryae Riley Riley. Prairie Farmer, Feb. 2, Aug. 10, 1872 Walsh. Prac, Ent. 2:58 106 1868 1873 1876 1881 1837 1839 1860 1878 1880 1881 1882 1884 1884 1885 1886 1886 1888 1888 1889 1889 1889 - 1889 1889 1890 1801 1801 1893 1893 1894 1894 1894 1804 1894 1894 1895 1895 1895 1895 18096 1896 18096 1897 1897 1897 Scolytus. Scolytus. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:166 Riley. Nox. Ins. Mo. 5:103-7, 108, fig. 38, 371; sup. p. 54 =quadrispinosus Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371 —=dquadrispinosus Say. Riley. U. S. Ent. Com’n Bul. 6, p. 54 Habitat. New York to Georgia and Missouri, Quebec. Food plant. Hicoria. 53 rugulosus Ratz. Eccoptogaster. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:187, t. X, fig. 10 Eccoptogaster. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:230, t. X, fig. 10 Scolytus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 60, 21 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :626 Scolytus. Riley. Am, Ent. 3:208 Scolytus. Ejichhoff. Borkenk. p. 157-58 Scolytus. Penhallow. Houghton Farm Exp. Sta. Pub. ser. 3. 5:38 Scolytus. Hagen. Can. Ent. 16:161-63 Scolytus. Garman. Georgia Crop. Rep’t, Aug. 16 Scolytus. Hamilton. Can. Ent. 17:48 Scolytus. Scudder. Can. Ent. 18:195 Scolytus. Smith. Ent. Am. 2:127 Scolytus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:30 Scolytus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388, 406 Scolytus. Atkinson. S.C. Exp. Sta. Bul. 4. n.s. p. 79, 80 Scolytus. Howard. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:129 Scolytus. Forbes. Ill. Hort. Soc. Trans. 5:23, 245 Scolytus. Lintner. 4th Rep’t, p. 103-7, fig. 41 Scolytus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Scolytus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 860 Scolytus. Forbes. Ill. 6th Rep’t, p. 1-20, pl. 1; Ill. Agric. Exp. Bul. 15, p. 469-78 Scolytus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 3:208 Scolytus. Chittenden. Ins. Life, 5:250 Scolytus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 140 etc. Scolytus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:407 Scolytus. Sturgis. Ct. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 142 Scolytus. Murtfeldt. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32. 0. s. p. 40 Scolytus. Smith. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 431, 565-72, fig. 43 Scolytus. Troop. Ind. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 53, p. 126-30, fig. 1-3 Scolytus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Scolytus. Ky. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 41 Scolytus. Webster. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 68, p. 23-25, fig. rs Scolytus. Sturgis. Ct. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 191 Scolytus. Judeich—Nitsche. Forstins. 1:444, 486 Scolytus. Klages. Ent. News, 7:12 Scolytus. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 Scolytus. Ormerod. Rep’t 1895, p. 76 Scolytus. Britton. Ct. Exp. Rep’t 1806, p. 240-44, 283, pl. 6 Scolytus. Bogue. Okla. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 26, p. 16-17, fig. 1-4 Scolytus. Butz. Penn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 37, p. 26, fig. 6 1899 1868 1876 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 107 Scolytus. Ormerod. Hdbk. Ins. Orchard Fruits, p. 197-201, 2 fig. Scolytus. Chittenden. U. S. Div. Ent. Cir. 29 Scolytus. Stedman. Mo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 44, p. 1-12, fig. 1-4 Scolytus. Starnes. Ga. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 42, p. 227, fig. Scolytus. Smith. N. J. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 385 Scolytus. Baker. Ala. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. go, p. 33-37, fig. 4-6 Scolytus. Johnson. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:344 Scolytus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 295 Scolytus. Petit. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 175, p. 363-65, fig. 19 Scolytus. Fletcher. Ont. Ent. Soc. 30:110 Scolytus. Chittenden.. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 19, p. 96, 97 Scolytus. Webster. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 112, p. 143-49 Scolytus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:344 Scolytus. Lugger. Minn. Agric. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 313-15, fig. 243 Scolytus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Scolytus. Sherman. N. C. Bd Agric. Rep’t, p. 98 Scolytus. Lochhead. Ont. Ent. Soc. 31:72 Scolytus. Lowe. N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 180, p. 122-28 Scolytus. Johnson. N, Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 195, p. 303 Scolytus. Quaintance. Md. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 103, fig. 20 Scolytus. Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 39, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 3, fig. 2 Scolytus. Sherman. N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 186, p. 5-6, Io, 21, fig. I Scolytus. Washburn. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84, p. 57, 81, 91, fig. 30 Scolytus. Titus & Pratt. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 47, p. 20. Scolytus. Petit. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 24, p. 34, 53-55, 59, fig. 53 Scolytus. Starnes. Ga. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 67, p. 253-54, fig. 11 Scolytus. -Chittenden. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 346, 347, fig. 88 Scolytus. Smith. Ga. State Bd Ent. Bul. 17, p. 87-80, fig. 14 Scolytus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 13, 19, 20 Scolytus. Gossard. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 164, p. 19, 22 Scolytus. Symons. Md. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 101, p. 129-30, 146, fig. 4 Scolytus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 453, 503 Eccoptogaster. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 6 Habitat. Europe, United States, Canada. Food plants. Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus. 54 subscaber Lec. Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 373 Scolytus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 21 Scolytus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 76 Scolytus. Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:115 Habitat. California to British Columbia, Utah. Food plant. Abies. 55 sulcatus Lec. Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:167 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 373 Habitat. New York. Food plants. 108 1876 1878 1886 1890 1804 1899 1904 1905 1868 1876 1902 1902 1868 1876 1878 1883 1904 1868 1876 1878 1886 1888 1890 1906 1858 1868 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 56 unispinosus Lec. Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 15:371, 372 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :626 Scolytus. Smith. Ent, Am. 2:125-27 Scolytus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 859, fig. 203 Scolytus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Scolytus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent, Bul. 21, p. 16 Scolytus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 20 Scolytus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent, Bul. 53, p. 76 Habitat. Pacific coast and Rocky mountain region of United States. Food plants. Pseudotsuga mucronata, Larix occi- Me mhvalins Ca). 57 ventralis Lec. Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:167 Scolytus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:371, 373 Habitat. Washington. Food plants. ERINEOPHILUS Hopkins Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:34 58 schwarzi Hopk. Erineophilus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:34-38, fig. 2 Habitat. Florida. y Food plant. Ficus. GNATHOTRICHUS Eichhoft Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 275 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:350 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 405 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 517 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 246 59 asperulus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:155 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:350 Cryphalus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 202 Gnathotrichus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:40 Gnathotrichus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Gnathotrichus. Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 720 Gnathotrichus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:726 Habitat. Washington, D. C., Virginia. Food plant. Pinus. 60 materiarius Fitch Tomicus. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 40-42 Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 1868 1876 1877 1878 1886 1888 1890 1893 1894 1895 1897 1899 IQOI 1904 1905 1905 1905 1906 1907 1868 1876 1878 1868 1876 1878 1893 1804 1906 1907 1868 1876 1878 1904 1905 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Gnathotrichus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 275 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 15:350 Cryphalus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:566 Gnathotrichus Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 406 Gnathotrichus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:40 Gnathotrichus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:44, 80 Gnathotrichus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 718-20, 816, fig. 249 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 128; Bul. 32, p. 208 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Gnathotrichus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Gnathotrichus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n. s. p. 30 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 434, 442, fig. I1, 12 Gnathotrichus. Felt. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7 :495-06 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 15 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:73 Gnathotrichus. Garman. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 120, p. 69 Gnathotrichus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 70 Gnathotrichus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:339, 371-72, fig. 75 Gnathotrichus. Fall & Cockerell, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :217 corthyloides Eich. Gnathotrichus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 273 =materiarius Fitch. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :350 =materiarius Fitch. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 406 Habitat. Eastern United States and Canada to Texas. Food plants. Pinus, Picea. 6x retusus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:155 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:350 Gnathotrichus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 406, 511 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 128; Bul. 32, p. 208 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Gnathotrichus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Gnathotrichus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :217 Habitat. Nevada, Arizona, California. Food plant. Pinus. 62 sulcatus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:155 =retusus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:350 = retusus Lec. (?) Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 408, 512 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 15 Gnathotrichus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:73 IIo 1905 1907 1888 1802 1869 1888 1894 1894 1806 1899 1900 IQOI 1907 1907 1807 1844 1864 1869 1873 1878 1880 1881 1881 1881 1881 1882 1882 1886 1888 1888 1889 1889 1890 1891 1891 1892 1893 1893 1894 Gnathotrichus. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gnathotrichus. Fall Habitat. Pacific coast and Rocky mountain region, Mexico, Food plants. Pinu Sequoia. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastinus. Hylastinus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylastinus. Hylastes. Hylastinus. —=trifolii Miller. Currie. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 70 & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 s, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea, Thuja, HYLASTINUS Bede] Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388 63 obscurus Marsh, Marsham. Ent. Brit. p. 57 Chapman . Ent. M. Mag. 6:7 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388, 390, 408 Riley & Davis. M Howard. Ins. Life, 7:273 ich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 116, p. 41, 47 Hopk. & Rumsey. W. Va. Agric. Bul. 44, p. 264 Webster. Fletcher Webster. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 112 . *Ont.. Bats. 4067 Ont. Ent. Soc. 32:64 Webster. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 67 Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 8, 20 [Entomol. Blatter, Nr 1 mit 6] Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastes. Miller. Schmitt. trifolii Mii!ler Mem. Soc. Deprtm. M. Tonerre, 1:47 Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 380-97 Taschenburg. Naturg. wirbell. Thiere, p. 272-73 Chapuis. Chapuis. Syn. coll p22,. 22) (79) Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 231 Riley. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 248 Riley. Am. Ent. 3:180 Eichhoff. Saunders. Lintner. Borkenk. p. 97 Ont. Ent. Soc. p. 43-44, fig. 15 N. Y. Agric. Soc. Rep’t (1880), p. 16 Chase. Wis. Agric. Soc. Trans. 19:465 Saunders. Lintner. Schwarz. Ont. Ent. Soc. 12:43 rst iN: ¥.- Rept; p. 247 Ent. Am. 2:55 Weed. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 133, fig. 1 =obscurus Marsh. Hamilton. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:391 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 1:218 Hylesinus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 227, fig. 72 Weed. Ohio State Bul. 4, no. 2, ser. 2, p. 53-55 Fletcher. Can. Exp. Farm Rep’t . Smith. Ins. Life, 5:90 Webster. Webster. McCarthy. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 51, p. 120 Ind. Acad. Soc. Proc. p. 84 N.C. State Bul, oS 1894 1894 1895 1896 1899 1899 IQOI 1907 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Hylesinus. Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylastes. fig. 2 Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylastes. p. 8 Habitat. Webster. Barbey. =obscurus Marsh. Tredl. II! Webster. Ohio An. Rep’t, xxxi, xxxvii Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21 :406 Judeich—Nitsche. Forstins. 1:454, 488 Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 68, p. 31-33, pl. III, Lochhead. Lugger. Ont. Ent. Soc. 30, p. 71 Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 317, fig. 248 ScoL l’Europ. Cent. p. 47, pl. 23, fig. 23 Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. Europe, United States, Canada. Food plants. hybtridum, a he Ononis Trmtolium, pratense., Spartium Ls. medium, scoparium, Datrix, Ulex europeus. Fabricius. Erichson. HYLESINUS Fabricius Syst. El. 2:390 Wieg. Archiv. 2:56 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 29, 44, 46 Lacordaire. Zimmermann. Syn. Scol. p. 29 Mem. Soc. Lié€ge, p. 237 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:378 Chapuis. Chapuis. _ Leconte. Provancher. Col. 7:362 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148 Faun. Ent. Can. 1:571 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 133 Leconte & Horn. Bedel. Blandford. Barbey. Hylesinus, Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Bul. 32, Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Meliobius. Hylesinus. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:389, 392. Judeich-Nitsche. Col. N. A. p. 523 (Hylosinus) Forstins. 1:444, 445, fig. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 142, 154 Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 59 64 aculeatus Say Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:322; ed. Lec. 2:181 Zimmermann. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:379, 437 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:571 Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Knaus. Ent. Am. 2:76 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 543 Davis. Ins. Life, 4:66 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 142 ete.; p. 213 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Fichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :607 Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 320 Hopkins. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 20 112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1905 Hylesinus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 288 1905 Hylesinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 75 1907. Hylesinus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 1908 Hylesinus. Fiske. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 9:24 pruinosus Eich. 1868 Hylesinus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 149 1868 (?)=aculeatus Say. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 189 Hylesinus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 32 1873 Hylesinus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 240 1876 =aculeatus Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:379 1896 (?) —aculeatus Say. Eich. & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :607 Habitat. Canada, United States (Atlantic to Pacific). Food plant. Fraxinus. 65 aspericollis Lec. 1876 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :379, 380 1899 Hylesinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 16 1904 Hylesinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 20 1905 Hylesinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 75 Habitat. California, Oregon, Washington. Food plant. Alnus rhombifolia. 66 fasciatus Lec. 1868 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:170 1876 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:379, 380 Habitat. Pennsylvania. Food plants. 67 granulatus Lec. 1868 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:175 1876 Hylurgops. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 1904 Hylesinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 19 1905 Hylesinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 75 1905 Hylesinus. Burke. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:89 Habitat. Oregon, Washington, California. Food plant. Grand fir (Abies grandis)? 68 imperialis Eich. 1868 Hylesinus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 149 1868 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:169 1869 Hylesinus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 32 (aculeatus) 1873 Hylesinus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 240 1876 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15:379 196 Hylesinus. Eich. & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :607 Habitat. Dakota, Arizona, Wisconsin, Georgia, New York. Food plants. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 69 nebulosus Lec. 113 1859 Hylesinus. Leconte. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p. 285 1876 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:380 1894 Hylesinus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 1904 Hylesinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 20 1905 Hylesinus. Currie. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 75 Habitat. British Columbia to California, east to Idaho and Colo- rado. Food plant. Pseudotsuga mucronata. 70 sericeus Mannh. 1843 Hylurgus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 206, (256) 1852 Hylurgus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 356, (144) 1852 Hylesinus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 385 1868 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:170 1876 Hylesinus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:379, 380 1892 Hylesinus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:239 1894 Hylesinus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:254-56 1894 Hylesinus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 1904 Hylesinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 20 1905 Hylesinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 75 Habitat. Alaska to California. Food plant. Shore pine. HYLURGOPS Leconte 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:380 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 525 1888 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, p. 380, 408 71 (?) cristatus Mannh. 1853 Hylastes. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 239, (220) 1868 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 1876 (?) Hylurgops. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 1894 Hylastes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21:36 Habitat. Alaska. Food plants. 972 (?) glabratus Zett. 1828 Hylurgus. Zetterstedt. Fn. Ins. Lapp. p. 343 1838 Hylurgus. Zetterstedt. Ins. Lapp. 192, 5 1871 Hylastes. Salb. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 206 1881 Hylastes. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 91 1886 Hylastes. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 1888 Hylurgops. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 1888 Tomicus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Bassin Seine, Rynch. p. 390 1891 Hylastes. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:132 1893 Hylurgops. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 144 etc.; Bul. 32, p. 213 114 1804 1804 1804 1895 1890 1900 IGOI 1906 1907 1836 1837 1869 1881 1894 IQOI 1868 1868 1873 1876 1896 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hylastes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:406 Hylurgops. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Hylastes. Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 58 Hylastes. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:447, 523 Hylurgops. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 449 ete. Hylurgops. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 —=decumanus Er. Barbey. Scol. Europ. Cent. p. 45, pl. 1, fig. 21 Hylurgops. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:649, 665-66, fig. 194 Hylastes. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 9 decumanus Er. Hylastes. Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:51, 10 Hylesinus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:182; 1839, p. 222 Hylastes. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 20, 14; 1873, p. 228 —glabratus Zett. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 92 = glabratus Zett. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:407 Hylastes. Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 45, pl. 1, fig. 21 Habitat. Europe, Siberia, United States (?). Food plant. Picea. 73 pinifex Fitch Hylastes. Fitch. .N. Y.Agric..Soc) Drags. p43 Hylastes. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. p. 729 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:176 Hylurgops. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 Hylastes. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can, 1:574 Hylurgops. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Hylurgops. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 3d Rep’t, p. 280, pl. XXII =glabratus Zett. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 Hylurgops. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 = elabratus Zett. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:159 Hylurgops. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 700, 710, 722, 826, fig. 252, 254 =eglabratus Zett. Hamilton. Ent. Am. 6:44 =eglabratus Zett. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:132 = glabratus Zett. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 144 =glabratus Zett. Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 58 Hylastes. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 Hylastes. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 Habitat. Eastern United States and Canada. Food plant. Pinus. 74 rufipes Eich. Hylastes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 231 (?) Hylurgops. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 Hylastes. Ejichhoff. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:605, 606, 610 1868 1876 1878 1879 1884 1885 1889 1890 1890 1890 1893 1895 1896 1898 1899 1900 1905 1843 1853 1868 1873 1876 1804 . 1904 1904 1905 1905 1853 1868 1876 1804 1895 1806 1902 1905 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. 32, Dp. 213 Hylesinus. =rufipes Eich. Eichhoff & Schwarz. 606, 610 Hylastes. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Hylesinus. Habitat. Hylurgus. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylastes. Hylurgops. Hylurgops. Hylurgops. eps kes Hylurgops. Hylurgops. Hylurgops. Habitat. Food plants. 115 opaculus Lec. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:170 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:379, 380 Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:666 Riley. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Ent. Rep’t, p. 45 Harrington. Can. Ent. 16:218 Moffat. Ont. Ent. Soc. 15:23 Schwarz. -Ent.-Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149, 176 Perkins. Vt. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, p. 67, fig. 50 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 227, 544, fig. 2 Caulfield. Ont. Ent. Soc. 21:75 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 142 etc.; Bul. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:605, Blandford. Ent. News, 9:5 Garman. Ky. Sta. Bul. 84, p. 60, 73-75 Smith.« Cat. Ins: IN: J; "p. 365 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 288 New York, West Virginia and northward into Canada. Food plants. Ulimus, Fraxinus. 75 Yrugipennis Mannh. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 297, (258) Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 238, (218) Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:176 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 228 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21:36 Schwarz. Harriman Rep’t, Alaska Exp. pt 8; Insects, pt U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 19 U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 74 Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:81 Hopkins. Currie. Hopkins. Alaska to California and New Mexico. Pinus, Picea, Abies, Pseudotsuga. 76 subcostulatus Mannh. Hylastes. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 239, (219) Hylastes. Hylurgops. Hylurgops. Hylastes. Hylurgus. Hylurgops. Hylurgops. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:176 Ainge PhaleeSots soc.) 156300 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:36 Leconte. Hamilton. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 144, 146 Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:606 Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 13 Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 74 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM alternans Chap. 1869 Hylastes. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 22 1873 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 230 1895 =subcostulatus Mannh. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 146 1896 = subcostulatus Mannh. Ejichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc, 18 :606 Habitat. Alaska to New Mexico, Pacific coast and Rocky Moun- tain region. Food plant. Western pines. HYPOTHENEMUS Westw. 1836 Westwood. Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. 1:36 1836 Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:61 1864 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 34, 45, 56 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:355 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 517 1885 Gozman. Rev. d’Ent. 4:278 1896 Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608 1904 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 226 STEPHANODERES Eichhoff 1871 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 132 1878 Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 142 1881 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 46, 190 1896 Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608 HOMOEOCRYPHALUS Lindeman 1876 Lindeman. Bul. Mosc. 2:168 1904 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 226 77 dissimilis Zimm. 1868 Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:144 1876 Hypothenemus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :356 1878 Crypturgus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 144 1878 Hypothenemus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 1888 Hypothenemus. Schwarz.. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 1890 Hypothenemus. Smith. Ent. Am. 6:54 1890 Hypothenemus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 267 1893 Hypothenemus. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:393 1893 Hypothenemus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 133; Bul. 32, p. 210 1895 Hypothenemus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 22:346, 378 1895 Hypothenemus. Chittenden. Ins. Life, 7 :385 1896 Hypothenemus. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 1899 Hypothenemus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:343 1900 Stephanoderes. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 1905 Hypothenemus. Wenzel. Ent. News, 16:124 1871 1876 1878 1896 1876 1890 1890 1893 1806 1896 1900 1878 1896 1836 1836 1863 1865 1867 1878 1879 1884 1887 1889 1889 1890 1891 1893 1893 1804 1804 1894 1895 1896 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 I17 chapuisii Eich, Stephanoderes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 132 (?)= erectus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:356 Stephanoderes. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 143 =dissimilis Zimm. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608, 610 Habitat. Lake Superior and Quebec to Georgia, West Virginia, New York, New Jersey. Food plants. (dead twigs), Hypothenemus. Hypothenemus. Hypothenemus. Hypothenemus. Hypothenemus. Hypothenemus. 610 Hypothenemus. Stephanoderes. =erectus Lec. 610 Habitat. Food plants. Tomicus (Hypothenemus). Quercus, Pinus, Hicoria, Vitis, Prunus (wild), Ficus Pyrus. 78 erectus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :356 Smith. Ent. Am. 6:54 Smuth.. Cat..Ins. N. J. p.. 267 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31:133 Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608, Smith... Cat. Ins, Ni J. p: 362 sculpturatus Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 146 Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608, New Jersey, West Virginia, Texas. Quercus, Hicoria, Vitis, Lonicera, Ficus, Pyrus. 79 eruditus Westw. Westwood. Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. 2:34, £..% BSe 1) 2s Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. p. 61 Fairm. Gen. Col. p. 4, t. 33, fig. 161 Tomicus. Scudder. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 10:13-14 Ferrari. Borkenk. p, 7 =areccae Horn. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 165 Hypothenemus, Sharp, Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. p. 102 Hypothenemus. Fauvel. Rev. d’ Ent. 3:315, 390 Hypothenemus. Hubbard. Ins. Orange, p. 173, pl. 14, fig. 1 Hypothenemus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 16:158 Hypothenemus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:139 Hypothenemus., Smith. Ent. Am. 6:54 Hypothenemus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:74 Hypothenemus. Chittenden. Ins. Life, 5 :250 Hypothenemus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 132 Hypothenemus. Blandford. Ins. Life, 6 :261-63 Hypothenemus. Reitter. Bestim. Tab. 75 Hypothenemus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21 :406 Hypothenemus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22 :346, 378 =crudiae Pan. (?) Eichhoff. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608 118 1896 1900 1904 1905 1842 1878 1884 1896 1900 1904 1864 1878 1904 1868 1876 1878 1878 1888 1890 1894 1894 1806 1900 1904 1905 1871 1876 1878 1878 1896 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hypothenemus. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep't, p. 270 =aveccae Horn. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Hypothenemus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 229, 230 =hispidulus Lec. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 7 (?) areccae Horn Bostrichus. Hornung. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 117 Stephanoderes. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 165, 166 —eruditus Westw. Fauvel. Rev. d’Ent. 3:315, 390 —eruditus Westw. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608 Hypothenemus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 —eruditus Westw. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 229, 230 boieldieui Perroud Bostrichus. Perroud. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. p. 188 —=areccae Horn.(?). Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 166 =eruditus Westw. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 229, 230 Habitat. Mexico, United States, Canada, Panama, Nevis, Europe, Guinea, Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia. Food plants. Oak, orange, fig, grape, sugar cane, nuts, Lonicera, Pyrus, Robinia. -80 hispidulus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:156 Hypothenemus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :355 Cryphalus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 156 Hypothenemus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :468 Hypothenemus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:158 (?) =dissimilis Zimm. Smith Ent. Am. 6:54 Hypothenemus. Blandford. Ins. Life, 6:263 —eruditus Westw. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21 :406 ~ —crudiae Pan. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608, 610 =crudiae Pan. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Hypothenemus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 230 Stephanoderes. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 7, 13 seriatus Fich. Stephanoderes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 133 (?) =hispidulus Lec. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :356 Stephanoderes. Eichhoff. Rat..Tom. p. 158 (New Orleans) Habitat. Eastern, Middle and Southern States. Food plants. Quercus, Hicoria. 81 rotundicollis Eich. Stephanoderes. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 145 Stephanoderes. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608 Habitat. Amer. Septent (Tennessee). Food plants. 1868 1876 1775 1884 1888 1895 1777 1836 1868 1807 1868 1869 1876 1877 1879 1881 1883 1895 1895 I9OI 1867 1868 1876 1878 1878 1893 1899 1904 1905 1906 1878 1806 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 82 striatus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:156 Hypothenemus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:356 Habitat. Lower and Upper California; Illinois. Food plants. (?) Degeer DeGeer. Mem. Ins. 5:190 Bergroth. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 28:230 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:396, 400 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 185, 188 BOSTRICHUS Fabr. Fabricius. Syst. Ent. p. 59 Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1, p. 62 Zimmerman. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:142, 146 TOMICUS Latreille (1807) Latreille. Gen. Crust & Ins. 2:276 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:162-64 Lacordaire. Gen. Col. 9:382 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:346, 362 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:569 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 220 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 48, 211 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 518, 519 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:448, 449, 451, fig. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 185, 186 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 81 83 avulsus Eich. Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 402 Bostrichus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2:147 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :363, 366 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 255 Tomicus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:460 Tomicus Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 32, p. 212 139; 11g Bul. Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 344, 422, 445 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. §S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 44 Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 100 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Habitat. Southern United States. Food plant. Pinus. 84 balsameus Lec. Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :625 = punctipennis Lec. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat Mus, 18 :609, 610 Proc 120 IQOI 1902 1904 1905 1906 1867 1868 1876 1877 1878 1878 1886 1888 1890 1893 1894 1894 1894 1895 1899 1900 IQOI 1902 1906 1874 1876 1858 1886 1906 1824 1858 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tomicus. Felt, N. Y. Forest, Fish and Game Com’n Rep’t, 7 :519-22, fig. 20 Tomicus. Felt. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 31, p. 65 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 25 Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 81 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:338, 354, 374, 375-79, 386, 380, 673, fig. 80-84 Habitat. Maine and Quebec to Michigan and West Virginia. Food plants. Abies, Picea, Pinus. 85 caelatus Fich. Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 402 Xyleborus. Zimmerman. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:146 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 Xyleborus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:568 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 274, 370 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 17:468, 666 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:47, 80 Xyleborus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n 5th Rep’t, p. 706, 710, 812, 825, fig. 277, 278 Tomicus. Hopkins. .W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 139; Bul. 32, p. 212 Xyleborus. Blandford. Ins. Life, 6:261 Tomicus. Hopkins. Can, Ent. 26:280 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:16, 27 Xyleborus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 258, 342, 446 Ips: South. Cat, Ins: NJ; (p: (363 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7:488-90, fig. 8 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 12 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:338, 354-56, 374, 376, fig. 72 vicinus Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 5:72 =caelatus Eich. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :360 xylographus Fitch Tomicus. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 716 =caelatus Eich. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 =caelatus Eich. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:355 Habitat. Canada; United States, south to West Virginia. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies. 86 calligraphus Ger. Bostrichus. Germar. Ins. Nov. p. 461 Tomicus. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 721 1868 1876 1877 1878 1888 1890 1893 1893 1894 1804 1897 1899 1900 IQOI 1902 1902 1903 1906 1837 1878 1837 1878 1826 1841 1868 1876 1878 1867 1876 1876 1878 1852 1853 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 121 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:162 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15 :363 Tomicus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:570 Tomicus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:460, 643 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Tomicus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n 5th Rep’t, p. 711, 712, fig. 244, 245 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 138; Bul 32; p. 212 Tomicus. Garman. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 47, p. 50-52 Tomicus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 Tomicus. Garman. Ky. Agric. Rep’t 1893, p. 127 Tomicus. Johnson. Penn. Agric. Rep’t, p. 109-10 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 422 ips. coniith. - Cat. Ins, IN: J.. ps 363 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7 :482-85, fig. 4, 5 : Tomicus. Felt. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 31, p. 64 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 11 Tomicus. Gillette. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t 15, p. 116-17 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:334, 338, 342, 345-51, 354, 356, 358, fig. 67, 68, 60 chloroticus Dej. Bostrichus. Dej. Cat. p. 332 =calligraphus Ger. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 224 conformis Dej. Bostrichus. Dej. Cat. p. 332 =calligraphus Ger. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 224 exesus Say Bostrichus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:255; ed. Lec. 2:317 Bostrichus. Harris. Ins. Mass. p. 74 Bostrichus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:147 =calligraphus Ger. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :363 =calligraphus Ger. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 224 praemorsus Eich. Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 401 (?) =calligraphus Ger. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363 =calligraphus Ger, Eichhoff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 37 :378 =calligraphus Ger. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 224 Habitat. Atlantic region of United States to New Mexico, Canada. Food plant. Pinus. 87 concinnus Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 2:358, (149) Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 3:234, (209) I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1868 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:164 1876 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc, 15 :363, 367 1878 Xylocleptes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:625 1878 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom, p. 232 1886 Xylocleptes. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 1894 Xylocleptes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 1895 Tomicus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 186, 188 1898 Tomicus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 1904 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 17 1905 Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73 1905 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:75 hirsutus Eich. 1867 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 402 1878 =concinnus Mannh. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 233 1895 =concinnus Mannh. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 188 Habitat. Alaska to middle California. Food plants. Pinus, Picea sitchensis. 88 confusus Lec. 1876 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:362, 364 1886 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 1890 Tomicus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 713 1904 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18 1905 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:77 1905. Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73 montanus Eich. 1881 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 219 1886 =confusus Lec. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Habitat. Oregon, California, Arizona. Food plants. Pinus edulis, P. monophylla. 89 decretus Eich. 1867 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 402 1868 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 1878 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 272 Habitat. America Borealis. Food plants. g0 emarginatus Lec. 1876 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363, 364 Habitat. Oregon. Food plants. gi grandicollis Eich. 1867 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 402 1878 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 231 1898 Tomicus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 1905 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:77 1868 1876 1878 1878 1888 1890 1893 - 1893 1893 1894 1804 1894 1897 1898 18990 1900 IQOI 1906 1868 1876 1878 1876 1878 1894 1869 1878 1898 1903 1904 1905 1905 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 123 cacographus Lec. Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:162 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:362, 364 =grandicollis Eich. (?) Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 231 Tomicus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:469 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Tomicus. Packard. U. S: Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 713, fig. 246 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 138; Bul. 42. p. 212 Tomicus. Bruner. Neb. Hort. Rep’t, p. 190, fig. 38 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ins. Life, 6:129 Tomicus. Bruner. Neb. Hort. Rep’t, p. 187, fig. 38 Tomicus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:16, 27 Tomicus. Johnson. Penn. Agric. Rep’t, p. 79-80, 110 =grandicollis Eich. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 422 Ips. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7 :485 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:334, 338, 342, 354, 356-359, 374, fig. 73 pini (Say) Zimm. Bostrichus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:147 =cacographus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:364 =grandicollis Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 231 Habitat. Middle Atlantic, Southern and Western States; Quebec. Food plants. Pinus, Picea. 92 hudsonicus Lec. Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363, 366 Tomicus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Habitat. Hudson Bay region, Utah. Food plant. Picea. 93 integer Eich. Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 273 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 226 =plastographus Lec. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 186, 187 Tomicus. Gillette. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t 15, p. 117 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:75, 76, 77 Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73 Habitat. Rocky mountain region of United States, Mexico. Food plants. Pinus ponderosa, P. monticola. 124 1852 1853 1868 1868 1876 1878 1878 1878 187 1868 1878 1874 1876 1904 1905 1868 1876 1878 1903 1903 1904 1905 1905 1868 1876 1878 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 94 interruptus Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 357, (147) Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 234, (208) Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:164 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363, 366 Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 238 Tomicus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:643 Habitat. Alaska, Hudson Bay region, Colorado. Food plants. 95 (?) interpunctus Eich. Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 241 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 39:390 tridens Eich. Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 =interpunctus Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 241 Habitat. American Borealis (Sitka). Food plants. g6 latidens Lec. Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent, Soc. Trans. 5:72 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363, 367 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 17 Tomicus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 72 Habitat. Oregon, California, Colorado. Food plant. Pinus lambertiana. 97 oregoni Eich. Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:435 Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 250 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 10 Tomicus. Gillette. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t 15, p. I17 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 17, 44 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:77 Tomicus. Currie. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73, 100 Habitat. Western United States. Food plant. Pinus. 98 perturbatus Eich. Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 Tomicus. Leconte. - Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:435 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 248 Habitat. American Borealis. Food plants. 1826 1837 1841 1852 1858 1868 1868 1876 1877 1878 1888 1890 1893 1894 1899 1899 1900 1901 1903 1906 1826 1876 1826 1876 1867 1876 1868 1876 1895 1808 1903 1904 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 I25 99 pini Say Bostrichus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:257; ed. Lec. 2:319 Tomicus. Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:191 Tomicus. Harris. Ins. N. E. p. 74 Tomicus. Harris. Rep’t Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 78 Tomicus. Fitch. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 722, 751 Bostrichus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:147 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:163 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :363, 365 Tomicus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:570 Tomicus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Tomicus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80, 149, 175 Tomicus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 713-14, 858, fig. 247 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 139; Bul. 32, p. 212 Tomicus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Tomicus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 342, 343, 422, 445 Tomicus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 21, p. 16 Ips. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7:487-88, fig. 7 Tomicus. Gillette. .Col. Agric. Rep’t, 24:117 Tomicus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:334, 338, 351-54, 350, 376, fig. 70, 71 dentatus Sturm. Tomicus. Sturm. Cat. p. 76, t. 4, fig. 30 =pini Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :426 pallipes Sturm. Tomicus. Sturm. Cat. p. 76 =pini Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :426 praefrictus Eich, Tomicus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 401 =pini Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :365 Habitat. Eastern United States and Canada, Montana (?), Colorado (?). Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Larix. too plastographus Lec. Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:163 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :362, 364 Tomicus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 186, 187 Tomicus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 Tomicus. Gillette. Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t 15, p. 117 Tomicus. Powell. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 12:237-43 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1905 Tomicus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:75, 76 1907 Tomicus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :217 Habitat. California, New Mexico. Food plant. Pinus radiata. ror rectus Lec. 1876 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:363, 365 Habitat. Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico. Food plants. 1o2 (?) spinifer Eich. 1878 Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 499 1878 Tomicus. Ejichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 39:390 Habitat. America Borealis (California) (?) Food plants. 103 (?) terminatus Mannh. 1885 Tomicus (?). Henshaw. Col. N. A. p. 148 104 tridens Mannh. 1852 Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 357, (148) 1853 Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 273 1868 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:164 1876 Tomicus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :363, 366 1878 Tomicus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 240 1894 Tomicus. Hamilton. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:36 Habitat. Alaska. Food plants. LOGANIUS Chapuis 1869 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 52 1873. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 260 1894 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:44 1896 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 128 105 ficus Sz. 1894 Loganius. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:44 1894 Loganius. Ashmead. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:33 Habitat. Florida. Food plant. Ficus aurea. MICRACIS Leconte 1868 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:164-65 1876 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :367-68 1878 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 302 1883 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 519 1878 1878 1900 1876 1890 1892 1876 1878 1876 1878 1890 1891 1895 1906 1878 1878 1900 1906 1868 1868 1876 1878 1878 1890 1891 1891 1891 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 127 106 asperulus Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :626 Micracis. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Micracis. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Habitat. Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia. Food plant. Quercus. 107 hirtellus Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :368, 369 Micracis. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 671 Micracis. Blaisdell. Ins. Life, 5:36 Habitat. California. Food plants. Umbellularia californica, Salix. r1o8 nanula Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:368, 360 Micracis. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:469 Habitat. Florida. Food plants. (?). 1og rudis_ Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:368, 369 Micracis. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc, 17 :666 Micracis. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 612 Micracis. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:74 Micracis. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Micracis. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:725 Habitat. Michigan. Food plants. Celtis occidentalis, Robinia pseud- acacia, Hicoria. 110 opacicollis Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :625 Micracis. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 (?) =asperula Lec. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Micracis. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:702 Habitat. New Jersey, New York. Food plants. Castanea dentata, Quercus, Hama- melis. 11r suturalis Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Ent, Soc. Trans. 2:165 Micracis. Shimer. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:viii Micracis. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :368 Micracis. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 303 Micracis. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Micracis. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 660 Micracis. Hamilton. Can, Ent. 23 :65 Micracis. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:131 Micracis. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 4:04 128 1892 1893 1895 1900 1906 1868 1878 1881 18901 1891 1892 1893 1906 1868 1869 1873 1907 1868 1869 1873 1907 1869 1873 1876 1881 1883 1888 1894 1897 IQOI NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Micracis. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:268 Micracis. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:394 Micracis. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Micracis. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Micracis. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:715 aculeatus Lec. Micracis. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:165 Micracis. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 304 Micracis. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 9:xxii Micracis. Hamilton. Can. Ent. 23:65 Micracis. Riley. Ins. Life, 4:94 Micracis. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:268 =suturalis Lec. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:394 Micracis. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:715 Habitat. Massachusetts and New York to Michigan, Kansas and Louisiana. Food plants. Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Hicoria, Cercis canadensis, Fraxinus, Quercus, Juglans nigra, Benzoin aestivale, Salix Sassafras, Robinia, Corylus. PAGIOCERUS Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 148 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 26 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 234 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. pt 6, p. 49 Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 8:112 II2 rimosus Eich. Pagiocerus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 148 Pagiocerus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 26 Pagiocerus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 234 Pagiocerus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 49 Pagiocerus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 8:113 Habitat. Cuba, Columbia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Pan- ama, Florida. Food plants. Anona glabra, A. cherimolia (Mexico), “coru” (Columbia, S. A.), Persea barbonia (Florida), PHLOEOSINUS Chapuis Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 37 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 245 Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :381 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 131 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 523 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:389, 393 Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 68 ‘ Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 143, 160 Barbey. Scol. Europ. Cent. p. 58 1868 1876 1893 1897 1903 1903 1904 1905 1825 1852 1858 1876 1886 1886 1890 1890 1893 1804 18096 1897 1900 1901 1904 1905 1906 1868 1868 1869 1873 1876 1886 1892 1806 1897 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 129 113 cristatus Lec. Phloeosinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:170 Phloeosinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :381 Phloeosinus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 5 :262 Phloeosinus. Blandford. Biol, Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 160 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Bur. For. Bul. 38, p. 39, 40, fig. 4 Habitat. California. Food plants. Cupressus, Sequoia sempervirens(?). 114 cupressi Hopk. Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Bur. For. Bul. 38, p. 35-38, fig. 2, 3 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 45 Phloeosinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 100 Habitat. California. Food plants. Hylurgus. Hylurgus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. 32, p. 213 Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Cupressus, Sequoia sempervirens. 115 dentatus Say Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:258; ed. Lec. 2:319 Harris. Fitch. Nox. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Rep’t Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 77 Ins. 4th Rep’t, p. 750; N. Y. Agric. Soc. Trans, 1857 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:381 Knaus. Ent. Am. 2:77 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 904-6, fig. 200 Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 2:350 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 142; Bul. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 : Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:608, 610 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am, Col. 4, pt 6, p. 160 Smith .Cat. Ins; N: Ji po 365 Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7 :522-23, fig. 25, 26 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 25 Phloeosinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 81 Phloeosinus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 337, 338, 391-03, fig. 90, OI, 92 (?) Dendroctonus. (?) Dendroctonus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloeosinus. Phloesosinus. Hopkins. =dentatus Say. Eichhoff & Schwarz. 610 Phloeosinus. graniger Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 39, 95 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 247 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :382, 436, 437 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 Ins. Life, 4:258 U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608, Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 160 130 1868 1868 1869 1873 1876 1886 1896 1896 1897 1868 1876 1886 1889 1897 1900 1907 1876 1886 1902 1903 1903 1904 1905 1903 1904 1905 1796 1836 1864 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM haagii Eich. (?) Dendroctonus. Eichhoff. Berl, Ent. Zeit. p. 148 (?) Dendroctonus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 Phloeosinus. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 38 Phloeosinus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 247 Phloeosinus.. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15 :382, 436, 437 (?)=dentatus Say. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 —=dentatus Say. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:610 (?) =punctatus Lec. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :608 Phloeosinus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 160 serratus Lec. Phloeosinus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:170 Phloeosinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :381 (?) =dentatus Say. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:56 Phloeosinus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:176 Phloeosinus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 160 =dentatus Say. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 Phloeosinus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 Habitat. Eastern and middle United States and Canada, New Mexico. Food plants. Juniperus, Thuja. 116 punctatus Lec. Phloeosinus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:381, 382 Phloeosinus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:55 Phloeosinus. Fowler. Cal. Rep’t Agric. Exp. Sta. p. 80 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 35:60 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Bur. For, Bul. 38, p. 35 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18 Phloeosinus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 73 Habitat. Lake Superior and Rocky mountain regions. Food plants. Libocedrus decurrens, Chamaecy-= paris lawsoniana (Giant arbor-vitae). 117 sequoiae Hopk. Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Bur. For. Bul. 38, p. 33-35, fig. 1, pl. 12 Phloeosinus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 18, 45 Phloeosinus. Currie. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 74 Habitat. California, Washington. Food plants. Sequoia sempervirens, Giant arbor-vitae. PHLOEOTRIBUS Latreille Latreille. Prec. car. gener. Ins. 50 Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:56 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 29, 44, 46 1868 1868 1869 1873 1876 1881 1883 1888 TQOI 1795 1801 1868 1876 1890 1893 1893 1894 1894 1895 1806 18908 1900 1903 1905 1906 1868 1868 1873 1876 1852 1863 1868 1873 1876 1878 1882 1888 1890 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 131 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2: 147, 148 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:168 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 43 Chapuis. Mem, Soc. Liege, p. 251 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :376 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 39, 147 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 522 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:389, 394 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 65 118 frontalis Oliv. Scolytus. Olivier. Ent. 4, no. 78, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 20 Bostrichus. Fabricius. Syst. El. 2:3890 Phloeotribus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148 Phloeotribus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :377 Phloeotribus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n 5th Rep’t p. 612 Phloeotribus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 142; Bilao peers : Phloeotribus. Chittenden. Ins. Life, 5:249 Phloeotribus. Riley. Ins. Life, 6:227 Phloeotribus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Phloeotribus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:146 Phloeotribus. Ashmead. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:233 Phloeotribus. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:78 Phloeotribus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Phloeophthorus. Hopkins. - U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 320 Phloeophthorus. Hopkins. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 7:78 Phloeotribus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 725 granicollis Eich. Phloeophthorus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 140 Phloeophthorus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 Phloeotribus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 251 = frontalis Fabr. Leconte. Am: PhiliSoc. Proc. 15:377 Habitat. Atlantic States to Iowa and Tetinessee. Food plants. Morus, Celtis occidentalis, Brous~ sonetia papyrifera. — 119 liminaris Harris Tomicus. Harris. Rep’t Inj. Ins. Veg. p. 78 Tomicus. Harris. Inj. Ins. ed. ult. 88 Phloeotribus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:148 Phloeosinus. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 247 Phloeotribus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:377 Phloeotribus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 566 Phloeosinus. Linden. Buf. Soc. Bul. 4:61 Phloeotribus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:113, 149 Phloeotribus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 227, 530 1879 1888 1874 1876 1878 1892 1894 1904 1874 1876 1878 1907 1876 1896 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phloeotribus. Caulfield. Ont. Soc. Ent. 21:75 Phloeotribus. Webster. Ins. Life, 3:452 Phloeotribus. Lintner. oth N. Y. Rep’t, p. 365-68 Phloeotribus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 141 ete. * Buls2; ‘p. 213 Phloeotribus. Fletcher. Ottawa House Com’n, p. 7 Phloeotribus. Cockerell. N. M. Agric. Exp. Bul. 15, p. 69 Phloeotribus. Lintner. trith N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 Phloeotribus. Fletcher. ‘Ottawa House Com’n, p. 18 Phloeotribus. Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 364 Phloeophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 320 Phloeophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. ro Phloeotribus. Felt. N. Y. Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, 428, 452 Phloeotribus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 Habitat. New York to Tennessee, eastern Canada, New Mexico. Food plants. Prunus persica, P. armentacauee cerasts, Pi sSerotinia. (Py riks mats. 120 puberulus Lec. Phloeotribus. Leconte. U. S. Geol. Sur. Bul. 5:519 Habitat. , Food plants. PITYOGENES Bedel Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:397, 401 I21 carinulatus Lec. Cryphalus Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 5:70 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:352 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:624 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:168 Pityogenes. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 . Pityogenes. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 17, 44 hamatus Lec. Xyleborus. Lec. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 5:72 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 361 =carinulatus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:624 Pityophthorus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 Habitat. California to Washington, South Dakota and Colorado. Food plants. Pinus ponderosa, Picea engelmanni, (Jeffrey pine). 122 fossifrons Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:353 Pityogenes. Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:6c9 Habitat. Vancouver island. Food plants. 1868 1876 1878 1878 1892 1893 1894 1899 1906 1878 1886 1896 1868 1876 1878 1878 1888 1890 18Q1 1893 1894 1895 1896 1899 1900 1905 1906 1864 1871 1876 1878 1881 1883 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 133 123 plagiatus Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:161 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :361 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 280 Pityophthorus, Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:623 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:168 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 129; Bul. 32, p. 208 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:278 Pityogenes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 342, 427, 429 Pityogenes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Habitat. Maryland, New York, West Virginia. Food plant. Pinus. 124 punctipennis Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:624, 666 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Pityogenes. Ejichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:609, 610 Habitat. Michigan. Food plants. 125 sparsus Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:160 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:360 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :624 Pityophthorus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:643 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Pityophthorus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 720 Pityophthorus. Hamilton. Ins. Life, 4:132 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 130; Bul. 32, p. 208 Pityophthorus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:406 Pityophthorus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Pityogenes. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:609 Pityogenes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 446 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityogenes. Currie. U. S. Diy. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 80 Pityogenes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Habitat. Eastern United States and Canada. Food plant. Pinus. PITYOPHTHORUS Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 8:30, 45, 46 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 15:137 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:347, 349, 350 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 173 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 49, 192 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 517 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1888 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:396, 308 1891 Blandford. Ent. Mo. Mag. 2:15-17 1895 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:448, 451, fig. 1901 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 74 126 annectens Lec. 1878 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:622 1889 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:164 1890 Pityophthorus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 715 1892 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:167 1906 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 Habitat. Florida. Food plant. Pinus echinata. 127 cariniceps Lec. 1876 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:353 1893 Pityophthorus. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:393 1893 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 130; Bul. 32, p. 209 1899 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 443 1901. Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 28, pl. 8 1904 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 24 1905 Pityophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 80 1906 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:650, 674 Habitat. Maine to Michigan and West Virginia, Quebec. Food plants. Picea, Pinus strobus. 128 comatus Zimm. 1868 Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 1876 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15 :355 1878 Cryphalus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 136 Habitat. South Carolina. Food plants. 129 concentralis [ich. 1878 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 188 1889 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:163 1899 Pityophthorus. Henshaw. Ent. Am. 5:132 1891 Pityophthorus. Beutenmiiller. N. Y. Micro. Soc, Jour. 7:50 Habitat. Florida, Cuba. Food plant. Rhus metopium. 130 coniperda Sz. 1895 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:144-45 1902 Pityophthorus. Harrington. Ont, Ent. Soc. 3:117 1906 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:751 Habitat. Ontario, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia. Food plant. Pinus, in cones. 1876 1893 1804 1899 1904 1905 1906 1878 1889 1891 1891 1891 1892 1893 1894 1906 1879 1874 1876 1892 1871 1876 1878 1893 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 135 131 confinus Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :354 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 130; Bul. 32, p. 209 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. Can. Ent, 26:278 (?) =bisuleatus Eich. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 284, 344, 443 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 16 Pityophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 71 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 Habitat. California, Washington, Idaho, New Mexico, West Virginia. Food plant. Pinus. 132 consimilis Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :622, 665 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:164 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:357 Pityophthorus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 4:123 Pityophthorus. Beutenmiiller. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:50 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:167 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 130; Bul. 32, p. 209 Pityophthorus. Ashmead. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:33 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:503, 737; Pityo- genes, p. 482 Habitat. Florida; Washington, D. C.; New York (Ithaca); Michi- gan (Detroit, Marquette) ; Quebec. Food plants. All species of the genus Rhus; Nyssa sylva- EMC an 133 deletus Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. U. S. Geol. Sur. Bul. 5:519 Habitat. Colorado. Food plants. 134 digestus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 5:71 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:355 Pityophthorus. Blaisdell. Ins. Life, 5:36 Habitat. California (Mojave desert). Food plant. Rhus integrifolia. 135 lautus. Eich. Pityophthorus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 135 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:354 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 190 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 131; Bul. 32, p. 200 1898 1906 1843 1852 1853 1868 1876 1878 1804 1894 1903 1904 1905 1905 1907 1868 1876 2878 1878 7868 1876 1878 1868 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pityophthorus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 Habitat. Texas, West Virginia. Food plant. Pinus. 136 nitidulus Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannh. Bul, Mosc. p. 208, (263) Bostrichus. Mannh. Bul. Mosc. p. 350, (152) Bostrichus. Mannh. Bul. Mosc. p. 273 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:157 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:354 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 173 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Pityophthorus. Hamilton, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 Pityophthorus. Gillette. Col. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, 15 :118 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 17 Pityophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 72 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Harriman Alaska Exped. Rep’t, Insects, pt Tp. 2o5 Pityophthorus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 atratulus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:156 =nitidulus Mannh. =cribripennis Eich. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:354 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 175 Habitat. Coast and Cascade region, Alaska to California; Utah; New Mexico. Food plants. Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga muc- ronata, Pinus flexilis (shore pine), Picea engel- manni. 137 obliquus Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:432733, 468 Habitat. Michigan (Marquette). Food plants. Pityophthorus. Habitat. Food plants. 138 opaculus Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :623 Michigan. 139 pilosus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:154 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15:35! Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 199 pilosulus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2:156 Habitat. Middle California. Food plants. 187 1878 1896 1903 1888 1890 1896 1900 1906 1868 1876 1878 1878 1888 1890 1890 1891 1893 1895 1806 1899 1900 1906 1871 1878 1896 1857 1868 1876 1878 1890 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 137 140 pruinosus Eich. Pityophthorus. Ejichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 39:390 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 198 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609, 610 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep't Agric. Yearbook, p. 318 querciperda Sz. Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:56 Pityophthorus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 93 =pruinosus Eich. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609, 610 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus, Mem. 8, 2:702 Habitat. New York to Florida. Food plant. Quercus. 141 puberulus Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:157 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :354 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :665 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 202 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Pityophthorus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 812 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 267 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:65 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 131; Bul. 32, p. 209 Pityophthorus. Hamilton. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609, 610 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 443 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 infans Eich. Pityophthorus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 135 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 187 =puberulus Lec. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609, 610 Habitat. District of Columbia, Michigan, New York, West Vir- ginia. Food plant. Tomicus. Cryphalus. Pityophthorus. Pityophthorus. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Leconte. Pinus. 142 pubipennis Lec. Pac. R. R. Expl. Sur. Ins. p. 50 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:154, 156 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:35! Eichhoff. Rat. Tom, p. 197 Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 93 1868 1876 1878 18096 1899 1906 1878 1888 1893 1896 1899 1906 1868 1868 1876 1878 1878 1889 1890 1890 1899 1900 1906 1868 1868 1876 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 16 Pityophthorus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 243 Pityophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 71 Habitat. Pacific coast, California to Oregon; Guatemala (San Ger- onimo). Food plant. Quercus. 142 pulchellus Eich. Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 275 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:352, 435 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 181 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18-609, 610 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 442 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus, Mem. 8, 2:752 hirticeps Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :623, 665 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 131; Bul. 32, p. 200 (?)= pulchellus. 610 Pityophthorus. Pityophthorus. Habitat. Virginia. Food plants. Michigan (Marquette), Bimiisy steal cera Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609, Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 442 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem, 8, 2:751 Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Mla, fF leamar eds 144 pulicarius Zimm. Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:144 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:155, 157 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. 15 :353 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 195 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:163 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash, Proc. 1:231 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 267 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 442 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 _ Habitat. New Jersey, West Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Tllinois. Food plant. Pinus. 145 pullus Zimm. Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:155 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:352 1878 187 1887 1888 1890 1892 1893 1898 1899 1900 1906 1868 1876 1878 1868 1871 1876 1878 1896 1899 1906 1874 1876 1904 1905 1907 1868 1868 1876 1878 1878 1888 1890 1892 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 139 = bisulcatus Eich. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 186 Pityophthorus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 3:20 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 267 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:168 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 129; Bul. 32, p. 208 Pityophthorus. Blandford. ‘Ent. News, 9:5 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 344, 442 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 bisulcatus Eich. Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 (?)=pullus. Leconte. Am. Phil: Soc. Proc. 15 :352, 435 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 185 cribripennis Eich. Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 274 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 137 —=nitidulus Mannh. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:354, 435 Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 175 =pullus Zimm. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proe. 18:609, 610 Pityophthorus.. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 437, 442 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 Habitat. Michigan, West Virginia, New York. Food plant. Pinus. 146 puncticollis Lec. Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 5:71 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:354 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 16 Pityophthorus: Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 72 Pityophthorus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 Habitat. New Mexico to northern Washington. Food plants. Pinus, Picea sitchensis. 147 minutissimus Zimm. Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:154 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:351 Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:665 =pusillus Harr. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 200 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:56, 113 Pityophthorus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 93, 221 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Fant. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:168 140 1893 1804 1808 1900 1904 1905 1905 1837 1876 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1878 1893 1899 1906 1836 1864 1866 1868 1876 1877 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pityophthorus, Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 120; Bul. 32, p. 208 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Pityophthorus. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:78 Pityophthorus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 24 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 295 Pityophthorus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 80 pusillus Harris. Tomicus. Harris. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hartford Trans. p. 82 =minutissimus Zimm. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :351 Pityophthorus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 200 Habitat. New England, North Atlantic, Middle and Southern States, Quebec. Food plants. Quercus, Cornus, Hamamelis virginiana. 148 pusio Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:623 Pityophthorus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil .Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Habitat. Michigan. Food plants. 149 seriatus Lec. Pityophthorus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:433 Pityophthorus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Habitat. Florida. Food plant. Pinus. 150 tomentosus Eich. Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 201 Pityophthorus. Ejichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 39:390 Habitat. America Borealis. 151 tuberculatus Eich. Pityophthorus. Eichhoff. Mem. Soc. Liege, 8:498 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 132; Bul. 32, p. 209 Pityophthorus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 443 Pityophthorus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:753 Habitat. West Virginia (?), California. ; Food plant. Picea mariana (?). POLYGRAPHUS Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:57 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 32, 45, 46 Lacordaire. Hist. Nat. Ins. Col. 7:365 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:169 Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:374, 375, 376 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:570 1881 1883 1895 1806 IQOI 1837 1868 1876 1885 1837 1853 1868 1876 1877 1889 1890 1892 1893 1893 1894 1894 1897 1907 1837 1876 1853 1876 1868 1869 1878 1808 1904 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 I4t Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 37, 122 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 521 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:445, 446 Blandford. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 74 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 55 152 (?) brevicornis Kirby Apate (Lepisomus). Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:194 Apate (Lepisomus). Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc, Trans, 2:177 Polygraphus (?). Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:376 Polygraphus. Henshaw. Col. N. A. p. 149 Habitat. Hudson bay region. Food plants. 153 rufipennis Kirby Apate (Lepisomus). Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:193, tab. 8, fig, 2 Hylesinus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 237 Polygraphus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:169 Polygraphus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :376 Polygraphus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:570 Polygraphus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149, 176 Polygraphus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 721-22, 814, fig. 251 Polygraphus. Hopkins. Ins. Life, 4:257 Polygraphus. Hopkins. Ins, Life, 5:188; 6:129 Polygraphus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 141 etc.; Bul. 32, p. 212 Polygraphus. Hamilton. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35 Polygraphus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:280 Polygraphus. Johnson. Penn, Agric. Rep’t, pt 2, p. 72-73, fig. I Polygraphus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 33:217 nigriceps Kirby Apate (Lepisomus). Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:194 =rufipennis Kirby. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:376 saginatus Mannh. Polygraphus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 237 =rufipennis Kirby. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:376 Habitat. Northern and eastern United States, Canada. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies. PTEROCYCLON Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 12:276, 277 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 200 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 437 Blandford. Ent. News, 9:6 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 270, 288 142 1866 1868 1876 1883 1868 1876 1878 1893 1825 1836 1867 1868 1869 1876 1878 1878 1880 1890 1893 1893 1894 1895 1807 1897 1899 1899 1900 1904 1905 1906 1868 1876 1878 Kirsch. Kirsch. Leconte. Cryphalus. Monarthrum, Cryphalus. Monarthrum. Habitat. M Food plant. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 9 :213. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 214 Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :347, 348 Leconte & Horn. Leconte. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM f MONARTHRUM Kirsch (Description referred to Corthylus) Col. N. A. p. 517 154 dentiger Lec. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:154 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:348-49 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 449 Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc, 2:393 iddle California. Duerctrs agrifoira 155 fasciatus Say Bostrichus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:255, ed. Lec, 2:318 Corthylus. Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:64, 79 Corthylominus. Ferrari. Tomicides, p. 48 Crypturgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 Pterocyclon. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 298, 200 Monarthrum. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :348 Monarthrum. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :665 Pterocyclon. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 442 Monarthrum. Comstock. U. S. Agric. Rep’t, p. 274-75 Monarthrum. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 328, 520 Monarthrum. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:391 Monarthrum. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 128; Bul. 32, p. 208 Monarthrum. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Monarthrum. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Monarthrum. Howard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 85 Monarthrum. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 26-28 Monarthrum. Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 308, fig. 238 Monarthrum. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 347, 442 Monarthrum. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 361 Pterocyclon. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 45 Monarthrum. Garman. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 120, p. 68-74, fig. 3 Monarthrum. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:751 simile Eich. Pterocyclon. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 277 = fasciatum Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :348 Habitat. Lake Superior and Quebec to Florida. Food plants. Many trees, both deciduous and coniferous. (Bores in wine casks.) Pterocyclon. 156 gracile Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 444 1828 1868 1878 1855 1856 1868 1876 1878 1878 1878 1888 1888 1890 1893 1893 1894 1894 1896 1897 1897 1897 1899 1899 1900 I90I 1904 1904 1905 1905 1906 1906 1868 1876 1876 1878 1904 REPORT OF THE STATE Bostrichus. Cryphalus. = gracile Eich. America Borealis (Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Carolina). Habitat. Food plants. Tomicus. Tomicus. Crypturgus. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Pterocyclon. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Bul. 32, p. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. fig. 239 Monarthrum. Monarthrum. 18, fig. 17 Pterocyclon. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Monarthrum. Pterocyclon. 271, 279 Pterocyclon. = mali Fitch. = mali Fitch. = mali Fitch. =mali Fitch. Habitat. Food plants. Say. Zimmerman. ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 143 fasciatus Say (var.) Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 444 :253 1143 now (?) 157. mali Fitch Fitch. N..¥. Rep’t Nox. Ins. 2: no. 5 Fitch. N. Y. Rep’t Nox. Ins. 3: no. 5, 8-9 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:143 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:349 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :665 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 447-49 Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:48 Fletcher. Ont. Ent. Soc. 18:15 Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 94 Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:392 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 128; 208 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 35, p. 295, fig. 8 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:277 Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 Howard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n..s. p. 85 Hubbard: U.S. Div. Ent. Bul: 7. n. s. p. 27, 28 Chittenden. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7. n. s. p. 79 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 347, 442 Lugger. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 306-10, Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 361 Felt. N. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7:517- Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 45 Hopkins. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 384 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 289-92 Garman. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 120, p. 68, fig. 4 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:336, pl. 67, fig. 1 Blandford. Biol, Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 260, 270, longulum Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit, p. 278 Eichhoff, Stet. Ent. Zeit. 36:378 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:349 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 448 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 270 Eastern United States and Canada. Many trees, both deciduous and coniferous. 144 1860 1867 1876 1878 1893 1868 187 1878 1886 1886 1876 1883 1876 1888 IQOI 1802 1887 1806 1836 1856 1864 1868 1869 1873 1876 1877 1881 1883 1887 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 158 scutellare Lec. Corthylus. Leconte. Pac. R. R. Expl. & Sur, 12, pt 2, p. 50, (35) Corthylominus. Ferrari. Rat. Tom. p. 49 Monarthrum. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:348 Corthylus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 447 Monarthrum. Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:392 cavus Lec, Cryphalus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc, Trans, 2:153 = scutellare Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:348 Cryphalus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 451 Habitat. California. Food plant. Quercus agrifolia. RENOCIS Casey Casey. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bul. 2:257 159 heterodoxus Casey Renocis. Casey. Cal. Acad. Sci. Bul. 2, p. 258, pl. 7, fig. 20. SCIERUS Leconte Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 525 160 annectens Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:390 Scierus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388 Scierus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 28, p. 33 Habitat. Anticosti, British Columbia, Maine. Food plant. Picea. TOMICUS Latr. Latreille. Hist. Nat. Crust. & Ins. 3:203 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388, 380 Blandford. Biol. Centr, Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 143 HYLASTES Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:47 Perris. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 223-30, pl. 5, fig. 321-23 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 23, 44, 46 Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:174 Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 16 Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 224 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :387-88 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:574 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 35, 76 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 521 Bedel, Faun. Col. Seine, 6:388, 389, (Tomicus Latr.) 1895 1896 1901 1869 1873 1876 1870 1907 1868 1876 1894 1852 1868 1873 1876 1894 1836 1868 1876 1877 1878 1878 1888 1890 1896 1898 1899 1900 1905 1906 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 145 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:445, 446, fig. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 143 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 41 161 exilis Chap. Hylastes. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 76 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liege, p. 228 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:388, 380 Habitat. Florida. Food plants. (?) 162 longus Lec. Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:388, 380 Hylastes. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :218 Habitat. Colorado, New Mexico. Food plants. (7) 163 macer Lec. Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:175 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388 Hylastes. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 7:255 Habitat. California, Utah, Nebraska. Food plant. Picea engelmanni 164 nigrinus Mannh. Hylurgus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. 356, 385, (143) Hylastes. Leconte. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:174 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 226 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388 Hylastes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21:36 Habitat. Alaska to California. Food plants. (?) 165 porculus Er. Hylastes. Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 2:49 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:149, 174 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:388, 380 Hylastes. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1, Add. et cor. p. 28 Hylastes. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Hylastes. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:469 Hylastes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Hylastes. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 724 Hylastes. Ejichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:605, 606, 610 Hylastes. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:5 Hylastes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, P. 448 Hylastes. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 365 Hylastes. Skinner. Ent. News, 16:248 Hylastes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 140 1851 187 1868 187 1877 1878 1804 1896 1899 1900 1869 1873 1876 1806 1868 1876 1902 1868 1868 1876 1896 1808 1868 1876 1806 1808 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM carbonarius Fitch Hylastes. Fitch. Nox. Ins, N. Y. 4th Rep't, p. 730 =porculus Er. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :389 cavernosus Zimm. Hylastes. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:149, 174 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388, 389 Hylastes. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:574, Add. et cor. p. 28 Hylastes. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 Hylastes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 21:36 =porculus Er. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :606, 610 Hylastes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 345, 347, 356 =porculus Er. Smith. Cat.-Ins. N. J. p. 365 granosus Chap. Hylastes. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 73 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 225 =porculus Er. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:389 =porculus Er. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:606, 610 Habitat. Atlantic states, Colorado, Michigan, eastern Canada, Alaska. Food plant. Pinus. 166 porosus Lec. Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:175 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388 Hylastes. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 32, p. 13 Habitat. Nevada, California. Food plants. Roots of pines. 167 salebrosus Eich. Hylastes. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 146 Hylastes. Leconte. Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 (?) =porculus Er. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:380 Hylastes. Ejichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18:606, 607, 610 =scabripennis Zimm. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:5 scabripennis Zimm. Hylastes. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:149 =porculus Er. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:38 =salebrosus Eich. Ejichhoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :606, 607, 610 Hylastes. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:5 Habitat. Atlantic states and eastern Canada. Food plants. 1868 1869 1873 1876 1806 1868 1868 1873 1876 1878 1888 1895 1899 1906 1868 1876 1899 1907 1876 1883 1876 1889 1890 1894 1906 1830 1864 1877 1878 1881 1888 1895 I9QOI REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 147 168 scobinosus Eich. Hylastes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 146 Hylastes. Chapuis. Syn. Scol. p. 73 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc. Liége, p. 225 =cavernosus Zimm. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:389 Hylastes. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :606, 607, 610 Habitat. Carolina, Norfolk sound. Food plants. (?) 169 tenuis Eich. Hylastes. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 147 Hylurgus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:149 Hylastes. Chapuis. Mem. Soc, Liége, p. 22 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388, 389 Hylastes. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :469 Hylastes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Hylastes. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 22:346, 378 Hylastes. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 345, 449 Hylastes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 gracilis Lec. Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:174 Hylastes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :388 =tenuis Zimm. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 449 Hylastes. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:218 Habitat. Atlantic states, California, Quebec. Food plant. Pinus. THYSANOES Leconte Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :369 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 519, 520 170 fimbricornis Lec. Thysanoes. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :370 Thysanoes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1 :165 Thysanoes. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 203 Thysanoes. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:45 Thysanoes. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:716 Habitat. Pennsylvania. Food plant. Hicoria, TRYPODENDRON Stephens Stephens. Ill. Brit. Ent. 3:353 Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 36, 45, 46 Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:566 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 412 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 201 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:396, 403 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:449-51 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 110 148 1836 1876 1883 1795 1813 1834 1839 1864 1871 1876 1881 1888 1804 1899 IQOI 1907 1907 1837 1853 1871 1876 1876 1877 1878 1881 1888 1889 1890 1891 1893 1894 18904 1894 1895 1897 1899 1901 1904 1905 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM XYLOTERUS Erichson Erichson. Wieg. Archiv. 1:60 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc, 15:357 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 517-18 171 lineatus Oliv. 3ostrichus. Olivier. Ent. 4:77, p. 18, tab. 3, fig. 23, a, b Sostrichus. Gyllenhal. In. Suec. 3:367 Bostrichus Hartig. Forstl. Convers. Lexicon, p. 13, I10 Xyloterus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. I:199-202, t. 13, fig. II Xyloterus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. tab. 1, fig. 11 Xyloterus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 137 Xyloterus. Ejichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 36:378 Trypodendron. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p, 298-305 Trypodendron. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:404, 421 Xyloterus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:36, 406 Trypodendron. Ormercd. Rep’t, 1808, p. 92 Trypodendron. Barbey. Scol. l’Eurep. Cent. p. 112, pl. 3, fig. 35; pl. 15, fig. 6 Xyloterus. Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 Xyloterus Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 19 bivittata Kirby Apate. Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:192, pl. 8, fig. 5 Xyloterus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 236 =lineatus Oliv. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 137 Xyloterus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:357, 426 =lineatus Ratz. (?) Oliv. Eichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 36:378 Trypodendron. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:567 Xyloterus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :643 = lineatus Ratz. (?) Oliv. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 299 Xyloterus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:80 Xyloterus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:158 Xyloterus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 720, 812, 823, fig. 276 Xyloterus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 3:435. Xyloterus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 134; Bul. 22, \p. 210 Xyloterus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 35, p. 205, fig. 10 Xyloterus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:278 =lineatus Oliv. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:35, 406 =lineatus Oliv. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 7:419 Xyloterus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7:28 =lineatus Oliv. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 444, 449 Xyloterus. Felt. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, 7:495, fig. Io Trypodendron. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 16 Trypodendron. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 71 Oe 1905 1906 1843 1852 1852 1853 1868 1876 1878 1881 1793 1801 1881 1837 1868 1876 1878 1888 1881 1886 1828 1868 1876 1878 1878 1886 1889 1890 1890 1891 1893 1894 1895 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 149 Xyloterus. Schwarz. Harriman Alaska Exped. Rep’t 8, Insects, pt I, p. 185 Xyloterus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:335, 339, 369-70, pl. 70, fig. 2 cavifrons Mannh. Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mose. p, 297, (260) Bostrichus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 359, (153) Xyloterus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 385 Xyloterus. Mannerheim. Bul. Mosc. p. 236 =bivittatus Kirby. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:158 = bivittatus Kirby. Leconte. Am, Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:357 = bivittatus Kirby. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 417 =lineatus Oliv. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 299 melanocephalus Fabr. Bostrichus. Fabricius. Ent. Syst. 2:368 Bostrichus. Fabricius. Syst. El. 2:21, 304 =lineatus Oliv. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 299 rufitarsus Kirby Apate. Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. 4:193 Apate.. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:177 =bivittatus. Kirby. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:426 (?) =lineatus Ratz. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 417 =lineatus Oliv. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 16:158 vittiger Eich. Trypodendron. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 299 =lineatus Oliv. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 Habitat. Central and Northern Europe, Siberia, Canada, Eastern, Northern and Western United States, New Mexico. Food plants. Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga, Juniperus, Larix, Betula. 172 politus Say Bostrichus. Say. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. 5:256; ed. Lec. 2:318 Xyloterus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:159 Xyloterus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:357, 358 Xyloterus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 420 Xyloterus. Hubbard & Schwarz.. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Xyloterus. Fletcher. Ont. Ent. Soc. 17:32 Xyloterus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149 Xyloterus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 387 Xyloterus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:87 Xyloterus. -Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:77 Xyloperus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 134; Bul. 32, p. 210 Xyloterus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:278 Xyloperus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 150 1897 1890 1900 IQO! 1905 1906 1868 1876 1878 1878 1893 1897 1899 1900 1905 1906 1907 1871 1876 1878 1893 1894 1900 Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Xyloteres. Xyloterus. 7 STO-1 7, Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Habitat. Food plants. NEW YORK STATE Hopkins. Smith. Cat. Felt. N. fig. 16 Felt. N. Felt. N. Hubbard. MUSEUM U.S: Div;, Ent. Buk jop.ce8 W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 444 Ins. N. J. p. 362. Y. Forest, Fish & Game Com’n Rep’t, Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:257, 292-203 Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, v. 2, pl. 70, fig. 4, 5 Eastern United States and Canada. Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Betula, Hicoria, Fraxinus, Castanea, Magnolia, Alnus, Picea, Pinus. Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Bui 32 Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Habitat. Food plant. Leconte. Leconte. Eichhoff. Hopkins. p. 210 Hopkins. Hubbard. 173 retusus Lec. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:158 Am) Phi Socs roc, l5-s57 Rat; Dom. p:7420 W. Va. Agtic. Exp. Sta. Bul. 20ers Gane einte 20-2765 U.S. Dine ‘Esit.: Bally 7, peace Canada, West Virginia. Populus grandidenta ta. 174 scabricollis Lec. Xyloterus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:158 Xyloterus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:357, 358 Trypodendron. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can, 1, Add. et cor. p. 13 =unicolor Eich. (?) Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 419 Xyloterus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 134; Bulse2 ep 2to Xyloterus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 29 Xyloterus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 444 Xyloteres. Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Xyloterus. Habitat. Mexico, Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Skinner. Felt. N. Fall & Cockerell. Ent. News, 16:248 Y. Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 3327257 District of Columbia, West Virginia, New York, New Quebec. Food plants. Pinus, Hamamelis virginiana, Tsuga. 175 unicolor Eich. Xyloterus. Eichhoff. Xyloterus. Leconte. Trypodendron. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 136 Am. Phil “Soc. Proc. secu Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 419 =politus Say. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 1345 Bil 32: (?) =politus Say. Hopkins. Xyloteres. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Habitat. Food plan p. 210 ts. Can. Ent. 26:278 ‘2 1864 1868 1868 1876 1877 1878 1881 1883 1888 1894 1895 1895 IQOI 1867 1878 1893 1894 1895 1895 1897 1808 1904 1904 1905 1867 1868 1876 1878 1878 1890 1803 1895 1&96 1897 1900 1904 1904 1906 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Eichhoff. Berl. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:151, 159-62 Am. Phil. Leconte. Leconte. Provancher. I51 XYLEBORUS Eich. Ent Zeit. p.-.37, 45). 56 Ama tt oc, Lrans. 2:142, 144 15:358 1:567 Soc... Proc. Paun.. Ent. Can- Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 315, 316 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 53, 268 Leconte & Horn. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:397, 402 Ent soc. Lond. p. 100 Bedel. Blandford. Judeich-Nitsche. Col. N. A. p. 518 Forstins. 1:449, 451 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 192-07 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 104 176 (?) affinis Eich. Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 4o1 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 372-74 Xyleborus. Blandford. Kew Bul. p. 1-46 Xyleborus. Riley. Ins. Life, 6:227 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:171 Xyleborus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 195, 196, 216 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p20, 21 Xyleborus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:3 * Xyleborus. Titus & Pratt. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 47, p. 7 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 383 Xyleborus. Currie. U. S. Diy. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 7 Habitat. United States (?), Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, West Indies, Columbia, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Manritius. Food plants. Sugar cane (?), Liriodendron (?). 177. celsus Eich. Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 400 Xyleborus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:145 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359-60 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 399 Xyleborus. Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:666 Xyleborus. Packard. U.S. Ent. Com’‘n, 5th Rep’t, p. 92, 297 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 135; Bul. 32, p. 211 Xyleborus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 37 Xyleborus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 28:249, 250 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 22, 24 Xyleborus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 384 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 39 Xyleborus. Felt. N Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:427, 446-48, 504, fig. 102-5 bo 1868 1876 1878 1878 1806 1906 1792 1793 1801 1813 1837 1839 1843 1844 1848 1854 1862 1863 1864 TR64 1867 1874 1878 1878 1881 1887 1888 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 18901 1892 1894 1894 1895 1895 1895 1895 1897 1808 1900 I9OI NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM biographus Lec. Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:160 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc, 15:350, 360 (¢) —=celsus Eich. (?) Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 399, 400 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468, 666 =celsus Eich. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 28:249 Xyleborus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:447 Habitat. Middle Atlantic, Central and Southern states. Food plant. Hicoria. 178 dispar Fabr. Apate. Fabricius. Ent. Syst. 1:2, p. 363 Bostrichus. Herbst. Col. 113, pl. 48, fig. 2, k Apate. Fabricius. Syst. Eleut. 2:382 Bostrichus. Gyllenhal. Ins. Suec. 3:10, 363 Bostrichus, Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:169, taf. 13, fig. 13, 14 Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1t:204-8, taf. 13, fig. 13, 14 Bostrichus. Klingelh. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 4:78 Bostrichus. Hartig. Allgemeine Forst. Jagdz. 13:73, 74 Bostrichus. Noerdl. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 249 Bostrichus. Bach. Kaef. 2:124, 131 Bostrichus. Doeb. Zool. 2:183 Fairm. Gen. Col: 4; t..34, fe 265, t08 Bostrichus. Bach. Nat. u. Offenb. 10:52, fig. 7, 8 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 38, t. 1, fig. 13-16 Asinandrus. Ferrari. Borkenk, p. 26, (24) Asinandrus. Redtenb. Fn. Aust. ed. 3, 2:382 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 320-23 Xyleborus. Schoch. M. T. schw. ent. Ges. 5:367 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 53, 67, 68, 73, 269 Xyléborus. Fletcher. Ont. Ent. Soc. 17:14 Xvleborus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:403, 420 Xyleborus. Riley. Ins. Life, 2:145 Xyleborus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 2:279 Xyleborus. Ormerod. Rep’t 1889. p. 92 Xyleborus. Ormerod. Man. Inj. Ins. p. 330-34, fig. Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:41 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:64 Xyleborus. Riley. Ins. Life, 5:17 Xyleborus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:278 Xyleborus. Bellevoye. Soc. Rein. Bul. 3:89-111 Xyleborus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 7:419 Tomicus. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:549-51 Xyleborus. Chittenden. Ins. Life, 7:385 Xyleborus.. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 22, 23 Xyleborus. Ormerod. Ins. Orchard Fruits, Handbook, p. 185-92 Xyleborus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Xyleborus. pl. 15, fig. Barbey. Scol. Europ. Cent. p. 104, pl. 3, fig. 25, 26; 5 1904 1906 1907 1793 1878 1817 1819 1843 1843 1852 1863 1868 1876 1877 1878 1886 1887 1889 1890 1890 1891 1893 1893 18096 1897 1808 1900 1902 1904 1905 1834 1878 1793 1878 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 153 Xyleborus. Chapman. Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. p. 100-2 Xyleborus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:446, fig. 103 Asinandrus. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 18 brevis Panz. 3 Bostrichus. Panz. Fn. Germ. p. 34, fig. 20 Bostrichus. Panz. Crit. Rev. 1:118 (var pallida) =dispar Fabr. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 321 pyri Peck Scolytus. Peck. Mass. Agric. Jour. 4:205-7 Scolytus. Peck. Mass. Agric. Jour. 5:307-13 Tomicus. Mass. Ploughman. June 17, v. 2, no. 38 Tomicus. New England Farmer, p. 21 Tomicus. Downing’s Horticulturist, 2:365-67 Tomicus. Harris. Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 80 Tomicus. Harris. Inj. Ins. p. 91 Xyleborus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:144 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil, Soc. Proc. 15:358-60 Xyleborus. Provancher. Faun. Ent. Can. 1:567 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 323 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 3:20 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:138 Xyleborus. Forbes. Psyche, 5:205 =dispar. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 2:279 Xyleborus. Cook. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 130-31, fig. 4 Xyleborus. Harvey. Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 176-78 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 135; Buals 32 ps.210 Xyleborus. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 =dispar. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 22, 23 = dispar Fabr. Ormerod. Ins. Orchard Fruits, Handbook, p. 185 =dispar Fabr. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 362 Xyleborus. Lochhead. Ont. Ent. Soc. 33:109 Xyleborus. Titus & Pratt. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 47, p. 20 Xyleborus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 13, 20 tachygraphus Sahlb. Bostrichus. Sahlb. Diss. Ins. Fenn. p. 52 = dispar Fabr. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 321, 323 thoracicus Panz 2 Bostrichus. Panz. Fn. Germ. p. 34, fig. 18 Bostrichus. Panz. Crit. Rev. 1:118 =dispar Fabr. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 32! 1846 1867 1878 1867 1868 1876 1878 1878 1878 1890 1890 18gr 1893 1894 1897 1808 1900 1906 1868 1876 1878 18901 1897 1898 1867 1876 1878 1890 1867 1878 Bostrichus. 3ostrichus. =dispar Fabr. Canada, eastern and middle United States, Europe, Asia Habitat. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ratzeburgii Kolen. 2 Kolenati. Mel. Ent. 3:30, 115, t. 14, fig. 11 Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 27, note 2 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 321, 323 Minor, Siberia. Food plants. Fruit trees, Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Tsuga, and, in Europe, many others. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. 179 fuscatus Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 400 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:145 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 386 Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:468 Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17:666 Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:87 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 93. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:78 Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 135; Bul, 32,. p\ 210 Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. (?) =fuscatus. (?) =fuscatus Eich. p. 217 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:16 Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 21, 22 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 197, 217 Smith. Cat.’ las? NJ. p.< 363 Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:752 planicollis Zimm. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:145 Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:360, 361 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 391 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:79 U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7) przeeee Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, Hubbard. Blandford. Eich. Habitat. New Jersey to Texas, Guatemala, Columbia. Food plants. Quercus, Hicoria, Castanea, Juglans cinerea, Pinus, (wine and vinegar casks). Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Georgia, New Jersey, Massachusetts. Food plant. Habitat. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. 180 impressus Fich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 400 : Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 389 Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 718 Pinus. 181 inermis Eich. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 401 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 370-72 2h. aes REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 155 1897. Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 20 1898 Xyleborus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 217 1904 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 383 Habitat. Cuba, “Insula Americana, Civitates unitae, Tennessee, St Catharina.” Food plants. Probably those given for “ pubescens.” 182 obesus Lec. 1868 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:159 1876 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 1878 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 323, 324 1887 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 3:20 1888 (?)=pyri Peck. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:45 1890 Xyleborus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 520 1893 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 135; Bul. 32, p. 211 1894 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 35, p. 205, fig. I2 1894 Xyleborus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:278 1896 Xyleborus. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 1897 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 23 1900 Xyleborus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 1904 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook, p. 383 1906 Xyleborus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:722 Habitat. Canada to Virginia. Food plants. Quercus, Fagus, Tsuga, Pyrus. 183 pini Eich. 1867 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 401 1876 =xylographus Say. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15 :360 1878 == xylographus. Say. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 369, 370 1896 Xyleborus. Eichhoff & Schwarz. U.S. Nat. Musc. Proc. 18:609, 610 1897. Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 20 Habitat. ‘“ Carolina.” Food plants. 184 (?) propinquus Fich. 1868 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 281 1878 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 367 1897 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 20 1898 Xyleborus. Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 196, 213, 214 Habitat. Tennessee (?), Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua. Food plants. 185 pubescens Zimm. 1868 Xyleborus. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:145 1876 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 1878 (?)—inermis Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 371 1878 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc, Proc. :7:468 1886 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 156 1888 1890 1890 1890 1891 1892 1893 1868 1876 1878 1886 1890 18905 1897 1868 1876 1878 1891 1897 1897 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:45 Xyleborus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 710-11 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ins. Life, 3:87 Xyleborus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 3:167 Xyleborus. Schwarz, Ent. Soc. Wash, Proc. 2:78 Xyleborus. Riley & Howard. Ins. Life, 4:402 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 137; Bul 2, p. 211 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp, Sta. Bul. 35, p. 206, fig. 14 Xyleborus. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 26:279 (?)=perforans Woll. Hopkins. Ins. Life, 7:148 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:16 Xyleborus. Hamilton. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p. 133-35 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 19-22 Xyleborus. Howard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 85 Xyleborus. Blandford. Ent. News, 9:4 Xyleborus. Hopkins. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 445 Xyleborus. Smith. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 363 Xyleborus. Titus & Pratt. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 47, p. 57 Xyleborus. Wenzel. Ent. News, 16:124 Xyleborus. Felt. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:3096, 702, 720 Habitat. New York, West Virginia, Wisconsin and southward. Food plants. Cana, Prose pis Citrus aurantium, Quercus, Tilia ameri- juliflora, Populus, Juglans cin- erea, Castanea, Magnolia, Pinus, Prunus ceases 186 retusicollis Zimm. Xyleborus. Zimmerman. Am, Ent. Soc, Trans. 2:146 Xyleborus. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 (?)=affinis Eich. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 372 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am, 2:41 Xyleborus. Packard. U. S. Ent. Com’n, 5th Rep’t, p. 93 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:171 Xyleborus. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 20 Habitat. Maryland. Food plant. Quercus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Habitat. 187 tachygraphus Zimm. Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 2:144 | Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:358, 360 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 323 Schwarz. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:62 Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 23 Chittenden. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 79 New York, middle and Southern states. Food plants. Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer, Fagus, Cercis canadensis, Rhus. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Bostrichus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. = saxeseni 192 Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. 241 Xyleborus. Xyleborus. fig. 36 Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. Xyleborus. = saxeseni Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. =saxeseni Ratz. 157 188 xylographus Say Say. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:256; ed, Lec. 2:318 Fitch. Nox. Ins. 4th Rep’t, p. 716-20 Zimmerman. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:145 Leconte. Eichhoff. Schwarz. Saunders. Schwarz. Schwarz, Hopkins. Hopkins. Hamilton. Hamilton. Hubbard. Lintner. Hubbard. Ratz. Hopkins. Hopkins. Luggar. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 15:359, 360 Rat. Tom. p. 360 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :468, 664 Ont. Ent. Soc. 14:55 Ent. Am, 2:41 Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1:149 W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 31, p. 136 Can, Ent. 26:278 Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 21 :406 Am, Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:346, 378 Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 3:318 1ith N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 U; & Dive Ente Bal... 7:.p. 24-26 Ormerod. Ins. Orchard Fruits, Handbook, p. Can. Ent. 30:21-29, pl. 2, 3 W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56, p. 258, 347 Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p. 311-13, fig. Smith: _.Gatictns:..N- J.~ p: 363 Washburn. Skinner. Bremner. Fall & Cockerell. Ferrari. Ratz. Boieldieu. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Perris. Ferrari. = saxesenii Ratz. =xylographus Say. Tomicus. Tomicus. = saxeseni =xylographus Say. Hopkins. Wollaston. Wollaston. Cat. Col. Ins. Can. p. 253 Eichhoff. Rat. Ratz. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84, p. 60, 82, 91, Ent. News, 16:248 Can. Ent. 39:195-06 Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 aesculi Ferrari oo Borkenk. p. 22, note 2 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 362 =xylographus Say. Hopkins. Can, Ent. 30:28 ® decolor Boield. 3 Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 473 Borkenk. p. 21, 22, note 2 Eichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 36:378 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 362 Hopkins. Can. Ent. 30:29 g Ins. Mad. p. 290 dohrnii Woll. Tom. p. 362 Can. Ent. 30:28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dryographus Ferrari Xyleborus. Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 20, 3 et 22, note 2 (ex parte 9) = saxeseni Ratz. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 362, 363 =xylographus Say. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 30:28 saxeseni Ratz. Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:167 Bostrichus. Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:204 Bostrichus. Wiesmann. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 24 Bostrichus. Noerdl. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 246. ob Bostrichus. Bach. Kaefer, 2:126, 134 Bostrichus. Doebn. Zool. 2:182 Xyleborus. Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 21 Tomicus. Thomson. Scand. Col. 7:370 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Stet. Ent. Zeit. 36:378 Xyleborus. Schoch. M. T. schw. ent. Ges. 5:367 Xyleborus. Ejichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 361 Xyleborus. Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 279-82 Xyleborus. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:41 Xyleborus. Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:402, 403, 419 Xyleborus. Bellevoye. Soc. Reims Bul. 3 :8Q-111 Tomicus. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:545 —=xylographus Say. Eichoff & Schwarz. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 18 :609 =xylographus Say. Hubbard. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 7, p. 24 Xyleborus Ormerod. Ins. Orchard Fruits, Handbook, p. 192, fig. =xylographus Say. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 30:21, 22 Xyleborus. Barbey. Scol. Europ. Cent. p. 107, pl. 3, fig. 30 Xyleborus. Titus & Pratt. U.S. Div. Ent. Bul. 47, p. 20 Xyleborus. Hopkins. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 48, p. 16 Xyleborus. Currie. U. S. Div. Ent. Bul. 53, p. 71 Xyleborus. Trédl. Nahrungs. Verbreit. Borkenk. Europ. p. 19 D3 ae 1867 1878 1881 1883 subdepressus Rey Xyleborus. Rey. Rev. d’Ent. 2:142 =xylographus Say. Hopkins. Can. Ent. 30:28 Habitat. Eastern and western United States, Canada, Europe, Japan. Food plants. Pinus, Hicoria, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Tsuga, Picea, Prunus, Pyrus in America; Castanea, Betula, Tilia, Popu- lus, Ulmus, Alnus, Sorbus, Aesculus, Abies, Larix, Prunus and Pyrus in Europe. XYLOCLEPTES Ferrari Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 37 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 216 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 210 Leconte & Horn. Col. N. A. p. 518 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1g08 1888 1895 1808 IQOI Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:396, 399 Judeich-Nitsche. Forstins. 1:440, 451 Blandford. Biol. Centr. Am. Col. 4, pt 6, p. 185, 188 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 80 1825 1837 1839 1849 1849 1854 1862 1864 1867 1874 1878 1881 1886 1888 IQOI 1778 1878 1879 1886 1897 1907 1878 1878 1886 1893 1806 1906 Bostrichus. Bostrichus, Bostrichus. Bostrichus, Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Bostrichus. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. 10, fig. I Scolytus. Olivier. 189 (?) bispinus Duft Duft. Fn. Aust. 3:92, 7 Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:155, t. 13, fig. 5 Ratzeburg. Forstins. 1:189, t. 13, fig. 5 Bach. Verh, nat. Ver. Rheinl. p. 161 Bach. Stet. Ent. Zeit. p. 161, 200 Bach. Kaef. 2:129 Doebner. Zool. 2:178 Bach. Nat. u. Offenb. p. 51, fig. 6 Ferrari. Borkenk. p. 40 Redtenb. Fn. Aust. ed, 3. 2:378 Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 216, fig. 61 Eichhoff. Borkenk. p. 210 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Bedel. Faun. Col. Seine, 6:399, 415 Barbey. Scol. l’Europ. Cent. p. 80, pl. 2, fig. 27; pl. retusus Oliv. Entesd stOs tabby 2 tow aay aya =bispinus Duft. Eichhoff. Rat. Tom. p. 217 Habitat. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Utah, New Mexico. Habitat. Food plant. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Xylocleptes. Virginia, Michigan, New York: (Ithaca). Habitat. Food plants. Europe, United States (?). Food plant. Clematis. Ig0 cucurbitae Lec. Leconte. U. S. Geol. Sur. Bul. Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Cockerell. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 5:150 Fall & Cockerell. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33:217 5 :519 Cucurbita foetidissima. 1gt decipiens Lec. Leconte. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :624 Hubbard & Schwarz. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc. 17 :666 Schwarz. Ent. Am. 2:42 Chittenden. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. Lintner. 11th N. Y. Rep’t, p. 270 Felt. N. Y. State Mus, Mem. 8, 2:715 2 :304 Hicoria, Pyrtts, Acer. EXPLANATION] OF PLATES PLATE 1 161 ion) 162 eggs, slightly enlarged. llustrat ; A ite linden moth (Author’s 1 Snow-wh 2 Adult moths. Plate 1 2 Snow-white linden moth ry Siphlonisca aerodromia Ndm. 1 Wings : 2 Dorsal view of abdomen of female 164 Plate 2 Siphlonisca aerodromia Ndm. a oS _@ . . sf ne cn vi iy: aise! mile I tra wink | ps : eae oA fags ii ian rire i. Platypus compositus Say, dorsum of head — (Enlarged) * Platypus compositus Say, fore leg. (Great! Erineophilus schwarzi Hopk., foretibia; 4a, after Hopkins. (Greatly enlarged) ae Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz, side vi (Enlarged) . Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz, foretibiaaal Ree; (Greatly enlarged) 166 Plate 3 Scolytid structures io ON border. (Greatly enlarged) ¥ a Pityogenes undes, sp., antenna. (Greatly enlarged) “e . Pterocyclon mali Fitch, antenna. (Greatly Pityophthorus minutissimus Zimm, a enlarged) 168 q A é iT he. rida! ach Pine tant Plate 4 Scolytid structures IO Il I2 T3 Pityogenes undes. sp., fore leg; a, outer border. (Greatly enlarged) Pterocyclon mali Fitch, foretibia and tarsus; a, outer border. (Greatly enlarged) Trypodendron politus Say, side view of head and prothorax, showing divided eye. (Enlarged) Trypodendron politus Say, antenna, (Greatly enlarged) 170 Plate 5 40 Structures Scolytid Ips (Tomicus) pini Say, distal portion of maxilla. (Greatly enlarged ) Xyleborus undes. sp., a, distal portion of maxilla. (Greatly enlarged) Ips pini Say, antenna (outer face). (Greatly enlarged) Xyleborus undes. sp. a, ventral view of prosternum. (Enlarged) Dryocoetes autographus Ratz., ventral view of prosternum; Ant., antenna (outer face); Gs., gular suture; C., forecoxa; Ps., prosternum. (Enlarged) 172 Plate 6 Scolytid structures . ox cy ye Mig 2 By. a re er e As) i ¢ oe - 19 Pityogenes undes. sp. dorsum of male. (Enlarged) _ 20 Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv., side view of thorax. (Enlarged) 174 Plate 7 Scolytid structures aa 21 Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv., dorsum of thorax. (Enlarged) 23 Hylurgops glabratus Zett., cephalic aspe pro., adiap alates of mesosternum. (Enlarged) — 176 ¢ , ? » fb aif ¥ ‘ TS ry us J : . 1 \ 1 A . . @ 7 .* Le : . > » os ie 7 : os vo by ‘ - . fa , i. ie ~ A =] * a! a 4 3 i . rr i ann = , i bale AY i” J e #7 a ‘ ts a > . Plate 8 Scolytid structures 25 27 Hiylastes undes. sp., cephalic view of mesosternum; me. (Enlarged) Chramesus icoriae Lec. antenna. Chramesus icoriae Lec. dorsum. Phloeosinus dentatus Say, antenna. (Greatly 178 (Greatly er (Enlarged) | Plate g LLP L I Lvs “Ge z, PELE CAT b pow) J yr 4 iy 7, pate” structures Scolytid SBSRS Chramesus icoriae Lec,, lateral view.-' (Enlarged) Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv, antenna. Hylurgops glabratus Zett., antenna. (Greatly icra) Plate 10 Sc ilytid structures . - - s ‘ . . ‘ if ~ > x a — - i - 2 ‘ - Hylurgops glabratus Zett., foretarsus. (Greatly enlarged) Hylastes undes. sp. first three segments of foretarsus. (Greatly enlarged ) Hylurgops glabratus Zett., venter of abdomen. (Enlarged) Hylesinus aculeatus Say, venter of abdomen. (Enlarged) Hylurgops glabratus Zett., mesosternum; C., coxal cavity; pro., protuberance of mesosternum, (Enlarged) Hylurgops glabratus Zett., pronotum and base of elytra. (Enlarged) Hylastes undes. sp., pronotum and base of elytra. (Enlarged) 182 Plate 11 30 Scolytid structures he i —— ~ om 38 Xylocleptes undes. sp, antenna. (Greatly enlarged) 39 Hylastinus obscurus Marsh, antenna, (Grea 40 Ips pini Say, declivity of elytra. (Enlarged) 4t Micracis opacicollis Lee. declivity of elytra. fe - ~ ae ee 184 , ’ a 3 a cre,” ; A “8 - . “ = . s . a4 rt " ’ ‘ » ‘ » se ar \ a , , . ~ .o ase ¢ 7 , . Pt “ita a 3 a =< * gia + — =: * . ’ Fad . * : % ¥ iy = ex a r a x vd : aia »! ee, vee cs a o Aw aa “ A “4 ini 25 = ele. =¢ . ? Pe Plate 12 Structures Scolytid re a Ph eae. it Bis setae 18 met fat iis. ; es pe ete) ps Ps PS « a eo ‘*.7= % ’ . a ele tory wen eg 4 Ls i .. S 7 ae 7 . * — =< av ple at eet py ee ae : > es ee | . | - a th hse ; . . ad & we Le | a Pad rr > eit... \t a ; ma : ies al Saat eR TNE i>. ; mee Fe Sigs eatery ta ecec pe ae MES: iP ; sly Yea Neely igh . ‘ is 7 sea } a tate lhe, 7 re Sie tk Xyleborus undes. sp., a, antennal funicle and club. Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby, left aspect divided eye. (Enlarged) ve ° Xyleborus undes. sp., a, foretibia. (Greatly enlarged) _ Pterocyclon mali Fitch, work in oak eo, Micracis opacicollis Lec, work in chestnut © 186 : / SS, Plate 13 <> 2 > YR Scolytid work and structures ” in 1 47, 48 Xyleborus undes. sp., a, work . izes 50 Pityogenes undes. sp., work in P wifstel Plate 14 Scolytid work et i Os es - » = - ae $ > ~ > a ‘ 2 a a? ie, 49 Pityophthorus minutissimus Zimm., 190 > a it 2 ie” Plate 15 49 hthorus work in oak Pityop ‘ ‘ . — “ . . . P - : , . 2 i - < '€ : * - - * ¢ F . if % . a = — = ‘ \ & Je oe — cP - -f pot 7% a a4 . ah thas 7 ia -“ ae . a | wf AL iA J Dy ey ere it a an hh Ryo +) tay * - a a eur Para ‘ sh | ~ LL are é a. "Sant 52 Hylesinus aculeatus Say, work in ash ‘ rr, 194 i‘ : ~ - . ? a a -_ roy +h _ ; ‘ — 3: =“ . " . 4‘ ie ~ 7 a,©) 52 Hylesinus work in ash INDEX abietis, Chermes, 54-55. acericola, Phenacoccus, 41, 60, 62. aculeatus, Hylesinus, I1I-12, Micracis, see suturalis. aerodromia, Siphlonisca, 72-74. aesculi, see xylographus. affaber, Dryocoetes, Ior. affinis, Xyleborus, I51. agrimoniae, Contarinia, 63. Agriotes mancus, 65. Alsophila pometaria, 45, 63. alternans, see subcostulatus. alutaceus, Crypturgus, 94. americana, Schizoneura, 63. americanus, Phloeotribus, 78. anipelophila, Drosophila, 24. ananassi, Contarinia, 63. Ancylus nubeculana, 60, 61, 62. Anisopteryx vernata, 45, 63. Anisota rubicunda, 61, 62. annectens, Pityophthorus, 134. Scierus, 144. Anopheles maculipennis, 509. Antlered maple caterpillar, 6r, 62, 66. Ants, white, 56-58. Apanteles, 43. Aphis, 66. gladioli, 19-22. gossypii, 65. aphodioides, Crypturgus, 78. Apple blister mite, 63. Apple canker worms, 63. Apple caterpillar, red humped, 60. Apple leaf folder, 60, 61-62, 66 - Apple maggot, 66. Apple tree, injurious insects: blister mite, 48. San José scale, 61. approximatus, Dendroctonus, 95. Aquatic insects, 9, 71-75. areccae, see eruditus. arizonicus, Dendroctonus, 95. armiger, Heliothis, 55-56. Arsenate of lead, 15, 46, 63. Arsenate of lime, 46. Arsenical poison, 47, 49, 51. asperatus abietis, see piceae. aspericollis, Hylesinus, 112. asperulus, Cryphalus, 78. Gnathotrichus, 108. Micracis, 127. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 60, 61, 63, 65. ater, Bostrichus, 77. atomus, Crypturgus, 94. atratulus, see nitidulus. Aulacomerus lutescens, 15. autographus, Dryocoetes, 78, 102. avulsus, Ips, 119. Bag worm, 50, 65. balsameus, Ips, 119-20. barberi, Dendroctonus, 95. Bark borers, 8. Bark louse, scurfy, 62. Basilona imperialis, 41. bicristatus, Carphoborus, 87. bidentatus, see flavicornis. bifurcus, Carphoborus, 87. biographus, see celsus. Birds, insé€ctivorous, 8; protection, 64. bispinus, Xylocleptes, 78, 1509. bisulcatus, see pullus. bivittata, see lineatus. blanchardi, see quadridentatus. Blister mite, 5, 48, 64. boieldieui, see eruditus, Boll worm, 55. Bordeaux mixture, 63. borealis, Dendroctonus, 95. Bostrichus ater, 77, Bothrosternus, 80, 86-87. hubbardi, 87. brevicomis, Dendroctonus, 96. brevicornis, Polygraphus, 141. brevis, see dispar. 196 Brown mite, 65. Brown tail moth, 7, 42, 44, 45, 61, 62. Bryobia pratensis, 65. cacographus, see grandicollis. Cactopinus, 79, 87. hubbardi, 87. Caddis flies, 9. caelatus, Ips, 120. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 24. californicus, Eccoptogaster, 104. calligraphus, Ips, 120-21. Canker worms, 45-47, 63. talliasewa5. spring, 45. carbonarius, see porculus. cariniceps, Pityophthorus, 134. carinulatus, Pityogenes, 132. Carphoborus, 81, 87. bicristatus, 87. bifurcus, 87. simplex, 88. caryae, see quadrispinosus. Case bearer, cigar, 5, 47, 63. pistol, 47. cassiae, Stephanoderes, 78. Caterpillar, red humped apple, 60. cavernosus, see porculus. cavifrons, see lineatus. cavus, see scutellare. Cecidomyia johnsoni, 63, 65. Cecidomyiidae, 63; new species, 9, 60, 66; biology, 61. cecropia, Samia, 65. celsus, Xyleborus, I5r. Centipede, house, 26. cerealella, Sitotroga, 65. Chaetophloeus, 81, 88. hystrix, 88. chapuisii, Chramesus, 89. Hypothenemus, see dissimilis. Chermes abietis, 54-55. Chionaspis euonymi, 66. furfura, 41, 60, 62. Chironomidae, 66. Chlorid of lime,. 34. chloroticus, see calligraphus. Chramesus, 80, 88-80. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chramesus (continued) chapuisii, 890. hicoriae, 88. chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 45, 61, 62. Cigar case bearer, 5, 47, 63. clematidis, Contarinia, 63. Clover mite, 65. Cluster fly, 24. Cnesinus, 80, 89. strigicollis, 80. Coccotrypes, 82, 90. dactyliperda, 9o. Cockroach, green, 5, 22-23. Coleophora fletcherella, 47, 63. malivorella, 47. Collections of insects, 10; tions to, 67-70. columbianus, Corthylus, 90-91. comatus, Pityophthorus, 134. comma, Polygonia, 64. compositus, Platypus, 84. concentralis, Pityophthorus, 134. concinna, Schizura, 60. concinnus, Ips, I2I~-22. confinus, Pityophthorus, 135. conformis, see calligraphus. confusus, Ips, 122. coniperda, Pityophthorus, 134. consimilis, Pityophthorus, 135. Contarinia agrimoniae, 63. ananassi, 63. clematidis, 63. gossypii, 15, 62, 63. johnsoni, 15-19. liriodendri, 63. negundifolia, 63. perfoliata, 63. pyrivora, 15, 63. quercifolia, 63. rumicis, 63. setigera, 63. sorghicola, 15, 63. violicola, 15, 60. virginianiae, 63. viticola, 15. convexifrons, Dendroctonus, 95. Corn worm, 55-56. Correspondence, IT. corthyloides, see materiarius. addi- INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Corthylus, 81, go-91. columbianus, 90-91. punctatissimus, 91. spinifer, oI. Cotton, Contarinia gossypii ing, 15, 62. Cottony maple scale, 41. crenatulus, Hylastinus, 78. crenatus, Hylurgops, 78. cribripennis, Pityophthorus, 76. See also pullus. cristatus, Hylurgops, 113. Phloeosinus, 129. Cryphalus, 82, 91-93. asperulus, 78. jalappae, 92. miles, 92. mucronatus, 92. piceae, 92. rigidus, 93. ?robustus, 93. striatulus, 93. ?terminalis, 93. Crypturgus, 80, 93-95. alutaceus, 94. aphodioides, 78. atomus, 94. pusillus, 78, 94-95. cucurbitae, Xylocleptes, 159. Culex pipiens, 59. sollicitans, 58. cupressi, Phloeosinus, 129. Currant, hop merchant injuring, 64. Currant worm, 62. Cutworms, 63. cylindrus, Platypus, 85. injur- dactyliperda, Coccotrypes, 90. decipiens, Xylocleptes, 1509. decolor, see xylographus. decretus, Ips, 122. decumanus, see glabratus. deletus, Pityophthorus, 135. Dendroctonus, 81, 95-100. approximatus, 95. . arizonicus, 95. barberi, 95 borealis, 95. 107 Dendroctonus (continued) brevicomis, 96. convexifrons, 95. engelmanni, 95. frontalis, 96-97. jeffreyi, 95. monticola, 97. murrayanae, 95. obesus, 97. piceaperda, 97-08. ponderosae, 98. pseudotsugae, 95. punctatus, 98. rufipennis, 98-99. simplex, 99. terebrans, 99-100. valens, 100. dentatus, Ips, see pini. Phloeosinus, 120. denticularis, Epizeuxis, 60, 61, 62. dentiger, Pterocyclon, 142. Dermestes typographus, 77. diaphanus, Potamanthus, 74, 75- digestus, Pityophthorus, 135. disciporus, see flavicornis. Disease carried by house flies, 27- a1: dispar, 64. Xyleborus, 78, 152-53. dissimilis, Hypothenemus, 116. distans, Oniscigaster, 71. dohrnii, see xylographus. Dolurgus, 80, roo-t. pumilus, ror. domestica, Musca, 24-40. Dragon flies, 66. Drosophila ampelophila, 24. Dryocoetes, 82, IoI-3. affaber, Iot. autographus, 78, 102. var. micographus, 78. eichhoffi, 103. granicollis, 103. dryographus, see xylographus. dubius, Phloeotribus, 78. Porthetria, 41-45, ‘61, 62; Eccoptogaster, 78, 80, 103-8. californicus, ro4. 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Eccoptogaster (continued) fagi, 104. flavicornis, 78. haemorrhous, 78. muticus, TO4-5. praeceps, 105. punctatus, 78. quadrispinosus, I05. rugulosus, 78, 106-7. subscaber, 107. suicatus, I07. unispinosus, Ios. ventralis, 108. Eccoptogasterinae, 79, 8o. eichhoffi, Dryocoetes, 103. Elm, injurious insects: elm bark louse, 41. elm leaf beetle, 50. elm leaf miner, 49, 94. Elm bark louse, 41, 60. Elm leaf aphis, 63. Elm leaf beetle, 6, 50, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. Elm leaf miner, 49-50. emarginatus, Ips, 122. Platypus, see rugulosus. engelmanni, Dendroctonus, 95. English sparrow, 52, 54. Ennomos subsignarius, 51-54, 61, 62, 66. ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 50, 65. Epizeuxis denticularis, 60, 61, 62. erectus, Hypothenemus, 117. Erineophilinae, 70. Erineophilus, 80, 108. schwarzi, 108. Eriophyes pyri, 48, 63, 64. eruditus, Hypothenemus, 78, 117- 18. euonymi, Chionaspis, 66. Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 45, 61, 62. exesus, see calligraphus. exilis, Tomicus, 145. Explanation of plates, 161-94. fagi, Eccoptogaster. Fall canker worm, 5, 45, 63. Fall webworm, 50-51. False maple scale, 41, 60, 62. fasciatus, Hylesinus, 112. Pterocyclon, 142. See also gracile. ficus, Loganius, 1206. Fidia viticida, 48-49, 60, 61. Figures and plates of: Aphis gladioli, 20, 21, 22. Chermes abietis, 54, 55. Chramesus icoriae, 178, 180, 192. Coleophora fletcherella, 47. Contarinia johnsoni, 16, 17. Culex sollicitans, 59. Dendroctonus terebrans, 174, 176, 180. Dryocoetes autographus, 172. Eccoptogaster rugulosus, 166. Ennomos subsignarius, 53. Erineophilus schwarzi, 166. Hylastes sp., 178, 182. Hylastinus obscurus, 184. Hylesinus aculeatus, 182, 194. Hylurgops glabratus, 176, 180, 182. Ips pini, 172, 184. Kaliosysphinga ulmi, 49. linden moth, snow-white, 162. Micracis opacicollis, 184, 186. Musca domestica, 24. Panchlora hyalina, 23. Phloeosinus dentatus, 178. Phloeotribus liminaris, 18o. Pityogenes sp., 168, 170, 174, 188. Pityophthorus minutissimus, 168, 190. Platypus compositus, 166. Polygraphus rufipennis, 186. Potomanthus inequalis, 75. Pterocyclon mali, 168, 170, 186. Scutigera forceps, 26. Siphlonisca aerodromia, 164. Termes flavipes, 57, 58. Trichiocampus viminalis, 13, I4. Trypodendron politus, 170. Xyleborus sp., 172, 186, 188. Xylocleptes sh., 184. fimbricornis, Thysanoes, 147. flavicornis, Eccoptogaster, 78. Platypus, 85. flavipes, Termes, 56-58. fletcherella, Coleophora, 47, 63. Oe M. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 Flies, 9; carriers of disease, 65. cluster, 24. fruit, 24. house, 9, 24-40. stable, 24. typhoid, 24-40. forceps, Scutigera, 26. Forest insects, 7-8. fossifrons, Pityogenes, 132- frontalis, Dendroctonus, 96-97. Phloeotribus, 78, 131. Fruit fly, 24. Fruit tree insects, 5-6, 41-48. furfura, Chionaspis, 41, 60, 62. fusca, Lachnosterna, 61, 62. fuscatus, Xyleborus, 154. fuscescens, Hylastinus, 78. Galerucella luteola, 50, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. Gall midges, 8-0. Galls, phytoptid, 66. Giant caterpillar, 65. Gipsy moth, 7, 41-45, 61, 62, 64, 65. glabratus, Hylurgops, 78, 113-14. Gladioli, injurious insects: aphis, 66. gladioli aphid, 19-20. Gladioli aphid, 19-22. Gnathotrichus, 81, ro8—to. asperulus, 108. materiarius, 108-9. retusus, 109. sulcatus, I09Q-I0. Gossyparia spuria, 41, 60. gossypii, Aphis, 65. Contarinia, 15, 62, 63. gracile, Pterocyclon, 142. gracilis, Tomicus, see tenuis. Grain moth, 65. grandicollis, Ips, 122. granicollis, Dryocoetes, 103. Phloeotribus, see frontalis. graniger, see dentatus. granosus, see porculus. granulatus, [lylesinus, 112. Grape blossom midge, 6, 15-19, 63, 65. - Grape root worm, 6, 48-49, 60, 61. 199 Grapevine, injurious insects: Contarinia viticola, 15. grape blossom midge, 6, 15, 16. grape root worm, 48. Green cockroach, 5, 22-23. Green striped maple worm, 7, 61, 62, 66. guttivitta, Heterocampa, 61, 62. haagii, see dentatus. haemorrhous, Eccoptogaster, Eccoptogaster. Hair snake, 61. hamatus, see carinulatus. Heliothis armiger, 55~—56. Hemerocampa leucostigma, 51, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. Heterocampa guttivitta, 61, 62. heterodoxus, Renocis, 144. hicoriae, Chramesus, 88. Hill collection, catalogue of, Io. hirsutus, see concinnus. hirtellus, Micracis, 127. hirticeps, see pulchellus. hispidulus, Hypothenemus, 118. Hop merchant, 64. Horse-chestnut tree, white marked tussock moth injuring, 5I. House centipede, 26. House fly, 9, 24-40. House mosquito, 59. hubbardi, Bothrosternus, 87. Cactopinus, 87. hudsonicus, Ips, 123. hyalina, Panchlora, 22-23. Hydrocyanic acid gas, 22, 58. Hylastes, 77, 81. opaculus, 76, 77. rufipes, 76. salebrosus, 76. scabripennis, 76, 7 tenuis, 76, 77. Hylastinus, 81, I1o-TTI. crenatulus, 78. fuscescens, 78. obscurus, 78, I10. piceus, 78. Hylesininae, 80-81. Hylesinus, 80, 111-13. aculeatus, III-12. see | 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hylésinus (continued) aspericollis, 112. fasciatus, I12. granulatus, I12, imperialis, 112. nebulosus, I13. piniperda, 77. sericeus, I13. Hylurgops, 81, 113-16. crenatus, 78. cristatus, 113. glabratus, 78, 113-14. paykulli, 78. pinifex, I14. rufipes, I14. rugipennis, II5. subcostulatus, 115. Hyphantria textor, 50-51. Hypothenemus, 81, 116-26. dissimilis, 116. erechis, 117: eruditus, 78, 117-18. hispidulus, 118. rotundicollis, 118. ruficollis, 78. striatus, I19. hystrix, Chaetophloeus, 88. Imperial moth, 41. imperialis, Hylesinus, 112. impressus, Xyleborus, 154. inequalis, Potamanthus, 74-75. inermis, Xyleborus, 154-55 infans, see puberulus. innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 41. Insect bands, 66. integer, Ips, 123. intermedius, Oniscigaster, 71. interpunctus, Ips, 124. interruptus, Ips, 124. Ipididae, key to genera, 79-83. Ipinae, 80. Ips, 77, 82, 119-26. avulsus, II9. balsameus, 119-20. caelatus, 120. calligraphus, 120-21. concinnus, 121-22, confusus, 122. decretus, 122. Ips (continued) emarginatus, 122. grandicollis, 122, hudsonicus, 123. integer, 123. interpunctus, 124. interruptus, 124. latidens, 124. ‘oregoni, 124. perturbatus, 124. pini, 78, 125, plastographus, 125-26. rectus, 126. spinifer, 126. terminatus, 126. tridens, 126. vicinus, 78. jalappae, Cryphalus, 92. jeffreyi, Dendroctonus, 95. johnsoni, Cecidomyia, 63, 65. Contarinia, 15—-19. Kaliosysphinga ulmi, 49. Katydid, 66. Kerosene, 34. Lachnosterna fusca, 61, 62. Land plaster, 34. latidens, Ips, 124. laurifolium, Microcentrum, 66. latus, Pityophthorus, 135-36. Leaf mite, 65. lecontei, see hicoriae, Lepidoptera, 66. Lepidosaphes ulmi, 41, 60, 64. leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 51, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65. limbatum, Trypodendron, 78. Lime, 34. Lime-sulphur wash, 6, 48. liminaris, Phloeotribus, 131-32. Linden, injurious insects: linden moth, snow-white, 52. tussock moth, white marked, 51. Linden moth, snow-white, 5, 8, 51- 54, 61, 62, 66. lineatus, Trypodendron, 78. Xyloterus, 148. liriodendri, Contarinia, 63. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 201 Loganius, 126. | nanula, Micracis, 127. ficus, 126. nebulosus, Hylesinus, 113. longulum, see mali. negundifolia, Contarinia, 63. longus, Tomicus, 145. nigriceps, see rufipennis. luteola, Galerucella, 50, 60, 61, 62, | nigrinus, Tomicus, 145. 64, 65. . | Nitidulidae, 77. lutescens, Aulacomerus, I5. nitidulus, Pityophthorus, 136. nivea, Panchlora, 23. macer, Tomicus, 145. nubeculana, Ancylus, 60, 61, 62. maculipennis, Anopheles, 50. Nursery certificates, II. Malaria mosquito, 9, 59. mali, Pterocyclon, 143. obesus, Dendroctonus, 97 malivorella, Coleophora, 47. Xyleborus, 155. mancus, Agriotes, 65. obliquus, Pityophthorus, 136. Maple, cottony maple scale injuring, | obscurus, Hylastinus, 78, 110. 41. Office work, 10-11. Maple borer, sugar, 60, 61, 62. Old Forge, entomologic work at, 9. Maple caterpillar, antlered, 61, 62, 66. | Oniscigaster distans, 71. Maple scale, cottony, 41. intermedius, 71. false, 41, 60, 62. wakefieldi, 71, 72. Maple worm, green striped, 7, 61, 62, | opacicollis, Micracis, 127. 66. opaculus, Hylastes, 76, 77. marginatus, Xylocleptes, 78. Hylurgops, see rufipes. marginicolle, Trypodendron, 78. Pityophthorus, 136. materiarius, Gnathotrichus, 108-9. oregoni, Ips, 124. May flies, 71-75. Oyster scale, 41, 60, 64. Mayetiola violicola, see Contarinia. melanocephalus, see lineatus. Pagiocerus, 80, 128. Melon aphis, 65. rimosus, 128. Micracis, 82, 126-28. asperulus, 127. hirtellus, 127. nalula, 127, opacicollis, 127. rudis, 127. suturalis, 127-28. pallipes, see pini. palmicola, see dactyliperda. Panchlora hyalina, 22-23. nivea, 23. viridis, 23. parallelus, see compositus. Paris green, 46, 63. Microcentrum laurifolium, 66. paykulli, Hylurgops, 78. retinervis, 66. Pear tree, Contarinia pyrivora injur- | miles, Cryphalus, 92. ing, 15. minutissimus, Pityophthorus, 139-40. | perfoliata, Contarinia, 63. montanus, see confusus, perfossus, see compositus, monticola, Dendroctonus, 97. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 60, 61, 63, Mosquito, 9, 58-59. 65. house, 50. perturbatus, Ips, 124. malaria, 9, 59. | Phenacoccus acericola, 41, 60, 62. salt marsh, 58. Phloeosinus, 80, 128-30. mucronatus, Cryphalus, 92. cristatus, 120. murrayanae, Dendroctonus, 95. cupressi, 120. Musca domestica, 24-40. dentatus, 120. muticus, Eccoptogaster, 104-5. punctatus, 130. 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phloeosinus (continued) sequoiae, 130. Phloeotribus, 80, 130-32. americanus, 78. dubius, 78. frontalis, 78, 131. liminaris, 131-32. puberulus, 132. setulosus, 78. Phytoptid galls, 66. piceae, Cryphalus, 92. piceaperda, Dendroctonus, 97-08. piceus, Hylastinus, 78. pilosulus, Pityophthorus, 136. pilosus, Pityophthorus, 136. pini, Ips, 78, 125. See also grandicollis. Xyleborus, 155. pinifex, Hylurgops, I14. piniperda, Hylesinus, 77. pipiens, Culex, 59. Pistol case bearer, 47. Pityogenes, 82, 132-33. carinulatus, 132. fossifrons, 132. plagiatus, 133. punctipennis, 133. sparsus, 133. Pityophthorus, 82, 133-40, annectens, 134. cariniceps, 134. comatus, 134. concentralis, 134. confinus, 135. coniperda, 134. consimilis, 135. cribripennis, 76. deletus, 135. digestus, 135. lautus, ‘135-36. minutissimus, 139-40. nitidulus, 136. obliquus, 136. opaculus, 136. pilosus, 136. pruinosus, 137. puberulus, 137. pubipennis, 137-38. pulchellus, 138. pulicarius, 138. Pityophthorus (continued) pullus, 76, 138-39. puncticollis, 139. pusio, 140. seriatus, 140. tomentosus, T40. tuberculatus, 140, plagiatus, Pityogenes, 133. Plagionotus speciosus, 60, 61, 62. planicollis, see fuscatus. plastographus, Ips, 125-26. Plates, explanation of, 161-94. Platypodidae, key to genera, 79. Platypodinae, 79, 83-86. Platypus, 83-86. compositus, 84. cylindrus, 85. flavicornis, 85. punctulatus, 85. quadridentatus, 85-86. rugulosus, 86. Plecoptera, 9. Podisus sp., 64. politus, Xyloterus, 149-50. Pollenia rudis, 24. Polygonia comma, 64. Polygraphus, 80, 140-41. | ?brevicornis, I4I. rufipennis, 141. pometaria, Alsophila, 45, 63. pomonella, Rhagoletis, 66. ponderosae, Dendroctonus, 98. Poplar, Carolina, poplar sawfly in- juring, I3. Poplar sawfly, 13-15. porculus, Tomicus, 145-46. porosus, Tomicus, 146. Porthetria dispar, 41-45, 61, 62, 64. Potamanthus diaphanus, 74, 75. inequalis, 74-75. praeceps, Eccoptogaster, 105. praefrictus, see pini. praemorsus, see calligraphus. pratensis, Bryobia, 65. Printers ink, 46. propinquus, Xyleborus, 155. pruinosus, Hylesinus, see aculeatus. Pityophthorus, 137. ' pseudotsugae, Dendroctonus, 95. pend, Cee INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 203 Pterocyclon, 81, 141-44. dentiger, 142. fasciatus, 142. gracile, 142. mali, 143. scutellare, 144. Pteronus ribesii, 62. puberulus, Phloeotribus, 132. Pityophthorus, 137. pubescens, Xyleborus, 155-56. pubipennis, Pityophthorus, 137-38. Publications, 9-10; list, 60-66. pulchellus, Pityophthorus, 138. pulicarius, Pityophthorus, 138. pullus, Pityophthorus, 76, 138-39. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 41. pumilus, Dolurgus, tor. punctatissimus, Corthylus, gr. punctatus, Dendroctonus, 98. Eccoptogaster, 78. Phloeosinus, 130. Scolytus, 77. puncticollis, Pityophthorus, 139. punctipennis, Pityogenes, 133. punctulatus, Platypus, 85. pusillus, Crypturgus, 78, 94-95. Pityopthorus, see puncticollis. pusio, Pityophthorus, r4o. Pyrethrum powder, 19, 32. pyri, Eriophyes, 48, 63, 64. Xyleborus, see dispar. pyrivora, Contaritsia, 15, 63. quadridentatus, Platypus, 85-86. quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, 105. quercifolia, Contarinia, 63. querciperda, see pruinosus. ratzeburgii, see dispar. rectus, Ips, 126. Red spider, 65. Remedies and preventives for: apple maggot, 66. blister mite, 48, 64. canker worms, 46-47. Chionaspis euonymi, 66. cigar case bearer, 47. corn worm, 56. cutworms, 63. elm leaf aphis, 62. Remedies and (con’d) elm leaf miner, 40. fall webworm, 51. flies, 31-32, 34. 36, 37, 38, 65. gipsy moth, 42-45, 64, 65. gladioli aphid, 22. grain moth, 65. grape blossom midge, Ig. grape root worm, 49. leaf mites, 65. melon aphis, 65. mosquito, salt marsh, 58-59. pistol case bearer, 47. poplar sawfly, I5. San José scale, 6, 61, 63. spruce gall aphid, 55. tussock moth, white marked, 51. wire worm, 63. wheat, 65. Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 15, 46, 63. arsenate of lime, 46. arsenical poison, 47, 49, 5I. bordeaux mixture, 63. chlorid of lime, 34. hydrocyanic acid gas, 22, 58. insect bands, 66. kerosene, 34. land plaster, 34. lime, 34. lime-sulfur wash, 6, 48. paris green, 46, 63. printers ink, 46. pyrethrum powder, 19, 32. sulfur, 22. tanglefoot, 32. tar, 46. : tree tanglefoot, 42, 46, 66. whale oil soap, 55. white ants, 57-58. Renocis, 81, 144. heterodoxus, 144. reticulatus, see rugulosus. retinervis, Microcentrum, 66. retusicollis, Xyleborus, 156. retusus, Gnathotrichus, 100. Xylocleptes, see bispinus. Xyloterus, 150. preventives for: 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rhagoletis pomonella, 66. ribesii, Pteronus, 62. rigidus, Cryphalus, 93. rimosus, Pagiocerus, 128. robustus, Cryphalus, 93. rotundicollis, Hypothenemus, 118. rubicunda, Anisota, 61, 62. rudis, Micracis, 127. Pollenia, 24. ruficollis, Hypothenemus, 78. rufipennis, Dendroctonus, 98-99. Polygraphus, 141. rufipes, Hylastes, 76. Hylurgops, 114. Xyleborus, 78. rufitarsus, see lineatus. rugipennis, Hylurgops, I15. rugosus, see compositus. rugulosus, Eccoptogaster, 78, 106-7. Platypus, 86. rumicis, Contarinia, 63. Saddle back caterpillar, 65. saginatus, see rufipennis. salebrosus, Hylastes, 76. Tomicus, 146. Salt marsh mosquito, 58. Samia cecropia, 65. San José scale, 5, 41, 60, 61, 63, 65. Sawfly, poplar, 13-15. saxeseni, see xylographus. scabricollis, Xyloterus, 150. scabripennis, Hylastes, 76, 77. Tomicus, see salebrosus. Schizoneura americana, 63. Schizura concinna, 60. schwarzi, Erineophilus, 108. Scierus, 81, 144. annectens, 144. scobinosus, Tomicus, 147. Scolytidae of America, 8, 76-1509. Scolytinae, 79, 86-1509. Scolytus, 77, 80. punctatus, 77. sculpturatus, see erectus. Scurfy bark louse, 41, 62. Scurfy scale; 41, 60. ’ scutellare, Pterocyclon, 144. Scutigera forceps, 26. semicastaneus, see autographus. septentrionis, see autographus. sequoiae, Phloeosinus, 130. seriatus, Hypothenemus, see dulus. Pityophthorus, 140. sericeus, Hylesinus, 113. serratus, see dentatus. setigera, Contarinia, 63. setulosus, Phloeotribus, 78. Shade tree insects, 49-55. Shade trees, 6-7, 60, 64. Sibine stimulea, 65. signatum, Trypodendron, 78. simile, see fasciatus. similis, see obesus. simplex, Carphoborus, 88. _Dendroctonus, 99. Siphlonisca, 72. aerodromia, 72-74. Siphlurus, 72. Sitotroga cerealella, 65. Snow-white linden moth, 5, 8, 51I- 54, 61, 62, 66. Soldier bug, 64. sollicitans, Culex, 58. sorghicola, Contarinia, 15, 63. Sorghum, Contarinia sorghicola injuring, I5. . Sparrow, 52, 54. hispi- _sparsus, Pityogenes, 133. speciosus, Plagionotus, 60, 61, 62. Spider, 26. red, 65. spinifer, Corthylus, 91. Ips, 126. Spraying shade trees, methods, 44- 45. Spring cankerworm, 45, 63. Spruce, spruce gall aphid injuring, 55. Spruce gall aphid, 54-55. spuria, Gossyparia, 41, 60. Stable fly, 24. Stephanoderes cassiae, 78. stimulea, Sibine, 65. Stomoxys calcitrans, 24. Stone flies, 9. striatulus, Cryphalus, 93. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 striatus, Hypothenemus, I19. strigicollis, Cnesinus. strigillatus, see strigicollis. subcostulatus, Hylurgops, 115. subdepressus, see saxeseni. subscaber, Eccoptogaster, 107. subsignarius, Ennomos, 51-54, 61, 62, 66. ‘ Sugar maple borer, 60, 61, 62. sulcatus, Eccoptogaster, 107. Gnathotrichus, 109~-Io. Sulfur; 22: suturalis, Micracis, 127-28. Tachinidae, 44. tachygraphus, Xyleborus, 156, See also dispar. Tanglefoot, 32, 42, 46, 66. Tar, 46. telarius, Tetranychus, 65. tenuis, Hylastes, 76, 77. Tomicus, 147. terebrans, Dendroctonus, 99-100. Termes flavipes, 56-58. terminalis, Cryphalus, 93. terminatus, Ips, 126. Tetranychus telarius, 65. textor, Hyphantria, 50-51. thoracicus, see dispar. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 50, 65. Thysanoes, 83, 147. fimbricornis, 147. Tomatoes, corn worm injuring, 56. tomentosus, Pityophthorus, 140. Tomicini, 8o. Tomicus, 77, 82, 144-47. exilis, 145. longus, 145. macer, I45. nigrinus, 145. porculus, 145-46. porosus, 146. salebrosus, 146. scobinosus, 147. tenuis, 147. Tree tanglefoot, 42, 46, 66. tremiferus, see compositus. _ Trichiocampus viminalis, 13-15. 205 Trichoptera, 9. tridens, Ips, 126. See also interpunctus. trifolii, see obscurus. Trypodendron, 82, 147-50. limbatum, 78. lineatus, 78, 148. marginicolle, 78. politus, 149-50. retusus, 150. scabricollis, signatum, 78. unicolor, 150. tuberculatus, Pityophthorus, 140, Tussock moth, white marked, 5, 6, 51, 60-61, 62, 64, 65. Typhoid fly, 24-40. typographus, Dermestes, 77. 150. ulmi, Kaliosysphinga, 49-50. Lepidosaphes, 41, 60, 64. unicolor, Xyloterus, 150. unispinosus, Eccoptogaster, 108. valens, Dendroctonus, Ioo. ventralis, Eccoptogaster, 108. vernata, Anisopteryx, 45, 63. vicinus, Ips, 78. See also caelatus. villosus, see autographus. viminalis, Trichiocampus, 13-15. Violet gall midge, 15, 60. violicola, Contarinia, 15, 60. Virginia creeper, grape blossom midge injuring, 18. virginianiae, Contarinia, 63. viridis, Panchlora, 23. viticida, Fidia, 48-49, 60, 61. viticola, Contarinia, 15. vittiger, see lineatus. wakefieldi, Oniscigaster, 71, 72. Wasps, 206. Webworm, fall, 50-51. Whale oil soap, 55. Wheat wire worm, 65. White ants, 56-58. White grubs, 6r. White marked tussock moth, 5, 6, 51, flo-61, 62, 64, 65. Willow, fall webworm injuring, 51. 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Wire worm, 63. Xyleborus (continued) wheat, 65. retusicollis, 156. rufipes, 78. Xyleborus, 82, 151-58. saxeseni, 158. affinis, I5T. tachygraphus, 156. celsus, I5T. xylographus, 157. dispar, 78, 152-53. Xylocleptes, 82, 158-59. fuscatus, 154. “ bispinus, 78, 159. impressus, 154. cucurbitae, 150. inermis, 154-55. decipiens, 150. obesus, 155. marginatus, 78. pini, 155. xylographus, Ips, see caelatus. propinquus, 155. Xyleborus, 157. pubescens, 155-56. Xyloterus, see Trypodendron. ERRATA Page 24, line 3 from bottom, for ampelophia, read ampelophila. Appendix 5 Botany Museum bulletin 131 131 Report of the State Botanist 1908 Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 450 ALBANY, NAY. JULY I, 1909 New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director CHARLES H. Peck, State Botanist Museum bulletin 131 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 PAGE | PAGE ECOOUCLIOM aa etewe bes re 5 | New York species of Lentinus.. 42 Plants added to the herbarium.. 9 | New York species of Entoloma. 47 Contributors and their contribu- | List of species and yarieties of EXOHRGTO NTS a Gh asin woes s alo ajcre reso 10 fungidescribed by C H. Peck 59 Species not before eonede TGs LexplanationvolplateS.«).2 sos cams IgI Remarks and observations...... POPU EMMA GR ee ve Wiad Cee eels ee eles ke so sae New extralimital species offungi 33 | New York State Education Department Science Division, February 15, 1909 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Sir: I have the honor to communicate herewith for publication as a builetin of the State Museum, the annual report of the State J3otanist for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1908. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 15th day of February 1909 NA Riel Commissioner of Education Education Department Bulletin Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the act of July 16, 1894 No. 450 ALBANY, N. Y. JULY 1, 1909 New York State Museum Joun M. CiarkeE, Director CHARLES H. Peck, State Botanist Museum bulletin 131 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum: The following report of work done in the botanical department of the State Museum for the year 1908 is respectfully submitted. Since the date of my last report specimens of plants for the State herbarium have been collected in the counties of Albany, Dutchess, Erie, Niagara, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga and Steuben. Specimens have been received from correspondents and others that were collected in the counties of Albany, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Dutchess, Erie, Franklin, Kings, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Orleans, Otsego, Rensselaer, Rich- mond, Rockland, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wyoming. The number of species of plants of which specimens have been added to the herbarium is 152. Of these, 88 were not before represented therein. A list of the added species is given under the caption ‘Species added to the herbarium.” The number of those who have contributed specimens of plants, either as direct contributions or as specimens sent or brought to the office of the State Botanist for identification or other information, is 74. In the latter case the names of those persons only are included whose specimens were in such condition or of such value as to make them worthy of preservation. A list of the contributors and their re- spective contributions is given under the heading “ Contributors and their contributions.” The number of species which have not before been reported and which may be considered as additions to our State flora is 63. 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Of these, 10 are described as new species. These are all fungi. Their names and descriptions with localities, time of collecting, also the names of the other species added to the flora, with re- marks, localities and other information may be found under the title “Species not before reported.” Noticeable varieties or in- teresting forms of species already reported are sometimes found, singular variations in habitat or extensions of range observed or new hosts of parasitic fungi are discovered. Such and other similar facts are recorded under the title “‘ Remarks and observations.” Among the specimens sent by correspondents for identification, it sometimes happens that no description can be found that will match some one or more of them. In such a case it becomes necessary to consider them the types of new species and to give them names and write descriptions of them. Eight species and one variety have been found among the specimens received the past season from places beyond our State limits. Names and descrip- tions of these may be found under the title “ New extralimital species.” According to the ruling of the International Botanical Congress held at Vienna in 1905 all new species of plants pub- lished in and after 1908 must be described in Latin in order to be recognized as valid species. In accordance with this rule Latin descriptions of the new species published in this report follow the English descriptions. The custom of giving colored illustrations of natural size and, as far as practicable, nontechnical descriptions of such mushrooms as have, upon actual trial, been found to be edible, has been con- tinued. Owing to the scarcity of mushrooms only four species have been added to our list of edible mushrooms the past year. This makes the number of New York edible mushrooms now known and figured 195. Descriptions of the four added species are given under the title ‘ Edible fungi.” Illustrations of these are given on plates 115 and 116. Two new species of New York mushrooms and two extralimital species are’ illustrated on plates U and V: Specimens of plants sent or brought to the office of the State Botanist for identification or for other information are always wel- come, for in this way not only is the desired information obtained by the person seeking it but also interesting and valuable plant specimens are sometimes added to the museum collections. The number of identifications made in such cases the past year is 1640. The number of persons for whom identifications have been made is 427. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 wf Unfortunately, the information sought by means of these send- ings and the value of the specimens sent are both lost by neglect of proper precautions in transmission. Soft, fleshy or fragile specimens of fungi are placed in a letter and mailed without any protection. Consequently they are generally crushed and spoiled beyond recognition. They are sometimes sent in a thin straw- board box or a mere paper wrapper and the result is the same. Such frail specimens should be wrapped in soft tissue paper (not in cotton) and packed closely enough to prevent jostling, in a firm cardboard box or a thin wooden box or other receptacle firm enough to protect them. It is well in sending fleshy perishable specimens of larger size to wrap each one separately before putting them in the mailing receptacle. Good sound specimens of both mature and immature age should be selected for sending. Speci- mens that have a sodden or water-soaked appearance or are visibly infested by insect larvae or are affected by incipient decay should never be sent, for they are almost sure to be completely spoiled before reaching their destination. Even in sending sound speci- mens long distances, it is well, as far as possible, to time the sending so that it will not be necessary for it to lie in the post office over Sunday. When the transmission would require more than three days it would be better to write full descriptive notes of the characters of the fresh plants, then dry the specimens and sen! both together. It is better not to cut, split-or mutilate the specimens in any way before sending them. Revised descriptions of the New York species of the genus Lentinus and of Entoloma have been prepared. They may be found under their respective headings, “ New York species of Lentinus ” and “ New York species of Entoloma.” Similar brief monographs of certain genera of mushrooms have previously been published and have been so well received by students of mycology and acknowledged by them to be such a valuable part of the re- ports that it is thought well to continue them. They furnish in compact and convenient form a ready means of obtaining a knowl- edge of the number and characters of our New York species and their generic relations. The descriptions are preceded in each genus by a “key” which is intended to facilitate the tracing of each species to its description. In many parts of our State the season just passed has been strangely adverse to the mushroom crop. Rain was not lacking in the early part of the season, but the prevailing low temperature apparently prevented the development of mushrooms that other- Pas NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wise would doubtless have appeared. Later in the season when the prevailing temperature was more favorable, the necessary rain and moisture were lacking. This unfavorable condition continued so iate in the season that those species which usually appear in August and September either failed entirely to appear or appeared much later in the season. Reports state that very large crops of the common mushroom, Agaricus campester L. have appeared in a few localities in November. This is nearly or quite two months later than its usual time. The light fall rains, which were unusually late, gave the mycelium its first opportunity to develop. These rains were followed by exceptionally fine mild and sunny weather which was very favorable to the development and spread of the mycelium or “spawn.” The result was a very abundant crop of mushrooms in those places where a rich soil aided the favorable weather conditions. The new species and varieties of fungi described by the State Botanist are now so numerous and the periodicals, reports and bulletins containing these descriptions are so many and so scattered and the inquiries concerning the place where one and another of them can be found are so frequent that it has seemed quite de- sirable that a list of these species be given with the places of their publication. This has been prepared and will doubtless be of aid to all interested in mycology. The names are arranged alpha- betically and the most obvious synonymy is given. This list may be found under the title “List of species and varieties of fungi described by C. H. Peck, State Botanist, with bibliographic loca- tions cited and some of the most obvious synonyms given.” Mr S. H. Burnham has performed the necessary clerical duties of the office, disinfecting, mounting, labeling and arranging specimens, assisting in the identification of specimens, attending to the official correspondence of the office and giving information to callers during my absence in the field. He has also made con- tributions to the herbarium of specimens collected on Saturday half holidays. Cuartes H. Peck Albany, December 29, 1908 State Botanist REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 9 PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the herbarium Aecidium importatum Henn. Amanita glabriceps Pk. A. porphyria Fr. Aster vittatus Bu. Botrytis plebeja Fres. Brassica japonica Steb. Calicium alboatrum Floerk. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dum. Cercospora rudbeckiae Pk. Clitocybe comitialis Pers. Collybia hirticeps Pk. Cololejeunea biddlecomiae (Aust.) Commelina communis L. Crataegus admiranda S. barbara S. bella S. boothiana S. brachyloba S. celsa S. cerasina S. clintoniana S. conferta S. congestiflora S. cruda S. dayana S. finitima S. foliata S. gloriosa S. gracilis S. implicata S. limosa S. iuminosa S. notabilis S. oblita S. placiva S. promissa S. pulchra S. radiata S. robusta S. slavini S. strigosa S. tortuosa S. xanthophylla S. Dacryomyces corticioides E. & E. Diaporthe atropuncta Pk. anaaaaaaanananananaananananaaaqanaan { Diplodina robiniae Pk. Fusarium aurantiacum Cd. Geoglossum alveolatum Durand Gloeosporium medicaginis E, & K. Gonatobotrys lateritia Pk. Hygrophorus sphaerosporus Pk. Hymenula musae Pat. Hypholoma fragile Pk. Lactarius peckii Burl. Lecanora fuscata (Schrad.) Th. Fr. Leptosphaeria inquinans Pk. Leucolejeunea clypeata (Schw.) Lophocolea macouni Aust. minor Nees Massariovalsa sudans Sace. (he, S3-C.) -*Melanconis modonia Tul. Mnium orthorrhynchium B. & S.° Myxosporium castaneum Pk. Nardia crenuliformis (Aust.) Lindb. Nectria sambuci E. & E. Neottiella polytrichi (Schum.) Mass. Pellia endiviaefolia (Dicks.). Dum. Phoma corni Fckl. P. lagenariae (Thuem.) Sacc. Phyllosticta orbicula FE. & E. Polyporus arcularis (Batsch) Fr. Pe delectans Pk. Pe trabeus Rostk. Puccinia agrostidis Plow. 12 albiperidia Arth. 12. campanulae Carm. P: phlei-pratensis E. & H. Pucciniastrum potentillae Kom. Rhinotrichum curtisii Berk. Solanum rostratum Dunal Sorosporium saponariae Rud. Sphenolobus hellerianus (Nees) ~ Sporodesmium pluriseptatum (K. & H.) Tricholoma subcinereum Pk. Trichothecium candidum Jallr. Uromyces caricinus E..& E. AT. scirpi (Cast.) Burr. Volutella cucurbitina Pk. Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Not new to the herbarium Amanita muscaria L. Aralia nudicaulis L. Arisaema stewardsonii Britton A. triphyllum (L.) Torr. Asplenium filix-toemina (L.) Bernh. Aster cord. polycephalus Porter Boletinus porosus (Berk.) Pk. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Botrytis cinerea Pers. Carex deflexa Hornem., Celastrus scandens L. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Cerastium nutans Faf. Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Lk. Claytonia virginica L. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Cyphella fasciculata (Schw.) Cystopus candidus (Pers.) Lev. C. portulacae (DC.) Lev. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Desmodium grandiflorum 1B; Gas Epicoccum neglectum Desm. Erysiphe polygoni DC. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Eutypella cerviculata (Fr.) Sacc. Fagus americana Sweet Fragaria americana (Port.) Britton Galium erectum Huds. Hydrangea arborescens L. Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. Hypoderma desmazieri Duby (Walt. ) Hypomyces inaequalis Pk. Irpex obliquus (Schrad.) Fr. Lactarius minusculus Burl. A Bs parvulus PR. Lepiota procera Scop. Leptothyrium periclymeni Desm., Lycopodium inundatum L. Marasmius scorodonius Fr. M. subnudus (Ellis) Pk. Microsphaera alni (Wallr.) Salm. Panax quinquefolium L. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. Phyllosticta labruscae Thuem, Polyporus chioneus Fr. P: pubescens (Schum.) Fr. Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Prunus cuneata Raf. Puccinia andropogonis Schw. 122 podophylli Schw. Rhus canadensis Marsh. Salix pedicellaris Pursh Sanguisorba minor Scop. Saponaria vaccaria L. Staphylea trifolia L. Thaspium barbinode (Mx.) Nutt. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. © Ustilago rabenhorstiana Kuehn Veratrum viride Ait. Viola cucullata Ait. Xyris caroliniana Walt. CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Miss H. C. Anderson, Lambertville, N. J. Boletus subaureus Pk. Coprinus comatus Fr. Lactarius deceptivus Pk. Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. Mrs E. B. Blackford, Boston, Mass. Hebeloma gregarium Pk. Pleurotus griseus Pk. Miss G. S. Burlingham, Brooklyn Peckiella hyalina (Schw.) Sacc. Miss R. W. Farrington, Lakewood, N. J. Schizaea pusilla Pursh a REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 : II Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. Mrs C. W. Harris, Brooklyn Arenaria groenlandica (Retz) Spreng. Mrs C. A. Hunt, Saint Helena, Cal. Amanitopsis velosa Pk. Mrs H. H. Murdock, Schenectady Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Miss E. A. Perine, Albany Amanita glabriceps Pk. Miss L. B. Sage, Norwich Clitocybe laccata decurrens Scop. Russula brevipes Pk. Collybia platyphylla Fr. R. constans Karst. Phallus impudicus L. R. obscura Romell Miss T. L. Smith, Worcester, Mass. Hydnum ochraceum Pers. Merulius ravenelii Berk. Polyporus hispidus (Bull.) Fr. Miss M. L. Sutliff, Sacramento, Cal. Polyporus volvatus Pk. Miss A. Van Horne, Montreal, Can. Clavaria purpurea Fr. Pholiota lutea Pk. Mrs O. D. Vaughan, Ballston Spa Adiantum capillaris-veneris L. Nemophila menziesii H. & A. A. emarginatum Hook. Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf. Pellaea andromedaefolia Fee Calochortus albus Benth. Polypodium falcatum Kellogg Cheilanthes californica (Nutt.) Polystichum aculeatum angulare Mett. ‘! | (Willd.) Cotula coronopifolia L. Pteris aquilina lanuginosa Hook. Evernia vulpina (L.) Ach. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. Gymnogramma triangularis Kaulf. Viola pedunculata T. & G. Limnanthes dichotomus Benth. Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Mrs M. S. Whetstone, Minneapolis, Minn. Clitocybe ochropurpurea Berk. Paxillus panuoides Fr. Panaeolus subbalteatus B. & Br. Scleroderma tenerum B. & C. F. H. Ames, Brooklyn Amanita radicata Pk. Nyctalis asterophora Fr. Hypholoma candolleanum Fr. Pholiota duroides Pk. Lactarius corrugis Pk. Polyporus flavovirens B. & R. iz NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM G. F. Atkinson, Ithaca Eccilia acus W. G. Sm. Hebeloma pascuensis Pk. G. G. Atwood, Albany Diaporthe parasitica Murr. H. J. Banker, Greencastle, Ind. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr. Polyporus underwoodii Murr. Poria vitellina (Schw.) Sacc. H. W. Barratt, Poughkeepsie Coprinus squamosus Morg. Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Fr. E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan. Daedalea ambigua Berk. Hypnum erinaceus Bull. Irpex mollis B. & C. Peniophora bartholomaei Pk. Polyporus picipes Fr. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Galera besseyi Pk. F. S. Boughton, Pittsford Lepiota cepaestipes Sow. Pholiota vermiflua Pk. Tricholoma subcinereum Pk. C. W. Boyd, Tupper Lake Lentinus lepideus Fr. F. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C. Boletus albellus Pk. Clavaria grandis Pk. Cortinarius distans Pk. Tricholoma melaleucum (Pers.) Fr. S. H. Burnham, Sandy Hill Arisaema stewardsonii Britton Boletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalchb. B. porosus (Berk.) Pk. Clitocybe illudens Schw. Collybia hirticeps Pk. lfomes connatus Fr. Hymenochaete agglutinans Ellis Leptosphaeria inquinans Pk. Leptothyrium periclymeni (Desm.) Sace. Lophocolea minor Nees Lycopodium inundatum L. Massariovalsa sudans (B. & C.) Sace. Neottiella polytrichi (Schum.) Mass. Phoma corni Fckl. Pleurotus applicatus Batsch Pluteus tomentosulus Pk. Polyporus borealis (Wahl.) Fr. 1. ’ delectans Pk. Polystictus planus Pk. Salix myrtilloides L. - Sanguisorba minor Scop. Sorosporium saponariae Rud. Thelia lescurii Sull. Tremella frondosa Fr. Xyris caroliniana Walt. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 13 T. Cant, Clarksville Gymnosporangium globosum Far. T. T. Clohessy, Utica : Hypomyces viridis (A. & S.) Karst. G. D. Cornell, Coopers Plains Cortinarius validipes Pk. Mycena leaiana Berk. S. Davis, Boston, Mass. Cortinarius torvus Fr. Inocybe albodisca Pk. Eccilia apiculata Fr. ay flocculosa (Berk.) Sacc. E. subacus Pk. Ti geophylla Fr. E. watsoni Pk. Ti. intricata Pk. Entoloma luteum Pk. i subdecurrens E. & E. E. nigricans Pk. Leptoglossum fumosum Pk. Galera hypnorum (Batsch) Fr. Leptonia abnormis Pk. Hygrophorus coloratus Pk. is serrulata (Pers.) Fr. H. obconicus Pk. Omphalia scyphoides Fr. H. prat. cinereus Fr. Pholiota rufidula Kalchb. Pluteolus callistus Pk. J. Dearness, London, Can. Boletinus paluster Pk. Commelina communis L. C. H. Demetrio, Emma, Mo. Sterigmatocystis ochracea (Wilh.) van Tiegh. P. Dowell, Port Richmond Dryopteris clint. x goldiana Dow. Dryopteris clint. x intermedia Dow. Dryopteris cristata x spinulosa (Milde) C. Chr. E. J. Durand, Ithaca By exchange Geoglossum alveolatum Durand Mitrula cucullata (Batsch) Fr. F. S. Earle, Herradura, Cuba Gymnosporangium nelsoni Arth. C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville Collybia amabilipes Pk. Omphalia’ pyxidata (Bull.) Fr. oR lignaria Pk. Polyporus cuticularis (Batsch) Fr. E. P. Felt, Albany Aecidicm importatum Henn. I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass. Collybia lacunosa Pk. Puccinia cyani (Schleich.) Pass. Pucciniastrum potentillae Kom. A. O. Garrett, Salt Lake City, Utah Hendersonia diplod. divergens Pk. Phallus imperialis Schulz. N. M. Glatfelter, St Louis, Mo. Clavaria aurea Schaeff. Clavaria gracilis Pers. Entoloma cyaneum Pk. P. W. Graff, Bridgeport, Conn. Calvatia rubroflava Cragin C. Guillet, Worcester, Mass. Amanita muscaria L. Lactarius aquifluus Pk. Lactarius vellereus Fr. C. C. Hanmer, East Hartford, Conn. . Clitocybe dealbata deformata Pk. Fomes everhartii (E. & G.) Omphalia chrysophylla Fr. M. E. Hard, Chillicothe, O. Armillaria nardosmia Ellis Steccherinum adustulum Banker Flammula fusus Batsch Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Fr. F. D. Heald, Austin, Tex. Trichosporium maydis (Gar.) Sacc. Urnula geaster Pk. A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon Excrescences of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. C. H. Kaufman, Ann Arbor, Mich. Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) Fr. Polyporus fumosus (Pers.) Fr. i. parilis Fr. 12 griseus Pk. Fomes everhartii (FE. & G.) P: guttulatus Pk. F. fraxineus (Bull.) Fr. FB: hispidellus Pk. F. fraxinophilus Pk. 122 hypococcineus Berk. Hebeloma testaceum (Batsch) Fr. BP: pallidus S. & K. Polyporus caesius (Schrad.) Fr. (ey semipileatus Pk. Trametes pini (Brot.) Fr. F. D. Kern, Lafayette, Ind. Gymnosporangium betheli Kern Gymnosporangium nelsoni Arth. G. inconspicuum G. speciosum Pk. Kern Gyromitra brunnea Underw. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 15 C. C. Laney, Rochester Crataegus admiranda S. Crataegus genialis S. G. asperifolia S. G: gloriosa S. C. barbara S. G: gracilis S. C. bella S. (ce luminosa 5S. e. boothiana S. C: notabilis S. C. brachyloba S. e placiva S. ae celsa S. Ge plana S. ee. cerasina S. c promissa S. = clintoniana S. G pulchra S. C. cognata S. (Ge radiata S. Ls conferta S. G. robusta S. e congestiflora S. G. slavini S. Cc: cruda S. & strigosa S. Gc dayana S. (G, suavis 5S. GC. finitima S. c tortuosa S. S. foliata S. G. xanthophylla S. W. H. Leibelsperger, Fleetwood, Pa. Boletinus grisellus Pk. C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, O. Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch J. Mickleborough, Brooklyn Diaporthe parasitica Murr. Myxosporium castaneum PR, G. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass. Boletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalchb. Mycena caesia Pk. B. grisellus Pk. Pholiota praecox sylvestris Pk. Clitocybe cyathiformis Fr. Pilosace eximia Pk. Collybia uniformis Pk. Pluteus leoninus coccineus Che. Entoloma suave Pk. Psathyrella graciloides Pk. Hygrophorus serotinus Pk. Psilocybe uda (Pers.) Fr. Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. Stropharia umbonatescens PR. G. E. Morris & S. Davis, Mass. Clavaria pallescens Pk. Flammula squalida Pk. Clitocybe amethystina ( Bolt.) Leptonia flavobrunnea Pk. Entoloma variabile Pk. i EF serrulata Pers. W. A. Murrill, New York By exchange Boletus ananas B. & C. C. H. North, Dannemora Clitopilus caespitosus Pk. A. B. Owens, Remsen Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM R. Ruedemann, Albany Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. F. J. Seaver, New York Fomes fraxinophilus Pk. C. L. Shear, Washington, D. C. Pholiota comosa Fr. Pistillaria bartholomaei FE. & E. H. S. Sizer, Bainbridge Solanum rostratum Dunal A. A. Smith, Neversink Phoma uvicola B. & C. P. Spaulding, Washington, D. C. Hypoxylon morsei B. & C. Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr. E. B. Sterling, Trenton, N. J. Agaricus approximans Pk. Clitocybe multiceps Pk. A. placomyces PR. Collybia platyphylla repens Fr. A. subrufescens Pk. Hypholoma sublat. caperatum PR. Amanita elongata Pk. Inocybe unicolor Pk. A. frostiana Pk. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. A. pantherina Fr. Lepiota cristata 4d. & S. A. radicata Pk. Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch Amanitopsis volvata (Pk.) Sace. Panaeolus semilanceatus Pk. Calvatia rubroflava Cragin Paxillus hirsutus PR. Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr. Polyporus hispidus (Bull.) Fr. Stropharia umbonatescens Pk. D. R. Sumstine, Wilkinsburg, Pa. Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Hoffm. Ustilago residua Clint. K. F. Symonds, Utica Amanita multisquamosa PR. Boletus ornatipes Pk. Hygrophorus sphaerosporus Pk. C. Thom, Storrs, Conn. Coremium claviforme (Bainier) J. M. Van Hook, Bloomington, Ind. Hydnum pulcherrimum B. & C. Pluteus leoninus coccineus Cke. F. B. Wheeler, Syracuse Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. E. A. White, Amherst, Mass. Lentinus ursinus Fr. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 17 H. P. Whitlock, Albany Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. T. E. Wilcox, Washington, D. C. Boletus affinis Pk. Boletus subtomentosus L. B. __albellus Pk. B. vermiculosus Pk. B. auriporus Pk. Naucoria platysperma Pk. B. caespitosus Pk, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) B. griseus Frost Bres. B. modestus Pk. Psilocybe subericaea Fr. B. retipes B. & C. Rhizopogon rubescens Tul. B. sanguineus With, Tricholoma portentosum Fr. and five colored lithographic plates of fungi B. C. Williams, Newark Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Fr. D. B. Young, Albany Verpa digitaliformis Pers. J. A. Young, Guilderland Center Veratrum viride Ait. 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SPECIES NOT’ BEFORE REPORTED Aecidium importatum Henn. Living leaves of peltandra, Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. West Nyack, Rockland co. June 1907. E. P. Felt. June 1908. C. H. Peck. The species is peculiar in developing only on the midrib and on the basal part of the principal veins. It occurs chiefly on the lower surface, but sometimes sparingly on the upper surface also. Amanita glabriceps n. sp. PLATE U, FIG. (i-4 |= Pileus thin, ovate or oval becoming broadly convex or centrally depressed, glabrous, rarely adorned when young with a few patches ef the ruptured volva, viscid when moist, often finely striate on the margin, white or yellowish white, sometimes slightly brownish in the center, flesh white under the separable cuticle ; lamellae thin, crowded, free, unequal, white; stem long, slender, stuffed, glabrous or floccose-squamulose, bulbous, white, the thin flabby annulus sometimes ruptured and partly adhering to the margin of the pileus, sometimes disappearing with age, the bulb margined by the remains of the definitely circumscissile volva; spores globose, .0003 of an inch in diameter. Pileus 2-4 inches broad; stem 3-6 inches long, 3-6 lines thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. Coopers Plains, Steuben co. August. C. H. Peck. Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. Miss E. A. Perine. This species is closely related to Amanita phalloides Fr. from which it is separated by its more slender habit, its thinner pileus with the margin often striate, its longer slender stem with a webby pith and a more narrow bulb margined by the remains of the more definitely circumscissile volva. Amanita phal- loides striatula Pk. [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54> peoouiee a small variety of this species rather than of A. phalloides. Pileus tenuis, ovatus vel ovalis, mox convexus vel centro de pressus, glaber, juventate volvae ruptae fragmentis rare ornatus, viscidus, margine saepe striatus, albus flavidoalbusve, aliquando centro leviter fuscus, carne sub cute separabile alba; lamellae ten- ues, confertae, liberae, inaequales, albae; stipes gracilis, elongatus, farctus, glaber vel floccoso-squamulosus, bulbosus, albus, annulo tenui, aliquando rupto et partim adhaerente ad marginem pilei, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 19 quandoque omnino evanescente, bulbo volvae reliquis persistenti- bus marginato; sporis globosis, 8 » in diam. Amanita porphyria Fr. Woods. Sand Lake, Rensselaer co. and Menands, Albany co. Aster vittatus Bu. Rocky places. Near Corning. August. Botrytis plebeja Fres. Living leaves of the common red currant, Ribes vulgare Lam. Menands, Albany co. September. It develops on the lower surface of the leaves on large brown spots. Usually one or two spots occur on a leaf. They are on the margin, Brassica japonica Sieb. Introduced. Sometimes cultivated as a salad; but it seeds it- seli and persists in gardens. Coopers Plains, Steuben co. August. It is called pepper grass or California pepper grass. Calicium alboatrum Floerk. Decaying wood of red oak, Quercus rubra L. Catskill mountains. September. Celtis crassifolia Lam. Near Saugerties, Ulster co. May and October. Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dumort. Decaying wood. Near Little Moose lake, Herkimer co. Sep- tember. Miss C. C. Haynes. Cercospora rudbeckiae n. sp. Spots irregular, unequal, sometimes confluent, brownish or green- ish brown; hyphae hypophyllous, cespitose, .003—.004 of an inch long, .0002~.00024 broad, flexuous, sparingly septate; spores sub- cylindric or tapering upward .ooo8-.0036 of an inch long, .0002— .00024 broad, 1—3-septate, colored nearly like the hyphae. Living leaves of the tall cone flower, Rudbeckia lacini- ata L. Near Painted Post, Steuben co. August. Spots similar to those of Ramularia rudbeckiae Pk. but hyphae much longer, denser and colored. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Maculae irregulares, inaequales, subconfluentes, brunneae vel virido-brunneae; hyphae hypophyllae, caespitosae, 75-100 x 5--6 A. Hexuosae, leviter septatae; sporis subcylindraceis vel sursum attenuatis, I—3-septatis, 20-90 x 5-6 p. Clitocybe comitialis Pers. Under balsam fir trees. Fulton Chain, Herkimer co. October. This is related to Clitocybe clavipes Pers. from which it may be separated by its smaller size, thinner cap, closer and less decurrent gills. It is rare both in this country and in Europe. Collybia hirticeps Pk. Half buried decaying twigs or branches of hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Vaughns, Washington co. August. S.-H. Baraham: Cololejeunea biddlecomiae (Aust.) Evans Decaying wood. First lake, Herkimer co. September. Miss C. C: Haynes. Commelina communis L. Waste places. Albany. August. J. Dearness. Introduced and perhaps escaped from cultivation. Dacryomyees corticioides E. & E. Decaying pine wood. Alcove, Albany co. October. C. L. Shear. Diaporthe atropuncta n. sp. Perithecia valsoid, scattered or 3-6 in a cluster, nestling in the inner bark, minute, subglobose, black, surrounded by no black line; ostiola short, naked, black, surrounded by the slightly elevated ruptured epidermis; asci oblong or subcylindric, .oo4—.0044 of an inch long, .o004-.0005 broad, 8-spored ; spores commonly distichous, hyaline, uniseptate, .oo1—.oo14 of an inch long, .00028-.0003 broad. Bark of basswood, Tilia americana L. Alcove, Albany co. , April G4, “Shear: Related to Diaporthe farinosa Pk. but it has no farinose disk and its spores are much larger. Perithecia subvalsea, 3-6 in caespite vel sparsa, minuta, sub-. globosa, in cortice nidulantia, nigra, nulla linea nigra limitata; ostiola brevia, glabra, nigra, epidermide leviter elevata rupta cir- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 21 cumdata; asci oblongi vel subcylindrici, 100-120 x 10-12 # ; sporae subdistichae, uniseptatae, hyalinae, 25-35 x 7-8 . Diplodina robiniae n. sp. Perithecia minute, sunk in the wood, scattered or clustered, erumpent, sometimes circumscribed by a black line, pallid becom- ing blackish; spores oblong fusiform, straight, uniseptate, hyaline, .0004—.0006 of an inch long, .00016-.0002 broad. Dead branches of locust, Robinia pseudacacia L. Barry- town, Dutchess co. June. Related to Diplodina coronilla Brun. Perithecia minuta, in ligno insculpta, sparsa aggregatave, erumpentia, aliquando linea nigra circumscripta, pallida vel nigricantia; sporae oblongo-fusiformes, rectae, uniseptatae, hya- linae, I0-I2 X 4-5 #. Fusarium aurantiacum Cd. Summer crookneck squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Menands, Albany co. September. A single fruit of this squash which had been laid aside for its seeds developed this fungus and four others on its surface. All were in sufficient quantity to make good herbarium specimens. The four other species are Botrytis cinerea 'Pers, Sporodesmium pluriseptatum (K. ft) ate. Phome, lagenariae .(‘Thuem:) ‘Sacc. and Volutella cucurbitina Pk. The last three species appear to develop most freely on the warts of the squash. Geoglossum alveolatum Durand Decayed wood. Fall creek near Ithaca. July. E. J. Durand. Gloeosporium medicaginis FE. & FE. Living and languishing leaves and stems of alfalfa, Med i- cago sativa L. Menands, Albany co. August. Gonatobotrys lateritia n. sp. Effused, forming thin brick-red patches; hyphae erect, .0003- .0004 of an inch thick, septate, with a few globose or oval nodules, the terminal one .oor2—.0016 of an inch long, obscurely dentiger- ous; spores elliptic, .oo03—.0005 of an inch long, .00024—.0003 broad. On some decaying species of Poria. Star Lake, St Lawrence co. . August. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ty to Effusa lateritias maculas formans; hyphae erectae, crass. 8-10 », septatae, nodulis paucis globosis ovalibusve nodulo terminali ob- scure dentigero, long. 30-40 y»; sporae ellipsoideae, 8-12 x 6-8 p. Hygrophorus sphaerosporus Ik. Utica. August. K. F. Symonds. Hymenula musae Pat. Banana rind. Menands, Albany co. September. Hypholoma fragile n. sp. PLATE V, FIG.’ I-7 Pileus thin, fragile, conic or subcampanulate, becoming convex, obtuse or subumbonate, floccose squamulose when young, with the margin slightly appendiculate with fragments of the veil, glabrous when mature, yellowish, grayish or subochraceous, the center sometimes a little darker; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate, whitish or pailid becoming purplish brown; stem slender, stuffed or hollow, glabrous or minutely floccose, white; spores .0003— .0004 of an inch long, .coo16—.0002 broad. Pileus 6-12 lines broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 1-1.5 lines thick. Decaying wood or among fallen leaves. Star Lake, St Lawrence co. and near Painted Post, Steuben co. August. Pileus tenuis, fragilis, conicus vel subcampanulatus, in maturi- tate convexus, obtusus vel subumbonatus, primus floccoso-squamulo- sus et margine leviter appendiculatus veli fragmentis, demum glaber, flavescens, griseus vel subochraceus, aliquando centro colo- ratior; lamellae tenues, angustatae, confertae, adnatae, albidae pallidaeve’ demum purpureo-brunneae; stipes gracilis, farctus, cavusve, glaber vel minute floccosus, albus; sporae 8-10 x 4-5 p. Lactarius peckii Burl. Damp ground near Smithtown, Suffolk co. August. Lecanora fuscata (Schrad.) Th. Fr. Rocks. Haverstraw, Rockland co. C. F. Austin. Leptosphaeria inquinans n. sp. Perithecia densely gregarious, subcarbonaceous, nestling in the bark, covered by the epidermis which is pierced by the minute black ostiolum, globose, 34 mm broad, black; asci cylindraceous or sub- REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 23 clavate; spores distichous or crowded, cylindric, obtuse, generally curved, 3-septate, colored, the terminal cells subhyaline, .ooo6- .00096 of an inch long, .o0016-.00024 broad, often oozing out and forming black spots on the matrix. Bark of sugar maple, Acer saccharum L. Vaughns, Washington co. April. S. H. Burnham. Before the exudation of the spores the bark is minutely dotted by the black ostiola. The spores are similar to those of Hendersonia brunaudiana S. & R. Perithecia dense gregaria, subcarbonacea, epidermide ostiolis nigris perforata tecta, globosa, 34 mm lat., nigra; asci cylindraceo- clavulati; sporae distichae vel confertae, cylindraceae, obtusae, plerumque curvae, 3-septatae, coloratae, loculis extimis subhya- linis, 10-24 x 4-6 ». Leucolejeunea clypeata (Schw.) Evans Rocks. Dresden, Washington co. August. Lophocolea macouni Aust. Decaying wood in a cedar swamp. Jordanville, Herkimer co. tee Be Austin, Lophocolea minor Nees Ground. Kenwood, Albany co. November. S. H. Burnham. Massariovalsa sudans (B. & C.) Sace. Bark of red maple, Acer rubrum L. Shushan, Washington co. May. S. H. Burnham and F. Dobbin. Our specimens agree much better with the figure of the species given in North American Pyrenomycetes, plate 30, than with the published descriptions of it. Melanconis modonia Tul. Bark of chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Alcove, Albany co. November. C. L. Shear. Mnium orthorrhynchum B. & S. Eagle Rock gorge near Chilson lake, Essex co. June. Mrs C. W. Harris. . Monilia angustior (Sacc.) Reade This fungus which attacks the immature fruit of chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L., was reported under the name 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Monilia peckiana var. angustior Sacc. in the 39th Report of the New York State Museum, page 49, but it has recently been raised to specific rank of which it certainly seems worthy. Professor Reade finds that the fungus attacks also the stems, peti- oles and principal veins of the leaves of the chokecherry. Myxosporium castaneum n. sp. Acervuli gregarious, obicular, %-2?4 mm _ broad, nestling in the bark, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, pallid or grayish; spores oblong or elliptic, hyaline, .oo024—.0004 of an inch long, .003912—.00016 broad, sporophores filiform, equal to or longer than the spores. Dead branches of chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Queens co. March. J. Mickleborough. This fungus is sometimes associated with the conidial form of Diaporthe parasitica Murr. from which it may be dis- tinguished by the paler color of the acervuli and the larger size of the spores. Acervuli gregarii, orbiculares, lat. 43-24 mm in cortice nidu- lantes, epidermide rupta circumscripti, pallidi vel subgrisei; sporae oblongae vel ellipsoideae, hyalinae, 6-10 x 3-4 +, basidia filiformia, sporis aequalia vel longiora. Nardia crenuliformis (Aust.) Lindb. Rocks in rivulets. Rockland co. November. C. F. Austin. Nectria sambuci FE. & E. Dead stems of sweet elder, Sambucus canadensis L. Wells, Hamilton co. September. Neottiella polytrichi (Schum.) Mass. On hair cap mosses. Glenmont, Albany co. November. S. H. Burnham. Pellia endiviaefolia (Dicks.) Dumort. Banks of ditches near Syracuse. October. L. M. Underwood. Phoma corni Fckl. Dead twigs of round leaved cornel, Cornus circinata L’Her. Rensselaer lake, Albany co. April. S. H. Burnham. to wat REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1g08 Phoma lagenariae (Thuem.) Sacc. Rind of summer crookneck squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Menands, Albany co. September. The perithecia in our specimens become black with age; the spores exude and form whitish masses. They are .0003~.0006 of an inch long, .ooo16—.0002 broad (8-16 x 4-5 #4). Phyllosticta orbicula E. & E. Living or languishing leaves of horse-radish, Radicula armoracia (L.) Robins. Menands, Albany co. October. Pleurotus applicatus (Batsch) Fr. Decaying wood and bark. Old Forge, Herkimer co. C. H. Peck. On beech bark. Vaughns, Washington co. S, H. Burn- ham. Alcove, Albany co. C. L. Shear. Specimens of Pleurotus atropellitus Pk. were erro- neously referred to Agaricus applicatus Batsch in the 22d Report of the New York State Cabinet, page 78. Pleurotus griseus Pk. In the 44th Report of the New York State Museum, page 35 this mushroom was described under the name Pleurotus atrocaeruleus griseus. MHaving observed it for many years and having received specimens of it from correspondents who collected it in’ widely separated localities, and finding it con- stant in its characters, I am persuaded that it is worthy of specific distinction. I have never seen specimens of it showing any blue color nor even bluish tints. Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr. Decaying wood. Lyndonville, Orleans co. C. E. Fairman. Polyporus delectans Pk. Decaying wood. Vaughns, Washington co. October. S. H. Burnham. - Polyporus trabeus Rostk. Decaying wood of poplar. Gansevoort, Saratoga co. October. Our specimens were found growing with Polyporus caesius Fr. on the same prostrate trunk and in close proximity to it. They are nearly the same size, but more glabrous and with no bluish tints. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Puccinia agrostidis Plow. Stems of white bent grass, Agrostis alba L. Wells, Hamilton co. September. Both the uredo and the telial forms were growing on the stems. Puccinia albiperidia Arth. Leaves and culms of Carex crinita Lam. Wells, Hamil- ton co. September. The aecial form inhabits living leaves of gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati L. Puccinia campanulae Carm. Living radical leaves of harebell, Campanula rotundi- folia L. Near Ithaca. March. Edna Porter. Puccinia cyani (Schleich.) Pass. Living leaves and stems of bluebottle, Centaurea cyanus L. Menands, Albany co. C. H. Peck. Shelter island, Suffolk co. W.G. Farlow. This species was formerly considered a variety of Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostk. but is now raised to specific rank. Puccinia phlei-pratensis E. & H. Culms and sheaths of timothy, Phleum pratensis L. Wells, Hamilton co. September. Pucciniastrum potentillae Kom. Living leaves of three-toothed cinquefoil, Potentilla tri- dentata Ajit. Berlin mountain, Rensselaer co. September. W. G. Farlow. Rhinotrichum curtisii Berk. Decaying wood of poplar. Gansevoort, Saratoga co. August. This species is closely related to R. ramosissimum B. & C. from which it differs in color. Its spores are very variable, being subglobose, ellipsoid or obovate. ; Solanum rostratum Dunal Afton, Chenango co. September. H. S. Sizer. Probably in- troduced from the west. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 to N Sorosporium saponariae Rud. In flowers and flower buds of field chickweed, Cerastium arvense L. Helderberg mountains. June. S. H. Burnham. So far as known this is its first discovery in this country. Sphenolobus hellerianus (Nees) Steph. Decaying wood. Altamont, Albany co. May. Sporodesmium pluriseptatum (kK. & H.) Pk. Rind of summer crookneck squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Menands; Albany co. September. Ais: ts, oporodesmium mucosum var. plurisep- tatum Karst. & Har. but it difters so decidedly from S. mucosum that it is far more satisfactory to give it specific rank than varietal. The spores in our specimens exceed in size and in the number of septa the spores of the typical variety even and therefore intensify the difference between it and S. muco- sum. In our specimens they are 40-80 » long and 3-8-septate with usually more than two longitudinal septa. The fungus forms black velvety patches 14 to ™% inch in diameter. Tricholoma subcinereum n. sp. Pileus thin, plane or centrally depressed, subglabrous, whitish pale cinereous or grayish brown, the center sometimes a little darker and with a slight pruinose appearance, flesh white, odor strong, taste slightly and tardily acrid; lamellae thin, close, slightly sinuate, white; stem central or eccentric, equal or slightly thick- ened toward the base, solid, silky-fibrillose, whitish or brown ex- ternally, brownish within; spores broadly elliptic, .oo03—.00036 of an inch long, .00024—.00028 broad. Pileus 1.5-2.5 inches broad; stem 1.5-3 inches long, 3-7 lines thick. Ground or buried wood in a cellar. Pittsford, Monroe co. June. F. S. Boughton. é A singular species suggestive in some of its characters of Tricholoma humile, T. schumacheri and T. sub- pulverulentum. The forms with whitish pileus sometimes become grayish brown in drying. Pileus tenuis, planus vel centro depressus, subglaber, albidus pallido-cinereus vel griseo-brunneus, aliquando in centro magis coloreus et leviter pruinosus, carne alba, odore pungente, flavore 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leve tardeque acre; lamellae tenues, confertae, leviter sinuatae, albae; stipes centralis eccentricusve aequalis vel basi leviter in- crassatus, solidus, sericeo-fibrillosus, albidus vel extus brunneus, intus brunnescens; sporae late ellipsoideae, 8-9 x 6-7 ». Trichothecium candidum VWVallr. On a drying specimen of Polyporus hispidus (Bull.) Fr. Albany. September. Uromyces caricinus E. & E. Leaves and culms of Carex scoparia Schk.+ Alcove; Albany: co. .- July. °C, Li Shear. Uromyces scirpi (Cast.) Burr. Leaves of river bulrush, Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Clayton, Jefferson co. September. The aecial form oc- curs on leaves of poison hemlock, Cicuta maculata L. Volutella cucurbitina n. sp. Sporodochia orbicular, crowded in orbicular patches which are sometimes confluent, purplish brown becoming brown with age or in drying, adorned with slender subulate blackish setae, .oo024— .0048 of an inch long, .ooo12—.00015 broad; spores oblong, obtuse, hyaline, .o004-.0009 of an inch long, .ooo16—.0002 broad, sporo- phores very short or obsolete. Rind of summer crookneck squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Menands, Albany co. September. Sporodochia orbicularia, in maculis orbicularibus dense conferta, interdum confluentia, oculo inermi brunneo-purpurea, in aetate brunnescentia, setis gracilibus subulatis nigris, 60-120x3-4 4 ornata; sporae oblongae, obtusis, hyalinis, 10-22x 4-5 y, sporo- phoris brevissimis obsoletisve. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1g08 29 REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS Brachysporium obovatum (Berk.) Sacc. Eark of hop hornbeam, Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Lyndonville, Orleans co. March. C. E. Fairman. A form not fully agreeing with the description of the type. It grows in tufts instead of velvety patches and the spores are often oblong instead of obovate and the septa vary from one to three. Castanea dentata ( Marsh.) Borkh. This valuable tree has been attacked by a destructive fungus, Diaporthe parasitica Murr. In the parks of Brooklyn and New York city and in the country around these cities many trees have been injured or killed by it and many have been cut in consequence of the attack and its destructive effects. Numerous articles have been published concerning this disease and various experiments tried, designed to check or overcome the ravages of the fungus, but none of them has been successful or satisfactory. The fungus attacks the tree in wounds or abrasions of the bark and by killing the inner vital part of the bark in which it lives and spreads, it kills the tree in two or three years. It apparently does not otherwise affect the wood which may still be utilized aitcr the death of the tree. The disease has been reported to have extended as far north as Dutchess county and a special trip was made to that region for its investigation, but no signs of its presence were found. Nor was it found in Albany, Rens- selaer and Steuben counties in which it has been sought. On the other hand wherever the chestnut trees in these and other counties have been observed by myself the past season, they have generally appeared to be in good health and vigor and unusually full of fruit. A correspondent who 1s interested in the study and observance of the disease reports that he did not find it in the Catskill mountain region. It is therefore improbable that it has spread far in our State, 1f at all, either north or west of the limits assigned to it last year. It is more likely that the pessimistic views concerning its rapid spread and destructive consequences, entertained by some writers, will scarcely be realized. Unusually destiuctive outbreaks of parasitic fungi are apt to be dependent on unusual climatic conditions and therefore to be of short duration. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Most of our botanies describe the leaves of this shrub as oppo- site or in whorls of three. A form occurs near Saugerties, Ulster co. in which there are four leaves in a whorl. Epicoccum neglectum Desm. On fruit of cucumber, Cucumis sativa L. Menands, Albany co. October. The patches or areas of this fungus at first appear to be pale brown but with age they become very black. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Near Saugerties, Ulster co. September. This species is rare in the eastern and northeastern parts of the State. Hydrangea arborescens L. Near Coopers Piains and abundant near Lindley, Steuben co. G. D. Cornell. Also near Painted Post. C. H. Peck. Proitum specimens were collected in August. Hypoderma desmazieri Duby On leaves of pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill. Menands, Albany co. August. In these specimens the infested leaves were still on the tree and in some cases they were still green at the base, appearing as if the fungus was the cause of the partial death of the leaves. Lycopodium inundatum L. Rensselaer lake, Albany co. S. H. Burnham. September. This species is common in the cold bogs and marshes in the northern and eastern parts of the State, but would scarcely be expected to grow so near Albany. Xyris caroliniana Walt. was found growing in company with it. Microsphaera alni (\Wallr.) Salm. Leaves of cream vetchling, Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Very abundant on hillsides south of Corning. August. Panax quinquefolia L. Woods. Rensselaer co. June. Fruit ripe the last week in August. The demand for the root of this plant has been so great and the price so remunerative in recent years that the plant has been REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 31 nearly exterminated in our State. It is therefore very gratifying to know that there is even a limited station only a few miles from Albany. This place is so well fitted for its growth that most of the plants are very vigorous and bear four leaves at the top of the stem instead of three, the usual number. The roots also are of unusual size and bear two to four branches, each of which is as large as the unbranched root of ordinary plants. Only enough specimens have been taken to properly represent this interesting form in the State herbarium. It is very desirable that the plant may continue to occupy this favorable locality for many years. Phyllosticta labruscae Thuem. Living leaves of Boston ivy, Ampelopsis tricuspidata S. & Z. Menands, Albany co. July and August. A new host plant for this parasitic fungus, which usuaily attacks leaves of grapevines, Phycomyces nitens (Ag.) Kunze Decaying specimens of the oak loving collybia, Collybia dryophila (Bull.) Fr. Star Lake, St Lawrence co. August. This is a form having spores .0016 of an inch (40 ~) or more in length. Psathyrella graciloides Pk. Split Rock, Onondaga co. September. G. E. Morris. This is a rare species found in our State but once before. Uromyces hyperici (Schw.) Curt. Leaves of northern St Johnswort, Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bickn. Griffin, Hamilton co. September. Urnula geaster Pk. This species was described from mature specimens collected near Austin, Tex. Fresh specimens, recently received from the same locality and sent by Mr F. D. Heald, show that the char- acter “urceolate or cupulate” in the original description [N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p. 39. 1893. Bot. ed.] is erroneous. The recent specimens show both the mature and the immature con- dition. The unopened plant has a closed receptacle, ellipsoidal, hollow, tapering downward into a solid fleshy tough stem and furnished at the apex with a slight blunt umbo. The plants grow in clusters about the base of old stumps. They take their origin several inches below the surface. The whole exterior is of a uni- form brown color and covered with a minute velvety tomentum, but the flesh within is white both in the stem and in the receptacle. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The whole plant is 2-5 inches long and 1-2 inches broad in its widest part. The stem is .25-2 inches long and 3-5 lines thick. In opening, the receptacle splits longitudinally into 4-6 rays which curve gracefully outward revealing the whitish or sub- ochraceous hymenium. The chinks first appear at or near the middle of the receptacle and extend each way; downward to or nearly to the stem and upward to and through the umbo. The spores sometimes contain a single large nucleus, sometimes several small ones of unequal size. The paraphyses are moniliform, at least in the upper part. This species has been made the ‘type of a new genus, Choriactis, chiefly because the cells of the receptacle are wholly parenchymatous instead of being mostly prosenchymatous, as in the receptacle of Urnula craterium, the type species of the genus Urnula. To ignore all the plainly perceptible and easily ascertainable generic characters of a plant as large as this and give more weight to a slight difference in the cellular structure of the receptacle than to them, certainly does not seem scientific or reasonable. And the absurdity of it is emphasized when, as in this case, this. slight difference is made the chief reason not only for the establishment of a new genus but for removing that genus with its one species to the family Pezizaceae with which it has little else in common. If such a course is to be followed it would be necessary to examine with a compound microscope all similar plants before it would be possible to refer them to their proper genera and families. In the species under consideration all the generic characters as- cribed by Fries to the genus Urnula are shown except one, namely “ore rotundo rimose dehiscens,’”’ (splitting open in a rounded mouth). In Sylloge, this part of the Friesian generic description was modified or extended by adding after “ rotundo,” “ vel lacini- ato” (or laciniate). There is also added under the description of Urnula craterium (Schw.) Fr. the remark, “ Passim lacini- atum dehiscit.” From this it appears that even the type species of the genus Urnula sometimes splits longitudinally. The gross dif- ference then between the generic character assigned by Fries to the genus Urnula and the species described as Urnula geaster comes so near the vanishing point that it seems superfluous to separate the two plants generically. Verpa digitaliformis Pers. At the base of sand banks. Karner, Albany co. May. D. B. Young. A rare species in our State and remarkable in this case for growing in sandy soil. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 33 NEW EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF FUNGI Agaricus approximans PLATE V, FIG. 8-14 Pileus thin, conic or campanulate, often obtusely umbonate, squamulose except the umbo, often radiately rimose, whitish, with brownish squamules and blackish brown or fuscous umbo, flesh white, unchangeable, taste sweet, agreeable; lamellae thin, close, free, white becoming brown or blackish brown; stem equal or tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, whitish, sometimes brownish below the white annulus; spores .0002-.00024 of an inch long, .0OO14—.00016 broad. Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem 1-1.5 inches long, 2-3 lines thick. Gregarious or sometimes two united at the base. On manure. Near Trenton, N. J. September. E. B. Sterling. Growing with Agaricus placomyces Pk. from which it differs in its smaller size, campanulate pileus and brown umbo. It is one of the few species in which the color of the lamellae changes from white to brown without any intervening pink color. From similar species of Lepiota it may be distinguished by its brown spores and brown mature lamellae. Pileus tenuis, conicus vel campanulatus, saepe obtuse umbonatus, squamulosus praeter umbonem, saepe radiate rimosus, albidus, squamulis brunnescentibus et umbone brunneo-nigro fuscove, carne alba, immutabile, sapore dulce, grata; lamellae tenues, con- fertae, liberae, albae deinde brunneae vel nigrescentes; stipes aequalis vel sursum attenuatus, farctus cavusve, albidus, annulo albo; sporae 5-6 X 3.5-4 vv. Pileus 2.5-5 cm latus; stipes 2.5-4 cm longus, 46 mm crassus. Amanita elongata Pileus thin, conic or ovate becoming broadly convex, glabrous, even or striate on the margin, yellow or orange, sometimes more deeply colored in the center, flesh white ; lamellae close, free, white ; stem long, slender, flexuous, white or whitish at the top, pallid below, slightly thickened at the base, slightly radicating, the annulus pale yellow; spores broadly elliptic, .0003-.0004 of an inch long, .00024—.0003 broad. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem 3-6 inches long, 2-4 lines thick. Damp grassy ground in the borders of woods. Pennsylvania. July... BS. Sterling: Pileus tenuis, conicus ovatusve, deinde late convexus, glaber, in margine levis striatusve, luteus aurantiacusve, saepe in centro coloratior, carne alba; lamellae confertae, liberae, albae; stipes elongatus, gracilis, flexuosus, apice albus albidusve, deorsum pal- lidus, basi leviter incrassatus, subradicatus, annulo flavido; sporae 8-10 x 6-8 p. . Pileus 2.5-5 cm latus; stipes 7.5-15 cm longus, 4-8 mm crassus. Boletinus glandulosus Pileus fleshy, convex becoming nearly plane, viscid, subumbo- nate, chestnut or brown, flesh pallid; tubes medium size, angular, adnate or slightly decurrent, brown becoming blackish brown, the dissepiments everywhere dotted with minute compact tufts of elon- - gated slightly irregular blackish cells, .ooo8—.0016 of an inch long, .00016-.0002 broad; stem subequal, viscid, solid, annulate, yellowish brown; spores oblong, .0004—.0005 of an inch long, .ooor6—.0002 broad. Pileus 1.5—3 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. New Brunswick. G. U. Hay. The dense blackish dots on the tube walls appear at first sight like glands and suggest the specific name. They furnish a singular character which belongs to no other known species of the genus and serves as a ready mark of distinction for this species. Pileus carneus, convexus deinde subplanus, viscidus, subum- bonatus, subcastaneus brunneusve, carne pallida; tubuli angulares, adnati vel leviter decurrentes, brunnei deinde nigro-brunnei; dis- sepimentis ubique punctatis cum caespitibus minutis loculorum elongatorum, leviter irregularum, nigrescentum, 20-40 x 4-5 #; stipes subaequalis, viscidus, solidus, annulatus, flavo-brunneus ; sporae oblongae, 10-12 X 4-5 p. Pileus 3.5-7.5 cm latus; stipes 2.5-5 cm longus, 8-12 mm crassus. Clavaria pallescens Club simple, loosely cespitose or sometimes gregarious, about I inch tall, clavate, obtuse, generally terete, soft, fragile, stuffed or hollow, pale buff fading to whitish, more persistent lemon-yellow within; stem distinct, short, glabrous, 1-2 lines long, pale yellow; REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 35 spores white, oblong or ellipsoid, .00035-.0005 of an inch long, .00024—.0003 broad. Dry gravelly soil near clumps of lamb kill, Kalmia angus- tifolia L. South Acton, Mass. October. S. Davis and G. E. Morris. Allied to Clavaria ligula Fr. from which it may be separated by its smaller size, pallescent color externally and lemon- yellow color within, glabrous pale yellow stem and its broader sporés. It is apparently a rare species. Clava simplex, laxe caespitosa vel aliquando gregaria, in alti- tudine uncialis, clavata, obtusa, plerumque teres, mollis, fragilis, farcta cavave, ochroleuca, pallescens, intus citrina; stipes distinctus, brevis (2-4 mm) citrinus; sporae albae, oblongae vel ellipsoideae, 6-8 x 9Q-I2 », Galera besseyi PLATE V, FIG. 15-20 Pileus thin, ovate or oval, rarely subglobose, obtuse, glabrous, never expanding, isabelline or pale dingy ochraceous, the margin abruptly contracted and closely embracing the stem; lamellae thin, close, ascending, adnate, ferruginous brown; stem slender, slightly flexuous, hollow, glabrous, even or slightly striate, colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, .00055-.00065 of an inch long, .CO04-.0005 broad. Pileus 2.5-6 lines long, 2-5 lines broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 5-1 line thick. Sandy soil. Garden of the Gods, El Paso co., Col. August 1908. C. E. Bessey and E. A. Bessey. This is a well marked and readily recognized species, having two very peculiar and interesting characters. The permanently closed pileus and the abruptly contracted amplexicaul margin are features not found in any other known species. The persistently clasping margin, surrounding the top of the stem like a sheath, strongly emphasizes the generic character, “margin at first straight, appressed to the stem.” Being an inhabitant of an arid region we may suppose the persistently closed pileus to be a character de- signed to promote the conservation of moisture in the pileus till the spores can be fully developed. That it is not due in this instance to an unusually dry season and therefore an unusual occurrence may be inferred from the fact that rain had preceded the discovery but a short time, for water was seen in the surface 2 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cavities of adjacent rocks. We must therefore conclude that it is a permanent character. The color of the young lamellae is not known. The mycelium binds together a mass of sand at the base of the stem. This ad- heres to the stem when carefully taken up and gives it the ap- pearance of being bulbous. This most distinct and remarkable species may very appropriately commemorate the name of the illustrious botanist, C. E. Bessey, who with his son, E. A. Bessey, discovered it. Pileus tenuis, ovatus ovalisve, rare subglobosus, obtusus, glaber, nunquam expansus, isabellinus vel subochraceus, in margine ab- rupte contractus et stipitem amplexans; lamellae tenues, confertae, ascendentes, adnatae, ferrugineo-brunneae; stipes gracilis, sub- flexuosus, glaber, levis vel substriatus, pileo in colore similis; sporae ellipsoideae, 14-16 x I0-I2 p. Pileus 5-12 mm longus, 4-10 mm latus; stipes 2.5-5 cm longus, I—2 mm crassus. Hygrophorus obconicus Pileus fleshy, thick in the center, obconic, convex or nearly plane becoming depressed in the center, involute on the margin, glabrous, pruinose, white or whitish, with the center yellowish, becoming pale alutaceous with age, flesh white; lamellae thick, distant, ventricose, very decurrent, white; stem straight or flexuous, equal or tapering downward, brittle, stuffed, white; spores sub- globose, .oo016-.00024 of an inch long, .oo016-.0002 broad. Pileus 6-12 lines broad; stem 10-12 lines long, 3—5 lines thick. Cespitose. Among sphagnum in swamps. Stow, Mass. Sep- tember. S. Davis. This is allied to H. pratensis albus Sacc. from which it may be separated by its habitat, color and smaller spores. Pileus carneus, centro crassus, convexus vel subplanus, deinde centro depressus, glaber, pruinosus, albus albidusve, disco flavido vel griseo-flavido, in maturitate pallido-alutaceus, carne alba; lamellae crassae, distantes, ventricosae, valde decurrentes, albae; stipes rectus vel flexuosus, aequalis vel deorsum attenuatus, fragilis, farctus, albus; sporae subglobosae, 4-6 X 4-5 ». Pileus 1.5-2.5 cm latus; stipes 2-2.5 cm longus, 6-10 mm crassus. Inocybe intricata Pileus thin, conic or convex becoming expanded, umbonate, fibrillose, radiately rimose, pale brown or tawny brown, shining, the umbo generally darker, flesh white; lamellae close, adnate or REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 37 sinuate adnate, white or whitish becoming tawny; stem fragile, flexuous, pruinose, stuffed or hollow, sometimes slightly bulbous, whitish, brownish below; spores coarsely nodulose, .0004—.0005 of an inch long, .00024-.0003 broad; cystidia .oo2-.003 of an inch long, .ooo8-.0012 broad. Pileus 4-5 lines broad; stem 1.5-2 inches long, .5-1 line thick. Dark vegetable humus under deciduous trees. Stow, Mass. July and August. S. Davis. The species belongs to the section Rimosi. It is variable. It differs from I. umboninota Pk. in its paler color of the pileus, its stuffed or hollow stem and its larger spores. From I. rimosa (Bull.) Karst. it is separated by its nodulose spores and from I. asterospora Quel. by its smaller size, paler shining pileus and its stuffed or hollow stem with no reddish tint. It is also peculiar in having a slight webby veil when very young. Pileus tenuis, conicus convexusve, deinde expansus, umbonatus, fibrillosus, radiate rimosus, pallido-brunneus, fulvo-brunneus, nitidus, umbone plerumque nigro-brunneo, carne alba; lamellae confertae, adnatae sinuato-adnataeve, albae albidaeve, deindae ful- yae; stipes fragilis, flexuosus, pruinosus, fractus fistulosusve, inter- dum leviter bulbosus, sursum albidus, deorsum brunnescens ; sporae sparsim nodulosae, 10-12 x 6-8 », cystidia 55-80 x 20-30, Pileus 8-10 mim latus; stipes 3-5 cm longus, I-2 mm crassus. Panaeolus semilanceatus Pileus thin, conic-ovate, umbonate, grayish brown; lamellae as- cending, black when mature; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, brown; spores ellipsoid, compressed, variable in size, black, .0005—.0007 of an inch long, .0003—.0005 broad. Pileus 4-6 lines long, 3-4 broad; stem 1.5-2.5 inches long, .5--75 of an inch thick. Dawson, British America. ‘September 1905. Communicated by E. B. Sterling. Similar to Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. in size and shape, but differing in color and spore character. Pileus tenuis, conicus ovatusve, umbonatus, griseo-brunneus ; lamellae ascendentes, in maturitate atrae; stipes gracilis, glaber, fistulosus, fuscus; sporae ellipsoideae, compressae, in magnitudine variabiles, atrae, 12-18 x 8-12 vp. Pileus 8-12 mm longus, 6-8 mm latus; stipes 4-6 cm longus, I-1I.5 mm crassus, 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hendersonia diplodioides divergens var. noy. Spores very large, irregular, straight or curved, oblong, sub- pyriform or elliptic, I-5-septate, commonly 3-5-septate, .oor2— 0010 of an inch long, .0005—.00096 broad. Dead stems of Sambucus. Red Butte Canyon, Utah. July. A. O. Garrett. Differs from the type chiefly in its spores. Sporae maximae, irregulares, rectae vel curvae, oblongae, sub- pyriformes, vel ellipsoideae, 1-5-septatae, plerumque 3-septatae, 30-40 x 12-24 4. EDIBLE FUNGI Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Fr. SORDID TRICHOLOMA PLATE II5 Pileus thin, campanulate or convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, subumbonate, glabrous, sometimes wavy or irregular on the margin, hygrophanous, dark brown or subviolaceous when moist, pallid or subalutaceous when dry, flesh white, taste sweetish, then disagreeable; lamellae thin, subdistant, sinuate, adnate or subdecurrent, violaceous when young, then whitish or smoky brownish, sometimes tinged with pink; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or occasionally hollow in large specimens, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, sometimes fibrillose striate; spores pinkish, .0003 of an inch long, .o002 broad. The sordid tricholoma in this part of our country is most often found in greenhouses. The figures of it in plate 115 were drawn from specimens collected by H. W. Barratt in Poughkeepsie. They were found growing in a greenhouse devoted to the culti- vation of violets. Specimens of it were received a little later from B. C. Williams of Newark, Wayne co. These were collected in a greenhouse devoted to the cuitivation of carnations. The species is related to the naked tricholoma, Tricholoma nudum (Bull.) Fr. with which it was for a time confused, but from which it may be distinguished by its tougher hygrophanous cap. In Europe it is said to grow on manure and in rich cultivated soil in gardens. The cap is thin except in the center where it sometimes has a prominence called an umbo. It has a moist appearance and a REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 39 dark lilac or violaceous color before maturity, but when old it changes color as the moisture escapes and becomes pallid, grayish or reddish brown, The young gills are also violaceous but with age they assume a pallid or smoky hue sometimes tinged with pink. The stem is nearly equal in diameter throughout its entire length but sometimes it is a little thickened at the base. It may be solid or stuffed with a pith or in large specimens it may be hollow. It is similar in color to the pileus but may be a little paler. Often several stems are united at the base, and then the caps are fre- quently so crowded that they become irregular or wavy on the margin and sometimes they may be eccentric. The stems are slightly fibrillose striate and white within. The pinkish tint of the spores and the slightly decurrent lamellae are characters sug- gestive of the genus Clitopilus. On account of its slight toughness and the somewhat disagree- able flavor of the flesh this species would not be considered a first- class mushroom, but with proper preparation it makes a very good dish and is harmless. The collector of the Poughkeepsie speci- mens gives the following as his method of cooking this mushroom. Put them in a covered dish with a little water, having previously seasoned them with a little salt and pepper. Put in an oven and after roasting them, not before, add a little butter. He adds, “we roasted some this morning and pronounce them first-rate.” Pholiota duroides Pk. HARDISH PHOLIOTA PLATE 116, FIG. I-7 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.148 Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, glabrous or slightly rimose squamose in the center, creamy white or sometimes ochra- ceous buff either wholly or in the center only, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thin, close, narrow, adnexed, sometimes broadly sinuate and having a decurrent tooth, whitish becoming brown or rusty brown; stem equal or nearly so, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, whitish, the annulus thick and cottony, often lacerated and evanes- cent, white; spores broadly elliptic, .00024-.00028 of an inch long, .00016-.0002 broad. The hardish pholiota is related to the hard pholiota, Pholiota dura (Bolt.) Fr. but it may be separated from it by its different 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM colors, softer substance and specially by its smaller spores. These are more brown than the spores of the early pholiota, Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Fr., and this makes it doubtful whether the species would not better be placed in the genus Stropharia, The cap is 1-2 inches broad and convex or nearly flat on the upper surface which is smooth and nearly white or sometimes yellow in the center or wholly ochraceous buff. The gills are rather narrow and closely placed side by side. When young they are whitish but with advancing age they become dark rusty brown. The stem is 1-2 inches long and 2-4 lines thick. It is white and adorned near the top by a thick cottony white collar which is sometimes torn or ragged and sometimes disappears as the plant grows old. It grows in rocky uncultivated places and may be found in August and September. It was discovered in Massa- chusetts but has been found near Syracuse in this State. Its scarcity detracts somewhat from its importance as an edible species. Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres. YELLOW RED PHYLLOPORUS PLATE 116, FIG. 8-II Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or pulvinate, sometimes becoming plane or depressed in the center when old, minutely flocculose or subtomentose, dry, occasionally rimose, reddish, yellowish red, brownish red or tawny brown, flesh white or whitish; lamellae moderately broad, subdistant, adnate or decurrent, distinct or slightly anastomosing near the stem, golden yellow, the inter- spaces somewhat venose; stem straight or flexuous, equal or nar- rowed toward the base, solid or stuffed, reddish or red above and yellow below; spores oblong or subfusiform, .0004—.0005 of an inch long, .oo016-.0002 broad. ) The yellow red phylloporus is variable in the color of the cap and stem and in the character of the gills. It has been referred by mycologists to various genera and described under various names. Agaricus rhodoxanthus, Agaricus )pel- letieri, Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, Clitocybe pelletieri, Flammula tammii, Flammula para- doxa, Paxillus tammii and Paxillus rhodoxan- thus have all been applied to one or another form of this protean species. Because it does not agree well with the char- acters of any of the genera mentioned a new genus was instituted REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 4I which might receive this and kindred species. Its name is Phyl- loporus and indicates the fact that in Europe a form occurs in which the gills are connected by transverse partitions in such a way as to form pores. This form appears to be wanting in this country, but forms sometimes occur here in which the gills are _ more or less connected near their inner extremity. The color of the gills is a beautiful bright chrome yellow or golden yellow. They are not easily separable from the flesh of the cap. This is the chief objection to placing this species in the genus Paxillus. The stem is usually a little shorter than the horizontal diameter of the cap. It is commonly central but occasionally it is eccentric. It is solid or stuffed and more or less variegated with red and yellow. The cap is 2-4 inches broad, the stem 1.5-3 inches long and 3-5 lines thick. The mode of growth is either solitary, gregarious or cespitose. It is found in woods and bushy places growing among mosses, grasses or fallen leaves and is generally most plentiful in showery weather in July, August and September. The resemblance of forms haying a tawny brown or yellowish brown cap to Boletus subtomentosus L. is quite marked and has been noticed by several writers. Cantharellus minor Pk. SMALL CHANTARELLE PLATE 116, FIG. 12-Y7 Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, often centrally depressed or umbilicate, glabrous, yellow, flesh whitish or pale yellow; lamellae distant, decurrent, sparingly branched, yellow; stem slender, subflexuous, subequal, smooth, solid when young, then stuffed or hollow, yellow, often with a whitish mycelium at the base; spores .00025—.0003 of an inch long, .ooo16—.0002 broad. The small chantarelle is almost exactly like the chantarelle, Cantharellus cibarius Fr. in color, but in its much smaller size and more slender appearance, its stem being propor- tionately longer, it is easily recognized at a glance as a distinct species. But detailed examination sustains the superficial appear- ance by showing the cap to be very much thinner and often um- bilicate or centrally depressed, the gills broader in proportion to the size of the plant and much less branched, the stem slender, elongated, usually flexuous and stuffed or hollow, and the spores smaller. The cap is often wavy or irregular on the margin and 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the stem may be hollow in the upper part and solid in the lower. The cap is 6-12 lines broad, the stem 1-1.5 inches long and 1-2 lines thick. It grows in thin woods and in open places and appears in June and July. It is gregarious or subcespitose and is some- times associated with the chantarelle craterellus, Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. Although of excellent flavor its small size detracts from its importance as an edible mushroom, but sometimes in wet showery weather it appears in sufficient abundance to make it available for the table. NEW YORK SPECIES OF LENTINUS Lentinus Fr. Pileus fleshy coriaceous, tough, hard in fleshy species when old, persistent; hymenophorum continuous with the stem or with the - base of the sessile pileus ; lamellae thin, unequal, serrate or lacerate- dentate on the edge; stem when present, central, eccentric or lateral. Wood-inhabiting fungi, variable in form, hard or tough in tex- ture and easily recognizable by the uneven or serrate-dentate edge of the lamellae. KEY TO THE SPECIES Pileus with a distinct stem...... date © o:ein eefimwla b(t, = 0's 9's y aioe eee I Pileus sessile or with a very short stem..:....... sco. > samen 6 1. Pileus ‘squamose "ori-squamtlose «..3... 05,0. dite oct ean a seeate Pret 2 I. Pileus* glabrous... 27... cces/ccve as oaie’encrers ernseie estate tte 2 vials ole ee 5 2 Stem. 3 lines thick or more. 0.5... 2.) >sise’s ses Siei's ss ee 3 2/Stem-less: than 3 Jintes ‘thick 2. 6. 6. 3s. ovcteeiowe son cite 4 3. Pileus. squamose, lamellae sinuate. ...,..5-. 200 ss0s00s vee sm eee lepideus 3 Pileus squamulose, lamellae not sinuate.............eseeeeeeeceees spretus 4 Margin of the pileus even... ...a. 05. sci0s0s seine eee tigrinus 4 Margin of the pileus“Sultate - 5.00. 02+ etc seic oe macnn ge een sulcatus 5 Plant. cespitese,. stem ‘suleate ict aes aoe eect o= scene eae ee cochleatus 5 Plant not cespitose: stem! not suledtes.n..at. cemcres cere te ee umbilicatus © Mature, pileus hattry; sessilecs cee oi ee cece oo Cire eieiete siete eee ursinus 6 Mature pileus glabrous, very short stemmed...................-+s0- 7 7 stem: red. or ‘chéstntt. color: v..2 ee as sae uae Cees ee oe eee haematopus 7 Stem: whitish, nearly obsolete x. 2s .a» acum e cose ae eee oe oe kee suavissimus Lentinus lepideus Fr. SCALY LENTINUS Pileus fleshy, compact, tough, hard when dry, convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed in the center, often irregular, the cuticle cracking and forming brownish spotlike scales, white or REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 ae pale ochraceous, flesh white; lamellae subdistant, broad, sinuate, de- current, transversely jiacerate and dentate serrate on the edge, white; stem short, hard, solid, often pointed at the base, more or less adorned with recurved scales sometimes furnished when young with an imperfect evanescent annulus, white or whitish; spores ellipsoidal, .0004—.0005 of an inch long, .0002-.00024 broad. Pileus 2-4 inches broad; stem 1-2.5 inches long, 3-6 lines thick. Single or cespitose. Decaying wood of coniferous trees. Often on and injurious to railroad ties, fence posts and bridge timbers. Common. May to October. The pileus is occasionally umbonate. The scales may be brown or almost black. The stem is sometimes eccentric. It often emerges from cracks in the wood and is then pointed at the base. Lentinus spretus Pk. SPURNED LENTINUS N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.24. Pileus thin, tough, convex becoming nearly plane, obtuse or umbonate, rimose squamulose, grayish brown or pale alutaceous, sometimes more highly colored in the center, flesh white; lamellae close, rather narrow, decurrent, whitish, serrate dentate on the edge, sometimes lacerate; stem equal or sometimes narrowed toward the base, sometimes thickened, solid, subsquamose, often eccentric, whitish, often brownish toward the base; spores white, oblong, .0003-.0004 of an inch long, .ooo16—.0002 broad. Pileus 2-5 inches broad; stem 1-3 inches long, 3-6 lines thick. Decaying wood of pine. Warren and Rensselaer counties. July to September. This species is closely related to Lentinus lepideus Fr. from which it may be separated by its more slender habit, thinner pileus, smaller scales, and more decurrent lamellae without a sinus, and specially by its smaller spores. The dimensions ascribed. to the spores of L. lepideus by European authors vary. It is possible therefore that L. spretus may have been confused by them with the preceding species. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. SPOTTED LENTINUS Pileus thin, subcoriaceous, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, spotted with innate hairy blackish scales, whitish; lamellae narrow, close, unequal, decurrent, toothed on the edge, white; stem slender, 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM solid, hard, squamulose, whitish, sometimes brownish toward the base; spores ellipsoid, .0002—.0003 of an inch long, .oooI-.00016 broad. Pileus I-1.5 inches broad; stem 1I-1.5 inches long, 1-2 lines thick. Decaying wood. )Sacca) Peziza tetraonalis Pk. (Ascophanus tetraonalis Pk.) Peziza thalictri Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.55. 1878. (Pyrenopeziza thalictri (Pk.) acc.) Peziza tiliae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.o6. 1872. (Trichopeziza tiliae (Pk.) Sacc.) Peziza typhae Pk. (Mollisia pallidior Pk.) Peziza unicisa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.8r. 1874. (Otidea leporina (Batsch) Fckl.) Peziza (Dasyscyphae) urticina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.46. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.2r. 1887. (Trichopeziza urticina (Pk.) Sacc.) Peziza (Mollisia) vincta C. & P. Grev. 1:6. July 1872. (Tapesia vincta (C. & P.) Sace.) Peziza (Dasyscyphae) viridicoma Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.46. 1879. (Trichopeziza viridicoma (Pk.) Sacc.) Peziza vulcanalis Pk. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. Rep’t 6, p.792. 1873 “Flora of Col.’; Dep’t Int. Pub. (Washington) 4:164. Mar. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.46. 1879. (Note) (Geopyxis vulcanalis Pk. in Sylloge 8) Peziza (Cochleatae) warnei PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.59, pl.1, fig.19g-21. 1878. (Discina warnei Pk. in Sylloge 8) Phacidium brunneolum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.48. 1879 Phacidium sparsum Pk, Bot. Gaz. 5:35-36. Mar. 1880 Phallogaster whitei Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.31. 1907 Phallus ravenelii B. & C. var. minor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.37. 1893. Bot. ed. Phellorina californica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.35-36. 1890. Bot. ed. Phlebia acerina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, 1.27. 1889. Bot. ed. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 145 Phlebia pileata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.45-46. 1878 Agaricus (Pholiota) acericola Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.50. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.77. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.155-56. 1908 Pholiota aeruginosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.35. 1890. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Pholiota) aggericola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.67. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Bul.122, p.146. 1908 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 28, p.208. 1899. (As Pholiota aggerata Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.go. 1878. (As Agaricus (Pholiota) in- decens Pk.) Pholiota aggericola retirugis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.167. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.146. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) albocrenulatus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.49-50. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.77. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.149. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) angustipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.4o. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.129-30. 1897. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.145. 1908 Pholiota anomala Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.202. May 1895 Pholiota appendiculata Pk. (Pholiota ornella Pk.) Pholiota autumnalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.156-57. _ 1908 N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.o2. 1872. Bot. ed. (As Agaricus (Nau- coria) autumnalis Pk.) Agaricus (Pholiota) cerasinus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.50. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.57. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.155. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) comosus Fr. var. albus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.86. 1885 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.153. 1908 Pholiota detersibilis Pk. (Pholiota erinaceélla Pk.) Agaricus (Pholiota) discolor Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.50. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.78. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.36. 1891. Bot. ed. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.156. 1908 Pholiota discolor caespitosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.156. 1908. (Name) Pholiota discolor Pk. var. minor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.55. 1893. Bot. ed. I 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pholiota duroides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.24, 148-49, 159-60. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) erinaceéllus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.7o. 1878 . N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.152. 1908 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.49. 1876. (As Agaricus (Pholiota) ce- tersibilis Pk.) Pholiota filaris (Fr.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.144. 1908. (Pholiota togularis filaris Fr.) Pholiota fulvosquamosa Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 30, p.95-96. Feb. 1903 Pholiota howeana Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.147. 1908 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.53. July 1873. (As Agaricus (Stro- pharia) howeanus Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.59-60. 1874 Pholiota indecens Pk. (Pholiota aggericola Pk.) Pholiota johnsoniana Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.147. 1908 N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.o8, pl.3, fig.4-6. 1872. Bot. ed. (As Agar- icus (Psalliota) johnsonianus Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.84. 1888. (As Stropharia johnsoniana Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.168. 1901. (Note) Agaricus (Pholiota) limonellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p33-34. 18790 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.150. 1908 Pholiota lutea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.288-89. 1808 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.155. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) luteofolius Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.94. 1875 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.154-55. 1908 Pholiota marginella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.280, pl.B, fig.12-20. 1808 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.157-58. 1908 Pholiota minima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.65. 1888 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.143. 1908 Pholiota ornella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.151-52. 1908 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.42. 1881. (As Agaricus (Hypholoma) ornellus Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 94, p.33-34, pl.P, fig.8-17. 1905. (As Pholiota appendiculata Pk.) , Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Fr. var. sylvestris Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.60, pl.46, fig.13-17. 1896. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.160, pl.57, fig.9-11. 1900 Harriman Alaska Exped. 5:46. 1904. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.148. 1908 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 147 Pholiota rugosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.102-3. 1897 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.144. 1908 Pholiota sabulosa Pk, Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.414-15. Oct. 18906 Agaricus (Pholiota) squarrosoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.33. 18790 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.183, pl.73, fig.6-10. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.150-51. 1908 Pholiota squarrosoides Pk. var. faginea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.183, pl.73, fig.1I-15. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.151. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) temnophyllus Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.go. 1872. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.146. 1908 Agaricus (Pholiota) vermifluus Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.34. 1870 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.32, pl.86, fig.12-20. 1904 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.147-48. 1908 Phoma albifructa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.95. 1885. (Macrophoma albifructa (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Phoma albistrata Bot. Gaz. 5 :33-34. Mar. 1880. (Coniothyrium albistratum (Pk.) Sacc.) Phoma allantella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43; p.26. 1890. Bot. ed. Pkoma callospora Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.16. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.38. 1879. (As Sphaeropsis pulchrispora P. & C.) (Macrophoma pulchrispora (P. & C.) Berl. & Vogl.) Phoma castanea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.59. 1887 'Phoma clintonii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.45. 1886 Phoma colorata Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:34. Mar. 1880. (Coniothyrium coloratum (Pk.) Sacc.) Phoma cornina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.16. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.38-39. 1879. (As Sphaeropsis cornina Pk.) (Macrophoma cornina (Pk.) Sacc.) Phoma elevata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o5. 1885. (Aposphaeria elevata (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Phoma elliptica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.1or. 1875 Phoma exocarpina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.38. 1803. Bot. ed. Phoma hysteriellum Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.23. 1880. (Phoma hysteropsis P. & C. in Sylloge 3) 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Phoma magnifructa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.59. 1887. (Macrophoma magnifructa (Pk.) Sace.) Phoma majanthemi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.44-45. 1886 Phoma menispermi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.85. 1872 Phoma populi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.59. 1887 Phoma pruni Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o5. 1885 Phoma stercoraria Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.51. 1878 Phoma strobilina Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.51. 1878 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 4, p.t97. Apr. 1882. (Phoma lineolatum Desm.) i Phoma verbascicola (Schw.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.7o. 1878. (For Sphaeria verbascicola Schw.) Phragmidium mucronatum Link var. americanum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.86. 1876 ‘Phyllosticta astragali Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:275. Oct. 1881 Phyllosticta bicolor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.26. 1890. - Bot. ed. Phyllosticta caryae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.57. 1887 Phyllosticta crataegi Pk. (Phyllosticta rubra Pk.) Phyllosticta dioscoreae Cke. var. grisea Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.30. 1893. Bot. ed. Phyllosticta epigaeae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o4.. 1885 Phyllosticta faginea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.58. 1887 Phyllicsticta fatiscens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.58-59. 1887 Phyllosticta grisea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.29. 1903 Phyllosticta hamamelidis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.44.° 1886 Phyllosticta hibisci Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.29. 1889. Bot. ed. Phyllosticta lantanoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o4. 1885 Phyllosticta limitata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.115. 1807 Phyllosticta ludwigiae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.23, pl.4, fig.22-23. 1891. Bot. ed. Phyllosticta lycopersici Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.57. 1887, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 149 Phyllosticta mitellae Pk. . N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.44. 1886 Phyllosticta nesaeae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.44. 1881 Phyllosticta pallidior Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.26-27. 1906 Phyllosticta populina Sacc. var. parva Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.58, 1887 Phyllosticta prini Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.26. 1890. Bot. ed. Phyllosticta rubra Pk. Saceardo’s Sylloge 1o:108. 1892 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.138. 1884. (As Phyllosticta crataegi Pk.) Phyllosticta silenes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.26. 1800. Bot. ed. Phyllosticta spermoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.58. 1887 Phyllosticta tumoricola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.57-58. 1887 Phyllosticta vagans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.58. 1887 Phyllosticta variabilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.138. 1884 Physalacria Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 9, p.1-2. Jan. 1882 Physalacria inflata (Schw.) Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 9, p.2, pl.IX, fig.1-5. Jan. 1882. (For Leotia inflata Schw.) Physarella Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 9, p.61. May 1882 Physarella mirabilis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 9, p.61-62, pl.X XIV, fig.1-7. May 1882 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.22-23. 1880. (As Physarum mirabile Pk.) Physarum albicans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.50, pl.2, fig.5-8. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.55. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.54. 1876. (As Didymium subroseum Pk.) Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci. Trans. 10:467. Mar. 1900. (As Physarum al- bicans subroseum PR.) Physarum atrorubrum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.4o. 1879 Physarum caespitosum Pk. (Perichaena caespitosa Pk.) Physarum citrinellum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.57. 1879 Physarum flavidum Pk. N.Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.55. 1879 ‘ N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.54. 1876. (As Didymium flavidum Pk.) Physarum inaequale Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.4o-41. 1879 150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Physarum luteolum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.50, pl.2, fig.15-18. 1878 Physarum mirabile Pk. (Physarella mirabilis Pk.) Physarum multiplex Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.50. May 1884 Physarum ornatum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.40. 1879 Physarum pulcherripes Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.64. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.75. 1874 Pileolaria effusa Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:55-56. May 1882. (Uromyces(?) effusus (Pk.) DeTomni) Pilidium graminicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.62. 1887 Agaricus (Pilosace) eximius Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.7o. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.25. 1904. (Note) Pistillaria alnicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.20, pl.2, fig.22-24. 1889. Bot. ed. Pistillaria batesii Pk. Myc. Jour. 14:3. Jan. 1908 Pistillaria viticola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.28, pl.2, fig.25-27. 1889. Bot. ed. Plasmopara viburni Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.28-29. 1800. Bot. ed. Plectania rimosa Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 30, p.100. Feb. 1903 Pleospora magnifica Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.221. Apr. 1906 Pleospora shepherdiae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.71. 1887 Agaricus (Pleurotus) abscondens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.32. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.60-61. 1886. (As Pleurotus lignatilis Fr.) Pleurotus atrocaeruleus Fr. var. griseus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.35-36. 1891. Bot. ed. Pleurotus atropellitus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.65-66. 1886 Pleurotus campanulatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.19, pl.2, fig.13-15. 1891. Bot. ed. Pleurotus elongatipes Pk. * Myc. Jour. 14:1-2. Jan. 1908 Pleurotus minutus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.o49. 1902 Pleurotus pubescens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.18-19. 1891. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Pleurotus) serotinoides Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.86-87. 1872. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.54. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.62-63. 1886. (As Pleurotus serotinus Pry REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 I5I Pleurotus similis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.841-42. 1900 Pleurotus spathulatus (Pers.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.63-64. 1886 Agaricus (Pleurotus) subareolatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.39. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.61. 1886 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.164. 1901. (Note) Agaricus (Pleurotus) sulfureoides Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.86. 1872. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.60. 1886. (As Pleurotus sulphtreoides Pk.) Pleurotus terrestris Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.29. ‘1907 Pleurotus ulmarius Fr. var. acericola Pk.; var. populicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.60. 1886 Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. var. verticalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.178. 1896. Bot. ed. Pleurotus umbonatus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 32, p.77. Feb. 1905 Plicatellae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.68. 1893. Bot. ed. (Section of genus Galera) Plicatura Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.75-76. 1872 Plicatura alni Pk. (Trogia alni Pk.) Pluteolus aleuriatus gracilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.149. 1901 Pluteolus callistus Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.60. 1893. Bot. ed. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.52. July 1873. (As Agaricus (Galera) cal- listus Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.59. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.55. 1879. (Note) Pluteolus coprophilus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.59. 1893. Bot. ed. Pluteolus expansus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.59-60. 1893. Bot. ed. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.52. July 1873. (As Agaricus (Galera’ expansus Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.58. 1874 Pluteolus expansus Pk. var. terrestris Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.60. 1893. Bot. ed. Pluteolus luteus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.203. May 1895 Agaricus (Pluteus) admirabilis Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.64. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.85. 1876. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.137-38. 1885 Pluteus admirabilis Pk. var. fuscus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.138. 1885 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pluteus cervinus Schaeff. var. albipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.135. 1885 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.181, pl.74, fig.13. 1901 Pluteus cervinus Schaef. var. albus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.135. 1885 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.181, pl.74, fig.14-19. 1901 Pluteus grandis Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.27. 1906 Agaricus (Pluteus) granularis Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1,-p.49. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.55-56. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.135-36. 1885. (Pluteus regularis Pk. in Sylloge 5 by error) Agaricus (Pluteus) longistriatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.go. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.137. 1885 Pluteus stercorarius Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.488. Dec. 1895 Agaricus (Pluteus) sterilomarginatus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.48. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.77. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.136-37. 1885 Agaricus (Pluteus) tomentosulus PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.27-28. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.136. 1885 Podaxon warnei Pk, (Secotium warnei Pk.) Podisoma gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P. (Gymnosporangium clavipes C.aeP) Podosphaera biuncinata C. & P. Trimen’s Jour. Bot. 10 (n.s.1) :11. Jan. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.94-95. 1873 Polyporus abietinus Fr. var. irpiciformis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.38-39. 1889. Bot. ed. Polyporus abortivus Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:274. Oct. 1881 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.go-91. 1885. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.169. 1901. (Note) (As Polyporus dis- tortus Schw.) Polyporus abortivus Pk. var. subglobosus Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:274. Oct. 1881 Polyporus admirabilis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 26, p.69. Feb. 1899 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.154. 1901. (Note) Polyporus (Placodermei) albellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.45. 1878 Polyporus albiceps Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 27, p.19. Jan. 1900 Polyporus anceps Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.207. May 1895 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 15 n Polyporus attenuatus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.61. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.70. 1874. (Poria attenuata Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus aurantiacus Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.69. 1874 Polyporus (Inodermei) balsameus Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.46. 1878. (Polystictus balsameus Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus bartholomaei Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.418-19. Oct. 1896 Polyporus burtii Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 24, p.146-47. Mar. 1897 Polyporus caeruleoporus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.60. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.68. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.57. 1879. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.85. 1888. (Note) Polyporus circinatus Fr. var. dualis PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.30. 1896. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.44. 1878. (As Polyporus (Anodermei) dualis Pk.) Torr. Bot. Club. Bul. 29, p.554. Sept. 1902. (As Polyporus schweinitzii dualis Pk.) : Polyporus circinatus Fr. var. proliferus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.56. 1803. Bot. ed. Polyporus crispellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.or. 1885 Polyporus delectans Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.26-27. Mar. 1884 Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 8:99. pl.1. July 1885 Polyporus dualis Pk. (Polyporus circinatus dualis Pk.) Polyporus epileucus Fr. var. candidus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.or. 1885 Polyporus (Physisporus) fimbriatellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.ot-92. 1885. (Poria fimbriatella Pk. in Sylloge 6) am. Polyporus flavidus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.61. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.68. 1874 . N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.37. 188. (As Polyporus peckianus Cke.) Polyporus (Anodermei) fragrans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.45. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.30. 1896. Bot. ed. (Note) Polyporus fraxinophilus Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:43-44. Apr. 1882 N. Y.° State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.136. 1884. (Fomes fraxinophilus (Pk.) Sacc.) 4 Polyporus glomeratus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.7879. 1872 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Polyporus (Physisporus) griseoalbus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.or. 1885. (Poria griseoalba Pk. in Syl- loge 6) Polyporus griseus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.60. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus, Rep’t 26, p.68. 1874 Polyporus guttulatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.37. 1880 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.69. 1874. (As Polyporus maculatus Pk.) Polyporus hispidellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 25, p.649-50. 1809 Polyporus hispidoides Pk, (Polyporus schweinitzii hispidoides Pk.) Polyporus humilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.69. 1874 Polyporus (Merisma) immitis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.135. 1884 Polyporus induratus Pk, (Myriadoporus induratus Pk.) Polyporus (Merisma) lactifluus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 8, p.50-51. May 1881 Polyporus (Physisporus) laetificus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.gt. 1885. (Poria laetifica Pk. in Sylloge 5) Polyporus macouni Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:169-70. June 1879 Polyporus maculatus Pk. (Polyporus guttulatus Pk.) Polyporus marginellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.26. 1889. Bot. ed. (Poria marginella Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus morgani Frost var. velutipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.35. 1879 Polyporus mutans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.77. 1888. (Poria mutans Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus (Physisporus) odorus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p. 92. 1885. (Poria odora Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus (Physisporus) ornatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o2. 1885. (Poria ornata Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus parvulus Klotsch var, deformatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.33-34. 1879 Polyporus perplexus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.19. 1896. Bot. ed. Polyporus piceinus Pk. (Trametes piceinus Pk.) Polyporus pineus Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.78. 1888. (Poria pinea Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus (Inodermei) planus Pk. ; N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.37. 1879. (Polystictus planus Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus radiculosus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.54-55. 1887. (Poria radiculosa Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus resinosus Schrad. var. incurvus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.31. 1896. Bot. ed. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 155 Polyporus schweinitzii hispidoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42. 1886 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.30-31. 1806. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.21. 1880. (As Polyporus (Anodermei) hispidoides Pk.) Polyporus semipileatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.43. 1881 Polyporus (Resupinati) semitinctus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.37. 1879. (Poria semitincta Pk. in Syl- loge 6) Polyporus simillimus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.34. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.168. 1901. (Note) N.-Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.34. 1906. (Note) Polyporus splendens Pk. (Polyporus subsericeus Pk.) Polyporus (Physisporus) subacidus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o2-93. 1885. (Poria subacida Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus (Physisporus) subacidus Pk. var. stalactiticus Pk.; var. tenuis Pk. and var. tuberculosus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.93. 1885 Polyporus (Physisporus) subacidus Pk. var. vesciculosus (B.-& C.)) PR: N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.93. 1885. (For Polyporus vesciculosus B. GC.) Polyporus (Resupinati) subiculosus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.37. 1879. (Poria subiculosa P&, in Sylloge 6) Polyporus subsericeus Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.37. 1880 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.61. July 1873. (As Polyporus splendens Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.68-69. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.34. 1879. (Note) Polyporus sulphurellus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.27. 1889. Bot. ed. (Poria sulphurella Pk. in Sylloge 6) Polyporus sulphureus Fr. var. glomeratus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.203-4. 1896. Bot. ed. Polyporus sulphureus semialbinus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.34. 1906 Polyporus undosus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.42-43. 1881 Polyporus variiformis Pk. (Trametes variiformis Pk.) Polyporus variiformis Pk. var. interruptus Pk.; var. nodulosus Pk. and var. resupinatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.26. 1889. Bot. ed. Polyporus versicolor Fr. var. albomarginatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.31. 1806. Bot. ed. Polyporus versicolor Fr. var. carneiporus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.42. 1894. Bot. ed. 156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Polyporus volvatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.o8, pl.2, fig.3-6. 1875 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.25-26. 1878. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.57. 1879. (Note) Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 7, p.102-5, fig.1-3. Oct. 1880 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.75. 1887. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.134. 1908. (Note) (Cryptoporus volva- tus (Pk.) Shear) Polyporus volvatus Pk. var. obvolvatus (B. & C.) Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 7, p.105. Oct. 1880. (For Polyporus obvolvatus Boas ACD Polyporus volvatus Pk. var. typicus Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 7, p.105. Oct. 1880 Polystictus zonatus Fr. var. imperfectus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.31. 1896. Bot. ed. Polystictus versicolor Fr. var. fumosiporus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.39. 1890. Bot. ed. Poria attenuata Pk. (Polyporus attenuatus Pk.) Poria attenuata Pk. var. subincarnata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.20. 1806. Bot. ed. Poria aurea Pk. ; N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.21-22. 1890. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.299. 1808. (Note) Poria mutans Pk. (Polyporus mutans Pk.) Poria mutans Pk. var. tenuis PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.39. 1890. Bot. ed. Poria myceliosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.952-53. 1902 Poria setigera Pk. _N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.293. 1808 Poronia macrospora Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.220. Apr. 1906 Porothelium papillatum PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.55-56. 1887 Protomyces conglomeratus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.39. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.16-17. 1887 Protomyces erythronii Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.67. July 1873 N. Y. Staté Mus. Rep’t 25, p.go. 1873 Protomyces fuscus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.27-28. 1880 Protomyces martindalei Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 5, p.2-3. Jan. 1874 c Protomyces polysporus PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.45-46. 1881. (Entyloma polysporum (Pk.) Farl.) Psathyra conica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.153, pl.H, fig.17-22. Ig01 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 Psathyra microsperma Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 26, p.68. Feb. 1899 Psathyra multipedata Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 32, p.80. Feb. 1905 Agaricus (Psathyra) polytrichophilus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42. 1878 Psathyra silvatica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.20. 1889. Bot. ed. Psathyra umbonata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.106. 1897 Psathyra vestita Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.28. 1906 Psathyrella angusticeps Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.217-18. Apr. 1906 Psathyrella bartholomaei Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.490-91. Dec. 1895 Psathyrella betulina Pk. ’ Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 34, p.1or. Feb. 1907 Psathyrella caespitosa Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 34, p.348. July 1907 Psathyrella debilis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.418. Oct. 1896 Psathyrella gracillima Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.417. Oct. 1896 Agaricus (Psathyrella) graciloides Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42-43, pl.1, fig.1-4. 1878 Psathyrella hirta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.107. 1897 Psathyrella leucostigma Pk, Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.490. Dec. 1895 Psathyrella minima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.70-71. 1888 Agaricus (Psathyrella) odoratus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.70-71. 1872 Psathyrella tenera Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.18. 1894. Bot. ed. Pseudopeziza pyri Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.30. 1891. Bot. -ed Agaricus (Psilocybe) arenulinus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42. 1878 Agaricus (Psilocybe) atomatoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.41. 1878 Agaricus (Psilocybe) caerulipes Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.89. 1885 Agaricus (Psilocybe) camptopus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.35. 1879 Psilocybe castanella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7. 1887 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Psilocybe conissans. Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.131-32. 1908 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.64-65. 1888. (As Clitopilus conissans Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.45. 1889. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Psilocybe) elongatipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.40. 1878 Psilocybe fuscofulva Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7. 1887 Agaricus (Psilocybe) limicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.70, pl.2, fig.9-13. 1872 Agaricus (Psilocybe) limophilus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42. 1878 Psilocybe obscura Pk. . Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 24, p.144. Mar. 1897 Psilocybe sabulosa Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 24, p.144. Mar. 1897 Psilocybe senex PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.70. 1888 Psilocybe squalidella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.56. 1893. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.4o. 1878. (As Agaricus (Hypholoma) squalidellus Pk.) Psilocybe squalidella Pk. var. caespitosa PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.55-56. 1893. Bot. ed. Psilocybe squalidella Pk. var. deformata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.29. 1806. Bot. ed. Psilocybe unicolor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.845. 1900 Pterula divaricata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.36. 1879 Pterula setosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.105. 1875 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.57. 1893. Bot. ed. (As Hirsutella setosa (Pk.) Pat.) (Lachnocladium setosum Pk. in Sylloge 6) Puccinia aberrans PR. Bot. Gaz. 4:217-18. Oct. 1879 Puccinia acrophila Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:227. June 1881 Puccinia acuminata Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.57. 1872. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.119-20, pl.2, fig.29-29a. 1873 Puccinia angustata Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.67. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.123, pl.2, fig.4o. 1873 Puccinia arnicalis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:227. June 1881 Puccinia asteris Duby var. purpurascens C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.118, pl.2, fig.23a. 1873 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 159 Puccinia atropuncta Pk. & Clint. Bot. Gaz. 4:171. June 1879 Puccinia balsamorrhizae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.49. May 1884 Bot. Gaz. 6:276. Oct. 1881. (As Trichobasis balsamorrhizae Pk.) (Uredo balsamorrhizae Pk. in Sylloge 7) Puccinia boisduvaliae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:45. Apr. 1882 Puccinia brandegei Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:44-45. Apr. 1882 Puccinia brickelliae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.34-35. Apr. 1885 Puccinia calochorti Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:228. June 1881 Puccinia cladophila Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:127. Feb. 1879 Puccinia clarkiae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.49. May 1884 Puccinia clintonii Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.61. 1876 Puccinia comandrae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.49. May 1884 Puccinia compositarum Schlect. var. nabali Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.113. 1873 Puccinia cryptotaeniae Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.56. 1872. Bot. ed. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.66. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.114-15, pl.2, fig.12. 1873 Puccinia gayophyti Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:56. May 1882 Puccinia gerardii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.gt. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.118, pl.2, fig.24. 1873. (Puccinia asteris Duby in Sylloge 7) Puccinia globosipes Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.34, pl.XLIX, fig.9-10. Apr. 1885 Puccinia graminis Pers. var. brevicarpa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.122, pl.2, fig.36a. 1873 Puccinia grindeliae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:127. Feb. 1879 Puccinia hydrophylli Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.54. 1878 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.68. July 1873. (As Aecidium hydrophyllii Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.78. 1874 Puccinia hysteriformis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:276. Oct, 1881 = Puccinia intermixta Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:218. Oct. 1879 160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Puccinia jonesii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:226-27. June 1881 Puccinia linearis Pk. (Puccinia striatula Pk.) Puccinia malvastri Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.35. Apr. 1885 Puccinia menthae Pers. var. americana Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.115-16, pl.2, fig.15. 1873 Puccinia mertensiae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:227-28. June 1881 Puccinia minutula Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.or. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.117, pl.2, fig.21. 1873. (Puccinia virgaureae (DC.) Lib.) Puccinia mirabilissima Pk, Bot. Gaz. 6:226. June 1881 Puccinia nigrescens Pk. Bot. Gaz. 3:35. Apr. 1878. (Puccinia salviae-lanceolatae Bubak in Syl- loge 17) Puccinia obscura Schroet. var. vernalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.28. 1890. Bot. ed. Puccinia obtecta Pk, Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.66. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.121, pl.2, fig.33-33a. 1873 Puccinia orbicula Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.53-54. 1878 Puccinia osmorrhizae C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.73. 1878. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.o2, 107-8. 1872. (As Aecidium osmorrhi- zae Pk.) Puccinia pentstemonis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.35. Apr. 1885 Puccinia physalidis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:218. Oct. 1879 Puccinia physostegiae Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 209, p.50, pl.2, fig.25-26. 1878 Puccinia plumbaria Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:226. June 1881 Puccinia porteri Pk. “Flora of Col.”; Dep’t Int. Pub. (Washington) 4:164. 1874 Puccinia pringlei Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:275-76. Oct. 1881 Puccinia pulchella Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.66. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.111, pl.2, fig.1-ra. 1873 Puccinia simplex Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.45. 1881 Puccinia solidaginis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.49. May 1884 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 161 Puccinia spreta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.67. 1878. (Nov. nom.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.59. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.115, pl.2, fig.14. 1873. (As Puccinia tia- rellae B. & C.) (Puccinia heucherae (Schw.) Diet. in Sylloge 17) Puccinia striatula Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.38. 1880 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.67. July 1873. (As Puccinia linearis P2&.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.121, pl.2, fig.35. 1873 Puccinia tripustulata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.or, pl.3, fig.14-16. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.113-14, pl.2, fig.o. 1873. (Puccinia pecki- ana Howe in Sylloge 7) Puccinia troximontis Pk, Bot. Gaz. 6:227. June 1881 Puccinia tumidipes Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.34, pl. XLIX, fig.3-8. Apr. 1885 Puccinia viguierae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.35. Apr. 1885 Pyrenochaeta collabens Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.13. 1896. Bot. ed. Pyrenophora depressa Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.28. Mar. 1884 Pyrenophora fenestrata Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p. 28. Mar. 1884 Ramularia albomaculata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.42. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.17-18. 1887 Ramularia angustata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.42. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.18. 1887 Ramularia aquatilis Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.142. 1884 Ramularia barbareae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.63-64. 1887 Ramularia brunnea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.55. 1878 Ramularia celastri Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.go. 1880. (Ramularia celastri Ell. & Mart. (1882) is a synonym.) Ramularia cylindriopsis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.116-17. 1897 Ramularia destruens Pk. 7 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.26, pl.4, fig.4-6. 1891. Bot. ed. Ramularia -diervillae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.g9, pl.1, fig.16-18. 1885 Ramularia dulcamarae Pk. N. Y. State Mus, Rep’t 33, p.30. 1880 6 162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ramularia effusa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.42. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.17. 1887 Ramularia fragariae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.43. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.30-31, pl.3, fig.12-15. 1881. (Ramularia tulasnei Sacc.) Ramularia graminicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.26-27, pl.4, fig.1-3. 1891. Bot. ed. Ramularia hamamelidis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.141-42. 1884 Ramularia impatientis Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.47. 1881 Ramularia junci Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.26. 1891. Bot. ed. Ramularia lineola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.43. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.18. 1887 Ramularia mitellae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.30. 1880 Ramularia multiplex Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.g9. 1885 Ramularia nemopanthis C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.52. 1878 Ramularia norvegica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.43. 1879. (Ramiularia arvensis Sacc.) Ramularia plantaginis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.43. 1879. (Ramularia plantaginis Ell. & Mart. (1882) is a synonym.) Ramularia plantaginis Pk. var. nigromaculans Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.76. 1887 Ramularia prini Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.go9, pl.1, fig.1g-21. 1885 Ramularia ranunculi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.141. 1884 Ramularia rudbeckiae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, nay. 1881 Ramularia rufomaculans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.46-47. 1881 Ramularia sambucina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.47. 1881 Ramularia spiraeae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.46. 1881 Ramularia vaccinii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.141. 1884 Rhabdospora rhoina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.22. 1804. Bot. ed. Rhabdospora subgrisea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.98. 1885 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANISt i908 163 Rhabdospora xanthii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.47. 1886 Rhinotrichum subalutaceum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.51. 1881 Rhinotrichum sumstinei Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 34, p.103. Feb. 1907 Rhytidhysterium prosopidis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.39-40. 1893. Bot. ed. Rhytisma linearis Pk. (Hypoderma lineare Pk.) Rhytisma sparsa Pk. & Clint. Bot. Gaz. 4:171. June 1879. (Cocconia sparsa (P. & C.) Sace.) Roestelia aurantiaca Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.68. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.gI, pl.1, fig.10-12. 1873 Roestelia ellisii, Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 6, p.13. Feb. 1875. (Aecidial form of Gymnos- porangium biseptatum Ellis in Sylloge 7) Roestelia interveniens Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 10, p.74. July 1883 Rosellinia linderae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.24. 1896. Bot. ed. Russula abietina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p. 145, 180-81, pl.72, fig.I-11. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.97. 1907 Russula aeruginascens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.843. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.75. 1907. (As Russula variata Banning) Russula albella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.1o1. 1897 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.92-93. 10907 Russula albida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.10. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.38, pl.96. 1906 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.92. 1907 Russula albidula Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.370. July 1808 Russula anomala Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.o9. 1807 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.o1. 1907 Russula atropurpurea Pk. (Russula squalida Pk.) Russula basifurcata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.go. 1885 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.73-74. 1907 Russula brevipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.20, pl.2, fig.5-8. 1890. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, 178-70, pl.71, fig.1-5. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.72. 1907 Russula crustosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.41-42. 1886 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.45-46, pl.84, fig.1-7. 1903 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.77-78. 1907 164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Russula densifolia Secr. var. paxilloides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.20. 1904 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.70. 1907 Russula earlei Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.24, pl.N, fig.5-10. 1903 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.42, 83. 1907 Russula flaviceps Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.843, pl.C, fig.6-10. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.96. 1907 Russula foetens granulata Pk. (Russula granulata Pk.) Russula foetentula Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.85. 1907 Russula granulata Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.843-44, pl.C, fig.1-5. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 116, p.84-85. 1907 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.57. 1886. (As Russula foetens Fr, var. granulata Pk.) Russula integra rubrotincta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.164. I901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.92. 1907 Russula luteobasis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 31, p.179. Apr. 1904 Russula magnifica Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.24, pl.N, fig.1-4. 1903 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.71. 1907 Russula mariae Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.74-75. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.131-32. 1897 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.29-30, pl.85, fig.1-8. 1904 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.81. 1907 Russula modesta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.78. 1907 Russula nigrescentipes Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.214-15. Apr. 1906 Russula nigrodisca Pk. Fur Seal Invest. Rep’t Pt. 3, p.583-84. 1800 Russula ochrophylla Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.100-1. 1897 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.307-8, pl.53, fig.8-12. 1898 , N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.154-55, pl.54, fig.8-11. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.80-81. 1907 Russula ochrophylla Pk. var. albipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.100. 1897 : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.308, pl.53, fig.13-14. 1898 N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.155, pl.54, fig.12-14. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.81. 1907 Russula palustris PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.842. 1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.94. 1907 ~~ REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 165 Russula pectinatoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 116, p.43, 90, pl.105, fig.6-10. 1907 Russula polyphylla Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.370. July 1808 Russula puellaris umbonata Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 29, p.557. Sept. 1902. (Name) Russula pulverulenta Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 29, p.7o. Feb. 1902 Russula pusilla Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.gg-100. 1897 . N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.95-96. 1907 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.138, pl.11o0, fig.7-14. 1908 Russula rugulosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.145, 179-80, pl.72, fig.12-18. 1901 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.88. 1907 Russula simillima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.75. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.go-91. 1907 Russula sordida Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.57. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.65. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.85. 1888. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.39-40, pl.o8. 1906 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.69-70. 1907 Russula squalida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.80. 1907 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.75. 1888. (As Russula atropurpurea Pk.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.164. 1901. (Note) Russula subdepallens Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.412-13. Oct. 1806 Russula subsordida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.28, 40-41, pl.o9. 1906 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.69. 1907 Russula subvelutina Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.215. Apr. 1906 Russula uncialis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.1o. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.43-44, 80, pl.107, fig.7-12. 1907 Russula ventricosipes Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 29, p.70o-71. Feb. 1902 Russula viridella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.28, 41, pl.100. 1906 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.76. 1907 Saccharomyces betulae Pk. & Pat. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.30, pl.2, fig.16-17. 1801. Bot. ed. Sacidium lignarium Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.30. 1889. Bot. ed. Sarcoscypha dawsonensis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 33, p.220. Apr. 1906 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Scleroderma verrucosum maculatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.848-49, pl.B, fig.8-12. 1900 Sclerotinia infundibuliformis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.420, Oct. 1896 Secotium decipiens Pk. ’ Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.g492. Dec. 1895 Secotium warnei Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 9, p.2-4, pl.IX, fig.6-11. Jan. 1882 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.28. 1903. (Note) Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 6, p.77. Feb. 1876. (As Lycoperdon warnei Pk.) Alb. Inst. Trans. 9:318. 1879. (As Podaxon warnei Pk.) Sepedonium brunneum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.44. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.19. 1887 Sepedonium cervinum Ditm. var. subincarnatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.44. 1879 Sepedonium macrosporium Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 30, p.o9g. Feb. 1903 Septocylindrium ranunculi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.46. 1881 Septocylindrium scirpinum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 45, p.23. 1893. Bot. ed. Septogloeum apocyni Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.45, pl.1, fig.1-2. 1881 Septomyxa carpini Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.24, pl.4, fig.13-14. 1891. Bot. ed. Septomyxa persicina (Fres.) Sacc. var. nigricans Pk. ‘N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.21. 1894. Bot. ed. Septonema bicolor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.60. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.58. 1879. (As Sporidesmium peziza C. & E.) Septonema. dichaenoides Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.53. 1878 Septonema episphaericum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.27. 1891. Bot. ed. Septoria acerina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.87. 1873 Septoria astragalicola Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.33-34- Apr. 1885 Septoria atropurpurea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.25. 1880 Septoria besseyi Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 6, p.77. Feb. 1876 Septoria betulicola Pk.; and var. marginalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.44. 1881 Septoria brevis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.61. 1887 Septoria canadensis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.39. 1879 4 . —_—— vee Se an Ale ee ka REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 167 Septoria cannabina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.137. 1884 Septoria centaureicola Brun. var. brevispora Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.14. 1896. Bot. ed. Septoria cerasina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.48. 1878 Septoria consocia Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:34. Mar. 1880 Septoria corylina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.44. 1881 Septoria corylina Pk. var. permaculata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.57. 1886 Septoria dalibardae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.97. 1885 Septoria dentariae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.97. 1885 Septoria dentariae Pk. var. arida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.20. 1896. Bot. ed. Septoria diervillae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o8. 1885 Septoria difformis C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.48-49. 1878 Septoria emaculata Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.48. 1878 Septoria erigeronis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.87. 1872 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 4, p.2or. Apr. 1882. (As Septoria erigerontis Pk.) (Septoria erigerontis B. & C. is a synonym.) Septoria fumosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o8. 1885 Septoria fusca Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.60. 1887 Septoria hedeomina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.25. 1880. (Rhabdospora hedeomina (Pk.) Sacc.) Septoria incréscens Pk. ; N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.25. 1880 Septoria irregulare Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:34. Mar. 1880 Septoria lactucae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:170. June 1879 Saccardo’s Sylloge 3:551. 1884. (Septoria lactucae Pass.) Septoria lobeliae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.87-88. 1872 Septoria lythrina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.25. 1880 Septoria microsperma Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.44-45, pl.1, fig.3-5. 1881 Septoria mirabilis Pk. (Gloeosporium mirabile Pk.) 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Septoria musiva Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.138. 1884 Septoria osmorrhizae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.46. 1886 Septoria ostryae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.25. 1880 Septoria pastinacina Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24-25. 1880 Septoria peraphylli Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 45, p.24-25. 1803. Bot. ed. Septoria podophyllina Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:170. June 1879 Septoria polygalae Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.48. 1878 Septoria populicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.61. 1887 Septoria pteridis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.24. 1891. Bot. ed. Septoria punicei Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.g7. 1885 Septoria rubi B. & C. var. alba Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.57. 1881 Septoria salicina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.87. 1873 Septoria sambucina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.58. 1876 Septoria scrophulariae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.57. 1876 Septoria sicyi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.137. 1884 Septoria solidaginicola Pk. ' N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.61. 1887 Septoria trichostematis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.30. 1880. Bot. ed. Septoria trillii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:170-71. June 1879 Septoria violae West. var. oligocarpa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.40. 1890. Bot. ed. Septoria waldsteiniae Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.43. 1879 Septosporium equiseti Pk. Millspaugh’s “Prel. Cat. Flora W. Va.” p. 516. June 1892. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 45, p.25. 1803. Bot. ed. Solenia anomala Pers. var. orbicularis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.42. 1894. Bot. ed. Solenia anomaloides Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.326. June 1808 Solenia filicina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.52-53. 1876 (Name) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 169 Solenia villosa Fr. var. polyporoidea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.86. 1888 Sorosporium astragali Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:218. Oct. 1879 Sorosporium atrum Pk. Bot, Gaz. 5:35. Mar. 1880 Sorosporium desmodii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 3:35. Apr. 1878 Sparassis herbstii Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.207-8. May 1895 Spathularia flavida rugosa Pk. (Spathularia rugosa Pk.) Spathularia rugosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.118-19. 1807 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.300. 1898. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.58. 1886. (As Spathularia flavida Pers. var. rugosa Pk.) Sphaerella alnicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.68-€9. 1887 Sphaerella arbuticola Pk. Torr. Bot. Club. Bul. to, p.75. July 1883 Sphaerella chimaphilae Pk. (Sphaerella chimaphilina Pk.) Sphaerella chimaphilina Pk. Saccardo’s Sylloge 11:297. 1895 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.24. 1804. Bot. ed. (As Sphaerella chima- philae Pk.) Sphaerella colorata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.62-63, pl.2, fig.15-17. 1878 Sphaerella conigena Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.34. 1880 Saccardo’s Sylloge 9:649. 1891. (As Sphaerella conigena Pk.) Saccardo’s Sylloge Add. 1-4:75. 1886. (As Sphaerella conicola Pk.) Sphaerella conigena Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.104. 1885. (Sphaerella peckii Sacc.) Sphaerella cypripedii Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.296. 1808 Sphaerella depressa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.34. 1880. (Laestadia depressa (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Sphaerella fraxinea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.145. 1884 Sphaerella gaultheriae C. & P. Grev. 7:42. Dec. 1878 Sphaerella impatientis Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.67. 1878 Sphaerella indistincta Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.81. 1876 Sphaerella lycopodii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.51, pl.1, fig.r2-15. 1886 Sphaerella megastoma Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:231. Nov. 1879. (Physalospora megastoma (Pk.) Sacc.) 170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sphaerella minutissima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.68. 1887 Sphaerella orbicularis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.8r. 1876 Sphaerella pontederiae Pk, : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.69. 1887 Sphaerella rubina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 48, p.16. 1896. Bot. ed. Sphaerella sarracenia (Schw.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.7o. 1878. (For Sphaeria sarracenia Schw.) Sphaerella septorioides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.52. 1879 Sphaerella spleniata C. & P. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.105. 1873 . Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.38. 1880. (Note) Ses albidostoma Pk. (Herpotrichia leucostoma Pk.) Sphaeria altipeta Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:36. Mar. 1880. (Rhynchostoma altipetum (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria arceuthobii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.111, pl.1, fig.to-14. 1875. (Wallrothiella arceuthobii (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Villosae) caesariata C. & P. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 29, p.60. 1878. (Lasiosphaeria caesariata (UC. & P:)) S@ce,) Sphaeria canina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.78-79. 1876. (Philocopra canina (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Obtectae) ceanothina PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.62. 1878. (Physalospora ceanothina (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Byssisedae) clavariina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.51. 1879 ‘Sphaeria (Villosae) clintonii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.65, pl.2, fig.19-23. 1878. (Acanthostigma ’ clintonii (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria coryli Batsch var. spiralis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.57. 1881. (Gnomoniella coryli (Batsch) Sacc.) Sphaeria coulteri Pk. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr. Rep’t 6, p.792. 1873 Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 10, p.127-28. Dec. 1883. (Desc.) (As Neopeckia) (Neopeckia coulteri (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) curvicolla Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.so-51. 1879. (Gnomonielia curvicolla (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria desmodii Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.72. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Diaporthe desmodii (Pk.) Sacc.) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 I71I Sphaeria eccentrica C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.105. 1873. (Gnomoniella eccentrica (C. & FP.) Sace:) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) exercitalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.66. 1878. (Diaporthe exercitalis (Pk.) Sacc.) ‘ Sphaeria (Denudatae) exigua C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.65. 1878. (Zignoella exigua (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria eximia Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.78, pl.2, fig.14-17. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 31, p.60, 1879. (As Sordaria amphicornis Ellis) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) fulgida C. & P. Grev. 6:15. Sept. 1877. (Brief desc.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.62. 1878. (Ophiobolus fulgidus (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria hirtissima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.78. 1876. (Rosellinia hirtissima (PR.) Sacc.) Sphaeria humulina Pk. (Zignoella humulina Pk.) Sphaeria (Denudatae) interstitialis C, & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.61. 1878. (Teichospora interstitialis (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria intricata Pk. (Lasiosphaeria intricata Pk.) Sphaeria (Villosae) leonina C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.60. 1878. (Chaetosphaeria leonina (C. & Ey Sacc.) Sphaeria lichenalis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:36. Mar. 1880. (Pleospora lichenalis (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria marciensis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.51. 1879. (Leptosphaeria marcyensis (Pk.) Sacc.) zi Sphaeria (Obtectae) melantera Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 209, p.62. 1878 Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 4, p.234. Apr. 1882. (As Sphaeria hendersoniae Ellis) (Clypeosphaeria hendersoniae (Ellis) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) minutella Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p. 62. 1878. (Physalospora minutella (P&.) Sacc.) Sphaeria mirabilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.80, pl.2, fig.18-21. 1876. (Gnomoniella mirabilis (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria monosperma Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 28, p.79, pl.2, fig.36-39. 1876. (Julella mono- sperma (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Villosae) mutans C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.64. 1878. (Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sacc.) 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sphaeria (Caulicolae) onosmodina Pk. & Clint, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.67. 1878. (Didymella onosmodina (P. & CG.) Saee.) Sphaeria parnassiae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.111. 1875. (Didymosphaeria parnassiae (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria petiolophila Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.144-45. 1884. (Gnomonia petiolophila (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Sphaeria phaeostromoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.77, pl.2, fig.30-35. 1876. (Chaetosphaeria phaeostromoides (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Pertusae) phileura C. & P. Grev. 5:55. pl.81, fig.6. Dec. 1876. (Amphisphaeria phileura (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Villosae) pulchriseta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.50. 1879. (Acanthostigma pulchrisetum (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) racemula C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Name) ; N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.65. 1878. (Diaporthe racemula (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria ramulicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.1o4. 1873. (Leptosphaeria ramulicola (Pk.) Sace.) Sphaeria (Denudatae) recessa C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.61. 1878. (Melanopsamma recessa (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria rubefaciens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.79-80. 1876. (Ceratostoma rubefaciens (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Denudatae) salebrosa C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.61. 1878. (Amphisphaeria salebrosa (Ceres Sauces) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) scapophila Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.66-67, pl.2, fig.24-27. 1878. (Leptosphaeria scapophila (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria scopula C. & P. (Acanthostigma scopula C. & P.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) semen C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.65. 1878. (Metasphaeria semen (C. & P.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) smilacinina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.62. 1878. (Anthostomella smilacinina (PR.). Sace.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) sorghophila Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.51. 1879. (Leptosphaeria sorghophila (PR.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Obtectae) sphaerellula Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.66. 1878. (Didymella sphaerellula (Pk.) Sacc.) : i> Oe ee! ee REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 173 Sphaeria (Denudatae) squalidula C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.61. 1878. (Wallrothiella squalidula (C. & P.)\Sace.) Sphaeria staphylina Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.72. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.86-87. 1874. (Metasphaeria staphylina (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) subconica C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.65. 1878.. (Leptosphaeria subconica (C. & Pe Saces)\ ts Sphaeria subcorticalis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.77-78. 1876. (Trichosphaeria subcorticalis CER) Sace>) Sphaeria (Ceratostomae) subdenudata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.52. 1879. (Ceratostoma subdenudatum Pk, in Sylloge 9) Sphaeria taxicola Pk. (Metasphaeria taxicola Pk.) Sphaeria thujina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.110. 1875. (Amphisphaeria thujina (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria valsoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.78. 1876. (Sordaria valsoides (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeria (Caulicolae) viridella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.66. 1878. (Leptosphaeria viridella (Pk.) Sacc.) ~ : Sphaeria (Villosae) viridicoma C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.87. 1874. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.64. 1878. (Lasiosphaeria viridicoma (C. & Fy sSdce:) Sphaerographium lantanoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.o6-97. 1885 Sphaeronema acerinum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.86. 1872 Sphaeronema aurantiacum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.51, pl.2, fig.g-11. 1878. (Zythia aurantiaca (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeronema caespitosum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.85. 1873. (Sphaeronema peckii Sacc. & Syd. in Sylloge 14) Sphaeronema conforme Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.56. 187 Sphaeronema coryli Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.85. 1872 Sphaeronema fraxini Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.71. 1878. (Sphaerographium fraxini (Pk.) Sacc.) Sphaeronema lonicerae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.31. 1893. Bot. ed. 174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sphaeronema magnoliae Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.76. 1874 Sphaeronema minutissimum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.85. 1873 Sphaeronema pallidum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.85. 1873 Sphaeronema persicae (Schw.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.57. 1881. (For Sporocybe persicae Schw.) Sphaeronema pruinosum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.85. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p-135. 1908. (Note) (Sphaeronema prui- nosum B. & C. is a synonym.) Sphaeropsis abundans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880 Sphaeropsis alnicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.95. 1885 Sphaeropsis anomala Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.86. 1872. (Sphaeropsis peckii Sacc.) Sphaeropsis biformis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.56. 1876 Sphaeropsis celastrina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880 Sphaeropsis cerasina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880 Sphaeropsis clintonii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.55. 1876 Sphaeropsis cornina Pk. (Phoma cornina Pk.) Sphaeropsis ellisii Sacc. var. laricis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.23. 1r891. Bot. ed. Sphaeropsis fertilis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.327. June 1808 Sphaeropsis gallae (Schw.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.47. 1878. (For Sphaeria gallae Schw.) (Sphaeropsis gallae (Schw.) B. & C. in Sylloge 3) Sphaeropsis juniperi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.45-46. 1886 Sphaeropsis linderae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.45. 1886 Sphaeropsis linearis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.86. 1873 Sphaeropsis maculans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.46. 1886 Sphaeropsis malorum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.36, pl.4, fig.16-21. 1881. (As Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.) F N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.20-21. 1879. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.76. 1887. (Name) (As Sphaeropsis malorum Pk.) Sphaeropsis menispermi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.86. 1872 we REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 175 Sphaeropsis pallida Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 39, p.46. 1886 Sphaeropsis pericarpii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.85. 1873 Sphaeropsis phomatella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880 Sphaeropsis platani Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.85. 1873 Sphaeropsis propullans (Schw.) Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.47. 1878. (For Sphaeria propullans Schw.) Sphaeropsis pulchrispora Pk. & Clint. (Phoma callospora P. & C.) Sphaeropsis quercina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.86. 1873 Sphaeropsis raui Pk. Bot. Gaz. 3:34. Apr. 1878. (Macrophoma raui (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Sphaeropsis sambuci Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.56. 1876 Sphaeropsis seriatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880 Sphaeropsis smilacina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.24. 1880. (Macrophoma smilacina (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Sphaeropsis sphaerospora Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.46. 1886 ~ Sphaeropsis syringae Pk. & Clint. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.52. 1878. (n. sp.) (Sphaeria syringae Fr.) (Sphaeropsis syringae (Fr.) P. & C. in Sylloge 3) Sphaeropsis tiliacea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.45. 1886 Sphaeropsis typhina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.38. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.16. 1887 Sphaerotheca pannosa Lev. var. ribis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 39, p.58. 1886 Sphaerotheca pruinosa C. & P. Trimen’s Jour. Bot. ro(n.s.1) :11. Jan. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.o4. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.40. 1890. Bot. ed. (Note) Sphaerulina sambucina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.106. 1885 Spondylocladium tenellum Pk. (Gonatobotryum tenellum Pk.) Sporidesmium minutissimum Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:34. Mar. 1880 Sporidesmium moriforme Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.89. 1873 Sporocybe abietina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.45. 1879. (Periconia abietina (Pk.) Sacc.) Sporocybe cellare Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.33. 1889. Bot. ed. I 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sporocybe nigriceps Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.go-5so. 1881. (Periconia nigriceps (Pk.) Sacc.) Sporotrichum anthophilum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.28. 1906 Sporotrichum cinereum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.29. 1890. Bot. ed. (Sporotrichum peckii SGCC;) Sporotrichum entomophilum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.116. 1897 Sporotrichum larvatum Pk. (Sporotrichum larvicolum Pk.) Sporotrichum larvicolum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.18. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.44. 1879. (As Sporotrichum larvatum Pk.) Sporotrichum lecanii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.25. 1891. Bot. ed. Sporotrichum parasiticum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 45, p.22. 1893. Bot. ed. Sporotrichum poae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.29. 1903 Stachybotrys elongata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.29-30, pl.3, fig.10-13. 1890. Bot. ed. Stagonospora chenopodii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.60. 1887 Steganosporium acerinum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.326-27. June 1808 Stegia caricis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.23-24. 1806. Bot. ed. Stemonitis herbatica Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.64-65. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.75-76. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.58. 1879. (Note) Stemonitis morgani Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:33. Mar. 1880 Stereum ambiguum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.19-20. 1804. Bot. ed. Stereum balsameum PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.gg. 1875 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.75. 1878. (Note) Stereum balsameum Pk., form reflexum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.26. 1804. Bot. ed. Stereum burtianum PR. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.21, pl.O, fig.30-34. 1904 Stereum complicatum Fr, var. laceratum Ph. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.57.- 1893. Bot. ed. Stereum neglectum Pk. (Peniophora neglecta Pk.) Stereum populneum PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.t9. 1894. Bot. ed. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 177 Stereum pulverulentum Pk, Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 27, p.20. Jan. 1900 Stereum radiatum Pk, Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.62, July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.72. 1874 Stereum radiatum Pk. var. reflexum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.31. 1896. Bot. ed. Stereum spadiceum plicatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.132. 1807 Stictis (Propolis) cylindricarpa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.63. 1878. (Propolis cylindricarpa (Pk.) Sacc.) Stictis filicina Pk. ; N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.56. 1878 Stictis fulva Pk. Bot. Gaz. 5:36. Mar. 1880. (Propolis fulva (Pk.) Sacc.) Stictis quercina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.69. 1876 Stilbum candidum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.61-62, pl.1, fig.25-27. 1876. (Stilbum peckii Sacc.) Stilbum flavipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.45. 1879 Stilbum giganteum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.93, pl.3, fig.7-9. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.59. 1879. (Note) (Graphium giganteum (Pk.) Sacc.) Stilbum madidum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.35. 1893. Bot. ed. Stilbum pruinosipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.28. 1880. (Graphium pruinosipes (PR.) Sacc.) Stilbum ramosum Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.69. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.78. 1874 Stilbum resinaria Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.30. 1903 Streptothrix abietina Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.69. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.o3-94, pl.1, fig.13-15. 1873 Stropharia bilamellata Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.204. May 1895 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.25, 139-40, pl.112, fig.5-10. 1908 Stropharia caesifolia Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.480-90. Dec. 1895 Stropharia howeana Pk. (Pholiota howeana PR.) Stropharia irregularis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 27, p.16-17. Jan. 1900 Stropharia johnsoniana Pk. (Pholiota johnsoniana Pk.) 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Stropharia magnivelaris Pk. Harriman Alaska Exped. 5 :44-45. 1904 Stropharia schraderi Pk, Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 32, p.80. Feb. 1905 Stropharia siccipes radicata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.37-38. 1903 Agaricus (Stropharia) umbonatescens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.g1. 1878 Symphragmidium effusum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.27, pl.1, fig.6-10. 1880. (Speira effusa (Pk.) Sacc.) Synchytrium jonesii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:240. July 1881. (Tuberculina jonesii (Pk.) Sacc.) Teichospora aridophila Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:57. May 1882. (Teichospora xerophila Pk. in Sylloge 2) Telamonia gracilis Pk. (Cortinarius gracilis Pk.) Thelephora exigua Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.953-54. 1902 Thelephora gracilis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.371. July 1898 Thelephora laciniata Pers. var. integra Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.132. 1897 Thelephora odorifera Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.22. 1891. Bot. ed. Thelephora palmata americana Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.857. 1900 Thelephora rosella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.136. 1884 Thelephora schweinitzii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.67. 1878. (For Thelephora pallida Schw.) Thelephora scoparia Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.27-28, pl.2, fig.20-21. 1880. Bot. ed. Thelephora subochracea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.29. 1893. Bot. ed. Thelephora subundulata Pk. (Craterellus subundulatus Pk.) Torrubia clavulata Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.7o. 1876. (Cordyceps pistillariaeformis BG Br.) Torrubia superficialis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 28, p.7o. 1876. (Cordyceps superficialis (Pk.) Sacc.) Torula alnea Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.89. 1873 _ Torula colliculosa B. & C. var. orbicularis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.23. 1896. Bot. ed. Torula curvata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.53. 1878. (Hormiscium curvatum (PR.) Sacc.) Torula populina Pk. (Myxormia populina Pk.) ae REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 179 Torula ramosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.39. 1879. (Torula peckii Sacc. & Syd. in Sylloge 14) Torula uniformis Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.27, pl.1, fig.11-13. 1880. (Hormiscium uniforme (Pk.) Sacc.) Trametes piceinus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.169-70. Ig01 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.25. 1889. Bot. ed. (As Polyporus picei- nus Pk.) (Polystictus piceinus Pk. in Sylloge 9) Trametes variiformis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 28, p.220. 1899 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.170-71. 1901. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.26. 1889. Bot. ed. (See Polyporus varii- formis Pk.) (Polystictus variiformis Pk. in Sylloge 9) Tremella colorata Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.62. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.83. 1873 Tremella mycetophila Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.53, pl.1, fig.4. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.172. Igor. (Note) Tremella pinicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.44. 1886 Tremella stipitata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.100-1, pl.2, fig.22-23. 1875 Tremella subcarnosa Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.36-37. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 2, p.15-16. 1887 Tremella subochracea Pk. : N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.43. 1881 Triblidium clavaesporum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.143. 1884. (Tryblidiella clavispora (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) ‘Zz Triblidium morbidum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.48. 1879. (Colpoma morbidum (P2.) Sacc.) Trichia reniformis Pk. ; Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.65. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.76. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.57. 1893. Bot. ed. (Note) Trichobasis balsamorhizae Pk. (Puccinia balsamorrhizae Pk.) Trichobasis gaurina Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:218. Oct. 1879. (Aecidium gaurinum Pk, in Sylloge 7) Trichobasis helianthellae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:45. Apr. 1882. (Uredo helianthellae Pk. in Sylloge 7) Trichobasis howei Pk. (Uromyces howei Pk.) Trichobasis iridicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.89, pl.3, fig.17-19. 1872. (Uredo iridicola Pk. in Sylloge 7) 180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Trichobasis oxytropi Pk. : Sot. Gaz. 4:218. Oct. 1879. (Uredo oxytropidis Pk. in Sylloge 7) Trichobasis wyethiae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:45. Apr. 1882. (Uredo wyethiae Pk. in Sylloge 7) Tricholoma acre Pk. ; Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 24, p.139. Mar. 1897 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 25, p.648. 1809. (Note) Agaricus (Tricholoma) alboflavidus Pk. N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.75. 1872. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Bul, 28, p.194. 1899. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.53-54. 1891. Bot. ed. (As Tricholoma altbiflavidum Pk.) Tricholoma alboides Pk. (Tricholoma album caesariatum Pk.) Tricholoma album Schaeff. var. caesariatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.57. 1801. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.25. 1879. (As Agaricus (Tricholoma) al- boides Fk.) Agaricus (Tricholoma) chrysenteroides Pk. N. Y. Stete Mus. Rep’t 24, p.60. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.54. 1801. Bot. ed.. Tricholoma davisiae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 27, p.611-12. Dec. 1900 Agaricus (Tricholoma) decorosus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.42-43. July 1873 N.. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.73, pl.1, fig.1-4. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.45. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.29. 1806. Bot. ed. (Note) Agaricus (Tricholoma) fallax Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.44.° July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.74, pl.1, fig.5-8. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.54-55. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.963. 1902. (Note) Agaricus (Tricholoma) flavescens Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.42. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.51. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.46. 1801. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.162. 1901. (Note) Tricholoma fuligineum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.60-61. 1888 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.51. 1891. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumescens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.32. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.51. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.54. 1803. Bot. ed. (Note) Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumidellus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bui. 1, p.44. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.52. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.82. 1888. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.58-59. 1801. Bot. ed. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 181 Agaricus (Tricholoma) fumosoluteus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.g2-93. 1875 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.82. 1888. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.59. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma grande Pk. N. ¥. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.16-17, 47-48, pl.3, fig.5-8. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma grave Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.17, pl.1, fig.5-8. 1890. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.60-61. 1891. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) hebeloma Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.45. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.53. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.63- a 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma hirtellum Pk. N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.31, 38-30, pl. 105, fig.1-5. 1907 Tricholoma humile bulbosum Pk. Univ. of Me. Studies 3:61. Apr. 1902. (Name) Agaricus (Tricholoma) impolitoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.25. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.46. 1891. Bot. ed. (As Tricholoma scalp- turatum Fr.) Tricholoma infantilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.5. 1887 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.55. 1891. Bot.- ed. Tricholoma intermedium Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.60. 1888 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.41. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma lacunosum Pk. (Collybia lacunosa Pk.) Agaricus (Tricholoma) laterarius Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.43. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.51-52. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.58. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma leucocephaloides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.16-17. 1896. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) limonius Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.43-44. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.52. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.64. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.38. 1896. Bot. ed. (As Collybia_ scor- zonera Batsch) Tricholoma lugubre Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.16. 1806. Bot. ed. Tricholoma maculatescens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.38. 1801. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) multipunctus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.43. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.73. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.64. 1891. Bot. ed. (As Clitocybe decora Fr.) 182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tricholoma niveipes Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 29, p.69. Feb. 1902 Tricholoma nobile Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.17. 188. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.57-58. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma odorum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.321. June 1808 Tricholoma pallidum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 24, p.139. Mar. 1897 Tricholoma personatum Fr. var. bulbosum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.171, pl.22, fig.7-8. 1896. Bot. ed. Mushrooms and their Use, p.54. May 1897 Tricholoma piperatum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 26, p.63-64. Feb. 1899 Tricholoma portentosum Fr. var. centrale Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 25, p.647, 655, 673, pl.57, fig.1-5. 1809 N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.138-39, pl.45, fig.1-5. 1900 : Agaricus (Tricholoma) praefoliatus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.55. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.64. 1891. Bot. ed. - N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.36. 1806. Bot. ed. (As Collybia platy- phylla Fr.) : Tricholoma radicatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.22, 40-41, pl. 82, fig.15-19. 1903 Tricholoma rimosum Pk. | N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.947-48. 1902 Tricholoma rubescentifolium Pk. (Collybia colorea rubescentifolia Pk.) Agaricus (Tricholoma) rubicundus Pk. “Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.42. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.51. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.42-43. 1891. Bot. ed. (As Tricholoma rus- sula Schaeff.) Tricholoma semivestitum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.485-86. Dec. 1895 Tricholoma serratifolium Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.22. 1893. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) sienna PR. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.60. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.62-63. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma silvaticum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42,-p.17, pl.2, fig. eae. 1889. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.52-53. 1801. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.41, pl.82, fig.1-6. 1903 Agaricus (Tricholoma) striatifolius Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.37-38. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.48. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma subacutum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.16-17, pl.1, fig.1-5. 1889. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.52. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus.: Bul. 28, p.194. 1899. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.39-40, pl.82, fig.7-14. 1903 ‘ Le . bad ce ee REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1go8 183 Tricholoma subluteum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.21, pl.O, fig.26-29. 1904 Tricholoma submaculatum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.22-23. 1893. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) terraeolens Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.84. 1885 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.53.~ 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma terreum Schaeff. var. fragrans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.50. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.19. 1896. Bot. ed. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.57, pl.47, fig.1-10. 1896. Bot. ed. ~ N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.128. 1897. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.137-38, pl.45, fig.6-15. 1900 Tricholoma terriferum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.60. 1888 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.41-42. 1891. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) thujinus Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.44. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.52. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.63. 1891. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Tricholoma) transmutans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.38. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.37. 1889. Bot. ed. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.43. 1891. Bot. ed. N Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.168-69, pl.21, fig.1-5. 1896. Bot. ed. Mushrooms and their Use, p.51-52. fig. May 1897 Agaricus (Tricholoma) trentonensis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.60. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.62. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma tricolor Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.60. 1888 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.48-49. 1891. Bot. ed. Tricholoma unifactum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.29, 36-37, pl.o4. 1906 Agaricus (Tricholoma) virescens Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.44. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.74. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.59. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.36. 1880 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p.57. 1881. (As Agaricus (Tricholoma) vir- iditinctus Pk.) Tricholoma viriditinctum Pk. (Tricholoma virescens Pk.) Tricholoma viscosum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 31, p.178. Apr. 1904 Trogia alni Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 209, p.66-67. 1878 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.54. 1879. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.76. 1872. (As Plicatura alni Pk.) Trogia crispa Fr. var. variegata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.110. 1885 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tubaria brevipes Pk. Harriman Alaska Exped. 5:45. 1904 Tubaria canescens Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.24-25. 1893. - Bot. ed. Tubaria deformata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.290-91. 1808 Tubaria pallescens Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.202-3. May 1895 Tubaria tenuis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 23, p.415-16. Oct. 1896 Tubercularia carpogena Pk. (Tubercularia decolorans Pk.) Tubercularia decolorans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.42. 1894. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.31. 1890. Bot. ed. (As Tubercularia car- pogena Pk.) (Tubercularia fructicola Sacc. & Syd.) Tubercularia fungicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.33. 1889. Bot. ed. Tubercularia hirtissima Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.40. 1879 Tubulina cylindrica (Bull.) Fr. var. acuta Pk. Roch. Acad. Sci. Proc. 1:53. Aug. 1890 Tylostoma kansense Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 28, p.430, pl.32, fig.7-9. Aug. 1901 Tylostoma punctatum Pk. : Torr. Bot. Cluu Bul. 23, p.419. Oct. 1896 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 67, p.28. 1903. (Note) Tylostoma semisulcatum Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.209. May 1895 Tympanis acerina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.48. 1879. (Scleroderris acerina (Pk.) Sacc.) Tympanis nemopanthis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.142-43. 1884. (Godronia nemopanthis (Pk.) Sacc.) Typhula filicina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.100, pl.1, fig.29-30. 1875 Uncinula ampelopsidis Pk. Alb. Inst. Trans. 7:216. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.g6. 1873 Uncinula circinata C. & P. Trimen’s Jour. Bot. 10 (n.s.1):12. Jan. 1872 Alb. Inst. Trans. 7:214. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.96. 1873 Uncinula clintonii Pk. Alb. Inst. Trans:-7-216;, 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.96-97. 1873 Uncinula flexuosa Pk. Alb. Inst. Trans. 7:216. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.80. 1874. (Note) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 18 ot Uncinula macrospora Pk. Alb. Inst. Trans. 7:215. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.96. 1873 Uncinula parvula C. & P. Trimen’s Jour. Bot. 10 (n.s.1) :170-71. June 1872 Underwoodia Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.32. 1890. Bot. ed. Underwoodia columnaris Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 43, p.32, pl.4, fig.1-4. 1890. Bot. ed. Uredo aecidioides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.88- sci 1872. (Synchytrium decipiens Farl.) Uredo aspidiotus Pk. , N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.88, et fig.18-20. 1872. (Hyalospora poly- podii-dryopteridis (Moug. & Nest) Magn. in Sylloge 17) Uredo cassandrae Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.54. 1878 Uredo chimaphilae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.33. 1893. Bot. ed. Uredo jonesii Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.36. Apr. 1885 Uredo ledicola Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.67. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.go-g1. 1873 Urnula geaster Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.39. 1893. Bot. ed. Urocystis pusilla C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.go. 1873. (Schizonella melanogramma (DC.) Schroet.) Urocystis waldsteiniae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.32. 1893. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.43. 1804. Bot. ed. Uromyces borealis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:276. Oct. 1881 Uromyces brandegei Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:127. Feb. 1879. (Puccinia vexans Far.) Uromyces caricis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.oo. 1872 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.36. 1906. (As Puccinia caricis-strictae- Diet.) Uromyces claytoniae C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.50. 1878 Uromyces compacta Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:56. May 1882 Uromyces deciduus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 45, p.25. 1803. Bot. ed. Uromyces. euphorbiae C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t “4 p.go. 1873 Uromyces howei Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rept 36, p.75. 1878 N. Y. State Cab. Rep’t 23, p.58. 1872. Bot. ed. (As Trichobasis howei: Pk.) ~~ 186 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Uromyces hyalinus Pk. Sot. Gaz. 3:34-35. Apr. 1878 Uromyces jonesii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:45. Apr. 1882 Uromyces lespedezae (Schw.) Pk. Bot. Gaz. 1:20. Mar. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.69. 1878. (Note) Uromyces plumbarius Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:127. Feb. 1879 Uromyces polymorphus Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.43. 18790 Uromyces psoraleae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:239. July 1881 Uromyces sanguineus Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:128. Feb. 1879 Uromyces simulans Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4:127-28. Feb. 1879 Uromyces sophorae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.35. Apr. 1885 Uromyces sparganii C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.77. 1874 Uromyces unitus Pk. ~ Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 10, p.74. July 1883 Uromyces versatilis Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:56. May 1882 Uromyces zygadeni Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:239-40. July 1881 Ustilago aristidae Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 12, p.35. Apr. 1885 Ustilago cylindrica Pk. Bot. Gaz. 7:55. May 1882 Ustilago osmundae Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:276-77. Oct. 1881 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.31. 1889. Bot. ed. (Note) Ustilago syntherismae Pk. (Not Schw.) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.103. 1875. (Name) Valsa acerina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.74. 1876. (Diaporthe acerina (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa acrocystis Pk. ” N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.34, pl.2, fig-19-22. 1880. (Melanconiella acrocystis (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Valsa albocincta C. & P. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p.120. Apr.-May 1877. (Diaporthe al- bocincta (C. & P.) \Sacc.) Valsa alni Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.103. 1873 Valsa bicincta C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.86. 1874. (Name) N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.64. 1878. (Diaporthe bicincta (C. & P.) Sacc.) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 187 Valsa brevis Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.2ro-11. May 1895 Valsa cinctula C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.50, pl.2, fig.21-24. 1878. (Cryptospora cinctula (C. & P.) Sacc.) Valsa cornina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.102-3. 1885 Valsa femoralis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.74-75. 1876. (Cryptospora femoralis (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa fraxinicola C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.59. 1878. (Eutypella fraxinicola (C. & P.) Sace.) ; Valsa fraxinina Pk. Torr. Bot. Club, Bul. 11, p.28. Mar. 1884 Valsa grisea Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.28. Mar. 1884 Valsa impulsa C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.t09. 1875. (Diaporthe impulsa (C. & P.) SEG.) Valsa (Obvallata) innumerabilis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.65. 1878. (Eutypella innumerabilis (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa leptasca Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.59.. 1878. (Cryptosporella leptasca (P. oC). Sacc_) ; Valsa leucostomoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.103. 1885 Valsa linderae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.59. 1878 Valsa minutella Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.27. Mar. 1884 Valsa mucronata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.74, pl.2, fig.10-13. 1876. (Diaporthe mucronata (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa obscura Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.73-74. 1876. (Diaporthe obscura (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa opulifoliae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.103. 1885 Valsa oxyspora Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.73, pl.2, fig.26-29. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.58. 1879. (Note) (Diaporthe oxyspora (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa paucispora Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.33. 1880. (Cryptosporella paucispora (Pk.) - Berl. & Vogl.) Valsa prunicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.33-34. 1880 188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Valsa pulviniceps Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.50. 1879. (Cryptospora pulviniceps (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa rubi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.72-73. 1876. (Valsa rubi Fckl, in Sylloge 1) Valsa sambucina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep't 28, p.75. 1876. (Pseudovalsa sambucina (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsa subclypeata C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 27, p.10o9. 1875 Valsa thujae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.67. 1887 Valsa (Cryptospora) tomentella Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.144. 1884. (Cryptospora tomentella (Pk.) Berl. & Vogl.) Valsa trichispora C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.58. 1878. (Cryptospora trichispora (C. & P.) Sace:) Walsawnnineatar Gar 17 ne. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.103. 1873 Valsa tumidula C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.58. 1878. (Eutypella tumidula (C. & P.) Sacc.) Valsa woolworthi Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.73. 1876. (Diaporthe woolworthi (P&.) Sacc.) Valsa xanthoxyli Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.49-50. 1879. (Fenestella xanthoxyli (Pk.) Sacc.) Valsaria purpurea Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 11, p.28. Mar. 1884 Valsella adhaerens Fckl. var. americana Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.68. 1887 Valsella laschii Sacc. var. acerina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 40, p.68. 1887 Venturia cassandrae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.104, pl.3, fig.11-14. 1885 Venturia clintonii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.82. 1876 Venturia compacta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.106. 1873 Venturia curviseta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.145. 1884 Venturia kalmiae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.82, pl.2, fig.6-9. 1876 Venturia maculans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.81-82. 1876 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.77. 1878. (Venturia ditricha (Fr.) Karst.) Venturia orbicula (Schw.) C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.105. 1873. (Sphaeria orbicula Schw.) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 1&9 Venturia pulchella C. & P. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.106. 1873 ‘Vermicularia concentrica Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.47-48. 1878. (Vermicularia peckii Sacc.) ‘Vermicularia coptina Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.58. 1876 Vermicularia hepaticae Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.13. 1896. Bot. ed. Verticillium candidum Pk, N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 34, p48, pl.2, fig.11-13. 1881 Verticillium lactarii Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 35, p.140. 1884 Verticillium pulvereum Pk. & Clint. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.56-57. 1878. (Verticicladium pulvereum P.-C.) Sace,) Verticillium sphaerophilum Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.33. 1893. Bot. ed. ‘Vibrissea lutea Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1, p.7o. July 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.97, pl.1, fig.19-23. 1873. (Cudonia lutea (Pk.) Sacc.) Vibrissea truncorum Fr. var. albipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.37. 1891. Bot. ed. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 28, p.231. 1890 Virgaria hydnicola Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.32-33. 1889. Bot. ed. Volutella stellata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.22. 1894. Bot. ed. Agaricus (Volvaria) pubescentipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.39. 1878. (Volvaria pubipes Pk. in Syl- loge 5) Volvaria striatula Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 22, p.487-88. Dec. 1895 Volvaria umbonata Pk. Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 26, p.64-65. Feb. 1809 Xylaria acuta Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 25, p.ro1. 1873 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.60. 1879. (Note) Xylaria corniformis Mont. var. irregularis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 28, p.87. 1876 Xylaria digitata Grev. var. americana Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.59-60. 1879 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.133. 1897. (Note) Xylaria digitata (L.) Grev. var. tenuis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 50, p.133. 1807 Xylaria grandis Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.85. 1874 N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.60. 1879. (Note) N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.27. 1904. (Note) 1g0 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Xylaria polymorpha combinans Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.33. 1907 Zignoella humulina Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.24. 1887 cs N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p52. 19> “A> Snhaeria (Ca humulina Pk.) (Metasphaeria humulina (Pk.) Sace.) | Zygodesmus atroruber Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:277. Oct. 1881 Zygodesmus granulosus Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6:277. Oct. 1881 Zygodesmus pallidofulvus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 105, p.30. 1906 Zygodesmus rubiginosus Pk. | N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.58. 1878 Zygodesmus tenuissimus Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 47, p.26. 1894. Bot. ed. Zythia ovata Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.47. 1886 * tie » i: es. Pgs Se ‘re Pwo Sa <*y e x ae. — = if oe se ans De) “ $i * ; * a Py ey es ts A + s Af ~ soit 3. vy EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE U IgI Amanita glabriceps Pk. SMOOTH CAP AMANITA 1 Immature plant 2 Mature plant } ; 3 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant | 4 Four spores, x 400 192. 6 > ! z ' rs A -_ 7 : = - Pa = Z es = ‘ts 7 y z it, et 4 - sige! +7 SS . — > ee te c va bal ‘ 3 “f & a 7 ie ee - a7 =e N. Y. STATE MUS. 62 FUNGI PLATE U W777, Vis Li git. — 3 LOO SK De” st re et Py a es Pk oe Sf ae a ‘baa gt ht D.5r ac F, 4 | Pins ial oer be t EL ee oe : : eee: Patter Paice, SO eee abc 333 nat re iby —— -—— 4 Sra ae . : —. ’ : a ts ; ¥ Ne 7 ai iT . > a ; , : Se. 4 bs Me. ry : we: Sa Pee oe hak, Sa ah Si ro Re eet Hypholoma fragile Pk. FRAGILE HYPHOLOMA 1 Immature plant showing floccose squamules on the cap and an ap- pendiculate margin Immature plant showing whitish color of the gills Mature plant Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant Transverse section of a stem Four spores, x 400 NAW & & b Extralinutal species Agaricus approximans Pk. APPROXIMATE MUSHROOM 8 Two immature plants unifed at the base 9 Immature plant 10 Mature plant 11 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 12 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 13 Transverse section of a stem 14 Four spores, x 400 Galera besseyi Pk. BESSEY GALERA 15 Immature plant 16 Mature plant with oval cap 17 Mature plant with subglobose cap 18 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant 19 Transverse section of a stem 20 Four spores, x 400 194 N. Y. STATE MUS. 62 PLATE Vv HYPHOLOMA FRAGILE PK. FRAGILE HYPHOLOMA EXTRA-LIMITAL FUNGI Fic. 8-14. Fic. 15-20. AGARICUS APPROXIMANS Px. GALERA BESSEYI PK. APPROXIMATE MUSHROOM BESSEY GALERA 1 Cluster of very young plants = 2 Cluster of three young plants slightly older _ 3 Immature moist plant showing color of young gills 4 Mature plant with margin of cap still moist 5 Mature plant with cap fully expanded 6 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature | p 8 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant — 9 Four spores, x 400 Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Ki, ae SORDID TRICHOLOMA 196 ag N. Y. STATE MUS. 62 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 115 LLL LL {| & io —L a iii TRICHOLOMA SORDIDUM (ScuHum.) FR. SORDID TRICHOLOMA . Ln : “he a t rf ~ 9 Sey an Oe Se eer eng yr « ~% Pholiota duroides Pk. HARDISH PHOLIOTA 1 Immature plant 2 Mature plant with a broad umbo 3 Mature plant with a scaly disk 4 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant 5 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant 6 Transverse section of a stem ; 7 Four spores, x 400 § Immature plant g Mature plant : a 10 Vertical section of the upper part - a plant eae 11 Four spores, x 400 _ | Bae Cantharellus minor Pk. SMALL CHANTARELLE 12 Immature plant 13 Mature plant with convex cap Sh: 14 Mature plant with cap nearly plane 15,16 Vertical sections of the upper part of two — 17 Four spores, x 400 198 ire) Fic. 1-7. Fic. 8-11. PHOLIOTA DUROIDES Pr. PHYLLOPORUS RHODOXANTHUS (ScHw.) BREs. HARDISH PHOLIOTA YELLOW RED PHYLLOPORUS Fic. 12-17. CANTHARELLUS MINOR PK. SMALL CHANTARELLE INDEX Aecidium importatum, 18. Agaricus applicatus, 25. approximans, 33. explanation of plate, 194. campester, 8. pelletieri, 40. placomyces, 33. rhodoxanthus, 40. Amanita elongata, 33-34. glabriceps, 18-10. explanation of plate, 192. phalloides, 18. striatula, 18. porphyria, 109. Aster vittatus, 109. Bear lentinus, 45-46. Boletinus glandulosus, 34. Boletus subtomentosus, 41. Botrytis cinerea, 21. plebeja, 10. Brachysporium obovatum, 29. Brassica japonica, 109. Calicium alboatrum, 19. California pepper grass, 19. Cantharellus cibarius, 41. minor, 41-42. explanation of plate, 108. Castanea dentata, 29. Celtis crassifolia, 19. Cephalanthus occidentalis, 30. Cephalozia lunulaefolia, ro. Cercospora rudbeckiae, 19-20. Chantarelle, small, 41-42. Chantarelle ‘craterellus, 42. Choriactis, 32. Clavaria ligula, 35. pallescens, 34-35. Clitocybe clavipes, 20. comitialis, 20. pelletieri, 40. Clitopilus, 30. subvilis, 57. Collybia hirticeps, 20. Cololejeunea biddlecomiae, 20. Commelina communis, 20. Conoidea, 47, 48. Craterellus cantharellus, 42. Craterellus chantarelle, 42. Crested entoloma, 52. Cuspidate entoloma, 49-50. Dacryomyces corticioides, 20. Diaporthe atropuncta, 20-21. farinosa, 20. parasitica, 24. Diplodina coronilla, 21. robiniae, 21. Early pholiota, 4o. Edible fungi, 6-8, 38-42. IEntolema, New York species, 47- 58. crested, 52. cuspidate, 49-50. grand, 48. gray, 506. grayish, 55. meadow, 506. Peck, 50. rosy, 50-57. salmon, 49. shield, 57. silky, 56. sinuate, 48. slightly scabrous, 53. slightly silky, 52. smaller, 51. strict, 57-58. strong scented, 55. stunted, 53-54. variable, 50-51. violaceous, 52. yellow, 50. yellow gilled, 54-55. yellowish green, 53. 200 Entoloma, 7, 47-58; key to tions, 47; key to species, 47, 48-49, 51, 54. clypeatum, 54, 57. cuspidatum, 49-50. cyaneum, 51, 52. deminutivum, 58. _dysthales, 51, 53-54. flavifolium, 54-55. flavoviride, 51, 53. grande, 47, 48. graveolens, 57. grayanum, 54, 55, 56. griseum, $4, 55. jubatum, 51, 52. luteum, AQ, 50. minus, 49, 5I. modestum, 58. murinum, 58. nidorosum, 54, 55. nigricans, 58. peckianum, 49, 50. rhodopolium, 54, 56-57. umbilicatum, 57. salmoneum, 48, 49. scabrinellum, 51, 53. sericellum, 51, 52. sericeum, 54, 56. sinuatum, 47, 48. strictius, 54, 57-58. irregulare, 57. suave, 58. variabile, 49, 50-51. Epicoccum neglectum, 30. Eupatorium sessilifolinm, 30. Explanation of plates, 191-08. sec- Flammula paradoxa, 40. tammii, 40. Fungi, edible, 6-8, 38-42; new ex- tralimital species, 33-42; list of species and varieties, 59-190. Fusarium aurantiacum, 21. Galera besseyi, 35-36. explanation of plate, 194. Genuina, 47. Geoglossum alveolatum; 21. Gloeosporium medicaginis, 21. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gomphidius rhodoxanthus, 40. Gonatobotrys lateritia, 21-22, Grand entoloma, 48. Gray entoloma, 56. Grayish entoloma, 55. Hard pholiota, 309. Hardish pholiota, 39-40. Hendersonia brunaudiana, 23. diplodioides divergens, 38. lydrangea arborescens, 30. Hygrophorus obconicus, 36. pratensis albus, 36. sphaerosporus, 22. Hymenula musae, 22. Hypholoma fragile, 22. explanation of plate, 194. Hypoderma desmazieri, 30. Inocybe asterospora, 37. intricata, 36-37. umboninota, 37. 5 Key to Lentinus, 42; Entoloma, 47, 48-49, 51; 54. _ Lactarius peckii, 22. Lecanora fuscata, 22. Lentinus, New York species, 42- 47. bear, 45-46. red stemmed, 46. scaly, 42-43. shell, 45. = spotted, 43-44. € spurned, - 43. sulcate, 44. ; sweet scented, 46-47. Ms umbilicate, 45. te Lentinus, 7, 42-47; key to species, © 42. ps cochleatus, 42, 45. haematopus, 42, 46. lecomtei, 47.. lepideus, 42-43. omphalodes, 45. pelliculosus, 47. spretus, 42, 43. strigosus, 47. INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1908 201 Lentinus (continued). suavissimus, 42, 40-47. sulcatus, 42, 44. tigrinus, 42, 43-44. umbilicatus, 42, 45. ursinus, 42, 45-46. Lentodium squamulosum, 44. Leptonidea, 47, 51. Leptosphaeria inquinans, 22-23. Leucolejeunea clypeata, 23. Lophocolea macouni, 23. minor, 23. Lycopodium inundatum, 30. Massariovalsa sudans, 23. Meadow entoloma, 506. Melanconis modonia, 23. Microsphaera alni, 30. Mnium orthorrhynchum, 23. Monilia angustior, 23-24. peckiana var. angustior, 23-24. Myxosporium castaneum, 24. Naked tricholoma, 38. Nardia crenuliformis, 24. Nectria sambuci, 24. Neottiella polytrichi, 24. Nalanidea, 47, 54. Panaeolus semilanceatus, 37. Panax quinquefolia, 30-31. Panus fulvidus, 44. Paxillus rhodoxanthus, 4o. tammii, 40. Peck, C. H., list of species and varieties of fungi described by, 59-190. Peck entoloma, 50. Pellia endiviaefolia, 24. Pepper grass, 19. Pholiota, early, 40. hard, 39. hardish, 39-40. Pholiota dura, 39. duroides, 39-40. explanation of plate, 108. praecox, 40. Phoma corni, 24. lagenariae, 21, 25. Phycomyces nitens, 31. Phylloporus, yellow red, 40-41. Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, 40-41. explanation of plate, 108. Phyllosticta labruscae, 31. orbicula, 25. Plants, species added to collection, 5, 9-10; species not before re- ported, means of sending for identification, contrib- utors, list of, 10-17; species not before reported, 18-28. Plates, explanation of, 191-08. Pleurotus applicatus, 25. atrocaeruleus griseus, 25. atropellitus, 25. griseus, 25. Polyporus arcularius, 25. caesius, 25. delectans, 25. trabeus, 25. Psathyrella graciloides, 31. Psilocybe semilanceata, 37, Puccinia agrostidis, 26, albiperidia, 26, campanulae, 26, cyani, 26. phlei-pratensis, 26, suaveolens, 26. Pucciniastrum potentillae, 26. 5-0; 0-7; Ramularia rudbeckiae,. 19, Red stemmed lentinus, 46, Rhinotrichum curtisii, 26, ramosissimum, 26. Rosy entoloma, 56-57. Salmon entoloma, 409. Scabrous entoloma, 53. Scaly lentinus, 42-43. Shell lentinus, 45. Shield entoloma, 57. Silky entoloma, 52, 56. Sinuate entoloma, 48. Solanum rostratum, 26. Sordid tricholoma, 38-30. Sorosporium saponariae, 27. Sphenolobus hellerianus, 27. Sporodesmium mucosum, 27. var. pluriseptatum, 27. pluriseptatum, 21, 27. 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM at Spotted lentinus, 43-44. Spurned lentinus, 43. Strict entoloma, 57-58. "Strong scented entoloma, 55. Stunted entoloma, 53-54. Sulcate lentinus, 44. Sweet scented lentinus, 46-47. Tricholoma. humile, 27. nudum, 38, 58. personatum, 58. schumacheri, 27. sordidum, 38-39, 58. explanation of plate, 196. subcinereum, 27-28. subpulverulentum, 27. Trichothecium candidum, 28. $ * | Uinbilfeate lentinus, 450 MM Urnula craterium, 32. geaster, 31-32. 7 Uromyces caricinus, 28. Br. at hyperici, cue scirpi, 28. ms} ¢ bi a Variable entoloma, sem oi Verpa digitaliformis, 32. Violaceous entoloma, 5 Volutella cucurbitina, 21, 28. — f Xyris caroliniana, 30. — Yellow entoloma, 50. Yellow gilled entoloma, 5 Yellow red phylloporus, Yellowish green entoloms ‘ © 7-= a eae , : mt 4 S joan eed a. aaa . +s. ‘ey we rc > 2 ¥ leone t bie Rhy i oi New York Botanical Garden WLIW 3 5185 00258 5899 pact hh Ah nce Lhe ea ae « ceedidhetetetbddcesbaladtactd dd certddee stewie Yj ty YY ti iy, Z Ys Yiyy Cae yyy