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Y > : - . oe Ser - . o wee AB ree GOOE + pe > tote tinted vty do oo eee. fo Bip . pindncrch Ae seid e - - e e e « ~ eee he fe oo © ge cities ee) ep ee ole ewe ° . ? coe erreey ee = 1 red, 7-04 ee eS al ieaatid as A - peers —- . eT ae ee, ee ee eae he Ce, Sc goa Vw’ CCUIMUSSOSSSE We RS Se aoe “wes “S AAS raveresereneuee SSeereeS eve vv ww ad Sue ~~? wVvwWv¥ = A, sy pS RAR Yes ~ & wu “ey La Sere wy Ss J 4 ve ~~w: Pct y PED tad dah ve CUNY, Pes = hed / SOLER wikis PAR A AL eereey wD —~ Sue ely = OA Esseeet ~The my ~ |e GIGS \ se eg ys L ee ee bon (WD Nea’ WS ad =Sereree oy Sears MSN ed oes , fee od) be es | Ves Ese ert Cs SIAG GALS Se pute eetten iSamamey Sy vore BPAKG | LIRA II Le _—_t | 2 owe Wn snylesveverctec eevee = SII AA laces PAR hes vives Pope OY, swt oe Uuewee ess: fewte wee w Bee Feyyese wa “Bh A. os we Wy UN =< ES RA Ak 4 Se j wv SiG PI at AL wenn SI LARGE A ee w Sw VO erst Mer tun wo Sees * Bue Visttrtre'y TOG SE Sooo WE Cw ae Fj w wwe Wwwwe i “= os &, RG reyes, EA bogs boar SS eid. wr Lyre eye Veeus jproNe swe SE ~My = ; a. pw WE CSe YUN aad == v~ redhat ef ee Mpeg SUSU UNS awl w AM NO ad a | Swe eevyvN wy wows Mae ee =, oe wwSe tive Rey 2 CAS uN o, he: wuts wus ESE eee EE AG. - rd a oe ” BRAS ine we -wuee = WS NS Ne v =, - | p=" h_ A we _ Seiten | "wh vi, Diep tA Veow suerte ee: “ PpPA vy apg oCO ds bd CA Swern : hts ADA a Nd ef we = Sw = “x, . pes ToS uvegecouen™. aN ih ” ’ WN { ? = wy 1 ee 4 A voy WSLESUNG ed a oR ee IW AL : ‘BSE woe wv’ w Ne J =} _ ae TA vs fox ~ : ww vy ee) A RA ee ~ wi el vero Sa ee ay i We Ow Oe” COU Leer ry, S “ » ” rr 4 (th ae mological Society OF ONTARIO PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO tastir " agonal i Ola. | ww My, Fo : \ : § Huse moe! TORONTO Printed (aes L..K- CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1910 Fortieth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1909 Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO Printed by L. K- CAMERON, Printer tothe King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1910 Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS, 29-37 Richmond Street West, TORONTO To the Honourable JoHN Morison Grpson, K.C., LL.D., etc., ete., etc., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May iT Piease Your Honovr: The undersigned begs to present herewith for the consideration of your Honour the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1909. Respectfully submitted, JAMES 8. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1910. (3) CONTENTS. PAGE PTR ON LRANSDEISSION 6). ss -c.5. bye o onccete we! stave: s/s vecelete a mney a aL eneh oneal ciate eT aacaan nena Saree 5 MPMOTORRA MOR: 1909910: osc iccc's edicts oles cael era ave: ees Joiteteushe re tetera tlt ailaileteal es ise as ea nena 6 ROUANEA DEATY = MURIMEBEDRS, ~ cic. ajersics gucvers earedecclois, altele cote sr cvm-ictca talioie, ite jottelte a hatol eM eaicisc hele Sone nae ae en i PACT NTs VETOED TIN Ge “sa.5¢. 5, stale cp sieliey aie ailolde spaenelie alel a late! teMeLe.e, otaeliedeirebagie cahtaetee Tasca ee aI a oe 9 Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 1, ARTHUR GrBson..... BN nee i 9 Division No: (3) de 35 Wale PANGS es teers eet 14 (Division: 2NOi4 a AW NAS Ele wel eie sree alle cusieatere 15 Observations on a few Insects of the Season: L. CAESAR ........--.ee seer eee 16 Nests of the Brown-tail Moth on Imported Nursery Stock: ARTHUR GIBSON....- 19 The Larch Saw Fly: C. GoRDON HEWITT ..........-- eee cee eee ee rere eee eee 20 Nursery Work in Ontario: R. C. TREHERNE ..:...--+-+-eeeeece reer eet teeceeee 21 Some Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms: F. J. A. MORRIS .......--++++++-++-:> 23 House Flies and their Allies: C. GoRDON HEWITT .........-..0e0eeeeeeceoeecres 30 Report of the Counell (22: v.iis ec ns sje onl oe. 6 se erahe ae sles ie need nletevoha ba ten Rete estate 36 ui s Montreal Branch) 2 s4.cs 56 INOLES On Mrwit-tree SCoOly tides J. Ma ISW-ADNE) cress nc) cinfelcteteteteie yal tele feistenehotene lanai ener 58 Observations on Ontario Insects in 1909: C. J.S. BETHUNE ..............-...00% 63 Injurious Insects of Quebec in 1909: W. LOCHHEAD .............-++++esseeeee 67 Anisota virginiensis: 1: “W., MYLES. ..cc. oo «3G ac cise eene mee oretoe ecole el Oke een ret (3 Adaptations in the Structure of Insects: T. W. PYLES ............ Jic.eecees 76 The Acarina, with a Host Index to the Species found in Ontario: T. D. Jarvis.. 82 The Entomological Record, 1909: ARTHUE GIBSON... .....-+.s0-ceccoumesetue = 110 iIngvWemoriam, Drsiwm;: Brodie: RANK: MORRIS * c-section 129 AMOK creisin soca wial'e xo eles eile sone Winrar abele te jeher cis eee Anne tayo trate: wer all cree Steet tata aenna a 131 [4] FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1909. To the Honourable James S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture. Sir,—I have the honour to present herewith the Fortieth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the proceedings of the forty- sixth annual meeting of the Society, which was held at the Agricultural College, Guelph, on the 4th and 5th November, 1909. The report includes the papers read and the reports submitted by the various officers and branches of the Society. “The Canadian Entomologist,” the monthly organ of the Society, has been regularly issued during the past year, and has now completed its forty-first volume, which has maintained the high scientific standard of its long series of predecessors. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Editor. Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. [5] Entomological Society of Ontario. OFFICERS FOR 1909-1910. President—TENNYSON D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology and Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Vice-President—EpMuND M. WALKER, B.A., M.D., Lecturer in Biology, University ot Toronto. Secretary-Treasurer—J. Eaton Howitt, M.S.A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—Lawson CAESAR, B.A., B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology and Plant Dis- eases, O. A. College, Guelph. Librarian—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M,A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors: Division No. 1.—ArtTHuR GIBSON, Department of Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Division No. 2.—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3.— J. B. WittiaMs, Toronto. Division No. 4—C. W. Nasu, Toronto. Division No. 5.—F. J. A. Morris, Port Hope. Division No. 6.—R. S. Haminton, Collegiate Institute, Galt. Division No. 7.—R. C. TREHERNE, Grimsby. Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society).—Proressor WM. SAUNDERS, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. HacuE Harrineton, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Proressor JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rey. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Hull, P.Q.; PROFESSOR WM. LOCHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, P.Q.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton. Editor of the “ Canadian Entomologist ’’—Rrv. Pror. BETHUNE, Guelph. Delegate to the Royal Society—Rerv. Dr. Fyies, Hull, P.Q. Auditors—Pror. S. B. McCrreapy, and J. W. Crow, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph [6] a CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. PWialkens SI) Te eH VIt .ferciersle, cxallsvere Toronto. Wiatsony Drs At Hee Roser. 2). Port Hope. Abbott, Dr. A. R........ -...Toronto. Webbe kel: Oraticctee ne co ake Toronto. Aiton, Miss A............... Highland White; James=. 5.20. .si4e. Snelgrove. Creek. Walliams, do) Basic decn las ose Toronto. eae Ae tO. OLACC. 2 sec wore Guelph. Wood we Te tenes eit yn a “ Baker, A. W., O.A.C......... WOU Bese ge Seka se Ottawa Bethune, Prof. C.J.S., OAC. “ Zavitz) Wo d.; OAC oss bss Guelph. Black, Davidson slices chu) Perens Toronto. Blackmore, Miss E.......... usually 90- 98 per cent. of the total fly population. Another fly that sometimes occurs in houses, especially country houses in the fall, and also in the spring in England, and whose habits have frequently led to the popular erroneous idea as to the ability of the house-flies to bite, is the blood- sucking Stomoxys calcitrans, known by various popular names such as Storm-fly, Stable-fly, Fall-fly, all of which names are equally inapplicable to one species. It can readily be distinguished from M. domestica by the sharp awl-like piercing proboscis which projects forward horizontally from beneath the head. This type of proboscis enables it to pierce the skin of animals and thereby suck the blood of the same. It is interesting to note in passing that S. calcitrans is allied to those tropical blood-sucking Diptera of the different species of Glossinas, which are re- sponsible for the jane disease of sleeping sickness and Nagana. They carry the Trypanosomes, the organisms which cause the diseases, and by their blood-sucking habits infect man and other animals. The former disease has reduced in a few years the population of Uganda by two-thirds and Nagana has rendered central and sub-tropical Africa practically impassable to horses. Musca domestica possesses a proboscis that is quite incapable of piercing the skin. It is only of use in absorbing fluids and this process of absorption is one of ereat interest. The proboscis is extended in the following manner. The vacant spaces in the head are filled with capacious air-sacs and blood; by the inflation of these air-sacs of the head the blood is driven into the cavity of the proboscis which is thereby extended and the two lobes which form the oral disc are distended by means of the blood. These oral lobes are traversed on their inner sides by a very large number of channels which are kept open by minute rings open at one side— and owing to their tracheal appearance are called pseudotrachee. The oral sur- face is applied to the fluid-moistened surface and by capillary action and the pul- sating movement of the oral lobes the fluid runs along the pseudotrachee into the oval pit and thence into the pumping pharynx—the pumping action of the latter keeping up the constant inward flow of the solution. In the case of such solid food as sugar this is first rendered soluble by the secretion of the lingual or salivary glands. The surface of the oral lobes is kept ir a moist condition by the secretion of a small pair of labial glands. If the abdomen of a mature female fly is opened it will be found that it is almost filled by the enormously distended ovaries; the alimentary tract occupying a small trough-like cavity between them and the dorsal region. In the posterior region of the abdomen the ovipositor will be seen usually in a retracted telescopic condition. When exserted the ovipositor is about equal in length to the abdomen and the female fly is thus enabled to deposit her eggs deep down out of the light in the crevices of whatever substance, decaying vegetable or excremental, it may have chosen as a nidus for the larve. About 120 to 150 eggs become mature at the same time and these are deposited in clumps, as many as sixty or seventy may ve re 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 be found packed together in one clump. The eggs are pearly white in colour, marked with very fine sculpturing; they are 1 mm. in size, slender and cylindrically oval, one end being more pointed than the other and along the dorsal side of the egg there are two curved rib-like thickenings of the chorion. The eggs of M. domesticu have not the appearance of the grooved wheat grain as stated by several writers. It has been found that horse manure is the special breeding place of flies, but they will deposit their eggs and the larve are able to feed on almost any kind of excremental products and in decaying vegetable substances such as kitchen refuse, especially if such substances are in a fermenting condition. They will also deposit their eggs ‘in decaying fruit and certain food stuffs such-as moistened bread, egg, broth, ete. The most important factor which governs the development of the larve is tempera- ture; a high temperature accelerates the development. It is also affected by moisture, diminution in the amount of moisture retards development and by the character of the larval food and fermentation. The shortest time which I was able to obtain for the development of M. domestica was eight days. This was obtained by keeping the larve at a constant temperature of 35 degrees C., and the times occupied in the different stages were as follows:—egg from deposition to hatching, 8 hours; whole larval or “maggot” stage 5 days; the larve moult twice and the times occupied in the three larval stages were 24 hours, 24 hours and three days respectively; the pupal stage lasted three days. These times are probably as short as will be found usually under natural conditions. Under unfavourable conditions, with regard to temperature, moisture, etc., the development has been found to extend over several weeks. In no case, however, was it found possible to keep the insects in the pupal stage during the winter nor do I know of any other observer who was able to do so. They invariably pass the winter as adult flies, and under suitable conditions of temperature and the presence of larval food, are able to breed during the winter months. The newly hatched larva measures 2 mm. in length and the average length of the adult larva is 12 mm. It is a typical, conically cylindrical, muscid larva, or “maggot,” consisting of thirteen segments. It progresses by means of seven pairs of locomotary pads on the ventral side of the body and these are covered with small spines. The intestine of the full-grown larva is very com- plicated as will be seen from the figure thrown on the screen. When the larva is full-grown it retracts the anterior and posterior ends to form a barrel-shaped pupal stage lasted three days. These times are probably as short as will be found from a creamy yellow to a_dark chestnut brown. When the fully developed fly emerges from the pupal case it pushes off the front end of the case in two sections by means of an inflated sac in front of the head; this sac is afterwards withdrawn into the head. After emerging from the pupal case the fly crawls about until its wings have attained their permanent form and the body has hardened and dried. In my experiments I found that the flies became sexually mature in ten to fourteen days after their emergence from the pupal state, and four days after coitus with the male they began to lay their eggs which was possible therefore from fourteen days after emergence from the pupe. It will be seen from actual observations and experiments that in hot weather the progeny of a fly may be laying eggs in about 3 weeks from the time the eggs from which they were hatched were deposited, and as a fly may deposit about six hatches of eggs in a single season, it is not difficult to realize the millions of flies which a few flies may produce in the hot summer months. These observations indicate two important points: first, the necessity of destroying the first flies that appear in the season, and secondly, the abolition of their breeding places. In our towns and cities owners of stables should be compelled to either remove collections of manure 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 within seven days or to treat the manure with such a substance as chloride of lime or mineral oil as each lot is thrown on the heap to prevent the breeding of the flies and such manure should be kept in a chamber to which flies cannot obtain access. The first method is the best and most effectual and certain cities have now by- laws enforcing such periodic removal of manure. All cities and towns should enforce such removal or treatment, nor should they allow the accumulation of rubbish and substances on which flies ca1i breed as many local authorities are accustomed to do. It is invariably found in such cases that the maximum number of cases of zymotic diseases such as typhoid and epidemic diarrhcea are located around such places. The change of-aititude of people towards house-flies during the last few years has been remarkable. Public opinion on such subjects is slow in changing and although we had known for years from the work of Celli, Nuttall, Hoffman and many others that flies were in the habit of carrying the bacilli which cause certain of our infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, ophthalmia, tuber- culosis, etc., it was not until medical men as a whole began to realize the important role that house-flies play in the dissemination of these diseases that we really began to move. But now there are fortunately few who do not realize the danger of the house-fly. What could be more probable than the transference of disease-carrying bacilli by flies when they have access to the dejecta of incipient or carrier cases of typhoid on the one hand and food materials on the other. Several observers during recent campaigns and also in military camps in time of peace have observed flies frequenting the food in the mess tents and carrying on their bristle-covered legs the white disinfectant from the camp latrines. Such an observation is sufficient to convince the most obstinate sceptic as the relation that flies may have in the trans- ference of disease germs. Take, for instance, the flies in unsanitary localities; they are accustomed to frequent every kind of filth in the way of kitchen refuse and excremental substances and to spend a portion of their time regaling their palates with the food stuffs in the houses, especially such articles of food as sugar and milk. It has been proved that milk to which flies have had access becomes seriously contaminated with and infected by the bacilli which the flies have obtained from filth of different kinds and milk is an excellent medium for the growth of bacilli, especially during warm and hot weather. What are the methods, then, which we have of combating this most serious menace, for, to my mind, the fly problem in our cities is far more important than the mosquito problem towards the solution of which thousands of dollars are spent annually—and compared with which the suppression of the fly danger is indeed as simple. They are these. First, the abolition of their breeding places; the re- moval within seven days in the summer, of collections of horse manure, decaying and fermenting vegetable substances on which the flies can breed. The substitu- tion of the more sanitary system of sewage disposal by water instead of the older and generally insanitary and dangerous methods of conservancy. The protection of collections of manure or kitchen refuse; keep the lid on the refuse chamber. Do not allow flies to have access to food, especially such foods as milk, sugar, etc., but, where flies occur, keep all such food covered with a muslin covering. Farmers and dairymen should not leave milk about exposed and accessible to flies. A man would not be willing that flies should have access to a glass of milk intended for his own consumption, and why should he leave milk exposed in pails in cow- sheds and similar places where the flies have a maximum opportunity of covering their legs and bodies with bacilli of all kinds, especially putrefactive bacilli. “ Pre- vention is better than cure” is almost a truism, but the welfare of the future will depend almost entirely on that one word, Prevention. Nature is yielding up her 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 secrets one by one through the toil of men of science, and it is by the application of the knowledge thus gained that we shall be able to avoid that great rod of chastisement of Nature, disease, which is inflicted on those who disobey or trans- gress her unwritten laws. And while we have these insects arrayed against us there are others allied to them which, by assisting in the maintenance of a balance in nature take up their position on our side. ‘These are the Tachinid flies, many of which, to the casual observer, have a superficial resemblance to the house-fly. There are a very large number of species of Tachinide and considerable variation in size and struc- tural characters. The larve of most of them are parasitic on lepidopterous larve, and in certain cases these parasites increase to so great an extent that they may suppress completely an exceptional increase of caterpillars. It is largely owing to these parasites and the Ichneumons that our vegetation is not completely eaten up by lepidopterous larve. The Tachinid maggot feeds inside the caterpillar and gradually destroys the tissues of the host. In some cases the maggot leaves the caterpillar before it pupates, in other cases the caterpillar pupates and the Tachinid maggot pupates inside the cocoon or pupal cell. Their life-histories are extremely diverse and this is frequently found to be the case in the life-histories of the members of a group of animals which has assumed parasitic habits, whether it be insects, crustacea or more lowly organisms. Parasitism induces profound changes in the life-history of animals, and we find great variations in so small, compara- tively, a group as the Tachinide. Whereas some of the insects deposit their eggs upon the skin of the caterpillars, from which position on hatching the larve bore into the interior of the host; others deposit their eggs upon the leaves of the plant as, I believe, is the case in Ugimyia sericaria, Rond, which is the cause of the most serious “ Ugi’’ disease of the Japanese silkworms. The caterpillars, on feed- ing on the leaves, take the eggs in biting off the portions of leaf to which they are attached, into their digestive tracts where the maggots emerge and bore through into the tissues of the body. A third class is exemplified by the species Hupeleteria magnicornis, Zett, which, as Townsend has shown, deposits living maggots not on the caterpillars, but upon the green shoots, leafribs, etc., on which caterpillars were present and usually on the silken thread spun by the caterpillar on its trail over the plant. It will be recognized that the first method is the one in which the maggot is least sure of success in entering the host, for it not infrequently happens that the caterpillar moults before the eggs of the Tachinid hatch and thus rids itself of the danger. So that although we may find Tachinids depositing their eggs freely upon caterpillars, it is unsafe to predict beneficial results. Howard, for example, mentions a case in which 226 moths and only four Tachinid flies were obtained from 235 caterpillars of the Gipsy Moth, upon each of which 1 to 33 Tachinid eggs had been observed. In another case, 252 caterpillars, all bearing Tachinid eggs, were reared and not a single fly emerged. These cases illustrate well the advantage to an insect larve of such a method of growth by the moulting of the old' skin. Once inside the caterpillar the maggot bores its way into the body cavity or blood cavity and immediately attaches the breathing pores at the posterior end of its body to one of the breathing pores of spiracles of its host and thus obtains its air direct from the outside. In this position it remains during the whole of its larval life, until it is full grown. It moults twice and the old skins remain attached at the posterior end of the body as the maggot does not leave the spiracle of the caterpillar to which it has once attached itself, until it finally leaves it to pupate. Allied to these insects are the Anthomyide, some of whose larve are the de- structive root-maggots, which feed on the roots of many vegetables, such as cabbages, 36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 radishes, onions, beans, etc. A few years ago I found, when studying the life- history of Musca domestica, that the flies of the root-maggot (Anthomyia radicum, Meigen), were especially fond of laying their eggs on horse manure in which the larve were reared. This fact may account frequently for the presence of root maggots on crops, as it has been found that fields heavily manured suffer more from the attacks of root maggots than those on which there is less manure or which have been manured some length of time. Such facts as these have to be borne in mind in cultivating infested areas. These few cases of the economy of certain allied insects will illustrate to you the benefits and injuries that are the result of different modes of life of insects somewhat closely allied and show how the knowledge gained from a careful study of the life-histories and habits of life or bionomics can be applied to further the welfare of man. At the close of Dr. Hewitt’s lecture, which was illustrated by a number of beautiful lantern slides of the life stages of various species of flies and of their structural and anatomical details (Plate F, page 141), a hearty vote of thanks was given him. President Creelman, in proposing the vote, and Professor McCready, in seconding it, spoke in high terms of the excellence of the address and the gratifi- cation that all felt in the appointment of so well qualified a successor to the late Dr. Fletcher. The chairman referred to the measures that had been put in operation for reducing the number of disease-bearing flies in the city of New York, and the encouraging diminution in the percentage of cases of sickness and death during the later months of summer, especially amongst children. The meeting was brought to a close with a musical performance by the orchestra and the singing of “God Save the King.” SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 5TH, 1909. The President, Mr. TENNyson D. Jarvis, took the chair at 9.30 a.m., in the Biological lecture-room of the Ontario Agricultural College. ‘Phere was a good attendance both morning and afternoon, including many of the students as well as members of the Society. The first order of the day was the reading of the reports of the Council, the Branches at Montreal and Toronto, and of the different officers of the Society. The Montreal Branch was represented by Mr. A. F. Winn, and Toronto by Mr. J. B. Williams. The report of the Delegate to the Royal Society was read by Mr. A. Gibson, of Ottawa. This was followed by the election of officers for the ensuing year, 1909-1910 (see page 6). REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present the report for the year 1908-09. The forty-fifth annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, on the 5th and 6th of November, 1908. There was a very satisfactory attendance of members from a distance as well as those locally resident ; a considerable number of the students of the College were also present. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 The first afternoon was occupied with the reading of the reports of the Directors on the insects of note in their respective districts, and a conference was held on the chief insect pests of the season, which was participated in by many of those present. In the evening a public meeting was held in Massey Hall, and a popular lecture was delivered by Dr. E. P. Felt, of Albany, State Entomologist of New York, on “The Interpretation of Nature,” illustrated by lantern pictures. A paper was also read by Prof. Lochhead, of the Macdonald College, St. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., on “Entomology in the Graduate School of Agriculture at Cornell University.” The morning and afternoon of the second day were occupied with the reading of the reports of the various branches and officers of the Society. Papers were also read on a variety of subjects, both scientific and practical. All of these have been published in the annual volume. This volume, the “Thirty-ninth Annual Report to the Legislature of Ontario,” was published in March last, and contained 152 pages and 18 half-tone plates of gall insects, also a portrait of the late Dr. James Fletcher. The papers were further illustrated by over 40 figures in the text. Besides those already mentioned, it included the following articles: ‘“ What Entomology the Farmer and Fruitgrower should know,” “The Strawberry Weevil,” and “Injurious Insects of Quebec in 1908,” by Prof. Lochhead; “A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of Ontario,’ “Apparatus for Collecting small Arthropods,” and “ Notes on the Coccide of Ontario,’ by Mr. T. D. Jarvis, Presi- dent of the Society. Among the popular papers were, “ Beetle Haunts,” by F. J. A. Morris; “A Farmer’s Wood Lot,” by Dr. Fyles; “The Importation of Parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths,” by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington. The remaining papers were of a more or less scien- tific character, viz: “Hydreecia Micacea in Canada,” and “The Entomological Record,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson; “The Life History of Euchetias Oregonensis,” by Mr. H. H. Lyman; “ Observations on the Sorghum Midge,” by Mr. R. C. Treherne; “Hnemies of Ontario Coccide,” by Mr. A. Eastham; “Two Butterflies added to the Montreal List,” by Mr. A. F. Winn; “ Collecting with a Lantern Trap,” and *‘ Notes on Lachnosternas,” by Mr. J. D. Evans; ‘The Tussock Moth in Toronto,” by Mr. P. Hahn; “The Economic Importance and Food Habits of American Gall Midges,” by Dr. E. P. Felt; “Injurious Insects of the Year,” by Dr. Bethune and Mr. Gibson. A few days after the close of the meeting the members of the Society and a host of friends all over the continent were shocked and deeply grieved at the sad tidings that our much loved President, Dr. James Fletcher, was no more. His death took place at Montreal, on Sunday, November 8th, 1908, after an operation from which he had not the strength to rally. A great man, a master mind, an enthusiastic student of nature, a most lovable personality has been taken from us. In our last report a full obituary notice was given. It is therefore unnecessary to enter into any further account of the work of our lamented friend. “The Canadian Entomologist,” the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. ‘The fortieth volume was completed in December last, and eleven numbers of the forty-first volume have already been published. ‘The volume for 1908 consisted of 471 pages, and was illustrated by 11 full-page plates and 20 figures from original drawings. The contributors numbered 69 and included writers from Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, England, the United States, Brazil, Norway, and the Hawaiian Islands. The articles are, as usual, largely of a scientific character, and 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36. contain much highly valuable matter. No less than 33 new genera were described, 282 new species and 9 varieties or subspecies of| insects belonging to various orders. The reports from the branches of the Society, at Montreal, Quebec, and To- ronto, are highly satisfactory, meetings having been regularly held and many papers read and discussed. Owing to the absence of the Secretary in England no report was received from the British Columbia Branch. Meetings of the Society were held from October to March at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, on alternate Wednesday evenings. The attendance in- cluded a number of the more advanced students and a gratifying amount of interest was shown by all who attended. ‘The following papers were read during the season: “The Sorghum Midge in Louisiana,” by R. C. Treherne (4th year stu- dent) ; “A Classification of Muscoidean Flies,” by W. R. Thompson (4th year student) ; “ Rearing Pomace Flies,” by EH. W. Stafford (4th year student) ; “ Sug- gestions for Field Inspection,” by R. C. Treherne (4th year student) ; “ Notes on Eriophydz,” by J. Tothill (3rd year student) ; “ Memoir of the late Dr. Fletcher,” by Dr. CO. J. S. Bethune (Professor of Entomology) ; “ Some Notes on Mites,” by T. D. Jarvis (Lecturer in Entomology) ; “The Chalcidid Subfamily Encyrtinee,” — by Alfred Eastham (4th year student) ; “ Remarks on the External Anatomy of Chalcids,” by A. C. Baker (2nd year student); “The Genus Tetranychus,” by R. C. Treherne; “ The Entomological Department at Macdonald College,” by A. G. Cutler (4th year student) ; “ Spiders,” by Dr. C. J. S. Bethune; “ Injurious Insects of the Season,” by L. Caesar (Demonstrator in Entomology). It is with deep regret that the Council have to record the death of Dr. William Brodie, of Toronto, who died on the 6th of August last, in his seventy-eighth year. He had recently been contributing a series of papers on Gall insects to the pages of the “ Canadian Entomologist,” and was occupied with the duty of looking after the collections in the Museum of the Department of Education. One of the oldest honorary members of the Society, Mr. William H. Edwards, died in the early part of the year. He had been one of the most regular contributors to the pages of the “Canadian Entomologist” during a long series of years and was known to the scientific world as the author of three most beautifully illustrated volumes on “The Butterflies of North America.” We have also to deplore the loss of another contributor in the person of Prof. M. V. Slingerland, of Cornell University. Obituary notices of these gentlemen have already been published in the pages of the “Canadian Entomologist.” Efforts are now being made to hold an International Congress of Entomologists at Brussels, in August of next year. A large Committee has been formed to repre- sent the Dominion of Canada, including members of our Society in all the different provinces. It is much to be hoped that we may be represented by one or more delegates, and that the forthoming meeting may be a precursor of a long series in years to come. It is with much regret that the Council has learned that the Rev. Dr. Fyles, for so many years the active President of the Quebec Branch, has resigned his position as Chaplain to the Immigrants and removed to Hull, P.Q. The rest and retirement which he has so well earned by many years of laborious work will, it is hoped, be long enjoyed by this veteran entomologist. Mr. A. R. M. Boulton has been elected President of the Quebec Branch, which will, no doubt, continue as active and enthusiastic as heretofore. The Council has great pleasure in welcoming Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, the newly-appointed Dominion Entomologist for the Experimental Farms. It is a a eee 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 great satisfaction to know that we have a successor to the late Dr. Fletcher who has had a thorough scientific training and is evidently quite competent to take up and continue the work of his illustrious predecessor. The country is to be congratulated on the acquisition of so able a man and it is trusted that he will long continue to work out and develop the various phases of economic and syste- matic entomology which will devolve upon him. We welcome him most cordially also to the ranks of our Society. Respectfully submitted, TENNYSON D. JARVIS, President. REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The 302nd regular, and 36th annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at 74 McTavish Street on May 8th, 1909. The members present were: Messrs. Geo. A. Moore, in the chair; Henry H. Lyman, G. Chagon, G. A. Southee, E. C. Barwick, A. E. Norris, L. Gibb, F. Parkins, Jr., W. G. Gerth, A. M. Delisle, A. F. Winn. The minutes of the April meeting and last annual meeting were read and con- firmed. St. Hilaire was selected as the locality for Victoria Day outing. The Secretary read the following REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. During the season eight regular meetings have been held, the average attendance being eight members. Six new names have been added to the roll, and it is hoped that after the collecting season that they will help make our meetings interesting by bringing specimens of their captures as well as notes and queries on certain species. At the beginning of the present year, the Mount Royal Entomological Club was amalgamated with our Society, their books, pamphlets and funds being handed over tous. ‘To take the place of part of the work of the late club, it was decided to hold informal meetings between the regular dates or during the summer. Two of these meetings have been held; one in January was devoted to examining the collection of lepidoptera of the Secretary; the other in April at Mr. Barwick’s, at which he showed his new cabinet and collection, and microscopic slides of insects were exhibited under three of the members’ instruments. The following is a list of the papers read: Annual Address of President, Geo. A. Moore. A Supposed Addition to Montreal Lists (Incisalia Henrici), Henry H. Lyman. More Recollections, H. F. Winn. Captures of Hemiptera at St. Hilaire, May 24, Geo. A. Moore. “Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard,’ Henry H. Lyman. Two Additions to the List of Montreal Butterflies, A. F. Winn. Note on Junonia Cenia in Maine, A. F. Winn. On Water-Striders, Geo. A. Moore. Respiration in Caterpillars, Henry H. Lyman. A Trip to Gardiner, Maine, A. F. Winn. A Small Collection of Insects from the Yukon, G. Chagnon. The Genus Triphleps (Hemiptera), G. A. Moore. Notes on a few Butterflies from the Yukon, Henry H. nee Notes on Hepialide, A. F. Winn. Unnamed Capside, Geo. A. Moore. 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Pseudohazis Shastaensis, A. F. Winn. The Shores of Ponds and Creeks as Collecting Grounds, G. Chagnon. Note on Capture of Colias Philodice, var. Luteitincta, A. F. Winn. A Card-Index Chart for Life Histories of Insects, A. F. Winn. Butterfly Collecting in Manitoba (selected), Capt. J. G. Boulton, Quebec. On Spittle-Insects, Geo. A. Moore. Remarks on Prof. Poulton’s Paper on Mimetic Species of Limenitis, Henry H. Lyman. Structural Characters of Our Species of Agrilus, G. Chagnon. On Luck, A. F. Winn. The report of the Treasurer shows a balance on hand of $72.86. The incoming Council are reminded of one or two matters not yet finished, viz., the selection and purchase of a suitable bookplate, the completion of bound sets of the Canadian Entomologist for our library, as well as the arrangement of outings for the summer and a programme for winter months. Respectfully submitted. (Signed) Guo. A. Moorn, President. The President read the annual address, after which the election of officers was proceeded with, resulting as follows: President, Henry H. Lyman; Vice-President, G. A. Southee; Secretary-Treas- urer, A. F. Winn; Librarian and Curator, L. Gibb; Council, G. Chagnon, G. A. Moore, E. C. Barwick, F. Parkins, Jr. Mr. Lyman read a paper, entitled, “A Spring Outing,” describing a trip to Washington, D.C., and other places, made about April, 1908, illustrating his remarks by specimens of Lepidoptera and pressed plants. The meeting then adjourned. (Signed) A. F. Winn, Secretary. REPORT OF TORONTO BRANCH OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1908-1909. The thirteenth annual meeting of the Society was held on Thursday, June 10th, 1909, in the Provincial Museum, St. James’ Square. The President, Dr. Brodie, was in the chair, and the following members were present: Miss Blackmore, Mr. Smith, Mr. Miller, Mr. Williams, Mr. Cosens, Mr. Laing and Dr. Abbott. The following officers were elected for 1909-1910: President—Dr. Brodie. Vice-President—Dr. E. M. Walker. Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. J. M. Laing. Inbrarian—Mr. J. B. Williams. Curator—Mr. J. M. Laing. Council—Mr. 8. T. Wood, Mr. A. Cosens, Mr. T. J. Ivey and Dr, A. R. Abbott. During the past year meetings were held with an average attendance of eight members. The Society held an excursion to Niagara Glen, which proved both profitable and enjoyable Eee 1910 BNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 The membership of the Society is now twenty-seven. During the past winter the tussock-moth and galls have received much attention, as the list of papers appended will show. The Librarian reports that publications have been received from the Entomolo- gical Bureau at Washington, from the Ohio and Connecticut Experiment Stations, and from the New York State Museum; and, as in former years, the Society have subscribed for a copy of the Hntomological News. The Treasurer’s report shows the finances to be in a satisfactory condition with a balance in hand of $1.35. Respectfully submitted, J. M. Laine, Secretary-Treasurer. Galls, Dr. Brodie; The Tussock Moth, Dr. Brodie; Collecting Galis, Dr. Brodie;- Characteristics of the Order Orthoptera Ferns, Mr. Ivey; The Tussock List oF PAPERS READ: in England, Mr. Williams; Dr. Walker; Insect Mimicry and Evolution, Dr. Brodie; Moth, Dr. Brodie. TREASURER’S REPORT. Receipts. Expenditures. Balance from 1907-1908 ........ 779 74 Late Treasurer’s Exp., Nov. 16, Late Treasurer to March 16,1908 89 25 TUE PRAG Seaactc A eros eaten ouorre $57 66 PACA ETSS 's eyerspenale slinwcgee ope as 181 50 PPT TTDI eee tay. satis tang ainda ch tend a eee 1,328 64 PAUAN TA ECE D OTUS i. cco cual « o.0 exe cere eaters 19 25 AM MUGGED OGG e crctscere «ls a rater 111 00 RehUMNG Ore SAlATY:), 53.5.5 oc) ses e.ve 33 00 Salaries eaceceiac pla ash av CRN 200: 00 PMCRUETCISIMN G2 cass silence Gules Ge 4 see 12 48 Expenses, Postage, etc........... 62 60 NIBMNDEL Si SECS inc, cla) sie ai cnsroistera lacs cael 397 62 Annual Meetime: 2 26 os cecener 80 81 TUES Stipe tet c/o Vavous aces ois Fauctats evensicers 7 40 bxchansenon Checksy ec. casa by al EAN EM PORT AS so ieyo.re.-a ech exe ace, ooo ane 26 70 Library books and binding ..... 41 51 SUPPMEs| NS: ClCL 2c. sce le oS 134 40 Supplies pins wetCr.. see ee cere 114 44 Expense: sale of cash-book and Balan Geers crys sahsireicts ois lorcet a sie sh scstemeeee 373 06 BARC ieee sic) oe. clauial slatted slate, ss ta 0 Government grant—10 months.. 666 00 $2,354 84 $2,354 84 J. E. Howirt, Treasurer. Examined and found correct. S. B. McCreapy, J. W. Crow, Auditors. REPORT OF THE CURATOR. The Society’s collection during the last year has been increased by the addition of one hundred and eighteen new specimens. Of these, ninety were contributed by Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, Guantanamo, Cuba; twenty-two by Mr. T. Baird, High River, Alberta, and the rest by friends who do not wish their names pub- lished. Mr. Ramsden’s contribution consisted of eighty-five specimens of Lepi- doptera, chiefly butterflies and Spinx moths, one Orthopteron, three Diptera, and one Hymenopteron. These insects being almost solely exotic species have been placed in a case by themselves. All of Mr. Baird’s specimens were moths, principally 42 THE REPORT OF THE , No. 36 belonging to the Noctuidaé. These have been distributed among the different cases according to families and genera. The other insects presented consisted of four rare species of moths and two specimens of a rather rare scale insect. The Society is greatly indebted to the contributors, especially to Messrs. Ramsden and Baird, for their generosity. While gifts of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are always welcome, there is great need of properly named species of Orthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Diptera and. Hymenoptera, and specimens of these orders are specially solicited from members or oii.cr collectors. The collection has been thoroughly inspected from time to time and precautions taken to prevent loss from museum pests or from other causes. They are all in good condition and show no signs of deterioration. Respectfully submitted, L. Cassar, Curator. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year closing September 30, 1909, twenty-nine bound volumes have been added to the library, making the total number on the register exactly two thousand. There are also a very large number of periodicals, pamphlets and bul- letins added to the shelves, many of which, it is hoped, will be bound during the next few months. No new book of any very great importance has appeared during - the past year. Several parts of Wytsman’s “Genera Insectorum ” have been pur- chased and others will be added from time to time. Forty-three volumes have been taken out by members during the year, and the books have been largely used for con- sultation by students and members of the Society almost daily during the College terms. Recently the work of making a card catalogue has been resumed and will be carried on steadily throughout the winter. It is expected that a complete catalogue both of subjects and authors will be accomplished by the annual meeting next year. This will render the books in the library much more accessible and useful to the members. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, Librarian. REPORT TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. By ArtTHuR Gipson, DELEGATE, OTTAWA. I have the honour to report that the Entomological Society of Ontario has had a most successful year during 1908. It was with very great regret, however, that we had to record the death of our beloved friend and president, Dr. James Fletcher, which occurred at the Royal Victoria Hospital, on Sunday morning, November 8th, 1908. The forty-fifth annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricul- tural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 5th and 6th last. An interesting discussion took place at the first session-on the chief insect pests of the —— ee eS ee ee ee 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 season. The annual report of the Society which recently appeared contains a full account of the proceedings, with the papers presented at the meeting published in full. This is a report of 152 pages and is one of the most valuable ever published by the Society. Among the papers which are here printed, the following may be mentioned : The Interpretation of Nature. By EH. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y. The Economic Importance and Food Habits of American Gall Midges. By EH. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y. Observations on the Sorghum Midge. By R. C. Treherne, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Hydroecia Micacea, Esp. in Canada. By Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Further Notes on the Coccidae of Ontario. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, O. A. College, Guelph. Some Enemies of Ontario Coccide, By J. W. Eastham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. “Some Beetle Haunts,” by an Amateur Botanist. By F. J. A. Morris, Trinity College School, Port Hope. A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of Ontario. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, 0. A. C., Guelph. Entomological Record, 1908. By James Fletcher and Arthur Gibson. Insects of the Year 1908 at Ottawa. By Arthur Gibson, C. EH. F., Ottawa. Present Condition of the Work Connected with the Importation of the Foreign Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth. By L. O. Howard, Washington, D.C. What Hntomology the Farmer and Fruit Grower should know. By Wm. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que. Injurious Insects in Ontario in 1908. By C. J. S. Bethune, Ontario Agricultural Col- lege, Guelph. Injurious Insects of uebec in 1908. By William Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que. The Farmer’s Wood Lot. By Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, Levis, Que. Life History of Euchetias Oregonensis, Stretch. By Henry H. Lyman, Montreal. The Society’s branches at Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Guelph and Vancouver all report a most active year. They have all held regular meetings at which papers have been read and specimens exhibited for discussion. The British Colum- bian Branch publishes a Quarterly Bulletin, which gives concisely the work of the local members. Valuable notes on captures are included from time to time. The library of the Society, at its headquarters in Guelph, is continuously growing. During the year ending August 31st, 1908, 49 bound volumes were added to the Library, making the total now on the register 1,971. The books of the Society are consulted almost daily by members and also to a considerable extent by the students of the Ontario Agricultural Society. Some interesting donations have been made during the year to the Society’s collections cf insects. These collections are now being gone over and many old specimens have been replaced by fresher examples, bearing fuller particulars as to locality, date of collection, etc. The Canadian Entomologist, under the continued able editorship of the Rev. Prof. C. J. §. Bethune, completed last December its fortieth volume. This is a much larger volume than usual, containing 471 pages. Its articles are of the greatest value to entomologists, in fact it is absolutely necessary for anyone who studies insects to any extent, to subscribe to it. Sixty-nine different entomologists contributed to its pages last year, and a number of full page plates appeared as well as numerous figures in the text. It is impossible here to give a list of the papers published, but the following are some of the more important: British Columbia Syrphide, New Species and Additions to the List. By Raymond ©. Osborn, Columbia University, New York. New Histories and Species in Papaipema (Hydrecia). By Henry Bird, Rye, N.Y. Studies in the Genus Incisalia. By John H. Cook, Albany, N.Y. 44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Kaslo, B.C., with Descriptions of Seven New Species. By George W. Taylor, Wellington. B.C. ; New Species of Colorado Aphidide, with Notes upon their Life-Habits. By C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Colo. Notes on Noctuide. By Sir G. F. Hampson, British Museum, London. List of Hemiptera taken by W. J. Palmer, about Quinze Lake, Que., in 1907. By E. P. Van Duzee, Buffalo, N.Y. New Species of Dolerine. By Alex. D. MacGillivray, Ithaca, N.Y. Type and Typical. By Henry H. Lyman, Montreal. Further Notes on Alberta Lepidoptera. By F. H. Wolley-Dod, Millarville, Aita. Notes on Tenthredinoidea, with Descriptions of New Species. By S. A. Rohwer, Boulder, Colo. New Species of Theridide. By Nathan Banks, East Falls Church, Va. Notes on the Species of Rhynchagrotis Sm., with Descriptions of New Species. By John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N.J. Recent Work among the Borers. By Henry H. Lyman, Montreal. Remarks on Some New Pselaphide. By Thos. L. Casey, Washington, D.C. Blennocampine—Descriptions of New Genera and Species—Synonymical Notes. By Alex. D. Macgillivray, Ithaca, N.Y. Notes on the Pterophoride or Plume-Moths of Southern California, with Descriptions of New Species By Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena, Cal. Some Remarks on the Phylogeny of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. By G. W. Kirkaldy, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. A Key to the North American Species of Aeshna found North of Mexico. By EH. M. Walker, Toronto. Notes on the Coccinellide. By Thos. L. Casey, Washington, D.C. “Some Beetle Haunts, by an Amateur Botanist. By F. J. A. Morris, Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ont. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. By Tennyson D. Jarvis, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It is my happy privilege to preside over the present meeting and very thank- fully do I accept the position which you have so kindly imposed upon me. I have the peculiar privilege of succeeding the late lamented Dr. Fletcher, whose labours and abilities need no words of praise or encomium from me, as they are so well known and so thoroughly familiar to you all. Besides the late Dr. Fletcher, who so eminently strove to advance the interests and welfare of this Society, we also most sincerely deplore the loss of the activities in our behalf of the late Dr. Brodie, of Toronto. In the neighbouring States William Ashmead, Prof. Slingerland and W. H. Edwards have departed since our last meeting, and the entomological world suffers an immeasurable loss. The results of their untiring zeal and labours to discover what we might know, and what we should know, of the science of entomology have impressed their effects deeply and indelibly upon the minds and in the hearts of all students of this exten- sive and intricate science. In the interests of entomology I must congratulate this Society and the country at large on the arrival of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, of England, now active at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, and one whose reputation for good work in scientific and economic Entomology had preceded him to this country. Since the decease of the late Dr. Fletcher the department over which he presided has been divided, the Entomological division being taken charge of by Dr. Hewitt, ably assisted by Mr. Gibson, and the Botanical division by Mr. H. T. Gussow, assisted by Mr. Groh. I regard with pleasure the many new and effective methods which have arisen and have been adopted during the past few years for the diffusion of the know- 1810 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 ledge of the science of Entomology. The work of the agricultural experts attached to High Schools in several counties of Ontario, will give a great stimulus to the study of Entomology. ‘The office of the experts includes the teaching of the science in the high school, the conducting of experiments in farmers’ orchards and elsewhere, giving advice on agricultural matters and establishing libraries in each county which: will contain work iargely devoted to Nature Study. Teachers of high and public schools have taken up the subject with more or less success and their work has been very prolific of good results. Another method, and one which may in course of time be a most powerful one to increase the study of entomology, is the three months’ course at the Ontario Agricultural College for Normal School students. Nearly two hundred students have during the past year availed themselves of this opportunity, and the number promises to be largely increased in future years. There is also the nursery and orchard inspection conducted through the horticultural branch of the Department of Agriculture by which an intimate know- ledge of injurious forms of insects is obtained and remedies are applied to prevent their increase and spread through infected fruit or stock. The Natural History Societies, with their publications on Nature Study, their excursions, their periodical meetings where eminent scientists are frequently invited to address the members, and in many other ways, have made great strides forward in obtaining and dif- fusing the knowledge of insects. Another attractive method for the enlightenment of the farmer, nurseryman and others upon this subject of insects, is found in the bulletins issued from time to time by experimental stations and agricultural col- leges, by which the quintessence, as it were, of the subject is brought to easy view within a few pages of reading matter. I must also acknowledge the good work of the Farmer’s Advocate, Canadian Horticulturist, and the Weekly Fruitgrower for their assistance in the diffusion of knowledge and the instruction of their readers. These periodicals merit highly the splendid patronage accorded to them. From the position which I at present occupy I feel impelled to acknowledge that a large share of the means of disseminating a knowledge of the workings of our Society throughout the world is due to the Canadian Entomologist, our monthly magazine edited by Dr. Bethune. This publication has long since attained a posi- tion of celebrity in literary and scientific circles for the thorough information, it imparts and the high standard of excellence it has attained and achieved. The graduates from this College in the Department of Biology also deserve to be mentioned as a potent factor in the gathering of facts and diffusing know- ledge in this science. Their studious and untiring researches and investigations, the zeal and energy with which they enter into their task, and the interchange of ideas resulting from them have greatly assisted in attaining a thorough knowledge of certain families of insects under all kinds of climatic conditions. We should not overlook the work of this College and of kindred institutions in the diffusing of the knowledge of Entomology and the stimulus they impart to research. Hundreds of students therein, undergraduates, are during the most favourable season of the year engaged in the gathering of insects and in the study of their life histories, their habits and their workings. A great deal is done for the spread of information regarding insects by the professors at the Colleges where the science of Entomology forms part of the cur- riculum, by correspondence with people of various pursuits making inquiries. There have been many hundreds of such enquiries answered during the past year by Dr. Bethune of this College, and this colleagues, and no doubt the same may be said respecting the correspondence in other Colleges of a similar character. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 vd The lectures given by professors and graduates of Agricultural Colleges, and by others who have given the matter thought and study, upon all branches of Nature Study at meetings and gatherings of various kinds, also greatly assist in disseminating in a more or less successful way, the knowledge of this science and the useful application of what we know about insects. Among some of the latest and best works upon the subject of insects published during the past year may be mentioned “Our Insect Friends and Enemies,” by Dr. J.-B. Smith; “ Insects and other Allied Pests, etc.,” by Fred V. Theobald; and “Fruit Trees and Their Enemies,’ by Spencer W. Pickering. It is to be regretted that in the cause of research the methods employed are not always calculated to bring about the best possible results. Persons engaged in this work are often too easily contented with the discovery of individual insects and fail to profit by the study of a family group of them. In this regard the pur- suit of research should be continued with more and better system and it would be well to inculcate into the minds of all entomologists that this science must be studied, not from individual insects alone, but also from observing the life history, the habits, the qualities and working of whole families. However, the proper methods have been adopted by a number of eminent scientists in this country and the United States as we learn from the reports of their successful researches. It is to be hoped that the governments of the day will be as generous, or even more so, in giving aid for the benefit of the science of entomology as they have been in the past, so that the work or research and the diffusion of information may not suffer from want of the means to carry them on. When able men, aided by the necessary means, are active, great results may be expected, and with the stimulus of new discoveries constantly before them, there is no fear that we should suffer disappointment; the benefits to our country and its people derived therefrom, will in all probability be equal to, if they do not surpass, any investment of energy and means in other causes. In closing my remarks I desire to thank you very heartily for your attendance here, for the excellence of your addresses, and the patience and close attention you have exercised during this meeting. If the enthusiasm for the science of ento- mology which you have displayed during this session is a true exponent, of the spirit within you, it augurs well for profitable and successful years to come for the Entomological Society of Ontario. THE ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL ERRORS. By Henry H. Lyman, MONTREAL, QUE. Though using the word entomological, I shall confine my remarks to the Lepidoptera as the only order which I have studied, but doubtless similar condi- tions have given rise to similar errors in the other orders. Anyone who has looked over many collections of North American Lepidoptera must have been struck by the number of mis-identifications of species, or trans- positions of names to be found in them, and an interesting study could be made of the numerous popular errors which have become current in time past, and which in many cases still persist. Indeed, their universality and persistence is quite remarkable and it seems almost hopeless to try to eradicate them. at kk, EE @ ~ 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 Their origin can in most cases only be surmised, but their diffusion and per- sistence can be easily accounted for. In Europe they have always been much better supplied with illustrated works on Entomology than we have been on this con- tinent, and this is easily accounted for. In the first place the science was studied there long before it was here and many North American insects were described by European authors. Then there has always been a much larger number of col- lectors in Europe than in America, and if many of them have done nothing else to advance the science, their subscriptions have at least rendered possible the issue of well illustrated works, which was also assisted by the much cheaper rate at which such works could be produced in Europe than in America. The earliest important work devoted to the Lepidoptera of North Ae was the magnificent work by Abbot and Smith, in two large folio volumes on “The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia,” which was pub- lished in London in 1797, but this was a costly work and only found its way into the more important libraries and to a few wealthy collectors. Thomas Say, who has been called the Father of American Entomology, wrote between 1818 and his death in 1834, but it was only in 1859 that his complete _writings on Entomology were collected by Dr. John L. Leconte, and issued in two volumes. Of the 54 coloured plates, only 12 were devoted to the Lepidoptera, most of the others being given to the Coleoptera. In 1841 appeared the first edition of Dr. Harris’ classic work on the “Insects of Massachusetts Injurious to Vegeta- tion,” and other editions were issued in 1842 and 1852, and the revised edition by Flint in 1861. But from none of these works could the names of more than a very _ few of the moths of this continent be learned, and, therefore, collectors were depend- ent upon the leading authorities in the various branches for the determination of their captures. As Mr. Grote was the leading authority upon the Noctuide, he was probably the one most frequently appealed to for determinations, indeed, he once advertised that as his time was so much taken up with this work he would for the future make a charge for naming specimens, which probably had the effect of materially reduc- ing the applications. Another who did a great deal of this work was Dr. Herman Strecker, who advertised his readiness to determine material sent him. Under such conditions it can be easily understood that mistakes would be sure to arise. In many cases duplicate specimens would be numbered and sent for name, corresponding numbers being placed on other specimens, which were retained by the collector. Unless specimens were rare, their return would often not be asked, in order to avoid the return express charges, but a list with numbers and the names would be returned. Mistakes might happen in many ways. As has been said, “no one is infallible, not even the youngest of us,” and these high authorities would certainly have some errors in their collections, and so name these species wrongly for others. Again, in handling the specimens, the numbers of a couple might drop off and then be accidentally transposed in replacing them, and this might occur either in the hands of the one who named, or the collector who sent them. Or the collector might make a mistake and think two closely allied forms the same and send one for name, while retaining the other as his numbered specimen. Given an initial error, its spread would be inevitable. John Brown, who had had his specimens determined by so high an authority as the celebrated Dr. Blank, would at once become an authority among those of his acquaintance whose speci- mens have not been so authoritatively determined, and these collectors would be 48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 only too willing to have him name their specimens for them, and these in turn corresponding and exchanging with others would still more widely diffuse the error. One error which has become very widely diffused is the transposition of the names “Gortyna nitela Guen.” “ Gortyna nebris Guen.” The author of those names described nebris first mentioning the white spots and then in the description of nitela wrote: “Taille et couleur de la Nebris, dont elle ne différe que par V’absence complete des taches blanches,” and yet in most collections the white marked one is called nitela and the one without white spots nebris. Another common error is the transposition of the names petulca and ferrealis in the genus Xylina, which was current in all our Montreal collections from the time that Grote and Strecker were naming material for the late Mr. Caulfield, until I discovered the transposition when studying the genus a few years ago. That that error must also have been widespread may be inferred from the fact, pointed out by Dr. J. B. Smith, that Dr. Holland figured ferrealis under the name petulca. Of course, an error could not become almost universal unless some prominent authority were himself in error, and that has undoubtedly frequently been the case. Dr. Scudder’s writings afford several curious instances of this. In 1863 he published in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute of Salem, Mass., “A list of the Butterflies of New England,” in which he describes as new Melitea Ginone and Melitea Harrisi, the latter being the species which Harris had placed hesitatingly under the name Melitza Ismeria, Boisd. and Lec. Subsequently he ascertained by comparison of his Ginone with types of M. Nycteis, Doubl, and he had redescribed the latter species, so in his “Supplement to A List of the Butterflies of New Eng- land,” published in Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. XI., 1868, he corrected his error in regard to it, but in some way which he was never able to explain, made another error in saying that M. Ismeria? Harris was a synonym of Nycteis and not of M. Harrisii Scudder. In his magnificent work on the Butterflies of New England he made three transpositions. On plate 3, he transposed the numbers of the figures of Grapta Interrogationis var. Umbrosa and var. Fabricii, this he corrected in the appendix. On plate 10, he transposed the numbers of what he called Atrytone Zabulon male and female, but which is really Hobomok, and to this I called his attention, and in his third volume, in the part devoted to butterflies not found in New England, he transposed the descriptions of Brenthis Freija and Chariclea. More recent examples of curious transpositions are well known to most, of us occurring in Holland’s beautiful “Moth Book,” and these, unfortunately, will have a wider effect on account of the thousands who will use the book, not one in ten of whom will ever see the corrections which have been published. Another class of errors is composed of those which have a purely typographical origin. A curious one of this kind, which, however, has no importance, occurs in a paper by C. E. Worthington, formerly of Chicago, Ill., entitled “Notes on Argyn- nis Alcestis.” (Can. Ent. X. 38.) After saying that both Alcestis and Aphrodite were found in the neighbourhood of Chicago, but generally at different localities, he says: “I have been greatly surprised at the readiness with which a strong aphrodite upon the prairie can be distinguished, while on the wing from the surrounding alcestis, etc.,” and I feel sure he wrote “stray,” but that it was misprinted “strong,” and this error was reproduced by Edwards in his magnificent work on the “ Butter- flies of North America.” More serious errors of typographical origin, or perhaps merely through careless transcription, are those in connection with names. lon) sH ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1910 er ee “ ie DIDNJONY DAOYdOLJad\*********** DIDIPaUWsaqUs DONAIOSaM | GF “GET TARE UG “UDO 6) 4OJABRL M ‘Di Dipjawod DyydosiV\***** "s**t * DyDUsIA D}LLODI1Dd| GZ ‘94 “[AXXX “JU ‘UDO | POU PAG US ated & lel eet i Tress ss DIDUYUL DIADIDW|******* °° DIDIYZUISQD Si4shjo01ydaL| cE “TTX aa * coo o do oO to oo oo eer tenes D14D00210 LDU DOVULOLUD Om ONO LenS OOF) b ame DAL SORT Gl 26S “TTAXXX “gua UDO Ja[[nuuejneg “WA |***°** rr DoWUsofuvO ‘OQ IL SHOOT,, pazodoa1) “LDQ DIWULOLYDD 5 tI "9 “AKEX “qua ‘upglc youeda Hy pup Olt CEM TTIRY EVILS ie eT e 3 BO SO OOOO 2 OS OH OOS. 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DIID1 01D piuijiag 9¢ "QZ “IAXXX “ug -upg|’**" TBA “DCH [8 DeDALNoLa Duawmotwphy|**"*******" Dypipoysnod Duawmoi.wphH, I-01 | “mOT}BOTTqug Ag U01}901.10) ‘aq prnoys "UDATY) OULB NY | ‘oly ‘“MO0d HLOW S.GNVTTIOH NI SHOU AO NOLLOAYAOO “ULA[X “UTATX "TLA[X *AILX “THX “OPEL 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 Most collectors know the pretty moth named Plusia 4irea, Hubn, and the one so much hke it that it was named Azreoides by Grote. The name of the latter was cor- rectly printed up to the issue of Dr. Smith’s Catalogue of Noctuide in 1893, in which it appeared cut down to A*roides, but whether through the error of author or printer, I am unable to determine, and since then I have hardly ever seen it cor- rectly spelled anywhere. Dr. Dyar fell into the same error in his catalogue of 1902, though he gave the correct spelling in his index, and Dr. Smith, in his check list of 1903, repeated the error, and everywhere the same erroneous spelling is copied, including publications issued by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, and in the lists of British Columbian Lepidoptera recently issued. In order to render my copy of Dr. Holland’s Moth Book as correct as possible, I have tabulated the corrections which have been made from time to time in differ- ent publications by different writers, and have myself discovered five discrepancies between names on plates and in the text. If any corrections have been made which I have not noticed, or if any of the corrections have been proved erroneous, I would greatly appreciate being informed of the facts. CONFLICTS BETWEEN ANTS. By G. E. SANDERS. Following are notes on a series of conflicts between two species of ants — Myrmica scabrinodes sabuleti, Meinert, and Lasius niger Americanus : While making night observations on the Corn-root ant, Lasius niger Amert- canus, in August, 1909, Mr. W. P. Flint and myself accidentally caused a very curious conflict between the workers of a Lasius nest, and those of a nest of Myrmica. For the three nights following we were fortunate enough to have it repeated and to get several variations in the original procedure of Myrmica. It is on these variations in the actions of Myrmica that I intend to dwell particularly, and I will leave it to the reader to decide as to whether we had an unusual series of accidental happenings, or if Myrmica is endowed with a certain amount of reason. To describe the situation:—The Lasius nest, containing about 250 workers, was situated under the edge of a wide furrow which we had plowed through a corn field; the furrow was 6 inches deep, and the bottom of it cleaned out with shovels, leaving a smooth surface, one foot in width. The Myrmica nest, containing about 60 workers, was situated in the bottom of this furrow, about 8 inches away from the opening of the Lasius nest; 6 inches beyond this, and in the bank opposite the first Lasius nest, was a second Lasius nest, containing about 150 workers. Both species of ants are for the most part nocturnal, at least in their movements on the surface. During warm nights throughout the summer one will find from 1-10 to 1-4 of the workers of a Lasius colony on the surface, foraging within two feet of the entrance to the nest; a few individuals forage at greater distances, but the majority forage near the nest. This enables them to attack and kill, by force of numbers, almost any small insect, up to the size of the common Carabid, Agono- derus pallipes, which is unfortunate enough to fall among them. They exhibit great courage and skill in attacking these insects, which are often 12 to 15 times as heavy as a Lasius worker. Myrmicas seldom forage near their nest; they forage 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 singly at great distances, often 10 feet from the nest, and seldom attack living insects. It often happens that a Myrmica, in foraging, will wander into a migrating line or band of Lasius foragers. Several Lasii will immediately attack it, one holding to each leg or antenna, and will drag it from the vicinity of the nest or line, as it happens to be, and there leave it to go as it will, making no attempt to kill it. The Myrmica, in such cases, offers no resistance whatever, and will remain almost motionless while being dragged away. Occasionally a solitary Myrmica and a solitary Lasius will meet, and while the Lasius will usually avoid the Myrmica, it will sometimes attack the larger ant. In such cases the Myrmica will stand higher in the air than usual, moving about slowly, keeping the Lasius, which is attempting to get a hold on its legs or antennx, a little to one side and slightly in front of its head. They will often fence in this manner for a minute or more until the Lasius gets in the proper position, when the Myrmica, with a spring, swifter than one would imagine such an ungainly ant capable of, will seize the Lasius, usually by the petiole from the upper side, and lifting it in the air, will carry it to the nest, possibly for food. Myrmica, while a very sluggish and awkward ant, shows itself in cases such as the two mentioned (and probably 100 of each were observed during the summer), to be a very cool, deliberate, and, if such a term may be used, calculating ant. Lasius moves more quickly, and apparently more blindly than Myrmica. On the night of August 18th and 19th, while feeding the foragers about the larger Lasius nest, some of the food insects dragged themselves near the opening of the Myrmica nest before they were overpowered. In the excitement of capturing the insects, 75 to 100 Lasius had come out from their nest and were busily engaged near the Myrmica entrance in dragging the dead insects back to their own nest. At this moment a single Myrmica appeared at the opening of its nest, and in a second disappeared. In less than a minute three more Myrmice appeared and after running about on the surface for a few seconds in an excited manner, dis- appeared into their entrance. A few seconds later the whole colony of Myrmice, with the queen, came pouring from their nests, many of them carrying young, and very evidently prepared to migrate. A few of the Myrmice attacked the Lasii nearest them, while the rest ran about aimlessly for a few seconds, and then re- turned the young to the nest. The majority of the Myrmica workers now began an earnest attack on the Lasii, driving them slowly away from the insects which they had captured, and in the course of 15 minutes had them all driven back into their nest, leaving the insects near the Myrmica nest where they had abandoned them. The queen Myrmica remained on the surface only a few moments after the young were returned to the nest; she did not go more than three inches from the entrance and took no part in the battle. After the Lasii had all been driven in, most of the Myrmice returned to their nest, leaving about 20 of their number, apparently standing guard, about the Lasius entrance, where they remained for some time, the last ones leaving and returning to their own nest about twenty minutes after the last Lasius had dis- appeared. The Myrmice in returning to their nest scarcely noticed the dead insects, two of them dragged a dead back-swimmer about for a moment and abandoned it. The remains of the insects were found at their entrance the next morning, showing that during the night they had dragged them in and devoured them. On the night of August 19th-20th, the Lasii were brought near the Myrmica nest by feeding with living insects, this time purposely. The Myrmicae in appearing on this night were somewhat less excited than on the previous night, 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 most of them attacking the Lasii as soon as they emerged from the nest. A few young, less than ten, were brought to the surface, as they emerged, and immediately returned to the nest. The queen remained in the nest throughout this battle. The time occupied in driving the Lasii into their nest was about fifteen minutes. After they were driven in, a number of the Myrmicee—about 20—remained at the en- trance as before, the last of them leaving the entrance fourteen minutes after the battle proper closed. On the night of August 20th-21st, the Lasii were enticed out near to the Myrmica nest in the same manner as before. Their presence was discovered by two Myrmica workers which alarmed the nest. The Myrmice, in appearing on this occasion, did not bring their young with them, but among the last of the ants which came pouring from the entrance, the queen appeared. The Lasii were at once attacked and driven away from their captures and in about fifteen minutes were all driven into their entrance. The queen Myrmica remained on the surface not more than two minutes; her presence there was probably accidental. It is possible that she was caught in the swarm of workers emerging and carried along with them. She took no part in the battle, not going more than an inch from the entrance to her nest. The Myrmice on this night did not remain at the Lasius entrance more than two minutes after the last Lasius had disappeared. On the night of Aug. 22nd-23rd, the drawing out of the Lasii and the emergence of the Myrmica workers was exactly the same as on the previous nights, excepting that the queen did not appear. No young were brought to the surface by the Myrmice on this occasion. The Lasii were driven from their food and into their nest in approximately the same time as on the two previous nights. After the Lasii had all disappeared the Myrmicae scarcely remained at their entrance at all, returning to their own nest almost immediately. On the night of Aug. 23-24th we had an exact duplicate of the proceedings of the previous night, until the battle was well under way, when we drew out the second and smaller nest of Lasius. By using insects which they were particularly fond of we drew them up to the rear of the line of fighting Myrmicae, about as near the Myrmica nest as the first nest of Lasius had been when the Myrmicae attacked them. When this second nest of Lasius came near so that the Myrmicae began to notice them the last of the large nest of Lasii were disappearing. The appearance of this second nest seemed to demoralize the Myrmice, which were already in some disorder, and instead of attacking, as we expected they would, most of them ran around the cluster of Lasii and disappeared into their nest; a few of them attacked the Lasii, but not being supported, fell off and returned to the nest, leaving the second nest of Lasius in full possession of their insects, which they dragged to their nest. On account of the nights becoming suddenly colder, we could not get Lasius to come out, and so had to discontinue the observations. One of the most curious things was the apparently regular battle formation of Myrmica. In every case, soon after the conflict began the Myrmice would form in a somewhat irre- gular line, with only a few workers behind, and a few in front of this line, those behind fighting with the straggling Lasii, and those in front being attacked by several Lasii and seldom moving, simply allowing the Lasii to pull at them. The line was always thickest at the centre, and thinnest at the ends where the Lasii were least numerous. The ends in all cases advanced faster than the centre, so that towards the end of the battle the line would assume the shape of a horseshoe. On the night of the 23-24th when we brought up the second nest of Lasii behind this apparent formation, which was already partially broken up in driving the 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 first nest of Lasius into its entrance, the Myrmice apparently did not know what to do. A few put up a weak fight and in a few moments all retreated, leaving the Lasii in possession of their insects right at the Myrmica entrance. There were plenty of Myrmica workers out to drive off the Lasii, for there were not nearly as many of the second nest out as there had been of the first. Does this indicate that the Myrmice fight in a more or less regular formation, and being surprised when this formation was broken up, they retreated rather than fight? Another thing: On the night of August 18-19th, when the Myrmice were first disturbed they brought all of their young to the surface with them. From having seen dozens of Myrmica migrations, we can say positively that they were fully prepared to migrate. On the second night we find only a few young brought to the surface and immediately returned, showing them to be less excited over the presence of Lasius than on the previous night. On the third, fourth and fifth nights no young were brought to the surface at all. It was fear that induced them to bring their young to the surface the first night; on the second night we find that fear greatly abated, as fewer young were brought to the surface and kept there for a much shorter time. On the third, fourth and fifth nights we find no young brought to the surface; so, evidently, they had no fear of their nest being raided by Lasius. Can we conclude that this nest of Myrmica was profiting by ex- perience? It certainly was showing a degree less of alarm over the appearance of Lasius after each successive conflict. Again, on the first night of the battle, the Myrmice stood about the entrance of the Lasius nest for 20 minutes after the last Lasius had disappeared. Whether they were simply wondering where they had gone, or, whether they expected them back, and so were picketing the entrance to prevent their reappearance, we cannot say. On the second night we find them waiting about this entrance for less than 15 minutes. On the third night we find them waiting less than two minutes, and on the fourth night, scarcely waiting to drive the last Lasius in. Does, this indi- cate that they slowly proved to themselves the futility of waiting; that they re- membered their earlier experiences, and so did not wait at, all on the night of the 22-Lard ? The notes on these conflicts were taken at the same time, separately by Mr. Flint and myself, and later compared. The notes on the behaviour of Myrmice, when in ordinary conflicts with the Lasius, are from hundreds of observations, and go to show the cunning of the Myrmica in battle. The questions which I am not attempting to answer, are those which sug- gested themselves to Mr. Flint and myself when taking the notes. THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM, TORTRIX FUMIFERANA, CLEMENS. By ArtTHur Gipson, CHIEF AssISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA. During the early part of the past summer the Spruce Bud-worm was especially abundant in Canada. Towards the end of July the Deputy Minister of the Department of Agriculture was informed by the Hon. Senator Edwards that some kind of an insect was doing much damage to spruce and balsam trees in the above district, and as a consequence I was instructed to proceed at once to the infested locality, to investigate the outbreak. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL -SOCIETY. 55 Early on the morning of July 29th, therefore, I left Maniwaki, Que., in com- pany with Mr. M. Boyle, of the W. C. Edwards Company, and! drove to) Baskatong, about 40 miles due north, which place we reached about 5.30 in the afternoon. Around Baskatong the injury to spruce and balsam was very apparent, owing to the conspicuous reddening of the tops of the trees. Early the following morning we left Baskatong and spent the whole day examining trees at different points. As soon.as the first tree was cut down I saw at once that a lepidopterous insect had been at work. Thousands of the empty pupal cases of the moths were present on the trees, and these, with the partly eaten and discoloured dead foliage, together with the excrement from the caterpillars, gave the conspicuous reddish appearance to the tops of the trees. The injury for this year, of course, had stopped before the time of my visit. The caterpillars had evidently become full-grown during the first and second weeks of July. Moths which had issued some days before the end of July were present in large numbers on the trees, and from fairly good examples collected, I saw that the species was Tortrix fumiferana, Clemens, which is known popularly as the Spruce Bud-worm. The caterpillars had fed chiefly at the tops of the trees, although some injury was done towards the ends of many of the lower branches. The foliage for about four or five feet from the tops of the infested trees was almost wholly destroyed, being either partly or completely eaten by the caterpillars. This, with the exposed pupal cases above referred to, gave the trees the conspicuous reddish appearance, and caused the rather wide- spread report among lumbermen that the trees were dying. In looking over a valley on the opposite hillside, the trees appeared as if fire had swept through the region. Other than loss of foliage and the consequent setback thus caused, the trees did not seem to be seriously injured. The tops were perfectly green under the bark. The outbreak of the Spruce Bud-worm this year has been most remarkable and very widespread. Not only has this insect done much damage all through the Upper Gatineau country and other adjacent districts, where there are large tracts of spruce and balsam trees, but even in British Columbia reports have been received of much injury by the Tortrix. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Ento- mologist, when in British Columbia, in October last, saw the conspicuous work of the insect and received reports from local entomologists concerning its ravages. The Spruce Bud-worm, when mature, is nearly an inch in length, tapering slightly from the middle to the end. In colour it is dark brown and bears con- spicuous whitish-yellow piliferous tubercles, and along the side of the body there is a yellowish stripe. The eggs of the insect are scale-like and are deposited in clusters overlapping each other. The partly grown caterpillars pass the winter among the terminal shoots of the trees, completing their growth the following year. The moth expands about 7-8 of an inch when the wings are spread. In colour it is dull gray, the fore wings overlaid with bands, streaks and spots of brown. In the middle of the upper margin of the front wings there is a rather large conspicuous whitish spot. In British Columbia, this year, the moths were of a distinct reddish colour, but all the eastern specimens noticed were of the gray form. When an insect attacks forest trees, such as has been the case with the Spruce Bud-worm the past summer, it is, of course, impossible to do anything in the way of applying remedial treatment, such as is done for leaf-eating insects when at- tacking orchard or ornamental trees. Fortunately an outbreak of such a nature, however, is generally attended by natural parasites, which sooner or later restore the balance of nature. From observations made, and from parasites reared in 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 the Division of Entomology from material collected in the Baskatong District, we have reason to hope that the Spruce Bud-worm will not next year continue to any serious extent its work of destruction. Undoubtedly, too, birds will help materially to reduce the numbers of the hibernating caterpillars. In the forthcoming annual report of the Division of Entomology of the Dom- inion Experimental Farms, covering the injurious insects of the year 1909, it is purposed to give a much fuller account of the injury done to spruce and balsam trees by the above insects not only in the Upper Gatineau country of the Province of Quebec, but also in British Columbia. THE SNOW-WHITE LINDEN MOTH. (Ennomos Subsignarius, Hubn.) By A. F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE. Poor as the summer of 1909 has been for most species of butterflies and moths in the neighborhood of Montreal, conditions must have been favourable for this White Geometrid Moth, for during August swarms of them about the electric lamps in our streets attracted the attention of many persons who do not usually take much heed of insects that do not sting them. For at least twenty years, prior to 1908, the moth might well be considered a rarity and my captures of it in that period did not exceed an average of one specimen per annum, and these were all taken in the woods flying among linden, beech and maple trees. In 1908 there were great numbers of larve in June, in the woods at the eastern end of Montreal Island, feeding on the leaves of the trees above mentioned, as well as birch, completely stripping the lower branches of their leaves, the dropping of the frass on the leaves and ground sounding like the patter of a smart shower of rain. I was out of town the last two weeks of July, during which time the principal part of the flight of the moths occurred, but scores of dead moths in store windows and spider webs, and broken-off wings in little heaps at base of electric light poles and in gutters, showed plainly that the flight must have been one of myriads. The Entomological Record for 1908 tells of the occurrence at Ottawa, July 23rd.: Dr. Felt’s 24th Report records its abundance through New York State and Massachu- setts, with figures of larve and pupe and plate of eggs and imago; and Mr. W. H. Broadwell in the Canadian Entomologist (XL. 327) gives, under title of “A July Blizzard,” an interesting account of the flight of swarms of moths at Newark, N.J. The last writer has again an article in the November number of our maga- zine mentioning that the 1909 crop of moths was even greater than that of the previous year. The same thing has occurred here and doubtless in many other places, and as Mr. Broadwell aptly remarks, it is “very unusual for an insect ordinarily rare to appear in great numbers for two succeeding seasons.” If this insect’s periods of visit in swarms are always separated by such a long term of years it cannot have many parasites peculiar to itself, or they would surely starve during all the lean years. Toads, bats, cats and sparrows undoubtedly had a sumptuous repast in the cities, but they have quite a choice of diet. It will be 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 interesting to note whether there are any of the moths next year; if not, we may have to leave future observations to our successors, as the astronomers do with the comets. On the morning of August 2nd, on my return from a vacation, large numbers of the moths were seen clinging, with their wings closed over their backs, to the office buildings down town, particularly at, or near, the street corners where the are lamps had evidently attracted them the previous night. The following day there were still some moths about town, and all taken and seen on both days were males. On August 9th they were again plentiful at the lights during the evening— every lamp passed by in a three-mile walk had its swarm of white moths about it. An incandescent lamp on my gallery attracted many of them, the numbers in- creasing as it became later, and about 11 p.m. there were often between 20 and 30 flying around and the brick wall of the house was spotted all over with white. On the 14th, the moths were again noticed down town, in good condition, on walls and windows of buildings and all were males so far as noticed. On August 24th, after 10 days apparent freedom from them, they were again plentiful and in equally good condition. Evidently there had been a large flight to the lamps the previous evening. Dr. Bethune happened to be in Montreal in the evening of the 23rd and in crossing the city from the Windsor to the Place Viger Railway Station, observed and wondered at the great quantities of white moths around nearly every lamp, capturing some to make sure what they were and was surprised to find E. subsignarius swarming at so late a date—a full month later than in 1908. Among my captures on 24th August, was one female, the only one seen attracted to light among several thousands observed of the male sex. On September 4th, a couple of females were found on tree trunks in Mt. Royal Park, but they were worn and nearly dead—too weak to lay any eggs. These were the last that I noticed alive. Wings and dead moths still adorn many corners and basement window sills that are not swept out so carefully as they might be. The simultaneous appearance of unusual numbers of any insect always makes one suspect migration from distant warmer parts, where they have been drawn up into the upper air and carried along by the wind, certain numbers dropping off here and there, as is the case with such moths as the Cotton Moth (Alabama argillacea), Erebus odoratus and many of the Southern Sphingide. I am inclined to think that in this case all the insects were bred in the neighborhood, but it is difficult to account for their excessive abundance on certain nights and absence on others over such a long period unless certain weather conditions are necessary for the final transformation from pupa to moth, or that only under favourable conditions are the male moths inclined to visit the lights. A study of the McGill College Ob- servatory report of the local weather for the month throws no light on the subject, neither temperature, humidity, direction, or velocity of the wind, nor rainfall ap- pearing to show any relation to the flights; but of course, a west wind might bring the moths from a tract of woods lying west of the city on one evening, while an east or a north wind might have the same effect on other evenings on those bred in the respective directions. It is quite certain the swarms of moths seen in St. James Street did not breed within a mile radius of Montreal General Postoffice. It is a curious coincidence that our other species of Ennomos, E. magnarius, usually so plentiful in September, has been scarcely seen at all either in 1908 or 1909. Cr o/s) THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 NOTES ON FRUIT TREE SCOLYTIDS. By J. M. Swaingz, MAcpONALD COLLEGE, QUE. There are three species of scolytid beetles occasionally injurious in parts of this country to orchard trees. Two of them, Hccoptogaster rugulosus, Ratz., and Phieotribus liminaris, Harris, have recently caused considerable uneasiness in certain fruit districts of Ontario, and the third, Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., has been a well-known pest of Nova Scotian apple orchards for some years. Apparently these insects are not serious pests in Quebec Province. X. dispar is found here commonly in Betula lutea and other forest trees, but I have not yet taken it in Quebec from orchard trees. The first two species are at least rare in the Montreal district. Inquiries have come to this Department recently for an easy method of sep- arating these three forms, and the following notes are to that end. The Shot-hole Borer, Ayleborus dispar, cuts round, black tunnels deep into the wood; in small branches or stems one division of the tunnels partially girdles is Fic. 1. Tunnels of E. rugulosus in peach: (e) entrance hole; (e.¢.) egg tunnel cut by adult; (l.g.) larval gallery ending in p.c.—the pupal cell. the wood. The eggs are laid free in the galleries early in June, and the larve feed upon the fungus which grows upon the tunnel walls, and gives the dark stain just referred to. The larve do not enlarge the tunnels, and emerge when matured, through the entrance hole cut by the mother insect. In the other two species each individual beetle, when ready to emerge, cuts a separate hole through the bark. This species breeds in various forest trees and in fruit trees. Of the latter it apparently prefers the apple, and does harm chiefly to the young stock. The remedies aim to repel the tunnel-cutting females, which do the entire damage, or to destroy the food-fungus and the brood within the tunnels. Good results have been obtained in Nova Scotia from the use of a wash made of 3 gallons of water, 1 gallon of soft soap, and half a pint of crude carbolic acid. This wash is ap- plied several times while the beetles are prevalent, the first application being made about the first of June. Badly infested trees should be burned, and those still of value may be treated with carbolic wash, and should receive good cultivation and plenty of fertilizer. ‘Trees in good health are less liable to attack. Diseased — Lb Se Fig, 2, Tunnels of P. liminaris: (e.n.) egg-niche. FIG. 4. Eccoptogaster rugulosus from the side, legs removed. FIG. 5. Phloeotribus liminaris from:the side, legs removed. [59] 60 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 and dying branches should be removed and burned before the first of June. When fresh holes of this beetle are found in small trees, it is an easy matter to inject into the holes a little kerosene or other oil. The oil kills the insects which it wets, and destroys the food-fungus, with fatal results to the beetles and larve. The adult female is black, cylindric, and about one-eighth of an inch in length. The pronotum is bent very strongly ventrad in front, so that the anterior opening is nearly horizontal. The head is globular and deeply sunk in the pronotum. The antennal club is sub-globular and truncate distally. The venter of the abdo- FIG. 7. FIGS. 6 and 7. Work of E. rugulosus in apple; (p.c.) pupal cells sunk into the wood; (e.h.) exit holes of matured beetles. These holes lie usually immediately over the pupal cells. The smaller holes in figure 7 were cut by parasites. men is evenly rounded. The truncate club and the strongly bent pronotum, ag well as its larger size, distinguish it instantly from the other two. The males are much smaller than the females, wingless, and of a curious hump-backed shape. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, Phloeotribus liminaris, cuts all its tunnels be- tween the bark and the wood. An egg-tunnel is cut by the adult and the eggs laid in niches along the sides. The larve bore away from. the egg-tunnel, keeping between the bark and the wood, eventually following the grain of the wood, and pupate in the enlarged end of the larval galleries thus formed. — Later they appear through holes cut in the bark above the pupal cells. The egg-tunnels of this species Exp. Weenor: N (after Lowe, -Beetle, Bull. 180) Sta., Exuded Peach Sap from punctures of Fruit Bark Fic, 8. [61] 62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 are distinguished from those of rugulosus by a short side-branch which forms, with the short tunnel leading to the opening in the bark, a Y-shaped end to the main division, (See Fig. 2). The adults are brownish-black, about one-tenth of an inch in length. The pronotum is not bent strongly ventrad in front, so that the an- terior opening is oblique. The head is large and visible from above. The an- tennal club is lamellate, divided into three separated, laterally produced segments. The venter of the abdomen is not bent strongly dorsad behind. The damage inflicted by this beetle is mainly to the cherry and peach. Trees in apparent good health are attacked in the fall by the hibernating adults, and from the short tunnels then cut much sap exudes during the following season. Healthy trees are also attacked by the adults during the egg-laying season, but the vigorous flow of sap invariably drives them away. The brood can be reared only in weakened and dying trees. Successive attacks, however, will so weaken a tree that eventually the egg-tunnels can be cut and the brood reared, the result of which is the utter destruction of the inner bark. Slightly injured trees from which the beetles have been driven by the flow of sap should be well fertilized and protected from further injury, by a repellant wash. All dead and dying limbs and trees should be removed and burned before the emergence of the con- tained brood. Seriously injured trees are improved by a severe pruning. Mr. H. F. Wilson recommends the use of thick whitewash as a repellant, to be applied before the attack of the borers (Bull. 68, part IX., U.S. Bureau of Entomology). Good results seem to have been obtained in Ontario with hme-sulphur wash and with “Sanders’ Wash” applied to the trunk and bases of the branches early in spring, about the first week in March, and again in July before the second attack. Bie Fig. 9. Tunnels of Xyleborus in beech, arrow FIG. 10. Tunnels of Xyleborus in beech, points to eggs. arrow points to female in characteristic position guarding the entrance. The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle, Hecoptogaster rugulosus, Ratz., is of the size and general appearance of P. liminaris; but the venter of the abdomen is bent sharply dorsad beyond the first segment, and the antennal club is solid, flat and marked by strongly angulated sutures. The galleries of this species are entirely between the bark and the wood; the ends of the larval galleries, which form the pupal cells, are often sunk a few millimeters into the wood. This species agrees with P. liminaris in general habits. It breeds in dying limbs and trunks, but like 1910. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 liminaris, injures living trees by driving short tunnels into the bark through which the sap flows copiously, later to harden and form the gummy masses which char- acterize the work of P. liminaris and EF. rugulosus in healthy bark. This species attacks the apple, cherry and peach, and is often found working with P. liminaris in the same limb. The three washes mentioned above are also useful against this species Clean culture is absolutely essential if these borers are to be controlled. Diseased and dying fruit trees furnish breeding grounds for these beetles and for numerous other insect pests, and should be burnt to prevent the spread of the insects beneath the bark and in the wood. The following key will enable anyone to separate quite easily the three forms discussed. A hand-lens is needed for examining the antenne, but the other characters are visible to the naked eye. The beetles are easily distinguished by their tunnels, as indicated by the diagrams. A. Venter of the abdomen with the caudal portion bent abruptly dorsad. An- tennal club flat and marked by angulated sutures. (Bark-borers) HEccoptogaster rugulosus (The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle). AA. Venter of the abdomen normal, regularly curved. B. Antennal club lamellate, of three separate, laterally produced segments. Head visible from above. (Bark-borers) Phloeotribus liminaris, Harris. (The Peach-tree Bark-beetle). BB. Antennal cleb globular, truncate at the tip. Head deeply imbedded in the prothorax, the anterior margin of which is nearly horizontal, invisible from above. (Wood-borers, tunnels stained deep black). Xyleborus dispar, Fabr. (The Shot-hole Borer). OBSERVATIONS ON ONTARIO INSECTS IN 1909. By C. J. S. BETHUNE, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. As Mr. Gibson and Mr. Caesar have already presented reports upon the insects of the season, it only remains for me to refer to some that have especially come under my observation, or that have been a source of trouble to many corres- pondents. The weather during spring and early summer seemed peculiarly favour- able to the multiplication of Plant-lice (Aphids). They were to be found in more than usual abundance swarming upon a great variety of trees, shrubs, and plants, and causing a great deal of injury by checking the growth and impairing the vitality of everything they attacked. Cabbage and turnip plants were affected by them early in the season, but they ceased in most cases to be much trouble later on, in marked contrast to last year when they were a very serious plague till the frost came and destroyed them. In the vegetable garden peas, potatoes and lettuce were especially attacked and in the flower borders roses, asters, hollyhocks, etc., and even ferns; currant bushes had their leaves covered with wart-like swellings be- neath which swarms of aphids were huddled; plum and cherry trees showed signs of the intruders by the crinkled and twisted leaves at the ends of the branches enclosing multitudes of black lice; on the leaves of apple trees green aphids were abundant, while twigs were soft and foliage tender, but later on they migrated to more succulent plants, probably to the wheat fields. Many elm trees looked sadly out of sorts from shrivelled and distorted leaves covered with disgusting woolly 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 lice, which were to be seen also wherever a scar was to be found on trunk or limb; great colonies of open feeding woolly aphids were also frequent on haw- thorns. A clump of European lindens on the College lawn were so beset with lice that the leaves looked as if varnished owing to the incessant dripping of tiny drops of “honey dew,” the sweet excretion from the hosts above; happily a couple of days of heavy rain washed the foliage clean and checked the increase of the aphis army. A handsome copper-beech on a friend’s lawn in Hamilton was alarmingly attacked by another woolly form (the so-called wool is really wax), and its owner feared that permanent injury would result. In other places, maples, birches and various shade and ornamental trees were beset with these minute foes, while on firs and spruce were to be found the giants of the race, great black aphids, a hundred times bigger than the familiar green plant lice, belonging to the genus Lachnus. Widespread and varied indeed were the enemy, but their own foes speedily came to the rescue; Lady-bird beetles, yellow and orange and black, were to be seen in great numbers, and their larvae also were busily engaged in devouring the sweet morsels. The quaint, spiny chrysalids, sticking by their tails to the bark of trees, and occurring in masses, even fifty or more huddled together, were often sent in by observers fearing that they might be a new foe, and well pleased to learn that the formidable creatures were veritable friends. Syrphus fly larve and those of Lace-winged flies, aided by various other aphid eaters, combined to reduce the swarms, and these with a change of weather conditions, stayed or entirely removed the plague; during the latter part of the summer com- plaints almost ceased to be made. The standard remedies for these insects that live by sucking the juices of plants are kerosene emulsion, tobacco wash or strong soap-suds, preferably that made with whale or fish-oil soap. Besides the scale insects referred to by others, there has been a widespread attack made upon trees in northern parts of the city of Toronto by the elm- tree scale (Gossyparia spuria). Last year it only came under my observation from its occurrence on the elms in a single garden, but it must also have been established unnoticed upon many others to have become so abundant this year. It would probably yield to treatment with the lime-sulphur wash applied at the usual time in early spring, but city dwellers with small gardens and few trees have no spraying outfit nor would they like to make use of a remedy so dis- agreeable to those who handle it. In their case much may be done by clearing off the scales with a scrubbing brush dipped from time to time in strong soap- suds. Where the elm-trees in parks, on boulevards and the sides of streets are attacked it is certainly the duty of those employed by the city to have the affected trees properly and thoroughly treated. Any neglect now may result in a wide- spread loss of these beautiful trees which grow so luxuriantly and are so attractive in and around Toronto. The Corrony Mapir Soare (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) which is essentially a town insect, attacking many other shade trees beside the maple, and when at its height spreading to plants of almost all kinds in parks and gardens, has been noticeable in several places this year. Like several other injurious insects it has its cycles of abundance and scarcity; increasing in numbers for some years and becoming a veritable plague, and then rapidly diminishing till it ceases to be noticed. This change is due, no doubt, to the attack of parasites combined with unfavorable climatic conditions. Repeated sprayings with kerosene emulsion when the lice are hatching out from the eggs contained in a waxy, cotton-like mass would keep the insect in check, and should be resorted to as soon as the scale is observed on the trees. q . 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 The oak trees in the neighborhood of the town of Galt have been stripped of their foliage both this year and last by the caterpillars of the Senatorial Moth (Anisota senatoria) ; the attack has been going on for four years and must result in serious injury to the trees if nature’s checks do not soon come to the rescue. The caterpillars, when full-grown—which they were after the middle of Septem- ber—are black with four ochre-yellow stripes along the back and two on each side. On each segment of the body there are six black spines or prickles, and behind the head two long slender horns projecting out on either side. ‘The cater- pillars feed together in great swarms, several hundred on a branch, and devour the foliage, beginning at the end of the twigs and moving downwards till they have completely stripped off all the leaves; then they move on to another limb. When at rest they huddle together in masses and if disturbed raise the fore part of the body and shake their heads in a threatening manner. They make no webs or cocoons, but descend into the ground to pupate and remain buried in the soil till the following June; the chrysalids then work their way to the surface and the moths emerge to lay their eggs and provide for a new generation. The eggs are laid in large clusters on the underside of oak leaves near the tips of the branches and the young caterpillars are hatched during the month of August. The moths are handsome creatures, ochre-yellow in colour with a shading of reddish-purple on the front and hind margins of the wings; an oblique narrow purple-brown band crosses the wings, and near the middle of each there is a con- spicuous round white spot. The male moth is much smaller than the female and more tinged with purple, the expanded wings measuring about an inch and three-quarters; the female moth is fully two and a half inches in expanse, and often is entirely yellowish with no tinge of red or purple. During the height of summer and throughout the autumn season numerous complaints have come in from many parts of the Province respecting White-grubs and Wireworms. The former have been more than usually abundant this year and have caused a great deal of loss by their attacks upon the roots of corn, grain of various kinds, strawberries, ete. The most remarkable and uncommon attack has been upon the tubers of potatoes, in which they have bored great holes and rendered them unfit for marketing or table use. Generally they feed upon the fibrous roots, but this year their numbers were so great that after consuming these the only food for them was the potato itself. As I have stated in the Ontario Crop Bulletin for November: “ White grubs are the larve of what are familiarly known as May beetles or June bugs. They breed for the most part in old pas- tures and require three years to attain to maturity. Crops that are planted when an infested field has been broken up are usually attacked by these grubs. During the first year they feed to some extent upon the remains of the sod that has been turned under, but during the second year, there being nothing else, they attack the roots of whatever crop there may be. The best remedy for them is a short rotation of crops, so that there will be no time allowed for their attaining maturity. An infested field may be fairly cleared of them by permitting hogs to roam about; they will root the grubs up and eagerly devour them. Late plowing is desirable in order to break up their winter quarters and expose them to the weather and their various enemies. Working underground as they do, it is not practicable to apply any poisonous remedies. Dependence must be placed upon the methods referred to.” Wireworms, the larve of Click-beetles (Elateride), have a somewhat simi- lar life-history to that of the White Grubs, except that the beetles pass the winter under the shelter of rubbish, tufts of grass, etc., and appear during the first warm 4 66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 days of spring, whereas the May-beetles, the adult form of White Grubs, remain buried in the ground during the winter and come out in May or June. Com- plaints of injury to the roots of many plants by the attacks of Wireworms have been received from various quarters, in fact never a year goes by without much loss from their depredations. The methods referred to above for the control of White Grubs seem to be the only effective remedies for Wireworms also. GRASSHOPPERS, which have already been referred to by Mr. Gibson, were ex- tremely abundant and destructive this year, attacking oats and other cereals, and injuring vegetation of almost, all kinds. In this case, also, old pasture fields, where the oil is dry and sandy, are the favorite breeding grounds, and _ hot, dry weather the most suitable for their growth and increase. The worst attacks were reported from the counties around the Georgian Bay. At the beginning of August Mr. Cecil Swale, Secretary of the North Bruce Farmers’ Institute, Wiar- ton, wrote as follows respecting the Grasshopper plague: 4 “We have had these pests for four years in succession, each year worse than the preceding one. This year, I can go to farmers who off, say, 30 acres, have only got a load of fodder, counting hay, grain and everything. Many cut their oats three weeks ago to save what was left. I know fields to-day that are just standing oat stubs, the grain all on the ground. Nobody can quite credit the destruction they can do and are doing; you have to see for yourself. These pests breed in old pastures, roadsides and old meadows. Lots of these pastures cannot be plowed for rock, while being well adapted to this par- ticular use. Then, again, you may have a first-class farm, and your neighbour has fifty acres of pasture alongside; the hoppers cross over and eat you out. You have no remedy. I have a pasture farm divided from the main farm by 100-acre swamp. I have not many hoppers, as all the home farm is pretty much under cultivation; but my neighbour on the other side of the pasture farm has been cleaned out by the hoppers off my pasture. My cattle have been starved off the fifty acres of pasture, and I have taken them. up into my hardwood bush. My neighbour has not two loads of anything off a forty-acre clearance. Oats and barley and grass are their chief food. Peas they seldom touch. ‘““We have been thinking a few experiments might be tried to destroy the eggs of the grasshoppers in the fall, such as lime, salt, or a mixture of both, used as a top dress- ing on pastures. Possibly a spraying of formalin and water might destroy those now living. The eggs are laid in September by the grasshoppers depositing them in small bunches of twenty or thirty eggs stuck together just below the surface. Skunks dig up great quantities of them in October. I opened a number of grasshoppers yesterday that seemed very large. Nine out of ten were filled with thread-worms, white, six inches long, which would seem to point out a possibility of the brutes dying soon. They are also infested with a bright red parasite. There are thousands of dead ones all over the meadows, but there would be no room for the living if some of them did not die. Nat- urally dry weather favours their increase, and as the last three summers have been dry we have had an extra hard crack from them. Matters are so serious with the farmers of the townships of Albemarle, Amabel and Keppel (in Grey) that I know many farmers will leave their farms, and many more would go if they could. We all thought last year would be the last of them, but the contrary was the case. Nobody cares to venture an opinion about next year now. “As the grasshopper dies in the fall, the remedy appears to lie in getting after the eggs. The Criddle mixture, as recommended by one of the bulletins, does not work here; they won’t eat it. They don’t seem to eat anything which has been dosed with Paris green. I am sure the careful consideration of this matter will be most acceptable to all of us who are unfortunate enough to live in this district.” The Criddle mixture has been so often tried and found effective on a large scale in Manitoba and in many places in Ontario, that we are surprised to learn of its failure in this case. Mr. Criddle himself states that many applications of the mixture have been made this year and that it has proved entirely effective. It may be that some error was made in its preparation or mode of distribution. The white worms found inside the bodies of some Grasshoppers are com- monly called “Hair-snakes” (Gordius) and are well-known parasites of both crickets and grasshoppers. They evidently destroy large numbers, but amongst such hosts as above described, it would require an enormous army of the worms to i a 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 appreciably reduce the swarms. Scarlet mites, the red parasites referred to, are also commonly to be found clinging to their hosts and helping to destroy them. The destruction of the egg masses by breaking up the soil in which they are laid is by far the best method of getting permanently rid of the pests. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF QUEBEC, 1909. By WILLIAM LOCHHEAD, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. The season of 1909 was in many respects abnormal. Spring was tardy throughout the Province and the crops were sown later than usual, on account of the cold rains. Summer weather conditions also differed in different parts. On the Island of Montreal there were timely showers throughout the summer, so that the crops at no time suffered from drought. Over a large part of the Eastern Townships, however, little or no rain fell during June, July and August, and the late sown crops suffered from lack of water. In the latter part of August rains fell which interfered with and delayed the harvesting of the crops. The autumn has been unusually free from frost. Very few of the outside flowers were nipped by the frost until the 20th of October. ORCHARD PESTS. Orchards in Quebec are not well louked after as a rule. The majority of them are not pruned regularly, and as a result, the trees have too many twigs and branches, and the excessive foliage does not allow of the proper access of sun- light. Such conditions are congenial for the development of Apple Scab and the Brown Rot of Plums. Spraying is a practice indulged in by but few, and these are the up-to-date fruit growers, usually active members of the Quebec Pomo- logical Society, who make money out of their Fameuse and St. Lawrence apples. Cultivation of the orchard is sadly neglected, consequently there is ample op- portunity for the safe hibernation of the more injurious insects, such as the cur- culio and the codling moth. Tue Coptinc MorH.—This is undoubtedly the worst insect pest of the apple. It causes an enormous loss in orchards over the entire Province, and one sces no hope of abatement until the people learn to take better care of their orchards; by pruning, spraying, cultivation and destruction of the rubbish. Much good could be done if practical demonstrations were carried on by the Government to show how and when to spray and the value of spraying. I believe the time is fast ap- proaching when the people will be ready to profit greatly by such demonstrations, for Quebec is well adapted climatically for the growing of apples of superior quality. Its Fameuse apple is known most favourably in all the great markets. In spite of all that has been written, the life-history of the codling moth is not well enough known to the average farmer and fruit-grower. We entomologists must keep hammering away year after year until the fruit-grower can fight this enemy successfully by taking advantage of the weak spots in its life-history. In Southern Quebec, including the border counties, there is in all prob- ability a partial second brood; and it is the worms of this second brood that produce the wormy apples late in the season. The fruit may be entered at any point, and often an ugly scar is made on the surface, by the larve. A thorough 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 spraying with lead arsenate just as the petals have fallen, and another applica- tion ten days or two weeks later should kill the great majority of the first brood. To intercept the larvje that escape these two treatments it would be advisable to apply a burlap bandage about the trunk in late June. The worms in escaping from the fruit find the burlap a convenient place to hide and to spin cocoons. To prevent the small portions that pass through a partial brood from doing in- jury the burlaps should be removed every ten days, and replaced after all larve and cocoons have been destroyed. Ture Bup Morn. This enemy of the apple was quite prevalent about Abbots- ford, and perhaps in other localities. THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE OR Bark Louse. As one would naturally ex- pect, Oyster-shell Scale is quite prevalent in the apple orchards of Quebec. This insect may be looked upon as the enemy of half-tended and neglected orchards. It is not a difficult insect to control, yet it does annually a great amount of damage. Many owners of orchards when asked if the Oyster-shell Scale is present in their orchard will state that they are not acquainted with it. They have not yet come to recognize it as an insect and as a serious enemy. The insect passes the winter in the egg state under the gray-brown, oyster-shaped scales on the bark of the twigs and branches. The eggs hatch early in June; the yellowish lice crawl about for a few days and then settle and secrete a scale over themselves. There is but one brood each season. An application of whitewash to the trunk and large branches during the winter will remove the scales and leave the branches clean in the spring. THe Apple Apuis. This insect was reported as abundant about Abbotsford, and in the Montmagny and Kamouraska districts below Quebec. It was observed on some of the trees in the young orchard at Macdonald College. THe AMERICAN TENT CATERPILLAR. This insect, which was so abundant and injurious a few years ago, was again in evidence in many localities. It would be advisable for farmers to be on the look-out for the ring-like clusters of egg masses which encircle the twigs of apple and other trees during the fall and winter months, and to destroy them. THE PLuM CurRcuLIO. Curculios were very prevalent in Quebec orchards in 1909. In some orchards a large percentage of the apples were deformed by the numerous curculio punctures, and were rendered practically useless. This widespread injury to the apple crop demands attention; this note is written with this purpose in view, and at the same time to outline concisely our knowledge of the habits of this most destructive insect enemy of plums and apples, and the best remedies that are being used elsewhere to control it. At the outset it may be said that this pest is no new enemy. For many years it has given more or less trouble to orchardists, making itself more conspicuous by its injuries some years than others. There are probably two species of curculios that are responsible for the injury in our orchards. The Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst) and the Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say). It is believed, however, that the former does the greater amount of injury, although no careful observations have been made in Quebec to determine their relative abundance. The Plum Curculio is a native of America, and fed originally upon the wild plum, wild crab-apple, and the hawthorn. With the advent of the cultivated apple it took readily to the new fruit, which it continues to infest. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 Infe History. The adult curculio beetles winter over in rubbish on the ground, under bark and elsewhere, and emerge from their hiding places about the time the plums and apples are in blossom. The eggs are deposited within punctures partially surrounded by a crescent-shaped slit in the newly-formed apples and plums. The eggs hatch in less than a week and the larve proceed to make channels in the fruit. Infested fruit soon falls, and in about three weeks the mature larve emerge and enter the ground. There they pupate, and in about four weeks emerge as beetles. These sogn fly to the fruit and continue feeding upon it, until the fruit is picked from the trees, marking it with the characteristic cylin- drical punctures. As winter-advances they hide themselves under rubbish and bark to hibernate until spring. The adults that emerge in summer deposit no eggs, a/l the eggs being laid by the over-wintering beetles. The injury to apples is done mostly by the beetles that mature in summer, as they make deep punctures when they feed upon the fruit. It is rather a strange thing that curculio larve develop only in small apples, and will not reach their development unless the apple has fallen. A single mother curculio may deposit between 200 and 300 eggs, extending over a period of three months, hence is capable of doing a great deal of injury. This great egg-laying and puncturing power of the beetles explain the greatly dis- torted condition of many of the apples observed this year at Brome, Abbotsford, and elsewhere. In the great majority of apples examined there were as many feeding-punctures as egg-punctures. Not in every case did the eggs develop when deposited within the crescent-shaped mark, for we found many apples that showed the crescent slit but had no trace of larve. Treatment. Observations made in Illinois and elsewhere show that unculti- vated orchards suffer most from curculios, and our Quebec orchard conditions would favor drawing the same conclusion. And such is what we might naturally expect, for the conditions of the uncultivated orchard, with the excessive amount of grass and weeds and rubbish, and the absence of pruning, furnish ideal con- ditions for the development of the curculio. Besides, the proximity of neglected orchards is a menace to clean orchards. There are four ways of treating the curculio: 1. The destruction of fallen fruit, so as to kill the larve before they make their escape into the ground. The early small apples should be specially looked after in June and July, for these contain a large percentage of the larve. The later and larger fallen fruit do not, as a rule, contain many larve. The presence of hogs in an orchard is strongly recommended, if no other means can be found to clean up and destroy the fallen fruit. 2. Suitable cultivation, so as to destroy many of the larve and pupe in the soil. It has been found that the larve and pupz are extremely sensitive to physical disturbances of any kind, as well as to light and air. Cultivation permits their exposure, for a short time at least, to sunlight and to the attacks of their enemies, birds, ants, and predaceous insects. As a rule, orchardists prefer to cultivate up to the middle of July, but where curculios are doing much harm this cultivation should be continued for a month longer, in order to do effective work to the larvee and pup in the soil. 3. Spraying with Paris Green or Arsenate of Lead, to destroy the adult beetles. This treatment has not given good results, and it is doubtful if the practice war- rants the trouble and expense. 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 4. Jarring the trees, to collect the beetles that fall on sheets under the trees. This method also is slow, and it is doubtful if the practice warrants the trouble and expense, save with young apple trees and with plums and cherries. Farm Crop INsEctTs. Grasshoppers and Blister Beetles. Grasshoppers and Blister Beetles appeared in alarming numbers in August and September in many districts of the Eastern Townships. The former swarmed in oat fields and the latter in clover and mangel fields, and considerable loss was incurred. The increasing amount of permanent pasture land in Quebec furnishes undis- turbed breeding grounds for grasshoppers. The eggs are laid in masses below the surface of the sod in late summer and early fall, and hatch the following spring. As a rule, the young grasshoppers are not numerous, and confine their attention to the pasture lands, but should conditions at any time favor their multiplication they spread to the adjacent grain fields where food is more plentiful. It has often been observed that grasshoppers are seldom abundant two years in succession. The reason for this is that their very great abundance allows their numerous enemies to multiply very rapidly. Among those enemies are: (1) Parasitic mites, bright red creatures often seen at the bases of the wings, which not only suck the blood of their hosts, but also later destroy the egg masses. (2) Hatr-worms, which live within the bodies of the grasshoppers and destroy large numbers. (3) Lachina flies, whose maggots live within the bodies of the grasshoppers. (4) The young of Blister beetles, which devour the egg-masses in the ground. (5) Fungous diseases that often spread with great rapidity. It is quite probable, therefore, that grasshoppers will not be much in evi- dence next year, and that there will be a rest from their ravages for a few years. It is possible to guard against such losses as have occurred this year, by watching the pasture lands, and if grasshoppers are very numerous, it would be advisable to make applications of poisoned bait in the pastures, if it is safe to do so, along the edges of adjacent grain fields. This poisoned bait may be made by mixing 1 pound of Paris green in 50 pounds of bran, made into a mash with water and sweetened with cheap molasses. This is distributed in handfuls to in- fested areas. In Manitoba a bait known as the Criddle Mixture is used with great success. It is made by mixing 1 part Paris green, 2 parts salt, and 100 parts of horse manure. Enough water is added to make a soft, not sloppy, mash. The mash is scattered over the field where the grasshoppers are thickest. Black Blister Beetles, called by the farmers “Blue Beetles,’ were quite des- tructive this year on clover, mangels and beets. They are often found feeding on other plants, such as the golden-rod, aster, pigweed, corn, beans and potatoes, and in the days before the arrival of the Colorado Beetle, this and allied species were the main insect enemies of the potato crop. The adults are soft-bodied, with long, slender legs. They occur from August to October. The females deposit their eggs in the ground, and from these hatch out active, long-legged larve called “ triungulius,” that feed on the eggs of the grass- hopper. It will be observed, therefore, that while the adult Blister Beetles are in- jurious to some of our crops the young of these are decidedly beneficial. It is a 1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 difficult matter to decide sometimes whether it is advantageous to poison the adults, for if this is done there will be no larve to devour grasshopper eggs. Should the adults become sufficiently injurious to warrant action, applications of Paris Green or arsenate of lead will readily kill them. On account of the abundance of grasshoppers this year, we may expect a large number of blister beetles next year. Wireworms and White Grubs. Among the list of injurious insects of farm crops, none perhaps surpass Wireworms and White Grubs, in the amount of damage inflicted. They work away unseen underneath the soil, and on this account are unknown to the casual observer. They are peculiarly the enemies of the careless farmer, and their pres- ence indicates that something has not been done properly and at the right time. It may be that the pastures and meadows have been allowed to remain down too long; that a suitable rotation of crops is not practised; or that there is little or no fall plowing done. Wireworms are the grubs of click-beetles or “skipjacks,’ and White Grubs are the grubs of June beetles, with which most persons are quite familiar. Wireworms. The adult beetles appear frequently in the spring and the females deposit their eggs close to the roots of grasses or weeds. ‘The Wireworms, however, do not confine their attacks to the roots of grasses and cereals, but often devour the roots of other crops and even the seeds of corn, wheat and other grains. In fact there is no plant that is immune from their attacks, so far as we know, although many farmers in England claim that buckwheat, mustard and rape escape. The Wireworms, of which there are many species, are hard, smooth, shining, yellowish-brown, wire-like grubs, and possess three pairs of short legs, hence they are readily identified. Many attempts have been made to devise some reliable method of destroying them. Some years ago Professors Comstock and Slingerland, of the Cornell Agri- cultural Experiment Station, and Professor Forbes, of the Illinois Station, con- ducted a very complete series of experiments extending over a number of years, and found that insecticides were practically of no value. They ascertained, how- eyer, that certain cultural operations were valuable in destroying large numbers of the transforming pupe and adults before they emerged from the cells in the ground. Wireworms spend from three to five years in the ground and transform to pupe and adults in the late summer and autumn. But the adults remain in the pupal cells, and do not emerge until the following spring. It was de- termined that these pupe and adults wintering in the pupal cells were very sensitive to distributions such as late plowing produces. Plowing infested or suspected sod-land twice—once in August, with a good harrowing a week later, and again in late September or October—will break up many of the pupal cells and expose the beetles during the winter to conditions which they cannot survive. This cultural process will not interfere with the Wireworms or those in the grub stage. When a sod-land is broken there will naturally be Wireworms in dif- ferent stages of development, some in the first year larval stage, some in the second year, and some in the third year, and others ready to pupate. Only those ready to pupate will in all likelihood be killed by the fall plowing. In the follow- ing season, however, the young grubs are growing rapidly; and if the dying roots of the sod furnish sufficient plant food, they will not do much feeding on the roots of the new crop, but will be more injurious the year following. Now certain crops, such as clover, barley, wheat and rye, are not so liable to attack as are corn, 72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 potatoes, mangels, oats; hence, they are better adapted to follow sod. Clover can be sown with barley and rye and plowed down after a cutting has been taken. This may be followed by corn or roots. Such a rotation will gradually exterminate the Wireworms, and furnish crops that give a good yield. Short crop rotations will never allow Wireworms or White Grubs to make headway and develop, for there is too much disturbance of the soil and change of food plant. The best method of breeding these insects is to allow pastures to go unbroken for a series of years, for then conditions are particularly favourable for their development. Sometimes it is possible to force the crops through an attack of Wireworms, by the application of mineral fertilizers to stimulate the plants. White Grubs. White Grubs, as already stated, are the larve of June beetles, and are large, soft, whitish or yellowish grubs, with brown heads and three pairs of legs. The bodies are larger towards the hind end, and usually appear half- coiled. Like the Wireworms they require about three years to complete their development from egg to beetle. The adults appear in May and June, often in large numbers, to feed on the foliage of certain trees, such as plums, willows, etc.,_ and to deposit eggs below the surface of the ground, usually on the roots of grasses and many other kinds of plants. The grubs on hatching begin to feed on the roots, and often do considerable damage. Dr. Forbes, of Illinois, who has given a great deal of study to White Grubs, is of the opinion that the grubs do not change to pupe until June or July of the third season; that they change to beetles a few weeks later, but that these do not emerge from the pupal cells until the following spring. He is-also able to identify several distinct species of Lach- nosterna, of which fusca is the most common. As with Wireworms, remedial measures are difficult. Special rotations are advisable. Fletcher says: “A short rotation in which clover follows grass or is grown at short intervals, will prevent the increase of these insects. In this special rotation the small grains should follow clover before corn or potatoes.” When a field becomes infested with White Grubs a portion of the clover field, for example, might be broken and planted to corn instead of planting corn after timothy or grass. ‘To make up for the deficiency of clover, that portion of the sod field which would have been devoted to corn could be sown with oats, vetches, etc., for green feed and hay. It is perfectly safe to put mangels, turnips and rape after old sod, although one will have to be on the guard against cutworms nipping off the young plants. Cutworms and Flea-beetles. Considerable damage was done in June by cut- worms on turnips, carrots and mangels, before they were detected, but the appli- cation of poisoned bait prevented further action. In the Experimental Plots at Macdonald College the Wheat Aphis and the Wheat-Stem Maggot again made their appearance, but not in such numbers as in 1908. Flea-beetles were observed on some plots but they did no serious damage. Root Maggots. 'These were numerous on many kinds of plants, viz., radish, cow-peas, soy beans, cabbage, onions and turnips, -and caused considerable loss. Cucumber Beetles. These appeared about June 10th at Macdonald College, and did more harm to squash than to cucumber, pumpkin or melon. Mr. Swaine reports that Bordeaux Mixture seemed effective, but they return to the new leaves and flowers. Leaf Miers. Beets and spinach at Macdonald College were injured by leaf- miners. They attacked small leaves, and had practically disappeared by July 4th. ] 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 Currant Borer. (Sesia tipuliformis, L.). Mr. Swaine reported considerable injury to stems of both black and red currants. In some cases the stems were dying, and the leaves dried and discoloured. The larva bores in the pith sometimes for over six inches; it remains in the wood all winter, and in the following summer, in June, the bluish-black fly-like moth emerges to lay her eggs at the buds on the young wood. Gooseberry Span-worm. (Cymatophora ribearia, Fitch). The moths were ob- served July 24th, not only on the gooseberries, but also on the currants, in the Mac- donald College plantation. They fly readily in day-time when disturbed, and are attracted to light at night. The larve or caterpillars are to be found in June; they are white, dotted with black, with yellow stripes about an inch in length when full grown. There is but one brood in a year; the eggs are deposited in July on the twigs, where they re- main all winter. This insect is capable of doing considerable injury to the leaves of gooseberry and currant. Arsenate of lead will control it. Currant Aphis. (Myzus ribis, L.). The reddish blisters on the leaves of currants—the work of the currant aphis—were much in evidence in many Quebec plantations this past season. Inasmuch as the deformations interfered with the proper functioning of the leaves, considerable injury was undoubtedly done. Care- ful examination for the presence of aphids on the young leaves should be made, for it is much easier to kill the insects when they are few in number and before the leaves have become deformed, by applications of whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion solutions. The Carrot Rust Fly. (Psila rose). This insect did considerable damage in some of the truck gardens about Montreal. Mr. Swaine received on July 14th, from McKinnon & Son, a package of small carrots which were riddled by the maggots of this insect. The Fall Web-worm. The unsightly webs of the Fall Web-worm were very abundant both on forest, shade and fruit trees throughout the Province. Mr. J. M. Fisk, of Abbotsford, reports it as prevalent in his district, and Rev. Brother Liguori states that it was abundant at La Trappe. ANISOTA VIRGINIENSIS, DRURY. By Tuomas W. Fytes, D.C.L. Amsota virginiensis is one of the insects injurious to the oak. In some years its ravages are very apparent. I have succeeded this year (1909) in bringing its larve through their successive stages. I had tried, on several previous occasions, to raise the species, but had failed. I attribute the failures to the fact that oak-spray, severed from the tree, dries very rapidly ; and, as there were no oaks growing near my former residence, I could not keep the larve supplied with sufficiently tender food. In my present place of abode I am better situated, as the White Oak, Quercus alba, is common in the neighbourhood. I have taken the precaution too, of placing - every fresh supply of food for the Anisota under the water-tap, and drenching it thoroughly, before placing it in my insect breeding-cage. This plan has proved very successful. 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 A. virgimensis is widely distributed in the Province of Quebec. Mr. A. R. M. Boulton, President of the Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society has two specimens ( 2 & 9 )that were taken, I believe, at Cape Tourment in Montmorency County. I have frequently met with larve of the kind on the Island of Orleans, and, on the 16th of last June, I found a beautiful male moth of the species, lying under an arc-light, near some oak trees, on Front Street, Hull. On the 29th of the same month, Miss M. G. Johnson, a member of the Entomological Society, sent me from Miranda, Missisquoi County, some oak-leaves laden with the eggs of the species, and also one of the moths that she had found laying the eggs, and a male of the same species. The eggs lay close together, in broad patches which in several instances covered the under-side of the leaf—none were laid on the upper side. They were of a roseate light brown tint, but here and there was a pale green egg seemingly un- fertilized. The egg of A. virgimiensis is globular in shape; but as the larva within advances in growth it becomes depressed, and loses its roseate tinge, till at length the little black-headed larva, snugly coiled, is plainly visible within the shell. The egg is one-twenty-fourth of an inch in diameter. Doubtless the eggs sent me were deposited by several females of the same kind, and at slightly different intervals, for they hatched irregularly. The first of the young larve to appear left the shell the day after the eggs reached me—.e., on June 30th, and the others appeared at intervals for the next fortnight—consequently, some of them had reached the third stage while others were only in the first. In these notes I have followed the larvee first hatched. The newly-hatched larva was one-eighth of an inch in length. Its head was large in proportion to its body, and jet black. The mouth-organs were yellow. The body was yellow, and set with short spines. The legs were pale yellow and semi- translucent. The larve are gregarious. They eat away the substance of the leaf, leaving only the mid-rib and some of the larger veins. When they have finished with one leaf, they proceed to another on the same twig, and, having stript it, they advance to a third, and so on—moving from leaf to leaf and from twig to twig. The first moult took place on the 6th of July. After it the larva was a quarter of an inch long. Its head and fore-legs were black; its body was pale yellow; it had on the third segment two seven-jointed black horns. Along the middle of each of the following segments on the upper side was a row of small warts—each wart bearing a short bristle. A few white hairs extended from the black head. Towards the end of this stage in the larva’s existence the segments of the body became more distinct and assumed a bluish green tint, with shghtly darker longi- tudinal stripes. The larva moulted again on the 14th of July. The old skin broke at the head to allow the larva to escape from it. When it made its fresh appearance the head, horns, anal segment and fore-legs of the larva were green, but they soon changed to black. The body colour in this stage was sage green, with yellow sub-dorsal, side, and spiracular lines. ‘There were several black, pointed tubercles along the middle of each segmegt, on the upper side. The spiracles were black. The black, glossy horns on the third segment extended beyond the head. There was a black granu- lated plate on the second segment, and before the horns on the third. Ea 1910 © ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. %5 The larve again moulted on the 23rd of July. Their vacated skins were left in rows adhering ‘to the mid-ribs of the leaves which they had skeletonized. Their body colour was now black. As in the previous moult the head, etc., were green at first, but soon changed to black. The whole body was firm and glossy. There was a double line of yellow along the back; and the sub-dorsal, side, and spiracular lines were yellow. ‘There was a row of spike-like protuberances around the seg- ments on the upper side—on the anal segment there was a cluster of such protuber- ances. In this stage the larve attained a length of one and one-sixth inches. They moulted again on August the 4th. Their length after the moult was one inch and five-twelfths of an inch. The larve reached their full growth by the second week in August. They were then two and a quarter inches long, cylindrical, glossy black with very con- spicuous yellow lines. ‘The spiracles were black. There was an oblong yellow spot over each of the prop-legs and a similar spot on either side of following segments. The thorny protuberances on the segments were well developed, and at the end of the body there was a cluster of such protuberances. The larve began to enter the soil on the 10th of August; and before the end of it, all in my keeping had -buried themselves; but, so late as the 13th of Sep- tember, I found in the woods a solitary straggler of the species. The pupa is finely sculptured. Its abdominal segments are boldly outlined; and from the last of them projects a stout spine forked at the end. This probably serves as a lever, to enable the chrysalis to Work its way to the surface of the earth, when the imago within it is nearing perfection. In rearing the larve of A. virginiensis two particulars drew my attention specially. One was that, in the later stages of their growth, some of the caterpil- lars were much smaller than the others. In the final stage the smaller ones were only two-thirds the size of the larger. I should say that these were the undeveloped males, for the male moths of the species are much smaller than the females. FIG. 11. Oak leaves skeletonized by Anisota virginiensis : (a) vacated skins of larvee ; (>) Larvze bunched together for mutual protection. The other particular was, that the larve in their later stages, had the habit of grouping themselves into clusters at the ends of the mid-ribs of the leaves which they had skeletonized. In these positions they somewhat resembled the small webs, that, in August, are so frequently to be seen on forest trees. (Fig. 11). 76 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 ADAPTATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF INSECTS. - By Rev. THomas W. Fyuss, D.C.L. On a certain occasion last summer, a friend of mine was standing on a bridge, which spanned a shallow creek that had a muddy bottom. His attention was taken by the proceedings of a large dragon-fly that was hovering close to the surface of the sluggish stream, at the shallowest part of it. The insect repeatedly thrust its abdomen down through the water, and into the mud. My friend could see the slight disturbance in the mud as the point of the insect’s abdomen entered it and was again withdrawn. The fly was depositing its eggs. Here then was revealed one reason why the dragon-fly has so lengthy a tail. It is interesting to see one of the “ Demoiselles ”“—AGriontaE—alight on a floating leaf of a Pond Lily, and bend its long abdomen round the edge of the leaf to affix its eggs on the under side—the side in contact with the water. The perfect fitness of every part of an insect for the functions it has to serve will always be admired by the inquiring and thoughtful observer. In our early lessons in Entomology certain facts were impressed upon our mind, viz.—that an insect is a creature that is cut into or notched; that the notches mark out the head, the thorax, and the abdomen; that the insect passes through four stages of existence—the Hg, the Larval, the Pupal and the Imago stages. In this short article I purpose to offer a few desultory remarks on the several features of the insect form, and on the several stages of insect life—endeavouring to show the admirable fitness of the insect to meet, at all times, the exigencies and requirements of its existence. THE Heap. In the head of an insect the striking and important features are the eyes, the mouth organs, and the antenne. In the larger dragon-flies (Fig. 12), such as those in the genera 4ishna and Anax—insects of extremely rapid flight—the eyes occupy the main portion of the head space. The huge compound eyes of Anax junius are contiguous; yet they allow room for three ocelli. Nothing seems to escape the glance of these splendid insects; and in the bright sunshine, when they are most active, the ease with which they evade the sweep of the net of the entomologist, though it may he provoking to the sportsman, must nevertheless awaken his admiration. Fic. 12: Dragon Fly. Fig. 13. Damsel Fly. In the Acrionipon or Damsel-flies (Fig. 13),—insects of less rapid flight— which can take a more leisurely view of things—the head, as Wood remarks,” * “ Insects at Home,” page 275. ri \\\ PAL NA Fic. 14. Giant Water Bug. Fic. 15. Diving Beetle. Fic. 16. Giant Water Fly (Corydalis cornutus), (a) larva; (b) pupa; (c) male fly; (d) head of female fly. [77] 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 reminds one of that of the Hammer-headed Shark; and the eyes project from the sides of it. These dragon-flies, like others of the Odonata, can turn their heads half _ round on the neck, and so look over their shoulders. ’ Another insect with large and protruding eyes is the Giant Water Bug, Bel- ostoma Americana (Fig. 14). So far do the eyes of this insect protrude one might almost expect that, in the wild dashes of the insect through the upper air, and into and under the water, they would be swept from their position. But a remark- able provision prevents the danger; from the centre of the saucer-like eye-socket arises a stout support, flattened out a little at the top—somewhat spool-shaped— and around this the eyelets of the compound eye are compressed. (Fig. 15). In the Diving Beetle, Dytiscus Harrisii (Fig. 15), an insect of very similar habits to B. Americana, the eye is so placed in the side of the head that the creature can see both above and below; and the organ is protected by a curved extension of the pro-thoracic shield. The like protection is afforded to the eye in water-beetles of other genera— Hydrocharis, Colymbetes, Acilius, etc., while in Dineutes the eye appears to pass through the substance of the head, so that the insect seems to have four eyes—two above and two below. That widely different and very minute insect the White Fly of the greenhouse appears to have eyes similarly arranged to those of Dineutes. In the fly the eyes appear as two black dots above, and two black dots beneath the head. The mouth organs of insects vary considerably to suit their different habits. There is a striking difference in the mandibles of the male and female imagos of the Giant Water Fly, Corydalis cornutus (Fig. 16). This is the more remarkable because in the larval and pupal stages of the sexes the organs apparently are alike. Some years ago I traced the life-history of this species through its metamorphoses. I saw the nymph draw itself about in its cyst, by means of its formidable mandibles ; and I expected that, when the change to the imago came, the insect would prove to be a female; but lo, when it came, and the imago burst from the nymphal case, the mandibles were extended (I presume by inflation) into the preposterous organs we see in the male. Why is this difference between the male and the female mandibles? It is that the male may be able to give a loving embrace to the well- defended neck of its mate. How strangely the lips and jaws of the dragon-fly work, in masticating its food, as if they were at cross purposes, the lips perpendicularly, the jaws horizon- tally—they are two pairs of very effective cutting knives. Belostoma Americana lives by sucking the life-fluids of its prey, and is fur- nished with a stout beak-like proboscis, about a quarter of an inch long. ‘This pro- boscis consists of an outer pointed case, having a longitudinal slit in front, and of an awl-shaped sucking instrument enclosed in a divided sheath barbed at the extremity. It is a formidable weapon. The bug clings, by means of its powerful front legs, which are terminated — with sharp claws, to the fish or other creature that it assails, and thrusts its pro- boscis into its victim. The Reduviide, or “ Assassin Bugs,” are furnished with beaks of like con- struction. The stories told us of the “Kissing Bug” have led us to understand how dangerous, under some circumstances, these weapons may become. The proboscis of the House Fly is terminated by two ridged valves with which the insect. scrapes up its food. Those who have volumes bound in sheep-skin, and exposed in open cases, will soon find, from the roughness and loss of gloss in the binding, that the flies have been at work upon the dressing of the leather. es ~~ ee ee SE Ee a ee ee a re 1910 —t—i—~«*~*« ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 How different, and how wonderful, are the trunks of the nectar-sipping moths and butterflies! They lie curled up so compactly within the sheltering palpi, and can be extended so far when occasion requires. The length of the pro- boscis in these cases enables the insect to take its food, as it hovers over the blos- soms, without injury to its wings. Of the purposes served by the antenne of insects we know but little; hut it is obvious that they are fitted to the requirements of the species they adorn; the bee, which enters blossoms in search of pollen and nectar would find antenne like those of Paniscus geminatus unmanageable and entangling; and Geotrupes Black- burnu, would have difficulty in delving in the earth, if it were burdened with anten- nz like those of Monohammus titillator. Tue THorAx. To the thorax of insects are attached the legs and wings. Passing amongst the Golden Rod, this Fall, I came across three species of insects that secure their prey by means of their fore-legs, viz—Mantispa brunnea (Fig. 17), Acholla multispinosa, and Phymata erosa. Like the Praying Mantis of which Hood speaks, in his “Ode to Rae Wilson, Esq.,” as— “An insect, of what clime I can’t detérmine, That lifts its paws most parson-like, and thence, By simple savages—through sheer pretence— Is reckoned quite a saint amongst the vermin,” Fic. 17. (a) Mantispa brunnea; (/) Wing of Fic. 18. Bat Flea. M. brunnea much enlarged to show the venation. 80, Mantispa brunnea lifts its paws, with sweet “petitionary grace,” lying in wait amongst the flowers. When Argynnis myrina, or some other incautious inno- cent butterfly comes within its reach, M. brunnea secures it with its outstretched arms—which are truly arms of offence. Acholla multispinosa is a creature of like habits to M. brunnea; and its fore limbs are set thickly with sharp spines (hence the name), which enable it the more readily to secure its prey. But the most remarkable of the three species is, I think, Phymata erosa. This insect in its colours closely resembles the flowers of the Golden Rod in which it lies in wait. On occasion, the tarsi of its extended fore-legs spring back into a toothed groove in the large and powerful tibie, and hold a captive as in a vice. In Dytiscus Harris the upper portion of the foot in each of the fpre-legs is expanded into a disk or pad, supplied on the under surface, with suckers which exhaust the air, so that the insect can attach itself firmly where it is inclined. 80 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 These appendages are not found in the female. Moreover, while the male Dytiscus ‘is remarkably smooth and slippery, the female is roughened with strie. In Acilwus fraternus a like provision is found in the foot of the male, to that in the foot of the male Dytiscus; and in this species also the female has rough- ened elytra. The powerful hind limbs of the insects that have been named SALTATORES, such as the crickets and locusts, are worthy of observation. But other insects beside these Orthoptera have great powers of leaping :— On the 24th of May of this year I was sitting on the veranda of Mr. Garrioch’s house, on Front Street, Hull, when I saw a bat fall from a tree on the lawn. The little animal was in a very weak condition. While I was examining it I saw a flea creep from the fur, and then bound upwards one hundred times its own height. (If an acrobat could leap 600 feet into the air, he would draw multitudes to witness the feat.) (Fig. 18.) I put the bat in a box, and obtained from it thirteen other specimens of the same kind of flea. No wonder the little animal was in a weak condition. This Pulex vespertilionis was different from P. irritans and P. serraticeps. It was about two millimetres long. Its dorsal parts were of a light chestnut colour, and its ventral parts of a pale amber. The legs were translucent. The trocanters were grooved. The femur in each of the middle and hindmost legs was large, flat, and cleaver-shaped. Around it, near the edges, was a slight indentation. The tibia was striated and bristly. The tarsus had five joints with two bristles at each joint. The abdomen was hairy. Of the wings of insects, fine examples of venation are afforded by the water- flies Pteronarcys proteus and Polystoechotes punctata; of elegance of form by Actias luna and Hyloicus chersis—and of splendour of colouring by Philampelus achemon and Plusia balluca. Ture ABpoMEN. How great a difference there is between the telescopic ovi- positor of the house-fly which is concealed in the abdomen of the insect, but can be extruded by pressure, and which is fitted to penetrate the manure from the stable in which the larve of the fly luxuriate—and that of Thalessa lunata, which in some instances extends for four inches beyond the extremity of the abdomen, and is fitted to be passed along the tunnel, choked with frass, at the end of which the larva of Tremex columba is working. The young larva of Thalessa follows up and preys upon the larva of the Tremex. The ovipositor of the last named insect proceeds from the middle of its abdomen, and not from the end. It is shorter and stouter than that of Thalessa, and is adapted to penetrate the bark and white wood of the trees suitable for the sustenance of the larve of its species. Tue Ecc. Some years ago I found a huge boulder in a swampy wilderness. In a slight hollow, in the top of this, some vegetable mould had accumulated ; and a thick pad of moss covered it. On lifting the moss, I found some hundreds of eggs of the Red-legged Locusts packed together in the soil. The locusts had found in the position a suitable nursery for their young. The life of the Day-fly is very brief—as its name implies. It does not allow much time for oviposition. One act of extrusion consigns its eggs, in a boat- shaped mass, to the surface of the water. The Cockroach frequents the house, but is highly objectionable to the house- keeper. Its eggs are laid in brown packages—obthecoe—in the crevices about the kitchen-ranges and the cellar-furnaces. In these they escape notice. His sinc 1910 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 The ovipositor of the Domestic Cricket has a divided sheath—each half of it having a spoon-shaped termination. When closed these terminals hold the egg, as in a casket, till a fitting nook for its deposit is reached; and then, they open and discharge it. The cat shakes the eggs of the fleas that infest it into the lap of its mistress, or upon the rug on which it sleeps. The larve of Pulex serraticeps feed upon the particles of food that they find in the cracks of the flooring of the dwelling-place— but if the sheep-tick were to lay eggs that could be shaken from the wool of the sheep, her progeny would perish. Against such a contingency she retains her young till it reaches the pupal stage. The abdomen of the tick is unsegmented, and vellumy, and therefore very strong. THe Larva. The resemblance by which some species of Lepidopterous larve deceive their foes, and the threatening attitudes assumed by others, to drive their enemies away, are very familiar to all of us. But the very remarkable pro- vision for the safety of the larve of Harrisimemna trisignata is not so well known. And here we must call to mind that many caterpillars—those of H. trisignata among them—when undergoing the usual moult, withdraw the head from its old case, at its junction with the second segment—at the neck-opening—as a knight of old withdrew his head from the helmet. I raised a brood of larve of Anisota virginiensis last season. With them the head case was hard and black; but the head when it was withdrawn was soft and green. However, it speedily became rigid and dark as before. Fic. 19. Harrisimemna trisignata. (Walker). Now in the case of the grotesque larva of H. trisignata (Fig. 19)) on the thoracic segments there are some long stiff hairs which seem to have lain under the skin before the previous moult, and to have been attached, by their tips, to the inner side of the head cover. When the change of skin took place the hairs were erected, retaining their hold upon the head-case. At the slightest disturb- ance the larva agitated the bristles and the attached case is swung backwards and forwards with great rapidity. I raised this insect some years ago, and subsequent observation has con- vinced me that we may see in this a natural provision, to protect the larva from troublesome ichneumons. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Cassida viridis appeared in this country a few years ago. It feeds on the Burdock and lies exposed on the plant. A curious provision is made to preserve the larva from the heat of the sun, and to render it unattractive to predacious in- sects and birds. By a fork-like appendage to the anal segment, the feces are retained and supported over the dorsal parts of the larva, and form a protective wad, or shield. THe Pupa. In the month of September, larve of the Saw-fly, Cimbex Am- ericana, may sometimes be seen curled up, helix-fashion, on the ground, under the trees on which they fed. It will generally be found that they are parasitized— victims of Opheltes glaucopterus. They may have strength remaining to enable them to creep into some retreat; they may even attempt to spin the cocoon in which under normal conditions, they would spend the winter months; but they fail. Within them is the foe that is exhausting their vitality. This creature undergoes the pupal change within the frame of its host, and, at length, bursts from it as a perfect fly. The fine ichneumon Trogus fulvipes undergoes the pupal stage within the pupa of the beautiful butterfly Papilio troilus. I may cite the following as a remarkable instance of the instinct of a larva about to undergo the pupal change :—There was a needle-book, formed of alternate leaves of white and golden flannel, lying open on a shelf in my study. One night a larva of Samia cecropia escaped from the box in which it had been brought to me, and disappeared. Sometime afterwards I found that it had spun a cocoon in the needle-book, and had fastened a white fold on one side of its cocoon, and a yellow fold on the other. To disguise its work more effectually it had secured in the meshes of the cocoon, frayings of the white flannel on the one side, and frayings of the yellow on the other. Volumes might be written upon the adaptations in structure which fit the insect for its environment, which enable it to supply its wants, and which ensure the perpetuation of its species. The Naturalist delights to look into these things. Considering them he feels, as David felt, that the Divine Designer of the Universe “hath so done His marvellous works that they ought to be had in remembrante.” “The melancholy days” have now come—“the saddest of the year;” but we still can find pupe of insects in their snug retreats; and we know that, when “Heaven shall repair her rural seat,” objects of beauty will burst from cocoon and chrysalis, to gladden the hearts of the beholders. THE ACARINA, WITH A HOST INDEX TO THE SPECIES FOUND IN ONTARIO. By Trnnyson D. Jarvis, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. There is probably no more widely distributed order of Arthropods than the Acarina; in economic importance there is none of greater value; and within the range of the whole animal kingdom there is no study so varied and fascinating as that of the Acarids, commonly termed Mites. The relation of these to other Arthropods has never been clearly defined, but in many respects they bear a close ; d 4 oP ey’ J wy as 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 85 resemblance to Spiders and Scorpions in the Arachnida, and by the best authorities have been put in one order of this class. However, in structure they are so unlike and in habits they are so varied that one never loses interest in his researches. Perhaps one of the most interesting features in the study of mites is shown in the manner in which they protect them- selves against their enemies hy special adaptations. The species belonging to the genus Nothrus are found on the bark of spruce and pine and appear in colour and shape like tiny bits of bark and lichen. A species of Analgesid, found on the wings of the Baltimore Oriole, presents precisely the same shade as the feathers of the wing. Tetranychus spinosa, which feeds in the upper surface of the leaf of the basswood, is identically the same colour as the leaf, and the writer found it impossible to detect the difference except by use of the microscope. In the Gall Mite family the young mites are almost as translucent as are the trichomes, but when with age these trichomes turn brown and then black, the mites also assume the same colours in the same manner. Any number of similar examples might be mentioned if space permitted, but sufficient has been said to indicate the adaptation of these animals to their colour environment. Another species of Nothrus may be mentioned as demonstrating protection from dryness and heat. In this case the mite accumulates a covering of dust upon its back. Similarly at the approach of cold, the mite surrounds itself with particles of any substance within reach. Further illustrations of adaptation to environment are seen in a species of mite found upon the roots of Yarrow, with legs broadened, mole-like, fitting it for digging and burrowing in the earth. In the genus Chey- letus, the palpi are large and branched, fitted for grasping, and the mouth parts are long and piercing, providing the mite with suitable weapons for a predaceous life. Aquatic species are greatly modified forms of land mites, with flat and hairy legs, enabling the mite to propel himself quite freely in the water. The parasitic mites attacking all kind of animals have many special devices for attaching them- selves to their host and adequate provision for obtaining nourishment from the body of the victim. The curious shapes and odd looking appendages found in many of these creatures appear to the observer to be more ornamental than useful. The bird mites with their angular construction and long tail-like appendages afford the best examples of this class. The sugar mite Glyciphagus with its fan-like attach- ments is another instance of apparently useless equipment. In richness of colour and beauty of marking, the Tetranychids and Analgesids are most noticeable. Indeed, some of these handsome species are worthy of the attention of any one interested in the field of Nature. Among the most remark- able phases of animal architecture are the abnormal constructions of vegetable tissues produced by species belonging to the family Eriophyide. About seventy different species of these worm-lke creatures inhabit trees, shrubs and herbs of Ontario flora. Not the least wonderful of the habits exhibited by the Acarids are their modes of distribution. As will be shown in our discussion of the dung beetles, many species of the scavenger mites make use of dung beetles and flies to bear them to new feeding grounds. A few species are specially provided with a cord, secreted by glands in the body, by means of which they fasten themselves to their carriers. Another interesting feature in this connection is their friendship to other animals, a few species sharing the home of many of the common species of ants. Here we find the ants repaid for their hospitality to the homeless mites by having 84 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 their quarters kept in cleanly condition by getting rid of the cast-off skins which are largely devoured by these active little scavengers. Because of their relation to disease, their parasitic habits upon man, animals and plants, and their beneficial effects as scavengers, it is hard to over-estimate their importance. There are at least eight well-defined diseases of man and domestic animals, all isolated within the brief period of five years, which are trans- mitted from host to host by means of these mites. Numerous species spread the spores of bacterial and fungous diseases from affected organisms to healthy plants. As animal parasites they are found upon insects, crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, turtles, birds and mammals. As plant parasites, almost every known plant is attacked by one or more of these hungry mites; and as scavengers they are found on all decaying matter. In spite of their vast importance, not much has hitherto been done in Canada in working out the different species and determining their habits. This is in part due to their very minute size and also to the.difficulty in locating them. For the little we do know, we are indebted to Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, of Ottawa, for his investigations on Analgesids, and to the late Dr. Fletcher for his contributions on the habits of some of our common species of vegetable pests. In the United States much has been done in a systematic way by Mr. Nathan Banks, Bureau of Entomology, Washington. The species in the list outlined in this report were in almost every case collected in the vicinity of Guelph. This study was first taken up in 1904 and since that time the writer has collected, examined and studied to some extent the habits and characteristics of upwards of three hundred species, one hundred or more of which are new and many of them belonging to genera new to North America. Mites are known to exist, and to cause trouble in every part of the world, but in the temperate zones the largest numbers of species abound. Usually they are found in semi-dark localities, but a few species seem to enjoy full sunlight, being found upon the upper surface of leaves. On account of their minute size, certain species can be obtained only by use of special devices, such as mite traps; others again, such as bird mites, which are nocturnal in habits, must be gathered at night; still others, as the Eriophyes, which closely resemble their surroundings, require several days of constant search. Special emphasis should be laid upon the con- struction and operation of the mite traps. The trap consists of a copper cone-shaped vessel lined with tin, affording a smooth surface, to prevent the mites from attaching themselves to the sides of the cones. Within the body of the outer cone are four smaller cones, to the ends of which are attached small bottles, and in these the material under examination is placed. ‘The outer vessel is then filled with water at a temperature much higher than the normal habitat of. the mites. The discom- fort thus produced causes the mites to leave their host or habitat, and as almost without exception, Arthropods when disturbed travel downwards, they slide down the smooth inner surface of the cone into the bottle below, where they are readily available for examination. Sometimes they are preserved in alcohol, some- times mounted in glycerine jelly or balsam, and if intended for life history study they are transferred to artificial media. The aquatic apparatus is made of the same materials as the terrestrial one, viz., tin and copper. It works upon much the same principle as the one just des- cribed, 7.e., when an Acarid becomes uncomfortable the tendency is to go downwards. But instead of applying heat as in the case of the land trap, a few drops of formalin or alcohol is added to the aquatic material. The trap with the proper fittings may be taken to a pond or stream where various kinds of material are available, and in the course of a single day’s work many species may be captured. | er es ee ee ee re es ha, ae }. J Ee apeceer ae ae nn a Sea ee ase Se 2 ye, ES OO s Tier’ o- ersle 1 ee ee Le -7ess “ ing _— Yo - o wn Ba ~~ 38 ONS a oa =a pale 3S 3 « Appar 2k. small aquat FIG. Fig, 20, Apparatus fcr collecting small terrestrial Arthropods. a8. [85] 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 At the College over one thousand kinds of material were examined and almost — all were found to contain one or more species of mite, in some cases as many as twelve different species were procured from a single substance. To give some idea of the kinds of materials tested, we might mention the following: manure, moss, decaying vegetables and leaves, dead and living animals, herbaceous plants, bark and leaves cf trees, tubers, bulbs and roots, bone, stone, nests of birds and mam- mals, soil, pine and spruce cones, ensilage, fleshy fungi, all kinds of grocery com- modities, clothing, fruits of all kinds, and sawdust. Some of the living mites obtained from the mite machines were transferred to pure cultures in order to study their habits and life history. It was found that on proper media it was possible to keep them alive through several generations. Some of the media used are as follows:—First, for lving animals—mosquito pupa extract and beef peptone. For living plants—extract of the same plant and on the living host plant. The extract of the plant was made by using two parts by weight of water to one of plant material, and the two heated one hour in a.sterilizer and filtered. For mites living on dead matter, the cultures were made in three ways, first, for mites living in nitrogenous substances the culture consisted of whey-pep- tone, whey 80 per cent., agar 10 per cent., and gelatin 10 per cent. Two other cul- tures for the nitrogenous feeders were cheese extract and beef extract. On sacch- arine and acid fruits the media consisted of apple juice. On vegetable matter a culture of potatoes and potato extract gave best results. The gratitude of the writer cannot be too strongly expressed to Mr. Nathan Banks, Acarologist of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, for his able and ready assistance in identifying a large number of species sent to him, and to Messrs. W. R. Thompson, B. Barlow, George Chadwick, Geological Hall, Albany, N.Y., and Dr. Bethune, for assistance rendered in various ways. I—HABITS OF THE CLASS ACARINA AS AGENTS IN THE TRANS- MISSION OF DISEASE. SPREAD OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGOUS DISEASES. In pathological and bacteriological laboratories, mites are a great nuisance by inoculating pure cultures. Four species were found at the Ontario Agricultural College,—Tyroglyphus Americanus and T. longior feeding upon non-nitrogenous media, and Cheyletes clavispinus and C. longipes feeding on nitrogenous cultures. They make their home in the incubators, and gain entrance to the pure cultures through the cotton wool in the test tubes and between the fittings of the Petri dishes. The spores of bacteria and moulds attached to the appendages of the mites are left behind in the pure cultures, where they multiply rapidly and cause no end of trouble. The spread of bacteria and moulds in root houses is not duly appreciated. More than a dozen species have been found at Guelph inhabiting turnips, beets, carrots, mangels, parsnips, potatoes, spreading spores of affected roots to healthy ones. Especially noticed in cellars of this kind are Galumna moesta, Rhizoglphus phylloxerae and G. depressa on turnips; Oribatta depressa and T longtor on mangels and turnips, and Gamasus species on sugar beets and on parsnips, pota- toes, celery, etc. On fruit trees the spread of brown rot, cankers, pear blight, etc., are carried to a large extent by such species as Tetranychus telarius, T. bicolor, Bryobia pratensis, Oribatella pallida, and O. formosa. te Tee a raat pt aes ee a ee ee —— 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 Here it might be mentioned that the fruit grower may do much in the way of avoiding diseases of the kind mentioned by frequent applications of the common insecticides. In Grocery stores cleanliness cannot be too strongly emphasized, as this is one of the favourite resorts of mites. A few examples of the spread of bacteria and fungi will give an idea of their destructive habits to the groceryman. They crawl underneath the lids of manufactured jams and jellies, carrying with them spores which multiply and bring about putrefaction. In dried fruits, sugar, and other sweets, flour, bread, cheese, etc., they carry a number of species of moulds and often cause tremendous loss, which might easily be avoided if the proper care were prac- tised. TT. longior, T. Americanus, Aleurobus forinae, Carpoglyphus sp. are ex- amples of Grocery pests. In horse stables and other buildings, mites are found abundantly, especially where imperfect lighting and cracks and crevices of concealment are features of the buildings. TZ. longior might be mentioned as the commonest house mite. It is found from cellar to attic and practically on every object, thus we see the prob- ability of its spreading spores of bacteria and fungi. The ensilage mite which makes its home in the silo is a good example of a stable mite. It, no doubt, spreads spores of some of the numerous bacteria and fungi found in ensilage. Another example of how mites may spread disease from stable to house is the case of the house-fly mite which travels on the backs of flies and may be transported from the manure of the stable to the food in the pantry, e.g., Histiostoma Muscarum. SPREAD OF ProrozoaN Diseases. Nearly all of the diseases belonging to the genus Piroplasma are transmitted from animal to animal by means of these ticks or mites. In the United States there are two very well known pathogenic diseases which belong to this group. The Texas Fever (Piroplasma bigeminum) and Spot- ted Rocky Mountain Fever (Piroplasma sp.) In Asia and Africa six other well known diseases, Piroplasma ovis of sheep, P. canis known as Piroplasmosis of dogs, P. equi, Piroplasmosis of the horse, Piroplasma Sp.—Rhodesia fever, and Haemo- globinurina of Finland. Space will not permit of discussion of this important phase of the subject. At present we have no record of any diseases spread in this manner in Canada, but since we have here numerous species of ticks associated with animals it is not unlikely that in time we shall find examples of diseases car- ried in this way. As PARASITES OF ANIMALS. Man.—Among the mites that are injurious to man might be mentioned, first, those that are parasitic and spend the whole of their existence in the host; second, those like the ticks that are casual visitors; and, third, those that inhabit his house and clothing and cause annoyance by their presence. The first is exemplified in the follicle mite which lives on the secretions of the follicles of the skin, such as Demodex follicularum and the “ Jigger” of the Southern States. Examples of the second class are the numerous species of ticks. These are found in the tropics, and are abundant in fields, woods and pastures. They leave the herbage to attach them- selves to man and other animals, where they burrow into the skin and create considerable irritation. In Ontario ticks are not so abundant, but in some parts the wood tick leaves its common habitat to attack man in the way just described. The harvest mites, found in grass, hay and cereal crops, when found in large numbers also cause much irritation. The species known as Carpoglyphus pas- sularum found in sugar in grocery stores often leaves the sugar to attack man, causing what is known as grocer’s itch. The most common species found in 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 houses are the Clover Mite (Bryobia pratensis) and the Cheese Mite (T'yroglyphus longior). The Clover Mites often swarm in houses in the fall of the year, where they frequently hibernate through the winter. They get into the cracks and crevices of chairs, windows, doors, etc., and cause great annoyance to the occu- pants of the house. The Cheese Mite is even a more serious pest, intruding itself into all the darker parts of the house. It is found in the cellar, on fruits, tubers and other food products; in the pantry on cheese, butter, flour, meat, pastry, etc.; in the wardrobe, particularly on worn and stained clothing; in the library on the paste of the book bindings; in upholstered furniture in all the niches and hollows where they can conceal themselves. Still more annoying is their habit of crawling from the clothing to the body, and in many cases, while not actually on the person, the imaginary discomfort is just as effective. The species is not parasitic. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid has given fairly satisfactory results as a remedy for this mite. Domestic ANIMALS. Most of the injurious parasites of domestic animals, such as sheep scab, mange, ticks, follicle mites, belong to the Acarina. The sheep scab caused by the mite known as Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, is a serious disease of the sheep throughout the world. In Ontario it has occurred in Manitoulin Island and a few other parts, but by proper precautions it has either been exterminated or kept in check. They live in the skin, and obtain blood or lymph as food from the host, and in this manner give rise to considerable irritation, resulting in inflam- mation, scab formation, and finally in loss of wool and hair. The best treatment consists in using some external applications, such as dipping, which will kill the parasites. The disease known as mange is caused by species belonging to two different genera, Sarcoptes. and Chorioptes. The Sarcoptes when young burrow in the tissue, where they feed and develop. The species of Chorioptes do not burrow in the skin, but produce a scab similar to sheep scab, but it is restricted to certain parts of the animal, as the feet, the ears and the neck. A species of Sarcoptes causes eruptions and inflammation of the skin of horses, which becomes intensely itchy, the animal at this stage refusing food and becoming much emaciated. A species of Chorioptes is found on the horse, cattle and goat, the one attacking the horse being the most common. Scarcely any of the domestic animals escape the attacks of the mites known as ticks. The ticks are large mites with tough, leathery skin, and possessing mouth parts fitted for sucking and legs fitted for holding on to the host. They are true external parasites and cause much annoyance by getting into the ears, around the eyes, and other places where they can avoid the efforts of the animals to dislodge them. They are most abundant in the tropics, but a few species are native to Ontario, and others again, such as the Southern cattle tick (Boophilus bovis), are imported to this country along with the stock. The follicle mite of swine (Demodex phyloides) is the chief member of the mite class attacking swine. They live im the follicle and cause white tubercles on the skin from the size of a pin-head to that of a pea. Witp AnimAts.—These, of course, are not of so great economic importance, but when further studied they may be found to play a part in the transmission of disease from wild to domestic animals or man. It is astonishing to find on some animals such vast numbers of these pests. The ground hog is especially a victim to a number of species. The muskrat, the squirrel, the bat, the mole, the mouse, the . : | : OS ag ee a 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 moose and deer all must suffer considerable annoyance from the presence of these pests. In the study of this group several new genera were established for North America. Only a few amphibians were examined, and on one, the Leopard frog, a species of Gamasid was found in abundance attached to the skin, apparently doing no harm, but perhaps considerably annoying its host. Several Ontario reptiles were examined, but the writer found no indication of | parasites at work. However, in the United States an interesting species of tick has been known to attack snakes. Practically all the domestic birds suffer from the attacks of one or more species of mite. The chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is the commonest and most destructive pest of poultry. It is noctural and rests during the day in the crevices of roosts and nest boxes and other places of concealment. It multiplies rapidly and, unless checked by insecticides such as kerosene, will soon ruin a flock of poultry. An interesting species is found in the nasal chambers of domestic and wild birds. The injury they do has not yet been fully ascertained, but in many cases where they are very numerous they cause suffocation by choking the nasal pas- sages. In Rhode Island a species of mite has been found in the air sacs 'of turkeys in every part of the State. It is again doubtful in this case as to just how much damage they cause. On the pigeon several species are found, some attacking the feathers, some the skin and others the legs and feet. These are only a few examples of the many species found on domestic fowl. It might also be mentioned here that through the agency of large shows, as the International held in Canada and the States, the tendency will be to exchange and distribute the various species of North America. Our native birds are among the most favoured by the mite pests. In our study so far, we have found over fifty species in Ontario. Their habits vary, some living parasitically, such as Liponissus sp.; others symbiotically as in case of Analgesids; and still others merely as guests. Since many of our common birds associate and feed with our domestic birds, they may easily pass from one to the other. These again are of little economic importance so we need not discuss them further. Fanciers of caged birds are not exempt from troubles arising from the attacks of these parasites. A species known as Dermanyssus avium is very com- mon everywhere caged song birds are kept. Their habits are similar to those of the chicken mite, hiding in crevices of the roosts by day and sucking the blood from their victims at night. As PARASITES AND GUESTS OF INSECTS AND OTHER MITES. A striking example of the manner in which mites assist in maintaining the balance of nature is afforded by these parasitic and predaceous creatures. It is a well known fact that many of our most injurious insect pests of fruit, garden and farm crops are controlled more effectively by the Acarids than in any other way. A notable example of this kind is found in the Locust Mite, T’rombidiwm locus- tarum. The mite is generally found attached to the base of the second pair of wings, although it is also found on the wing itself and on any other part of the body, where it cannot be easily detached by the locust. A favourite position upon the body is between the segments of the thorax and abdomen, and also behind the upper joints of the legs, in such position their only means of attachment to their host is apparently by their mandibles. As many as a dozen or more of these mites may be found upon a single insect. These little mites render good service in 90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | checking the spread of locusts, as almost every locust upon which one is found appears to be feeble and sickly. Another species, Celaenopsis latus, attacks the larva of Passalus cornutus, and still others, attacking garden pests are found on the larva of Lachnosterna. Attacking fruit tree pests may be mentioned Hem- isarcoptes malus on San José Scale and Oyster Shell Bark Louse; Rhyncholophus _ sp. feeding on San José and New York Plum scale; Cheyletes pyriformis on the larva of the Codling Moth. On forest tree insects we have a species destroying the Cottony Maple Scale and another species attacking the Maple Plant Louse. On household pests we have Histiostoma muscarum parasitic on the house-fly and other species on mosquitoes. The mites themselves are largely kept in check by predaceous and parasitic species belonging to this group. Sejus macrophylus, found in the Aspen Eriophyes gall, and Gamasid species attacking Pear Leaf Blister mite. Here we might also mention that a large number of the aquatic insects are parasitized by Hydrachnids (water mites). Besides the species found prey- ing upon insects there are a large number which attach themselves to the body of the insect without causing any apparent harm or annoyance. Examples of these are the following: Uropoda sp. on Rough Osmoderma, Cerambycids, Skin Beetles, Tumble Bugs, Darkling Beetles, etc.; and Macrocheles sp. on Carrion beetles, Silpha, and Horned Passalus. As PARASITES OF WATER INSECTS. The water beetles and bugs are mostly parasitized by a species Hydrachna belostomae which attaches itself to the ventral surface of the Electric Light bug. As PARASITES AND GuxEsts oF MOLLUSKS. A number of species of water mites have been collected from the gills and attached to the bodies of bivalves but the identification of these have not yet been completed. As SCAVENGERS. As a means of elimination of waste materials, there is probably no more effective agent than the mites. There is no kind of filth or decaying matter which is not relished by some species or other of the Acarids. In manure, sewerage, decaying vegetable matter, decaying animal matter and all forms of dirt, mites are to be found actively engaged. Or Manure. Samples of nearly all kinds of manure were used in the mite machine, and in almost every case mites were obtained. Histiostoma valida is a common example in horse manure. Or DecayiNG VEGETABLE Matter. Decaying potatoes, mangels, turnips, parsnips, carrots, koh] rabi, corn stubble, cabbage, lettuce, decaying leaves, humus in the soil, sawdust, rotten stumps, fleshy fungi were all found to be hastened through the stages of decomposition by these busy creatures. Or Decaying ANIMAL Marrer. Almost every particle of thrown-off material from the animal body such as epidermal scales of birds and mammals, moulted skins of insects, are readily consumed by some species of these scavengers. Bone, horn, flesh and hair are also their foods, and it is next to impossible to find a single bit of any of these substances without finding along with it certain kinds of mites. Or MineraL Marrer. Mites were found upon rock and stone in all cases ~ of weathering, in every little crevice where the wearings from the rock had lodged. — ra — wa 3 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91 _ Again, specimens were found even in the solid rock, where, without any apparent means of sustenance, these active little/creatures seemed to thrive. An example of this species is Scutovertex petrophagus, found at Trahanic Falls near Ithaca, N.Y. BusH AND Fruit TREE PEsTs. In Canada and other countries mites that attack bush and fruit trees are among the more serious pests of the fruit growers. In Canada they are found on the apple, plum, pear, etc., and in tropical countries they are very destructive to citrous fruit trees. Examples attacking the apple tree are the Pear Leaf Blister mite, Hriophyes pyrt, which is widely distributed throughout most of the apple growing region. They form red blister-like spots about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, which turn brown in late summer, the tissues becoming hard and corky. Three or four other species belonging to the genus Hriophyes have not such economic importance. The same species found on the apple are found attacking the pear and other trees belonging to the genus Pyrus. Another injurious species attacking the plum tree in the Niagara district is the Plum Twig Gall mite, Hriophyes phleocoptes. It is an European species which has been imported into this country within recent years. The mites form small sub- spherical galls in clusters at the base of the buds. Pocket-like galls belonging to the genus Eriophyes are found on the leaves of the cherry, plum, and grape. Two species of red spider, Tetranychus telarius and Bryobia pratensis, are found on the under side of the leaves of the plum, pear and apple, and when in large num- bers, as they usually are in dry seasons, they do a considerable amount of injury to the common fruit trees. One species confines its ravages to the secretions on the surface of the apple. The red spider is also found on the raspberry. On currant bushes in England a species known as the Black Currant Gall mite, Hrio- phyes ribis, has long been known to horticulturists in that country, and as it is spreading rapidly in England and other countries, its presence here may be expected any day. In shape this particular species is easily recognized by the distinct globular or swollen-like appearance of the buds. When the buds are badly attacked they never open into leaf, but for a time they retain their green colour, later becoming brownish, dry, gall-like bodies, more or less open at the apex. Another species of considerable economic importance in the tropics is Hrio-° phyes oleivorus, the rust mite of the orange and the silver mite of the lemon. It occurs in California and lives on both leaves and fruit. On the foliage the mite causes the leaves to become curled and to lose their gloss. On the fruit of the orange the mite produces a hardening of the rind, which becomes brownish in colour. The infested orange, although injured in appearance, is better able to stand long shipment and is more juicy than the clean fruit. Upon the lemon the mites cause the rind to become silvered, the fruit is better for shipment but the rind is injured for commercial purposes. As PEsts OF FARM AND GARDEN CROPS. As enemies to the growing grain and also to stacked roots such as turnips, carrots, mangels, potatoes, and even ensilage, mites are considerably destructive. Yet they are not responsible for so much damage as they are often credited with. In the field the Clover mite, Brycbia pratensis, is of most, importance, attacking clover and other leguminous crops. Another species is found on Timothy and causes distortion of the inflorescence. In the root cellars there are hosts of Species too numerous to mention, some parasitic, some saprophytic, and a few finding it a favourite place to live, but doing no harm. 92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 As PESTS OF VEGETABLE CROPS. Only a few species have been found, but the enormous numbers of individuals make up for the fewness of the species. Myriads of Tetranychids are found feed- ing on the leaves, and the Tyroglyphids are everywhere present on the stored roots. Tetranychus telarius is the most common species on the outside crop, and Tyro- glyphus longior and Gamasids are most troublesome inside. As Pests or SHADE TREES AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS AND HERBS. Scarcely a tree or shrub escapes the attacks of one or more of these species. Some indeed, such as the maples, have as many as twenty-five or more species, feeding and absorbing nourishment from the leaves, twigs, bark, stem and roots. Most of the injuries of the trees are due to species of the Eriophyide, but in case of the shrubs and herbs the Tetranychids do most damage. The type of injury | on the trees takes the form of galls. These are beautiful structures and at certain seasons of the year where they are not too abundant, appear more ornamental than destructive. As examples of these might be mentioned the Top Gall of the Soft Maple, the Pocket Gall of the Basswood, the Frost Gall (Erineum) of the Maple and Beech. On the shrubs we find the Tetranychus species again in evidence—the Privet, Garden Bell, Lilac, Spirea, Roses and Dogwoods. Among the ornamental herbs that suffer most from the attacks of Tetranychids are the perennial Phlox, Petunias, Nasturtium and Malva. As Pests or Forest TREES. The Ontario forest flora affords suitable hosts for over fifty species of gall-making mites. A few of the more important ones have been discussed under Shade Tree Pests, but a large number of the species are not met with except on forest trees. These variously shaped galls are found on the flowers, fruits, leaves, twigs, and stems of such trees as the Elms, Poplars, Willows, Oaks, Chest- nuts, Hawthorns, Maples, Lindens, etc. They not only do injury to the develop- ment of the tree but cause unsightly vegetable deformities sometimes literally covering the tree. The Witches Broom of the Hackberry, Willow, etc., is also the result of the work of these mites. Much difficulty is experienced in treating the trees for these pests as they are protected by the tissue of the gall which forms around them. The lime-sulphur wash which is found most effective for the Pear- Leaf Blister mite is about the best remedy where it is practicable to spray. Red Spiders of the Tetranychus genus almost equal the Eriophyes in abundance on forest trees. Only a few species have been determined but the excessive numbers of these species which are found make up for the fewness of the species. When closer study is made of this genus, it is altogether likely that a far larger number of species will be discovered. Tetranychus spinosa, which is found on the Linden on the upper side of the leaves is often sufficiently abundant to consume the whole of the chlorophyll, changing the appéarance of the tree from green to yellow in midsummer. T'etranychus bicolor produces the same effect on leaves of Oaks and Hawthorns as 7’. spinosa does to the Linden. T. telarius,is also found on the leaves ~ of many forest trees. As GREENHOUSE PESTS. The florist is only too familiar with the work of the Red Spider and the Bulb mite, which are invariably present in large numbers attacking most of his flower- — lh wore 1910 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 ing plants. Two species of Red Spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus and T. telarius, are the common species of the greenhouse of Ontario. They are found on such plants as primulas, chrysanthemums, carnations, cinerarias, tomatoes, etc. The bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, is responsible for an enormous amount of damage in hothouses. ‘They burrow into the healthy tissue, thereby giving a chance to the destructive soil bacteria to bring about decay. It is found on hyacinths, narcissus, orchids, and other bulbous plants. Affected bulbs should be burned as soon as the mite is discovered. 7’. pallidus is sometimes found on leaves of Chrysanthemum and Rhizoglyphus heteromorphus, which cause injury to the stems of carnations, are found in New York state. Other species are found on the pistil of Banana flowers in the tropical greenhouses, and on the leaves of Latania palm. As Pests oF FiLour MILts, Stores, Etc. Flour mills, grocery stores, drug stores, butcher shops, libraries, laundries, restaurants, confectioneries, seed stores, furriers and furniture stores all afford hospitality to a species or more of Acarid. The flour mites, Alewrobius farinae and Tyroglyphus longior are the chief pests of the flour mill, the grocery store, the seed store and confectionery store. The sugar mite, Carpoglyphus passularum is chiefly found on raw sugar. II.—CLASSIFICATION. The mites belong to the Phylum Arthropoda, to the class Arachnida and to the order Acarina. In a general way mites are readily identified by their one- piece or sac-like bodies, but a much greater difficulty is encountered when it comes to differentiate them from their allies, the spiders and scorpions. Scorpions have segmented bodies and spiders have a marked constriction between the cephalo- thorax and the abdomen, and when these characteristics are present they can be easily separated from the Acarids. They are mostly very small and some are even microscopic. It has been found that in the embryo eight legs are present, but at birth and during larval development. they have only six, and after moulting a few times develop a fourth pair. Exceptions are found in the large family, Eriophyide—the worm-like mites—where they have but two pairs throughout life. The legs are provided with hairs and spines, sometimes much modified, fitting them for special adaptations in life. In some groups organs are found on the anterior legs which are supposed to be sensory. The last joint of the leg is commonly terminated by from one to three claws. The mouth parts take the form of a truncate cone or beak, and in some families it is partially or completely reversible. The mandibles and palpi are of various types and peculiarly modified according to the habits of the mite. In some families there is a lingula or tongue which is usually not visible except by careful examination, but in the Ixodidae it is large and roughened with sharp teeth. On the cephalothorax there are usually one or more pairs of simple eyes which are sometimes elevated on short pedicels. The reproductive organs open on the ventral surface of the abdomen, and in this respect they are like their relatives, the Arachnids. 94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 FAMILY EUPODIDAE. Only three species have been found in Ontario. In chopped grain, under bark of wood and under boards are the principal habitats of this family. They are predaceous, soft-bodied, small mites with very long legs, and mandibles cheylate like their relatives, the Cheyletide. In many respects they are primitive in that they possess characters similar to those of the spiders. Eupodes variabilis. Found abundant on barley seed in experimental grain cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Eupodes sp. Found under bark of Ironwood associated with other sp. of mites. T. D. J., Guelph. Linopodes attenuipes.Bks. Found under boards on College campus. T. D. J., Guelph. FaMIty BDELLID. There are also three species of this family found in Ontario. Under bark of balsam, crabapple, soft maple, apple, hard maple, in mangel seed, cavities of stone and in ground spelt in Experimental grain cellar, are some of the places inhabited by this family. They are closely related to the Eupodide and Chey- letide in that they are predaceous with cheylate mouth parts and cephalothorax partially distinct from the abdomen. They are red in colour with long, slender legs and a well developed beak or rostrum. Bdella cardinalis, Banks. Under bark of Balsam, Abies balsam, Crabapple, Soft Maple, Pyrus sp. In cavities in stone. T. D. J., Guelph. Bdella tenella, Banks. Under bark of Hard Maple. In Mangel seed in the Experimental grain cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Bdella sp. Found in ground Spelt in Experimental grain cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. FAMILY CHEYLETID. This family is more or less largely represented in the Ontario fauna, contain- ing eight species, some parasitic and predaceous upon birds, rodents, and insects. Other predaceous species may be found almost anywhere in search of mites and other insects. They are characterized by having very large palpi and are dis- tinguished from the previous families by the absence of the demarcation between the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Myobia caudata, Banks. Abundant on little brown bat. T. D. J., Guelph. Myobia muscult, Derges. Found in abundance very closely attached to the hairs of the house mouse. T. D. J., Guelph. Cheyletes pyriformis, Banks. Found on larve of Codling Moth in winter nest. T. D. J., Guelph. Cheyletes longipes, Banks. Several specimens found in gelatin culture in Bacteriological laboratory., T. D. J., Guelph. .Cheyletes clavispinus, Banks. Several specimens were taken under bark of iiae. t. DD. J., Guelph: Cheyletes ferox. In hay, Ontario Agricultural College Barns. Mangel seed, Experimental office. Grain in grain cellar. Barley seed, O. A. C. barn. Ground Spelt, Experimental Department. Cheyletielle Canadensis, Banks. Found on Bluebird, Sialia sialis. T. D. J., Guelph. Sorergates sp. Parasite on house and field mouse in cavities or little cells just beneath the skin. J. B. T., Ottawa. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAR. Five species of this family have been found in Ontario up to the present time. These are distinguished from the three preceding families by being fitted for existence entirely on vegetable matter. Trees, shrubs, and herbs are usually infested with one or more species of this famiiy. Both sides of the leaves are attacked by mites of this family, probably the under side being their most, favourite resort. Greenhouse plants as well as outdoor plants are subject to their attacks. Several species are capable of spinning a silken thread and weaving a home, and from this habit are called spinning mites. The commoner species are red in colour and from this they get the name of “red spiders.” Other species are found in green, brown, and mottled colours. They all have one or two conspicuous ocelli dn the cephalo- thorax and the body and legs usually have a few long scattered hairs. Fig. 22. Tetranychus telarius— Fic. 23. Trombidium irritaus “Red Spider.” —Harvest-mite. Tetranychus telarws, L. (Fig. 22). Found under bark of Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), Crabapple (Pyrus sp.). Cultivated Alder (Alnus glutin- osa). T. D. J., Guelph. Tetranychus bicolor. Feeding on upper side of leaf of Hawthorn (Crategus) and Burr Oak (Quercus macrocarpe). T. D. J., Guelph. Tetranychus spinosa. On leaves of Basswood (Tilia americana). T. D. J., Guelph. Bryobia pratensis. In houses. On window pane of Experimental basement, Ontario Agricultural College. On clover and plum. T. D. J., Guelph. Tetranychus bimaculatus. In greenhouse. T. D. J., Guelph. FaMILty RHYNCHOLOPHID. Four species occur in Ontario, all belonging to the genus Rhyncholophus. They are of much economic importance since most of our species are predaceous on scale insects. Most of our species are red in colour and possess very long legs. Rhyncholophus pilosus. Feeding on eggs of Ichneumon; a parasite on Cecropia moth; found at base of old stump in woods; on apple tree feeding on Canker worm; on large black willow and other trees running over leaves in search of insects. T. D. J., Guelph. 96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 a manana Ina Rhyncholophus parvus, Banks. Under leaves in woods. T. D. J., Guelph. Rhyncholophus sp. Feeding on San José Scale. T. D. J., Guelph. Rhyncholophus sp. Feeding on New York Plum scale. T. D. J., Guelph. FAMILY TROMBIDIIDAE. Although only three species have been studied, one of them, Microtrombidum locustarum, is of great importance, as it is parasitic upon the eggs and adults of locusts. The “Harvest, mites,” as they are popularly called, are recognized by Fic. 24. Trombidium locustarum.—(a) mature larva, when about to leave the wing of a locust; (6) pupa; (c) male adult fresh from the pupa; (d) female—the natural sizes are indicated by the short lines on the right; (e) palpal claw and thumb; (/) pedal claws; (g) a barbed hair ; (A) the striations on larval skin (after Riley). «FIG. 26. Dermanysus Fic. 25. Trombidium locustarum.—(a) female with her batch has of eggs; (6) newly-hatched larva—natural size shown by 1 & the dot in a circleon the right; (c) egg; (d, e) empty, egg-shells (after Riley). the body being divided into two parts, the anterior the smaller and the posterior the larger. (Fig. 23). They are always red in colour and most of them quite large. The body is covered with a compact mass of bristles or branched hairs which gives them a velvet-like appearance. Trombidium sericeum, Say. On decayed log; cedar moss. T. D. J., Guelph. Microtrombidium locustarum, Say. (Figs. 24 and 25). Parasitic on several species of locust in all parts of Ontario. T. D. J., Guelph. Trombidium sp. On eggs of Forest Tent Caterpillar. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 FAMILY HyDRACHNIDAE. Many species belonging to this family have been obtained by means of the aquatic mite trap, but so far only two species have been identified. They are closely related to the Trombidiide, but are distinguished from them by means of their flattened and hairy legs and other adaptations for their aquatic existence. The young of this family are usually parasitic on water bugs and beetles, but the adults, as a rule, live free in the water. Hydrachna belostomae, Rie. Attached to ventral surface of electric light bug. iD. J., Guelph. Hydrachna sp. Gills of Fresh Water Mussel. T. D. J., Guelph. FaMILty | XoDIDA. Five species of this family have been found in Ontario. They are the largest of the mites and most familiar to ordinary people. The body is covered by a tough leathery skin, which in the female when filled with eggs is shown to be quite elastic by its great distension. They are usually known as ticks and are frequently parasitic upon birds, reptiles, turtles and mammals. Their chief importance is that they are transmitters of disease of man and domestic animals. Ixodes Marzi, Banks. On Red Squirrel. T. D. J., Guelph. Ixodes Cooki, Pack. On Groundhog. T. D. J., Guelph. Boophilus bovis, Riley. On imported cattle. T. D. J., Guelph. Dermacentor variabilis, Say. Dog tick. T. D. J., Guelph. Dermacentor albipictus, Pack. Taken from moose. T. D. J., Northern Ont. FAMILY GAMASOIDA. Over thirty species are included in the Ontario fauna. Their habitat is of the most varied character of all the Acarids, some parasitic, some predaceous, some vegetarians, and some scavengers. The anatomy of this family is also very much varied. Some have a hard cariaceous integument, others again are quite soft bodied. Their legs are short and usually flat and broad. Gamasus attenuipes, Banks. Feeding on turnip in Ontario Agricultural Col- lege root cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus posticatus, Banks. Under decaying maple leaves in College wood lot. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. Abundant in Ontario Agricultural College herbarium on pressed specimens of Pear-leaf Blister-mite. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. On decaying squash in Ontario Agricultural College garden. i. D. J., Guelph: Gamasus sp. Under decaying tree in Ontario Agricultural College wood lot. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. Abundant on fruiting bodies of Brown Rot of Cherry (Sclero- tinia fructigena). T. D. J., Grimsby, Ont. Gamasus sp. Under decaying hard maple leaves in Ontario Agricultural College wood lot. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. In gall of Eriophyes on Aspen. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. In horse manure at Ontario Agricultural College. T. D. J., Guelph. 5 E.S. 98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Gamasus sp. On sugar beet in Ontario Agricultural College root cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Gemasus sp. Common or Red Squirrel, Ontario Agricultural ‘College. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. Under New York Plum Lecanium on Elm, Ontario Agricul- tural College. IT. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. In Pine cone. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. Abundant on body of Leopard Frog. T. D. J., Guelph. Gamasus sp. On stored celery in College cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Lelaps pedalis, Banks. On Chipmunk, Ontario Agricultural College. T.D.J., Guelph. Lelaps multispinosus, Banks. Very abundant on Muskrat, Ontario Agricul- tural College. T. D. J., Guelph. Liponyssus Canadensis, Banks. On English sparrow; Meadow Lark; King- bird; Wood Pewee; White Bellied Nuthatch; Red-eyed Vireo. T. D. J., Guelph. Lelaps longisita, Banks. Carrion beetle, Ontario Agricultural College. T. D. J., Guelph. Lelaps propheticus, Banks. Groundhog, Ontario Agricultural College. T. D. J., Guelph. Sejus macrophilus, Banks. Predaceous; found in gall of genus Eriophyes of Large-toothed Aspen. T. D. J., Guelph. Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi. Abundant on domestic fowl. Guelph and all through the province. T. D. J., Guelph. Dermanyssus avium (Fig. 26). Domesticated caged birds. T. D. J., Guelph. Celenopsis latus. Attached to beetle (Passalus cornutus). T. D. J., Guelph. Inponyssus sp. On Star-nosed Mole. T. D. J., Guelph. Caelaenopsis pedalis, Banks. Attached to larve of Spotted Pelidnota. T. D. J., Guelph. Uropoda sp. On mangel seed in Experimental basement. T. D. J., Guelph. Uropoda sp. On leaves of Rananculus acris. T. D. J., Guelph. Uropoda sp. On Rough Osmoderma; Long-horned Borer; Skin Beetle; Horned passalus; Tumble Bug; Tenebrio. T. D. J., Guelph. Macrocheles sp. On Horned passalus; Carrion beetle; Large Silpha. T. D. J., Guelph. Lelaps sp. On Mangel in Ontario Agricultural College root cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Liponyssus sp. Attacking dipterous larva feeding on samara of Silver Maple. T. D. J., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Lelaps sp. On White-bellied Nuthatch. T. D. J., O.A.C., Guelph. Dermanyssus sp. Abundant on Screech Owl. T. D. J., Guelph. FAMILY ORIBATIDA. This family is also well represented in our fauna, containing about twenty-four species. They are often called Beetle mites on account of their horny-like integu- ment which in appearance is like the elytra of the Coleoptera. The food of the Oribatide is mostly of a vegetable nature, but some species are found on decay- ing. matter and others again on the eggs of scale insects. Their habitat varies yery considerably. Some are found under the bark of trees, others on stacked roots, in cavities of stones, on gall tissue, under boards, on decaying leaves, in moss I i ne : ’ 1910 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 and various other places. They can easily be recognized by a bristle arising from -a small indentation on the posterior corners of the cephalothorax, and abdomen is well marked. The mouth parts are obscure and the palpi very small. An interest- ing thing about this family is the manner in which some of the nymphs collect and carry moulted skins, dirt, moss, etc., on their backs. The shapes and appendages of this family are strikingly peculiar in many species. Galumna emarginata, Banks. In cavities in stone. T. D. J., Guelph. Galumna moesta, Banks. Cavities in stone. On mangels in root cellar, 0.A.C. Turnip in root cellar, O.A.C. T. D. J., Guelph. Nothrus excisus Banks. Under bark of Austria Pine and Norway Spruce T. D. J., 0.A.C., Guelph. Oribatella pallida, Banks. Under bark of Hard Maple, Norway Spruce, Apple, Crab Apple. T. D. J., Guelph. Hoploderma granulata, Banks. Harrington, Ottawa. Oribatella formosa, Banks. Under bark of Catalpa, Norway Spruce, Lom- bardy Poplar, Mountain Ash. T. D. J., Guelph. Eremaeus pilosus, Banks. Under bark of Catalpa, Buckthorn, Balsam, Cut- leaved Alder, Austria Pine, Mountain Ash. T. D. J., Guelph. Galumna affinis, Banks. Under board on College campus. T. D. J., Guelph. Galumna: depressa, Banks. On turnip and mangel, in O.A.C. root cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata depressa, Banks. On mangel in O.A.C. root cellar. T. D. J., Guelph. Galumna hirsuta, Banks. Under bark of walnut. T. D. J., Guelph. Galumna sp. Under Lecanium scale. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata sp. In cavities in stone. T. D. J., Guelph. Nothrus sp. Under bark of Soft Maple. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata sp. On large fungus gall of grape. T. D. J., Niagara Falls. Pelops terminalis. Under bark of Ironwood. T. D. J., Guelph. Notaspis Burrowski, Nuch. Western Ontario. T. D. J. Notaspis Canadensis, Banks. W. H. Harringtoy, Ottawa. Galumna sylvicola. Among fallen leaves in the forest. T. D. J., Guelph. Liacarus panulus. From moss on a stump. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata Canadensis. Under bark of Ironwood. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata perolota. In corn stubble. T. D. J., Guelph. Oribata neosota. From decayed leaves. T. D. J., Guelph. Cymberemaeus parvula. Under bark of Ironwood. T. D. J., Guelph. FAMILY TYROGLYPHID®. We have found ten species in our fauna. They are great destroyers of pro- perty, for, although very minute in size, their enormous numbers make up for their minuteness. The list of species tabulated below will give some idea of the varied habits and habitat of this family. The hypopol stage is a resting one, and at this period in their life history they often attach themselves to other animals, but as the mites do no feeding at this time they cannot be called true parasites. In this stage their chief object is to migrate to new feeding grounds. They are usually pale coloured or slightly tinted with pink, with soft bodies and prominent cheylate mandibles. There are no eyes and no special breathing organs. Tyroglyphus longior, Germans. In all parts of houses. On cheese in cheese factories, barley seed, whole wheat, turnip and mangel in 0.A.C. root cellar; bulb of Gladiolus; under Oyster-shell scale. T. D. J., Guelph. 100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tyroglyphus siro, Linnaeus. (Fig. 27.) On cheese in cheese factories in various parts of the Province. Smoked hams. T. D. J. Tyroglyphus Americanus, Banks. In test tube of Bacteriological laboratory. In jar of raspberry jam. T. D. J., Guelph. Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, Bos. Bulb of Gladiolus, common Daffodil. T. D. J., Guelph. Rhizoglyphus rhizoglyphus, Banks. On hay, 0.A.C. barn; decaying potatoes and parsnips, decaying heart of celery. T. D. J., Guelph. Rhizoglyphus phylloxere, Riley. (Fig. 28.) On turnip in root cellar, Guelph; on decaying heart of celery, Guelph; on roots of grape, London. T. D. J., Guelph. Carpoglyphus passularum, Hr. On raw sugar from store in Guelph; on smoked ham in pork packing house. TT. D. J., Guelph. Histiostoma muscarum. Attached to housefly. T. D. J., Guelph. Histiostoma valida, Banks. In horse manure, Guelph. T. D. J., Guelph. Aleurobwus farinae. Fairly common in flour in flour mills. T. D. J., Guelph. asl ty FiG. 27. Tyroglyphus : siro—Cheese mite. Fic. 28 Rhizoglyphus phylloxere. FAMILY CANESTRINIDAs. Only one species so far found in Ontario.. It, however, is of much economic importance, as it is predaceous upon the San José Scale. They are small, short- legged mites, closely related to the Sarcoptide and also apparently to the Tyroglyphide. Hemisarcoptes malus, Sch. San José Scale, St. Catharines. T. D. ihe FAMILy ANALGESID. Forty-three species have been taken in this Province. They inhabit the feathers of birds and apparently do little or no injury to the host. They are extremely small and found in great abundance on the feathers of the wings and other parts of the bird. W. R. Thompson, B.S.A., of the Gypsy Moth Laboratory of Boston, has made a special study of the anatomy and characteristics of this family in Ontario, using the collection of the writer. In this connection I wish to emphasize the patient and painstaking work of Mr. Thompson on this family, while a pupil of the Zoological Department of this College. A full list of these species will be published in the annual report of this Society for 1910. 1910 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 FAMILY LISTROPHORIDAL. These are closely related to the bird mites and live upon mammals. Our species was found on the muskrat. They also are small, soft-bodied mites, with short legs terminating in a sucker. Similar to the bird mites they feed upon the hairs of the small mammals. Listrophorus validus, Banks. Taken from muskrat. T. D. J., Guelph. FAMILY SARCOPTIDAE. These are the itch mites of man and domestic animals, birds, ete. They, in’ some cases, burrow within the skin and thereby produce intense itching, and in many cases a diseased condition of the host, commonly known as scabies or mange. The mites are very small, white and semi-globular in shape. Several species of this family have been found in Ontario. : Sarcoptes scabies, Itch mite. (Figs. 29 and 30.) Host, horses. Ontario, T. D. J., Guelph. Fic. 30. Tunnel of Female Itch Mite beneath the skin—adult FIG. 29. Male Itch Mite. at left end, eggs throughout the tunnel. Chorioptes symbiotes, var. equi, Verheyen. On legs of horses. T. D. J.. Guelph. Chorioptes symbiotes, var. bovis. On catile. T. D. J., Guelph. Psoroptes commumnts, Furst. On sheep. Manitoulin Island. T. D. J. FAMILY ERIOPHYIDAE. This is a family of microscopic mites, which are quite curious and unusual in structure. They have only two pairs of legs and the abdomen is long and striated. These striations, which differ in the different species and differ in number on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, are of considerable importance in the classification. The galls produced vary in form, but are always open or provided with an opening through which the mites pass in and out. They are generally lined with minute hairs (trichomes), which may be simple or branched. The different types of Eriophyid galls are shown in figures 31 to 39. Sixty-six species occur in Ontario. a -y - LEE EEO Fig. 31. Erineum on leaf of beech; natural size and highly magnified. FIG. 32. Capsule Gall: Upper and lower surfaces ; interior and opening of capsule, highly magnified. [102] “ty 1910 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 Host—ALpeEr. Eriophyes sp. A white, frost-like erineum on under side of leaf in the axils of the veins. Trichomes dense, pellucid. (Fig. 31.) Alnus incana. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A small, red or green pubescent pocket gall on leaf. Alder Pocket Gall. (Fig. 34.) Alnus incana. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—AsH. Eriophyes fraxim (Garman). Small, irregular, smooth, more or less spherical capsule gall, protruding on both sides of the leaf. Ash Mite Gall. (Fig. 32.) ‘Fraxinus americana. T. D. J., Guelph. Hriophyes sp. Pinkish-white, elongated capsule galls on the veins of the leaf. Ventrally the galls appear as white, hairy projections following the veins. Ash Vein Gall. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A deformation of the terminal buds, their development arrested, producing a mass of small twisted leaf ends. Fraxinus americana. (Fig. 37.) T. D. J., Guelph. Fig. 33. Dimple Gall and section of interior Fig.'34. Pocket Gall: Upper surface of leaf ; greatly magnified. interjor of gall, much magnified. Eriophyes sp. Leaves dwarfed and distorted in a bundle. Resembles some- what Cecidomyia solidaginis. Ash Bunch Gall. Fraxinus americana. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. Small, irregular, more or less spherical capsule gall, protruding on both sides of leaf. Galls hairy. Fraxinus pubescens. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—Basswoop. Eriophyes abnormis, Garman. Balloon-shaped galls on the upper surface of the leaf. Apex of gall usually serrated. Basswood Balloon Gall. Tilia americana. i D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. Irregular, circular, dark reddish-brown spots 4-5 mm. in diameter, having in their centre very characteristic tufts of whitish hairs. Bass- wood Tufted Gall. Tilia americana. T. D. J., Guelph. FiG. 35. Pouch Gall on upper surface of leaf; interior of gall. much magnified. FiGc. 36. Leaf-margin Gall. FIG. 37. Leaf-distortion Gall, different stages. [104] 1910 ‘THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 Eriophyes sp. A white erineum or shallow dimple on underside of leaf, much like the Erineum on Acer negundo. ‘Tilia europea. TT. D. J., Guelph. Host—BeErEcH. Eriophyes sp. A frosty, white erineum in large patches on the under side of the leaf. Trichomes spherically capitate. Fagus americanus. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—BrircuH. Eriophyes sp. A bud deformation, crowded and irregular, often in bunches of large size. Birch Bud Gall. (Fig. 38.) Betula lutea. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A rosy-pink erineum in large patches on the upper side of the leaf. Betula lenta. T. D. J., Guelph. FIG. 38. Bud-like . Galls. Fic. 39. Serpentine Gall. Eriophyes sp. A yellowish-white to brownish erineum forming large patches between the ribs on the under side of the leaf. Betula papyrifera. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A transparently white, granular erineum on the surface of the leaves. Betula pumila. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A capsule gall, very small, yellow to brown. Paper Birch Cap- sule Gall. (Fig. 32.) Betula papyrifera. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A nodular pocket gall, occurring upon both faces of the leaf; yellowish, or reddish to purplish. Paper Birch Pocket Gall. Betula papyrifera. (Fig. 34.) TT. D. J., Guelph. Host—BuTronsusH. Eriophyes cephalanthe (Cook). Clusters of small dimples on the upper side of the leaf, 1 to 3 mm. high. Buttonwood Dimple Gall. Cephalanthus occidentalis. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—CuEsTNUT. Eriophyes sp. A small, capsule gall on the leaf, more or less spherical and 2-8 mm. in diameter. Chestnut Capsule Gall. Castanea sativa, var. americana. T. D. J., Guelph. 106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Host—EumM. Eriophyes ulmi (Garman). Small green to yellowish pocket-galls, more or less spherical, usually on the upper side of the leaves. Elm Pocket Gall. (Fig. 34.) Ulmus americana and U. racemosa. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. An erineum on the under side of the leaf; white at first, chang- ing to brown. Trichomes simple, tangled. Rock Elm Erineum Gall. Ulmus racemosa. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. A very large pouch-gall on the leaves, commencing as a cone or deep dimple. (Fig. 35.) Ulmus pubescens. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—GRAPE. simple. Wild Grape. T. D. J., Guelph. Eriophyes sp. Small, semi-circular or nearly circular capsules along the veins, about 2 mm. in diameter, and but slightly elevated on either surface. On upper surface paler than the leaf; below, with a white nipple surrounded by a furrow. Vitis cordifolia. T. D. J., Guelph. Host—HAwTHorn. Acarus crataeg. vermiculus. FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1910 (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty ubleyal ste Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS, 29-37 Richmond Street West, ‘TORONTO. To the Honourable John Morison Gibson, K.C., LL.D., etc., etc., ete. May 1T PLEASE YouR HONovR: The undersigned begs to present herewith, for the consideration of your Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1910. Respectfully submitted, JAMES 8. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1911. [3] CONTENTS. MM TTER TOR RAN SRLISSTON vate evecare dodesandh sta pasate lal isve teehee nsuatrenepeeMc ate tewance omer oieucioder Parents ORKICKRS MOR GLO10=1 Gil tre rete ow eivsencaghla ne mem etomes Aa Dict as ae ete RES RE ae CAINGADTAING MINMIBERS) ceyetsrarsteve cog vesstenclotat cine tonsa apeten suertensitencine cotevence eas may eusayeta elie tecevemerete lemme we DAGNIN UAT NUBE TING — 20. 5a. 0 oul ovete hal Si ciaieiai cle acer eumtaliel exe caitels e/a) Gomes ie eye a tee ae otonene ateks eiciewerereyeniene ARTELUR «GIBSON ves eco siecle By Je AS MORRIS An crescciaeitere Ge AE IGRBIND: as se sateus se ete te ReS Se EWANiTE RON: aciaeeei oars J R Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 1 Division No. 5 Division No. 2 6 3 7 - . Division No. Division No. 3 Division No. Insectsvotmthe Year in Ontario: 1) (CARSARY cia cudn ere cke vsae oh-pegisrrie yr tenarecereuaers The More Injurious Insects in Canada in 1910: C. Gorpon HEwiTT.......... INCE Coral ave) MaKe Itonoh (oye MOMNS We We Tan ShanccgaunudouduesSodoinduadosdsoo + RS OY Cle WNC UANEH oS eo ceSoosensGucbe oboe song deddoumanSt eur oossoagooo ssc First International Congress of Entomology: Ho oH. liyMAN 2--.2.-.-...--.-6- RepOLt vole they Momtrealy Branch ctor) rcrvererere-Weiejoieic chore erate eae ete tees acre < M4 TPorontow Bran Chl ws secicises jake ses ewes ewe eee rest oor eee +f ss UST) Orgs hgh 0 imi ore tei ees oon Per pas ian Nh Auer Tea rte ORT SOUR oteha25 din S Chih e210) cnet ERR TR panee a St eeruPa Tan PP PLA GMA oot ONS rears SIMS ht" se ed Delezatectoy the vRoyal Societys jac. eo aceocre ea see case nena ablven eos: rope dba ina Wenner elbkaR dle (Cr INGONEPAWE EG oonnaedconepnnos booed S MXN ite oLe Sp ECMMEMS! sa ccete.n sesedveed crouse ctote ence Plena tala eucwoh ucier ea ture Meer rte eer n-ne ter ane Beetlesstound about Holiaives Hy elie At MORRIS) eye cey ete net ats) ose) ck-iepencr tetas) auesmelts 9 Fe 2 ARS) LBS MMW 1a Gro OS Go atinlo sh SoEIRE HOG EA aoe OhSnU D Otc olocico uma cae 6 oto ¢ Mblavey 12yerine DWlevetsxou roel Oholeshei(e) atal s IMIS djs I JBlON aN Soe so basonccononacceanc0o Ain J8lopgeaebisin IM ceca(oae VAS AMS AWGN Soloed odcucccogeUboudsDDdouddo7 The Migration of some Native Locusts: NoRMAN CRIDDLE .................... . SSB S SVWilis EAI Sicms-nceetec tener 2» Cy. RRERERNE:. os hobo eeing: . On the Practical Importance of the Study of Parasitic Insects: C. GorpoN HEWITT TMhenGoccidaccot Canadas. i. IDs sARVIS) ska cre cicnsteiotciictemonecereps averera eerste aera neem eta INrART WIGS Ore Opes WD JWI sooosonedcoccdubcdsshonnogopetomouoce$ Someninsects vohe tlie lar. Cle rive ui vWeATLINIENe stteweetsrslice ca teefinte es eee eer erele ine nenoneielte Insect eNotesetrom Ste Ames Jin) Wile OVZAuNIEY s seyeecvey step pewenett ey tencletcnel-aelcastcretelst-tetnamte Basswood or Linden Insects, IV: ArrHur GIBSON 3...........0-:0c0-0-+5-s- The. Hntomological Record, 191037 ARpEoR (GIBSON “Seca eiie- <1 ool aoe selenite ICTNUAN CLAL Ceo DATE MERON DY arc olen oreveeucce ove ravale dylan aie eucie lene versvelelentdavebslorctacstors sesteneenencaeleneneRototeks UINDEX « c) co ishrevaicree) sueyevers aienexevars Sistas tare cole auevacsra rene epolaltevereYoreravexcusle tate lexeuslioneyistete ate 21 dee a eea ate temas [4] 62 FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Entomological Society of Ontario 1910 To the Honourable James S. Duff, Mimster of Agriculture. Str,—I have the honour to present herewith the Forty-first Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The Forty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 38rd and 4th, 1910. The proceedings are given in full in the following pages, and include the reports of the various officers and branches of the Society, together with the addresses delivered and the audited financial statement of the Treasurer. The “ Canadian Entomologist,” the Society’s monthly journal, has been issued regularly during the past year, and has now completed its forty-second volume. It continues to maintain the wide circulation and high scientific value which have characterized it in the past. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, EpmMunp M. WALKER, Editor. Biological Department, University of Toronto. [5] Proresson TENNYSON D. Jarvis, B.S.A. (Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph). President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1908-1910, [6] PitaTE A.—1. Work of Lesser Apple Worm. Note the large area injured. 2. Feeding punctures of Plum Curculio made by the new beetles in autumn. 3. Cherry Fruit Flies. (Natural size.) 4. Opened Cherry showing maggot about full-grown inside. (See pages 21 and 24.) [7] PLate B.—5. Sweet Cherry tree on the left almost completely defoliated by the Slug; tree on the right only slightly injured. 6. Galls on White Spruce caused by Chermes similis. 7. Galls on Norway Spruce caused by Chermes abietis. (See pages 24 and 26.) [8] a ch ree? cA Entomological Society of Ontario. OFFICERS FOR 1910-1911. President—Dr. Eputunp M. WALKER, Lecturer in Zoology, University of Toronto. * Vice-President—Dkr. C. Gorpon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Secretary-Treasurer.—Mkr. J. EATON Howitt, M.S.A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—Mr. Lawson Carsar, B.A., B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology and Plant Dis- eases, O. A. College. Librarian—Rey. C. J. S. BetHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College. Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Dept. of Entomology, Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Mr. A. Cosrns, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. Nasu, Hast Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Trinity College School, Port Hope; Division No. 6, Mr. R. S. HAmitton, Collegiate Institute, Galt; Division No. 7, Mr. R. C. TReHERNE, Grimsby. Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society).—Proressorn WM. SAUNDERS, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, Ottawa; Rey. C. J. S. BetHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacur Harrineton, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; ProFessor JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Henry H. LYMAN, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. THomas W. Fytss, D.C.L., F.L.S., Hull, P.Q.; PROFESSOR WM. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, P.Q.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Prorrssor TENNYSON D. JARVIS, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist ’—Dr. E. M. Waker, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—Proressor J. M. Swaine, Macdonald College, P.Q. Auditors—Proressors 8S. B. McCreapy and J. W. Crow, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Grobe liee wc oe wits sale Ottawa. GummensrAc ei ciee ce cvs es Toronto. PaOeES WT ALR. ose s Toronto. Hahn Paulie ac cee: ss peradee, MR. wk cee eee Meaford. aio ten DME. vicleicie cc sieiele Sudbury. Baker, A. C., O.A.C. .....Guelph. Hamilton Rew Se. aa cesctee. Galt. ipaer, A. W., O.A.C. 5.... ee arrinetoms Weebl- pce Ottawa. 0 DES 18 16 2 ee London. Jekenainiy ID rey (Oe (6 inpeiciciics sh RMOWIRA 0s. (Els. oe cee ss co Howitt, J. E., O.A.C. .....Guelph. ESPACIO MISS) 05 oi. sieve ee Toronto. TW Dee ciate ssid e sla eye ea Englehart. Buchanan, Dr. G. C. ..... Beamsville. IHOAbey Afolbay He anon ceodre - Hamilton. Caesar, Lawson, O.A.C. ..Guelph. LEGA 7G NY a a is ae Toronto. GS Se ee London. Jarvis, Prof. T. D., O.A.C.. Guelph. RESETS A ie 6a Pelee Toronto. MOUNS OM Gesu Vere sie «cue ete - Meaford. Dearness, Prof. J. ...... London. Johnston, James-......... Hamilton. Dunlop; James....00...08 Woodstock. SOMES: Dr OFAC ee cicieis lee Guelph. Eastham, J. W., O.A.C. ..Guelph. Kallman; pAL El oie settee es Ridgeway. | SEEDS: oc Joti) D ani area ee . Trenton. King, Vernon, O.A.C. ....Guelph. BOD ATUNUT 0.5.5. cies wie Ottawa. Wain oer hes ciate coc od ce: 5%s Toronto. rant. ©... seeders Orillia. McCready, Prof.S.B., 0.A.C. Guelph. 2 ES. [9] 10 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36° CANADIAN MEMBERS.—Continued. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO—Continued. VERN re Asie! sisie et eie s tue titel etele Toronto. Montizambert, HE. ...... ac IMIOTUGHG eo Aone oie sicceay stereo London. IMOE GIS HAS, arsiertaciitele - Port Hope. IMIIITITO; GINIES) Sor. arsvelelial serete Toronto. INAS MC HOV Eticlete elateisic aielevele 3 Pettit, Morley, O.A.C. ....Guelph. SAM EMS, 1Ge Hii scierewiere/sucisiers Ottawa. Ge nba (rue 1 Resa = pews acre Toronto. SAUMGeTS; Weis. cee «cise London. Silcox; SIONeY > jas «os ee Stratford. Sadie weA PENI Yee cietare iene Toronto. TMreherne, ‘RR. C.... . sce e's Grimsby. Walker, Dr. E. M. ....... Toronto. Watson, Dr. A. H. R. ....Port Hope. SVVEIEC. WIC untcrssetererevaeters Snelgrove. Wai h oc sit lead 304 Siete Toronto. WOOD Say Ik a cisiereisieraele: a SVIOUUINS HC, EAEY clon: olohenenat snatle Ottawa. Zavitz, E. J., O.A.C. ......Guelph. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. BAT WAG Keg Hs Cn cei ese ace isiacs. he Montreal. Begin, Rev. Abbe, P.A. ..Sherbrooke BiG Kell MIMASS Hiss cs cratisic ete « Quebec. OUIEOM AG Ete nVEs | os elarsters Fe Brainerd, Dwight’... .. 2... Montreal. Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun. Camppell Ie iGals ae ..d.e aes Magog. Chagnon, Gustave ....... Montreal. Cutler, G. H. Darline GEM. Te caste ce Montreal. DElISIORIA NMG eet. clastes eke f 1D 211000) 250) O Rane RRS es eae “3 ID bho Voyo (Cie OFM Retain, Acme HOSDETIVAE Ores ele cccle eo teelele bY TEMA SKI YW ee nd ee Hull. Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. .... Gerthy WGe) ea ebooks .. Montreal. Gibpsaaehtlan< | o:3 Seno as ie CHERRY Fruit Fry (Rhagoletis cingulata), Plate A, Figs. 3 and 4. When — the sour cherries were ripening I paid a visit to an orchard near Homer village, where it was said some grub, evidently not that of the Plum Curculio, was to be found in the cherries. As was suspected, the culprit proved to be the Cherry Fruit Fly. Many adults, chiefly males, were seen on the leaves and fruit, and not a few of them were captured with comparative ease. On examining the ripe fruit, mag- gots, very like those of the Railroad Worm, were found inside, some of them nearly or quite full grown. A few wormy cherries were brought back and put in a breed- ing cage. On examination of the soil in the autumn eight puparia were found about one inch below the surface. No experiments on control have been tried vet, but evidently care should be taken to gather all the fruit, so that none of it may fall to the ground and give the larve a chance to escape into the soil. All wild cherry trees in the neighbourhood should be cut down and burned, as these doubt- less serve as breeding quarters. Discing the orchard and allowing chickens to run in it should be very helpful. Prof. Pettit, of Michigan, tells me that in that State the pest seems to disappear almost entirely from time to time. This is encourag- ing news, if it be true of Ontario as well as of Michigan. Mr. CarEsar: Does anyone know of any other district where this pest occurs? Mr. Swatne: I have not heard of it down our way. Mr. Howitt: It is in New York State, especially on cherries which have gone wild on the roadsides. Fruit BARK-BEETLES (Eccoptogaster rugulosus and Phleotribus liminaris). These troublesome little beetles are not nearly so abundant as they were a few years ago. This apparently is to be attributed chiefly to the numerous parasites which are found to be attacking them. There are clearly two broods of FE. rugulosus, the adults of the first appearing about the middle of June, and of the later brood about the middle of August. his species is much more common than P. liminaris. ct 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2 _ Mr. Jones has discovered that #. rugulosus is frequently the cause of the spread of the Pear Blight germs (Bacillus amylovorus). The best means of control is clearly _ the destruction by fire ofall dead and dying branches, and of all old brush heaps early in spring. If any trees are seen to be attacked during July they should be burned shortly before the end of the first week in August, to destroy the -larve and pupe. After this date it is better to leave dying or attacked trees in the orchard to act as traps and entice the beetles from healthy trees. Those thus left should, of course, be destroyed next spring early. 4 The BiackperrRy LeEAF-MINER (Metallus (Scolioneura) rubi). This saw- fly larva has spread over most of the Province, and in some districts. has done - much damage to blackberries by mining in the leaves; sometimes almost every leaf is severely attacked by one or more larve. This year the adults appeared in the _ Niagara district by about July 1st, and egg-laying at once began, the eggs being _ placed, so far as I could observe, just under the epidermis, and 10t being visible externally. When full grown the larve enter the earth. There are almost cer- _ tainly two broods each year, living larve of the last being found in the leaves as late as November 16th last year. The winter is passed in the larval (not pupal) stage in tiny oval earthen cases, about one inch below the surface of the ground. (Apparently this point has not been observed before.) These earthen cases are not held together with silk, but with some mucilaginous substance. Sometimes they - seem to be hard to break open, and sometimes easy. Kerosene emulsion was tested on the leaves, but was clearly useless, as it could not penetrate through the epidermis, even though this was dead. The only remedy that seems practicable where the pest is severe is to stir the soil frequently with a hoe around the base of the plants very late in autumn and in spring up to July, so as to break the cases and destroy the larve or pup inside. If there are only a few leaves attacked these can be either pulled off towards the end of July or the larve crushed inside with the fingers, using a leather glove to protect against the thorns. - Raspperry SAwrLy (Monophadnoides rubi). The larve of this sawfly were more abundant than usual. Arsenate of lead should easily control them. WIREWORMS AND WHITE GRuBs. The cold, late spring retarding the growth of grain after it came through the ground seemed to give Wireworms and White Grubs a chance to do much more damage than usual. During the farmers’ excur- sions in June I was almost constantly being asked for information on how to com- bat these pests. About all the remedy I could give was the old-time one of fall ploughing and rotation of crops. On enquiries I found that only in a very few cases were peas attacked. Frequently where peas and barley were sown together, the barley was destroyed and the peas left. This experience could be made use of by farmers where they feared attacks from Wireworms if they sowed oats or barley. I recommended that the new remedy originated by Prof. Fernald for preventing Wireworms from attacking seed corn be tried on a limited scale. Prof Fernald puts tar on the seed in the manner practised to keep off crows, then, to dry it so _ that it will go through the seeder, he places it in a large bucket containing fine dust and Paris green mixed in such proportions that the corn, after being shaken up in the bucket, shows a greenish color. The corn in his two years’ experiments never failed to germinate and was quite uninjured by the Wireworms, which, he thinks, were probably repelled by the covering substance rather than killed by it. Mr. Nasu: Prof. Slingerland investigated a number of remedies and found that they were of no use. Mr. Caxsar: Yes, but he did not use the tar and Paris green combined in this way. 3 ES. 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Mr. Nasu: You can understand that it will not act as a preventive, because - the Wireworms will eat off the rootlets as quickly as formed. Mr. CarsaR: The Wireworms attacking the kernels have been in this way a great pest, and never give the corn a chance at all. Mr. Nasu: It does not seem at all practicable. Dr. Hewitt: It protects the kernel, but will not protect the roots of the plant. Mr. Carsar: Possibly the odor of the tar has something to do as a repellant. Mr. Naso: We know quite well that the tarred seed does not protect the plant at all. Mr. Carsar: Prof. Fernald has been working on this for two years, and he claims that he has got excellent results. I was reading the other day results from further trials, and the writers claim that they did not care how badly the field was infested the corn would not be attacked if treated with the tar and Paris green. As for Prof. Fernald, it is well known that he is a thorough man in his work. Mr. Nasu: They got hold of a susceptible breed of Wireworms. Mr. Howrrr: Have you found the Wireworm attacking potatoes to any ex- tent? JI came across a district around London where about 30 per cent. of the potatoes were bored through with the Wireworms. Mr. Carsar: Yes, quite often. Have you known of the above method of controlling them, Mr. Swaine? Mr. Swaine: I have known it to be reported upon favorably a number of | times. Pra Apuis (Nectarophora destructor). This very serious pest was only found locally, but in a few districts it destroyed whole fields of peas. One farmer thinks its presence on the vines has led to the death of some of his cattle by poisoning. This scarcely seems possible. Root Maccots (Pegomya brassice and P. cepetorum). These troublesome pests have been about as abundant as usual. Late cabbage thas been almost free from them. Cappace APHIS (Aphis brassice). Fortunately this species of insect is at last being brought under control by its natural foes, and this year in most parts of the Province did comparatively little damage. SPRUCE GALLS (Chermes sp.,) Plate B, Figs. 6 and %. Some attention has been given to spruce galls this year, chiefly by my summer assistant, Mr. W. A. Ross. It has been found so far that we have on spruce in the Province, Chermes abietis, C. similis, C. pinifolie, and a species that seems to be C. pinicorticis, but was not studied early enough in the season to get the adults, and so make sure of ils identity. Of these, Chermes abietis is the most abundant, and is found on Nor- way, Black and White Spruce. Chermes similis is very abundant on White Spruce, and is doing much damage. Chermes pinifolie has been found by us only at Port Hope, where I saw it on one tree, which I think was White Spruce, although it might possibly have been Black. Experiments on the control of C. abietis showed that because of its exposed condition it could be destroyed by an application of whale-oil soap or lime-sulphur in April. Excellent results have been obtained from the latter, both this year and last. So far we do not know when (C. similis can be best attacked. It looks as though it would be a much harder species to combat than C. abietis. In spring it is so enveloped in a flocculent mass that lime-sulphur has no effect on it, and prob- ably an oil spray would likewise be ineffective. Dr. WALKER: Did you say you found Chermes pinifolie on the White Spruce? et) ee ee Eee es . Pee 8 ae me he ag iE a a a. ee» Binet 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 Mr. Cassar: I have been looking for it wherever I have gone, and only found it in Port Hope. ‘ Dr. WaukeEr: I have seen it at Nipigon, on the north shore of Lake Superior, confined to a single tree, and had to hunt a good deal to find as many as eight or ten specimens. I took it to be C. pinifoliw, but may be mistaken. I think it was also this species that was sent to me from Snelgrove. I have found C. similis only on White and Black Spruce, never on Norway. Mr. Jarvis: ‘There is a species very common in the far west; it is about half an inch in length. Do you know that one? Dr. Hewitt: I have collected that same one all through Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia this fall. It seems to be a more compact and more regular species. I have got here about six different species of Chermes. The box has been arranged for me by Miss Patch. I find that floccus and similis are far more common than heretofore supposed. JFloccus, I think, occurred in Quebec this year, too. Mr. Carsar: We have not found C. floccus in Ontario yet. ' THE MORE INJURIOUS INSECTS IN CANADA DURING THE YEAR ‘ 1910. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., DoMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. As reference has already been made by the directors of the various districts in eastern Canada, and by Mr. Caesar, to those insects which have been brought to their notice as being more or less prevalent and injurious, it remains for me to briefly mention those insects which have occurred in other parts of Canada, or whose injuries have been more than usually serious. In the northern districts of Saskatchewan considerable damage has been caused by the REpD-BACKED CutworMm (VParagrotis ochrogaster, Gn.), the injuries being chiefly to wheat. Another cereal pest, especially upon oats, which seems to be spreading is a species of Thrips. Oats which had been injured by this insect were received from Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. It produces a characteristic whitened appearance of the ears. The WESTERN BLIsTER BEETLE (Cantharis nuttalli, Say) was very abundant in the western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, where it was re- ported as injuring chiefly peas. The Porato BEETLE (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) is gradually working its way north in Alberta, its northern limit at present being somewhere in the neigh- borhood of Edmonton. The Hop FLEa-BeetLe (Psylliodes punctulata, Melsh.) was again serious in British Columbia, but on some of the ranches the Red Spider was a much more serious pest. ‘The manager of one hop yard stated that it was compelling them to cease growing hops. In one locality, where a crop of six or seven hundred pounds of hops to the acre is usually produced, they were reduced to two hundred pounds to the acre by the ravages of the spider, and the resulting hops were of very poor quality. The destruction of the mite wintering in the hop poles would appear to be the best method of controlling it, as they were found there in large numbers. This can be accomplished by dipping the poles in a caustic solution, such as lye, or in coal oil. 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 3694 One of our most serious pests in Canada at present is the BRowN-TAIL MoTH, _ now established in Nova Scotia. During the last summer we have also received the first record of its breeding in New Brunswick, a single egg mass having been found at St. Stephen, N.B. This was not surprising nor unexpected, in fact it is singular that it has not been found breeding in numbers in that locality before, in view of the fact that it extends along the coast of Maine as far north as the Ste. Croix River. In July a visit was made to the eastern States, for the purpose of studying the distribution of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, and the means that were being taken to control them and to prevent their spread. One object of this visit was to ascertain to what extent nursery stock and other vegetation shipped from these States into Canada was liable to be infested with these two insects: on account of the conditions which prevailed a regulation was passed under the new Destructive Insect and Pest Act, providing that all nursery stock from the six eastern States: Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont shall be inspected at the point of destination. Reference may be made here to the passing of the “ Destructive Insect and Pest Act” during the last ~ session of Parliament. With the Brown-tail Moth and the San José Scale already within our borders there was urgent need for legislation which would enable the Federal Department of Agriculture to take such measures as would insure, so far as is humanly possible, the freedom of nursery stock and other vegetation from serious pests which are liable to enter Canada by such means. It was also necessary for the Minister of Agriculture to be empowered to carry out such eradicative measures as shall be considered necessary to combat those insects which have already established themselves in the country. Briefly, then, the new Act provides for the fumigation of imported stock when it is necessary for the San Jose Scale, the in- spection of European and certain other classes of imported stock for Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, the carrying on of such work as shall be necessary for the eradi- cation of those pests scheduled and the compulsory treatment on the part of the owners of trees and other vegetation infested. ‘The insects at present scheduled are the San Jose Seale, the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, the West Indian Peach Scale and the Woolly Aphis. Armed with this machinery we hope to be able to fight against the introduction of those pests to which Canada, as a rapidly-developing country, is specially subject. Reverting to the Brown-tail Moth, the result of the last season’s inspection in Nova Scotia would indicate that, although in certain localities the winter webs were numerous, on the whole the area infested was more restricted, thanks to the energetic action of Prof. Cumming, the Secretary for Agriculture for Nova Scotia. During the coming winter season we intend to co- operate with the Provincial Government and carry on an active campaign. It was interesting to find that the only batch of eggs discovered in New Brunswick was parasitised by a small egg parasite, apparently a species of T'richogramma. Another alien which, unfortunately, has been added to our gradually increas- ing fauna of injurious insects, is the Narcissus Fry (Merodon equestris, Fab.). This was reported from Victoria, B.C., and during my recent visit to the district I had the opportunity of looking into the matter. It was probably introduced on Dutch bulbs. The fly somewhat resembles the Drone Fly, belonging to the same family, the Syrphide, and the maggot feeds in the centre of the bulb, thereby causing its death. The bulb-grower who reported this insect to the Division of Entomology had about 50,000 bulbs of narcissus and daffodils destroyed last year by the fly. On account of the habits of the larve it is difficult to devise effectual preventive or eradicative measures; some benefit resulted from spraying with an arsenical. Further details of the life-history and habits of the fly in Canada must be elucidated before measures can be suggested. a ee a —s J cence ed Tha ea eb a etl os 2 » j 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 ene Last year Mr. Gibson called the Society’s attention to the outbreak of the Spruce Bup-worm (Tortrix fwmiferana, Clem.), which had been reported to the Division of Entomology as causing serious defoliation of the spruce and balsam trees in the Province of Quebec, about 100 miles north of Ottawa. During my visit to British Columbia, in October of last year, it was found to be defoliating the Douglas fir on Vancouver Island, and when that region was revisited a month ago I found that the attack had been more serious this year, many young five-year old and older trees of the second growth having been killed. The area of infestation in Quebec appears to have spread also, and reports have been received from a num- ber of owners of timber and pulp-wood limits as to the seriousness of the defolia- tion, which is very conspicuous from Mattawa across to the Saguenay River in Quebec. It has also been recorded from other districts in Quebec. What the re- sults of this defoliation will be cannot be foretold. It is known that the insect was chiefly responsible for great destruction among the spruces in Maine some years ago. Now that it has spread over so wide a stretch of country nothing of a practicable nature can be done to control it. We are, therefore, studying the parasitic means of control, to which I hope to refer to-morrow, and we are also clearing up some obscure points in the life-history of the insect. The WHITE-MARKED Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma, S. and A.) has been unusually abundant in the Maritime Provinces during the past year, especially in Nova Scotia. In Halifax and Charlottetown it has caused consider- able alarm on account of its defoliation of the shade trees in those cities. The citizens appear to be fully alive to the danger of the repeated defoliation of their shade trees, and it is hoped that timely destruction of the egg masses in the win- ter and, if necessary, spraying in the summer will be resorted to. Mr. Caesar has already referred to the occurrence of the Forest TEnT Ca'rEr- PILLAR. ‘These insects occurred in very large numbers in New Brunswick, and also in British Columbia, where whole tracts of country were defoliated. We also re- ceived them from Edmonton, Alberta. The great abundance of the Fall Web- worm, especially in some localities, was very noticeable during the past season. Another caterpillar, of which I do not think we have yet heard the last, is the GREEN-sTRIPED Marie Worm (Anisota rubicunda, Fab.). This species was re- ported to the Division last year as defoliating the maples in a sugar bush, and this defoliation was stated to have caused a decrease in the amount of sap obtained from the trees. During the present year it was reported as defoliating maples in the Rideau Lakes, and along the northern shores of Georgian Bay the maples were stripped of their leaves. Mr. Carsar: Have you seen much of the Thrips in Ontario? Dr. Hewitt: I have not had any cases of the Thrips to which I refer reported as yet from Ontario. Mr. Carsar: Does the whole of the wheat get that silvery appearance? Dr. Hewitt: It is on oats that we have found it. ‘The white and silvery appearance of the head and stem of wheat is usually due to the wheat-stem maggot. Mr. Nasu: Is the Rose Beetle generally reported? Dr. Hewitt: I do not think that we have had many reports. Mr. Carsar: It is fairly abundant round Clarkesville. Mr. SwarneE: I might mention, Dr. Hewitt, that I found the Spruce Bud- worm at Hudson, P.Q., this season. Have you had it reported as far south as that? Dr. Hewitt: We have had it reported from a number of localities in Quebec, other than those which I have mentioned. I have found it within a few miles of the Vermont boundary. 30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1910. Rey. THomas W. Fruzs, D.C.L., Hun, QUE. The season of 1910 has been a very fine one, interrupted, however, with heavy thunderstorms. Some interesting species of insects have come under my notice in the course of the season. EucosMA ScuUDDERIANA, Clemens The galls of Hucosma scudderiana have been very abundant. They begin to appear on the Golden Rod early in June. They are somewhat irregular in shape, and are covered with a rusty-looking scurf. ‘The larva is greenish-white. Its head is of a dark madder-brown; and the plate on the second segment is spotted with brown. On the body are numerous oval tubercles or plates. The spiracles are small and brown. This species continues in the larval stage through the winter, and does not go into pupa till May. I have opened galls in March and April and found the larvee active. They feed on the pith above and below their galls. The moths appear at the end of May. Holland, in his beautiful and very useful work, “The Moth Book,” telling of Hucosma scudderiana, says— “The insect is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, and is possibly an in- quiline or intruder in the galls which are produced by another species, Gnorimo- schema galle-solidaginis, Riley.”’—The Moth Book, p. 418. The author is mistaken here. The galls of G. galle-solidaginis begin to ap- pear at the same time as those of scudderiana, at a time when the moths of both species have passed away. It is not likely that a scwdderiana larva would leave its own gall to go in search of one of the other kind. The galls of G. galle-solidaginis may be readily known: they are of the shape of a half-grown turnip-radish ; and they have not the rusty apearance of the Eucosma gall. The moths from them appear in the month of August. TETRASTICHUS GELECHIAE, Ashmead. JI have found two galls of G. galle- solidaginis this season—one at Abercorn in the eastern townships, and the other at Hull—in which the pupz appeared abnormally large. By aid of the microscope I found that the enlargement was caused by the closely-packed chrysalids of a parasite Tetrastichus gelechie. The flies in due time appeared. CAMPONOTUS PENNSYLVANICUS, DeGeer. On June 14th—a very hot day— there was a remarkable flight of the large, black Carpenter Ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus). ‘The creatures were everywhere in the streets of Hull; but they were not abundant long, for the sparrows regarded a Black Ant as a bonne bouche, and banquetted upon the unexpected provision to their hearts’ content. Useful sparrows! May the memory of Colonel Rhodes, who introduced them to Canada, be honoured ! A Strance ButrerrLy. On August 8th I captured a curious melanic form of Argynnis myrina, Cramer. Both the primaries and secondaries of this insect were suffused on the upper side with sooty black; but in the secondaries the inner mar- gins, and a few spots in the centre of each, were of the normal color. On the under side the primaries were dusky brick red, with sooty black patches between the veins. The marginal silvery spots appeared. The secondaries on the under side were of a rich chocolate red. The black spot towards the base of each was en- closed by a narrow silvery ring. The spots were as usual. The body was black above and yellow beneath. MONONYCHUS VULPECULUS, Fab. At Quyon, Province Quebec, on August 17th, I found that:the seed-pods of the Blue Flag (Jris versicolor) were much infested ee ee ee Neer Res ae. 19114 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 _ with a small beetle (Mononychus vulpeculus), in all its stages. The larve and pupx were waxen in appearance. The beetle was a trim and handsome little in- - gect. The following is a description of it:—Length, 5 millimetres; breadth, 3 mil- limetres. Color above, deep seal-brown. Elytra and thorax bordered with yellow. - Thorax granulated. Elytra roughly striated. Eyes small and black, close to the proboscis . Color beneath, that of burnt sienna on the sides, and grey under the abdomen and between the legs. Femora and tibie furry. Femur stout, somewhat flask- shaped. Tarsi ending with two pads or cushions, side by side, with a claw between them. Joints of tarsi very distinct. Proboscis extending between the front pair of legs, as far as the middle pair; blunt, scaly—the upper part sienna-colored; the lower, dark grey. ds I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Howard and Prof. Schwarz, of the U. §. Bureau of Entomology, for the determination of the beetle. I obtained from the affected Iris pods a considerable number of specimens of _ the parasite Pimpla inquisitor, Say. HEMIPTERA ON THE MILK VETCH. On September 1st, on a small patch of Milk Vetch (Astragalus canadensis), growing at Aylmer, Province Quebec, I found no less than six kinds of bugs. Amongst them were:—Alydus conspersus, Mont., and Megalotomus quinquespinosus, Say. A. conspersus is black with an orange patch on the abdomen above. ‘This can be seen only when the wings are spread. M. quinquespinosus is a handsome insect, of a neat ochreous color. Its abdo- men has black edges marked with pale yellow spots. It was named from the five spines on the femur of each of its hindmost legs. For the identification of these two bugs I am indebted to Prof. Heidemann. BASILONA IMPERIALIS, Drury. On October 2nd, Miss Effie Garrioch sent me, from Marshall’s Bay, on the Ontario side of the Ottawa, three larve of Basilona imperialis. They were full fed, and went into the earth on the evening of their arrival. Two of them were of the deep green of the pine foliage; the other was of a rich rosy brown. They changed to pupe on the 10th of the month. The following is a description of these remarkably handsome caterpillars:—Length, 3 inches; diameter, 5-6 inch. Head lobed, black, with clay-yellow upright markings in front, and paler yellow marks on the sides. Forelegs, clay-yellow with black tips. Prop-legs, dark brown with a clay- yellow bar across them. Body color a dark green—sometimes a rosy brown—with a purple dorsal-line, and a broad faintly purple band along each side. The second segment has a black shield with four glossy warts on the front edge of it. On the third, and again on the fourth, segment are two prominent warts, one on each side of the dorsal-line, pale yellow at the base and tip, and black, spotted with yellow, in the middle. In line with each of these pairs of warts, and on the seven next following segments, are creamy-white, pointed warts—one on either side of each of the segments. On the twelfth segment, at the top, is a glossy black, prominent wart, tipped with yellow; and, a little behind it, are two small black warts. On the top of the thirteenth segment is a small black wart, faced with ~ yellow. Along the purplish sideband, from segment three to segment twelve, there is a row of creamy-white, pointed, warts; and along the base, above the legs, from segment two to segment thirteen, on either side, is a row of similar, but smaller warts. The spiracles are conspicuous, large, creamy-white, bordered with black. The claspers are remarkably large. They are surmounted by a large triangular 32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — shield, edged on two sides with clay-yellow, and dotted with white. The claspers — are bordered and dotted in the same way. The creature is sparsely set, with light, brownish-yellow, bristles. PELOPAEUS CEMENTARIUS, Drury. Adjoining the Matthews’ Factory at Hull — there is an electrical sub-station, belonging to the Hull Electric Company. In this station, three yards from a window, a telephone is affixed to a wall. One day, in August last, the man who occasionally visits this sub-station found that the telephone was out of order, and gave notice of this at the head office. The super- intendent, Mr. Alfred Gale, went to see what was wrong, and, on opening the magneto-box, found a number of Mud-Wasps at work, piling up their cells upon the bar, which terminates on the outside of the box in the ‘hook, or fork, in which the receiver is placed. Within the box, the spring, under the bar, was not strong enough to raise the additional burden; and consequently, no pressure was brought to bear upon the contact points, and the telephone failed to work. The wasps found ingress to the magneto-box through the slot in which the bar plays. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report for the year 1909-1910. The forty-sixth annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 4th and 5th, 1909. There were a goodly number present from a distance as well as a large attendance of students and others connected with the College. During the first afternoon the reports of the Directors on the insects of the year were read and discussed, papers were read by Mr. L. Caesar on “ A few insects ~ of the season”; by Mr. A. Gibson on “ Nests of the Brown-tail Moth in importa- tions of French nursery stock”; by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt on “'The large Larch Sawfly”; by Mr. R. C. Treherne on “Nursery work in Ontario,” and by Mr. ¥. J. A. Morris on “Some Guests at the Banquet of Flowers.” In the evening a public meeting was held in Massey Hall, which was well filled with members and students from both the Agricultural College and the Macdonald Institute. A very interesting lecture on “ House Flies and their Allies,” illustrated with excellent lantern pictures, was delivered by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, the newly appointed Dominion Entomologist. The morning and afternoon of the second day were occupied with the reading of the reports of the various branches and officers of the Society, and a number of papers on a variety of subjects, which have all been published in the Annual Report for 1909. This volume, the fortieth of the series, was issued in May last and con- tained 144 pages, illustrated with 6 full-page plates, 39 figures in the text and a portrait of the late Dr. William Brodie. In addition to the papers already men- — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 tioned, the volume contained the following articles: “The origin and diffusion of Entomological Errors,” by Mr. H. H. Lyman; “ Conflicts between Ants,” by Mr. @. E. Sanders; “The Snow-white Linden Moth,” by Mr. A. F. Winn; “ Notes on _ Fruit-tree Scolytids,” by Mr. J. M. Swaine; “ Observations on Ontario insects in 2 1909,” by Dr. Bethune; “ Injurious Insects of Quebec in 1909,” by Prof. Loch- head; “ Adaptations in the structure of insects” and “ Anisota virginiensis,” by _ Dr. Fyles; “The Acarina, with a Host Index to the species found in Ontario,” by _ Prof. T. D. Jarvis; “The Spruce Bud-worm ” and “‘ The Entomological Record - for 1909,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson; concluding with a sympathetic obituary notice of the late Dr. Brodie, by Mr. Frank Morris. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The forty-first volume was com- _ pleted in December last; it consisted of 440 pages, and was illustrated with 11 full-page plates and 13 figures from original drawings. The contributors num- bered 73, and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, England, sixteen of the United States, the Hawaiian Islands, Panama Canal Zone; Calcutta, - India; and Russia. During the year seven new genera were described and 239 new species, sub-species and varieties. At the close of the volume, Dr. Bethune resigned the position of editor, which he had held since October, 1886, owing to the disability caused by impaired eye- _ sight in addition to the weight of advancing years. His place has been ably filled by Dr. E. M. Walker, Lecturer in Zoology at the University of Toronto, andthe magazine has continued to be issued with unimpaired excellence. ; Meetings of the Society were held during the winter months at the Ontario _ Agricultural College on alternate Wednesday afternoons. The attendance included _ several of the more advanced students and much interest was taken in the papers and discussions. The following subjects were taken up during the course of the _ meetings: “ Achievements in Economic Entomology,” illustrated with lantern pic- tures, by Prof. Bethune; “ Insects as causes of disease, with special reference to the Protozoa,” by Prof. Jarvis; “The Insects of Saskatchewan,” by Mr. S. J. Neville: “Aphids,” by Mr. A. C. Baker; “An account of the Meeting at Boston of the Ameri- ean Association for the Advancement of Science,” by Mr. L. Cesar; “ Notes on the Calliphorinean Genus Lucilia,’ by Mr. J. D. Tothill. The unveiling of the drinking fountain erected in the grounds of the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa in memory of our late President, Dr. James Fletcher, took place on Tuesday afternoon, July 19th, and was largely attended. Our Society was represented on the occasion by two former Presidents, Dr. William Saunders, Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, and Dr. Bethune, of the Ontario Agricultural College, who both took part in the proceedings by giving short addresses. There were also present a number of our members resident in Ottawa and the neighborhood. The first International Congress of Entomology was held during the month of August last at Brussels and was in every respect a complete success. Our Society was represented by our former President, Mr. Henry H. Lyman, of Montreal, who read a paper on Nomenclature. He has furnished us with an interesting report of the proceedings. It is with much regret that the Council has learned that the members in Quebec have been unable to maintain the branch of the Society which for many years was in successful operation there. The removal of the Rev. Dr. Fyles has taken away the most active member whose enthusiasm inspired the rest of the members and kept x 2 + , 34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 up the meetings with great interest. No one has so far been found to take his place, — and accordingly the operations of the branch have been suspended. A similar fate, we regret to say, has befallen the branch of the Society in British Columbia. Mr. R. V. Harvey, Headmaster of the University: School at Victoria, has found his time so much occupied that he has been unable to give any attention to the work of the branch. Its operations have on this account been sus- — pended for the time being, but it is hoped and expected that before very long its operations will be resumed. The great difficulty consists in the geographical distri- bution of the members, who are very widely separated from one another and conse- — quently are unable to hold meetings. The Council has to deplore the loss of Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, of Honolulu, who © died in San Francisco on the 2nd of February last. He was a very able and energetic entomologist and contributed frequently to the pages of our magazine. He especially devoted himself to the Hemiptera, and had begun a catalogue of the species through- — out the world, the first volume of which has ao) been issued. Respectfully submitted, Tennyson D. Jarvis, President. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY. Henry H. Lyman, MontrEeAL, QUEBEC. If anyone entertained any doubts of the possibility of making a Congress de- voted exclusively to Entomology a success, such doubts must have been dispelled by the results of the First International Congress of Entomology held at Brussels from August 1st to 6th, 1910. A correspondent of the London Times writing of the Congress said: “Ento- mology is at last recognized officially as an important science. The study of insects, so long looked upon with disdain as a pastime for children and old men, has at last vindicated its claim as a valuable branch of human mental activity. That is to say, from being a purely intellectual exercise, entomology has developed a most important practical aspect that will, in the near future, have a profound ~ and far reaching effect upon the lives and fortunes of millions. The discovery of the astonishing phenomenon that one species of mosquito, and one only, is the vehicle for the transmission of yellow fever, another of malaria, while a single kind of biting fly communicates sleeping sickness to the teeming millions of the African continent, has a direct and vital influence upon tropical medicine; and the Americans have long since realized that an accurate knowledge of the habits of one kind of beetle may save agriculturists from damage that may result in the loss of hundreds of thousands of pounds. Thus entomology has won the serious attention of practical men who, acting together with the purely academical devotees of the pure science, have demonstrated their attachment to and ap- preciation of their study by organizing an International Congress that has re- ceived the hearty support of institutes, departments and governments.” The following important bodies were represented at the Congress: the British Colonial Office, the Tropical African Entomological Research Com- mittee, Cambridge University, Oxford University, the Board of Agriculture, 2 Tie ae ts pei ars J - ro 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 the Royal Colonial Institute, the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the West Indies, the British (Natural History) Museum, the Royal Society, the Lin- nean Society, the Zoological Society, the Entomological Society of London, the University of London, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Commonwealth of South Africa; the Royal British Arboricultural Society, the University of Edin- burgh, the Hast of Scotland College of Agriculture, the Royal College of Science of Dublin, the Agricultural Research Institute of Pusa, Bengal; the Carnegie Insti- tute of Pittsburg, the Entomological Society of America, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Entomological Society of Ontario, etce., ete. Besides entomologists residing in Brussels, delegates were also present from other parts of Belgium and from Madrid, Zaragoza, Barcelona, The Hague, Leyden, Amsterdam, Berlin, Ziirich, Konigsberg, Vienna, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Luxemburg, Paris, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Budapest, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, Columbus, Montreal, Tokio, Buenos Ayres, ete. On the evening of Sunday, July 31st, a reception was held by the Entomo- logical Society of Belgium for those attending the Congress and accompanying ladies at the Maison des Medicins, while the first meeting of the Congress was opened the following morning at the Salle des Fétes of the Exhibition by the Presi- dent of the Congress, Prof. Auguste Lameere, Rector of the Free University of Brussels, the Secretary being Mr. G. Severin. The meetings were divided into general sessions and sectional meetings, ten _ sections being arranged for as follows :— 1. Systematics. 2. Nomenclature and Bibliography. 3. Museology and History of Entomology. 4, Zoogeography. 5. Bionomy, (cology, Cecidiology and Mimicry. 6. Physiology and Psychology. ?. Economic Entomology 8. Medical Entomology. 9. Anatomy and Ontogeny. 10. Phylogeny, Paleontology and Evolution. ‘Members were given a very handsome silvered bronze badge of Gothic design, having on the obverse an illustration of the Hotel de Ville and “ Bruxelles,” “1910,” and on the reverse “1r Congrés International d’Entomologie,” and, by the courtesy of the Exhibition Committee, passes to the Exhibition for the term of the Congress. The more serious work of the Congress was varied by visits to the Exhibition, museums, excursions and receptions. At the Royal Museum of Natural History an excellent portrait group was taken. Among the most important papers read may be mentioned a lecture by Dr. R. Blanchard, of Paris, on Medical Entomology, dealing with the transmission of malaria, yellow fever and sleeping sickness, and it may be mentioned that there was a most interesting exhibit in connection with these subjects in the Exhibition. Mr. Theobold, of Wye College, gave a lecture on the distribution of Stegomyia fasciata, the conveyer of yellow fever. Sir Daniel Morris described the methods employed by the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the West Indies to pre- vent the introduction of insect pests by fumigation and quarantine. Dr, G. H. Carpenter, of the Royal College of Science, Dublin, gave an instructive account of the warble fly, Hypoderma bovis. He declared the so-called preventive washes quite useless, but had not concluded his investigations. 36 THE REPORT OF THE ‘ No. 36 — Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, of Edinburgh University, described the ravages of a small] beetle, Galerucella lineola, that has done an immense amount of damage to the osier beds in the Midland and Eastern counties of England, and recom- mended arsenical sprays for its control. Good lectures on Ants and their guests and enemies were delivered by Father Wasman, S.J., of Luxemburg, and Mr. H. 8. K. Donisthorpe, of London, with lantern slides, showing the various domestic animals kept and used by the ants. The highly interesting study of mimicry was dealt with by Prof. E. B. Poulton, of Oxford, who exhibited a large number of boxes of butterflies, all caught in one smal] patch of forest in Uganda, showing the common species which are distasteful to birds and other enemies, and the rarer species which, though belong- ing to a totally different group, and in no way related structurally, enjoy a rela- tive immunity from attack by a very close resemblance to the distasteful forms. _ Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. Frederick Merrifield, and Dr. K. Jordan also spoke on the same subject. Prof. Y. Sjostedt, of the Natural History Museum, of Stockholm, gave an account of the Swedish expedition of twelve months to Kilimandjaro and its pro- lifie results. Mr. J. N. Howlett, of Pusa, Bengal, described the difficulties of preserving collections of insects in the climate of India. Dr. Holland spoke on the preserva- tion of type specimens, and Dr. Henry Skinner read a paper on One Hundred Years of Entomology in the United States, but ignoring the influence exerted upon it by the Canadian Entomologist. He referred to the steady and great growth of Economic Entomology during recent years and the very large sums appropri- ated by the Federal and State Governments for the control of injurious insects. On the last afternoon a brief paper was read by Mr. Lyman, urging the im- portance of an authoritative pronouncement upon the correct use of such terms as type, co-type, etc., and of universal adhesion to such use and protesting against changes by some authors in the spelling of scientific names. The number of adherents reported was 270, but the list of those reported as attending the Congress gave 141 names of gentlemen, many being eminent in the science, and 32 ladies accompanying delegates. And of all Eom represented the British Empire had the largest feeaber of delegates. The representatives of the United States were Dr. Holland, Dr. Skinner and Mr. Osborn, while Mr. Lyman was the only representative from Canada. At the last General Session on the morning of Friday, August 5th, the election of a Permanent Committee took place, and it was decided to hold the next Con- gress in the summer of 1912, and on the invitation of the gentlemen from Oxford that ancient seat of learning was selected as the next place of meeting, and Prof. Poulton was chosen President. The Permanent Committee for the United States consists of P. P. Calvert, T. D. A. Cockerell, J. H. Comstock, H. C. Fall, C. P. Gillette, W. J. Holland, A. D. Hopkins, L. O. Howard, C. W. Johnson, V. lL. Kellogg, H. Osborn, J. B. Smith, C. W. Stiles, C. Wellman, W. M. Wheeler, and for Canada C. J. 8. Bethune, C. G. Hewitt, H. H. Lyman; while the Permanent Executive Committee consists of M. Burr, K. Jordan, W. Horn, P. Lesne, G. Severin and H. Skinner. The conclusion of the Congress was celebrated by a grand banquet on Friday evening at the Taverne Royale, participated in by the ladies accompanying some of the delegates, when after the inner man (and woman) had been satisfied with the excellent repast served in the best style, many speeches were made and good fellowship prevailed. The gathering broke up before midnight; as all-day excur- a 2 “ 4 x 4 : ’ ; 7 D { 4 a ‘ : ; 2 § q 2 eel 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 sions had been arranged for the next day, the majority going to Bruges and, Ostend. The concluding reception was the grand one given at the old and wonderful Hotel de Ville by the Burgomaster, Mons. Max, on Sunday evening, August 7th, when that magnificent building, so rich in beautiful architecture, tapestries, pic-— tures, frescoes and bric-a-brac, was thrown open to the guests of the city. Thus, amid scenes of brilliance and splendour in this stately medieval building, came to an end this First International Congress of Entomology, all looking forward with pleasure to the next meeting at Oxford in 1912. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at 74 McTavish Street, on Saturday evening, May 14th. Members present: Messrs. H. H. Lyman, in the chair; G. A. Southee, G. Chagnor, E. C. Barwick, Geo. A. Moore, A. E. Norris, W. G. Gerth, and A. F. - Winn. _ The minutes of the April meeting, and of the last annual meeting, were read and confirmed. : Mr. H. Earby was elected a member of the Branch. The Secretary read the following REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Nine meetings have been held during the season 1909-710, the average attend- ance being a fraction over 9, which is an improvement on the previous year; but, considering that the population of Montreal is over 600,000, there should be more than a score of persons interested in Entomology. ‘Three new names have been added to our roll, but three others ‘have resigned. Below is a list of the papers read (most of which were illustrated by specimens), and the discussions following them were of interest. Annual Address of the President, Geo. A. Moore. A Spring Outing, H. H. Lyman. Lepidoptera taken at St. Hilaire, May 24th, 1909. A. F. Winn. Notes on Coleoptera taken at St. Hilaire, May 24th, 1909, G. Chagnon. Life History of Philometra metonalis, H. H. Lyman. How can we increase the interest in our meetings? H. H. Lyman. My Best Captures in 1909, G. Chagnon. Occurrence of Ennomos subsignarius at Montreal, A. F. Winn. Hemiptera taken at St. Hilaire, G. A. Moore. Proposed List of Insects of the Province of Quebec. A. F. Winn. Account of Annual Meeting and a Visit to Trenton, A. F. Winn. On Panthea and Demas, H. H. Lyman. A New Scolytid Enemy of White Spruce, J. M. Swaine. The Winter Quarters of Doryphora clivicollis, A. F. Winn. Our White Butterflies, A. F. Winn. Calligrapha rowena, G. Chagnon. Paonias astylus at Biddeford, Me., A. F. Winn. The Berytide, or Stilt-bugs, G. A. Moore. Random Notes on Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn. An Hour at Montmorency, H. H. Lyman. The Noctuide and how to Collect Them, I., A. F. Winn. Butterfly Collecting in British Columbia (by John Russell, Hope, B.C.), read by A. F. Winn. The Cydnide or Burrowing Bugs, G. A. Moore. The North American Copper Butterflies, H. H. Lyman. 38 | - THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | The annual outing at St. Hilaire, on Victoria Day, was well attended, but the backward season made the captures of insects much smaller than usual, but among the Coleoptera several good catches were made and the Lepidopterists had the pleasure of finding two specimens of a little Heliothid moth, probably undescribed, closely resembling Heliaca nevilis of the Rocky Mountains. No species of the — genus have hitherto been recorded from the Hast. At the January meeting we had the pleasure of a visit from Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod, of Millarville, Alberta, who gave an account of his visits to collectors of Noctuida throughout Canada. It was hoped that the Rev. Dr. Fyles would be able to attend our meeting this evening, but it could not be arranged. The annual meeting of the parent Society at Guelph was attended by the President and the Secretary. The report of the Treasurer shows a balance on hand of $76.79. The Curator reports that the specimens in his charge are in good condition but that no additions have been made to the collection and that the members have made little use of either the specimens or the books. It is probable in connection with the preparation of the List of Insects of the Province of Quebec that a con- siderable number of specimens of the more neglected orders will be collected, determined and eventually find their way into our collection. T'he books added to the library consist of a copy of Pierce’s “ Genitalia of British Noctuide,” the current volume of the Canadian Entomologist, and the entomological publications of N.Y. State. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council. (Signed) ALBERT F. Winn, Sec.-Treas. Mr. Lyman then read his annual address, after which the election of officers for the ensuing year was proceeded with, and last year’s officers were all re-elected, namely: Henry H. Lyman, President; G. A. Southee, Vice-President; A. F. Winn, Secretary-Treasurer; L. Gibb, Curator and Librarian; Members of Council—G. Chagnon, G. A. Moore, E. C. Barwick, F. Parkins, jr. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. a ca ee eee crete «Cat a - The 51st regular and 14th annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held — | in the Biological Department of the University of Toronto, on June 9, 1910. During the year eight meetings have been held with an average attendance of seven members. The place of meeting has been changed from the Normal School to the Biological Building, and library and collections have been moved. The following papers were read :— > White Pine Weevil, Dr. E. M. Walker. Structural Peculiarities of Galls, A. Cosens. A Month at the Biological Station at Go Home Bay, J. B. Williams. The Relation between Parasitism and Structure in Insects, Dr. Walker. Wing Venation, Arthur Smith. The Work of Scolytid Beetles in Queen’s Park, Toronto, Dr. Walker. The Oriental Moth, H. H. Lyman, of Montreal Branch. A Hunt and What Came of It: Discovery of Copidosoma Lymani, H. H. Lyman, of Montreal Branch. Some Types of Saw-flies, A. Cosens. The Larch Saw-fly, Dr. Walker. 191i ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 Bix = The following officers were elected for the next year :— Ms President—-Dr. E. M. Walker; Vice-President, A. Cosens; Secretary-Treas- -urer, Arthur Smith; Librarian-Curator, J. B. Williams; Council—Messrs. Wood, Laing, Ivey, and Dr. Abbott. The Treasurer’s report shows a balance on hand of $0.20. ARTHUR SMITH, Secretary-Treasurer. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year ending September 30th, 1910, eighteen bound volumes have been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 2,018; there are besides a number of volumes of periodicals in the hands of the bookbinder, which should have been ready for inclusion in this report. The Library continues to receive by exchange a large number of serial publications, bulletins, and pamphlets from many different countries and in a variety of languages, many being of great scientific value. A card catalogue of the bound volumes was made during the winter, but has “not yet been finally completed for reference; to make it entirely useful it will be necessary to rearrange all the books in the Library on a definite system; it is hoped that this may be accomplished before very long. Among recent additions may be mentioned the following works: Sir George ‘Hampson’s Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenx in the British Museum, volume vili.; Rothschild and Jordan’s Revision of American Papilios; Needham’s General Biology and Lefroy’s Indian Insect Life. . The Library is constantly made use of by the senior students and members of ‘the staff during the College year and is highly appreciated by them. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES J. 8. Beruune, Librarian. THE CURATOR’S REPORT. The Society’s collections have been carefully examined from time to time throughout the year and the necessary precautions taken against injury from ‘Museum pests or from other causes. Since the last annual meeting, 268 new speci- mens have been added. Of these 262 were contributed by Mr. John D. Evans, of Trenton, 134 belonging to the order Hymenoptera, and the remainder to the Hemi- ptera. As these orders are not at all fully represented in the Society’s collections, Mr. Evans’ gift is very valuable and will be much appreciated by the members. The remaining 6 specimens were contributed by the curator from insects of some economic importance not found in the collections. Respectfully submitted, L. Carsar, Curator. 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Rev. THomas W. Fries, D.C.L., Huiy, Que. I have the honour to present the following report from the Entomological Society of Ontario :— . This Society held its forty-sixth annual meeting in the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on the 4th and 5th days of November last. ‘There was a large attendance—members from Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Port Hope, Trenton, © Grimsby and Guelph being present. Important subjects were brought before the meeting by the district directors and discussed: The destruction of cut-leaf birch | trees by the Red-necked Borer; attempts to control the Tussock Moth; the extension - of the San José Scale to Prince Edward County ; the work of the Blackberry Saw- fly; that of the Spruce Gall-louse; the importation of Brown-tail Moth larve on French nursery stock; and other matters of interest to fruit-growers and foresters. In the evening a ‘public meeting was held in the Massey Hall auditorium, which was well filled with students of the College, both male and female, and a number of visitors from the town, together with members of the Society gathered in session. — “Dr. ©. Gordon Hewett, the newly-appointed Entomologist at the Experimental - Farms of the Dominion, gave a highly interesting and instructive address, illus-— trated by a series of admirable lantern pictures, on ‘House Flies and Their Allies.’ The College orchestra added much to the enjoyment of the evening by the musical — selections they rendered.” (Can. Ent., vol. xli., p. 429.) In the forthcoming Annual Report of the Society, the papers read before onl meeting will be found in full. The titles of them denote their interest to naturalists” and to the agricultural community. They are :— Injurious Insects of Ontario, C. J. S. Bethune. Injurious Insects of Ottawa, A. Gibson. Injurious Insects of Quebec, W. Lochhead. The Origin and Diffusion of Entomological Errors, H. H. Lyman. ; Some Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms, F. J. A. Morris. j ‘ | Observations on Insects of the Season, L. Caesar. ; 5 Nests of the Brown-tail Moth, A. Gibson. Nursery Inspection Work in Ontario, R. C. Treherne. } House-flies and their Allies, C. G. Hewitt. a The Larch Saw-fly, C. G. Hewitt. / Conflicts between Two Species of Ants, G. H. Sanders. Snowy White Linden Moth, A. F. Winn. ; Adaptations of Insect Structure, T. W. Fyles. 9 The Life-history of Anisota virginiensis, T. W. Fyles. The Acarina found in Ontario, T. D. Jarvis. Notes on Fruit-tree Scolytids, J. M. Swaine. Entomological Record for 1909, A. Gibson. The Spruce Bud-Worm Tortrix, A. Gibson. Memoir of Dr. Brodie, F. J. A. Morris. The Report is illustrated with a portrait of the late Dr. Brodie and with five” half-tone plates. There are also thirty-nine illustrations in the text. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly organ of the Society, maintains its well-earned reputation. From its mail list for last month it appears that the magazine is not only circulated in Canada, but is taken in the United States, im fourteen countries of Europe, in India, Japan, the Philippine Islands, Egypt, Cape Colony, Natal, Portuguese E. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Hawaii, and in five of the West Indian Islands. ig 3. 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 st The volume for 1909, the forty-first volume, contains articles from seventy-three contributors. Amongst these are correspondents in Calcutta, Honolulu, Panama, and St. Petersburg. These facts show how widely the influence of the Society extends. In this volume no less than two hundred and twenty-eight newly discovered species of insects are brought into notice and named, together with fourteen sub-species and eight varieties. The following are the titles of some of the more important of the articles that appear in the volume :— Preparation of Beetles for the Microscope, H. F. Wickham, Iowa City. Lepidopterous Galls collected in the Vicinity of Toronto, Dr. Wm. Brodie. Notes on Tenthredinoidea, with Description of New Species, S. A. Rohwer, Boulder, Colo. New Histories and Species in Papaipema (Hydrecia), Henry Bird, Rye, N.Y. The Fruit-infesting Forms of the Dipterous Genus Rhagoletis, with One New Species, J. M. Aldrich, Moscow, Idaho. Some North American Jasside, E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah. On the Orthoptera of Northern Ontario, E. M. Walker, Toronto. New Coleoptera from the South-West, H. C. Fall, Pasadena, Calif. ‘Some New Bees, and Other Notes, T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo. Some Curious Californian Leaf-hoppers, E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah. The Hepialide, or Ghost-moths, Albert F. Winn, Westmount, Que. Some New Species of N. A. Geometride, John A. Grossbeck, New Brunswick, N.J. List of Siphonaptera of California, M. B. Mitzmain, San Francisco, Calif. A Summer with Chrysophanus Dorcus, William W. Newcomb, M.D., Detroit, Mich. New Geometrids of the Genus Hydriomena, L. W. Swett, Boston, Mass. Notes on Pachybrachys, and Descriptions of New Species, Fred. C. Bowditch, Brook- line, Mass. Studies in the Caraboidea and Lamellicornia, Thomas L. Casey, Washington, D.C. Some Recent Contributions to Hemipterology, J. R. De la Torre Bueno, White Plains, N.Y. Coccidze from the Society Islands. R. W. Doane and Evelyn Hadden, Stanford University, Calif. New Pseudoscorpionida, Nathan Banks, East Falls, Church, Va. Notes on the Larva and Pupa of Sthenopis thule, J. M. Swaine, Macdonald College, A New Genus and Some New Species of Tenthredinidx, Alex. D. Macgillivray, Ithaca, N.Y. Notes on the Preparatory Stages of Philometra metonalis, Henry H. Lyman, Montreal. Synonymical and Descriptive Notes on North American ‘Heteroptera, Edward P. Van Duzee, Buffalo, N.Y. Notes on Lachnus carye, H. F. Wilson, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Entomology. Hemiptera, Old and New, G. W. Kirkaldy, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Some Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms, F. J. A. Morris, Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ont. Phylogeny of the Lithocolletid Group, Annette F. Braun, Univ. of Cincinnati, Ohio. The Eupithecie of Eastern North America, George W. Taylor, Nanaimo, B.C. The volume also contains obituary notices of Mr. G. W. Peck and Professor M. V. Slingerland, and a memoir of William Henry Edwards—all well-known entomologists. Eleven plates and thirteen other illustrations add interest to the volume. At the close of last year the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, who had conducted the Canadian Entomologist for many years with great care and ability, found it neces- sary to retire from active editorial work, much to the concern of the members of the Society, who have highly appreciated his services. However, a worthy successor in the editorship of the magazine has been found in Dr. EH. M. Walker, of the Biological Department of Toronto University. Dr. Bethune has been appointed editor emeritus by the executive of the Society. In the Society’s library at Guelph there are more than two thousand bound volumes and a very large number of unbound publications, bulletins, proceedings of societies, etc. 4 5.8. The Society’s cabinets contain a very complete collection of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and a good number of representatives of the other orders. In addition there are many very beautiful © specimens of exotic Lepidoptera. The Branch Associations connected with the Society are doing excellent work. — They spread the knowledge of economic entomology to the great benefit of the — farmers, horticulturists, and fruit-growers, in their several localities. EVENING SESSION—THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 3rp, 1910. A public meeting was held at 8 o’clock p.m. in the Massey Hall Auditorium, at which there was a good attendance of students and representatives of the College staff, as well as of members of the Society. The chair was taken by Mr. C. C. ~ James, Deputy Minister of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. The pro- ceedings were enlivened by some musical selections given by members of the College 5 Philharmonic Society. After a few remarks by the Chairman congratulating the Society on reaching its forty-seventh annual meeting, and referring to the amount — of good work that it has accomplished, he introduced the speaker of the evening, Professor James G. Needham, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., who occupies : the chair of Limnology in the Department of Entomology. His subject was “'The Role of Insects in Water-life,” illustrated with many beautiful lantern pictures. The following is an abstract of his remarks :— THE ROLE OF INSECTS IN WATER-LIFE. Pror. JAMES G. NEEDHAM (Abstract). Aquatic insects are not found in all the waters of the earth, but are mainly ~ restricted to shoal parts of fresh water and to the shelter of rocks and vegetation. There are but few found inhabiting even the bottoms of our deeper lakes and ~ streams, a few blood worms, caddis-worms and the burrowing nymphs of May-flies, — and there is but one, Corethra, that is strictly free-swimming in habits and a constant , denizen of the open water. Moreover, it is mainly the larval stages of insects that — are aquatic; only these breathe by gills, and the larve are tied by parentage to the shores. Alongshore, however, insects constitute a very important part of the sub- merged population, being present often in inconceivably vast numbers. Sometimes a species, like the great May-fly, Hexagenia, that is synchronous in its habits of © transformation, comes forth in swarms that darken the air on a midsummer evening, but the vast majority of aquatic insects are not thus concerted in habits and give us no visible demonstration of their abundance. Yet they abound in all aquatic situa- tions in shoal water. Some groups, like the stone-flies, are fitted for life in rapid waters only, but most of the larger groups, like the flies and the beetles and the dragon-flies, contain representatives expressly adapted to situations of the utmost diversity. The rapid-water forms are usually flattened and depressed in body for attachment to the surface of stones where the water glides over them. And, on the 42 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 other hand, those in stagnant waters usually possess devices for protecting their delicate gills from the accumulation of sediment. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 43 The collector who knows something about the habits of the insects he gathers - alongshore is usually struck with the apparent preponderance of carnivorous forms. _ All of the dragon-flies and bugs, nearly all of the beetles and the larve of many flies, are of strictly carnivorous habits and are very much more in evidence than the herbivorous May-flies or midge larve or those alge-feeding beetle larvee of the family Haliplide that has recently been demonstrated to be herbivorous. The lecturer then showed many lantern slides illustrating species of May-flies, beetle larvee and caddis-worms that are being studied especially at the Biological Field Station of Cornell University. He discussed the varying reproductive capacity, length of life, food and shelter requirements of these species, and showed in con- clusion the possibilities of artificial increase by rearing in pure cultures and the possibilities of conservation of the natural supply of these excellent items of fish food by providing proper shelter and by protecting the foraging grounds. _ he Chairman, Mr. C. C. James, expressed the pleasure that all present had derived from the address and the surprise that all shared in at the importance of aquatic insects as regards the provision of food for fishes. A vote of thanks to Prof. Needham was moved by President Creelman, seconded by Dr. CO. Gordon Hewitt, _ and heartily adopted by the meeting. SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 417u, 1910. The first portion of the morning was spent in the Society’s part of the College Museum, and was devoted to an inspection of the extensive collections of Lepidop- tera and Coleoptera and the specimens brought by the members. Among the various interesting examples presented may be mentioned a large collection of beetles cap- tured upon foliage in illustration of Mr. F. J. A. Morris’s paper; these specimens were beautifully mounted and carefully labelled. Prof. J. M. Swaine exhibited a series of specimens of Scolytid beetles and their work as wood-engravers and timber destroyers. Dr. Hewitt exhibited a case containing the partial life-history of the Spruce Budworm (Tortrix fumiferana). This contained moths, larve, chrysalids, and _ several species of parasites, as well as drawings of the mature larva and end of twig vi Mees, . showing the winter shelters of the young larve. In a separate case was exhibited the characteristic work of the caterpillars. Dr. Hewitt also placed on view a case containing the work of six different species of Chermes which had been donated to the Division of Entomology by Miss Edith M. Patch, of Orono, Maine, and speci- mens of the parasite, Tropidopria conica, reared from Fristalis. Mr. Gibson exhibited a case containing rare Noctuids and Arctians. Among these were Stretchia plusiiformis and Apantesis michabo from Hymers, Ont.; Momophara comstocki, from McNab’s Island, N.S.; Sphinx perelegans, from Wel- = lington, B.C.; and a series of moths of the genus Xylina from the Ottawa district. An inflate of the mature larva of Estigmene prima was also shown, which had been reared from eggs obtained at Shawville, Que., by Mr. A. F. Winn. The following were noted among the specimens exhibited by Mr. Lyman :— Grapta gracilis, from the White Mountains. Argynnis montinus, Chinobas semidea, Colias interior, Parchnobia wockei? and Anarta schoenherri from Mt. Washington. Hepialus gracilis from the White Mountains. Also the following from Hymers, Ont., received from Mr. Horace Dawson :— A beautifully suffused specimen of Argynnis atlantis. dt THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 A curious completely suffused specimen of Argynnis bellona. Phragmatobia assimilans, var. franconia Sloss. Hyphoraia parthenos, the outer brown band on secondaries reduced to dots. Graptolitha hemina. (‘This specimen was compared with Grote’s type in the British Museum by Mr. Lyman and positively identified.) Leucobrephos brephoides. Cossus centerensis. Cossus undosus ? Sthenopis argenteomaculatus. Hepialus hyperboreus. Dr. Walker exhibited a case containing the nymphs or larve of the following species of Canadian Aeshninae (a group of large dragon-flies) : Boyeria vinosa, B. grafiana, Basiaeschna janata, Nasiaeschna pentacantha, Anax junius, Aeshna juncea, eremita, interrupta (?), clepsydra, canadensis, palmata, wmbrosa, constricta, cali- fornica and multicolor. This includes all the known nymphs of North American species of Aeshna. He also showed an aberrant specimen of the butterfly Char- idryas nycteis and the galls of three species of Chermes from black and white spruce in Ontario. At eleven o’clock the election of officers for the year 1910-1911 was proceeded with and Dr. E. M. Walker was unanimously elected President and Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt Vice-President. The complete list is given on page 9. The following resolution, moved by Mr. Henry H. Lyman and seconded by Mr. Arthur Gibson, was adopted :— “That Past Presidents of the Society be invited to present to the Society framed photographs of themselves taken on a plate 10 by 8 inches with mat or border not over 3 inches wide, and that in the case of deceased Presidents the Council endeavour to have similar portraits prepared where photographs can be obtained for enlarge- ment.” Professor J. M. Swaine, of Macdonald College, St. Anne de Belleville, P.Q., addressed the Society as follows :— Mr. Chairman and gentlemen,—I have the honour this afternoon to represent officially the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. T’wo years ago, at a meeting at Macdonald College, we formed a society which we called The Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases. The name is rather long but it expresses very well our purpose. The Society receives financial assistance from the Quebec Government, and is thereby enabled to publish an annual report. Prof. Lochhead has been our President since the organization of the Society. We hold two meetings annually—a winter meeting, so far held at Macdonald College, at which papers are read, and business is transacted; and a summer meeting at La Trappe. This summer meeting lasts for two days and is devoted chiefly to collecting and discussions. La Trappe is an excellent collecting ground, and we have always a delightful outing among the beautiful orchards and vineyards and fine farms of those most hospitable gentlemen, the Trappist Fathers and Brothers. Our members are few as yet, but we are ambitious, and hope to do sometiing | in the way of investigation and distribution among the Quebec farmers of a knowl- edge of the methods of controlling injurious fungi and insects which will justify our existence as a society. I have then, sir, the privilege this afternoon of presenting to you and your Society the greetings and the good wishes of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. . a ee Ci Oe eS! Mee een Tk Ee ae | gt tye 1911 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 BEETLES FOUND ABOUT FOLIAGE. F. J. A. Morris, Trinrty CoLuecr Scuoon, Porr Hopr. During my five years or more of collecting, I have captured, on and about foliage, species belonging to eight or ten of the great families of beetles. Some of these have been merely incidental and I know of nothing in their habits to connect them with the tree or herbaceous plant on which I found them. For instance, there is a species of Lagriid, a family closely related to the Tenebrionide or Darkling Beetles, which I have often taken on foliage—Arthromacra enea; usually the beetle is found feeding in blossoms of the dogwood, occasionally on the foliage of that shrub, but quite often I have seen it on the leaves of the May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), the New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), and the Sweet Fern (Comptonia asplenifolia) ; it appears to have a special fondness for this last shrub and on bright, hot days of July is often abundant in patches of Sweet Fern. So far as I know it does not eat the leaves, but contrary to the general habit of the Tenebrionids it certainly courts bright sunshine. There is an allied genus in Great Britain (Lagria hirta) said to be found on blossoms and in hedges, which even in the larval stage is remarkable for its habit of wandering openly about foliage. Most of the Tenebrionid larve feed obscurely on vegetable matter, preferably in a dry condition ; probably the best known, in domestic economy, is Tenebrio molitor, the famous meal-worm, which I have occasionally had served to me at breakfast in a plate of porridge. There are three families of beetle in particular, many of whose members are extremely fond of sunshine. The Elaters or Click Beetles, their next of kin, the Buprestids or Metallic Wood-borers, and the Cerambycide or Long-horns. I have often captured some of the smaller species of Elaters, chiefly of the genus Corymbites, resting on the upper side of leaves, apparently indulging in the luxury of a sun-bath. Early in May two seasons ago I took a magnificent specimen of Buprestis striata basking on the tip of a branch of white pine, and in August of the same year I saw darting about in the mid-day heat and settling from time to time on the foliage of a spruce the gorgeous little Buprestid, Chrysobothris harristi. This dazzling vision in peacock blue was vouchsafed to me for a moment only and then withdrawn, but in my mind’s eye I have been “ following the gleam” ever since. Altogether that proved a red-letter day in my calendar, for I captured on the trunk of a newly-felled balsam fir at the same spot my sole specimen of Monohammus marmorator. A great many of the Cerambycide or Long-horns are fond of this sun-basking ; and I have made occasional captures on foliage of species that usually seek the shade: once a specimen of Callidium antennatum on a blade of grass by the road- side, and once a fine specimen of Calloides nobilis on a stalk of sedge by the rail- way track. But of those that are active by day, many of them feeding in blossoms, I have found many species on leaves, especially of the two tribes Clytini and Lepturini; in one or two cases, the insect seems to prefer one foliage to all others and perhaps such captures ought not to be regarded as merely incidental: for instance, I have found Clytanthus ruricola show a decided preference for the ieaves of the thimbleberry, though it does not often feed in the blossom of this plant. The capture I look back upon with greatest pride was that of a small speci- men of HVupogonius subarmatus in my first season of collecting. I was going through a belt of basswood on the look out for various things, but chiefly “ Walking Sticks” and the larve of Chrysomela scalaris: by “ Walking Sticks” I mean the , * 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Phasmid, Diapheromera femorata, an Orthopterous insect next of kin to the Pray- ing Mantids; it occurred not infrequently that season about the Rideau on bass- wood; still more abundant on basswood leaves were the larve of Chrysomela — scalaris, and I was rearing some in captivity. While scanning the underside of the foliage just above my head I noticed a leaf through which the sunlight passed imperfectly ; there was a small opaque area near the centre, in short, something rather smaller than a house fly was casting its shadow on the upper surface. I drew the leaf cautiously down and surprised a diminutive longicorn sunning itself in the © middle of the leaf; unfortunately, I surprised it in more senses than one, for, in response to a stimulus of self-preservation, it instantly collapsed and, tumbling ~ down the leaf in a series of somersaults, like the clown in a pantomime, disappeared _ from the stage. For nearly half an hour I hunted among the débris at my feet — and at last discovered the little harlequin playing possum under a twig. At first I took this beetle for Amphionycha flammata, to which superficially it bears an extraordinary resemblance; but I found the ungues or claws (which are divaricate) simple instead of cleft; as they are distinctly cleft in Amphionycha, the foot appearing to end in four minute claws, it became certain my capture was EHupogonius subarmatus. Another form of incidental capture is where beetles of a carnivorous habit resort to foliage in search of food. I have once taken Calosoma scrutator, and several times Calosoma caliduwm on the foliage of the white pine; these enterprising ground beetles poaching on the arboreal preserves for caterpillars; many of the diurnal fireflies, which are carnivorous, may be found resorting to foliage for the same purpose, and the Coccinellide or Lady-birds are regularly so taken. One ~ July I found two or three species of Lady-bird resorting in large numbers to an asparagus bed where they were doing yeoman service in devouring larve as they fed on the foliage; on the menu of their banquet if not the piéce de résistance was Crioceris asparagi, and they were feasting royally. Passing from incidental captures to those where the insect was found on its food-plant, I shall begin with an insect I saw in July three years ago which did not devour the leaves, but using its jaws as a pair of scissors, cut them and rolled them up into cylinders. I mean the weevil, Attelabus analis, the oakleaf roller. I was examining the leaves of various plants, herbaceous and woody, along the railway track some 12 miles north of Port Hope—especially willow shrubs and oak- seedlings whose foliage was lush and tender, the leaves being, many of them, still pink and soft—when I noticed a curculio with black head and snout, the thorax and elytra of a shining chestnut red. I recognized it from having seen cabinet specimens as one of the oak-leaf rollers, and on diligent search I found it fairly abundant and always on young leaves, which no doubt proved more pliable and ~ easily worked by this ingenious little artificer. It was not easy to see much work done, as the beetle is easily alarmed and drops from the leaf if approached too closely. I was able in one case, however, to watch the actual process of rolling) ~ and in another some of the preliminary work of cutting. Observations published in an American journal of entomology go to prove that though the act is instinctive and involves neither practice nor imitation, it is not absolutely perfect; leaves have been found cut in more than one place and then abandoned as unsatisfactory. — There is a very interesting account of a British leaf-roller (Rhynchites betule) given by Sharpe in the Cambridge Natural History. The female beetle © goes to the margin of the leaf—at the base, but some way out from the stalk— and cuts through the leaf from the margin to the mid-rib somewhat in the shape of an upright letter S; it then crosses the mid-rib and cuts through the other half © 7S ail ion ea | Fe CS ee Fh ey an ee 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4Y of the leaf to the margin somewhat in the shape of a prostrate letter S. The beetle then returns to the margin where it began cutting and, much as a grocer makes a paper funnel for sugar, rolls the edge over round an ideal axis till it brings it to the mid-rib; here it holds the funnel in position with the legs of one side while, with the other three, it draws the further side of the leaf towards it and wraps it around the part of the funnel already formed. When it finds the material stiff to work with it bites the surface of the leaf with its mandibles or pushes it into position with its feet, adjusting means to ends like a sailor at work in the shrouds furling canvas. It then enters the funnel, bites two or three small pits into the leaf, deposits an egg in each and then emerging completes the funnel by folding over and tucking in the tip of the leaf. Mr. Sharpe, in comment, points out that the insect has never seen a funnel in its life and yet manages to make one perfectly the very first time of trying. But the author’s perplexity is partly due to his confusing a purely instinctive act with an act of intelligence (vide the Peckhams’ book on Wasps). How can an insect be a highly-skilled engineer, working with mathematical accuracy and on a scientific plan? It is an insoluble problem if you try to state your answer in terms of intelligence and individual consciousness. But place it among impulsive acts, involuntary and more or less mechanical, common to all members of the species, and you can give a fairly satisfactory explanation in terms of instinct. Among insects especially are found instincts whose perfection is simply diabolical, often involving a highly complex series of acts performed but once in the whole life-time of the individual and therefore admitting of neither practice nor imitation. To look upon such acts as the result of conscious intelligence is absurd; the intellect has no place here and would be simply a meddler, likely to bungle and make a botch of the artificer’s work. On the other hand a whole- hearted Darwinian like Weismann has no difficulty in applying his great principle of selection to such an act and seeing in it one more beautiful illustration of how all things living in the world, whether flora or fauna, are adapted to their environment. As I have begun with one of the weevils, which come at the end of the Coleop- tera in classification, I shall pass to a family not far removed from the weevils, the Blister Beetles (Meloide), many of which in the mature state occur abundantly on foliage and are very destructive. Four species of the genus Hpicauta are known in Ontario; some of them occasionally attack the leaves of the potato, but more usually _ they feed harmlessly on flowers like golden rod and helianthus or the low herbage by river banks. I have not seen any of this genus and think it uncommon east of Toronto, or at least in the neighborhood of Port Hope. One species of an allied genus (Macrobasis unicolor), which also attacks the potato, I have found in great abundance about Port Sydney in low grounds feeding and breeding on the foliage of meadow-rue. The family consists of two tribes, Cantharidae and Melotdae ; the former all have power of flight and are frequently found about foliage or flowers; in the latter the wings are abortive or entirely absent, and the beetle’s - most-daring excursion into the realm of air consists in crawling up a grass-blade or the stem of some herbaceous plant. One or two species of Meloe or Oil-beetle are frequently found early in the spring and late in the summer, but the insect docs not appear to eat foliage. Both tribes of this family are famous for their pos- session of a principle known as cantharidine, whence they are called Blister beetles, some of the species being of great medicinal value. A more remarkable feature about them which they share with some of their neighbours, the Mordellide, is the phenomenon of hyper-metamorphosis. They fia are all parasitic in the larval stage, their hosts being usually bees, occasionally wasps and (in the case of Hpicauta) locusts. ‘The normal form of the larva is preceded by a very active louse-like insect known as a triungulin (each leg termin- ating in a triple set of hooks). The larva that sugceeds the triungulin is inactive and almost legless; moreover, in some cases the true pupa is preceded by a sort of preliminary pupal form from which emerges a larva of habit almost as active as the original triungulin, though it does not feed. The triungulin is a monomaniac; I mean a creature of but one idea, one single goal of ambition, and its six active legs enable it to get there. ‘The loadstone that draws the triungulin like a steel-filing to a magnet is the egg of its host. In the case of Epicauta vittata this is the egg cluster of a locust, and the parent beetle takes the precaution of laying its eggs near where the locust has hidden its egg- batches in the ground. Among the Cantharids whose host is a genus of bee (Anthophora), the beetle oviposits near the bees’ nest, but in order that the tri- ungulin may reach the egg of the bee, it has to be carried into the nest by a queen bee ; its instinct impels it to seize the first hairy object within reach. This frequently proves to be the leg of a drone and in some cases the triungulin manages to transfer itself to the leg of a queen bee during the nuptial flight and so reaches its goal, the egg-cell in the hive. But hundreds of triungulins must perish from seizing a wrong object, and in order to compensate for this, selection has enormously inereased the fertility of the female beetle, which lays as many as 2,000 eggs. In the Meloe or Oil-beetle the instinct.is even more imperfect; the beetle does not lay her eggs near the home of the host and the triungulin mounts to the top of grass stems or enters a blossom and waits there for a hair (any hair will do) ; this more often than not proves to be growing on the leg of a fly, or if a bee, the wrong kind, and thousands of the triungulins, instinctively seizing the first hairy object that offers, are carried into space to perish miserably. All that saves the Meloe from utter extinction is the stupendous fecundity of the female, the clutch of eggs laid by this Apteryx among insects producing a brood of no fewer than 10,000 triungulin chicks. Apart from the great Phytophagous group of beetles, easily the best known family of leaf-eaters is the Scarabeids. One section of this family consists of scavengers pure and simple, the larva being nourished in manure or rotting wood, and the female laying her eggs in such material. But an important branch of the family is phytophagous, the larve feeding on living vegetable matter, usually the roots of grasses and herbaceous plants, and the mature insects often feeding ~ voraciously on leaves of trees or soft vegetable tissue. In this family of beetles, structurally so different from the Phytophagous Beetles, strictly so called, it is interesting to note how far one group has diverged from another in response to conditions entailed by their chosen food material. Among the Coprini you find the larval stage completed in a few weeks or at most months, while the life of the mature beetle (as in Scarabeeus) extends over a period of two or three years.’ Among the Melolonthini almost the converse obtains; the 48 THE REPORT OF THE... No. 36 larva takes two, three or even five years to mature, and the beetle, after emerging ~ from the ground, lives for only a week or two. In Ontario the most familiar of these phytophagous scarabs are the leaf- chafers popularly known as June bugs. After three years passed in subterranean obscurity the beetles emerge, often in vast quantities; they are inactive during the — day and remain hidden in the grass at the foot of trees or on the foliage itself, but at dusk they rouse up from their lairs and fly about among the trees in irregular * flight, noisy and blundering; before midnight their dctivity on the wing ceases. ae 1911 INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. -49 The life of the individual beetle after emerging from the ground lasts little more than a week or two, and you would naturally expect its chief concern to be the per- petuation of its kind. But often Melolonthinus, like Launcelot Gobbo, is a huge feeder, sometimes entirely stripping fruit trees and ornamental shade trees of their foliage. There are one or two genera in this group containing species a good deal smaller than Lachnosterna, the true June bug, which are also very destructive in some parts and seasons. The Rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), not content with eat- ing the buds and petals of rose blossoms, frequently attacks the grape-vine and the foliage of various fruit trees; it is also sometimes a pest on young corn; it does not seem so far to have made its way east of Toronto in any serious numbers. A closely allied genus is the Dichelonycha, one species of which (D. elongata) I have often seen eating the foliage of basswood. Three seasons ago it was very abundant in the woods near Port Hope, and responsible for a good deal of damage done in July to the foliage of forest trees; it shows a decided preference for bass- wood, eating its foliage more readily and more rapidly than other leaves, though I have found it on hawthorn and on maple. Another genus, that of Hoplia (trifasciata), occurs often on hawthorn leaves, but it is almost entirely a pollen-feeder like Trichius piger and Euphoria inda. Hoplia, which occurs often on choke cherry, early elder and hawthorn, the males appearing at the beginning of May and the females a fortnight later, disappears at the beginning of June. Another species of Euphoria, a beautiful beetle, called H. fulgida, I suspect of eating forest leaves; I have picked it up several times under trees in open rocky hardwoods on the north shore of the Rideau. Among Scarabs that frequent foliage are also two species very destructive in the tribe Rutelini, large handsome beetles—Pelidnota punctata, found on grape- vines, and Cotalpa lanigera, chiefly on pear trees, but occasionally on elm, poplar and oak. J have never found this beetle, but the Pelidnota has been taken occasion- ally in the neighbourhood, usually on the cultivated grape-vine, but once or twice on wild vines, some miles north of the town; it does not appear to be at all frequent east of Toronto. I mentioned at the outset of my paper the Buprestids as a family peculiarly fond of basking in the sun. There are two genera of Buprestid that eat leaves, Agrilus and Brachys. The first of these is a long, narrow beetle, taken occasionally on the leaves of basswood, but more common on the foliage of raspberries. The larva bores in the stem of the raspberry. A curious feature about the Agrilus is that in appearance and shape, as well as in some of its movements for escape or to elude observation, it closely resembles the longicorn beetle Oberea; moreover, the habits and life-history of the two beetles are almost identical; they both lay their eggs in raspberry stems, where the larva bores and feeds, and they both in _ maturity resort to the leaves of the plant as a resting place and occasionally for food. The genus Brachys is a short form of beetle, almost as broad as it is long, the species I have most commonly found being Brachys erosa; it is not uncommon on basswood and two or three other forest leaves, but I have usually found it feed- ing on the foliage of a hazel (Corylus rostrata), where it is sometimes abundant. It is stated in Sharpe’s article on insects in the Cambridge Natural History that some of the smaller kinds of Buprestid have been discovered to feed on the parenchyma of leaves. I know nothing about the larval habit of Brachys, but arguing on analogy from Agrilus, I would hazard the guess that the larva is a leaf miner on hazel or other forest leaves. 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36m eee In drawing a parallel between Agrilus and Oberea I referred to both form and habit. The form of Brachys, short and broad and somewhat flat, suggests the form of Odontota, a leaf-miner among the Chrysomelians; in habit, since the — mature beetle of Agrilus responds to the same food-stimulus as its larva, the eat- ing of hazel and other leaves by the Brachys beetle may mean that the larva mines in such leaves. (Vide Can. Ent., 1887, xix, 159.) I have found a great many instances among the Coleoptera where the mature — insect seems to be affected in a greater or less degree by the same stimulus as the larva. Perhaps the sight of the larva’s food-plant strikes on some happy chord of ) childish recollection in the mature beetle. To the student of animal instinct it is no doubt far more wonderful that an insect in its comparatively short life should at different stages respond to two quite distinct food-stimuli. The syrphus fly (Hristalis tenax), whose larva feeds in liquid manure, is at maturity a honey-sucking haunter of blossoms; in extreme cases, like that of the parasitic oil-beetles, as many as three distinct food-stimuli occur in the life of the individual. ; But in my rambles through the realm of Coleoptera, it is the opposite phenomenon which has struck me most. I mean the number of beetles that are attracted to the food of their larva. I have noticed this especially among the Cerambycide. In many of them the smell of fermenting sap (where a tree is newly felled or has been injured by the lopping of branches or the mutilation of bark) seems to act as a direct and powerful stimulus in liberating the instinct of reproduction. ‘This is specially noticeable in the Monohammi. In others, again, where perhaps the smell of sap has first drawn the insects to the tree for breed- ing purposes, the sight of the foliage seems to impel the beetles to eat the leaves. This is particularly the case in some genera that approach most nearly to the ~ Chrysomelians. We have a familiar illustration of it in Tetraopes, the Milkweed beetle, whose larva feeds in the stem of the plant while the beetle resorts in large numbers to the leaves, on which it feeds freely as well as breeding. Less con- spicuous examples of the same phenomenon are the Oberea, and still more the ~ Saperda. I have several times captured Saperda vestita feeding on the sheaf of leafy twigs surrounding the basswood stumps, under whose bark the eggs are laid. I have found Saperda moesta eating the leaves of the poplar, where its larva de- velops, and on a single willow I once counted over 200 specimens of Saperda con- color breeding on the leaves and eating the foliage with evident relish. These last few paragraphs have brought me right into the great group of Phytophagous beetles, properly so called; whose larve, without exception, find sup- port on living vegetable tissue. They comprise three families, the Bruchids which devour seeds, the Cerambycids which attack the woody tissue of trees and shrubs, and the Chrysomelids which feed at all stages on foliage and the more succulent parts of vegetation. = The Bruchids form only a small group, and the genus Bruchus is the only one of much importance; besides the Pea and Bean Weevils (so called), the only species I have found at all abundant is a minute insect, Bruchus discoideus, some- times plentiful in the blossoms of the white convolvulus or Morning Glory. The Cerambycids appear to have been in their origin scavengers, rarely attack- ing sound wood; but the larve of many of them, before reaching full growth, eat Zz right into solid timber; while others appear to eke out their existence by draining ‘ Ee © Cet hee ten 6d 6b ete Ot ee ee _ —— the afflux of sap to the part they have wounded; yet others again have deserted : the forest tree that formed their ancestral home and taken up their abode in the ~ fruit trees of our orchards. The larve develop slowly, and must greatly reduce ee a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 the vitality of the tree they infest. They are exceedingly tenacious of life, and _ many instances are on record to show that the larval stage is capable of enormous extension. The imago of Monohammus has been known to emerge from chairs and tables _ years after the manufacture of the furniture. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, an English naturalist, heard one of these larve at work in a boot-tree (an implement for stretching top boots), which he had in his possession for 14 years; he then pre- _ sented the implement to the Natural History Museum at Kensington, where for : 6 or 7 years longer the larva continued to saw wood. The entire absence of sap had, of course, arrested the development of the larva, and it was unable to com- : plete its transformation. Sereno Watson, the American botanist, relates another case (Packard, U. S. Ent. Comm., 1890, p. 689) that seems to prove the life of 4 one longicorn to have lasted 45 years. When you add to this tenacity of life the _ larval obscurity which makes even detection difficult, it will be seen how serious a pest the longicorns may and often do become. : The Chrysomelians, on the other hand, live openly on foliage, which they _ devour as beetles no less than as larve. The larval stage is short, and the insect, : as a rule, helpless and easily destroyed. They more than compensate, however, for _ their exposure to attack by their rapid breeding, many genera producing two broods every season. There .are 11 tribes of the family in boreal America, all of them - represented in Ontario. But the great bulk of our Chrysomelide belong to the - four consecutive tribes—Cryptocephalin, Humolpini, Chrysomelini and Galerucini; ~ the last of these is far the greatest, and contains more genera and almost as many " species as the other three combined. Together these four tribes contain more than two-thirds of the entire genera and species in the family. "As, geologically, the woody fibred vegetation preceded the leafy and succulent plants, it is probable that the Cerambycide attained their greatest development far earlier than the Chrysomelide. But the two families are undoubtedly closely akin, and the Donacias may be regarded both in form and in habit as in many respects intermediate between some of the less highly specialised genera of Cerambycids _ and the Chrysomelids. THE POOL. Rey. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., Hunt, QUE. Within an easy distance of my present place of abode there is, in the land- - _ seape, an abrupt descent, clothed with forest trees, and extending for a consider- able distance. Such a descent would have been called in England, in the olden times, a “hanger.” In that delightful book, “ White’s Natural History of Selbourne,’ such a hanger is described; and the word itself is found in the names of places, such as Oakhanger, Westonhanger, etc. It may be that the appellation is an Anglicised form of the Norman French hangar, a shed—a word common in Quebec Province, but almost obsolete in Eng- and. Thackeray, however, makes use of it in his “Life of Henry Esmond.”* At a spot under the elevation I have in mind, the Trenton limestone of the e Mademoiselle, may we take your coach to town? I saw it in the hangar, and this - poor Marquis must be dropping with sleep.”—The Hist. of Henry Esmond. Bk. III., Ch. 13. Pe -) 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | district crops out, around a hollow some yards across and always containing water. A projecting slab on the edge of the pool affords me a welcome place of rest. When I am seated upon it, my attention is naturally drawn to the creatures inhabiting — the limpid water at my feet. I have found them a numerous and interesting as- sembly. One day, early in June, I noticed a number of Newts (specimens of Dtemyc- — tylus viridescens), asprawl, and motionless on the bottom of the pool. Presently a small fly, either by accident or design, touched the water: immediately one of the newts, that had seemed so inert, rose to the surface and swallowed it. The propelling guiding powers of the newt were in its tail. A few undulations of this, ; and the creature ascended directly to its mark—its feet hanging motionless by its sides, I much desired to examine the newt more closely; but how was I to secure it without injuring it? I called to mind that when I was a boy in England, I made a visit to friends in Surrey; and my young companions there took me to a pond to shew me how to catch “effets”—those formidable, saw-backed creatures that bear the name of Triton cristatus. FM Fy les AGL? Fie. 1 Diemyctylus viridescens. Natural size. My friends took with them a stick, a piece of string, and some worms. On reaching the pond they fastened one end of the string to the stick, and tied a worm hy the middle to the other, and then dangled the bait before the eyes of a Triton. The little reptile seized it with the greatest avidity; and, so tenacious was its hold, that it allowed itself to be lifted from the water, and landed on the bank, without relaxing it. T tried this plan with my newt; but it was a failure—the creature would not bite. It wriggled away. But a handsome Leopard Frog—cream-breasted, green- coated, and adorned with jet-black markings—which was sitting near with its head out of water—could not resist the lure, but swallowed it incontinently. I tightened the line to see if the frog would allow itself to be drawn from the water. It sat, as Mark Twain’s “Jumping Frog” sat, after the shot had been poured into it; but it let the worm come from its maw with a slobbering gasp. It may have been imagination, but I thought that a look of astonished dis- gust passed over the visage of the frog. While I was considering how to secure a specimen of the newt, a mosquito lit upon my knee, and proceeded to present its little bill; but I brought a weighty argument to bear upon it, and put it out of occupation. I pitched its remains 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 upon the water. expecting to see a newt rise to them; but instantly a hungry Water Strider (Hygrotrechus remigis, Say) seized them and glided away. At the saine instant another newt rose to a fly. I had my Entomological net in my hand, and, on the impulse of the moment, I slid it into the water and caught the reptile. What a beautiful little creature it was! Its back and sides were olive green; its under parts chrome yellow; and it was dotted all over, down to its toes, with jet. black spots. In a row, on either side of its body, were some oval spots, crimson- lake in colour, and each inclosed by a black ring. Its tail, set edgeways, was broad. and thin, and as long as its body. It moved with easy grace. I took the littte creature home with me, made a drawing of it, and then carried it back to its com- panions in. the pool. The newts all aisappeared at the end of July. The Water Strider deserves our attention. It is a wonderful object. It stands and moves upon the water: its body does not touch the surface. Do you want a proof of this? It is before us. Notice on the rocky bottom of the pool, the little cluster of six black spots, that moves as the insect moves above. It is a group of shadows from the creature’s feet. There is no shadow from its body—the light pass- ing under it and the sheen on the water cut off that—but the feet, being in actual contact with the surface, cast their shadows below. How can the Strider stand and walk upon the water? ‘The length of its limbs, and the adjustment of its weight, enable it to do so. A needle dropped lightly on still water will float; but a shot of the same weight will sink instantly. If you place the living Strider upon water in a basin, it will at first dash about wildy, for it is possessed of an excess of energy; but, if you remain motion- less, it will soon quiet down; and then, strange to say, you will easily perceive that at each foot the water is slightly depressed—the surface is not broken but bent in. The long !ezs of the insect stretch out like rays, and its body is suspended between them, distributing its weight to six points. It weighs barely one grain—I have had it carefully weighed by a chemist’s scales—so one-sixth of a grain only im- pinges at one point upon the water (or one-fourth, when the insect is employing its front legs against its prey), but this is sufficient to cause a slight depression. The dimensions of the Strider are as follows:—Length of body, 15 millime- tres; breadth, at widest part, 5mm.; thickness, at thickest part, 3mm.; length of antenne, 6mm.; length of proboscis, 3mm. Front Legs: Length of femur, 5mm.; length of tibia, 314mm.; length of tar- sus, 2mm. Middle Legs: Length of femur, 10mm.; length of tibia, 8mm.; length of tar- sus, 4mm. Hindmost Legs: Length of femur, 8mm.; length of tibia, 6mm. ; length of tar- sus, 214mm. These further particulars may be interesting:—The legs are densely clothed with short bristles—these, stretching backwards, must aid the creature’s move- ments. The tarsi are two-jointed, and terminated with sharp claws. The an- tenne have four long joints (that next the head being the longest), and a ring- joint between the second and third. The eyes are jet black, closely reticulated, and 80 prominent that they seem to he starting out of their sockets. ‘The front legs are much stouter than the others and are formed for clasping—they are weapons of offence. The body beneath has the appearance of fine glossy leather. The Striders are cannibals. I saw one of them leap upon a smaller relative, ag 54 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 grapple fiercely with it, clasp it tightly to its chest, and then drive its probe ’ into its body—the victim soon succumbed. While sitting by the pool I learned, with other facts, that wasps resort i the © water to drink. I do not think that this should occasion surprise, for the masti- cation of wood pulp, for the construction of their nests, must be thirsty work for — the wasps. F At the edge of the pool some broken pieces of rock had fallen in, and a little — water found its way between them. I saw a specimen of Vespa diabolica, Sauss, — alight on the edge, walk down to the water, take a drink, and then fly away. Soon a second came to the same spot, and did likewise. Then there was a flash of ~ brighter yellow; and a very bustling object came on the scene, and took the same ~ course. I caught this insect to make sure of its identity—it was Vespa germanica, — Fabricius. Soon afterwards a fourth insect, a specimen of Polistes pallipes, St. Farg., came to the same place for refreshment. No doubt all these wasps had nests — not far away, and that this drinking-place was one of common resort for them. Fig. 2. Water Snails. Another species of the wasp that frequented the pool was the Mud Wasp, Pelo- — peus cementarius, Drury. It came to gather material for the construction of its— — we may well say—orphanages. These are built of mud, in snug nooks of houses, or © other buildings. They consist of cells—each of about the capacity of a pea-nut— ~ closely packed in masses which are smoothed on the outside. Before closing up — a cell, the mother wasp fills it with spiders paralyzed by its sting, and drops a soli- — tary egg amongst them. The mud castle contains no chamber for its builder—she y soon dies. i Clinging to the rocky sides and bottom of the pool, I found a number of Water ~ Snails, belonging to the genus Limnea. Their shells appeared larger than those # of Limnea palustris, and not so large as those of Limnea stagnalis. The snail ~ itself was an ungainly object, dull black in colour, and with flat horns, the shape 3 of brush-scythes. These probably aid the creature to steer its course in the water, — wher it loses its foothold. ; Of Water Beetles three kinds were to be seen in the pool, viz. :-—Colymbetes 4 sculptilis, Harris, Dytiscus fasciventris, Say, and Acilius fraternus, Harris. Gyrt- i 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. be is nus borealis, Aubé, which was very abundant in a neighbouring stream, was not to be seen in the pool. On one of my last visits to the pool, I drew from the bottom of it a broken limb of a tree that had lain there, water-logged, for the whole season. Attached to the under surface of this piece of wood, I found a strip of some kind of spawn. It was three-quarters of an inch long and about three-sixteenths of an inch thick, and so firm that I was able to loosen it from the wood without damaging it. It was translucent, and I counted in it sixty minute eggs. I placed it in water, and shifted it to fresh water frequently. The jelly-like matter surrounding the eggs, whether designed to nourish or protect them, gradually dissolved, and the eggs be- came free. At this stage the embryo, curled round within the egg, could be easily seen with the naked eye. The eggs began to hatch in the beginning of the present month (November). This is a description of the larvee in their first stage :— Length, two millimetres. Translucent and colourless throughout—except that the tips of the mandibles were ochreous and the eyes were small brown dots. _ The head was large in proportion to the body. The antenne were straight and _ tapering. The thoracic segments were slender, and angulated where the limbs were attached. The femora—especially of the hindmost pair of legs—were remarkably large. The segments of the somewhat enlarged and flask-shaped abdomen could be _ easily counted. At the end of the body were two respiratory tubes. Were these the larvee of Dytiscus fasciventris, Say? On August 3rd an American Bittern (Botaurus lengtiginosus) flew up as I approached the pool. J think the bird was merely a passing visitor, for, in my frequent walks around the spot, I did not see it again.* One day in September, while occupying my favourite seat by the pool, I be- came aware of a dozen heads protruding from the water, and a dozen pairs of eyes fixed intently upon me. The position struck me as ludicrous, and I laughed aloud. Immediately a dozen pairs of heels turned up with a splash, and my interviewers disappeared. In less than five minutes they showed themselves again, and resumed their watchful gaze, as much as to say, “What will you do next?” They were half-grown Leopard Frogs. I made the acquaintance of these creatures early in May, when they were dirty- brown tadpoles, about the size of our hazel nuts, and possessing long tails. They developed hind-legs in the beginning of July, and, before the end of that month, had absorbed their tails, and become possessed of fore-legs. About the time of their metamorphosis, the full-grown frogs disappeared from the pool: they were gone probably in search of land adventures; for their kind were plentiful in the low-lying meadows near. Not the least interesting of the frequenters of the pool were the Dragon-flies. The first of these to attract my attention was Tetragoneura canis, MacLachlan. I had not met with it previously, and am indebted to Dr. BE. M. Walker for us identification. The following is a brief description of it :— Tetragoneura canis, MacLachlan : Length of body 1% inches; expanse of wings, 23-8 inches. Colour brown. Face and thorax hairy, with a white gloss. On either side of each segment of the abdomen there is a clay-yellow patch. Ab- domen somewhat spatulate, widest in the middle, tapering towards the end. Vena- tion of wings pale brownish red. Stigmata dark brown. At the base of the second- aries are some small brown blotches. *On the 10th of June, 1904, I found a Bittern’s nest containing three eggs, at the ‘“Gomin,” near Quebec. It was merely a depression in the herbage. The eggs were 1 7-8 inches long and 1 7-16 inches broad, of a pure oval, and fawn- coloured. 56 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 In the course of the season the pool was visited by representatives of the five species undermentioned :— Basieschna janata, Say. Libellula quadrimaculata, Linneus. Libellula pulchella, Drury. Plathemis trimaculata, De Geer. Aishna wmbrosa, E. M. Walker. The last named was a particularly brilliant object. It was seemingly set with jewels. It flashed in the sunshine with the glories of emerald, sapphire, and topaz. It hovered over the pool, as a kestrel hovers over an English meadow. The whole scene in the bright autumn days was very lovely. The Golden Rod grew thickly around, its colors relieved by the blue of the Michaelmas Daisy. Here and there a clump of the Glaucous Willow gave an air of seclusion to the spot; and a few yards away the stately forest trees ascended, with foliage already tinged with russet, crimson, and gold. It was a spot in which the contemplative man might hold communion with his Maker, and muse upon all His works, and “rejoice in giving praise for the operations of His hands.” On October 17th—the day being bright and warm—I visited the pool again, but could detect no living thing within it. All its frequenters had lived out their lives, or sought their winter retreats. The ground was covered with dead leaves, brown and sear; and silence reigned —“Sic transit gloria mundi.” THE BEAN MAGGOT IN ONTARIO IN 1910. J. E. Howrrt, M.S.A., OnrTartio AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. It was the writer’s privilege and pleasure to attend the inaugural meeting ot the Bean Growers’ Association of Kent County, at Ridgetown, in May. At this meeting the fungus diseases and insects injuring beans were discussed at some length. During the discussion many of the growers asked about a little white “weevil” which they claimed was their worst insect pest. Most of them had the idea that it was the bean weevil, but, from the descriptions given of it, the writer came to the conclusion that the pest was not the bean weevil. It was, however, im- possible to say what the insect was from the accounts given by the growers at the meeting. An arrangement was, therefore, made for ‘the Biological Department of the Ontario Agricultural College to investigate the insect and fungus diseases of beans which might become prevalent in Kent County during the summer of 1910. About the “Loth of June word was received at the College that “the little white weevil” was doing serious harm in Kent County. Many-fields of beans had failed to germinate properly owing to the ravages of the pest. On June 21st the writer went down to Ridgetown, in Kent Ce, to investigate as fully as pos- sible the cause of the trouble. At Ridgetown Mr. W. E. Galbraith, President of the Bean Growers’ Association, met the: writer and a start for a trip of inspec- tion was made. The farm of Mr. Galbraith was first visited. On looking over the bean fields, here and there in the rows were seen plants which were little more than blackened stubs. The plumule and cotyledons had come above the ground, then withered and discolored. When some of these stubs were examined the coty- a ;, . . —19it _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 _ ledons were seen to have little holes eaten in them, usually many holes in a single ~ cotyledon, and very often the plumule had a little hole bored in it from above downwards for a short distance, less than one-sixth of an inch. It was quite evi- dent that some insect had done the damage. Many of the other plants in the rows which were more advanced in growth were also noticed to be unhealthy and dying. The first pair of true leaves were limp and hanging down around the stem, in- stead of erect and spread out in their natural horizontal position. On digging up some of these plants a discolored hole was noticed in the stem usually just above the root, but sometimes in the root. When these stems were cut open they were found to have a little tunnel running up through the centre, and at the end of each tunnel a little white maggot was usually found. These maggots were evi- dently killing the plants by boring in the stems. At the next farm visited a field was examined in which the beans had failed _ to germinate properly. Only a very few plants had come up in the rows and the owner was about to resow the field. The beans in this field had been planted just before a cold rainy spell lasting about three days. On uncovering some of the beans it was found that they were badly eaten by the same little white maggot that had been found in the stems. Half a dozen or more of the maggots were often found feeding upon a single bean. They were generally beneath the seed - coat and between the cotyledons. Many more bean fields were examined and in all the maggots were found in greater or less numbers. Sometimes the seeds had heen so badly eaten that they had failed to germinate, but in many instances though the cotyledons had been attacked by the maggots, the seed had germinated and pushed the damaged cotyledons above the ground and the plants appeared in the rows as discolored stubs. Though the maggots caused many blackish stubs in the rows and killed many of the more advanced plants by boring in the stems, the chief damage done by them was undoubtedly the destruction of the seed in the ground, making repianting necessary. The writer was informed that in some sea- sons many hundreds of acres had to be replanted on account of the work of the maggots. While looking over one of the fields a large number of small flies were noticed hovering over and lighting on the bean plants. Suspicion was at once aroused that these these ilies were the adults of the maggots. After some little trouble a num- ber of them were gaptured and put on one side for closer examination than could be made in the field. At the same time a large number of the little white mag- gots, with the beans they were feeding on, were collected and placed in tin tubes and covered with a little moist earth. The maggots were collected on June 21st, and on June 23rd, the day the writer 1eturned to the College, they were all removed from the tubes. They had not apparently suffered from their journey, as they all seemed active and healthy. Two lots of the maggots and beans were put in large glass vials, the mouths of which were closed with plugs of cotton batting. A third lot was placed in a pot of moist sand in a breeding cage. On June 25th it was noticed that four or five of the maggots in the vials had pupated, and by June 27th practically all the mag- gots had transformed. On July 4th two flies emerged in one of the vials, and a week later it was found that flies had emerged from nearly all the pupz, both in the vials and in the breeding cage. These flies appeared to be identical with those taken in the fields near Ridgetown. In order to make certain as to their identifi- cation some of the flies taken in the field and some of those bred in the vials were sent to Professor Coquillett of Washington, who identified both lots as Pegomya fusciceps, the adult of the seed corn or bean maggot. 5 ES. 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The seed corn or bean maggot (Pegomya fusciceps) has been known for years — as a destructive pest of seed corn and of beans. In the Entomological Society Re- port of 1900 Professor Lochhead mentions this pest among the insects of the year as doing serious harm to beans in Lambton County, Ontario. In Kent County, according to the reports received by the writer from the bean growers, it is by far the most serious insect pest of beans. Up to the present time the growers have — apparently not known exactly what it was, nor have they had any exact knowledge of its life history, habits, or measures for its control. A brief account of these is, therefore, given here. ——— er S, ne * ‘ . : $y! he \: 7 a . 2 2k = en P Sas Dn yt A . aes a LE. | ia why Le ee 2 ip Y e er z £ SR : = f SSS a: — - : > pyre ae . En SS a = Oo Ges Roe? SOS Ne Sos Fic. 3 The Bean-Fly—(a) adult fly, (b) pupa case, (c) maggot, (d@) egg—After Lugger. a DESCRIPTION.—The parent fly of the bean maggot looks very much like an small house fly. The maggots are white or yellowish white in color, footless, cylin- } drical in form, tapering towards the head, and about one-third of an inch in length. — The puparia are light brown, barrel-shaped or elliptical in outline and about one- fourth of an inch in length. . Lirn-HIsToRY.—It is thought that this insect passes the winter as the fly or pupa. In the spring the flies lay their eggs on decaying matter in the soil, and, when the maggots hatch, they find their way to the seed beans or seedling plants. — 1911 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 59 oo - After the maggots cease feeding they change to the puparia from which the flies — emerge in about two weeks. It is probable that there are two broods each season in the bean fields in Ontario. Mrans For Conrrou.—While investigating this pest in Kent County the writer found that in every case where the maggot had done serious harm its pre- sence in large numbers could be accounted for by one or other of the following con- ditions: Planting the seed just before a prolonged cold rainy spell, planting the seed too deeply, the heavy application of farmyard manure, or the neglect to fol- low the usual three years’ rotation of crops. Means for control are, therefore, chiefly methods of prevention. Planting the beans at the right time and at the _ proper depth in order to insure a quick start seems to be one of the best means to prevent the ravages of this pest. Anything which retards germination, such as cold wet weather shortly after planting, or covering the seed too deeply, gives the maggots a chance to get started in the seed and to prevent its proper germina- tion. As the eggs are deposited in decaying matter the application of farmyard manure increases their number, and the substitution of commercial fertilizers is often advised but not always practicable. If the maggot becomes very serious in a field, it will often be advisable to stop growing beans in that field for a number of years, in order to get rid of the pest. THE HORSE-RADISH FLEA-BEETLE (Phyllotreta armoraciae, Koch). A. F. Winn, WESTMOUNT, QUE. About the middle of May last I purchased at Bonsecours Market, Montreal, a few roots of horse-radish, which I cut up and planted. In due course they began to put up their leaves. Early in June, when the leaves were only four or five inches long, holes ap- peared, evidently the work of flea-beetles, but as it was the first time I had grown the plant, I did not know what species was likely to be the culprit. A glance shewed the beetles in abundance, and also that they were something quite new to me. They were about 3 mm. long, oval, and very convex. Head and prothorax black, elytra creamy white with a black sutural stripe, broadest in the middle, and a narrower black marginal line. Both prothorax and elytra dotted over with punc- tures. ‘Many of the beetles were mating. There was no difficulty in identifying the insects, as in Insect Life, Vol. vii., pgs. 404-406, 1895, there is an article by Mr. F. H. Chittenden giving an excel- lent figure and an account of its first captures in the U.S.A., at Chicago, Ill., and Guttenburg, Iowa. Whether this well-known European species has spread to the districts about Montreal overland eastward from Chicago, or whether we have had a direct immigration via the St. Lawrence route is a question, but not a very im- portant one, as the fact remains that it has settled down in Canada, and will have to be entered among our insects injurious to vegetables. It-seems remarkable that these little beetles could find my new plants so quickly and in such numbers. Doubt- less someone within a few blocks of our house has been growing horse-radish, and has been harbouring a rather interesting beetle, perhaps for several years, all un- known to the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Towards the end of June a plant of horse-radish was noticed by the roadside | about a mile from my house, and on examination was also found to have its leaves riddled with holes, and scores of beetles were ready to hop off when approached too closely. Although our common species of Phyllotreta, P. vittata, has a wide range of food plants among cruciferous plants both wild and cultivated, P. armoraci@ seems to have restricted itself to the horse-radish (Nasturtium armoracia) and marsh cress (Nasturtwm palustre). If it should develop a liking for cabbage, it will be able to find am abundance of food in this part of the Island of Montreal. There was no sign of either eggs or larve on leaves or stems of the horse-radish plants at any time during the summer; if the larve attack the plants they must do it below ground among the roots. THE MIGRATION OF SOME NATIVE LOCUS?S. NorRMAN CRIDDLE, TREESBANK, MANITOBA. We read from time to time, and have done so for many years past, of vast hordes of locusts darkening the sky, as they sweep onward from unknown breed- ing grounds. How they devastated the crops and ate up every living leaf in any locality they happened to make a stopping place, and in fact left behind a deso- late and leafless waste where a few hours previous all had been luxury and beauty. Such is said to be the case, at times, in parts of Africa, India, and certain South American countries. There is, however, no longer any mystery connected with these visitations. Science has explained all that; has discovered the breeding grounds and is doing much to eliminate the injury by guarding against attacks and providing for them when they occur. We are not, as a rule, apt to associate our common grasshoppers—many of which, however, are true locusts—with those devastating species. In fact of all our many different kinds we usually claim but one as truly migratory, namely the Rocky Mountain Locust, Melanoplus spretis, ‘the locust made famous by having a special Commission appointed to investigate its ravages. ‘This species in the past, has done immense damage to vegetation mostly in the United States, but it also invaded a great portion of Manitoba in the seventies, and is specially remem- — bered on account of its having practically swept the Red River Valley clear of vegetation. Since then there have been two minor outbreaks confined to Southern Manitoba, the locusts having evidently flown from somewhere south. In spite of the prevalence of this species in Manitoba, at times, it is very doubtful whether it can be classed as a native, a distinction which, after all, we are not anxious for. Leaving out M. spretis we have still several distructive species, foremost among them being the lesser Migratory Locust,Melanoplus atlanis, with several minor lights such as M. gladstoni, M femur-rubrum, M. angustipennis, M. packardi, M. minor M. bivittatus and others, all of which are very injurious at times and migrate reg- ularly during the months of July and August. It is a wonderful thing this migration. Few animals are free from a desire or instinctive stimulus to move to other parts and so spread the species. Plants, also, are constantly doing it by means of their seeds and those that cannot go far by their own exertions, fasten themselves to such as can, and so, as with ourselves, air, land and water are all made use of for the purpose of travel “sage a a ae ios ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 With regard to grasshoppers, it is strange that their regular periodic movements have been largely overlooked, though no doubt this is partly due to a lack of know- ledge as to where to look. At Aweme, Man., where locusts have been troublesome of recent years, one instinctively looks up towards the sun, taking care to get behind some building, or in some way hide the sun’s disc and then, if there are any flying, they will be easily observed within a radius of from one to fifteen diameters from the sun. When a locust has the instinctive incentive to fly, it is said to inflate the air sacks along the side of its body; it then rises with a spiral movement, round and round, higher and higher, until reaching a height of some hundred feet or more and feeling the resistance of the wind it sails slowly away, usually flying with its head facing the breeze if it is at all strong, and gradually getting higher as it moves along with it until it becomes a mere speck of glistening whitene:s, when close in line with the sun and invisible elsewhere. When there is no breeze it will ‘return obliquely to earth to await a more favorable opportunity. That this desire or instinct to fly elsewhere is no sudden impulse is shown by the fact that a locust when disturbed seldom flies any great distance and in fact seems incapable of doing so, while those that are prepared rise easily. Nor is the movement due to lack of food as one often sees them rise in the midst of plenty. No! it is Dame Nature’s way of spreading her children over the country and she has taught them through the law of natural selection to go and also how to pre- _ pare for the journey. The migratory season commences soon after the locusts reach maturity, that is when they have passed their final moult, and some three or four weeks before they commence laying eggs. It lasts almost a month. ‘There is not, however, a continual movement, only hot sunny days are chosen and even then the locust is dependent on the wind which not only carries it along but indicates its direction also. The days most preferred are days when the breeze averages some fifteen “miles an hour, though lesser winds as well as higher, are used to advantage ; locusts seldom fly, however, when the wind is blowing hard. It is interesting to watch these movements on a gusty day, when calm one moment and breezy the next. Then every fresh gust is taken advantage of and one sees hundreds of locusts rise on such occasions, as if having waited their oppor- tunity. It is the same while looking up towards the sun, one moment will only discover a few, the next a perfect swarm moving at different angles owing to the breeze having slightly different directions at different heights, and so the journeys continue first east, then west, south or north as the wind varies. At night they apparently drop to earth * to infest new neighborhoods or perchance rise and move elsewhere next day. But not all go. Among the Orthoptera especially, nature has made a wise provision. Some are endowed with long wings; these are built es- pecially for locomotion and conveying the insect long distances. Others of the Same species have short or rudimentary wings which obliges them to stay at home. So that while the long-winged forms seek new homes, there are enough short-winged brothers and sisters to carry on the family at home and incidentally the work of des- truction also. *It is well known that some grasshoppers travel throughout the night. Such an instance is related by Prof. S. J. Hunter of Dissosteira longipennis, and though I have no direct evidence, it is possible that some of the Manitoba species are also nocturnal during the migratory season. ~ - Be THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE — STUDY OF PARASITIC INSECTS. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., Dominton Entomotogist, Orrawa. This subject of the practical significance of a study of the parasitic species of — insects is becoming increasingly important each year, and my reasons for bringing — - the subject forward are chiefly two, first to reiterate the significance of this study; and secondly, to give an account of a little of the work that we have begun at | Ottawa, some of which is a continuation of the work I was carrying on in England. We are all acquainted with the importance of parasitic insects in the natural control of serious outbreaks of injurious insects; so much so, in fact, that the sudden dis- appearance of an injurious insect which has attained very large proportions is not infrequently attributed to the work of parasites, upon the slightest, and often in the entire, absence of evidence in support of the supposition. Nevertheless we have a very large number of instances on record when such disappearances are due to the enormous increase of parasites. These sudden disappearances of serious outbreaks usually occur when man would be perfectly powerless and on that account, therefore, it is of great importance that we should study, so far as is possible, the course of such outbreaks, with the idea of learning the methods by which control is obtained and a balance regained in a state of nature. This is becoming increasingly necessary. Our own present methods of combatting insect attacks are comparatively inadequate. They are practicable only when the area attacked is not large, where the vegetation makes the expense entailed justifiable and where the insects have certain definite — types of life-histories. But take an insect devastating a large area, as the Larch Sawfly has done in Canada in past years, no means could be adopted to control it, the area under attack was too large. Our cut-leaved birches are being killed by the Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anzius, nothing can be done at present on account of the peculiar life-history and habits of the insect. Many other instances may be quoted of cases similar to these where we are powerless at present to adopt practicable remedial measures. The reason for this is that we know so little. Our knowledge of the natural means of control, the parasitic insects and also the parasitic fungi which under natural conditions frequently obtain control, is still very meagre. — One reason for this is, I think, that economic entomologists have been too much occupied in devising sprays and other mechanical means of attacking injurious ~ insects, and the study of parasitic means of control, the natural means of control ~ has been unduly, though on account of instances well-known to all, one cannot say _ entirely neglected. The impossibility of using ordinary methods of insect control in the case of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in Massachusetts has resulted in a great stimulus being given to the study of parasitic means of control and I firmly believe that the work now carried on under the Bureau of Entomology of the United States De- partment of Agriculture under the direction of Dr. Howard, who was responsible ~ for its initiation, is the real beginning of the study and the practical applications of that study of parasitic and other natural means of control. This type of control will increase in importance as the importance of the conservation of our forests, for example, increases, as it is doing year by year. During the last few years an interesting instance of the value of this kind of work occurred in connection with my investigations upon the Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsonti, in England. I had the pleasure of bringing to your notice last year some ~ 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 of the results of this work and the different natural means of control which had een discovered were described.* The chief of these was the ichneumon, Mesoleius _ aulicus, Gray., which was found emerging from the cocoons about the same time as “the adult Sarwilics were emerging. In the spring of 1908, during which year the - defoliation of the larches was very serious, a beginning was made in studying the e course of the chief factor in the natural means of control, namely Mesoleius qulicus, and the average number of cocoons parasitized by this insect in 1908 : (strictly speaking one should say 1907, as 1908 is the year of their emergence from the hibernating larve,) was six per cent. In the following year, 1909, the per- z centage of ichneumons emerging had increased to twelve and fifteen per cent, show- ing that the parasites were increasing in number, though not very rapidly, and there s - did not appear to be any falling off in the abundance of the sawfly. In 1909, I _ relinquished charge of the English work on coming to Canada. As-this investigation _ was of considerable interest to me and as I was continuing my study of the insect and its parasites, arrangements were made for a shipment of the cocoons collected 4 in the English districts in which the investigations were previously carried on, to : be sent to Canada. During the spring of this year the percentage of cocoons para- sitized with M. aulicus was again counted and to my great pleasure and surprise I found that they had increased to over 60%, This was confirmed, in England, by _ Mr. J. Mangan, who continued the work on my departure; he found 62% parasit- ized. What was originally considered to be of theoretical importance only, is now seen to be of practical importance. We know that in about another year the sawflies _will be practically controlled by the parasite in those localities so severely infested _ previously ; where trees had been killed by repeated defoliation and the owners were - cutting and contemplating cutting down immature timber to save it. This is now 3 ae vessary and Mr. Mangan informs me that in those localities where the sawflies were so abundant previously it is almost impossible to find them. The trees which _ in previous years had all the appearnce of having been burnt, so complete was the de- - foliation, this year appeared almost normally green. Other localities, however, were - more severely infested, and the Board of Agriculture, I Bader tants are adopting ~ the recommendation in my paper to which reference has already been made, namely the collection of cocoons from localities where the percentage parasitized is very great and their distribution in localities where the outbreak is first beginning. In this way the practical application of natural means of control is made and we are able to assist nature in gaining this control and to hasten on the control far more rapidly than would be the case if affairs ran their natural course. This acceler- ating of natural eradicative measures will prevent also the loss of trees which occurs in the natural course of events. Several hundreds of the chief parasites Mesoleius aulicus which I reared at Ottawa were liberated there, and some were sent to Al- gonquin Park. A further parasite of N. erichsonii and which appears to be abundant both in Canada and the United States is a small Chalcid, which Packard was the first to figure as Pteromalus nematicida, although he did not describe it. We found this parasite very abundant in some cocoons collected on the Experimental Farm, at - Ottawa, in 1909. This year, through the kindness of Mr. Fiske, of the Gipsy Mot: Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., I was able to secure a further suppiy of cocoons from Wellesley, Mass., infested with the same parasite, the life-history of which we are now studying, as I believe it is one of the most important natural means of control that we find. It is very easy to get them to oviposit under laba- ee —_ - *These have already been described in my paper, “ The Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsonii, Hartig.” Journal Board of Agric. (London), Vol. XV., pp. 649-660. 1908. = 64 ; THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 tory conditions and as a comparatively large number of eggs are laid in each cocoon, it should be possible to breed this parasite in large numbers. This work is still | in progress but I have a number of drawings of the parasite in different stages which may be of interest, and I think that one of the most important functions of these meetings is to report and discuss work that is being carried on, as such discussion is _ frequently of the greatest value to the investigator. (Specimens and drawings were passed round.) THE COCCID. OF CANADA: Pror. T. D. Jarvis, O. A. C., GUELPH. Like a great many other families of minute insects the Coccide have been comparatively little studied in America, but to the fruit grower, forester, florist and others, the scale insects are of very great economic importance. Most of the species found in Canada have been introduced from other countries, only a few species being native to Canada. It is the imported species that give most trouble to agricul- turists. It almost invariably occurs that when the balance of nature is disturbed, as is the case of introducing new form of life into a new country hitherto free from that form, unusual increase in numbers immediately follows. The habits of the Coccids are interesting and varied, and they are one of the most cosmopolitan insects known. They are found in the north as far as the 60th degree and equally as far south. In the tropics they are most at home, but when exported abroad they readily adapt themselves to nearly all conditions of temperature and climate. In some irstances the spread is gradual, as in the San José; spreading northward the covering of the scale must undergo a thickening to protect it from the severer weather. Sometimes the spread is limited by the lack of suitable host plants, but in many cases, such as New York Plum Scale (Hulecanium cerasifex) the insect readily adapts itself to almost any kind of plant food, scarcely a tree, shrub or vine being immune. The writer has found many different species of herbs under - badly infested trees literally covered with this pest. A study of the habits of the Coccide furnish some very interesting phenomena of animal life. In Australia some species produce galls of all shapes “and sizes on the eucalyptus trees. In Africa a large species and underground (Margarodes) are collected by the natives to make necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments. An- other species (TJ'achardia lacca) forms a useful product known as lac. The cochi- neal insect is noted for its commercial value as a dye, and numerous other scales are important from a commercial standpoint. GALL-MAKERS. Perhaps there is no more interesting species than those belonging to the genus Brachysceles, which are found in the land of anomalies, Australia. Mr. Claud Fuller, has published a bulletin on Gall-making Coccids in which he describes the galls as follows :— “Galls of the Male Coccid.—These are invariably short cylindrical tubes, two to six inches in length, generally growing upon the leaves; they are mostly of a purple claret colour, but often brown or green. Some are simple tubes with a notched rim at the summit, others have the rim dilated forming a saucer-like top. The male ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 gall of B. rugosa, Froggatt, is emerald green, cylindrical, constricted at the base, _ stout with thick, soft walls, the apex truncate; length, four lines; breadth one line. pin several species these male galls grow upon fine fornalle gall ; Bi munita, Shrader, has the males separate and springing from the horns; in B. phratrata, Shr., B. _ thorntoni, Frogg., and B. nuz, they are congregated together in a cup-like growth. This growth expands like a flower, and is, ip am afraid, rather inaptly deseribed by Behrader as a cockscomb, and as a ar boue like eromin by Froggatt. There is ~ generally only one cup-growth attached to a female gall, but B. nua, as a rule, has two and often three. They are attached at one side of the summit of the female _ gall, which they often exceed several times in size. ¥ The Female Galls exhibit a great variety of forms, which are the easiest means of distinguishing the different species, varying in size from one-half to six or seven inches in length. In the shape there is as great a variety as in the size; many of them resemble cone-like fruits, others nuts and fruits, whilst the lateral growths of _ B. duplex are not unlike leaves. Occasionally growing on stalks, they more often sit close upon either the twigs, branches, or leaves, from which they spring. ; The Formation of Galls—The number of various gall-making insects which have the remarkable power of diverting the forces of nature, as represented in thie growth of a plant, to their own advantage, has given rise to a deal of speculation and experiment to discover the inherent element of property possessed by the insect _ by means of which it operates. Up to the present we can go no further than to say _ that the galls are due to an irritation set up by the insect, a each individual species must have some peculiar properties or how would we find such widely differing results when in their initial stages the producers are as alike as the two proverbial peas? Mr. Tepper asserts that the larve always select an embryo-bud, and by the _ context he evidently wishes an undeveloped but true bud to be understood. This, is, however, not the case; it may hold good in some instances, but certainly not in all. Whether upon stem or leaves the gall-growth originates from the cambium ring; the developmental activity of the cells is released by the insect, and a shoot _ forms over the growth of which the animal maintains direction. This is proved by the cessation of growth when the coccus, in a young stage, is killed by parasites. The rudimentary gall, according to Dr. Alder, draws its nourishment from the - surrounding tissue; later on, however, processes are driven into the gall from the spiral vessels of the cambium ring, which form a new element to assist in its de- velopment, and it thus becomes an independent structure, having individual powers which regulate its shape, position, etc. These remarks, whilst referring to galls formed by wasps, apply equally to coccid galls.” SECRETIONS. One of the main characteristics of the Coccide is their habits of secretion. Like the Aphids the insects secrete a sweetish substance known as honeydew, which is the sole food of several species of fungi and the chief food of many species of Ants. _ This fluid is excreted entirely by the females by a special organ, a cylindrical tube exserted from the genital orifice after the manner of the telescope. Honeydew is attractive to many other nectar feeding insects besides the ants, such as the Hive Bee and Bumble Ree and many species of Wasps. A species known as Physokermes abictis found at Guelph, gives off a wax-like secretion which is collected and used by the Hive Bees in constructing their cells. This species is very abundant on Norway Spruce, and although causing con- siderable harm in the tree is very beneficial to the bee in supplying material for the foundation of its cells. 66 THE REPORT OF THE : No. 36 Another species, Hricerus pela, secretes a pure white wax, which in China is” collected and made into candles for special use. In India similar use is also made of a wax obtained from a species of Ceroplastes ceriferus. | In India a species known as the Lac insect (Z'achardia lacca) furnishes us with the useful product known as lac, which forms a basis for varnish, French polish and other important products. It is collected in its native home, India or Ceylon, and sent abroad on the twigs and branches upon which the insect has worked and — deposited the substance. This raw material is then subjected to a process of refining by which the material is. gathered in the form of shell-lac and is then ready for use. It may be interesting here to offer a brief life history of the insect itself which pro- duces this very valuable material. Mr. Robert Newstead, quoting from the Royal Horticultural Journal in his work on the Coccide of the British Isles, writes as follows on the species :— “Like all other Coccids, the young (larve) are active; they are at first very tiny creatures, resembling mites, and are generally spoken of by the horticulturist as ‘lice.’ These young arrange themselves in groups of various dimensions round the twigs of the food-plant, and, having settled matters satisfactorily as to space, — insert their thread-like sucking-tube (mouth), into the plant tissues, and pump up the sap of the tree. At the same time they commence covering their bodies with the peculiar ‘lac’ which, by the time they are fully developed adult females, assumes the form and size shown in the illustration. By taking a hot knife a transverse section © of the material may easily be made, when it will be seen that the covering material — or ‘lac’ is not a solid mass, but is honeycombed by large, somewhat ellipsoidal cells, ~ each of which was once tenanted by a single female . . . If we examine a ~ female we find she is shaped somewhat like the cavity in which she lives, with the cephalic portion bearing the mouth parts touching the bark at the narrow end ~ of the cavity, and the abdominal extremity at the opposite end, having connection — with the exterior by means of a minute perforation; and she is destitute of legs antenne, etc. Where she has lived she dies, leaving as a legacy the wonderful product which she manufactured during life, and which all the world over is of so _ great importance in commerce. And this is not all; the bodies of the females also — furnish an excellent dye, which in former times was of much value also.” DISSEMINATION. The female scale is wingless, hence they must be borne from place to place by — agen ies outside themselves, such as wind, water, plants and animals. It is very noticeable that with such scales as the San José the spread is always greatest in the © direction of the prevailing winds. This, however, is possible only when the insects ~ are in the active moving stage; as soon as they come to rest and attach themselves — to their host no further spread occurs in this way. Rain too is supposed to help — spread the scale when they are in the egg or young active stage, by washing them © from the upper to the lower parts of the trees, but it is animals that effect the” greatest dissemination from tree to tree. Birds frequenting orchards and forest ” trees undoubtedly carry numbers of scale insects attached to their feet and beak. A very wide distribution may occur in this way, even across bodies of water or mountain ranges. The insects and Acarids also assist in the local distribution of — the scales. Tiady Bird beetles and Ants among the insects and the predaceous species — of mites are responsible for a great deal of the spread of the injurious scales. An- other probable factor in distributing scale insects is the careless handling of thes held oa. * infected fruits, such as apples and pears. Refuse fruit is often allowed to come ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 contact with unaffected trees and thus cause the free plants to become infested. ‘The spread from one province or country to another is due almost entirely to the ‘interchange of plants by nurserymen and florists. There is always the possibility of introducing scale wherever a shipment of shrubs or trees is made from one place to another. If the trees can adapt themselves to the new environment and become thrifty under the new condition, there is hardly any question about the scale sur- ‘viving. “ In nearly all cases the scale undergoes the change without any apparent ‘inconvenience. x NATURE OF THE INJURIES. 3 As nearly all scales derive their nourishment from the juices of the plant it is evident that a considerable weakening in its vitality must result. When only a few insects are present as we found on trees attacked by our native species, there ‘seems to be very little injury to the tree, but when swarms of these occur in the case of the imported species the health of the tree is so impaired that in some cases death ‘occurs. In cases where the trees do not actually die, but are rendered weak, a cor- ‘responding weakening is shown in the quality and quantity of the fruit. Some of the characteristics of the injury are seen in discolorations of the leaves and tissues, ‘malformed and discolored fruit, and to some extent early maturing and falling of the leaves. Lirsr-History. Most of the Homoptera have incomplete metamorphosis, but in the Coccidae ‘only the females have incomplete metamorphosis ; the males pass through the four ‘stages. The eggs are seldom laid in exposed situations as is the case in their allies, the Aphids and Aleyrodids, but various means are provided for their protection from predaceous animals and from the weather. The Cottony Maple Scale lay ‘their eggs in sacks formed of a cottony-like substance, which surrounds them. Others, such as Physokermes abictis, are deposited in a very peculiar pouch-like organ formed by the folding in of the outer epidermis. In Orthezia the female ‘earries the eggs between the long waxen plates at the posterior extremity of the body. The most common color oa the egg is yellow or pink, but a few are crimson, such as that of Chionaspis salicis and in some species of Paralatoria they are dark mauve. The number of eggs laid by an individual varies from 25 to two or three hundred. The larvae, upon hatching, in the majority of species, remain for a few days within the covering provided for them. Soon they leave this house and become quite active, seeking the new and tender tissues, where in most cases they settle down and immediately insert their long sucking apparatus into the tissues, and in the case of the female, remain stationary until death. The pupal stage occurs only in the males. After a few days of active larval life they withdraw their tubes and undergo marked changes characteristic only of the Coccidae. Most of the adult males being destitute of mouth parts live only a few hours, or at most a few days. The female adult is characterized by the absence of wings and by its well de- veloped mouth parts. They are usually flat and pyriform in shape and covered with scales made from the secretions of their bodies. There are sometimes one and sometimes several generations in a season. 68 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36 CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION. The Coccids belong to the order Hemiptera and to the suborder Homoptera which includes the Aleyrodidae, Psyllide Jassidwe, Membracide, Aphidide and Cicadide. These females bear a striking resemblance to each other, which is es- pecially noticeable in the immature stages of development. The larve of the Aleyrodidz are often mistaken for the female adult scale insect. Among the Aphidide, Ceratophis lintanie is frequently mistaken for a Coccid and is known by horticulturists as the “black seed scale.” All the insects of this order have sucking mouth parts, and with few exceptions, incomplete metamorphosis. In the larval stages the male and female bear a close resemblance to each other, but in the adult stages they are readily recognized. In the female the wings are always absent ; the metamorphosis is incomplete, with a mouth or rostrum placed on the ventral surface. In the male the metamorphosis is complete, the mouth is obsolete, usually a pair of wings, the posterior pair represented by a pair of halteres. ORTHEZIIN &. 90. Orthezia americana (Walk.). This scale has been found at Grimsby, On- tario, on Golden Rod; at Woodstock, Ontario, on Ragweed. It has also been re- corded by Dr. Fletcher at Ottawa, and several places in Quebec. ; 98. Orthezia insignis (Dougl.). This species was first found at the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, Toronto, in 1906. It was next seen in the conservatories at Guelph in 1907, and since that time the writer has collected it in many parts of Ontario. : 103. Orthezia occidentalis (Dougl.). This interesting and beautiful species. was found by J. Wm. Cockle, Kaslo, B. C., on roots of grass and trees amongst rotten wood. He remarks that he has found them in great numbers on several” occasions on the roots of apple trees, which had grown wild amongst a pile of chips. The specimens were identified by Prof. J. G@. Sanders of Washington. DACTYLOPIIN A. 192. Asterolecanium variolosum (Ratz). This species was found by Dr. Fletcher in 1900, on young oak trees at Ottawa, Canada, which were set out in™ 1895, and came from a nursery in Pennsylvania. It has been found destructive to oaks at Niagara Falls, Ontario. 242. Kermes galliformis (Riley). These scales occur either singly or in clus-— ters on the twigs and branches of Red Oak (Quercus rubra). It is beautifully — variegated with yellowish, gray and black, and nearly always accompanied by a Lepidopterous parasite. It is found all through the Niagara District, in the city ~ of Toronto, and to some extent in the south- en corner of the Province. 254. Kermes pettiti (Ehrh). This species was first found at Jubilee Point on ~ Rice Lake, near Peterborough, Ontario, by Dr. Fletcher, in 1899. The writer has” found this species at Guelph, Toronto, Ottawa, and other places in Ontario. It is” very common and has a wide range in Ontario. ve 255. Kermes pubescens (Bogue). The writer has found this species on oak . Guelph, Toronto and Perth, Ontario, and is probably wide spread over the Province It was found abundant on each infested tree and undoubtedly does considerable injury. It is usually found in the cracks of the bark on the trunk and branches. _ ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 6% 279. Gossyparia spuria (Moden). ‘This species was found attacking a few Elm trees in the city of Toronto in 1906, and since that time it has spread to nearly all parts of Toronto and has proven to be a very destructive pest. 293. Eriococcus borealis (Ckll.). This is a native species found on Willow (Saliz) at Dawson City, 64 degrees North Lat., by Mr. John Morley, in 1899. As far as I am aware this species has not been found in any other locality. 391. Phenacoccus aceris (Sign.). It has been received from Amherstburg and St. Catharines, Ontario. So far it has confined its attacks to the Soft Maple (Acer saccharinum). Several trees were badly attacked by this scale and the writer ordered the destruction of the infested trees. 401. Phenacoccus dearnessi (King). This species was found by John Dear- ness on Hawthorne (Crataegus sp.) at London, Ontario. 454. Pseudococcus citri (Risso). It is found in conservatories on many species of plant throughout Canada. Closely related species or varieties are found on the Apple and other Rosaceous plants in the open, at Guelph and Toronto, Ontario. 490. Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.). Very abundant on many species of indoor plants in all parts of the Dominion. 529. Pseudococcus trifol (Forbes). The writer found this species very abundant on the roots of cultivated clover at Collingwood, Ontario. 572. Ripersia lasw (Ckll.). This species was found in Ants’ nest (Lasvus americanus) at Toronto, Canada, in 1897, by Mr. R. J. Crew. The writer has found this species in Ants’ nest at Guelph, Ontario. CoccINn &. 661. Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw.). This species was found in a green- house at Ottawa, Canada, December 15, 1894, on leaves of Brassia verrucosa. King described this as a separate species, P: brassiae. 675. Pulvinaria occidentalis (Ckll.). This species was found infesting in a serious manner a whole plantation of Red and White Currant at Chilliwack, British Columbia, by Rev. G. W. Taylor, in the spring of 1899. In July (the same year) Dr. Fletcher visited the plantation and found these scales to be in enormous numbers, the white flocculent threads giving the bushes the same appearance as if a light fall of snow were upon them. It has also been found by Dr. Mackay, June 14, 1901, on Gooseberry bushes at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. 699. Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.)—P. tmnumerabilis (Rathvon)—P. tiie (King and Ckll.)—P. viburni (King). This species is commonly known as the Cottony Maple Scale and is found all over the Western part of the Province at least, and also in the woods at Aylmer in the Province of Quebec, nine miles from Ottawa. As the name indicates it attacks the Maple chiefly, and in cities often does much damage to maple shade trees. It is, however, rarely abundant for many seasons in succession, because of the attacks of parasites. Although the maple trees are the ones most commonly attacked, the scale is found on many other trees and shrubs as well. It has been found at Guelph on Acer saccharum, A. saccharinum, A. nigrum, A, rubrum, and A. negundo, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, Crataegus sp., Populus alba, Salix sp., Cornus stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Spirea salicifolia, and Vitis cordifolia. 724. Eriopeltis festuce (Fonse). The Cottony Grass Scale was found by Mr. A. H. Mackay, on grass in large numbers in Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia, in 1889. It has occurred in conspicuous numbers several times in Nova Scotia and - 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 New Brunswick. This species has been recorded at Ottawa, Ontario, but Dr. Fletcher says, it was a mistake and, if so, we have no record of this species in Ontario. 848. Coccus hesperidum (Linn.). Commonly known as the Soft Scale, is found abundantly in conservatories in Oleander, Orange, Lemon, etc., in all the provinces of the Dominion. 860. Coccus pseudohesperidum (Ckll.). This is a very large species found on Orchids in the conservatories at Guelph and Ottawa. It is usually most abun- dant on Cattleya sp. These are the only records for this species. Its nativity is unknown. | 902. Toumeyella pint (King). This species was found by Mr. J. Dearness on Austrian Pine (Pinus austriaca), at London, Ontario. q 902b. Towmeyella liriodendri (Gmel.). This species was first raped by Dr. Fletcher on Tulip at Ottawa, Ontario. 911. Hulecanwum persice (Craw).—Fab. 1.—H. armeniacum). In Mr. King’s account of the scales of British North America he reports this species infest- ing orchards at Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1899. This species has also been reported from Prince Edward Island. 918. Hulecanium carye (Fitch). This species is said to be the largest known species of EuJecanium. It has been in Ontario for at least 12 years, having been first found by Dr. Fletcher in the Niagara district in 1898. Judging from the fact that it has been found in that district on Peach trees and that we have found it _ plentiful on forest trees at Guelph, it probably occurs at least all over the south-— western part of Ontario. The scale is seldom sufficiently injurious enough to cause any alarm. It has been found on Crataegus sp.; Ulmus americana; Ulmus race-— mosa; Ostrya virginica; Carpinus caroliniana at Guelph, Ontario, and on the Peach (Prunus persica) at St. Catharines, Ontario. It has also been reported from Nova Scotia on forest trees. It is usually accompanied with parasites in Ontario. 921. Hulecanium cerasifex (Fitch).—EH. canadense (Ckll.); H. caryarum (Ckll.); WV. corylifex (Fitch); #. cynosbati (Fitch); E. fraawmi, (King); Hv guignardi (King); H. juglandis (Bouche); #. maclurarum. (Ckll.); H. webster (Ckll. and King); 2. fitchii (ign); C. pruinosum (Cqul.). The New York Plum Scale has become the most common scale in Ontario and Quebec. The writer has found this scale on a great range of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs, the following” being a list of those so far recorded: Acer nigra, Acer saccharum, Acer sacchari-" num, Acer spicatum, Acer negundo, and many varieties of the above mentioned” species, Aesculus hippocastanum, Staphylea trifolia, Rhamnis cathartica, Psedera” quinquefolia, Vitis cordifolia, Tilia americana, Tilia europea, Carya ovata, Carya glebra, Corylus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, Betula lenta, Betula lutea, Alnus incana, Fagus grandifolia, Castanea dentata, Quercus robur, — Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus rubra, Quercus coccinea, Ulmus americana, Ulmus campestris, Ulmus fulva, Ulmus racemosa, Celtis occidentalis, Juglans nigra, Jug-~ lans cinerea, Salix sp., Populus alba, Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Crataegus sp., Rubus occidentalis, Rubus strigosus, Prunus serotina, — Prunus virginiana, Prunus nigra, Prunus persica, Pyrus malus, Pyrus japonica, — Pyrus communis, Amelanchier canadensis, Sambucus canadensis, Sambucus race-— mosa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes vulgare, Hamamelis virginiana, Ribes cynosbatt, Cornus stolonifera, zanthoxrylum americanum. In addition to these many species of herbs — near infested trees. It is spread over practically the whole of Ontario and the eastern provinces. Though not so destructive as the Oyster Shell Scale, it is often quite injurious where abundant and sometimes kills the infested tree. eo | “1911 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (ii = , 935. Hulecaniwm fletcheri (Ckll.) —E. pallidor (Ckll. and King). In 1907, the writer found this species on White Cedar at Guelph. It was originally described from specimens found by Dr. Fletcher abundant on a hedge of Arbor vite and on trees of the same species at Stittsville, Ontario, fifteen miles from Ottawa. This species is nearly always parasitized by a Chalcid. In 1908, H. fletcheri was found on the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) at Guelph and Hamilton, Ontario. | 946. Hulecanium lymani (King). Recorded by Mr. King on a young Oak at Quebec city and North Hatley, Quebec. This may be the same as F. cerasifez. . 950. Hulecanium nigrofasciatum (Perg.). This strikingly marked species has been received from Walkerville on Soft Maple and on Peach at St. Catharines, Ontario. In both cases the trees were badly infested and no parasites were found. _ As far as I am aware it has not spread to any other parts of the Province. 958. Hulecanium pyri (Schr.). King records this species on Apple trees in Prince Edward Island. 959. Hulecanium quercifex (Fitch).—EH. quercitronis (Fitch) ; EF. antennatum var. (Ckll.). This species occurs on Oak (Quercus coccinea) at Ottawa, Ontario and on Oak (Quercus rubra) from Jubilee Point, Rice Lake, Ontario. 965. Hulecanium rose (King). Recorded by Mr. King in his account of the Scales of British North America. I have not found ZH. cerasifex on any cultivated or wild species of rose. The species was found in Rosebush at Sherbrooke, Quebec. 974. Hulecanium vini (Bouche). This species has been found by the writer on Grape vines in the Niagara district and to some extent on Grape vines in the City of Toronto. Mr. King received specimens from Dr. Fletcher at Ottawa, on Spiraea salicifolia. These scales have in all probability been imported on nursery stock from Germany. 993. Saissetia hemisphericum (Targ.). It is a very common scale in con- servatories in all the Provinces. Its favorite hosts are Oleander, Cocos, Sago Palm, Croton and Orchids. : 1008. Physokermes picee (Schr.). The Spruce Physokermes was found at- tacking the Norway Spruce on the College grounds at Guelph. The domesticated bees collected wax from this species. This species has been reported from one or two other parts of Ontario. ' DIASPIN A. 1036. Chionaspis americana (Johnson). This species was found on American Elm (Ulmus americana) at Guelph. 1055. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch). The Scurfy Scale, though widely dis- tributed through Ontario and the Eastern Provinces, is seldom found in so great abundance as the Oyster Shell. Badly infested trees or other plants are very much weakened and not infrequently killed as a result. Many kinds of trees and shrubs are attacked by this scale, but the most common are the Apple, Mountain Ash, Japan Quince, Horse Chestnut, Hawthorn, White Ash, Currant and Gooseberry. 1062. Chionaspis lintnert (Comstock) is found at Guelph on Alder (Alnus incana) ,Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera). It has been received from Ottawa and - Rondeau in Ontario. 1073. Chionaspis pinifolie (Fitch). The Pine-leaf scale is very common in many parts of the Dominion. It has not, however, so far as we know, caused any perceptible injury to the trees, although reports from New York State go to show that whenever it is abundant on a tree it does much damage. This scale confines its attacks solely to Conifers. The writer has found it at Guelph on the following Pines: White, Bull, Austrian, Scotch, Jack and Dwarf Mugho, and also on the Norway and White Spruce. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36. 2 AG) 1081. Chionaspis salicis (Linn.).—C. Salisnigrae. This species is found on Leatherwood (Derca palustris), White Ash (Fraxinus americana) at Guelph, — Ontario. 1096. Aulacaspis boisduvalu (Sign). This species has been found in the conservatories at Guelph and Ottawa. At Guelph the writer found it very abundant on several species of Palms, and at Ottawa Dr. Fletcher found it on the Orchid belonging to the genus Cattleya. 1127. Aulacaspis rose (Bouche). Here and there all over the Dominion we find this rose scale attacking rose bushes and Blackberry and Raspberry canes. The plants attacked are nearly always in damp, shady places, such as overcrowded — gardens. Dr. Fletcher has found it common in British Columbia and Nova Scotia. 1143. Hemichionaspis aspidistre (Sign). It is found in conservatories at Ottawa on Pieris serrulata. 1198. Aspidiotus abietis (Schr.). The Balsam Aspidiotus has a wide range © in Western Ontario. It is found on.Hemlock (Tsuga occidentalis) and Balsam ~ (Abies balsamea). In the woods at Guelph this species is very abundant. | Aspidiotus hybridum? This peculiar scale is found very abundantly on © Willow and Balm of Gilead at Collingwood, Ontario. This species very closely © agrees with Aspidiotus juglans-regie and Aspidiotus ostreformis, although it is — not exactly like either one of them, and Prof. Marlatt, believes that it is a hybrid © or cross between these two species. Judging from the infestations, I believe that — this species has several generations in a season. It is a very destructive pest and © nearly every tree around the fair grounds at Collingwood was attacked and many ~ limbs and trees were dead. ; 1199. Aspidiotus wesculi (Johnson). This species is very common in Western ~ Ontario. It has been found at Guelph, Brantford and Tvronto on Basswood (Tilia — americana) and Horse Chestnut (Asculus hippocastanum). 1200. Aspidiotus ancylus (Putn.). The Putnam Scale is distributed fairly — widely throughout Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. It has not, however, been ~ known to do much damage, although in some of the States across the boundary ~ it is said to have been quite destructive. It is recorded from Ottawa on Elm; from ~ Toronto on Willow; and St. Catharines on Plum; from Guelph on Cherry and Apple; from East Essex Co. on Plum and Shell-bark Hickory. 1220. Aspidiotus diffinis (Newst). This was found in the woods on Bass- ~ wood (Tilia americana) at several places in Western Ontario. Mr. King thinks © ihat this species may prove to be a variety of A. diffims. ; 1229. Aspidiotus forbesi (Johnson). The Cherry Scale, although found in © severa: localities in Ontario, has not yet, with one or two exceptions, been reported — as doing much damage. It has been found in Ontario, at Ottawa, London, St. — Catharines, Grimsby and Prince Edward County. It is also recorded for Nova — Scotia and Quebec. The host plants so far discovered are Cherry, Apple, Hawthorn, — Fragranr Currant and Beech. a 1233. Aspidiotis hederw (Vall.). This species has been reported from nearly — ail the Provinces of the Dominion. It is confined to conservatories and house plants. — It is a common species on Palms, Ivy, etc. 1239. Aspidiotus juglans- regie (Comst.). The English Walnut Scale has — been found in Ontario in only two or three localities, although it probably exists : in several other parts and also in the other provinces. The host plants so far dis- covered in Ontario are Apple, Willow and Poplar. ti 1250. Aspdiotus osbornt (Newell and Ckll.). Osborn’s Scale is found on ~ forest trees in northern and western Ontario. It has been found on Paper Birch ~ j 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 (Betula papyrifera), Yellow Birch (Betula lutea), Cottonwood (Populus deltoides), White Oak (Quercus alba), White Pine (Pinus strobus). It is undoubtedly a very destructive scale. 1252. Aspidiotus ostreformis (Curt.). The Curtis Scale is much more widely distributed throughout Ontario than has been hitherto supposed but, in spite of its prevalence, it does not seem to be very destructive. It has been found at Colling- wood in Western Ontario and as far east as Trenton in Kastern Ontario. It has also been reported from Chilliwack, British Columbia, and from several places in ‘Prince Edward Island. 1256. Aspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.). Wherever it occurs the San José Scale is considered, and rightly so, the most destructive insect in the Dominion that fruit- growers have to combat. Almost every kind of fruit trees and bush fruits are liable to be attacked by the scale. Many shade trees are also attacked. It has become established in the following counties: Peel, Halton, Wentworth, Welland, Lincoln, Haldimand, Norfolk, Elgin, Kent and Essex. 1270. Aspidiotus ulmi (Johnson). The Elm Aspidiotus has been found by the writer in several localities in Western Ontario. It is most abundant at Guelph on the Soft Elm (Ulmus americana). 1294. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.). This Coccid occurs in conservatories on Ficus elastica, at Guelph, Ontario. 1295. Chrysomphalus auranti wes ). This species has been found on fruit imported from California. 1300. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.). This Coccid has been found on Cinnamon in a conservatory at Ottawa. 1305. Chrysomphalus obscurus (Comst.). This species has been found in Ontario, but my notes on habitat and host plant have been lost. ; 1330. Targionia dearnessi (Ckll.). This interesting species was found by Mr. John Dearness, on Bearberry (Arcostaphylos uva-wrsi) in the Bruce Peninsula Ontario. . 1377. Lepidosaphes beckit (Newm.). This species only occurs on imported fruit, oranges, etc., from the South. , 1431. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linn.). The Oyster-shell Scale is generally dis- tributed over Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. It is one of the most injurious scales found in Canada. It is found on a host of plants, some of which are Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Mountain Ash, Haw- thorn, Red-osier Dogwood, Black and White Ash, Aspen, Prickly Ash, Mulberry and Horse Chestnut. 1422. Inchinaspis longirostris (Sign.). A palm (Kentia sp.) was badly in- fested at the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, Toronto, 1908. 1442. Parlatoria pergandet, var. thee (Comst.). This species was found on Lemon plants in the Ontario Agricultural College greenhouse at Guelph. Undetermined Species of Pseudococcus. Specimens have been found on a host ef plants, roots, stems, and leaves, but the species have not yet been determined. ENEMIES OF THE CoccIDé. There are upwards of seventy species of Scale Insects found in the Dominion ef Canada at the present time, and these are held in check very largely by other forms of predaceous or parasitic plants or animals which by feeding upon them prevent them from increasing to such an extent as to be uncontrollable. As trans- portation has developed and commerce and international trade have taken place 6 Es. WA THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 between different countries, we have introduced not only many useful plants, but - the insects which prey upon them. Often in the case of scale insects we have im- ported the scale and left behind some of the enemies which attack it. This gives the scale a tremendous advantage and often before the balance is restored very great damage is done. To restore the balance more speedily the entomologist looks to the native home of the scale to ascertain its most effective enemies. These are then im- ported and bred and liberated in various parts of the infested areas. In some cases, such as the Lady Bird Beetle, belonging to the genus Pentilla, has rendered excel- lent service to the fruitgrower. The chief enemies in Canada are birds, Acarids, insects and fungus parasites. The most effective of these are the Acarids and insects. It is difficult to calculate accurately the amount of good service rendered by many of the insectivorous birds. Warblers and Vireos, on account of their aesthetic value and also the fact that they are insectivorous are rarely taken and subjected to examinations of stomach contents. Furthermore their minute size render it almost impossible to observe their actual work. The larger birds, such as the Hairy | and Downy Woodpecker, have been secured, stomach contents examined and found to contain, in some cases, hundreds of scales in a single stomach. This is especially noticeable in the case of the very destructive New York Plum Scale. It is highly probable that these insectivorous birds rank first in the control of the larger kinds of scale insects, such as Eulecanium, Coccus and Kermes. The mites again deserve a great deal of credit for their very efficient service to the fruit grower, in that they consume large numbers of scale insects all through the season. Some confine their attacks to one particular species, while others are general feeders, attacking a large variety of insect life. There are about eight known species of Acarids in Canada that are in some way associated with injurious forms of scale insects. There are at least, three species working upon the San José Scale:Hemisarcoptes malus is commonly found in the St. Catharines district. Species of Monieziella and Rhyncholophus were found feeding upon San José at Grimsby, Ontario. Four species were found either feeding upon the eggs or the adult of New York Plum Eulecanium. ‘Three of these species belong to the genus Rhyncholophus, and the other to the genus Gamasus. All four undoubtedly help to keep this scale in check. Two species are found attacking the eggs of the Oyster-shell Scale. Tyroglyphis longior is very common at Guelph, and Hema- sarcoptes malus at St. Catharines, Ontario. Another species belonging to the genus Galumna was found feeding upon the seale known as Hulecanium fletcheri. Insect ENEMIES. These, if not the most destructive are at. least the most numerous of all Coccid enemies. They represent four orders of insects: the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. Mr. Alfred Eastham investigated the parasites of scale insects in Ontario and found twenty-three species belonging to the Hymenoptera. Host RetaTIons oF Spectres oF APHELINAS REARED DURING THE SUMMER IN THE VICINITY OF GUELPH. Parasite. Fost. Aphelinus mytilaspidis .......-.. Lepidosaphes ulmi. Chionaspis pinifolie Chionaspis salicis Aspidiotus perniciosus. Aspidiotus ostreeformis. é 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL Parasite. Aphelinus diaspidis Aphelinus fuscipennis Coccophagus lecanii Coccophagus cognatus............. Coccophagus flavoscutellum........ Coccophagus fletcheri............. Aiblerus ,clistocammpee. . 20): cease Physcus varicornis see eee ee we ew wwe SOCIETY. Host. Aulacaspis rose. Aspidiotus perniciosus. Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Kulecanium cerasifex. Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium fletcheri. Coccus hesperidum. Eulecanium cerasifex. Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Eulecanium cerasifex. Eulecanium fletcheri. Chionaspis furfurus. Chionaspis pinifolie: Host RELATIONS OF THE SPECIES OF ENCYRTINA’ REARED DuRING THE SUMMER IN THE VICINITY Parasite. Comys fusca Comys bicolor Comys scutellata Chiloneurus albicornis PRY CUS ATVIST chs oie nc ects Sethe ale ets Aphycus pulchellus aphyeus oui Maries i. oo sale hs. ll ASV CUR JOMMSOMI.c)en at ssnctucreie s Aphycus flaviceps ... Blastothrix longipennis Encyrtus cyanocephalus .......... Encyrtus flavus Encyrtus sp. Encyrtus sp. vere) 618 ei sy ele) ie) pinu. 214.6 )i eb eie a2 ee ee © we ww we ee oe ee OF GUELPH. Host. .. Eulecanium cerasifex. ..ulecanium fletcheri. ...» Kulecanium carye. Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium cerasifex. Kulecanium caryex. Hulecanium fletcheri. Kermes pubescens. Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium cerasifex. .Eulecanium cerasifex. _... Eulecanium cerasifex. ....Hulecanium cerasifex. Bulecanium fletcheri. Kermes pubescens Kulecanium carye. Eulecanium cerasifex. Eulecanium fletcheri. Eulecanium fletcheri. Kermes pubescens. toe Past In the Coleoptera the Coccinellids are most conspicuous in combatting the more injurious species of scale insects. A small species known as Hyperaspts signatus in the larval stage has been found feeding upon the Curtis Scale at Guelph, Toronto, Grimsby and St. Catharines. In Toronto the same species was found in large numbers feeding upon the Forbes scale on a Hawthorn tree. The larva has also been found at Guelph feeding upon Aspidiotus esculi and the New York Plum Scale. They probably do their most effective work upo» the Cottony Maple Scale as it is estimated that they devour about eighty per cent. of the total scales produced in a season. Other species of Coccinellidx are also beneficial in destroying a number of different scales. Two of the most common species are Chilocorus biwulnerus and Seymus punctatus. 16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In the order Diptera only one species is found to be effectual. This is the one known as Leucopsis belulila which parasitizes the Grass Scale (EHriopeltis festuce) in Nova Scotia. There are also two species of Lepidoptera which are para- sitic upon scale insects. One species is found attacking Kermes galliformis and the other species has been taken on the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria vitis). BIBLIOGRAPHY. BETHUNE, C. J. S. Bethune—1907. Insects affecting Fruit Trees. Bull. 158, Ontario Department of Agriculture. Caisar, L. Casar—1909. Lime SulphurWash: Part II. Bull. 177, Ontario Department of Agriculture. CocKERELL, T. D. A. Cockerell—1893. A New Lecanium from Canada. Canadian Entomologist, xxv., 221-222. 1894. A Check List of the Nearctic Coccide. Can. Ent., xxvi., 31-36. 1895—Canadian Coccide. Can. Ent. xxvii., 33-36; 58-61. 1895—Miscellaneous Notes on Coccide. Can. Ent. xxvii., 253-261. 1895—A New Pulvinaria found on Orchids. Can. Ent. xxvii., 135. 1899—-A Coccid from the far North. Can. Ent. xxxi., 369-370. DEARNESS, JOHN. Pearness—1897. Annual address of the President: The insects of the year. 28th Rep. Ent. So. Ont., 65. 1902. Winter Treatment and Summer Treatment of San José Scale. Special Report of Commissioners to the Minister of Agriculture. Ont. Dept. of Agric. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. Entomological Society of Ontario—1897%. An Act to protect Canada against the introduction of the Insect Pest known as the San José Scale. 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 100. 1897. An Act to prevent the Spread of the San José Scale. 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1897, p. 101. 1900. Regulations re San José Scale. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 109. 1900. San José Scale Discussion. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., pp. 26-29. 1900. The present status of the San José Scale in Ontario. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1897, p. 101. 1900. A Parasite of the San José Scale. 31st Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 87-88. FisHer, Gro. E. Fisher—1901. Report of the Inspector of San José Scale. Ont. Dept. of Agrie. 1902. Report of the Inspector of San José Scale. Cnt. Dept. of Agric. Fak oe ee ee ee ee ee eee Oe ‘ f 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v7 FLETCHER, JAMES. Fletcher—1887. Report of the Entomologist and Botanist. Rep. Can. Expt. Farms, 25-26. 1894. Lecanium fletcheri (Ckll.). Can. Ent. xxvii, p. 6. 1894. The San José Scale. Rep. Exp. Farms: Rep. of Entomologist and Botanist, 206-210. 1895. The New York Plum Scale. Rept. of Ent. and Bot. 157-159. 1895. The Cottony Grass Scale. Rept. Ent. and Bot., 145-6. 1895. Note on Eriopeltes festuce. Rept. of Ent. and Bot., 146-147. 1897. The San José Scale (with remedies). 28th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 78-86. 1899. Injurious Insects in Ontario during 1899. 30th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p- 109. Howarp, L. O. Howard—1894. Geographical Distribution of some Common Scale Insects. Can. Ent., xxvi., 353-356. JOHNSON, W. G. Johnson—1898. Notes on the External Characters of the San José Scale, Cherry Seale, and Putnam’s Scale. Can. Ent. xxx., 82-83. Jarvis, T. D. Jarvis—1907. A Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Ontario. 38th Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., 50-72. 1908. Further notes on the Coccide of Ontario. 39th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 52-56. Kina, Gero. B. King—1901. The Coccide of British North America. Can. Ent. xxxiii., 179-180; 193-200; 314-315; 333-6. 1902. The Coccide of British North America. Can. Ent. xxxiv., 158-161; 166. 1901. Lecanium websteri (Ckll. and King), n.sp., with notes on Allied Forms. Can. Ent. xxxili., 106-9. i LOCHHEAD, WM. Lochhead---1899. Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Garden and Farm for the season 1899. 30th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 67-8. 1900. The San José and other Scale Insects. Ont. Dept. Agr. 1903. Present condition of San José Scale in Ontario. Bull. 133, Ont. Dept. Agric. ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ont. Dept. of Agric.—1907. Remedies for San José Scale, San José Scale Act. Bull. 157, Ont. Dept. Agric. 78 THE REPORT OF THE ' No. 36 ALEYRODIDA OF ONTARIO. Pror. 'T. D. Jarvis, 0.A.C., GUELPH. There are at the present time three species of Aleyrodide found in Ontario: ALEYRODICUS ASARUMIS (Shimer) on the Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense) and the White Baneberry (Actea alba); ALEYRODES FORBESII (Ashmead) on Soft Maple (Acer saccharinum) and Red Maple (Acer rubrum) ; ALEYRODES VAPORARI- orUM (Westwood) on Salvia, Solanum, Coleus, Coreopsis, Cucurbita, Cuphe, Fuchsia, Hibiscus, Lycopersicum, Monarda, Rosa, Rudbeckia, Helianthus, Tropxolum, Verbena, Zinna, Digitalis, Pelargonium, Phlox, Cobea, Dahlia, Ribes, Fragaria, Solidago, Aster, Smilax, Polemonium, Delphinium, Achillea, Calliopsis, Chrysanthemum, Callistemma, Campanula, Antirrhinum, Berberis, Aquilegia, Lonicera, Nicotiana, ete. Those who have made a special study of this group believe that the White Fly had its origin in some part of South America, the Neotropical region, where they formed the genus Aleurodicus, which except through human agency have remained there ever since. A branch belonging to the genus Aleyrodes has spread over the greater part of the world. Aleyrodicus asarumis is a very common species in Ontario and was noticed in 1902 on a species of Wild Ginger at Guelph. Aleyrodes forbesu was first observed in the fall of 1907 up the River Speed from Guelph where the nymphs were found rather abundantly on the leaves of Soft Maple. Aleyrodes vaporartorum, which is most interesting and of greatest economic importance, is believed to be a native of Florida or Mexico; though it was first described and named by Westwood after it had reached England in 1856. Since reaching the United States it has spread gradually through the North-eastern part principally; and wherever introduced has multiplied very rapidly. Previous to 1900 there are only one or two reports of the species in Ontario. In 1903 it had appeared at the Ontario Agricultural College greenhouse and by 1906 had become fully established. The White Fly or Mealy-wing Fly belongs to the Homopterous division of the order Hemiptera, in which the four similar membranous wings are held roof-like over the body. It is a member of the family Aleyrodidx, which consists of small, active insects, easily recognizable by a characteristic, white, wax-like secretion, com- pletely covering the wings and giving them the popular name Mealy-wings and White Fly. The young Mealy-winged Flies look much like scale insects and have the same general habits. The larve are flattened, oval, scale-like creatures found stationary on the lower sides of leaves. Most species of them bear numerous wax rods and copious secretions of wax all over their bodies. The pupa, also are charac- terized by their secretions of wax; and the amount and disposition of the rods and fringes on them are made use of very largely in the distinction of species in this family. In their relationship with other insects the Aleyrodidz come nearest the Aphi- dide and the Coccide ; from the former they differ most markedly in being station- ery during their immature stages, and from the latter in being winged in both sexes of the adults and therefore capable of moving about rapidly. The life-history of the White Fly (Aleyrodes vaporariorum) covers a period of approximately five weeks; and the broods succeed each other constantly, the year round. The eggs are oval, light green, changing to almost black in color, smooth and with a short stalk from one end raising it off the leaf. They are deposited ir- regularly on most kinds of leaves; but on smooth leaves it is quite characteristic for J a ¥ 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 many of them to be deposited in more or less nearly complete circles. The female * has been observed by different persons to accomplish this arrangement of them by inserting her beak into the leaf and rotating around this as on a pivot. The eggs - hatch in about ten days, and the young larve move about for a short time and then insert their mouth parts into the tissues of the leaf and assume their scale-like form. When fully grown, which is in about two weeks, the larvae are less than a milli- metre in length. After about two weeks longer in the pupal stage the adults emerge. It is difficult to say how long they may live in the mature form. It is only a small family consisting of two genera and about 150 species. Like many of the other families of insects of small size it has been much neglected. The two species attacking the Maple and Wild Ginger have a wide distribu- tion in Ontario, especially in the Western portion of the Province. Aleyrodicus asarumis have been found almost everywhere that the Wild Ginger grows. It is sometimes found on the White Baneberry at Guelph, but it seems to have a decided preference for the Wild Ginger. It confines its attacks to the lower side of the leaves and is usually so numerous as to almost cover this side of the leaf. Large quantities of honey dew are given off by this species and the honey dew fungus nearly always accompanies the insect. The life-history in Canada has not yet been fully determined, but sufficient is known to prove there are at least two broods during the season. It passes the winter in the mature form, but the writer has not yet been able to find the hibernating quarters. Shortly after the Wild Ginger leaves have expanded in the spring the White Fly may be found in the egg stage on the leaf. In the course of a few weeks the affected leaves turn yellow and myriads of the creatures may be seen at work. No insect parasites have been observed at work on this species and from this we may infer that it has been some- what recently introduced. Aleyrodes forbesti has been found as far east as Toronto, as far north as Gravenhurst, and as far south as London, Ontario, and the indications are that it is almost as widely distributed in Western Ontario as the maple itself. It is the largest of the three species under discussion. The adults are rarely seen and the large, box-like larvee are sparingly scattered over the under surface of the leaf. The larve are pale green or whitish, somewhat the same color as their surround- ings or environment and it is probably due to these two things that this species has not been reported more often. The work of insect parasites has been observed on several occasions in connection with this species and this probably accounts for the comparatively small amount of injury done to the host. The ravages are much less some seasons than others. It is interesting to note that the above two species are both found in the State of Illinois. Aleyrodes vaporariorum is of very great concern to people engaged in green- house work. From enquiry made to florists in all parts of Ontario it would appear that not a single section is free from the pest. As it cannot, so far as is known, winter in any stage out-of-doors, at least in its northern part of its range, it is recognized principally as a greenhouse pest, but it is sometimes very common and destructive to gardens and small fruits, especially in the vicinity where it is carried over the winter in greenhouses. It appears to be very partial to members of the family of plants known as the Solanacee, i.e., tomato, tobacco, ete. Several reports have been received from gardeners in different parts of the Province where erops had been ruined by this pest. It is sometimes very abundant on the straw- berry and currant plants. In the fall when the temperature lowers they seek 80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 eee shelter in green houses or homes where plants are kept and a constant reproduc- tion is kept up the year round. Another way in which these species do injury is due to the supply of honey | dew given off where a fungus grows and spreads over the surface of the leaf, inter- | fering with the nutrition of the plant. The insect is not a good flyer, but can go considerable distances with the wind, — and whole neighborhoods are often infected in this way. The flies are often car-— ried from place to place on infested plants or parts of plants for identification — purposes. They cling tenaciously to clothing and are sometimes carried from greenhouse to garden in this way. So far very few parasites have been found at work on the Aleyrodide of this country and these have not yet been identified. In South America and other tropical countries many species have been found, notably the families Tricho- grammatide, Aphelinide, Eupelinide, Mymaride, Platygastride, Diapride, For-— micoide of the Hymenoptera, Chrysopa of the Neuroptera, Thrips, belonging to the Thysanoptera; Mites of the Acarina. In addition to the above-mentioned families — of insects and acarids two genera of fungi, Aschersonia and Sphaerostilbe also assist in the control of the White Fly. It is my experience that considering all kinds and conditions of plants and — greenhouses cyanide of potassium, although perhaps_used the least, is the cheapest — and most effective means for fumigation. The best results are obtained by using — 34 of an ounce of potassium cyanide at a cost of 214 cents, and 1%4 ounces of sul- | phurie acid at a cost of about 14 cent, per thousand cubic feet. This method, — besides costing only about 214 cents per thousand feet, is thoroughly effective and requires little labor in its application. As this means has heretofore been considered by a great many florists as F dangerous to human life in its application, it has been but sparsely used. The solu- tion, however; is so weak that there is not the least danger to human life or health if only the simplest precautions are taken. The formula recommended is as follows: Potassium cyanide, 1 ounce by weight; Sulphurie acid, 1%4 ounces by volume; Water, 3 ounces by volume. The cyanide should in all cases be chemically pure, 98 per cent pure cyanide, © and the sulphuric acid should be the best commercial, or 85 per cent. grade. It is always best to have the cyanide broken up into small pieces. Generators should always be earthen or glass vessels, never metal, having a gallon capacity. In order to distribute the gas equally throughout the greenhouse it is well to place the generators at equal distances apart along the walls. The greenhouse should be as much as possible airtight, with dry atmosphere and a temperature of below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and the generation of gas should be done after darkness has set — in. After having placed the generators properly, with water and sulphuric acid, — the packages of cyanide are then added, commencing at the generator farthest from the place of exit, and the operators should then leave as soon as possible and close — the door. The dropping of the packages of cyanide into the generators by means of a cord operated from a position outside of the greenhouse is entirely unnecessary — and is now quite obsolete, as the fumes from the composition are too weak to do any injury. The quantity of the doses must, however, always be regulated by the florist — _ from the condition of the greenhouse, the plants, and the insects to be destroyed. It is the confidence I have in the remedy which prompts me to highly recom- mend it as the cheapest and most effective means for destroying the White Fly in 1914 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 ‘greenhouses, without, however, destroying or endangering the health or life of z plants or of the operator of this remedy, and I would encourage in every way pos- : sible the use of this means that these insects, if not totally destroyed, are still so - kept i in eheck as to do but the minimum of harm. ‘4 SOME INSECTS OF THE LARCH. J. M. Swatnz, MacDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. ‘It is my intention to describe to you this afternoon rather briefly an attack made this summer upon a small clump of larch by a series of scolytid beetles; and to use this attack as an illustration of the breeding habits of Scolytide in our great forests of pine and spruce. The larch bush to which I refer is situated at Hudson, about ten miles west of Ste. Anne’s. The trees were fine specimens of Larix of medium size, with an average height of perhaps 40 feet, and until this season had been particularly healthy. Previous to this season I had not taken a scolytid from larch in that im- mediate neighborhood. Last winter a wide section was cut through the bush, and a plank walk laid through it, about three feet from the ground. The stumps were left rather high; the greater part of the rubbish was removed; several untrimmed larches were left lying in the clearing and one was lying well shaded by standing trees; and the trunks which had not been removed were piled in the clearing and left to dry through the summer: The scolytids which attacked the dying bark, thus provided, belonged to five species: Dendroctonus simplex, Dryocoetes autographus, Dryocoetes n. sp., Ips caelatus and Ips balsameus. In the wood of the stumps" an ambrosia beetle, Gnathotrichus materiarius, bred in large numbers. I wish first to discuss the habits of these species very briefly. D. simplex, Lec. This species is the common Dendroctonus of larch and is probably to be found wherever that tree is abundant. It is recorded from West Virginia northwards to Ungava and west to Michigan, and I have seen specimens in Mr. Evans’ collection from Mackinak, Man. As the larch is found throughout all astern Canada excepting Northern Ungava and westwards to the Rockies, ex- cepting the Barren Grounds, this beetle will probably be found throughout all that region. It is not a particularly injurious species. It prefers the bark of stumps and recently cut and dying trees, but will attack apparently healthy trees when dying bark is not to be obtained. It occurs chiefly in the bark of the trunk. This species was first noticed this season on July 10th in the bark of larch stumps. The trees had been cut the preceding winter, and cleared away, leaving ‘stumps about 114 feet high. The place was swampy, and although the stumps were in the open sunlight, they remained sappy throughout the season. Only a part, perhaps half, the stumps of the clearing were attacked by this species. On July 10th—the date on which they were first noticed—the egg-tunnels contained eggs in the outer ends; and larve of all sizes, from those recently hatched up to nearly full-grown, were boring in the bark. There were no pupe and no young adults. About a month later (August 6th) the tunnels in these stumps contained full- grown larve, pupae, recently transformed, light coloured adults, and older, darker adults; and many adults had escaped, as evidenced by the holes through the bark above the ends of the larval tunnels. The larve were in tunnels coming from the 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 distal end of the egg-tunnel; the pupe in the ends of larval tunnels arising nearer the entrance hole; the light-coloured adults in tunnels arising still nearer the entrance hole; and, lastly, the darker adults in tunnels coming from the proximal end of the egg-tunnel. On the same day, August 6th, this species was found in large numbers start-_ ing tunnels in a felled larch which lay near the stumps just referred to, but shaded — by standing trees. A few felled larches lay in the open clearing, but these were | not attacked. Hgg-tunnels of this second brood were also found in many of the stumps. A standing larch, evidently dying, contained many fresh tunnels of Ips balsameus but none of D. simplex. The tunnels of stmplea in the fallen larch were, on Aug. 6, usually well started, with numbers of eggs already laid, but no eggs had hatched. Very evi- ~¢ “p Fig. 4. D. simplex, Lec. An egg-tunnel showing egg-pocket, e.p., containing eggs; turn- ing niches, t.n., and entrance-hole, e.h. re s pis v yes ey Ty Inge ane ote nd oy = . a geal ee et —» Gites Fig. 5. D. simplex. Development of larval galleries; larve half-grown. e.t., egg- tunnels; l.g., larval galleries; larve were working in the clear spaces. dently we had there a second brood, although I did not actually trace the newly transformed beetles from the stumps to the felled tree, and one brood a season has hitherto been recorded for this beetle. b. The egg tunnels are about 14 inch wide, although the width is very irregular in the different parts of the tunnel. In an egg-tunnel recently started, the half nearest the entrance hole will be packed tightly with chips and excrement, and in the distal—empty—half will be found the beetles, a pair or more. In some I have found one female and as many as three males. As the tunnel is lengthened, the refuse, chips and excrement, is packed towards the entrance, leaving always a short, clear space at the distal end. As the tunnel increases in length, shallow pockets ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 are cut in the bark along the sides, and in these the eggs are deposited, on end, and packed in dust. Usually three eggs are found in a pocket, but sometimes 4, 2 or 1. The pockets are cut at the end of the tunnel on the side, so that the female must reverse her position to oviposit. The diameter of the tunnel will not admit of this, so along the sides of the tunnels are found wide niches, as-wide as the tunnel, which may be called turning-niches. These seem to be used by the beetles in turning about and in passing each other in the tunnel. Very rarely an egg or two will be laid on their sides. The eggs of one pocket being laid, the female lengthens the tunnel and cuts another egg-pocket, and so on until all her eggs are deposited. The chips resulting from the boring operations, together with the excrement of the beetles, are packed firmly backwards towards the entrance hole, and not un- commonly eggs are found packed in this mass. By the time the tunnel has neared completion, we find usually a female in a clear space at the tunnel’s end, and behind her the dust packed firmly with one or two clear spaces at intervals, in each of which will be a male completely walled in and contentedly feeding on the chips or on the sides of the tunnel. Not infrequently there will be an egg-tunnel branching from the first, cut by a female which had entered the first tunnel before _ the entrance was blocked with chips. These side tunnels often open into neighbor- ing egg-tunnels, so that adjoining tunnels appear to anastomose. Occasionally _yentilation holes are cut in the bark forming the tunnel roof, but very few of these | were noticed. The larvee which hatch from the eggs along the tunnel sides bore into the bark | away from the egg-tunnel, cutting the larval galleries, which at first very tiny and entirely in the bark, gradually increase in diameter as the larve grow, and | finally score the wood. The larval galleries are extremely irregular, crossing and _ recrossing each other until the bark of that part is almost entirely reduced to | powder, which packs the galleries. The larve which hatch from eggs laid in the chips packing the egg tunnel feed upon the mass of chips for a time, and later | enter the bark from the tunnel sides. | Egg-laying lasts over a considerable period. Eggs and newly hatched larve _ of the second brood were found as late as August 26th. This second brood matured in sticks in the laboratory early in October, and emerged through holes in the bark. Polygraphus rufipennis. This common bark beetle of spruce and pine seems quite as ready to attack dying larch bark, for we found it this season in great num- bers in the piled larch trunks and tops and the felled larches lying in the clearing. I have never found this species in healthy trees. It is very common in dying bark of spruce, and, in our section, in red and white pine. This is a small bark beetle, 38mm. long, of a uniform dark brown or nearly black colour. It is readily dis- tinguished by the combination of divided eyes and undivided, distally pointed, pubescent antennal club. Its work is well illustrated in the collection exhibited. An entrance hole is cut through the bark and a shallow chamber, called the nuptial chamber is excavated therein. From this chamber are cut in a radiating fashion, and between the bark and wood, from three to five egg-tunnels. The females cut the tunnels and in the nuptial chamber will be found the only male busy ejecting through the entrance hole the boring dust which the females have brought to the tunnel entrances. The eggs are laid singly along the sides of the tunnels, each in a tiny pocket called an egg-niche, and firmly packed in dust; so that the sides of the tunnel are smooth and the eggs completely hidden. From a few to twenty eggs will be found on each tunnel side. The larve which hatch from the eggs bore into the bark directly away from the egg-tunnels. When the larve are not much | crowded their tunnels are fairly regular, but when many egg-tunnels lie close 84 THE REPORT OF THE together, as is usually the case, the larval galleries cross and re-cross, completel; y riddling the bark eventually. The larve pupate in the ends of the galleries and ' many bark beetles, the young adults feed for a short time on the bark before cul : ting through to escape. x We have two broods of this species. The tunnels of the over-wintered beetles were started the last of May this year in the larch. By July 10th in these tunnels could be found well-grown larve, pup and young adults; and light coloured, and therefore recently transformed adults, were busy starting tunnels in felled larches_ lying in the clearing. The adults continued to emerge for several weeks, and on | August 6th egg-tunnels were being cut and eggs laid in the fallen larch before referred to in connection with D. simplex. So far as my observations go, the tunnel | is started by a female, and a male, and other females, join her later. The egg- tunnels are usually kept clean in this species, although more or less boring-dust is at times found in them. They seem to start their tunnels, at times, from the sides of a simplex tunnel, where they are sometimes found exploring during the entrance season. This second brood will apparently mature completely this fall)” and hibernate as adults. Fia. 6. Work of Ips balsameus in Abies, showing nuptial chamber, egg- tunnels, and egg-niche. The eggs were removed before hatching. Ips balsameus was found on the 10th of July, starting tunnels in a diseased | larch in the same bush. I could not be sure that this species had been the primary | cause of the injury, apparently not, but certainly balsameus was helping things | along merrily. This species breeds chiefly in the fir, sometimes also in the pine} | and it frequently attacks and destroys trees, which, while certainly unhealthy at | the beginning of the balsameus attack, might otherwise survive. It is to be consid- — ered an injurious species in fir and larch. There are two broods each season with | us; the first eggs were laid in pine this season in the middle of May, and the second was, in larch, as just stated, early in July. Ips celatus—a larger but closely allied species—was numerous in the larell stumps. Its entrance hole is deep, and the nuptial chamber is often entirely in the » Or 1911 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8 eam thick bark. From the nuptial chamber come off the winding, irregular egg- tunnels. The eggs are laid in groups of two to eight, in deep pockets along the jsides of the egg-tunnel. The borings of the larve are very irregular and pene- ‘trate the bark in all directions. The larve pupate in their tunnels in the bark, and jappeared through their exit holes early in July to start tunnels for a new brood. (Egg-laying for the second brood was well advanced in the bark of the stumps on jJuly 10th of this season. This species is common in our district in red and white /pine. It works in the bark towards the base of dying trees; particularly it is found jin stumps cut the preceding winter. I have never noticed it in healthy trees, al- lthough it might injure them when no dying bark was available. The first brood was egg-laying in white pine at Ste. Anne’s, the second week in May this year, and jwhen first noticed in larch, May 24, the eggs were practically all laid. | Dryocoetes autographus was breeding in the bark of the larch stumps. Its jegg-tunnels are irregular, anastomosing, and when numerous difficult fo follow. HIG. 30. G. materiarius. Work in larch wood.A.—w.s., wood surface; en., egg-niche; d., a tunnel ending blindly behind a. In this tunnel the fungus g develops rapidly. Eggs and larve have been removed from the niches. B.— Two eggs in position in the niches. The eggs are laid side by side in shallow niches along the side of the egg-tunnel, and packed in dust. The longer axis points away from the centre of the tree. ‘Frequently the eggs are sunken irregularly into the bark of the tunnel roof and ‘packed in dust. The larval galleries are very irregular, usually destroying the ‘bark. Both egg-tunnels and larval galleries are often entirely in the bark. ‘There are two broods each season with us. By July 10th this season the egg-tunnels were about completed in the larch stumps, with the eggs practically all laid and many larve working into the bark. By the first of August these larve had matured in ‘part and eggs were being laid in new tunnels from the sixth to the twentieth of that month. This insect prefers dying and dead bark of pine, spruce and larch, ‘and works mostly at the base of the tree. It is not particularly injurious. A ‘smaller, undescribed species of Dryocoetes was working with autographus, and has very similar habits. This completes the list of the true Bark-beetles found in those larches. There was also present another scolytid—Gnathotrichus materiarius—one of the Ambrosia 86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 _ beetles. This species bores well into the wood, cutting several side tunnels; each | tunnel is cut, usually, by a separate female. The eggs are laid in shallow niches — cut in the wood along the sides of the tunnels. The eggs are spindle-shaped and © wedged into the niches, one in each, a little above the bottom, and a mass of chips” and excrement, on which the ambrosia starts, is plugged into the opening. The larvee deepen the niches until the depth is slightly greater than the length of the larvee when full-grown. In these niches the larve pupate, and from them the adults push their way through the wall of dust and fungus which has previously blocked them in from the tunnel. The chief food of both adults and larve seems to be a fungus which grows on the walls of the tunnels and niches. The fungus is © carried from tunnel to tunnel by the beetles, and stains the walls deep brown o black. The habits of the Ambrosia beetles are very interesting, but I shall not discuss them further at this time. There are two broods of this species in our dis- trict. The first brood was egg-laying this season on May 24th, and matured late in July. By the 6th of August new tunnels were being started in the stumps, and | eges laid for the second brood. Many eggs of the second brood were apparently | destroyed by minute nematode worms. q This species breeds in pine and spruce as well as larch and its tunnels often injure lumber for the most valuable uses. Only two of these beetles, D. simplea and J. balsameus, can be considered as serious larch enemies, and this is the first time that I have taken balsameus from that tree. D. simplex is known to attack and destroy but slightly diseased larches_ under certain conditions, and those conditions I wish to discuss now very briefly. Previous to this season D. simplex had been rare in that neighborhood, but it came in in fairly large numbers this spring, attracted from a considerable distance by the dying larch bark. Only half the stumps were attacked by the spring swarm, but the progeny which matured in midsummer numbered thousands of individuals.” These parents of the second brood entered the bark of the remaining stumps, and of the felled larch in the shade in great numbers. They did not attack the dried bark of the cord-wood, nor of the felled trees in the clearing. The individuals of the second brood at present in that swamp must number many thousands. Whether or not they are of sufficient number to successfully attack standing trees) is a problem which J shall watch with interest next season. 4 Tf, after the available dying bark has been utilized by the beetles next spring, there are but few individuals left, they will gradually scatter in search of a further supply of bark in such condition. If, however, there are immense numbers in the 7 swamp unable to find bark in the condition which suits them best, they may suc- ceed in ovipositing in the bark of but slightly injured, or even healthy, trees, in™ which case the larve would probably mature and the trees be killed. When a few scolytid beetles attack a healthy tree, usually the vigorous flow of sap drives them” back before the eggs are laid, and the tree suffers but little. When the number attacking a tree is very great, the many entrance holes and started tunnels check” the sap flow’so that the beetles succeed in laying their eggs and the resulting larvae. develop in the devitalized bark. The level of numbers at which a species, usually not injurious, will attack” healthy or but slightly diseased trees is known as the Pest Level. . It will be seen that a slight modification of the method of cutting would have ~ averted any danger from these beetles. If the stumps had been cut lower a few” blows of the axe would have removed most of the bark from each. If then all the trunks had been trimmed and left in the open sunlight of the clearing there would — ie ae in r (1944 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 87 have been but little sappy bark for the parents of the second brood, and they would have scattered from the region, leaving a very small and harmless second brood. The pest level of D. simplex is high. It is perhaps rarely injurious. But the pest level of certain species attacking pine and spruce is low, and when that level is reached the finest trees of the region are in danger. It can be easily seen from this that careful destruction of wastes from eutting is of utmost importance in lumbering operations, the more so that many other forest insects breed in such dying bark and wood. The conditions which obtained in this larch bush will be found everywhere in Canada, in the woodlots, in the lumbering districts, and in our virgin forests. In the great forests under natural conditions we find that when, through the agency of forest fires, heavy storms or the attacks of other insects, scolytid beetles find much dying bark in a suitable condition, they breed in this until they reach their pest level for those conditions; then they attack and kill the healthy trees. Witness the terrible destruction of D. piceaperda in the spruce of Maine and New Brunswick, as described by Dr. Hopkins. In the lumber woods the present careless method of cutting leaves culls and refuse to breed these beetles and other forest pests by myriads. I pointed out a few moments ago that scolytid beetles followed forest fires, breeding in the dying bark of injured trees. Dr. Hopkins, the leading forest ento- mologist of America, has shown that the relations are at times reversed; so that fires which would otherwise have caused no considerable injury, gain headway in districts of forest devastated by these beetles, and sweep as great conflagrations over square miles of territory. It is well to discuss the injury which these forest insects are known to do, but can anything be done to check them in our timber limits and in our great forests? The control of certain forest insect pests, e.g., the larch saw-fly, is, so far, beyond man’s ability. But a method of control has been worked out whereby many forest pests, chiefly Scolytide, can be effectively kept below the pest level. Such methods have been successful in European forests, and in certain sections of the United States, and will most surely be followed in Canadian forests in years to come. They consist in modifications of the methods of cutting. Injured trees, with the bark filled with thousands of these beetles, are cut, and either barked or got into the water before the beetles emerge to start their tunnels in other trees. Hither the barking, if done at the right time, or the immersion in water, destroys the greater part of the larve or adults. These beetles seem, perhaps invariably, to prefer dying bark. Therefore by girdling, early in the season, trees selected for later cutting, the greater part of the beetles in the immediate neighborhood can be attracted to the bark of these “ trap-trees,” and later these trap-trees are barked or got into the water early, so that the contained brood will be killed. The refuse, tops and branches, are destroyed, removing what would otherwise be a suitable breeding-ground for many species. Such modifications in methods of cutting can be relied upon when control is needed. Before such methods can be outlined, however, it is necessary to obtain much information from forest entomologists. The insect pests of our Canadian forests have been studied but little. There are many injurious forest insects in Northern Quebec and Ontario about which we know absolutely nothing. There is much work to be done, therefore, by the systematist; work which is absolutely essential. The practical entomologist must be able to distinguish with certainty the injurious cent THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 species when he finds them. For instance, if recently killed pines are found with — the bark filled with Ips pint, there is little cause for alarm. The pest level of that species is high. The same is true of a new species of Phlwotribus, which I have from spruce, and many other, indeed most, scolytids of this region. These species — prefer, and usually are able to find dying bark for breeding purposes. But if spruces are found with Dendroctonus piceaperda in the bark, the matter may be serious enough; for this species is quite capable of destroying the finest of the — spruce over miles of territory if once it surpasses the pest level. Much work should be done in the near future in collecting and studying the forest insects. It is further necessary to know the exact life histories of the injuri- ous species in the regions where they are numerous. The lumberman must know when to girdle the trap-trees, when to cut them and others with the bark filled with the brood, and bark or immerse them. He must know how many broods occur, and just when they appear to attack fresh trees. Many things must be known before we can outline profitable methods for the control of many of these pests. This information must be obtained by entomologists; and those of us who are interested in forest insects have a great field before us, a splendid opportunity, and also a serious duty. Insect control is only one factor in the great problem of forest culture; but it is an extremely important factor, and the sooner we know the injurious insects of our great forests, and their life histories, the sooner will the control of forest. in- sects be undertaken in the Canadian woods. The great forests of the United States have been almost swept away by forest fires, insects enemies and careless cutting. Now, perhaps too late, the people there are awake to the importance of forest control. We in Canada are following exactly in their footsteps. Great fires—there are hundreds of fires in our Northern forests every season—insect devastations, careless cutting, little effort towards reforesta- tion; it needs no prophet to foretell the result. Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia will surely soon follow the lead of this Province in taking decided steps towards forest control. And that good time will come the sooner if we entomologists preach at every oppor- tunity that most important practice in the control of insect pests and fungous diseases, whether in the field, the orchard, or the forest—Clean Culture. INSECT NOTES FROM STE. ANNE’S —NOV. 15, SEASON OF 1910. J. M. Swarinr, MacponaLp Couuece, Qur. ORCHARD INSECTs. The Apple Woolly Aphis, 8. lanigera, has been gradually increasing in num- bers with us for the last few years. It is found on many of our older trees in small masses, and is quite thickly scattered over the young orchard. On the young trees there is much more of it on the twigs than on the trunk just at this season, and the scars it causes are becoming numerous enough to need attention. Kerosene emul- sion diluted 1-9 and driven in a strong stream controls it readily. I have never found the root form in Quebec, although it probably occurs in small numbers. The Round-headed Borer, Saperda candida, occurs in very smal] numbers in our orchards; although it is common enough in an orchard about a mile away. At Cote St. Paul and at Rougemont it is doing serious injury. Fic. 8. Work ot P. rujfipennis. Three stages in the development of the egg-tunnels. Fie: 9. I. balsameus. Development of larval Fic. 10. : gallery. 1, egg-niche; 2, egg- Larch Ips. Under side packing; 8, chips and ex- of bark. crement of larva, darker in color; e.t., egg- tunnel. Mie: 12: The Larch Ips (24-V-10). Under side of the bark shown, with eggs in the pockets. IBSTGe sale I. balsameus. Newly hatched larva. z Over MG, 1B}. Mire. 14. I. caelatus. From white Dryocoetes autographus. Work in larch bark; : Dine. larve one-third grown. [89] E.S. ~ iG. 15. Work of Ips balsameus in Abies, showing the wood surface scored by the chambers, egg-tunnels, larval galleries, and pupal cells. The latter are often sunken as indicated at “p.c.” The work of Monohammus marmorator, which was bred from that trunk, is shown at “M.m.” [90] Bie. 16. Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby ). IN (Lec. ndroctonus simplex De Dryocoetes autographus (Ratz). [91] 92 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 The Flat-headed Borer, Chrysobothris femorata, is hardly found in our apple trees at all. And this is interesting, for the species is very common in the neigh- borhood, breeding in great numbers in fallen hickory and oak, particularly the former. This spring I took scores of specimens from one fallen hickory at Hud- son, a few miles from Ste. Anne’s. The beetles run about over the bark on fine days, mating and egg-laying, and fly very readily with a distinct “hum.” Egg-laying begins with us on hickory in June, and lasts until late in July, although the greater part of the eggs are laid by the second week of July. In our region at least the beetles much prefer dying hickory to apple trees in any condition, and I feel confident that Mr. Chittenden’s suggestion that broken branches of hickory scattered about the orchard would trap most of the beetles, is one well worth trying when these beetles are injurious in orchards. The Fruit Bark-beetle, Hccoptogaster rugulosus, is not yet to be found in our orchards. I have never taken any indeed in this Province. The Peach-tree Bark beetle, Phloeotribus liminarus, was found in great num- bers this season in wild cherry near the college. Over a score of large trees were studded with the gum from its entrance holes, although the beetles succeeded in breeding in very few of them. The entrance holes, and in a few places on some trees the egg tunnels, were cut this spring but very few eggs were laid. Again on the tenth of August, light coloured adults were starting tunnels in the bark. Next year these: dies trees will probably have a hard time of it. They had enemies enough before, indeed, for the common cherry borer was altogether too plentiful. Xyleborus dispar 1 have never taken in Quebec. . caves carete 8 (Plate A), 24 Chrysobothris femorata ........... 92 Clothes moth, southern ........... 16 Chrysomelid beetles ............... 51 Clover’ noot-borer.......25.6-2:c50. 12, 97 SOP WEEVIL GeTGEN. civics se. one 12 [122] Coccidae, bibliography of ......... st enemies of essa. eee eee gall making of Canada Coccinae of Canada Codlini moti. we sen sae ee Coleophora fletcherella oe laricella .. Coleoptera, captures of “cc “ suet e' pile is..0) afte ia tale “ G02 6 @ «00 06 «© 6 ela ee 6.0 jee, 0 Ur mse ee ase 6.4 0/6 0,6 80718 088 of Indiana, Blatchley’s. Conotrachelus nenuphar ...... 19, 21, 94 Coquillett’s Type Species of Diptera 103 Corn-seedu Mase Ot. vc Hes c. en one 12 Corythuca Areuadtasscs. scene 13 Criddle, Norman, article by........ 60 Cucumber beetle... 02.ek Pen See 99 Currant wphisGe.ca eee ee 20, 96 a IDOTET AT as cue stan ee 95 oe SQWHYia ca kee eee ee ee 96 . SPDAMWORMG Voc se. meena 95 Cutworm, red-backed .............. 27 Cutwortiis sso 6 fsck. ieee 12, 27 Dactylopiine of Canada ........... 68 Dendroctonus simplex. .81, 82 (Fig. 4, 5), 91 (Fig. - Diaspince sor Canada... asses cae Dietz’s Blastobaside of North (Ani ericds |. bissscscie ett ers aes 1038 Diptera, .capturessote. ..=.'acsn eee nie 115 Tnrale Onties hae skeen a eee ee 55 Dryocetes autographus. .84, 88 (Fig. 14), 91 (Fig. 17). Kecoptogaster rugulosus .......... 24, 92 Em phy tus CInChipes c.1ssteane ieee 16 MmMpoascal malt. 2S Ahern seiseiecc ete 13 Knarmonia prunivoray. ee sees 21 Hncyrtine, host relations of ....... 75 Hriocampa*Cerasit 1... oe 20 Eriocampoides limacina ........... 24 ETIiO PHY ES PY Pils seeders ere 23 Eucosma scudderiana ............. 30 Eye-spotted bud-moth ......... 13, 92, 98 Mall Aveb worms < ar. cee weenie 18, 98 Midtarvilticida, 1. a acces 98 Field crops, insects attacking ...... 12 Minancialy Statement) ccs ees 121 Mlat-headed Worer ijc)c ec eine ee eal 92 Flea-beetle, Hop: aie deste oak Selecta 27 “ horse-radish ......... 59 ve se CUrnip: = 38. teen eee 12 Forest and shade trees, insects at- tackilme ns ates vista a ave oeanee 13 Fruit bark-beetles .........c.e.e00. 24 Fruit trees, insects attacking ..... 18 Fyles, Rev. T. W., articles by ...30; 40, 51 Gibson, A., articles by ....... 11, 99, 101 Gnathotrichus materiarius .. 85 (Fig. be Grant, 1; Hy article. Dyess cst s saci Grape-vine root-borer ...........-. as GrasShopDers =-2.5 sicicere cecscost oes ooo 98 Greenhouse and flower-gardens, insects of 15 eifevetw a lela 6 e,8) p61 .010 jen Oumre 1911 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123 PAGE PAGE Greenhouse leaf-tyer ............... 15 Needham, J. G., article by .......... 42 Grossbeck’s Geometrid Moths of the Nematus erichsonii ............... 62 ; HEDIS) EIR sagan addon Sas OS 103 INGWIUSTT cousin sncioun wan hc tr. biethineeies 52 Hamilton, R.S., article by ......... 18 QObera’ bimaculata’”.). 5.5 .)s.3...6. 18, 96 Hampson’s Catalogue of British Sa otripunctata’ 3. cves 0 serene 92 Museum Phalene ........... 103 Odonata; "captures! of (fue eee 121 Hemiptera, attacking basswood .... 100 " Muttkowsky’s Catalogue of 104 e CAPUUNECS) Ola tela -tce ole 116 Occanthus miveus 5 iets 2s cis colette 20 ee on the milk vetch ..... 31 Orchestes rutipes ................. 15 ENEMIES es ole ke ile ws oa 12 Ortheziine of Canada ............. 68 Hewitt, C. G., articles by ........ 27, 62 Orthoptera, captures of ............ 119 Homoptera, attacking basswood...99, 101 se Kirby’s Catalogue of ... 104 Hiop) flea-beetle 2.45 2... cee ce eee 27 Otiorhynchus sulcatus ............ 99 Household insects ................. 16 Oyster-shell scale ............. 13, 23, 94 ElOwltoeds 1. ATCICIE DY. «icc. cc cits o's 58 Hygrotrechus remigis ............. 58 Paragrotis ochrogaster ............ 27 Hylastinus obscurus ..12, 97 (Fig. 20) Parasitic insects, practical import- 98 (Figs. 21, 23) CT NGTELA(0 9 Era Se eS oes Re a eae ec em 6Z Hymenoptera attacking basswood .. 100 ‘Pea aphis,’ destructive............ 16, 26 captures (Of... s... « 119 Pear and cherry slug. o... 0+ oes0s 28 24 Ey phantrias teXtor fcc ecic's sje 13 ReareePsyilaycaxiccrmrcwe asec ice aah 24 RCALSLTCCR SIME ary cei. she es 20 Insect notes from Ste. Anne’s ...... 88 Pezomya\ Tusciceps.f.accele cok at. 58 Insects, basswood or linden ........ 99 Pelopzus cementarius ............. 32 ss Ofethe Hlarchices cra aoe ene 81 Phenacoccus acericola ............. 14 = role of, in water-life ...... 42 Phleotribus liminaris .......... 24, 92 Ips balsameus ...84, (Fig. 6), 89 (Figs. Phlyctenia ferrugalis ............. 15 9-12), 90 (Fig. 16) Phyllotreta armoracie ............ 59 SGREIAGUS, 5.0 ts cee 84, 89 (Fig 13) ye Vittatani. ooGeeees ee 12, 60 Phytonomus nigrirostris ........... 12 garvist.).D:. articles, by .2.52...0.< 64, 78 Pierce’s Monograph of the Strepsi- Johannsen’s Mycetophilide of North DLO TA bey Se Scaysvexeie sista a pieoretetee 104 NITES ee ee ees 104 PIPeCONLINEMER: fio cider nic vi clsecrne 18 Plantices xtcomes acto Sok oe eee 15 Kirby’s Catalogue of British Mu- Plums curculionee esc oe e 19, 21, 94 seum Orthoptera ............ 104 Pecilocapsus lineatus ............ 16 “2 SSC eS 16 Polygraphus rufipennis ............ 83 NEAT CHG BAWHANY= .oResccecececec ee 14, 62, 99 Potato-beetlennscc cs ccincivciscatateneee 27 Leaf-bug, four-lined ............... 16 Pilla arose incite cs cae aos eons 96 Leaf-hopper, grape-vine ............ 16 Psylliodes punctulata ............. 27 . Lepidoptera attacking basswood... 100 os CADEUTERNMOL sisi e eclers 106 Raspberry cane-borer .............. 96 Lepidosaphes ulmi ............ 14, 28, 94 s SAWAILY! © .8scrctarcve crete aly rie 25 Banden. insects Of . 2.6.00 cc teen wes 99 Rhagoletis cingulata .............. 24 Locusts, migration of native ...... 60 4 pomonellatie.. cee 17, 22 BOISVEUS PTALENSIS.......6.0cccccceecs 15 Rohwer’s Tenthredinoidea from oyman: H. H., article by .....<.... 34 astern Canada ............ 104 _ Malacosoma americana ............ 94 Root maggots ............. at ster akavers 12, 26 =» Maple Phenacoccus ............... 14 Rose worm, curled’ <-.- sects os cine 16 “worm, green-striped ......... 29 Round-headed borer ............... 88 Merodon equestris ................. 28 EUUS be fl YG ae ostor a als austere ERIS ae 96 Meromyza americana ............. 12 Al JOSS SCAIE® ‘ { 1911 PRINTED BY ORDER OF TORONTO: d 3, K. CAMERON, Printer to-the King’s Most Excellent Majesty fate 1912, ait Cae } Forty-Second Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1911 (PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO) PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty Lise 2 7 _ Printed by WILLIAM BRIGGS, 29-37 Richmond Street Wesi, ~ TORONTO. To His Honour Cou. Str JoHN Morison Gipson, K.C.M.G., ETO-, ETC., ETC., Ineutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May 1T PLease Your Honour: The undersigned begs to present herewith, for the consideration of your Honour, the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1911. Respectfully submitted, JAMES S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture. Toronto, 1912. : [3] | CONTENTS. LETTER Ol) MR AN SNOISSION gocces.s.0%6. 2 4 sc ons 0 ohccorete aap alter e ein ate eisai: etna eee OFFICERS HOR 1911912 ie de Cte alee =.10°9 “eve Gletontig Shel Os se oe Pa COS i Peuaeee a eo oer VEN ATV GEA OTA TENCE NT 65.20 ce oe di eiein's « «chee eee oe 9 ck ene oe eee Le eo ee CANADIAN MEMBERS 5's o ifeibys wittovs, oot @.0 0. o 8 ole arene iviclost too aleieraenn nee Cale oir e creer ANN UATR AMIN TING -q,,5 (5 10o ciao 'ets See terersre cc. 4 MUND M. WALKER, Lecturer in Zoology, University of Toronto. Vice-President—Dr. C. Gorpon HeEwitt, Dominion Entomologist, Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa. Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—Mr. LAWSON CAESAR, B.A., B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology and Plant Dis- — eases, O. A. College, Guelph. Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. ArtHuR Gisson, Department of Entomology, Central — Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. EH. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, — Mr. A. CosENS, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C. W. — NAsuH, Hast Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope; Division No. 6, Mr. R. S. HAaminton, Collegiate Institute, Galt; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, ~ B.S.A., Jordan Harbour. } Directors (Ex-Presidents of the Society) —PRorESSsoR WM. SAUNDERS, C.M.G., LL.D., — F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, ~ Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Beruune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacur HARRINGTON, ~ F.RJSJC., Ottawa; Proressor JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; ~ Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. THomas W. Fes, D.C.L., ~ F.L.S., Hull, P.Q.; Proressorn WM. LocHHEAD, B.A., M.\S., Macdonald College, P.Q.; JoHN © D. Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; PRoFESSoR TENNYSON ~ D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Editor of the “ Canadian Entomologist ’’—Dr. E. M. WALKER, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society—Prorrssor J. M. SwAINE, Macdonald College, P.Q. Auditors—Proressor J. Eaton Howitt, M.S.A., and Mr. W. A. McCussin, M.A,, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. —— FINANCIAL STATEMENT For the Year Ending October, 1911. Receipts. Expenditures. | Balance for 1910 °...........55 $799.06: Printing seein ee $1,051 51 2 Members? HM CESicccis sie miele oieteaey 387 61 TU DPARV sot acc tet he ere cra eee ee 199 11 ; Government Grant ........... 1,000 00 ERIDENSE's, se reicos eh eestor ane oe 86 63 is Sale, Reportsand Back Numbers’ 180 00 Anrinal7Report wsc3 seis eda 93 60 7 Salem Oorkeranl Gage Siaereisiiere crack: 113 72 Anmital Meeting. ans ace science 48 05 AAVerpising’:."s.tcc atmo roaetes sre. ake 32 75 Salarigg: ss. 3 Pons tls ane cet ae 100 00 Banksinterest-<: os ccemionersiaae 35 99 Cork and’ Pins! .)-on- eee 70 03 %. Banke Exchanges fannie 490 ) Balaneeson hand. sania 826 20 $2,480 03 $2,480 03 J (Signed) J. E. Howrrr, fe: Treasurer. Examined and found correct. (Signed) S. B. McCreapy, Auditors. J. W. Crow, } [6] ee ee |g Sie LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. mppott. Dr A. Re 50.65. Toronto. Arudgee, M. RR... 2.0. Meaford. Baker, A. C., O.A.C. Guelph Baker, A. W., ORAM C Hee ree a Bock, ie Try sew clighia va tel kta, ots He London. Beurian, J. EL. ou. ss was 6 eGOdIe, MISS) wes 5s oe Toronto. Caesar, Lawson, O.A.C.... Guelph. BAIT. Ee) 2. 6 oe isis eretere London. TOTO sa VEN 3 2, ciacsua-orse e 6 Toronto. SISGIE:, WARS Sin Dene 3 Mearness;, Prof... Jo. .:....: London. MIRE OT Gy Me bl FRcnesicvecsi clave los Ottawa. MAPLIMC AM arte.) fe atere @ ss isileleve Port Hope. Muniop; JAMES 2.4 os 0..5% Woodstock. Ast Mam) AW. ess cle Ss Ottawa. “SADC dpe] D eee Bharata ‘Trenton. Rapson, Arthur ©s.0.0.. +. Ottawa. STARTER (ORaa DB ee ae a Orillia. BP AENTVC TA me eR NS eee ane Toronto. IS nial, 127 1 ee ee ss SST] 0) ae 5 Eee eee Sudbury. amilton; RR. S. 2s... 65. Galt. 2 TRGSEE SD Jordan Harbour. earrineton, W. Ele 2:.:.. Ottawa. leit, OreoC. Gis. sess ca aie Howitt, J. B:, O.A.C. .... Guelph. LETTER &\\Y C0 Se eee eri Englehart. MS OUT Ss occ cates Hamilton. Jarvis, Prof. T. D., O.A.C.. Guelph. SUENTIS OTe Grey Saveeles esie 5 0.0 Meaford. wonmnston, James ......:. Hamilton. Seemenirdey rine AC! EL oss 5 sos, ope Ridgeway. King, Vernon, O.A.C. .... Guelph. “TNS BR ee Toronto. McCready, Prof.S.B.,0.A.C. Guelph. WOME T AN a cio co .c os odie does s Toronto. Montizambert, H. ....... ss MCN Se eA) cre clsretc, cscs ane London. “LS TPTETST So OS el J ea Toronto. MANOS SIAMES — ec. css nS See tRtiee One Wise ai ckoc x cola uses ue maplen dy. W., O:A.C.. 0... 34 Guelph. Pettit, Morley Deauranse Ar secre SS OUAVV ie oA cle % soc sliecc sare Jordan Harbour. Brrmmtagders, ).Ge We iso. cele Ottawa. BAO CTRS CE. (Ss ese hc. 28s Toronto. BUCOR SIONeCY i... sce Stratford. Bernt eA TCM UT 2.3... «seen s Toronto. manner, Harold ....2%... Stratford. BOOZOOG) OW. AL cs ccc eels se OTE OU Gece Bae ae Ottawa. Walker, Dr. E. M. ...... Toronto. Bveashineton, Iu. P. ...... Hamilton. Watson, Dr. A. H. R. .... Port Hope. RIMES AMIES! | P.f5 ce occ es Snelgrove. MTA. I SS ec oe te ees Toronto. BOSD ess so els ele esis £ RNS ChE 5 Baler eee Ottawa. eZavitz, WH. J., O.A.C. . Guelph. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Bamwilckap His te occ ces Montreal. Begin, Rev. Abbe, P.A. ..Sherbrooke. Bowleome Ate Ee Wien. «0.6 si6 Quebec. Brainerd, Dwight ....... Montreal. Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun (Grane) oe dip (CH Soto Magog. Chagnon, Gustave ....... Montreal. (lbisoi, (Ch Isle einsioo cold oc Go iD Ewcibhaes, Tele IBS GoGo ae cc MehisleswAcy Mi! Lose cles Be IDENT ISH ooo bclen anh Comee oy 1OKTAKOS, WEB KOK SSS ea ouodc se DIVA AG eardilda coe ane cleteneustesrs cs MOSDeERY Cal ore eet er te “ Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. ... Hull. Gent. OW Gia careers tere ores Montr eal. Gibbeinachilaniree cree. or Greif epAe Weep tess teveneuccetey oust ss oe Hedge, Miss Louisa ...... Levis. Euiandyeveve \ViCtOle..)2 11 Quebec. Johnston, Miss M. G. .... Miranda. Kollar Wy S.6 o vce cae Montreal. TochheadswecOl wee eet Macdonald Coll. IDauiignoy Wel Wehbe ee ogGccnd how Montreal. Moore nGe Agr izncs demise. s INOEGISHaeAt Hs ce Rylonciseereuslersue sf VOWAaAN Gs CANS << sietene ais tren Windsor Mills. Southteern Ge Ry, cyoscitevene ore Outremont. Sunderland] Sel. ty.) .0;-se08 or Montreal. Swaines-J. Ie 3 .cin gacree Macdonald Coll. MounchotreAcw Ws eycreysraeter as St. Hyacinthe. Walia Acs Hse 2) 5 shore ate iojetevecs Montreal. ALBERTA, (Ghiems NS 18a oie ortoinoe High River. Baling ec MOS Sesteratcoretotecrenare Hdmonton. IDYefel, 105 Isl, WOMENS Se coocc Millarville. WM aXOYE Nie IW OST whim omosqle oc West Calgary. BRITISH COLUMBIA. AID DSA AC AW ia tec cietehatezeParsiats Vancouver. DTH, WV Goecodosiooos Cs (Choy ees Aes ardiceain coo Ce Kaslo (Giroliqeimy Say Go Gocablougs Victoria IDEA (CROs oe ced dcGob oviee Duncan’s Station. Draper Raves Saas asters Hillcrest. GiGi, IDiey Sk Coghoosee Vancouver. ley aha, A AWo4 Sena oooee Dunean’s Station. EL Aary Cyt Lume ceciovele tele eer Victoria. 1sGeVshay [Eve nine dig law a goomoce Metlakatla. Reeds Bins ayalese cites ee Victoria. sqbiaennaa IWERS SS snooooo5 Vernon. IERIE di@lshay 3 aoe onooonr Hope Stn., C.P.R. SCOtte Wire re tone isu leis, sh evecsie)e Victoria. Skinmersahin My eae ei eratetecs « Dunean’s Station. Taylor ReVa Gi Wee 20's Departure Bay, Nanaimo. [7] 8 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BRITISH CoLUMBIA.—Continued. Treherne, R. C. Hea Eces O Vancouver. Venables oH. 2s acces ose Vernon. Winslow; “Ree Me ces). an . Victoria. MANITOBA. Criddle, (Norman: 22.38... Aweme. Feats His iy. Siete neccicpecies Cartwright. onex-Russelly ere aerits ci Manitou. Hunter, Rev. A. J. ....... Teulon. Woailliss-d:s By stair . Winnipeg. Nova Scortia. Hernvey.1C. is Gis ss ose se Round Hill. Mackay. Drs Avs i scene Halifax. Paynes eG, ype tert ara «eee Granville Ferry. SASKATCHEWAN. Androchowicz, HB. ....... Humboldt. VATS SIN occ eee Regina. Nevilles(S:doeiccascaecior Cottonwood. HONORARY MEMBERS. Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col. Comstock, Prof. J. H. ....Ithaca, N.Y. Cresson, Wizra: Ts, ct clenncs Philadelphia, Pa. Olt Dra ies esos elec Albany, N.Y. Howard: Dr. 10: 2... ae Washington D.C. Shanitdt dettoinend iy ep kn A Ae New Brunswick, N. J. Wihiler,) Pe ais s.-Aainew ak Baltimore, Md. Webster, I’. M....... . «ec. Washineton, Dace Wickham, Prof. H. F, ....lowa City, Iowa. Lire MEMBERS. Saunders, Dr. William .. Ottawa. Director of the Experi- mental Farms of the Dominion. Bethune, Rev. C. J. S. ...Guelph. Professor of Entomol- ogy, Ontario Agricul- tural College. Reed) Hi. Baynes). oo. sen Victoria, B.C. Director of the Meteoro- logical Station. OY Saas ee The Entomological Society of Ontario ANNUAL MEETING The Forty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 23rd and 24th. During the day meetings the chair was occupied by the President, Dr. HE. M. Walker, and during the evening meeting by President Creelman of the College. Among those present were Messrs. H. H. Lyman and A. F. Winn, Montreal ; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt and Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Prof. J. M. Swaine, Mac- donald College, St. Anne’s, P.Q.; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton; Dr. E. M. Walker and Mr. J. B. Williams, Toronto; President Creelman, Professors C. J. S. Bethune, KE. J. Zavitz, HL. Hutt, T. D. Jarvis, J. E. Howitt, Messrs. L. Cesar, Morley Pettit, _ W. A. McCubbin, and A. W. Baker, of the staff, and a number of students of the Ontario Agricultural College. On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held, at which the report of the proceedings of the Society during the past year was drawn up, and various matters of interest to its members were discussed. In acceptance of an invitation from Dr. Hewitt it was decided to hold the next annual meeting at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, the date to be fixed upon a later occasion. Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., and Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, were elected honorary members of the Society. Mr. E. Baynes Reed, Meteorological Station, Victoria, B.C., was elected a life member. The afternoon meeting was held in the Biological Lecture Room, the proceed- ings commencing at two o'clock with the reading of the reports of the directors on the insects of the year in their respective districts. No reports were received from Mr. F. J. A. Morris, of Port Hope, representing Division No. 5, nor from Mr. R. S. Hamilton, of Galt, representing Division No. 6. REPORTS ON INSECTS -OF THE YEAR. Division No. 1, Orrawa District—ARTHUR GIBSON. Weather conditions in the Ottawa district during the past season were specially favourable for the development of insect life. The latter part of April was very warm for that time, and later in May, from the 20th to the 28th, the temperature was high. The month of June was about normal, but during the first eleven days of July a very hot spell was experienced. On July 3rd the temperature reached 97.8 1m the shade, and the maximum temperature from July 1st to 12th was 91.4: Early August, too, was extremely warm, the average maximum temperature for the first eight days being 93.4 in the shade. The season, therefore, was.very ex- ceptional and the continued drought seriously affected crops of all kinds. The following notes cover those insects which were most complained of in the Ottawa district during 1911. [9] 10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — ATTACKING FIELD OROPs. Cutworms. The cutworm which caused most injury in 1911, in the Ottawa district, was the Red-backed Cutworm (Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn.). In May many newly set out cabbages and cauliflowers were cut off and much damage was also done to radishes, peas, beans and other field crops. On June 5th larve were found in a field of beans, which varied in size from half an inch to one and a quarter inches in length. Wherever the well-known poison bran remedy was used the attack stopped at once. In the use of this mixture it is important that the bran be noticeably moistened so that the Paris green, when dusted in, will adhere to practically every particle. In one instance, which came to my notice, the bran was insufficiently moistened, and when placed in the field was much too dry and many of the particles had not been poisoned. When the mixture is quite dry the cutworms, of course, are not attracted to it as they are when the bran is moistened. Fig. 1. Variegated Cutworm—a, moth; 6, ¢, d, caterpillars; e, egg (magnified); f eggs on a stem. The mixture should be scattered after sundown, so that it will be in the very best condition to attract the cutworms when they come out at night to feed. One half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison fifty pounds of bran, the latter being first moistened with sweetened water. Salt may be used instead of molasses or cheap sugar. If salt is used, half a pound may be dissolved in half a gallon of water and then added to the fifty pounds of bran; 50 to 100 pounds of bran is sufficient for an acre, according to the closeness of the plants. THE RADISH, or CABBAGE Root MAGGor, was again abundant and caused much destruction. On May 26th the first flies were seen, and on May 29th large num- bers of eggs were present on the stems of cauliflowers and cabbages, particularly the former. These soon hatched and the maggots at once began their work of destruction. The remedy which we have found most useful during the last two years for radishes is to water the plants once a week from the time they begin to appear until they are ready for the table with a decoction of hellebore, using two ounces to every gallon of water. For cauliflowers and cabbages the best protection can be had from the use of the well-known discs made from tarred building paper. Caer waa erm = y+" 1912 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 On the 9th of November of this year puparia and full-grown larve were found beneath cabbage plants. The WHITE CaBBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pontia rape, L.). This well-known pest of the market gardener was more than usually abundant the past season. In the latter half of August it was specially complained of and was doing much injury all through the district. Another insect which was destructive to cabbages is the Dramonp-BAcK Motu (Plutella maculipennis, Curt.) (Fig. 2). This insect has not occurred at Ottawa in destructive numbers for some years. The nature of the season affects consider- ably the abundance of this insect. In hot dry seasons, such as that of this year, the outbreak is always more serious. Continued damp weather is, of course, de- trimental to this insect. At the end of August its ravages in many market gardens was very noticeable. On September 1st, I examined some cabbages and found the caterpillars in various stages of development from 3 mm. to 8 mm. in length. Many cocoons were also attached to the leaves, and one cocoon was seen from which the moth had evidently just emerged. As a remedy, kerosene emulsion has given good results, but the ‘mixture must be applied as an under- ee Wag Rm Fig. 2. Diamond-back Moth—a, caterpil- lar; d, pupa; e€, cocoon; f and h, moth (all much enlarged). spray. In fields where the insect has been troublesome all leaves and left-overs of cruciferous crops should be gathered up and destroyed so as to reduce as much as possible the over-wintering brood of the insects. - ATTACKING FRUIT TREES. Fruit insects were not particularly complained of during the season, but there are a few which require mention. The Amprican Tent CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana, Harr.) was the most conspicuous insect of the orchard in the Ottawa district during the past season. In orchards where no control measures were adopted many trees were entirely stripped of foliage. Further mention will be made of this insect and the Forest Trent CATERP{LLAR under insects affecting forest and shade trees. CANKERWORMS were also reported as having been destructive in apple orchards, particularly in the neighbourhood of Hull. The LessER Appre Worm (Enarmonia prunivora, Walsh.). I regret to have to report the finding of this insect in an orchard near Ottawa on August 10th. Fortunately the infestation was very slight, only three apples of the variety Lub’s 12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Queen being found with larve at work. In orchards which are regularly sprayed for Codling Moth there should be no appreciable loss from the attacks of this insect. | GREENHOUSE AND GARDEN PLANT'S. Last year I mentioned the occurrence of the GREENHOUSE LEAF-TYER | (Phiyctaenia ferrugalis, Hbn.) in the house of one of our local florists. During last spring especially the insect did considerable injury to Azalea, Mignonette, — Cyclamens and Cannas, particularly the latter. In some of the Montreal green- houses considerable joss is occasioned by the larve of the Brack VINE WEEVIL — (Otiorhynchus suicatus, Fab.) infesting the roots of Cyclamens, Gloxinias and Adiantums, but we have had no reports of this insect being present in any of the © houses in our district. ) Much injury to flowering plants in gardens was done by such regularly occurring pests as Curworms, TARNIsHED PLANT Bue and Four-LINED LEAF © Buc. The caterpillars of the WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY were also troublesome — in beds of Mignonette and Nasturtium. The Grape Vine Lear Hopper again rendered unsightly the foliage of Virginia Creeper, and in some gardens the CurLED Rose Worm and the DrstructivE Pea ApHtis were also present in con- — spicuous numbers. ATTACKING FOREST AND. SHADE TREES. TENT CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana, Harr., and M. disstria, Hbn.) These caterpillars were enormously abundant in the Ottawa district during the past season. Not only did they do serious damage to orchard, shade and forest trees, but they caused much annoyance, especially at maturity, by wandering into houses, — dropping on to passers-by, etc. Throughout the woods in the district both the — American Tent Caterpillar and the Forest Tent Caterpillar could be seen feeding together on the same trees. The larve hatched during the first week in May, and before the middle of the month the webs were conspicuous on many trees, par- ticularly wild cherry. In one small clump of cherry trees twenty-six webs of the American Tent Caterpillar were counted on May 13th, and on this date the larve were about half an inch in length. In another locality, at Woodruffe. near Ottawa, : the nests were numerous, and on May 19th the caterpillars were one inch in length. On May 27th at Chelsea, Que., both species occurred together and were in their last larval stage. Thousands were wandering about along fences, in and around ~ houses, etc. Many trees had been entirely stripped of foliage. On June 5th some cocoons of M. americana which had been but recently made were found on apple and the larvae inside were just changing to pupe. While in the Gatineau district, - between Wakefield and Maniwaki, on June 12th to 14th, I saw large areas of poplar and birch which had been entirely defoliated by the Forest Tent Cater- ~ pillar. Near St. Joseph village, which is not far from Maniwaki, the caterpillars were so abundant in some of the lakes, that the men who were working on a drive ~ of logs found it almost impossible to dip up water for drinking and cooking pur- poses without getting some of the larve in their pails. Many of the branches of ~ poplar around the edges of these lakes extend out over the water, and I was in- ~ formed that, during a very heavy rainstorm, the caterpillars were dislodged from _ the trees, falling into the water by hundreds. Just above North Wakefield and ~ Low, Que., extensive tracts of trees, mostly poplars, were seen to have heen —— ae? ee a te a a hee eS ae yah VRRP ali A Releee eete y 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “13 entirely denuded of foliage. In early July large numbers of the moths were ob- served around electric lights in Ottawa, and later in the month very many egg masses were seen on apple and cherry. On one small branch of wild cherry brought into the Division on July 29th there were 42 egg clusters. The egg masses occurred close together; in some instances they were overlapping. During the larval period I did not see a single diseased specimen, nor do the eggs which Fig. 4. Tent Caterpillar: Breit Male Moth. ' Fig. 5. Female Moth. Fig. 3. American Tent Caterpillars on their web; c. egg-bracelet;; d, cocnon. Fig. 6. Forest Tent Gateraiicts moth and eggs. Fig. 7. Forest Tent Caterpillar. are now on the trees seem to be much parasitized. Mr. Sanders, of the Division, collected in the middle of July many egg masses, but only a very small pene of these were parasitized by Télenomus and Trichogramma. ‘The probability is that next year these Tent Caterpillars will again be present in large numbers. The Spruce Bupworm (Tortrix fumiferana, Clemens) was again present in considerable numbers in the district. It did not, however, occur over such wide- spread areas as was the case in 1909 and 1910. The worst infestation which I saw 14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | during the past summer was in the neighbourhood of Maniwaki, 83 miles north of Ottawa. Here, in one place, the insects were very abundant and had done — much injury to the foliage of spruce. In this particular instance the caterpillars — were present all over the trees feeding on the present year’s growth, and in such © localities the ends of all the twigs had the characteristic reddish appearance which — was noted at the tops of the trees in the outbreaks of the two previous years. By — June 14th, at Maniwaki, the larve had mostly pupated, but there were still many — mature caterpillars to be seen. On this date, also, empty chrysalids were found and — moths seen flying. On some of the trees the chrysalids were extremely numerous towards the ends of the lower branches, and some were even found attached to the bark of the trunks of the trees. On June 12th many spruce and balsam trees were seen to be attacked along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Venosta and Low, Que. The same trees had been noticeably attacked near Pour- — pore, Que. At Ottawa, in late May, larves were found feeding on tamarack, and from specimens gathered which pupated on 1st June the moths emerged on 16th and 17th June. At Maniwaki it was seen that large numbers of the pupz were parasitized. Dr. Hewitt, however, will have something to report on our work with the parasites of this insect. In the middle of July large numbers of egg masses were present on trees all through the Gatineau district and around Ottawa. The — eges too were found to be heavily parasitized. On 21st July, on the grounds of the ~ Central Experimental Farm, many egg masses were seen on several kinds of spruces and also on white cedar, all, of course, on the undersides of the leaves. The Mapie-Leav Currer. Toward the end of August the Maple-leaf Cutter (Brackenridgia acerifoliella, Fitch) was noticed abundantly on the foliage of hard | maples throughout the district. The larve at this time were in their curious little cases which are formed of four pads cut from the leaves. In 1885 a similar out- break, but more extensive, occurred at Ottawa, and is mentioned by Fletcher in — his annual report for that year. On September 2nd of the present year I saw a © row of hard maples, near Ottawa, which showed very conspicuously the work of — the larve. At this date many of the cases containing the larve had fallen from — the trees. The winter is passed inside of these little cases and the moths emerge the following spring. The Erm Bark Louse (Gossyparia spuria, Modeer) occurred abundantly. in@ some sections of the district. On 23rd of May I observed large numbers of the ma- ~ tured females on the branches of some elms near the city. These females, which are © reddish and woolly-covered, are readily seen on the trees in spring and early © summer, and it is at this time when the insect is so conspicuous that the trees j should be sprayed, if possible, with either kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap — solution. i The Rusty Tussock Morn (Notolophus antiqua, L.) Towards the end of © July the larve of this moth were rather numerous at Ottawa, and were especially observed to be doing noticeable injury to spruce trees. Mature larvee were found on spruce on August 4th, and on this date one cocoon was also collected. These cater- pillars, although they occur in the district in more or less numbers every season, — are seldom present in numbers sufficient to do very serious damage. The larve have a wide range of food plants and may be found on almost any kind of tree ~ or shrub. LEAF-ROLLER on Mare (Cenopis pettitana, Rob.). While at Chelsea, Que., on May 2%, I noticed that the leaves of many of the hard maples had been rolled dy and tied by a small green caterpillar with a brownish head and a dark dorsal j 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 vessel. When full grown the larva is about half an inch in length. The speci- mens which I collected pupated on June 2nd, and six moths of the above species emerged on June 19th. The moth is a beautiful little creature, and varies con- siderably in the colour of the fore-wings, some being of a pure shining white, others decidedly pale yellow. This tortricid also feeds on basswood, oak and rose. In 1899, I reared the species from Tilia americana, the moths emerging on the 15th of June. The Fatt CANKERWORM was again abundant in the district, and at Chelsea, Que., basswood trees particularly were attacked. On May 27th the larve were almost full-grown. On May 29th the caterpillars were reported to be stripping apple trees near Hull. Division No. 2, OrtLi1a Disrrict—C. HE. Grant. The season of 1911 was not with me an insect year. It was remarkable for some very hot spells, making in fact a record for heat in this neighbourhood. It was also very dry in spring and early summer, these latter circumstances appar- ently not being encouraging to most insects. Among the species most noticeable for their destructiveness were the follow- ing :— JuneE-Buas (Lachnosterna fusca). These insects appeared in enormous num- bers in early May, and though their destructive tendencies are practically over in the perfect state the work of their grubs was very noticeable in the lawn. Cur Worms were very destructive, the larva of Peridroma saucia and Hadena arctica and devastatrix being most in evidence. The Coptine Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella) was very destructive, nearly all early apples having been infested with them. This was not a good apple year and 1910 was still worse in this neighbourhood. The Currant Worm (Nematus ribesii) has been again very common. Most people will not use Paris green on the bushes, for fear of bad results, but I find a light solution perfectly harmless and very efficacious. I have not added much to my collection this year on account of the poor sea- son and the pressure of business. I have, however, quite a few unnamed species of Lepidoptera, which I should have liked to exhibit to the members, but circumstances will again prevent my being with you. Division No. 3, Toronto Districtr—A. CosENs. During the past season I have been interested chiefly in the gall-producing species of insects, and other points of entomological interest have been noted only incidentally. In the year 1906 I found a willow in High Park, Toronto, riddled by the Snout Breette (Cryptorhynchus lapathi, L.). The same season this beetle was reported from Beamsville and Ridgeway by Prof. Zavitz. These were the first Canadian records for the species. Since their introduction these beetles appear to have increased in numbers very rapidly, and have now become a serious menace to our indigenous willows. During the past season a very large percentage of the willows examined were found injured more or less by this beetle. The species of willow most commonly attacked were Salia nigra and cordata. In a few cases these beetles were found boring in Aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides). In the same park where the work of the willow-boring beetle was first noted clumps of Austrian Pine and Scotch Fir have been planted. These trees are being very much injured by the attacks of the moth Pinipestis zimmermani, Grote. These insects were so plentiful during the past season that large masses of resin, exuded from the larva burrows, were to be seen on almost every tree. Since the larve pupate in these resin masses it should not be a difficult matter to check the ravages of this pest. So far as my observations go, our native pines appear to be immune from attack. After the extremely hot week of the past summer the larve of the Lacs- WINGED FLIES (Chrysopa) were unusually abundant. These little creatures forced themselves on my attention first by inserting their mandibles into my neck under the collar. The swellings produced by the wounds were of about the same size as those caused by the stings of mosquitoes, but were more troublesome and of longer duration. It occurred to me on several occasions that the irritation caused by the bites of the lace-wings must just about balance their usefulness as destroyers of injurious insects: An observation, however, made in the grounds of the Normal School inclined me to regard the Chrysopa larve in a rather more favourable light. The trees in the grounds had been encircled by rings of some sticky substance, pro- ducing an effect that might easily create the impression that the Minister of Edu- cation and his colleagues had been sugaring for moths on a large scale. Numbers of larve and small insects of different species were skirting these impassable : oats a b Fig. 9. Lace-wing Fly Fig. 10. Larve and (Chrysopa) and eggs. eggs of Chrysopa. barriers on the trees and among the bewildered masses the Chrysopa larve were having good hunting. A Tussock moth larva that was squirming in a rather unusual way was found to have two of these insect snapping-turtles clinging to it; one had secured a firm hold at the front of the head, just above the line of the eyes; while the other had gripped the side of the body near the posterior end. A desire to secure the antagonists as specimens made the combat an undecided one, but the lace-wings certainly appeared to be getting the better of the argument. So firm was the hold of the one that had attached itself to the head that the mandibles did not relax when the combatants were dropped into a beaker contain- ing chloroform. It seems worthy of note that two Chrysopa larve should attack the same Tussock larva. Did it indicate preconcerted action on the part of the attackers? Or are we to suppose that the mentality of these larve has reached the stage where the value they set on anything is in proportion to the extent that it is being sought after by others? Whatever may be the explanation it seems to have a close parallel in the incident related by Sir Ernest Shackleton. He states that a very little experience taught his dogs that a penguin was more than a match for them one at a time and that they must unite their forces. In future attacks, while one dog threatened the bird from the front another would make the real attack from the rear, and after the adoption of these tactics the dogs had to be closely watched to prevent them killing large numbers of the birds. It augurs well for the success of the Chrysope against the Tussocks that they have adopted “416 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 38 — eer eae ee ee ee ee re eee ae ee eee ‘ Rea oe. Pa eee ae wre 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 the plan of combining their forces. They appear to understand the importance of the “Law of the Jungle,” as stated by Kipling. “The strength of the pack is the wolf and the strength of the wolf is the pack.” The galls produced by Sawflies were very plentiful on the willows this season. Salix cordata appears to be scarcely ever free from the attacks of Pontania pomum, Walsh and Salix alba quite as frequently infested by Pontania hyalina Norton, while Salix discolor can often be with certainty identified from the fact of the leaves almost always carrying the spherical galls of Pontania pisum. So close is the restriction of the sawfly gall producers to definite species of willow that this fact is often of assistance to the botanist in identifying doubtful trees. This is especi- ally the case if the species under consideration is not in fruit. There are four undescribed species of sawfly gall producers in this locality, each of which appears to be restricted to a single species of willow. The petioles and midribs of the leaves of Salix lucida are frequently enlarged into spindle-shaped fleshy galls, while the petioles of Salix humilis bear a similar but much smaller gall. Salix serissima is found in only a few stations in the vicinity of Toronto, but wherever found this tree is infested by a new species of Huwra that produces somewhat spherical shaped Fic. 11. White-grubs—a, beetle; b, pupa; c, egg; d, young grub; e, mature grub. galls on the petioles of the leaves and less frequently on the peduncles of the _ pistillate catkins. The leaves of Salix humilis are scarcely ever free from the attacks of an undescribed Pontania that produces a gall somewhat similar to the species pomum, but it is smaller, densely pubescent and often found in clusters of from three to five. Specimens of the producers of three of these galls have been sent to S. A. Rohwer, Smithsonian Institution, and will be described by him- in a paper soon to be published. Up to the present attempts to rear the producers from the galls on the petioles of Salix humilis have been unsuccessful. Division No. 4, East Toronto—C. W. Nasu. The early part of the year 1911 was cold’ and backward, consequently insects were scarce and inactive; butterflies, moths and dragonflies particularly so, until the beginning of July, at which time I saw the first Monarcu of the season, a rather bedraggled specimen, which looked as if it had experienced rough times on its journey from the south. At no time was this butterfly as abundant as usual. The White Caspace BUTTERFLY was noticeably scarce in this district, so but little damage was done by its larve. Whether the diminution of its numbers was caused by an increase of parasites or unfavourable weather conditions, I am unable to say. I did not, however, notice an unusual number of parasitized chrysalids. 2 E.S. 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The worst garden pests of the year were the TARNISHED PLANT-BUG and the larvee of Gortyna cataphracta, both of which seem to be increasing; they are exceed- ingly difficult to check without constant and close attention, so that the production of fine flowers in this neighbourhood is attended with more than the usual difficulty and disappointment. No blossom buds seem to be immune from the attack of the Tarnished Plant-bug and any stalk large enough to hold them affords home and food for the larve of Gortyna. Pasture fields, Jawns and strawberry beds were terribly injured by WHiTE Gruss (Lachnosterna). These larvew have been increas- ing rapidly during the last few years and will undoubtedly continue to do so as long as favorable breeding grounds are provided for them. The constantly increas- ing area of land left under sod, affords ideal conditions for the propagation of this species and unless its natural enemies become more numerous than they are at present, or our grass lands are more frequently broken up, the damage inflicted by this grub will be very serious indeed. Mosquitors were both abundant and attentive to their business all through the summer, though most of them examined by me had upon their bodies several parasitic mites (perhaps a species of T’rombidiwm). I hope these had the ability to make the mosquitoes as unhappy as the mosquitoes do us. Whatever may be the final effect of the parasite upon its host, it certainly in the meantime causes no discordant note to mar the mosquito’s music, nor does it impair its appetite. I" ‘ @ = . | Fic. 12 White-mark- Za ed Tussock Moth, Fic. 18. Larva of Tussock Moth. male. Tur Tussock Morn larvee became fully developed and entered the pupal stage much earlier than usual. On the 21st of July, I found the first completed cluster of eggs and almost daily after that I found others. As in some places the Tussock Moth is said to be double brooded, I gathered a considerable number of these early egg clusters, but none of them hatched. It is just possible, however, that these eggs were not fertilized, for strange to say this season out of over one hundred chrysalids kept by me not one male moth was produced, nor have I seen one anywhere at large. A very large proportion of the larve and cocoons gathered were parasitized by Tacuina Fiixs of several species, but Ichneumon flies were entirely absent. Previous to this year species of Pimpla were the common parasites on the Tussock Moth; in my experience, outnumbering the Tachinids one hundred to one. It is generally supposed that the Tussock Moth cocoons are always found upon the trunks and branches of trees, or on walls and similar places. I find, however, that on certain small-leaved deciduous trees, such as Birch, the larve will fasten a leaf to its twig and spin its cocoon therein. These leaves hang on the trees all through the winter and from them in many cases great numbers of caterpillars were produced. These hanging leaves were overlooked by the people employed to gather cocoons. Several times I found the larvee of Chrysopa feeding upon injured and dying Tussock larve, and have often found their pearl-like cocoons in the cocoon of the Tussock Moth. FS (Boe Pe AL eens, Sneear reaihig > ms ~ wea A Ss ‘ter 4 v 4 } Te OP ee eee 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 One of the SotprER Buas, Perilloides claudus, appeared in considerable num- bers this year in the potato fields, where it fed upon the larvae of the potato beetle. Early in August I found several of these bugs in the nymph stage feeding on Tussock Moth larve. Clawdus has never been a common insect in Ontario, and why it should have become abundant and so generally distributed this year is a mystery. Any natural enemy of the Potato Beetle will certainly be welcomed in Ontario, and it is to be hoped that having gained a foothold here it will increase and multiply sufficiently to keep in check one of our most expensive and trouble- some insect pests. The only new insect taken by me this year is an Arctian, evidently of the genus Apantesis. This I have as yet been unable to identify. Division No. %, Niagara District—R. C. TREHERNE. I have the honour to present my second annual report for the Niagara District. A movement of great importance to the Entomological interests of Ontario has, during this past season, taken place in the Niagara District. Through the courtesy of the Provincial Department of Agriculture for Ontario, the establish- ment of a field station for Entomological investigation, under the Division of Entomology of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, has been made possible. Office space has been allotted to the Field Officers of the Division of Entomology, at the Provincial Experiment Station, situated at Jordan Harbour, Ontario. Acting on the instructions of Dr. Hewitt I have had the pleasure of making this office my headquarters for a few months this summer. It is to be hoped, henceforth, that this field station will be the basis for much useful work, for the province of Ontario in particular. TrHr WEATHER. The weather throughout the Niagara District has been more or less favourable to fruit production, and well suited to insect life. The Spring was especially favourable for blossoming, and fruit set well. Most of the insects common to fruit put in their appearance in advance of the ordinary season. Severe drought and extreme heat were experienced in July. From Meteorological Observations of Jordan Harbour, July 3rd, with a maximum temperature of 103 degrees F. proved the hottest day, while the last day of frost, from the same observations, proved to be May 3rd. The following dates show the days on which frost was experienced this Spring (1911) :-— March 28th—April 3rd, below 32 degrees F; April 4th, 7 a.m. 24 degrees F., 6 p.m., 30 degrees F; April 8th, 7 a.m., 31 degrees F., 6 p.m., 35 degrees F; April 9th, 7 a.m., 31 degrees F., 6 p.m., 37% degrees F; April 11th, 7 a.m., 32 degrees F., 6 p.m., 37 degrees F; April 24th, 7 a.m., 32 degrees F., 6 p.m., 40 degrees F; May 3rd, 7 a.m., 30 degrees F., 6 p.m., 32 degrees F. 20 THE REPORT OF THE ‘No. 36 | —- The Meteorological Records of the six months (March till August) were as follows :— Average Average Rainfall in Maximum. Minimum. Inches. F, F. IVEGIIG Hitter cartanion mene cae eee ere Boot 25.93 2.61 PATI TUG. s2coe tiene ban rei ieee wi 36.44 .58 WY AS ee RO cian atta betes % 74.77 50.32 1.97 BU LLTN SE ec os Srolie Sooke ao oo ote 72.28 56.138 32435" AMVs each scar Oot ee a ee ee eo rle 82.56 63.83 2.86 JN UPERTIS tS are eee SOOM otc oor aes 76.02 60.638 2.10 ATTACKING FrRuiIt TREES. San Jos& Scate (Aspidiotus perniciosus). While the area of infestation does not appear to have decreased to any extent, it may be supposed that the con- stant spraying, which process may now be considered the rule and not the exception, among the great majority of fruit growers in the Niagara District, is affecting its numbers. The district south and east of St. Catharines still remains the worst infested. There are a great many old apple orchards in these districts, and they harbour the San José to a very marked extent. Owing to the extensive and energetic operations of the National Land, Fruit and Packing Company—a Company which in the last year has rented large numbers of apple orchards throughout Ontario, and to a large degree around St. Catharines and in the district south, and which has pruned, reheaded and sprayed these infested orchards, many of which are under their control—we shall no doubt find, in a few years, marked results against the Scale, and, for the good of the district as a whole. We sincerely hope so. nt Excellent results, ending with the complete destruction of‘the Scale have been evidenced this last year by two applications of Commercial Lime Sulphur at the 1-10 strength, before the buds fully burst in the Spring and when the ground was still frozen. Single applications of 1-10 in the early Spring have not given the best zesults, probably owing entirely to the degree of efficiency in application. A single application of 1-8 or stronger has been recommended, and is now being recom- mended as efficient, by local Inspectors. But it would appear that the fault does not lie in the strength of the application so much as in the degree of efficiency of application, consequently on a badly infested tree and especially on a large number of trees, I would prefer two applications of 1-10 or even weaker to a single application of 1-8 or stronger. Coptina Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). It has been predicted that owing to the failure of the apple crop of 1910, we would notice a marked decrease in the percentage of “wormy” apples this year—because it was supposed a lessening in food supply would in turn affect the numbers of the moth. I have not seen any direct evidence of this coming about, but it is true I have not sufficient data at hand. I had occasion to be away from the Niagara District at the time when the second brood was in operation, consequently I have no facts to guide me. If the fe ae * The maximum thermometer was broken, and no maximum records were kept from March 20th till May 18th. Consequently the average for March is too low, while the average for May is too high. ; ; : 2 | ee ee TT a eS. ee eo ee ; er S 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. oe agall prediction has proved to be true, it is curious to note that a provision of nature this Spring helped to restore the balance to which we are more or less accustomed. It can be seen from the Meteorological Records that the Spring was dry and more or less warm, and devoid of late frosts at the time of blossoming. ‘The apples set well, the various varieties blossoming conjointly, and development taking place very rapidly. Just at the time, after blossoming, when the developing fruits are recommended to be sprayed, rain came and continued for a few days, interfering with the process of spraying. It would be fairly estimated that not more than 50 per cent. of the apple growers sprayed during the important week following the fall of the blossoms. The week of May 22nd was the time when the blossoms fell from apples on the average for the whole district. . Tur Prum Curcutio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This insect was exceedingly prevalent this year. I do not believe that it is given its due consideration by the ‘majority of the fruit growers in the district, as being one of the most satisfactory means of reducing the profits and yield of the various fruits in their orchards. It is well known and very much dreaded by a great many, but from the fact that it causes fruit to drop, its importance is to a large extent lost sight of. a Fic. 14. Codling Moth and its work, showing the different stages. In the first four days of July of this year I examined a total of 3,300 apples between Jordan and St. Catharines. At this time of year, before the development of the second brood of UCodling Moth had taken place, 15.06 per cent. of the apples were infested with Curculio while 7.99 per cent. were attacked by Codling Moth. In a few days I had occasion to visit the Ridgeway and Fort Erie District, and there examined a total of 3,100 fruits and found that 6.8 per cent. were infested with Curculio as against 7.4 per cent. with Codling Moth. Summarizing the work in thes two districts, at this time of year,, I found that, estimating from a percentage of fruits from 1,955 trees, with an estimated crop of 1,310 barrels, the Curculio infested fruit would fill 161.25 barrels, that Codling Moth infested fruit would fill 103.25 barrels (i.e., provided that fruit was allowed to mature), while 787.36 barrels would be clean fruit. ‘These figures were obtained from the fruits on the trees at the time of examination. If the fallen fruit had been taken into consideration, the increase in the percentage of Curculio infested fruit would have been most marked, because many fruits had fallen, and the cause of their falling had to some extent been due to Curculio attack. For 22 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 3 instance in an orchard examined in Vineland, at the same time as the above, I found that of the fallen apples 38 per cent. were infested with Curculio larve, while of the apples adhering to the trees only 16.6 per cent. were infested. In order to estimate, with a certain degree of accuracy, the percentage of ~ Curculio larve that fall to the ground in the early part of the summer with the small fruit from the tree, I endeavoured to keep a record of the “drop” from one | particular Burbank Plum tree, with the following results :— PLUMS. Total Total Total fallen — Fallen Fruit fallen from natural with crescent Date. picked up. reasons. punctures. iitnit tr Dae ee aye aS Ee ore are 02% 924 103 AAA Pde tere areiara rere cane hee atine oc aithatene tte 739 573 166 Alnailivanilencsic oder st chee aieecse ee event tee ters 250 | 113 79 Bie. 15: Plum Curculio— a, larva; b, pupa; c, beetle; d, young fruit attacked. From an examination of the plums derived from the final column in the above table, I found that :— No larvae Distinct larvae development. present. Oisthe NOSE pluMS Asn cc arsicwe clave poco iaaee OL oe eee | 32 71 Oe PhevOGy pliimSh se sayc arcs seks Sante: he Raho WEG ee 17 149 (Ohi Hovey Oa vl bueTtcog erties mrt nn wh St eee tami ur. RR sea Cea 21 58 On July 2nd I examined the fruits remaining on the Burbank Plum tree, the same as upon which the above records were taken, and found on examination of 300 fruits that only 17 showed the presence of Curculio larve, a percentage of infestation of 5.66 per cent. We note, therefore, that there is a lessening in per- centage of infestation as the season advances, consequently the attack of the Cur- culio passes unnoticed by the ordinary fruit grower. The attack causes a certain beneficient degree of natura] thinning, it is true, but this manner of accomplishing this important detail in successful horticulture is not correct from economic reasons. As a result of these remarks I do not wish to overrate the importance of the Plum Curculio as compared to the Codling Moth, but what I wish to emphasize is the fact that this former insect is worthy of more detailed study and greater regard by the fruit grower. Se eee ee ee ee ee | aie — oe i ll a ae re 912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 Suor-HoLe Borer (Eccoptogaster rugulosus). This year again this borer has caused the fruit growers a great deal of trouble. While the remedy is difficult, the prevention is easy. There is no cause in any attack I have seen which could not be assigned toa pile of lumber, or brush left in close proximity to the trees. From mere general observation it would appear that attacks are more often exper- ienced by fruit growers immediately bordering on the lake. The habit of throw- ing orchard trimmings over the edge of the cliff into Lake Ontario is a bad one, and no doubt accounts, to a certain degree, for the attack of this particular insect. Buster Mite (Eriophyes pyri). This insect has become localized in cer- tain apple orchards south of Vineland and west of St. Catharines, but so far as the Niagara District is concerned it has not become a general orchard pest. Wootty Apuis (Schizoneura lanigera). I have noted a probably slight in- crease in the prevalence of this insect in a few orchards, but so far as the district as a whole‘is concerned it still remains a general orchard insect of minor importance. GREEN Fruit Worms (Xylina sp.) were commonly noted in the Ridgeway and Fort Erie District, and did a considerable amount of damage to young matur- ing apples. Spring Canker Worm (Paleacrita vernata). The work of this insect was brought to my notice on June 8th. It has become localized in several apple orchards south of St. Catharines. Fic. 16. Peach Tree Borer—1l, female; 2, male, Preach TreE Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa). This insect is again attracting the attention of progressive fruit growers. At the request of several fruit growers I have had occasion to visit orchards attacked by this insect. In one orchard, in particular, 80 per cent. of young four-year-old peaches were attacked. According to the testimony of Mr. John Read, formerly orchard inspector of the Beamsville District, ten years ago this borer had been considered a most serious pest. In fact, it had been at one time a part of the general farm routine to make examination for, and excavate, the larve from the crown of the trees. In more recent years this practice had ceased, owing to the increase in price of adult labour, and the ineffici- ency of boy labour. It is hoped that a proper watch will be maintained by the fruit growers on this important insect. According to observations from material at hand this year, the first males emerged on July 12th and the first females on July 14th. It is necessary, there- fore, to adopt precautionary measures at this time against the oviposition of this moth. CHERRY TREE Stua (Hriocampoides limacina). In the early part of the summer it was noticed that this insect was showing evidence of becoming particu- larly serious this year. Its appearance was very much earlier than usual owing to the extremely hot and dry weather of the spring. Owing to this, the process of spraying an arsenical was interfered with, because the fruit was ripe and ready to pick at the same time as the slug had reached, or nearly reached its full state of 24 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36 } growth. For fear of poisoning the fruit, many fruit growers omitted to take measures against the slug, in consequence of which, in some sections, this insect increased to an alarming extent, some trees having their leaves completely stripped of their green portions. If such a condition recurs in the years to come, where it is inadvisable to spray with arsenicals, it will be found that handfuls of powdered soil and lime will act as a temporary remedy. The slugs reached their full stage of growth (around Grimsby) about June 29th of this year, and where they were present in extreme numbers caused consider- able annoyance to the fruit growers, by adhering to the cherries during picking. By July 2nd the great majority of the slugs had disappeared from the trees and pupated in the ground—a few slugs remained on the trees after this date, and an occasional one could be seen on the leaves at any time till the end of the month. The general emergence from the pupa of the adult and the consequent egg de- position began (around Grimsby) on July 28th and continued until July 31st. Field observations record the second appearance of larve on August 10th. At this time many fruit growers sprayed a second time, using lead arsenate at the rate of 2 lbs. to 40 gallons of water, and, according to the observations made on this insect by Mr. W. H. Wright, who carried on the work at Jordan in my absence, it was not strong enough, as the larve lived for several days with the leaves well-coated with the arsenate. At the Jordan Harbour Experimental Farm 6 lbs. to 50 gallons was used with good results, but this made spraying rather expensive. ; Borne Wasp (Cemonus inornatus, Say). This wasp was in evidence again this year, attacking newly-headed Peach, Plum and Cherry trees. No materiali damage resulted. ATTACKING SMALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. The CANE Borer (Agrilus ruficollis) and the Sawrty (Monophadnus rubi) were reported as affecting Raspberries this year, the former from the Port Dal- housie District, and the latter from the Stoney Creek District. The SNowy TREE Cricker (Oecanthus niveus) has been abundant again on Raspberries. The two Asparacus BEETLES (Orioceris asparagi and C. 12 punctatus) have also caused annoyance in certain sections. A predaceous pentatomid (probably Perilius bioculatus, Fabr., variety claudus, Say), as mentioned by Dr. C. J. S. Bethune in the “Canadian Ento- mologist” Vol. XLIII., Septr., 1911, page 320) has been very commonly noticed attacking the larvee of the Colorado Potato Beetle. Its presence has attracted the attention of many farmers, but its control has not been sufficient to allow the abandonment of the usual arsenical spray for the beetle. The PEs Morn (Semasia nigricans) was in evidence this summer, but, in numbers, not to the same extent as some years preceding. It would appear, from general observation, that the late varieties of Peas are the most liable to attack.. These are mostly English varieties, such as Yorkshire Hero, Shropshire Hero, Carter’s Daisy and Fillbasket. At the Jordan Harbour Experimental Farm the last picking of early Peas took place about June 30th, and the tirst picking of late Peas about July 8th. Both the ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta) and the worm of Pieris rapae were prevalent on the Cabbage this Summer at Jordan, and destroyed a large number of marketable heads. The Root Maggot, also on Cabbages, has been most ae om Gr 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. destructive. Fairly effective treatment has been devised by the use of 4 oz. Car- bolic Acid to the gallon of water, and this poured around the plant. I have to thank Dr. C.’ Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, for kindly allowing me to incorporate these notes, which were obtained under his authority. Pror. Jarvis: The Curculio and Blister Mite are two pests neglected by the average grower in the Niagara district. Many are now looking after the Codling Moth, but are neglecting these. I think the Blister Mite is more common than Mr. Treherne reports. In nearly every orchard I have been in this year the Blister Mite is very common. Dr. Hewitt: It is found in Quebec, too. Mr. Caisar: I think Mr. Treherne is not correct in his belief that the com- plete failure of an apple crop in an orchard does not lessen the number of Codling Moth for the next year. I visited a fifty-acre orchard near St. Catharines this fall, and was surprised to find scarcely any Codling Moth, especially as I had pretty good reason to believe that the spraying was not very thorough. I have since been informed that a year ago there was almost a total failure of apples in the orchard. I am expecting next year to hear of some remarkably clean orchards out towards Lake Huron, where there has been a failure of the apple crop last year, and to a considerable extent this year, too. SOME OF THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY IN 1911. C. GorvoN Hewirt, D.Sc., DomMINION ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. In continuation of the practice which I started last year, it is my intention to describe briefly to you some of the more important aspects of the work of the Division of Entomology during the past year. I know that the members of the Society are interested in the work that we are doing, and a discussion of the prob- lems confronting us cannot but be productive of beneficial results. First, I should like to briefly refer to the additions to the staff of the Divi- sion during the past year. Mr. John D. Tothill, and, more recently, Mr. Wm. A. Ross, both graduates of the Ontario Agricultural College, have been appointed as field officers. Mr. Germain Beaulieu has also been similarly appointed. With such keen and loyal assistance on our staff of field officers as Mr. R. C. Treherne, Mr. Geo. E. Sanders, Mr. John D. Tothill, and Mr. W. A. Ross, all graduates of this college and special students in Entomology, I cannot allow the opportunity to pass without expressing our indebtedness to Dr. Bethune, their teacher, for turn- ing out men with such an excellent training, a training which enables them to tackle problems the solution of which may havea most important bearing on Canadian agriculture or horticulture. I hardly like to think what we should do without the Entomological Department at Guelph for our supply of men. Another appointment of great importance which has been made is that of Professor J. M. Swaine as Assistant’ Entomologist. Professor Swaine’s valuable work on the Scolytida is well-known to all of you, and it is my intention that he shall have charge of the forest insect work. The importance of investigations on forest in- sects in relation to the conservation of our forest in Canada lends great significance to his work and the possibilities of its further development. A beginning has been made of a scheme of establishing field laboratories in different regions according to the requirements of those regions. Through the kindness of the 26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 — Ontario Department of Agriculture the Division has been allowed the use of an office in the Jordan Harbour Experiment Station, and during the past summer Mr. R. C. Treherne commenced several investigations on the Plum Curculio and other insects, a brief account of which he gave in his report as Director of Division No. %. Mr. Treherne has now been transferred to British Columbia to take charge of our work there, and next season Mr. W. A. Ross will continue his work in Ontario, when it is my intention that he shall work on the Apple Maggot, Plum Curculio and such other more serious species as may be determined later. It is proposed to extend this system of field laboratories and to establish one in Nova Scotia, another in New Brunswick, where Mr. Tothill will continue his investigations on Tachinid parasites with especial relations to the Brown- tail Moth. I might mention here that we have started, through the kind co- operation of Dr. Howard, the importation of the European Tachinid, Compsilura concinnata, a parasite of the Brown-tail and Gipsy Moths, in the hope that it may become established before the Brown-tail Moth attains any considerable magni- tude in New Brunswick. We hope also to have a field laboratory in Quebec, and a fifth in British Columbia, where Mr. Treherne will carry on investigations on the Lesser Apple Worm, Capsid Bugs and certain of the more injurious fruit in- sects of that Province. During the past summer one of our chief investigations has been the study of the parasites of the Spruce Budworm, to which work Mr. Sanders has devoted most of his time. Arrangements were made for supplies of infested spruce, balsam, etc., to be sent to the Division from different parts of Quebec and British Columbia, and this material was used in our parasitic studies. In January and February I visited a number of the more severely infested localities in Quebec, such as Lake St. John region and the Rouge River, for the purpose of making field observations. Reports were also obtained during the summer from the lumbermen and others with regard to the depredations of the Spruce Budworm during the past season. As a result of these observations and reports, conjoined with our study of the parasites, we have been able to conclude that the result of the depredations of the insect will not be of so serious a nature as many of the lumbermen and limit-holders were inclined to fear. In fact, in some regions the parasites had effectively gained control of the pest, and it is these parasites and their habits that we have been studying. The most effective parasites would appear to be the egg parasites, the chief of which is Pentarthron minitum, which Mr. Sanders has studied specially, and its habits and deadly effect may be gathered from the following examples: In one lot of eggs which he collected at Ottawa he found 7? per cent. of the eggs parasitized by this species, and the eggs contained on an average over two parasites per egg. In 33 egg masses there were 370 eggs, 286 of these eggs were parasitized and produced 639 parasites. Egg masses collected at Maniwaki, P.Q., were similarly heavily infested: 93 ege masses contained 1,192 eges, of which 902, or 75.6 per cent., were parasitized, 2,167 parasites emerged, or an average of 2.4 parasites per egg. The larger ichneumon and other parasites were also abundant. From insects collected near Esquimault, B.C., the percentage of parasites obtained was 43, and an equally high percentage was found in collec- tions made in Quebec. A species of Apanteles, hitherto undescribed, was abundant, both in Quebec and British Columbia. As a result of these studies we were able to calm the fears of those persons on whose timber limits the depredations were noticed for the first time last year, as the pest appeared to be spreading in an easterly direction and more reports were received from the south side of the St. Lawrence. = 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ma Our studies of the parasites of the Larch Sawfly were again continued, and observations on the life-history of the useful Chalcid, Celopisthia nematicida, Pack., were recently published in “ The Canadian Entomologist.” An attempt was made to introduce the useful European parasite Mesoleius aulicus which appeared to have been so effective in England. During a visit which I am shortly about to make to England, arrangements will be made, if : possible, for the importation of the parasitized cocoons of the Sawfly, with a view to establishing the European parasite in Manitoba, from which Province we have had reports during the past years of serious depredations by this insect, and it appears to be spreading westward. During the past year the work under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act has increased considerably. At the end of the last importation season, which closed about May, we had inspected over four million plants for the winter nests of the Brown-tail Moth and evidences of the Gipsy Moth. It might be of interest to mention that during the present season we have found dead pup of the Gipsy Moth on Azaleas imported by an Ottawa firm from Belgium, showing the possi- bility of the carriage of these insects in a living condition and the importance of this inspection work. A very systematic inspection of the whole of the territory in Nova Scotia infested by the Brown-tail moth was made last winter, and it was found that the insect occurred in Yarmouth, Digby, Annapolis and Kings counties. A considerable infestation was discovered at Weymouth, where some very large winter nests were found. Mr. Sanders counted over 1,800 caterpillars in one of these nests, which indicates how essential it is to collect even single nests. This large infestation at Weymouth was undoubtedly due to the fact that the insect had been allowed to increase during one or two seasons. In my address to you last year I mentioned to you the fact that a single egg mass of the Brown-tail Moth had been found in New Brunswick, indicating that this insect was at last - breeding in that Province. During the last winter season nests were found at Pomeroy Ridge, in Charlotte County, N.B., and a survey of that region was made under Mr. Sanders’ direction, when nests were found throughout the south-western section of Charlotte County, indicating that the insect has at last arrived in force in New Brunswick. We are increasing the number of inspectors in both these Provinces during the present winter, when the whole infested area will be care- fully scouted. I have only indicated to you very briefly a few of what I think are the more interesting lines of work which we have been carrying on. Mr Treherne has indicated in his report some of the work which has been carried on in Ontario, and, had time permitted, I might refer more particularly to a number of the more interesting pests which have been reported to us during the past sea- son. But the programme is a long one, and these will be described as usual in my annual report. JI might refer, however, in closing to the fact that we have had a combined insectary and work-room erected at Ottawa for experimental work, the insectary being of the open-air type; that is, instead of glass, fine wire screens have been used, by means of which a more even and normal temperature can be obtained. 28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. le. CAESAR, B.A., B-S.A., GUELPH, ORCHARD INSECTS. Coptine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). The Codling Moth has in most districts caused about the usual amount of loss, though in a few localities even unsprayed orchards were very little attacked. Each year more of our fruit-growers learn how to combat this pest successfully. An excellent example of what is pos- sible from thorough spraying right after the blossoms fall was shown in the 40 acre orchard of Mr. Jas. E. Johnson, of Simcoe. Mr. Johnson has sprayed his orchard carefully for several years. This year he had a gasoline power outfit and used lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Fully 99.5 per cent. of the apples were free from worms. Some neighboring orchards were almost 80 per cent. wormy. ; Two orchards at Rockwood, sprayed by Mr. Chas. Good, my assistant, and myself this spring, when visited during apple-picking time this fall, appeared to be about 95 per cent. free from worms, even on Spy trees which in many cases had not more than half a barrel to a tree. These orchards had not been sprayed for at heast ten years. PLtumM CurcuiIo (Conotrachelus nenuphar). I have received fewer com- plaints of fall injury from Plum Curculio to apples this year than last, though there was considerable in some orchards. It was moderately abundant on plums and cherries. OYSTER-SHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi). This, our most common scale insect, is being rapidly brought under control by the application of lime-sulphur before the buds burst. San Jos& Scae (Aspidiotus perniciosus). In counties like Kent and Essex, where San José Scale has been very prevalent, and where very promising orchards - have been allowed to go uncared for, a renewed interest in spraying has arisen, due chiefly to the splendid results being obtained in many quarters from the care of orchards and to the eagerness of companies to rent or buy them. The presence of district representatives, too, has had a remarkable result in giving owners of apple orchards encouragement and helping them to control the scale and bring back their orchards into good bearing. Buister Mite (Hriophyes pyri). This pest has continued to spread, and owing to the very dry season, injury from it was much more conspicuous this year than usual. From badly attacked trees, even as early as July Ist, the foliage had begun to fall. Excellent results against this mite have been obtained by the use of lime-sulphur shortly before or as the buds are bursting. Apuips (Aphis avenae, chiefly). During May we received numerous letters telling us that these green lice were very thick on the twigs and opening buds and asking for information as to what to do. We replied that they could be killed by sprays of kerosene emulsion, whale-oil soap or Black Leaf 40, but that we had strong hopes that if the weather continued fine they would soon disappear. It was, therefore, with great pleasure that we observed that almost immediately after the very hot weather of the last week of May almost all the Aphids disappeared. This result seemed to have taken place over at least most of the Province, and probably over all of it. Crear CAsE-BrARER (Coleophora fletcherella). In a large number of orchards this year the Cigar Case-bearer was very abundant and destructive. This is one of the pests fairly easily controlled by spraying just before the blossoms burst. ~~ ee ee (1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 Bup Moru (T'metocera ocellana). Like the Cigar Case-bearer, this insect also did much damage. It seems to me that economic entomologists pretty generally feel that it is about time we were devoting more attention to this insect than we ‘have done in the past, as present methods of control seem scarcely satis- factory. I have, however, been surprised this fall to find that, though the Bud Moths were quite abundant in the spring, yet around the College, even on un- sprayed trees, there is scarcely a leaf attacked on some of the trees. Probably parasites have been very active. This, however, is not true of the whole pro- vince, for in some localities there was much evidence of their presence this fall. Lear Roiiers (Archips rosaceana) and at least one other, to me, unknown species were exceptionally common in many orchards, and did much damage by feeding on the young fruit of apples and pears, once this was formed. ParMER Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus). This insect is very rarely men- tioned by Canadian writers and is not well-known to the growers. It has, how- ever, been present in considerable numbers in some orchards for several years. This year it was unusually prevalent, and several complaints were sent in of its feeding upon the fruit. Many of these complaints were correct, but in some cases the injury was done by Tussock Moth caterpillars. The Palmer Worm larve this year were doing most damage about a week or ten days after the Codling Moth spray had been applied. We are frequently told that these insects pupate in the leaves, This is rather misleading, for in our experience more than half of them wa? Fic. 17. Bud aetne= Moth and Wings closed. larva. Fig. 18. Leaf Roller Moth (Archips rosaceana). pupated in the soil and the rest on the leaves. The customary application of a poisoned spray just before and immediately after blossoming should control this insect easily if thoroughly done. WHITE-MARKED Tussock Motu (Hemerocampa leucostigma). As indicated above, this insect was very common in some orchards this year, and not only de- stroyed much of the foliage in the centre of the tree, especially on the young water sprouts, but also did much damage to the fruit by eating irregular areas out of it. CrimBine Cutworms (not identified). In a few localities Climbing Cut- worms were troublesome, especially on young apple trees. Sometimes these worms feed on the fruit as well as the foliage. Anametis grisea. This Snout-beetle was again found attacking the foliage in the same apple orchard in Prince Edward county as last year. Very little injury was done. AppLE Maacot (Rhagoletis pomonella). We have had one man, Mr. W. A. Ross, a recent graduate of this College, devoting his whole time to the study of this apple pest. A great deal of useful data has been accumulated this year, and, as the work is to be continued next year, we hope to be able next fall to give a comprehensive account of the insect and of the best methods of control. Capsips. We have this year reared several specimens of Capsids about the size of the Tarnished Plant Bug that have been found attacking the apples when 30 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36 quite small and causing from one to ten ugly scars on each fruit where they punc- tured it when feeding. So far as we could see all the damage was done by the nymphs. We hope to do some work on this subject next year, as it is one of great interest and no small economic importance. Pear Psyixa (Psylla pyricola). We planned out and applied a series of ex- periments this spring to test the value of lime-sulphur in the control of this tiny but very destructive insect. To our surprise it almost completely disappeared from some unknown cause, so that our experiments were useless. There seems to be no doubt, however, that a very thorough spraying with lime-sulphur just before the blossoms open will hold the insect under thorough control. Professor Parrot, of Geneva, N.Y., has had excellent results from this late application of lime-sulphur. AMERICAN TENT-CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana). In the eastern counties of Ontario this insect has been rapidly increasing in numbers for the last two years. This year it has done much damage in some unsprayed orchards. At Guelph, too, it is becoming much more numerous than it has been for years, but Fic. 19. Tarnished Plant Bug—much enlarged. it is not nearly so common yet as farther east. The probabilities are that we may look for a bad outbreak next year east of Kingston and a great increase in num- bers over a large part of the province. PEACH-TREE Borer (Sanninoideu eritiosa). Most of our peach orchards are fairly free from this borer, but here and there during the course of the season, while examining orchards for Little Peach and Yellows, I came across one where the borer was very destructive, especially to young trees. TARNISHED PLANT Bua (Lygus pratensis). Some of our nurserymen have complained about an insect that kills the buds of peach trees in the nursery. Ex- amination of the injury seems to indicate that the Tarnished Plant Bug is the offender. There is need, however, of some further investigation on this subject. Another complaint made against this insect this year was that it punctured the tender growing tip of Asparagus plants. I saw these injuries near St. Catharines in August, and think the grower is probably quite correct in his claim that the Tarnished Plant Bug is the offender. : 1912 7 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 BusH PLANTS AND VEGETABLES. Currant Borer (Sesia tvpuliformis). This borer is very abundant in many currant plantations. Just how much damage it is doing is difficult to estimate. The last week in June and the first in July this year adults were easily captured on the foliage. The best means of control seems to be to cut out and burn the old canes in early spring when pruning, and allow new canes to take their place. A cane should not be allowed in badly infested plots to remain longer than two or three seasons. Currant SAw-FLy (Pteronus ribesit). This very common pest did not seem to be quite so abundant at Guelph as in previous seasons, Currant ApHis (Myzus ribis).. This aphis was much less numerous at Guelph than for some years back. Rep Sprper (Tetranychus bimaculatus). The Red Spider does a great deal of damage to currants and raspberries, but was not so common with us as last year. We have got good results from the use of lime-sulphur against it. RASPBERRY RootT-BoRER (Bembecia marginata). At Grimsby, August 8th, while examining raspberry roots with the object of discovering the cause of a peculiar curling of the leaves which has been quite common in the district and Fic. 20. Red-necked Agrilus— a, horns at anal extremity; b, grub; c, beetle—all magni- fied. has preceded the death of the plant, I found that nearly two-thirds of all the roots examined had been injured by this borer. It does not seem to have been the cause of the curling, at any rate in some cases, but was evidently very injurious to the plants. At this date most of the insects were still in the larval stage, but a few had pupated. No adults were yet visible. Such a plantation should clearly be ploughed up either early in spring or late in fall and the roots and canes collected and burned. RED-NECKED AGRILUS or GouTy GALL INsEcT (Agrilus ruficollis). I have seldom seen many canes attacked by this beetle, but this year, at Port Dalhousie, it was very common on red raspberries. The part of the cane above the gall had in most cases died, just as happens when they are attacked by the Snowy Tree- cricket (Oecanthus nigricornis). BLACKBERRY LEAF-MINER (Metallus, sp.). This sawfly miner is still quite abundant in at least the Niagara district. EuroPEAN Fruit ScatE (New York Plum Scale) (Lecaniuwm corni— Hulecanium cerasifex). Blackberry canes were very badly attacked in a few dis- tricts by this scale. Thinking that possibly it might not be Fulecanium cerasifex I sent it to Washington, and was informed it was the same insect, but that the name Lecanium corm, Bouche, was given to it now. This scale a few years ago 32 ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 was very abundant on forest trees, but has not been nearly so much in evidence the last two years. Curworms and Army Worms. We have had the ordinary number of com- plaints of damage from Cutworms. From Monteith, in New Ontario, and also from Port Arthur and Parry Sound came complaints of countless numbers of the Buack Army Worm (Noctua fennica). The correspondents said that they had destroyed all kinds of vegetation for several miles in extent. According to their reports poisoned bran was useless, as they would not eat it. Rolling the soil de- stroyed great numbers. I was not informed whether they tried furrows or trenches _ to check their progress. I had recommended these along with the poisoned bran — and rolling. BLACK VINE WEEVIL (Otwwrhynchus sulcatus). This large weevil has been reported from several parts of Canada, and has been known in a number of in- stances to feed on Cyclamens in greenhouses, but, so far as I could find out, it has not previously been reported in Ontario as feeding on strawberries, though it has been reported as doing so in Nova Scotia, and frequently attacks them in Europe and also in Tasmania. In the latter country it is reported as being one of the two 1 & Fic. 21. Cabbage Maggot, puparium and fly—en- larged. worst strawberry pests. Its attacks in the strawberry plantations on the College farm at Guelph became noticeable about the time the fruit was beginning to ripen and continued until most of the berries had been picked. The injury was done by the larvee, which bored into the plant and devoured most of the crown, thus causing the plants to die. If one attempted to pull up these plants they always broke off at the injured part. Many of the larve, when my attention was called to the in- jury, were full grown and had worked their way an inch or two into the rich soil. A few had already transformed there into pupx. In a few weeks those that were put into rearing cages emerged as adults. The larve are legless, stout, white to flesh-colored, usually curved, with brown head, body thickened medianly and slightly tapering towards each end. The length when fully grown is about two- fifths of an inch. The insects did not occur in very large numbers, and conse- quently the number of plants destroyed was probably not more than 100. The attack began on the rows nearest to where an old plantation had been ploughed up the previous year. Usually several plants near together would be attacked. Root Maccots. As usual the Cansace Root Maacor (Pegomya brassicae) has been very destructive. At Guelph we had also this summer for the first time in several years considerable loss from the ONTON Maccot (Pegomya cepetorum). The Bret LEAF-MINER (Pegomya vicina) was also fairly abundant. On the 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 Cabbage Maggot we tested several different substances, such as Clift’s Manurial Insecticide, Apterite, Soft Coal Soot, and also the tarred-felt-paper discs. The latter. alone gave satisfactory results, scarcely any plants being killed where the discs were used. We find that most of those who use the discs make one of several mistakes which interfere with good results. First, many use tar-paper instead of thin tarred felt-paper. Second, the discs are not put on soon enough after setting out the plants. They should be put on at once; the delay of a single day may allow the flies to lay their eggs before the discs are in position. Third, the cultivator is often used soon after the discs are put on and earth is thrown over them and against the plant. When this is the case the discs will in many cases not prevent injury. The earth should either be removed with a small whisk or the ground . left uncultivated for about two weeks or more after setting out the plants. Fourth, the discs are not fitted neatly and closely around the stem. - SquasH Bue (Anasa tristis). This insect seems to have done very little damage this year. ‘Two years ago it threatened to become very abundant, but climatic conditions seem to have been unfavourable. Perillus bioculatus, var. claudus, has been found in many counties this year. Evidently it ranged almost all over the southern and western part of the province, and, at least, as far east as Toronto. In some potato fields it was present in large Perillus circumcinctus. This insect closely resembles P. bioculatus, var. claudus. numbers and destroyed many of the adult Colorado beetles and also the larve. Apparently it attacked the eggs also, but Mr. Baker and I were not quite sure on this latter point. Some farmers wrote saying that they did not have to spray their potatoes this year to destroy the Colorado beetles, and attributed their decreased numbers to this insect. P. claudus, both in the adult and nymph stages, feeds on the potato beetles. We found the insects in all stages: eggs, nymphs and adults. The eggs are black and quite conspicuous and laid in clusters on the leaves. The female adult differs from the male in having white or cream markings instead of red. ' At Fonthill I found another Pentatomid feeding in the same way on the beetles and larve. ! GRAIN Cnovs, ETC. Hessian Fry (Mayetiola destructor). In Peel county many fields of wheat were severely attacked by Hessian Fly. I gathered a considerable number of the puparia but only parasites emerged. CuincH Bue (Blissus leucopterus). It was a surprise to us to find that the Chinch Bug was right in our midst last summer. In June the nymphs were found destroying the grass in a lawn in Guelph. Later on we obtained as many adults as we needed for class purposes from this same lawn. This is the first time 3 ELS. Sr sa , y 2 v 1%. 34 THE REPORT OF THE : No. 36 —_ I have known of its being so far north. Two or three years ago, while on Insti- tute work, a few farmers near Welland told me it had done some damage to their timothy. This year it has been reported from several] parts of the province. . { ‘ Forest. Chalepus rubra (?). While camping on the Rideau lakes the last week in July my attention was attracted by the appearance of the foliage on the basswood trees (Tilia americana). On several of these the leaves were nearly all dead, having been almost skeletonized by the adults of this beetle. They were still pre- sent and were so sluggish that I could have gathered thousands of them without a net. PopiAR Borer (Saperda calcarata). In the same district the poplars (Populus tremuloides) were severely attacked by the larve of. this very large Cerambycid. At that date some of the larve were apparently full grown, but had not yet pupated; others were only about half the size of these. The largest were right in the pith of the tree and had made large and long tunnels from where they had entered. Many larve were only half-grown. BircH Bucounarrix (Bucculatrix canadensisella). On the college campus F and in the neighbouring woods this tiny insect was very abundant on birch foliage. 5 Chermes similis. So far as I can see, almost all these insects have perished this year on the White Spruce trees at Guelph, although very abundant and de- structive last year and fairly abundant this spring. I have no clue to the cause. . Chermes abietis has not been attacked to the same extent if at all. Dr. Hewirr: I should be glad if Mr. Cesar would tell us more about his work on the insects of this year. | Mr. Caisar: I might say that, so far as the Codling Moth is concerned, I am more firmly convinced than ever that the recommendations we have been making ~ for a very careful and even a drenching spray after most of the blossoms have fallen is the right way to treat this insect. Here are two illustrations of what can be done by such a spray. Mr. Jas. E. Johnson, of Norfolk County, has a large 40 acre orchard of trees about 40 years of age. Norfolk is one of the warmest counties in Ontario, and there is a lot of injury done there by the second brood of Codling Moth. Many unsprayed orchards will have as high as 80 per cent. of wormy apples. Mr. Johnson has set to work to free his orchard of the Codling Moth hy a single thorough spraying immediately after the blossoms drop. He has two gasoline power outfits. So well has he succeeded that this fall he had, when I visited the orchard at packing time, considerably less than 1 per cent. of wormy apples; in fact, you could visit tree after tree without seeing a single wormy apple either on the tree or on the ground. He used lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. Some of you will be surprised when I tell you that he applied as high as 10 gallons to a single tree that had had plenty of bloom. Dr. Hewitt: Does not a single, very thorough application appear to be giving quite as good results as several lighter ones, and be at the same time more economical ? Mr. Caisar: I certainly think so, though until the Codling Moths, in warm districts, are brought thoroughly under control I recommend a second application about three weeks or a little more after the blossoms fall. This is merely to make thorough work of the first brood. It is about this time that the worms are really beginning to enter the apples in anything like large numbers. Nec) Ae “fa SE RAN pate; pwd 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 Mr. Gipson: Why do you recommend fairly high pressure and so heavy spray- ing: Does the mixture not run off? Mr. Casar: If vou watch the spraving of large trees-—-and most of our trees are large—you will find that the outer leaves often intervene between the spray and the inner fruits and leaves. Now, I find it almost impossible to get at these more hidden parts without great care and considerable loss of spray.. It is here that high pressure comes to the aid and forces the outer leaves aside, driving the spray right through the trees and placing it just where you want it. Again, if a tree has had a great abundance of bloom you will be surprised if you examine your work carefully to find out how very difficult it is to see that every calyx is thoroughly covered; in fact, I do not think you can cover them without what is equivalent to a drenching spray. I do not aim at driving the spray into the inner cavity. I like to do so if I can, but I knowl often cannot. It is thorough- ness I am after. You will find trees that are sprayed in this way will be much freer from Scab than those where you stop spraying as soon as the leaves begin to drip. As for burning we use the lime-sulphur weak, and, by spraying before the blossoms burst, we keep the leaves free from Scab or insect injuries, and such leaves seldom have any burning. Mr. Gisson: What strength do you use? Mr. Caisar: 2 lbs, Arsenate of Lead to 40 gallons of dilated lime-sulphur. We dilute a lime- sulphur of the strength of 1.310 sp. gr. to the proportions of 1 gal. to 40, by which we mean that we add 39 gallons of water to 1 gal. of lime- sulphur. This year Mr. Chas. Good and I sprayed two orchards that had not been sprayed for fifteen years. We wanted to test a new district. This was a very hard year to get the work done soon enough, as the blossoms dropped much more rapidly than we expected and the calyces closed in about five days. However, we got one orchard pretty well sprayed. For the Codling Moth we only gave the one appli- cation. The well sprayed orchard, so far as I could judge, had an average of 95 per cent. of clean fruit, even on trees where there were very few apples. The Spys in the other orchard were equally as clean, as the calyces on this variety closed last, but some of the earlier varieties had, as we expected, a considerable per- centage of worms. I could not visit the orchard in time to see these earlier varieties, so I have to rely solely on what I was told. The orchard was situated near Rockwood, about nine miles from Guelph, so that the percentage of second brood would not be so large as in the Niagara District. One would not expect so high a percentage of clean fruit the first year in the warmer parts of the province. Mr. Johnson’s splendid record is the result of three seasons’ work and not of one. Pror. Swatne: Did you get any satisfaction from lead arsenate in controlling Plum Curculio? Mr. Caisar: I have not myself performed definite experiments on Plum Cur- culio. I could not speak for certain on it, but the claim is made by men in the United States that about 50 per cent. of the Plum Curculio can be controlled by the spraying with arsenate of lead when the fruit is just forming, and then again two weeks after. Pror. SwaINeE: T'wo or three of our Quebec apple growers sprayed very ’ thoroughly, and it was said this year it was impossible to control it with arsenate of lead. Mr. Caisar: Personally, I rely more upon cultivation and the removal of all eorts of rubbish from the orchard and its surroundings than I do upon spraying, 36 . THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 though I believe the spraying helps. I have plenty of proof of fhe value of culti- vation and removal of rubbish. Pror. SwAINE: Have you any evidence that the presence of plum trees about the edges of apple orchards will tend to draw away the Curculio? Mr. Caisar: There do seem to be instances where this is the case. . ProF. SwAINE: I have seen some very interesting examples of this near Mac- donald College. NOTES ON THE SEASON OF 1911: Rev. THomas W. Fyuss, D.C.L., Hutt, Que. SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS, LIN. Jan. 13th. Specimens of the Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Silvanus surina- mensis Lin.) from Ontario were brought to me. These mischievous little crea- tures belong to the Cucujide. The species is said to have been brought to the Centennial Exhibition in straw goods from Italy. (See An. Rep. Ent. Soc. of Ont. for 1876, page 23). The species is now widely distributed. I found it at Levis in the granaries of the late Joshua Thompson, Esq. ALLL _ZZYO EEL Fig. 23. Larva and pupa of water- beetle (Dytiscus fasciventris )—one- half natural size. DYTISCUS FASCIVENTRIS, SAY. May 27th. I caught two larve of the Water Beetle (Dytiscus fasciventris Say). They were one inch long. When they attained their full growth they were an inch and five-eighths in length. They were sepia-coloured and had a pale dorsal line. The head was large and round and furnished with two formidable nippers 6 milli- metres long, and with antennae 10 millimetres. They had a horseshoe-shaped suture on the top of the head. The second segment was small at the neck and enlarged at the base. The three last segments were fringed on either side. The tail was forked and fringed on the inner edges of the prongs. The legs wer fringed. The larve crept into the earth and assumed the pupal stage on June 12th. The pupa was an inch long. In colour it was ochreous. The eyes were al- mond-shaped, black. ‘The legs were free. Two stumpy projections were at the end of the body. The beetles appeared on the 23rd of June. The Rey. J. G. Wood, in “Insects at Home,” Plate III., gives a representation of the full-grown larva of Dytiscus marginalis. The Rev. W. Houghton, in “Country Walks of a Naturalist,” page 31, represents the same insect in all its stages. Both larva and pupa as represented differ somewhat from those of D. fascwentris. = oo eee dae 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 A PARASITE OF DATANA ANGUSII G. & R. Last year I found larve of D. anguswi feeding upon-hickory. I succeeded in bringing a number of them to perfection. The first of the moths appeared on May 31st last, and others followed; but each of two of the chrysalids produced a lively specimen of Haochilum mundum Say. The front of the chrysalis-case broke away to give the parasite exit. BASILONA IMPERIALIS, Drury. May 31st. An imago of B. imperialis appeared in my breeding cage, from a larva obtained in September of last year. Specimens of this fine moth were taken in this locality up to July 11th. PHLEGETHONTIUS CINGULATA, Fab. On the 18th of September, a neighbour’s son brought me a living specimen of P. cingulata, that had been attracted by the electric light at the toll gate, on the Aylmer Road, at the corner of Front Street, Hull. The specimen was so perfect, so beautifully fresh, that it was hard to believe that it had come from “ away down South.” And yet, to the best of my knowledge, the larva of the species has never been found in Canada. Indeed, I believe that no capture of the moth has hitherto been recorded in the Province of Quebec. I am indebted to Mr. A. F. Winn for the following notices of captures of the species which he has found in our Canadian Entomological publications: “Mr. McIntosh took it at St.John, N.B., Oct. 5, 1902. (See An. Rep. Ent. Soc. of Ont. 1902, page 93.).” “Mr. Moffat reeorded it 30 years ago, from Long Point, Ontario (See Can. Ent. XIII. 256).” “Tt was captured at Orono, Maine. (See Can. Ent., XVI, 21) by Mrs. C. H. ’ Fernald.” P. cingulata is considered a form or variety of the European Sphinx convol- vuli. If my memory serves me aright, the European moth has more of a grey or bluish tinge than P. cinguiata. There is, however, a close resemblance between the two. In that handsome volume “ British and European Butterflies and Moths” by A. W. Kappel and W. Egmont Kirby, on Plate XIII, there is a coloured repre- sentation of a larva of S. convolvuli. It shows a length of four inches. The dorsal parts of the larva are dark brown; the lower, tawny. The seven oblique side lines are of a darker brown bordered underneath with tawny. The spiracles are black in white rings. The horn is of a dark neutral tint. The larva is repre- sented as feeding upon the small bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Another food plant is said to be Impatiens noli-me-tangere (See Stainton’s Manual of Butterflies and Moths, page 90). As food-plants of P. cingulata Dr. John B. Smith gives “ Morning glory, sweet potato and other Ipomea and Convolvulus species.” (Insects of New Jersey, page 387.) ; ANOTHER GELECHIAN. In the beginning of September, Miss Faith Fyles, B.A., Assistant Botanist for the Department of Agriculture, brought me from a swamp, 25 miles north of Hull, two galls on Aster junceus Ait. Each gall was on a stem and was about 38 . THE REPORT OF THE - No. .36 6 inches from the ground and 8 inches from the top of the panicle of blossoms. Tt was fusiform—the length of it was one inch, and the diameter at the widest part half an inch. The moths from. the galls appeared: on Sept. 12th and Sept. 15th eee There was not the slightest sign of a web in the galls. Each chrysalis case was 10 millimetres long, and was of a clear chestnut brown with the four last segments somewhat darker. The wing cases extended to the end of the sixth abdominal segment. The outlines of the antennae and limbs could be plainly traced in the case. . DESCRIPTION OF THE IMAGO. Expanse of wings 20 millimetres. Length of body 10 millimetres. Head brown mottled with grey. Palpi recurved (droop in drying) two millimetres long, toothed on the outer edge of the second segment. Antennae 6 millimetres in length, filiform, brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown—the latter somewhat hoary towards the end. Forewing brown—taken through the length, the costal half of the wing is of a warmer brown than the inner half. The end third of the costal half is beautifully streaked with dark brown and rosy grey. Fringe of fore wing 3 millimetres deep, has a rosy glow towards the outer angle, and is richly marked with minute brown spots. Hind wings dark grey (which dries with a gloss). Fringe light brown, 314 millimetres long towards the base of the wing. Legs: tibia of te hindmost pair set with HS hairs—like circular brushes. Joints of tarsi edged wth grey. I sent one of my specimens to Mr. W. D. Kearfoot that he might compare it with his moth G. busckiella, and he kindly wrote to me: “It is certainly not busc- kiella. In fact, it has no resemblance to it at all, as it is a species with well oe fined markings, while busckiella is rather evenly and finely peppered all over.’ . “JT went through the other named species of Gelechide, and found eiae that yours can be iene with.” I do not think this moth has been previously described, and I therefore pro- pose for it the name Gnorimoschema septentrionella. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its re- port for the year 1910-11. The forty-seventh annual meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 3rd and 4th, 1910. There were fourteen members present from a distance as well as a large at- tendance of the faculty and students connected with the College. During the first afternoon the reports of the Directors on the insects of the year were read and discussed; papers were read by Mr. L. Caesar on “ Insects of the Year in Ontario”; by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, on “The More Injurious Insects in Canada in 1910”; by the Rev. Dr. Fyles on “ Notes of the Season of 1910”; Mr. H. H. Lyman gave an account of the First International Congress of Entomology which was held at Brussels during the Summer. Reports were read from the Montreal Branch, the Toronto Branch, the Librarian, Curator and dele- gate to the Royal Society of Canada. : 1 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 In the evening a large meeting was held in the Massey Hall auditorium, at which there was a good attendance of students and representatives of the College: staff as well as of the members of the Society. The chair was taken by Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. Prof. James G. Needham, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., gave an address, illustrated with many beautiful lantern views, on “The Role of Insects in Water Life.” The Society met both morning and afternoon of the following day, when a variety of papers were read and discussed. Officers for the ensuing year were elected, and the Treasurer presented his financial statement. Many specimens of great interest and rarity were exhibited by members. The following are the papers that were read: “ Beetles found about Foliage,” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “The Pool,” by Rev. T. W. Fyles; “The Bean Maggot in Ontario in 1910,” by Prof. J. EH. Howitt; “The Horse-Radish Flea Beetle,” by Mr. A. F. Winn; “The Migration of Some Native Locusts,’ by Mr. Norman Criddle; “The Practical Importance of the Study of Parasitic Insects,” by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; “The Coccide of Canada,” and “ Aleyrodidae of Ontario,” by Prof. T. D. Jarvis; “Some Insects of the Larch,” and “Insect Notes from St. Anne’s,” by Prof. J. M. Swaine; “ Basswood or Linden Insects,” and “The Entomological Record for 1910,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has been regularly issued at the beginning of each month. The forty-second volume was completed in December last; it consisted of 413 pages, and was illustrated with 8 full-page plates and a number of original drawings. The contributors numbered 67, and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta, England, many States of the Union, and the Hawaiian Islands. Meetings of the Society were held during the winter months at the Ontario Agricultural College on alternate Wednesday afternoons. The attendance included several of the more advanced students and much interest was taken in the papers and discussions. The following subjects were taken up during the course of the meetings: “ Aphids,” by Mr. A. ©. Baker; “ Equipment for a Collecting Tour in Europe,” by Prof. T. D. Jarvis; “ Position of the Mallophaga amongst Insects,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “Sources of our worst insect pests and methods of their distribution,” by Mr. L. Caesar; “Woolly Aphids of Ontario,” by Mr. Vernon King; “ The Saw Flies of Ontario,” by Mr. W. A. Ross. The Council takes pleasure in reporting that the preliminary arrangements for the preparation of a new Catalogue of Canadian Insects have been successfully concluded. The initial steps towards this undertaking were taken at a meeting held on November 4, 1910, and a committee was appointed to take charge of the work of its preparation. The question of publication was taken up by Dr. Hewitt with the Geological Survey and Mr. Brock, with the result that they have consented to publish the list in parts as desired by the committee. Some of these parts are now in the course of preparation. The members of the council have learned with pleasure of the improved state of health of their esteemed member, the Rev. George W. Taylor, and sincerely hope that he will so continue to improve as to be able again to take up entomo- logical work in the order in which he has earned such a widespread reputation as a student of the Geometride. 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It is with deep regret that the Council has to record the death of Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, who died at his residence, in Cambridge, Mass., on the 17th of May, 1911, aged 74 years. Dr. Scudder was one of the most distinguished en- tomologists that America has ever produced, having been the greatest authority of his time on the Orthoptera and on Fossil Insects, and no less eminent as a student of the Diurnal Lepidoptera. He was also a man of the highest culture and re- finement of mind, and his lovable, unselfish character attracted to him a great many friends among the leaders of science, art and literature. The high scientific reputation which the enjoyed is abundantly evident from his election to hottorary membership in important societies in many European as well as American cities. He was one of the first honorary members of the En- tomological Society of Ontario, and a frequent contributor to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist, as well as occasionally to our Annual Reports. The Council also has to record with sorrow the loss of another distinguished entomologist, Daniel William Coquillett, who died at Atlantic City, on July 8. He was one of our most eminent authorities on the Diptera and in economic en- tomology held the distinction of having been the first to discover and demonstrate the value of hydrocyanic gas as an insecticide. He was a frequent contributor to the pages of our magazine, and his loss will be keenly felt by all students of Dip- tera in North America. Respectfully submitted, EK. M. WALKER, President. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MONTREAL ‘BRANCH. The 320th regular and 38th annual meeting were held at the residence of Mr. Henry H. Lyman, 74 McTavish Street, on May 13th, ten members being in attendance. The Secretary read the following report for the season: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Nine regular meetings have been held during the season of 1910-11, the average attendance being eight. One council meeting was held in October to plan a pro- gramme for the year. At the June meeting, we had the pleasure of meeting Miss Hutchinson, of Leominster, England, who gave an interesting account, and showed a brood of larve of a European Geometrid moth which have been inbred for 36 years; Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College, attended our February meeting and presented a paper on Adaptations between Plants and Insects; and’ Mr. Arthur Gibson, of Ot- tawa, was present at the March one, reading a paper on some of the Ceruras, or Puss Moths. We should be glad to have visiting entomologists at our little gatherings even more frequently. The following list of papers shows in diversity of Branch subjects and in num- bers one of the best programmes the Branch has had. It is a pleasure to note that two of these papers are on botanical subjects. Entomology and botany are so closely bound together that we hope for a continuation of references to plants. | ee eS ee ee ee cts a 1912, —t”~” ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 President’s Annual Address, Henry H. Lyman. Galgulidae, or Toad-Shaped Bugs, Geo. A. Moore. A Quest and What Came of It, Henry H. Lyman. The Borers in the Cat-tail Stems, Albert F. Winn. Eupithecia consignata, Miss Hutchinson. A White Variety of the Pitcher Plant, L. Gibb. Hemiptera Taken at St. Hilaire, May 20, Geo. A. Moore. The Horse-radish Flea-beetle, A. F. Winn. Flies at Sugar at Night, A. F. Winn. On the Genus Grapholitha, Henry H. Lyman. A Trip to Cobalt, G. A. Southee. Note on Symmerista albifrons, A. F. Winn. Hemaris gracilis, A. F. Winn. Preparation of Noctuid Genitalia, G. Chagnon. Notes on a few Lepidoptera from Newfoundland, A. F. Winn. Collecting in the White Mountains, Henry H. Lyman. Plume Moths of the Province of Quebec, A. F. Winn. The Nabide, or Damsel Bugs, Geo. H. Moore. Preliminary Notes on Genitalia of Leucania, G. Chagnon. The Genus Calephelis, Henry H. Lyman. Parallelia bistiaris, A. F. Winn. Adaptations between Plants and Insects, Prof. W. Lochhead. Notes on Life History of Estigmene Prima, A. F. Winn. Notes on H. Prima, Henry H. Lyman. The Small Spittle Insects, G. H. Moore. Entomology and Evolution, Henry H. Lyman. Notes on Cerura Multiscripta, Arthur Gibson. Chrysophanus Thoe, L. Gibb. Exchanges, A. F. Winn. The Proposed Catalogue of Canadian Insects, Henry H. Lyman. The plan adopted a few years ago of selecting certain genera for comparison of specimens and study has been continued. The genera Pheocyma, Phyciodes, Colias, Cerura, Calephelis and the family Pterophoride have been taken up, and in most cases a good representation of the various species was made from the members’ cabinets. Mr. J. W. Cockle of Kaslo, B.C., very kindly sent us his collection of Colias to aid, or perplex us, in this difficult genus. The donation by Mr. Dwight Brainerd of a number of entomological maga- zines and pamphlets has added considerably to our library. The set of the Cana- dian Entomologist is now complete and bound in uniform style. Several other periodicals await binding, and our librarian will soon be asking for another section for the book case. A field day was held on May 24th at Hudson, Que., but the weather was cool and the grass, ete., wet, so that comparatively little was taken. The report of the Treasurer shows a balance on hand of $69.83. Respectfully submitted, on behalf of the Council, ALBERT F. WINN, Sec.-T reas. Mr. Lyman then delivered his annual address as President, reviewing the work of the Branch during the past two years. The election of officers was proceeded with, resulting as follows: President, G. A. Southee; Vice-Pres., G. Chagnon; Sec.-Treas. A. F. Winn, Librarian, L. Gibb; Council, H. H. Lyman, G. A. Moore, E. C. Barwick. Mr. Lyman exhibited a number of boxes of tropical butterflies, particularly from India and Africa, among which were many strikingly beautiful and curious pieces. 42 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. The 160th regular and 15th annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the Biological Building on Thursday, Oct. 19, 1911, the president, Dr. Walker, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The annual report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read and approved also. In the course of the year eight meetings were held. The average attendance was seven. Two new members were added to the membership. ‘The collections of insects belonging to the Branch have been transferred to and are now a part of the University Bio- logical Museum. The following papers were read: Oct. 20.—Dr. Walker, “The Egg-laying habits of the Odonata.” Nov. 10.—Paul Hahn, “ Fight against Tussock Moth in Toronto.” Dec. 8.—A. Cosens, “Some Curious Habits of Lepidoptera.” Jan. 12.—J. B. Williams, ‘The Insect House in Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park.” Feb. 16.—C. W. Nash, “ Wild Life in Town Gardens.” Mar. 9.—Dr. A. R. Abbott, “ Protective Resemblance in Insects.” Dr. Walker, ‘‘ Mating Habits of Odonata.” April 20.—Dr. Walker, “ Some Injurious Forest Insects at De Grassi Point in 1910.” Dr. Walker, “The Proposed Catalogue of Canadian Insects.” May 11.—J. B. Williams, “ Mimicry in Insects.” The officers elected for the year 1911-12 were as follows: President, Dr. Walker; Vice-Pres., Mr. A. Cosens; Sec.-Treas., Arthur Smith; Librarian, J. B. Williams; Council, Dr. Abbott and Messrs. Hahn, Craigie and Morris. ~ Respectfully submitted, ARTHUR SmitTH, Secretary. CURATOR’S REPORT. During the year the Society’s collections have been increased by the gift of eighty-two good mounted specimens of Orthoptera by our President, Dr. Walker. This order was poorly represented so that Dr. Walker’s kindness will be much appreciated by the members. As we have very few Diptera and are still in need of many Hemiptera, any member of the Society who can spare named specimens of either of these orders would be conferring a favour on the Society and help to fill a long felt want. During the year several members of the Society have visited Guelph solely to examine the collections as an aid in investigations they were making. The Entomological staff and Senior Biological students of the College also frequently refer to them for identification purposes. The cases have all been examined from time to time during the year and precautions taken to prevent injury from museum pests or other causes. Respectfully submitted, L. Cansar, Curator. —S Ts eS). eo —— 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 THE REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. During the year ending October 31st, 1911, eight-eight bound volumes have been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 2106. This is a much larger number of additions than in any previous year for a long time. The Treasurer had more funds available for the purposes of the Library this year than usual and we were, therefore, enabled to purchase some valuable and expensive works, as well as to bind a considerable nurhber of periodicals. During the year a card catalogue as regards authors has been made of the bound volumes and will be found useful to those who wish to consult the library. It will be necessary, however, to make a similar card index to subjects to make the means of reference complete. A further improvement has been made by sorting out and arranging a large number of bulletins and periodicals in pamphlet cases; 150 were procured and now the publications of experimental stations have been arranged according to states and countries. This will facilitate reference very much. Among the additions made may be mentioned the following works: Sir George Hampson’s “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum,” Vol. IX. Kirkaldy’s ‘Catalogue of Hemiptera—Heteroptera,” Vol. I. Blatchley’s ‘“ Coleoptera of Indiana.” Gray’s “ Nomenclature of Coleoptera in the British Museum.” Gray’s “ Catalogue of Longicorn Coleoptera in the British Museum.” Douglas & Scott’s “ British Hemiptera—Heteroptera.” Kirby’s ‘“‘Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera.” Theobald’s ‘Monograph of the Culicidae of the World.” Cameron’s “ Monograph of British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” 4 vols. Buckton’s “ Monograph of British Aphides,” 4 vols. Sir John Lubbock’s “ Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.” Michael’s “ British Oribatidae and British Tyroglyphidae.” Also a Series of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 12 vols. The library is constantly made use of by the senior students and members of the staff of the Ontario Agricultural College, and is of the utmost assistance to them in their entomological work. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES J. S. BeETHUNE, Librarian. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. Prov. J. M. Swatnrt, MAcponaLp COLLEGE, QUE. As a delegate from the Entomological Society of Ontario, I have the honour of presenting this report. In general the Society has had a very successful year. There appears to be a decrease in the membership of one or two of the Branch Societies, but it is hoped that young members may be obtained to carry on the work so well done by the older men, now gradually dropping out. 44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The field offered by our immense territory for scientific research in Ento- mology, and for practical application of knowledge so acquired is almost unlimited. The great number of our insects, the ease with which they may be everywhere collected, their rare beauty of form and colouring, their complicated structures, interesting modifications, and remarkable metamorphoses which have thrown so many sidelights on problems in evolution make the study of entomology as fas- cinating as any upon which the young zoologist can enter. The great destruction wrought by so many of our insect pests renders the studies of the Economic Entomol- ogist absolutely necessary. Along both these lines the Society is doing active work. I am glad to report that the library and collections of the Society are grad- ually increasing in value. The forty-seventh annual meeting was held at Guelph on November 3rd and 4th, with a good attendance of the active members. An account of the papers i read, and of the discussions, will be found, in the Annual Report of the Society, to appear in a few days. ‘The following items from the programme of the 7 meeting will indicate the nature of the work presented. ; f \, “The spread of Diseases among Plants, Animals and Man, by Acarids,” by Professor Jarvis; “Leaf-eating Beetles,’ by F. J. A. Morris; “ Collecting in the White Mountains,” by H. H. Lyman; “The Bean Maggot in Ontario in 1910,” by J. E. Howitt; “ Notes on some Insects of 1910,” and a paper on “'The Pool,” by Dr. T. W. Fyles; “ The Horse-radish Flea-beetle,” by A. F. Winn; “ Further Notes on Basswood Insects,” and “The Entomological Record for 1910,” by x Gibson; “ Some Observations on the Practical Importance of Parasitic Insects ” “Parthenogenesis among Bees,” by Dr. Hewitt; “Notes on the Breeding of Tropi. dopria conica,” by G. E. Sanders, of Ottawa: “ Scolytid. Beetles attacking the Larch,” by J. M. Swaine; “The Migration of some Native Locusts in Manitoba,” by N. Criddle. ; ‘ The annual lecture was given by Professor Needham of Cornell University. He discussed “The Role of Insects in Water Life.” In an eloquent and instruc- 4 tive address, illustrated by lantern slides, Professor Needham explained to the Ls Pi Society the work in an entirely new field of economic research now being carried os on at Cornell under his direction. The dry lands of the west are being reclaimed by irrigation. Before their canals are finished, Professor Needham’s work will : have shown the way to the utilization of great tracts of marsh and swamp, now ‘a utterly useless. 2) The Society’s publication, the Canadian Entomologist, has appeared regularly, = and continues to be one of the most valuable of Entomologic journals. Dr. E. M. : Walker, the present editor, is maintaining the high standard set by his predecessor, Professor Bethune. The forty-second volume, which closed in December, 1910, contained over 400 pages, eight full-page plates, besides text figures, and nearly 100 articles. THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I take pleasure in recording this year’s proceedings of the British Columbia Entomological Society. The meeting was held in the Aberdeen School, Vancouver, on December 9th, 1911. Mr. Wilson acted as chairman and an interesting pro- gramme was rendered. The following were the papers presented : 3 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 45 Report from the Okanagan District, E. P. Venables. Report from the Kootenay District, G. W. Cockle. Report from the Vancouver District, A. H. Bush. Insects of the Year in B. C., T. Cunningham. Life History of the Narcissus Fly, P. Norman and E. A. Wallace. Extract from Annual Report of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Relative to the Narcissus Fly. Insects Imported into B/C. on Nursery Stock, W. H. Lyne. Bombycia improvisa Edw. and its Congeners, G. O. Day. Climatic Influences at Work in the Province Affecting Plant and Insect Life, T. Wilson. The evening closed with an excellent illustrated lecture by Dr. 8. Hadwen, Dominion Veterinarian, “Agassiz on the Life History of the Ixodoidea.” Some of the more important features brought out at the meeting were as follows: The Diamond Backed Moth is rapidly becoming a serious enemy to cabbage- growing in the Okanagan District. This year it was parasitized by a species of Ichneumon. In the Kootenay District the Black Cherry Aphis was very prevalent, but in reality proved a blessing in disguise in that the excessive growth which is usu- ally necessary to remove by pruning had been checked without injuring the condi- tion of the trees. Root maggots caused considerable loss to the market gardener in the Koote- nay, as they did on the lower mainland. Mr. Cockle reported a remarkable outbreak of cutworms in June and early July. Many species were in evidence, the most common being Mamestra canadensis. Mr. Cunningham contended that the Oyster Shell Bark Louse—Lepidosaphes ulmi—was the worst pest the orchardist has to fight. He advocated the general destruction of wild crab apple trees as a means of effectually combating this insect. The fruit growers of British Columbia are particularly blessed by an absence of any very serious orchard insect, the Oyster Shell Scale being by far the worst. The Narcissus Fly is a very serious pest to commercial bulb growing on Van- couver Island. Its presence is not so much noted on the mainland. This is another insect imported from Europe and it was contended that the life history in British Columbia, in several vital ways, differs markedly from its habits in Holland The “recurvus” and “barii conspicuus” types of narcissi are most subject to attack. The following insects have been recorded as being imported into British Colum- bia on nursery stock: Notolophus antiqua (eggs). Alsophila pometaria (eggs). Aspidiotus perniciosus. Aspidiotus ostreaformis, Aspidiotus ancylus. Sanninoidea exitiosa. Aspidiotus forbesi., Anarsia lineatella. Aspidiotus rapaz. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis. Aspidiotus. aurantit, Euproctis chrysorrhea. Aspidiotus citricola. Porthetria dispar (1 egg cluster). Aulacaspis rosee. Chionaspis furfura. Lepidosaphes ulmi. Mytilaspis citricola. Saissetia olee. Lecanium armeniacum. Icerya purchasi. Pulvinaria innumerabdilis. Pseudococcus citri. Pseudococcus longispinus. Schizoneura lanigera. Aphis persice niger. Aphis mali (eggs). Hyalopterus pruni (eggs). Mysus cerasi (eggs). Ceresa bubalus (eggs). Sitotroga cereallela. Chrysobothris femorata. Saperda candida. Agrilus sinuatus. Agrilus ruficollis. Schistoceras hamatus. Prionus laticollis. Tenebrio molitor. Calandra sp. Scolytus rugulosus. Xylocrius agassizii. Bembecia marginata. Diastrophus nebulosus. Bryobia pratensis (eggs). Eriophyes pyri. 46 = THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Mr. Day extended the conviction that Bombycia improvisa and B. fasciata, at first thought to be varieties of one moth, are two distinct species. Mr. Wilson presented an interesting paper on the Distribution of Plant and Insect Life. His paper, together with that of Dr. Hadwen, will appear in the publication on the proceedings now in process of being printed. Copies of the proceedings can be had on application to the Secretary (25c.) The following officers were elected: Hon. President, G. W. Taylor; President, T. Wilson; Vice-President, E. O. Day; Secretary, R. C. Treherne, 1105 Broadway W., Vancouver, B.C.; Advisory Board, Messrs. Wilson, Day, Treherne, W. H. Lyne, R. S. Sherman, J. R. Anderson. Respectfully submitted, R. C. TREHERNE, Secretary. EVENING SESSION—THURSDAY, NOV. 28rd, 1910. A public meeting was held at 8 o’clock, p.m., in the Massey Hall Auditorium, which considering the inclemency of the weather was fairly well attended by members of the Society, students of the College, and Macdonald Institute, and visitors from the town. The chair was occupied by President Creelman, who opened the meeting with a short address of welcome in his usual cordial manner. Dr. WiLt1am RiLey, who was to have been the speaker of the evening was unfor- tunately prevented by illness from being present, but his place was ably filled by Dr. Hewitt, whose interesting address on “ Insect Scourges of Mankind” was illustrated by many excellent lantern slides. INSECT SCOURGES OF MANKIND. [An Abstract from the popular lecture by C. Gorpon Hewirt, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. | Most of us are accustomed to consider insects in their relation to man, as affecting his crops, forests and other natural products. The last few years, how- ever, have witnessed a most remarkable development in the study of insects as affecting man himself. Few people realize that it was not the hostility of native tribes nor the impassable nature of tropical forests that prevented the opening up of Africa to the white man, but the presence of a few species of insects, which we now know to be the carriers of the causative organisms of certain diseases fatal to the white intruder. The presence of the disease-bearing mosquito played a more important part in preventing the construction of the Panama Canal by the French than the lack of financial support. It is safe to say that the discovery of the important relationship of insects to man has been more responsible in - compelling people, especially statesmen, to entertain a true conception of the importance and value of entomological knowledge than any other aspect of economic entomology. When we see in a country such as India over a million people dying annually from Malaria, and in a portion of Uganda over one hundred thousand natives killed in three years by the Sleeping Sickness, even indifferent SN ae eS UL el —_—= ee 1912 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 men are compelled to agree that entomological knowledge plays a serious part in the welfare of mankind. The ultimate destiny of man, I take it, is the overcoming of the antagonistic forces of nature and of these forces, as we all know, insects constitute an important section. In spreading over the world, the white man has proceeded in a blundering fashion, obsessed by the idea of his own ability to overcome all obstacles, and he has been compelled to pay a heavy price for his pride. Finally, he is forced to tread the thorny path of knowledge, and to learn only by diligent inquiry the means whereby he cai rectify the errors of the past and prevent their recurrence in the future. Time will not permit more than a brief account of two diseases which have had a most profound influence on mankind. ‘These are the Sleeping Sickness and Malaria. Before describing the nature and cause of the Sleeping Sickness, it is neces- sary to discuss another disease, the discovery of the cause of which led up to the discovery of the causative organism of the Sleeping Sickness. African travellers for years have been well acquainted with a certain fly known as T'se-tse Fly, which occurs in certain parts of Africa in districts known as “Fly Belts.” The presence of this fly rendered impossible the use of horses as beasts of burden, and its bite was also known to be fatal to cattle and dogs. It was not until 1895 that Col. Bruce, by means of series of patient investigations, discovered that the deadly nature of this fly was due to the fact that it was the carrier of a microscopic parasitic organism to which the name of “Trypanosome” was given. He showed that “ Nagana,” as this disease of cattle is called, was due to the inoculation of the animal by the fly with a species of Trypanosome. Although domestic animals are highly susceptible to the disease, he found that the native big game such as buffaloes, antelopes, etc., normally carried these parasitic organisms in their blood without experiencing any ill effects as they, by long selection, had become immune and they served as reservoirs from which flies obtained the organisms. In 1901, the dread disease of Sleeping Sickness was first noticed in Uganda, and the severity of the disease is indicated by the fact that in a single island, Buvuma, the population was reduced from twenty-two thousand to eight thousand in a very short time, and in Busoga the deaths in one year from the disease numbered twenty thousand. A disease of this character was bound to attract the attention of the responsible governments, and investi- gations were immediately initiated. Col. Bruce was sent to Uganda, and he found in the cerebro-spinal fluid of natives suffering from the disease a species of Trypanosome. His previous work on Nagana led him to the belief of a possible relationship of a biting fly to the disease, and he immediately had collections of biting flies made throughout the entire region north of Lake Victoria Nyanza. He also mapped out the localities in which the disease occurred. As a result he found that the incidence of the disease corresponded with the distribution of a certain species of T'se-tse Fly (Glossina palpalis). The species which was the carrier of the causative organism of the cattle disease, Nagana, was Glossina morsitans, and these T'se-tse Flies of the genus Glossina are nearly related to our own Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Col. Bruce was able to show by a series of experiments that the Tse-tse Fly was able to transmit the disease to healthy monkeys. The Trypanosome was found in the blood of natives, but did not appear to do much harm until it reached the cerebro-spinal canal, where it gave rise to the disease, Sleeping Sickness. The initial stages of the disease were accompanied by a strong disinclination to work on the part of the natives. The lymphatic glands became swollen, and in the end the patient sank into a state 48 THE REPORT OF THE. No. 36 of deep lethargy and absolute helplessness and died. Since Col. Bruce made his discovery a continuous series of investigations have been carried on in Uganda, with a view to discovering the habits of the fly and the nature of the disease. The chief preventive measure which so far has been adopted is the removal of the natives from the shore of the Lake and the islands, and the clearing of the bush around the shore of the lake. It was found that these were the localities most frequented by the fly. . The other disease, Malaria, is far more widely spread than Sleeping Sickness, and is responsible for a far greater mortality. There is no doubt that of all diseases it is the most serious, and has had the greatest effect on the distribution of the white man. The disease and its symptoms have been known for over two thousand years, but it was not until 1895, through the researches of Ross, that it was dis- covered how the disease was carried. In 1880, a French army surgeon, Laveran, when examining the blood of a soldier suffering from Malaria in Algiers, dis- covered the microscopic organism inside the red blood corpuscles which proved to be the causative organism of this disease. This small organism belongs to some of the lowest types of animal life known as Hemameba, but notwithstanding its low organization it was found to have a marvellous life-history. It was not until fifteen years after its discovery that the rest of its life-history and the means by which it was carried from man to man was discovered by Ross in India, and by others subsequent to his discovery. The idea that the mosquito might take a part in the transmission of the disease, however, was not unknown, and had been pre- viously suggested by King in the United States and Manson in England. Briefly stated, the life-history of the parasitic organism is as follows: When the malaria mosquito, which has previously sucked the blood of a malarial person, punctures the skin of a new person, it injects a number of microscopic needle-like organisms or spores which penetrate the red blood corpuscles, and there lose their needle- like shape and change into Amebule. These organisms feed on the interior of the red corpuscles and destroy the same. In doing so they increase in size until they almost fill the cell or corpuscle, and then break up into a large number of spores which are cast into the blood to reinfect other red corpuscles. When they are cast out, a certain amount of pigmented matter known as melanin is cast into the blood and gives malarial patients their characteristic colour. This breaking up of the malarial organism to form spores induces the fever, as all the spores of one lot of Amebule are cast into the blood fluid at the same time. In the different types of fever this breaking up into spores or sporulation takes place at different periods. In Tertian fever it occurs every forty-eight hours, and consequently the — feverish attack manifests itself every second day. In Quartan fever the feverish attack takes place every third day. If some of the blood of a person suffering from Malaria is taken up by a mosquito the malarial organism now passes through a complicated series of changes. Instead of breaking up into spores in the normal way the Amabule assume a dimorphic character, one kind containing a single nuclear body and corresponding to the female cell and the other containing several nuclear bodies and corresponding to the male cells. On the surface of the male cells long filaments are formed into which the nuclei pass. These filaments, corres- ponding to spermatozoa, break off and unite with the female cells to form a single cell. known as the Zygote. This process takes place inside the stomach of the mos- quito, but now the Zygote becomes motile and bores its way through the wall of the mosquito’s stomach on the outside of which it forms a cyst. This cyst gradually iniereases in size, and the growth in size is due to the remarkable changes taking Fn ny ee Oe Ee Oe ae ee ee ee ee j Be a be ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 place inside, where the nucleus of the Zygote divides and a number of smaller bodies are formed. From these, still smaller bodies are formed which become needle-shaped in character, until at length the whole cyst is filled with a mass of needle-shaped bodies which are spores. The cyst then bursts and these spores are liberated into the body cavity of the mosquito, which, of course, is a blood cavity. The minute needle-shaped spores are carried on to the salivary glands and bore into the salivary ducts, with the result that, when the mosquito bites another person, large numbers of the small spores of the malarial organism are pumped, together with the salivary fluid, into the puncture, and thus enter the blood system of another person, who, in consequence, may develop the fever. The natives in malarial countries are usually immune to the effects of the malarial organism, - and may be compared to the big game which are carriers of the organism of Nagana. It has been found that babies and infants act very largely as carriers of the organism, and the percentage of children infected decreases as they grow older, until after twelve years of age they may be rarely infected. Such infected children, of course, will serve as reservoirs of the disease. With the discovery that the mosquito was the carrier of the causative organism of the disease, the question of the prevention and eradication of malaria resolved itself into the problem of the eradication of the mosquito, and this, in turn, prac- tically implied the destruction of the breeding-places of the mosquito. The mos- quito, as is well-known, has an aquatic larval stage. The larve living in the water on microscopic organisms are compelled to come to the surface to breathe. By covering the surface of the water with a thin film of oil, such as kerosene, the breathing of the mosquito larve is prevented, and consequently they are killed. The chief means, therefore, which are generally adopted for destroying the mos- quito are the draining of marshes and other places where water collects and serves as breeding places, and also the treatment of permanent standing water with kero- sene or crude oil. In addition, human habitations are screened to prevent the entrance of the mature mosquitoes. Standing water around houses, however small it may be in quantity, has to be treated, as the mosquitoes breed in most unlikely places. The success which has followed the adoption of anti-mosquito measures is remarkable. In Havana, which at one time was a “white man’s grave,” Yellow Fever, which is carried by a species of Stegoniyia, has been eradicated since the United States authorities commenced in 1898 a campaign against the mosquito. The United States Government is now able to construct the Panama Canal, owing to the mosquito control measures which they have adopted, and the same tale of the reduction in the number of cases of Malaria is told wherever preventive measures have been adopted. To my mind, these facts indicate, among other things, how important a bearing a very small entomological fact may have on the welfare of man. How little did he, who first discovered the way in which the mosquito larva breathes, think that millions of lives would be saved through taking advantage of the phenomenon he observed, and this fact illustrates how great significance may be attached to an entomo- logical observation, though it may have appeared small when it was made. The investigations on Sleeping Sickness and Malaria have demonstrated most strongly the necessity of complete studies with regard to the life-histories and bionomics of insects, and have given a foremost place to entomological investigation among those sciences upon which we shall have to depend for our future welfare. In conclusion, I would commend the following passage written by that foremost English scientist, Sir Ray Lankester: 4b TONS | ae 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 “The defiant, desperate battle which civilized man wages with nature must go on.. But man’s suffering and loss in the struggle—the delay of his ultimate triumph—depends solely on how much or how little the great civilized communi- ties of the world seek for increased knowledge of nature as the basis of their prac- tical administration and government,”’ At the close of the lecture, which was listened to with great interest and attention by those present, the Chairman (President Creelman) expressed the thanks of the audience to Dr. Hewitt for his instructive address in a warm and hearty manner, which was emphasized by the applause that followed. He spoke — of the respect he felt for the type of man who is content to spend his life quietly and patiently carrying on scientific investigations, such as those described by Dr. Hewitt, and, though unobserved and unappreciated by the general public, yet doing a work of inestimable value to humanity. SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 24th, 1911. At about 9.30 a.m. the members of the Society met in the Museum of the Biological Department and spent a pleasant hour in the examination of the many interesting specimens which they had brought for exhibition. Mr. Greson, in illustration of his paper on Blister Beetles, exhibited a case containing representatives of the different species which occur in Canada. These are described in his paper in this report. He also showed some interesting lepi- doptera, viz., Gonodontis warnert, Harv., from Humboldt, Sask., Hydriomena ruberata, from Saskatoon, Sask., and Sciagraphia atrofasciata, Sciagraphia con- tinuata and Macaria iabradoriata from Ottawa. Mr. Swa1NeE exhibited a collection of Ipide, including the adults and work of our more interesting species from Eastern Canada. Among the species repre- sented were Chramesus icoriew, Lec.; Crypturgus atomus, Lec.; Dendroctonus sim- plex, Lec.; D. valens, Lec.; D. piceaperda, Hopk.; Dryocetes affaber, Mannh.; D. autographus, Ratz.; D. etchhoffi, Hopk.; Dryocetes, n. sp., from larch; Hccopto- _ gaster picee, Swaine; Gnathotrichus materiarius, Fitch; Hylastinus obscurus, March; Hylesinus aculeatus, Say; Hylesinus, n. sp., from basswood; Hylurgops pinifex, Fitch; Ips balsameus, Lec.; I. celatus, Hich.; I. calligraphus, Ger.; I. grandicollis, Hich.; I. pini, Say; J. borealis, Swaine; Phlesinus dentatus, Say; Phieotribus liminaris, Harris; P. picew, Swaine; Pityogenes, n. sp., from pine; Pityophthorus capiniceps, Lec.; P. consimilis, Lec.; P. lautus, Eich.; P. opaculus, Lec.; P. minutissimus, Zimm.; Polygraphus rufipennis, Kirby; Pterocyclon fas- ciatus, Say; P. mali, Fitch; Hylastus salebrosus, Hich,; Trypodendron betula, Swaine; 7. politus, Say; T. retusus, Lec.; Xyleborus dispar, Fabr.; Xyleborus ser- ratus, Swaine. Mr. WINN exhibited a number of interesting Lepidoptera, as follows :-— Incisalia eryphon, from Hymers, Ontario; Falcaria bilineata, from Dawson City, Y.T.; Xylina amanda, hemiria, thaxteri and baileyi, from Hymers, Ont.; Autographa rectangulum, from East Bolton, Que.; A. swrena, from St. George’s, Newfoundland; a series of 25 specimens of Cenopis pettitana, showing range of variation of fore wings from immaculate white, through yellow, spotted and banded, to reddish brown; a male Colias philodice, with the right hind wing only about one quarter the size of its mate, but not creased or crumpled in any way; and 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 another male of this species, taken on August 25th, at St. Hilaire, Que., expand- ing only 14% inches. \Mr. ‘Cesar exhibited the following: Six species of borers from recently fallen white spruce; some parasites and predaceous foes of the same; a species of Chale- pus, apparently C. rubra, found attacking the foliage of the bass wood; Perillus bioculatus, var. claudus, taken at Guelph; the Black Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), taken at Guelph, on Strawberry; the Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus), taken on haws at Grimsby; an undetermined Buprestid from galls on the American Aspen (Populus tremuloides); Cryptorhynchus lapathi, taken at Guelph; specimens of the Palmer Worm (Ypsolophus pomotellus) reared at Guelph ; the Gartered Plume Moth of the Grape (Ozyptilus periscelidactylus) taken at Stoney Creek; and some tineids reared from the Cat-tail Flag (Typha latifolia). Mr. Evans exhibited 102 specimens of Lepidoptera, about 70 of which were micros, the remainder about equally divided between the Noctuide and the Geo- metridae. Of the specimens belonging to the latter two families, the names of those that are of special interest are included in the Entomological Record. Mr. Evans also showed a specimen of the curious “Stem-eyed Fly,” or “Hammer-headed Fly” (Sphyracephala brevicorns, Say). Dr.- Walker exhibited a number of specimens of wood-boring larve and their work, in illustration of his paper on “Some Forest Insects from De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe.” At about 10.30 o’clock the members withdrew to the Biological Lecture Hall, where, after the reading of the Presidential Address, the election of officers for 1911-1912 took place. A list of these has been given on page 6. The remainder of the forenoon and the afternoon were devoted to the reading of the papers which appear in the following pages. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. Epmunp M. WALKER, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. I have the honour of welcoming you to-day to the forty-eighth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of: Ontario. Forty-eight years is a very respectable age for a learned society in a young country such as ours, and when we look back upon its vigorous history and steady growth, it is no wonder if feelings of pride arise within us. Let those of us of the younger generation, however, not permit such feelings of pride in the achievement of our society become feelings of seltf- satisfaction; let us always remember that the success which is the portion of our Society to-day, and the status that it occupies in the entomological world are mainly due to the struggles and patient toil of our pioneers, Dr. Bethune and Dr. Saunders, and to such of their fellow-workers as Dr. Fyles and Mr. Lyman, and to the tireless energies of our late lamented friend, Dr. Fletcher. With the wealth of facilities for the study of our science which we are privileged to enjoy at the present time, we are too apt to forget the difficulties and discouragements that were the lot of the earlier entomologists in Canada. It is, however, not so much the past history of our Society, nor the progress of Canadian Entomology that I wish to consider to-day as the possibilities of the future development of our science in Canada. In other words what is the nature and scope of the field for entomological work in Canada at the present time? 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 In dealing with such a broad question as this we have to bear in mind not only the work that has been and is being done by entomologists in Canada, but also | that of our neighbours to the south, whose assistance has always been most freely — and generously given, and to whom a very large part of our success is due. In the United States entomology has gained greatly in prestige of late years, and is now an important subject in the curricula of many of the Universi- ties as well as the Agricultural Colleges. There are now in the United States, — together with Hawaii and Porto Rico, no fewer than sixty-one Agricultural Col- leges and experiment stations, at forty-seven of which investigations in applied entomology are being carried on. In Washington, the appropriations made for the current fiscal year for all the different phases of work of the Bureau of Ento- — mology, amounted to $601,920.00; the scientific employees of the Bureau number 185 and besides these there are nearly 400 non-scientific employees, particularly in — connection with the Gipsy-moth work. Of course we cannot expect to see anything comparable to this in Canada ‘ for many years to come, but there is no doubt that, with the present rapid growth of population in our West, and the ever-increasing area of cultivated land, corre- spondingly greater facilities will be needed for the teaching and dissemination of the most advanced methods in agriculture and horticulture, and hence in the control of the insect pests of the farm, the orchard and the garden. When our land is more fully occupied and farming methods have become more intensive, more attention will doubtless be given by the average farmer to such problems as the control of insect pests, but it is the duty of the economic ~ entomologist to do all in his power to spread abroad his knowledge of such subjects before it is demanded of him. Excellent work, as we all know, has already been accomplished along these lines by the staff of the Division of Entomology at Ottawa, the Ontario Agricultural College, through our own Annual — Reports and the various agricultural and horticultural journals, as well as through the Nature Study movement in our schools; but we need more well-trained workers and there is a great field for useful work in this branch of entomology for all who are willing and able to give their time and energies to it. It is, in fact, this branch of entomology that is most closely identifféd with our every-day lives and will appeal to the largest section of the public, and it is therefore the one that will always be, in a sense, the leading branch in an agricultural country like Canada. But there is another branch of economic entomology, that has as yet received comparatively little attention in Canada, but which is scarcely of less importance than the preceding. I refer to forest entomology. We have only recently become fully alive to the fact that our forests are not inexhaustible, and we are now hearing from authoritative sources that our forest wealth has been grossly exaggerated. We hear a great deal about the reckless waste of our timber resources through improvident methods of lumbering that utterly disregard the needs of future generations, and we are tired of hearing of the disastrous fires which follow in the wake of the lumberman’s axe, and fre- quently destroy as many as twenty trees for every one that is felled by the lum- berman. Few realize, however, the important part played by insects in the destruction of our forests, and the close relationship that exists between forest fires and injurious outbreaks of insects. Dr. Hopkins, of the: United States Bureau of Forestry, our leading authority on Forest Entomology, has shown that not only do many species of wood-boring beetles appear in large numbers after forest — é 1912 ~~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 fires, killing many trees that would otherwise recover, and rendering others unmarketable by their excavations and hastening decay by permitting the entrance of wood-destroying fungi; but that fires are often secondary to outbreaks of insects, which leave the dying or dead trees in a favourable condition for the spread of fire. Many square miles of burned-over areas in the Rocky Mountains were primarily the result of the attacks of wood-boring beetles. In his admirable bulletin on the genus Dendroctonus, which ineludes the most injurious enemies of our coniferous forests, Dr. Hopkins has also shown that while many species at times attack living trees when present in unusually large numbers, certain forms, notably the Black Hills Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderose, Hopk.), actually prefer healthy to weakly trees and may be the cause of the destruction of the best timber over many square miles of territory. He has further demonstrated that outbreaks of this kind may be prevented or brought under control if prompt measures of the proper kind be taken. The methods employed, however, vary according to the particular species involved, so that it is necessary to have a precise knowledge of the species in question, and of its habits and life-history. It is information of this kind that is lacking respecting most of our forest insects in Canada. We want accurate knowledge of the characteristics of each species, in order that nearly allied species, of perhaps very different habits and economic importance, may not be confused; we want to know their complete life-histories, their seasonal and geographical distribution, the number of broods, their enemies, the species of trees they attack and the effects they produce thereon; in fact all we can learn about them. Only in this way can the best methods for their control be determined. Surely there is a splendid field here for the young entomologist, who is anxious to take up a useful as well as attractive subject as his specialty. The study is not an easy one. Nearly allied species in some of the groups such as the bark-beetles (Scolytide) are often exceedingly difficult to separate; life histories are often difficult to follow out and material sometimes hard to obtain; never- theless, the patient, accurate worker in this field will certainly be rewarded with results that are well worth the labour spent upon them and may, perhaps, be of much benefit to the community. Fortunately, we are not entirely without workers in this field in Canada. Prof. Swaine, of Macdonald College, is well known for the excellent work he has accomplished in the study of our bark-beetles (Scolytidae). He has published a number of valuable papers in the Canadian Entomologist, and our Annual Reports, and we feel sure there are many more forthcoming. Much credit is also due to the staff of the Division of Entomology at Ottawa for their work on the parasites of the Larch Saw-fly and Spruce Bud-worm, two of the most serious defoliaters of forest-trees in Canada. Dr. Hewitt’s work in importing and dis- tributing Mesoleius aulicus, a European parasite of the Larch Saw-fly, is of a very important character, whether the experiment is successful or not, for our only hope of getting control of this terrible pest is through the agency of its natural enemies. The Division also deserves credit for the vigorous campaign it is pursuing against the spread of the Brown-tail moth, which has, unfortunately, now become firmly established in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, whence it has spread from the adjoining New England States. The ravages of this moth and the Gypsy- moth (Porthetria dispar) are too well known to need mention here. Both have been introduced from Europe without their natural enemies to keep their numbers in check, and though their ravages have been the cause of the loss of hundreds 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36_ of thousands of dollars to the State of Massachusetts alone, and at the present time no effort is being spared by the United States Bureau of Entomology to — ‘bring the pests under control. We in Canada have had the benefit of their experience in dealing with this great problem, and it is gratifying to know that the knowledge thus gained is being so vigorously put into practice by our friends at Ottawa. While thus emphasizing the importance of applied entomology, we must not lose sight of the value of the systematist’s work. The economic entomologist — deals with insects irrespective of the orders to which they belong and as it is no — longer possible for anyone to have an intimate systematic knowledge of all the orders, it becomes necessary for the economic entomologist to depend in large measure upon the systematists in the various orders for the determination of the species with which he has to deal, although it is, of course, true that in many eases the investigator must have first hand information from both standpoints. On the other hand, the systematic student should be more than a mere classifier of genera and species. Nothing in entomology, except nomenclatural disputes, can be drier than the grinding out of new species and varieties by the man who knows them only by their dead carcasses. The good systematist is a good deal more than a mere separator of genera and species. He is interested in the ecology of the forms he studies, their distribution and the significance thereof, and he keeps the phylogenetic standpoint ever before him in his work of determining specific and group characters. The whole aim of classification being the expression of the natural affinities of organisms, he who fails to observe this point in classifying genera and species has altogether missed the mark. In Canada there is an immense field for the systematic entomologist in all orders. Some of the orders have been fairly well marked in certain localities of limited area, and a good deal of information on the distribution of species is gradually being accumulated by the Entomological Record, which was first estab- lished by the late Dr. Fletcher in the Annual Report of our Society for 1901, and is now conducted by Mr. Gibson. Most of the smaller orders, however, such as the Neuroptera, Plecoptera, Ephemerida and Trichoptera, have been almost — wholly neglected by Canadian entomologists, and the scant knowledge we possess of their occurrence and distribution in Canada is chiefly the result of casual captures made by general collectors and determined by specialists in the United States. Among these smaller orders, the Neuropteroid orders as they are col- lectively termed, are some such as the Ephemerida and Trichoptera that are not only exceedingly interesting in their habits but are of considerable economic im- portance in furnishing food for fish, a fact that will be appreciated by those of us who had the pleasure of hearing Prof. Needham’s address here last year. He showed us how much of the waters of our large swampy areas might be utilized for fish-culture and their productivity increased by the introduction and propaga- tion of suitable species of may-flies. The importance of our inland fisheries and the growing need of exact knowledge of the feeding habits of ‘our fresh-water See ee ee fishes are urgent reasons why these groups of aquatic insects should receive more ~ attention in Canada than they have done heretofore. There are still other branches of applied entomology that offer plenty of problems to the entomologist in Canada. The relation of insects to public health is a subject of importance in every civilized community and the great benefit to humanity that has been gained by such discoveries as that of the relation that the mosquito bears to malaria and yellow fever and the house-fly to typhoid fever and = 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 55 summer diarrhea of children is now a matter of common knowledge. Fortunately our northern climate renders us comparatively free from the parasitic diseases _ that are habitually transmitted by insects, but we have the house-fly question _ ever before us and our domestic animals are all more or less subject to diseases caused or carried by insects, mites and ticks, and there is much to be learned about the life-histories and methods of control of such forms. Finally, we should at least mention that important aspect of entomology which regards the study of insects not for its own sake nor in its relation to the material needs of mankind, but in relation to the broader science of biology. Insects have contributed some of the most striking illustrations of many of the phenomena that have served to establish the truth of the theory of descent, and have furnished useful material in the investigation of the problems of heredity and the causes of variation and in the analysis of sex. But though these questions are from the standpoint of pure science, vastly more important than any of those we have been considering, they belong rather to the domain of general biology than to entomology, so that we may dismiss them, merely with the comment that they represent an immense field for investigation, full of possibilities of important discovery. The thought of all there is to do in Canada in entomology, and the com- parative ease with which new discoveries can be made here should act as a _ stimulus to the young student. I say “comparatively ” advisedly, for it must not be thought that any good entomological work can be done easily. It is just as difficult, nay more so, to do really good work in a virgin field, as in one that has been long and carefully investigated. The new field has only the advantage of opportunity. The field in entomology in Canada, from the scientific, if not yet from the financial standpoint, is full of opportunity, and we believe that the next decade will witness a steady increase in the demand for the services of well- trained, practical investigators. Much, we believe, will be done to encourage Canadian Entomology by the publication of the new Catalogue of Canadian insects, which is now in the course of preparation.. Now that the question of publication is settled—and the thanks of all of us are due to Dr. Hewitt for bringing this about—it 1s to be hoped that each and every one of the collaborators will do his utmost to make the catalogue a success and that every collector in Canada may do something to help in making it as complete as possible. In this way we can all do a little for the advancement of entomology in Canada. SOME INJURIOUS FOREST INSECTS AT DE GRASSI POINT, LAKE SIMCOE. E. M. WALKER, Toronto, ONT. During the past three years I have spent a part of each summer at De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., where I have been gathering part of the nucleus of a collection of forest insects\and their work for the Museum of the Faculty of Forestry - in the University of Toronto. During the season of 1911 this work was greatly accelerated by what was in all other respects a most unfortunate calamity. On June 11 the Point was visited by a terrific windstorm, which wrought great havoc in the woods in this neigh- 56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 bourhood, uprooting and snapping off many hundreds of trees. Woods of second growth poplar were knocked over like ninepins, and trees of all kinds suffered greatly ; even sound red oak, over a foot in diameter, being laid low by the terrible force of the elements. Many of the fallen trees were already weakened by the attacks of insects, among which the Carpenter Ant was most conspicuous, while others, previously sound, now offered favourable conditions for the entrance of various species of wood- boring beetles. My remarks here, however, will not be confined to such species as were con- cerned in the effects of the storm, but will include any forms that have been con- spicuous for their numbers or the injuries they have caused to forest trees in this locality. De Grassi Point is a summer resort on the west shore of Lake Simcoe, about three miles from its upper or southern end. It comprises an area of about 350 acres, and has an almost rectangular shore-line, about a mile in length, of which about one-half forms the northern, the other half the eastern boundary. A con- siderable portion of this area, including the apex of the point, is somewhat higher than the surrounding land, and is composed of a mass of till or glacial clay, well covered with soil and plentifully strewn with boulders, mostly of Laurentian Gneiss. On this clay area is a beautiful grove of tall red oaks, forming next the shore a broad belt among which the summer cottages stand. Back from this grove there are pastures with scattered trees and bushes, and also much densely wooded land. Owing to the peculiar topography of the place a great variety of forest types are represented in a very limited area. Extending southward, nearly parallel with the east shore. is a low sand-covered tidge, from which the land slopes gently on each side. The predominant trees on this ridge are white pine and red oak, both of which at one time grew to mag- nificent dimensions here. There are still a few hoary giants of the latter species, upwards of three hundred years old and still alive, though long past their prime. On the east side, where the ridge is but a few hundred yards from the shore, the slope is comparatively rapid, the land being thus fairly well drained and sup- porting for the most part a typical hardwood forest. The prevailing trees here are sugar maple, elm, basswood, red oak, white ash, large-toothed aspen, balsam fir, hemlock and a few beech, yellow and white birch, black cherry and ironwood, and in the spring the rich black soil is starred with magnificent trilliums, adders- tongue, hepaticas, squirrel-corn, etc. . Oa the other side of the ridge the land is almost level and the forest-types of a very different character, and one which changes gradually as one strikes through the woods to the north shore, the change indicating an increasingly wetter soil. Balsam poplar, aspen, white birch, white cedar, balsam fir, tamarack. white spruce and white pine are the prevailing trees. The higher parts were burned over many years ago, and poplar, birch, cedar and balsam are now the chief trees here, though vigorous young white spruce and some young pine are also coming up. As we approach the shore tamarack becomes more abundant and black spruce appears, and then we enter a (belt of tamaracks among which very few other trees grow. Near the western boundary of this swamp a sluggish creek makes its way to the lake, and its presence brings about other changes in the vegetation. As we near the creek the tamaracks thin out and become smaller, small willows and vari- ous shrubs appear, and then we traverse a dense zone of ericaceous shrubs (Cas- \ —_—., = 2 oo — se 2s hl ee Se ee a Te ee Se ee ae 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 sandra and Andromeda) before coming out upon the broad open marsh which borders the creek near its mouth. The deposits from the creek at its mouth and the action of the winter ice have formed a patch of drier land here, which is continued along the shore as a narrow marginal ridge. Here the trees are different from those in the swamp behind, being mostly cedar, balsam, white spruce, silver maple, black and green ash, with large willows about the margin of the creek. These woods have been, on the whole, very free from serious attacks by insects.for many years past. The only insect that has been responsible for the killing of trees in large numbers is the Larch Saw-fly (Lygaeonematus erichsonii Hartgn.). which has been with us for about twelve years. Well do I remember its ‘first appearance at De Grassi Point, although I am not sure as to the exact year. It was either 1898 or 1899, though they may have been present in small numbers a year or two earlier. Up till this time, part of the tamarack swamp was one of é (hy «) Fic. 24. Larch Saw-fly—a, adult; 06, cocoon; c, terminal twig of larch, showing eggs in slits made by the female saw-fly—a and b much enlarged. the loveliest spots I have ever seen. This was a part near the creek where the _ trees, though not large, grew fairly closely together, but offered glimpses of beautiful vistas between their grey trunks and soft feathery green foliage. No fallen trunks obstructed one’s way and the ground was carpeted with deep sphagnum moss and soft grasses, among which pitcher-plants, clumps’ of the Showy Lady’s- Slipper, the beautiful Calapogon and the fragrant Pogonia, besides a number of other orchids, grew in profusion. In the summer of 1898 (if this year be correct) I visited the swamp, as I do every year, and found to my horror that most of the trees were nearly bare and infested with myriads of greenish-grey false caterpillars, the larve of the Larch _ Saw-fly.. The scattered trees in the pastures were but little affected, many of them untouched, but next year the attack was more severe and the trees were everywhere more or less infested, and ever since then until last year there has been no per- ceptible decline in the numbers of the pest. Every year the trees were stripped nearly bare and the mature ones, of which there were quite a number, soon began si 58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 FS errr to die. I began to despair of the situation until 1910, when I noted a considerable — improvement in the condition of the trees although the larve were still disgust- ingly abundant. This year (1911) I was delighted to find that they had practically disappeared. — Once more the tamaracks retained their beautiful soft foliage throughout the season. Another saw-fly that has been troublesome of late, though in no way compar- able to the Larch Sawfly, is Leconte’s Saw-fly (Lophyrus lecontet, Fitch). (Fig. 25 . is a Closely related species.) I first noticed it in 1909 in a grove of young pines about 10 to 18 years old, which have grown up in a part of the pasture that had been fenced in for a few years, thus protecting the seedlings from the cattle a sufficient length of time to give them a start in life. They were confined to a very few trees growing near together, and although one or two very young trees Fig. 25—Abbott’s Saw-Fly Cneannine abbottii). a” =e were nearly stripped very little other damage was done. In 1910 they appeared — again at the same spot but in larger numbers, and affecting more trees. We re- moved every larva we could find, but on another group of pines about one hun- dred yards away, which had also been attacked, most of the larve were out of — reach. As a result there were very few larve found in 1911 in the first spot, but — on the other one several fairly large red pines were bady defoliated. They occur — on both species of pine, but seem to prefer the red. In 1909 I confined a number of the larve but obtained only half a dozen ~ cocoons, which were spun among the pine needles, although the normal habit is to spin underneath leaves and rubbish near the surface of the ground. Although I did a good deal of searching for cocoons under the affected trees I found but two, one of which had been parasitized. Nothing emerged from the bred cocoons, probably because they had been kept too long indoors. The same grove of young pines in which Leconte’s Saw-fly was first found has © also been abundantlly attacked by the White Pine Weevil (Pissodes strobi, Peck). For the last three years I have removed all the infested shoots I could reach with a long pruning hook, but no apparent good resulted as most of the work was done in August, when a large percentage of the beetles had already escaped, and as no provision was made for the liberation of parasites. This season they were rather more abundant than usual, about one-third of all the trees in the grove bearing at — least one infested shoot and many having two or three. This insect particularly affects young bushy trees growing in the open, and ~ 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 the female ovipositing in the spring always selects one of the terminal shoots of the previous season’s growth, generally the leading one. The new shoots grow to a certain extent, varying according to the number of larve present. I have some- _ times found shoots apparently containing only one or two individuals, whose sub- sequent growth had not been noticeably retarded, but as a rule they droop and die long before they have attained their full length. I have never seen a red pine affected by this insect, but this summer I found a young white spruce, whose terminal shoot had been killed, apparently by this weevil. It was growing among the pines of the same grove in which the weevil was so common. Another insect that was more abundant than usual in white pines in the sea- son of 1911 is the Pine-bark Aphid (Chermes pinicorticis, Fitch). In 1910 I noticed a single tree about eight inches in diameter, the bark of whose trunk was almost covered on one side by the white flocculent material secreted by this aphid. One other tree near by was also affected, though to a much less degree, but no others were seen on which this insect was present to any noticeable extent. This year the e- —s ——-. Fig. 26—Monohammus confusor—Male. Chermes was found on quite a number of trees on the ridge, but it is still rather local. It seems to prefer the smooth bark of the trunk but also occurs on the branches and may attack saplings two or three feet high, as well as larger trees. One side, apparently the most sheltered, is generally more thickly covered than the rest. When I first saw the diseased trees about the end of July the aphids had already disappeared, but as the flocculent material is left upon the bark their for- mer presence is readily detected. No apparent effects in the vigour of these trees could be detected, and in fact the white pine is on the whole a very healthy tree at De Grassi Point. A number of young trees were affected by a twig blight in 1910, but this did not reappear to any extent in 1911, and the unusual number of spittle insects in the former season also failed to assert themselves during the sum- mer of 1911. As a result of the windstorm, however, a number of fine white pine were up- rooted or had their tops or even the upper half snapped off. When I first went to the Point, near the end of July, these fallen trees already harboured hosts of bark beetles and Monohammus larvee. The bark beetles were chiefly Ips pini, Say, and Pityogenes sp., a very common, though as yet undescribed, species. The former was 60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 extremely abundant in all fallen trees, occurring along the entire length of the trunks and in branches down to about two inches in diameter. The largest trunk — in which they were found were about eighteen inches in diameter, though the bark was not very thick and the trees probably not more than about 80 years old. No pitch tubes were present in any of the trees, in fact there was nothing to indicate — that any of them had been attacked before the storm occurred. 3 The first work of this species that I saw was on July 29. On this date the — majorty of the mines contained larve that were mature or nearly so, but pup and : young adults were also numerous. On the other hand a few of the galleries con- — tained very young larve, just beginning their mines, and there were still a few — female adults running their primary galleries. On Aug 8 and 12 mature larve, — pupe and pale young adults were all abundant, but there were still a few adults of — the first generation about. By the end of the month most of the beetles had emerged but they were still quite numerous under the bark. A few specimens of Ips caelatus, Zimm., were associated with I. pini in some of — the trees, but no signs were noted of the presence of I. calligraphus, Germ., a species — that is very abundant at Toronto, where the pines are all dying about the city, though not as a direct result of their attacks. This was probably simply due to the fact that no very old trees were blown over in the storm, and it is the thick bark of old trees that is chiefly affected by J. calligraphus. The little Pityogenes sp. was extremely abundant in recently dead branches — and upper parts of the trunk of white pine at De Grassi Point. I found a pros- — trate pine about eight inches in diameter near the base, the inner bark of which was a perfect network of galleries of this species along its entire length. It was — associated except in the smaller branches with Ips pini which was almost equally — abundant. The galleries are very regular and the primary ones unlike those of the pini are run transversely to the axis of the stem, the lateral mines being for — the most part straight and perpendicular to the primary galleries. The species is of little or no economic importance on account of its attacking only the smaller dead trunks and branches. Resembling this species considerably in size and general appearance and in the character of its work is Ips balsameus, which is found in considerable numbers in the trunk of a balsam fir which had fallen in the storm. This tree had been a very — vigorous one and was nearing its prime when its life was thus suddenly cut off. Larve, pupe and imagoes were found throughout August and were still present when I left early in September. This was the only balsam in which I found this ~ bark beetle. Several other fallen treees were examined, but the only borers found were larvee of Monohammus which were universally present. These were also abundant in all of the fallen pines, but were for the most part small, doubtless having hatched from eggs deposited the same season. In one of the large trunks, however, many large larve were found which must have en- tered the trunk during an earlier season. Some of them were found in large ex- — cavations under the bark, but others had penetrated deep into the wood. No adults or pups were seen. The only other injurious insect that has been noticeably abundant in late years upon the conifers at De Grassi Point is the Spruce Gall Aphid (Chermes similis, Gill.). The loose twisted galls of this aphid are exceedingly common on white spruce at Lake Simcoe, especially on sickly stunted trees. Whether they are in some measure the cause of the unthrifty condition of such trees or simply prefer trees of poor vitality I am uncertain, but they are often abundant also in — (1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 otherwise vigorous-looking spruce. The affected twigs are generally killed but sometimes recover, leaving only a twist in the branch. In the season of 1910 the galls were very numerous on some of the scattered trees on the sandy ridge, but some seemed quite free from them. The black spruce in the swamp near the creek were also heavily infested with galls, which I took to be the same but which may be C. floccus, Patch, as I have not seen the adult aphids. In 1911 scarcely a gall was to be found on either white or black spruce. In 1910 I came across Chermes abietis, L., for the first time in this district. In Toronto the two species similis and abietis are almost peculiar to the white and Norway spruce respectively, and I had never seen abietis on any other spruce. I found it, however, in considerable numbers on a single, large white spruce, grow- Fic. 27. Chermes similis—a, nymph; 0b, gall on spruce. ing in the open on the sandy ridge at De Grassi Point, and although many other trees were near at hand I could not find a single gall of abietis on any one ot them. On the other hand, C. similis was present on the other trees but not on the one which bore the galls of abietis. In 1911 a few galls of abietis were taken from two or three white spruce widely separated from one another. Fallen spruce were as yet very little injured by borers. The common spruce borer Polygraphus rufipennis, Kirby, was taken but once. Perhaps next season will yield a larger number of wood-boring beetles. Of the insect enemies of deciduous trees at De Grassi Point, the only species that has been very conspicuous for its injuries during the past few years is the Birch-leaf Skeletonizer (Bucculatrix canadensisella, Chamb.). This insect was 62 THE REPORT OF THE particularly abundant in 1910 and 1911, when practically every birch leaf was the — home of several of the little caterpillars. About the end of July, this season, I first began to notice the work of the young caterpillars, and by the end of August the - birch leaves were pretty well skeletonizéd and many of the larve were spinning their — curious elongated ribbed cocoons. Caterpillars were constantly falling from a birch overhanging the cottage verandah and spinning their cocoons upon the floor, and — in the cracks between the boards. The birch leaves turned yellow and fell very early this season, possibly as a result of the attacks of these larve. Birch and several other trees were also attacked this year by large numbers — of lace-bugs (Corythuca arcuata, Say). These insects puncture the leaves chiefly © about the midrib and larger veins on the underside, thus rendering them pale and ~ patchy in appearance. Of wood-boring insects the one whose work was by far the most con-— spicuous is the large black carpenter ant (Campontus hercweanus, L.). A good many trees that were. blown over by the storm were more or less weakened — Fig. 28. Flat-headed Borer—larva, pupa and beetle. by the work of this insect. It does not attack the living wood but excavates irregu- lar galleries in the dead heart wood, thus weakening the tree and rendering it un- marketable. Pines, balsams, poplar and red oak were all conspicuously attacked- by this ant, particularly the trees on the wooded part of the sandy ridge, where most of the pines and many other trees showed basal wounds, the result of ground fires many years ago. Some of these wounds had been completely closed by the new growth of tissue, but the dead wood beneath was, in all cases examined, honey- combed by carpenter ants. ; ; Fallen oaks were not yet attacked to any extent by borers. A few young — cerambycid larve of an undetermined species were found under the bark of one ‘ sound tree, only recently dead, but, with this exception and that of the ants, the 5 3 . ¢ l ee a ET eee Ee Tee ee ee ee ee only wood-eating insects found in the oaks were a number of larve, one pupe and several imagoes of the small stag-beetle (Cerwchus piceus, Web.). These were taken from the rotten and partly decayed heart-wood of a large tree which was still alive ~ when it was blown over in the storm. 3 In several fallen balsam poplars were found a considerable number of larve — of a Chrysobothris, which I take to be the common flat-headed borer (C. femorata, i Fabr.), many of which were too large to have entered the trees during the same 4 season. Most of the grubs were found about the end of August in their flat ir- ~ regular excavations in the inner bark and superficial layer of the wood, but some had begun to extend their galleries deeper into the wood . 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 Occurring with the Chrysobothris in the balsam poplar and also in the large- toothed aspen were a good many specimens of a very long, slender Agrilus-like Buprestid larva, which I have not yet had determined. The galleries of the larva were likewise slender and extended regularly with the growth of the grub. They generally followed an exceedingly tortuous course. The grubs were fully as nu- merous where found as the Chrysobothris. Many young specimens of the latter were also taken from a small elm, which had been uprooted in the storm. Of the larger trees none suffered in the storm so severely as the basswood. «The few remaining trees of the original forest were practically all laid low. Many of these were rotten at the centre and some weakened by carpenter ants, but, except in one tree, I found scarcely any evidence of the recent work of borers. In one fairly. large tree, however, I found many half grown cerambycid larve, possibly those of the linden borer (Saperda vestita, Say), and two scolytid mines, contain- ing larve, and one of them a single adult. This was submitted to Prof. Swaine, who reports it to be a new species of Hylesinus, related to the western H. aspericollis. In conclusion I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Swaine for his kindness in determining for me the species of Scolytide mentioned in this paper. THRIPS AFFECTING OATS. C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., DomMINIoN ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. Reference was made by me at our last annual meeting to the injuries caused to oats by some species of Thrips and as further observation have been made _ during the past season concerning the injuries of these insects, it seemed to me _ that a useful purpose might be served if this subject were discussed a little more _ fully. : During the last year or two we have received frequent-inquiries regarding the “blighted ” appearance of the heads of oats and a number of specimens were re- ceived, in one or two of which dead Thrips were found, but it was impossible to determine the species with certainty. The injuries were reported from various provinces from Nova Scotia in the east to British Columbia in the west. A cor- “respondent on Vancouver Island stated that over 50 per cent of a fourteen-acre field of oats were attacked. On some heads of oats received from Saskatchewan, from 50 to 70 per cent. of the ears were destroyed, and generally it would appear “that the injuries are on the increase. During a visit to Washington early in the ‘year Mr. F. M. Webster, of the Bureau of Entomology, showed me a single record of Thrips attacking oats, the species being Anaphothrips striatus, Osborn. An in- -yestigation into these injuries was bepun during the present summer, my attention ‘being confined to the oats grown in the seed plots at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, where it was found that the species commonly occurring and obviously Tesponsible for the injury was the Grass Thrips, A. striatus; Dr. W. E. Hinds very kindly confirmed my identification. A second species, Huthrips nervosus, Uzel, was also found in small numbers. The Grass Thrips commonly attacks Kentucky Blue Grass (Poa pratensis), and Dr. Fletcher has recorded in 1882 and 1892 the oc- currence of the “ white top,” produced by this insect’s injuries, in P. pratensis and also in one or two other grasses such as Timothy (Phleum pratense) and Couch Grass (Triticum repens). The investigations showed that the blighted appearance 64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 was caused by the fact that the insect injuries produced sterility in the ears and the young and adult insects were found feeding on the flowers, especially on the ovaries which, of course, produce the grain. It was further found that these in- juries take place while the inflorescence is enclosed in the leaf sheath, and on this account the lower ears of the inflorescence are usually the ones to be injured and rendered sterile, as they remain longer in the leaf sheath. In further support — of this it was found that where the top of an inflorescence has been held by the leaf sheath, as is sometimes the case, the apical ears may be sterile. Specimens of both — these types of injury will be seen in the cases which I am passing around. Witha view — to ascertaining the extent of these injuries, stalks of different varieties of oats were © collected and the number of sterile and perfect ears on each stalk were carefully © counted. It may be remarked that in order to eliminate a cause of error result-— ing from the unintentional selection of stalks unusually affected, an equal number of stalks were collected by one who was ignorant of the purpose for which the oats were required. It is not intended to give here the complete results of this statis- tical study, but the following facts may be of interest. The most severely injured variety of oats on the average was “ Banner M,” — 19 heads of which variety had an average of 36.3 per cent. of sterile ears. The least attacked was “ Abundance, Garton’s Regenerated,” 11 heads of which gave ~ 4 Q MoE | Te << ~~ 72 eae = ein! 1 =| HANS | pe q Fig. 29.—Thrips. _ . to an average of 17.3 per cent. sterile ears. The maximum percentage of sterile ears in all the heads examined was 56.8 per cent. in a head of “Banner M.” ‘The minimum percentage of sterile heads was found in a head of “Banner H,” of which 3.5 per cent. were sterile. From these figures it will be realized what a serious effect the injuries caused by these insects may have on the yield and to what extent their injuries may reduce the number of bushels produced, as no other cause of the sterility of the © ears could be discovered. 4 The Grass Thrips Anaphothrips striatus, is a very small insect measuring about — 1-16th of an inch in length and of a yellowish, or brownish-yellow colour. The ~ adults are provided with four narrow wings which are fringed with hairs, hence ~ the name of the group Thysanoptera. They are also called Physopoda, on ac- — count of their poreoesien of bladder-like feet, from which they derive their German — name “Blasenfiisse.” Their nourishment consists of the juices of the flowers and — plants and their mouth parts are very peculiar in that they are adapted for both — sucking and biting. The life history of this species has been previously worked out — by Hinds. The females will continue to deposit eggs and young larvae may emerge ~ up to the time the snow falls, when the adults hibernate. Their resistance to a — low temperature appears to be very great, as they can withstand an exposure of : minus 21 degrees F. In the spring, soon after the snow disappears, the females, ; a Fs which have passed the winter in the leaf sheaths of young plants, become active “3 - Se a 1912 ie ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, | 65 P and begin to deposit their eggs. In the spring the eggs hatch in ten to fifteen days; in the summer they will hatch from four to seven days after deposition. The larve are similar in general form and appearance to the adult except in the possession of wings. They become full-grown in the spring in about two weeks but in the hot days of summer the larval stage may be completed in four days. The whole life cyele occupies from 12 to 30 days. The first winged adults usually appear in May or June. An interesting point in connection with this species is that it is parthenogenetic, that is, the eggs will produce young without fertilization ; Hinds has examined thousands of specimens of the species and has been unable to discover the male. The ability of the female to deposit eggs which will develop into young without the necessity of fertilization by the male increases the repro- ductive power of the species enormously and we have in this insect a similar phenomenon to that with which you are already acquainted in the case of the Aphides, whose extraordinary fecundity is due, in a large part, to the partheno- genetic character of the female. Feeding as this species does on wild grasses of various species, which flourish in abundance everywhere, it will be readily understood that its control will be a matter of considerable difficulty, as the Thrips migrate from one species of a plant to another. The only method of control which will ever give any appreciable re- sults on a large scale are methods of cultivation and farm practice. The destruc- tion of weeds, especially those belonging to the family Graminew, is essential. The Thrips appear to hibernate in places where they have been feeding, such as the stems of grain which have died down, in crevices of the ground or under rubbish, and the best method of attacking the insect in the hibernating stage is by burning over the grass or stubble in the fall or the deep ploughing of the soil. These two methods may be employed conjointly. . Korolikoff, who has been studying the differ- ent species of Thrips injurious to cereals and grasses in Russia, near Moscow, recommends the sowing of strips of such crops as rye or oats round the field under cultivation. These “bait” crops, as they might be termed, are sown about a fortnight before the time of the sowing of the winter cereals in order that they will be the first to attract the Thrips and afford them shelter while the crops are growing. They are afterwards cut and their removal results in the removal of a large proportion of the Thrips. As I remarked, however, at the outset, this investigation has only just begun and my statements are only in the nature of a report on progress in the hope of enlisting the assistance of any of the members, should an opportunity occur to them of supplying us with information which might be useful. THE STREAM. Rev. THomas W. Fyruss, D.C.L., Huy, Qu. Come, track with me this little vagrant rill, Wandering its wild course from the mountain’s breast; Now with a brink fantastic, heather-drest, And playing with the stooping flowers at will; Now moving searce, with noiseless step and still; Anon it seems to weary of its rest, And hurries on, leaping with sparkling zest Adown the ledges of the broken hill. | 5 B.S. 66 THK REPORT OF THE No. 36 So let us live. Is not the life well spent Which loves the lot that kindly Nature weaves For all inheriting, or adorning, earth ? Which shows light pleasure over true content, - Blossoms with fruitage, fiowers as well as leaves, And sweetens wisdom with a taste of mirth ? —Thomas Doubleday. It was “a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills.” : In one of the brooks I had a particular interest, for it ran through my own meadow, and under my windows, and bounded two sides of my garden. A quarter of a mile beyond, it “turned a mill.” I had in those days what the poet Samuel Rogers desired when he wrote:— “Mine be a cot beside a hill; A bee-hive’s hum shall soothe mine ear; A willowy brook that turns a mill, With many a fall shall murmur near.” One day I resolved to trace the stream to its source. I found that it was not the discharge of a mountain tarn, as many a brook in that part of the country is. Like the River Thames, in England, it took its rise in a spring, and increased in volume from the outflow of other springs, and from the surface drainage of the. hill-sides. One of the tributary springs was near my house. It had been “cleaned out” and a bottomless half-barrel inserted; and this was always full, and running over, with pure, translucent water. The movement of the sand at the bottom of it could be seen as the water bubbled up. One day, on looking in, I noticed two creatures crawling over the sandy bottom of the spring; they were Cray-fish. I fished them out and placed them in a vessel of water, that I might observe them closely. What strange creatures they were! They had nippers like the scorpion; stalk-eyes like the chameleon, antenne like an insect, and fan-tails like the birds. They seemed a freak of Nature. It was interesting to watch the backward movement of the cray-fish to escape a threatening object—it was made by an undersweep of the tail. Meanwhile, the creature never came into collision with anything behind it. It kept one eye on \ 1912 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 the point of danger, and turned the other upon its way of retreat. The eyes played in grooves which served as squints. After the brook became a feature of the landscape it passed through a small beaver-meadow. The beavers had long since been exterminated, and their dam broke down, but the remains of it could be traced. This meadow was a valuable possession, for here the owner cut the winter fodder for his few cows. The Blue- joint Grass (Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauv.) grew in it; and it is not bad “feed.” The farmer returning to his home, through the meadow, on a dark night, saw ‘what he took to be a tree-stump a short distance from him. He crossed the stream and reached his dwelling. There the thought struck him,—Why, there is no stump there. In the morning he went down to see. There was no stump; but, in the soft ground near the brook, he found the foot-prints of a large bear which had fol- lowed him so far. On a certain occasion, sitting by the brook in an idle mood, I wrote these lines: See, where the rippling rill with many a bound— Restless, as is a lambkin in its play, Amid the verdant meadows winds its way— A band of ribbon on a velvet ground. Now glancing gaily o’er the pebbled shallows, Now, in a deeper channel, slowly gliding— Fondly lingering, but ne’er abiding. It may not stay. Where yellow-lilies made its mimic waves their pillows, And arrow-heads its bosom pierce. Now ’tis hiding Amid the meadow-sweet, and flags, and willows, And now, with current fierce, It breaks away. In those days the little stream abounded with Brook-trout (Salvelinus fontin- alis). 'The speckled beauties lay hid in every eddy, and under shelter of every stone. I often rose at daybreak and caught a dish of them for breakfast. It is said that the Black Fly is an enemy to the fish; certainly it is not a friend to the fisherman. J? will bite, and bite freely, whether the fish will do so, or not. . Harris, in “Insects Injurious to Vegetation,” page 601, describes our Cana- dian Black Flies under the name of Simuliwm molestum. Baron Osten Sacken, in the “ American Entomologist and Botanist,” page 229, gives an interesting account of their “Transformations,” and Oskar Augustus Johannsen, in part 6, of Bulletin 68, “published under direction of Ephraim Porter Felt” in 1903, well describes many kinds of these blood-thirsty little creatures. There is a host of them We are quite satisfied with those that favour us—we have no desire to witness additions to their numbers. After leaving the mill that I have mentioned, the stream passed through an “intervale” of considerable dimensions. This was a grand place both for plants and insects. In it grew the Queen of all our Orchids,—Orchis spectabile, L., glorious with its large scroll-like blossoms washed with carmine. The Marsh Mari- gold (Caltha palustris, L.), the Purple Loosestrife (Neswa verticellata, H.B.K.), the Field Lily (Liliwm canadense, .), the Large Blue Flag (Iris versicolor, L.), the Larger Bur Marigold (Bidens chrysanthemoides, Mich.), all common, but all showy, did their best—each in its season—to “Make so gay the solitavy place.” een THE REPORT OF THE No. 36.8 On a day in July, when passing through the intervale, I saw a good-sized dark caterpillar scuttling away before me. I captured it, and in a day or two it turned to a chrysalis. Early i in August there came from it the rare and beautiful moth, Darapsa versicolor, Harris. The specimen is now in the Provincial Museum at Quebec. The food-plant of D. versicolor is the Button Bush (Oephalanthus occi-— dentalis, L.). The late Rev. Dr. George D. Hulst bred this species from the egg, and described it in all its stages. (See Can. Ent., Vol. X., p. 64.) That beautiful butterfly, the Baltimore Fritillary (Huphydryas Phaeton, Drury) was found there. Its larve are gregarious and hibernate in a web. Their food-plant is the “Turtle Head” (Chelone glabra, L.). Looking down upon this intervale, from one of the neighbouring hills, one calm summer night, I witnessed a wonderful spectacle: spread out, as it were, over the valley, was an undulating sheet of fire. Myriads of the beetle Photinus coruscus, L., were sporting at a height of a few yards from the ground, and so multitudinous were they that their flashes seemed continuous. Passing along the banks of the stream in its broader reaches, the water plants took one’s attention. z There was that remarkable dicecious stemless plant the Vallisneria spiralis, L., with leaves like green ribbons growing under water. Its inconspicuous female blossoms are attached to stalks sometimes three or four feet long. They rise to the surface and open. The clustered male blossoms are held in conical spathes below. In due time they break away from these and surround the female blossoms. When the latter are pollinated, their stalks coil up like a spring, and draw them under, that the seed may be ripened beneath the surface. Favourite plants with the landscape painter are the Arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.) and the Yellow-lily (Nuphar advena, Ait). The clean-cut upright leaves of the former, and the large oval leaves of the latter, show well in a Tiver scene. Another fine plant is the Wild Calla or Water Arum (Calla palustris, L.). Its white spathe throws out its spadix, which is thickly set with small greenish blossoms; and its heart-shaped shining leaves and generally trim appearance are very attractive. After passing through the intervale, the stream ran through two or three farms, and then discharged into a beautiful lake which was about a mile long, and was embosomed in the hills. At the mouth of the stream there was a growth of alders rooted in the shallows of the lake, and in these shrubs the handsome Red-winged Blackbird (Agelatius phoniceus) built its nest. Amongst the alders was a small island. Landing upon this, one day I nearly trod upon two eggs of the great Northern Diver (Gavia wmber), which were laid upon. the bare sn They were fine eggs, four inches long, two and five-eighths inches broad, of a brownish green hue blotched with dark brown. Of the feathered ichthyophagists that frequented the stream and lake, two were pre-eminent, monarchs of the waters—the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) and the Northern Diver (Garia se Their methods of fishing were very different, and there appeared to be no rivalry between them. The Diver was all activity. Its trim form, its close plumage, its strong limbs set well back, its large webbed feet, bespoke the powerful swimmer and diver: and woe to the fish that came within its ken. The Heron, on the other hand, was a model of dignified repose. It seemed to rely upon the principle—“Everything comes to those who wait.” It took 4 : ; ee ey » ae ee 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 its position in some shallow near the bank, raised itself to its full height, rested its dagger-like bill on it breast, and waited. The Summer breeze agitated the bul- rushes growing near, but did not move the stately bird. By and by a frog plunged into the water from the bank, or an eel wriggled out from the roots of the flags; and then—that sharp bill descended with lightning rapidity and transfixed the intruder. A pair of Belted Kingfishers frequented the mill-pond up the stream. They had their nest in a hole in the bank, under the roots of a tree. While the female sat upon her batch of white eggs, the male fished for her support. He took his perch on a branch of a tree overhanging the pond, and watched.. Soon a silvery gleam showed where a minnow was at play; and then, like an arrow from a bow, the bird darted down into the depths in pursuit. The kingfisher swallows its prey whole, and afterwards disgorges the bones in pellets. The brooding kingfisher does this. and so its nest becomes matted with fish-bones, which serve to keep its young from the cold earth. There is an English bird whose aquatic feats excel those of the Northern Diver and the Belted Kingfisher—it is the Water Ouse! (Hydrobata cinclus). I have watched this bird running at the bottom of a clear Yorkshire stream, seemingly as much at ease as the Wagtails that run along the bank. A high and-sandy part of one of the banks of the stream was much frequented ~ by the Spotted Sandpiper. One or two pairs usually raised their young not far from my home. They were graceful! birds. In colour they were olive-brown above, prettily barred with black. Beneath, they were white and much speckled. They seemed to be so delicately balanced upon their long legs, that they were constantly pitching forward. This habit gained for them the common name of “Tip-up.” This name reminds me of one of my neighbours, who entertained some peculiar ideas. He believe} that every successive generation of men was “wiser and weaker” than that preceding it. When asked what he could show in support of this notion, he said, “We read* that the king of Rabbah wore a crown that weighed a talent of gold (117 lbs., 19 dwts., 16 grs.). Fancy old Billy yonder ”—pointing to a diminutive specimen of humanity—‘with a hundredweight of headgear. Why he’d go bobbing round like a tip-up.” a One early morning I was gratified with an unusual sight: I surprised a pair of mink as they were sporting on the brink of the stream. When they caught sight of me they quickly disappeared. The Stoat (Putorious noveboracensis) was more frequently seen, whether in its summer coat, or its winter ermine. Walking along a lane that crossed the brook, on an Autumn day, I heard a rustling in the dry leaves by the wayside. I stood still. Presently a field-rmouse (Micrctus pennsylvanicus), and then another, dashed into the road, and away, up tne opposite bank. In a moment or two I heard a more stealthy tread, and then out came a stoat with its nose to the ground, following the exact course of the fugitives. It was tracking them by the scent, as a hound tracks a fox. How could a mouse escape such a foe? Another interesting creature that frequented the stream was the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta). 'This reptile was very gay, with rose-coloured bands and stripes along its sides, and under the edge of its carapace. It was fond of sun- ning itself on a stone or log. It deposited its eggs in the sandy banks of the stream, and left them to hatch of themselves. The young ones readily found their way to the water. *1 Chron., ch. xx, 1st and 2nd verses. 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36. 1 have told of some of the natural objects that engaged my attention during my residence in a retired country-place. ‘There were many others that I may not tell of now. Im searching them out, and studying them, I was never at a loss for amusement; and the remembrance of them gives me pleasure still. JI would say to every head of a family, who is in a position to follow the advice: Take your wife and children to the country every summer for change and relaxation, and that they may follow Nature Studies at first hand. They will soon feel, as Shakespeare felt when he penned the words that have been so often quoted, but are so beautiful that they cannot become hackneyed— “This our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooke, Sermons in stones, and good in everything.” —As You Like It, Act II., Se. 1 A HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITE OF HEPIALUS THULE. ALBERT F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE. : The late Dr. H. G. Knaggs in his “ Lepidopterists’ Guide,” says that the grand secret of successful insect collecting lies in one little word—Why? 'The statement is so very true that it is rather a wonder that the word has not been adopted as a motto for some Entomological Society; perhaps, however, it is best left as common property for all. In studying up the habits and history of our special Montreal insect Hepialus thule, we have been confronted with many questions, but we now know and have published sufficient particulars to show that instead of being an exceedingly rare insect it occurs in its own peculiar localities in vast numbers, and its life history is known except the larva from after the first moult till it becomes about five-eighths of an inch long: ; One question that has bothered us for many years in connection with this moth is—Why should the Hepialide lay so many eggs? Most moths lay about 300, but the ghost moths lay over 2,000, which on the average must mean that 1,998 fail to produce imagos out of the 2,000. What enemies have they more than their relatives that makes this provision necessary? Before their habits were known, it was thought that they bored in the trunks of some of the large trees, much as do the Cosside or goat moths, and the woodpeckers were suggested as doing more than their share of destroying the larve. But down below or at the surface of the ground the caterpillars in the stems and roots of the swamp willows are perfectly safe from woodpeckers. It seems quite possible that the largest loss of life occurs in the tiny larve freshly hatched from the egg failing to find a suitable supply of food, for Mrs. Ghost Moth is apparently an improvidential mother, and does not as most moths and butterflies do, namely, deposit the eggs on the particular plant whereon the larvee feed. The Hepialid females fly about dropping the eggs to the ground as they go, resting a few moments and starting off again in great arcs of a circle. Whether the little larvee can sustain life by nibbling at such food as may come in their way till they strike a willow root we do not know, neither do we know whether any creature makes a meal of the minute eggs so carelessly scattered, but a great — many larve do find their way into suitable quarters as is evidenced by the labyrinth of tunnels found when a clump of willows is dug up and split open. i ee i ee el, ee ———_. bt _— ae ae. ae ee ee

ob tiie ei 0 ee a en ee 1912 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v7 CATALOGUE OF CANADIAN INSECTS. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc., Dominion ENToMoLoGistT, OTTAWA. It is well known to all the members present how the idea of a catalogue of the insects of Canada originated and the reason for its genesis, and I have attempted in a recent number of the Canadian Entomologist, which I have no doubt most of the members have read, to give some idea of the agreement to which the committee which was formed came to with regard to the scope of this catalogue. My object, therefore, in speaking on the subject this afternoon is not to discuss what has already been accomplished, as that is set forth in the short article men- tioned, but to discuss any points which members of the society or those who are assisting in the preparation of this catalogue, wish to discuss. I am very pleased to tell you, as you may have seen from the short note at the end of the article, that I took up the question of publication with the Geological Survey and Mr. Brock also took it up with the Minister, with the result that they have consented to publish the list in parts as we desire. I think the best thing we can do now, and which I had intended, is to publish the different groups as they are ready. For example, some groups such as the Noctuide would form a fairly large volume, I suppose, so that such a group would be published in a single volume. On the other hand, a number of the groups and families are quite small and they will not be published separately; they will be held over until all the sub-families are pre- pared, and then the family will be published in a complete manner. There is one question which I wanted to discuss with you and that is the question of nomenclature. It is extremely desirable and it is necessary that we have some uniformity in this matter, that we should act thoroughly in accordance with the modern rules and usages of nomenclature. There is a small matter on which there should be some consensus of opinion, and that is as to the use of initial capital letters in specific names. Take the Larch Sawfly, for example, which is Lygaeonematus erichsoni. The old naturalists and still many of those who are accustomed to use these proper names, write the specific name erichsonii with a capital E, and we should decide whether in such cases a capital or a small letter is to be used. With a view to obtaining the official opinion I wrote to Dr. Stiles, who is Secretary of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, which decides all questions of nomenclature, and he replied as follows :— Washington, D.C., October 9th, 1911. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. Ont. Dear Doctor, Replying to your letter of October 8rd, I would say that Article 13 of the Inter- national Code on Zoological Nomenclature, reads as follows:— “While specific substantive names derived from names of persons may be written with a capital letter, all other specific names are to be written with a small initial letter. Examples: Rhizostoma Cuvicri, or R. cuvieri; Francolinus Lucani, or F. lucant; Hypoderma Diana, or H. diana; Laophonte Mohammed, or L. mohammed; Oestrus ovis; Corvus coraz.” Under “ Discussion” of Article 13 is the following paragraph:— “Formerly all substantive specific names were capitalized, while most adjectival names were written with a small initial letter. Then the custom relative to specific names changed to confining the capital to names derived from proper names. Later, 78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 , the capitals were restricted to names derived from names of persons, and, finally, the use of capitals in specific names was entirely rejected, except that names derived from names of persons may be written with a capital. The use of the capital is a convenience in distinguishing between a specific name, like Gobii, based upon the surname Gobi, and a specific name, like gobii, based upon the generic name Gobius. There is now a decided tendency to reject the use of capitals in specific names.” Very respectfully, (Signed) C. W. STILEs, Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. I think, therefore, in view of that we shall be justified in our decision not to use capital letters in the case of specific names, but adopt the method which is most generally employed and use the small letter. There are a number of other points, too, but I would rather the members of the Society would ask them in the form of questions. Mr. Cazsar: I suppose every specimen will be supposed to have the date and locality as far as possible? Dr. Hewitt: We shall not record any species of insect in any of the collec- tions which does not possess a locality label. Mr. Causar: How about dates? Dr. Hewitt: Dates are desirable. In the case of the commoner insects we shall not include dates. In the various collections we shall find a large number of insects which do not possess locality labels and I do not think it would be advis- able to include these species in this list. 4 Dr. BeTHUNE: There is another point. I notice in some publications that after the specific name and before the author’s the comma is omitted. If the scien- tific name is in italics the author’s name is in Roman letters; of course you see at once the difference. But where they are all in the same type it looks to me as if it might be part of the specific name, so that I think there ought to be some decision in regard to that. Dr. Hewirr: That is a point which I have also had under consideration and I agree with you that there should be some distinction, but as I think the author’s name really forms part of the insect’s name—although I should lke to have the opinion of the Committee—the omission of the comma and the printing the author’s name in Roman letters might be preferable. Dr. WALKER: The scientific name is written, almost always, in italics, or black-faced type, and I think it always should be, and in the catalogue certainly it would look very badly if the scientific names were not distinct. Dr. WALKER: One point which I should like to know is whether we should include in the references the original description as well as a reference to some good description. I think it was agreed in the original plan not to include the original description, but only a reference to some well known and easily access- ible good description. It seems to me that it would be highly desirable to have references to the original descriptions. Dr. Hewitt: I agree with that idea, but at the same time, in addition to giving a good general description of the insect and its life-history you should give a good specific description. Accordingly we might have three references. There would be the reference to the original description, the second to a good specific description, if the original description were considered inadequate, and a third description giving, if possible, the life-history and the habits ofthe insect. Mr. Winn: I have been practically through all the original Geometrid descriptions, and the original descriptions are very short, rarely half a page; the ae Se ee ee, ee 1912 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 life-history takes sometimes as much as a page and a half. We might indicate the latter by some kind of initials. Dr. Hewitt: In many cases it is indicated by using heavier type. I am glad you have mentioned that. I believe it would be a good thing to indicate the good general description of the insect. It might be indicated by the use of the abbreviation (Biol.) or (L.H.) The former would be preferable. Pror. SwaIneE: Is each section of an order to be described as the work of one man? If there are four men responsible for the order, would it be convenient for all four to work in unison, or in the Catalogue will each one of them be credited with doing a certain amount? Dr. Hewitt: In case four men are responsible for the Noctuide (I take this for an example) and all are working at that group, it will be published under the four men’s names. But should four men take four separate divisions of a single order, they would be each responsible for the division apportioned and the divisions would be published under their respective names. Pror Swaine: Would it be desirable to have the method of preparation in the Diptera as in the Coleoptera? Dr. Hewirr: Yes, I think so. I am endeavoring to leave the preparation and apportioning of the work of the orders to certain sub-committees and it is for them to arrange who should take the separate sections. In the Coleoptera vou might arrange that each of you would work at the whole order and then the four would be responsible for the order. Dr. Hewitt. I think it would be advisable to append the account of the pre- paration of the list to our discussion. Before closing the discussion I may say that we are under a great obligation to a number of our scientific friends in the United States who are assisting us in the preparation of the catalogue. Dr. Wheeler has promised to be responsible for the Ants, Professor Cockerell for the Bees and Dr. MacGillivray is cataloging the Sawflies. In addition other entomologists are lend- ing valuable assistance, which we deeply appreciate, in the submitting of records and lists, ete. THE PREPARATION OF A CATALOGUE OF THE INSECTS OF CANADA. C.-Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc. Dominion ENTOMOLOGIST, OTTAWA. (From “The Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xliii., p. 3-5.) At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held at Guelph, Ont., on November 4th, 1910, it was unanimously agreed that the preparation of a catalogue of Canadian insects was desirable, and that such a list should be dedicated to Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, in recognition of his long and valuable services to Canadian entomology as editor of The Canadian Entomolo- gist. A special committee of the society was appointed to arrange for and take charge of the work of preparing the proposed catalogue. The following members constitute the committee: Dr. E. M. Walker (Pres.), Dr. GC. Gordon Hewitt (Vice-Pres.), Messrs. G. Chagnon, N. Criddle, J. D. Evans, Arthur Gibson, W. H. Harrington, T. D. Jarvis, H. H. Lyman, G. A. Moore, G. E. Sanders, J. M. Swaine, A. F. Winn, F. H. Wolley-Dod, and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. 80 THE REPORT OF THE No SO Suggestions as to the form and scope of the catalogue, and the method of _ preparation, were drawn up and submitted to the members in a circular, issued on March 10th, 1911, with a request that it should be considered, and that further suggestions should be submitted. Opinions on the suggestions which were submitted and further suggestions on the part of members of the committee have resulted in the formation of the fol- lowing scheme, which will be adopted in the preparation of the catalogue, as they represent the views of a majority of the members. 1. The list will be entitled, “ A Catalogue of the Insects of Canada and New- foundland,” and it will include all species known to occur in Canada (including Labrador) and Newfoundland, whether previously recorded or not. Alaskan species will not be included, but may be published as an appendix. 2. The various species will be classified under the orders, sub-orders, families, sub-families, and genera, in ascending order wherever possible. The arrangement of the genera will be systematic and, so far as is possible, the species also. 3. The names will be given of the authors of all generic and specific names mentioned, with the date (year) in the case of each genus. 4. Under each species will be given: (a) A reference to one or two-good descriptions of the insect, not neces- sarily the original one; these will be descriptions which are as accessible as possible. If possible reference will be given to a good published figure, and if such is contained in one of the references it will be in- dicated by the addition of (fig.) after the reference. (b) The geographical distribution within Canada and Newfoundland; this — will be indicated, as a rule, by Provinces, in order from East to West, e.g., N. S., Ont., B. C., ete. The characteristic faunal zones inhabited by the species will be indicated, so far as it may be possible, by abbre- viations; thus: Ar—Arctic, H.—Hudsonian, C.—Canadian, T.—Tran- sition. Where a species is known from a few localities only, the names of these will be given with the name of the captor in cases where the species recorded is of great rarity. : If the type locality of a species is Canadian it will be given, and the places where type specimens of Canadian species are deposited will also be given when possible. The Latin name of the chief food plants will be given in the case of the Lepidoptera, Cecidomyide, Aphide, Coccide, phytophagous Hy- menoptera and Coleoptera. (Gray’s New Manual of Botany, 1908, will be used throughout for the names of the food plants). (ec) In the case of parasitic species the name of the host or chief hosts will be given wherever known. 5. Recent important changes in synonymy will be noticed. 6. In the case of new and previously unpublished records the collector’s name will be given in every case. 7”. No species of which there is no trustworthy record or specimen available is to be included. 8. Fossil species will be included, and also introduced species, including green- house species, but the fact that they have been introduced will be indicated in those cases in which the fact is known. The work of preparing the catalogue will be divided among the members, ap- proximately, as follows: (¢ —S (d —’ | 1912 ~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 Aptera, Orthoptera and Neuropteroid Orders.—Dr. E. M. Walker. Hymenoptera.—Messrs. W. H. Harrington, G. E. Sanders, and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. Coleoptera.—Messrs: J. M. Swaine, G. Chagnon, N. Criddle, and J. D. Evans. Lepidoptera.—Messrs. Arthur Gibson, H. H. Lyman, A. F. Winn, and F. H. Wolley-Dod. Diptera and Aphaniptera——Mr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Hemiptera.—Prof. T. D. Jarvis, and Mr. G. A. Moore. These members will be responsible for the lists prepared by them, and such lists will be published under their names. In the preparation of such lists it will be necessary to seek the co-operation and assistance of other specialists and all such assistance will be fully acknowledged. The division of the work in the different orders will be systematic rather than according to the geographical regions in which the members may be located; this will necessitate the co-operation of workers in different regions. In the compilation of the catalogue it is intended to index the species on the regular card, catalogue cards 5 in. x 3 in., which will be supplied to the members. A single species will be listed on each card. The card will thus contain the infor- mation which.it is intended to include in the catalogue. For example, the Spruce Budworm, Tortrix fumiferana Clemens, would be indexed and listed as follows: T. fumiferana Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., v 139, 1865. U.S. Ent. Comm., 5th Rep.. pp. 880-838 (Packard), 1890. Dist.: Eastern Can., Man., B. C. Food Plants: Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga The catalogue will be published, under the editorship of the writer, by the Geological Survey of Canada, by arrangement with and the consent of the Minister of Mines and the Director of the Survey. It will appear in parts as the different orders, or families, in the case of large families, are completed, and its publication will necessarily extend over a number of years. SOME NOTES ON HEPIALUS HYPERBOREUS. Horace Dawson, Hymers, P. Q. This season I have had splendid opportunities for watching these interesting moths as not only have they been breeding all around me but some have actually emerged from under my new house and some were taken inside, on windows, etc. A freshly emerged female found clinging to a screen door trying to attract a mate held on so tightly that the opening and closing of the door quite hard severa] times did not disturb her. I also found, within three feet of the house, two females, just emerged, the wings being not fully expanded, and give the following notes on them: Aug. 19th. Two fresh females found, and a glance revealed an empty but evidently freshly vacated pupa-case. A further search resulted in a large number of others being found, mostly older ones. Some were lying flat on the ground, but the greater number were projecting about one-half of their length from perpendicular silk tubes that came almost, if not quite, to the surface of the leaf mould which cov- ered the ground to the depth of several inches. The moths were caged and remained 6 ELS. 82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 perfectly quiet until about 7.30 p.m., when they began their endeavours to attract the males. The fore-wings were moved very rapidly, the vibrations producing a slight hammering sound ; the hind-wings are held close to the body. and motionless. Many others noticed drumming behaved in exactly the same manner. Six males were taken at the cage; others were seen, but escaped. Aug. 20.—Trapped one male, which was admitted to the cage, and soon mated, and eggs were dropped during the night. Several other males were attracted. Aug. 21.—Two or three males were attracted, but I was unable to trap one; the night was windy. Aug. 22.—None attracted, one seen on the wing; night cold. Aug. 23.—Another fresh female was secured and put in the same cage and the door opened at 7.30. A male was attracted and mated; the other did not attract. Aug. 24.—A fresh male was netted, and on being put in the cage soon mated with the old but hitherto unpaired female, and eggs were dropped the same night. Aug. 25.—A few more eggs dropped. Aug. 26.—The female died this morning. A good way to take the species is to watch for the flight about 7 p.m., and as soon as dark enough take a lantern and search for them. They are then found in pairs, clinging to grass and other low plants usually some six or eight inches from the ground, or clinging to the side of the house. The time of flight varies, probably being a little earlier on a clear than a cloudy evening, but they are seldom on the wing before seven o’clock, and almost never after eight o’clock. — —- 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 BLISTER BEETLES. ARTHUR GIBSON, CHIEF ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, CENTRAL HXPERIMENTAL Farm, OTTAWA. In the Family Meloid there are several beetles, known popularly as Blister Beetles, some of which almost every year in Canada cause considerable anxiety to farmers and gardeners, from their habit of appearing suddenly and often much reducing the crop which they happen to attack. These blister beetles differ much in size and appearance, but all are soft-bodied insects, and in shape slender and cylindrical. Being gregarious in habit, they congregate in great. numbers, and when they appear guddenly and attack a crop, the plants are often entirely ruined in two or three days. Fortunately, however, they oftentimes disappear from a locality as suddenly as they came. As is well-known, blister beetles derived their popular name from their ; possessing powerful vesicating properties. Many cantharids have this property, but the species which has been used most extensively in medicine is the Spanish Beetle (Cantharis vesicatoria). Our common North American species, the Striped Blister Beetle (Hpicauta vitlata) has been found to be fully equal to the Spanish Beetle as a vesicant. In their life-history, blister beetles differ remarkably from other coleoptera. Chittenden, in the United States Department of Agricuiture Year Book, 1898, states : “The blister beetle eggs are laid on plants or upon the ground. From each hatches a small long-legged larva, called a ‘ triungulin, which runs actively about in search of a grasshopper egg-pod, which it enters and feeds upon. After a time it casts its skin and assumes what is called the ‘ carabidoid’ larval stage, and when it next moults it resembles a white grub, ‘ the scarabeidoid’ larval stage. When a larva has finished its quota of locusts’ eggs, it undergoes a third moult and forms within its own skin what is known as the * coarctate’ larval stage or ‘ pseudopupa,’ and in this condition usually passes the winter. In the spring the fourth and ultimate larval moult takes place, and with the fifth moult the insect enters upon the true pupal stage, and in due time transforms to a beetle.” The Buack Brister BEETLE ([picauta pennsylvanica, DeG.) (Fig. 1, on plate). This species is the one which, in Canada, has been most complained of. It occurs particularly in Ontario and the Eastern Provinces, but instances are on record of its appearing in destructive numbers in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. In colour, as its popular name implies, it is uniformly dull black, and in length varies from a little more than a quarter to slightly more than half an inch. This beetle has a very wide range of food plants. It is particularly destructive to the potato, and is mostly complained of as a pest of that plant. Mangels, beets, car- rots, cabbages, tomatoes, corn and windsor beans are also freely attacked, and even such plants as mustard, asters, clematis, zinnia and other garden plants. Prof. BE. W. Claypole has recorded the species as “devouring the flowers of the Great Rag-weed (Ambrosia trifida).” The species commonly occurs in August on the leaves and blossoms of golden rod and thoroughwort, and has also been found on amaranth and ironweed. At Ottawa, we have found the beetles defoliating clema- 84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 tis and plants of the genus Thalictrum, the latter growing in the perennial border at the Central Experimental Farm. At Aweme, Man., Mr. Norman Criddle finds the species wherever the Wild Pea (Lathyrus venosus) is plentiful. The beetles may be found in Ontario any time from the latter part of June to the end of September. The ASH-GRAY BLISTER BEETLE (Macrobasis wnicolor, Kirby). (Fig. 6, on plate). This also is an abundant species, particularly in the east. It is larger than the Black Blister Beetle and in colour is of a uniform ash-gray. In size it varies from slightly less than half an inch to five-eighths of an inch. In New Brunswick the beetles have been very numerous during the month of July, eating the leaves of horse beans. In Quebec, the insect has attacked potatoes and beans. In. Ontario the chief injury has also been'to potatoes and beans. Other plants are often attacked by these beetles, such as peas, beets, tomato, sweet potato, clover, bass- wood, honey locust, lupine, astragalus, wild indigo, anemone, chrysanthemum, caragana, aralia, clematis, ironweed and thalictrum. At Ottawa the beetles have been frequently found upon the Tall Meadow Rue (Thalictrum cornuti). In the district we have found the adults from the beginning of the last week of June to the first week of August. THE WESTERN BLISTER BEETLE (Fig. 4, on plate), or, as it is also called, Nut- tall’s Blister Beetle (Cantharis nuttallt, Say), occurs throughout the west and is some years decidedly destructive to leguminous crops, particularly windsor broad beans. It is a handsome species and in length is from three-quarters to one inch. The wing- covers are variable in colour, some being purple, others greenish or of a coppery appearance. The head, thorax and body are metallic green, with a golden sheen. The time of the appearance of this blister beetle in destructive numbers varies con- siderably. During the past season the beetles appeared in large numbers in Sas- katchewan from about the 25th July till the middle of August. Other years they appeared in swarms about July 1st and in 1893 at Saskatoon, Sask., they occurred as early as June 19th. Besides beans, the -beetles have been found injuring young oats, barley, cultivated tares and leguminous wild plants such as Vicia americana and the astragali or milk vetches. Tue Gray Buster Berrte (picauta cinerea Forst) (Fig. 2, on plate), has some years been destructive in Ontario and Quebec to potatoes, beans, vetch and alfalfa. It is also recorded as destructive to honey locust and even to the foliage of ‘ apple and the young fruit. It does not, however, occur nearly so destructively in Canada as some of the other species. In colour it is black, uniformly clothed with grey pubescence, and is from about three-eighths to five-eighths of an inch in length. The beetles occur in July and August. THE Mara@ineD BuistER BEETLE (Hpicauta marginata Fab.). (Fig. 8, on plate.) The only Canadian specimens I have seen of this species are three which were taken at London, Ont., and which are in the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario. This insect is very abundant in the United States and is re- corded as being particularly partial to beets. It appears in July and August, and besides beets-is known to have attacked beans, potatoes, tomatoes, asters, clematis, ete. In colour it is black, the head and sides of the thorax being clothed with gray pubescence, as are also the margins of the wing-covers. When at rest the inner gray borders of the wing-covers appear as a band down the centre of the back. BLISTER BEETLES l—Black Blister Beetle. 5—Striped Blister Beetle. 2—Gray Blister Beetle. 6—Ash-gray Blister Beetle. 3—Spotted Blister Beetle. 7—Say’s Blister Beetle. 4—Nuttall’s Blister Beetle. 8—Margined Blister Beetle. (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, after Chittenden, Bull. No. 43, Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept- Agr.) (Fig. 7 after Chittenden, Bull. No. 38, N S., Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr.) [85] 86 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 THE STRIPED BLISTER BEETLE (Hpicauta vittata Fab.). (Fig. 5, on plate.) This species, which is about half an inch in length with blackish wing-covers, each of which is bordered with yellow and has a yellow stripe down the centre, has not as yet been complained of as a serious pest in Canada. In 1901, it was reported as injuring potatoes, tomatoes, mangels and beets in a few places in western On- tario, during the last week of July and the first week of August. Provancher re- cords the species from St. Hyacinthe, Que. In the United States this beetle has Jong been known, particularly in the eastern States, as one of the most destructive pests of the potato. Besides the above-mentioned crops it bas also been found doing injury to turnips, beans, peas, radishes, melons, corn, clover and alfalfa. THE SporreD BListeR BEETLE (Hpicauta maculata Say.). (Fig. 3, on plate.) In British Columbia and some of the other western provinces this _ blister bleetle has been frequently complained of. In colour it is gray, or rather the black body is covered with fine gray hairs, excepting small areas on the wing covers which show up as black spots. The beetles appear any time from about the middle of May till the middle of August. Injury by this species has been done particularly to potatoes, but it has also done considerable damage to beets, cab- bages, spinach, beans and clover. It is also known to feed in Montana upon the Grease-wood, Sarcobatus vermiculatus. Say’s Buistrr BEETLE (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.) (Fig. %, on plate.) This species has not yet been recorded as an important pest in Canada. It, unlike the above-mentioned species, is arboreal, feeding on the blossoms of certain trees. At Toronto, Mr. C. W. Nash has reported that the beetles did considerable damage to the blossoms of plum, in May. During the past season the adults were present in some numbers on June 4th at Hull, Que., where Mr. W. Metcalfe found them feeding on the blossoms of elder. Mr. F. J. A. Morris collected the species on July 1st, in Muskoka, Ont., upon Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago). Mr. J. D. Evans has taken the beetles at Sudbury, Ont., on May 14th, Mr. A. W. Hanham has found the species at Quebec, Que., and Mr. A. F. Winn has collected the beetle at Shawbridge, Que., on June 4th. Mr. Winn informs me that he has also found specimens at other points in the Laurentian Mountain district, in the blossoms of cherry, plum, ete. This is a handsome species measuring about seven-eighths of an inch in length. In colour it is of a dark metallic blue, the first two joints of the legs being reddish-yellow. THE GREEN BuisteR BEETLE, Cantharis cyanipennis Say. Few instances are on record of this species occurring in destruetive numbers in Canada. In 1900 the beetles were found injuring pea vines in an orchard at Ducks, B.C...and in 1904 specimens were sent to the Division with the statement that they were de- stroying beans and peas. No further record of injury by them has since been received. “At several places in Western Assiniboia and Southern Alberta”, the beetles have been found by Fletcher feeding on the wild American veteh. This species is a large one, some individuals being three-quarters of an inch in length; in colour it varies from an intense green to almost a deep blue with metallic re- flections. Other species of cantharids which occur in Canada but which so far have not appeared in injurious numbers, are the following: 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 8 EPICAUTA SERICANS Lec. This species, some years, occurs in large numbers in Manitoba. Mr. N. Criddle states that at Aweme, Man., where it is present on the dry prairies, that it is in no way injurious, but that, on the contrary, it is beneficial, as it seems to confine itself almost entirely to lambs’ quarters. The native food plant is apparently the Crocus Anemone, Anemone nuttalliana, on which Mr. Criddle has frequently found the adults feeding. This is a small grayish species about three-eighths of an inch in length. EPICAUTA PUNCTICOLLIS Mann. In British Columbia this species is some- times fairly abundant. Rev. G. W. Taylor has found the beetles on Vancouver Island, and Mr. A. J. Hill has collected specimens at New Westminster. EPICAUTA FIssILaABus Lec. This species has been collected on June 6, at Saskatoon, Sask., by Mr. T. N. Willing. EpicauTa TRICHUS Pall. Mr. Norman Criddle has collected this species at Aweme, Man., (June 19, 21). CANTHARIS VIRIDANA Lec. Fletcher has taken this species at Aweme, Man., in the middle of July, at Rudy, Sask., in the same month, and also at Medicine Hat, Alta., on June 20th. This species measures about half an inch in length. It is of a green or bluish-green colour, the head and thorax having a metallic coppery reflection. CANTHARIS SPHARICOLLIS Say. This blister heetle is some years rather abundant in British Columbia. We have had it sent in, in fair numbers, from near Kamloops, B.C. (July 31), and also from Vernon, B.C. It is greenish-blue in coleur and in length about half an inch. CANTHARIS COOPERT Lec. A series of this beetle was sent to the Division some vears ago, from Indian Head, Sask. It is very distinct from any of the above species, the wing covers being black and the head and thorax reddish-yellow. REMEDIES. In the older provinces, where potatoes are so largely grown, little injury from the attacks of blister beetles should result if the vines are sprayed regularly with the ordinary poisoned Bordeaux mixture* so widely used for fungi and leaf-eating in- sects. In the western provinces, however, where fortunately the Colorado Potato Beetle does not yet occur in very destructive numbers, no regular treatment of potato fields is practised, and consequently when these beetles appear suddenly in large swarms, the damage is done; in many instances before the farmer knows that the insects are upon his crop. As is well known, blister beetles, in their larval state, * Bordeaux mixture is made as follows:— Coppers sulphates (DIMES OMe) Mare stres ote sce tener ehage i chanenelte 4 lbs. HGNC we OUT CSU) meaty fee sila ei oi teehenck Pees valet ais) ce ev ens-eoepie’ etek Ufolln opera) aree ore 4 lbs. PEE) UATE Cl ea ee ne Cetbe nD CHO OL Ene UE Sco Oe OOS Oia ns Cae ic 4 oz IWiiteres Glee DALTON) mtu cu kcieteras etajaserese cereus Dclorap wegen enctomeRonemete areleta = 40 gallons Dissolve the copper sulphate (by suspending it inside a wooden or earthen vessel containing 4 or 5 or more gallons of water). Slake the lime in another vessel. If the lime, when slaked is lumpy or granular, it should be strained through coarse sacking or a fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved in this in the first place; half fill the barrel with water, add the slaked lime, fill the barrel with water and stir thoroughly. It is then ready for use. A stock solution of copper sulphate and milk of lime may be prepared and kept in separate covered barrels throughout the spraying season. The quantities of copper sulphate, lime and water should be carefully noted. 88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 are predaceous on the eggs of grasshoppers. It is well, therefore that the farmer should realize this and watch for the appearance of blister beetles in years fol- lowing excessive outbreaks of grasshoppers. Whenever these latter insects appear in destructive numbeers, the now well-known Criddle mixturet should be applied. This has given excellent results particularly in Manitoba and the west. When the grasshoppers are destroyed in this manner, the chances are, of course, that blister beetles will not be present in numbers to do very serious damage the fol- lowing year. When spraying crops with an arsenical mixture for the destruction of blister beetles it is important that the mixture be applied immediately their presence is detected, on account of the voracious habits of these insects. Paris green, the insecticide which has been mostly used, can be applied either as a spray, using one ounce to every ten gallons of water, to which has been added an equal | quantity of freshly-slaked lime, or as a dry application mixed with from 10 to 20 parts of flour, land plaster or slaked lime. Plants with such coarse foliage as the potato will stand double the above strengths of Paris green. In some outbreaks it may be necessary to repeat the application, as the beetles which are killed are soon replaced by others. Blister beetles are very easily disturbed and for this reason a remedy which has often been very successfully employed is for two or three boys, or more if necessary, to walk through an infested field and wave from side to side boughs of spruce, or other branches. Such an operation will drive the beetles ahead of them and when the insects come to the edge of the crop they will disperse and seldom return. This method has given excellent results in outbreaks of the Western Blister Beetle. This latter species is particularly ravenous and is capable of de- stroying a crop in a very short time, even in a day according to some reports. In such instances, of course, spraying would be of little avail. In the United States the beetles are often driven in the above manner into a windrow of hay or straw which is immediately set on fire, and thousands of the insects are thus de- stroyed. 4 In gardens many of these beetles may be killed by beating them from the plants into pans containing water with a little coal oil on the surface. If any of the species which feed on the blossoms of fruit or other trees should occur in injurious numbers, many no doubt could be jarred from the trees into an inverted — umbrella, or other contrivance, and then put into a vessel containing coal oil and water. On account of the good habits of the larve of blister beetles in feeding upon the eggs of grasshoppers, it is often undesirable to destroy them, but, of course, when they occur in destructive numbers, it is well that one of the above measures be taken as soon as possible for the protection of the crop. {The Criddle mixture is made by mixing one pound of Paris green with five ordin- ary pailfuls of horse droppings, which have been moistened with about half a pailful of water in which two pounds of salt has been dissolved. It is simply scattered among the crop which is being attacked, or along the edge of a crop towards which the young grasshoppers are working. ve ee ae ee - 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 ~ THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1911. ARTHUR Gipson, CHiEF AssisTaANT Entromo .oeist, C. E. F., Orrawa. In The Entomological Record, which has been published every year since 1901, students of the several orders of insects have, in a readily accessible form, con- siderable information on the distribution, ete., of many species occurring in Canada. This information will be of special value now in view of the List of the Insects of Canada and Newfoundland which is being prepared by members of our Society. In the Hecord for this year I have endeavoured to include all references to new species described from Canada in 1911, in the literature to which I have had access. The season of 1911 in Canada was a favourable one for the collection of insects. Although some collectors have reported the season to have been a poor one in their particular districts, on the whole, I judge that in most localities much material was present, and large collections were made by some students. During the night of June 28th, 470 moths were caught in a lantern trap at Trenton, Ont. This number represented many different species, and Mr. J. D. Evans informed me that he never had such success before. Large catches were made on many other nights. We have again to gratefully acknowledge the invaluable help received from recognized authorities in the United States and elsewhere. Particular acknowledg- ment is due to Dr. L. O. Howard and his expert associates, Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks, Messrs. Busck, Viereck, Rohwer, and Crawford; Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Bruns- wick, N. J.; Sir George Hampson, of the British Museum; Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Montclair, N. J.; Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. W. Beutenmuller and Mr. J. A. Grossbeck, of New York, N.Y.; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, Pa., Dr. E. M. Walker, of To- ronto, Ont.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Mr. Chas. Lisbeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Millarville, Alta., and Prof. Cockerell, of Boulder, Col. LITERATURE. Among the many valuable publications which have been received during the past year, and which are of interest to Canadian students, mention may be made of the following :— BEtreNMULLYR, WM. The North American species of Dryophanta and their Galls: American Museum of Natural History, New York, separates issued De- cember 30, 1911. This paper is the tenth instalment of a series of articles on North American Cynipide and their galls. Six beautiful plates accompany the article, five of which are from the drawings of Mrs. Beutenmuller. Casgty, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, Il; New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa.; issued Aug. 15, 1911. In 1910, we were glad to receive Memoir No. 1, and now Memoir No. 2 has recently appeared. This latter is a larger contri- bution than Memoir 1, being of 259 pages. It also is divided into 2 parts, viz.—I. New American Species of Aleocharine and Myllaenine; IT. Notes on the Coccinel- lide with some General Remarks and Synonymy. Of the 397% species described as new, in part I., 50 are from Canada; 36 of these are from British Columbia, (mostly collected by Rev. J. H. Keen) ; 10 from Manitoba, (N. Criddle), and 4 from On- tario, 3 of which were collected at Ottawa, (W. H. Harrington). 90 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36 . GaHAN, A. B. Aphidiine of North America: Bulletin No. 152, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md., March 11, 1911, pp. 147-200. The study of parasitic insects is every year becoming more important and such re- sults as are published in the above Bulletin are extremely useful. The author treats of 48 species of this subfamily of the Braconide. Five new species are de- scribed and in order to point out characters, correct errors in former descriptions, - obviate the confusion in certain cases resulting from the numerous descriptions of the same species under different names, as well as to bring the descriptions all together in a convenient form for reference, a redescription is included of all the established species of which authentic specimens could be obtained. Eight species are stated to occur in Canada. Hampson, Str Greorce F. (Bart.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Museum, Vol. X, Noctuide, 1910, 829 pp., plates CXLVIII— CLXXIII; volume received 27th January, 1911, plates received 7th June, 1911. In this large volume 1,222 species belonging to 136 genera of the subfamily Erastriane, are classified. “The subfamily is homogeneous in appearance but is not very well defined structurally, being intermediate in characters between the Trifid and Quadrifid sections of the Noctuide, and having very close affinities on the one hand with the Acronyetine, and on the other hand with the Acontianx, Noctuine, and Hypenine.” The moths of the subfamily Erastriane are confined, to a large extent, to the tropical and warmer temperate regions. Records of only sixteen species which occur in Canada are given, but in the volume are several other species which are to be found within the Dominion. The beautiful plates which accompany this volume are of the usual high character. Hopkins, A. D. Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Bark-weevils of the genus Pissodes; U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, No. 20, Part I; issued January 7, 1911. This further contribution to our know- ledge of forest insects is very welcome. These bark-weevils are important enemies of pine, spruce, and fir trees, and such information as is given in this part is of much economic value. The results of the anatomical studies, as given in detail, are of much interest. Thirty species are recognized from North America; twenty- three of these are described as new, six of which are from Canada. Moutton, DupLry. Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography of North Ameri- can Thysanoptera, with descriptions of new Species; Technical Series No. 21, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, pp. 56; issued June 13, 1911. This synopsis and catalogue of the Thysanoptera will be found of much value to students of these insects; 118 species are listed, 10 of which are described as new. Six full page plates appear in the Bulletin. SKINNER, Henry. The Larger Boreal American Hesperide, including Eu- damus, Erycides, Pyrrhopyge, and Megathymus. Reprint from Transactions of the American Entomological Society; Vol. XXXVII, No. 3, issued August 18, 1911; pp. 169-209, with one colour plate. This most useful paper will be much consulted by students of diurnal lepidoptera. The original description of each species 18 given, together with notes on distribution, etc., and where known, the food plants of the larve, descriptions of caterpillar and chrysalis, together with critical notes which will help the student to determine the species. Canadian records are in- cluded of three of the species. An interesting note at the end of the paper is that referring to Hudamus electra Lint., which was described from a specimen collected at Hamilton, Ont. It now seems as if this specimen of electra is the male of 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. oe Ephyriades zephodes, which has also been placed in the genus Nisoniades. The plate in colours accompanying the paper is an exceptionally good one. We hope to see many more such contributions from this well-known authority. ; THEOBALD, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicide, or Mosquitoes, Vol. V; British Museum, 1910; received Feb. 24, 1911; pp. 646; plates I to VI. Since the previous volume was published, 392 species have been described, or old descrip- tions found. Of these the author is responsible for 106, 80 of which are de- scribed in this volume. Synoptic tables of the genera and the species in each genus in the Anopheline, Megarhinine, Culicine, Heptaphlebomyine and Urano- taenine have been worked out. Numerous text figures occur throughout the volume. WHEELER, W. M. A Tist of the Type Species of the Genera and Subgenera of Formicide; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. xxi. pp. 157- 175; separates dated 17th October, 1911. This contribution from such a high authority will be most weleome to students of the Formicide. The list includes the genera and the subgenera, both living and fossil, up till June, 1911. The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from during 1911 :— Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C. Baird, Thomas, High River, Alta. Baldwin, J. W., 74 Besserer Street, Ottawa. Beaulieu, G., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Beaulne, J. I., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Bethune, Rev. Prof., O. A. C., Guelph. Bolton, A. R. M., Quebec, Que. Brittain, W., Seed Branch, Dept. of Agr., Ottawa. Bush, A. H., 1105 Ninth Ave., Vancouver, B.C. Carr, F. 8., Edmonton, Alta. Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal. Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que. Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C.” Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto. Criddle, Norman, Treesbank, Man. Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont. Day, G. O., Duncans, B.C. Dod, F. H. Wolley, Millarville, Alta. Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont. Fyles, Rev. T. W.,; Hull, Que. Gibson, Arthur, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto. Haight, D. H., Sudbury, Ont. Hanham, A. W., Duncans, B.C. Harms, J. F., Treesbank, Man. Harrington, W. H., P.O. Department, Ottawa. Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man. Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta . Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatla, B.C. Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N-B. 92 N.M. THE REPORT OF THE Lyman, H. H., 74 MeTavish Street, Montreal. McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. Metcalfe, W., °20 Visgar St., Ottawa. Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal. Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B. Metcalfe, W., 284 Lisgar St., Ottawa. Nelles, Douglas H., Dept. Interior, Ottawa. Nicholls, Arch., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S. Rowland, Alton, Windsor Mills, Que. Sanders, G. E., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta. ° Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Southee, G. R., Sherbrooke, Que. Swaine, J. M., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Taylor, Rev. G. W., Departure Bay, B.C. Tothill, J. D., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Treherne, R: C., Vancouver, B.C. Walker, Dr. E. M., Biological Department, University of 'l'oronto. Wallis, J. B., Machray St., Winnipeg, Man. \ Willing, Prof. T. N., Saskatoon, Sask. . Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que. Young, C. H., Geological Survey, Ottawa. NOTES OF CAPTURES. (Species described during 1911 are preceded by an asterisk.) LEPIDOPTERA. (Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. Bull. No. 52). (Dyar’s number). 65. 92. 112. ils. Eurymus eurytheme Bdv. Mayo, Que., Aug. 26, (A. E. Richard). Euptoieta claudia Cram. Toronto, Sept. 10, 1910, (P. Hahn). The third specimen taken at Toronto. Argynms behrensit Edw. Victoria, B.C., (Taylor). Argynnis halcyone Edw. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1907, (Wallis). * Argynnis sakuntala Skinner. Ainsworth, B.C., Aug. 13, 1903, (Rev. G. H. Findlay) ; Kaslo, B.C., July 7%, 1890, (Cockle) ; Laggan, Alta., (T. E. Bean) ; Entomological News, March, 1911, p. 108. 138. Brenthis freija Thunb. Mer Bleue near Ottawa, June 6, (Young). The first record for the Ottawa district. : } 20%. Polygonia satyrus Edw. Hymers, Ont., May 9, (Dawson). ; 216. Hugonia californica Bdyv. Saskatoon, Sask., Oct. %, Only record I know of © for the Province (Willing). | 223. Junonia coenia Hbn. ~ London, Ont., Sept. 24. (Morden); Sudbury, Ont., (Haight). 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93 268. Hrebia discoidalis Kirby. Roland, Man., June, 1909, (Record sent by Mr. Wallis). 270. Erebia disa Thunb. a. mancinus D. & H., Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). 345. Thecla edwardsti Saund. Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis). ~ 378. Incisalia nphon Hbn. Hymers, Ont., May 6, (Dawson). 419. Nomiades couperti Grt. Hymers, Ont., May 9, (Dawson). 463. Amblyscirtes samoset Scudd. Stony Mountain, Man., June 11, 1910. (Wallis). 529a. Huphyes vestris Bdy., a. metacomet Harr. Wusavick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis). 602. Thorybes electra Lint. In a letter dated July 27, 1911, Dr. Henry Skin- ner says: “I have discovered that Hudamus electra Lint., described many years ago, and taken at Hamilton, Ont., is an exotic species. It probably came to Canada as larva or pupa on fruit. See also Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol xxxvii., p. 208.” 657. Lepisesia flavofasciata Walk. Meach Lake, Que., May 27, flying in bright sunshine, (Young). : 678. Pholus pandorus Hbn. ‘Toronto, (Centre Island Breakwater), July 30, (P. Hahn). 699. Phlegethontius convolvuli L. a cingulata Fab. Hull, Que., fresh specimen, Sept. 1, (Fyles). 708. Sphinx pinastri L. A specimen taken at Waghorn, Alta., is in the col- lection of Dr. William Barnes. (Psyche xvii., 197, 1910). _ 817. Clemensia albata Pack. East Bolton, Que., on tree trunks in maple grove, July, (Winn). 943. Androloma mac-cullochii Kirby. St. Johns, Que., June 21, on lilac bloom, (W..Chagnon). * Demas electa Sm. Winnipeg, Man., May 31, 1909, (Wallis); Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1911, p. 134. 981. Apatela cretata Sm. Winnipeg, Man., June 14, (Wallis). * Acronycta tristis Sm. “ Canada, viii.,5”; Ent. News, July, 1911, p. 316. 104%. Aphareta pyralis Sm. Banff, Alta., July 14, Aug. 28, 29, (Sanson) ; Cranbrook, B.C., Oct., 10, 1903, (C. G. Garrett). The latter is a new record for British Columbia. The date seems very late, if correct, (Dod). 1050. Merolonche lupini Grt. Banff, Alta., June 12, 1910, (Sanson). New to Alberta, (Dod). Bryophila avirida Sm. Humbolt, Sask., June 13, 1910, (HE. Androchovitz). Moma geminata Sm. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1910, (Wallis). Hadenella subjuncta Sm. Saskatoon, Sask., July 13, (Willing). Hadena commoda Walk. (Hampson, vi., p. 199). Hymers, Ont., June 21-28, 1910 and 1911, (Dawson). ‘The name should be used as prior to alberta Sm. Satina Streck. is probably the same species. I have three from Hymers, all of which are like specimens from Calgary; also one from Sudbury, Ont., (Dod). Hadena bonilla Barnes. This was recorded last year from Metlakatla, B.C. The name is merely a manuscript one, chosen years ago but never published. I believe it to be the same as multicolor Dyar, described from Victoria, B.C., though specimens stand under both names in the Washington Museum. It is an ally of vultwosa, (Dod). . 1151. Hadena violacea Grt. Banff, Alta, Sept. 20, 1909, (Sanson); new to Alberta (Dod). % 128 1455. 1464. 1506. 1541. 1693. 1795. THE REPORT OF THE : No. 36 Hadena morna Streck. The record of this species from Duncans, B. C., is probably an error due to a misunderstanding of a note given by me. I have never seen genuine morna from anywhere but Colorado, and very few from there, (Dod). Hadena albiserrata Sm. Duncans, B.C., Sept. and part of October, abun- dant; usually a rare species, (Hanham). Polia hanhami Barnes and MeDunnough. Dunes B.C., (Hanham). Jour, N.Y. Hint; Soc., Sept. 1914); p.. 158; 1. Hyppa brunneicrista Sm. Banfi, Alta., June 5-9, (Sanson). Feralia columbiana Sm. Winnipeg, Man., May 28, 1909, (Wallis). Setagrotis dolens Sm. Banff, cae July 25, (Sanson) ; rather more red- dish than any hitherto seen. Huaoa quinta Smith appears to me to be the same species, (Dod). Setagrotis filiis Sm. Banff, Alta., Aug. 14, Sept. 11, about a dozen speci- mens, (Sanson). Apparently not the same as infimatis Grt., as I sug- gested in last year’s Record, though I rather expect to find another prior name for it, (Dod). Agrotis geniculata G. & R. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Trenton, Ont., Aug. 22, (Evans). Peridroma astricta Morr. Stony Mountain, Man., July, 1910, (Wallis). . Noctua substrigata Sm. Cartwright, Man., July 18, (Heath). Feltia pectinicornis Sm. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 3, 22, (Evans). Porosagrotis delorata Sm. High River, Alta., Sept. 1, (Baird). The type was from Mr. Baird. I received it seven years ago from Regina, Sask. It is very likely a dark form of orthogonia, which is not uncommon in Colorado and Utah, (Dod). The larve of this moth were abundant at Lethbridge, Monarch, and other places in Southern Alberta during the past season, causing serious damage to fodder plants, etc. Moths emerged at Ottawa on Aug 14 and 20, (A.G.). Paragrotis mollis Walk. Banff, Alta., July 8, (Sanson). Euzoa cocklei Sm. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (Day). * Huazoa rubiata Sm. Calgary, Aug. 29, (Dod); Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV1., 255. * Huxoa cervinea Sm. Vancouver, B.C., July 16; Banff, Alta., Aug. 10; Calgary, Alta., Aug. 30. Trans. Monee. Ent. Soc., XXXV1., 262. * Huxoa indensa Su: each Man., Aug. 19, (Heath) ; Brandon, Man., July 14, (Hanham) ; Trang. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXV1., 263. Mamestra carbonifera Hamp. Banff, Alta., July 25, 2 males, (Sanson). Described from 2 females taken in the Alberta Rockies, by Mrs. Nicholl. I have a female taken here (Pine Creek) on July 4, 1904. It is a broad- winged species nearest imbrifera, of which I, at first, thought it might be a melanic form. Sir George Hampson described it as Miselia carbonifera, though the genus is not in his catalogue, (Dod). Mamestra nevadae Grt. Saskatoon, Sask., June 21, (Willing). Mamestra morana Sm. Banff, Aug. 18, one male, (Sanson). This is “trifolii var. oregonica” of both Alberta and Kootenai lists and its description as new appears to have been quite justified. It also occurs in Colorado, Wyoming and Washington, (Dod). * Mamestra chunka Sm. Aweme, Man., May 18, 20, 22, (Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvi., p. 265. High River, Alta., May 4, 1910, (Baird). This is a close ally of crotchii Grt., and bears some resemblance to obesula and farnhami, (Dod). a 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95 1920. Ulolonche orbiculata Sm. Aweme, Man., May 3, 1910, one female, (Criddle). I believe this to be a small obscure form of this species, which seems rather common in Colorado and Utah, though it may prove distinct. I know of no previous record for Canada, (Dod). a Graphiphora furfurata Grt. Trenton, Ont., July 6, (Evans). * Siretchia algula Sm. “Arrow Lake, Brit. Col.” Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1911, p. 148. * Fishia instmita Sm. De Clair, Man., Sept. 3-15, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Xxxvl., 264. Regarding this species Mr. Dod writes: “I have not iden- tified it with certainty, but it appears to be very like the species wrongly listed as yosemite in the Alberta list.” 2083. Xylinia longior Sm. Cartwright, Man., Oct. 12, one specimen, first taken here, (Heath). 2123. Cucullia montane Grt. Aweme, Man., July 20, (Criddle) ; Regina, Sask., July 3, 1910, (Willing). * Papaipema moesert Bird. Montreal, Que., Can. Ent., Feb’y, 1911, p. 42. 2200. Xanthia pulchella Sm. Duncans, B.C., not uncommon in Sept. and Oct., (Hanham). 2205. Conservula anodonta Gn. Trenton, Ont., July 12, not taken here pre- viously, (Evans). 2231. Orthosia lutosa Andrews. Aweme, Man., June 24, (Criddle). Agroperina lineosa Sm. Described san thirty specimens from Calg gary, Alta., and several localities in Manitoba. It is the “ Orthosia cannagice of my Alberta list, and may really be a race of that species. It has often been, quite erroneously, confused with Hadena morna Strk., (Dod). Agroperina pendina Smith. Has the same range as lineosa and has already been looked upon by me as a red variety of it, to which opinion I shall adhere, though slight genitalia differences are claimed, (Dod). 2280. Pippona bimatris Harvey. Aweme, Man., July 2%, 1910, (Criddle). Previously taken by the late Dr. Fletcher at Aweme. 2289. Copablepharon grandis Streck. Aweme, Man., July 4-14, (Criddle). Previously recorded as absidum. ‘This latter has not been taken here, according to Dod. ; 2290. Copablepharon longipenne Grt. Aweme, Man., Aug. 19. 1910, one female, (Criddle). This specimen now in my collection agrees with Hampson’s figure and my notes on the type. New record for Canada, (Dod). 2492. Autographa californica Speyer. Cartwright, Man., May 23, for the first time, at currant bloom; was previously recorded from Winnipeg by Han- ham, (Heath). 2493. Autographa ou Gn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 27, 1909, one female, (Criddle). I believe this to be the first record for Canada. The species closely resembles californica but is darker and less brightly marked. There are slight, though constant, differences in markings. Structurally ow has hind tibiae strongly spined, whilst californica has not, (Dod). 2494. Autographa rubidus Ottol. Aweme, Man., June 15, 1910, (Criddle). 2555. Alabama argillacea Hbn. Conspicuous flights of this southern Cotton Moth occurred in Western Ontario in Sept., 1911. At Sarnia and St. Thomas they were extremely abundant. (See Ottawa Naturalist xxv., Dec., 1911, p. 129). Mr. Winn has also reported that the moths were abundant “at light” in Montreal, in the middle of September, (A. G.). 2730. Melanomma auricinctaria Grt. Montreal, June, (Chagnon). - a. Mit 96 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36 2799. Syneda hudsonica G & R. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1907, (Criddle). 2847. Catocola semirelicta Grt. Hymers, Ont., (Dawson). This specimen was | compared with type in British Museum by Sir George Hampson and Mr. H. H. Lyman. j 2948. Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 5, 1909, (Wallis). 3010. Hpizeuris nigellus Streck. St. Johns, Que., July, (Chagnon). 3064. Bomolocha manalis Walk. Trenton, Ont., 2 sp., July 20, 29; new record for district, (Evans). 3151. Schizura unicornis 8. & A. High River, Alta., July 29, (Baird). 3181. Huthyatira semicircularis Grt. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham). Bombycia fasciata Barnes & McDonnough. Described in 1910 from Duncans, V.I., (Hanham). It is the species figured by Holland on Plate XL., fig. 27, as tearla Hy. Edw.; provisa Hy. Edw. is a third species. (Dod). * Olene styx Barnes and McDunnough. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham) ; Psyche, Cer GIA pelo. 3272. . Eupithecia palpata Pack. Hudson, Que., June 11, (Chagnon). A rare species and wrongly placed as a synonym of luteata Pack. (L. W. Swett). 3276. Hupithecia ornata Hulst. “Ottawa, April 24, May 4, 1906, (Young)”. Ottawa Naturalist, xxv., p. 106. Regarding this record, Mr. Grossbeck says: “I doubt the occurrence of this species in Eastern Canada; more likely the specimens are worn examples of HL. palpata Pack.” These specimens of Mr. Young’s were named ornata by the Rev. G. W. Taylor, » and as far as I can remember were fresh and therefore in good condi- tion, (A.G.). 3281. Huchoeca inornata Hulst. Sherbrooke, Que., July 1, 1910, (Chagnon). * HEupithecia chagnoni Swett. Montreal, Que., June 22, 1907. Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 255. 3288. Eupithecia plumbaria Hulst. “ Ottawa, May 24, 1906, (‘Taylor),” Ottawa Naturalist xxv., p. 106. Pearsall makes this a synonym of EL. miserulata Gri-g(ASG-)r 3295. Hupithecia fumosa Hulst. Described from Brockport, N.Y., and S&S. * Abington, Mass. Pearsall says the latter is coagulata Gn. “and so the name must be dropped from our lists.” The Brockport type still remains to be discovered, however, and until this is examined the name must remain in our catalogue.( J. A. G.). A specimen taken at Ottawa, June 3, 1904, was named fumosa? by Rev. G. W. Taylor, (A. G.). 3319. Eupithecia raveocostaliata Pack. Trenton, Ont., May 8, (Evans). Eupithecia meritata Pears. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 1-23, (Evans). Eupithecia youngata Tayl. Bancroft, Ont., June 11, 1906, (Evans). 3353. Hustroma nubilata Pack. St. Johns, Que., July 15. (Chagnon). 3494. Xystrota hepaticaria Gn. Trenton, Ont., 2 sp., Aug. 1, 3, (Evans). 365%. Sciagraphia neptaria Gn. Saskatoon, Sask., July 3, (Willing). 3662. Sciagraphia continuata Walk. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 29, 1910, (Chagnon). 3671. Macaria labradoriata Moesch. Ottawa, Aug. 12, 1904, (Fletcher). See Ottawa Naturalist, Oct.-Nov., 1911. 3689. Oymatophora virginalis Hulst. Trenton, Ont., July 21, (Evans). ; Caripeta criminosa Swett. Hymers, Ont., July 2, (Dawson). 3782. Nepytia phantasmaria Streck. Duncans, B.C., Oct. 9, only specimen taken, (Hanham). Pere a © re a a 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97 3793. Alcis guttata Hulst. Ottawa, June 20, 1894, (Fletcher). See Ottawa Naturalist, Oct.-Nov., 1911, p. 110. 3804. Spodolepis substriataria Hulst. Hymers, Ont., April 28, July 9, (Dawson). * Selidosema manitoba Grossbeck. Winnipeg, Man., May 25 to June 2, 1909, (Wallis). Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 225. 3855. Cleora larvaria Gn. Windsor Mills, Que., June 10, (Rowland); Saska- ~ toon, Sask., June 23, (Willing). ; 3942. Gonodontis warnert Harv. Humbolt, Sask., (EH. Androchovitz). 4048. Callizzia amorata Pack. East Bolton, Que., July 20, (Winn). 4175. Memythrus tricinctus Harr. Ottawa, larve found in willow, April 23, % moths emerged, June 2, 8, (Beaulne). 4556. Raphiptera argillaceella Pack. Trenton, Ont., July 11, 12, (Evans). 4583. Crambus myellus Hbn. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 21, (Wallis). ‘4599. Crambus oregonicus Grt. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 19, (Wallis). Crambus dorsipunctellus Kearf. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 11, (Wallis). * Dioryctria xanthenobares Dyar. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 20, 1905, (Cockle) ; ; Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc., xiii., 81. 4723. Glyptocera consobrinella Zell. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., June, (Chagnon). 4767. Salebria basilaris Zell. St. Johns, Que., July, (Chagnon). 4835. Huzophera ochrifrontella Zell. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon). 4838. Vitula edmandsti Pack. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon). 4843. Canarsia ulmiarrosorella Clem. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., July, (Chagnon) ; Montreal, July, (Winn). 4849. Hulstea undulatella Clem. Montreal, July, (Winn). 4940. Platyptilia edwardsit Fish. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May, (Winn). 4964. Pterophorus elliottii Fern. Montreal, July, (Winn). 4983. Pterophorus eupatorti Fern. Montreal, July, (Winn). 5023. Haartema exoletum Zell. Montreal, June 30, 1909, (Winn). 5073. Olethreutes impudens Wlsm. Montreal, July 1,-1909, (Winn). Eucosma confluana Kearf. Montreal, July 4, 1908, (Winn). Eucosma bilinearia Kearf. Cartwright, Man., June 25, (Heath). ELucosma pergandeana Fern. Trenton, Ont., June 3, 12, (Evans). 5222. Hpinotia lagopana Wism. Mt. St. Hilaire, Que., May 20, 1910, (Winn). Peronea manitobana Kearf. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 5, (Wallis). Peronea chalybeana Fern. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 1, (Wallis). Peronea heindelana Fern. Montreal, June, (Chagnon). Sparganothis vocaridorsana Kearf. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, (Wallis). Pandemis canadana Kearf. Cartwright, Man., June 23, (Heath). * Gnorimoschema septentrionella Fyles. North Wakefield, Que., (Miss Fyles) ; Can. Ent., Dec. 1911, p. 422. 5671. Trichotaphe fernaldella Busck. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 1%, (Wallis). Gelechia alternatella Kearf. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 17, (Wallis). 5894. Semioscopsis allenella Wlsm. Montreal, June, (Chagnon); MeNab’s Tsland, Halifax, N.S., July 19, (Perrin). Holcocera nigristriata Wlsm. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 18, (Wallis) 6166. Mompha subiridescens Wlsm. Montreal, June 30, 1909, (Winn). 6372. Gracilaria alchimiella Scop. Montreal, July 10, 1909, (Winn). ° < COLEOPTERA. (Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico). GES, 941. 1061. 1104. 1110. 1145. 1150. 1181)’ 1198. 1222. 144" _1490. 1675. 1699. 1786, 1820. 1889. 2304. At1O wm of * "4 gabus gagates Aube. Edmonton, Alta., May 24, (Carr). ‘DPytiscus dauricus Gebl. Alaska; found at the crossing of the Old Crow ‘THE REPORT OF THE . Cicindela graminea Schaupp. Calgary, Alta., April 16, (Criddle). . Cicindela limbalis Lec. Calgary, Alta., April 16, (Criddle). Cychrus tuberculatus Harr. Duncans, B.C., rare, (Hanham). Cychrus angulatus Harr. Duncans, B.C., rare, (Hanham). Carabus limbatus Say. Edmonton, Alta., June 30, 1910, (Carr). Carabus vinctus Web. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Dyschirius integer Lec. ‘Toronto, 1 specimen, Oct. 1, 1908; somewhat : smaller but otherwise identical with specimens which I have from Texas, -(Crew). Dyschirius globulosus Say. Bannockburn, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Clivina cordata Putz. Trenton, Ont., July 10; not taken heretofore, (Evans). ; Bembidium chalceum Dej. Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Wallis). Bembidium complanulum Mann. Peachland, B.C., July 27, 1909, (Wallis). Bembidium dyschirinum Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 9, 1909, (Wallis). Bembidium cordatum Lec. Toronto, Noy. 9, 1908, (Crew). Bembidium cautum Lec. Trenton, Ont., 2 specimens, May 21, 23 5 not taken here previously, (Evans). Trechus chalybeus Mann. Toronto, April 3, 1908, (Crew). Pterostichus coracinus Newm. rPaeesbanlc Man., July 26, 1910, (Wallis). Amara obesa Say. Treesbank, Man., July 28, 1910, (Wallis). Platynus pusillus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 5, 1910, (Wallis). Platynus quadripunctatus De G. Winnipeg, Man., April 7, 1910, (Wallis). Platynus nigriceps Lee. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1910, (Criddle). Lebia ornata Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis). Pes Cymindis. planipennis Lec. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 3, 1910, (Wallis). Agonoderus pallipes Fab., var. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1909, (Wallis). Harpalus rufimanus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis) Harpalus funestus Leg. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1909, (Wallis). Stenolophus ochropezus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 8, 1909, (Wallis). Acupalpus carus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 15, 1909, (Wallis). Anisodactylus carbonarius Say. Trenton, Ont., May 29, (Evans). Anisodactylus verticalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 7, 1910, (Wallis). Haliplus borealis Lec. Selkirk, Man., May 5; Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 14, (Wallis). ‘River by the 141st meridian, July 20, (F. Lambart). Cercyon pretextatum Say. Winnipeg, Man., April 13, 1909, (Wallis). Necrophorus obscurus Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., April 15, 1910, (Carr). Liodes obsoleta Horn. Toronto, Oct. 9, 1908,( Crew). Scydmenus clavipes Say. Toronto, March and April, (Crew). Scydmenus perforatus Schaum. Toronto, 2 specimens found under stones, “March and April, (Crew). Pilopius saginatus Casey. Port Credit, Ont., Nov. 9, 1908, (Crew). Decarthron longulum Brend. ‘Toronto, pes 23, 190%, (Crew). Stenus colon Say. Toronto, on wet sand along bank of stream, June 6, 1908, (Crew). Baryodma rubricalis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Baryodma concurrens Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). ‘1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99 Emplenota longiceps Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Oxypoda demissa Csy. “ Canada, (probably southern Ontario) .” Oxypoda manitobe Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Oxypoda hiemalis Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Oxypoda optiwa Csy. Victoria, B.C. Ozypoda lassula Csy. Stikine River, B.C., (Wickham). Oxypoda egestosa Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Oxypoda famula Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Oxypoda regressa Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Myrmedonia criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Trichiusa columbica Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta manitobe Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Atheta achromata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta profecta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta concessa Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta postulans Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta apposita Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta sumpta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta relicta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta districta Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Atheta rurigena Csy. Yale, B.C., (Wickham). Atheta mordaz Csy. Stickine River, B.C., (Wickham). Atheta tenwicula Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya awemeana Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya prognata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Metaxya erudita Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya surrufa Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya varula Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Metaxya criddlet Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Pseudota vana Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Pseudota cornicula Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pseudota nanulina Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pseudota formalis Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Moluciba grandipenms Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Pontomalota luctuosa Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Autaha truncatula Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Autahia brevicorms Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Stictalia carlotte Csy. Massett, Q. C. I., (Keen). Gyrophena criddlei Csy. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Gyrophena keent Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Placusa turbata Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Amblopusa pallida Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). Thinusa dwergens Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Thinusa nigra Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Thinusa robustula Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). Deinopsis harringtoni Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Myllena immunda Csy. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington). Myllena scobinella Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen). ¥ eee He HH HH HH HHH HK He KR HR KR HK HH HH KH HE FE KH He KH KH HH F HH HEH KF HE HE KH KK KF H HF KH HE F The above new species of Aleocharine and Myllenine were described in Memoirs on the Coleoptera, II., by Thos. L. Casey, issued Aug. 15, 1911. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | Inthocharis corticina Grav. Trenton, Ont., May 23, (Evans). ’ Bledius fumatus Lec. Trenton, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Bledius tau Lec. Trenton, Ont. ; May 23; not taken heretofore, (Evans). Harmonia picta Rand. Aweme, Man., Fane 10, 1909, (Criddle). Hyperaspis binotata Say. oie Man. July, BS: 1906, (Criddle). Scymnus tenebrosus Muls. Toronto, under mullein leaves, March and April, (Crew). Endomychus paiutiatus Say. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 27, 1908, (Wallis). Telephanus velox Hald. Port Credit, Ont., Nov. °; 1908, (Crew). Cryptophagus laticlavus Casey. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1; not taken hereto- fore, (Evans). : Atomaria distincta Casey. Winnipeg, Man., May 15, 1909, (Wallis). Described from District of Columbia. Hister harrisit Kirby. Edmonton, Alta, (Carr). Hister lecontei Mars. Aweme, Man., June 20, (Criddle. Carpophilus niger Say. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1910, (Criddle). . Colastus limbatus Lec. Aweme, Man., June, 9, 1910, (Criddle). Omosité discoidea Fab. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1910, (Wallis). Cyllodes biplagiatus Lec. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1910, (Criddle). Rhizophagus remotus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1910, (Criddle). Elater luctuosus Lec. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Athous brightwelli Kirby. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Athous acanthus Say. Trenton, Ont., 2 specimens, June 27%, July 30, (Evans). : Corymbites eripennis Kirby. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Corymbites ardtus Lec. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Dicerca tenebrosa Kirby. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 1903, (Criddle). Melanophila atropurpurea Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1909, (Wallis). Anthaazia viridifrons Lap. Aweme, Man., June 21, 1909, (Criddle). Chrysobothris mali Horn. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1910, (Criddle). . Chrysobothris 4-impressa Lap. & Gory. Aweme, Man., July 2, 28, 1910. (Criddle). Acmeodera pulchella Hbst. Aweme, Man., July 10, 1910, (Criddie). Taphrocerus gracilis Say. Aweme, Man., July 22, 1910, (Criddle). Brachys eruginosa Gory. Aweme, Man., Aug. 10, 1908, (Criddle). Caenia dimidiata Fab. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Lucidota atra Fab. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1905, (Criddle). Ellychina corrusca L., var. lacustris Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 21, 1909, (Wallis). Photinus ardens Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). Telephorus impressus Lee. Trenton, Ont., June 4, not taken heretofore, (Evans). Telephorus rotundicollis Say. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Polemius laticornis Say. Trenton, Ont., May 29, (Evans). Malachius eneus L. Trenton, Ont., June 9, not taken heretofore, (Evans). Thanasimus undulatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1909, (Wallis). Hydnocera longicollis Ziegl. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1903, (Criddle). Atenius stercorator Fab. Trenton, Ont., 3 specimens, May 21-23, (Hvans). Geotrupes egeriei Germ. Ste Therese, Que., (Mignault). Trox equalis Say. Aweme, Man., April 25, 1910, (Criddle). Trox atrox Lec. Aweme, Man., May 8, 1908, (Criddle). 1912 5699. 5167. av74. 5982. 5992. 6279. 6354. 6389. 6418. 6424. 6480. 6485. 6532. 6534. 6549. 6697. 6720. 6747b. 6786. 6832. 6848. 6895. 6932a. 6933. - 6948. 7042, 7102. 7401. 7528. 7651. 7710. U757, 7886. 7970. 1997. 8079. 8236. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101 Diplotaxis sordida Say. Trenton, Ont., May 27, (Evans). Lachnosterna fraterna Harr. ‘Trenton, Ont., May 6, June 5; not taken heretofore, (Evans). Lachnosterna rugosa Melsh. Trenton, Ont., May 2-June 9, not taken heretofore, (Evans). Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 5, 1909, (Wallis). Hylotrupes ligneus Fab. Winnipeg, Man., May 4, 1910, (Wallis). Bellamira scalaris Say. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 6, 1910, (Wallis). Leptura pubera Say. Winnipeg, June 25, 1910, (Wallis). Monohammus marmorator Kirby. Ste Therese, Que., (Mignault) ; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., (Chagnon and Swaine). Leptostylus biustus Lec. Trenton, Ont., July 9, (Evans). Liopus variegatus Hald. Trenton, Ont., July 4, (Evans). Saperda candida Fab. Edmonton, Alta., June 17, (Carr). Saperda tridentata Oliv. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1910, (Carr). Donacia hirticollis Kirby. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 13, 1910, (Wallis). Donacia prozima Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 27, 1910, (Criddle). Hemonia nigricornis Kirby. Selkirk, Man., May 24, (Wallis). Pachybrachys hepaticus Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 2, 1909, (Criddle). Xanthonia 10-notata Say. Aweme, Man., May 26; Aug. 31, 1910, -(Criddle). Paria 4-notata Say. Aweme, Man., June 10, 1909, (Criddle). Prasocuris vittata Oliv. Winnipeg, Man., May 15, 1909, (Wallis). Chrysomela staphylea Linné. McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., (Perrin). See Entomological News, July, 1911, p. 306. Gastroidea cyanea Melsh. Edmonton, Alta, May 12, July 1, 1910, (Carr). Phyllobrotica discoidea Fab., rare form, Trenton, Ont., June 25, (Evans). Trirhabda convergens Lec. Aweme, Man., June 25,; Aug. 2, 1909, (Criddle). Oedionychis scripticollis Say. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, 1910, (Carr). Oedionychis lugens Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14; Oct. 6, 1904, (Criddle). Disonycha alternata Ill. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 23, 1909, (Carr). Chetocnema protensa Lec. Aweme, Man., April 20, 1905, (Criddle).- Coptocycla aurichalcea Fab. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1909, (Wallis). Coptocycla bicolor Fab. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, (Carr). Upis ceramboides Linn. Rampart House, at the crossing of the Porcupine River by the 141st Meridian; elevation 1400 ft., July 20, (Nelles). A very northern record. Scaphidema eneolum Lee. Aweme, Man., June 7, 1909, (Criddle). Synchroa punctata Newm. Near Shelburne, N. 8., July 12, (Gibson). Eustrophus repandus Horn. Aweme, Man., June 20, 1910, (Criddle). Pytho americanus Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 9, 1910, (Wallis). Cephaloon lepturides Newm. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Corphyra elegans Hentz. Winnipeg, Man., June 17, 1910, (Wallis). Anthicus pubescens Lec. Trenton, Ont., May 1. Not taken here pre- viously, (Evans). Dendroides ephemeroides Mann. Winnipeg Beach, July 6, 1910, (Wallis). Epicauta trichus Pall. Aweme, Man., June 19, 21, 1910, (Criddle). Barynotus schenherri Zett. Near Shelburne, N.S., July 12, (Gibson). Only Canadian record that I know of. 9159. 9204. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Lezius rubellus Rand. Bannockburn, Ont., June 20; never took it before, (Evans). Kes Phyllotrox nubifer Lec. Aweme, Man., June 2, 1908, (Criddle). Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 27; never-taken here previously, (Evans). Mr. John Dearness, of London, Ont., reported that he had received a specimen from New Brunswick. Pissodes utahensis Hopk. British Columbia, Bear Lake, (London Hill Mine) ; Tech. Series, 20, part 1, p. 45, U. 8S. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes approximatus Hopk. Guelph, Ont.; Tech. Series 20, part 1, p. 49, U. 8. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes schwarzi Hopk. Banff, Alta.; Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 50, U.S. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes canadensis Hopk. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham) ; Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 51, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes pipert. Hopk. Glacier, B.C., Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 62, U. 8S. Bureau of Entomology. Pissodes curriei Hopk. Kaslo, B.C., (R. P. Currie) ; Tech. series 20, part 1, p. 65, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Pityophthorus cariniceps Lec. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Ste. Hilaire, Que. ; Howick, Que., (Swaine). Pityophthorus opaculus Lec. Hudson, Que., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., Lake Durnford, Que., in Pinus, Picea and Larix, (Swaine). Trypodendron betule Swaine. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 216. Typodendron retusus Lec. Isle Perrot, Que., (Swaine); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Cryphalus striatulus Mann. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Hudson, Que., Memphramagog, Que., (Swaine); Montebello, Que., (Brittain). In abies, (J. M.8.). ; Dryocetes eichhofii Hopk. St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in Betula lutea, (Swaine) ; St. Anthony, Newfoundland, (C. M. Spencer). Eccoptogaster picee Swaine. St. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; in Abies balsamea, (Swaine). Phieotribus picew Swaine. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; Can. Ent. July, 1911, p. 220. Phleotribus liminaris Harr. Isle Perrot, Que.; found only in wild cherry, (Swaine). Ips borealis Swaine. St. Anthony, Nfd., (C. M. Spencer) ; Can. Ent., July, 1911, p. 213. Crypturgus pusillus Gyll. Hudson, Que. (Swaine) ; Weymouth, N.S. (Tre- herne and Sanders) ; in Pinus, Picea, Abies (J. M.8.). Dendroctonus englemanni Hopk. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). Eurymycter fasciatus Oliv. Stony Mountain, Man., June 11, 1910, (Wallis). DIPTERA. (Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M. Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1, 144. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue. ) Recently I have had an opportunity of examining a portion of the collection of diptera made at Montreal by Mr. G. Beaulieu, and as there are a number of the o 1912 ea ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103 species which have not as yet been recorded from Quebec province, I am including here those of which I have notes. Some of these are well known species, but it is thought well to include them, as they are new additions to the Quebec list. During the past year, as far as I know, no extensive collections of diptera were made in any part of Canada, but a number of specimens collected in previous years have been studied in 1911, and records of some of these are also given. 112. Chironomus dorsalis Meign. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 127. Culex canadensis Theob. East Bolton, Que., July 22, (Winn). The only Canadian record given by Aldrich is “ Lake Simcoe, Ont.” * Dasyneura gibsoni Felt. Ottawa, reared from flower heads of Canada thistle, (Gibson) ; Jour. Econ. Ent., Oct. 1911, p. 479. 164. Plecia heteroptera Say. Regina, Sask., Sept. 3-10, 1905, (Willing). 190. Nemotelus unicolor Loew. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 196. Chrysops cuclux Whitney. Rigaud, Que., June 26, 1906, (Beaulieu). Not previously recorded from Quebec province. 198. Chrysops sackeni Hine. Montreal, June 24, 1905, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 217. Symphoromyia pachyceras Will. Lake House, Alta., July 15, (Record re- ceived from Mr. C. W. Johnson). 247. Psilocephala melanoprocta Loew. Aweme, Man., June 1, (Criddle). 247. Psilocephala platancala Loew. Aweme, Man., June 24, (Criddle). The only locality record given in Aldrich’s catalogue is Texas. 254. Leptogaster favillaceus Loew. Rigaud, Que., June, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 259. Cyrtopogon dasyllis Will. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). Recorded from Colorado. 259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will. WKaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). Re- corded from Washington State. : 261. Holopogon guttula Wied. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 272. Laphyria watus Walk. Montreal, June 7, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 284. Psilopodinus caudatus Wied. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 286. Psilopodinus scobinator Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 289. Chrysotus obliquus Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 290. Chrysotus wisconsinensis Wheeler. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 290. Campsicnemus hirtipes Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906. (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 291. Argyra calceata Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 293. Sympycnus lineatus Loew. Montreal, July 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. * Hydrophorus phoca Aldrich. Corfield, Vane. Island, B.C., Aug. 7, 1896, (Rev. Mr. Livingston) ; Psyche, April, 1911, p. 63. +04. ~ * 300. 301. 301. 302. 303. 305. 305. 305. 306. 309. 818. Hydrophorus extrarius Aldrich. St. Johns, Que., Aug. 8, 1901, (Beau- s lieu) ; Psyche, April, 1911, p. 66. Dolichopus brevimanus Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Dolichopus dakotensis Aldrich. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Dolichopus detersus Loew. “Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Dolichopus latipes Loew. Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Dolichopus ovatus Loew. Montreal, July 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Gymnopternus barbatulus Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Gymnopternus crassicauda Loew. Montreal, July 7%, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. . Gymnopternus difficilis Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Gymnopternus ventralis Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, Ca New to Quebec province list. Pelastoneurus vagans Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. . Platypalpus equalis Loew. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Platypalpus crassifemoris Fitch. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Platypalpus hastatus Melander. Montreal, June 17, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Platypalpus trivialis Loew. Montreal, Aug. 18, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Syndyas polita Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Hybos slossone Coq. St. Johns, Que., Aug. 1, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Leptopeza compta Coq. Montreal, July 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Hilara femorata Loew. Rigaud, Que., June, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Hilara tristis Loew. St. Johns, Que., July 1, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Cyrtoma longipes Loew. Montreal, July 7%, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew. Montreal, June -7, 1906, (Beaulien). New to Quebec province list. Rhamphomyia mutabilis Loew. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Pipiza calcarata Loew. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Pipiza pulchella Will. Rigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Es) < a ae THE REPORT OF THE . . No. 36 ee eee See ee ee ee ee _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105 re ee EG ee eo See Pyrophena granditarsus Forst. Ottawa, June 2, 1908, (J. A. Letourneau). Platychirus chetopodus Will. Montreal, (Beaulieu); Mr. Chagnon has also seen the species from Sherbrooke, Que. New to Quebec province list. Platychirus peltatus Meig. Montreal, June 17, 1906 (Beaulieu) ; Rigaud, Que., (Record sent by Mr. Chagnon). New to Quebec province list. Hupeodes volucris O. S. High River, Alta., (Baird) ; Regina, Sask., Sept. 2, 1907, (Willing). Xanthogramma* emarginata Say. Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Sphaerophoria scripta Linne. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). Mr. Chagnon informs me that the species which he has recorded as cylindrica is probably scripta, (A. G.). Pyritis montigena Hunter. Innisfail, Alta., April 16, 1905, (Willing). Helophilus porcus Walk. Montreal, June 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Brachypalpus riley Will. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Oncomyia loraria Loew. Montreal, Aug. 19, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Alophora diversa Coq. Montreal, Sept. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Alophora magnipennis John. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Ocyptera dosiades Walk. Aweme, Man., Aug. 17, (Criddle). Linnemyia anthracina Thomp. Hymers, Ont., reared at Ottawa from larve of Hyphoraia parthenos, received from Mr. H. Dawson, (Gibson) ; Can. Hnt:, Aug. 1901, p.. 266. Linnemyia picta Meig. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Sturmia nigrita Townsend. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Peleteria wnea Steger. Calgary, Alta., July 10, 1903, (Willing). Echinomyia decisa Walk. Saskatoon, Sask., Sept. 3, (Willing). Thelaira leucozona Panzer. Montreal, Aug. 19, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Homalomyia flavibasis Stein., Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Homalqmyia incisurata Zett. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906. (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. Hyetodesia deleta Stein. Hast Bolton, Que., July 28, (Winn). New to Quebec province list. Spilogaster obscurinervis Stein. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Anthomyia latitarsus Zett. Montreal, Aug. 10, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Eustalomyia brixia Walk. Montreal, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. Eustalomyia vittipes Zett. Montreal, June 3, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 106 560. Canosia calopyga Loew. East Bolton, Que., July 22, (Winn). New to Quebec province list. 563. Schoenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Montreal, July 7%, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebee province list. 5%0. Heteroneura melanostoma Loew. Montreal, June 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 578. Sciomyza obtusa Fallen. Montreal, Aug. 18, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to . Quebec province list. ; 581. Sepedon fuscipennis Loew. Montreal, July 22, 1906, (Beaulieu). New | to Quebec province list. a 581. Sepedon pusillus Loew. Montreal, April, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. . 582. Lonchea rufitarsus Macq. Montreal, June 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. | 582. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Oct. 27, 1906; (Cockle). 585. Sapromyza fraterna Loew. Montreal, Aug. 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to | Quebec province list. 585. Sapromyza lupulina Fab. Montreal, July 20, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to | Quebec province list. . 587. Sapromyza vulgaris Fitch. ‘Montreal, July 16, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 59%. Chetopsis enea Wied. Aweme, Man., June 27-July 9, (Criddle). 616. Calobata antennipes Say. St. Johns, Que., July 1, 1907. (Beaulieu). New | to Quebee province list. 619. Nemopoda minuta Wied. Montreal, Aug. 21, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 621. Lozxocera collaris Loew. Montreal, Aug. 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. | 632. Chlorops (Anthracophaga) sanguinolenta Loew. Rouville, Que., May 24, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ’ 633. Chlorops melanocera Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 635. Hurina exilis Coq. Montreal, July 14, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. ' 637. Oscinis decipiens Loew. Kaslo, B.C., Sept. 1, 1907, (Cockle). The only locality record in Aldrich’s catalogue is Sitka. : 640. Phortica leucostoma Loew. Montreal, July 7, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to 4 Quebec province list. ? | 641. Drosophila amena Loew. Montreal, Aug. 5, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. 642. Drosophila funebris Fab. Montreal, Oct. 1, 1905, (Beaulieu). New to Quebec province list. A 643. Drosophila quinaria Loew. Rigaud, Que., June 27, 1906, (Beaulieu). ; New to Quebec province list. 651. Milichia indecora Loew. Rigaud, Que., June 25, 1906, (Beaulieu). New to f Quebec province list. : 656. Pseudolfersia maculata Coq. St. Therese, Que., (Mignault). New to ; Quebec province list. ; 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 HYMENOPTERA. In this Order, unfortunately, little definite work seems to have been done in Canada in 1911. Small collections made in previous years have been determined, and data regarding some of these are now included here. Dr. Wheeler has deter- mined a number of different species-of ants, records of some of which are also given. Spalangera mgra Latr. Ottawa, Sept. 23, (Sanders). Stenamma brevicorne Mayr. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Leptothoran curvispinosus Mayr. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Polichoderus plagiata Mayr. Grand Manan, N.B, (Sanders); Aweme, Man., 1907, (J. Fletcher). Brachymyrmex heeri depilis Emery. Weymouth, N.S., (Sanders). Lasius niger L., var neoniger Emery. Grand Manan, N.B. ; Ottawa, (San- ders). Lasius brevicornis Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Lasius umbratus Nyl., subsp. miatus Nyl. var. aphidicola Walsh. Ottawa, (Sanders). Lasius umbratus Nyl., subsp. subumbratus Viereck. Beaver Lake and Olds, Alta., 1907, (Willing). . Formica sanguinea Latr. subsq. subintegra Emery. St. Stephen, N.B.; Ottawa, (Sanders). Formica fusca L. var. subsericea Say. St. Stephen, N.B.; Ottawa, (San- ders). Formica fusca L. var. neoclara Emery. Chilliwack Valley, B.C., (J. Macoun). Formica lasioides Emery, var. picea Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Formica subpolita Mayr. var.neogagates Emery. Ottawa, (Sanders). Tiphia relativa Vier. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 1909, (Wallis). Specodes arroyanus Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., (Wallis). Known from New Mexico and Colorado, (T.D.C.). * Tetralonia medicata Ckll. Medicine Hat, Alta., May 30, 1904, (Willing) ; Can. Hint, Jane 19td. p34: * Anthrophora bomboides willingi Ckll., n. subsp. Prince Albert, Sask., June 18, 1905, (Willing). * Prosopis potens Metz. Montreal, June 10, 1906; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. xxxvli, 104. Osmia coloradensis Cress. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2, 6, 1909, (Wallis). Atanycolus montivagus Cress. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 12, 1909, (Wallis). -* Pterochilus leucotaenius Rohwer. Lethbridge, Alta., July 4, 9, 1909, (Wallis) ; Proc. U. 8S. N. M., vol. 40, p. 554. * Diodontus bidentatus Rohwer. Nerepis, N.B., Aug. 20, (Leavitt). Proc. U.S. N. M., vol. 40, p. 561. * Hoplocampa xantha Rohwer. Ottawa; Tech. series No. 20, part IV., U.S. Bureau of Entomology, p. 144. * Dimorphopteryz abnormis Rohwer. Ottawa, 1900; Proc. U.S. N. M., vol. 41, p. 406. Parnopes hageni Vier. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 23, 1909, (Wallis). Bombus occidentalis Green. Fort Selkirk, Y.T., 1908, (Miss Seymour). Psithyrus ashtoni Cress. Kenora, Ont., Sept. 9, 1909. 108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 * Psithyrus fernalde Franklin. Kaslo, B.C.; Metlakatla.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 165. * Psithyrus tricolor Franklin. Banff, Alta.; Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen) ; Wey- mouth, N.S., (P. G. Bolster) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 167. ORDER HEMIPTERA. Unfortunately, as yet, we have few workers in Canada in this order. During the year Mr. J. B. Wallis, of Winnipeg, Man., and Mr. J. D. Evans, of Trenton, Ont., have had collections determined by Mr. Van Duzee, and some of these, to- gether with some interesting species taken at Danville, Que., between July 20 to 30, 1911, and at North Hatley, Que., between July 17 to 24, 1909, by Mr. G. A. Moore, are included here. Miss Edith Patch, of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Orona, Maine, is now working on Psyllide and would be glad to receive any material from Canada. Below are also included definite records of a few of these latter insects which have been determined by Miss Patch. Stictocephala inermis Fab. Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis). Telamona ampelopsidis Harr. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Cyrtobolus maculifrontis Emmons. Co. Hastings, Ont., July 2, (Evans). Publilia modesta Uhler. Westbourne, Man., Sept. 4, 1910, (Wallis). Cizius basalis Van D. Trenton, Ont., July 13, (Evans). Laccocera vittipennis Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Bruchmorpha tristis Stal. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Aphelonema simplex Uhler. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Pissonotus marginatus Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Pissonotus ater Van D. Ottawa, July 17, 1904, (Metcalfe). Inburnia campestris Van D. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Inburma pellucida Fabr. Trenton, Ont., June 6; Aug. 6, (Evans). Lepyronia gibbosa Ball. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Aphrophora signorettt Fitch. Treesbank, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis); Meach Lake, Que., July 20, 1905, (Gibson). Philaronia bilineata Say. Lethbridge, Alta., July 5, 1909; Treesbank, July 20, 1910, (Wallis). Proconia costalis Fab. Treesbank, Man., April 17, 1908; Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis). Dreculacephala manitobiana Ball. Husavick, Aug. 23, 1910, (Wallis). Gypona cana Burm. Peachland, B.C., July 26, 1909, (Wallis). Pediopsis basalis Van D. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Idiocerus snow. G. & B. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910 (Wallis). Athysanus lineola Fall. Trenton, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Phlepsius nebulosus Van D. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1910, (Wallis). Phlepsius decorus O. & B. Husavick, Man., Aug. 27, 1910, (Wallis). Cicadula lineatifrons Stal. Husavick, Man., Aug. 23; 1910, (Wallis). Empoasca atrolabes Gill. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Livia vernalis Fitch. Aylmer, Que., May 31, 1903, (Metcalfe). Livia maculipennis Fitch. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 20, 1903, (Metcalfe). Aphalara metzaria Crawford. Aylmer, Que., May 31, 1903, (Metcalfe). Aphalara veaziei Patch. Hull, Que., July 26, 1903, (Metcalfe). Psylla floccosa Patch. Ottawa, July 12, 1903; Hull, Que., Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe). — a er lh DS eee a a 1912 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 109 Psylla galeaformis Patch. Ottawa, July 12, 1903; Aug. 2, 24, 1904; June 26, 1904; Hull, Que., Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe. ) Psylla striata Patch. Ottawa, on ironwood, Aug. 25, 1907; on basswood, July 1, 1904; Hull, Que., on maple, Aug. 1, 1904, (Metcalfe). Trioza obtusa Patch. Brockville, Ont., Oct. 11, 25, 1903, (Metcalfe). Banasa sordida Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., Aug. 27, (Evans). Thyreocoris mtiduloides Wolff. North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1909, (Wallis). Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1909, (Wallis). Emblethis vicarius Horv. Treesbank, Man., July 26, 1910 (Wallis). Scolopostethus atlanticus Horv. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1909, (Wallis). Corynocoris distinctus Dallas. Grimsby, Ont., Sept. 16, 1894, (Metcalfe). Megalotomus quinquespinosus Say. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 21, 1910, (Metcalfe). Corizus crassicorms L. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis). Leptoypha mutica Say. North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). Pagasa fusca Stein. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 25, 1910, (Wallis). Reduviolus propinquus Reut. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Neogeus burmeisterti L. & S. Treesbank, Man., July 25, 1910, (Wallis). Mesovelia mulsanti White. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1910, (Wallis). Triphleps tristicolor B. White. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Anthocoris borealis Dallas. North Hatley, Que., July, (Moore). Anthocoris melanocerus Reut. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis). Anthocoris musculus Say. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Orthotylus congrer Uhler. Co. Hastings, Ont., June 14, 20, (Evans). Orthotylus marginatus Uhler. . Co. Hastings, Ont., June 20, (Evans). Dicyphus californicus Stal. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 20, (Evans). Fulvius brunneus Prov. Trenton, Aug. 10, (Evans). Stenotus binotatus Fabr. Trenton, Ont., June 26, (Evans). Hadronema picta Uhler. Lethbridge, Alta., June 6, 1909, (Wallis). Resthenia insigms Say. Danville, Que., July, (Moore). Dichrooscytus suspectus Reut. Husavick, Man., July 10, 1910, (Wallis). Lygus plagiatus Uhler. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 4, 1909, (Wallis). Tropidosteptes commissuralis Reut. Hull, Que., Aug. 14, 1904, (Metcalfe). .. Tropidosteptes amemus Uhler. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Camptobrochis validus Reut. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1909, (Wallis). Horcias dislocatus Say, var. affinis Reut. Ottawa, May 13, (Metcalfe). Mimiceps gracilis Uhler. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 26, 1904, macropterous form, (Metcalfe). Salda interstitialis Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 20, 1910, (Wallis); North Hatley, Que., July, 1909, (Moore). Salda littoralis L. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1910, (Wallis). NEUROPTEROID INSECTS (ExCEPT ODONATA). (Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects, (Except Odonata), of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological So- ciety, 1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue). All of the species mentioned below have been determined by Dr. Banks. Some, it will be noticed, are of not uncommon occurrence and even widespread distribution, 110 but it has been thought advisable to include them all here as our knowledge of the ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 distribution of these neuropteroid insects is very limited and almost any definite record is of value. With but few exceptions none of the species here mentioned have been recorded in the Recorp. The few previously mentioned are from widely separated localities. dhs 16. 16. ie ORDER ARCHIPTERA. Isoperla bilineata Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 29, 1908, (Wallis). Ephemera decora Walk. .Husavick, Man., July 10, 1910, (Wallis). Ephemera simulans Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., late June and early July, (Walker). Cems dimuta Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 4—Aug. 10, 1908, (Walker). . Callibetis ferrugineus Walsh. Husavick, Man., Aug. 16, 1910, (Wallis). Heptagenia canadensis Walk. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 23, 1909, (Wallis). Heptagenia interpunctata Say. Go Home Bay. Ont., June 29, 1908, (Walker). Heptagenia luridipennis Burm. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 26—Aug., 1908, (Walker). Betisca obesa Say. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 27, 1907, (Walker). ORDER NEUROPTERA. Chauliodes serricornis Say. Ottawa, Aug. 1910, (Bro. Germain). Chrysopa majuscula Banks. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 12, 1909, (Wallis). Chrysopa nigricornis Burm. Husavick, Man., Aug. 16, 1910, (Wallis). Chrysopa ypsilon Fitch. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1940, (Wallis). Chrysopa canadensis Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 12, (Walker) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 340. Brachynemurus abdominalis Say. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1910, (Wallis) ; Go Home Bay, Ont., July 31, 1907, (Walker). Brachynemurus brunneus Currie. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis). Brachynemurus nigrilabris Hagen. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1910, (Wallis). Cyrptoleon nebulosum Oliv. Giant’s Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, July 7-30, 1907, (Walker). ORDER TRICHOPTERA. Phryganea cinerea Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., (Walker). Neuronia postica Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., (Walker). Neuwroma pardalis Walk. UHymers, Ont., June 16, 1910, (Dawson). Agrypnia straminea Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1908, (Wallis). Limnephilus externus Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 13, 1910, (Wallis). Limnephilus indivisus Walk. Temagami, Sept. 14, 1908, (Walker). Rhyacophila grandis Banks. Vernon, B.C., and Bon Accord, B.C., June 14, (Russell) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 351. Brachycentrus incanus Hagen. Winnipeg, Man., May 31, 1910, (Wallis). Helicopsyche borealis Hagen. THusavick, Man., Aug. 4, 1910, (Wallis). Lepidostoma wisconsinensis Vorhies. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). 1912 - -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111 45. Molanna cinerea Hagen. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 28-July 12, 1908, (Walker). 45. Molanna rufa Hagen. Husavick, Man., July 2, 1910, (Wallis). 45. Leptocerus resurgens Walk. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 4, 12, 1907, (Walker). 45. Trienodes borealis Banks. WHusavick. Man., July 2, 1910, (Willis). 45. Trienodes ignita Walk. Treesbank, Man., July 29, 1910, (Willis). 45. Leptocella albida Walk. Winnipeg, Man., June 29, 1909, (Wallis). 46. Leptocella uwarowii Kolen. Husavick, Man., Aug. 23, 1910, (Wallis). 46. (C£cetina incerta Walk. MHusavick, Man., July 4, 1910, (Wallis); Go Home Bay, Ont., July 12, 22, 1908, (Walker). 47%. Macronema zebrata Hagen. Sandy Gray Falls, Musquash River, Ont., July 24, 1907, (Walker). 3 4%. Hydropsyche alternans Walk. Winnipeg, Man., June 3, 1910, (Wallis). 47%. Plectrocnemia confusus Hagen. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 27%-July 5, : 1907, (Walker). *. Polycentropus remotus Banks. Peachland, B.C., July 23, (Wallis) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 359. ; 48. Nyctiophylax affinis Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., July 5-22, 1907. (Walker). * Nyctiophylaz moestus Banks. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 19, (Wallis) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxvii, 359. ODONATA, Dr. E. M. Walker of Toronto, has sent to me the following interesting records which I am glad to include. Amphiagrion saucium Burm. Aweme, Man., June, 1911, I female, teneral, (Wallis). First Manitoba record. Hagenius brevistylus Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911, 1 male, (Hahn). Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh. Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Ont., Aug. 10, 1910, (Hahn). At the same locality Mr. Hahn also ob- tained a number of exuvie of an Ophiogomphus, probably belonging to the same species. Ophiogomphus severus Hag. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1910, (Wallis). Two females, probably of this species. . Gomphus externus Hag. Winnipeg, Man., June 25, 1910, 3 males, 1 female, (Wallis). Gomphus lividus Selys. Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 10, 1910. A number of exuvie, (Hahn). Gomphus scudderi Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911. 1 male, (Hahn). Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. Mississauga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 2, 1911, 1 male, (Hahn). : Basiaeschna janata Say. ‘Shawniga River, Parry Sound Dist., Aug. 10, 1911. Several exuvie, (Hahn). Boyeria vinosa Say. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 1 male, 1 female, (Hahn). 112 - REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 A number of Boyeria exuvie were also taken at this locality, and are sep- arable into two slightly differing forms, one of which is identical with the exuvia of B. grafiana, so that the other doubtless belongs to vinosa. — Aeshna eremita Scudd. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 2 exuvie, (Hahn). Aeshna interrupta Walk. Mississauga River, Aug. 2, 1911, 3 males, 1 female, (Hahn). Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Prov. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, num- erous exuvie, (Hahn). FHelocordulia uhleri Selys. Shawniga River, Aug. 10, 1911, 1 exuvia, (Hahn). Somatochlora macrotona Wmsn. Winnipeg, June 10-19, 1910; 3 males, 2 females; Husavick, Man., Aug. 1%, 1910, 1 female, (Wallis). Inbellula pulchella Drury. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, (Wallis). Most northwesterly record. Pantala hymenea Say. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1910, 1 ee (Wallis). First Canadian Record. INDEX. PAGE. EUS ee UI COMMS rele st cieiee «cies che ac 24, 31 PMH AMCUIS BeTIBGAa ete cele site seis ats.e os 29 Anaphothrips striatus’ ............ 63 Anthonomus quadrigibbus ........ 73 PATNA PING-DARKG eceeieic wie sic efeciele @ 600 59 Se ee STHISUIC Ce eu Myre: sinc wicker eisls 'ee's a 60 Aphidiinae of N. America, Gahan’s 90 ATUUGE) (aSiag te Saeeeles SCeee noe 28 Aphis- apple woolly ...........0-: 72 AMHOGIUS SCADEICEDS) sc. ee we nee « 76 PRISE CULCUIIO! s c'sie siete aisine + -faicleloe's.c 73 SMTTED LOL 1s, > cacaieiel ere sieretene susnava es 29, 72 SEW OLIN WLCSSELy spas oi clcheteln ovsi! areuern iatus ieee ewedaiaes ay TUSssoOCck @MOUn Aiea oe elon ete oes 18, 29 Oberia: bitnaculata: 40sec. nck oe. 73 se Se Sy PUSEY: ra; sens sain stenen pene 14 co UEIDUNCEAA wae eee 72 : Otiorhynchus suleatus ............ 32 Walker, EH. M., articles by ........ 51555 Oyster-shell scale o4.....3.2.2.. 28, 45, 72 Weevil; sblack. vines cen eee 32 ee white spine is... nee ioe 58 Raleacnitapvernata. occu. < >, » > ss >. ey >, . ap Dp») Pd yD : 29 SS Dy r)P?. ry 5 BB yon ~ fei 53 » @ us ww 7" & ~S do wa - é wT TS. y > Mm > Led vee wv. vy ost Cver he — w p: 23 I5-355- ’ PED ~ ws pa we & wwe Ver ex IAF rIIAMNG wr % Oo vv A w PIG DOO: NS es er a yr aes by tas cans xi — a te o we i 4 =o bad ws vo. J FU Uw) > as A Ne a wy Wry oe w Seyesue¥® \CUwwew We empty Uy = y ws ew we =< ph vrs wy = » » >> b> i? j xD REE SWesey Petes Ws A NALA 3 9088 01268 1185