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THOMAS DUDLEY CABOT, A.B. WILLIAM WHITE HOWELLS, PH.D. CHARLES PEIRSON LYMAN, PH.D. THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER, M.D., LL.D. STAFF ERNST MAYR, PH.D., DR. PHIL. (hon.), D.SC. (hon.), Director, Alex- ander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, and Professor of Zoology. FRANK MORTON CARPENTER, S.D., Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, and Curator of Fossil Insects. PHILIP JACKSON DARLINGTON, JR., PH.D., Alexander Agassiz Pro- fessor of Zoology. BRYAN PATTERSON, A.M. (hon.), Alexander Agassiz Professor of Ver- tebrate Paleontology, and Curator in Vertebrate Paleontology. GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON, PH.D., SC.D. (hon.), LL.D. (hon.), Dr. h.c., Alexander Agassiz Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology, and Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology. FRANCIS BIRCH, PH.D., Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology. LOUIS CARYL GRATON, PH.D., Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology, Emeritus. ALFRED SHERWOOD ROMER, PH.D., S.D. (hon.), Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, Emeritus. HOWARD ENSIGN EVANS, PH.D., Curator of Insects. HOWARD BARRACLOUGH FELL, PH.D., D.SC., Curator in Invertebrate Zoology, and Professor of Invertebrate Zoology. BERNHARD KUMMEL, PH.D., Curator in Invertebrate Paleontology. BARBARA LAWRENCE, A.B., Curator of Mammals. HERBERT WALTER LEVI, PH.D., Curator in Arachnology. CHARLES PEIRSON LYMAN, PH.D., Curator in Mammalogy. GILES WILLIS MEAD, PH.D., Curator of Fishes. RAYMOND ANDREW PAYNTER, JR., PH.D., Curator of Birds. ERNEST EDWARD WILLIAMS, PH.D., Curator of Reptiles and Am- phibians. MARLAND PRATT BILLINGS, PH.D., Curator of the Geological Museum. COLUMBUS O’DONNELL ISELIN, II, A.M., S.D. (hon.), Research Oceanographer. KENNETH JAY BOSS, PH.D., Assistant Curator of Mollusks. STEPHEN JAY GOULD, PH.D., Assistant Curator in Invertebrate Paleon- tology. JOHN FRANCIS LAWRENCE, PH.D., Assistant Curator of Insects. WILLIAM EDWARD SCHEVILL, A.M., Research Associate in Zoology. BENJAMIN SHREVE, Research Associate in Herpetology. RUTH DIXON TURNER, Research Associate in Malacology, and Alexan- der Agassiz Fellow in Oceanography and Zoology. RUTH EDMUNDS HILL, B.S., B.S. in L.S., Librarian. JULIE MILES WATTENBERG, PH.B., M.S. in L.S., Cataloguer. MARJORIE KATZENBERG STURM, Administrative Assistant to the Director. RONALD CLAY BAIRD, M.A., Assistant to the Curator of Fishes. VOJISLAV JOVANOVIC, PH.D., Research Fellow in Biology. CHARLES CARROLL PORTER, PH.D., Research Fellow in Biology. MARY JANE WEST EBERHARD, PH.D., Milton Research Fellow in Biology. MYVANWY MILLAR DICK, Research Assistant in Fishes. ARNOLD DAVID LEWIS, Chief, Department of Preparation. ELIZABETH SMITH PFOHL, Editor of Publications. WILLIAM JAMES CLENCH, PH.D., S.D. (hon.), Honorary Associate in Malacology. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, PH.D., Honorary Associate in Marine Inver- tebrate Zoology. WILLIAM CHARLES SCHROEDER, Honorary Associate in Ichthyology. RICHARD HAVEN BACKUS, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. JOSE FERNANDO BONAPARTE, Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology. WILLIAM LOUIS BROWN, JR., PH.D., Associate in Entomology. ISABEL CRISTINA CANET, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. MELBOURNE ROMAINE CARRIKER, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. EDWARD ALBERT CHAPIN, PH.D., Associate in Entomology. RICHARD HARVEY CHESHER, PH.D., Associate in Marine Zoology. ARTHUR MERTON CHICKERING, PH.D., Associate in Arachnology. HAROLD JEFFERSON COOLIDGE, JR., S.B., S.D. (hon.), Associate in Mammalogy. GEORGE WILLIAM COTTRELL, JR., A.B., Associate in Ornithology. JAMES EDWARD CRADDOCK, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. JOHN HOLMES DEARBORN, PH.D., Associate in Marine Zoology. RICHARD DEAN ESTES, PH.D., Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology. 4 RICHARD DESPARD ESTES, PH.D., Associate in Mammalogy. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL FAIRCHILD, PH.D., Associate in Ento- mology. GORDON ENOCH GATES, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. JAMES COWAN GREENWAY, JR., A.B., Associate in Ornithology. RICHARD LEE HAEDRICH, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. WILLIAM GEORGE FOWLE HARRIS, Associate in Ornithology. ROBERT RAYMOND HESSLER, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zoology. ARTHUR GROVER HUMES, PH.D., Associate in Marine Invertebrate Zoology. RICHARD IRWIN JOHNSON, A.B., Associate in Malacology. EDWARD HARLAN MICHELSON, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. DAVID MILLER, M.SC., Associate in Ichthyology. NATHAN WENDELL RISER, PH.D., Associate in Malacology. JUAN ARTURO RIVERO, PH.D., Associate in Herpetology. IRA RUBINOFF, PH.D., Associate in Ichthyology. HOWARD LAWRENCE SANDERS, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Zool- ogy. ROBERT RAKES SHROCK, PH.D., Associate in Invertebrate Paleontology. FRANK BERTRAM SMITHE, M.E., Associate in Ornithology. EMERY FREDERICK SWAN, PH.D., Associate in Marine Invertebrate Zoology. CHARLES RICHARD TAYLOR, PH.D., Associate in Mammalogy. RICHARD WAINWRIGHT THORINGTON, JR., PH.D., Associate in Mammalogy. PAULO EMILIO VANZOLINI, PH.D., Associate in Herpetology. THEODORE ELMER WHITE, PH.D., Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology. EDWARD OSBORNE WILSON, PH.D., Associate in Entomology. 1968-1969 Visiting Committee William A. Coolidge, Chairman Lawrence Terry, Vice-Chairman Mrs. Chandler Bigelow Caryl P. Haskins Paul Brooks Sidney A. Hessel A. W. Crompton Mrs. Thomas S. Lamont David Emerson Henry Lyman Robert K. Enders Mrs. Gerrish H. Milliken, Jr. Robert G. Goelet Herbert W. Pratt Crawford H. Greenewalt Mrs. Gordon C. Prince Henry S. Hall, Jr. Robert 2. P. Storer, Jr. James B. Hallett John O. Stubbs Allen W. Williams 5 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE LOOLOGY Report of the Director 1967-1968 No other branch of science ranges between such extremes as biology. Biologists who attempt to unravel the secrets of the structure of organic molecules or cell physiologists who study the physical chemistry of intracellular membranes seem to be dealing with an entirely different world than that of the students of evolution or behavior. The reason these worlds are so different is that every organism in itself seems to comprise two worlds. 7 On the one hand is the body, with its chemistry and physiology, constantly seeking compromises between the dictates of its heritage and the demands of its environment. From the moment that the fertilized egg cell begins to de- velop, until death, an almost unlimited number of functional tasks must be performed, from the molecular level up to the level of the behavior of the organism as a whole. It is the task of functional biology to study this aspect of organisms. On the other hand is the individual's heritage, contained in the genetic program of the DNA of every nucleus. This genetic program is the result of evolution; it is the result of natural selection through countless past generations. The evolutionary biologist, the research worker in the MCZ, studies the forces that lead to evolutionary changes. He deals with all the phenomena related to the evolutionary success of various organisms as determined by their genetic endowment. This area of biological research requires a working method 6 quite different from that of functional biology. Comparison is the basic method of evolutionary biology, although experi- ment is used whenever feasible. Comparative zoology tradi- tionally relied on a comparison of specimens, either taxo- nomically or anatomically. However, comparison of living organisms, their behavior and ecology, is as much a part of comparative zoology as is the study of preserved material. This is why field research has become such an indispensable part of the task of a museum of comparative zoology. The ever greater role played by the study of the living organism has led in recent years to a redefinition of systematics as the study of the diversity of organisms. The task of the system- atic zoologist has thus expanded, presenting him with new challenges and resulting in a new role for systematics within the framework of biology, which I have described in a recent | essay (Science, Vol. 159, p. 595). The differences between the two kinds of biology are re- flected not only in research but also in instruction. There is great need for instruction in evolutionary, behavioral, and systematic biology, and such instruction must be handled by qualified experts in these fields. This is why the scientific staff of the Museum is making an increasingly large con- tribution to both undergraduate and graduate instruction, as set forth in recent annual reports. It must not be forgotten that the staff of the Museum has many obligations in addition to research and instruction. The MCZ houses world-famous scientific collections, which are studied by specialists far and wide. Every day curators receive inquiries about specimens in the collections under their care; frequently an inquiry culminates either in a re- quest for a loan or in a personal visit by a nonresident in- vestigator. During the past year, for example, the Museum made 350 loans in the United States and 106 to foreign insti- tutions, loans totalling over 7,000 specimens; 875 loans are currently outstanding. Our collections are used even more by visiting scientists, who work at the Museum for hours, if days, or whole months. In the past year, 472 US and 110 foreign scientists worked in the MCZ, as did 121 graduate students from other universities (in addition to innumerable Harvard students ). We are often asked about the size of our collections. This is a question we cannot answer in detail, because our staff has more important things to do than to count specimens. We can, however, make fairly accurate estimates; these indi- cate that the collections contain about 10 million specimens of mollusks, 5 million mounted and labeled insects, more than 1 million arachnids, 315,000 birds, 200,000 echinoderms, 102,000 lots of reptiles, 64,000 lots of amphibians, and 50,000 lots of fishes, to mention only the biggest of them. There are about 27,000 lots of fossil invertebrates, 15,000 fossil mammals, and 6,000 other fossil vertebrates. As far as types are concerned, we have close to 50,000 holotypes or other primary types (lectotypes). The responsibilities of our staff are commensurate with the importance of these collections. Inquiries about speci- mens must be answered and cannot be delegated, in most instances, to a clerical employee. When there is no specialist for a given group, as is true at present for coelenterates, crustaceans, lepidopterans, dipterans, fossil fishes, and most fossil invertebrates, to mention especially important ma- terial, the burden on the curator in charge of these collec- tions is particularly heavy. This is why our research curators do not carry as heavy a teaching load as do those in the Biology Department who do not have these obligations. The need for the Museum’s proposed new wing becomes more acute each year. It is a pleasure to report that we have received a grant toward it of $625,000 from the National Science Foundation; other moneys are also in hand, but a sub- stantial portion of the total cost (approximately $2,800,000 ) will have to be raised through the Program for Science in Harvard College. It will be possible to appoint several Alex- ander Agassiz Professors as soon as this facility becomes 8 available. The Museum is a leader in systematic and evolu- tionary biology; the new wing must be built if we are to maintain this leadership. I record with sadness the death of Henry Bryant Bigelow, Professor of Zoology, Emeritus, on December 11, in his eighty-ninth year. “Uncle Henry” was associated with the Museum for 61 years, and until his death he took an active interest in all of its affairs. We have lost a very dear friend. Before his death, Professor Bigelow established the Bigelow Fund to support teaching and research in ichthyology and other aspects of marine sciences. Gifts from his wife, Eliz- abeth Shattuck Bigelow of Concord, Massachusetts, and friends have now enabled the Museum to endow a new chair, the Henry Bryant Bigelow Professorship in Ichthyol- | ogy. Establishment of the Bigelow Chair in the Museum seems particularly appropriate, since fishes were Louis Agas- sizs specialty and their study has been a major concern of the MCZ since its founding. Through numerous expeditions for more than a century, the Museum has assembled one of the finest university collections of marine and freshwater fishes in the world. With the steady increase not only in the size of this collection but also in the number of students, the present facilities have become quite inadequate. Two entire floors in the new wing will therefore be devoted to ocean- ography and the science of fishes. These new facilities, to- gether with the new Bigelow Chair, will raise ichthyology at the Museum to a new level of activity and excellence. I am pleased to report that there were 65 members in the group known as the Friends of the MCZ at the end of this, its first year as an organization. The Friends, people inter- ested in supporting and participating in the varied activities of the Museum, are listed at the end of this report (Appen- dix II). There were three meetings this past year: an inau- gural dinner at the Museum in the fall; a lecture in January, in which I tried to demonstrate how intriguingly unlikely was the evolution of Man; and, finally, a visit in May to the 9 outdoor extension of the MCZ, the new Concord Field Sta- tion in the Estabrook Woods. (Research and teaching at the station are well underway, and the program is steadily ex- panding; further endowment will be needed, however, as it continues to develop.) I hope that the Friends of the MCZ will increase in numbers; that others will wish to learn about the activities of the Museum and will find participation in these activities enriching. Ernst Mayr, Director STAFF New staff appointments during this reporting year include Stephen J. Gould (A.B. Antioch College, Ph.D. Columbia University ), Assistant Curator in Invertebrate Paleontology; Ruth E. Hill (B.S. University of Massachusetts, B.S. in L.S. Simmons College ), Librarian; and Michael J. D. White of the University of Melbourne, Australia, Alexander Agassiz Visit- ing Professor of Zoology. There were five newly appointed Associates: Melbourne R. Carriker (Malacology); Richard H. Chesher (Marine Zoology); Robert H. Hessler and How- ard L. Sanders (Invertebrate Zoology); Paulo E. Vanzolini (Herpetology ). After more than 30 years of dedicated service, Nelda E. Wright retired in June as editor of the MCZ Bulletin and Breviora. The Museum publications have long been of im- portance to the serious scientific community at large; their excellence has been in no small part due to Miss Wright's intelligent and diligent editorial work. We are pleased that she will continue to work at the Museum in her other ca- pacity, that of Dr. Romer’s research assistant, as she has done for many years. Miss Wright's assistant for the last several years, Mrs. Elizabeth Pfohl, has taken on the duties of editor. | Of particular interest among the awards and honors re- ceived by staff members this year was the William J. Walker Prize, awarded by the Boston Museum of Science to Dr. 10 Evans “in recognition of meritorious published scientific investigation and discovery” in the general area of natural history. The degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa, was received by Dr. Simpson from Kenyon College and from the University of Colorado; Dr. Mayr was made an Honorary Member of the Sociedad Colombiana de Naturalistas; and Dr. Carpenter was appointed Griswold Lecturer at Cornell University in April. Service on various committees of scientific organizations all over the world and participation in their activities have always been an important aspect of the pursuits of our staff; this year has been no exception. Dr. Mayr served on the Committee on History and Science at Harvard and on the Peabody Museum Committee of Yale; he was appointed Re- search Associate of the American Museum of Natural History for the years 1968 to 1971. He also continued as Chairman of the Panel on the Diversity of Life of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, Committee on Science and Public Policy, and as Honorary Research Associate of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. In addition to her position as an Honorary Research Associate of the Institute of Marine Science of the University of Puerto Rico, Dr. Turner was appointed as a consultant for the Systematics-Ecology Pro- gram of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. Dr. Clench’s appointment as Research Associate of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History was renewed for another three years. Both Dr. Turner and Dr. Clench served on the Council of the American Malacological Union. Dr. Boss was elected Treasurer of the Institute of Malacology at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meet- ing in December. He continued as associate editor of the National Shellfish Association, and served on a special ad hoc committee for the Smithsonian Institution, which re- viewed policies and procedures in the Department of In- vertebrate Zoology of the U. S. National Museum. Miss Lawrence served on another advisory committee for the 11 USNM, this one for the Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Dr. Kummel continued as Treasurer of the Paleontological Society, and Dr. Williams served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Harvard-Radcliffe Chapter of Sigma Xi. Dr. Levi was again the Vice-President of the Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique and a Councillor of the So- ciety of Systematic Zoology. Dr. Paynter again served as editor of the Nuttall Ornithological Club publications and of Peters’ Check-list; he was a member of the Editorial Board of the Wilson Ornithological Society and was Associ- ate Editor of the American Midland Naturalist. Dr. Romer finished his tour of duty with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in December, retiring as Board Chairman after giving his presidential address at the annual meeting in New York. TEACHING Drs. Kummel and Gould gave one joint course, Introduc- tion to Invertebrate Paleontology (Geol. 151), covering the morphology, distribution in time and space, evolution, and paleoecology of fossil invertebrates, and participated in an- other, Aspects of the Natural Environment (Nat. Sci. 10). In the spring term, Dr. Gould led a graduate seminar in the study of ontogeny in fossils. This included a survey of methods (primarily mathematical) in the study of growth and form and an analysis of the relationship between on- togeny and phylogeny. Two courses that were offered for the first time last year, Biology of the Invertebrates (Biol. 10a) (Dr. Levi) and Biology of the Vertebrates (Biol. 10b) (Dr. Williams ) have proved to be very successful; enrollment in both courses has greatly increased this year. Guest lectures were given in Dr. Levi's course by Drs. Boss, Evans, Fell, and Turner; Dr. Williams was assisted in this way by Drs. Lyman, Mead, Paynter, and Prof. Patterson. Because the de- mand in the area of marine biology was overstraining the freshman seminar program, Dr. Fell offered, at the sugges- 12 tion of the Department of Biology, a course called Biology of the Sea Floor (Biol. 122), which is suitable for lower- classmen, although it includes features of interest to both seniors and graduate students. Dr. Fell then raised the level of his original course in this field, Biology of Marine In- vertebrates (Biol. 121) and restricted its scope to the sys- tematics and general biology of marine invertebrates; formal instruction in this course was also contributed by Drs. Kum- mel, Boss, and Turner. Other courses offered or participated in by staff members were: Biogeography of Animals (Biol. 246: Fell, Mayr, Mead, Patterson, Simpson, Williams); Methods and Prin- ciples of Systematic Biology (Biol. 250: Mayr, J. Lawrence, Evans ); Biology of Insects (Biol. 127: Carpenter ); Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (Biol. 132: Williams). Graduate research courses were offered by Drs. Boss, Carpenter, Dar- lington, Evans, Fell, Kummel, B. Lawrence, J. Lawrence, Levi, Lyman, Mayr, Mead, Patterson, Paynter, Simpson, and Williams. Museum staff members this year supervised the work of 43 graduate students in 10 different departments: Ichthyology Vertebrate Paleontology Invertebrate Paleontology Arachnology Herpetology Entomology Ornithology Mammalogy Marine Invertebrate Zoology Malacology et et rH HR OT OT OD MI © The degree of Doctor of Philosophy was awarded to six of these students: Jonathan Reiskind (Dr. Levi), The Spider Subfamily Castianeirinae of North and Central America (Araneae, Clubionidae ); Robert M. McDowall (Dr. Mead), 13 The Galaxiid Fishes of New Zealand; Naercio Aquino Menezes (Dr. Mead), Systematics and Evolution of the Tribe Acestrorhynchini (Pisces, Characidae); Susan Smith (Dr. Mayr), Communication and other Social Behavior in Parus carolinensis; George Gorman (Dr. Williams), Studies on the Evolution and Zoogeography of Anolis (Sauria: Igua- nidae); and Bryan Lovell (Dr. Kummel—shared with R. Siever ), Sandstones of the Eocene Tyee Formation, Oregon Coast Range. EXPEDITIONS AND TRAVEL A highly successful vertebrate paleontology field trip to the Cenozoic of East Africa, led by Professor Patterson (supported by a National Science Foundation grant, GA- 425), provided a unique combination of excellent opportu- nities for field studies, plus prime material for laboratory investigations. Prof. Patterson’s field party included Arnold Lewis, Chief Preparator, and William Sill, Roger Wood, Vincent Maglio, and John Wahlert, graduate students. Their work in the vicinity of the Kerio-Kalabatha Junction and Lothagam Hill yielded an extensive collection of reptilian, mammalian, molluscan, and fish fossils. Mr. Wood ex- tended his stay in Africa, supported by grants from the National Geographic Society and Explorer’s Club of New York, and has added a large collection of specimens of living turtles from East Africa to the herpetological collection of the Museum. This series of population samples from Uganda and Kenya should be useful in re-evaluating the taxonomy of living forms. Information on species variability so ob- tained should also help to clarify the inter- and intraspecific diversity represented by the fossil African turtles collected by Prof. Patterson’s party. The Museum’s ichthyologists were, as usual, a mobile group. In contrast to former years, Dr. Mead’s field activities were in, rather than on, the seas. During the summer of 1967, he participated in dives in the Woods Hole Ocean- 14 ographic Institution’s research submersible “Alvin,” giving him an opportunity to observe alive, in their own habitat, the deep-sea fishes long of interest to him. In February and March, through an arrangement between the Smithsonian Institution and E. A. Link of Ocean Systems, Inc., Dr. Mead and his wife, Dr. Earle of Harvard’s Farlow Herbarium, were able to dive in, but more importantly from, Ocean Sys- tem’s “Deep Diver” in several localities in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. The ability to leave this research sub- mersible for first-hand scientific work along the bottom at substantial depths and then to go back to it for decompres- sion and return to the surface makes “Deep Diver” the most exciting new instrument for biological and other oceanic © research. Continued collaboration with “Deep Diver” and its associates is being planned, and the Meads express their most sincere gratitude to the Links, Ocean Systems, and the Smithsonian Institute for making possible these initial diving experiments. Several of the graduate students in this depart- ment also traveled far afield. A major field effort was com- pleted by Robert McDowall, whose research interests in Southern Hemisphere fishes, particularly those of his native New Zealand, called for comparative studies in southern Chile. Through funding from the National Science Founda- tion made available to him by Harvard’s Committee on Evo- lutionary Biology, supplemented by a grant from Sigma Xi, he was able to collect and study samples of both the fresh- water and coastal faunas of Chile. Through growing collabo- ration with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the department's research biologists have been enabled to carry their studies into tropical waters. Robert Topp, who is con- cerned with the behavior and ecological separation of a series of small shore fishes of the family Pomacentridae, was awarded a fellowship this year from that institution, which provided travel and research funds so that he could stud coastal fishes along both shores of Panama. And Ronald C. Baird, through funds granted to Dr. Mead by the National 15 Science Foundation’s U.S.-Japanese program, combined field work in Asia with examination of research material pertinent to his dissertation studies housed in various institutions in various parts of the world—his research stops included Los Angeles, La Jolla, Hawaii, Japan, Copenhagen, and the Na- tional Institute of Oceanography in Godalming, England. The problem of extinctions in the history of life, and es- pecially at the Permo-Triassic boundary, was the focus of Dr. Kummel’s 1967 field season. Field studies were carried out in the month of July in the Kap Stosch region of East Greenland, one of the few places in the world where latest Permian and earliest Triassic strata are in superposition. (It has been suggested by some authors that in the Kap Stosch area classical Permian faunal elements survived into the early Triassic.) The project was a co-operative effort by a Danish team (Prof. T. Birkelund, Dr. Eigel Nielsen, Dr. S. Bendix-Almgreen ) and an American-Swiss team (Prof. C. Teichert of Kansas, Prof. R. Trumpy of Ziirich, and Prof. Kummel). Miss Victoria Kohler, Dr. Kummel’s research as- sistant, was also a member of the American team. The Danes concentrated their efforts on (1) fossil fish faunas of the Permian and Triassic formations and (2) the higher ammo- nite horizons of the Lower Triassic formations. The Ameri- can-Swiss team concentrated on the boundary strata of the Permian and Triassic formations. The party was transported to Kap Stosch on the Danish icebreaker, the Nella Dan, in a very pleasant eight-day journey from Copenhagen; they were taken out of the area on a PBY flying boat operated by the Danish Air Corps. Dr. Kummel reports that the group was given great help by the Danish Geological Survey (Greenland), which supplied camping gear, etc., by the Danish Sledge Patrol, which operates radio stations along the east coast of Greenland, and by the Danish Air Corps. In other overseas field work, Dr. Turner’s research took her to La Parguera, Puerto Rico, on two occasions. Dr. Levi spent two weeks at the Arago Laboratory of the University 16 of Paris, located in Banyuls-sur-Mer, in France, to study the spider fauna at the foot of the Pyrenees. In April, Stewart Peck, a graduate student in entomology, spent a couple of weeks on Jamaica collecting cave, soil, and fungus arthro- pods; among his many interesting specimens were blind roaches, found in one of the caves. In another cave he found an extensive bone deposit, which the paleontologists were ex- cited to hear about. During the month of February, Dr. Lawrence went to Panama, where he collected fungus in- sects on Barro Colorado Island. Athough it was the middle of the dry season, bracket fungi were abundant, so that he obtained about 200 collections. On the one island more than 50 species of Ciidae were collected, and Dr. Lawrence noted some interesting patterns of host preference; large numbers of Tenebrionidae, other fungus beetles, and hymenopterous parasites were also obtained. Dr. Lawrence, like many other staff members, also did field research in the United States. He spent two weeks col- lecting in the Florida Keys, concentrating on the rich hard- wood forest on Lignum Vitae Key and an isolated hardwood hammock on Big Pine Key. Eleven species of Ciidae, five of them new, were collected; two of the new species were found only on Lignum Vitae Key, where they were feeding on a large, orange-brown Fomes. Most of the ciids displayed West Indian affinities. One species was collected on Bill Find’s Key, a tiny island consisting entirely of red mangrove. The summer of 1967 found Dr. Evans, for the third time, at the Jackson Hole Research Station, Wyoming, where he con- tinued his work on the ecology and behavior of the digger wasps that occur in restricted areas of sand along the Snake River. Robert Matthews, a graduate student under Dr. Evans, spent the summer at the Edmund Niles Huyck Pre- serve in Rensselaerville, New York, collecting and rearing parasitic wasps of the genus Spathius, his thesis problem. Dr. Chickering spent two months in Florida, collecting tiny spi- ders, and Larry Pinter and Fred Coyle, graduate students 17 working in Dr. Levi's department, collected jumping spiders and trapdoor spiders, respectively, in the west. Finally, Dr. Clench worked at the Ohio State Museum in Columbus, and participated in a pollution survey of several important rivers in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. This collection trip was a repeat of one made in 1924. As nearly as possible, the same localities were sampled—as might be expected, the preliminary results demonstrate that the fauna has been markedly reduced during the last 40 years; less than one quarter of the species are still living at the localities where they were found in 1924. Aside from field work, the Museum staff traveled exten- sively, both abroad and at home, to study collections in other museums, to attend scientific meetings, to lecture, and to consult with colleagues. A brief sampling: Dr. Darlington, with support from the National Science Foundation, made a long-postponed and thoroughly successful visit to the Lon- don and Paris museums. Dr. Mayr attended scientific meet- ings in Williamstown, Mass., Washington, D.C., Balboa, Panama, and Asilomar, California, as well as lecturing in Kentucky, Philadelphia, and elsewhere. Dr. Simpson gave seminars and lectures, consulted with colleagues, and exam- ined collections in the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and the University of California, Berkeley; he took part in a con- ference at the University of Denver and one by CUEBS in Pacific Grove, California. Dr. Lawrence examined the beetle collections in the Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa, and the insect collections of the Field Museum in Chicago and of Purdue University. Dr. Lyman was invited to the University of Alberta, to lecture on Hibernation as a Sensi- tive System. And finally, Dr. Turner participated in a work- shop in England on the preservation of wood in the marine environment, which was sponsored by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development; she also visited the National Museum of Wales, at Cardiff, the Linnean Society of London, and the British Museum (Natural His- tory ). 18 RESEARCH Research by the staff and graduate students in the Mu- seum was as abundant and diversified as ever this year. Although “systematics,” broadly defined, is invariably in- volved, such research can be listed equally well under vari- ous headings, such as evolution, zoogeography, or ecology. Only those investigations will be singled out in this year’s somewhat streamlined report that seem to be of particularly broad general interest. Evolution Dr. Gould completed his work on the evolution of the Bermudian land snail Poecilozonites. Before the advent of man, this genus completely dominated the pulmonate fauna of Bermuda. It had diversified into 3 subgenera and at least 15 species, which occupied ecological roles usually filled by several families in continental situations. It thus forms an interesting parallel to such famous cases of insular evolution as Darwin’s finches. Multivariate analysis of 20 selected char- acters in three species demonstrated fluctuating evolutionary trends during the late Pleistocene that correspond exactly to the advance and retreat of continental ice sheets. In particu- lar, the central stock of P. bermudensis gave rise at four separate times during glacial periods to morphologically sim- ilar, thin-shelled paedomorphic offshoots. Thin shells were adaptive in the low-calcium soils of glacial epochs. Dr. E. E. Williams continued his study of evolution in the genus Anolis. In collaboration with P. E. Vanzolini of Sao Paulo, Brazil, he analyzed the geographic variation of mul- tiple characters in the South American Anolis chrysolepis complex. This forest anole of ultimate Central American affinities illustrates very well what has been described by many students of the Amazonian fauna. The largely continu- ous forests of today went through cycles of expansion and contraction during the Pleistocene that greatly favored spe- 19 ciation. During arid maxima, the forest faunas were sepa- rated into a series of localized forest refugia; this facilitated the acquisition of isolating mechanisms in these separated populations. An analysis of species distributions, as well as of geographic variation within species, often permits pin- pointing the particular refuge in which a given species or semispecies acquired its peculiarities. Dr. Darlington continued his analysis of the carabid fauna of New Guinea, based on his recently published revisions. He found, as expected, a striking altitudinal variation in wing reduction: of the 434 lowland species, only about 4 per cent have the wings reduced at all, and most of these are still dimorphic, indicating the recency of the reduction; of the 215 mountain species, 32 per cent have reduced wings, only one being dimorphic; and of the 21 species found above 3,000 meters, 95 per cent are short-winged. These findings have led to a re-evaluation of the phenomenon of wing atrophy in relation to altitude, an evolutionary trend of ap- parently highly complex causation. Dr. Simpson completed a major study on the Argyro- lagidae, an extinct family of South American marsupials. This group provides one of the most intricate known ex- amples of evolutionary convergence, as the argyrolags have an amazing resemblance in morphology and in inferred be- havior to the North American kangaroo rats and also to the Old World jerboas, although they are of widely different ancestry. Among the marsupials, the argyrolags are unique; they differ strongly from any other marsupials known and evidently have been separate from an early date. They represent at least a new superfamily and indicate very basic and wide adaptive radiation of marsupials in South America. Earlier belief that they indicate phylogenetic and zoogeo- graphic relationships between South America and Australia proves to be incorrect. Dr. Simpson also made a brief study of a North American 20 fossil marsupial, and obtained materials for further work. Primitive marsupials, opossums in a broad sense, were abun- dant in North America from the late Cretaceous to the early Miocene, when they died out at least in what is now tem- perate North America. In the Pleistocene they spread north- ward again, and a single species is now widespread in the United States. Through cooperation with the University of Colorado and the Carnegie Museum, Dr. Simpson now has large collections from the Oligocene and rare material from the early Miocene that will considerably advance knowledge of this interesting history. The slowly evolving long-lived bivalves of the superfamily Lucinacea have recently been the object of several studies by Dr. Boss. The anatomy of the Indo-Pacific genus Fimbria, whose strong, heavily ribbed shell allows its species to oc- cupy a niche in coarse coralline sand, provides sufficient evidence to relate the monotypic family Fimbriidae to other lucinaceans. Another study deals with their taxonomic rank. Since some fossils in the Ordovician bear a resemblance to Lucina, it has been postulated that the lucinoid lineage is so distinct from that of the other higher bivalves that the group merits a singular status in the classificatory hierarchy, namely at the subclass level. Studying the structure of the nervous, excretory, and respiratory systems, Dr. Boss has marshalled evidence to refute such an hypothesis and to show that lucinoids, though adaptively specialized, possess too many features in common with other modern heterodont bivalves to justify their separation at the subclass level. The freshwater mollusks of Lake Tanganyika, remarkable in their richness and great variety, are the object of a study of the phenomenon of convergence by Dr. Boss. First brought to the attention of western European malacologists by the early explorers Burton and Speke, the unique snails of that great East African lake generated considerable con- troversy in that they bear strong phenotypic resemblances 21 to certain marine species. A school of scientists headed by J. E. S. Moore felt that Lake Tanganyika was a Relikten-See and that its mollusks were remnants of the marine fauna of a Jurassic sea. Moore's interpretation of the fauna as Mesozoic was largely discredited in his own lifetime, but the conten- tion that Tanganyika had some “marine” aspects thrived for a good portion of the 20th century. Anatomical studies of the spectacular, so-called thalassoid gastropods of Tanganyika indicate that the many species arose autochthonously from a single, rather ancient ancestor belonging to a family of mollusks long associated with fresh water. Although some of the thalassoid species look like the moon-snails or top-shells of the sea, their phenotypic resemblance is convergent. Ge- netically distinct, widely separated lineages of gastropods have thus given rise to shells whose external structure, in- cluding the shape, thickness, and even fine sculpture, are very similar—indeed, almost identical. Preliminary studies by Dr. Boss indicate that the great age of Lake Tanganyika— nearly 2 million years—and its limnological similarities to oceanic conditions have facilitated the convergent evolution of its freshwater snail fauna. Further, although all the thalassoid gastropods are herbivores and feed on vegetative detritus and plants, they occupy distinct ecological niches in the lake, where their particular shellforms are adaptively significant. | Dr. Boss has also studied the phylogeny of coral-boring clams of the genus Spengleria, which first appeared in Juras- sic times. The genus has always been a dweller in warm, tropical seas. The two Recent species, one from the Carib- bean and the other broadly distributed in the Indo-Pacific, arose from a common Tethyan ancestor that became extinct in the Mediterranean area towards the end of the Miocene. Here, as in many other benthic marine invertebrates with planktonic larvae, evolution has proceeded very slowly, with- out major adaptive breakthroughs. Dr. Carpenter reports that examination of the Cretaceous 22 collections in various paleontological museums brought to light a new locality for Cretaceous insects in northern Lab- rador. These specimens, collected by Professor E. Dorf of Princeton University and turned over to Dr. Carpenter and Prof. A. E. Emerson for study, are of unusual interest, not only because they help fill the Cretaceous gap in the insect record, but because of their geographical position. One is a termite, described by Dr. Emerson, belonging to the family Hodotermitidae; this is the first pre-Tertiary record of a fos- sil termite. The presence of a basal suture on the wing, as well as other structural details, has convinced Prof. Emerson that this termite already had well-developed social habits. Since this fossil is somewhat older than the Cretaceous ant from New Jersey (Sphecomyrma, described in last year’s Annual Report ), it constitutes the first record of social habits in insects. The other insect from this collection that has been described is a member of the order Neuroptera, and is vir- tually intermediate in structure between the Jurassic snake- flies, known only from the Soviet Union, and the Tertiary and Recent types. Both these finds add considerably to our understanding of insect phylogeny. The pattern of evolutionary radiation of Triassic ammo- noids after their near extinction in the late Permian is of primary concern and interest to Dr. Kummel. To this end, he continues to receive new collections from all over the world; this past year he has studied materials from Timor, Malaya, Nepal, Japan, and Greenland. His data are as yet incomplete, but what seems to be emerging is the existence of a small, homogeneous, very cosmopolitan fauna in the first zone after the phase of extinction in the late Permian, followed by a gradual increase in number of taxa and a gradual differen- tiation of the faunas into distinct faunal provinces. The dis- tribution of the latest Scythian (Lower Triassic) ammonoids apparently reflects a faunal gradient from Tethys to the circum-arctic region. This contrasts markedly with the pat- tern of distribution of the earliest Scythian faunas. 23 Morphology A series of studies on the anatomy of Antarctic seals is being carried out under the auspices of Barbara Lawrence. Dr. Jean Piérard has completed a manuscript on the oste- ology and myology of the Weddell seal, and Dr. Terrance Wilson has collected and embalmed specimens of two other genera, the Ross and the Crabeater seals, which will permit the continuation of these studies. Mr. James Sprinkle continued his work on relationships among several groups of Paleozoic pelmatazoan echino- derms. He made several new finds and important reinterpre- tations, in particular a discovery that the so-called “arms” of the Silurian rhombiferan cystoid Caryocrinites actually cor- responded to the recumbent, brachiole-bearing ambulacra of other members of the group. Dr. Turner has completed a study on the anatomy of the land snails of Savo Island (Solomons). The similarity of the musculature of the cyclophorid Leptopoma perlucidum to that of various species in the Neritidae and the Helicinidae is the most interesting outcome of this work. Species in these last two families have paired retractor muscles, one which inserts on the columella, the other on the outer wall of the body whorl near the suture. In Leptopoma the muscle is not divided, but a portion extends between the whorls of the animal to insert on the outer wall of the shell. This structural feature emphasizes the relationship of the lower Mesogas- tropoda to the Archeogastropoda and suggests avenues for promising comparative studies. Dr. Turner’s anatomical work on the Cuban land snails of the family Helicinidae has shown that the shape, size, and attachment area of the divided columella muscle varies with the species and genus and therefore seems to be of system- atic importance; the results of this research are being used to supplement the monographic revisions of helicinid genera by Jacobson and Clench. 24 Behavior Dr. Evans continued his work on the behavior of selected species of digger wasps both at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and in Massachusetts, focussing his attention on the species of Philanthus. It so happens that in each area there are five species; thus is provided a basis for a comparative study of nesting behavior in ten different species. There are striking differences in such matters as nest closure and concealment, prey selection, seasonal cycle, and so forth, all of these dif- ferences apparently representing adaptations for avoiding competition with other species of the genus or representing diverse modes of reducing the incidence of parasitism by miltogrammine flies. Several years ago a German student of spiders reported that the mating position of Scytodes thoracica (Scytodidae ) differed in different areas of Europe. Since mating position was believed to be a very conservative character, hardly varying within a family, it was assumed that he perhaps had similar but different species. A year ago Dr. Levi observed the mating of a species of the related genus Sicarius for the first time. He observed it again this spring, in the same pair; during a pause while the female was making an eggcase, the male emerged from the sand and mated with her. To Dr. Levi's surprise, a completely different position (perhaps due to obstacles in the way ) was observed in this second mating, a position as far different from the first as are the positions of various European Scytodes from one another. The construction of the eggcase of Sicarius, which belongs to a small Southern Hemisphere family, has long been a puz- zle. It appears to be made of mud, is attached to a stone, and is sometimes buried in sand. It was first described 70 years ago. Dr. Levi has made two observations and a series of photographs on this eggcase construction. The female throws sand back with her forelegs; then she bends her abdomen down at an angle and rocks it from side to side in the sand 25 that has been thrown back. She then climbs up to the egg- case foundation, carrying on her abdomen, around the spin- nerets, a large discshaped load of sand. Next she weaves, moving in the usual way. Within a short time, the sand has disappeared, apparently bound with silk into the eggcase. After completion of the eggcase, the female walks about 10 cm from it, and with powerful movements of the forelegs throws sand back towards it from various directions, even- tually burying it. On examination, females were found to have a crown of long, dense, feathered setae around their spinnerets, not present in males or immature specimens. When the dried abdomen of a dead spider was rocked on sand, only the finest sand grains were picked up; most sand is too coarse to stick. Dr. Levi has noticed that the sand grains incorporated in the eggcase are about 1/10 the size of the average sand in which the spiders are kept. The con- struction of the eggcase takes several days if the spider is undisturbed; otherwise it takes more than a week. In the periods when she is not working on it, the female submerges in the sand, but she always finds her way back to the egg- case. Since no silk guide lines are made, some orientation and memory must be involved. Orientation has been ob- served before in these spiders; half-eaten prey is picked up with little searching by the spider emerging from sand. Ecology : Allen Greer studied the live-bearing habits of the lizards of New Zealand. The few lizards of this island are skinks and geckos, and the geckos are the only known live-bearing members of their family. Just as viviparity has facilitated the northward spread of reptiles in Eurasia, so the acquisi- tion of the live-bearing habit apparently permitted the sur- vival of lizards in New Zealand during the cold periods of the Pleistocene. An increase in the percentage of live-bear- ing species of lizards and snakes in mountain areas had pre- viously been described for various parts of the world; Greer 26 has now demonstrated that this also occurs in the highlands of East Africa. Dr. Turner has continued her studies of the biology and ecology of the ship worms (Teredinidae ). Experiments con- ducted to determine the length of time that the larvae (pediveligers ) can remain in plankton showed that Teredo clappi and T. furcifera were still capable of penetrating wood after 22 days, a much longer time than had been pre- viously expected. It was found that if food is scarce, larvae of Nototeredo knoxi remain healthy for over three weeks but do not grow. These long periods of plankton life may be a very important factor in the dispersal of the species. Ob- servations of the larvae at the time of settlement and meta- morphosis have shown that not all species of teredinids, as is generally stated, produce a byssus thread, that the surface of the wood must be softened by bacterial and fungal action before the young can penetrate it, and that if the wood has a very fine covering of algal threads, the larvae are less dis- turbed by currents and are thus more successful in penetrat- ing it. One of the major problems in working on the biology of the teredinids is the difficulty of keeping the animals alive outside of wood, which is necessary both for positive iden- tification of the species and for breeding and feeding experi- ments. Nototeredo knoxi was kept alive for over a month in Puerto Rico and, at present, Bankia fimbriatula (from Flor- ida) and Lyrodus “pedicellatus” (from California) have been living in petri dishes for a number of weeks at Nahant. They all produce a calcareous tube around the base of the siphons, and some spawned after a week in a “micro-aquar- ium.” One specimen, the posterior third of which had been amputated, regenerated abnormal but functional siphons. Zoogeography Dr. Fell continued his studies of the distribution of marine populations in present and former seas, concentrating par- ticularly upon a statistical analysis of distribution patterns. 27 Two principal computer programs were written. One is based on the assumption that ocean currents are responsible for the observed distribution patterns, and the other yields co- ordinates of reference points on the margins of the conti- nents. In this way a series of 45 map projections was drawn, to serve as an atlas of biogeography for former geological periods. In this work Dr. Fell was greatly assisted by Freder- ick Ris, a mathematics senior who has since been awarded a Rhodes Scholarship. Subsequently, new methods were tested through an analysis of Recent terrestrial faunas. The object of these studies is to determine to what extent mathe- matical theorems can be usefully applied to zoogeographic research. How careful the zoogeographer must be not to base his conclusions on obsolete data was demonstrated by Dr. E. E. Williams. A review of our present knowledge of the Cuban herpetofauna as compared with the latest previous summary (by Barbour in 1937) reveals an extraordinary increase in the number of recognized species: a more than 70 per cent increase for frogs (38 species rather than 22), an almost 25 per cent increase for lizards, and a more than 35 per cent increase for snakes. Dr. Mayr undertook a somewhat similar analysis of the history of discovery of African species of birds, but found that most of these were already known 100 years ago. There are 530 species of Non-Passerine birds of which the type locality of the nominate subspecies is in Africa; 435 of these (82% ) had been described by 1874, and only 11 species (2% ) were added in the last 44 years (since 1924). The inventory of no other large group of animals is even nearly as complete as is that of birds. Dr. Darlington continued his analysis of the zoogeography of the New Guinea carabids. The most exciting addition to this fauna is the tribe Leleupidiini (with two species ). These are small, flightless carabids, which are extraordinarily like ants. The first known member of this tribe was described as recently as 1951, from Africa, but some additional forms have 28 since been reported from widely scattered localities in Africa and southeastern Asia. They apparently live in leaf litter on the floor of the rain forest, and it is possible that they may mimic the small ants that forage there; so far, however, noth- ing is surely known of their life histories or behavior. The number of full species of Carabidae now known from New Guinea is 667. Of these, 434 comprise the lowland fauna (species recorded below 500 meters); 161 of the lowland species occur also in the mountains (above 1000 meters); and 215 species have been found only above 1000 meters. Of the latter, only 21 have been found as high as 3000 meters, and only two species extend to the highest known altitudinal limit of carabids, 4,250 meters. Although the carabids of Madagascar are giants, the characteristic New Guinea spe- cies are all small, 89 per cent of them being half an inch long or less, and none exceeding one inch in length. The size distribution of lowland Carabidae in New Guinea is cu- riously bi-modal, with modes at 2.0-2.95 and 6.0-6.95 mm mean length. Although there are other possibilities, Dr. Darlington now thinks that the explanation is that very small species of a single dominant genus, Tachys, have flooded into New Guinea relatively recently, imposing a second mode (that at 2.0-2.95mm) on what is otherwise a single-mode size distribution. Dr. Boss has analyzed the zoogeography and phylogeny of the bivalves of the family Vesicomyidae in a monographic revision. These animals are widely distributed throughout the world and have been collected by almost every major deep-sea expedition. With the materials of many of the world’s museums at hand, five distinct lineages, actually con- stituting separate genera, can be recognized; each of these has geographically isolated species. Those species that are eurybenthic—with great depth-ranges—are the most widely distributed; the stenobenthic species are isolated in specific oceanic basins. The fossil record of this family gives clues to its recent distribution. Thus, the Eocene species of Peru, 29 found in rocks whose lithology corresponds to a modern habi- tat of soft, fine, black mud, are ancestors of certain eastern Pacific-Caribbean species-pairs that once were commonly distributed in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by means of the Colombian portal. Mr. Richard Johnson completed a systematic study of Unionacea of the Apalachicolan and Southern Atlantic Slope regions. The zoogeographical results of this investigation in- dicate that the unio fauna of the Apalachicolan region, thought to be largely endemic, is derived from the West and that, further, some of these species entered the Southern Atlantic Slope region through a confluence of the Apalachi- cola and Savannah river systems. Physiology and Biochemistry Dr. Lyman continued his studies on the mechanisms by which the hibernating mammal becomes reactivated. How does it respond to an external stimulus and start the complex and coordinated physiological changes that permit the an- imal to warm itself and become active? When a hibernating individual is disturbed, the first measurable change is a burst of muscular activity that can be recorded electrically but does not necessarily result in visible muscular contraction. This is followed by acceleration of the heart beat and sub- sequent arousal. Dr. Lyman has shown that the muscular ac- tivity is the result of a spinal reflex. Animals may hibernate at temperatures between 15 and 2° C; the colder they are, the more violent and prolonged is the muscular activity from a single stimulus. Neurophysiological studies by others have shown that the spinal reflex in non-hibernating mammals is increased in both intensity and duration as the animal chills, but that cold blocks the reflex completely below about 18° C. Mammals that hibernate are peculiar in that nervous con- duction continues to nearly the freezing point of water. Evidently the exaggerated spinal reflex seen in the animal during hibernation is an amplified form of that described in 30 chilled, non-hibernating animals. Thus the spinal reflexes of the hibernator become more responsive as the animal be- comes colder, and the hibernator has a “built-in” protective device, common to both hibernators and non-hibernators, in the reaction of its nervous system to cold. Dr. Turner, in collaboration with Dr. Frederick Rosenberg, marine bacteriologist at Northeastern University, initiated research to determine whether shipworms (teredinids ) have an endocellulase or whether the reduction of the wood is accomplished by cellulolytic bacteria. To this end, intact organs (stomach, intestine, and caecum), dissected from several species, were used to culture cellulolytic bacteria. Though the determination of the bacteria is not complete, the same general types were found in the intact organs, on the wood from which the animals were collected, and in the sea water. This suggests that the bacteria, which are free in the water, are also on the wood, so that the bacteria are taken into the gut with the first wood ingested when the young larvae settle, and that the ancestral teredinids were prob- ably opportunistic in making use of the activity of the bac- teria. This further suggests that the caecum probably was not present in the early teredinids but evolved slowly. The anatomy of the living species supports this theory, for Kuphus arenaria, the most generalized of the teredinids, lacks a cae- cum; species of Teredora and Uperotus with large gills have a small caecum; whereas species of Neoteredo and Nausitora that have small gills (and hence reduced ability for filter feeding ) have a very large caecum. There is still much dis- agreement about the means by which teredinids utilize wood; however, the results of Dr. Turner’s preliminary re- search, supported by anatomical studies, indicate that the cellulase is provided by bacteria. Taxonomy Dr. Romer was able to clarify the taxonomic status of a puzzling fossil from the Texas Permian. Pantylus, known 3l from skull material for nearly a century, has been generally claimed to be a reptile, although there were suggestions of affinity with microsaurs, an amphibian group thought by many to be related to reptile ancestry. Dr. Romer’s study of the skull by the serial section method shows that it is indeed a microsaur, not a reptile; further, it shows that the micro- saurs cannot be considered as in any way ancestral to rep- tiles. Dr. Evans has completed a revision of bethylid wasps of the genus Epyris in the Americas. These are among the most commonly encountered members of this family and are im- portant natural enemies of the larvae of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae ). As a result of his studies, the number of known American species has been increased from 36 to 73. Dr. Evans reports that the introduction of Malaise traps within the past few years has greatly extended our knowl- edge of these and other insects. These traps (invented by the Swedish entomologist René Malaise) are unbaited, tent-like collecting devices. Their effectiveness is shown dramatically by our knowledge of the bethylid fauna of Argentina. A few years ago the collections at the Instituto Miguel Lillo at Tucuman contained two specimens. In the past two years Dr. Lionel Stange of that institution has sent to Dr. Evans more than 1500 specimens taken in Malaise traps, increasing the number of specimens 750-fold and the number of known species from Argentina by at least 10-fold. Several Malaise traps set up at the Museum’s field station in Bedford, Mass- achusetts, have produced innumerable new records of Hy- menoptera and have added to the available material of sev- eral undescribed Bethylidae. Barbara Lawrence completed a cranial analysis of the wild canid population of New Hampshire, in collaboration with W. H. Bossert. Techniques used in a previous multiple- character analysis of wolves, coyotes, and dogs have pro- duced evidence that these puzzling animals are predomi- nantly, but not typically, coyote. While there is evidence 32 ‘Oo O}ong ‘“vionsivg very YO sayrur yp ‘yooy UsyUNG UO dOvFINS 9Y} MO[IG oof YZ Iv Ao], *$9}8.1qo}.10AUr pure ysy surydeis -ojoyd pue 107 Suyuny ‘onsvaljoo ev YzIA\ ‘(qYysI) peayy Iq] pue (ioT) Joumy, “Iq YH Yj G YM Uj Uy African field season, 1967. Top: Vincent Maglio, William Sill, and Pro- fessor Patterson examining a monitor lizard caught at the camp in Lothagam. Bottom: Roger Wood working on a prize fossil turtle. Top: Arnold Lewis working on a block containing a fossil horse skull found at Lothagam. Bottom: Prof. Patterson, Mr. Sill, and a member of the crew digging a well in the dry bed of the Lomunyenkuperat River. that dog or wolf genes were added at some time during the spread of coyotes from Minnesota to New England, there is no evidence that the population as a whole is the result of any current dog-coyote interbreeding. These conclusions are sup- ported by a detailed report on the growth and development of behavior in these animals, undertaken, as part of the same project, by H. and W. Silver of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Commission. Dr. E. E. Williams and his associates have clarified various problems of reptile taxonomy. For example, George Gorman, in collaboration with Dr. Williams and R. Huey, was able to show that the lizard genus Polychroides, described by its author G. K. Noble as of uncertain affinities, has chromo- somal characteristics of the genus Polychrus; this agrees with the osteological findings of R. Etheridge. Dr. Williams, with Richard Estes and Thomas Frazzetta, has completed a study of the skull of the oldest known fossil snake, Dinilysia patagonica from the Cretaceous of Argentina. As might be expected, this oldest-known snake shows some striking re- semblances to lizards. It has, however, some marked special- izations of its own and, although it strongly resembles one group of primitive snakes (the semi-burrowing Cylindrophis- Anilius group ), its lizard-like features are not similar to the features of any particular group of lizards; it is probably already too advanced. Allen Greer finished his revision of the subfamilial classification of scincid lizards, the largest and most diverse group of lizards existing today. The use of both skull characters and external morphology permits the recognition of well-defined phyletic units. The most primitive subfamily, the Scincinae, has a relict distribution in southern Asia; it has been to a large extent replaced there by the lygosomines, the most advanced subfamily, whose major center of abundance and highest differentiation is, however, in the Australian region. William Hall, III, in the course of investigation of karyo- types in the family Agamidae, has discovered an all female 36 population of the genus Leiolepis with a chromosome pat- tern strongly suggestive of triploidy. Mr. Hall’s preparation of the New Guinea lygosomine skink Sphenomorphus flavipes for chromosome study revealed the presence of green pig- ment in the plasma. Independently, George Gorman dis- covered green blood in the New Guinea skink Scincella pre- hensicauda and Preston Webster in the Solomons form Lipinia virens anolis. The chemical composition of the pig- ment, which occurs in the plasma, is not yet known (in the few frogs that are known to have green blood, it is a bile pigment ). Allen Greer believes that these three species, each currently referred to a separate genus, are in fact a natural roup. All are arboreal, and all have prehensile tails and well-developed adhesive toe pads of a distinctive type. The histology of the pads is being investigated by P. F. A. Mad- erson in collaboration with Greer. Dr. J. Lawrence has completed his work on the biosystem- atics of the genera and species of Ciidae occurring in America north of Mexico. His report will include 81 species (14 new) in 11 genera; four genera and 27 species have been placed in synonymy. The paper will contain keys to all genera and species, as well as discussions of zoogeography and life his- tory. Studies of the male genitalia have provided several clues to relationships (genera and species groups) and have revealed a species complex within what was formerly known as Cis creberrimus Mellie. The European species Hadraule elongatula (Gyll.) has recently been collected in New Bruns- wick, and several new West Indian species have turned up on the Florida Keys. In his work on beetle classification, Dr. Lawrence has reconsidered the taxonomic position of Acula- gnathus Oke and reviewed the family Cerylonidae. The peculiar species Aculagnathus mirabilis Oke has piercing- sucking mouthparts and is found with ants in southeastern Australia. An examination of the type specimen revealed that the species, formerly included in a separate family, is a highly modified cerylonid. 37 Many years ago a then promising young malacologist, William Healey Dall (1845-1927), worked in the MCZ and wrote up the mollusks collected during the cruises of the Blake and Albatross while he was honorary curator at the Smithsonian Institution. Throughout his life he contributed voluminously to the body of descriptive work published on mollusks during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He published well over 1000 articles on natural history and de- scribed nearly 5000 species. A bibliography of his descriptive papers and a catalogue of his zoological taxa have now been compiled by Dr. Boss, in collaboration with Dr. Joseph Rosewater and Mrs. Florence Ruhoff of the U. S. National Museum. Dr. Turner has continued work on a monograph of the Xylophaginae. Specimens taken from dredged wood and from test boards received this year have added not only new distribution records for several species, but three new species and even a new subgenus. The unusual feature of the new subgenus is the presence of siphonal plates that appear to be homologous to the siphonoplax of other groups of pholads, but differ in that the siphonal retractor muscles insert on them instead of on the shell; this is probably correlated with the elongate body of the species in this new subgenus. These are from very deep water, both from the West Indies and the West coast of Africa. Another new, elongate, teredinid-like species has two long brood pouches in the incurrent canal. The young pediveligers of this species are attached to the ventral rather than the dorsal surface of the adult, unlike other species that retain the young in the burrow. This new material shows that the Xylophaginae are as varied struc- turally as are the Teredinidae, and that much more material is needed before definite evolutionary trends in this group can be recognized. Mr. José Stuardo has completed his Ph.D. thesis on the phylogeny, zoogeography, and systematics of the bivalve family Limidae, more commonly known as file-shells. This 38 group, related to the well-known scallops, consists of nearly 200 species. After a study of thousands of samples and the dissection of hundreds of preserved animals, Mr. Stuardo was able to work out the natural relationships in this family. Two distinct subfamilies, one sufficiently diversified for the establishment of two included tribes, have been recognized. Many new species and subspecies were discovered during this revision, and the pattern of distribution of species groups was established. This permitted the arrangement of the pre- viously named and new species taxa in species groups, su- perspecies, and polytypic species. General Biology Dr. Simpson completed a book of essays, some revised from earlier journal publications and some newly written. This volume will probably be published under the title Bi- ology and Man. It considers the present status of the bio- logical sciences, their philosophy and impact, the biological nature of man, his present and possible future evolution, and biological implications for ethics. Work on an Introduc- tion to Biology, abridged and revised from Life by Simpson and Beck, was completed and is now in final proof. Dr. Mayr completed the manuscript of a new text, Prin- ciples of Systematic Zoology, an outgrowth of the earlier textbook by Mayr, Linsley, and Usinger (1953). The volume was seen through all stages of proof reading, and should be available in the late fall of 1968. Dr. Mayr also prepared several essays on the philosophy of biology and on the his- tory of biology. In these he stressed the particular role played by biology within the sciences and the differences in con- ceptual framework between the physical and the biological sciences. LECTURES AND SEMINARS Harvard University’s Alexander Agassiz Lectures were given this year by Professor Emil L. Smith, of the Depart- 39 ment of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Univer- sity of California, Los Angeles. The two lectures, with a general title of Protein Structure and Evolution, were indi- vidually entitled Species Differences: Lessons from Cyto- chrome C, and Development of New Structures and Func- tions. The study of chromosomes is becoming an increasingly important tool of the taxonomist. Because Harvard has no resident chromosomal cytologist, the Museum invited the distinguished Australian cytologist and geneticist, Professor M. J. D. White of the University of Melbourne, to spend the months of March, April, and May here as Alexander Agassiz Visiting Professor of Zoology. Prof. White lectured on popu- lation cytology, discussed his own research, and gave a series of workshops, open to graduate students and interested staff members, in chromosome interpretation. His first lecture was in the Museum’s Natural History Seminar series, and was en- titled Models and Theories of Speciation in a Group of Flightless Australian Grasshoppers. He then presented a most interesting series of four formal lectures: (1) Chromo- somal Rearrangements and Karyotype Evolution in Grass- hoppers; (2) The Cytogenetic System of a Parthenogenetic Species of Grasshopper, as Revealed by Tritiated Thymidine Autoradiography and Other Techniques; (3) The Evolution of the Meiotic Mechanism; and (4) The Role of Inversion Polymorphisms in the Determination of Size and Viability in an Australian Grasshopper—Heterosis or Annidation? The Natural History Seminars sponsored by the Museum have been for some years an important weekly event. About half of this year’s speakers were members of the Harvard faculty or the Museum staff; the other half came from widely separated institutions—from Oxford University; the Univer- sity of British Columbia; the Zoological Institute, University of Lund, Sweden; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia; the Smithson- ian Tropical Research Institute on Barro Colorado Island, 40 Canal Zone; University of Strasbourg; Dalhousie University; the University of Melbourne; and, in the U. S., from Johns Hopkins University, Boston University, the Institute of Ma- rine Science of the University of Miami, and Cornell Uni- versity. The subjects presented were equally wide-ranging. A complete list of the lectures is appended to this report; a few samples here will suffice to illustrate their diversity: African Mammals in the Fossil Record; An Experiment on the Evolution of Mimetic Patterns in Butterflies; The Ap- plication of Spectral Changes in Submarine Light to Ecol- ogical Problems; Emperor and Adelie Penguins of Ross Island, Antarctica; Old Maids and Worker Wasps: Contribu- tions to a Theory of Social Evolution. PUBLICATIONS As usual, Museum staff and students were most prolific authors this year; the number of printed pages by Museum writers was even greater than that of last year. There were some 160 publications, with a total of approximately 2102 pages (exclusive of books and of articles still in press ). About 131 of these were reports of completed research or other writings of a strictly scientific nature; 15 were reviews of books; the remainder were either of a more general or a pop- ular nature. There were several new editions of books writ- ten by our staff, and several translations; notable was the translation into German of Dr. Mayr’s Animal Species and Evolution, and into Spanish of Dr. Simpson’s Life of the Past. Wiley has published, as Invertebrate Zoology, the translation and adaptation by Dr. and Mrs. Levi of the first volume of A. Kaestner’s Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Dr. Romer’s new book, a popular account of animal evolu- tion called The Procession of Life, was published in London by Weidenfeld and Nicholson. There were 13 numbers of the MCZ Bulletin (totalling 509 pages) this year, and 25 numbers of Breviora (414 pages), again a page increase over last year. The Museum 4] sponsored four papers in Psyche, and one number of John- sonia was published. COLLECTIONS The growth of a research collection is always a reflection of the interests of those associated with the particular depart- ment. Additions to the collections of the Fish Department have been, as always, both selective and substantial this year. They include extremely valuable mesopelagic fish and cephalopod collections from off central Chile taken during Cruise XIII of the National Science Foundation vessel “An- ton Brunn’; freshwater and coastal fishes from Chile, India, and the Amazon, collected by graduate students McDowall, Baird, and Menezes, respectively; and collections from oce- anic waters taken during the Atlantic activities of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Again as always, investiga- tors elsewhere have chosen to deposit a part of their research materials here; among such during the past year were James E. Bohlke, Royal D. Suttkus, Harvey Bullis, Jr., and Sylvia A. Earle. Space prohibits the listing of all those who have so gen- erously contributed specimens to augment the collections in the Department of Reptiles and Amphibians. With the aid of a grant from the Milton Fund, slightly more than 14,000 specimens were catalogued and added to the study collec- tions during the year. As in past years, the most important additions were the New Guinea collections provided by Fred Parker. Material also was received from New England, south- eastern and southwestern United States, Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Jamaica, St. Vincent, and Israel. Exchanges were received from the University of San Marcos, Peru, the Universities of Kansas and Southern California, and the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. In the Bird Department, the skin collections were in- creased by approximately 1,000 specimens from Chile, 20 42 from Russia, and miscellaneous collections of roughly 100 birds. Two hundred twenty-eight skeletons were prepared and catalogued. The Invertebrate Paleontology Department has embarked upon a long-range program to put their extensive collection drawers (15,000) in order. Many sections of the collection have not been touched since R. T. Jackson’s indefatigable curatorial work as a graduate student under Hyatt in the 1880s. Staff and graduate students spent several Saturday mornings taking inventory and consolidating resources by the disposal of unlabelled and other useless material. The stratigraphic part of the collection, now scattered about in several rooms, will soon be ordered geologically and put in one place. Workers in the department are going through the systematic collection group by group, dusting, reboxing, placing labels in plastic envelopes, and recurating, as far as is possible, to modernize Louis Agassiz’s nomenclature. A major part of this program involves the separation and cataloguing of type material that is now mixed in with the regular col- lection. All of the coelenterate types have been separated, the brachiopods are nearly done, and work has begun on the mollusks. The department has made a practice of hiring Antioch College students as full-time curatorial assistants for three-month periods; this has been extremely helpful, as it provides a needed continuity that could never be obtained by the hiring of many Harvard students for various durations of part-time work. In six months, two Antioch students al- most completed the recurating of the entire brachiopod col- lection. An extensive series of preserved marine benthic mollusks, particularly scaphopods and bivalves, has been processed, catalogued, and incorporated into the collection of the Mol- lusk Department. These were collected by Dr. John Day of Cape Town, while he was a Visiting Professor at Duke Uni- versity. All of the samples, quantitatively collected from the “R/V Eastward,” were taken during a systematic transect of 43 the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Collections of land mollusks from such widely separated islands as New Guinea in the East Indies and Saba in the West Indies have also been received. Substantial series of freshwater mollusks have been forthcoming from the joint efforts of the department and Dr. David Stansberry of the Ohio State Museum in Columbus. Particularly important are representative species of the eastern great basin drainage system of the Ohio and Tennessee river systems that are threatened by extinction. The extensive collections of R. W. Foster from Cooke Island, the Fiji Islands, and Madagascar, as well as those of S. L. H. Fuller from Tanzania and of G. Moore from Thailand have largely been identified and are being processed. Dr. Carpenter reports that Mr. and Mrs. Walter Dabasins- kas of Cicero, Illinois, have donated several interesting and unusual specimens of insects in ironstone nodules from Illinois. And Dr. Evans's department has received from Dr. Charles Porter some 30,000 specimens from South America, mainly from Argentina. LIBRARY The Museum Library houses an important and ever-in- creasing collection of reference works and serves a large community; our statistics report over 11,000 users of the library last year and more than 9,000 loans made. New ac- quisitions numbered 1,262, of which 298 were gifts; the others were purchased or were received through exchange. Under Mrs. Hill’s direction, work is proceeding on much needed cataloguing, with the library staff gradually working through the large backlog of materials accumulated but not cata- logued in past years. They are also going through the entire library, room by room (in order of greatest need), shelf- reading, shifting, and cleaning. Progress is slow, and will continue to be, especially since shelf-reading is turning up many items without shelf cards or catalogue cards—which, 44 of course, adds to the backlog of materials waiting for cata- loguing. During the year, one room of the library was painted, and new flooring and lighting were installed. A new project, begun in January, is the cataloguing and storing of the many paintings, drawings, and objets dart owned by the Library. Included in the mass of materials that had been randomly stored throughout the Library were some original watercolors and drawings by Jacques Burk- hardt and James Henry Emerton. Two etchings of Louis Agassiz by Sidney Smith were found. On one of these was a notation that they were part of a limited edition of 64 prints, and that the plate had been destroyed; a few weeks later, the original plate was found in the Library. A student assis- tant, who is interested in both the history of science and in art, has been working on the picture collection; he has proved to be very good at researching unsigned pictures. Some 200 items have been catalogued to date. Six items have been sent to the Fogg Museum for restoration, cleaning, matting, and framing; the Library staff is working on others, re-matting them and protecting them with acid-free enve- lopes and mulberry paper. During the year the G. K. Hall Company published the Catalogue of the Library; this eight-volume set is proving to be of great value. The Library staff is making extra cards for all items newly catalogued for a possible future supplement. There were 1,337 such cards made this year. EXHIBITS AND MUSEUM SHOP The resignation of Mr. Joseph O’Leary, Museum Exhibits Preparator for the past eleven years, effectively halted work on all the exhibits in February. Before that time, however, the long process of complete refurbishment of the Holarctic Room was finished, except for label preparation, and work was begun on the fossil invertebrate exhibit. Other projects were of a minor nature, but were necessary for the proper maintenance of the exhibits. To replace Mr. O’Leary proved 45 to be a difficult task, but this spring a contract was signed with Mr. Harold F. Holland, of Vancouver, B.C. Mr. Hol- land will be officially beginning his career with us, having received his Certificate in Museology from Vancouver City College just this year, but he has worked voluntarily and quite extensively in museums in British Columbia, and we are looking forward to his arrival. Another resignation in this department was that of Mrs. Max Hall, who had operated the Museum Shop almost from its start eight years ago. We shall greatly miss her enthusi- asm and creativity. In its last year of operation under her capable direction, the Shop showed a ten per cent increase in gross income, which was sufficient both to offset its rising operating costs and to provide a modest profit to be put toward work on the exhibits. The Shop has always been a most important feature of the exhibits section of this Mu- seum; young visitors by the droves are welcomed there, their questions answered, and their visit to the Museum en- hanced by the kind and interested attention of the Shop per- sonnel. We are looking forward to the Shop’s continuing prosperity under its new manager, Mrs. Thomas M. Kivney, who was appointed in the spring to replace Mrs. Hall. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A memorial fund has been established by her friends in honor of Dr. Tilly Edinger. Dr. Edinger, whose accidental death in May, 1967, was recorded in last year’s Annual Re- port, was for many years a Research Paleontologist in the Museum and was, at the time of her death, an Honorary Associate in Vertebrate Paleontology; the money from the fund is being used to purchase books in her field for the Museum library. Mrs. Margaret Colbert has designed a handsome bookplate, and the books are a fitting tribute to Dr. Edinger, who was a dedicated and able scientist, as well as a very dear friend to many. We are grateful to the interested friends and associates of 46 the Museum, who have, as always, augmented our collec- tions, given generously of their time, and contributed to our resources. We are particularly indebted to the following: For valuable additions to our collections: Ronald Baird C. Rivero-Blanco James E. Bohlke J. Boos Harvey Bullis, Jr. J. F. Copp Mr. and Mrs. Walter Dabasinskas John Day Mrs. Sylvia A. Earle Richard D. Estes Henry Field J. F. Fitzpatrick Merrill Foster W. Francis George Gorman B. L. Haines V. V. Hickman James Jensen Richard I. Johnson Anthony Laska Walter S. Lawson Arthur Loveridge J. Lynch Robert McDowall Borys Malkin F. Medem Naercio Menezes Mrs. Ann Moreton William Neaves Eviator Nevo Fred Parker Steward Peck Charles Porter Herbert Pratt Vi Ro Prius Osvaldo Reig Juan Rivero Mrs. M. Sabath R. Schmoller O. J. Sexton W. C. Sherbrooke P. Silverstone Royal D. Suttkus J. C. Thompson Francois Vuilleumier T. P. Webster Ralph Wheeler For contributions to our resources: R. Tucker Abbot Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Bigelow Kenneth J. Boss Boston Malacological Club Cabot Foundation William A. Coolidge Robert G. Goelet Mrs. F. Abbot Goodhue Sidney A. Hessel Morris K. Jacobson T. E. Pulley Richard I. Johnson Family — Kenneth R. H. Read Foundation Henry D. Russell Thomas S. Lamont Frank B. Smithe Charitable Fund Mrs. Henry C. Stetson Alvin L. Luttrell Robert T. P. Storer, Jr. Giles W. Mead Ruth D. Turner Ernest E. Williams For volunteer help: Steven Britz Richard I. Johnson Ernest R. Duncan Miss Charlene Long Mrs. Mary Alice Evans Thomas Lubin Mr. and Mrs. Max Hall Mrs. Alfred S. Romer Henry D. Russell A major portion of the funds for field and museum research was made available by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Office for Naval Research. This generous support is gratefully acknowledged. 48 PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1967-1968 BULLETIN VoL. 136 No. 1. The theridiid spider fauna of Chile. By Herbert W. Levi. Pp. 1-20, 29 September 1967. No. 2. Habitat observations, records, and new South Ameri- can theridiid spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae). By Herbert W. Levi. Pp. 21-38, 29 September 1967. No. 3. The Tertiary lorisiform primates of Africa. By George Gaylord Simpson. Pp. 39-62, 29 September 1967. No. 4. The Ameghinos’ localities for early Cenozoic mam- mals in Patagonia. By George Gaylord Simpson. Pp. 63-76, 29 September 1967. No. 5. A study of the effects of expatriation on the gonads of two myctophid fishes in the North Atlantic Ocean. By William T. O'Day and Basil Nafpaktitis. Pp. 77-90, 29 September 1967. No. 6. Delimitation of the genus Ceracis (Coleoptera: Ciidae) with a revision of North American species. By John F. Lawrence. Pp. 91-144, 14 November 1967. No. 7. Systematics and evolution of the genus Triodopsis (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Polygyridae). By Joseph Vagvolgyi. Pp. 145-254, 12 February 1968. No. 8. Pipid frogs from the early Cretaceous of Israel and pipid evolution. By Eviatar Nevo. Pp. 255-318, 12 Febru- ary 1968. No. 9. The spider genera Gea and Argiope in America (Ara- neae: Araneidae). By Herbert W. Levi. Pp. 319-352, 15 April 1968. No. 10. Lichomolgid copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with corals in Madagascar. By Arthur G. Humes and Ju-Shey Ho. Pp. 353-414, 15 April 1968. No. 11. Xarifiid copepods (Cyclopoida) parasitic in corals 49 in Madagascar. By Arthur G. Humes and Ju-Shey Ho. Pp. 415-460, 15 April 1968. No. 12. A re-examination of the snake genus Lycophidion Dumeéril and Bibron. By R. F. Laurent. Pp. 461-482, 29 May 1968. No. 13. Additional Scythian ammonoids from Afghanistan. By Bernhard Kummel. Pp. 483-509, 29 May 1968. BREVIORA No. 271. Chelonia depressa Garman re-investigated. By Er- nest E. Williams, Alice G. C. Grandison, and Archie F. Carr, Jr. 15 pp., 17 November 1967. No. 272. The ecological distribution of the anoline lizards around Kingston, Jamaica. By A. Stanley Rand. 18 pp., 17 November 1967. No. 273. Studies on neotropical Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). III. Additional notes on Epipompilus Kohl. By Howard E. Evans. 15 pp., 17 November 1967. No. 274. The genus Nops (Araneae, Caponiidae) in Panama and the West Indies. By Arthur M. Chickering. 19 pp., 17 November 1967. No, 275. A new scincid lizard from the northern Solomon Islands. By Allen E. Greer and Fred Parker. 20 pp., 17 November 1967. No. 276. The generic relationships of the African scincid genus Eumecia. By Allen E. Greer. 9 pp., 24 November 1967. No. 277. Lestidium bigelowi, a new species of paralepidid fish with photophores. By Michael J. F. Graae. 10 pp., 24 November 1967. No. 278. Notes on the emberizine sparrow Rhynchospiza stolzmanni. By Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. 6 pp., 24 Novem- ber 1967. No. 279. A second skink with fragmented head scales from Bougainville, Solomon Islands. By Allen E. Greer and Fred Parker. 12 pp., 24 November 1967. No. 280. The notatus group of Sphaerodactylus (Sauria, Gek- konidae) in Hispaniola. By Benjamin Shreve. 28 pp., 19 March 1968. 50 No. 281. Additional notes on batoid fishes from the western Atlantic. By Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder. 23 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 282. The extinct baboon, Parapapio jonesi, in the early Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya. By Bryan Patterson. 4 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 283. Scythian ammonoids from Timor. By Bernhard Kummel. 21 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 284. The relationships of Anolis of the roquet species group (Sauria: Iguanidae)—III. Comparative study of display behavior. By George C. Gorman. 31 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 285. The genera of puffbirds (Bucconidae). By G. W. Cottrell. 5 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 286. The status of Nesogalaxias neocaledonicus (Weber and de Beaufort) (Pisces, Galaxiidae). By R. M. McDow- all. 8 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 287. The sequence of genera in the Estrildidae (Aves). By Ernst Mayr. 14 pp., 5 April 1968. No. 288. The epidermal glands of Lygodactylus (Gek- konidae, Lacertilia). By P. F. A. Maderson. 35 pp., 29 May 1968. No. 289. The genus Miagrammopes (Araneae, Uloboridae) in Panama and the West Indies. By Arthur M. Chickering. 28 pp., 29 May 1968. No. 290. Geographic variation in the Hispaniolan frog Eleu- therodactylus wetmorei Cochran. By Albert Schwartz. 13 pp:, 29 May 1968. No. 291. A new species of Tribolonotus (Lacertilia: Scin- cidae) from Bougainville and Buka, Solomon Islands, with comments on the biology of the genus. By Allen E. Greer and Fred Parker. 23 pp., 29 May 1968. No. 292. Herpetogeography of Puerto Rico. V. Description of a new species of Sphaerodactylus from Desecheo Island. By Harold Heatwole. 6 pp., 29 May 1968. No. 293. Intra- and interspecific chromosome variation in the lizard Anolis cristatellus and its closest relatives. By George C. Gorman, Richard Thomas, and Leonard Atkins. 13 pp., 29 May 1968. ol No. 294, Distribution and biology of the opisthoproctid fish Winteria telescopa Brauer 1901. By Richard L. Haedrich and James E. Craddock. No. 295. The Chafiares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. IV. The dicynodont fauna. By C. Barry Cox. 27 pp., 29 May 1968. PSYCHE VoL. 73 No. 4. A new species of myrmecophilous Coccinellidae, with notes on other Hyperaspini (Coleoptera). By Edward A. Chapin. Pp. 278-282, December 1966. Vou. 74 No. 1. A new species of Trachysphyrus from the Andes of Ecuador (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). By Charles C. Porter. Pp. 27-33, March 1967. No. 3. Notes on the biology of two Central American Ptinus (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) with a description of a new species. By Robin M. Andrews. Pp. 191-202, September 1967. A new genus of the Trachysphyrus group from southern Brazil (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). By Charles C. Porter. Pp. 218-223, September 1967. JOHNSONIA VoL. 4 No. 46. The subfamily Tellininae in the Western Atlantic Ocean. The genera Tellina (Part II) and Tellidora. By K. J. Boss. Pp. 273-344. 52 PUBLICATIONS BY THE MUSEUM STAFF 1967-1968 Boss, K. J. NSF Grants, Fiscal 1966. Nautilus, 81 (3): 104-105, 1968. On the evolution of Spengleria (Gastrochaenidae; Bivalvia). Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rep., 1967: 15-17, 1968. Invalid names in oysters. Veliger, 10(4): 447-448, 1968. The subfamily Tellininae in the western Atlantic. The genera Tellina (Part II) and Tellidora. Johnsonia, 4(46): 273-344, 1968. CARPENTER, F’. M. Cretaceous insects from Labrador. Psyche, 74(4): 267-289, 1968. (With E. Dorf and A. Emerson.) CuHeEsHER, R. H. Transport of marine plankton through the Panama Canal. Limnol. Oceanogr., 13(2): 387-388, 1968. CHICKERING, A. M. The genus Nops (Araneae, Caponiidae) in Panama and the West Indies. Breviora, No. 274: 1-19, 1967. Two new species of the genus Otiothops (Araneae, Palpimani- dae) from the Virgin Islands. Psyche, 74: 203-207, 1968. The genus Miagrammopes (Araneae, Uloboridae) in Panama and the West Indies. Breviora, No. 289: 1-28, 1968. CLEencH, W. J. Henry G. Frampton, 1902-1966. Nautilus, 81: 31-32, 1967. Review: Explorations on the West Coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee Wilderness, by Angelo Heilprin (1887). Nau- tilus, 81: 58, 1967. Ficus carolae and F. floridensis. Nautilus, 81: 107, 1968. Tree snails (Liguus) of Cuba, Hispaniola and Florida. Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rep., 1967: 48-49, 1968. Monograph of the genus Letitia (Papuininae: Camaenidae). Jour. Malac. Soc. Australia, 11: 32-49, 1968. (With R. D. Turner. ) 53 Notes on species of Urocoptis, described by George C. Spence. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 38: 101-102, 1968. DaRLIncTON, P. J., JR. A new Omophron and a new Siagona from the Phillippines (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Psyche, 74(4): 314-319, 1967. Evans, Howarp E. New generic records of Bethylidae from South America (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 69: 269- 272, 1967. Studies on neotropical Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). III. Addi- tional notes on Epipompilus Kohl. Breviora, No. 273: 1-15, 1967. Review: Trap-nesting Wasps and Bees: Life Histories, Nests, and Associates, by Karl V. Krombein. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 13: 246, 1967. Review: Wings in the Meadow, by Jo Brewer. Nat. Hist., 76: 102-104, 1967. The hunt of the wasps at Jackson Hole. Nat. Hist., 77: 38-39, 1968. Pathfinding in animals. The Curious Naturalist (Mass. Au- dubon Soc.), 7(10): 1-3, 1968. William Morton Wheeler, biologist. Grant report, Amer. Phil. Soc. Yearbook, 1967: 512-513, 1968. Mexican and Central American Pompilinae (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae): Supplementary notes, 1. Entomol. News, 79: 158-167, 1968. FELL, H. B. Biological applications of sea-floor photography. Johns Hopkins Oceanogr. Studies, 3: 207-231, 1967. Echinoderm ontogeny. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, S(10): 60-85, 1967. The biogeography and paleoecology of Ordovician seas. Evolu- tion and Environment, pp. 139-162, Yale University Press, 1968. Gov pb, S. J. Evolutionary patterns in pelycosaurian reptiles: A factor anal- ytic study. Evolution, 21: 385-401, 1967. 54 Comments on “The adaptive significance of gastropod torsion.” Evolution, 21: 405-406, 1967. (With R. L. Batten and H. B. Rollins. ) Ontogenetic allometry and evolution by heterochrony: A case study (abstract). Program Ann. Meeting Geol. Soc. Amer., 1967: 79-80, 1967. Pleistocene history of Bermuda. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 78: 993- 1006, 1967. ( With L. S. Land and F. T. Mackenzie. ) Is uniformitarianism useful? Jour. Geol. Educ., 15: 149-150, 1968. Trigonia and the origin of species. Jour. Hist. Biol., 1: 41-56, 1968. Jounson, R. I. Martini and Chemnitz (Kuester’s ed.) Systematisches Con- chylien-Cabinet, 1837-1920, A complete collation. Jour. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist., 4(7): 363-367, 1968. KuMMEL, B. Zoogeographical and paleogeographical evaluation of the Bara- banja fauna (Lower Triassic), northern Madagascar. Com. Nat. Malgache Geol., Compte-Rendus Semaine Geol., pp. 13-16, 1966. The Lower Triassic history of Afghanistan. Sci., Quart. Jour. Kabul Univ., 3: 1-8, 1967. Lower and Middle Triassic cephalopods from Afghanistan. Palaeontographica, 129, Abt. A: 95-148, 1968. (With H. Erben. ) Additional Scythian ammonoids from Afghanistan. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136: 483-509, 1968. Scythian ammonoids from Timor. Breviora, No. 283: 1-21, 1968. Review: The Stratigraphy of the British Isles, by D. H. Rayner. Amer. Sci., 56: 92A, 1968. LAWRENCE, J. F. Delimitation of the genus Ceracis (Coleoptera: Ciidae) with a revision of North American species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(3): 91-144, 1967. 59 Levi, H. W. The theridiid spider fauna of Chile. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(1): 1-20, 1967. Habitat observations, records, and new South American theri- diid spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(2): 21-37, 1967. Adaptations of respiratory systems of spiders. Evolution, 21: 571-583, 1967. Biotoxicology. Review: Animal Toxins, F. E. Russell and P. R. Saunders, eds. Science, 159( 3816): 728, 1968. Liphistius Schigdte (Araneae): proposed validation under plenary powers. ZN(S) 1828. Bull. Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 24(6): 359, 1968. The spider genera Gea and Argiope in America (Araneae: Araneidae ). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(9): 319-352, 1968. The spider family Hadrotarsidae and the genus Hadrotarsus. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc., 87: 141-145, 1968. The name of the horseshoe crab is Limulus. Turtox News, 46(6): 183, 1968. Predatory and sexual behavior of the spider Sicarius ( Araneae: Sicariidae ). Psyche, 74: 32-330, 1968. The spider genus Billima Simon. Psyche, 74: 340c-341, 1968. Invertebrate Zoology, translation and adaptation of Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie, vol. 1, by A. Kaestner. Wiley, Inter- science, New York, 597 pp., 1967. (With L. R. Levi.) Lyman, C. P. A comparative study of the environmental physiology of an East African antelope, the eland, and the Hereford steer. Physiol. Zool., 40: 280-295, 1967. (With C. R. Taylor.) Mammalian Hibernation III. London, Oliver and Boyd, 535 pp., 1967. (With K. C. Fisher, A. R. Dawe, E. Schonbaum, and F. E. South, eds. ) Cell proliferation kinetics in the tongue and intestinal epithelia of hibernating dormice (Glis glis). In: Mammalian Hiber- nation III, pp. 398-408, 1967. (With S. J. Adelstein and R. C. O’Brien. ) Non-shivering heat production during arousal from hiberna- tion and evidence for the contribution of brown fat. In: Mam- 56 malian Hibernation II, pp. 346-355, 1967. (With J. S. Hayward. ) Cell proliferation kinetics in the tongue and intestinal epithelia of hibernating dormice. Proc. Symp. Gastrointestinal Radia- tion Injury. Exc. Med. Monog. Nuclear Med. Biol., 1: 111- 119, 1968. ( With S. J. Adelstein and R. C. O’Brien. ) Mayr, E. The challenge of island faunas. Australian Nat. Hist., 15(12): 369-374, 1967. Artbegriff und Evolution, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, 617 pp., 1967. The origin of the bird fauna of the south Venezuelan highlands. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 136(5): 269-327, 1967. (With W. Phelps, Jr.) Utility of construct of race (Discussion). In: Science and the Concept of Race, M. Mead, T. Dobzhansky, E. Tobach, R. E. Light, eds. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 103- 105, 1968. Verhalten als auslesende Kraft. Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik, 13: 415-416, 1968. The role of systematics in biology. Science, 159: 595-599, 1968. The sequence of genera in the Estrildidae (Aves). Breviora, No. 287: 1-14, 1968. Larius Boddaert, 1783 (Aves): Proposed suppression under the plenary powers. Z.N. (S.) 1833, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 25(1): 52-54, 1968. Review: Perspectives de la Zoologie Européenne, by Jean Leclercq and Pierre Dagnelie. Isis, 58(3): 424-425, 1968. Bryozoa versus Ectoprocta. Syst. Zool., 17(2): 213-216, 1968. MeEap, Gites W. Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar sound-scattering layer identified with this myctophid fish. Science, 160: 991-993, 1968. (With R. H. Backus and others. ) PATTERSON, BRYAN The extinct baboon, Parapio jonesi, in the early Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya. Breviora, No. 282: 1-4, 1968. Mammalia: Superorder Marsupialia and orders Edentata, Tillo- dontia, Taeniodonta, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Astracotheria, o7 Dinocerata, Pyrotheria, Xenungulata, and Trigonostylopoidea. In: The Fossil Record, Part II, Geol. Soc. London, 1967, pp. 763-786. Various contributions, especially on dentition. In: The begin- ning of the age of mammals in South America, Part 2, by G. G. Simpson. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 137: 1-259, 1967. PAYNTER, R. A., JR. Notes on the emberizine sparrow Rhynchospiza stolzmanni. Breviora, No. 278: 1-6, 1967. PorTER, CHARLES C. A new species of Trachysphyrus from the Andes of Ecuador (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae ). Psyche, 74: 27-33, 1967. A new genus of the Trachysphyrus group from southern Brazil (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Psyche, 74: 218-223, 1967. A revision of the South American species of Trachysphyrus. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., No. 10, 368 pp., 1967. A review of the Chilean genera of the tribe Mesostenini (Hym. Ichneumonidae ). Studia Entomol., 10: 369-418, 1968. Romer, A. S. Collecting Triassic fossils in Argentina. Harvard Alumni Bull, April 22: 14-18, 1967. A letter to council members. Bull. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., 12(3): 304, 1967. Early reptilian evolution re-viewed. Evolution, 21(4): 821-833, 1967. Major steps in vertebrate evolution. Science, 158(3809): 1629- 1637, 1967. George Howard Parker, December 23, 1864—March 26, 1955. Biogr. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 39: 359-390, 1967. The Vertebrate Body. 3rd ed. Saunders’ Internat. Student ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 627 pp., 1967. An ichthyosaur skull from the Cretaceous of Wyoming. Contr. Geol. Univ. Wyoming, 7(1): 27-41, 1968. The Procession of Life. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 323 pp., 1968. Foreword. In: Comparative Odontology, by Bernhard Peyer. Univ. Chicago Press, pp. v-vi, 1968. 58 ScHEVILL, W. E. Immobilizing drugs lethal to swimming mammals. Science, 157( 3789): 630-631, 1967. (With C. Ray, K. W. Kenyon, R. T. Orr, and R. G. Van Gelder. ) Review: Great Waters: A voyage of natural history to . . . the Southern Ocean, by Alister Hardy. Science, 160( 3828): 659- 660, 1968. Underwater playback of their own sounds to Leptonychotes (Weddell seals). J. Mammal., 49(2): 287-296, 1968. (With W. A. Watkins. ) Sea lion echo ranging? J. Acoustical Soc. Amer., 43(6): 1458- 1459, 1968. SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C. Additional notes on batoid fishes from the Western Atlantic. Breviora, No. 281: 1-23, 1968. (With H. B. Bigelow. ) SHREVE, BENJAMIN The notatus group of Sphaerodactylus (Sauria, Gekkonidae) on Hispaniola. Breviora, No. 280: 1-28, 1968. Simpson, G. G. Evolution. Merit Students Encyclopedia, 6: 501-510, 1967. The Tertiary lorisiform primates of Africa. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(3): 39-61, 1967. The Ameghinos’ localities for early Cenozoic mammals in Patagonia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(4): 63-76, 1967. The Meaning of Evolution. Rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., Yale Univ. Press, 368 pp., 1967. On science and scientists. Review: The Art of the Soluble, by P. B. Medawar. Science, 158: 246, 1967. The Major Features of Evolution. New York, Simon and Schuster (paperback reprint), 434 pp., 1967. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 2. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 137: 1-259, 1967. La Vida en el Pasado (translation of Life of the Past). Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1967. Master and pupil. Review: Darwin and Henslow. The Growth of an Idea. Letters 1831-1860, Nora Barlow, ed. Nature (London), 215: 1417, 1967. 59 Readings in anthropology. Review: Human Evolution, Readings in Physical Anthropology, Noel Korn and Fred W. Thompson, eds., 2nd edition. Nature (London), 216: 309, 1967. African prehistory. Review: Background to Evolution in Africa, W. W. Bishop and J. D. Clark, eds. Science, 159: 182-183, 1968. Vertebrate zoology. Review: Structure and Habit in Vertebrate Evolution, by G. S. Carter. Science, 159: 295, 1968. What is man? Review: The Naked Ape, by Desmond Morris. New York Times Book Review, pp. 16-20, 1968. A didelphid (Marsupialia) from the early Eocene of Colorado. Postilla, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., 115: 1-3, 1968. The cochlea in multituberculates. Syst. Zool., 17: 98, 1968. Life of the Past. An Introduction to Paleontology. New York, Bantam Books (paperback), 194 pp., 1968. The scope and limits of biology. Univ. Denver Mag., 5(3): 21-25, 1968. Recommended summer reading. Amer. Scholar, Summer: 544, 546, 1968. TURNER, R. D. The Xylophaginae and Terediniidae—a study in contrasts. Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rep., 1967: 46-48, 1968. Monograph of the genus Letitia (Papuininae: Camaenidae). Jour. Malac. Soc. Australia, 11: 32-49, 1968. (With W. J. Clench. ) West, Mary JANE | Foundress associations in polistine wasps: dominance hierarchies and the evolution of social behavior. Science, 157: 1584-1585, 1967. WiLiiaMs, E. E. Chelonia depressa Garman reinvestigated. Breviora, No. 271: 1-15, 1967. (With A. G. C. Grandison and A. F. Carr, Jr.) Breakdown of polymorphism of the red-backed salamander on Long Island. Evolution, 22: 76-86, 1968. (With R. Highton and D. M. Cooper. ) A zoological puzzle. Review: So Excellent a Fishe, by Archie Carr. Science, 159: 417-418, 1968. 60 PUBLICATIONS BY GRADUATE STUDENTS Drx, MICHAEL W. Snake food preference: innate intraspecific geographic variation. Science, 159: 1478-1479, 1968. EBERHARD, W. Attack behavior of diguetid spiders and the origin of prey wrapping in spiders. Psyche, 74: 143-181, 1967. FosTER, MERRILL W. A summary of Harvard University’s brachiopod studies on Eltanin cruise 27. Antarctic Jour., p. 192, 1967. GapciL, MADHAV On some aspects of the biology of Coilia dussumieri (Cuv. and Val.). Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 54(1): 55-59, 1967. GorMAN, GEORGE C. New karyotypic data on 15 genera of lizards in the family Iguanidae, with a discussion of taxonomic and cytological implications. Cytogenetics, 6: 286-299, 1967. (With L. Atkins and T. Holzinger. ) The relationships of Anolis of the roquet species group (Sauria: Iguanidae). III. Comparative study of display be- havior. Breviora, No. 284: 1-31, 1968. Intra- and interspecific chromosome variation in the lizard Anolis cristatellus and its closest relatives. Breviora, No. 293: 1-13, 1968. GREER, ALLEN A. New scincid lizard from the northern Solomon Islands. Breviora, No. 275: 1-20, 1967. (With Fred Parker. ) The generic relationships of the African scincid genus Eumecia. Breviora, No. 276: 1-9, 1967. A second skink with fragmented head scales from Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Breviora, No. 279: 1-12, 1967. (With Fred Parker. ) A new species of Tribolonotus (Lacertilia, Scincidae) from 61 Bougainville and Buka, Solomon Islands, with comments on the biology of the genus. Breviora, No. 291: 1-23, 1968. (With Fred Parker. ) The predominance of oviparity as a mode of reproduction in scincid lizards. Copeia, 1968: 171, 1968. Clutch size in the scincid genus Emoia. Copeia, 1968: 417-418, 1968. Harrisson, C. M. H. On the neotype of Radiicephalus elongatus Osorio with remarks on its biology. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 16(5): 185-208, 1968. McDowa LL, Rospert M. Some points of confusion in galaxiid nomenclature. Copeia, 1967(4): 841-842, 1967. Application of the terms anadromous and catadromous to the Southern Hemisphere salmonoid fishes. Copeia, 1968(1): 176-178, 1968. The status of Nesogalaxias neocaledonicus (Weber and de Beaufort) (Pisces, Galaxiidae). Breviora, No. 286: 1-8, 1968. Interactions of the native and alien faunas of New Zealand and the problem of fish introductions. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 97(1): 1-11, 1968. MATTHEWS, ROBERT W. Microstigmus comes: sociality in a sphecid wasp. Science, 160: 787-788, 1968. Musick, JOHN A. Flavor studies on Rariton Bay fish. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci., 12(2): 12-14, 1967. (With J. G. Hoff and J. R. Westman. ) Anomolous vertebrae in hump-backed specimens of the Men- haden (Brevoortia tyrannus). Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc., 97(3): 277-278, 1968. (With J. G. Hoff. ) NAFPAKTITIS, BASIL A study of the effects of expatriation on the gonads of two myctophid fishes in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 136(5): 77-90, 1967. (With W. O’Day. ) 62 PInTER, L. J. Species of widow spiders in northern Argentina (Latrodectus, Theridiidae ). Psyche, 74: 20-23. REISKIND, JONATHAN Anatea, an ant mimicking theridiid spider from New Caledonia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche, 74: 20-23. (With H. W. Levi. ) SCHOENER, AMY Two new species of Amphitarsus from the western North Atlantic. Breviora, No. 269: 1-9, 1967. Post-larval development of five deep-sea ophiuroids. Deep Sea Res., 14: 645-660, 1967. Occurrence of Bathypectinura (Ophiuroidea) in New Zealand waters. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 10(9): 77-80, 1967. Evidence for reproductive periodicity in the deep sea. Ecology, 49: 81-87, 1968. Si.t, WILLIAM The zoogeography of the Crocodilia. Copeia, 1968(1): 76-88, 1968. SPRINKLE, JAMES The “arms” of Caryocrinites, a Silurian rhombiferan cystoid. (Abstract.) Program, Ann. Meeting Geol. Soc. Amer., p. 210, 1967. Topp, Ropertr W. A re-examination of the osteology of Cheimarrichthys fosteri Haast 1874. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., 9( 16): 189-191, 1967. An adjustable microplankton sled. Prog. Fish Culturist, 29(3): 184, 1967. An internal fish capsule tag. Cal. Fish and Game, 53(4): 288- 289, 1967. 63 Appendix I NATURAL HISTORY SEMINARS 1967-1968 October 11: Dr. J. A. L. Cooke (Oxford University), Color Films on Spider Behavior. October 18: Dr. Jan E. Efford ( University of British Columbia), The Recruitment of Young in Certain Marine Populations. November 1: Dr. John F. Lawrence (Harvard University), Evolution of Myrmecophily in the Ptinidae (Coleoptera). November 8: Dr. Kenneth R. H. Read (Boston University), Underwater Cinematography. Two Expeditions to the Caribbean. Time-Lapse Movies of Local Marine Organisms. November 15: Dr. Howard E. Evans (Harvard University), Instances of Dual Sex-Limited Mimicry in the Wasps. Mr. Robert W. Matthews (Harvard University), Notes on the Biology of Microstigmus comes (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae ) from Costa Rica. November 22: Professor Carl H. Lindroth (Zoological Institute, University of Lund, Sweden), Colonization of New Land. In- vestigation of Surtsey Island, Iceland. November 29: Mr. John C. Boyd (Johns Hopkins University), Emperor and Adelie Penguins of Ross Island, Antarctica. December 13: Dr. Barry P. Moore (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia), Progress and Problems in the Study of Australian Beetles. December 20: Mr. Mahlon Kelly (Harvard University), The Ecology of Dinoflagellate Luminescence. January 10: Dr. Michael H. Robinson (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone), Sequen- tial Responses in the Prey-Capture Behavior of the Spider Argiope argentata. February 7: Dr. H. R. Buchli (University of Strasbourg), Biology of Trapdoor Spiders. February 14: Dr. Ray S. Birdsong (Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami), The Systematics of Gobioid Fishes. 64 February 21: Dr. Mary Jane West Eberhard (Harvard Uni- versity ), Old Maids and Worker Wasps: Contributions to a Theory of Social Evolution. February 28: Mr. Allen Greer (Harvard University), The Evo- lution of Scincid Lizards or How I Learned to Live Without Anolis. March 6: Dr. H. B. S. Cooke (Dalhousie University), African Mammals in the Fossil Record. March 13: Professor A. S. Romer (Museum of Comparative Zoology ), Argentinian Triassic Reptiles. Gondwanaland? March 20: Dr. Michael White (University of Melbourne), Models and Theories of Speciation in a Group of Flightless Aus- tralian Grasshoppers. March 27: Dr. S. J. Gould (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Irreversibility and the Status of Evolutionary Laws: Louis Dollo’s Formulation of Dollo’s Law. April 10: Mr. John Alcock (Harvard University), An Experi- ment on the Evolution of Mimetic Patterns in Butterflies. April 17: Mr. Robert M. McDowall (Harvard University), Life History and Distributional Patterns in Galaxiid Fishes. April 24: Mrs. Susan Smith (Harvard University), Vocal Com- munication in the Carolina Chickadee. May 1: Professor George L. Clarke (Harvard University), The Application of Spectral Changes in Submarine Light to Ecological Problems. May 8: Mr. Robert W. Poole (Cornell University), The Organi- zation of a Muellerian Mimicry Complex in Northern Venezuela. May 15: Mr. Lee Miller (Harvard University), Behavior of Flying Green Lacewings. 65 Appendix II FRIENDS OF THE MCZ Mr. Charles F. Adams Mr. Reed P. Anthony, Jr. Mr. Philip C. Beals Mrs. Henry B. Bigelow Mr. and Mrs. Chandler Bigelow Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery S. Bradley Mr. and Mrs. Paul Brooks Mr. and Mrs. William R. Bullard, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Levin H. Campbell, III Mr. Allan R. Catheron Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Chase, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James Russell Clarke, ijite Dr. and Mrs. John Constable Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge Mrs. Eben F. Corey Mr. and Mrs. G. William Cottrell Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Cutler Mr. and Mrs. Nathanael V. Davis Mrs. William Dexter Mr. John E. du Pont Mr. and Mrs. David Emerson Mr. and Mrs. Bradford M. Endicott Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius C. Felton, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Henry Field Mr. and Mrs. Ronald W. Findlay Mr. Robert G. Goelet Mrs. F. Abbot Goodhue Mrs. Isabella Grandin Mr. and Mrs. Crawford H. Greene- walt Mrs. Ludlow Griscom Mrs. Harold R. Hagan Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Hall, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel H. Hallowell Mr. and Mrs, Franklin T. Hammond, iz Mrs. Gerald Harrison Mrs. Lawrence Hemenway Mr. and Mrs. Sidney A. Hessel Dr. John D. Houghton Mr. and Mrs. William W. Howells Mr. and Mrs. Richard I. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Vincent W. Jones Mrs. Thomas S. Lamont Mr. and Mrs. Roy E. Larsen Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Lyman Mrs. Henry Lyman Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lyman Mrs. Barbara M. Marshall Mr. and Mrs. Gerrish H. Milliken, i Mr. and Mrs. Terris Moore Mrs. Robert T. Paine Miss Helen Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Herbert W. Pratt Mr. and Mrs. Gordon C. Prince Dr. and Mrs. George S. Richardson Mr. and Mrs. Chandler Robbins, II Mrs. Thorvald S. Ross Mr. Eric Parkman Smith Mr. and Mrs. Hermon D. Smith Mr. Frank B. Smithe Mrs. Henry C. Stetson Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. P. Storer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John O. Stubbs Mr. and Mrs. Jeptha H. Wade, III Dr. and Mrs. Charles F. Walcott Mrs. F. Carrington Weems Mr. and Mrs. Michael M. White PuBLICATIONS ISSUED OR DISTRIBUTED BY THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY BULLETIN 1863- BREvIoRA 1952- Memorrs 1864-1938 Jounson1A, Department of Mollusks, 1941- OccASIONAL PAPERS ON Mo.uusxs, 1945- Other Publications: Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Reprint, $6.50 cloth. Brues, C. T., A. L. Melander, and F. M. Carpenter, 1954. Clas- sification of Insects. $9.00 cloth. Creighton, W. S., 1950. The Ants of North America. Reprint, $10.00 cloth. | Lyman, C. P., and A. R. Dawe (eds.), 1960. Symposium on Natural Mammalian Hibernation. $3.00 paper, $4.50 cloth. Peters’ Check-list of Birds of the World, vols. 2-7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15. (Price list on request. ) Turner, R, D., 1966. A Survey and Illustrated Catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). $8.00 cloth. Whittington, H. B., and W. D. I. Rolfe (eds.), 1963. Phylogeny and Evolution of Crustacea. $6.75 cloth. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 1899-1947. (Complete sets only. ) Publications of the Boston Society of Natural History. Publications Office MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA se ee Magiomee a eee SAE MO ee kaye BARS Sa ie yey, Sw tee Say See Ce re Me 8 Re Silty Fe Re ee ee ee eg, SPRATT Re bane PRES AOE STONE. Gale aS We Seeger etc ng vee tig petg oo SER EER Lg Ang WRIST SENSOR AE LED ge TENSES DS AN ASSES LUUS UY tas g WAR ETE Suet Se PEO Nate ge Rha naa te ~~ OE GOTO UES eget a erg 8 PP ar BTRN Da avigs oe >