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me PRELIMINARY REPORT

R ll ; OF THE Vay reste

UNITED STATES GROLOGICAL SURVEY

~\ i i

MONTANA

PORTIONS OF ADJACENT TERRITORIES:

BEING A

“FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS.

\ BY
\

i) OW taeda Yo TO. Ne,

UNITED 3 S“OLOGIST.

CONDUCTED UNDER AUTHOL.., i SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,

Ran Prey ¢ ; .
ETE OU i TUTION
LISHARIES
eee
7.
ons
WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1872.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.
JEAN TRG DY LT RT BA Oa Bo BGC ON) Nd Sn Oeil Bah GB) DAA oe et DA rz 11
CHTAB, IL, [pons OCD, LOMMAEE Go) IRON ISU Yo, JODVNS(0) poqacuccdnde so4bodenossaecosneeudocsaeous 13
ii ROM HORT HALE. IDAHO, TOMORD HELIS MONTANA). 9-s2..--scece 0-2 5-502-552-52565 Q7

TI. Fort EvLtis—Mystic LAKE—SOURCE OF THE GALLATIN—TRAIL CREEK—CROW AGENCY
AND DIRST) CANON—EXTT) OF “LH WELLOWSTONE. 2-522 52-522 22505 25002552... 0 44

IV. First CANON—SNOWY RANGE—EMIGRANT PEAK—BOTTLER’S RANCH—SECOND CANON—
DEVIL'S SLIDE—WHITE MOUNTAIN—HOT SPRINGS, ETC........-....-.------.----- 59
V. THE GRAND CANON—FALLS—HOoT SPRINGS—YELLOWSTONE LAKE.......----.--.--.- gl

VI. From YELLOWSTONE LAKE TO THE GEYSER LASINS OF FIRE-HOLE RIVER AND
IEE IR UUHERIN ese ot wees cm cr me a re Nope eye Ska ee Cops a SV SELES IETS vn SN che mic ooo re ete ier 101

VIL. From Hot Srrinc Camp, ON YELLOWSTONE LAKE, UP PELICAN CREEK AND DOWN
EAST FORK, TO BOTTLER’s TAIN eo Po ae 205 aie iar She ey ae eel ak a dg Oe ocy a AR 130

VIL. Fort ELLIs—THREE FORKS—JEFFERSON FORK—BEAVER HEAD CANON—MEDICINE

BLE; @1D GuTR © IRIE Eee ata setae Mma aie este SE ate te Js Be acute CAP enV ERM sdedeapeae aH sens at 139

TX. Fort Hatit—SopA SPRINGS—BEAR RIVER VALLEY—BEAR DAKE V ALLEY—TO
JONARERON, ON WHR JEACIIAIC) IRNOEXOIND)s oo boone gucossododosounnoeccbesenadecunes 150
DG, IMEOS) VODILONTSHONIE) INN COMO Te ngusiON IMONDE eee RR Re ee ee eee 162

XI. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF Dr. A. C. PEALE ON MINERALS, ROCKS, THERMAL
SPRINGS HiCs) OR EHE EXPE DIBION Rs 2 ercleie cise ceo aseisieisa cise oineie coterie semi cicsioreieiet ate 165

PART Il.—_AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF THE TERRITORIES. By Pror. Cyrus Tuomas. 205

CHAP. I. GENERAL REVIEW: GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, MOUNTAINS, FORESTS, ETC ....-.----.- 210
PIT a DSTA 9s Crs EASTMAN TONG Ae ena Segtieg Re es cata ee ley fa TS a2 aa Sa ek Ea NN Se gE cr yc 227
III. NORTHERN PART OF SALT LAKE BASIN, AND SNAKE RIVER PLAINS ..-----.-.--.---- 237
TV VON AN ACHES RIT OR Vena) aaa ee a ncylcie cult) eae eae Ie 5. sous aaa Sabana orale 248)

VY. LETTERS FROM PROF. G. N. ALLEN AND MR. HASKILL, AND EXPERIMENTS IN
CULTIVATION ON THE PLAINS ALONG THE LINE OF THE KANSAS PACIFIC RAIL-

Vibe, Jeve Ika Sy JO OM MBE be Sodb eos Berrys ety SMe anche an aaa tyahcrer eels atin aS 225}

ACL meal AUC INV ISO OG Vvastscecsile A = Re Sc are Se ok Ce Sa ioe Ball a dad 281

HOSS LOL OR AEE vane OME SE WE RIN UEX sats sclera eaves aja creo clase vere ate e Ste Siciore c nee elves ieee aie 283
I. ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSIL PLANTS, FROM THE SPECIMENS

OBTAINED IN THE EXPLORATIONS OF DR. I. V. HAYDEN, 1870 AND 1871.-...---..-- 283

Il. REMARKS ON THE CRETACEOUS SPECIES DESCRIBED. ABOVE....---.------------------- 303

Dic TAR ye hORATOR, INOR MEG ANE RICA 2 02 aitstejce aie iors ax so aie slo e.e siete We & aceicvatneisiee 304
ON THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CRETACEOUS STRATA OF KANSAS. By E. D.

CopEyA Miss ee: Be EBs Se Soe He ORs GOS ene Rete See Set anne ne iia SE aes ee 318

ACG ENE RATT OK RCE OFS DEH HAIN CIENT olNRE 1.515 5 < cocci a cisicie Salsa etereeleiels ele ciaisieriere 318

N]WIPSR Go OIE @ Civawayse py eters ere eee ha Eo icy et ae as Ho 212 ol SE Tay eavrerack Sicigvate iid eroteiBayoie tine ticnaie wrens 32

GOL SVINOLS ISU OHV CD EE PAMINGAG oeetate = 1crdic a yo)c) alse ier oie ieis mie boveiote aibvel evolevs a tioe Niele ciste cis sem aiecinntsjeraie 327

ON THE VERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF THE WAHSATCH GROUP. By E. D. Corr, A. M ........-. 350
ON THE FOSSIL VERTEBRATES OF THE EARLY TERTIARY FORMATION OF WYOMING. By PROF.

Aj OR OTE SCD DI DUDDS Posies SPL AE es Or NE Ee Re RE a ee ea a vena ek Pees Rag Cp ee eae ee ea 353

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FOSSILS COLLECTED BY DR. HAYDEN’S EXPLORING EXPEDITION OF
1871, IN UTAH AND WYOMING TERRITORIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW NEW

SPPOCIOG!, 9 130 1G det JOSS OAR oooo Abeaeooese case doa ane aeonce ORS aeeeaaeer =. - 373
SPAT EI JAW — VAG ON UTOLEIN' St oN Ds BO} MUNG) el ee nen meee a enac 379
I. Notice of SoME WORMS COLLECTED DURING PROF. HAYDEN’S EXPEDITION TO THE
YELLOWSTONE RIVER IN THE SUMMER OF 1871. By Pror. JOSEPH LuIpy......-.--.- 381
EE COMHOPMER A a Ya G HOR GEe Hem ELO RN VE. yl)! aia 2) = <fayaieiaalele ocin e(oleieinietnlateletmiatelelaferel= tate’ ealei=a l= 382
III. Novices oF THE HEMIPTERA OF THE WESTERN TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES,
CHIEFLY FROM THE SURVEYS OF Dr. F. V. Haypren. By P. R. UWLER ....-...-.-. 392
IV. NOTES ON THE SALTATORIAL ORTHOPTERA OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RmGaions. By
TEAR O Bia CARS LAER © MVAS sie aay eral icies avale, Grol aie eins acim eureka Wea iateleiaverats teiaralidlvinjelos cus esceleetaierarstelajaiete 423
V. List or SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CAMPBELL CARRINGTON AND WILLIAM
B. LOGAN, OF THE EXPEDITION, IN 1871. By W. H. EDWARDS.......-....---.---- 466
VI. REPORT ON THE RECENT REPTILES AND FISHES OF THE SURVEY, COLLECTED BY CAMPBELL
CARRINGLON: ANDI © NTL YAV Eisen Uke ban OM GMM onc c ene = se cinminicenielacicieria we 467
Vil CATALOGUE Ob UeLANTS: BY PROM LHOMASIC. PORTURG. -..- vacecscccceccncepnedue 477

PART V.—METEOROLOGY. By J. W. BRAMAN............-..- A RI or tt Ne Re eRe aes ae Ree 499

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. ; Page
1. Bent quartzites near Ogden .......-.--- sees ele ciate a ce Saielaciate(y oo went seieaac 14
weadcoot limestone,Osden Cation..252. 526066 ob eco eke eee e ake os 16
mpeacalb tables onake iver basim....222..c205l¢l lean este oe ole ete ce cece. 29
PAA MOOI wares See he Me et Lee anew S Rh ca tine eae ewotes Han wines e 29
pameodish feldspathic granite, Wild Cat Cation .... .22.5----...222---2--.-5- 34
Gy Metamorphic strata, Black-tail Deer Creek-.- +... 2... 022-2 + suse ce eens 35
@aveauhercd oramite,, Madison Cation... ..5-252 22. .2-cc5 elec eek l 22 ies 39
emoucire strata on Bills Creek 2-2 00h. ope boeb tebe lee ese seer eles 43
PMG MICISC SiAba WAbD (laps 252662 sos See del. Ll eeoe tl eee clee lease A 59

pee imnabar Mountaim. 22. 22 occ s ele oct cece Mave dares oases cetie se ue wee 60

ee Wevalsrouilens: a2 Stee et kk ceeiicitectecue nese eee b ee heces ose celeeee 61

12. White Mountain Hot Springs, Gardiner’s River, (chart).....----...---.---- 64

13. General view of ovettlow of Great Spring, Gardiner’s River..-...-- ee noe a 66

Lal, USGI (CHO Ss Seles E ae te et ge ae A sy 0 a ne es IE yg 67

Lee meiner ODIONG GCYSETS. 20)... 5 s2- 5 coe cnn won esle sesene see poet tele oles 68

Pome MMIC YP CArGINer S MiIVeL 2. . cosa sole eee ous Ce Ue eek 2 eee 69

Pe eateehnimney, Gardimer’s RIVET A555 0 bees Soot e be ele ease. te 69

18. Bathing pools, White Mountain hot springs .......-:...--.---------------- 70

12. Grottoin the glen, White Mountain hot springs.----.---..:---.1.-.-.--.-- at

20. Old Hot Spring, limestones shelving off by frost, &c --...----..-------+.-- 71

Menideal section White Mountain hot springs .----.--..--'22--..2--s..222- secs 73

Peapeasaiab bow Balls, on Gardiner’s River... /.---6. /22s0e ence enct eee 32s 74

Pome emmlasnennmOWeL Creek asic et Loon neta dewcsae eae Jumceee wees ccus 78

24. Great Caiion and Lower Falls of Yellowstone .-..-..---.......--..-------- 85

Za oulpour and Mud Springs, Crater Hills, (chart) ..2.2. .2.-2..25-.l2s.025--- 88

20. Sulphur and Mud Springs, Yellowstone River, (chart) .... ........:..------ 90
Ty REG CHIC eGo EN a ale a be ae Ri MeO Ee alge MR emery» ey 91

CE RGLorcon Vellowstone IIVer 525-5280 5220. lk a eecek cece ace cce on pene ely 92

pumornes Caldron, Yellowstone River -.2. 22... 04.--seco2 so sces es cabs eceeee 93

Srl MEIC eVSC Iara) Aa anrets Sore se ont oe oot Ue RC hk ts ie 94

PimUEOR VO bOMO maken ate er ocne sme ter. a ee ak ete edo! 95

MERIDIA ly pee oe are Ae a ON Ce a ee 96

santana aim the Vellowstone COUMbEY.....-225..--- sis oce ehoc eons ceca one 99

pmececiom ot larse spring, Yellowstone lake ...... 5... 10222. -+-sen40-- seeds. 100

do. Mud Puff, OMI ECOM CHG crm chr ys out Gl ain Mee mh) ea ACTS 100

36. Mud Pot, "Lower PTOMAOlGH MAST AY San. ces nok comin nee Ue Se Ou: 103

ar etaver or DbiudiGeyser, lower, Fire Hole: .002..5 2.600. Lae as mansacce ete tones 105

36. Fountain Geyser, Lower Fire Hole...-.......-.--..- Fe eee elas sO eae 106

SB ebgeett ower Wire lOles (oe on Wein a el 2e cia ia arccewnletatins soem ores ace ean 107

AvWOvertiow down ravine from Steady Geyser ....2...- 42-00 sececccs ceee nae 108

4t. Architectural Fountain, Lower Geyser basin .........--..---2- e-2. ---0 2-0 100

fooeuive Wome, Lower Geyser basin™. 222.) 52 oc. cco gue cad ee seb eos Uae cone 110

43. Steady Geyser, Lower Fire Hole EME pane ogo cet riet eame SR ec ee aa lil

14, Cilia: CRC Ua eee ila tn th il CR at SNR AGNES. 112

a eimmenside: Geyser, Upper Geyser basin ...2-. 2.-..65.-6'.c2-.- secs. comes 118

aby Greap oprng) Pire Hole’ River. .—2....--..++.0-- 0. Bis haya al lee er 115

ANTIMONY ayo Ee ala) oie eR GEN Taleo 6 ac, Gm aw em divine winereeineiee mines « 116

Ace orang Geyser, Upper basin, Fire! Hole River... 625.22. soca ccdleccens co wenn 117

AULA Tete L CUMS Wh IROviOLO) MASI. 44 7etsaic a ad\ac 2 = sc oma aemioanienewan Sacie wescute 118

SS, TCS ey eee irot tfed EAT ea oe I a oops ee le ARS 118

aieeeonch Bowl Now l .22f ose. 222. BAe setter cee os OL, ah See ERIS er fale ay wind ai eRe 119

gem Dental. Cup... s- se. tl ise RE ea aR 2 tad EAS 119

PMMRSEINTC 11) XO Wilh IN Ouray ata cesta eternal atch.) a, farsi Serial eh tatares nfo Wi la'al aw. a! a siesta Gare 120

Peace MRM CUT OTE STN pe i Nats eee mate aca wile) ay lana ERIE wh a wtialcin nie elec a, w mit il ei teins 121

See pono mornin OL CAULIHO WEN SLICE) ~ «dai wen x pintelalsideia aaicicinin’s ocean «cmemelnecaus 121

PARAL O ATUR SUMLCER Stes sats nial al act afin i al imi eth eee et cum team aie cle Ce wins wiiatalena ateiarntattainrs 122

Doo pON SON OF CANMAOW ER BILLER). < --nia hoa ce aure saciec sl wlaicine's-anne cele cluwein vane 122

VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No Page.
Bs LO GION sas ace apn aee emeiow me see secre iba b ee wean eens ache a= ae nnn 123
Mie bE ee ee eee ee ee Ee 124
GD. The Bee-Hive. .. —- evesw eNxwee ¢ «peecer eh <p ap - owen adele oe o-oo 2 ee 125
61. Still Hot Spring and Pyramid, te Giyper hasin ).-2.2-£..... ---- eee 125
62. Old Faithful, Upper Geyser HARUHI: fis ceel siscnecoet cocks. J 126
63. Ideal section Upper Geyser DARD. <5 cee ise ee be ke hae oe ee ee 127
64. Sections of coal-bed at Evanston, Utah .-...... ....2. 2-2-2. nenoe cnec ences ~194
Dibothrsum Cordiceps -.....2- s-26 soe< ep nees ee ee amps on 2s eae 381
Plate 4. Wrahoptera...-. 2222.4 .--0.5--25 2025 12 coche. o cer
Phage IC (Orthoptera ..... 2-22. wens cecmenc ones secs eoe= be eens ena
MAPS.
White Mountain Hot Springs, Gardiner’s River - .... .- 222+ 22... ---c0- onee coecae 64
Yellowstone Lake-...-.-...-. e222 +--2-6 sens + 2222 sheets - heb ee 101
Lower Geyser hasin, Fire Hole River. ._.. --.. ---- ----.i. 425 56 sb.e-5 eee 104
DWpper Geyser basin, Fire Hole River .-..-..-...s...---..22. 0-5 pe beee ee eee 113
Setlowstone National Park .-.. .-cnescnsseeer peeee obese seek ed o-== 5 ae eee 162

LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.

WASHINGTON, D.C., February 20, 1872.
‘Sm: In accordance with your instructions, based upon the act of the
Forty-first Congress, authorizing the continuation of the geological survey
of the Territories of the United States, I have the honor to submit my
fifth annual report of progress.

As soon as the season was sufficiently far advanced to admit of explor-
ations in the mountain districts, I dispatched my principal assistant,
Mr. James Stevenson, to Omaha and Cheyenne, to make the necessary
preparations and secure the outfit.

My party was organized as follows: James Stevenson, managing
director; Henry W. Elliott, artist; Prof. Cyrus Thomas, agricultural statis-
tician and entomologist; Anton Schodnborn, chief topographer; A. J.
Smith, assistant; William H. Jackson, photographer; George B. Dixon,
assistant; J. W. Beaman, meteorologist; Prof. G. N. Allen, botanist ;
Robt. Adams, jr., assistant; Dr. A. C. Peale, mineralogist; Dr. C. S.
Turnbull, physician ; Campbell Carrington, in charge of zoological collec-
tions; William B. Logan, secretary; F. J. Huse, Chester M. Dawes, ©.
De V. Negley, and J. W. Duncan, general assistants. Mr. Thomas Mo-
ran, a distinguished artist from Philadelphia, accompanied the party as
guest, to secure studies of the remarkable scenery of the Yellowstone,
In addition to the above, there were about fifteen men who acted as
teamsters, laborers, cooks, or hunters. The greater portion of our out-
fit was obtained of the United States quartermaster, Colonel C. A. Rey-
nolds, at Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming Territory. Horses, mules,
wagons, and all other equipments were placed on freight-cars and taken
by rail to Ogden, Utah. Here our journey began.

About June 1, leaving Ogden, we passed along the shore of Salt Lake to
Willard City, thence through the Wasatch Range to Cache Valley, thence
up the valley to the divide, between the waters of the Salt Lake Basin and
those of Snake River. A careful survey of the valley was made, and fre-
quent trips into the mountains on either side were taken. We then
descended Marsh Creek to the Snake River Basin and Tort Hall. Here we
rested for two days, to recruit our animals and make the necessary repairs,
and then followed the stage-road to Virginia junction. We then left the
stage-road to the westward, taking an old road, crossed Blacktail Deer
Creek near its source, thence down Stinking Water to Virginia City. We
then crossed the divide eastward to the Madison river, descended the valley
about thirty miles, and crossed over the other divide to Fort Ellis, at the
head of the Gallatin Valley. A narrow belt was thus surveyed, con-

4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

necting the Pacific Railroad with the Yellowstone Basin, our principal
field of operation. From Fort Ellis, we passed eastward over the divide,
between the drainage of the Missouri and Yellowstone, to Bottler’s
Ranch. Here we established a permanent camp, leaving ali our wagons
and a portion of the party. A careful system of meteorological obser-
vations was kept at this locality for six weeks. From Bottler’s Ranch
we proceeded up the valley of the Yellowstone, surveyed the remark-

able hot springs on Gardiner’s River, the Grand Canon, Tower Falls,

Upper and Lower Falls of the Yellowstone, thence into the basin proper,
prepared charts of all the Hot Spring groups, which were very numer-
ous, and continued up the river to the lake. We then commenced a syste-
matic survey of the lake and its surroundings. Mr. Schdénborn, with his
assistant, made a careful survey of the lake and the mountains from the
shore, and Messrs. Elliott and Carrington surveyed and sketched its
Shore-lines from the waterin a boat. Careful soundings were also made,
and the greatest depth was found to be three hundred feet. From the lake
J proceeded, with Messrs. Schénborn, Peale, and Elliott to the Fire-Hole
Valley, by way of East Fork of the Madison ; then ascended the Fire-Hole
Valley. We made careful charts of the Lower and Upper Geyser Basin,
locating all the principal springs, and determining their temperatures.
We then returned over the mountains by way of the head of Fire-Hole
River, explored Madison Lake, Heart Lake,&c. After having completed
our survey of the lake, we crossed over on to the headwaters of the Hast
Fork by way of the valley of Pelican Creek, explored the East Fork toits
junction with the main Yellowstone, and thence to Bottler’s Ranch, which
we reached on the 28th of August. From this place we passed down the
Yellowstone, through the lower canon, to the mouth of Shield’s River, to
connect our work with that of Col. Wm. F. Raynolds,in 1860. From there
we returned to Fort Ellis. From this point I desired to examine a belt
southward to the Union Pacific Railroad, that should connect, as far as
possible, with the belt explored on our way up to Fort Ellis in June.
We therefore passed down the Gallatin Valley to the junction of the
Three Forks, thence up the Jefferson Fork to the Beaver Head branch,
then up the Beaver Head to Horse Plain Creek, up the latter creek to
the main Rocky Mountain divide, thence across to the headwaters of
the Medicine Lodge Creek into the Snake River basin and Fort Hall.
From Fort Hall we struck across the mountains between Black-Foot
Creek and the source of the Port Neuf to Soda Springs, at the head of
Bear River; examined the Soda Spring district, and passed up the valley
of Bear River, by way of Bear Lake, to Evanston, on the Union Pacific
Railroad. At this point the party was disbanded, most of them re-
turning to their homes. A portion of the month of October was oceu-
pied in reviewing points of geological interest along the railroad.
' Extensive collections in geology, mineralogy, botany, and all depart-

ments of natural history were made, some account of which is given in
subsequent portions of this report.

ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. . 5

Although my party the past season was unusually large, involving
increased labor and responsibility in its management, I gladly bear testi.
mony to.the uniform zeal and interest of the members in its success.

My principal assistant, Mr. James Stevenson, labored with his usual
efficiency and fidelity throughout the entire trip. In honor of his great
services not only during the past season, but for over twelve years
of unremitting toil as my assistant, oftentimes without pecuniary

reward, and with little of the scientific recognition that usually comes

to the original explorer, I have desired that one of the principal islands
of the lake and one of the noble peaks reflected in its clear waters should
bear his name forever.

Mr. Elliott labored with his usual zeal and efficiency, and, besides great
numbers of sketches, he constructed sections of the entire routes traversed
during the season. Assisted by Mr. Carrington, he made the circuit of
the lake in our little boat, and sketched the entire shore-line with care.

Mr. William H. Jackson performed his duties with great zeal, and the
results of his labors have been and will continue to be of the highest
value. During the season he obtained nearly 400 negatives of the
remarkable scenery of the routes, as well as the caiion, falls, lakes, gey-
sers, and hot springs of the Yellowstone Basin, and they have proved,
since our return, of very great. value in the preparation of the maps and
report. :

Dr. C. 8. Turnbull acted as physician and general assistant, and by
his great fidelity in the performance of his duties rendered himself a
useful and valued member of the party.

Mr. Campbell Carrington had charge of the zoological collections dur-

ing the years 1870 and 1871, and performed his duties with great zeal
and efficiency. His collections of fish and reptiles are quite complete.
He was assisted by Messrs. Dawes, Logan, Negley, and Dunean.
_ The reports of Prefessor Thomas and Dr. Peale, which are herewith
appended, will speak for themselves. Prof. G. N. Allen acted as botan-
ist with great success, as far as Fort Ellis, and was assisted by Mr.
Robert Adams. After Prof. Allen’s departure, Mr. Adams took charge
of the botanical collections. The report of Pref. Perter will show the
results of their labors in the field. 3

The loss of my chief tepographer, Mr. Anton SchGnborn, whose death
occurred at Omaha after he had returned from the trip, with the notes
which be had taken with zeal and ability, seemed almost irreparable.
On my arrival at Washington I applied te Prof. J. E. Hilgard,the able
assistant in charge of the United States Coast Survey Office, for aid in
my extremity. With his usual sympathy and prompt action in all mat-
ters pertaining te science, he at ence placed Mr. Schdnborn’s field-notes
into the hands of Mr. E. Hergesheimer, in charge of the engraving di-
visien ef the Coast Survey, and the result has been that Mr. Herges-
heimer has compiled and drawn a series of maps and charts ef the sur-
vey, whose beauty and accuracy attest his skill as a tepographer. Prof,

6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

2enel Keith, of the Coast Survey, computed the observations for latitude

and time. Mr. Beaman has been permitted to consult fromtime to time
with Mr. Charles A. Schott, in the preparation of the meteorological
report. I cannot too earnestly express my obligations to the officers of
the Coast Survey for their aid and counsel.

In all my previous reports 1 have acknowledged my obligations to
the military authorities for favors of great value. Armed with orders
from the honorable Secretary of War, General Belknap, upon the
military posts of the West for such assistance as could be afforded
without detriment to the service, my whole party was everywhere
received with marked kindness and generosity. The outfit obtained
from Colonel C. A. Reynolds, of Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming
Territory, was even greater and more complete than that of the pre- |
ceding year, and the aid which both himself and his subordinates
cheerfully gave us, formed one of the most important elements of our
success. An outfit so suitable for our purpose could not have been pur-
chased in the country outside of the Quartermaster’s Department, how-
ever great our appropriation. We were also permitted to purchase
commissary stores at cost with transportation included. The amount of
time and money saved to the General Government, as well as the char-
acter of the outfit, render these favors essential to the complete success
of a party exploring the remote sections of the interior of our continent.
We are also saved from extortionate demands that might be made on us
in case of an emergency which may at any time occur. At Fort Ellis
we were indebted more or less to all the officers of the post for courte-
sies, but I beg to make special mention of Captain J. C. Ball, who was in
command in the absence of Colonel Baker, on our arrival there. Cap-
tain Ball at once gave us all the assistance that could be afforded by
the post, and the benefit of his long experience in western life, in the ©
completing of our equipments. On our return to Fort Ellis we were
much aided by Captain L. C. Forsyth, quartermaster of the post.
By orders of Generals Sheridan and Hancock, one company of the
Second Cavalry, under the command of Captain Tyler and Lienu-
tenant Grugan, was directed to escort the party, under the direc-
tion of Colonel J. W. Barlow and Captain D. P. Heap, United
States Engineer Corps, and the party under my charge. Captain
Tyler and Lieutenant Grugan remained with us until we reached the
Yellowstone Lake, when they were ordered to return to Fort Ellis, and
Lieutenant G. C. Doane was directed to take their place. I wish here
to thank Captain Tyler and Lieutenant Grugan for unvarying courtesy
and a desire to advance the objects of our expedition in every way dur-
ing their stay with us. Lieutenant Doane reached us at our camp on
the southwest shore of the lake, and from that period to the time of our
return to Fort Ellis we received the benefit of his experience of the pre-
vious year.

Prom Captain J. E. Putnam and Lieutenant Wilson, of Fort Hall, my

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. ri

entire party were the recipients of all the assistance we needed or
the post could supply. To my excellent friend, General H. A. Morrow,
in command of Camp Douglas, Utah, I am indebted for many favors,
not only as an officer of the Army, but as an earnest and successful stu-
dent of geology, in the form of valuable specimens and much informa-
tion. To the officers of the railroads and stage-lines my party was
much indebted the past season. ‘To Mr. Bradley Barlow, and Gilmer and
Salisbury, proprietors of the stage-routes in Idaho and Montana, our
thanks are due for passes for two persons.

I beg to call the special attention of the Department to the great
generosity of the officers of the Union Pacific Railroad, Hon. Thomas
A. Scott, president, and General T. I. Sickels, superintendent, for free
transportation for my entire party from Omaha to Ogden, and return.
Mr. H. Brownson, general freight-agent of the Union Pacific Railroad,
ordered our freight to be carried at reduced rates. My thanks are also
due to the officers of the Central Pacific Railroad for free passes for
several members of my party.

It would not be possible to mention by name, all the kind friends in
the West who showed my party valuable attentions. With scarcely an
exception, we were received with great favor in every portion of the
country. I would express my thanks to Hon. B. F. Potts, governor of
Montana, Hon. H. L. Hosmer, Hon. J. Y. Lovell, of Virginia City, and
many others.

I wish also to express my obligations to the gentlemen connected
with the press, who have never failed to recognize the importance of
these surveys in the development of our western Territories.

I desire to acknowledge the numerous favors and aid which have
always been extended to myself and party in all our labors by
Professors Henry and Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, and to the
Engineer Bureau of the Army, for the use of their valuable maps for
several years past.

To the editors of Scribner’s Monthly, who have done and are continu-
ing to do so much to spread a knowledge of the remarkable scenery and
resources of the far West among the people, I am under obligations
for the use of some of the finest wood-cuts illustrating this report.

As far back as 1856, when the writer was connected with the explor-
ing expedition to the Lower Yellowstone, under the command of Gen-
eral G. K. Warren, of the United States Engineer Corps, it was the plan
of that accomplished engineer and geographer to penetrate the unknown
but marvelous region of the Yellowstone Basin. Wonderful tales, that
had sharpened the curiosity of the whole party, were related by our guide,
Mr. James Bridger. An expedition was planned by General Warren
for the years 1859 and 1860, which contemplated the exploration of
this region as the objective point; but he was superseded in command
by Colonel Wm. F’. Raynolds, of the United States Engineer Corps. The
writer was also connected with that expedition as geologist. Every

8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

effort was made by Colonel Raynolds to cross the snow-covered sum-
mits of the Wind River Mountains, but without success. In the summer
of 1869, a small party, under Messrs. Cook and Folsom, ascended the
Valley of the Yellowstone, to the lake, and crossed over the divide
into the Geyser Basin of the Madison.

In the summer of 1870, a second party, under General. Washburn,
surveyor general of Montana, visited that country. Mr. N. P. Langford,
a member of the party, gave, in the May and June numbers, 1871, of
Seribner’s Monthly, most glowing accounts of the marvelous wonders.
These articles called the attention of the whole country to that remarka-
ble region. Lieutenant G. C. Doane, Second Cavalry, United States
Army, accompanied the party in command of a small escort, and made
an official report of the trip to General Hancock, who forwarded it to
the honorable Secretary of War, General Belknap, who at once trans-
mitted it to Congress, with a request thatit be printed. I desire to eall
the attention of the public to the remarkable report of this young officer,
which he seems to have written under the inspiration of the wonder-
ful physical phenomena around him. The report is a modest pamphlet
of 40 pages, yet I venture to state as my opinion, that for graphic de-
scription and thrilling interest it has not been surpassed by any official

* -report made to our Government since the times of Lewis and Clarke.

Colonel J. W. Barlow, United States Engineer Corps, on General
Sheridan’s staff, and Captain D. P. Heap, United States Engineer Corps,
on General Hancock’s staff, made an exploration of the Yellowstone
‘Basin during the past season, the results of which will doubtless soon
be given to the public in an official form. A very interesting and in-
structive abstract has already appeared in the Chicago Journal of
January 15.

In attaching names to the many mountain-peaks, new streams, and
other geographical localities, the discovery of which falls to the pleas-
ant lot of the explorer in the untrodden wilds of the West, I have fol-
lowed the rigid law of priority, and given the one by which they have
been. generally known among the people of the country, whether whites
or Indians; but if, as is often the case, no suitable descriptive name
can be secured from the surroundings, a personal one may then be
attached, and the names of eminent men who have identified them-
selves with the great cause, either in the fields of science or legislation,
naturally rise first in the mind.

The wisdom of the policy of publishing for the people the immediate
results of my surveys, in the form of annual reports, eyen though some-
what crude, has received emphatic sanction by the great demand for
them in past years and the general satisfaction they have given. I
have, therefore, made them the receptacle of a mass of observations on
the local geology of the routes which I cannot introduce into a more
elaborate final report. The attempt, also, to give to these annual reports
a somewhat popular as well as scientific cast has met with the cordial

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 9

approval of the students of geology and natural history all over the
country. I trust, therefore, that they may be continued from year to
year, as long as the survey shall receive the sanction of the Govern-
ment. 3

The annual report will contain catalogues of species which will be
useful in determining the geographical distribution of plants and ani-
mals in the West, the meteorological observations, and all the notes of
a more practical character on the agricultural and mining resources, &e.

The final reports will be in quarto form, and will contain only the new
and little-known species of that region requiring detailed description
and illustration, the general geology, with maps, sections,and other
illustrations.

The type series of the collections in all departments are arranged in the
museum of the Smithsonian Institution, according to act of Congress.

The duplicate specimens are then separated into sets, and distributed
- to the various museums and institutions of learning in our country.

I would respectfully call the attention of the Secretary to the names
of men eminent in the scientific world, connected with the special arti-
cles in my annual report of this year as well as that of last year. The
investigations of such men as Leidy, Cope, Lesquereux, Newberrry, Meek,
Porter, Uhler, Horn, and Edwards, will give to these reportsa lasting value
for all time. These gentlemen have generously consented to become col-
laborators for the final reports, and are now preparing memoirs on special
branches, which will form solid and permanent contributions to knowl.
edge. The obligations to these gentlemen are increased from the fact
that the greater part of the work is a “ labor of love,” without any com-
pensation from the Government.

In conclusion, I beg permission to extend to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior and to General B. R. Cowen, Assistant Secretary, my most grateful
thanks for the generous facilities they have placed at my command, and
for the kindly interest they have ever felt in the progress of the work.
If these explorations in the far West shall tend to the honor of our
country or to the increase of human knowledge, the main object will be
attained.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ‘
Fr. V. HAYDEN,

United States Geologist.
Hon. C. DELANO,

Secretary of the Interior.

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REPORT OF F. V. HAYDEN.

CHAPTER—

I.
yell:
III.

IV.

FROM OGDEN, UTAH, TO FORT HALL, IDAHO.

FROM FORT HALL, IDAHO, TO FORT ELLIS, MONTANA.

FORT ELLIS—MYSTIC LAKE—SOURCE OF THE GALLATIN—TRAIL
CREEK—CROW AGENCY AND FIRST CANON—EXIT OF THE YEL-
LOWSTONE.

FIRST CANON—SNOWY RANGE—EMIGRANT PEAK—BOTTLER’S
RANCH—SECOND CANON—DEVIL’S SLIDE—WHITE MOUNTAIN—
HOT SPRINGS, ETC.

. THE GRAND CANON—FALLS—HOT SPRINGS—YELLOWSTONE LAKE.
. FROM YELLOWSTONE LAKE TO THE GEYSER BASINS OF FIRE-HOLE

RIVER AND RETURN.

. FROM HOT SPRING CAMP, ON YELLOWSTONE LAKE, UP PELICAN

CREEK AND DOWN EAST FORK, TO BOTTLER’S RANCH.

. FROM FORT ELLIS TO SNAKE RIVER BASIN, IDAHO.
. FORT HALL—SODA SPRINGS—BEAR RIVER VALLEY—BEAR LAKE

VALLEY—TO EVANSTON, ON UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD.

. THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WITH A MAP.
. PRELIMINARY REPORT OF DR. A. C. PEALE ON MINERALS, ROCKS,

THERMAL SPRINGS, ETC., OF THE EXPEDITION.

ERRATA.

Page 29, sixteenth line from the bottom, for “ Hole in the Wall” read ‘ Hole in the
Rock.” eS Hae
Page 64, twenty-fourth line from the top, for “estsary” read “estuary.”
Page 71, third line from the top, after “flow from” read “it.”
- Page 72, thirty-first line from-the top, for “4150” read “1,500.”
_ Page 73, fifteenth line from the top, for “cleaving” read ‘“‘ dissolving.”

-

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oh) Ce nlf

a

¥ cP

Ata: .

>

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

CHAPTER I.
FROM OGDEN, UTAH, TO FORT HALL, IDAHO.

In my previous reports I have endeavored to present such facts in re-
gard to the geology of the country lymg between Omaha and Salt Lake
as my time and opportunities have enabled me to secure. Ina subse-
quent chapter I shall pass this region again under review, adding such
new matter as the investigations of the past seasons have brought to
light.

In order that the results of the explorations of 1871 might be con-
nected with those of preceding years, it was thought best to make Ogden
the point of departure. The latitude and longitude of Salt Lake City
are probably as well fixed as those of any point west of the Mississippi.
The elevations taken along the line of the Pacitic Railroad were as-
sumed to be correct, and the geography as well as the geology of Salt
Lake Valley were known in general terms. Our camp was located on a,
middle terrace one mile east of Ogden Junction, at an elevation above
tide-water of 4,517 feet. Extending along the eastern side of the valley,
with a trend nearly north and south, is a lofty and picturesque range of
mountains—the northern section of the Wahsatch Range. Far south-
ward, beyond the southern end of the Great Salt Lake, these mountains
seem to extend, apparently growing more lofty and more picturesque, a
gigantic wall inclosing one of the most beautiful valleys in the West.
From the terraces, which form a conspicuous feature along the base of
these mountains, one can obtain a full view of the wonderful body of
water which has given name and character to this region. I will not
attempt here to describe the scenic beauty of this region ; it has already
been done many times; it must be seen by the traveler to be understood,
and once impressed upon the mind it becomes a perpetual pleasure
thereafter. .

The discussion of the Post-Phocene deposits and other prominent geo-
logical features of this valley is reserved for a subsequent portion of
this report. Itis my purpose at this time simply to note the impres-
sions obtained of the geological structure of the country from point to
point in the journey northward from Ogden to the valley of the Yellow-
stone. ;

The range of mountains which form so conspicuous and attractive a
feature along the eastern shore of the lake, and north from Ogden, is
composed mostly of quartzites and limestones, which present excellent
examples of stratification. Just in the rear of our camp there is an
illustration in which a thousand feet or more of layers of quartzite, vary-
ing from a few inches to several feet in thickness, are bent in the form of
an arch (Fig. 1) as if the force had been applied from beneath, near the
central portions, but that the sides or ends had lopped down for want of
support. There are many examples of these peculiar features in this
range, produced by local influences, but connected with the general

14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

forces that elevated the entire range. These mountains appear to the
eye, in viewing them from the valley, as if they had been thrust up out
of the plains. The
sides are very abrupt,
in many instances va-
rying but little from a
vertical. So far as I
.could study them,
north of Ogden they
form a monoclinal, the
eastern side shown in
its full development,
and all the rocks having

a general dip to the
east, or nearly so. The
fi abruptness or steep-
ness of the west side.
toward the lake is un-
doubtedly due to this
_ fact, as the outerop-
ping edges of the strata
are clearly shown on
the side toward the
lake, while to the east-
ward the ridges of up-
heavalextend for miles,
gradually sloping to
the plains. Whether
; the west portion was
+ ever elevated or has
‘\~ been removed by ero-
\ sion is not clearly re-
| vealed. This problem:
* will be discussed at
another time. Where
the Weber River passes
through the Wahsateh
Mountains a nucleus of
gneiss is exposed, but
in this portion of the
range the granitic or
gneissic rock isexposed
only in a few localities, |
and then only toa lim-
ited extent. These
examples are suffi-
cient to show that the-
quartzites, limestones,
and other sedimentary
NEUE [as rocks above rest upon
WS\\\t \ what we have regarded
ANY “h Y as well-defined meta-
NY t i l ; morphic rocks similar
Wiis” to the nuclei of other
mountain ranges. A few instances occur of igneous outbursts, like
those in the southern extension of the Wahsatch Mountains, but very .

ha! | Xi uit
ACh

W \\\ x: :
\

sad NY
en are

Yah),

b

\* Ny
Ci NN " \
aN SS Ly Ny
Sars ON
8

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 15

limited in extent. The lowest bed of quartzites resting upon the granit-
oid rocks I have estimated to be 1,500 to 2,000 feet inthickness. It has
a very brittle fracture, although so hard and compact, usually very fine,
and, to the naked eye, without grain, but it is sometimes composed of
an aggregate of water-worn pebbles, mostly quite small, or crystals of
quartz. This lower bed has evidently been more or less changed by
heat, and the external evidence of change grows fainter as we proceed
up from the quartzites into the limestones, until all traces of it disappear.
In regard to the age of these quartzites there is much obscurity. So far
as my own investigations are concerned, I only know that they attained
a great thickness—that they seem to form the lower portion of the shaly
sedimentary rocks of this region. The discovery of the well-known
Silurian coral, Halysites catenularia, in the last bed of limestone, points
to a Silurian horizon. The texture of the rocks in these mountain
ranges renders the discovery of fossils in great numbers and in a good
state of preservation quite doubtful. We shall wait for the report of
the more careful investigations under the direction of Mr. Clarence
King. The Carboniferous group in this region is well defined by its fos-
sils, and I have no doubt that the Silurian and Devonian are well repre-
sented. It may be that all the lower quartzites should be embraced in
the Silurian. if opportunity presents, I hope to discuss these obscure
points more in detail in the closing chapter of this report.

The same remarkable illustrations of mud-flats and shallow water
deposits as occur in the quartzites of the Uintah Mountains are
seen here. Some of the layers are closely crowded with rather coarse
fucoidal stems or roots, suggesting the Devonian age. As is quite well
shown on our maps, the ranges of mountains west of longitude 111°
have a trend nearly north and south, or perhaps, more accurately, west
of north and east of south. Many of the little streams that empty into
the lake pass through the Wahsatch Range at right angles, or nearly
so, thus forming the deep and picturesque canons for which this basin
is so remarkable. Cross-sections of the mountains are thus exposed,
enabling the geologist to work out with considerable clearness the order
of superposition of the beds; though, with all these advantages, it is
not always an easy task. Sometimes the strata are much crushed and
folded, or concealed by recent deposits or débris.

On the morning of June 4, I made an exploration up Ogden Cafion,
which forms an excellent example of the cross-sections referred to above.
A fine ereek about 30 feet wide and 3 to 5 feet deep has cut a channel
through the mountain and its ridges. Thé stream, as it comes out of
the mountain on the west side, opens into a broad grassy valley, thickly
settled by farmers, and joins the Weber River about five miles dis-
tant. Five miles from the entrance of the canon to the eastward there
is an expansion of the valley, with table-like terraces on the north side,
on one of which a Mormon village is located. ‘The terraces are 30 to 50
feet above the bed of the creek. On the northeast side of this valley are
hills 800 to 1,000 feet high, composed of arenaceous clays, with some
beds of limestone, while east and southeast are numerous ridges of
limestones with corals and other fossils, showing them to be of Car-
boniferous age. The north and northeast sides of the hills are rounded
and sloping, and covered with coarse bunch-grass and small bushes.
The valley is full of springs and meadow-like areas. The scenery can
hardly be surpassed in any country for wild, picturesque beauty. The
character of the rocks in the order of superposition does not differ mate-
rially from those exposed in the valley of the Weber River, along the line
of the Union Pacific Railroad. There are the Tertiary beds of the Wah-

16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

satch group about the sources of Ogden Creek; then the low J urassic
ridges, inclining 10° to 15°, gradually passing down into sandstones,
quartzites,then arenaceous limestones,changing gradually to pure massive
limestones of Carboniferous age. As we pass down the cation from Ogden
Valley, or, as it is named on our maps, Ogden Hole, we observe the
Carboniferous limestones rising like high, nearly vertical, walls on either
side, at first inclining about 8°, within ten miles dipping 20° to 30°, and
1,500 to 2,000 feet in thickness. In these limestones are some remarkable
illustrations of the folding of the strata, (Fig. 2.) In one locality there isa

Fim. @:

WEDGE OF LIMESTONE, OGDEN CANON,

group of strata, perfectly cross-sectioned by the stream, 300 feet long
and 200 feet high at the thickest end, in the shape of a huge wedge.
Underneath these limestones comes a yellowish-gray quartzite, which
forms a portion of a ridge inclining 20° to 25°. A small gulch inter-
venes, and the next ridge runs up like a cone with a dip northeast 55°,
and the strata are brought out remarkably clear, with a height of 1,500
to 2,000 feet; beneath the quartzite is another bed of brittle limestone
of better quality than the other, of a bluish-gray color, passing down
into a steel-gray. The coarse portion is quite slaty. It is this bed that
furnishes the material for burning into lime. These limestones incline
30°, and are about 1,500 feet in thickness. The next bed is composed

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 17

of rusty-brown slaty clays 200 feet thick. Then succeeds a remarkable
group of quartzite beds, with unusual indications of shallow water
deposition, inclining 75°. The river cuts directly through the ridge,
forming a cafion 100 feet wide, with walls 500 feet high. The lower
bed i have estimated at 2,000 feet in thickness, and it is mostly a close-
grained compact quartzite, but sometimes it is an aggregate of small
white masses of quartz and water-worn pebbles. From underneath this
bed are a few outcroppings of micaceous gneiss and reddish feldspathic
granite, apparently inclining the same with the quartzites.

There is another very interesting feature in this cation which connects
it more immediately with the great valley to the west of the range.
Toward the sources of Ogden Creek, and in the expansions of the
valley, are quite thick deposits of a kind of drift of sands and clays, with
the greatest abundance of loose, worn bowlders and pebbles. In the
canon this drift material forms amassive, coarse conglomerate, and frag-
ments now are found attached to the sides of the cation ina horizontal posi-
tion. These conglomerates point to the time when the great fresh-water
lake, at a comparatively modern period, filled the: valley of Salt
Lake high upon the flanks of the mountains, even covering the highest
terrace.

This subject will be discussed more fully in a subsequent portion
of this report.

On the morning of June 11, we left our camp near Ogden City
and proceeded on our journey northward, camping the first night
near the Hot Springs. This is a very interesting locality, and de-
served a more careful study than we were able to giveit. There is
here a group of warm springs, forming, in the aggregate, a stream 3
feet wide and 6 to 12 inches deep; the surface, for a space of 300 or 400:
yards in extent, is covered with a deposit of oxide of iron, -so that it
resembles a tan-yard in color. The temperature is 136°. They flow from
beneath a mountain called Hot Spring Mountain, which is about five
miles long and three wide, and is, I think, a remnant of the west part
of the anticlinal of which the great range forms the eastern part. On
either side of this fragment of a mountains the terraces are distinetly
defined. The nucleus is composed of micaceous gneiss, with seams of
white quartz running through it in every direction, and resting upon it
with apparent conformity are the quartzites and limestenes. The eleva-
tion of the shore of the lake near the water-tank, not farfrom Hot Springs,
is 4,191.4, while the highest pointof this broken mountain to the east
of it is 4,986.6, or about 800 feet above thelake. The water of the warm
springs is as clear as crystal, containing great quantities of iron, and
the supply is abundant, and as there are cold springs also in the vicin-
ity, there isnoreason why this locality should not at some future period
become a noted place of resort for invalids. The medicinal qualities of
the water must be excellent, and the climate is unsurpassed.

Between Willard City, and Brigham City the terraces are well defined,
and the sides of the mountains, as the edges of the strata project
toward the lake, present a remarkably rugged appearance. The:
limestones crop out here and there upon the quartzites without
any regular dip. I sought earnestly for some unmistakable proof
that this fragmentary mountain is a remnant of the west portion of the
anticlinal, and though I am convinced that it is so, yet the evidence was
not as clear as I could wish. The terraces, as well as the sides of the
mountains, are covered so thickly with a kind of local drift or a modern
lake deposit that the underlying rocks are concealed. Near Box Elder
Cafion are two kinds of terraces, the usual lake terraces, of which there

268

18 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

are two well-defined lines at least, and the river terraces, which are con-
fined to the streams and do not seem to have any direct connection with
the former. These river terraces are so marked a feature in the landscape
that they would not be overlooked by the traveler. The lowest plain
valley opposite the cafion, near the water’s edge, was found to be 4,344.8
feetabove the sea-level. First terrace, 4,683.8 feet; second terrace, 4,776.5;
third terrace, 4,858.9. These terraces will show more clearly than any other
evidence we have, the gradual decrease, step by step, of the waters of the
ancient lake, and the operations of the little streams pouring into it from
the mountains on either side. The amoant of local drift that has been
swept down through the gorges or canons and lodged at the opening is
very great. At the immediate mouth of the cation the bowlders are quite
large, varying in diameter from a few inches to several feet. As we travel
westward toward the shore of the lake the bowlders diminish in size and
quantity, and the finer sediments, as sauds and marls, increase, showing
a constant decrease in the power of the currents of the water after leav-
ing the mouth of the cafion. Ascending the Box Elder Cation we find
the sides almost vertical, rising to a height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The
rocks are gueiss, quartzites, slates; these quartzites again inclining 30°
to 70°. After passing up the narrow gorge for about two miles in a
straight line, with just room for the little stream, with the road
with the lofty precipitous rugged walls on either side, we come
out into an open park-like area, about three miles in extent from east
to west and four miles from north to south, which forms a level plain
about 900 feet above Salt Lake. On the east side of the park there is -
a great thickness of alternate layers of slaty shale and rusty-yellow quartz-
ites, varying in thickness from one-foarth of an inch to twenty inches,
inclining northeast at an angle of 45°, and one is an immense thickness
of steel-blue limestone, which projects up near the summit of the hills,
in sharp, craggy pinnacles. In these limestones is an abundance of
Syringopora, Fenestella, Spirifer, Productus, sufficient to show that they
are of Carboniferous age. Upon the surface of the layers of quartz-
ites beneath are impressions of what appear to be sea-weeds in
the greatest abundance, so that large masses of the rock, which is in
many instances a sandstone, with a reddish tinge, look like the Medina
sandstone of New York, covered with the Arihrorophycus Harlani.

Jn the park the river terraces are well defined, really constituting the
arable land in the mountains.

The little Danish Mormon village of Copenhagen is located on a terrace
in thispark. The farms of the settlers are in common, and are cultivated
by irrigation with success. To show how much available land there is, we
estimated it at twelve square miles, or over 7,000 acres. The park is
surrounded by high mountains, which protect it from great extremes
of temperature, and the elevation above the sea is 4,958 feet. The
mountainous portions of Northern Utah are full of these beautiful park-
like areas, which are most probably the remains of an ancient lake. The
wells which have been dug by the settlers show a considerable amount
of drift or bowlder deposit, with fine white or yellow marly sands and
Clays in regular layers, showing the deposit to be Post-Pliocene, and
that the waters of the lake were comparatively quiet. The interesting
features of this park are the large springs at the base of the high hills
which surround it. On the south side there is a spring of very pure
cold water, flowing out from beneath limestone mountains, forming a
stream of 10 feet wide and 1 foot deep, supplying water for irrigating a
large part of the park. On the north side there is a spring about the
same size as the others. Other springs occur often, so that this little
park is intersected with small streams in every direction.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 19

From Mantua to Wellsville, in Cache Valley, the surface of the coun-
try on either side of the road is very rugged. The rocks are mostly
limestones. The road runs between two ridges of upheaval, or a mono-
eiinal valley, with the bluish, cherty, brittle limestone rising up 1,500 to

2,000 feet on the west side, inclinin g a littie north of east at avery large
angle, while on the east side the hilis are more rounded, 800 to 1 000 |
feet above the general level of the country, but dipping in the same di-
rection. The range of mountains west of Wellsville must average 1,500
feet in height; down the valley are one or two of the highest pe: aks—
over 2,000 feet—which are covered with snow in midsummer. They are
composed almost wholly of limestones and quartzites. To the eastward
the ridges reach toan unknown distance, becoming lower and the strata
inclining at asmaller angle. Instead of beds of massive limestone, there
are alternations of arenaceous clays, imestones, and sandstones, \ielding
more readily to atmospheric influences, and in consequence the hills are
more rounded and covered with grass or smail trees. I have estimated
the entire thickness of the stratified rocks in this region at 10,000 feet,
and it is with this mass that we have to deal at this time. 'This esti-

mate does not include the Tertiary beds, either modern or ancient, which
are nearly always present in some form

Cache Valley opens into Salt Lake Valley by way of Bear River
Bay, and one cannot doubt that the lake itself formerly extended
all over Cache Valley. The modern Tertiary or Pliocene deposits
which cover the valley jut up against the mountains on all sides,
with the terraces which are distinct, although not so strongly
marked as in Salt Lake Valley. Most of the building rocks at
Wellsville are the soft sandstones of the modern deposits, which
I have, in a former report, called the Salt Lake group. Compact, rusty
brown quartzites enter into the wails of the houses to considerable CX-
tent; but for sills, corners, chimney-tops, and other ornamental pe Si
the whitish. gray and gray-brown sandstones are used, from the fact that
they are very durable, and can be wrought into any desirable shape.
These calcareous sandstones are horizontal, and underlie the plateaus or
terraces in the valley. The quarry near WellsviHe is not profitable, as
the principal layer of rock is not more than 12 or 14 inches in thickness,
and several feet of superficial gravel and marl have to be removed before
the sandstone can be obtained. Near Mendon the sandstone is much
more compact, and occurs in several layers. I is quite white, and forms
- very beautiful walls. It varies much in texture, some of it very porous,
but it is, for the most part, close-grained enough for durability. It isin
some instances a perfect Oolite. At Logan the principal co-operative
store, a large two-story building, is constructed of a rock from this group,
which is made up of an aggregate of fresh-water and land shells of the
genera Limnea, Physa, Vivipara, Helix, SC. apparently identical with
recent species. I was informed that this reck comes from the foot-hills
of the mountains just west of Mendon. It is the upper layer, and is a
light-brown calcareous sandstone. The shells are nearly all casts, the
rock being so porous in texture that the calcareous shell is in most cases
dissolved out. The ridge of elevation, or range of mountains, as it might
more properly be called, which forms the eastern wall of Cache V alley,
breaks off suddenly near Mendon, and from thence northward it appears
in detached portions and of far less magnitude. But the range or ridge
which walls in the east side is lofty and contmuous. To gain some
knowledge of its structure, I ascended Logan Caiion about four miles in
a straight line above its mouth. The caion seems to be due partly to
a fissure in the Carboniferous limestones and the erosion of the little

20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

stream that passes through it. The strata appear to incline each way
from the gorge as a sort of axis. There is considerable irregularity in the
height of the hiils on either side of the cafion, but they vary from 800
to 2,000 feet. Some of the highest points have banks of snow all the
year. The inclination of the strata of limestone varies from 8° to 20°.
The greatest dip is at the entrance of the gorge, and as we ascend, it
diminishes until it is uniformly about 6° to 10°. One group of strata near
the entrance of the cation is 35°. Some fragments seem to have broken
off of the main ridges, and appear to incline west toward the valley, giv-
ing to the section the appearance of an anticlinal. This cation formsan
extremely interesting cross-section of the Carboniferous limestones, and
reveals their massiveness and enormous thickness. They cannot be
less than 5,000 feet in thickness. The rock is quite hard, brittle, of a
bluish-gray color, and in some layers full of seams and cavities of eal-
cite. A fine stream, about thirty yards wide and an average of 2 or 3
feet in depth, rushes foaming down over the immense masses of rock
which have fallen from the mountain-sides into its channel. The local
drift is here a conspicuous feature also. It is composed of rounded
bowlders, with clays and marls reaching a thickness of 100 to 150 feet
in regular and horizontal strata, attached to the sides of the gorge, and
showing that, however turbulent the waters, the materials were depos-
ited in a lake. At the entrance of the cation are some remarkable ter-
races, composed of sands, clays, marls, and rounded bowlders. The high
limestone ridges which bound Cache Valley on the east extend far south
of Logan, and immediately at the base are a number of prosperous Mor-
mon towns, aS Hiram, Paradise, and others. The trend is somewhat
to the east of south, and is composed almost entirely of limestones of
Carboniferous age. North of Logan to Smithfield, a distance of about
ten miles, the quartzites, with variegated sandstones and clays, appear
beneath the limestones. Owing to the change in the character ef the
rocky strata, the symmetry of the range is lost to some extent. The
ranges of hills, or of mountains, as they might be called, which bound
the west side of Cache Vailey, seem to be composed of the same kind of
rocks, limestones, and quarizites, for the most part, with partings
of clay at times. This range separates the two valleys—Malade Valley
from Cache Valley. Iwas not able to make a minute examination of
the whole country, including Promontory Mountain, extending far —
northward, which is occupied by quartzites and limestones whieh are,

probably, mostly of Carboniferous age. From Corimne to Monument

Point, along the Central Pacific Railroad, none but dark, slate-colored

limestones can be seen. It would appear, therefore, that a large por-

tion of Utah is made up of these nearly parallel ranges of mountains,

trending nearly north and south, with intervening valleys of greater or

less width, which, after their elevation, formed shore-lines for detached

lakes or bays. So far as the evidence goes, it would appear that the

last lake period of this portion of the West commenced in the Pliocene

epoch and continued on up to the present time; that the waters once

filled all these valleys, so that they rested high upon the sides of the

mountains, depositing the sediments of the Salt Lake group, gradually

passing into the Post-Pliocene deposits which verge upon our present

period. It is quite possible that there have been oscillations of level in

these modern lake-waters ; but so far as the proofs go, this great inland

lake may have continued quite uniform until the Terrace epoch, and

that then the waters gradually receded to their present position. If
these statements are true, and I believe they are, this country is in-

vested with a charming interest to the geologist.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Zt

The story of the changes which have occurred in the geological
history of this great interior basin can, no doubt, be traced by uniting
link to link the internal evidence of the rocky strata from the earliest
period to the present time, and this work belongs to the province of the
geologist. To contribute something toward the task of reconstructing the
physical geography of this country in past geological times is my principal
object in writing out the geological features of our route in so great detail.
There is so much similarity in the general structure of the country that I
might express the more prominent points in few words, but this would fail
to give definiteness tothe work. At therisk of repetition, I shall present
the principal facts observed during each day’s travel in the order in which
they were obtained.

As we proceed northward the hills on the east side of the valley
become more irregular and broken. Massive beds of the limestone
can be seen as far as the eye can reach, capping the summits, and
inclining from the valley eastward at various angles, but the lower
hills in front are much rounded and covered with grass, showing the
softer character of the underlying rocks. Clays, sands, and quartzites of
various textures prevail. On the west side the nucleus of the mountains
is undoubtedly the same; but high up on the summits, as well as on the
sides, are found the yellowish and whitish marls and sandstones of the
later Tertiary or lake deposits, filling up, to some extent, the inequalities
of the surface, and sometimes inclining, at a moderate angle, in the same
direction with the older rocks beneath; with the latter, however, the
former do not conform. This range of mountains, which continues unin-
terruptedly nearly to Marsh Valley, on the west side of Round Valley,
rises 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the bed of Bear River. The summits are
covered with bowlders, mostly quartzites. The outline of this range is
formed of an irregular series of cones, with a general dip to the east.
The inclination is quite irregular, sometimes 10°, then 60° or 70°. There
is So much material of a soft nature that yields readily to atmospheric
influences that the underlying harder strata are much concealed, so that I
found it impossible to.obtain a continuous section. The mountains on
the west side from the crossing of Bear River to Bridgeport present a
very abrupt front toward the valley. Originally the quartzites, clays,
and limestones were elevated so as to correspond with the ridges or
hills on the east side, inclining in the same direction, but the cutburst
of igneousrocks has produced some changes in position since the elevation
of the older rocks. The igneous rocks have the peculiar somber hue and
abruptness of basalts, and, in this case, they would appear to have been
thrown up under great pressure, so that they are exceedingly compact
and massive on the surface, and even where the litile streams have
flowed down the sides, forming deep cafons, the same close texture is
shown. Wherever the sedimentary beds come in contact with these
basaltg, they are changed more or less. The clays are changed into
bluish slates, the quartzites are more crystalline, and the limestones are
more or less metamorphic, and exhibit a darker hue. They are also
full of cavities, lined with quartz crystals, or calcite, and seams of
quartz. In this range of hills or mountains, near Bridgeport, silver
mines have been found. One lode has been discovered that yielded ore
which is said to assay $75 per ton. It is not probable that this will
ever be a successiul mining district, and however rich the ore may be
in localities, it will doubtless be found only in pockets, and not in
regular lodes. ‘The area is limited, and whatever ore there may be, it
has probably been segregated in fissures or cavities by the action of the
basalts on the contiguous quartzites. Originally the quartzites and lime-

22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
stones inclined at a high angle eastward, and gave to the west side of the
range of hills a slope like the steep roof of a house, but the elevations
of the basalts, which oceur mostly on the east side, carried the strat-
ified beds up toward the summit of the ridge in such a way that a sort
of local synelinal was formed. The abruptness of the sides of this range
of hilis, and the dark color of the massive basalts, with the variegated
color of the changed and unchanged rocks, which send the ridge-like
cones up 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the valley, give a remarkably rugged,
picturesque character to the scenery. The valley at the base is a meadow
in the Juxuriance of its vegetation. It is divided up into farming lands
and meadows, and the numerous little streams which gash deeply the
sides of the mountains and flow down the steep foot-hills can be easily
guided all over the fertile valley.

The immediate valley of Bear River, near the crossing, is somewhat
interesting on account of the fine development of the lake deposit. It
is here composed of clay, sand, and marl, yellow and rusty-drab color,
and attains a thickness of 200 to 590 feet. The elevation of Bear
River Vailey at the bridge is 4,542.5 feet, and the highest terrace on the
east side 4,737.7 feet, and the highest on the west 4,779.3 feet. The
immediate valley of Bear River may be said to have been worn out of
the Pliocene or lake deposit. Looking southward along the eastern side
of Cache Valley, the Tertiary beds can be distinctly seen, jutting up
against the sides of the mountains, and literally filling up the low places
in therange. Looking northward the same beds seem to jut up against
the hills, but the river appears to cut narrow, gorge-like channels through
several of the parallel ranges of hills or mountains. From time to time
we find heavy beds of conglomerates resting upon the finer sediments
of the lake deposit, the exact age of which is obscure, though probably
formed just prior to the present order of things.

Before leaving this beautiful valley we may say a word about its agri-
cultural resources. It is about 7 miles wide, and 60 in length from
north to south. It was a matter of great surprise to all my party to
find these mountain valleys filled up with inhabitants, and the land
under a high state of cultivation. In Cache Valley there are at least
ten thousand people at this time industriously cultivating the soil, with
ali the appliances of comfort around them. Whenever this country
escapes the ravages of the destructive grasshopper the crops are abun-
dant. On either side of the valley great numbers of little streams, after
cutting deep gorges into the mountains, flow down into the plains, and
are guided by the farmer all over his lands. There is no cultivation
without irrigation, and with it, crops of all kinds are most excellent.
The average elevation is only between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. We leave
the valley, on our journey by way of Red Rock Pass, which is formed of
a group of Carboniferous limestones, a portion of which have a reddish
appearancein the distance, from the presence of oxide of iron. The small
stream, which constitutes the drainage of the upper or north edgé of the
valley, has, at some points, cut a narrow channel through what may have
been a sort of anticlinal fissure, for the strata of limestone incline each
way from the opening or pass, 16° to 20°. These masses of limestone all
point to a period of great erosion, and are monuments to indicate the
huge and extensive thickness of the limestone strata in this region.
Hast Red Rock is 300 feet from summit'to base. The divide between the
drainage of Bear River and that of Port Neuf, which flows into Snake
River, is 5,041.9 feet in elevation. From Red Rock Pass we travel down
Marsh Valley, with high hills and some quite lofty peaks on either side,
composed of the same quartzites and limestones that we have before

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 23

noted. Thevalley is about ten miles wide and is entirely occupied with
the Pliocene beds from side to side. The terraces underlaid by this
deposit are a marked feature, and rise 300 feet above the creek, the
middle one 150 feet and the lowest 50 feet. The hills on the west side °
are lower and less rugged, rising 400 to 1,000 feet above the va ley; but
on the east side they are more formidable, 1,500 to 1,800 feet in height.
The surface outlines are quite rounded and smooth by weatherin g, SO that
the strata are not well defined. Marsh Valley, which is about five miles
in length, is like a meadow covered with tall, thick grass. Soon after
passing the divide, a smail stream commences running northward toward
the Port Neuf, and on either side are wide, swampy, or springy belts,
contributing springs at every step, and in a distance of ten miles it be-
comes a good-sized river. The luxuriance of the vegetation is a marked
feature. The entire channel was filled with several species of water-
plants, Potamogeton, Ranunculus, Brasenia, Myrioph yllum, and many

others. As a necessary result, the fresh-water molluscous life was most
abundant, Planorbis, Limnea, Phys, &e.

About ten miles north of Garpenter’s Station we come to the southern
border of the great basaltic overflow in the valley of Port Neuf and Snake
River, for I am now convinced that this comparatively modern eruption
of i igneous material covered an immense area of country, and might be
called the basin of a wide, extended lake of igneous material, of ‘which
the Snake-River Basin was the center. Whether the melted material
flowed up the valleys of the streams that empty into the Snake River, or
issued from fissures extending up these valleys and overflowing them from
side to side, it is difficult to determine. The latter explanation is most
probably the true one, judging from the uniformity in thickness and extent
of this vast sheet of lava. The elevation of ourcamp on the south border
of the lava basin in Port Neuf Valley is 4,625.5 feet, and this seemsto have
been the height to which it reached in its overflow. The httle streams
have cut new channels directly through the lava flooring, and thus excellent
sections of itmay be studied. Asarule the streams flow along deep muddy
channels, with boggy border and abrupt sides obstructing and even ren-
dering the fording of them dangerous; and on either side, varying in dis-
tance from a few yards to a half a mile, is a vertical wall of basalt,
which, in the distance, has a partially columnar appearance. The basalt
fractures into vertical masses that have an obscure five or six sided form.
Sometimes these walls are so steep and uniform for miles that they can-
not be sealed, and some broken-down, eroded portion must be sought for
before the traveler can escape from the marshy channel of the streams
to the table-like plateau above. The lower portion of this lava floor is
very compact and massive, but the top part is more or less vesicular.
There is very little, if any, of the usual spongy lava; it is all very heavy,
even though full of cavities. It effervesces freely, showin g@ the presence
of lime in considerable quantities. The illustrations of exfoliation are
abundant everywhere. Sometimes quite thick beds show an exposed
surface of rounded masses, decomposing in concentric layers as if it
was an aggregation of large coneretions. The disintegration of these
igneous rocks is mostly accomplished through the process of exfoliation.
The general appearance of this table-shaped belt of basalt contrasts
strangely with the ranges of hills on either side. On the east side of the
valley the foot-hills are quite irregular, high, and covered with drift. On
the west side they slope rather gently down to the river, deeply cut
here and there by ravines. ‘The superficial deposits extend high up, 500:
feet or more above the bed of the river, lapping smoothly on the basis
rocks, The white Pliocene sandstones are exposed at one locality not

24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

far below the toll-gate. The Port Neuf River is full of little falls or
rapids 3 to 6 feet high, where the water flows over the basaitic floor, add-
ing much to the attractive beauty of the scenery. Here and there we
find outcroppings of cherty and silicious limestones underlaid by shales. -
Isolated hills or ridges composed of these rocks are revealed by the river,
sometimes extending partly across the valley, remnants left from former
erosions. At the bend of Port Neuf a pretty little stream about 10 feet
wide flows in from the northeast. On the west side the rusty-gray
quartzites are well shown, inclining 559. In passing down the Port Neuf
from the bend, we have the yellowish-gray quartzites just mentioned,
then dull purplish quartzite, composed largely of an aggregate of quartz
pebbles, then dark purplish drab slates. The latter seem to form the cen-
tral portion of a local anticlinal. The reverse dip extends only a short
distance, while the original dip, a little north of east, is restored, and
this continues for five or six miles, the strata consisting of alternate beds
of quartzites, slates, limestones, &¢., inclining 15° to 50°. In this series
are three beds of impure cherty limestones. The quartzites possess a
ereat variety of texture and color, from a dirty, rusty brown or rusty yel-
low to a fine grayish quartz. The reddish or purplish quartzite is very
thick, and forms most beautiful pudding-stones, very seldom a coarse
conglomerate. At the lower end of Port Neuf Caiion, just before it opens
into the plain, there is a high ridge, rising 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the
river, which seems to form the central mass of the general anticlinal, for
the strata dip each way from it. This ridge, asit extends off far south-
ward, shows the slopes or inclinations of the beds well. The Port Neuf,
after making the bend near Robbev’s Roost City, cuts a channel through
the ridges nearly at right angles for five or six miles, exposing at least
10,000 teet of quartzite. Theridges run quite regularly north and south,
and the principal ones are very persistent, while connected with them
are some fragmentary ones. The age of this vast series of stratified
rocks is quite obscure, and may continue so. The limestones which con-
tain the well-defined Carboniferous fossils mark a horizon which takes in
a considerable thickness, but below this horizon there is a group of
strata of variable thickness, as well as texture, that is not likely to reveal
the proofs of its age. Itis true that thereis ample room for several times
as great a thickness of strata in the Devonian and Silurian, and even
extending down into the sub-Silurian, where, perhaps, some of the meta-
morphic quartzites should be placed. In this report I shall merely state
the facts as I have been abie to observe them, and await the results of
future explorations to clear up any obscurities. In this great country the
formations are usually so widely extended geographically that the discov-
ery of proofs of their age at any one locality may unravel the obscurities
of yearsoflabor. Limestones of undoubted Carboniferous age occur every-
where, and, as a rule, cover the summits and flanks of the highest ranges
of hills or mountains. In many instances the great thickness of these
limestones and the slowness with which they yield to atmospherie in-
fluences have prevented many of the ranges from being much rounded,
and perhaps removed entirely. Over a great portion of Utah, extending
northward into Idaho and Montana, the Carboniferous limestones form the
great protecting covering to the mountain ranges. The erosion of the
basalt in the Port Neuf Cafionisa feature of some interest. Sometimes
for miles it has been entirely removed ; then it will re-appear in full foree.
Remnants are sometimes seen on the sides of the cafion, showing that the
Waters at a modern period have worn wide channeis through. In some —
instances there are evidences of two great periods of outflow of melted
material, forming horizontal belts, as it were. At one locality this fea-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 25

ture is well shown where the river has ent through the basalt, revealing
150 feet in thickness, with the floor or terraces ; the lower one is the im-
mediate channel of the river, and the other forming distinet walls on
either side, with an obscure columnar fracture. I am inclined to believe
that there were at least two important periods of overflow of basalt al?
over this region, although in a geological sense they are connected to-
gether. Aiter leaving Port Neuf Cation we come out into the broad plains
berdering on Snake River; on either side, as we continue northward to
Ross’s Fork, we find the hills of various heights and composed of a va-
riety of quartzites, with some limestones. They are much rounded, and
covered with a heavy deposit of débris or kind of drift, and the whitish
and gray sandstones and the yellow and drab marl of the Pliocene fill
up the irregularities of the surface, and sometimes incline at a small
angle, as if they had participated in some of the later movements that
elevated the country to its present position. Krom the stage station on
Reoss’s Fork to the present location of Fort Hall is about 16 miles. The
valley is a beautiful one, and was originally called Warm Spring Valley,
from some warm springs that form the sources of the ttle streams that
flow through it, but it has since received the patriotic name of Lincoln
Valley. Among ithe lower ranges of hills that border the east side of
the great Snake River basin, especially from Port Neuf Cafion north-
ward, the Pliocene deposits are weli shown, and lic beneath the basaltic
floor. Inthe Port Neuf Cation this fact is illustrated by the wearing away
of the cap or floor of basalt in a number of localities, but on the sides
of the hills this is shown with equal clearness by the elevations of
the basalt. The dip of the beds is not great, usually not more than 5° or
16°, and in all cases in the direction of the oreat basin. This would in-
dicate that there had been a moderate elevation of the mountain ranges
or a depression of the basin at a very modern date, even approaching very
close to our present pericd. The effusion of such a vast amount of igne-
ous matter from the interior of the earth might suggest the possibility,
or even probability, that the cause of the subsequent changes in the hills,
around the borders, was either contempcraneous or subsequent to the
effusion of the melted material. If the elevation began with the erup-
tion, it certainly continued long after it ceased, inasmuch as the basait
is lifted up in thick beds, at the same angle with the underlying strata.
Not only in the valley of the Port Neuf and Snake River is the basalt
found in conjunction with the lake deposits, but in numerous localities
all over the Northwest, it seems to rest upon these Phocene beds, readily
adapting itself by the form of the under surface to the irregularities of
the surface of the lake deposits.

A few words in regard te the geological character of the hills border-
ing Lincoln Valley, around Fort Hall, may not be without interest in
this connection. In ascending a small gorge-like valley east of the fort,
where the waters have excavated a channel directly through the differ-
ent beds, we have excellent opportunities for studying such of them as
are developed in this region. There is a general dip to the strata that
may be regarded as uniform and in one dir ection, but the local disturb-
ances are, ‘oftentimes, very complicated, and in many cases formations
which are really well dev eloped are entirely concealed over large areas,
or simply crop out here and there over very restricted areas. The moun:
tain ranges all over the West are full of canons and valleys, cuts or
gashes, from the axes or central portions to the plains. These vary so
much in character, owing to the intensity of the erosive force, that some
of them may penetrate the very core of the mountain, and cut through
all the strata on the sides into the plains, or it may be more or less shal-

26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

low, or so hard, and the strata so covered with grass or débris, that they
elude the scrutiny of the geologist. By exploring with much care large
numbers of these natural cuts, a very true conception of the geological
structure of a mountain range may be obtained. It is usually quite
difficult to measure the thickness of the beds; indeed, it is impossible;
and we must therefore rely upon a judicious estimate, aided by good
barometrical observations. Neither are exact instrumental measure-
ments of strata of great importance in this country. Take, for example,
the limestones of the Carboniferous age ; they vary in thickness in differ-
ent localities, all the way from a few hundred feet to as many thousands,
and yet they being sea-formed rocks, are supposed to tend toward uni-
formity of thickness. In this narrow valley we find that the Pliocene
beds which form the foot-hills of all the ranges of mountains surround-
ing the great Snake-River Basin are also under the great basalt floor.
These beds sometimes are found 400 or 500 feet above the level
of the plains, and so conceal the underlying rocks, upon which they re-
pose unconformably, that it is difficult to unravel their connections.
Then there is a thickness of several hundred feet of grayish-brown lime-
stones, more or less arenaceous, with intercalated layers of clay or lime-
stone, and full of Jurassic fossils. Underneath is a group of sand-
stones, varying in color from a dark to a light brick-red, resembling the
sandstones so well shown in Weber Cafion, and probably of the same
age, but entirely destitute of organic remains. This group is 300 to 500
feet thick, and inclines 15° to 25°; underlying the red sandstones are
limestones, which are undoubtedly Carboniferous, and beneath them
quartzites, sandstones, pudding-stones, conglomerates, of unknown
age. The group thus enumerated forms the mass or bulk of the regu-
larly stratified rocks, composing the ranges around this great basin.
Before closing this chapter, I may enumerate some of the ele, ations
along our route, for the purpose of showing the relative heights of the
hills surrounding the plains and valleys, as well as to indicate one of the
important couditions for successful agriculture. There seems to be no
want of fertility in the soil of our western plains, and when the two
most important conditions are favorable, climate and moisture, or water
for the parposes of irrigation, then agriculture will be a success. How-
ever abundant the water may be, either in the form of rain or in streams
for irrigation, if the elevation is 7,000 feet and upward, the climate is
liable to be too severe and uncertain for settlement. From barometrical
observations along the route of travel we found that the elevation of our
camp on Ross’s Fork was 4,394 feet above the sea; on the divide toward
Fort Hall, 5,072 feet; Fort Hall, 4,724. These figures will serve to indi-
cate the general elevation of the plains and the immediate foot-hills, and
they show that the climate need not be more unfavorable for agriculture
than that of Salt Lake Valley, in which the Mormons have been so suc-
cessful. How far the excessive dryness of the atmosphere may be an
obstacle it is hardly possible to decide. The past season was an
nnusually dry one. The difference between the wet and dry bulb in
June on the Snake River plains was 35°, which indicates an unusual
freedom from moisture in the air. The broad bottoms in the immediate
vicinity of Snake River are at a somewhat lower level, and can be made
very productive; large quantities of hay are prepared every season.
inasmuch as an Indian reservation has been made on Ross Fork, we
py have some experiments in agriculture on these plains in a short
ime,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 27

CHAPTER If.
FROM FORT HALL, IDAHO, TO FORT ELLIS, MONTANA.

We will not take our leave of Fort Hall without a word of thanks to
the officers of that post for their hospitable courtesy tous. We remained
in this beautiful locality, a real oasis it might be called, two days, rest-
ing our animals and laying in supplies and making repairs. Every
facility that could possibly be provided for us, was granted by Captain
J. H. Putnam, the officer in command, as well as by Lieutenant Wilson,
commissary and quartermaster. The manner in which Captain Putnam
extended the courtesies of the post to all my party was even more
grateful than the material afforded. The assistance we obtained here
advanced our explorations several days of time. Fort Hall is a small
but exceedingly neat post, which was constructed by the officer at pres-
ent in command about one year ago, and is located in a beautiful, fer-
tile, grassy valley, among the foot-hills on the east side of the Snake
River Basin, about forty miles east of the old Fort Hall. Numerous
streams of pure water have been conveyed, by artificial channels, all
through and around the grounds, so that, in the dry season, when the
vegetation of the surrounding country is parched by the sun’s rays, itis
here as fresh and green asin spring-time. During the winter, the waters
coming from Warm Springs, about two miles above the post, never
freeze over, and the whole valley is protected from the cold winds by
the surrounding hills, so that I do not hesitate to regard it as one of the
most desirable spots in Idaho. No finer locality for a military post
could have been selected in this region.

In the afternoon of June 23, we left this pleasant resting-place and the
kind hospitality of its officers with reluctance, and made our camp on
Blackfoot Fork, about seven miles to the northward. This is a pretty
stream about 30 feet wide, and 6 to 8 feet deep, taking its rise near Soda
Springs, and draining a large area. All through the valleys of the main
stream and its branches, are the results of the basaltic overflow, and in
its passage through the mountains it has carved out a deep canon
through basalts, limestones, and quartzites. After leaving the moun-
tains it flows across the plains with a swift current, about thirty miles,
over a floor of basalt, to the Snake River. From Fort Hall the road
winds among low hills, underlaid by the light-gray marls and sands of
the Pliocene, with some quite high ridges or hilis of blown sand. In
some instances the loose sand is so deep as to impede traveling. The
bottoms of Blackfoot Creek are quite sandy, and the vast quantities of
fresh-water shells scattered about formed a noticeable feature, and indi-
cated an excess of molluscous life.

On the morning of the 24th I followed up the south side of Blackfoot
Creek to the mouth of the cafion. The lower hills are covered with
igneous rocks. The higher ridges have a trend about northwest and
south-east, and appear to form irregular anticlinals. Sometimes a cap of
basalt will lap, roof-like, on to the ends of these ridges as they extend
down to the plains. This bed of basalt inclines more or less, on the sides
of the ridges, but gradually becomes horizontal in the plains. A careful
examination of one of the ridges showed it to be composed of quartzites,
inclining northeast at a high ‘angle, with the external somber steel-gray
hue that strata of all ages seem to. have when affected by contact with
the igneous rocks in their outflow. Over the quartzites, and conform-
ing to them, are strata of Carboniferous limestones. At the point where

28 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the Blackfoot Creek emerges into the plains, the basaltic walls on either
side are 50 to 60 feet high, and higher up the cafion the channel passes
through ridges of limestone and quartzite at right angles, 1,000 to 1,500
feet above the plain.

From Blackfoot Creek we traveled over a nearly dead level to
Taylor’s Bridge, the crossing of Snake River, eighteen miles dis-
tant. Far distant to the west the three buttes can be distinctly seen,
like isolated fragments of mountains in the plains; still further to
the west can be seen, on a clear day, the dim outlines of the Salmon
River Ranges. To the east are a series of broken or irregular ranges,
with low grassy foot-hills in front, usually rising 1,000 to 1,500 feet above
the plains, but with here and there a high peak, 2,000 to 2,500 feet in
height, covered with snow. That this basaltic outflow occurred ata time
when this vast basin was occupied by the waters of a lake, I believe, from
the fact that all the lower portion is exceedingly compact and heavy in its
texture, and the surface, though sometimes full of cavities, must have
cooled under a moderate pressure of water at least. After this basalt
ceased to flow the lake continued on, so that a superficial deposit of
sand and fine voleanic dust, varying from 10 to 50 feet, covered the great
basaltic cap. During the dry season of summer this voleanie dust be-
comes a sort of impalpable powder, filling the air with clouds to such an
extent as almost to suffocate man and beast.

At Taylor’s Bridge the waters of Snake River rush with great velocity
through the narrow gorge-like channel which they have worn out of the
vasaitic floor. The walls on either side form excellent sections, and in
the autumn, when the river is low, expose 100 feet or more of the basalt,
with all the varieties of texture. These walls show an irregular columnar
structure or jointage, and the decomposition or erosion is greatly aided
by this condition. The different layers show clearly the different periods
of effusion, and in some instances the lowest portions indicate that,
after the great mass had cooled and become solid, fluid basalt had been
thrust up, showing a texture and color much like modern lava, only
more compact. But the most interesting feature in this locality is the
existence of numerous cavities, worn into the solid basalt, which are
usually called ‘“‘pot-holes.” These “ pot-holes” occur by thousands on
both sides of the river, for miles up and down, varying in diameter from
a few inches to several feet. They are very distinct on the walls of the
river-channel, where the latter seem to have been split down from top to
bottom. Many of them have in them, even at this time, the rounded
masses, which by constant agitation of the waters have worn out the
cavities. Some of these holes are 2 to 3 feet deep, although not more
than 4 to 6 inchesin diameter. The examples of degradation by exfolia-
tion are finely exhibited here, so that the basalt itself would seem to
have assumed aspheroidal shape in cooling, and is now falling in pieces
by concentric layers.

From Taylor’s Bridge we traveled along the west side of the
river to Market Lake, a distance of twenty miles. To the east of
our camp, near the entrance of Henry’s Fork, are two rather high
flat-topped basaltic buttes, which have the appearance of extinct
craters. Their summits are 600 to 800 feet above the plains around
them. The rim of the south butte is much broken down. They were,
undoubtedly, centers of effusion for the lava. Far in the distance,
seventy or eighty miles a little south of east, the Tetons loom up
grandly, with the form of shark’s teeth. To the north of them, and
quite distinctly visible, is Mount Madison, one of the finest peaks in the
northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. To the west of Market Lake

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. : 29

are some moderately high basaltic ridges, the highest portion of which
has received the name of Kettletop Butte. Market Lake is a kind of
sink, probably produced by the spring overflow of Snake River, and is
entirely dry the greater portion of the year.

On the morning of June 26, I started eastward from Market Station
toward the buties, near the bend of Snake River. The road wound along
low basaltic hills, which really form a marked feature over a large portion
of this basin. At the present time the surface is perfectly dry, but at
some period in the past little streams circulated all over the surface,
wearing out their valleys through Fig. 3.
the basaltic crust, leaving portions

like broad table-tops, (Fig. 3,) occu- Ses Z e
pying a greater or lessarea. From 2am.
beneath these fragments of the ==..-~— = gee, x
erust, the loose sands have been <1:iez63

washed out all around, so that the
overlapping edges have fallen
down in every direction, from a
common eenter in many instanees. BASALT TABLES, SNAKE RIVER BASIN.
It would appear that these hills show that there were several periods
of overflow of basalt, that beneath the sand is another floor, and upon
this was deposited at the bottom of a lake a thickness of several feet
of sand before the upper floor of basal was formed. The northern por-
tion of the basin is covered with thick beds of sand, into which the
wheels of our wagons would sink 2 or 3 feet at times. On Camas Creek
are some interesting sand dunes. On the northeast side are some
conspicuous hills of blown sand, visible at a distance of twenty to forty
miles, which indicate that the direction of the winds is from the south-
west. Dry Creek, which in the spring season affords a channel for a large
body of water, forms a canon in the basaltic floor, with walls 50 feet
high. In midsummer there is no running water. On this creek there
is a stage-station called “Hole in the Wali,” which derives its name
from a remarkable cave in the basaltic rocks. About a mile west of the
station there is a depression in the level plain 30 by 50 feet, where the
rocks seem to have sunk, revealing on the north side quite a large
opening. This opening or cave connects with others to an indefinite
extent, under the great basalt fioor. We examined several of these
caves, which were connected together only by small openings in
the partition walls, each with dimensions of 100 to 200 feet in width
and length, and 30 to 50 feet deep. The bottoms of the caverns show un-
mistakable evidence of having once formed a river-bed. The water still
flows at times along the channel. Some person had dug a hole about 10
feet deep, which showed the iayers of deposition of sand and elay as per-
fectly as along the banks of any of our little streams. We see by this
iilustration (Fig. 4) that underneath this basaltic crust streams of water

2 = 3 aN =
x —- LS = => ———
eg Ses os
G es ——— as ——_—

BASALT FLOOR, UNDERLAID WITH PLIOCENE BEDS,

have worn in the past, and may be now, wearing out theirchannels toward
Snake River, and that this may be only one of numerous examples in this

30 .GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

great basin. We can also see how readily such rivers as Camas, Medicine
Lodge, Godins, and many others disappear in the plains, and find their way,
from ten to thirty miles, to Snake River, underneath this basaltic floor.

Before leaving this interesting region, I wish to add a few general re-
marks in regard to what may be very properly called the Snake River
Basin. Thereis here a broad, nearly level plain, from seventy-five to
one hundred miles in width, and one hundred and fifty to two hundred
miles in length, surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges. This basin
follows the course of Snake River, and is really an expansion of the val-
ley; and it at first extends from the northeast to the southwest,
bends around west, and then continues northwesterly toward Boise
City. The mountains on either side form a series of more or less lofty
ranges, some of the more prominent summits rising toa height of 10,000
feet. These ranges appear to the eye, from any one point of view, to
trend about north and south, but the trend of the aggregate ranges is
plainly a little west of north and east of south. Between these ranges
are valleys of greater or less breadth, varying from one to five miles in
width,. oftentimes of great beauty and fertility, through which wind
some of the numerous branches which flow into Snake River. The great
basin is entirely covered with a bed of basalt of quite modern date, (Fig.

4,)and this basa‘t has set to a greater or less distance up the valleys of ail |

these streams. It extends up the Port Neuf Valley twenty or thirty
miles. The American Falls are formed by the descent of Snake River
over the basalt. I believe that this vast basin has been worn out of
the mountain ranges by erosion; that the three buttes and other frag-
ments of ranges scattered over the plains serve as monuments in proof
of this statement. This basin was also the bed of a lake which proba-
bly originated during the Pliocene period. At any rate, 1 have been
unable to discover in the immediate vicinity of this basin any Tertiary
beds of older date than the Pliocene; and underneath the basaltic
erust there is a considerable thickness of the deposit. The effusion of
the basalt was one of the latest events, and must have merged well on to
our present period. The average elevation above the sea is from 4,000
to 5,500 feet. Our camp on the Blackfoot Fork was 4,524 feet, which
was at least twenty miles above Snake River east; and, inasmuch as the
basin extends down Snake River, the valley below the American Falls,
and near Boise City, cannot be over 4,000 feet, and may be less, while
near the northern rim the elevation is 5,730 feet. From the great
basin of Snake River we ascended the hills that form the northern rim
over a divide 6,200 feet high, with bills on either side rising 1,200 to
1,590 feet higher. All these hills are capped with beds of basalt, which
incline southward toward the basin at various angles, from 5° to 10°.
Where the rocks can be seen they are plainly igneous, but as we ap-
proach Pleasant Valley the hills are so covered with a drift deposit that
it is seldom the underlying rocks can be seen. The surface here, for
miles in extent, is made up of short, abrupt hills, generally one main
sharp ridge, with a great number of side ridges extending from it.
These hills are covered over with grass. The rocks that are scattered
thickly over the surface, and enter largely into the composition of these
superficial deposits, are rounded bowlders of quartzites mostly. The
distance from our camp on Dry Creek, in the Snake Basin, was sixteen
and a half miles. The little stream that flows through Pleasant Valley
emerges from a cation, which has nearly vertical walis of basalt, with
an irregular bedding, but with jointage quite perfect, fracturing into

columnar masses. A vast amount of debris has fallen down the sides of |

the walls and into the bed of the stream. Some of the rock is very

> eS ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. oe

compact in texture; other portions rough, vesicular, much like the basalt
in Snake River Basin.

On the morning of June 29, we left the beautiful valley behind us, and,
traveling 9 miles north, crossed the water ‘“ divide” of the Rocky Moun-
tains. On the west side of the road, for ten or fifteen miles, the rounded,
grass-covered hills prevailed, and over thesurface,quartzite bowlders, min-
gled with some sandstones, were scattered thickly everywhere. Inthesides
of the ravines were numerous bare spots, which revealed a deposit of yel-
lowish-brown sand. ‘There is evidently a very extensive modern deposit
all over the belt of country which forms what I will call the water di-
vide—a belt from ten to twenty miles in width, in which the drainage
gathers full force on the one side toward the Pacific, and on the other
toward the Atlantic. The elevation along the “ divide” is 6,480 feet. To
the west is a range of mountains reaching up above the limit of vegeta-
tion, among the snows. We measured one of the high limestone peaks
and found it 9,704 feet; but there were several others still higher far-
ther to the west, which must have been 10,000 feet high. These mount-
ains are concealed high up around their sides with the drift deposit
mentioned above, so that their examination is rendered quite difficult.
The mountains, so far as we could examine them, seem to be composed
of a great thickness of carboniferous limestones, capped with quartzite
and quartzitic sandstones. The first range has four prominent cones,
with several smaller ones, thewhole having a general trend about north
and south, with an inclination to the west 25°. Qn the east side of the
road were high, ridge-like hills, capped with basalt, all inclining to a
moderate angle southward toward Snake River. Wherever any of the
branches of Dry Creek cut through the grass-covered hills, or ridges,
cahions are formed with vertical basaltic walls. This igneous rock
seems to be very homogeneous in composition, except that some por-
tions may be more compact in texture than others. ‘The surface of the
whole country is exceedingly picturesque, diversified by lawn, terrace,
ridge, and rounded butte, with most beautiful grassy ravines. Where
the drift deposits are not too uniform and thick, we find exposed here
and there outcroppings of a yellowish calcareous sandstone, which is
probably of the age of the lignite beds of the West. No indications of
coal were observed, but leaves of deciduous trees, like those found in
the vicinity of the coal-beds in other places, were found here. These
sandstones form long ridges, inclining east about 10°. The rock is more
or less firm and compact ; some of it is a greenish quartzite. Here and
there, on the summits of the ridges, are beds of basalt, showing igne-
ous outflow at a modern date. Indeed these basaltic caps on the hills
have presented many connected sections for examination which would
otherwise have been obscure, and fragmentary from erosion. Far
to the west may be seen range after range of mountains running
nearly north and south; as they extend down into Snake Basin
they seem to run ont into the plain, so as to present an echelon appearance,
The ranges, so far as we can see, are the eastern portions of some
great central axis, which may be the Salmon River Kange. I have
not been able to extend my observations so far west; but the ridges,
so far as I could examine them, of which there were a number ex-
tending over a belt of fifty miles in width, appear to incline east-
ward. The abrupt sides of the west, the sloping sides on the east,
the force as well as the material which have modified and given form to
the surface, must have come from the west, inasmuch as on the western
or abrupt sides of the mountains and hills there is the greatest accumu-
lation of drift-bowlders. The loftiest portions of the ranges seem to have

32 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

been elevated through the more modern formations. The high group
of mountain peaks to the southwest of Junction Station are composed
mostly of Carboniferous limestones and quartzites. The series of rocks
as exposed here may be arranged in ascending order as follows: First.
A series of reddish, yellow and brown caleareousshales. Secondly. Lime-
stones, the upper portion of which is a coarse conglomerate, made up
mostly of water-worn masses of limestones, with abundant fossils, Sp2-
rifer, Productus, Corals, Crinoid stems, with Athyris subtileta. Thirdly.
Capping the mountain isa quartzose sandstone light-gray or weathering to
a dark-brown, with a reddish tinge. In the valley of a little creek that
cuts the hills on the north side of the road near Junction Station, I en-
deavored to ascertain the character of the formations as far as they were
exposed. Commencing atthe base, we find a yellow arenaceous clay, pass-
ing up intoa yellow sandstone, rather iriable, sometimes quite fine-grained ;
again a sort of pudding-stone or pebbly conglomerate. 50 to 100 feet
above is a curious conglomerate made up mostly of water-worn masses
of Carboniferous limestone, varying in size from the fraction of an inch
to several inches in diameter. The thickness of the entire group of rock
i estimate at from 1,500 to 2,000 feet. Still further to the northward
are rounded grassy hills composed of softer beds with a reddish tinge,
passing gradually into brick-red beds, which may be Jurassic or Triassic.

ted Rock Valley is very beautiful to the eye. The stream is about
twenty yards wide, with a narrow vailey, north of the junction, but
toward its source it expands out to a width of ten miles, forming a
splendid upland meadow. This valley extends up twenty-five miles,
with an average of ten miles in width. On the north side of this stream
there is a high and quite picturesque ridge, composed wholly of the red
beds, with perhaps some gray Jurassic rocks on the summit. ‘The dipis
plainly northeast, and varies from 15° to 30°. Toward the source of Red
Rock Creek, a high ridge on the south side of the valley reveals the rocks
well, inclining southeast 10° to 15°. This ridge seems to have
been influenced by a distant range, which has raised the beds lower down
on the creek. The limestones and thick group of beds above, extend
off in detached ridges, like steps, toward the river of Snake Basin.
One of the most singular features of this region is the immense
thickness of coarse conglomerate, apparently forming a portion of the
Carboniferous series. These conglomerates appear to be local, and occur
nowhere else, so far as my observations haveextended. Inthe high peak
near Junction Station the beds are well shown from the oldest exposed
in this region. The Carboniferous rocks lie at the base, and gradually
pass up into the conglomerates, with no want of conformability. In this
mountain an immense thickness of rock seems to have been lifted up
vertically, so that at an elevation of 9,000 feet they are nearly horizontal,
while on one side the beds lapped down so as to be nearly vertical. On
the summits is a great thickness of qguartzites. The conglomerates
seem to have been formed of pre-existing Carboniferous limestones
almost entirely. The cement is calcareous in some instances, itself a
limestone of fine texture, and the masses of limestone and other rocks
inclosed have been very much rolled in waters. How great an area this
conglomerate occupies I did not determine, but it is evidently not large,
probably not over fifty or one hundred square miles. Far to the east-
ward, seventy to eighty miles distant, the Tetons are distinetly visible.
For a hundred and fitty miles west of these mountains are many ranges of
hills, some of them rising to the dignity of lofty mountains, between
10,000 and 11,000 feet above the sea, with no rocks older than Carbonif-
erous exposed. For one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles along the

|
:
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:
:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. oo

Rocky Mountain ‘“ divide” the series of rocks exposed may be summed up
as Carboniferous, Red beds, Jurassic probably, some Cretaceous, with
patches here and there of Hocene, or Upper Cretaceous, containing im-
pressions of deciduous leaves. Igneous rocks have also been thrust up
through them all and spread over the summit. These have shared in
the later movement to such an extent as to incline at moderate angles.

About two miles below the Junction Station, on the south side of Red
Rock Creek, thereis a great exposure of the Carboniferous conglomerates, »
dipping 21° a little west of south. The creek here passes through a
close monoclinal interval for half a mile, and then opens out into Rock
Creek Valley, with two high ridges, with yellow and red beds (Jurassic)
at their base. Red Rock Creek forms one of the head branches of the
Jefferson Fork of the Missouri, and rises in the ‘‘divide.” It receives
its name from the numerous exposures of the brick-red sandstones (Ju-
rassic) and Cretaceous clays along the banks. Along the streams are ter-
races more or less well defined, of various heights, showing the water-line.
About five miles north of the Junction we find the Pliocene beds, filling
up the valleys of the streams, sometimes reaching a thickness of several
hundred feet. The greater portion of this deposit is a light-gray marl,
with concretionary masses, and a sort of pudding-stone. In these con-
cretions are often inclosed masses of the basalt, which occur here and
there all over the country. While we have the evidence of a period of
effusion subsequent to the deposition of these lake-beds, from the fact
that the basalt lies over them, we see by these inclosed masses, frequently,
that there were other periods, either before or during the Pliocene. At one
locality I found in these lake-deposits the fossil remains of a species of
Anchitherum, and a land-snail, Helix. The inclination of these modern
beds is west 5°. In passing over the divide from Red Rock Creek to
Biack-tailed Deer Creek, and from the highest point, 7,044 feet, we could
look back on a large extent of country drained by the different branches
of these streams. |

This broad valley, like most of those in the west, was formed by ero-
sion, and has been filled up with lakes, at the bottoms of which were de-
posited 500 to 1,000 feet of marls and sandy clays, during the later
Tertiary period. Here and there, these deposits have been stripped
- away, Showing remnants of old granite ridges, which either fill up the val-
leys, through the walls of which the streams make their way, or they are
exposed as remnants of larger ridges, which extended originally across
the valley. Some of these modern beds have a light brick-red appear-
ance, Somewhat resembling the Jurassic group. Reaching the drainage
of Black-tailed Deer Creek, we find an immense development of the
gneissic strata, inclining about west 30° to 459°, and extending about eight
miles. There are alternate beds of quartzites, true gneiss, mica schist,
the quartzites largely predominating. There are also thick seams of
white quartz. Large portions of the area occupied by the metamorphic
rocks are concealed by the outpouring of basalt. The metamorphic
beds are here separated from the Pliocene deposits by a deep ravine or
dry valley, the sides of the former having a regular slope, and indicate
a sort of shore-line for this lake. Here and there we find curious local
anticlinals in the metamorphic strata, caused by the elevation during
the effusion of the basalt. On the west side of Wild Cat Canon, through
which the road passes to Black-tailed Deer Creek, the mountains rise
to a height of 8,500 feet, and over a large area are groups of the harder
feldspathic quartzites, which have resisted erosion, and now remain like
old ruins, and present a very picturesque appearance. These quartzites,

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 3

and thirty miles from east to west, underlaid by the Pliocene deposits,
inclining gently northwest, influenced probably by the Black-tailed Deer
Range. \ |

The country about these Pe
sources or branches of the Jef-
ferson fork is very fine, and
appears most attractive to the
eye; with a fertile soil, excel-
lent water, and well adapted for
settlement, except that the win-
ters must be very severe. : The
elevation of the valleys is from
6,000 to 7,000 feet, involving
early and late frosts, and deep
winter snows. About a mile be-
fore Wild Cat Cafion opens into
the valley, the variegated por-
phyries commence, a dull purp-
lish color prevailing, though yel-
low and mottled are not un-
common. The porphyries ap-
pear to have been poured out
over the metamorphic rocks;
from the south side of the Black-
tailed Deer Valley they project
out from the hills in beds much
like basalt. The configuration

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phyries prevail is quite pecu- HERON Ae oe
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peaks, with deep ravines or
gorges. These peaks are all
capped with the porphyries.
Immense quantities of the
broken fragments or débris lie
on the summits and sides of
these hills. On the east side of
the valley the Phocene beds
reach a thickness of 500 to 1,000
feet, and are composed of pud-
ding-stones, yellow marls, gray
and white fine-grained sand-
stones, weathering into singular
columnar and other architect-
ural forms. All the rocks con-
tain more or less lime. Both
Black-tailed Deer and Stinking
Water Creeks have their sources
in a high range of limestone
mountains, 9,000 to 10,000 feet
above the sea level, the highest
peaks rising at least 2,000 feet
above the valleys of these
Streams, where they are crossed
by the road. High up on the
sides of these ridges, reaching

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O6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

almost to the summit, are large quantities of drift material, and the
Tertiary marls appear to have been elevated nearly as high. Ail the
drift is local, as is usual in these mountain regions, and, by examining
it with care, fragments of the different kinds of rocks, brought to the
surface in the vicinity,may be found. Of course the later Tertiary beds
are made up of the eroded materials of rocks in the vicinity. Much of
the sediment was derived from the Carboniferous limestones, and
hence their marly character. The apparent inclination of these great
limestone ridges or mountains is in every direction, when examined
in detail, but the trend of the ranges is about northwest and southeast,
and the aggregate inclination northeast, although some of the strata
in the highest ridges incline north 60° to 70°; another portion north-
west 15°. There is a somewhat peculiar feature about all the ridges
since leaving the Rocky Mountain “ divide,” and that is the evidence,
from their external appearance, of comparatively recent elevation.
The outcropping edges of the strata appear as if they had been
lifted up, without any of the usual proofs of wearing away by atmo-

spheric influences, and the debris on the sides and about'the base would —

indicate that the elevation had been prolonged up to the present
period. On the summits of these ridges, are great quantities of dead
pine-trees, scattered around without a trace of any younger trees or
shrubs to take their places. This is not an uncommon feature in many
portions of the Rocky Mountains. May it not be possible that these
mountain ridges are slowly rising at the present time; that they have
reached an elevation that does not admit of the continued existence
of these pines, which evidently grew well under favorable conditions
which seem now to have entirely passed away? On the north side
of Black-tailed Deer Creek, there is another exposure of the gneissic
rocks in a series of uplifted ridges, inclining about northeast, at angles
varying from 30° to 60°, (Fig. 6.) In the foreground are the modern ba-
salts, with an irregular columnar structure underlaid with modern
Pliocene deposits. It is a similar exposure, or, perhaps, a portion
of the same exposure on the south side previously described, through
which Wild Cat Caton passes to the valley. These exposures of the
gneissic rocks seem to be local, and are doubtless due to the stripping
off of the superincumbent formations. They undoubtedly form the
‘basis rocks of the whole country. In the mining regions they are
brought to the surface more frequently, and occupy much larger areas.
The broad, beautiful valley of the Black-tailed Deer Creek is worn out
of this beit of gneissic rocks, and grows broader until it expands out
into the still wider valley of the Beaver-head Creek to the northwest,
about twenty miles below our road. In these granitoid rocks there is
the usual variety of texture, some composed. of.an aggregate of erys-
tals of feldspar, decomposing readily like sandstone; others with a
schistose structure from their micaceous character; others so hard as to
resist the influences of the atmosphere—a kind of feldspathic quartzite in
large angular blocks. Are not these remnants of old mountain-ranges
that have resisted, to some extent, the powerful-erosive influences that
have been brought to bear upon them for many geological ages ?

From the valley of Black-tailed Deer Creek we passed over the
“divide” to the sources of the Stinking Water. Our camp in the valley
was 5,973 feet, but the elevation of the divide is 6,657 feet. On our way
over we found here and there patches of basaltic rocks, fragments of the
great crust that once covered all the modern deposits of the valleys. On
the ‘ divide,” at the head of a caiion that leads into the valley of Stink-
ing Water, are some rather large exposures of the basalt, with a sort of

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. aye

bedding which may be called shelving, or a splitting intolayers of greater
or less thickness, depending on the compactness of the material. Some-
times the modern basalt caps the quartzites, of which we have several
. examples on our way to the main valley of the Stinking Water. Still
farther down we find a branch of the Stinking Water called Sweet
Water, cutting directly through a mass of variegated porphyries, like
those in Wild Cat Canon, forming the Sweet Water Cation. The great
variety of colors which these rocks present, the height and abruptness
of the walls, and the style of weathering on the summits, give to the
scenery in this region a weird kind of grandeur and beauty. At the
base of the walls is a vast quantity of débris, composed of the frag-
_ments of porphyry. The sides of the porphyritic walls show a regular
bedding like strata, in layers from an inch to a foot or more in thickness.
At the lower end of the canon, the gneissic beds appear beneath the por-
- phyries, showing the character of their connection admirably. The
former rest upon the upturned edges of the quartzites, as if they had been
poured out in a fluid condition, filling up all the irregularities of the
surface. :

The geological character of this immediate region may be expressed
simply as very modern basalt, capping rocks of different ages, which
may be in the vicinity of the point of effusion. We then have a group
of modern Tertiary beds, probably Pliocene, filling up the valleys and
irregularities of the surface everywhere, except on the summits of the
highest mountains. During the latter portion of the Tertiary age, the
entire northwest seems to have been a fresh-water lake, with vast
numbers of mountain elevations occupying a greater or less area, not
unlike some of our inland lakes at the present time, on a small scale,
with the more elevated points and mountain ranges rising above the
_ surrounding waters. These modern deposits have been elevated also to
a certain extent, as there is in many instances an inclination of the
strata from 1° to 5°. These cover the porphyries which were effused at
a period far back in the past, subsequent to the deposition of the former
rocks described, but how much further back into the past I found no
evidence to determine. I have as yet been able to find the porphy-
ries only in connection with the gneissic rocks. The forces which
operated to lift the gneissic rocks must have acted long prior to those
great elevatory movements which affected the sedimentary strata, and
although the porphyries seemed to have flowed out over the gneiss
since the strata have been elevated to their present position, it is not
possible for me to give the precise geological period when these events
occurred. Usually either lower Silurian sandstone or Carboniferous
limestone rests upon the metamorphic rocks. In afew instances the
inclination of the Paleozoic beds above conform with the granite
rocks below in such a way that I have been led to believe it possible
that the dynamic movements that affected both groups were synchronous.
But in most instances there is a greater or less want of conformity
between the metamorphic rocks below and the sedimentary beds of
any age that may rest upon them. The next group of rocks is com-
posed of stratified gneiss of every possible texture and composition,
from the most durable compact feldspathic quartzite to rotten micaceous
schist, warped and folded in every way. After passing down the Sweet
Water Cafion about five miles, we come out into an open valley, or a
sort of expansion. The porphyries, which were previously horizontal in
their position, here show a dip of 20°, and about midway in the wall-like
front there is an apparent division by a bed of volcanic sandstones about

38 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

four feet in thickness. There were three periods of effusion: first, the
’ outpouring of igneous matter over the granitoid rocks ; secondly, the de-
position in water of about four feet of volcanic sediment; and thirdly, an
effusion of igneous matter again likethe first. After leaving the cafion, we
come out into an expansion of the valley, about ten miles in length andan
average of two to four miles in width. This areais surrounded on all
sides by ranges of mountains, but covered with a thickness of several
hundred feet of modern Tertiary beds. As exposed along the channel of
the streams we haveat the base 50 to 80 feet of yellowish-white and creamy
laminated marls; then 100 feet of cream-colored marly sandstone; and
overlying this an indefinite thickness of gray sandstone and pudding-stone.
These modern beds jut up against the rotten granites on the south side,
inclining toward them about 3°. They seem to be entirely influenced
by the ranges on the east and north sides. The weathering is of the
same architectural character as the well-known “ bad lands.” As we
leave the Sweet Water and come on to the Stinking Water, the bluffs
of Tertiary are quite high, 80 to 100 feet, composed of alternate layers
of sandstone and fine marl. The sandstone layers are quite hard, and
in the process of weathering project like shelves, giving to the verti-
cal bluffs a singularly ragged appearance. On the east side of the valley
the range of mountains is the same as those about the sources of Black-
tailed Deer Creek, and are composed of limestones and quartzites of Car-
boniferous age. Theinclination would show that this valley formed a lake
basin, with the granites on the west side as a shore-line, and a monoclinal
limestone ridge as the shore-line on the east. This valley is well
watered, the soil is fertile, and the grazing excellent, and already most
of it is occupied by farmers and stock-raisers. The elevation is 5,300
- to 5,400 feet, and inclosed, as it is, on all sides by mountains, must be
protected from the extremes of cold. On the west side of the Stinking
Water, just above the‘ canon, is one of the largest springs thus far
noticed onthe route. It must have been in operation for ages, for there
are beds of limestone 80 to 100 feet in thickness precipitated from the
water. The water at this time issues out of a basin about 150 feet above
the Stinking Water, and covers the sides of the hills with the sediment.
The rock varies in texture from a compact white limestone to a soft spongy
mass. A snow-white efflorescence—soda, perhaps—covers the surface
in some places. The older deposits of this spring form the most beau-
tiful white limestone, which would be most excellent for building purposes
or for burning into lime. The beds dip west 10° to 20°. This is a
most remarkable deposit, though a local one. The basis or underlying
rocks are quartzites and granites, inclining east 40° to 50°. Overlying
them, further down the stream, in the cafion, are limestones with well-
marked Carboniferous fossils. About five miles below the junction of
the Sweet Water branch with the Stinking Water, the latter stream
passes through a gorge or caion, and, as we descend the stream between
the narrow, rugged walls, we have on the left or west side a group of
quartzites of various textures, which had not been observed previously.
They are composed of an aggregate of crystals of quartz, brown and rusty
drab-brown color, inclining east at a high angle. On the right or east side
are the overhanging projecting edges of beds of massive quartzite, rising
800 to 1,000 feet above the bed of the creek. The streams here pass
through a gorge between the ridges inclining in the same direction, which
I have called a monoclinal interval. We here find exposed one of the
remarkable series of quartzitic strata mentioned above, rising to the sum-
mits of the east side of the cafion, huge cubic blocks of which have fallen
down and are strewed through the gorge. Underneath is an immense

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 39

thickness of black micaceous gneiss, with seams of white quartz, the
coarse feldspathic granites, literally an aggregate of large crystals
of quartz and feldspar, then anh
underneath the black gneiss Bigs: 7s
again. In this cafton there is ify
a most interesting illustration
of the weathering of the red-
dish feldspathic granites by the
peeling off in thin concentric
layers, or as I have denominated
it in my former reports, disin-
tegration by exfoliation. I. Ge
have never observed a more & :
marked example anywhere in = 2-". 35 gaan,
the West, and Fig. 7 shows it ee DEES ASS
well. After passing through a DA
in ey oe WEATHERED marae AT ee CANON.

.
to the north, leaves the valley of Stinking Water, passes over a
high divide to Alder Gulch, in which Virginia City is located. On the
right or east side of the road, the rather rounded and, in some instances,
grass-covered hills, continue all the way. On the left or west side, the
gneiss and quartzite continue for a short distance, when the mountain
range, which has hitherto walled us in on the west side of the road, bends a
little to the northwest, and extends to the Jefferson Valley, parallel with
the Stinking Water, and rises quite abruptly, 2,000 feet above the channel
of the stream. The base of this ridge or range is a smooth lawn-like slope,
down to the margin of the stream, while the ridge itself is composed of
massive beds of limestone inclining 60° to 70°, the outcropping edges
projecting sharply on the summits, and the northeast sides sloping down
into the plain, like a very steep roof. The valley itself is a beautiful
and fertile one, and is oneof the numerous valleys that open into the
Jefferson Fork. It will average from four to six miles in width and
about twenty miles in length below the cation, and is covered with a
moderate thickness. of the Pliocene deposits. On the east side of Stink-
ing Water, the rocks are entirely composed of gneiss, of the usual va-
riety of texture and composition, the strata inclining southwest at
various angles, so that the Stinking Water really flows through a
synclinal valley from the cation to its junction with Jefferson Fork. In
the valley and among the foot-hills of the mountains, are here and there
patches or remnants of the great basaltic crust that must at one time
have extended over most of the area occupied by the valleys. From the
Stinking Water to Virginia City, adistance of about ten miles, therocks
observed were of metamorphic origin, with here and there indications of
the effusion of basalt.

Virginia City is located in the center of one of the richest mining dis-
tricts of Montana, and a description of the surrounding country would
apply, in most particulars, to all the mining portions of the Territory.
The precious metals, as gold and silver, are found, so far as my ob-
servations have extended, entirely in the metamorphic rocks which held
a position below all groups of strata that we have been in the habit of
regarding as Paleozoic. Whether they belong to the series denominated
in Canada the Huronian or Laurentian, we have no data to decide posi-
tively; butinasmuch as they are all clearly stratified rocks, they are plainly
of sedimentary origin. These rocks underlie the entire country west of the
Mississippi. We may safely assume this position whether they are vis-

AQ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ible at the surface or not. Asa rule, they are separated into thin layers,
with a great variety of texture, from the most unyielding quartzite to
rotten gneiss. There are also distinct intercalated layers of clay or sand.
Asarule, these rocks become more massive as we descend; the softer
beds of clay and sand cease, until we find nothing but massive beds, hun-
dreds of feet in thickness, of homogeneous granite. All these rocks have
suffered erosion to a greater or less degree—sometimes they are entirely
swept away, down to the massive granites. ' It is in the series of meta-
morphic strata, estimated to be several thousand feet in thickness, that
the principal deposits of gold and silver, in the Territories of Montana
and Colorado, are found. The altitude of these rocks depends, of course,
on the forces that have operated in the past to elevate the ranges of
mountains. At any rate, there is no uniformity any more than there is
in the surface of the country at the present time. We know one thing,
however, that as a rule the oldest of these granite rocks crown the loftiest
of the mountain ranges. The relations which the well-marked. stratified
granites sustain to the older and more massive granites is nowhere
better shown than in the mining regions of Colorado, especially at
Central City and Georgetown.

In general terms, we speak of the geological structure of Montana as
extremely simple; and so it appears to be; but when wrought out with
the care that will be absolutely necessary to a truthful delineation of
the details, it will be found to be exceedingly complicated. We maybe
examining one of the mining districts, for example, and we may con-
clude that only metamorphic strata will be found over the entire area
occupied by the mines ; but perhaps, on a careful study of the details, we
shall find everywhere scattered about patches of all the Paleozoie rocks
known in the West, and quite possibly portions of the Mezozoic and Ceno-
zoic also. In the valleys and gulches, upon the summits of the highest
mountains, and in the most unexpected places, fragments of the Carbon-
iferous limestones will be found. We may take the position therefore
that the entire surface of the country has been at one time covered with
a greater or less thickness of sedimentary rocks. Itis possible, though not
at all probable, that there are restricted areas in this portion of the West
where no unchanged sedimentary deposits have ever existed, and it is pos-
sible that over considerable areas no strata newer than Carboniferous may
have beenlaiddown. There is reason to believe, however, that the entire
Series of strata kuown in the northwest, above the metamorphic rocks,
were originally deposited all over the Territory of Montana. We may >
couclude, therefore, that the erosive forces have operated with great
power in the district around Virginia City, stripping bare to the meta-
morphic beds, large areas. In the mining districts, in connection with
these agencies, was the wearing out of so many gorges, or gulches, as they
are usually termed by the miners. We may take as an illustration some
rather prominent streams in the vicinity of Virginia City; and if a care-
ful detailed survey were made, we should find that there is a main yal-
ley or gulch, with great numbers of side-gulches running up into the
heart of the mountains on either side. The main stream may be fifty to
one hundred miles in length, and on either side are these branch gulches,
usually from three to ten miles long. These gulches may be carved
entirely out of the massive strata, or they may be partly due to erosion,
and partly to an interval, formed during elevation, that is, a monoclinal
valley. The influence of the erosive forces, which acted with great power,
and probably through long periods of time, though widely distributed,
are local in their results. In other words, while the erosive forces were
in operation all over the West, there was no widespread connection,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Al

so that the eroded materials of one locality were swept far away to
widely separated localities. Therefore, the superficial deposits of the
mining districts, which are usually very extensive, have their origin
in the immediate districts where they are now found. We may take
as an illustration the Alder Gulch, which is about twelve miles in
length, and varies from an eighth to half a mile in width, and is literally
filled up with sand, gravel, and bowlders, all of which were derived from
the mountains in the immediate vicinity—indeed, within the limits of
the drainage of that gulch. We may thus determine with a good degree
of certainty that, when we find placer-diggings, the source of the gold
thus found is not far distant, and is most probably within the limits of
the drainage of that locality. The origin of the placer-gold is undoubt-
edly due to the erosion of the rocks in which it was originally precipi-
tated; and inasmuch as the gold, so far as we now know, is found
altogether in the gneissic strata, its existence in the various gulches,
among the sand and gravel, is due to the grinding up by water of the
surface of the metamorphic rocks in the vicinity. Instances have
occurred where very rich placer-diggings have been found in gulches,
but the rocks which appear to have given origin to the float-gold, yielded
no rich lodes. This may be accounted for on the ground that the upper
portions of the lodes contained all the rich ore, and that in the process
of erosion this ore was all ground up, while the remainder that is left
may have been lean, or even contained no gold atall. The principal lodes
that have been worked in the vicinity ef Virginia City are near the head
of Alder Gulch, and are as yet only moderately successful. Up to this
date Montana seems to have gained its high state of prosperity princi- —
pally from ‘the richness of its gulch deposits. It is estimated that
$30,000,000 of gold have been taken out of Alder Gulch since its discov-
ery in 1863. The lodes all have a general strike northeast and southwest.
Perhaps they would be termed north and south lodes. . I was informed
that all the lodes in the Territory have that generaltrend. The gangue
material is very similar to that in the gold lodes about Central City,
Colorado—quartz and feldspar of various textures. Sometimes the
gangue is very hard and compact; again it is rotten quartz, as it is
termed by the miners. The country rock is mostly gneiss, also exhibit-
ing various degrees of hardness as to texture. The dip of the lode
matter is nearly west 50° to 60°. The trend of the metamorphic strata
is about northwest and southeast. The Alder Gulch closes up in a ridge
of limestone, which forms a most remarkable wall, effectually shutting
off all communication with the Madison Valley to the east of it. The
altitude of Virginia City is 5,713 feet, while the head of the gulch is
about 500 feet higher, and around it a wall of limestone rises up
with its outcropping edges toward the gulch 800 to 1,000 feet, so that
this ridge is at least from 7,000 to 7,500 feet above the sea. Irom its
Summit we can see at a elance, a broad extent of countr y. The Madison
Valley, with all its beauty of outline, is visible for thirty or forty miles,
while to the west and northwest the eye passes down the different
gulches and branches of the Jefferson Fork into that broad valley, over
the side ranges which intervene. We know that these limestones are
of Carboniferous age, and are a portion of the series that has extended
persistently all along our route from Salt Lake Valley, and perhaps
even the same eveat ocean bottom that extended, during that age,
over the area from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific Ocean, and we
know not how much farther. As a general rule, these limestones always
contain a few fossils, enough to guide us in our wandering examinations,
but the rocks are usually so compact, and sometimes so much changed,

42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

that few can be obtained in a condition such as to be identified with
certainty. The species are not numerous, as will be seen by the list in
a subsequent portion of this report. At the head of Alder Gulch, a
Syringopora, Rhynconella, and Productus were found, and quite a num-
ber of other species, which will require further study. The limestones
pass down into very hard cherty quartzites, and then rest unconformably
on the metamorphic rocks. The strike of these limestones is about
north and south, bearing perhaps a little west of north and east of
south. As we have previously stated, the principal basis rocks in the
vicinity of this gulch are gneissic, of varied composition and texture,
with a high ridge of limestone at the head of the gulch, forming a sort of
wall, with the outcroppings or basset edges of the strata pointing west
of north, aud formerly extending in a horizontal position all over the

surface. Returning to Virginia City, on the high divide, on the east side ©

of Alder Gulch, about half-way between the head of the gulch and Vir-
ginia City, there are patches of limestone, underlaid with cherty quartz-
ites. These isolated masses are at different elevations, sometimes upon
the summits of the highest ridges or down in the side gulches, showing
that a greater or less thickness of the underlying granitoid rocks have been
worn away. They also remain as remnauts of the great horizontal mass,
2,000 to 4,000 feet in thickness, that once extended across the entire area.
The greater portion of the surface of the high divides, however, are
covered with basaltic rocks. They cap the hills, forming sort of plateaus
or benches, and along the sides of the gulch, show steep sides one
hundred feet or more in height, with the appearance of stratified layers
in a horizontal position. AsI have frequently stated, the effusion of the
basalt is a modern event, probably occurring, for the most part, near
the commencement of our present period, after the entire surface
reached nearly, or quite, the present elevation. Hence we find points of
effusion in numerous localities. The igneous lavas flowed out in layers,
and inasmuch as a considerable amount of erosion of the surface has
taken place since, the sides of some of these basaltic accumulations have
been worn down so as to show with clearness the ed
sheets of basalt as it cooled. From a high elevation, one may see in
every direction numbers of these points of effusion. The streams which
wear out the gulches pass through the basalt, deep into the granitoid
rocks. Scattered over the surface also are patches of the Pliocene
marls and sandstones underneath the basalts, as heretofore. In the
mining districts around Virginia City, we havea thick series of stratified
granitoid rocks at the base, in which the precious metals were originally
located ; upon them rest the quartzites and limestones of Carboniferous
age, and filling up some of the inequalities of the surface are the modern
Tertiary beds; and covering all, over restricted and isolated areas, are
beds of basalt. The force of erosion which operated on all these rocks to
accumulate the vast quantities of sand, gravel, and bowlders in the gulches
must have been very great. Mingled with the superficial deposits are
fragments of all the varieties of rock formations in the vicinity. Although
more or less rounded by attrition, in the great thickness of local-drift
may be found all the varieties of the granitoid and other rocks that are
sufficiently compact to resist the atmospheric agencies—quartzites, lime-
stones, with fossils, masses of basalt, &c., &c., &c. Most of these rocks
can be traced to their parent beds in the vicinity; a few may seem to
have strayed from other districts, but the strata to which they originally
belonged may have occupied a restricted area, or had a local existence,
and thus, in the erosion of the surface, been entirely worn away, or may
be concealed by Tertiary or superficial deposits. In the Alder Guleh

ges of the different _

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 43

the miners found in the bed rock numerous “ pot holes,” with large
rounded masses, six to twelve inches in diameter, in the cavities. Some
of these spherical masses were basalt and others composed of a sort of
‘basaltic sandstone.

Remains of a species of elephant, probably Hlephas primigenius,
were found in the auriferous gravel, twenty-five feet below the sur-
face. A large tusk, with a number of teeth, ribs, and fragments
of bones, was found. Iam indebted to Judge Lovell for the gift of a
fine collection of these remains, which are now safely secured in the
museum of the Smithsonian Institution. The tusk is especially remark- |
able, and was preserved with great difficulty. These fossils have been
found in other portions of Montana, in the gravel, especially in the Last
Chance Gulch, near Helena, where a large quantity of these valuable
fossils were discovered.

One tooth is said to have had a portion of the jaw-bone attached, and
to have weighed twelve pounds. The bones, as well as the teeth, seem
to have been partially worn asif they had been drifted about by the
waters to some extent, and I think they were washed from the latest
of the modern Pliocene deposits, which are abundant all over Montana.

From Virginia City we traveled up a deep ravine to the divide that
overlooks Madison Valley. The highest point over which the road
passes was found to be 6,857 feet. None of the mountains on this divide
were more than 800 to 1,200 feet above this altitude. On the east side
of Madison Valley, there is a fine lofty range of mountains, the summits
composed of limestones, inclining west, while at the base, and extending
high up the sides, are grassy slopes, which give to the valley an
attractive appearance to the eye. Along the Madison River, in this
portion, are the first series of terraces yet observed. On the west
side are three of these terraces or steps; four, if the broad bottom is
counted. The first terrace is 25 feet above the river, with an average
width of half a mile; second terrace, average width one mile, 100 feet
above the first; third terrace 50 feet above the second; and the fourth
200 feet above the bed of the river. These terraces are much more like
table-lands on the east side than on the west. On the west side of the
Madison, on the divide, the limestones extend over from the head of
Alder Gulch across the Madison to the eastward. The mountains
between the Stinking Water and the Madison Valley are not high, but
extend about northward to the Jefferson in the form of a ridge, com-
posed almost entirely of granitoid rocks, with outbursts of basalt, and
here and there patches of
Pliocene deposits. The i
dividing ridge between the j PPS vNy
Jefferson and the Madison Ae ae 4 ie («
Rivers varies from twenty Ne IN 88
to thirty miles in width. 1, Pe es

Outcroppings of massive ae al : a) an
gneiss project up here and gO” WE wy <4 Bi 7—

there over the entire ex- ne LEE ao HS

a rugged but picturesque = ASN LOMAS
appearance, (lig. 8.) The eo Zp iN NPL IWS

.. = > SSS
BS ee. SS se ss? OER, Se
SSS SSS Ss

limestones and quartzites ==Sl-<=22
arenearly or quite all strip-
ped off, and the more yield- GNEISSIC STRATA WEATHERED OUT BETWEEN MADISON RIVER
ing portions of the granite AND GALLATIN, ON ELK CREEK,

rocks have worn down, and the surface smoothed and grassed over, so

~

44 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

that there is much excellent grass land among the granite ridges. The
patches of Pliocene marl here and there aid in smoothing the rougher
portions of the surface. That portion of Madison Valley immediately
west of Virginia City is about seventy-five miles from north to south,
and ten miles from east to west, closing up at the south end and forming
a fine cation through gneissic granites.at the north end. These granites
are mostly feldspathic, the feldspar predominating, and in most in-
stances composed only of feldspar and quartz, with iron diffused through
themass. This valley, at one time in the past, formed the bed of one of
the great chain of fresh water lakes, as is shown by the lake deposits
which underlie the upper terraces, and jut up against the mountains on
either side. This deposit is alse covered in some places with a bed basalt.

CHAPTER IL.

FORT ELLIS—MYSTIC LAKE—SOURCE OF THE GALLATIN—TRAIL CREEK—
CROW AGENCY AND FIRST CANON—EXIT OF THE YELLOWSTONE.

Fort Ellis is located on the east bank of Mill Creek, one of the sources
of the East Fork of the Gallatin, and from its position, overlooks one of
the most beautiful valleys in Montana. It is surrounded on the east
and north sides by ranges of the hills and mountains which form the
divide between the waters of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers.
After our long journey across the dry plains from Salt Lake Valley, we
found this point a most agreeable resting-place. Every courtesy we
could desire was extended to us by the officers. Captain J. C. Ball, at
that time in command, during the temporary absence of Colonel Baker,
afforded us every facility to aid us in our preparations for our explora-
tions up the Yellowstone, and his suggestions, from long experience in
western campaigns, were of the highest value to us throughout the trip.
Indeed, the favors that we received at this post, both going to and
returning from our Yellowstone exploration, were indispensable to our
complete success. Fort Ellis, although considered one of the extreme
frontier posts, and supposed to be located among hostile tribes of In-
dians, really commands the valleys of the Yellowstone and the three
forks of the Missouri, the finest and most productive portion of Mon-
tana. It is a very pleasant station, surrounded with beautiful scenery,
with a climate that can hardly be surpassed in any country. Streams
of pure water flow down the mountain sides, cutting their channels
through the plains everywhere. The vegetation is most abundant.
Bozeman is a pretty town, with about five hundred inhabitants, situated
three miles below, surrounded on every side with well-cultivated and
productive farms. Itis most probabie that within a short period the
Northern Pacific Railroad will pass down this valley, and then its beauty
and resources will become apparent.

The drainage of the Gallatin is composed of a large number of little
streams that rise in the great divide fora distance of eighty to one
hundred miles, and each of these little streams gashes out a deep
gorge or cailon in the mountain sides. The geology is thus rendered
comparatively simple in general terms, and yet in its details it is
remarkably complicated. Two forces seemed to have operated here
to give the present configuration to the surface, and whether they
may have acted synchronously or at different periods, or both, is not

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A}

very clear. Iam inclined to think that the earlier force operated to
elevate the long continuous ranges of mountains, the nucleus of which
is the granitoid rocks, with the unchanged sedimentary beds upon the
sides and summits inclining at various angles. There was originally a
general trend to these mountain ranges that might have been called spe-
cific, perhaps, and in the aggregate it is quite clear at the present time,
and is a little west of north. But when we come to study the minor
ridges, the unchanged rocks seem to incline in every direction and at
all angles from 1° to 90°, and even sometimes past a vertical. Another
force, which has greatly influenced the form of the surface, and one
which, whether it operated synchronously or not, certainly acted with
full power at a subsequent period, concealing the metamorphic rocks and
the older sedimentary strata over large areas, and building up most of
the loftiest peaks. In the previous pages of this report, I have constantly
alluded to the exhibitions of the outflow of igneous matter at almost
every point of our journey ; but about the head-waters of the Missouri
and Yellowstone, I have estimated that at least three-fourths of the area
is covered with igneous rocks. Taking the valley of the Yellowstone
from its sources in the great water-shed to the mouth of Shield’s River,
an area one hundred and fifty miles from north to south, and fifty from
east to west, we find the evidences of volcanic action upon a tremendous
scale, and igneous rocks cover almost the entire area. Wherever the
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are exposed in the vicinity of these
extensive outflows of igneous material, their history becomes much
complicated and the difficulties encountered by the geologist are greatly
increased. The valley of the Gallatin, likethe valleys of all the streams
in Montana, is undoubtedly ‘one of erosion originally, and was also the
bed of alake. This lake basin extended down to the junction of the Three
Forks northward, and the modern deposits are found all along the base
of the mountains on either side of the valley up to the very sources of the
river, Sometimes rising quite high on their sides. So great has been the.
removal of sediment during and since the recession of the waters of the
lake, that it is not always easy to determine the entire thickness of the
original deposit. Remnants are left, however, at different points, some-
times in the higher ranges of foot-hills, or in patches among the meta-
morphic rocks at considerable elevation on the divides between the
Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Forks. Areas of greater or less extent
occur 600 to 800 feet above the channels of the rivers, showing that the
waters must have been so high that only the more elevated summits were
above the surface. Opposite Fort Ellis are some high hills 600 to 800
feet above the valley below, composed of the well-known Pliocene marls,
sands, sandstones, and pudding-stones, horizontal for the most part, or
inclining at small angles. Among these beds are outflows of basalt in a
number of localities, but the disturbance of this group has been slight.
In most cases these deposits jut up against the sides of the mountains,
and when occurring in contact with the older rocks do not conform.
The group of hills opposite Fort Ellis extend down nearly to Flathead
Pass, and, having escaped erosion and removal for the most part, are left
as some proof of the original thickness of the lake deposit. Upon the
tops of the hills there is a considerable thickness of local drift, and scaty
tered thickly over the surface are rounded bowlders in great numbers
and variety. ,

To study the older rocks to advantage, we must extend our examina-
tions to the numerous gorges, or canons, in the mountains, which, cutting
through the upheaved ridges at right angles, reveal more or less clearly
the order of the superposition of the strata. In Flathead Pass, Bridger

AG GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

and Bozeman Passes, the limestones are remarkably well shown, in some
instances inclining 80° with the upper edges of the. strata a line of
rugged columns. The more yielding beds have been removed from the
limestones, leaving them on either side of the cation like walls, while
atmospheric agencies have worn out the upturned edges into the most
picturesque, jagged forms. The caiion about two miles above Fort Ellis,
carved out by Mill Creek, forms an interesting subject of study. The
entire range is a true anticlinal, trending northwest and southeast, with
the more abrupt side northeast. This side has also been subjected to
much erosion, so that the more modern beds are seldom visible, the greater
portion now remaining, belonging to the metamorphic series, or to the
Carboniferous age. But on the east side, covering the hills, and ecrop-
ping out deep down in the valleys, is a vast thickness of steel-gray or
somber-brown sandstones. The composition and texture of these rocks
are quite varied. There are alternately hard and soft layers, that is, clay
and sandstones. The clays are quite uniform in their character, and are
so thick in the aggregate as to give a rounded, smooth outline to the hills,
and by weathering, to conceal the rocky strata beneath. East of Bridg-
er’s Peak, and on the divide, high up in Bozeman and Bridger Passes,
are a large number of exposures, sufficient to show that there are here
about 1,200 to 1,500 feet of strata belonging to the Coal Series. Whether
this group belongs to the Upper Cretaceous or Lower Tertiary, or both,
‘I will not delay at this time to discuss. No animal fossils were found, but
a fine collection of well-preserved vegetable remains were obtained, and
are now in process of description by Mr. Lesquereux. The composition
of these rocks is mostly sand of various degrees of fineness, some argil-
laceous and calcareous sandstones. Most of the sandstones contain a
small per cent. of lime. Near the head of Spring Caiion, about three
miles east of Fort Ellis, a coal-bed crops out near the bed of the creek,
from which several tons of excellent coal have been taken. The opening
has been made to the depth of 180 feet. There are beds of clay on either
side of the coal-seam, as usual. The strata are nearly vertical, dipping
north 80°. Great quantities of impressions of deciduous leaves are found
in the rocks along the borders of the streams, and on the hills. These
fossils seem to be confined to no particular beds, but to occur in different
layers of rocks, adapted to preserve them, above and below the coal and
extending through the series of strata. A large number of specimens
of plants are described by Mr. Lesquereux in a valuable report in an-
other portion of this volume.

We will now return to the west side of the range, and pass up the
cafion to the eastward. The stream which has cut its way through
this high ridge is a fine specimen of a mountain torrent; the water
is pure and full of trout. As we approach the base of the hills from the
level terrace on which Fort Ellis is located, the gorge appears so nar-
row as to be impassable; but on entering it, we find ample room for a
bridle-path, and we make our ascent without difficulty. As this is the
cafion which is regarded as most available for the passage of the Northern
Pacific Railroad, it is invested with no small degree of interest. If the
road ascends the valley of the Yellowstone River, it will cross the divide
just above the mouth of Shield’s River, and ascend the valley of a little
stream to the westward, which rises within a few yards of the source of
the one that flows through the cation; so that the greater portion of the
rock excavations has already been performed by nature, with these
two beautiful streams as her agents. This lets the road into the
Gallatin Valley, where it can go up to the junction of the Three Forks;
thence, up the Jefferson Fork, through the finest portion of Montana,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE .TERRITORIES. AT

with scarcely an impediment. But this subject will be treated more in
detail in subsequent portions of this report. We may, before describ-
ing the details of the geology of this district, enumerate the formations
we may expect to meet with. We have mentioned the existence of a
large thickness of the lake deposits, and, frequently covering them,

‘beds of basalt; but still the latter, although a modern outflow, is not con-
fined to the vicinity of these Pliocene marls, but may burst up through
any of the rocks and overflow their surfaces. We are liable to meet with
them anywhere, and in most cases they predominate over all others.
The next group of strata older, are the coal-beds, which are exposed in
a break in the range, and aid in concealing the older rocks for an inter-
val of four or five miles, between the Caiion and the Gallatin Mountains.
Then come a few obscure exposures, which are, no doubt, of Cretaceous
age, though no fossils were observed ; below them are well-defined Juras-
sic strata, and below these the quartzites and limestones of Carboniferous

-age. Noneolder than the latter are exposed in this gorge. A few miles
farther to the southward, as well as to the northward, older rocks are
brought to the surface, and we find that the core of the mountains is
composed of granitoid rocks.

Now, if we examine this range of mountains a little more in detail,
we shall find, as we enter the canon, a series of beds which are probably
Cretaceous, but dipping at. various angles. In some portions of the
range, fragments of the beds are lifted up to the very summit, so far as
to form a broken arch. ‘This arch is well shown on the north side of the
canon, while on the south side the two sides of the anticlinal terminate
in high jagged points of limestone, 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the plain
below. In the supposed Cretaceous beds no well-defined fossils could
be found, but in some beds of arenaceous limestone, were bivalves, which
I have no doubt are of thatage. Below this group there is a series of
alternate layers of arenaceous clay, gray limestones, and sandstones,
with layers 2 to 4 feet thick, composed of an aggregate of broken shells,
with now and then a fragment perfect enough to be identified so as to
show their Jurassic age. Below these are some red sandstones and
clays, which might be remnants of the Triassic, and, as they contain 10
fossils, any opinion about them is conjectural. I think, however, that
they are all Jurassic or Carboniferous. We then come toa great thick-
ness of Carboniferous rocks, first quartzites, gradually passing into lime-
stones. Rocks of Carboniferous age form the great mass of the minor
ranges of mountains.

On the morning of July 12, a small. party of officers from the fort,
under the guidance of Captain S. H. Norton, made a tour of exploration
to a little lake, embosomed among the mountains, about twelve miles
distant. We were accompanied also by Dr. Campbell and Lieutenant
Jerome, to all of whom we were indebted for many kindnesses and
much information. Our course was nearly south from the fort. After
passing over the beautiful grassy plain between the middle and east
borders of the Gallatin, we ascended the high hills on the west side
of the dividing range between the waters of the Yellowstone and
the Gallatin. These hills are so covered with debris and a heavy growth
of vegetation that not even in the ravines can the real basis rocks be
seen. On either side of us, however, in the very highest ridge, the
limestones are visible, with the reddish sandstones and clays, so that
we may infer that the Jurassic or Cretaceous are concealed beneath this
superficial drift. After winding among these hills, through a garden of
most beautiful wild-flowers, we reached the little lake, which, on account
of its great beauty, and being partially hidden, we called Mystic Lake.

48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

It is really an expansion of one of the branches of the Gallatin, about
one-fourth of a mile wide and three-fourths of a mile long. The scenery
all around it is very attractive, and Mr. Jackson succeeded in securing
some most excellent photographs. The hills, immediately surrounding

the lake, and, indeed, all the lower hills, are made up of sedimentary
rocks, and just on the shore of the lake is a considerable thickness of
grayish-brown arenaceous limestone filled with fossils, as Camptonectes
bellestriata, Pinna, Modiola, Myacites, Pholodomya, and others. A patient
search at this locality would have been rewarded with many more species,

but enough were secured to fix the age of the beds as Jurassic beyond

a doubt. A group of strata once fixed in the scale by such an array of
evidence, forms a horizon which may be extended, with certainty, in
every direction for a great distance, even though the usual fossils may
not be found. The stream that comes into the lake passes through a
deep gorge, walled on either side with Carboniferous limestones. But_
to the west and north, the mountains rise in rounded dome or cone-like

peaks, 1,200 to 1,500 feet, and in a few instances 2,000 feet above the

valleys below. These high mountains are composed of volcanic mate-

rials, a core, aS it were, of more or. less compact basalt, with volcanic

breccia all around it. Huge masses of this volcanic breccia have fallen

down into the valley and around the lake. High up on the sides of the

mountains, in some places, the igneous rocks present the appearance of
strata, which have suddenly been poured out in beds, and cooled

in separate layers, and these layers incline at moderate angles, as if
they had been acted upon by subsequent action of the voleanic forces.

All the lower hills, which are comparatively sloping and underlaid with

sedimentary rocks, rising to the height. of 200 to 500 feet, are covered

thickly with vegetation, mostly pines, but the higher volcanic ridges

are dark, gloomy, and bare, presenting the aspect of rugged desolation.

But in the little valleys and along the margins of the streams the vegeta-

tion is quite luxuriant, and the flowers are varied and abundant, render-

ing traveling among these wild and apparently inaccessible hills charm-

ing beyond description. The soil is, of course, made up of portions worn

away from all the different kinds of rocks in the vicinity, both the igne-

ous and sedimentary. Thus a remarkably rich soil is produced, which,

during the short season of midsummer, clothes these valleys with a

vegetation of bright-green, and flowers of all hues. This little lake, as —
well as the stream that flows into it, is full of trout. The water is very

clear and pure, always cool, fed as it is by the melting of the snows from

the surrounding mountains.

Without entering into further details of the geology of this range, I
might say that there is no regular inclination to the sedimentary rocks
of those ranges that have been so much influenced by igneous action.
We find at one point the Carboniferous limestones on the east side of a
deep ravine, extending down the sides of the mountain like the steep
roof of a house, while on the opposite side the same rocks have been
lifted up a thousand feet or more, the upturned edges indicating by their
appearance that the period of the uplift was a modern event. It is my
belief that the principal portion of this volcanic action occurred just
prior to the present period, when the sedimentary and granitoid rocks
had been elevated somewhat as we find them at present, and that the
chaos which we everywhere see was produced by this general effusion
of igneous material, thus tossing the strata in every direction.

A considerable amount of erosion may have occurred since, but most
of it had already been performed. The Carboniferous rocks, up to the
Tertiary Coal Series, inclusive, were in the same fragmentary condition
in which we find them now. ,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 49

On the 15th of July we bade farewell to the hospitable officers of Fort
Ellis, and with an excellent outfit, for which we were greatly indebted
to their kindness, started, with confidence and hope, toward the wonder-
land of the Yellowstone Valley. We followed a well-traveled road,
which wound around among the hills, diverging by numerous branches
in almost every direction. “After passing behind the main range to the
north, we turned our course to the east, up the valley of a little branch
of Mill Creek, and soon passed over the divide into the waters of the
Yellowstone. The water-shed and the geological divide are by no means
identical. The little stream cuts directly through the heart of the anti-
clinal, and rises high up in the coal group east of the limestones. Hast .
of the narrow belt of limestones the coal strata occupy the greater por-
tion of the interval to the Yellowstone River. These beds incline at
various angles east and northeast. A large quantity of finely preserved
impressions of leaves of deciduous trees were found. The texture of
the rocks was quite varied, and the examples of oblique lamina of
deposition were quite conspicuous. The sandstones were usually quite
fine and close-grained, but sometimes they passed into a fine pudding-
stone. Interstratified with these rocks are layers of compact basalt,
and not unfrequently on the summits of the hilis are thick masses of it.
It will be seen at once that the dark brown or somber hue of this great
group of strata (1,200 to 1,500 feet) is not the original color, but caused
by the subjection of the strata to a greater or less heat during the period
of volcanic activity. Wherever the igneous matter has come in direct
contact with the sedimentary rocks they have been more or less changed.
Some of the sandstones have become compact quartzites, but the same
dark, gloomy appearance pervades them all.

rom the divide between the Gallatin and Yellowstone Rivers, the
view 1S wonderfully fine in every direction. On the north side the
hills rise up 600 to 800 feet. The elevation of the divide over which
the road passes is 5,681 feet. The principal range of mountains
on the south side is mostly of voleani¢ origin, and rises 800 to 1,200 fee
The belt of Carboniferous limestone seems to have a trend northeast
and southwest, preservifig its anticlinal character to the Yellowstone
Valley, then, crossing the Yellowstone River, is seen only on the sides
of the Snowy Range, inclining northwest. Although the general
character of the geological structure of the country lying between the
sources of the Gallatin and the Yellowstone River appears so simpie
yet months of earnest labor would be required to work it out in all its
details, The distance is not more than thirty miles. The sediment
ary beds are thrown into almost inextricable contusion. I shall en-
deavor to unravel it in part as I proceed step by step on our journey
up the Yellowstone.

Jt is probable that in general terms the rocks of the country be-
long only to about half a dozen groups, and yet these are so multi-
plied into a diversity of forms, and then by subsequent elev vation, so
mnles together, that at the first glance there seems only confusion ;
and yet, with the exception of the more modern volcanic forces, there has
been a method in their action. So far as the rocks of Carboniferous and
Jurassic age are concerned, we may rely with some confidence on their
uniformity of character wherever they may occur, but all the others are
modified more or less even in their mineral texture at different localities.
For example, on our route from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone River, a
distance of about thirty miles, we find the summits of the highest hills
covered with a greater or less thickness of a local drift, and wherever
the rocks are shown they appear to belong mostly to the Coal Series,

468

50 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

(Eocene.) Interstratified with the beds of this group, are layers of basalt
of irregular thickness, some ef which is so compact and homogene-
ous in structure that it must have cooled under much pressure,
and perhaps never reached the surface until exposed by erosion
or the elevation of the mountain ranges. Then in the valleys of the
streams, some with flowing water, others dry, yet all deep and apparently
at one time the channels ‘of large bodies of water, are great quantities
of the local drift and débris, concealing the underlying basis rocks so as
to perplex the geologist, and yet an active search willshow that along the
banks of the stream, a few feet in thickness of some one of the formations
. of the district will be exposed. Itmay be the oldest; it may be the latest ;
we may find an outcrop of massive granites, of stratified granitoid -
rocks, Carboniferous limestones, or the latest Pliocene marl group; the
youngest rocks may cover the loftiest ridges, and vice versa. The Plio-
cene marls do not unfrequently occur in contact with the massive un-
stratified granites on the summit of the mountains, so that we may step
within a few paces from the youngest rocks known inthe West to the
very oldest. The beautiful, regular curves and flexures in the strata,
which continue so systematically over long-extended areas in Pennsyl-
vania and along the Atlantic border, are wanting in the Rocky Mount-
ains. Local curves of remarkable beauty occur in the strata, from
time to time, as we shall attempt ta show by figures in the final report.
Altitude, therefore, gives no clew to the age of rocks. Ihave also given
the angle of inclination of the strata from time to time in my reports.
In regard to the more eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, the dip
and trend are terms possessing some force and meaning, but in the yol-
canic regions of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers such observations
seem to be of little value. There is no doubt that, when the whole
country has been carefully mapped and the geology worked out in detail,
a system will be found in the results of the action of the internal forces
that gave to the surface its present form. Soin regard to the position
of the strata, altitude gives no clew; the oldest, to the Cretaceous inclu-
Sive, in the lowest valley, on the summit of the highest range, may be
horizontal or incline at any angle. The Carboniferous limestones on the
divide between Trail Creek and a little branch flowing into the
Yellowstone to the north are vertical, or nearly so, or have been lifted
up in broad areas to the summit of the divide, so as to be nearly or
quite horizontal, while all around it bend down the same limestones,
like the leaves of a table, at angles of 60° to 80°, and in a few in-
stances inclining past a vertical. In the valley of the Yellowstone,
these same limestones will be found horizontal, while upon the sum-
mits of the mountains, 3,600 feet above the valley, within a few miles,
they incline at a very moderate angle. These facts seem to show the
importance of having the topography of the country worked out with —
great care in connection with the geology, in order that the multiplicity
of detail may be clearly expressed.

From the summit of the divide down to the ravine of Trail Creek, we
can look to the eastward, into the beautiful valley of the Yellowstone River.
On the south side is the high range of mountains, at first composed of
sedimentary rocks, with their jagged summits rising up 1,200 feet
above the valley, and after passing the divide, this range flexes around
to the south, extends up on the west side of the Yellowstone, forming
_ the water- shed between the sources of the Gallatin and Madison Forks.

After passing the head of Trail Creek, this range is composed almost
entirely of igneous rocks, so far as they ‘are revealed to the eye. There
is reason to Delieve, however, that underneath this vast mass of basalt

GERLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 51

and volcanic breccia, there are sedimentary rocks, and even the granit-
oid group, for the latter was well shown in the second cafion. I have al-
ready described the existence of great thicknesses of Carboniferous and
Jurassic strata on the west side of this range around Mystic Lake. Upon
the east side, in some of the gorges or ravines of the Yellowstone drain
age, it is quite possible that some of the older rocks are exposed. The-
highest peaks, many of which are covered with snow all summer, are
composed of volcanic breccia; on the north side of Trail Creek there is a
range of hills, as they may perhaps be called more properly. These
hills are really a group of broken ridges; the anticlinal belt seems to
diverge, one portion passing up along the divide or water-shed, between
the sources of the Gallatin and Yellowstone, appearing in full force at
Cinnabar Mountain; the other following along the north side of Trail
Creek, crossing the Yellowstone River at the lower cafions, and extend-
. ing off on the northeast slope of the Snow Mountains, about the sources
of Big Bowlder, Rosebud, and Clark’s Fork of the Yellowstone. The
amount of erosion in the interval, between these two portions of the —
anticlinal, has been very great. Not that the valleys have been en-
tirely carved out of the mountains, for they were doubtless, in part at
least, and perhaps in all cases, marked out in the process of upheaval.
The valley of Trail Creek, which is a narrow gorge at the head, gradu-
ally expands out, near its entrance, to the immediate valley of the
Yellowstone, a distance of about twelve miles, so that itis about two or
three miles wide. We can now see, by fragments of ridges that are re-
maining, that portions of all the formations known in this portion of
the West, however much they may have been fractured by upheaval,
once extended across the broad interval.

Should we ascend the high pine-covered ridge on the north side of
Trail Creek, we can look over into the next valley beyond, and along its
northern side, extending west or northwest nearly to Fort Ellis, we can
see the outcropping edges of the coal-beds, inclining north and north-
east in wave-like ridges, until they die out about ten miles distant, from
the reverse effect of the force which elevated the Crazy Woman Moun-
tains. The Yellowstone River cuts directly through this ridge, and
thus forms its first cation, and the point of exit from the cafion is called
the exit of the Yellowstone from the mountains. The walls on either
side are entirely of Carboniferous rocks. 'The view from this ridge near
the cation, down the Yellowstone Valley to the Crow agency, is very in-
structive. Above the cafion the river flows nearly northward, but after
emerging from the canon it bends quickly around to the northeast and
east, and enters a lower gorge, cutting through Tertiary and Cretaceous
beds, about three miles below the mouth of Shield’s River. This valley
belongs to the old lake system; is oval in shape, expanding from
one-fourth of a mile in width at the upper end to four or five miles.
Jt is about ten miles in length and.has an average width of three miles.
On the left side of the Yellowstone, the somber-hued rocks of the Creta-
ceous and Eocene Tertiary groups present their basset edges like walls,
and recede to the northwest aud north, in step-like ridges, for ten or
twenty miles. The thickness of these beds I could only estimate, and
I believe them to be in the aggregate 1,500 to 2,000 feet in thickness.
The inclination or dip varies much, sometimes 25° to 30°, then 10°
to 20°. Just below the mouth of Shield’s River, on the lett side of
the Yellowstone, there is a nearly vertical bluff of these beds, composed
of alternate layers of sandstone and arenaceous clay, all with the steel-
gray hue. The rocks are all of various textures and composition ; some
layers contain a considerable per cent. of clay, and the harder beds vary

52 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

in texture from a coarse sandstone to a compact homogeneous ouartzite.

There is in all the rocks a small per cent. of lime. The height of

the bluff-like wall is about 500 feet, and on the summit there is an ir-
regular bed of basalt, which fractures into an imperiect columnar form.’
In other localities layers of basalt are intercalated with the sedimentary
beds, effecting greater or less changes in the contiguous rocks. Again,
the basalt has. flowed to the surface through the underlying strata, and
spread over restricted areas. This group of rocks is remarkably well

developed, and occupies nearly all the interval between the belt or ridge

of limestone extending from near the junction of the Three Forks south-
westward to the Yellowstone River and Shield’s River. From the
agency, this group extends down the Yellowstone as far as the eye can
reach, so that there is a belt here of at least fiity miles from north to south,
and twenty from east to west, which may be said to be almost entirely
occupied by these beds, mingled with basaltic rocks which have been
effused at different periods, and have been cooled under varying con-
ditions. The same group of rocks appears on the right side of Gar-
diner’s River, forming a bluff wall 800 to 1,200 feet high, with the same
irregular beds of basa ut. Similar steel- eray rocks oceur in the Middle
Park, containing leaves of deciduous trees, with thick beds of basalt,
inclining at a high angle, in conformity with the Tertiary and Cretaceous
beds. I have called these steel- -gray beds Cretaceous and Tertiary, and
yet I do not positively know that any portion belongs to the Tertiary.
Jt is the group of rocks that contains the coal in this portion of the
west. There are coal-beds near Fort Ellis, and indications of coal near
the mouth of Shield’s River on the Yellowstone. Leaves of deciduous
trees of Tertiary affinities are abundant. No molluscan fossils were
found, yet the character of the rocks and their great thickness leads
me to believe that they are Upper Cretaceous, passing up without any
physical line of separation into the Lower Tertiary. I think, also, that
they form apart of the same group which contains the coal on the

Lower Yellowstong, below the mouth of the Big Horn. These forma-.

tions about the sources of the Missouri River and its branches need a
much more careful and extended study than I have been able to give
them, and I can only look forward into.the future with hope, for time
and opportunity to group them in their proper position.

The ridge of limestone which crosses the Yellowstone at the lower
canon seems, to one looking from the valley below, to rise abruptly out

of the plains; the ridges, which are made up of the Jur assic, Cretaceous, —

and Tertiary groups, incline at various angles from the main ridge, and
seldom rise above the general level more than 100 or 200 feet, while, at
the base of the ridge, the upturned edges of the Lower Cretaceous and

Jurassic rocks extend in long lines across the Yellowstone as far as the
eye can reach, but not rising above the general level of the plain more |

than 50 or 100 feet, and sometimes not at all, but so covered with débris
that they are only exposed in the channel of the Yellowstone. But the
beds of limestone and quartzite of the Carboniferous group rise up 800
to 1,200 feet above the valley below, and though the inclination in the
cation is only about 15° to 30°, yet the outer beds dip 60° to 80°; this
difference is not due to any, want of conformability in the series, bat
- Coubtiess to the greater ease with which the more modern beds haye
yielded to the erosive forces, while the Carboniferous limestones and

quartzites have most effectually resisted those agencies. On the Yellow-_
stone the lower ridges extend far to the northeast, with a somewhat .

irregular height, while the limestones are elevated so as to form a group
of lofty peaks nearly as high as the volcanic cones of the snowy range,

Oe ee Oe et tee ee te

ie. ah iin dion e

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. BO

9,000 to 9,500 feet above the sea. The northwest end of this Snowy
Ran ge is formed of roof-shaped peaks, with slopes toward the northwest,
and summits running up like a wedge, easily distinguished by their
shape from the more ~ symmetrical basaltic peaks in the same range.
Separated by an interval of about twenty-five miles to the northwest,
there is a beautiful group of conical peaks, 9,000 to 10,000 feet high,
oceupying an area of not more than fifteen miles square, called Crazy’
Woman Mountains; I did not visit them, but I should judge that they
might be a local upheaval on the same line of fracture with the Snowy
Range. The two ranges are entirely separate, and each independent of |
any other, and surrounded by sedimentary formations which incline from '
their sides at various angles. The valley, or park, as it might be called,
below the cafion, is extremely beautiful to the eye, as all these oval

valleys are. The same proofs of an old lake basin, which we have before
deseribed, are seen everywhere, with gray and eream marls and sands,
with ereat quantities of local drift, and the step-like terraces are weil
shown; there is a uniformity not only i in the materials, but also in the
deposition of them, which must show an intimate connection and a com-
mon origin. The Caiion is about three miles lon g; the river has cut its
way through the limestone ridge nearly at right angles, forming a. per-
fect cross-section, so that the character of the rocks down to the gran-
ites may beexamined. On the east side of the Yellowstone, a little above
the cafion, the junction of the Carboniferous with the granitoid series
may be seen with great clearness. ‘There is no method that I could de-
vise to arrive atthe exact thickness of the Carboniferous group, but,
' with the aid of the best data I could secure, I estimated it at 1,500 to
2,000 feet. Where rocks are thrown up in such confusion, and the streams
eut channels through mountains, forming canons with vertical walls
1,000 to 1,500 feet, the grandeur of the operations will oftentimes pro-
duce such an effect on the mind as to lead to an exaggerated idea of
the thickness, but my estimates have been checked so far as possible by
the use of the barometer. Passing through the cafon, we came into a
broad, open vailey again, much layger. but similar to one already de-
seribed.

We may now return to the valley of Trail Creek. We have
already stated that the range of bills on the left or north side of the
valley is the ridge of limestone through which the Yellowstone River
has carved out its lower cafion; the little stream, therefore, flows into
‘the Yellowstone River just above the canon. As we descend the valley
of Trail Creek, we meet with a conspicuous isolated hill of basalt in the
center of the valley, the east side bordering immediately on the valley
of the Yellowstone. A minute description of this hill would apply to
nearly all the volcanic phenomena of the Yellowstone Valley. It will be
seen, therefore, that itis not only important, but necessary, to repeat
the substance of many of our descriptions from time to time, in order
to do any kind of justice to the subject. Basalt Butte is about 800 feet
in height above the plains below, and overlooks the valley in every di-
rection; it is evidently a huge mass cut off by Trail Creek Valley irom
the volcanic range on the south side. The butte is composed of voleanie
‘conglomerate, or breccia; that is, the matrix is a steel-gray volcanic
sand and dust, slightly calcareous, inclosing fragments of igneous rocks
of varied character and texture. These inclosed masses v ary in size
from an inch to several feet in diameter; in most cases they are angu-
lar, and the aggregate I have called a breccia, but in this butte, and in
some other localities, the masses are more or less rounded by attrition
in water, showing that they have been transported some distance trom

54 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

their origin. It is probable that the volcanic vent or point of effusion
was from the group of voleanic cones, in the high range, on the east
side of the Yellowstone, and that the dust, ashes, fragments of rocks,

&e., were thrown out into the waters of the lake, and deposited and -

cemented into the apparently stratified condition they now present. The
style of weathering is much the same as in ordinary conglomerates, and
at this locality several gorges, which have been worn by water deep into
the sides of the butte, show the strata to incline 5° to 15°. By examin-
ing the valleys of the streams and ravines on either side of the mountain
ranges, we shail find upon what rocks, as a basis, this volcanic material
rests. On the north side of Trail Creek, we have the limestone ridges
full in view, the north side of the ridges sloping down into the plain
below the cafion, while, on the south side, the edges of the limestone
strata project up nearly vertically, in sharp pinnacles worn out by
atmospheric forces. I think that these vertical limestones, for about four
miles in extent along this creek, afford an illustration of the breaking
down of the strata, like a table-leaf. Upon the platean-like ridges
above are remnants of the more modern beds, as red clays, Jurassic, Cre-
taceous, and the Coal Series. The latter have been lifted up by a force
acting vertically. In the valley below are the outcropping edges of the
limestones, inclining at a small angle, but in such a way as to carry them
directly under the Basalt Butte. Indeed, the evidence is quite clear that,
underneath the ranges of volcanic mountains on the west side of the Yel-
lowstone, exists a part atleast and possibly all the unchanged rocks known
in this portion of the West. ‘The effects of erosion are such all over this
country, that we cannotassert the existence of the full series of sedimentary
strata unless they are visible to the eye. From the summit of Basalt
Butte the view is very beautiful and instructive. The valley of the Yel-
lowstone, from the lower canon, far up above Bottler’s Ranch, to the sec-
ond cation, about thirty miles, has been the bed of one of the mountain
lakes. On the east side of the Yellowstone the eye takes in at a glance
one of the most symmetrical and remarkable ranges of mountains I have
ever seen in the West. Several of my party who had visited Europe re-
garded this range as in no way inferior in beauty to any in that farfamed
country. <A series of cone-shaped peaks, looking like gigantic pyramids,
are grouped along the east side of the valley for thirty or forty miles, with
their bald, dark summits covered with perpetual snow, the vegetation
growing thinner and smaller as we ascend the almost vertical sides, until

long before reaching the summits, it has entirely disappeared. On all

sides deep gorges have been gashed out by aqueous forces cutting through
the very core of the mountains, and forming those wonderful gulches
which only the hardy and daring miner has ventured to explore. This
range, which is called on the map Snowy Mountains, forms the great water-

shed between two portions of the Yellowstone River, above and below ~

the first caiion, and gives origin to some of the most important branches
of that river. Large numbers of springs and small streams flow down
from the mountains into the Yellowstone on the southwest side. Below
the first cation, but from the northeast side, flow the Big Bowlder, Rose-
bud, Clark’s Fork, and Pryor’s Fork, with their numerous branches.
This range continues on in a more or less broken condition to the south-
east, until it connects with the Big Horn Range. From the summit of
Emigrant Peak, one of the highest of these volcanic cones, one great
mass of these basaltic peaks can be seen as far as the eye can reach,

rising to the height of 10,000 to 11,000 feet above the sea. Emigrant —

Peak, the base of which is cut by the Yellowstone River, is 10,629 feet
above tide-water, while the valley plain near Bottler’s Ranch, on the op-

cece a ae ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 5D

posite side of the river, was found to be 5,925 feet. This splendid group
of peaks rises 5,000 feet and upward. above the valley of the Yellowstone.
This grand range of mountains ends abruptly in the bend of the Yellow-
stone, near the entrance of Shield’s River, and the basset edges of the
limestone strata, high up on the end and inclining to the northwest, show
conclusively that, prior to their elevation, they extended uninterruptedly
all over thisregion. ‘The greater portion of the external surface of this
range is compact basalt, but the cones or central portions are the gran-
itoid rocks, in which the gold is found. Hmigrant Gulch extends up
into the mountains about eight miles. It is a deep, narrow gorge, with
walls of a green and dark brown quartzite and true gneiss—indeed, the
usual variety of metamorphic rocks distinctly stratified, a portion of
them with so thin layers as to present a slaty appearance, and all with
a somber-brown hue from contact with the igneous rocks. <A fine stream
of water flows swiftly down over its rocky bed into the Yellowstone.
This gulch has been quite celebrated for some years past for its placer
mines. It is estimated that somewhere. from $100,000 to $150,000 in
gold have been taken out since the discovery, in 1864. At one time
there was quite a settlement, called Yellowstone City, near the entrance
of the gulch, and the walls and chimneys of the houses are still standing.
Probably two hundred or three hundred persons were engaged. in
washing for gold; some very fair lodes have been discovered near the
head of the gulch. <A large amount of money was expended at one time
in sinking a shaft and digging a ditch for the purpose of reaching the
““bed-rock.” There are several other guiches on either side of Emi-
grant Gulch, extending up fifteen or twenty miles to the second canon,
and extending down to the lower or first cation, all of which have
yielded some gold. All these gulches cut through the basalt, deep into
the granitoid nucleus, revealing the mineral character as well as the
history of this range. They are not altogether formed by erosion, but
were, of course, marked out during the process of upheaval; and as
they have been the central lines of the erosive action of water in the far
past, so they have been the reservoirs of the drainage from the snowy
summits around, up to the present time. I thus take the position that
during the upheaval of these mountain ranges, and perhaps since they
have reached their present elevation, the aqueous forces were vastly
more powerful than at present. The belt of land between the imme-
diate base of the mountains and the channel of the Yellowstone varies
from three to five miles in width, and is covered thickly with rounded
bowlders, varying in size from a small pebble to several feet in diameter.
The line of junction of the superficial deposits with the sides of the moun-
tain, is such that this line of erosion is not unfrequently five hundred
to six hundred feet above the bed of the Yellowstone, and is almost as
well defined as a lake terrace. The little streams that flow down from
the mountain sides cut sections through this deposit, so that they are
revealed quite clearly. The upper portion is composed in part of débris
from the mountains, but there,is all over the valley a vast deposit of
what I can call by no better name than local drift or detritus. In this de-
tritus are quite frequently masses of rock or bowlders that have evidently
been transported a considerable distance by a force not now in operation
in the vicinity. This fact points back to a time when we may suppose
that there were vast accumulations of snow and ice all over the valleys,
but more especially on the sides and summits of the mountains; and as
the temperature became much warmer, this snow and ice melted, pro-
ducing rivers and torrents with sufficient force, aided perhaps by
the masses of ice, to move these immense bowlders from place to place,

6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Or

An important fact should be continually borne in mind, that a critical
examination of this detritus reveals no evidence of the existence of
rocks from any distant point outside of the river drainage in which .
they are found; in other words, these superficial deposits are entirely
made up of the materials disintegrated from the rocks in the vicinity.
The examination of this detritus is also important to determine the
formations that may be sought for within the limits of that drainage.
_ Underlying all this detritus, in this valley, is a greater or less thickness
of the Pliocene deposits, and the little streams on their way to the main
river show very distinctly where these sediments have been cast by the
waters of the lake against the mountain sides. Not unfrequently some
of the older unchanged rocks, or even the metamorphic strata, are ex-
posed—remnants left after the great erosion which preceded the present
period. The degradation of all kinds of rocks has been going on continu-
ally through all geological times, and the most important geological
changes have thus been wrought. We may date back, first, to the time
when all the formations known in the West, from the metamorphic rocks
to the Hocene coal group, inclusive, extended uninterruptedly over the
valiey of the Yellowstone; and now only a few patches remain, here
and there, of from 5,000 to 10,000 feet of sedimentary strata. Then, too,
the mountain ranges have been pared down, we know not how mueh,
since they began their upward movements to the present time. At any
rate, we know that the erosion of the mountains has been immense; that,
in many cases, entire ranges have been degraded, so that only fragments
remain. Again, since this valley was a lake-basin, extensive degradation
has taken place, removing a considerable thickness of the Pliocene
deposits. It is only when they have been protected by a sheet of basalt,
that we can form any correct idea of their original thickness. We may
suppose this to be a good proof, from the fact that the basalts seem, in
almost all cases, to have cooled under water at some depth, probably
not great. At the upper portion of this valley, just below the second
canon, there are quite large areas covered with the Pliocene mar!s and
sands, several hundred feet in thickness, overlaid with a thick floor of
basalt. These Pliocene beds present the evidence of having been de-
posited in moderately quiet waters, so that we may suppose that they
once extended all over the vailey with a pretty uniform thickness. Since
these valleys have been drained, or, perhaps, during the process of
drainage, the surface has been worn into its present form, and the irre-
gularities have been filled up with a greater or less thickness of local de-
tritus.

It was doubtless during the slow process of drainage that the terraces,
which constitute so conspicuous a feature of all these mountain valleys,
were formed ; these, also, were carved out of the Pliocene deposits. Some-
times these modern Tertiary beds are quite conspicuous, torming high
vertical bluff walls along the valley. Again, they are removed, so that,
with the exception of a narrow belt along the immediate base of the
mountains on either side, the valley hag been shaped into a low grass-
covered lawn, but little raised above the bed of the stream. In many
instances, as along the base of Emigrant Peak, the line of junction of
the valiey deposits with the sides of the mountain is indicated by the
vegetation, and the descent, from that line down to the river bottom, is
very gentle and smooth as a lawn, and covered with a thick growth of
grass and other vegetation. This complete and gentle transition from
mountain to valley forms one of the most striking and beautiful features
in the landscape. |

We will now proceed up the valley of the Yellowstone toward the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 57

second ecafion, noting, step by step, the principal features of interest.
We have attempted to describe the lower cafion, the valley above as
far as the mouth of Trail Creek, and the magnificent range of snow-
mountains, of which Emigrant Peak forms a part. From the upper por-
tion of the lower canon to Trail Creek is about five miles ; and from the
mouth of Trail Creek to Bottler’s Ranch, ten miles; and from the latter
place to the second ee about twelve miles. We have stated that this
valley was one of the Jake-basins that formed a series of chain-like links
extending probably throughout all the great hydrographic basins of the
West. A little above Trail Creek, on the west side of the Yellowstone,
there is an exposure of Carboniferous limestones, 200 to 300 feet thick,
occupying only a small area, but enough to show that the sedimentary
beds extend under the vast mass of basalt and breccia. On the road
across the broad upland bottoms of the Yellowstone, a number of fine
streams, six to ten feet wide, which have their origin in springs at the
base of the range of mountains on the west side, flow across the table-
like bottoms, almost on the surface, overflowing in many places,
so that they form natural acequias. There is so little channel
that they are quite noticeable. Basaltic bowlders of immense size
are scattered all over the plain, and the finer detritus forms the cov-
ering of the entire surface. Some of these bowlders stand out in the
plain far from any water at the present time, and are six to ten feet in
diameter. It is possible that water alone has been the agent that has
moved them to their present position, by slow degrees, at some period
far back in the past, but it is also possible that ice may have aided in
the work.

From the mouth of Trail Creek to Bottler’s Ranch, the modern
basalt makes its appearance on the west side of the valley from time
to time. In some localities it is quite prominent and breaks off in ree-
ular columns. It is possible that this sheet or floor of basalt extended
all over the valley at one time, as the appearance of the portions that
are now left would seem to indicate. If so, the disintegration and
removal of the basalt must have been very’ great. This basalt is visible
in greater or less force all the way up to the foot of the second canon,
and on the east side of the Yellowstone there is a bluff wall, cut by the
river, which shows, at the top at least, three ditferent beds of basalt,
indicating as many different outflows. Underneath the basalt are 100 to
150 feet of light-gray marly sand and sandstone, clearly belonging to
the modern lake deposit. These are the rocks which may be said to
form the valley proper—tirst, the Pliocene, or lake deposits; secondly, the
broad sheet or floor of basalt; thirdly, the detritus, or local drift. On
the sides of the main valley, and sometimes intrenching upon it, are the
materials of the volcanic breccia, which must have been thrown out of
fissures and vents in the mountain ranges on one side of the valley or
the other, or perhaps both, into the waters of the lake, and then re-
arranged and cemented together. If we delay a moment, and study this
basaltic breccia on the east side of the valley just back of our camp at
Bottler’s Ranch, we shall be able to form some conception of its char-
acter. We find here, that the foot-hills are entirely compose d of it; and
as the erosion has in some instances cut some excellent sections in it, it
is easily studied. The general hue is the usual somber-gray or brown
of most igneous rocks, but still there are a great variety of colors ; some-
times there are thin seams of milky-white and cream marly clay, then
a mixture of materials which, when disintegrated, leave débris like the
ashes of an old furnace; at other places the rocks have a duil brick-red
color, as if the volcanic fires had raged only yesterday. The whole as-

58 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

pect 1s modern, and one feels, as he winds his way among these high
basaltic hills, that he isin a region where the great voicanie forces
which have given form to this entire region, ceased at a period so recent,
that a recurrence of the same events might be looked for at any time.
Indeed, earthquake-shocks have been felt in the vicinity of Emigrant

Gulch several times since the discovery of gold there in 1864. Immense °

masses of the basaltic breccia have fallen down from the mountains among
the foot-hills; and in the valley some of the included masses are slightly
worn, as if they had been rolled about in the waters for a time, but
most of them are angular; some of them are red, like pumice,
others black, compact, close in texture, like obsidian. There is, indeed, in
this breccia almost every possible variety of basalt. The cement is rather
firm, resisting the atmosphere well, looking much like voleanic ashes.
Seattered through the bottoms and on the sides of the hills are quite

abundant gneiss bowlders, some of them of great size, and most of them
~ eonsiderably worn.

From Fort Ellis to within a mile of the foot of the second cation
not an exposure of the metamorphic rocks was seen on the right
or west side of our road; and, after leaving Trail Creek, the igneous
rocks arose 2,000 to 2,500 feet above the valley, and some of the higher

peaks were at least 3,000 feet above the plain. As soon as we reach the

foot of the second cafion, we find the mountains are made up of the
same granitoid rocks. Two of the streams that fow down from the
divide, that must have their sources at least ten or fifteen miles in the
heart of the mountains west of the river, have brought down in their
channels detached portions of the granitic rocks, showing that the cen-
tral mass of the range between the second canon and the sources of
the west branch of the Gallatin is metamorphic. The size, abundance,
and position of these rounded granite bowlders are such that no forces
now in operation in this region could have moved them high up on the
sides of the valley, where no water is found or can reach at the present
time. They cover a space a mile in length and one-fourth of a mile in
width, as thick as they can lie on the ground.

I have already referred to the section of the foot-hills cut by the
Yellowstone River, about a mile above Bottler’s Ranch, and that this
section would seem to show the thickness and character of the original
lake deposits. From the water up there is about one hundred feet of a
light-cream marly, indurated clay, with some concretions, from a few
inches to two feet in diameter. Above this there are 40 feet detritus,
composed of rounded pebbles, and above this very modern local drift,
there are 30 to 60 feet of the basalt. This fact shows the very modern
character of this outflow, as I have endeavored to show in other por-
tions of this report. Just opposite this bluff, on the west side of the
valley, there is another feature which is quite a conspicuous one in the
landscape. There is here a series of terraces, five in number, which
rise, step by step, with remarkable regularity. The usual terrace Sys-
tem is undeveloped in this valley ; but. in this locality there is a series
of regular steps, rising about 200 feet above the channel of the river.
They probably belong to the system of terraces that was formed during
the period of drainage of these mountain lakes; but why they should
be divided in so marked a way as at this point I could not explain.

Before closing this chapter, I will note, very briefly, some of the re-
sources of this valley. It is about fifteen miles long, and will average
three miles in width ; is well watered, soil fertile, and in every respect
one of the most desirable portions of Montana. We may not look for
any districts favorable for agriculture in the Yellowstone Valley above

=~" See

;

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 59

the second cation; but this entire lake basin seems admirably adapted
for grazing and for the cultivation of the usual crops of the country.
The cereals and the roots have already been produced in abundance, es-
pecially wheat and potatoes. The mountains on either side are covered
with snow, to a greater or less extent, all the year, which in melting, feeds
the numerous little streams that flow down the mountain sides in the
Yellowstone. Hundreds of springs flow out of the terraces. One terrace
near Bottler’s Ranch gives origin to fifty springs within a mile, and then,
all aggregating together in the river bottom,form a large stream. Thus
there is the greatest abundance of water for irrigation, or for any of the
purposes of settlement. The elevation of the valley at this ranch is
4,925 feet, and this may be regarded as the average in altitude. But a
small portion of it is occupied as yet, but the time is not far distant
when the valley will be covered with fine farms and the hills with stock.
It will always be a region of interest, from the fact that it is probably
the upper limit of agricultural effort in the Yellowstone Valley.

CHAPTER IV.

FIRST CANON—SNOWY RANGE—EMIGRANT PEAK—BUTLER’S RANCH—
SECOND CANON—DEVIL’S SLIDE—WHITE MOUNTAIN—HOT SPRINGS, &c.

In our last chapter -we described the beautiful lake-basin below the
second cation. We found that rocks of voleanic origin predominated
over all others. In this cation, which is carved out of a lofty range of
mountains by the river, we see that the core or nucleus is true gneissoid
granite. Before reaching the canon for a mile, the gneissic rocks are
well shown high up on the mountain sides with a stratification so clear
and distinet as to be a noticeable feature. The strata incline west 10°
to 15°. The upper beds are composed mostly of feldspar and quartz,
and are, consequently, compact and rather massive; but lower down
they are a black, micaceous gneiss. About midway up the canon the
walls on either side rise up nearly vertically, on the east side 1,500 feet,
and on the west side from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, the strata having a general
dip of 30° to 40° westward. The different shades of color, give to the
sides of the cation a peculiarly stratified appearance, produced by alter-
nate layers of micaceous granite, feldspar, and quartz. Protruding
through the layers, here and there
may be seen, as indicated by the dark
hue, masses of trap, (Fig. 9.) Seat-
tered all over the valley, and on the
sides of the mountain, are great quan-
tities of broken masses of granite.
This cafon was undoubtedly started
in a fissure, but it is mostly one of
erosion. It is about three miles long.
This is, of course, an extension of the
range of mountains in which Emi-
grant Gulchis located, and it undoubt-
edly contains mines of gold. The
rocks, with their peculiarly distinct 7
and contorted strata as well as texture GNEISSTG STRATA, WITH TRAP.
remind one of the gneissic mountains in the mining districts of Colorado.
The river rushes with considerable force over the loose masses of rock

\

60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,

that have fallen into the channel, and presents a picturesque view
to the traveler struggling along over the narrow trail, high up on
the mountain side. But wherever the water forms an eddy, so that
it is even moderately quiet, the number of fine, large trout that can be
taken out within a limited period would astonish the most experienced
fisherman. Above the caiion the rocks return at once to their igneous
character. This is readily shown by the difference in the appearance
of the surface features. Although the granitic portion is higher and
more massive in its general aspect, yet the surface is rounded and
much of it covered with debris that admit the growth of grass, while
the volcanic rocks give a jagged ruggedness to the outline. Outflows of
dark-brown basalt, apparently of late date, mingled with huge masses
of breccia, can be seen on either side of the valley to the summits of
the mountains. The foot-hills on either side are certainly composed
of breccia for several miles, which, decomposing, gives to the surface
_ the appearance of the remains of an old furnace. Perhaps it would be
better to compare it to a modern volcanic district. The débris has the
zreat variety of colors peculiar to the remains of modern igneous action.
The inclosed fragments are mostly angular, or slightly worn, and vary in
size from minute particles to masses two feet in diameter, though they
are mostly small. Some of the rounded hills are quite red on the sum-
mits, as if covered withcinders. The nuclei of the mountains are granite,
however, although the basis rocks are mostly concealed by the outflows
of volcanic material. On the east side, the river cuts close to the base
of the mountains, but on the west side, there is quite a broad belt, com-
prising the foot-hills, which are composed of basaltie con elomerate,
covered thickly with the débris of the same. There is here a small lake,
200 yards long and 50 yards wide, occupying a depression among the
hills. The margins are covered with piles of “voleanie débris, which give
it the appearance of an old crater or fissure. The basaltic roeks rest
upon the upturned edges of the metamorphic rocks, the former inclining
in all directions, while the latter, on the west side of the river, dip west
and northwest at all angles from 10° to a vertical side, while on the east
side they incline east and southeast, at anangle of 60°. Fora distance
of two or three miles the mountains on the east side are so worn off that
they present a vertical face, which reveals the inner character well. Al
ternate beds of a kind of somber indurated clay, voleanic débris, and bas-
alt of various colors, continue all the way up for a thickness of several hun-
dred feet. These rest upon a reddish feldspathic granite. In some places
the melted basalt was poured over the surface: “ot the granitic rocks,
filling up the irregularities and penetrating the fissures so that it gives
the sides of the ‘mountains a mottled appearance. The voleanic and
granitic rocks are mingled together in such confusion that it would re-
Fig. 10. quire a long, tedious

| study to separate them.

On the west side of
the Yellowstone River,
= about ten miles above
Sse thesecond caiion, there
is an exhibition of up-
lifted strata. Itissome-
times called Cinnabar
Mountain, from a
—— brick-red band of clay
CINNABAR MOUNTAIN. which extends from
the summit down the side, and was supposed to be cinnabar. <A portion

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. — 61

of it, from its peculiarly rugged character, is called the “ Devil’s Slide.”
The lower part of the mountain facing the river is composed of light-

: Pubes the : c
We ; Ne a , mn f
Zhe VPA SS qth | sop he Syn

Crit = =
= /) i i ee

Se // fh
SN

Np

=a mol
pres

SesJNS
3Viy!

oan
sen

a bey
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is ve

ILAZG

"II *saty

"HALTS. S,

4s
LS
f
h

Eads eh cies ee a aS
eral til UPN]
, ante Gene INS i H Ui
Se ey Res * a
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"77
oy

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i y i ie y; i / Yi
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WW / Me

reddish feldspathic quartzites pl ainly metamorphic, and inclining ata high
angle, (Fig. 10.) The valley is here about one-fourth of amile wide, and

62 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

has evidently been cut through these quartzites. The same rocks under-
lie the mountains on the opposite side of the river, and resting unconfor-
mably on the quartzites are at least 1,000 feet of Carboniferous limestone,
exceedingly cherty, impure, of a yellowish- -gray and brown color, and so
massive that the stratification is quite indistinct. These limestones possess
a great variety of textures. Above them are a series of beds, standing in
nearly a vertical position, alternating with clays which have been worn
away by atmospheric forces, so that the harder layers project above the
surface in jagged edges. The harder layers are mostly yellowish cherty
limestones. The band of indurated brick-red clay is 50 to 100 feet thick,
and from its bright scarlet hue attracts the attention of travelers from
all points of the compass. A bed of yellowish-gray quartzite forms one
of the walls of the Devil’s Slide, and is probably near the summit of the
Carboniferous group in this locality. The excellent illustration, (Fig.
11,) taken on the spot by Mr. Elliott, shows the nearly vertical wall of
quartzite on the right, the broad interval covered with débris, grass,
and a few scattered | pines; and on the left, the huge wall or dike of ba-
salt. The low interval is composed of dark steel-gray slate, extends
from the summit to the base of the hill, and is about 150 feet wide. The
south wall or dike is very compact trachyte, stands nearly vertical, 50
feet thick, and at some points 200 feet high. It is probable that this
igneous mass was thrust up between the strata, since they were ele-
vated to their present position, and doubtless during the Pliocene pe-
riod. On either side of the dike, the clays have been changed into
the metamorphic slates. Fragments of the slate are attached to the
walls high up on either side. This is a remarkable feature in the geol-
ogy of this region. Far to the left or south of the dike the jagged ver-
tical edges of the Jurassic strata can be seen. The inclination of all
these beds ranges from 60° to 80° southwest. The two walls of the
Devil’s Slide stand at an angle of 80°. The interval near the sum-
mit of the hill is rather narrow, but expands out at the base to dou-
ble the width. Above this dike, in order of superposition, though
now standing side by side, is a group of Jurassic strata—first, a low
interval of shaly, marly clay, ashen brown; secondly, brownish- gray
arenaceous limestone, with ira gments of fossils that are evidently
Jurassic, 50 feet thick; dip, 70°: thirdly, purplish and reddish indu-
rated, slaty clay, with seams of sandstone projecting but little above
the surface; fourthly, a bed of trap 6 feet thick; fifthly, slaty clay
sandstones, the upper part a fine pudding-stone, standing nearly vertical,
70° to 80°, 100 feet; sixthly, numerous layers, which may be aggregated
as alternate beds of yellowish-gray quartzites and slaty clays, varying
but little in texture, the harder portions standing up in more or less
jagged edges, with the softer clays washed out from between them; dip,
60° to 70; 300 feet; seventhly, 200 feet of ashen-gray shales and sand-
stones; eighthly, 400 to 600 feet of alternate beds of shaly clay sand-
stone and qguartzites. This last group doubtless contains the Lower
Cretaceous beds. The harder layers, 6 to 10 feet thick, rise above the
general surface of the mountain-side like walls. The dip is 50° to 60°,
The dark laminated clays of the Cretaceous passing up into the Upper
Cretaceous are well shown with perfect continuity, then passing up into
‘a great thickness of somber brown sandstones of the Coal group. There
is a great uniformity in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary series. We
can detect some variations in color and texture, but they are of minor
importance, and could not be easily described in words. At one point
the strata are much crushed together. The dip of the beds just described
is toward the southeast; but, by the elevation of the mountain to the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 63
southeast, the inclination of the Lower Tertiary and Cretaceous beds is
reversed northwest 15° to 25°, extending to the summits of the mount-
ains, which rise 3,000 feet above the Yellowstone River, and are capped
with Carboniferous limestones.

From the general appearance of the surface of the country, I believe
that there was originally much greater uniformity in the inclination of
the sedimentary strata, in the aggregate, than there is at present. The
volcanic forces which operated at a period subsequent to the elevation
of the older sedimentary beds rendered their position much more chaotie
in many localities. We have here, within a few miles, the Carboniferous
beds, near the channel of the Yellowstone, and the same strata capping
a mountain-peak 3,000 feet aboveit. We have also, in the exposure here
and there of a consecutive series of the sedimentary beds, continual
proofs of our statement that they originally extended all over the area
now occupied by the valley and the mountain ranges that border it.

The study of the series of sedimentary rocks, so finely exposed at Cin-
nabar Mountain and with such regularity of sequence, reveals another
interesting fact—that the Yellowstone Valley may be, in part at least,
one of anticlinal origin. We have before shown that the limestone
range contracted to a narrow belt near Fort Hillis and Bozeman Pass;
that near the head of Trail Creek the ridge seemed to divide, the
north portion of the anticlinal crossing the Yellowstone River at the
Lower Caiion, and continuing a little south of east along the sources
of the branches of the Yellowstone, as Big Bowlder, Rosebud, Black’s
Fork. The south portion extended southward along the western side
of the dividing range between the drainage of the Yellowstone and the
Missouri Rivers. Cinnabar Mountain seems therefore to represent a
fragment of the south portion, which has not been concealed by débris
or volcanic outflow, or removed by erosion.

About four miles above Cinnabar Mountain the basalt seems to have
poured out over the entire surface, and forms mountain-peaks, rising
2,000 to 2,500 feet above the valley. In the sides of some of the foot-
hills are exposed from 100 to 300 feet of strata nearly or quite hori-
zontal, and apparently modern—not older than Pliocene—sands, sand-
Stones, and marly clays, overlaid by beds of basalt. They have the
dark-brown hue which all the modern rocks seem to have when con-
tiguous to igneous outflows. From Cinnabar Mountain to the mouth
of Gardiner’s River, about six miles, the Yellowstone Valley, which
expands out on the west side to a width of about two miles, is covered
With rounded bowlders of massive granite. The mica is usually black,
so that the granites have a somber hue somewhat like ancient trap. The
channel of the river is also filled with these huge bowlders, which have
probably been brought down from the cation of the Yellowstone oppo-
site Gardiner’s River. Just above Cinnabar Mountain, on the east side
of the Yellowstone, the more modern beds make their appearance low
down on the sides of the mountains, as if the dip of the sedimentary
rocks had changed toward the east, and the channel had cut through
the intervals of the ridges, exposing the outcropping edges of about
800 feet of Tertiary beds of various colors and textures. They are filled
with intrusions of basalt. The sides of the hills are covered with the
dark débris. Bear Gulch is a deep, narrow cafion, which the little stream
has cut into the mountain side, exposing the granitic core. Masses of
granite have been wrenched from their parent bed and swept down into
the valley of the Yellowstone.

The third cafion is mostly through the granites. They are, as usual,

64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of a great variety of textures, but largely massive feldspar. Between

the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s River, commencing at the junction, a

wedge of land commences, which rises to the height of 2,000 feet or
more with great regularity. This is a portion of the belt of modern
sedimentary beds, as shown on the east side of the river, below the
junction, as exposing an outcropping thickness of about 800 feet. The
Yellowstone makes a bend to the eastward at this point, running out-
side of the belt of sedimentary strata, and carving its channel out of
granitic and volcanic rocks. The latter are composed of basalt, basaltic
conglomerate, and the deposit of Hot Springs. Gardiner’s River, al-
though diverging but little from a parallel, seems to flow through a
monoclinal interval, exposing a clean, wall-like front of 1,200 feet, on the
east side, of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. The dip is slight, 10°, but
toward the northeast, and as we ascend the river, lower beds are exposed,
until at least 1,800 feet of Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary beds are brought
to the surface within a distance of six or eight miles. Local intercalated
beds of basalt are also exposed toward the summit of the hill, and near
the forks of the river a heavy bed of the basalt, quite compact, rests hor-
' jzontally on the inclined edges of the strata. There were found here
quantities of obscure fossils, among them a species of Ostrea, and a num-
ber of impressions of deciduous leaves, ail of Cretaceous aflinities. At
another locality a layer of shells was found, and among them Mr. Meek
detected Corbula pyriformis, a species occurring near Bear River City,
which is regarded as of estsary origin, and of Tertiary age. At another
point I found upon the side of the hill, on the east fork of Gardiner’s
River, Ammonites, Baculites, and Inoceramus. There is little or no lime
in this great group of beds, simply alternate beds of sandstone, arena-
ceous clays, passing down into the dark somber clays of the Cretaceous.
As we descend in the series, the rocky layers diminish, and the indurated
clays increase, until near the forks of Gardiner’s River, the dark Creta-
ceous clays are 500 feet thick. The sides of the bluff hill are deeply fur-
rowed. This inner ridge, which we have just attempted to describe, is
one of the finest exposures, as a vertical section of strata, that I have met
with in this portion of the West. These beds are only a remnant ofa
former period, isolated monuments covering a very restricted area;
whereas they must have extended across the river, and all over the
portion now occupied by the mountains to the westward of the sources
of the Missouri. The lower beds of the Cretaceous with the Juras-
sic and the Carboniferous inclusive, incline from the east side of the
mountains, and dip under Gardiner’s River. lt is through the latter
beds that the waters of the White Mountain Hot Springs come to the
urface. Just above the junction of Gardiner’s River with the Yellow-
Stone, on the east side, a seam of earthy lignite six inches thick crops
out. Below it isa layer of oyster-shells, and above it are impressions of
deciduous leaves. The local detritus all over this valley is so extensive
that it deserves continual notice. It seems to fill up the irregularities
oi the surface, especially in the vicinity of the streams. The section
made by the river reveals 50 to 100 feet at times, filling up old ravines
or gulches worn out of the basis rocks.

Before proceeding further with the general geological features of this
country, I will attempt to describe, with as much detail as possible, one
of the most remarkable of the many marvels of this wonderful valley.

Lhave just described, with some minuteness, the high wall of Cre-
taceous and Tertiary beds on the east side of Gardiner’s River, which,
in itself, is well worthy of careful attention. Upon the opposite side of
the river, on the slope of the mountain, is one of the most remarkable

a a a en ae

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.
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ey
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ce
yor
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:
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hed Wy) ne

Fig. 12.

y ¥ 3
‘i wa” ® ®
ay wy ie iy, yee % Niriud, ;
ye i FRO My, Pa:
0 Bb _4%

a
om

eal
EN ip
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KS

=>

SS 3 Na) ASE GEV e i, he

Se ‘ H \ by: v7
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SS 5 ae va eh OAM IL SPP sey s WS)
= F Se Bae ont es : MONE. yw = \ pet
<= SS ENS ‘ i re aeN\3 Eg J SS wien
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SS

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bs A Sey

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oe
>

WHITE MOUNTAIN HOT SPRINGS, CARDING RIVER, 1871.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 65

groups of hot springs in the world. The springs in action at the pres-
ent time are not very numerous or even so wonderful as some of those
higher up in the Yellowstone Valley or in the Fire-Hole Basin, but it
is in the remains that we find so instructive records of their past
history. ‘The calcareous deposits from these springs cover an area of
about two miles square, (see chart, Fig. 12.) The active springs extend
from the margin of the river 5,545 feet to an elevation nearly 1,009 above,
or 6,522 feet above the sea by barometrical measurement. We may
commence our description at the springs near the margin of Gardiner’s
River. As we pass up the valley from the junction of “Gardiner’s River
with the Yellowstone, we see all over the sides of the hills upon our left
the débris of volcanic rocks mingled with the Cretaceous clays. Indeed,
the entire surface looks much like the refuse about an old furnace. The
tops of the rounded hills are covered with the fragments of basalt and con-
glomerate, and the great variety of somber colors adds much to the ap-
pearance of desolation. One or two depressions, which appear much like
voleanic vents, are now filled with water to the rim, forming stagnant
lakes fifty to one hundred yards in diameter. We pass over this barren
elevated region, 200 to 400 feet above the river-bed, for two miles, when
we descend abruptly to the low bottom, which is covered with a thick
calcaereous crust, indicating the former existence of hot springs. At
one point a large stream of hot water, 6 feet wide and 2 feet deep, flows
swiftly along its channel from beneath the crust, the open portion of
the channel clearly revealed by the continual steam arising. The tem-
perature varies from 126° to 132°. On the 28th of August the tem-
perature was 130°, and about the 15th of July previous it was 126°.
There is a greater quantity of water flowing from this spring than
from any other in this region. A little farther above are three
or four other springs near the margin of the river. These have
nearly circular basins 6 to 10 feet in diameter, and do not rise above
100° to 120°. Around these springs are gathered, at this time, a number
of invalids, with cutaneous diseases, and they were most emphatic in
their favorable expressions in regard to the sanitary effects. The
most remarkable effect seems to be on persons afflicted with syphilitic
diseases of long standing. Our path led up the hill by the side of a
wall of lower Cretaceous rocks, and we soon came to the most abun-
dant remains of old springs, which, in past times, must have been very
active. The steep hill, for nearly a mile, is covered with a thick crust,
and, though much decomposed and covered with a moderately thick
growth of pines and cedars, still bore traces of the same wonderful
architectural beauty displayed in the vicinity of the active springs
farther up the hill. After ascending the side of the mountain, about
a mile above the channel of Gardiner’s River, we suddenly came in full
view of one of the finest displays of nature’s architectural skill the world
can produce. The snowy whiteness of the deposit at once suggested
the name of White Mountain Hot Spring. It had the appearance of a
frozen cascade. If a group of springs near the summit of a mountain
were to distribute their waters down the irregular declivities, and they
were slowly congealed, the picture would bear some resemblance in
form.

We pitched our camp at the foot of the principal mountain, by the
side of the stream that contained the aggregated waters of the hot
springs above, which, by the time they had reached our camp, were
sufficiently cooled for our use. Before us was a hill 200 feet high,
composed of the calcareous deposit of the hot springs, with a system
of step-like terraces which would defy any esription by words. The

5GS8

66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

eye alone could convey any adequate conception to the mind. The steep
sides of the hill were ornamented with a series of semicircular basins,
with margins varying in height from a few inches to 6 or 8 feet, and so
beautifully scalloped and adorned with a kind of bead-work that the be-
holder stands amazed at this marvel of nature’s handiwork. Add
to this, a snow-white ground, with every variety of shade, of scarlet,
green, and yellow, as brilliant as the brightest of our aniline dyes.
The pools or basins are of all sizes, from a few inches to 6 or 8
feet in diameter, and from 2 inches to 2 feet deep.- As the water flows
from the spring over the mountain side from one basin to another, it
loses continually a portion of its heat, and the bather can find any desir-
able temperature. At the top of the hill there is a broad flat terrace
covered more or less with these basins, one hundred and fifty to two
hundred yards in diameter, and many of them going todecay. Here wefind
the largest, finest, and most active spring of the group at the present
time. The largest spring is very near the outer margin of the terrace
and is 25 by 40 feet in diameter, the water so perfectly transparent that
one can look down into the beautiful ultramarine depth to the bottom

Fig. 13. 7 of the basin.
The sides of
the basin
, are orna-
| mented with
coral-like
forms, with
a great va-
riety of
| shades,from
4 pure white
4 to a bright
yj cream-yel-
3 low, and the
blue sky re-
| flected in
the trans-
= parent wa-
= ters givesan
*| azure tint to
¥| the whole
which — sur-
; passes all
z art. The calcareous deposit around the rim
is also most elegantly ornamented, but, like
the icy covering of a pool, extends from the
edge toward the center, and this projects over
' the basin until it is not more than a fourth of
= an inch thick. These springs have one or
more centers of ebullition, and in this group it
is constant, seldom rising more than two to
four inches above the surface. From various
| portions of the rim the water flows out in
moderate quantities over the sides of the hill.
Whenever it gathers into a channel and flows
quite swiftly, basins with sides from 2 to8 feet
OGREAs craic, CaRDinev'e Wee high are formed, with the ornamental designs

proportionately coarse, but when the water

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 67

flows slowly, myriads of the little basins are formed, one below the other,
with a kind of irregular system, as it might be called, which constitutes
the difference between the works of nature and the works of art. The
water holds a great amount of lime in solution. It also contains some
soda, alumina,and magnesia. The ebullition is largely due to the emission
of large quantities of carbonic acid gas. As these waters flow down the
sides of the mountain, they constantly deposit more or less of this calea-
reous sediment in almost every possible variety of form. Underneath
the sides of many of these pools are rows of stalactites of all sizes, many
of them exquisitely ornamented, formed by the dripping of the water
over the margins of the basins. The annexed illustrations will convey
some idea of the form of these bathing-pools as they are arranged one
above the other, but the beautiful series of photographs taken by Mr.
Jackson are of far greater walue. Even the photograph, which is so re-
markable for its fidelity to nature, falls far short. It fails to give the
exquisitely delicate contrasts of coloring which are so pleasing to the
eye. (Fig. 13.)
On the west side of this deposit, about one-third of the way up the
White Mountain from the river and terrace, which was once the theater
Pieui mas of many active springs, old
chimneys, or craters, are scat-
tered thickly over the surface,
and there are several large
holes and fissures leading to
vast caverns beneath the crust.
The crust gives off a dull hollow
sound beneath the tread, and
the surface gives indistinct evi-
==ldence of having been adorned
=) with the beautiful pools or ba-
| sins just described. As we pass
s|up to the base of the principal
terrace,we find a large area cov-
ered with shallow pools, some
of them containing water with
all the ornamentations perfect,
=| while others are fast going to
| decay, and the decomposed sed-
| iment is as white as snow. Up-
on this kind of sub-terrace is a
= iPrl” remarkable cone about 50 feet
in height and 20 feet in diameter at the base.
= From its form we gave it the name of the Liberty
= Cap. (Fig. 14.) It is undoubtedly the remains
of an extinct geyser. The water was forced up
Se = —— with considerable power, and probably with- —
a out intermission, building up its own crater
until the pressure beneath was exhausted, and
then it gradually closed itself over at the sum-
mit and perished. No water flows from it at
the present time. The layers of lime were deposited around it like
the layers of straw on a thatched roof or hay on a conical stack. Not
far from the Liberty Cap is another small cone, which, from its form, we
called the “ Bee-hive.” These springs are constantly changing their
position ; some die out, others burst out in new places. A fine large spring
made its appearance for the first time in August last on this terrace. On

LIBERTY CAP.

68 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the northwest margin of the main terrace there is an example of what
iT have called an oblong mound. There are several of them here, extend-
ing in different directions, from fifty to one hundred and fifty yards ia
length, from 6 to 10 feet high and from 10 to 15 feet broad at the
base. There is in all cases a fissure from one end of the summit to the
_ other, usually from 6 to 10 inches wide, from which steam sometimes is-
sues in considerable quantities, and as we walk along the top we ean
hear the water seething and boiling below like a cauldron. The inner
portion of this shell, as far down as we can see, is lined with a hard,
white enamel-like porcelain ; ; in some places beautiful crystals of sulphur
have been precipitated by the steam. These have been built up by a
kind of oblong fissure-spring in the same way that the cones have been
constructed. The water was continually spouting up, depositing sedi-
ment around the edges of the fissure until the force was exhausted, and
then the caleareous basin was rounded up something like a thatched
roof by overlapping layers.

Near the upper terrace, which is really an old rim, are a number of
these extinct, oblong geysers, some of which have been broken down s9 as
to show them to be Fig. 15.

a mere shell or cav- = —

ern, Which is now |
the abode of wild
animals. (Fig. 15.) 7
I attempted to en-
ter one of them, %
and it was full of 3
sticks and bones &
which had been *
carried in by wild
beasts, andswarms
of bats flitted to
and fro. Some of
them have been
worn away so that
sections are ex-
posed, showing the
great umber and ~
thickness of the overlapping ag ers of sediment.
Some of these mounds are overgrown with pine-
trees, which must be at least eighty to a hundred
years old. Indeed, the upper part of this moun-
tain has the aspect of a magnificent ruin of @ EXTINCT OBLONG) GErEEES:
once flourishing village of these unique structures, now fast decompos-
ing, even more beautiful and instructive in their decay. We can now
study the layers of deposit, which are sometimes revealed by thou-
sands on a single mound, as we would the rings of growth of a tree.
How long a period is required to form one of these mounds, or to
build up the beautiful structure which we have just described, I have
not the data for determining. Upon the middle terrace, where the
principal portion of the active springs are at the present time, some
of the pine-trees are buried in the sediment apparently to the depth of
6 or 8 feet. All of them are dead at the present time. We have evi-
dence enough around the springs themselves to show that the mineral-
water iS precipitated with great rapidity. I think I am safe in believing
that all the deposits in the immediate vicinity of the active springs are con-
Stantly changing from the margin of the river to the top of the White

a igneegs * me

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 69

Mountain and return. The deposits upon the very summit are great,
though now there is very little water flowing from the springs, and
that is of a low temperature.

Traces of even greater activity than we see at present are found
in some localities, and it is more than probable that the force is grad-

Fig. 16. ually dying out from
year to year, and that
finally it will cease en-
tirely. We have nu-
merous localities in the
West where there have
been vast groups of hot
springs and geysers,
but at the present time
only the ruins are left.
- It would seem proba-
CHIMNEY, GARDINER’S RIVER. ble that the heat which
gives the temperature to the atmospheric waters rises through numerous
fissures from one common source in the interior of the earth, so that
when from some cause this heat is checked i in its a progress in one
place, it finds vent in an-
other, and thus passes
from point to point over
a district. Itis probable
that they have existed
since the period of vol-
canic activity, and that
now they are diminishing
in force, and that event-
ually nothing but the de-
posit willremain. Large

numbers of old chimneys DEAD CHIMNEY, GARDINER’S RIVER.
are scattered over the surface, formed by what may be properly called
pulsating geysers. (Figs. 16 and 17.)

Between one of the largest oblong mounds and the base of the upper
terrace, there is a kind of a valley- like interval, which has once been the
center of much activity, but at the present time there are numerous
small jets from which the water is thrown to the height of 2 to 4 feet.
But it is to the wonderful variety of exquisitely delicate colors that this
picture owes the main part of its attractiveness. The little orifices from
which the hot water issues are beautifully enameled with the porcelain-
like lining, and around the edges a layer of sulphur is precipitated. As
the water flows along the valley, it lays down in its course a pavement
more beautiful and elaborate in its adornment than art has ever yet
conceived. The sulphur and the iron, with the green microscopic vege-
tation, tint the whole with an illumination of which no decoration-painter
has ever dreamed. From the sides of the oblong mound, which is here
from 30 to 50 feet high, the water has oozed out at different points,
forming small groups of the semicircular, step-like basins. (Fig. 18.)

Again, if we look at the principal group of springs from the high
mound above the middle terrace, we can see the same variety of brilliant
coloring. The wonderful transparency of the water surpasses anything
of the kind I have ever seen in any other portion of the world. The
sky, with the smallest cloud that flits across it, is reflected in its clear
depths, and the ultramarine colors, more vivid than the sea, are greatly
heightened by the constant, gentle vibrations. One can look down into

70 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the clear depths and see, with perfect distinctness, the minutest orna-
ment on the inner sides of the basins; and the exquisite beauty of the
coloring and the variety of forms baffle any attempt to portray them,

Pig ..7 8,

BATHING POOLS, WHITE MOUNTAIN HOT SPRINGS,

either with pen or pencil. And then, too, around the borders of these
springs, especially those of rather low temperature, and on the sides and
bottoms of the numerous little channels of the streams that flow from
these springs, there is a striking variety of the most vivid colors. Ican
only compare them to our most brilliant aniline dyes—various shades
of red, from the brightest scarlet to a bright rose tint; also yellow, from
deep-bright sulphur, through all the shades, to light cream-color. There
are also various shades of green, from the peculiar vegetation. These
springs are also filled with minute vegetable forms, which under the
microscope prove to be diatoms, among which Dr. Billings discovers
Palmella and Oscillera. There are also in the little streams that flow
from the boiling springs great quantities of a fibrous, silky substance,
apparently vegetable, which vibrates at the slightest movement of the
water, and has the appearance of the finest quality of cashmere wool.
When the waters are still these silken masses become incrusted with
lime, the delicate vegetable threads disappear, and a fibrous, spongy
mass remains, like delicate snow-white. coral. Although these springs
are in a constant state of violent ebullition at different points in the
basin, yet it will be seen on the chart that the temperatures are far
below boiling-point, the highest being 162°. Owing to the thinness of
the rim of the basin, and the heat from the steam, it was impossible to
take the temperature except at the edges, and by no means at the hottest
portion; and the violent ebullition is undoubtedly due in part to the
evolution of carbonic acid gas. It: is quite possible that the thermome-
ter would have indicated the boiling-point (which at this elevation is
about 194°) if it could have been placed in oue of these centers of

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 71

ebullition. The grotto in the glen, (Fig. 19,) is a fine illustration of
the beautiful decorations, and along the channels of the streams that flow
from the vivid coloring is well displayed. From the summit the stream
is continually arising from a number of vents, each one of which is
lined with sulphur. Quantities of steam are ever ascending from the
springs, but on a damp morning the entire slope of the mountain is
enveloped in clouds of vapor.

The question of the an-
tiquity of these springs is
one of great interest, and
yet, with all the evidence
before us, it is somewhat
obseure. Upon the mar-:
gins of the mountain, high
above the present position
of the hot springs, is a bed
of very white or yellowish-
white limestone, 50 to 150
feet thick, and appearing
in the distance like very #
pure Carboniferous lime- &
stone. (Fig. 20.) Itisreg- 4
ularly stratified. and the
jointing is complete, and
immense masses have fallen down on the slope of the mountain side.
There is a belt a mile long and one-fourth of a mile wide, covered with

GROTTO IN THE GLEN, WHITE MOUNTAIN HOT SPRING,

ie. 206

OLD HOT SPRING, LIMESTONES SHELVING OFF BY FROST, ETC,

immense cubical blocks of the limestone 50 to 100 feet in each dimension,

72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

usually with the wedge-shaped end projecting upward, as if the mass
had slowly fallen down as the underlying rocks were worn away by
erosion. So thickly is this belt covered with these huge masses that it
is with the greatest difficulty one can walk across it. 1t would seem
that this bed must at one time have extended over a portion or all
of the valley of Gardiner’s River. Much of the rock is very compact,
and would make beautiful building-stone, on account of its close texture
and color, and it could be converted into the whitest of lime. If the
rocks are examined, however, over a considerable area, they will be
found to possess all the varieties of structure of a hot-spring deposit.
Some portions are quite spongy, and decompose readily ; others are made
up of very thin lamine, regular or wavy; enough to show the origin of
the deposit without a doubt. But in what, manner was it formed? IL
believe that the limestone was precipitated in the bottom of a lake,
which was filled with hot springs, much as the calcareous matter is laid
down in the bottom of the ocean at the present time. Indeed, portions
of the rock do not differ materially from the recent limestones now form-
ing in the vicinity of the West India Islands. The deposit was evi-
dently Jaid down on a nearly level surface, with a moderately uniform
thickness, and the strata are horizontal. Since this group of strata
was formed, the country has been elevated to some extent at least, and
the valley of Gardiner’s River has been carved out, so that the com-
mencement of the period of activity of these springs must date back to
a period merging on to, but just prior to, the present, probably at the
time of the greatest action of the volcanic forces.

We may now ask why these deposits are mainly calcareous, and what
is the source of the lime.

I have already given a brief account of the geological formations in
the immediate vicinity. On the side of Gardiner’s River, opposite the
hot springs, there is a bluff wall extending about six miles, composed
of 150 feet in the aggregate of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary
strata, with some irregular intercalated beds of basalt. The river itself
fiows through a sort of monoclinal interval; that is, the bluff wall just
alluded to is formed of the outcropping edges of the strata, while on
the opposite side or slope the lower beds incline in the same ’ direction.
Near the river some of the lower beds are Cretaceous, but they soon pass
to the Jurassic and Carboniferous; on the east side of the springs are beds
of arenaceous limestone full of Jurassic fossils. We can then see that the

vast thickness of Tertiary and Cretaceous strata once extended across —
Warm Spring Creek, over the slope of the mountain occupied by the
hot-spring deposit, and, probably, westward across the vast divide into
the Missouri Valley. We have, also, clear proof that, underneath this
calcareous deposit, there is at least a thickness of 1,500 feet of Carbon-
iferous limestone.

If the origin of the heat which so elevates the temperature of the
waters of these springs is as deep-seated as is generally supposed, then
the heated waters have ample play for their power in dissolving the
calcareous rocks beneath. There are several localities in the valley of
the Yellowstone where the deposits are calcareous, but most of them
are unimportant, and the springs themselves have entirely disappeared.
If we divide the springs according to the character of their deposits, »
we shall find that there are two principal classes—those in which lime
predominates, and those which have an excess of silica; or calcareous
and siliceous springs. We shall present this subject more fully in a
subsequent portion of this report.

In figure 21 I have attempted to present an ideal section of the strata

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 13

on Gardiner’s River. Upon the summit of the Tertiary and Cretaceous

strata, at the right, is a
river and beneath the
calcareous deposit of the
springs, are the Carbon-
iferous limestones; be-
neath all, we suppose,
there is a great thickness
of trachyte. We may
also suppose that the
meteoric waters pass
up to the surface
through the limestone,
as shown in the section,
cleaving the lime that is
deposited on the way.
This subject will be dis-
cussed more fully in a
future report.

We have already spo-
ken of the wedge-like
ridge between the Yel-
lowstone and Gardiner’s
Rivers, and the wall of
Cretaceous Tertiary, and
basaltic strata facing the
hot-spring district.
These consist of alternate
beds of dark-brown clays
and somber-gray sand-
stone, some portions
thinly laminated or com-
pact like quartzite; in-
clnation, east 10°.
These beds extend up in
their full force about
three miles above the
springs on the east side
of the Kast Fork, where
they become obscured by
basaltic rocks and detri-
tus. Masses of basalt
have fallen down from
the summit of the ridge
into the valley below, in
many instances obstruct-
ing the current and ren-
dering traveling difficult.
About a mile above the
springs, Gardiner’s River
separates into three
branches, which we may
call Hast, Middle, and
West Forks. They take
their rise high up in the
divide that separates the

bed of basalt.

mim

il iM

uh

pli

ih

cea)
ey

nT
MUL

til

sn
Ht}

“AGATA S AANIGAVD SSONINdIS LOH NIVLNOAOW ALIHM NOILOAS TVACI
"re (Sty

hy, nye t
hs SOS 8 HME
7
}

,

lake basin from the valley below. I have estimated the length of these

74 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

forks to be fifteen miles each. As we ascended the high ridge between
the East and Middle Forks, we obtained a fine view of the surrounding
country. Far to the southwest are fine lofty peaks covered with snow,
. and rising to the height of 10,000 feet. They form a part of the mag-
nificent range of mountains that separates the Yellowstone from the
sources of the Gallatin. From this high ridge we can look down into
the chasm of the Middle Fork, which is carved out of the basalt and
basaltic conglomerates to the depth of 500 to 800 feet, with nearly
vertical sides. In the sides of this cation, as well as those of the East
. Fork, splendid examples of basaltic columns are displayed, as perfect
as those of the celebrated Fingal’s Cave. They usually appear in regular
rows, vertical, five and six sided, but far more sharply cut than any I
have ever seen in the West. Sometimes there are several rows, one
above the other, with conglomerate between, usually about fifty feet
high. Sometimes, however, these columns are spread out fan-like, as is
shown in the figure. (Fig. 22.)

The top of the cafon is about 500 yards from margin to margin, but
narrowing down until on the bottom it is not more than forty yards
wide. At one point the water pours
over a declivity of 300 feet or more,
forming a most beautiful cascade. The
direct fall is over 100 feet. The con-
stant roar of the water was pleasant to
the ear, and reminded us most strongly
of a train of carsin motion. The pines
are very dense, usually of moderate
size, and among them are many open
spaces, which are covered with stout
grass, sometimes with large sage-
bushes. Upon the high monntain hills
the vegetation is remarkably luxuriant,
indicating great fertility of soil. The
detritus is usually very thick, and cov-

BASALT AT LOW FALLS ON GARDINER’S RIVER. eETg g, great portion of the surface, and

this is made up mostly of degraded igneous rocks. Above the falls the

Aows of vertical columns continue in the walls of the canon, and they
may well be ranked, with great fitness, among the remarkable wonders
of this rare wonder-land. The lower portion of the cafon is composed
of rather coarse igneous rocks, which have a jointage and a style of
weathering like granite.

South of the hot springs we ascended a round dome-like mountain,
which rises 2,100 feet above them. From the summit we could look from
thirty to fifty miles in every direction. To the north and west of us a
group of lofty peaks were very conspicuous—over 10,000 feet above the
sea, and covered with huge masses of snow. These peaks form a part
of the range that separates the waters of the Gallatin from those of the
Yellowstone. Farther on to the southward are the peaks of the head
of the Madison, and in the interval one black, undulatory mass of pine,
with no point rising over 8,500 feet above the sea. These might be called
high plateaus, more or less wavy or rolling, interspersed here and there
with beautiful lakes a few hundred yards in diameter; and here and
there a bright-green grassy valley, through which the little streams wind
their way to the large rivers. In one of these lakes we saw the greatest
abundance of a yellow water-lily like Nuphar advena. On the east side

_ of Gardiner’s Cafion, and west of the Yellowstone, is a sort of wave-
like series of ridges, one after the other, with broad, open, grassy inter-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 15

spaces, with many groves of pines. These ridges gradually slope down
to the Yellowstone, northeast. Far to the east and north is one jagged
mass of volcanic peaks, some of them snow-clad, others bald and desolate
tothe eye. Farto the south, dimly outlined on "the horizon, may be seen
the three Tetons and Madison Péak—monarchs of all the region. A
grander view could not well be conceived. The summits and sides of
the mountain are thickly covered with fragments of. dull-brown basalt ;
but what seemed most strange were the rounded masses of black, very
compact basalt, mingled with the less compact angular fr agments,
broken from the mountain side. How did these huge bowlders reach .
these lofty summits? They are not numerous, and, at the present
time, the proofs of water having covered these mountain tops since they
have attained their present elevation are not clear. It is quite possible
they were lodged there prior to the period of its elevation.

The three forks of Gardiner’s River rise high up in the mountains,
among the perpetual snows. They wind their way across a broad pla-
teau covered mostly with a dense growth of pines, but with broad,
open, meadow-like spots, which can be seen clearly from some high
mountain peak, and lend a charm to the landscape. After gathering a
sufficient supply of water, they commence wearing their channels down
into the volcanic rocks, which continue to grow deeper as they descend.
Each one has its water-fall, which would fill an artist with enthusiasm.
The West Fork rolls over a bed of basalt, which is divided by jointage
~into blocks that give the walls the appearance of mason-work on a
gigantic scale. Below the falls the river has cut the sides of the mount-
ain, so that we can see a vertical section 400 feet high, with the same
irregular jointage.

Afterexploring the Middle and West Forks we climbed up the steep
sides of the cafion of the East Fork, passed the picturesque cascade and
basaltic columns, and finally reached the summit of the ridge which
separates the canon from Gardiner’s River. The highest point of the
ridge is 450 feet above the bed of basalt that forms the margin of the
east wall of Gardiner’s River. Beds of sandstone are here mingled
with basalt in dire confusion. Irom this ridge the third cafion is well
Shown. Among the ridges of sandstone and basalt, are several pretty
lakes from two hundred to four hundred yards in length. These little
lakes are really expansions of the drainage, and are usually in the
synclinal troughs. Hast of the summit of the ridge the sedimentary
beds assume a reversed dip from the mountains on the east side of the
Yellowstone. We find, therefore, the Jurassic arenaceous limestones and
sandstones, and the limestones of the Carboniferous, near the margins
of the cafon. On the summit of the ridge the basalt is quite coarse,
and decomposes into a kind of sandy clay. I can only give a general
idea of the geology of this region. The chaos is so great that it would
occupy one entire season to unravel the singular structure, and then
the results would be so meager of profit or instruction that they would be
most unsatisfactory. The real thought involved in it is vot difficult to
abstract. The third cafion is formed partly by erosion and partly by
upheaval, and the rocks which compose its walls are granitic and
igneous. ‘The basis rocks are the granitoid, while filling up the
irregularities of the surface are the volcanic materfals of various
kinds. The same may be said of the lofty, rugged range of
mountains on the east side of the river. A group of volcanic
peaks of varied forms filled up the broad interval between the
Yellowstone and the sources of the Big Horn. They vary in height from
9,500 to 10,000 feet above the sea, and are grouped without the least
regularity. The peaks themselves do not seem to be connected together

76 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

along any line or axis of elevation, but each one, like a group of hot
springs, seems to have been a volcanic vent which built up its own cone.
The igneous rocks have been poured out over the metamorphic, plainly
at different periods. The general mineral character of the igneous ma-
terial is about the same, but the colors and textures are very variable;
some of them are coarse, decomposing easily; others rough, angular,
vesicular, or compact; some red, purple, brown, black, &c. The study
of the immense masses of basaltic conglomerate which cover the country
everywhere, especially in the upper basin, affords the best opportuni-
ties of ascertaining the different varieties of the igneous rocks in the
country, for fragments of all kinds seem to have been included in the
volcanic paste.

After leaving Gardiner’s River we ascended the broad slope of the
dividing ridge between that river and the little branches that flow into
the Yellowstone. Below and above the entrance of the East Fork, im-
mense bowlders of massive granite, considerably rounded, are a marked
feature. One of them, partially rounded by water, is 25 feet thick and
50 feet long, with a fracture directly through the middle. Itis a mas-
sive red feldspathic granite. The ridge of Carboniferous limestone, which
is exposed on the west margin of the third cation, extends up in frag-
ments for six or eight miles. Itis very brittle and cherty. The high
wavy ridge, which is about 9,000 feet above the sea, is composed of beds
of steel-gray and brown sandstone, clays, and a calcareous clay, with nu-
merous impressions of deciduous leaves; vast quantities of silicified
wood of greatest perfection and beauty are scattered all over the sur-
face. Some quite long trees and stumps were observed by the party.
The layers of growth were as perfectly shown as in any of our recent
woods. Upon the summit of the ridges or hills were beds of hasalt as
usual. We have, then, achaos here which it would be impossible to un-
ravel, except by tracing the formations from far distant points in their
continuity. The detritus is so thick and upon this grows such a luxuri-
ant vegetation, either grass or dense forests of pine, that the sediment-
ary rocks are exposed only here and there over restricted areas. We
know, however, that up to the Grand’Cafion, and up the East Fork, for
fifteen miles, the Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary groups
are represented more or less, although we can only catch glimpses of
them at rare intervals. We were traveling through this region in the
latter part of the month of July, and all the vegetation seemed to be in the
height of its growth and beauty. The meadows were covered densely
with grass, and flowers of many varieties, and among the pines were
charming groves of poplars, contrasting strongly by their peculiar en-
livening foliage with the somber hue of the pines. The climate was
perfect, and in the midst of some of the most remarkable scenery in
the world, every hour of our march only increased our enthusiasm. _

The climate during the months ofJune, July, and August, in this val-
ley, cannot be surpassed in the world for its health-giving powers. The
finest of mountain water, fish in the greatest abundance, with a good
supply of game of all kinds, fully satisfy the wants of the traveler, and
render this valley one of the most attractive places of resort for invalids
or pleasure-seekers in America.

We will now descend the ridge in the more immediate valley of the
Yellowstone near the entrance of the East Fork, and not far from the
lower end of the Grand Cafion. Our road isaroughone. The sediment-
ary rocks were crumpled into high, sharp, wave-like series of ridges.
rom innumerable fissures, the igneous matter was poured out over the
surface which cooled into basalt; and from these vents was also thrown

out, into the great lake, fragments and volcanic dust, which were arranged |

indo

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. fic

by the water and cemented into a breccia. Deep into these ridges the
little streams have cut their channels in past ages, forming what should
be called valleys, rather than cations, with almost vertical sides, with
rocks cropping out here and there, covered mostly with grass or trees.
These ravines, 500 to 800 feet deep, occur one after the other in great
numbers, many of them entirely dry at present, but attesting the pre-
sence and power of aqueous forces at no very remote period in the
past, compared with which those of the present are utterly insignificant.

Not until surface geology receives greater attention than it has done
up to this time will we comprehend the vastness of the agencies which have
wrought out the wonderful results which we see everywhere around us.
What were the forces that wrenched from the parent bed masses of gran-
ite, from one ton to five hundred tons weight, rounded off the angies and
lodged them upon the plains 300 to 500 feet above the channels of the
principl astreams? Along the Hast Fork, for twenty miles above its
mouth, on the west side, there is a sort of terrace about a mile in width, lit-
erally covered with the granite bowlders which have been swept down the
valley from a short distance above. The granitic rocks, of varioustextures
and composition, are here exposed in full force. Hell-Roaring Mountain,
at the entrance of the creek of that name, is a huge peak composed of
stratified gneiss. Some of the strata, however, are 50 to 100 feet in
thickness, massive red or gray feldspathic granite. Just opposite the
entrance of the stream thereis a splendid exhibition of black micaceous
gneiss, inclining 14° southeast. It seems to form a vertical wall on the
right side of a little creek that flows into the Yellowstone from the west,
while on the left side the entire mass of the hills, for miles in extent, 1s
coinposed of the usual variety of igneous rocks. These incline in the
opposite direction, northwest, 10° to 15°; so that this small stream, now
not more than 4 feet wide and 6.inches in depth, has, at some period, had
sufficient power to cutits channel two hundred to four hundred yards
wide, through the hardest rocks, 500 to 1,000 feet in depth, to the level
of the Yellowstone, into which it flows. Hell-Roaring River is quite a
large stream, rising high in the dividing range to the east, and flow-
ing with tremendous impetuosity down the deep gorges, thus receiving
its peculiar name. The mountains on either side are among the
most rugged in the Yellowstone country, and seem to defy access. They
come close down to the channel of the Yellowstone on the east side,
so that traveling on that side is attended with great difficulty. On the
west side the broad, high, irregular, step-like terrace, or rather group
of foot-hills, 300 to 800 feet above the bed of the Yellowstone, is quite
easily traversed, and a road for wagons could be made without much
labor. There are some steep hills which, at the present time, appear
formidable, but a careful exploration might bring to light a route that
would avoid them mostly.

After crossing the high divide, between the drainage of Gardiner’s
River and the group of little streams that flow into the Yellowstone on
the west side, of which Tower Creek is the most conspicuous, we come
to the region of wonderful ravines and cafions. Layers of basalt have
been poured out over the basis rocks, of whatever age they may be, at
different periods; at the same time vast quantities of fragments of basalt
were cemented together with a fine voleanic dust. In the process of
wearing out the ravines and cations on either side, hundreds of curious
pinnacles and columns, resembling groups of Gothic spires, were carved
out of the solid beds of basalt and breccia. On the east side of the Yellow-
stone, the sides of the mountain rise step-like, and, at different eleva-
tions, the basalt has poured out and overflowed like the deposits of
hot springs, except that the deposit is a dingy-black color. These out-

78 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

flows seem to be so modern that it is doubtful if any important changes
have taken place in the surface since they occurred. The river flows
over its narrow rocky bed with great velocity. The East Fork enters the
Yellowstone on the east side through a narrow granite cafion, and is a
stream of considerable magnitude. In the spring season the quantity
of water must be great, for the area drained by it is at least forty by
twenty miles, where the snow falls in large quantities and remains a
large portion of the year. About four miles above, Tower Creek enters
the Yellowstone. On the west side, just at the lower end of the Grand
Cafion, within a few yards, is the mouth of Hot Spring Creek. Along
the shores, the hot water is oozing and boiling up through the soft mud,
covering the surface with its peculiar deposits; one of the springs has
a temperature of 127°. A strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen per-
vaded the atmosphere. The banks of the Yellowstone, on both sides, for
thirty to fifty feet up from the water’s edge, have a most peculiar white-
ness, with yellow portions, due to the deposits of old hot springs, which
were very abundant here at some period. The few springs that remain
are full of sulphuretted and carbonated hydrogen, forming a black ear-
bonaceous matter on the surface at times. There is also free sulphur,
carbonate of lime, carbonate of iron, &e. It seems quite possible that
the Carboniferous limestones do not exist beneath the basalts in this
region, from the fact that there
is not any great amount of cal-
careous sediment. High up on
the mountains, on the east side

there is a bluff wall of limestone
hike that near Warm Spring
| River, evidently the same
i white compact rock formed
i from deposits of hot springs
probably during or near the
close of the Pliocene period.
Tower Creek rises in the high
divide between the valleys of
the Missouri and Yellowstone,
and flows about ten miles
through a cation so deep and
gloomy that it has very prop-
erly earned the appellation of
the “ Devil’s Den.” (Fig. 23.) As
we gaze from the margin down

stream, as it rushes foaming
over the rocks, seems like a
| white thread, while on the
= sides of the gorge the somber
® pinnacles rise up like Gothic
& spires. About two hundred
fe) yards above its entrance into
eam the Yellowstone the stream
Bee pours over an abrupt descent
=] of 156 feet, forming one of the
# most beautiful and picturesque
falls to be found in any coun-
DENIL'S\DEN, TOWER CREEK. try. The Tower Falls are about

| of the Yellowstone, 9,500 feet, .

into the depths below, the little °

OEE a

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 719

260 feet above the level of the Yellowstone at the junction, and they are
surrounded: with pinnacle-like columns, composed of the volcanic brec-
cia, rising fifty feet above the falls and extending down to the foot,
standing like gloomy sentinels or like the gigantic pillars at the en.
trance of some grand temple. One could almost imagine that the idea
of the Gothic style of architecture had been caught from such carvings
of nature. Immense bowlders of basalt and granite here obstruct the
flow of the stream above and below the falls, and although, so far as we
can see, the gorge seems to be made up of the volcanic cement, yet we
know that, in the loftier mountains, near the source of the stream, true
granitic as well as igneous rocks prevail.

In the walls of the lower end of the Grand Cajon, near the mouth of
Tower Creek, we can see the several rows of columns of basalt arrayed
in a vertical position, and as regular as if carried and placed in the sides
of the gorge by the hand of art. There is upon the surface a bed of vol-
canie breccia, then a row of vertical columns, then the cement with hot
spring deposits, then another row of columns. There are at least three
different series of the columns, while above and below to the edge of the
water are the volcanic and hot spring deposits. In the tongue that
runs down between the junction of the East Fork and the Yellowstone,
there is a singular butte cut off from the main range, which at once at-
tracts the traveler’s attention. The basis or lower portion of the butte
is granite, while the summit is capped with the modern basalt, and
the débris on the sides and at the base is remarkable in quantity, and
has very much the appearance of an anthracite coal-heap. This butte
- will always form a conspicuous landmark, not only on account of its
position, but also from its peculiar shape and structure. Just below
the junction of the Kast Fork, abridge was constructed across the Yellow-
stone about a year ago, to accommodate the miners bound for the dig-
gings” on Clark’s Fork. Itwasevidently built with a considerable amount
of labor and boldness, for the river flows with great rapidity along the
narrow, rocky channel, and is about 200 feet in width. I make mention
of this bridge in this connection from the fact that it is the first and only
one as yet which has been erected across the Yellowstone River, and
may in the future assume some historical importance.

On the west side of the Yellowstone and west of Tower Falls, the
basalt is quite massive, sometimes forming columns quite irregular in
form and length, differing much from those on the opposite side. The
benches and irregular step-like terraces along the Yellowstone on both
sides, which are quite picturesque, are formed in part by the sliding
down of masses of earth from the margins of the caton. In the imme-
diate valley there is a recent drift deposit of sand and bowlders, often
stratified, made at a long period subsequent to the carving out of the
main channel through the volcanic rocks. The stratification and fine-
ness of the sediment would indicate still water, or moderately so, at
least.

Soon after leavin g Tower Creek, our road diverged to the westward of
the Yellowstone River and crossed the northern side of the rim of the
basin proper, about a mile west of Mount Washburn, the highest peak in
this portion of the range. We followed a well-worn path up the north-
ern side, which Jed us up a slope so gentle that we were able to ride our
horses to the very summit. The ground is everywhere covered with
fragments of basalt and conglomerate, and at one locality there was an
abundance of fine specimens of chaleedony with malachite, (green car-
bonate of copper.) The volcanic rocks of this region contain some fine
specimens of mineral forms, of which silica is the base. There are grades
of exquisite beauty. Agates are common.

80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The view from the summit of Mount Washburn is one of the finest I
have ever seen, and although the atmosphere was somewhat obscured by
smoke, yet an area of fifty to one hundred miles radius in every direction
could be seen more or less distinctly. We caught the first glimpse of the
great basin of the Yellowstone, with the lake, which reminded one much,
from its bays, indentations, and surrounding mountains, of Great Salt
Lake. To the south are the Tetons, rising high above all the rest, the mon-
archs of all they survey, with their summits covered with perpetual snow.
To the southwest an immense area of dense pine forests extends for one
hundred miles without a peak rising above the black, level mass. A lit-
tle farther to the southwest and west are the Madison Mountains, a lofty,
grand, snow-capped range, extending far to the northward. Nearer and
in full view, to the west commence the bold peaks of the Gallatin Range,
extending northward as far as the eye can reach. To the north we
get afull view of the valley of the Yellowstone, with the lofty ranges
that wall it in. Emigrant Peak, and the splendid group of moun-
tains of which it is a part, can be clearly seen, and lose none of their
marvelous beauty of outline, view them from what point we may. To
the north and east the eye scans the most remarkable chaotic mass of ©
peaks of the most rugged character, apparently without system, yet
sending their jagged summits high up among the clouds. Farther dis-
tant are somewhat more regular ranges, snow-covered, probably the
Big Horn. But with all this magnificent scenery around us from every
side, the greatest beauty was the lake, in full view to the southeast,
set like a gem amid the high mountains, which are literally bristling
with peaks, many of them capped with snow. ‘These are all of volcanic.
origin, and the fantastic shapes which many of them have assumed
under the hand of time, called forth a variety of names from my party.
There were two of them that represented the human profile so well that
we called them the “ Giant’s Face” and “Old Man of the Mountain.”
These formed good landmarks for the topographer, for they were visible
from every point of the basin.

Mount Washburn is composed entirely of the usual igneous rocks.
On the summits are piles of very hard, compact basalt, cleaving into
lamine, or in irregular blocks. All around on the sides of the mountain
are immense accumulations of the usual volcanic breccia. The central
mass was originally a volcanic cone, building up a crater with the com-
pact basalt, but throwing out in the surrounding or enveloping waters
the fragments or dust which were cemented together all around on the
sides, sometimes reaching very nearly to the summit. On the southeast
side of the mountain a distinct anticlinal interval or opening is seen in
the breccia. The south side inclines east 25°, and breaks off abruptly
near the Grand Cafion, while the opposite side dips west 20°. Between
this anticlinal and the caiion there is a bench five hundred feet below the
summit of the mountain, which, I am convinced, formed the inner por-
tions of the old crater, while the breccia composed the outer walls. To
the southeast there is a grassy plateau ten to twenty miles in extent,
immediately surrounded with dense forests of pine. We may say, in
brief, that the entire basin of the Yellowstone is volcanic. I am not
prepared to pronounce it a crater, with a lake occupying the inner por-
tion, while the mountains that surround the basin are the ruins of this
great crater; but, at 4 period not very remote in the geological past,
this whole country was a scene of wonderful volcanic activity. I regard
the hot springs so abundant all over the valley as the last stages of this
grand scene. Hot springs, geysers, &c., are so intimately connected
with what we usually term volcanoes that their origin and action

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 81

admit of the same explanation. Both undoubtedly form safety-valves
or vents for the escape of the powerful forces that have been gener-
ated in the interior of the earth since the commencement of our pres-
ent period; the true volcanic action has ceased, but the safety-valves
are the thousands of hot springs all over this great area. I believe
that the time of the greatest volcanic activity occurred during the
Pliocene period—smoke, ashes, fragments of rock, and lava poured
forth from thousands of orifices into the surrounding waters. Hundreds
of cones were built up, fragments of which still remain; and around them
were arranged by the water the dust and fragments of rock, the ejectamenta
of these voleanoes, in the form of the conglomerate or breccia as we find
it now. These orifices may have been of every possible form—rounded
or oblong, mere fissures, perhaps, extending for miles, and building up
their own crater rims as the hot springs build up their rounded, conical
peaks or oblong mounds at the present time. It is not necessary to
enter into the history and origin of either hot springs or volcanoes in
this connection. ‘The causes which have produced the phenomena here,
either in the Pliocene period or the present, are the same all over the
world, and have been favorite topics of discussion by men of science.

L

CHAPTER V.*

THE GRAND CANON—FALLS—HOT SPRINGS—YELLOWSTONE LAKE.

We will now enter upon a description of the Yellowstone Basin proper,
in which the greater portion of the interesting scenery and wonders is
located. The term is sometimes applied to the entire valley, but the
basin proper comprises only that portion inclosed within the remarkable
ranges of mountains which give origin to the waters of the Yellowstone
south of Mount Washburn and the Grand Cafion. The range of which
Mount Washburn is a conspicuous peak seems to form the north wall
or rim, extending nearly east and west across the Yellowstone, and it
is through this portion of the rim that the river has cut its channel,
forming the remarkable falls and the still more wonderful canon. The
area of this basin is about forty miles in length. From the summit of
Mount Washburn, a bird’s-eye view of the entire basin may be obtained,
with the mountains surrounding it on every side without any apparent
break in the rim. This basin has been called by some travelers the
vast crater of an ancient volcano. It is probable that during the Plio-
cene period the entire country drained by the sources of the Yellow-
stone and the Columbia was the scene of as great voleanic activity as
that of any portion of the globe. It might be called one vast crater,
made up of thousands of smaller voleanic vents and fissures, out of
which the fluid interior of the earth, fragments of rock, and volcanic
dust were poured in unlimited quantities. Hundreds of the nuclei or
cores of these volcanic vents are now remaining, some of them rising to
a height of 10,000 to 11,000 feet above the sea. Mounts Doane, Lang-
ford, Stevenson, and more than a hundred other peaks may be seen
from any high point on either side of the basin, each of which formed a
center of effusion. Indeed, the hot springs and geysers of this region,
at the present time, are nothing more than the closing stages of that
wonderful period of volcanic action that began in Tertiary times. In
other words, they are the escape-pipes or vents for those internal forces
which once were so active, but are now continually dying out.

* An abstract of Chapters V and VI was published in the February and March aum-
bers of the American Journal of Science.

6GS

82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The evidence is clear that ever since the cessation of the more power-
ful voleanic forces these springs have acted. as the escape-pipes, but
have continued to decline down to the present time, and will do so in the
future, until they cease entirely. The charts accompanying this report
will enable the reader to form a clear conception of the position and
number of the most important springs in this basin, but an equal num-
ber of the dead and dying have been omitted. We may therefore con-
clude that the present system of hot springs and geysers is only a feebler
manifestation of those remarkable internal forces of the earth, which
were so wonderfully intensified during the periods of volcanic activity,
that they really present for our study a miniature form of volcanism.
Even at the present time there are connected with them manifesta-
tions of internal heat and earthquake phenomena which are well
worthy of attention. While we were encamped on the northeast side
of the lake, near Steamboat Point, on the night of the 20th of July,
we experienced several severe shocks of an earthquake, and these
were felt by two other parties, fifteen to twenty-five miles distant,
on different sides of the lake. We were informed by mountain-men
that these earthquake shocks are not uncommon, and at some sea-
sons of the year very severe, and this fact is given by the Indians
as the reason why they seldom or never visit that portion of the
country. I have no doubt that if this part of the country should
ever be settled and careful observations made, it will be tound that
earthquake shocks are of very common occurrence.

Our trail passed over the rim of the basin on the south side of Mount

Washburn, and the lowest point was 8,774 feet. In crossing this divide or |

rim, I saw, on the north side, some of the somber argillaceous sandstones
that contain the deciduous leaves between Gardiner’s River and Tower
Creek. After passing the *‘ divide” we descended the almost vertical sides
of the rim into the valley of Cascade Creek, at the level of 7,787 feet, or
about 1,000 feet below the “divide.” Our trail was a tortuous one, to
avoid the fallen timber and the dense groves of pine. The country im-
mediately around the creek looked like a beautiful meadow at this sea-
son of the year, (July 25,) covered with grass and flowers. Cascade
Creek flows from the west into the Yellowstone, between the upper and
lower falls. Just before it enters the Yellowstone, it flows over a series
of ridges and breccia, making gue of the most beautiful cascades in this
region; hence the name of the little stream. Like all these rapids or
falls, it is formed of the more compact basalt, resisting the wear of the
atmospheric forces, while the breccia readily yields. As this little cas-
cade is seen from the east branch of the Yellowstone, dividing up into a
number of little streams and rushing down from ledge to ledge until it
reaches the bed of the river, it presents a picture of real beauty. High
up on Caseade Creek, almost a mile above its mouth, the channel is carved
out of a kind of sedimentary volcanic sandstone, arranged in regular
strata; most of it is so largely made up of worn fragments of obsidian
and other igneous rocks that it might be called a pudding-stone. The
natural sections in the channel of this creek aid us much in forming an
idea of the extent of the modern lake deposit, which doubtless began
in Tertiary times, and continued on up into or near the present period.
The surface everywhere is covered with fragments of volcanic rocks,
apparently quite modern, so that it presents that peculiar appearance,
which I have often alluded to, like the refuse about an old foundry.

But the objects of the deepest interest in this region are the falls
and the Grand Cafion. I will attempt to convey some idea by a de-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 83

seription, but it is only through the eye that the mind can gather
anything like an adequate conception of them. As we approached
the margin of the cation, we could hear the suppressed roar of the falls,
resembling distant thunder. The two falls are not more than one-
fourth of a mile apart. Above the Upper Falls the Yellowstone flows
through a grassy, meadow-like valley, with a calm, steady current,
giving no warning, until very near the falls, that it is about to rush over
a precipice 140 feet, and then, within a quarter of a mile, again to leap
down a distance of 350 feet. Before proceeding further with a detailed
deseription of the falls and canton, | may attempt to present what I
believe to be the origin. For about a mile above the Upper Falls there
is a succession of rapids in the river. The walls of the channel are not
high, but are composed of massive basalt. Just along the Upper Falls
there are five huge, detached blocks of basalt in and near the center of
the channel. These show the force with which the water has rushed
down the channel at some period. Just above the Upper Fails are two
beautiful cascades, 20 to 30 feet high, and at the east one, the rocks so
wall in the channel that it is not much more than 100 feet wide, and the
entire volume of the water, which must form a mass 100 feet wide and 30
feet deep, rushes down a vertical descent of 140 feet. There seems to
have been a sort of a ridge or belt of very compact basalt that extended
across the channel, so hard as to resist successfully atmospheric power,
while below, the nearly vertical walls, which are composed of clay, sand,
and bowlders, mingled with hot-spring deposits, seem to have readily
yielded, and thus the river has carved out its channel. irom any point
of view the Upper Falls are most picturesque and striking. The entire
volume of water seems to be, as it were, hurled off of the precipice with
the force which it has accumulated in the rapids above, so that the mass
is detached into the most beautiful snow-white, bead-like drops, and as it
strikes the rocky basin below, it shoots through the water with a sort of
ricochet for the distance of 200 feet. The whole presents in the distance
the appearance of a mass of snow-white foam. On the sides of the basalt
walls there is a thick growth of vegetation, nourished by the spray
above, which extends up as far as the moisture can reach. The upper
portion of the walls of the cafon on the east side is composed of a coarse
volcanic sandstone and pudding-stone, perfectly horizontal, and below
are loose variegated clays and sands. There is no doubt that this
deposit forms a part of the bed of the ancient lake in its enlarged extent,
and that this deposit was made on the rugged, irregular basalt surface.
In the mean time, there were occasional outflows of igneous matter, and
the hot springs were operating in full foree. ‘The lake basin was closed
at the lower end of the range of mountains that form the rim, and the
river gradually forced its way through this rim, forming the Grand
Cafion, draining the lake basin, and the falls were the result. There is
all around the basin a sort of secondary shore in the form of a group of
low, pine-covered hills, varying in height from 8,500 to 9,000 feet above
the sea, while the highest ranges, 10,000 to 11,000 fect, constitute the
primary rim. The lower hilly are made up mostly of the old lake deposit,
and are either Pliovene or Post-Pliocene, probably both.

But no language can do justice to the wonderful grandeur and beauty
of the cafon below the Lower Falls; the very nearly vertical walls,
slightly sloping down to the water’s edge on either side, so that from
the summit the river appears like a thread of silver foaming over its
rocky bottom; the variegated colors of the sides, vellow, red, brown,
white, all intermixed and shading into each other; the Gothic columns
of every form standing out from the sides of the wails with greater

84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

variety and more striking colors than ever adorned a work of human
art. The margins of the cation on either side are beautifully fringed
with pines. In some places the walls of the cafton are composed of
massive basalt, so separated by the jointage as to look like irregular
mason-work going to decay. Here and there a depression in the sur-
face of the basalt has been subsequently filled up by the more modern
deposit, and the horizontal strata of sandstone can be seen. The de-
composition and the colors of the rocks must have been due largely to
hot water from the springs, which has percolated all through, giving to
them the present variegated and unique appearance.

Standing near the margin of the Lower Falls, and looking down the
cation, which looks like an immense chasm or cleft in the basalt, with
its sides 1 200 to 1,500 feet high, and decorated with the most brilliant
colors that the human eye ever saw, with the rocks weathered into an
almost unlimited variety of forms, with here and there a pine sending
its roots into the clefts on the sides as if struggling with a sort of un-
certain success to maintain an existence—the whole presents a picture
that it would be difficult to surpass in nature. Mr. Thomas Moran, a
celebrated artist, and noted for his skill as a colorist, exclaimed with a
kind of regretful enthusiasm that these beautiful tints were beyond the
reach of human art. It is not the depth alone that gives sueh an im-
pression of grandeur to the mind, but it is also the picturesque forms
and coloring. Mr. Moran isnow engaged in transferring this remarkable
picture to canvas, and by meansof askillful use of colors something like a
conception of its beauty may be conveyed. After the waters of the
Yellowstone roll over the upper descent, they flow with great rapidity over
the apparently flat rocky bottom, which spreads out to nearly double its
width above the falls, and continues thus until near the Lower Falls,
when the channel again contracts, and the waters seem, as it were, to
gather themselves into one compact mass and plunge over the descent
of 350 feet in detached drops of foam as white as snow; some of the
large globules of water shoot down like the contents of an exploded
rocket. It is a sight far more beautiful, though not so grand or impres-
sive as that of Niagara Falls. A heavy mist always arises from the
water at the foot of the falls, so dense that one cannot approach within
200 or 300 feet, and even then the clothes will be drenched in a few
moments. Upon the yellow, nearly vertical wall of the west side, the
mist mostly falls, and for 300 feet from the bottom the wall is covered
with a thick matting of mosses, sedges, grasses, and other vegetation of
the most vivid green, which have sent their small roots into the softened
rocks, and are nourished by the ever-ascending spray. At the base and
quite high up on the sides of the canon, are great quantities of talus, and
through the fragments of rocks and decomposed spring deposits may
be seen the horizontal strata of breccia. (Fig. 24.)

Before proceeding further, I might attempt to give what appears to
me to be the origin of this wonderful natural scenery. This entire basin
was once the bed of a great lake, of which the lofty range of mountains
now surrounding it formed the rim, and the present lake is only a rem-
nant. During the period of the greatest voleanic activity this lake was
in existence, though its limits, perhaps, could not now be easily defined ;
but it was at a later period inclosed within the rim. The basis rock is
a very hard, compact basalt, not easily worn away by theelements. The
surface is exceedingly irregular, and filling up these irregularities is a
greater or less thickness of volcanic breccia and the deposits of hot
springs. Upon al! this, in some localities, continuing up to the time of
the drainage of this ake, were deposited the modern volcanic clays, sands,

/

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 85

sandstones, and pudding-stones, which reach an aggregate thickness of
800 to 1,000 feet. Above the Upper Falls the Yellowstone flows over a
hard, basaltic bed for sixteen miles from its outlet at the lake; there is
then an abrupt transition from the hard basalt to the more yielding
breccia, so that the river easily carved out a channel through it; the
vertical walls are clearly seen from below the falls, passing diagonally
across therim. The Lower Falls are formed in the same way ; the entire
mass of the water falls into a circular basin, which has been worn into

~

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iy
ANS
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the hard rock, so that the rebound is one of the magnificent fea-
tures of the scene. Below the Lower Falls the sides of the canon show
the material of which it is mostly composed. Where the river has cut
its channel through the hard basalt, the irregular fissures, which un-
doubtedly extend down, in some manner, toward the heated interior, are
distinctly seen. Local deposits of silica, as white as snow, sometimes
400 or 500 feet in thickness, are seen on both sides of the Yellowstone.
These also are worn into columns, which stand out boldly from the nearly
vertical sides in a multiplicity of picturesque forms. The basis material

86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of the old hot-spring deposits is silica, originally as white as snow, but
very much of it is tinged with every possible. shade of color, from the
most brilliant scarlet to pink or rose color, from bright sulphur to the
most delicate cream. There are portions of the day “when these colors
seem to be more vivid, and the rugged walls of the cation stand out more
in perspective, so that while the falls fill one with delight and admiration,
the Grand Cation surpasses all the others as the one unique wonder,
without a parallel, probably, on our continent. We may conclude, there.
fore, from the point of view presented above, that while the caton has
somewhat the appearané@e of a great cleft or cafion, it is simply a chan-
nel carved by the river out of predeposited materiais, after the
drainage of the old lake-basin. The walls themselves, it seems to me,
explain the manner in which the connection was formed from the surface
with the heated interior, for they are seamed with the irregular fissures
or furrows which pass up through the basalt and connect with the old
hot-spring deposits. And so it is with the walls of the canton, all the
way tothe mouth of Tower Creek; sometimes we find the irregular ma-
son-work of the basalt, then the breccia or the curiously variegated hot-
spring formations, the whole covered to a greater or less extent with a
later deposit from the waters of the old lake, which now appears in
horizontal strata.

As I have previously stated, the entire Yellowstone Basin is covered
more or less with dead and dying springs, but there are centers or
groups where the activity is greatest at the present time. Below
the falls there is an extensive area covered with the deposits which
extend from the south side of Mount Washburn across the Yellow-
stone rim, covering an area of ten or fifteen square miles. On the
south side of Mount Washburn, there is quite a remarkable group of
active springs. They are evidently diminishing in power, but the
rims all'‘around reveal the most powerful manifestations far back in
the past. Sulphur, copper, alum, and soda cover the surface. There is
also precipitated around the borders of some of the mud springs a white
effloresence, probably nitrate of potash. These springs are located on the
side of the mountain nearly 1,000 feet above the margin of the canon,
but extend along into the level portions below. In the immediate chan-
nel of the river, at the present time, there are very few springs, and
these not important. A few small steam vents can be observed only
from the issue of small quantities of steam. One of these springs was
bubbling quite briskly, but had a temperature of only 100°. Near it is
a turbid spring of 170°. In the valley are a large number of turbid, mud,
and boiling springs, with temperatures from 175° to 185°. There are a
number of springs that issue from the side of the mountain, and the

waters, gathering into one channel, flow into the Yellowstone. The num.
ber of frying or simmering springs is great. The ground in many places,
for several yards in every direction, is perforated like a sieve, and the

water bubbles by with a simmering ‘noise. There is one huge boiling
spring which is turbid, with fine black mud all around the sides,
where this fine black earth is deposited. The depth of the crater of
this spring, its dark, gloomy appearance, and the tremendous force
which it manifested in its operations, led us to name it the “ Devil’s
Caldron.” There are a large number of springs here, but no true gey-
sers. It is plainly the last stages of what was once a most remarkable
group. Extending across the cation on the opposite side of the Yellow-
stone, interrupted ‘here and there, this group of springs extends for sev-
eral miles, forming one of the largest deposits of silica, but only here
and there are there signs of life. Many of the dead springs are mere

a

-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES... 87

basins, with a thick deposit of iron on the sides, lining the channel of
the water that flows from them. These vary in temperature from 98°
to 120°. The highest temperature was 192°. The steam-vents are very
numerous, and the chimneys are lined with sniphur. Where the crust
can be removed, we find the under side lined with the most delicate erys-
tals of sulphur, which disappear like frost-work atthe touch. Still there
is a considerable amount of solid amorphous sulphur. The sulphur and
the iron, with the vegetable matter, which is always very abundant
about the springs, give, through the almost infinite variety of shades, a
most pleasing and striking picture. One of the mud springs, with a basin
20 by 25 feet and 6 feet deep, is covered with large bubbles or puffs con-
stantly bursting with a thud. There are a number of high hills in this
vicinity entirely composed of the hot-spring deposits, at least nine-tenths
silica, appearing snowy-white in the distance; one of the walls is 175 feet
high, and another about 70 feet. They are now covered to a greater or less
extent with pines. Steam is constantly issuing from vents around the base
and from the sides of these hills. Thereis one lake 100 by 300 yards, with
a number of bubbling and boiling springs arising to the surface. Near
the shore is one of the sieve-springs, with a great number of small per-
forations, from which the water bubbles up with a simmering noise;
temperature, 188°. This group really forms one of the great ruins.

We will now return to the falls, and pursue our way up the valley of
the Yellowstone to the lake. We wound our way among the dense
pines that clothe the foot-hills, and, striking a game-trail, secceeded in
avoiding the marshy bottoms of the river. Great numbers of small
springs seem to flow out of the sides of the hills, and distribute them-
selves over the bottom, finally draining into theriver. The deep snows
which fall on the mountains, and continue the greater portion of the
vear, melt so gradually that these springs have a constant supply, ard
during the summer the grass and flowers give to the lowlands a meadow-
like appearance by the freshness and vividness of the colors. The river,
by its width, its beautiful curves, and easy flow, moves on down toward
its wonderful precipices with a majestic motion that would charm the eye
of an artist. Some of the little streams which we crossed on our way
up the river were full of fresh-water shells. Wherever the water stands
for a time, the surface is covered with a yellow scum from the presence of
iron. About five miles above the falls, on the east side of the river, we
erossed a small stream which held a large amount of alum in solution,
and on this account was appropriately named Alum Creek. This little
stream is 2 feet wide and 2 inches deep, as clear as crystal, and, as it flows
along through the rich grass, it would not be noticed by the traveler that
it differed from any other stream, except by the taste. Ever since descend
ing into the basin we have met with great quantities of a kind of obsidian.
It seldom occurs in a compact, amorphous, crystalline mass, like opaque
glass, but as an aggregate of small amorphous masses, easily disinte-.
grating, so that the surface is covered with the small obsidian pebbles.
The color is black or dull purplish-black. There are exposures here and
there of the basalt also; some of it contains great quantities of rounded
masses, like concretions, from the size of a pea to 10 inches in diameter;
they seem to be little geodes, found in tie igneous mass, lined inside
with crystals of quartz. These masses are sometimes called ‘“ volcanic
walnuts” by travelers.

About ten miles above the falls, on the east side of the Yellow-
stone, we came to a most interesting group of hot springs, named,
in Lieutenant Doane’s report, the “Seven Hills.” The chart which
accompanies this report will show the location of the hills and the

88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

springs in relation to them. (Fig. 25.) The little stream on the eastside is
one of the sources of Alum Creek, and the springs that border show tHe
origin of the alum that is held in solution in the waters, which hold their
full strength until they flow into the Yellowstone. We approached this

Fig. 25.
Qunsy
: SS % *y
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Wily ATGhaa RY)
QE ON SS Minny?
SS F.8u) MK Ni ZI INAS
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+e YSulphurSpr: |
se Z
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jf eee ee ee reer ee
SULPHUR AND MUD SPRINGS, CRATER HILLS, YELLOWSTONE RIVER, 8 MILES BELOW THE LAKE.

group of springs on the west side, and the first spring that attracted our
attention was located at the base of one of the white hills. It wasapow-
erful steam-vent, with the strong, impulsive noise like a high-pressure

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 69

engine, and hence its name of Locomotive Jet. The aperture is about
6 inches in diameter, a sort of raised chimney, and all around it were
numerous small continuous steam-vents, all of which were elegantly
lined with the bright-yellow sulphur. The entire surface was covered
with the white siliceous crust, which gives forth a hollow sound beneath
the tread; and we took pleasure in breaking it up in the vicinity of the
vents, and exposing the wonderful beauty of the sulphur-coating on the
inner sides. This crust is ever hot, and yet so firm that we could walk
over it anywhere. On the south side of these hills, close to the foot, is
a magnificent sulphur-spring. The deposits around it are silica; but
some places are white, and enameled like the finest portelain. The thin
edges of the nearly circular rim extend over the waters of the basin
several feet, yet the open portion is 15 feetin diameter. The water isin
a constant state of agitation. The steam that issues from this spring is so
strong and hot that it was only on the windward side that I could ap-
proach it and ascertain its temperature, 197°. The agitation seemed to
affect the entire mass, carrying it up impulsively to the height of 4 feet.
It may be compared to a huge ecaldron of perfectly clear water soine-
what superheated. Butitis the decorations about this spring that lent
the charm, after our astonishment at the seething mass before us—the
most beautiful scolloping around the rim, and the inner and outer sur-
face covered with a sort of pearl-like bead work. The base is the pure
white silica, while the sulphur gave every possible shade, from yellow to
the most delicate cream. No kind of embroidering that auman art can
conceive or fashion could equal this specimen of the cunning skill of na-
ture. On the northeast side of the hills, extending from their summits,
are large numbers of the steam-vents, with the sulphur linings and de-
posits of the sulphur over the surface. These hills are entirely due to
the old hot springs, and are from 50 to i150 feet in height. The rock
is mostly compact silica, but there is almost every degree of purity, from
a kind of basalt to the snow-white silica. Some of it isa real conglom-
erate, with a fine siliceous cement inclosing pebbles of white silica, like
those seen around the craters of some geysers. Although at the pres-
ent time there are no true geysers in this group, the evidence is clear
that these were, in former times, very powerful ones, that have built up
mountains of silica by their overflow. The steam-vents on the side and
at the foot of these hills represent the dying stages of this once most
active group. Quite a dense growth of pines now covers these hills.
They rise up in the midst of the plains, and from their peculiar white
appearance are conspicuous for a great distance. At one point there is
a Steam-vent so hot that it is difficult to approach it, emitting a strong
sulphurous smell, and within two feet of it there is a larger spring, boil-
ing like a caldron. So far as I can determine, there is no underground
connection of any of the springs with each other. Sometimes therims
of these craters, as well as the inner sides of their basins, have a ~
beautiful papulose surface, the silica just covered with a thin veil of
delicate creamy sulphur. At this locality are some very remarkable
turbid and mud springs, on the south portion of this singular group,
as can be seen by reference to the chart. One of them has a basin 20
feet in diameter, nearly circular in form, and the contents have almost
the consistency of thick hasty-pudding. The surface is covered all over
with puffs of mud, which, as they burst, give off. a thud-like noise, and
then the fine mud recedes froin the center of the puffs in the most per-
fect rings to the side. This mud-pot presents this beautiful picture ;
and although there are hundreds of them, yet it is very rare that the
mud is just in the condition to admit of these peculiar rings. The kind

90 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of thud is, of course, produced by the escape of the sulphureted hydro-
gen gas through the mud. Indeed, there is no comparison that can
bring before the mind a clearer pictur re of such a mud voleano than a
huge caldron of thick mush. The mud is so fine as to have no visible
or sensible grain, and is very strongly impregnated with alum. For
three hundred yai rds in length and Sogn five yards in width, the val-
ley of this little branch of Alum Creek is perforated with these mud-
vents of all sizes, and the contents are of all degrees of consistency, from
merely turbid water to a thick mortar. The entire suriace is perfectiy
bare of vegetation and hot, yielding in many places to a slight pressure.
I attempted to Walk about among these simmering vents, and broke
through to my knees, covering my yself with the hot mud, to ny great
pain and subsequent inconvenience. One of the largest of the turbid
springs has a basin with a nearly circular rim 20 feet from the margin
to the water, and 40 feet in diameter. There are two or three cen-

eae 26.

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Feet

SULPHUR AND MUD SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE RIVER, 6 MILES BELOW THE LAKE.

ters of ebullition; temperature, 188°. We may say, in conclusion, i in re-
gard to this group, that while there is a great deal of activity in the

4
ee aes

te as te - capnaaipipinat SIT,

sat Sp ase

a OP A ea

—

——

¢ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 91

springs at the present time, the remains of the dead springs cover the
greater portion of the surface, and those which are more active present
the evidence of far greater power in past times. |
From this point we proceeded to the sulphur and mud springs near
the banks of the Yellowstone, about two miles above, in a straight line.
In the interval we passed the remains of many old springs, but none
above the ordinary temperature; but the deposit seemed to cover the
surface more or less. The old lake deposit is also quite well shown in
the rather high, step-like hills which extend back for five miles from
the river to the basaltic rim of the great basin. We pitched our camp
on the shore of the river, near the Mud Springs, thirteen and a half
miles above our camp, on Cascade Creek. The springs are scattered
along on both sides of the river, sometimes extending upon the hill-sides
50 to 200 feet above the level of the river. The chart will show the lo-
cation of the principal ones. (Fig. 26.) Commencing with the lower or
southern side of the group, I will attempt to describe a few of them. The

Wao 27

MUD CALDRON, YELLOWSTONE RIVER.

first oneis a remarkable mud-spring, with a well-defined circular rim, com-
posed of fine clay, and raised about 4 feet above the surface around, and
about 6 feet above the mud in the basin. The diameter of the basin is
about 8 feet. The mud is so fine as to be impalpable, and the whole may
be most aptly compared to a caldron of boiling mush. The gas Is con-
stantly escaping, throwing up the mud from a few inches to 6 feet in
height; and there is no doubt that there are times when it is hurled
out 10 to 20 feet, accumulating around the rim of the basin. (Fig. 27.)
About twenty yards distant from the mud-spring just described, is a sec-
ond one, with a basin nearly circular, 40 feet in diameter, the water 6 or
8 feet below the margin of the rim. The water is quite turbid, and is
boiling moderately. Small springs are flowing into it from the south
side, so that the basin forms a sort of reservoir. The temperature, in
Some portions of the basin, is thus lowered to 98°. Several small hot
springs pour their surplus water into it, the temperatures of which are
180°, 170°, 184°, and 155°. In the reservoirs, where the water boils up

92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

with considerable force, the temperature is only 96°, showing that the
bubbling was due to the eseape of gas. The bubbles stand all over the
surface. About 20 feet from the last, is a small mud-spring, with an
orifice 10 inches in diameter, with whitish-brown mud, 182°. Another
basin near the last has two orifices, the one throwing out the mud with
a dull thud about once in three seconds, spurting the mud out 3 or 4
feet; the other is content to boil up quite violently, occasionally throw-
ing the mud 10 to 12 inches. This mud, which has been wrought in
these caldrons for perhaps hundreds of years, is so fine and pure that
the manufacturer of porcelain-ware would go into ecstacy at the sight.
The contents of many of the springs are of such a snowy whiteness that,
when dried in cakes in the sun or by a fire, they resemble the finest
meerschaum. The color of the mud depends upon the superficial de-
posits which cover the ground, through which the waters of the springs
reach the surface. They were all clear hot springs originally, perhaps
geysers even; but the continual caving in of the sides has produced a
sort of mud-pot, exactly the same as the process of preparing a kettle
of mush. The water is at first clear and hot; then it becomes turbid
from the mingling of the loose earth around the sides of the orifice,
until, by continued accessions of earth, the contents of the basin become
of the consistency of thick mush, and, as the gas bursts up through it,
the dull, thud-like noise is produced. Every possible variation of con-
dition of the contents is found, from simple milky turbidness to a stiff
inortar. On the east side of the Yellowstone, close to the margin of the
river, are a few turbid and mud springs, strongly impregnated with alum.
The mud is quite yellow, and contains much sulphur. This we called a
mud-sulphur spring. The basin is 15 by 30 feet, and has three centers
of ebullition, showing that deep down underneath the superficial earth,
there are three separate orifices, not connected with each other, for the
emission of the heated waters. Just opposite this spring, on the west
side of the river, is a singular vertical wall of rather coarse basalt, which
looks like huge mason-work, separated by the jointage into nearly rec-
tangular blocks. The wall is about 50 feet high, and is important in
giving us an exposure of the basis rock
of this region. The surface is mostly
covered with a thick deposit of clay of
modern origin; but the heated waters
must pass a great distance through
these igneous rocks, dissolving from
them great quantities of silica and
other chemical materials which we find
so abundantly around the springs.
The next interesting spring we called
the Grotto. (Fig. 28.) A vast column
of steam issues from a cavern in the
side of the hill, with an opening about
5 feet in diameter. The roaring of
the waters in the cavern, and the noise
of the waves as they surge up to the
mouth of the opening, are like that

of the billows lashing the sea-shore.
GROTTO, WELLOWSTONE River. / The water is as clear) a8 Grysual, aan
the steam is so hot that it is only when a breeze wafts it aside for a
moment one can venture to take a look into the opening. From the
tremendous roaring and dashing of the waters against the sides of the
cavern, one would suppose that the amount must be grest, but nat

Big, 2og

al alee

ee ee ee ee eee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 93

more than ten gallons an hour pass out of it in the little channel that
leads from it. On either side of the cavern, where the steam strikes,
there is a thin coating of vegetation of a deep, vivid green. In the
vicinity of these springs, various kinds of grasses, rushes, mosses, and
other plants grow with a surprising luxuriance. Over the “grotto”
there is a thickness of about 30 feet of stratified clay, with a fine texture.
Located higher up on the side of the hill, not far from the grotto, is the
most remarkable mud-spring we have ever seen inthe West. The rim
of the basin is formed by the loose mud or clay thown out of the orifice.
It is about 40 feet in diameter at the top, but tapering down to half the
size, and is about 30 feet deep. It Fig. 29.

may not improperly be called the ;
Giant’s Caldron. (Fig. 29.) It does
not boil with animpulse like most of
the mud-springs, but with a con-
stant roar which shakes the ground
for a considerable distance, and may
be heard for half a mile. A dense
column of steam is ever rising, fill-
ing the crater, but now and then a
passing breeze will remove it fora
moment, revealing one of the most
terrific sights one could well imagine.
The contents are composed of thin
mud in a continual state of the most
violent agitation, like an immense
caldron of mush submitted to a con-
stant, uniform, but most intense heat.
That it must have had its Spasms ot GIANT’S CALDRON, YELLOWSTONE RIVER.
ejection is plain from the mud on the trees for a radius of a hundred
feet or more in every direction from the crater, and it would seem that
the mud might have been thrown up to the height of 75 or 100 feet.
This ejection of the mud must have occurred within a year or two, from
the fact that small pines near the crater are still green, though covered
with mud. Small pines 4 inchesin diameter and 20 to 30 feet in height
have been permitted to grow within 10 and 20 feet of the rim, and,
therefore, the throwing of the mud to any distance from the crater must
occur very seldom. <A few of the trees near the crater, which were
covered with the mud, were killed by the heat, but others that are lit-
erally festooned with it, have only the small branches and leaves de-
stroyed. All the indications around this most remarkable caldron
show that it has broken out at a recent period; that the caving in of
the sides so choked up the orifice that it relieved itself, hurling the
muddy contents over the living pines in the vicinity. The steam which
arises from this caldron may be seen for many miles in every direction.
There are a large number of springs all around, some boiling and others
quiet, some of which are of great size and quite worthy of attention,
but we’ will describe only one more in this group. At the south side
there is a large basin, 200 by 300 feet, containing within the rim three
boiling springs. The two smaller ones on the south side of the rim
are separated from each other by a partition of about 4 feet, and
are mud-springs, and boil up in the centers at this time 6 or 8 inches.
Their basins are 10 and 20 feet in diameter. The third basin is the
largest, with a rim 30 by 50 feet, and is atrue geyser; when not in oper-
ation, the fine mud settles to the bottom and the water becomes clear.
This is constantly but moderately agitated, not sufficiently to stir up the

Ny
Sra
SS tay”

ee

Zz
=
=

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

04

A ee ee

ER =
\- ii.
Nes

Ns -
el

mud at the bottom. A channel has been formed 8 feet deep through
the fine clay, which carries the surplus water from the crater to the river.

MUD GEYSIRe

2 DP” pe
ae

and 29 it played several
0 to 30 feet. (Fig. 30.) The

Phis is a true intermittent spring
times, throwing the water to the hei

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 95

impression among the mountain-men was, that this isa periodic spring, and
played once in six hours precisely. In order to test this belief, I directed
my assistant, Mr. Campbell Carrington, with one non-commissioned offi-
cer of the escort, to return from our camp on the lake, and note minuteley
the movements of this spring for twenty-four hours in succession. The
following interesting report was made by Mr. Carrington:

“We arrived at the mud-geysers ten minutes after 9 o’clock a. m.,
July 1. The pool was calm, with the exception of the little boiling bub-
bles that are always on its sur- ,
face. In circumference it
measures nearly 100 feet.
While selecting a place to
camp, unsaddling our horses,
&e., we heard a loud, hissing
noise, aS an escape of steam.
Hurrying to the geyser, I saw
a wave about three feet in
height rise and die away to the
left; three similar ones fol-
lowed in quick succession. It
then, with a dull, heavy sound,
accompanied by dense col-
umns of steam, suddenly burst
up to the height of 20 feet. It
continued in action for the
space of fifteen minutes, when
it ceased flowing as suddenly
as it had commenced. The av-
erage height of this flowing was
about 15 feet, although some
jets reached fully 30. Five
minutes after the eruption, the
peol measured 25 feet in cir-
cumference and 3 in depth,
where before it was 100 feet in
circumference and 11 in depth.
Ten minutes after (at 9.45 a.
m.) I noticed that it was slowly
commencing to rise again. It
continued to do so until twen-
ty minutes after one, (1.20 p.
m.,) when it began to boil near \e ie
the center, a black formation Cas
making a ring around the boil- —

; 4 SS Ne. SSSA
ing part. This boiling gradu- ‘SS oe
ally increased in violence, last- Sw
ing twenty minutes; it then suddenly stopped, and a wave 2 or 3 feet
in height arose, dying away to the left, and the flowing then took place
as before described. Average height of this flowing, 15 feet; duration,
20 minutes.

“This rising, falling, and overflowing took place cight times in twenty-
four hours, the circumstances connected with each one being almost
exactly the same. Appended below is a table of the time and length of
flowings : |

i W/IBs NN

~

WL

y

“SS

£Z
ANC

5 EZ
Fi Se R eS Ld Ll
RAS

a

‘HNVI ANOLSMOTIAZA

| “ Time of flowings.
“Arrived at 9.10 a. m.
“ Wirst flowing, 9.20 a. m. to 9.35 a. m.; length, 15 minutes.

96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

‘¢ Second flowing, 1.30 p. m. to 1.50 p. m.; length, 20 minutes.
‘‘Third flowing, 5 p. m. to 5.15 p. m.; length, 15 minutes.
‘Fourth flowing, 8.30 p. m. to 8.50 p. m.; length, 20 minutes.
“Fifth flowing, 12.30 p. m. to 12.45 p. m.; length, 15 minutes.
“Sixth flowing, 4 a. m. to 4.15 a. m.; length, 15 minutes.

“‘ Seventh flowing, 7.50 a. m. to 7.45 a. m.; length, 15 minutes.
‘¢ Highth flowing, 11 a. m. to 11.10 a. m.; length, 10 minutes.

“Total length of time, 26 hours. Aggregate time of flowings, 3 hours |

and 15 minutes. Average length of flowings, 15 minutes and 374
seconds.”

On the 28th of July we arrived at the lake, and pitched our camp on
the northwest shore,in a beautiful grassy meadow or opening among
the dense pines. The lake lay before us,a vast sheet of quiet water, of a
most delicate ultramarine hue, one of the most beautiful scenes I have
ever beheld. (Fig. 31.) The entire party were filled with-enthusiasm. The
great object of all our labors had been reached, and we were amply paid
for all our toils. Such a vision is worth a lifetime, and only one of such

marvelous beauty will ever greet human eyes. From whatever point of.

view one may behold it, it presents a unique picture. We had brought up
the frame-work of a boat 12 feet long and 33 feet wide, which we covered
with stout ducking, well tarred. On the morning of the 29th, Messrs.
Stevenson and Elliott started across the lake in the Anna, the first
boat ever launched on the Yellowstone, and explored the nearest island,
which we named after the principal assistant of the expedition, who was
undoubtedly the first white man that ever placed foot upon it.

Our little bark, which is well shown in figure 32, whose keel was the
first to plow the waters of the most beautiful lake on our continent,

Fig. 32. and which must now become
SS historical, was named by Mr.
Stevenson in compliment to
Miss Anna L. Dawes, the
amiable daughter of Hon. H.
L. Dawes. My whole party
were glad to manifest, by this
slight tribute, their gratitude
to the distinguished states-
man, whose generous sympa-
— | thy and aid had contributed
so much toward securing the
appropriation which enabled
them to explore this marvel-
ous region.

Usually in the morning the
surface of the lake is calm, but
toward noon and after, the
= === | waves commence to roll, and
THE ‘‘ANNA.”? ' the white caps rise high, some-
times four or five feet. Our little boat rode the waves well; but when
a strong breeze blew, the swell was too great, and we could only venture
along the shore. This lake is about twenty-two miles in length from
north to south, and an average of ten to fifteen miles in width from east
to west. It has been aptly compared to the human hand; the northern
portion would constitute the palm, while the southern prolongations or
arms might represent the fingers. The map itself, which shows all the
soundings, will best convey to the eye of the reader its peculiar form.
There are some of the most beautiful shore-lines along this lake that I

—

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 97

ever saw. Some of the curves are as perfect as if drawn by the hand
of art. Our little boat performed most excellent service. A suitable
frame-work was fastened in the stern for the lead and line, and with the
boat, a system of soundings was made that gave a very fair idea of the
average depth of the lake. The greatest depth discovered was 300 feet.
It is fed by the snows that fall upon the lofty ranges of mountains that
surround it on every side. The water of the lake has at all seasons
nearly the temperature of cold spring-water. The most accomplished
swimmer could live but a short time in it; the dangers attending
the navigation of such a lake in a small boat, are thereby greatly in-
creased. The amount of vegetable matter in the lake is enormous. At
certain seasons of the year, the waves throw upon the shore a windrow
of drifted vegetation. IF requently, after a strong wind, the water of the
entire border of the lake for several yards from the shore will be filled
with minute fragments of vegetation broken by the waves, rendering
the water quite impure. Several species of plants grow far out into the
deep waters, and I have seen them growing thickly on the rocks at the
bottom 10 to 20 feetin depth. We were able to discover but one species
of fish in the Jake, and that was trout, weighing from two to four
pounds each. Most of them are infested with a peculiar intestinal worm,
which has been described by Dr. Leidy, in a subsequent portion of this
report, aS a new species, under the name of Dibothrium cordiceps.
I directed Mr. Campbell Carrington, naturalist to the expedition, to pre-
pare the following notes on this subject:

THE TROUT OF YELLOWSTONE LAKE.—“‘AJthough I searched with
diligence and care in the neighboring streams and waters around the
Yellowstone Lake, L was unable to find any other species of fish except
the salmon-trout; their numbers are almost inconceivable; average
weight, one pound and a half; color, a light-gray above, passing into a
light-yellow below ; the fins, all except the dorsal and caudal, vary from
a bright: yellow to a brilliant orange, they being a dark-gray and heavily
spotted. A curious fact, and one well worthy of the closest attention
of an aspiring icthyologist, is connected with these fish, namely, that
among their intestines, and even interlaced in their solid flesh, are
found intestinal worms, varying in size, length, and thickness, the
largest measuring about six inches in length. On cutting one of these
trout open, the first thing that attracts your attention, are small oleagin-
ous-looking spots clinging to the intestines, which, on being pressed
between the fingers, break and change into one of these worms, small,
it is true, but nevertheless perfect in its formation. From five or six
up to forty or fifty will be found in a trout, varying, as I said. before, in
size, the larger ones being found in the solid flesh, through which. they
work their way, and which, in a very short while, becomes almost pu-
trid. Their number can generally be estimated from the appearance of
the fish itself; if many, the trout is extremely poor in flesh, the color
changes from the healthy gray to a dull pale, it swims lazily near the
top of the water, losing all its shyness and fear of man; it becomes
almost savage in its appetite, biting voraciously at anything thrown in
the water, and its flesh becomes soft and yielding. If, on the other
hand, there are few or none, the flesh of the fish is plump and solid,
and he is quick and sprightly in all his motions. I noticed that it was
almost invariably the case when a trout had several scars on the out-
side of his body that it was free from these worms, and I therefore took
it for granted that the worms finally worked their way through the
body, and the flesh, on healing up, leaves the scars on the outside; the
trout, in a short while, becomes plump and healthy again. The only

7GS8

98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

way that I can account for the appearance of these worms is, that the
fish swallows certain bugs or insects, and that the larve formed from
them gradually develop into the full-grown intestinal worm. But even
if this explanation of their appearance was received, does it not seem a
little strange that while all the fish above the Upper Falls are more or
less atfected by them, that below and even between the Upper and
Lower Falls such a thing as wormy trout is never heard of. Being
unable, with my limited knowledge of ichthyology, to arrive at any
definite conclusion in regard to their appearance, I submit the above
facts to those who are more learned than myself in this most interesting
branch of natural history.”

I will not, in this place, present a detailed description of this wonder-
ful lake, but simply notice it in general terms. As we proceed from
point to point around its borders, its most prominent features will be
described. We regard the lake-basin as due in part to erosion. All
along its margin are high banks and terraces, composed of a modern
stratified deposit, passing up into an aggregation of sand, pebbles, &c.,
which is not unfrequently cemented into a tolerably firm conglomerate.
These deposits, which are made up of eroded volcanic rocks, have in
some instances the white appearance and somewhat the composition of
Pliocene clays, marls, and sands of the other lake-basins along the Mis-
souri and the Lower Yellowstone. In the northern portion of the basin,
these deposits reach a thickness of 300 to 600 feet, and must be of the
later Pliocene era and even extending down to the present tine. The two
lakes were then connected, although probably never completely united.
The belt of mountains that separated them was about four miles in
width. I have estimated that, since the period of volcanic activity, the
depth of the lake has been about 500 feet greater than at present, the
shore-lines being then high upon the side of the surrounding moun-
tains. During the time of the greatest volcanic action, the waters
must have covered the loftiest peaks; for many of them are composed
of the breccia or conglomerate in aregularly stratified condition. This
breccia surrounds the highest volcanic cones or nuclei, as Mounts
Doane, Stevenson, &c. The area occupied by the lake is now gradu-
ally but very slowly diminishing. Our course around the lake was

along the west side, from the outlet of the Yellowstone. Our purpose |

was to make a careful topographical and geological survey of the shore-
line, to note every bay or indentation, and every. little stream that
poured its waters from the surrounding mountains. Messrs. Elliott
and Carrington made a careful topographical and pictorial chart of the
shore-lines as well as the islands from our boat, so that it is hardly
possible for the work to have been made more complete. The imme-
diate lake shores are paved with the volcanic rocks which form the rim
that surrounds it. Fragments of obsidian prevail, but there are great
quantities of the breccia and trachyte also. The immediate rim of the
basin on the west side is marked by a peculiar series of step-like
ridges, which are not continuous for long distances, but appear to be
the result of slides. The surface waters from the snows have doubt-
less gradually undermined vast portions of the mountain sides, and
they have fallen down at different levels, leaving between the detached
mass and the parent mountain a depressed interval of greater or less
width, in which there is a meadow-marsh or small lake. These steps
or terraces are covered with a dense growth of pines; and even on
the sides of the mountains, which are so steep that it was impossi-
ble to ascend them with our animals, small groups of pines cling
to the thin soil. On account of the almost vertical sides of this

- >

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:

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. . 99

mountain, and the rounded form of the summit, it has received the
name of the EKlephant’s Back. Obsidian, volcanic breccia, and trachyte
constitute the varieties of rocks for the most part. The general
elevation is about 10,000 feet. There are no.streams of any size flow-
ing into the lake on the west side, and therefore there are no depres-
sions of any importance in the rim that would form passes over the
divide. It is around the lake and among the mountains that border it
that we encounter the most formidable impediments to traveling. The
autumnal fires sweep among the dense pine forests, and the winds then lay
them downinevery possible direction. Sometimes a perfect net-work, 6 feet
in height, is formed of these tall pines, which are 100 to 150 feet in length,
and it was with the utmost difficulty that we could thread our tortuous
way among them. We attached a pair of shafts
to the fore-wheels of one of our ambulances for
the odometer, and these were probably the first
wheels that ever were taken into this little-known
region. The labor of taking this single pair of
wheels over such a country was extremely great,
both for the man who managed them and the
animal that drew them. Sometimes this fallen
timber will extend from five to ten miles con-
tinuously. (ig. 33.) We adopted the plan of
making permanent camps at different points
around the lake while explorations of the country
in the vicinity were made. Our second camp
was pitched at the hot springs on the southwest
arm. This position
commanded one of
the finest views of
thelake and its sur-
roundings. While
the air was still,
searcely a ripple
could be seen on
the surface, and the
varied hues, from
the most vivid
ereen shading to
ultramarine, pre-
sented a picture
i that would have
stirred the enthu-
siasm of the most
fastidious artist.
Sometimes in the
latter portion of the
day a strong wind
would arise, arous: |
ing this calm sur-
iv face into waves like
hada A MPa eta ee the sea. Near our
ite } Me “i eae Sores camp there is a
TRAVELING IN THE YELLOWSTONE COUNTRY. thiek deposit of the
silica, which has been worn by the waves into a bluff wall 25 feet
high above the water. It must have originally extended far out
into the lake. The belt of springs at this place is about three miles

AN

MMR. SSG

a

100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

long and half a mile wide. The deposit now can be seen far ont in the
deeper portions of the lake, and the bubbles that arise to the surface in
various places indicate the presence at the orifice of a hot spring
beneath. Some of the funnel-shaped craters extend out so far into the
lake that the members of our party stood upon the silicious mound,
extended the rod into the deeper waters, and caught the trout and
cooked them in the boiling spring without removing them from the
hook. These orifices, or chimneys, have no connection with the waters
of the lake. The hot fumes comimg up through fissures extending down
toward the interior of the earth are confined within the walls of the
orifice, which are mostly cireular
and beautifully lined with delicate
porcelain. Figure 34 exhibits.a
fine cross-section of one of these

eae

=~== funnel-shaped basins. Wherever

amen oe ee .
SS wines
33

the heated water issues from ori-
fices at the bottom of the lake the
temperature is changed. The
deposit of silica along the shore
has been built up in extremely
thin layers, or lamine, never more
than the sixteenth of an inch in
thickness. The shore, for several
yards in width, is covered to a
Ya SY considerable thickness with the
SECTION OF LARGE SPRING, YELLOWSTONE LAKE. disintegrated silica, so that in
walking over, it seems like treading on the broken fragments of washed
shells along the sea-shore. Much of the débris has been cemented
together, so that there are large masses scattered around, like the
Florida coquina. Lam
The question will arise as to the time that must have elapsed during
the deposition of this thick bed of silica. We may take the position
that no new groups of springs break out, or have done so in modern
times. Isolated springs connected with groups may form new openings,
however. We may, therefore, start from the period of the cessation of
the voleanic forces of this region, and trace the history down to the
present time. Very numerous groups have gone through with their
period of activity, and now nothing but a mass of ruins is left. It is
quite possible that this group mani-
fested its greatest power when the
lake extended all over the belt. The
waters of the lake have undoubtedly
receded from the area occupied by
‘this belt of springs within a compara-
tively recent period. We may say that
the deposition of the beds, so faras -
is shown by any evidence we can g
gather at this time, has probably oe-
cupied one or two thousand years.
The springs of this group are very
numerous, of great variety and inter-
est, but there are no true geysers.
Some of these are what I would call
pulsating springs; that is, the water
rises and falls in the orifice with great reoeularity once in two or three
seconds. There are also a great number of mud-springs high up on the

MUD PUFF,- YELLOWSTONE RIVER.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 101

bank, where the orifice comes up, a considerable distance, through the
soft superficial clays. The constant thud may be heard at our camp night
‘and day from half a dozen of these mud-puffs. (Fig. 35.) They have built
up a large number of small circular mounds about 2 feet high. These
springs do not differ essentially from the others which have been described.
There are some two hundred or three hundred in all, of all sizes, and of
variable temperatures. Some of them are 50 feet in diameter, and when
sounded with a lead showed a depth of 40 to 50 feet. One of them was as
clear as crystal, and the funnel-shaped basin was 45 feet in depth. So
clear was the water that the smallest object could be seen on the sides of
the basin, so that, as the breeze swept across the surface, the ultramarine
hue of the transparent depth in the bright sunlight was the most daz-
zlingly beautiful sight I have ever beheld. There were a number of
these large clear springs, but not more than two or three that exhib-
ited all those brilliant shades, from deep-sea green to ultramarine, in
the sunlight. The surface in some places is covered with a most singu-
lar substance, which seems to have been precipitated by the overflow of
' the springs; it is very prettily variegated, every shade of green, yellow,
or pink and rose color, but not as vivid as in some other localities.
The deposit is about two inches in thickness, and breaks easily; it
Seems to the touch like jelly; it is largely vegetable, without doubt
composed of diatoms.

Underneath this silicious deposit, and along the shore of the lake on
either side of this group of springs, are fine exposures of the strata of
the modern lake deposit which I have so often alluded to. Sandstones,
pudding-stones, and indurated clays, all formed of decomposed vol-
canic rocks, present fine exposures. They extend high up on the bor-
ders of the lake. Within half a mile of this camp there is a smal!
lake, hidden among the dense forests, about a mile in length, and half
a mile wide, and perhaps 30 or 40 feet higher than the main lake. It
seems to occupy a depression, and, though entirely isolated at present,
was once, no doubt, a portion of the great lake. I believe that the
rivers and lakes, large and small, which are distributed among the
dense forests around the lakes, are simply fragments, that have been
eut off by the decrease of the area occupied by the old lake basin.
There are a few hot springs near Heart Lake, one of which is a moder-
ate-sized geyser, but the group is not one of much importance.

CHAPTER VI.

FROM YELLOWSTONE LAKE TO THE GEYSER BASINS OF FIRE-HOLE
RIVER, AND RETURN.

On the morning of July 31, I detailed a small party from our camp on
the northwest shore of the lake to make the examination of the far-
famed geyser basin of the Fire-Hole River. Mr. Schonborn, topographer,
Mr. Elliott, artist, and Dr. Peale, mineralogist, accompanied me. We
took a southwesterly course, intending to strike some of the branches
of the Madison, and follow them down until we came to the springs.
Having no guide, we became involved in the net-work of fallen timber,
which at times threatened to obstruct our passage altogether. We
traveled thirty-one and one-half miles that day, and at least twelve of
them were among the fallen pines, where we were obliged to wind our
way wherever we could find the prostrate trees low enough for our

Compiled and drawn by E.Mergesheumer fromm
hidd notes and sketch as al'A Schonborn &H, Ww. flliolt,

Le inig ».
Ley) ih Uris

Department. ot the Interior

; G ie i U.S.Geological Survey of the Territories
Approximate Latitude of Park Pi. 44°23" :
“ Longitude . na LOWZ 07

YELLOWSTONE LAKE

WYOMING TERRITORY

. Miles

Surveyed by the Party in cliargre of:

Fv. HAYDEN

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102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

mules to pass over them. Now and then we would come out into an
cpen glade, and start on at a brisk pace with fresh hope, when we
would come again to a belt of this remarkable net-work of fallen pines.
In all our journey we found but two kinds of rock, the black obsidian
and the usual trachyte. At one point, soon after leaving camp, we
found a most singular natural bridge of the trachyte, which gives
passage to a small stream, which we called Bridge Creek. There
is barely room across it for a trail about two feet wide, which is
used only by herds of elk that are passing daily. The descent on
either side is so great that a fall from it would be fatal to man or beast.
Every few minutes we met witha group of dead or dying springs; very
few of them contain water at the present time, but steam was issuing
from hundreds of vents. There was one locality where the deposit coy-
ered several acres that presented a most attractive picture. The entire
area was thickly covered with conical mounds of various sizes, ranging
in diameter from a few inches to a hundred feet or more, and these cones,
or hillocks, were full of orifices from which steam was issuing. All
these little chimneys, or orifices, were lined with the most brilliant erys-
tals of sulphur, and, when the heated crust was removed, we found the
under side adorned in the same manner. The basis of the deposit was
silica, as white as snow; but it was variegated with every shade of yel-
low from sulphur, and with scarlet or rose color from oxide of iron. In
the distant view the appearance of the whole country may be not un-
aptly compared to a vast lime-kiln in full operation. Most of the
country passed over has been washed into rounded hills from 50 to 200
feet in height, composed of the whitish, yellow, pinkish clays and sands
of the modern lake deposits. This deposit seems to prevail, more or
less, all around the rim of the basin, reaching several hundred feet above
the present level of the lake. At another locality there was quite a
large stream of hot water, formed by the overflow of a group of springs.
One of the springs was constantly throwing up a column of water sey-
eral feet. In this deposit there was a large amount of calcareous mat-
ter, which is quite unusual in the Yellowstone Basin. We know, how;
ever, that there are patches of the Carboniferous limestone here and
there, remnants of the great series of strata that once covered the entire
region. There is no doubt that if sufficient time was given to explore
all the country about the sources of the Yellowstone, Missouri, and
Snake Rivers, great numbers of other groups of springs of greater or
less importance would be found, which, as yet, have never been seen by
humaneye. Fortunately for us, in our wanderings we struck the sources
of the East Fork of the Madison instead of those of the Fire-Hole, and,
in consequence, saw many fine springs and much interesting country
which would otherwise have escaped our attention.

Crossing the divide, we at once descended a steep declivity 1,000 feet
into a valley about ten miles below the extreme source of the East Fork,
and there camped for the night. The next morning, August 1, there
was a heavy frost and ice a sixteenth of an inch thick. The ther-
mometer frequently falls to 26° during the months of July, August, and
September. The East Fork, near the point where we struck if, is
about 30 feet wide and, on an average, 10 feet deep. The water flows
with great velocity, is quite warm, 60° to 70°, at one camp 789, and is
fed almost entirely by warm or hot springs. The entire valley, from its
source to its junction with the Madison, extending over an area twenty-
five miles long and an average of halfa mile in width, is covered with the
siliceous deposits of the hot springs, ancient or modern. The bed of the
Stream is lined with the white silica, and the valley itself looks like an

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 103

alkali flat. The springs which issue from the base of the mountains on
either side cause the bottom to be marshy or boggy, in many places
rendering the traveling difficult. The plateau ridges which wall the
valley in on either side rise to the height of 1,000 to 1,200 feet, and are
covered with a dense growth of pines, not large, seldom more than 24
to 30 inches in diameter, averaging not more than 10 inches, but rising
as straight as an arrow to the height of 100 to 150 feet, and growing
so thickly together thatit was with great difficulty we could pass among
them with our pack-animals.

Among the foot-hills on the south side of the East Fork, about two
miles above our camp, we found quite an interesting group of springs
in a more or less active state. The basis material of the deposit is the
silica, snowy white; but here and there, are quite extensive deposits of
sulphur. All the steam vents are lined with sulphur, and the little
streams which flow along the valley with the aggregated waters are lined
with the silica, or tinged with the most delicate cream color. There are
perhaps thirty or forty springs in this group. I will note a few of them:
1. A sulphur spring, 128°. 2. Boiling spring with a circular basin 5 feet
in diameter, 172°. 3. Animpulsive spring that rises and falls about once
a second with a jerking noise, 192°. 4. Throws out quite a stream
of water, 12 inches wide and 2 inches deep; the basin and channel
are most delicately lined with sulphur, 182°. 5. A boiling sulphur
spring, 189°. 6. A boiling spring, 199°. 7. 183°. There are a great
number of steam vents with the orifices lined with sulphur. Underneath
the crust also are found crystals of sulphur of a vivid yellow. We were
not able to explore this stream to its source in the high plateau, but
there are undoubtedly many of these groups of springs which we did
not see. We followed the valley down to the Fire-Hole Basin, about six
miles, and found scattering springs all the way. At one point we found
the temperature of the water of the creek 769. It wasremarkably clear,
but it was insipid, like ordinary water that has been boiled. But the
abundance as well as the luxuriance of the vegetation in and around the
stream was almost marvelous. .
~ About two miles below our first camp, we passed a pretty little stream
flowing down from the hills, with the channel lined with a delicate veil
of creamy sulphur. We followed it up the valley a half a mile and came
to another group of springs similar to those just described. There
were a number of steam vents, with the same variety of delicate linings
and shades of coloring. In
some of the springs iron pre-
dominates over the. sulphur,
and to these we gave the name
of Iron Springs. In others
the sulphur is in excess, and
those we ealled Sulphur
Springs. We passed springs
of various kinds and temper-
ature every few yards, on either
side of the creek ; some depos-
ited great quantities of iron,
others sulphur, but most of
them large quantities of both. Tawa ma
The grades of coloring are as varied, though not as vivid. The basins of
the springs are of a great variety of shapes; the tendency, however, is
to a circular form. The basin of one spring is funnel-shaped, circular, 5

feet in diameter, the water as clear as crystal, and 30 feet in depth. 2.

Fie: 6g:

LOWER FIRE-HOLE BASIN.

104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

With a funnel 24 feet in diameter, circular, tapering down to four inches
in diameter, with the sides lined with a delicate white enamel, like por-
celain, a most beautiful spring, 170°. 3. Oblong basin 5 by 15 feet, 158°,
clear water, unknown depth. 4. Mud-spring, 12 inches in diameter,
babbling like mush, 190°. (Fig. 56.) There are many more which le
along the margin of the stream, the raised craters dotting the surface in
many places. Some of them have a temperature as low as 112°, 1169,
125°, and yet are constantly but slightly agitated by the bubbles rising
to the surface, so that they might be classed as bubbling springs. Our
second camp, on the East Fork, August 2 and 3, comes within the
limit of the chart of the Lower Geyser Basin, just below the thickest
group on the south side of the same stream.

Early in the morning of the 3d, we commenced thesurvey of the group
of springs near our camp. In the description of the springs of this
entire basin, I will refer to the chart, and the course of our examina-
tions may be traced with greatease. We described briefly each spring,
ascertained its temperature, and located it topographically. In the
morning the steam ascends from over a hundred orifices, reminding one
at once of Mr. Langford’s comparison of a factory village.

I will here give short specific descriptions of the most important and
characteristic springs of this group, and then pass on to the Fire-Hole
Valley. 1. Clear water, bubbling, basin 8 feet in diameter, 4 feet
deep, silica, iron, and some sulphur, 125°. 2. Bubbling up slightly, 4
feet in diameter, 6 feet deep, no rim, 112°. 3. Silica and iron very
abundant, 189°. 4. Bubbling most beautifully, basin 2 by 3 feet, with
small steam orifices all around, extensive overflow of water, 176°. 5.
Small but elegantly ornamented, 12 by 18 inches, silica and iron,
with green vegetable matter. 6. Beautifully scalloped orifice or funnel,
2 by 3 feet, the thin siliceous shell or crust projects over*the funnel
all around. 7. A large and beautiful spring, circular, 15 feet in diame-
ter, 5 feet deep, with a thick deposit of iron all around the sides of the
basin and on the surface where the surplus water flows, 125°. 8. Two
springs near together, 142° and 154°, with much iron, with beautiful
rim, 6 feet in diameter, with funnel-shaped orifices; second one with
basin 10 by 15 feet, 10 feet deep, water clear as crystal. 9. Orifice
runs straight down to an unknown depth, 4 feet in diameter, 169°.
Leaves of trees in the basin are frosted ail over with silica as white as
snow. The delicate bead-like embroidery over the inner surface of the
basin, as seen through the clear waters, is a marvel of beauty. 10. A
scolloped rim, much ornamented, 197°, a kind of spouting geyser; the
water rises up in the orifice, boils violently for a few moments, and then
sinks down again. 11. Continually throws up its contents 6 to 12 inches,
192°. 12. Boils with a suppressed gurgle, boiling up about 4 inches,
shoots up at times 6 to 10 inches, a small locomotive spring. 13. The
most beautiful of all in this group, 128°, main basin 10 by 15 feet, water
marvelously transparent, of a most delicate blue. As the surface is
stirred by the passing breeze, all the colors of the prism are shown,
literally a series of rainbows. We called the most delicately colored
springs, Prismatic Springs. In the basin yet to be described, are several
of these prismatic springs of marvelous beauty, and the striking vivid-
ness of the colors, Lieutenant Doane has aptly likened to the stage
representations of ** Alladin’s Cave,” and the *‘ House of the Dragon Fly.”
I was at once reminded of the wonderful coloring produced on the stage
at one of the modern spectacular exhibitions, but nothing ever con-
ceived by human art could equal the peculiar vividness and delicacy
vi coloring of these remarkable prismatic springs. The inner sides are

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TRERITORIES

LOWER GEYSER BASIN
FIRE HOLE RIVER ~
WYOMING TERRITORY
Surveyed hy che Party in charge of
FY HAY DEN
US Geologist
1p71

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ASchonborn by K.itergesheimer

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 105

covered with the snow-white silica, which in the beauty and complete-
ness of the ornamentation surpasses the most intricate embroidery or
frost-work. About a mile south of the East Fork, on the head of
a little stream that flows into the Fire-Hole River, i is another of these
beautiful prismatic springs, which we called the Rainbow Springs.
A thin delicately ornamental rim of silica surrounds a basin 6 feet in
diameter, filled to the margin with perfectly clear water, and as the morn-
ing sunlight falls upon it, it reflects all the colors of the prism, 156°.
Before leaving the group on the Kast Fork I will allude to a few more
that present some peculiarities. One spring keeps up an irregular spout-
ing. It commences quite strong and violent for about a minute, throw-
ing the water up about two feet, then it recedes into its crater with a
kind of cavernous gurgle,: 193°. Another small geyser operates con-
stantly with a kind of subdued gurgle, 178°. Another gives forth a sup-
pressed, low, continuous gurgle, like that of a kettle of boiling mush,
195°. Not unfrequently there are three, and even five orifices in a sin ale
basin, totally unconnected with each other. Sometimes one of them
will be perfectly quiescent while the others are in operation, and some-
times all are going at thesametime. Sometimes a dead or dying spring
will be in close proximity to an active geyser, or a calm spring, with a
temperature of 180° or 185°. Those springs that have a temperature
of 186° and upward, present the delicate bead or frost work of silica on the
inner sides of the basin, but when it is diminished to 1509, or below, a
thick coating of iron is deposited. Many of the old springs have much
the appearance of huge tan-vats. In some of the basins the leathery
lining of the sides becomes torn into fragments, which wave to and fro at
every movement of the waters. These leathery masses, which are per-
fectly fragile in texture, like pulp in the water, become hard like pieces
of bark when dry, and are blown about by the wind. It is probably
- composed of diatoms aggregated together, as the vegetable scum upon
a stagnant pool and covered, and perhaps the texture filled, with the
particles of oxide of iron. Between the East Fork and the Fire-Hole
Branch, a tongue or ridge extends down for a short distance from the
main range, composed mostly of a gray or yellowish-gray siliceous ma-
terial; evidently an old hot-spring deposit. The trachytic basalt also
crops out here and there, and, up in the higher portions of the mountains,

Fig. 37.

CRATER OF THUD GEYSER IN LOWER FIRE-HOLE IMMEDIATALY AFTER ERUPTION, LOWER GEYSER BASIN.

prevails altogether. The broken hills that make up this ridge show,
however, that the history of these springs dates far back to the period
of volcanic activity, for the spring-deposits—conglomerates, volcanic
breccia, and trachyte—are all mingled together. High up in the hills, on
the south side of the ridge, are a few springs, which, in the early morn-
ing, send up large columns of steam.

We then passed over an area of .a mile in width, covered with a

106 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

white crust, with a few scattered springs, mostly dead. The first
group does not differ materially from those described on the East Fork.

The aggregated waters form a little stream, which flows westward into

Fig. 38.

iY
i |
ait

FOUNTAIN GEYSER, LOWER FIRE-HOLE,

a small lake in a
grove of pines;
thence southwest
into the Fire-Hole

River. (Fig. 37.) _

One of the springs
we named the
Thumping or Thud
Geyser, from the
dull, suppressed
sound whichis given
off as the waterrises
and recedes. The
orifice has a beauti-
fully scalloped rim,
with small basins
around it, 185°.
There is also a long
fissure-spring, the
opening 40 feet long,
4 feet wide, and 10
feet deep, clear as
crystal, 175°. Also
a large basin nearly
circular, 50 feet in
diameter, with a
number of huge
apertures, some of
which throw the wa-
ter up 30 feet. From
one orifice the water
shoots up continu-
ally 4 to 6 feet. All
around this geyser-
gToup are several
smaller springs con-
tinually bubbling.
There are also a
number of reser:
voirs once in an act-
ive state. There are
large numbers of
small geysers, some
constantly shooting
up 2 to 10 feet; oth-
ers ina violent state
of ebullition, rising
and falling; the lat-
ter might be called
pulsating springs.
There is one beauti-

t it looks like asmall lake, 25 by 30

teet, and one can look from the margin down into its clear depths for over

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 107

30 feet and behold a fairy-like palace, adorned with more brilliant
colors and decorations than any structure made by human hands.

South of the Thud wry |
Geyser, as laid
down on thechart,
there is one large
basin, 150 feet in
diameter, with a
crater within the
rim 25 feet in di-
ameter. From this
inner orifice the
entire mass of wa-
ter is thrown up
30 to 60 feet, fall-
ing back into it, in
detached _ glob-
ules, like silver.
There is a rim
around the inner
crater 3 feet high.
The vast column
of water as it
shoots up, spreads
out in falling back,
likea natural foun-
tain, so that it
overflowsthe inner
rim for a radius of
10 feet. (Fig. 38.)
A short distance
south of the Foun-
tain Geyser is one
of the most re-
markable mud-
pots in the Fire-
Hole Valley. (Fig.
39.) The diameter
within the rim is
40 by 60 feet, and
forms a vast mor-
tar-bed of the fin-
est material. The
surface is covered
with large puffs,
and as each one
bursts the mud
spirts upward sev-
eral feet with a
suppressed thud.
The mud is an im-
palpable, siliceous
clay, fine enough,
it would seem, for
the manufacture of the choicest ware. The colors are of every shade,
from the purest white to a bright, rich pink. The surface is covered

Any a ~e

SS ee

Saand Gaw

“HA TOH-HuNIA AAMOT

ae S
I S3 Gems 5 —

Sr

Seine

Lees
— ..

==

108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

with twenty or thirty of these puffs, which are bursting each second,
tossing the mud in every direction on to the broad rounded rim. There
are several other mud-puffs in the vicinity, but they do not differ ma-
terially from the last, except in size. Within a few feet of the mud-
spring, there is a large clear spring, 40 by 60 feet, with perhaps fifty cen-
ters of ebullition, filled with the rusty leathery deposit, and all around
the basin where the waters overflow there is an extensive deposit of the

iron. The temperature is

140°. About one-fourth

of a mile west of the large

mud-pots are some exten-

Sive fissure-springs, one of

them 100 feet long and of

variable width, 4 to 10

feet. These appear to be

merely openings in the
- crust or deposit which
covers the entire surface.
Quite a large stream flows
from this spring. Many
of the springs seem to re-
main full to the rim of the
crater, and are in a con-
tinual state of greater or
less ebullition, and yet no
water flows from them.
Others discharge great
quantities. The aggregate ©
of the surplus water usu-
ally forms a good sized
stream, as is shown on the
map. In this group are a
few springs that have pre-
cipitated a small amount of
sulphur, the first observed
in the Fire-Hole Valley.
(Fig. 40.) Silica and iron
seem to be the dominant
constituent in nearly all
the deposits. There are
numerous springs that de-
posit a curious black sed-
iment like fine gun-pow-
der, and send forth a very
disagreeable odor. On
the southeast side of the
basin, it will be seen by
reference to the chart, that
there is a long group of
springs extending high up
into the mountains. Thisis a mostinteresting group, and many of them
are of the largest size. There are not many geysers, and none of the
first class, yet nearly all of them are in a more or less intense state of
ebullition, shooting up a column of water varying from a few inches to
8 or 10 feet. Many of them are surrounded with a deposit tinged with
the brightest of pink and rose tints from the oxide of iron. Theaggre-

owe!

We
fs
(,

Ay

UPPER GEYSER BASIN

Fig. 40.

7
E- Es
iw ae A

OVERFLOW DOWN RAVINE FROM STEADY GEYSER,

109

SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

; each step or ter-

In one of the

GEOLOGICAL
ers leave the little lake, and flow down with considerable
ward the Fire-Hole, by steps or terraces

a pool with its beautiful scalloped rim, from the notched

race forms

gated wat
rapidity to

ff ; 0 <4
: 4 y,
Fi = kooad 4 i
- : ‘ { I Uf,
F eat? ‘ . : % hi %
_ . ‘ a Q - x B YAS
5 . EO ws * y J Fea fh
i . Nog We Kk Ne : . UWA Bee
i S ba Ny ep, . tbe \
he i st; <~
=< - = NEYO J: 3 ud —! ei) Naa
ayaa ‘ = . Ky BARS
way ; “s A pate ‘
= mh A
~ q
af ° ee ~}

=

SESS?
ot a
ARCHITECTURAL FOUNTAIN, LOWER GEYSER BASIN.

the water was filled with a plant with a yellowish-pink base, bordered

streams, the channel of which is about two feet wide and one foot deep,
with a very fine green silky fringe, and these fringes, or cilia, were per-

edges of which the water flows on to successive terraces.

110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

petually vibrating with the flowing waters. Except that they were a
rich vegetable green, these fringes had the form and texture of the
finest cashmere wool. The luxuriant growth of vegetation in and

along the borders of these little streams was a wonder of beauty.

The whole view was there superior to anything of the kind I had
seen. In this group greatly is one cone with the.top broken off, 18
inches high, 4 feet in diameter, with an aperature at the top 18
inches in diameter, in a -constant state of ebullition. From the

form of the crater

we called this the

Bee-Hiye. In the
' lower basin there
are very few ofthe
raised craters,
but mostly coni-
cal, funnel-shaped
basins, with rims
of various forms.
The majority of
them are circular
or nearly so. All
around the Bee-
Hive for several
feet the surface is
ornamented with
pearly tubercles of

LOWER GEYSER BASIN.

size of a pea to
; three inches in di-
pl ameter. The val-
ley is filled with
springs up to its
very source, and
those springs
which burst from
NI a the mountain side
Mi iY b git 800 feet above the
a Ni | | | ie 4 sea have tempera-

|

Ni ated
SNS Rate ibe S|}
weet: AEE 2S

ales Lh SRN 7
pas 7 jj 2. eee ASE | /
SS) Nena i

SAT int t

Rasy AY!

:

Ss Ne ‘ f ‘
fo Pata

ee fiat
ui )

' ‘

WHITE DOME,

of 166°, 175°, and

See acess! §=6180°. On thesouth |

rite side of the canon,

CG, 7 A eS flowing down the
Zoo ail FE. almostvertical side
a MUN of the mountain,
Sill there was a little
cool spring so imbedded in its bright green carpet of moss that it
could hardly be seen. With great difficulty we managed to climb up
the mountain side, and, clearing away the moss, obtained the first
water that we could drink for eight hours. In all of our examination
during the day we had not found a drop of water of sufficiently low
temperature to take into our mouths, though there were hundreds
of the most beautiful springs all around us. We were like Coleridge’s
mariner in the great ocean, ‘‘ Water, water everywhere, but not a drop
to drink.” There is every variety of form here to the basins of the
springs. One is a fine boiling spring with a nearly circular rim 5 by

silica, from the-

tures respectively |

ee eee eee -

ee ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Tefal:

8 feet, running straight down beyond the reach of vision. Another
is funnel-shaped, tapering down to a mere aperture, with the thin
-sealloped rim projecting over the water all around for several inches.
Some have no water flowing from them; others send forth a stream
two feet wide and six inches deep. ‘These springs vary in temperature
all the way from. 197° to 140°. About half of the springs were not
considered worthy of attention and are not located on the chart. In
the lower portions of this group,-there is one of the handsomest foun-

=

———

S———

SS =

—

——
SS

—S

SS
a

= SS
=.
Ss

SS

‘HIOH-AYIA MAMOT'NASATD AGVALS
SRouvoeaes ile sY

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4) exe
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od Oh
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Ke
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is
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SRY
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ia
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Pe

tain-springs. The basin is most elegantly scalloped, nearly circular,
25 feet in diameter, with vertical sides to an unknown depth. The
entire mass of the water is at times most violently agitated, and, over-

flowing the sides of the basin, passes off in a kind of terrace pools or
reservoirs to the main stream, producing a system of architecture out
of silica similar to that of the calcareous springs on Gardiner’s River.
(Fig. 41.) The gay colors, from bright pink to delicate rose, are well
Shown. Near this fountain is one of the elevated craters, which we

112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

called the White Dome Geyser. (Fig. 42.) The broad mound is 15 feet
high, and upon this is a chimney about 20 feet in height. The steam
issues steadily from the top like a high-pressure engine.

Early in the morning of August 30, the valley was literally filled with
columns of steam, ascending from more than a'thousand vents. I can
compare the view to nothing but that of some manufacturing city like
Pittsburgh, as seen from a high point, except that instead of the black
coal smoke, there are here the white delicate clouds of steam. (Fig. 43.)
Small groups or solitary springs that are scattered everywhere in the
woods, upon the mountain-sides, and which would otherwise have
escaped observation, are detected by the columns of steam. It is evi-
dent that some of these groups of springs have changed their base of
operations within acomparatively recent period; for aboutmidway on the
east side of the lower basin there is a large area covered with a thick,
apparently modern, deposit of the silica, as white as snow, while stand-
ing quite thickly all around are the dead pines, which appear to have
been destroyed by the excessive overflow of the water and the increased
deposition. These dry trees have a most desolate look; many of them
have fallen down and are incrusted with the silica, while portions that
have fallen into the boiling springs have been reduced to a pulp. This
seems to be one of the conditions of silicification, for when these pulpy
masses of wood are permitted to dry by the cessation of the springs, the
most perfect specimens of petrified wood aretheresult. In one instance
a green pine-tree had fallen so as to immerse its thick top in a large hot
basin, and leaves, twigs, and cones had become completely inerusted with
the white silica, and a por-
tion had entered into the cel-
lular structure, so that when
removed fromthe water, and
dried in the sun, very fair
specimens were obtained.
Members of my party ob-
tained specimens of pine
cones that were sufficiently
silicified to be packed away
among the collections.

In order that we might get
a complete view of the
Lower Geyser Basin, from
some high point, we madea
trip to the summit of Twin
Buttes, on the west side of
the basin. From the top
of one of these buttes, which

ee ie ee is 630 feet above the Fire-
Hole River, we obtained a bird’s-eye view of the entire lower por-
tion of the valley, which was estimated.to be about twenty miles long
and five miles wide. To the westward, among the mountains, were a
number of little lakes, which were covered with a huge species of water-
lily, Nuphar advena. The little streams precipitated their waters in the
most picturesque cascades orfalls. One of them was named by Colonel
Barlow the Fairy Fall, from the graceful beauty with which the Jittle
stream dropped down a clear descent of 250 feet. It is only froma high
point that it ean be seen, for the water falls gently down from the lofty
overhanging cliff into a basin at the foot, which is surrounded by a
line of tall pines 100 to 150 feetin height. The continual flow of the

Fig. 44.

is ae

See we

A

‘IH

!
My

|My,

*

. 1 : as ee pe

WT . a * *
Uf a Wy ¥* sac Es “ Yi
ANWe 34 “ey . 4 +\
Anat ioe X ae TA

° ‘
Rutten 4

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 113

waters of this little fountain has worn a deep channel or furrow into
the vertical sides of the mountain. The Twin Buttes are two conical
mountains, partially separated from the main range, and on the sum-
mit, a few vents are sending forth their columns of steam. As far as
the eye can reach, can be seen the peculiar plateau mountain ranges,
black with the dense forests of pine, averaging from 9,000 to 10,000
feet above sea-level. On the west side of the Fire-Hole, near its mar-
gin, are four small lakes with quiet surfaces, with water as blue as the
sky. One of them is about half a mile in length. The waters are
cold at the present time, but the basins present the appearance of having
been enormous hot springs at some period in the past. From our camp
on the main branch that enters the Fire-Hole at the upper end of
the lower group of springs on the borders of the rim, we made our
examinations down the stream, descending the east side and return-
ing on the opposite Fig.45. ¢

side, and then passing
-up the west branch,
noting all the springs
of importance, taking
the temperatures, and
securing brief descrip-
tions of their peculi-
arities. Most of them
do not differ materi-
ally from those already
described, so that I
shall notice only the
most important. The
numbers of the vents
can be understood by
‘reference to the chart,
although many of the
less important and
dead springs are omit-
ted. The first one we
shall notice is located RIYERSIDE GEYSER, UPPER GEYSER BASIN».

on the right branch of the river, and from the triangular shape of its basin,.
8 by 10 feet, we named it the ‘“‘Conch Spring.” All along the margins
of the river hundreds of springs, which we could not note, but which
aid in swelling the volume of the stream, issue from beneath the siliceous
crust. <A little below the Conch Spring, on the very margin of the
river, there is a fine geyser, which has built for itself a crater three feet
high, with a shell a foot thick. The inside of the crater is about six
feet in diameter, and the entire mass of water is in a constant state
of agitation. Sometimes it will boil up so violently as to throw the
entire mass up four feet, and then die down so as to boil like a caldron.
Indeed, the whole process might be imitated by subjecting a caldron
of water to continuous and excessive heat. The water is perfectly clear,
and the overflow forms a stream six inches wide and two inches deep,
passing down the sides of the crater and thence into the river along the
most exquisitely decorated channel. The entire surface of the crater is
covered with pearl-like beads, formed by the spray of the waters. A
section of the crater shows it to have been built up very slowly, in. very
thin lamine. Another spring, with a crater like a horn, about a foot
in diameter at the top and six feet at the base, we called the Horn
Geyser. It isin a constant state of ebullition, with the same ornamenta

8G8

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES

UPPER GEYSER BASIN
FIRE HOLE RIVER

WYOMING TERRITORY

ienidinn

faguetie Me

Me

Surveyed by the Party in charge of
F.V. HAYDEN
U.S. Geologist

187%

Compiled tad drawn from field nots and sketchon
of ASchinborn byE Hergesheimer

Scale of Feet.

Riverside 8S
: Ne
bie, nen MANNA yy }
Pini
Wy LA LY HIM
SY HN
Baa
Yy H i Wy

nA

Maiden
PAY Mie

oe »

PHS ny Mule oF ox E “ .
ISIAH 99, , Carns Re Na as asi 30) ‘
: ; . we foes ; : Z es tay

ANN
wo

Abbreviations
S for Sporting, # tor Boiling, M. for Mug
G for Geyser

.

WSs
USANA RNS

a

114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tions as the one just described. A spring on a level with the river has
an enormous square basin, 30 feet across, of unknown depth. We called
this the Bath Spring. A little below is another singular form of won-
derful beauty. The water issues from beneath the crust near the mar-
gin of the river from several apertures. The basin itself is 15 by 20
feet and 20 feet deep. It seemed to me that nothing could exceed the
transparent clearness of the water. The slightest object was reflected
in its clear depths, and the bright blue tints were indescribable. We
called this the Cavern. The mud springs are also numerous and im-
portant in this group. As usual, they are of all sizes, from an inch or
two to 20 or 30 feet in diameter, with contents varying from mere turbid
water to stiff mud. They seldom have’any visible outlet, but are in a
constant state of agitation, with a sound which varies with the consist-
ency of the contents. There are several of the mud-pots which give
off a suppressed thud as the gases burst their way through the stiff
mortar. Sometimes the mortar is as white as snow, or brown, or tinged
with a variety of vivid colors. One mud-spring, located in the woods
near a small lake on the east side of the Fire-Hole, has a basin 30 by 40
feet, with sides 15 feet high, in constant action, frequently hurling the
mud outside of the rim. All around it are a number of little vents,
which keep up a simmering noise, some of which have built up little
cones 4 to 12 inches high, which have in many cases closed themselves
up at the top and ceased. On removing the cone, we found the inner
sides lined with the delicate crystals of sulphur. The last stage of these
springs, in many cases, Seems to be a steam-vent, at which time the
sulphur is deposited. On the west side of the Fire-Hole, and along the
little branch that flows into it from the west, are numbers of springs of
all grades, and the broad bottom is covered with a snow-white siliceous
crust. Near the base of the mountains, there is a massive, first-class
boiling spring, in a constant state of violent agitation, sending forth
great columns of steam, with a singular toad-stool rim. There are some
springs around which the siliceous deposits have assumed a form like
the toad-stool fungus. It flows out from beneath a bill 150 feet high,
composed of a kind of stratified cement, which was certainly deposited
in the lake when these hot springs were in active operation. It is
undoubtedly formed of volcanic ejectamenta mingled with the deposits
from the hot springs; 196°. ‘There are some that might be called spas-
modic springs. There is one massive spring, with a most beautifully
scalloped rim 15 by 20 feet, which is always agitated, but occasionally
shoots up several feet with great violence; 196°. About three miles up
the Fire-Hole we meet with a small but quite interesting group of springs
on both sides of the stream. There is a vast accumulation of silica, form-
ing a hill 50 feet along the level of the river; upon the summit is one of
the Jargest springs yet seen, nearly circular, 150 feet in diameter, boils up
in the center, but overflows with such uniformity on all sides as to admit
of the formation of no real rim, but forming a succession of little orna-
mental steps, from one to three inches in height, just as water would
congeal from cold in flowing down a gentle declivity. There was the
same transparent clearness, the same brilliancy of coloring to the waters,
but the hot steam and the thinness of the rim prevented me from ap-
proaching it near enough to ascertain its temperature or observe its
depth, except at one edge, where it was 180°. It is certainly one of the
grandest hot springs ever seen by human eye. (Fig. 46.) But the most for-
midable one of allis near the margin of the river. It seems to have broken
out close by the river, and to have continually enlarged its orifice by the
breaking down of its sides. It evidently commenced on the east side,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 115

and the continual wear of the under side of the crust on the west side
has caused the margin to fall in, until an aperture at least 250 feet in
diameter has been formed, with walls or sides 20 to 30 feet high, showing
the laminz of deposition perfectly. The water is intensely agitated all
the time, boiling like a caldron, from which a vast column of steam is
ever arising, filling the orifice. As the passing breeze sweeps it away
for a moment, one looks down into this terrible seething pit with terror.
All around the sides are large masses of the siliceous crust that have
fallen from the rim. An immense column of water flows out of this
ealdron into the river. Asit pours over the marginal slope, it descends
by numerous small channels, with a large number of smaller ones spread-
ing over a broad surface, and the marvelous beauty of the strikingly
vivid coloring far surpasses anything of the kind we have seen in this
land of wondrous beauty; every possible shade of color, from the
vivid scarlet to a bright rose, and every shade of yellow to delicate
cream, mingled with vivid green from minute vegetation. Some of the
channels were lined with a very fine, delicate yellow, silky material,
which vibrates at every movement of the waters. Mr. Thomas Moran,
the distinguished artist, obtained studies of these beautiful springs
and from his well-known reputation as a colorist, we look for a
painting that will convey some conception to the mind of the exqui-
site variety of colors around this spring. There was one most beau-
tifaul funnel-shaped spring, 20 feet in diameter at the top, but tapering

Fig. 46.

GREAT SPRING, FIRE-HOLE RIVER.

down, lined inside and outside with the most delicate decorations. Indeed,
to one looking down into its clear depths, it seemed like a fairy palace. The
same jelly-like substance or pulp to which I have before alluded, covers
a large area with the various shades of light-red and green. The sur-
face yields to the tread like a cushion. It is about two inches in thick-
ness, and although seldom so tenacious as to hold together, yet it
may be taken up in quite large masses, and when it becomes dry
it is blown about by the wind like fragments of variegated lichens.

At the upper end of the lower district are three immense boiling
springs on the east margin of the river, and on the opposite side are
two or three more, and then comes a long interval of two or three
miles which is entirely free from springs, until we reach the upper
basin. The immediate valley is covered with old siliceous deposits up
to the base of the hills on either side, showing that, although there are
no springs at this time, it was once the scene of great activity. The bot-
tom over which the river flows is paved with the old silica. The forest
grows close down to the margin of the river, and in one place the hills
of trachyte almost close in the valley. High up on either side are walls

116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of trachyte apparently stratified and inclining 10° to 15° from the yal-
ley. The vegetation grows remarkably rank along the streams and in
the valley where the crust of silica does not prevent it. The perpetual
warmth caused by the proximity of the springs is undoubtedly very fa-
vorable to the growth of plants.
We camped the evening of August 5,in the middle of the Upper
Geyser Basin, in the midst of some of the grandest geysers in
Fig. 47. the world. Colonel Barlow and
Captain Heap, of the United
States Engineers, were camped
on the opposite side of the
Fire-Hole. Soon after reaching
camp a tremendous rumbling
was heard, shaking the ground
in every direction, and soon
a column of steam burst forth
from a crater near the edge of
the east side of the river. Fol-
, lowing the steam, arose, by a
' succession of impulses, a col-
_ umn of water, apparently 6 feet
in diameter, to the height of 200
feet, while the steam ascended
a thousand feet or more. It
would be difficult to describe the
intense excitement which atten-
ded such a display. It is prob-
able that if we could have re-
mained in the valley several
days, and become accustomed to
all the preliminary warnings, the
excitement would have ceased,
and we could have admired
calmly the marvelous ease and
beauty with which this column
of hot water was held up to that
great height for the space of
twenty minutes. After the dis-
play is over the water settles
down in the basin several inches
and the temperature slowly falls
to 150°. We called this the
Grand Geyser, for its power
seemed greater than any other
of which we obtained any knowl.
edge in the valley. (Fig. 47.)
GRAND GEYSER. There are two orifices in one ba-
sin; one of them seemsto have no raised rim, and isa very modest-looking
spring in a state of quiescence, and no one would for a moment suspect
the power that was temporarily slumbering below. The orifice is oblong,
24 by 4 feet, while for the space of 10 feet in every direction around it
are rounded masses of silica, from a few inches to 3 feet in diameter,
looking like spongiform corals. Nothing could exceed the crystal clear-
ness of the water. This is the Grand Geyser. Within 20 feet of this
orifice is a Second one, of irregular quadrangular form, 15 by 25 feet;
the east side of the main outer rim of reservoir extended 20 feet beyond

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 117

the large orifice. The bottom of this great reservoir is covered with
thick spongiform masses, and in addition the rim is most elegantly
adorned with countless pearl-like beads, of all sizes. There are sev-
eral beautiful triangular reservoirs, 14 by 3 feet, set around the outer
sides of the rim, with numerous smaller ones, full of clear water, with

ade Suan Ate.

nethee —
— SS

Ae
=

—)

|
!

GRAND GEYSER, UPPER BASIN GEYSER, FIRE-HOLE RIVERe

hundreds of small depressions most beautifully sealloped. As we
recede from the rim, the waters as they pass slowly away produce, by
evaporation, broad shallow basins, with thin, elegantly colored partitions,
portions of which have the form of toad-stools. When the water set-
tles into these depressions, or flows away toward the river in nume-
rous small channels, the wonderful variety of coloring which is so
attractive to the eye is produced. The large orifice seems to be in a
state of violent agitation as often as once in twenty minutes, raising up
the entire mass of water 10 or 15 feet. It is never altogether quici.
Although these two orifices are within the same rinf, I could not ascertain
that there is the slightest connection with each other. When the large
orifice is much agitated it does not disturb the equanimity of the Grand
Geyser. They both operate perfectly independent of each other. Indeed,
I do not know that there is a connection between any of the springs in
the whole basin, though there may be in some rare eases. The Grand
Geyser operated twice while we were in the basin, with an interval of

118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

about thirty-two hours; of course, the displays could not be exactly
periodic, but it would be an interesting study to remain several
days and watch carefully the movements of such a power. Just
east of the Grand Geyser, as located on the chart, is a moderate-
sized geyser, with three smaller ones along the side of it, all playing
at the same time. From the larger one,a column of water is
constantly shot up 15 or 20 feet, with much the sound of the escape
Fi . of the steam from

2B os Be apipe. The orifice

Os ae is not more than 6

hale 9 ayaa ae . inches in diameter ;

Wie oy yee | but with the three

eae en smaller ones play-
24 ing at the same time
—.— a great commotion is
ee excited. Near this
SS ' little group are sey-
ae, eral large boiling
oD springs, which
; throw up the water
hi in the center 2 to

(Soe 4 / >>. : > =
a=Z7>,-~ 4 feet. These are

6) SE _ funnel-shaped, with
=- === orifices 6 inches to
“x 2 feet in diameter,
i in basins with near-
ly circular rims, 15

to 40 feet in diameter. About one-fourth of a mile northeast of the
castle, upon a mound about 30 feet above the river, built up with thin
lamin of silica, and rounded off, rise four chimneys of different sizes,
which are geysers, though perhaps not spouting extensively at this

CRATER FORMS, FIRE-HOLE BASIN.

time. One is 12 Fig. 50.

inches high, nearly on

circular, and 3 feet fre J, aS bia
. . 2 i. - / if / } .

in diameter; the re (fof) i, =

second is oblong,
4 by 6 feet, with
rather coarsely
scalloped margins,
with an aperture ie
about 15 inches in : Ss
diameter; the third : SSS
chimney is about —%&

3 feet high, 6 feet ae
at the base, with “=
an orifice nearly
quadrangular, 12
inches across, with THE BAT er

the spongiform masses inside, and covered all over with beautiful
pearly beads of silica on the outside; the fourth chimney rises 5 feet
above the mound, is 10 feet in diameter at the base, with an orifice
2 feet across, lined inside with the spongiform masses. This has been
at one time a first-class geyser, but is now fast going to decay, a beau-
tifal rim. The elegant bead-work on the margin and all the spongi-
form masses are now falling into pieces, forming great quantities of
débris around the base of the mound. There is also one boiling spring

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 119

of great esthetic beauty. The immediate orifice is nearly circular, and
beautifully scalloped around the margins, extends straight down, aud
the water rises within an inch or two of the scalloped margin. The
water is in a constant state of agitation, boiling up 2 feet at times.
The margin has a coating of bright cream-yellow, while all around the
surface there is the most delicate and intricate embroidering, surpassing
the most elaborate

lace-work. Surround-

ing the crater is an

outer reservoir 4 feet _,.,
wide, with a white and “—

reddish-yellow rim, =:
while in the bottom of =
the reservoir is the ee
variegated sediment :
which aids in giving <_<

such a wonderfully ==> <——
gay appearance to the = -==s..=

eG, SSS : ae

spring. A stream of =

D SSS 5
water flows from the
spring to the river, ——~————==._ FF] 2

and the channel is PUNCH BOWL, No. 1
lined for fifty yards with the variegated sediment. Near this is another
mound which rises, with laminated steps, about 6 feet. I called it the
_~Bath-Tub. (Fig. 50.) It has much the shape and size of our ordinary
bathing-tubs, 5 by 10 feet, beautifully scalloped around the inner margins
with the spongiform or cauliflower masses of silica inside, and the outer
Fig. 52. surface adorned with
the greatest profusion
of the pearly beads;
the water is constantly
boiling up 2 feet high,
though but a small
_. quantity flows from it.
.. There are numerous
saci Craters or chimneys
2->* which are well worthy
= of attention, similar to
those just described,
as the Punch Bowl and
Dental Cup. (Figs. 51
2s. and 52.)

pra
ie,
-_— a
Roe

Sih Se = On the summit of
OOM the great mound, is
a ae one of a class I have
DENTAL CUP. called central springs ;

it is located on the highest point of the mound, on which this great
group belongs; has a crater 20 feet in diameter, very nearly quiescent,
slightly bubbling, or boils near the center, with a thin elegant rim
projecting over the spring, with the water rising within a few inches of
the top. The continual but very moderate overtlow of this spring uni-
formly on every side, builds up slowly a broad-based mound, layer by
layer, one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch thick; looking down into
these springs, you seem to be gazing into fathomless depths, while
the bright blue of the waters is unequaled even by the sea. There

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

120

are a number of these marvelous central springs; they usually crown,
the summit of a mound, with projecting rims carved with an intricate

‘2 °ON ‘IMO

——- —

gu

a

HONAd

va
(

——

*

self is a marvel, and as ore ascends the mound and

loeks down into the wonderfully clear depths, the vision is unique. The

delicacy which of it

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 121

great beauty of the prismatic colors depends much on the sunlight, but
about the middle of the day, when the bright rays descend nearly verti-
cally, and aslight breeze just
makes a ripple on the surface,
the colors exceed comparison ;
when the surface is calm
there is one vast chaos of
colors, dancing, as it were, like
the colors of a kaleidoscope.
As seen through this marvelous }
play of colors, the decorations
on the sides of the basin are
lighted up with a wild, weird ©
beauty, which wafts one at once
into the landof enchantment;
allthe brilliant feats of fairies
and geniiin the Arabian Nights’
Entertainments are forgotten
in the actual presence of such
marvelous beauty; life becomes
a privilege and a blessing after
one has seen and thoroughly felt these incomparable types of nature’s
cunning skill. There is another geyser, which has a chimney 3 feet
high and 5 feet in diameter at the base, with an orifice 24 feet at the
top, lined with the spongiform silica inside, and on the outside adorned
with bead and shell work. There is a form of shell crystallization —
that reminds one of the artificial shell-work made with small thin
oyster-shells; the form of the chimney is like an old-fashioned bee-hive.
High up in the hills there is one lone spring 20 by 30 feet, with consider-
able flow, forming with the sediment a high mound 250 yards in diam-
eter; it is constantly boiling up in the center about 2 feet; it has the
prettily scalloped rim, and is 250 feet above the river. The group just
described is a most remarkable one, and I call attention to it on the
chart in which the Bee-Hive and Giantess are located.
, Pied se We will now pass to the op-
NE ows posite side of the river for a
moment, and examine the Cas-
tle and its surroundings. Upon
the mound on which the Castle
is located, there is one of the
most beautiful of the calm
springs, of which Mr. Jackson
secured an excellent photo-
eraph; it does not boil at all,
but the surface is kept in a con-
stant vibration; the spring has
a rim nearly circular, 25 by 30
feet; is somewhat funnel-
shaped, passing down to a
depth of 60 feet in water that
has an almost unnatural clear-
ness, toa small aperture, which
leads under the shell to an unknown depth; the rim slopes down on
the other side all around about 12 inches, 1 to 3 inches thick,
most elegantly scalloped, the under sides in leaves like a toad-stool;
the inner lining of the basin is a marvel of delicate tracery of pure

b Si Wy <egd—ier

——=—<

FUNGIFORM SILICA.

122 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

white silica; deep down in the sides of the basin are what appear
to be chambers, all finished off with the same delicate work. The
Castle receives its name from its resemblance to the ruins of an old
castle as one enters the valley from the east. The silica has crystallized
in immense globular masses, like cauliflowers or spongiform corals; all
around it the crystals seemed-to have formed about a nucleus at right
angles to the center; the entire mound is about 40 feet high, and the
chimney 20 feet; the lower portion rises in steps formed of thin laminz
of silica, mostly very thin, but some-
times becoming compact, an ineh or
two thick. On the southeast side,
where the water is thrown out contin-
ually, these steps are ornamented with
the usual bead and shell work, with
the large cauliflower-like masses, but
the other portions are fast going to de-
cay, and the débris are abundant; in-
deed, this has undoubtedly been one
oi the most active and powerful geysers
in the basin; it still keeps up a great
rearing inside, and every few moments
throws out a column of water to the
height of 10 or 15 feet; all around it
are some most beautifully ornamented
reservoirs that receive the surplus wa.
ters. If I should here describe the Giant,
Grotto, Punch-Bowl, and a hundred
Sa other geysers of all classes, it would be

PEARLY SILICA. pretty much a repetition of what has
already been written. The Giant has a crater like a broken horn, and,
while my party were in the basin, played at one time one hour and
twenty minutes, throwing the water up to the height of 140 feet. Lieu-
tenant Doane states that at the time of his visit the previous year it
played three and a half hours, throwing a column of water 90 to 200 feet.
“*The Giant has arugged crater, 10
feet in diameter on the outside, with
an irregular orifice 5 or 6 feet in di-
ameter. (Fig. 58.) It discharges a vast
body of water, and the only time we
saw it in eruption the flow of water
in a column 5 feet in diameter, and
140 feet in vertical height, continued
uninterruptedly for nearly three hours.
The crater resembles aminiature model
of the Coliseum.

Our search for new wonders leading
us across the Fire-Hole River, we as-
cended a gentle incrusted slope, and
came suddenly upon a large oval aper-
ture with scalloped edges, the diam-
eters of which were 18 and 25 feet,
the sides corrugated and covered Hy
with a grayish-white siliceous deposit, which was distinctly visible at
the depth of 100 feet below the surface. No water could be discovered,
but we could distinctly hear it gurgling and boiling at a great dis-
tance below. Suddenly it began to rise, boiling and spluttering, and

* N. P. Langford in Scribner’s Monthly for June, 1871.

Fie. 56.

SPONGIFORM OR CAULIFLOWER SILICA.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 123

sending out huge masses of steam, causing a general stampede of our
company, driving us some distance from our point of observation.
When within about 40 feet of the surface, it became stationary, and
we returned to look down upon it. It was foaming and surging at a
terrible rate, occasionally emitting small jets of hot water nearly to the
mouth of the orifice. All at once it seemed seized with a fearful spasm,
and rose with incredible rapidity, hardly affording us time to flee to a
safe distance, when it burst from the orifice with terrific momentum,
rising in a column the full size of this immense aperture to the height
of 60 feet; and through and out of the apex of this vast aqueous
mass, five or six lesser jets or round columns of water, varying in
size from 6 to 15 inches in diameter, were projected to the marvelous
height of 250 feet. These lesser jets, so much higher than the main
column, and shooting through it, doubtless proceed from auxiliary
pipes leading into the principal orifice near the bottom, where the explo-
sive force is greater. If the theory that water by constant boiling be-
comes explosive when freed from air be true, this theory rationally ac-
counts for all irregularities in the eruptions of the geysers.

This grand eruption continued for twenty minutes, and was the most
magnificent sight we ever witnessed. We were standing on the side of
the geyser nearest the sun, the gleams of which filled the sparkling col-
umn of water and spray with myriads of rainbows, whose arches were
constantly changing—dipping and fluttering hither and thither, and
disappearing only to be succeeded by others, again and again, amid the
aqueous column, while the minute globules into which the spent jets
were diffused when falling sparkled like a shower of diamonds, and
around every shadow which the denser clouds of vapor, interrupting the
sun’s rays, cast upon the column, could be seen a luminous circle radiant
with all the colors of the prism, and resembling the halo of glory repre-
sented in paintings as encircling the head of Divinity. All that we
had previously witnessed seemed tame in comparison with the perfect
grandeur and beauty of this display. Two of these wonderful eruptions
occurred during the twenty-two hours we remained in the valley. This
geyser we named ‘The Giantess.” (Fig. 59.)

124 GEOLOGIUAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

A hundred yards distant from The Giantess was a siliceous cone, very
symmetrical but slightly corrugated upon its exterior surface, 3 feet in
height and 5 feet in diameter at its base, and having an oval orifice 24

Fig.-59. by 364 inches in diameter,
—— with scalloped edges. Not one
of our company supposed that
\ it wasa geyser; and among so
| many wonders it had almost
escaped notice. While we
; were at breakfast upon the
= morning of our departure a éol-
| umn of water, entirely filling
: the crater, shot from it, which,
| by accurate triangular meas-
= urement, we found to be 219
| feetinheight. The stream did
| not deflect more than four or
five degrees from a vertical
line, and the eruption lasted
eighteen minutes. We named
it ‘The Beehive.” (Fig. 60.)

The illustration of the Gi-
antess in action, for the use of
=== which in this report, I am
indebted to the liberality of the
editors of Scribner’s Monthly,
| shows most admirably the sue-
cession of impulses by which
the column of water is held up,
apparently so steadily for so
longatime. We did notsee this
wonderful geyser in operation
during our visit; but it has
been so graphically described
by Mr. Langford, and so faith-
= fully depicted by Mr. Moran,
the artist, that little more need
be added.

The Fan Geyser consists of

a group of five geysers, which
play at one time, throwing the
water in every direction.
There is one quite conspicuous
cone, marked on the chart,
| Pyramid, which is now extinet,
| except that from the summit
= steam is constantly escaping.
This has been a geyser of some
importance, and has built up
a structure 25 feet high, and
100 feet in diameter at the base.
= ie _| Near itis a quiet spring witha
THE GIANTESS. most elegantly scalloped rim.
It would require the careful study of a month under the most favora-
ble circumstances to obtain full and clear information in regard to all

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 125

the geysers of this basin. I have therefore left undescribed many as
interesting as those noticed in the preceding pages. ‘
On our return to the lake from this basin, we passed up the Fire-Hole
River to its source in the divide. Early in the morning, as we were
leaving the valley, the grand old geyser which stands sentinel at the
head of the valley gave us a magnificent parting display, and with little
or no preliminary warning it shot up a column of water about 6 feet in
diameter to the height of 100
to 150 feet, and by a succes-
sion of impulses seemed to #
hold it up steadily for the
space of fifteen minutes, the 2=
great mass of water falling Ze
directly back into the basin, 2=
and flowing over the edges
and down the sides in large 2
streams. When the action 43
ceases, the water recedes be- &
yond sight, and nothing is
heard but the occasional es- 2
eape of steam until another 2===
exhibitionoccurs. Thisisone = ==
of the most accommodating THE BEE-HIVE.
geysers in the basin, and during our stay played once an hour quite
regularly. On account of its apparent regularity, and its position
overlooking the vailey, it was called by Messrs. Langford and Doane
‘Old Faithful.” It has built up a crater about 20 feet high around its
base, and all about it are decorations similar to those previously de-
seribed.

On the morning of August 6, we
ascended the mountains at the head
of Fire-Hole River, on our return to
the hot-spring camp on the Yellow-
stone Lake. We had merely caught
a glimpse of the wonderful physical
phenomena of this remarkable val-
ley. Wehad just barely gleaned a
few of the surface observations,
which only sharpened our desire for
a larger knowledge. There is no
doubt in my mind that these geysers
are more powerful at certain seasons
of the year than at others. We saw
them in midsummer, when the sur-
face waters are greatly diminished.
In the spring, at the time of the melt-

STILL HOT SPRING AND PYRAMID, UPPER ing of the snows, the display of the

GEYSER BASIN, first-class geysers must be more fre-
quent and powerful. Temperatures may vary somewhat, though those
given on the chart may be relied on as correct. We left this valley,
with its beautiful scenery, its hot springs and geysers, with great
regret.

Mr. Elliott has sketched an ideal section of a portion of the Upper
Geyser Valley, (Fig. 63,) which may convey a clearer conception of
the way in which we may suppose the waters of many of the springs
reach the surface. The lower portion of the section is basalt, then lake

126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

or local drift deposits, and thirdly the crust of silica which forms a floor of
greater or less thickness for the entire valley.

The mountains which form the divide between the sources of the
Madison and the Yellowstone are very high and steep. After traveling
about 8 miles, we came to the nearly vertical sides of the main divide,
which is composed of trachytic basalt. Immense quantities of broken
rocks had fallen down at the bottom of the ridges. Little lakes oceur
every mile or so, nestled among the pines 9,000 and 10,000 feet above
the sea. At the head of Fire-Hole we ascended a steep ridge, with al-
most vertical sides, with just room to travel, to the summit of the divide.

Pre? 62.
pen
Pts) Goatige :
MS
*
AT \

SS

. a
\ )
a
=
= as
——

— —

i]

s/f

Al

i H{
ily

OLD FAITHFUL, UPPER GEYSER BASIN, FIRE-HOLE RIVER.

From this point we could look back and obtain a full view of the Madi-
son Valley with its branches, and the high volcanic mountains that
inclose it. The mountains are gashed with deep gorges, and on the
sides are immense quantities of the fragments of trachyte and obsid-
ian. The pines grow upon the declivities of the mountains where they are
So steep that it would be impossible for a man ever to ascend. ‘The ele-
vation of what appeared to be the highest point of our route was 9,500 feet,
but the general elevation of the mountain summits is about 10,000 feet.
It is only in exceptional cases that isolated peaks rise above that eleva-
tion.

As we descended the mountains on the east side, we saw through the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

127

trees what we thought at first was one of the arms of the Yellowstone
‘Lake. It proved to be Lake Madison, a most beautiful Sheet of water,

set like a gem among the mountains, with the
dense pine forests extending down to the very
shores. A ridge or promontory extends into the
lake on the west side for about half a mile, which
gives it a heart-shaped form. It is about three
miles from north to south, and two from east to
west. The shores of the lake are paved with
masses of trachyte and obsidian.

Leaving Madison Lake, we crossed a second
high basaltic ridge, and descended into the drain-
age of the Yellowstone. Dense pine forests, with
here and there open grassy glades, deep gullies
which seemed to have no water except during the
melting of the snows in spring, occur everywhere.
Old hot-spring deposits occur here and there, cov-
ering limited areas. We camped at night on the
shore of a lake which seemed to have no outlet.
It is simply a depression which receives the
drainage of tue surrounding hills. It is marshy
around the shores, and the surface is covered
thickly with the leaves and flowers of a large
yellow lily. The water is not clear and cold like that
of the other mountain lakes, but more like rain-
water. The vegetation was very luxuriant all
over these lowlands, and the flowers were abun-
dant and varied. The lake was about two miles
long and one wide, and it is doubtful whether it
had ever been observed by human beings before.

The following morning we reached our camp at
the hot springs, on the southwest arm of the Yel-
lowstone Lake.

NOTES TO CHAPTER VI.

As an appendix to this chapter, [ quote a few
paragraphs from a remarkably interesting though
scarce volume, entitled ‘‘ New Zealand: its Physi-
cal Geography, Geology, and Natural History,” by
Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter. The hot springs
and geysers of New Zealand are so similar to
those in the Yellowstone Basin, and scarcely less
inferior in interest, that I gladly call attention to
this most interesting and instructive work. ‘The
origin of these hot springs is undoubtedly the
same all over the world. Those in Iceland have
been studied by the ablest scientific men from all
portions of the world.

The second extract is from a very able work by
Professor Gustave Bischof, ‘‘ Researches into the
Internal Heat of the Globe,” (page 225.) These ex-
tracts will serve to convey the opinions of eminent

scientific men who have made the subject of hot springs

"“MHAIN AIOH-AUIA ‘NISVE YASAAD UAdaNn “NOILI@S IvualI

=

sa

+
S

- 2

Ss
po aa
a “4

4
TT RAT AY i —— AD

"Eg *SIg

PANS
mental study.

128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

EXTRACT FROM HOCHSTETTER’S “NEW ZEALAND.”

‘‘ Both kinds of springs owe their origin to the water permeating the
surface and sinking through fissures into the bowels of the earth, where
it becomes heated by the still existing volcanic fires. High-pressure
steam is thus generated, which, accompanied by volcanic gases, such
as muriatic acid, sulphurous acid, sulphureted hydrogen, and carbonic
acid, rises again toward the colder surface, and is there condensed into
hot water. The over-heated steam, however, and the gases decompose
the rock beneath, dissolve certain ingredients, and deposit them on the
surface. According to Bunsen’s ingenious observations, a chronological
succession takes place in the co-operation of the gases. The sulphurous
acid acts first. It must be generated there where rising sulphur vapor
comes into contact with glowing masses of rock. Wherever vapors of
sulphurous acid are constantly formed, there acid springs, or solfataras,
arise. Incrustations of alum are very common in sueb places, arising
from the action of sulphuric acid on the alumina and alkali of the lavas ;
another product of the decomposition of the lavas is gypsum, or sulphate
of lime, the residuum being a more or less ferruginous fumarole clay, the
material of the mud-pools. To the sulphurous acid comes sulphureted
hydrogen, produced by the action of steam upon sulphides, and by the
mutual decomposition of the sulphureted hydrogen and sulphurous
acid, sulphur is formed, which in all solfataras forms the characteristic
precipitate, while the decomposition of siliceous incrustationsis either
entirely wanting or quite inconsiderable, and a smell of sulphureted
‘hydrogen is but rarely noticed. These acid springs have no periodical
outbursts of water. |

‘‘In course of time, however, the source of sulphurous acid becomes
exhausted, and sulphureted hydrogen alone remains active. The acid
reaction of the soil disappears, yielding to an alkaline reaction by the
formation of sulphides. At the same time, the action of carbonic acid
begins upon the rocks, and the alkaline bicarbonates thus produced
dissolve the silica, which, on the evaporation of the water, deposits in
the form of opal, or quartz, or siliceous earth, and thus the shell of the
springs is formed, upon the structure of which the periodicity of the
outbursts depends. Professor Bunsen, rejecting the antiquated theory
of Makenzie, based upon the existence of subterraneous chambers, from
which the water, from time to time, is pressed up through the vapors
accumulating on its surface, according to the principle of the Hern
fountain, has proved in the case of the great geyser that the periodical
eruptions or explosions essentially depend upon the existence of a frame
of siliceous deposits, with a deep, flue-shaped tube, and upon the sudden
development of larger masses of steam from the overheated water in
the lower portions of the tube. The deposition of silica in quantities suf-
ficient for the formation of this spring apparatus in the course of years
takes place only in the alkaline springs. Their water is either entirely
neutral or has a slightly alkaline reaction. Silica, chloride of sodium,
carbonates, and sulphates are the chief ingredients dissolved in it. In
the place of sulphurous acid the odor of sulphureted hydrogen is some-
times observed in these springs.

‘‘Therocks, from which the siliceous hot-springs of New Zealand derive
their silica, are rhyolites, andrhyolithic tufas, containing seventy and more
per cent. of silica; while we know that in Iceland palagonite, and pal-
agonitic tufas, with fifty per cent. of silica, are considered as the material
acted upon and lixiviated by the hot water. By the gradual cooling of
the volcanic rocks under the surface of the earth in the course of cen-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 129

turies the hot springs also will gradually disappear; for they too are
but a transient phenomenon in the eternal change of everything cre-
ated.”—(Hochstetter’s New Zealand, English translation, p. 432.)

EXTRACT FROM BISCHOF’S “ RESEARCHES INTO THE INTERNAL HEAT
OF THE GLOBE.”

*‘ No doubt can be entertained respecting the nature of the agent by
which the waters of the geyser, the Strokr, and other less considerable
Springs, are thrown to such an immense height. It is, as in volcanoes, a
gaseous. body, principally aqueous vapor. We may, therefore, very
fairly agree with Krug Von Nidda, and consider volcanoes in the same
light as ‘intermittent springs, with this difference only, that instead of
water, they throw out melted matters.

“He takes it for granted that these hot springs derive their temper-
ature from aqueous vapors rising from below. When these vapors are
able to rise freely in a continual column, the water at the different
depths must have a constant temperature, equal to that at which water
would boil under the pressure existing at the respective depths; hence
the constant ebullition of the permanent springs and their boiling heat.
If, on the other hand, the vapors be prevented by the complicated
windings of its channels from rising to the surface; if, for example, they
be arrested in caverns, the temperature in the upper layers of water must:
necessarily become reduced, because alarge quantity of it islost by evapo-.
ration at the surface, which cannot be replaced from below. And any
circulation of the layers of water at different temperatures, by reason
of their unequal specific gravities, seems to be very much interrupted.
by the narrowness and sinuosity of the passage. The intermitting
springs of Iceland are probably caused by the existence of caverns, in,
which the vapor is retained by the pressure of the column of water in.
the channel which leads to the surface. Here this vapor collects, and:
presses the water in the cavern downward until its elastic force becomes.
sufficiently great to effect a passage through the column of water which
confines it. The violent escape of the vapor causes the thunder-like
subterranean sound and the trembling of the earth which precedes.
each eruption. The vapors do not appear at the surface till they have.
heated the water to their own temperature. When so much vapor has:
escaped that the expansive force of that which remains has become less
than the pressure of the confining column of water, tranquillity is re-
stored, and this lasts until such a quantity of vapor is again collected ~
as to produce a fresh eruption. The spouting of the spring is therefore
repeated at intervals, depending upon the capacity of the cavern, the
height of the column of water, and the heat generated below.”

The various groups of mud-springs, or salses, which are described. in
the preceding chapter are scarcely less interesting and instructive than
the geysers. The following analyses of the sediment, by Professor
Augustus Steitz, of Montana, for Mr. Langford, will be useful for com-
parison. The reader is also referred to the report of Dr. A. C. Peale
in this volume. I have appended a few analyses of the hot-spring.
deposits from New Zealand, from the interesting work of Dr. Hoch-
stetter.

9GS

130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Analyses of mud or sediment from mud-springs.

White sediment. Lavender sediment. Pink sediment.

Sica: des eee BOO ier de. xe Seb A al. 28.2 | Silica: 2:5 Saas 32.6
Magnesia «== 3-5--—- 33.4 | Alumina.........--. 58.6 |, Alumina <2) oeee eee 52.4
Lime... 2 eee 7.3. | Boracic acid... 3.2 | Oxide of caleium.-...- 8.3
Alkalies.e2sesseesece. . 6.6) Oxide of irom... =e. 0.6 | Soda and potassa..:.. 4.2
Oxide of caleium.... 4.2 | Water and loss....... a5

Water and loss...... Be
100. 0 100. 0

»

[=|

r

Siliceous deposits of hot springs, on the shores of the Rotomahana, New Zealand, analyzed by
Mr. Mayer.

[No. 1, Tetarata, two samples, a, an earthy, powdery mass; 8, solidified incrustation ; No. 2, Nagahapu;
Noa. 3, Whatapoho; No. 4, Otukapuaran gi.) :

| 1, | 2. | 3. 4.
a. ,
SIL a AAI CoS OS AER AE A ee | 86.03 | 84.78 | 79.34 | 88.02 86. 80
Water and organic substanees. .-..-.-2- 222.224. 082222 - 11.52 | 12.86 | 14.50 7.99 a vee 6h
Sea DIO OF ITON. 562 -~ 62 ese heeds s ae an tes © Sp d e 1.34 } ; ight in-
megan ee a. Oc) ae Aine Lion oie gen gj wel] 12% I; 3.87 |$ *991¢ dication.
UA SEN Eh Mee EEE 5 em Se ay Ah ee et Bee N ey UES Rye S| 0. 45 0. 27 . .
Meigs 4.) Ne eee a a ee ee 0. 40 ! 1.09 |$ o1ag § 0-64 Sion
PUAN OS Oe cbc iiss tee al tn cl ga Sapte anon oc no oe aie aencemee es 0. 38 | 0. 42 0. 40 ae

I, Pattison (Philos. Magazine, 1844, p. 495) and, II, Mallet (Philos.
Magazine 1, 853, p. 285) give the following analyses of the siliceous de-
posits on the hot springs of Lake Taupo, without, however, specifying

the localities :

II

Rape PKS Be See oS Se ed ek PEL A oe Se ee Wise 94, 20
CST Cas ee a Re REARS VY See NS ae toneew hd OA eee Moms kM AL! 9.70 1.58
See MAHE, OF ROMs coy oa nile aca sibel temic eenad bus > bases ee 3. 72 0.17
Jt a US St OS EA aS See pale ap A DRS PO Nc eb OG RPMEP NIE Cs pee 1.54 Indication.
eR OF MOCAMIE. Sots oo ol eth ee ol Soe oe ea eee ee ee buwte 0. 85
BOT ee oes eke tee wo ehine whoa emote o kh as Cos. ee eee 5 ee 7. 66 3. 06
.97 99. 86

SPeCiie SLAVILY «- -) np s saw eis pas eeeeeie de semeekieia nae eee 1. 968 2. 031

CHAPTER VII.

FROM HOT SPRING CAMP, ON YELLOWSTONE LAKE, UP PELICAN CREEK
AND DOWN EAST FORK, TO BOTTLER’S RANCH.

We were joined at our Hot Spring camp by Lieutenant G. C.. Doane,
who had visited this region the previous year in company with Messrs.
Washburn and Langford. Captain Tyler and Lieutenant Grugan had
been ordered to return, with most of the escort, to Fort Ellis, and they
were already on their way to the post by way of the Madison Valley.
We remained here for a day or two, studying the hot springs and rest-
ing our animals. From this point Messrs. Elliott and Carrington com-
menced the survey of the shore-line of the lake with our useful little
bark, the Anna. They were absent seven days, and during the time
sailed around the entire shore-line, about one hundred and seventy-five

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. pea

miles, sketching every bay or indentation, as well as the mountains that :
inclose it. The topographical survey was continued around the south
and west shores of the lake with perfect success. A series of careful
observations for elevations were taken at all our permanent camps, as
well as at other suitable localities; so that the height of the lake above
the sea may be regarded as very accurately attained.

A small party in charge of Mr. Stevenson returned from Hot Spring
camp to Bottler’s Ranch, by way. of the west side of the lake, to obtain
additional supplies. On the evening of August 9, we camped at the head
of the main bay, west of Flat Mountain. Our "hunters returned, after
diligent search for two and a half days, with only a black- tailed deer,
which, though poor, was a most important addition to our larder. it
seems ‘that during the months of August and September the elk and
deer resort to the summits of the mountains, to escape from the swarms
of fiies in the lowlands about the lake. Tracks of game could be seen
everywhere, but none of the animals themselves were to be found.
Our course around the lake was intended to follow the shore as far as
possible. We made our way among the dense pines or over the fallen
timber, sometimes in grassy glades, through marshes, or by lily-cov-
ered lakes. The little streams, which are at this season mostly dry,
have worn deep gullies through the superficial beds, showing the old
lake deposits to have been from 200 to 600 feet in thickness.

At sunrise on the morning of August 10, at the west base of Flat Moun-
tain, the thermometer stood at 155°, and water was frozen in my tent one-
fourth of an inch thick. The rocks of Red Mountain are trachyte, with
a purplish tinge, quite hard, and somewhat spotted and banded. Some
portions of the mountain are very red, and from this fact it derives its
name. Those of Flat Mountain are the same in texture and color. From
the summit of Flat Mountain we had an excellent view of the lake. Three
islands were visible, one of them quite small, 200 yards long, covered
with pine timber. It is really an elevated ridge of sand. The other
two areabout a mile in length, also covered with a dense growth of pines.
Along the shores of these islands are bluff banks of stratified volcanic
sand, 50 feet high. All these islands are probably elevated portions of
the old lake-bed, which have gradually risen above the surface as the

waters of the present lake diminish. To the westward a still higher
range can be seen, and near it Heart Lake, and, still further west Mad-
ison Lake, embosomed among the mountains. On the long points or
fingers, as it were, that extend out into the lake, are several small lily-
ponds, and open meadow-spaces, covered with thick grass. The gener al
view, however, consists of an outer range or rim of voleanic peaks, from
10,000 to 11,000 feet high, with the inner portions, or belt of lower hills
and ridges, black with the dense forests of pine, but relieved here and
there by a small lake, or an open meadow glade. The altitude of Flat
Mountain is 9,704 feet.

From this high point, with the grand basin spread out before us, we

may again ask» a question in regard to its origin. On all sides, and
among the foot-hills, the débris, which consist of fra ements of trachyte,
are enormous. Steps produced by slides can be seen most clearly by
looking over the dark mass of pines. We still believe that the basin
was at first a depression, produced by the action of the voleanic forces
which built up the surrounding groups of mountain peaks, and formed
a reservoir for their drainage, but that it is also due in part to erosion.
A vast amount of material has been ground up by the waters of the lake
from the sides of the basin, to form the extensive modern deposit which
we meet with everywhere.

132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Leaving our camp at Flat Mountain, we ascended the high hills,
among the fallen timber, taking a course about southeast, passed over
the divide, and at night found ourselves on the head-waters of Snake
River. The rocks, as usual, were trachytic basalt, for the most part; but
in ascending the divide from the Yellowstone Lake, we find Carboniferous
limestones, with the accompanying clays, in one locality. Examples of
the exfoliation of the igneous rocks are very common.

Between Flat Mountain and the Yellowstone Range the divide is very
low. The sources of some of the branches of Snake River extend up
within two miles of the lake, and the elevation is not more than 400 feet
above the lake level. This is what has been hitherto understood as
“Two Ocean Pass.” The separation of the drainage between the
Yellowstone Basin and Snake River is complete. The valley of Snake
River is very pleasantly diversified with meadow-like openings and
dense forests of pines. Some of these glades are two to four miles long
and one to two miles wide. This transition from forest to meadow con-
tinues all along the river and its branches, from their sources to th
junction with the Columbia. .

From our camp on Snake River, we traveled north of east to the shores
of the lake. The broad lowlands are most pleasantly diversified with
groves of pines and fine grassy meadows, and numbers of streams, some
of which were of considerable size, flowed from the mountains into the
lake. One of these creeks was 75 feet wide and 2 feet deep. All
the rocks we met with were basalt and basaltic breccia. The Yellowstone
Range, so tar as I could examine it, was composed of breccia, though it
undoubtedly contains a nucleus of trachyte; for the masses of it, which
could not have been transported far, were scattered over the surface.
We crossed the marshy valley of the Upper Yellowstone, which is about
three miles wide, and pitched our tents upon a sort of terrace on the
east side of the southeast arm, 80 feet above the water-level of the lake.
From this point we made a small side trip to the source of the Upper Yel-
lowstone, and thence to the sources of the Snake River. The entire region
is one of great interest. On the morning of August 12, I started up the
valley of the Upper Yellowstone, accompanied by Messrs. Doane and
Schonborn, for the purpose of making a careful geological as well as
topographical survey of the district bordering the great divide. Five
streams of water flow into the Upper Yellowstone from the mountains on
either side of the head of the valley, and at this season of the year the veg-
etation is fresh, green, and most abundant. It would be difficult to find a
valley in the West that presents as fine a picture to the eye. On either
side, the valley, which is about three miles wide, is walled in by dark, som-
ber rocks of volcanic origin, which have been weathered into remarkable
architectural forms. Looking up the valley from some high point, one
could almost imagine that he was in the presence of the ruins of some
gigantic city, so much like old castles, cathedrals of every age and clime,
do these rocks appear; add to this, the singular vertical furrows which
are cut deep into the sides and render more striking their antiquated ap-
pearance. At the base of the wall-like ridges of the valley, immense
masses of volcanic breccia have fallen down from the mountain-tops, in
many instances crushing down the pines along their path. About fifteen
miles above the lake the valley terminates abruptly, the mountains
rising like walls, and shutting off the country beyond. The river here
Separates into three main branches, with here and there smaller ones,
which bring the aggregated waters of the melted snows from the sum-
mits of their bare volcanic peaks. Just at the head of the valley there
is a little lake, but not more than one or two hundred yards in width.

.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES ~ baa

The lake which has been placed on the maps as Bridger’s Lake has no
real existence.

From the head of the main valley we ascended the mountains on the
west side, and from the summit of a high peak the whole basin with:
the divide was brought within the scope of our vision. As far as the
eye could reach on every side, bare, bald peaks, domes, ridges in great
numbers could be seen. At least one hundred peaks, worthy of a name,
could be located within the radius of our vision. The rocks every where,
though massive, black, and deeply furrowed vertically, have the appear-
ance of horizontal stratification. In some instances the furrows are so
regular that the breccia has a columnar appearance. The summits of the
mountains are entirely composed of breccia. Angular masses of trachyte,
10 to 30 feet in diameter, are inclosed in the volcanic cement. Most of the
fragments are small, varying from an inch to several feet, seldom much
worn. We camped at night near a small lake, by the side of a bank of
snow, 10,000 feet above the sea, with the short spring grass and flowers
allaround us. There are but two seasons on these mountain summits,
spring and winter. In August the fresh new grass may be seen spring-
ing up where a huge bank of snow has disappeared. The little spring-
flowers, seldom more than one or two inches high, cover the ground;
Clatomia, Viola, Ranunculus, and many others. The following morning
we traveled for several miles along a ridge not more than two hundred
yards wide, from one side of which the waters flowed into the Pacific,
and on the other, into the Atlantic. To the westward the outlines of the
Teton Range, with its saw-like or shark-teeth summits, were most clearly
visible. They seemed to be covered with an unusual quantity of snow.
From whatever point of view one can see the Teton Range, the sharp-
pointed peaks have the form of huge sharks’ teeth. To the southward, for
fifty miles at least, nothing but igneous rocks can be seen. Toward the
Tetons there is a series of high ridges, of which the Teton Range seemed
to be the central one. These ridges, which pass off from the main Teton
Range, incline to the northeast, and vary in height from 9,500 to 10,500
feet above the sea-level, and 1,000 to 1,800 feet above the valleys at their
base. ; |

We ascended one of the high ridges, (not the highest, however,) and
found it to be 1,650 feet above the valley at its foot. The northeast
side is like a steep roof, while the southwest side breaks off abrupily.
From the summit of the ridge, the view is grand in the extreme. To
the westward the entire country, for the distance of fifty miles, seems to
have been thrown up into high, sharp ridges, with gorges 1,000 to 1,500
feet in depth. Beautiful lakes, grassy meadows also, come within the
vision. I can conceive of no more wonderful and attractive region for
the explorer. It would not be difficult for the traveler to make his way
among these grand gorges, penetrating every valley, and ascending
every mountain or ridge. The best of grass, wood, water, and game are
abundant to supply the wants of himself or animals.

I think that numerous passes could be found from the valley of Snake
River to the basin of the Yellowstone. It seems to me there are many
points on the south rim of the basin where a road could be made with
ease into the valley of Snake River. From this ridge it would seem that
there could be but little difference in the altitude of the Yellowstone Lake
and Heart Lake, and they cannot be more than eight or ten miles apart,
and yet the latter is one of the sources of Snake River. The little
branches of Snake River nearly interlace with some streams that flow
into the lake, and the gullies come up within two miles of the shore-line.

134 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

There is a very narrow dividing ridge in one place, between the drain-
age, which may be within one mile of the lake.

As we have stated in the previous pages of this report, the rocks of this
basin are mostly volcanic, but on the south side of the divide, between the
Yellowstone and the sources of the Snake, the series of ridges extending
southward to the Tetons are largely sedimentary. Carboniferous lime-
stones occupy restricted areas, while some of the highest ridges are made
up of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. One ridge, the summit of which
was over 10,000 feet above the sea, and overlooks the country for fifty
miles in every direction, is the exact dividing ridge which separates the
drainage of the two basins. On the summit and north side of the ridge
the rocks were smooth, as if vast masses of snow and ice had slidden
down for ages. The rocks are composed of somber-brown and rusty
grayish-brown sandstones, in which I found great quantities of leaves
of deciduous trees. There was one fern and a palm of huge dimensions.
From these exposures of the sedimentary beds, I draw the same conelu-
sion that [havedone so many times previously, that the unchanged rocks
either now exist or have existed all over the Northwest ; that they may
have been removed by erosion, concealed by overflows of igneous mate-
rial, or thrown up into ridges; but the one final conclusion is, that they
extended all over the region about the sources of these great rivers, in
a horizontal position, at a comparatively recent geological period.

On our return to the east side of the lake from the sources of Snake
River, we followed down the valley of a little stream that has its origin
at the foot of theridge. As it flowed toward the lake, it cut a deep chan-
nel into the lake deposits, sometimes 50 to 100 feet, well illustrating the
character of the materials. It was composed at the bottom of grayish-
white clays, passing up into a sort of bowlder deposit, all derived from
the degradation of volcanic rocks.

We may here discuss for a moment, in general terms, the geolo-
gical character of the mountains on the east side of the lake. The
Upper Yellowstone River rises in the high volcanic range which shuts
off the Yellowstone Basin from the Wind River drainage, forming
what is usually called the great water-shed of the continent. The
range of mountains on the east and south sides of the Yellowstone
Basin gives origin to the waters of the Snake River, which flow west
into the Pacific, to those of Green River, which flow southward into
the Great Colorado, and to the numerous branches of the Yellowstone.
Upon the east and southeast sides, the mountains seem to be entirely
of voleanic origin; they are also among the ruggedest and most inac-
accessible ranges on the continent. From the valley of Wind River
they present a nearly vertical wail from 1,500 to 2,000 feet high, which
has never been scaled’ by white man or Indian; but are covered with
perpetual snows to a greater or less extent. From any high point a
chaotic mass of peaks of every variety of form may be seen extending
from the Snake River Valley to the lower cation of the Yellowstone.
The general level of the summits is about 10,000 feet, but some of the
higher peaks reach 10,500 to 11,000 feet. Many of them are the nuclei
of old volcanic cones, composed of very compact trachyte; others are
portions of the rim of a vast crater. Mounts Doane and Stevenson are
fragments of the rim of an immense crater, the layers of trachyte inclin-
ing from the basin on every side; some of the centers of effusion were
long fissures, forming ridges. All around these nuclei, and sometimes
reaching nearly to the summits, are the volcanic con olomerates or brec-
cias in horizontal strata. Even the highest portions of the mountains,
the broad ridges that form the very water-shed, are composed ot these

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 135

breccias, and it is quitespossible that they even conceal the great mass
of compact trachyte rocks. At any rate, so far as the eye can reach,
the true trachyte rocks are exposed only in the form of cones, here and
there, while the great mass on the surface is the breccia. They are
continually disintegrating, so that all over the sides of the mountains
and among the foot-hills there are immense quantities of debris ; not
unfrequently huge masses are gradually broken off from the sides of the
mountains by the combined action of water and ice, leaving a vertical
wall 50 to 200 feet or more in height.

From our camp on the east side of the lake, we ascended Mounts
Doane and Stevenson. Between the lake shore and the summits of
these peaks, there is a succession of ridges, which measured 8,500, 8,800,
9,000, 9,200, 9,400 feet, &c. These peaks, with an intermediate lower
portion, form a part of the rim of a huge crater, and on the inner side
the layers of trachyte appear like strata, inclining from the crater 10°.
The rocks are somewhat varied in texture, more or less compact, but
mostly very compact hornblende trachyte. Near the summit the rocks
are slightly porous, true basalt, as if they had not been subjected to
much pressure. Some of the rocks are red or ashen-gray, and have a
slaty cleavage; the volcanic breccia rises to the height of 2,000 to 2,500
feet above the lake.

On the east side, the proofs of the former elevation of the lake may
be seen 300 to 500 feet high on the sides of the mountains. The little
streams that cut through the lower hills, along the borders of the lake,
expose 150 to 200 feet of stratified, recent deposits. Near Steam Point
the waters of the lake have washed the shores for two or three miles,
so as to expose 100 to 150 feet of strata, composed of volcanic sand and
gravel at the bottom, passing up into fine sand, and at the top consider-
able thickness of coarse sandstone and conglomerates. All these modern
deposits have been permeated and in part cemented with, the silica
of the old hot springs. We have said enough about the modern lake
deposits to establish the fact that they are worthy of attention, and
form a portion of the geological history of this basin. We shall only
allude to them hereafter as we meet them in our travels.

One of the most remarkable localities for extinct springs is on the
east side of the southeast arm of the lake, at the head of Alum Creek,
and marked on the map “Brimstone Basin.” For half a mile before
reaching this spot the air is filled with a disagreeable sulphurous smell.
The deposit is mostly silica, though there is a good deal of sulphur
mingled with it. In the bed of the little stream that passes through
the basin are numerous small springs, from which bubbles of gas are
constantly escaping, probably sulphureted hydrogen. The little creek
which passes through the basin rises in the higher ridges ten miles dis-
tant, and, as it passes through the spring deposit, is rendered turbid
like milk. The channel is coated with a creamy-white material, silica
and sulphur; old pine logs, which must once have formed large trees,
now lie prostrate in every direction over the basin. It covers an area
of about three miles in extent, and, in some instances, a vertical thick-
ness of 50 feet was exposed. Nota trace of any spring could be found
with a temperature above ordinary spring-water. From all appear-
ances, this basin must have been active within a comparatively modern
period. It is true, however, that these springs are continually becoming
extinct, and have done so ever since the great period of volcanic activity
in this region.

The hot-spring district, above and below Steam Point, is quite inter-
esting, as showing the remains of what was once a very important group.

136 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The hot-spring area extends about five miles along the lake shore, and
is about two miles wide. Steam Point has been, at one time, covered
with very active springs, but now they are fast becoming extinct. Two
steam-vents are now in operation, sending forth steam with a noise
like that of the escape-pipe of a steamboat. A number of small sim-
mering springs are scattered around these vents. There is here a thick-
ness of 200 feet of conglomerate, which is made up largely of hot-spring
deposits. The lake seems to have beaten against the shore, and worn
away a large portion, leaving a bluff wall 50 feet high above water-level.
A large mass of the conglomerate has been cut off by the waves, and
left in the lake 100 feet from the bluff shore. South of Steam Point,
on the shore of the lake, are about twenty or thirty springs of various
temperatures, from 110° to 192°. Some are quiet, some bubbling quite
briskly, and others are true boiling springs. The little steam-vents are
lined with sulphur. About a mile east of the point, around a little lake,
there is an extensive group of springs. The ground is covered with
sulphur, alum, common salt, &c., tinged with oxide of iron. Thick de-
posits of silica, often tinged with oxide of iron or sulphur, attest the
former existence of a much larger system of springs than we find here
at the present time. At one point, in the bed of the little creek that
flows into the small lake, which is 10 feet wide and 2 feet deep, there is
a large spring that boils up very fiercely, and yet the temperature is not
above that of the water of the creek itself. The agitation of the water
must be due to the escape of gasalone. At Steamboat Point, and around
the little lake, the ground is in places perforated, like a cullender, with the
little simmering vents, which denote, I think, the last stages of asystem

- of larger springs.

Proceeding southward along the shore of the lake, we meet with
the springs and steam-vents, in greater or less numbers, scattered
along the shore—186°, 183°, 185°, 178° will, perhaps, give the aver-
age temperatures—all quiet, bubblin g, or boiling springs. Sulphur Hills,
on the north side of the lake, is another of the ma enificent ruins, of which
only a few steam-vents now remain. The deposit, however, is a large
one, and covers the side of the mountain for an elevation of 600 feet
along the lake shore, the huge white mass of silica covering an area
of about half a mile square, and can be seen from any position on the
lake shore, and appears in the distance like a huge bank of snow. In
the valley near Pelican Creek, a few springs are issuing from beneath
the crust, distributing their waters over the bottom, and depositing the
oxide of iron, sulphur, and silica, forming the most beautiful blending
of gay colors. Although the waters of the springs are 160°, yet the
channels are lined with a thick growth of mosses and other plants, and in
the water is an abundance of vividly green algous vegetation. The great
mass of hot-spring material built up here cannot be less than 400 feet
in thickness. <A large portion of it is pudding-stone and conglomerate.
Some of the rounded masses inclosed in the fine white siliceous cement
are themselves pure white silica, and are eight inches in diameter. It
is plain, from the evidence still remaining, that this old ruin has been
the theater of tremendous geyser action at some period not very remote ;
that the steam-vents, which are very numerous, are only the dying
Stages. ‘These vents or chimneys are most richly adorned with brilliant
yellow sulphur, sometimes a hard amorphous coating, and sometimes
in delicate crystals that vanish like frost-work at the touch. It seems
that it is during the last stages of these springs that they adorn them-
selves with their brilliant and vivid colors.

We will now bid farewell to this remarkable lake-basin, and, taking a

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 137

northeasterly course, pass up the valley of Pelican Creek, and cross the
mountains to the east branch of the Yellowstone. We have endeavored
to explore the great basin with all the care that our time and facilities
would permit. Much has been left undone, but we feel certain that we
have obtained information enough to convince our readers that the region
we have examined is invested with profound interest. We have explored,
with much care and detail, one of the most beautiful lakes in the known
world. Our soundings, which are expressed on the chart in fathoms,
show that its greatest depth is 300 feet. According to a éareful series
of soundings of Great Salt Lake, Utah, by Mr. Dieffendorf, for the pur-
pose of finding the deepest channels for a steamer, the average depth
is only about 12 feet, while the greatest depth was found to be only 60
feet, and that was between Antelope Island and Stansbury Island.

Weitraveled up the valley of Pelican Creek about eighteen miles. Hot
springs were scattered along the bottom, some of them of considerable
size and beauty. There were many dead and dying ones, some of
which indicated great age; the immediate bettom is inerusted with
the silica. The average width of the valley is about two miles, and at
this season of the year (August 23) the grass and other vegetation is
very fresh and abundant. If it were not for the elevation and climate,
this valley would soon be filled with enterprising, thriving ranchmen
and farmers. The valley itself is underlaid with the modern lake
deposits, which extend up almost to the divide. It is plain, from a sys-
tem of terraces more or less distinct, that the lake once extended high
up the valley, and that the fertility of the soil and the present
exuberance of vegetation are due tothis fact. The broken range of
hills and mountains that inclose it on either side are covered. with
forests of pine, and the rocks are entirely of volcanic origin—the
trachytes and conglomerate. Ten miles up the creek is a pretty little
cascade, where the waters pour over a descent of 15 feet, which is formed
of stratified sand and clay. Above the cascade there is a wall 60 feet
high, composed of Pliocene deposits. From the divide the view is far
extended and very fine. The Grand Cation of the Yellowstone, with its
group of hot springs, with the deep side-cafions that lead into it, and the
dense forests of pines, and the north rim of the basin, with the. bald,
black summits of the volcanic peaks projecting above the tree vegetation,
all are presented to the eye at a single glance.

Wecamped at night on the summit of the divide, between the valleys
of the East Fork and the main Yellowstone, by the side of a little lake
10,000 feet above the sea. The wonderful group of peaks which extend
along the souree of the Yellowstone, and the branches of the Big Horn,
from the lake itself to the lower cation, which constitute on the map, the
Heart and Snow Ranges, were in full view, with all their rugged grand-
eur. The basaltic cones and broken rims of huge craters were clearly
visible, while the equally lofty but more rounded, dome-like, conglomer-
ate peaks could be easily detected by their style of weathering. Deep,
almost vertical gorges, led down into the valley of the Hast ork on the
east side of us, and on the west into the main Yellowstone. Here and
there a white patch on the mountain-side or in a valley, looking like a
bank of snow, showed the former existence of a group of springs.

We descended to the valley of the Kast Fork, and camped the night
of August 24 at the junction of the two main branches. Here we spent
one day exploring the east branch of the Kast Fork, which has its sources
high up among the most rugged and almost inaccessible portions of the
basaltic range. There are several wonderfully jagged peaks about the
sources of this branch, which rise up 10,000 to 11,000 feet above the sea.

138 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

I ascended one of the highest, though not the highest, and found it 10,950
feet. The general average of these peaks is about 10,000 feet. The
summits of these high peaks are all close, compact trachyte, while all
around the sides are built up walls of stratified conglomerate. It is plain
that all of them are the nuclei of old voleanoes. The trachyte may
sometimes be concealed by the conglomerates, but I am inclined to think
that each one has formed a center of effusion. Large quantities of sili-
cified wood are found among the conglomerates, mostly inclosed in the
volcanic cement, evidently thrown out of the active craters with the
fragments of basalt. My impression is, that when the old voleanoes
disgorged their contents into the great lake of waters around, they
threw out also portions from the sedimentary formations, and thus the
silicified wood comes from the Tertiary or Cretaceous beds, which may
have formed the upper part of the walls of the crater. At any rate, these
woods belong to the Coal Series of the West, and they are scattered pro-
fusely among the conglomerates. Interlaced among the massive beds of
volcanic conglomerates, are some layers of a light-gray or whitish, sandy
clay, which show that the whole breccia or conglomerates, with the inter-
calated layers of clay or sand, were deposited in water like any sedi-
mentary water rocks.

Upon the east branch are a few interesting ruins of springs. There
is one very curious mammiform mound, about forty feet high, built
up by overlapping layers, like the “Cap of Liberty” on Gardiner’s
River, only by much less hydrostatic force. The material is principally
calcareous. This cone is a complete ruin. No water issues from it at
the present time, and none of the springs in the vicinity are above the
ordinary temperature of brook-water; sulphur, alum, and other chemical
deposits are abundant. This old ruin is a fine example of the tendency
of the cone to close up its summit in its dying stages. The top of
the cone is somewhat broken; but it is 18 feet in diameter at this time,
and near the center there is a hole or chimney 2 inches in diameter,
plainly a steam-vent. This marks the closing history of this spring.
The inner portions of this small chimney are lined with white enamel,
thickly coated with sulphur, which gives it a sulphur-yellow hue. The
base upon which the cone rests varies in thickness. On the east side
huge masses have been broken off, exposing a vertical wall 20 feet high,
built up of thin horizontal lamine of limestone. On the west side the wall
is not quite as high, perhaps eight or ten feet. It would seem, therefore,
thatit was at first an overflowing spring, depositing thin horizontal layers,
until it built up a broad base ten to twenty feet in height; then it gradu-
ally became @ spouting spring, building up with overlapping layers like
the thatch on a house, until it closed itself at the top and ceased.

Wemay inquire again in regard to the origin of the lime inthis cone. Not
over a mile below the spring, the Carboniferous limestone comes to the
surface, and as we follow the river down toward its juncture with the
main Yellowstone, it soon becomes 400 feet in thickness; hence we
know that these limestones extend under the vailey of this east branch,
and that the waters passed up through .them, and thus we have a pre-
dominance of lime instead of silica, as is the case at Gardiner’s River.
Over this es the basaltic rocks have been poured, rising to the
height of 2,000 or 2,500 feet above the valley. Immense quantities of
the broken fragments of basalt have fallen down on the sides of the
mountains, and, by their bright black color, look like heaps of anthracite
coal in the distance. About five miles below the junction of the two
branches of the East Fork, the mountains on the east side become quite
rounded and grass- covered, instead of the bald, black, rugged character

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 139

of those near the sources of the river. The granite rocks begin to
prevail, and the mountains have an older appearance. The valley is
full of immense, rounded, granite bowlders, which have been swept down
from the mountains by aqueous forces not now in existence. There are
also in this valley well-defined terraces 30 to 50 feet high, and above
the forks are rows of basaltic columns like those in the lower portion of
the Grand Cafion. At the mouth of Hell-Roaring River the granitoid
rocks are displayed on a grand scale. As I have previously stated, the
basis rocks of the mountains are granite or gneissic granites; some-
times they are true granites, aS exposed about the junction of the
East Fork and main branch of the Yellowstone, and at Hell-Roaring
Mountain; even these, perhaps, come under the head of stratified meta-
morphic rocks, from the fact that above and below these thick, massive
granites are groups of gneissic strata of various textures. On the east
fork I saw only the Carboniferous limestones. Although the Jurassic,
Cretaceous, and Tertiary formations occur in full force at Gardiner’s
River, over all has been poured the igneous material, which rapidly
increases in mass and importance as we ascend the valley, until, about
the sources, it entirely covers all other rocks, and sends its multiform
peaks high up among the perpetual snows.

The bridge which has been constructed across the Yellowstone, near
the forks, was designed to accommodate the miners on their way to
the gold-mines on Clark’s Fork, and is the first and only bridge ever
built on the Yellowstone. It may become a matter of some historical
importance to note this fact here. The gold-mines are all in the granit-
oid rocks, and, from what I can learn, all the streams that flow into
the Yellowstone from the east side of the range cut deep down into the
metamorphic group. The mines are reported to be excellent, and I
am inclined to the belief that the most important mining districts of the
Yellowstone drainage will be found eventually on the eastern slope of
- the Heart and Snowy Ranges.

CHAPTER VIII.

FORT ELLIS—THREE FORKS—JEFFERSON FORK—BEAVER HEAD CANON—
MEDICINE LODGE CREEK.

In this and the following chapter, I will endeavor to present a brief
summary of the geological features of the country along our homeward
journey, from Fort Ellis to Evanston, on the Union Pacific Railroad.
In a former chapter I have alluded to the range of mountains which’
extends along the east side of the Gallatin Fork. I also spoke of the
‘Pliocene or lake deposits which jutted up against the base of these
mountains, sometimes reaching a thickness of 600 or 800 feet.

The beautiful valley of the Gallatin was undoubtedly one of the numer-
ous lake basins of the West of which so much has been written in my
reports for years past. The Pliocene hills opposite Fort Ellis and
Bozeman overlook the valley for a great distance, and at this season
of the year (September 6) hundreds of acres of golden grain can be seen.
There is a remarkable uniformity in the bright-yellow color of a field of
grain in this country, probably due to the uniformity of the climate ;
the sun shines without interruption for weeks in succession. ‘The mount-
ains are composed mostly of rocks of Carboniferous age. They incline

140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

west and southwest, at a variety of angles, 15° to 80°. East of this
ridge the Eocene and Cretaceous formations prevail.

As we descend the Gallatin, below Flathead Pass, a series of dark-
brown quartzites, sandstones, and pudding-stones rise up from beneath
the limestones. Some of the sandstones are very micaceous, as if they ~
had been formed out of mica slates of the metamorphic series. I esti-
mated the thickness to be 1,000 feet, and I have not observed it anywhere
else along the sources of the Missouri. No fossils were observed, and the
rocks themselves did not seem to promise any. They may possibly be
remnants of the Lower Silurian series, left from erosion prior to the de-
position of the Carboniferous; at any rate, they appear very old, even
partially metamorphosed. The dip of these beds is variable, 10° to 25°
northwest, though some local inclinations are greater, with a trend north-
east and southwest. These rocks extend across the Gallatin, and under-
lie, to some extent, the terraces and Pliocene deposits between the forks.
The Gallatin River passes across the edges of this series, showing the
uplifted strata on both sides, passing up into massive limestones and
reddish sandstones. The lower series exhibits all the usual signs of
mud flats and shallow-water deposits in quite a remarkable degree. It
may be that the center groups, from the metamophic strata up, are of
Carboniferous age.

Near the junction of the Three Forks, the Pliocene beds are well
shown, and on both sides of the Madison, for ten miles or more above
the junction. The bluffs on either side are high, composed of the light-
colored clays, sands, and sandstones of the lake deposits. <A careful
examination, I have no doubt, would have shown the existence of ver-
tebrate remains. I heard of the discovery of bones, teeth, and turtles by
the farmers, but could not secure any.

The Missouri below the Three Forks, passes through a cation formed of
the clays and massive limestones of Carboniferous age. On the south
and west side of the Jefferson the dip, which is slight, 5° to 10°, appears
to be about northwest. About six miles above the junction the lime-
stones rise up from beneath the lake deposits on the south side of the
Jefferson in the ridge which forms the tongue or wedge between the
Jefferson and Madison. The dip is north and -northwest, 45°. Imme-
diately underneath the limestones are the usual gneissic strata, that con-
tain the gold ores. It is not common for any other beds to be brought
to the surface between the well-known Carboniferous and the metamor-
phic; and so far as the sources of the Missouri and the Rocky Mount-
ain divide, it is not uncommon for large areas to be occupied by no beds"
newer than the Carboniferous.

In the valleys of the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson, we find, on the
east side of the Gallatin, a range of Carboniferous limestone mountains
rising up 8,000 to 9,500 feet above the level of the sea. On the north and ©
west side of the Jefferson, these limestones form high, nearly vertical walls,
but between these walls the lake deposits extend up the valleys and form
the tongues or ridges that extend down between, for ten miles or more,
and it is only here and there that the older rocks crop out. The lake
deposits fill the valleys and lap on to the sides of the hills on either side.
The cation of the Missouri, below the junction of the Three Forks, was
evidently the outlet of the lake, that had its deepest portion around the
Three Forks, and set high up in the valleys to the mountains at their
Sources. Ascending the valley of the Jefferson, we passed over the
high hills on the east side, to avoid the deep caiion through which the
river ran for several miles. Granitic strata cropped out in the valleys
or gorges, with now and then a protrusion of trachytic basalt. The

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 141

highest ridges were covered with the Carboniferous limestones, which
passed down into some massive beds of quartzites before resting on the
gneissic granites.

For ten miles from the Upper Willow Creek to the entrance of the
Boulder Creek into Jefferson Fork, we have the Carboniferous limestones
on our right, or west side; on our left, or east side, basaltic rocks cover
the lake deposits. The valley is one to one and one-half miles wide, and
presents a grand display of the Pliocene marls and sands. The high
mountains, with the symmetrical cones, are alsoigneous. Between North
Boulder and Willow Creeks, a distance of about five miles, the Jefferson
Fork flows through one of the deepest limestone canons I have yet seen.
The walls on either side rise from 700 to 1,200 feet, almost vertically.
The general dip of all the limestones is northwest, and I estimated their
aggregate thickness at 2,000 feet. Masses of chert occur in the limestones,
which are filled with fossils, spirifers, corals, and crinoidal fragments.
The formations are much confused here, from the fact that the basalts
have been effused at a recent period, even since a large portion of the
lake deposits were laid down. In the gorges that lead down to the Jeffer-
son, they are exposed, and here and there are spread out over the marls.
Now and then the limestones or older rocks crop out from beneath
them. Along the little streams that flow into the Jefferson as well as
the Jefferson itself, are distinctly marked terraces of the lake deposits.
for 50 to 200 feet above the river’s bed.

The North Boulder Creek enters the Jefferson from the north, through
a synclinal valley. On the west side the beds of limestone incline
northwest. - The general trend of the synclinal is about northeast and
southwest. On the west side of the North Boulder and on the south
side of the Jefferson, the Carboniferous limestones prevail almost entirely.
There are only a few local outbursts of igneous rocks, and not oceupy-
ing large areas. Above the canon the valley of the Jefferson expands
to a width of one and one-half miles. The lake deposits are again con-
Spicuous, covering the entire valley and extending up the valleys of the
side-streams. About three miles above the mouth of the North Boulder
Creek, on the same side of the Jefferson, the ravines cut down into a
thick series of strata of sandstones, slates, clays, &c., which incline at a
moderate angle. These beds are, I think, local, and indicate volcanic
‘action connected with hot springs during the Pliocene period. The
clays and sands are variegated, and thick beds of conglomerate occur.
The highest mountains are composed of quartzites and a group of light
gray vesicular strata in thin layers, which has somewhat the appearance
of igneous rocks. White alkaline efflorescence covers the surface in
many places.

I may repeat again that the entire surface seems to have been wrinkled
or cramped into vast folds or ridges, with a general trend nearly north
and south, or rather west of north and east of south; that the valleys of
the streams are for the most part synclinal depressions. The erosion
has been so great that it is quite uncommon for rocks of more mod-
ern date than the Carboniferous to be seen. The great valleys, or syn-
clinal depressions, during the latter Tertiary period were the basins of
fresh-water lakes, so that we have everywhere the white and yellowish-
white sands, marls, clays, sandstones, and pudding-stones of the Plio-
cene lake deposits passing up into the Quaternary or local drift. It is
not uncommon for these modern lake deposits to be swept away, so
that we know of their former magnitude only by isolated remnants here
and there. During this lake period changes were going on in the sur-
face; the general elevation of the country most probably continued, so

142 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

‘that it is not uncommon to find the Pliocene deposits inclining 5°
to 10°.

Subsequent to these depositions, there was a period of intense volcanic
activity, in which the basalts were poured out over vast areas. Wemay
take, for example, the valley of the Jefferson, from the entrance of the
North Boulder into the Jefferson River to Beaver Head Cafion. On the
east side of the Jefferson a range of mountains extends along the valley
for thirty miles or more, with the northern portions of the west side
covered with a large thickness of Carboniferous limestones, like a steep,
flexible roof, the highest conical peaks rising to a height of 2,000 to
2,500 feet above thevalley. At intervals of one to three or four miles,
these mountains are cleft from summit to base by small streams, forming
a gorge or cafon of wonderful grandeur and picturesque beauty. The
stratified rocks thus reveal a dip varying from 45° to 60°, and apparently
pass down, curving under the valley and rising with a reversed dip on
the opposite side. The nucleus of all these ranges is, of course, a group
of stratified rocks composed of arenaceous clays, slates, quartzites,
micaceous gneiss, granulites, &c. A great variety of what I have termed
gneissic granites, granitoid rocks, granulites, metamorphic strata, &e.,
occur. Asa generalrule, the Carboniferous strata repose unconformably
on this group of metamorphic strata; but here and there, a perplexing
series of beds come in, quite varied in texture and occupying a restricted
area, but revealing no definite evidence of theirage. That all the strati-
fied rocks known to exist in the Northwest, to the Lower Tertiary inclu-
Sive, once extended all over this region, we have every reason to believe;
but about the sources of the Missouri, Yellowstone, and Snake Rivers,
the Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic beds have been swept away, except
remnants exposed here and there. The Carboniferous groups, although
covering quite large areas, are not unfrequently seen capping the highest
mountains that suffered erosion to a tremendous extent. The occurrence
of rocks of Triassic age in the northwest is so problematical as yet, that
I do not now recognize them. Further investigations may bring to light
some evidence that will fix the position of the brick-red beds more posi-
tively, and until that time I prefer to include them with the Jurassic.

The metamorphic group contains the valuable mines of Montana. Not
unfrequently the most productive gulches are found, where the streams
have carved out a gorge through a thick series of Carboniferous lime--
stones, cutting deep into the metamorphic group. The volcanic action
seems to have taken place during all the later periods, continuing up to
the present time, and operating with greater or less force at different local-
ities. The above may be regarded as a brief summary of the principal
points in the geological structure of Montana and Idaho Territories. It
remains now to present an account of the local geology from point to
point, which must be a repetition substantially of this summary.

The Pliocene deposits extend high up the valleys of the Pipestone
and White-Tail Deer Creeks, which are quite wide, with mountains on
either side. On the west side of the Jefferson, the foot-hills show a
great thickness, 600 to 800 feet. The silicified wood that is found
occasionally in these deposits is more beautiful than any I have ever
seen from any other formation. It is pure silica, and must have been
aided in its silicification by proximity to hot springs. Portions of it look
like opal or fine chalcedony, and in some portions the rings of growth are
well shown. As cabinet specimens they are especially sought for, and
must always be rare. The only other fossils known, are fresh-water and
land shells, and a few vertebrate remains. Organic remains of any

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 143

kind, will probably never be found in abundance. The mountains on
the west side of the Jefferson are lower than those on the east side,
2 much wider range, and far less rugged in outline. The Carboniferous
limestones occur only in restricted patches. The metamorphic group
is exposed fully, with here and there an outburst, of the trachyte basalt.
All the little streams, as laid down on the map, cut deep channels from
the summit to the valley of the Jefferson, and are now or have been

filled with miners searching for gold. .

The mountains on the west side of Table Mountain and those at the
sources of Fish Creek are gneissic and contain valuable mines of gold.
The limestone range on the east side of the Jefferson is cut off by the river
temporarily, at the bend where White-Tail Deer and Pipestone Creeks
enter it; but it commences again on the opposite side and extends far
northward. The Jefferson Valley is from five to eight miles wide and
of oval shape, narrowing to a cailon at either end. The east range
trends about northwest and southeast, while the limestones on the west
side dip southwest. They appear to rise vertically out of the valley
plain, as if the whole range had either been carried up vertically in a
narrow belt, or that it was caused by depression and elevation; that as
the range arose the valley was depressed, producing this abrupt flexture
in the limestone strata. At Silver Star the metamorphic group comes
in close to the Jefferson on the west side, and continues far up for
several miles. The strata incline southeast and extend across the
mountains and hills in long and quite regular lines. There are here
two important gold lodes, ‘Iron Rod” and “Green Campbell.” The
latter is seven to ten feet, wide, with quartz that pays well. It has been
wrought for three years with success.

Just north of ‘Silver Star” there are some patches of limestone that
extend up almost to the summit of the range. This range of mountains
lies between Deer Lodge Valley and that of the Jefferson ; and although
the rocks are mostly metamorphic, yet there are remnants enough of
the Carboniferous limestone to show that it formerly extended over the
area occupied by the mountains. The elevation of this granitoid range
is not as great as the limestone range on the east side. It will average
from 800 to 1,500 feet above the valley, some of the peaks reaching
1,000 to 1,500 feet above the bed of the Jefferson. About three miles
‘below the forks of Beaver Head and Big-Hole Rivers, the Stinking
Water comes in from thé southeast and forms a sort of breach in the
limestone range. The latter turns off to the southeast, the limestones
cease entirely, and the numerous little branches of the Stinking Water
eut deep into the metamorphic strata, forming good mining gulches.
On the west side of the Stinking Water the high limestones continue
northward to the sources of Stinking Water and Black-Tail Deer Creek,
where they were studied by us on our journey to Virginia City in June.
The valley of the Stinking Water is from four to six miles in width, and
extends up to the cafion,in full view of the Jefferson Valley, so that
our two belts of explorations connect from time to time.

Beaver Head Rock is Carboniferous limestone, with adip 23° southwest.
It seems to be a portion of a ridge extending across the valley from the
Stinking Water Range. The Beaver Head Fork cuts a narrow channel
through it, forming a sort of cation, with limestone walls on either side.
Passing Beaver Head Rock, the strata, which are well shown for miles along
the west side of the Beaver Head I‘ork, seem to incline southwest; and
I have no doubt from the style of surface weathering that beds of more
modern date, Jurassic or Cretaceous, appear soon on the summits of the
mountain hills. Around Bannock City, about twelve or fifteen miles

144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

distant, several outcroppings of coal have been found, which would in-
dicate the presence of Upper Cretaceous or Lower Tertiary beds. Above
the Carboniferous limestones, were several layers of sandstone, clays, and
quartzites. The sandstones have been used successfully in the manu-
facture of grindstones. There is no doubt that as we ascend the Rocky
Mountain divide, beds of comparatively modern age appear.

The geology of all this region is exceedingly complicated, and must
be studied with more care than I could give it, to represent it in colors
onamap. This will requirea most careful, detailed survey, though the
general character of the geology will be found to be as I have presented
it in this report. Our journey homeward was so rapid that I could not
do more than work out the geological features immediately along the
route. The details will be wrought in from year to year, as the great
work of exploration goes on.

As we crossed Black-Tail Deer Creek, in ascending the broad, open
valley of the Beaver Head, we could look up the valley to the southeast
and see distinctly marked on the horizon, thirty. miles distant, the
limestone range at the sources of the Black-Tail Deer Creek. The val-
ley itself is occupied with a large thickness of the lake deposits, while
on the north side the hills are composed of metamorphic rocks, and on
the south, far below Wild Cat Cation, we find the Carboniferous lime-
stones inclining from the sides of the mountains, the nucleus granitic,
with extensive outpourings of trachytic basalt.

At Ryan’s Station the valley closes up for a time, and the passage of
the Beaver Head Fork through the trachyte, forms the well-known
Beaver Head Cafion. The igneous rocks are.of great variety and tex-
ture. Just below the lower entrance of the canon, on both sides of the
river, there is a beautiful, brittle, light-purplish, and whitish porphyritic
trachyte or calico rock. Immense masses of unusually perfect breccia,
the angular masses set in a white cement, have fallen down on the
sides and at the base of the mountains. As we look up the cafion from
below, the river seems to rush through a narrow gateway with vertical
walls, with dark-purplish basalt weathered into most picturesque forms.
From one point of view above the canon, the rocks on either side pre-
sent the form of animals couchant, which,in the imagination of the
Indian, had a resemblance to the beaver; hence the name which is ap-
plied to the river as well as the cafion. Along the canon in several
localities are tepid springs flowing down the sides of the cafon and
depositing great quantities of calcareous tufa. About one mile up the
caiion, on the west side, there is near the road a high, nearly vertical
exposure of 200 feet of soft, yellow and gray limestones, inclining 10°
to 25° south of west. In this limestone are layers made up of casts of
shells. They are not sufficiently distinct to be identified, but are proba-
bly Carboniferous, though the texture of these rocks is different from
any I have met with the present season. Rising up from beneath this
group of arenaceous limestones are 300 feet of gray sandstones, break-
ing off vertically in columnar masses, presenting a singularly picturesque
appearance. As far up as the mouth of Horse Plain Creek the reddish
and gray sandstones and limestones are seen on both sides of the river,
with here and there tremendous outbursts of igneous material. The
latter sometimes assumes nearly the usual columnar form of basalt, and
forms mountains 1,000 to 1,500 feet high above the river, weathered all
over the summits into sharp pinnacles. The igneous rocks make fine
pictures for the photographer. The river originally flowed along a
monoclinal interval, at first separating the sedimentary beds from the
metamorphic, but flowing to the northeast, while the trend of the mount-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 145

‘ains was northwest. It leaves a wide belt of the sedimentary strata
on the east side, near Horse Plain Creek. At a point in the cafion,
where Clark’s Creek enters the Beaver Head from the east side, there
is an enormous belt of singular, slaty trachytes, forming high walls on
both sides of the road. Immense quantities of debris, composed of the
fragments of compact basalt, lie on the side and at the base of the hills
on either side. At the mouth of Horse Plain Creek the valley expands,
the Beaver Head Valley extending up to the southeast, reaching the
Rocky Mountain water-shed and Horse Plain Creek Valley trending to the
southwest, to the same great divide; both valleys are broad, fertile, and
are now occupied by settlers. The elevation is so great that the climate

. is very severe during the winter. One mile below Beaver Head Cafion
the altitude is 4,988 feet; at the junction of Horse Plain Creek and
Beaver Head, nine miles above, 5,130 feet. From this point to the
main Rocky Mountain divide it is thirty-three miles, and the elevation
is 7,405 feet. _

Although the soil is fertile, and during the summer season the grass
is excellent, yet the altitude about the sources of these streams is too
great for successful farming or grazing. About six months of the year
the grazing is of superior character, but during the winter months I am
of the opinion that stock must be driven down below the cafion for
safety. At the junction of Horse Plain Creek with the Beaver Head, a
broad valley has been worn out of the uplifted ridges of Carboniferous
‘Strata; but just at the junction there is quite a conspicuous remnant of
.a limestone ridge that escaped erosion, which forms a sort of land-mark.
On both sides of Horse Plain Creek, as well as the Beaver Head, the
Carboniferous beds are elevated in ridges inclining at various angles.
From its source to the junction of Horse Plain Creek, the Beaver Head
flows through a synelinal depression, the sedimentary rocks inclining
from the Black-tail Deer Range on the east side, while on the west side
the same beds incline from a range that extends northward between
the Horse Plain and Beaver Head branches. Below the junction of
Horse Plain, the Beaver Head flows along a sort of monoclinal interval,
while the Horse Plain, which comes in from the west, carves its valley
through the ridges nearly at right.angles. At one locality, in an anti-
clinal valley, which runs up northward from Horse Plain Valley, the
quartzites and micaceous schists of the metamorphic group rise up
beneath the limestones and reddish quartzites of Carboniferous age, over
a small area. Thence westward we pass over ridge after ridge of lime-
stones, quartzites, and arenaceous clays to the sources of Horse Plain
Creek. Throughout all these valleys, and jutting up against the sides
of the mountain hills that inclose them on either side, the Pliocene
deposits are always found of greater or less thickness. On the imme-
diate bottoms of the Horse Plain there is an unusual amount of the
alkaline efflorescence, or sulphate of soda, covering acres, as white as
snow.

AS we pass up the valley toward the divide, a great thickness of
sandstones and quartzites, at least 1,500 to 2,000 feet, is exposed above
the well-known Carboniferous limestones, forming ridges which rise
800 to 1,000 feet above the valleys. The quartzites are so compact and
durable that they do not disintegrate, and the hills as well as the val-
leys are covered with the stray fragments. Here and there a dark,
abrupt mass forms the summit of a hill, weathered, perhaps, into sharp

_ pinnacles, indicating a point of effusion of basalt. On a little branch of
the Horse Plain Creek, called by the Indians Sage Creek, there are three

10GS8

146 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

quite prominent points of eruption in the range of hills on the east side
of the valley.

The mountains on either side are principally Carboniferous and
Jurassic, and the valley itself is surrounded with rolling foot-hills, com-
posed of the lake deposits passing up into a great thickness of local
drift. On either side the rounded, dome- like peaks rise up 1,000
to 2,000 feet above the valley, which ‘itself is 6,252 feet above the sea.
It would be impossible to describe in detail the geological structure of
so extended an area of country. Precipitous walls of Carboniferous
limestone can be seen on either side; but so chaotic are the positions of
the beds in different localities, so obscured by more modern deposits, or
the outpouring of basalt, that it can only be by pictorial illustrations
that can be presented to the eye that the mind can form a conception
of this remarkable region. I shall therefore hasten on, making a few

observations from point to point, referring my readers to a more com-
plete and illustrated report hereafter to be “prepared for a clearer under-
standing of my descriptions.

On both sides of Sage Creek, about six miles above its junction with
Horse Piain Creek, we find a series of more modern strata. They form
the foot-hills of the mountains on each side, extending in some instances
nearly to the summits. On the west side they incline from the range
about northwest, and on the east side, southeast. Group one, is a series
of strata of sandstones and arenaceous clays of various textures, which
I supposed to represent No. 1, or Lower Cretaceous; group two, com-
posed of a bed of earthy lignite, passing up into a dark chalky slate,
with many fish-scales and some beautiful impressions of ferns and other
plants. These shales are nearly vertical, and in some instances dip
past a vertical. I regarded these beds as No. 2 Cretaceous, then passing
up into yellow chalky beds which might represent No. 3, then upward
through clays, sandstones, arenaceous limestones, &c., a thickness of
several hundred feet. No shells could be found after a patient search
of several hours. The more modern beds, Cretaceous or Tertiary, and
possibly both, by more readily yielding to atmospheric agencies, have
given a smoother and more rounded form to the mountain hills, and
permitted them to be covered with a thick growth of vegetation. Near
the head of Sage Creek there is a fine group of mountain peaks, 7,500
to 9,000 feet high. They extend along the divide from Red Rock
Creek to Horse Plain Creek, thirty to fifty miles, and may be re-
garded as remarkable for their symmetrical beauty. At one locality
there is an exposure of purplish granulites of the metamorphic group,
revealed by the local wearing away of the Carboniferous limestones.
As we ascend Sage Creek toward the high divide, we have an ocea-
Sional exposure of gneiss, enough to show that the nucleus of the
mountain ranges is composed of the metamorphic series, with its rocks
of varied textures. Here are some purplish granulites, micaceous gneiss,
with so large a per cent. of mica that the mass presents a brilliant black
color in the distance. Over them are the limestones, sometimes lifted
high upon the summits of the mountains, almost horizontal or forming
nearly vertical walls on the sides inclosing the narrow valleys. Then
come the trachytic basalts of various colors and textures, affecting the
adjacent rocks more or less. The quartzites, which are the principal
rocks exposed on the immediate divide, have been subjected to the heat
of the igneous rocks so that they appear in the distance, dark-brown like
eompact trachytes.

I may now delay for a moment and make a few general remarks
on the geology of the Rocky Mountain divide. We have already

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 147

described in as brief terms as we could, the character of the vast area
drained by the three forks of the Missouri; we have shown that the
mountain ranges lie along the borders of the synclinal valleys, which
were originally the basins of fresh-water lakes. All these ranges have
a general trend north and south, cr northwest and southeast, and yet
they are here and there connected by cross-chains, as it were, which
give origin to small branches. If we look on the map, (and every map
of this country now in existence is very imperfect,) we shall see the
three grand streams that constitute the three forks of the Missouri.
The main branches flow through valleys which now expand out to a
width of three to five miles, then close up in a deep gorge or caiion,
then expand out again into broad, fertile, grassy valley so with each
from mouth to source. These expansions, or broad valleys, have all been
lake-basins during the last portion of the Tertiary period, and perhaps
extended into the Drift or Quaternary. On either side, these valleys are
inclosed by more or less lofty ranges of mountains, broken here and
there by the entrance of some branch, or by some turns in the main
river cut through, and another range takes its place. Again, if we look
at a correct map we shall see that each one of these main rivers has
numerous branches flowing in from either side, and that many of these
branches have their small tributaries fed by the snows upon these
high mountain ranges. Hach one of these principal branches, inclosed
by a range of mountains, is sometimes so low that I have called them
mountain hills. There 1s no doubt that these valleys are partly due to
erosion, but they are for the most part synclinal folds, and the inter-
vening mountain ridges area wedge-like mass of Carboniferous limestone,
the beds inclining from both sides like the steep roofs of a house. Not
unfrequently the great mass of limestone has been swept away, and the
ranges are less lofty and more rounded, exposing to atmospheric agen-
cies the metamorphic rocks, and here are located the valuable mines.
Sometimes, through the metamorphic strata, and even the sedimentary
rocks, the fluid interior has burst forth, forming a long line of high,
black, conical peaks, usually covered with perpetual snows.

We may say of a large portion of Idaho and Montana that the surface
is literally crumpled or roiled up in one continuous series of mountain
ranges, fold after fold. Perhaps even better examples of these remark-
able folds may be found in the country drained by Salmon River and its
branches, where lofty ranges of mountains, for the most part covered
with limestones and quartzites of the Carboniferous age, wall! in all the
little streams. None of our published maps convey any idea of the
almost innumerable ranges. We might say that from longitude 110° to
118°, a distance of over five hundred miles, there is a range of mountains,
on an average, every ten totwenty miles. Sometimes the distance across
the range in a straight line, from the bed of a stream in one valley to the
bed of the stream in the valley beyond the range, is not more than five
to eight miles, while it is seldom more than twenty miles. From these
statements, which we believe to be correct, the reader may form some
conception of the vast amount of labor yet to be performed to explore,
analyze, and locate on a suitable scale these hundreds of ranges of
mountains, each one of which is worthy of a name. As we approach
the great divide or crest of the water-shed we might suppose that rocks
of very ancient date would be the only ones exposed, but those of more
modern origin prevail. Rocks older than Carboniferous are the excep-
tion. The crest of this water-shed is an irregular ridge from 7,000 to
8,000 feet above the sea, with here and there along the line, peaks or
groups of peaks 9,000 to 11,000 feet high. The lower portions of the

148 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

crest are almost entirely destitute of timber of any kind, but are covered
over with short grass. The ascent from either side is ’s0 gradual that
it is difficult to detect the fact that one is passing over the water-shed
of the continent. Rocks of all ages, from the Carboniferous te the most
modern, Tertiary inclusive, are found.

‘After passing the divide, we descended the Medicine aden Creek
toward Snake River Basin. In the Carboniferous limestones on both
sides of the valley, the fossils were quite abundant. Among them was
a variety of corals, and several species of Productus, among them P.
semireticulatus, &c. The surface, as far as the eye can reach on either
side, is extremely rugged, raised into ridges, and cut into deep cafons.
Here and there a fine dome-shaped peak rises high above all the rest,
9,000 to 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. The Medicine Lodge
Creek commences in little bogs or springs near the divide, and soon the
aggregated waters from numbers of little side-valleys, extending down
from among the hills and ridges on both sides, form a good-sized trout-
stream. I think Inever saw a stream, large or small, more fully crowded
with trout. There were two species, each equally abundant; and yet this
stream sinks beneath the surface and is lost entirely twenty-five miles
before reaching Snake River. The limestones and quartzites seem to
monopolize the country for a belt of thirty to fifty miles in width,
extending east and west on both sides of the divide.

Our camp was made in a singular basin, a sort of synclinal depression,
an average of three miles in width and about eighteen miles long, cov-
ered over with grass, but no timber, scarcely a shrub. The valley must
be at times a complete marsh or bog. It is covered with singular sink-
holes. They are round holes ten feet below the surface, and full of
rounded bowlders; and in the spring of the year, when the snows
on the surrounding hills melt, there is a great accumulation of water,
which in the autumn passes away to the main water-courses, among the
bowlders underneath the superficial deposit of soil. We see, therefore,
that on the very summit of the Rocky Mountain divide, the Pliocene
lake deposits occur, as wellas immense accumulations of the local drift
or Quaternary.

At some future period, in a general résumé of the geology of the West,
these statements will be referred to. In my preliminary reports I desire
to confine myself mostly to a simple statement of what I saw along the
route, that the observations may be placed on record for future use.
Our first camp on Medicine Lodge Creek was 6,110 feet above the sea.
The high mountain hills on either side are 800 to 1,500 feet above the
valley, some of the highest peaks 2,500 feet or more. One high ridge of
Carboniferous limestone was found to be 700 feet above camp, by barom-
eter. One of the principal features of this valley is a most remarkable
deposit from springs, which must have occurred far back in the Pliocene
period. It is far the largest I have ever seen in the West, and may serve
to illustrate the influence which springs may have in the formation of the
earth’s crust. It seems to have filled up a synclinal trough. The Car-
boniferous limestones incline from the sides of the mountains that inelose
the valley, and the deposit is arranged in nearly horizontal layers, jut-
ting up against the sides of the valley, while the stream itself has eut its
channel through it, thus exposing a fair section to the eye. On the east
side of the creek, the wall is 100 to 200 feet high, made up of rather
massive layers of most beautiful white limestone, some of it porous like
heavy tufa, but most compact like the old Hot Spring limestone on Gar-
diner’s River. Above it, and conforming to the bed of limestone, are
about 80 feet of gray volcanic ash, forming a soft, sometimes porous,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 149

chalky rock; this is capped with a layer of very hard, purplish-drab
basalt of variable thickness. This deposit extends down the valley of
the Medicine Lodge six miles, with an average of four miles in width, and
I estimated the entire thickness to be 400 to 600 feet. The deposit itself
has been lifted up, so as to form a sort of anticlinal, that is, the strata
inclining each way from the river channel at an axis, 5° to 8°. The
lower portion is very much like the Hot Springs deposits at Gardiner’s
River, hard and white as snow; some of it is a pudding-stone, made up
of worn pebbles. The upper portion is variable, as if volcanic action
had existed at the same time. The limestone in some places passes up
into thin layers of a white, fine, calcareous sandstone. As we descend
- the creek the beds of limestone, volcanic ash, and basalt diminish in |
thickness, and over all is a heavy bed of black porous basalt. It is
probable that during the lake period this valley was the center of one
of the most active groups of hot springs on the continent; that the
principal time of deposition preceded the last period of volcanic action,
when the basalt that covered the Snake River Basin with its huge crust
issued forth. We ean trace its history step by step by the strata; and
although we could discover no sign of any water in the vicinity above
the ordinary temperature of river-water, yet there is no doubt that this
indicates one of the largest deposits of the kind yet known in the West.
We may inquire from what source all this calcareous material was
derived. If this is a synelinal valley, and I so regard it, then the vast
thickness of Carboniferous limestones which we see on the sides, and
extending to the summits of the highest mountains, at least 3,000 feet
in thickness, dips down beneath the valley and rises again on the
opposite side. The waters permeating such a mass of limestone could
dissolve an unlimited amount of lime.

The valley of the Medicine Lodge, for fifteen miles above the Snake
River Basin, passes through a deep gorge, with walls of basalt and bas-
altic conglomerate on either side. At the point where we ascend the
hill on the west side of Medicine Lodge, the hot-spring deposits have
diminished to about 80 feet in thickness, and, with a flexure like a bow,
bend down, beneath the bed of the stream, out of sight. We then
have, as the lower portion of the wall, 100 feet of very coarse breccia or
conglomerate, capped with a bed of basalt; then 200 feet of yellow ma-
terial, like marl, undoubtedly voleanie ashes, &c. This also is capped
with a bed of basalt. The valley or cafion of the Medicine Lodge is
450 to 550 feet below the sloping plain line. All over the plains there
is great abundance of very rough basalt, full of. holes, of quite modern
origin.

We have said enough in this report to show that the portion of the
West drained by the Snake River and its tributaries is full of interest.
We have examined only two or three of the numbers of little streams
that carve deep channels from the divide down into the basin for more
than two hundred miles—all of them undoubtedly presenting features
of the highest interest. Fold after fold of mountain ranges extend ta
the westward to an unknown distance, very few of which are laid down
on any of our maps.

150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

CHAPTER IX.

FROM FORT HALL—SODA SPRINGS—BEAR-RIVER VALLEY—BEAR-LAKE
VALLEY—TO EVANSTON ON UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD.

I will not delay, at this time, to discuss the many interesting prob-
lems connected with the great basin of Snake River. Further examina-
tions will add greatly to the observations we now possess. Indeed, itis
hardly possible, in these preliminary reports, to do more than to make a
brief record of field-notes. The great lines of thought which are opened
up in every direction by the wonderful phenomena of this singular re-
gion must be followed persistently to their legitimate conclusions. Time
and careful study will be required to work out all the results, and these
cannot be given at this period. Our barometric observations indicate
the altitude of Fort Hall to be 4,720 feet above the level of the sea.
This will form our starting-point homeward from the basin, and, inas-
much as most of the way will be toward higher altitude, we may thus
know the grade from point to point.

On our way up to Fort Ellis, in June, we ascended the Cache Valley,
and, passing the divide, descended one of the more western branches of
the Port Neuf into the Port Neuf Canon; then into the Snake River
Basin. On our return, we crossed the divide between the Blackfoot Fork
and the Port Neuf, 5,964 feet, down into a broad valley, a kind of synclinal
depression between the high ranges of mountains. In this valley, the
sources of the main branch of the Port Neuf gather together before
cutting through the ranges of mountains.

I have, in a previous chapter, noted briefly the formations along the
east side of the Snake Basin, in the vicinity of Fort Hall. The Jurassic
and Carboniferous groups of strata form the bulk of the sedimentary
rocks, with the Pliocene or Lake deposits jutting up into the ravines or
valleys, and sometimes occurring high up on the sides of the mountains.
The rangeof mountains which formed the eastern wall of the Cache Valley
in its northward extension seems to have broken up into irregular frag-
ments after reaching the rim of the basin, and, with the exception of a
few rather high peaks, seldom reaches an elevation of more than 6,000 or
7,000 feet on the east border of the basin. I did not observe rocks of
Cretaceous or Lower Tertiary age here, though I think a more careful
examination will reveal them. Originally there was a system in the
formation of the mountain hills on the east side of the basin, but subse-
quent to their upheaval the outbursts of igneous material have produced
apparent chaos. The sedimentary formations at this time incline in
every direction and at all angles.

After crossing the divide, we descended into an open, grassy valley,
extending to the northern bend of Bear River, averaging about three
miles in width, but expanding, near the point where the sources of the
Port Neuf unite and cut through the mountains, to a width of five miles.
On the east side, the range of hills is entirely composed of Carbonifer-
ous | mestones, so far as I could ascertain atter a careful examination.
This range of hills is composed of broken ridges, which rise for 800 to
1,500 feet above the level of the valley. One ridge, which I measured
with care, as an average, was 1,100 feet. In many localities these lime-
Stones were charged with fossils. In no portion of the Rocky Mountain
Range have I seen them of greater abundance and variety. Quite thick
layers of a compact, bluish limestone were entirely compesed of corals
and crinoidal stems. In the valley itself the basaltic covering is ex-
posed here and there, though it is not quite as conspicuous as it is

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 151

either east or west of the limestone range. The evidence is plain
enough, however, that the basalt did originally form a thick covering
in this valley.

Near the bend of Bear River are several points of effusion, and three
or four ruins of old craters can be seen. On the east side of the lime-
stone ridges, in the valleys of the sources of the Blackfoot Fork, there
are a number of real craters, the rims of which are composed of lava of
quite modern appearance. One of these craters, not more than ten
miles north of the Soda Springs, is very distinct, about one hundred and
fifty yards in diameter, from one edge of the rim to the other, nearly
circular; the west side of the rim is about 50 feet above the grass-cov-
ered, inner space, which is eighty yards in diameter. All the rocks are
extremely porous, and have the appearance of comparatively recent
action. Indeed, but few, if any, important changes have taken place in
the surface since the eruption of these basalts, and therefore it must
have occurred either during or immediately prior to our present period.

In general terms, we may describe this portion of the country as com-
posed of nearly parallel ranges of mountains or mountain hills, seldom
rising more than 1,500 feet above the intervening valleys, but with here
and there a higher peak 2,000 to 2,500 feet. On the east side and ex-
tending off to the drainage of Green Kiver, these ranges are mostly
composed of limestones or quartzites, which are undoubtedly of Carbon-
iferous age. They trend nearly north and south, and, though sometimes
broken up at points, preserve a remarkable degree of uniformity. They
are folds or wrinkles in the crust, from the surface of which nearly or
quite all the older sedimentary rocks have been removed by erosion,
leaving the Carboniferous group in pretty nearly its full force. On the
west side, however, about the lower caiion of the Port Neuf, the lime-
stones have been stripped away, and an immense thickness of meta-
morphic strata of uncertain age is exposed. In the intervening valleys,
are the Lake deposits, as usual, and at a modern date, the evidence of
the eruption of the basalt. ‘A bout the sources of this Blackfoot Fork,
the influences of the basaitic outflows are very marked. Along the sides
of the ranges of hills or mountains are deep ravines, extending up to
the crest or water-divide. They are seldom caiions or gorges, though
the walls are in some instances rather abrupt. These ravines gather
the drainage from the hills, and in the valleys numerous springs break
forth, the waters of which contain great quantities of lime in solution.
Large deposits of this hme are met with long before reaching Soda
Springs at the bend of Bear River. Indeed, this. group of springs, which
is usually very remarkable, is but the center of a great district @X-
tending in every direction, only the ruins of which remain at the pres-
ent time. Some of these ruins bear traces, at this time, of a good deal
of former beauty. In one locality quite a large area was covered with
the semicircular basins, with scalloped rims.

But one of the most remarkable features of this region is the bend of
Bear River. By examining the map it will be seen that the river, after
flowing nearly northward from the Uintah Mountains about two hundred
and fifty miles, makes an abrupt bend, and returns, flowing southward
about the same distance into Great Salt Lake, not more than fifty miles
from its source. There is really only one important range of mountains
or hills between the two portions of the river. I was unable to obtain
from the present surface features of the country, a satisfactory reason for
the singular conduct of this river. The wide parallel valley which comes
up over the lake, known on the maps as Cache Valley, opens directly into
the Upper Port Neuf, and continues nearly to Fort Hall, while Bear River

152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

has apparently cut its way directly through one of the great limestone
ranges, and abruptly flexes around and flows southward. The river cuts
the end of the mountain-range that extends up in the bend, so that the
north end forms a high, precipitous mountain wall. The river runs
through a deep gorge of basalt. On the opposite side there is a steep
wall of limestone 800 to 1,000 feet high. The passage from Upper
Port Neuf to Upper Bear River Valley is a narrow gateway about half
a mile wide. The general trend of all these ranges is nearly northwest
and southeast; the inclination of the limestones 15° to 30°, though in
some exceptional cases extensive groups of strata incline as high as 60°.

The high range, which can be seen so distinetly extending far south-
ward from Soda Springs within the bend, is onty a portion of the im-
mense limestone range seen on the east side of Cache Valley as we jour-
neyed northward in June. It is entirely composed of the old quartz-
ites and underneath them the well-defined Carboniferous limestones, as
shown in the Wahsatch Range, the limestones and the quartzites again
overlying the limestones. I could not discover any traces of the usual
metamorphic group. There is a broad belt of country lying between
the drainage of Snake and Green Rivers, which is formed of a series of
folds.in the crust, that have not yet been worked out in detail. In all
this belt it is seldom that rocks older than the Carboniferous are ex-
posed.

At the bend of Bear River, is located the most interesting group of ©
soda springs known on the continent. They occupy an area of about
Six Square miles, though the number is not great. At this time they
may be called simply remnants of former greatness. Numerous mounds
of dead or dying springs are scattered everywhere, and only a few seem to »
be in active operation. So far as the manner of building up the ealeare-
ous mounds is concerned, it does not differ from that of the hot springs
in the Yellowstone Valley, and it may be that they were boiling springs
at some period in the past. At the present time they are not usually much.
above the temperature of ordinary spring-water. In one or two instances
the active springs were found to be luke-warm. Nearly all the springs
were in a constant state of more or less agitation from the bubbles of
gas that were ever escaping. In a few cases the water is thrown up 2
to 4 feet. One spring with a basin 10 feet in diameter, with the surface
covered over with bubbling points from carbonic acid gas escaping, hada
temperature of 614°; another bubbling spring, 65°. The Bear River
cross-cuts a number of the mounds, thus revealing the secret of their
structure. The mounds vary from a few feet to tw enty or thirty feet
high, built up, in the same way as the hot-spring cones, by overlapping
layers. There are many of these mounds, which show, by the steepness
of the sides, the amount of hydrostatic pressure. Many of the chim-
neys are nearly vertical, with the inner surface coated over with a sort
of porcelain. At one point on the margin of Bear River there are two
steam-vents, from which the gas is constantly escaping with a noise
like a low-pressure engine. Near the edge of the river there is a bean-
tiful spring with a chimney about two feet in diameter lined inside and
out with a bright-yellow coating of oxide of iron, in which the water is
thrown up two ) feet by a constant succession of impulses. The inner por-
tions of the chimney are lined with the porcelanic coating as smooth
as glass, and tinged through with a bright yellow from its. iron. Near
the foot of the hills, a mile from the river, there is a soda-spring, with
a mound about 10 feet high, with a large rim 30 by 100 feet, but with
a small quantity of water compared with what formerly flow ed from it;
temperature, 035°. Near this spring are a number ‘ot large springs

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 153

issuing from beneath the hilis of limestone without the deposit or the
taste of the acidulous ones; so that we have in close proximity aud appa-
rently coming from the same rock, with about the same temperature,
acidulous and non-acidulous springs. There were two springs, the
waters of which were above the ordinary temperature, respectively,
764° and 78°.

Near the Mormon village are a number of mounds and springs, which
will always attract attention. One of them is located near the margin
of Soda Creek. It has formed a small chimney about 2 feet in diameter,
6 feet above the creek, and the water boils up most violently. One
would suppose from the agitation of these springs that a large
quantity of water must necessarily flow from them; but the quantity is
always small, and in some cases none. In the middle of Soda Creek,
which at this point is about 25 feet wide and 3 feet deep, there are
several points of ebullition, showing the presence of springs beneath.
Within 100 feet of the fine spring owned by Hon. W. H. Hooper, there
are three singular cone-shaped chimneys with water in a constant state
of ebullition, but with no visible outlet. All around these springs there
is a deposit of iron of a bright-orange color. In the bed of Bear River
there are a number of springs which can be seen from a distance by the
ebullition. Although the flow of water from these springs does not seem
to be great, yet there will always be enough for the demand of visitors
for drinking purposes. There are some mounds that have been built up
in thin layers and rounded gradually to their summits, 30 to 50 feet
high, and from 50 to 300 feet in diameter at the base ; these have been
at a former period, large springs, but are nowin their last stages. Some
of these springs have gradually built up a mound in the form of a hay-
cock or a bee-hive, and before dying or breaking out in another place
would close themselves up at the summit. One of the largest of these
mounds closed itself up at the top, all except a chimney about 4 feet
in diameter, with an aperture of about 4 inches. Jt was once a spring
of great force, but gradually died away until it ceased entirely. But
the most interesting exhibition of the soda-spring deposit is found on
Soda Creek, about four miles above its junction with Bear River. There
is here an area of half a mile square, covered over with the semicircular
reservoirs, with scalloped rims, similar to those on Gardiner’s River,
except that they are much coarser. Some of the rims are 6 and 8 feet
high. The process of building up these reservoirs is going on now, but
the center of operation is constantly changing. The partitions of these
reservoirs are sometimes several feet in thickness, and are usually hol-
low, forming extensive caverns. The inner sides are most beautifully
lined with a calcareous bead-work like coral, as white as snow. ‘There
are also rows of small stalactites, which add much to the ornamentation.
All around these springs, in the channels along which the water flows,
the vegetation grows with a rankness which is worthy of special notice.
As the waters holding lime in solution flow slowly over this vegetation,
the leaves and stems become incrusted, and large masses may be
gathered up as specimens, showing the stems and leaves perfectly.
These specimens haye been transported in large quantities to different
points along the Pacific Railroad for the purpose of sale to travelers
and curiosity-seekers, until these beautiful decorations are destroyed.
When I visited these springs last autumn I found them a mnass of ruins,
and the specimens that I obtained for the museum of the Smithsonian
Institution were those that had been rejected by these traders. I*rom
the base of the Limestone Hills, which are 500 to 800 feet high, springs
gush out, forming at once a swift-flowing stream, 6 feet wide and a foot

154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

deep, as clear as crystal. The valley of Soda Creek extends off to the
northwest and unites with that of Blackfoot Fork. As far as the eye
ean reach only a fragment of a ridge of limestone, or an old voleanie
crater, can be seen, but on either side the high limestone hills rise up
like lofty walls. The basalt is shown along the base of these hills in
high, vertical walls, 50 to 80 feet, breaking into irregular columnar masses.
Sometimes the springs sink beneath this crust of basalt, and thus dis-
appear for a long distance. Huge fissures and sink-holes are not un-
common. These limestones, from the inclination as shown in the sur-
rounding hills, must dip beneath all the Lake deposits and basaltic floors
of the valleys, and consequently the water of the springs may pass up
through 2,000 to 4,000 feet of Jimestone. A narrow-gauge railroad has
been projected, and partially constructed, by the Mormon authorities,
from the Pacific Railroad, near Ogden, via Cache Valley, toSoda Springs.
This road will pass through the most thickly settled and most prosperous
portion of Utah outside of Salt Lake Valley. It also opens up the fine
valley of Upper Bear River with its 2,500 industrious farmers. 1 call
the attention of the public to this locality, Soda Springs, as a future
place of resort for pleasure-seekers and invalids. The numerous springs
with their curious deposits, the beautiful valley with its river, surrounded
with most picturesque scenery, must very soon attract great attention
from tourists. Aboutsixty miles tothe northeast, on Salt Creek, a branch
of John Gray’s River, are some of the finest salt-works west of the Mis-
Sissippi, Which must sooner or later attract far more attention than they,
have yet done.

The elevation at Soda Springs is 5,529 feet above the level of the
sea. From this point we pass up the valley of Bear River, constantly,
but gradually ascending to higher altitudes until we reach the terminus
of our journey. We shall find the soil fertile, the vegetation exuberant,
the crops of the farmers usually good. We shall be constantly surprised
at the numbers of prosperous villages that will greet our eyes every few
miles. When the valley was first settled, a few years ago, the crops
were all destroyed either by grasshoppers or early and late frosts. The
prospects of the farmers are improving every year, and as the country
becomes settled, the climate seems to become milder and the confidence
and prosperity of the people are greatly increasing.

I have continually spoken of the Lake deposits in the valleys among
the mountains, from the fact that they occur everywhere. There is
also a remarkable uniformity in their mineral composition and color.
Still there is here and there a locality where these deposits present some
variations from the usual type. About three miles above Soda Springs,
on the margin of Bear River, there is a bed of black slaty clay under-
neath the superficial deposits of drift, which contains a seam of impure
coal, visible only when the water is low i in autumn. The slate above
the coal is literally crowded with fresh-water shells, as Planorbis, &e.
The beds are all horizontal and form a portion, I suspect, of the Plio-
cene Lake deposits of these valleys. <A little ‘farther up the river, on
the opposite side, there are hills, cut by the river, showing about 290
feet of gray indurated sandstones, with beds of pudding-stones, and
light-gray and whitish marly sand and clay, a very modern deposit,
but attaining such a thickness and giving form to the high hills bord-
ering the river as to be regarded as worthy of attention in deseribing
the geological features of this valley. I may state in short that for ten
miles the valley and the foot-hills on either side exhibit an extensive
deposit, gradually passing up into the Quaternary or Drift, and over the
Drift i is here and there a crust of basalt. There are alse old spring de-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 155

posits in the form of rather compact tufa. On either side of the river
the high mountain hills are composed of quartzites and Carboniferous
limestones.

About fifteen miles above Soda Springs the river cuts through a vast
thickness of thin shales, varying in thickness from one-twentieth of an
inch to an inch, averaging about one-eighth of an inch thick, resembling
the Green River shales on the Union Pacific Railroad. They are mostly
horizontal, but occasionally incline 3° to 5°. They reach a thickness of

.500 to 800 feet and appear to pass up into variegated beds of light-
gray and pink sands and clays in this valley, resembling those of the
Wahsatch group west of Fort Bridger. By looking at the map it will
be observed that the valley of Green River is only about sixty miles to
the eastward, while southward the variegated beds are found filling up
the inequalities of the surface of the older rocks as far as the eye can
reach, on either side of our road to Evanston. The appearance of the
large mass of shales in the valley of Bear River is not easily accounted
for, and they do not appear to conform to the older rocks. No fossils
could be found in the shales, and all that I can say of them is that they
appear to be of modern Tertiary age, and that in the scooping out of the
valley they seem to have escaped the general erosion. About fifteen
miles below Soda Springs, are some thick local deposits of the white lime
stone, very compact and bard enough for building material or lime. This
fact is mentioned to show that these spring deposits, whether hot or cold,
extended far back into the past, at least to the Pliocene period, like
those in the Yellowstone Valley. I have no doubt, however, that the
springs of Bear River Valley were originally hot, perhaps some of them
geysers at a former period.

The only method which I could take to ascertain the general geology
or the mountains on either side of the valley was to follow up the gorges
worn out by some of the little mountain streams. Hast of Bennington
the quartzites are well exposed, covering the side and summits of
the mountains and inclining at various angles towards the valley.
These quartzites, althongh so very hard and compact, have a brit-
tle fracture, and the sides and base of the mountains are covered
with vast quantities of the débris. Following along the base of the
mountains, the limestones soon rise from beneath the quartzites, and at
Joe’s Gap, near the town of Bennington, there is a gorge in the side
of the mountain that forms a remarkably clear section of the strata.
The little stream that carved out the gorge is now entirely dry, and
must be supplied in the spring by the meltingof the snows. The gorge
itself is about 300 feet wide, with nearly vertical walls 500 feet high.
The upper 200 feet of strata are very massive, yellowish-gray, hard, and
quite pure limestone. The lower 300 feet are composed of layers, vary-
ing in thickness from an inch to 2 feet, and very regular. The rock is
very hard, tough, bluish or steel-gray, calcareous mud, with all the
peculiar markings of a shallow-water mud-deposit. Tossils are abund-
ant in the limestones. The entire mass flexes over the sides of the
mountain, with a curve toward the top, inclining 10° to 159, and at the
base 20° to 30°. Of course, the strata pass beneath the valley, and rise
again on the opposite side. Bear River Valley is a synclinal depres-
sion. To the eastward a series of three synclinal folds may be seen,
extending nearly to Green River, filled up, in some instances, with the
variegated beds of the Wahsatch group. Above Bennington the val-
ley begins to expand and forms a wide, marshy flat, with a soil com-
posed of rich, black earth, sustaining a thick growth of coarse grass.
There is no timber along the river except willows, and the high hills

156 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

are thickly covered with pines. At Paris the rocks used for building
purposes are obtained from the Wahsatch group, in the lower hills, on
the west side of the river. From Montpelier, for about ten miles up ‘the

valley, there is a break in the hills on the east side, and they become
much lower; but opposite Bloomington a higher range comes in and
continues far southward. The little streams, whieh are very abundant,
especially on the west side of the valley, rise mostly at the foot of the
hills, and vary from one mile to four miles in length. Some large
streams, ten to fifteen yards wide and one to two feet deep, flow into.
Bear Lake from a group of springs gushing out of the sides of the hills
not over a mile distant. The climate may be severe in this valley, but
the inhabitants are of the belief that it is becoming milder every year.
I was continually amazed at the evidences of prosperity everywhere.
Pleasant villages are located every few miles, and in the interval are
numbers of well-improved farms. The soil of this valley is more fertile
than that of Salt Lake Valley, and is better watered. There is no lack
of springs and streams for irrigation or for milling purposes. The tim-
ber is very scarce, but sufficient for fuel is obtained from the moun-
tains, and there is no limit to the supply for building materials.

J ust before reaching the lake, we leave the river to the east and enter
the Bear Lake V alley. This must have been a large lake at one time,
at least twenty-five miles long and from six to ten broad ; at the present
time it is ten miles in length and from five to eight broad. At the
boundary line, between Idaho and Utah, passing directly across the
lake from east to west, I was informed that Mr. Majors, the astronomer
in charge, under the General Land-Office, made the width of the lake,
by triangulation, seven and one-third miles. From the mouth of Swan
Creek the width was at one time measured with a chain on the ice and
found to be seven and three-fourths miles. Soundings were also made
from the mouth of Swan Creek to the opposite side, and the greatest
depth was determined to be 175 feet. One mile west from Indian Creek,
on the east side, the depth was 137 feet; so that we may estimate the
average depth at 40 to 60 feet. It is a beautiful lake, set like an eme-
rald among the mountains. Not even the waters of the Yellowstone
Lake present such vivid coloring. No sea-green hue could be more
delicate; and as the waves rolled high by the force of the winds, the
most vivid green seemed to shade to a beautiful, delicate blue. Bear
River seems to have been bent slightly out of its course by a range of
mountains which extends northward between the lake and the river,
but it suddenly flexes back again, even south of west, and then flows
to the northwest. I was unable to make an examination of this portion
of the river, and therefore caimot present the geology in detail, but
hope to continue these explorations at some future time.

By examining the map it will be seen that there is but a single range
of mountains between Cache Valley and Bear River, and that the
geological structure does not differ materially from that of the Wahsatch
Range and its subordinate ranges. We have a vast thickness of very
hard quartzites at the base, and above them a group of limestones,
which, so far as Bear River Valley is concerned, has yielded only fossils
of Carboniferous species. Above the limestones are quartzites again,
with intercalated layers of clay and sandstones. The lower quartzites
appear to have been partially metamorphosed, and contain some quite
rich silver ores. These ores do not appear to be found in regular lodes
but in pockets or irregular cavities. At the time my party passed up
the valley there was a good deal of interest in these mines among the
people, aud some very excellent specimens of the ores were shown to us.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 157

West of Bloomington, Paris, Saint Charles, and the lake, a number of
mines have been located. I had the opportunity of examining but one
of the mines, and that was near the mouth of Swan Creek. It was
ocated in the quartzites, as I have described above. From all the evi-
dence that I could obtain, I formed the opinion that these mines would
never become very profitable, though quite interesting in a scientific
point of view. They deserve a much more careful examination than I
was able to give them.

As I have before stated, the valley of Bear Lake is most beautiful,
fertile, and already well settled by farmers. ‘There are all the indica-
tions of prosperity, yet | understand that the winters are very severe,
and that, owing to the late and early frosts, crops are uncertain. Still
_ the climate is reported to be growing milder every year. We may look

for a moment at the elevation of the valley above the sea. At Soda
Springs, the most northern point of Bear River Valley, the elevation is
5,529 feet; at Bear River Bridge, thirty-three miles up the valley, 5,744
feet; at Swan Creek, on the west side of the lake, twenty-five miles
farther up the valley, 5,922 feet. At the extreme south end of the lake
the elevation was found to be 5,931 feet. We see, therefore, while this
most attractive portion of the valley is not above 6,000 feet, the suc-
cessful raising of crops 1s even yet somewhat problematical, though
the parallel of latitude is only 42°.

Near Swan Creek there is a fine exhibition of a local anticlinal. The
beds of quartzites incline like a steep roof from the west side of the
mountain, forming a wall very near the road. The inclination of the
quartzites was 60°, while all along the sides of the mountains the basalt
ridges of the strata are shown inclining in an opposite direction 10° to
15°. The east portion of this anticlinal is undoubtedly due to the wash-
ing out of the underlying materials by the waters of the lake and the
breaking down of the beds of quartzite in consequence. The hills or
mountains on the west side rise 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the lake. Bear
Lake Valley is oval in shape and at the present time has the appearance
of an anticlinal. The high ranges of hills on the west side only present
the basalt edges of the strata toward the lake, but it is probable that
the western portion has been swept away by erosion. It is possible that
the system of synclinal folds or depressions extended along the valley,
but have been wornaway. At the upper end are fragments of anticlinal
ridges, which appear to have extended across the area now occupied by
the waters of the lake. On the east side the streams have cut deep
gorges into the hills, revealing the quartzites as well as the limestones,
but the variegated clays, marls, and sandstones of the Wahsatch group
repose unconformably upon them, filling up the irregularities of the sur-
face and concealing the older rocks for the most part. The quartzites
prevail on the west side, extending as far southward as the eye can
reach, while in the valley at the extreme south end very compact
quartzites, which appear to be partially changed, crop out from beneath
the Carboniferous limestones.

After crossing Spring Creek, near Laketown, we enter a deep canon
with massive strata of limestone, inclining about northeast 50° to 70°.
We have at ‘the bottom, first, very irregular bedded, massive, cherty
limestone, with no fossils; secondly, a yellow, calcareous sandstone of
varied texture; thirdly, limestone in thin strata, very much warped or
bent. The upper limestones are much like those in Joe’s Gap east of
Bennington, and are, no doubt, a continuation southward of the same
ridge. This ridge, or range of mountain hills, as it might be termed,
is deeply gashed by streams that flow into the lake or river, revealing
sections of the strata more or less clear. We may, therefore, state in

158 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

general terms that the metamorphic quartzites crop out occasionally,
though seldom, but high ridges of Carboniferous limestones, with the
strata inclining at all angles, are frequently uncovered over large areas.
From Soda Springs to the south end of the lake, and even much farther
southward, the high ranges of hills on the east side are composed
of a nucleus of limestones uncovered here and there. Sometimes a
vast thickness of the variegated quartzites conform to and conceal the
limestones, while in the intervals between these great anticlinal ridges,
and sometimes covering them, is a vast thickness of the more modern
deposits of the Wahsatch group. Ascending the divide eastward from
Bear Lake Valley, I estimated the thickness of the older strata to be
6,000 feet, 4,000 of which are Carboniferous limestones and the remainder
quartzites and sandstones. From the summit to Bear River Valley the
variegated beds of the Wahsatch group conceal all the older rocks.

From the divide we descended the valley of Sage Creek to Bear
River Valley. The Tertiary strata are nearly horizontal on either side.
These rather modern beds partook of some of the later movements, and
incline at angles from 1° to 10°. The valley where we entered it is about
three miles in width, and soon expands to five miles. About five miles
below the village of Randolph, on the east side of Bear River, there is
one of the ruggedest walls of Carboniferous limestone I have seen on the
trip. The rocks seem to rise up from the river-bottom almost verti-
cally; the summits are weathered into jagged points, and the sides
of the wall, from summit to base, are gashed with dry caiions or guilches,
which form splendid cross-sections of the strata. The trend of the ridge
is about northeast and southwest; the dip northwest 60° to 70°. The
limestone is usually pure, light-gray color, not as compact as usual,
full of fossils, mostly in a fragmentary condition. Still these fossils
show most clearly that the limestones are of Carboniferous age. This
range of mountains, as it might properly be called, forms a very singu-
lar exhibition of the dynamic forces that have produced the remark-
able folds in the older sedimentary rocks. It may be called an oblong
quaquaversal, or an isolated puff or bulge in the crust. The entire
range is not over eight miles in length and not over two or three miles
wide. The limestones bend down from the summits like the steep,
flexible, convex roof of a house. About three miles above Randolph,
at the bend of the river, the limestone ridge breaks off suddenly. On
the south end the strata seem to be inclined at a greater angle, in some
instances passing a vertical. A fragment has been cut off at the south
end, where a stream has at some period very remote in the past madeits
way through. This section shows the strata clearly, and as well the way
they flex down around the endof the range. The bend of Bear River is not
long, but quite abrupt. Far to the south the country is open, flat, and
appears like a river valley, surrounded by low hills. The character of
this limestone range would indicate depression of the surrounding
country as one of the causes of the convex form of the sides. At any
rate, within the space of about ten miles from east to west, there are
two of these remarkable limestone ridges, where 3,000 to 4,000 feet of
strata seem to be corrugated into quite remarkable folds, with synelinal
intervals that have been filled up with the modern Tertiary beds.

I will not delay at this time to discuss the causes that may bave led to
this wrinkling of the crust, but simply state my observations and wait
patiently for a greater array of facts. From the bend of Bear River to
Evanston the strata are not much disturbed, usually not inclining more
than from 3° to 10°. In the ecafion southeast of the bend I was in-
formed that coal had been found. From the end of the limestone ridge
to the railroad, in every direction, the rocks exposed are not older than

rd

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 159

the Coal group, probably Lower Tertiary or Upper Cretaceoys. At Evans-
ton we have the great coal-mines, which. have been described to some
extent in my previous reports, and are still further described by Dr.
Peale in a subsequent portion of this report. .The numerous species
of plants which were found above and below the coal-beds are described
in the report of Professor Lequereux on the fossil plants collected by
the expedition. I had intended to add some additional chapters, and a
final one, which should comprise a résumé of the geology cf the country
examined during the past season, but the time would not permit. It is
my purpose to press on with all the vigor possible to collect the facts
which shall establish the age of the different formations of this portion
of the West; more especially to ascertain the relation the coal-beds
sustain to the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods.

NOTES TO CHAPTER IX.

The following letter of Dr. Drown conveys so much valuable informa-
tion in regard to the chemical character of the remarkable Soda Springs
at the base of Pike’s Peak, Colorado, that I am glad to append it to this
chapter, for the purpose of comparison with the waters at Soda Springs,
on Bear River. The letter is published by permission of Dr. R. H. Lam-
born. The information is of greater interest to me, from the fact that
the springs were examined with some care by my party in 1869, and
a short account of them was given in my report of the United States
Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico:

LABORATORY, 209 SOUTH SIXTH STREET,
Philadelphia, November 11, 1871.

DEAR Sir: I take pieasure in ‘transmitting to you the results of my
examination of the salts placed in my hands through the kindness of
yourself and Professor Persifor Frazer, jr. These salts were the residue
of evaporation of the water of the spring called the “ Doctor,” one of the
well-known group of mineral springs atthe foot of Pike’s Peak, Colorado,
now reached by the. Denver and tio Grande Railway; which springs, I
understand, now belong to the Fountain Colony, and are about to be im-
proved with a view to the utilization of their sanitary qualities. The sub-
stance submitted for analysis was obtained by Professor Frazer, jr., from
the spring in question when engaged on the mineralogical survey of Colo-
rado in 1869, and was the result of the evaporation of a considerable
quantity of water. The means at hand for evaporation were so crude
that some substances, not properly belonging to the water as it comes
from the earth, have become mixed with the material used in my deter-
minations; but their nature is such that I think they may be readily
eliminated, leaving the ultimate result quite accurate.

The result of the analysis was as follows:

Per cent.
(1 USI WOME 901s 171 2) Es On eg eS 9. 33
NM nal e) Oly MIU tare ee ck ki re arate Sicse Kit: die icie'h Sarg Rae 4, 49
SP MMMM yo 28 cach Shy Ri AVE re le RUM dR Geta. Yin Gd wth Gs ti IR i | 0. 87
Ree aA OAT payment ale tticie ave bdialatats Wt vayats ok Y2cd n/a els aOferaieram re te 6.10
BRANES yeaah 25 5) «)> inv ob cide) ppv even SROMME sl ole ow''mha st as'o! dahl PRP mRNA ULI CE, 5. 64
JCI GEIS HAGA ia cE WaeEe e e A Lerie Beds eel She Sane eke AL 2. 57
BEM ASM TON «Ly ot oelloP Saad 85, atin: Baebes Ve faites ana berladend pire CMR ee ere eet Sap 4, 86
PES CULT N « aralis wiissie cats 2 tay alte eyelid Bovis ey “Gem ovine SUBIR Wh wes R! acah cua hand one. NOTE 91. 60

Oxygen by calculation...........3.-:. GMKeMaRA eves Ue aera 2. 87

160 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

‘Per cent.

@arbonic acid 234 2etee eee Bene wediuc ude eee AY steed 11. 80
Sulphurie-aeid <i aes We oases oc Sa Se Sane Bo 2.49
Ohlorine +. 425g eee hao Bee Seu i eee 2 ak USE ee 25. 02
97. 64

The 2.36 per cent. unaccounted for I consider to be principally due
to a too low determination of the organic matter, the estimation of
which was attended with difficulties, and the small amount of material
at my disposal precluding a redetermination.

The organic matter found in such large quantity was evidently
mainly communicated to the water during evaporation, and could
searcely have been contained in the water itself. Professor Persifor
Frazer, jr., says the spring is not perceptibly ferruginous, so that the
iron found was doubtless from the kettle in which the water was evap-
orated. ‘The quartz was present in pieces of appreciable size, and must
have been mechanically suspended in the effervescing water. The
small amount of alumina found may have been in solution in the water,
but more probably accompanied the quartz. Eliminating these sub-
stances from the analysis, we may express the composition of the solid
ingredients of the water as follows:

Per cent,
Merde Or Sodium... ... .s .. 2-5 m+ n= baeee See oe yeas ee 33. 96
PANOnIGe OF POLASSINM ~ 2.65 sn 0 +2 mae hes a RA State ae
TAP ORALe. OF: SOUR as! wal an wa a a 2 oe has eee wits le 10. 94.
Sr nate Ol, SOUS. — oo. on cn hd or a SO deren Selected A ee 4, 42
ulienee Of BONA <e s oe OS. Soc oss a cn ew ees eee ee 5. 49
Oarbonate-Gf lime sq xia oo, OH Sawing awl. 2S. 2 ee 10. 07
Carbonate of maecnesia s..i./.24.-..-.-.- 4.2... 1.20 5. 40

Calculating these amounts on the scale of 100 parts, and presuming
that the soda, in combination with the silicic acid, was originally in
combination with carbonic acid, and calculating, moreover, the carbon-
ated salts as bicarbonates, we have:

‘Per cent.

PHOTIC’ OF SOQIUM. #. 25.41 oplagcs th co bid~ basins 4a OL ~e ae 36. 69
AMOTIdG Of POLASSIPM. . s <<.45'2)~ 5 45 :¢i@6 ae Gas 4) 04k el 10. O1
Bicarbonate Of: Sodan +. -. in’) Ws ocjk biaeis Hae od od 24. 01
Smipnate OF SOMA... 40:5 b asf bones asin die ici She is 4.78
Tecearboriace of VWme, 4... Temes t 40 odsame waslse 4a oi ee 15. 62
Brearbonate of magnesia, «.-. ..2. -\.~ 42sec as)s amie - Oa ee 8. 89
100. 00

The water of the spring is thus shown to belong to the class of
mineral waters characterized by a preponderance of alkaline chlorides
and carbonates. This class of waters has its principal German types in
the springs at Ems and Selters in Nassau, analyses of which are
appended for comparison. .

Bieanbonatbe: OF ATOR 6s wn niin wapintennepelencaaeeenee 0.67 _

| Kriihuchen | : s
Spring, Ems. | Selters Spring. | Doctor Spring.
|
pak eal tips Per cent. Per cent. phe
ORGS Gh SOGURINS so2 oe oo 65 eee ee ree SS 27. 25 51, 68-2-K6 - 36. 69
CLO RIGO 1 | RRS SURI oe om feats oo wee eet S| cee 0. 85 be. 53 10. 01 ; “6,0
Biearbonate of S@08> s: si se 2.c coset tet 2ct Lies lates toot 57. 03 29, 29 = 24. OL
Subp liatenotis ney ex ae hiss: o-oo Asano ns eet oe ee ee ee 0. 56. 0. 76 4.7
TeieavponahGoilMey sete o< asc. - oo eape ere ne emne ae 6. 65 8.00 15. 62
Diearhonate Of AVACMESIA «he xd cd aewes See bess soRone cee 5. 89 | 7. 65 8. 89

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 161

The Krahuchen Spring is the one ehiefly used for drinking at Ems.
This watering-place is stated in Dr. McPherson’s recent work to be the
most popular woman’s bath in Europe; he adds that this watering-place
is well suited for cases of bronchial and laryngeal catarrh.

From the close correspondence between the Doctor Spring and the
Selters Spring, in chemical composition, we can infer that the physiolog-
ical effects of these waters will be very similar. Of the far-famed Sel-
ters Spring, which supplies the world annually with a million and a half
bottles of Selters water, Dr. Edwin Lee writes: ‘Its action is, in general,
cooling, exhilarating, and alterative, improving vitiated secretions of the
mucous membranes, giving tone to their glands, and promoting absorp-
tion. It may generally be taken without risk by robust and plethoric
individuals, and is of great service in cases of torpor of the vascular
and glandular systems, stomach derangement, with acidity and consti-
pation, tendency to gout in full habits, and scrofulous complaints. The
Selters water would also be serviceable in cases of irritation of the uri-
nary organs, or tendency to the formation of stone or gravel in chronic
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder.

THOMAS M. DROWN, M.D.

ROBERT H. LAMBORN, Esq., Vice-President

Denver and kio Grande Railway.

While my party was engaged at Soda Springs, I obtained some valua-
ble information from Mr. Stump, one of the proprietors of the Oneida
Salt Works, Idaho, which indicates the existence of some of the most
valuable salt-springs on our continent. I was not able to visit them,
and these few notes are given here for the purpose of directing the
attention of the public to them. They are located in a small side-valley,
which opens into Salt Creek, a branch of John Gray’s River, about
sixty miles northeast of Soda Springs. They are surrounded with high
mountains. The little creek in which the springs are located flows
southeast, while the main Salt Creek runs northwest. The water is as
cold as ordinary spring-water, and is as clear as crystal, showing how
completely the saline matter is held in solution. The market is in
Idaho and Montana—mostly in Montana. The company make 6,000
pounds of salt per day, but the supply of water would warrant 25,000
pounds perday. There is another small spring, a little distance from the
main springs, that yields water enough for 2,000 pounds of salt per day
for a portion of the year. It sells at $30 per ton at the works, and the
demand is increasing every year. The company began to supply the
market in 1866 at five cents per pound. It now sells at two cents per
pound. The amount annually made by the company for six years past
is as follows:

Pounds. Pounds.
oe or ee AOOMOOOF 1869.Ca A Ral IY. hey 650, 000
Nici (2b ge Anes, Oe SUOVOOO TU STIOM TS! SRE Lee Sah 750, 000
NU CO) Sie ae he DOOFOCOM PUST Te ye ST ee a 850, 000

Analysis of sample of salt from White & Stump Oneida Salt Works,
Oneida County, Idaho, by A. Snowden Piggot, M. D.

CGO LOL OOM ULM acteter eee, Bese aes caee cals nxt ud im vend. Samren Eye ise laps Ree « 2 97.79
PVC LOL, SOM Da oa nieces tale wrfeth dos nyheter ee ET he. Ste edi 1. 54
AOU TR OL. CAVCUUDIIN: fdas APRON ls os wisp acaga tay dake Reba anw teat Qt 0. 67
STM O OL MAS MOSU Ds psaieiwinieolenra« «nie nraiovantenietetinte Sew oc aa Trace

100. 00

ligs

162 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
CHAPTER X.

THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
[ With a map. ]

While the preceding chapters of this report were passing through the
press, the bill that was introduced into both Houses of Congress in De-
cember has become a law. It will perhaps be proper, therefore, to
devote a small space to a notice ofghis event, omitting the details until
the more complete history can be prepared.

In order that the geographical locality of the reservation, containing
within its boundaries the wonderful falls, hot-springs, geysers, &c., de-
scribed in the previous chapters of this report, may be more clearly
understood, I have prepared a map expressly to show the park with its
surroundings, on a scale of ten miles to oneinch. The report of the
Committee on Public Lands, as well as the law itself, which is included
in this chapter, will serve to explain the map in general terms. A
elance at the map will show to the reader the geographical locality of
the most beautiful lake in the world, set like a gem among the mount-
ains. He will also see that the mountains that wall it in on every side
form one of the most remarkable water-sheds on the continent. The
snows that fall on the summits give origin to three of the largest rivers
in North America. On thenorth side are the sources of the Yellowstone ;
on the west, those of the Three Forks of the Missouri; on the southwest
and south, those of the Snake Rivcr, flowing into the Columbia and
thence into the Pacific Ocean ; and those of Green River, rushing south-
ward to join the great Colorado, and finally emptying into the Gulf of
California, while on the east are the numerous sources of Wind River.
From any point of view which we may select to survey this remarkable
region, it Surpasses, in many respects, any other portion of our conti-
nent.

On the 18th of December, 1871, a bill was introduced into the Senate
of the United States by Hon. S. C. Pomeroy, to set apart a certain
tract of land lying near the head-waters of the Yellowstone River
as a public park. About the same time a similar bill was offered in
the House of Representatives by Hon. William H. Claggett, Delegate
from Montana. After due consideration in the Committees on Public
Lands in both Houses, the bill was reported favorably. In the Senate
it was ably advocated by Messrs. Pomeroy, Edmunds, Trumbull,
Anthony, and others. In the House the remarks of Hon. H. L. Dawes
were so clear and forcible that the bill passed at once without opposi-
tion.

I have thus presented a brief history of the passage of this bill be-
cause I believe it will mark an era in the popular advancement of scien-
tific thought, not only in this country, but throughout the civilized
world.

That our legislators, at a time when public opinion is so strong against
appropriating the public domain for any purpose however laudable,
should reserve, for the benefit and instruction of the people, a tract of
3,078 square miles, is an act that should cause universal joy throughout
the land. This noble deed may be regarded as a tribute from our legis-
lators to science, and the gratitude of the nation and of men of science
in all parts of the world is due them for this munificent donation.

of the Interior

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NATIONAL PARK

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Geologist

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U.S.Geological Survey of the Territories

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 163

THE YELLOWSTONE PARK.

Mr. DUNNELL, from the Committee on the Public Lands, made the
following report:

The Committee on the Public Lands, having had under consideration bill
H. R. 764, would report as follows:

The bill now before Congress has for its object the withdrawal from
settlement, occupancy, or sale, under the laws of the United States, a
tract of land fifty-five by sixty’ -five miles, about the sources of the Yel.
lowstone and Missouri Rivers, and dedicates and sets it apart as a great
national park or pleasure-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the
people. The entire area comprised within the limits of the reservation
contemplated in this bill is not susceptible of cultivation with any de-
gree of certainty, and the winters would be too severe for stock-raising.
Whenever the altitude of the mountain districts exceeds 6,600 feet
above tide-water, their settlement becomes problematical unless there
are valuable mines to attract people. The entire area within the limits
of the proposed reservation 1s over 6,000 feet in altitude, and the Yel-
lowstone Lake, which occupies an area fifteen by twenty-two miles, or
three hundred and thirty square miles, is 7,427 feet. The ranges of
mountains that bem the valleys in on every side rise to the height of
10,000 and 12,000 feet, and are covered with snow all the year. These
mountains are all of volcanic origin, and it is not probable that any
mines or minerals of value will ever be found there. During the months
of June, July, and August the climate is pure and most invigorating,
with searcely any rain or storms of any kind, but the thermometer
frequently sinks as low as 26°. There is frost every month of the year.
This whole region was, in comparatively modern geological times, the
scene of the most wonderful volcanic activity of any portion of our
country. The hot springs and the geysers represent the last stages
the vents or escape-pipes—of these remarkable volcanic manifestations
of the internal forces. All these springs are adorned with decorations
more beautiful than human art ever conceived, and which have required
thousands of years for the cunning hand of nature to form. Persons
are now waiting for the spring to open to enter in and take possession
of these remarkable curiosities, to make merchandise of these beautiful
specimens, to fence in these rare wonders, so as to charge visitors a fee,
as is now done at Niagara Falls, for the sight of that which ought to be
as free as the air or water.

In a few years this region will be a piace of resort for all classes of
people from all portions of the world. The geysers of Iceland, which
have been objects of interest for the scientific men and travelers of the
entire world, sink into insignificance in comparison with the hot springs
of the Yellowstone and Fire-Hole Basins. As a place of resort for in-
valids, it will not be excelled by any portion of the world. If this bill
fails to become a law this session, the vandals who are now waiting to
enter into this wonder-land will, ina single season, despoil, bey ond re-
covery, these remarkable curiosities, which have required all the cunning

skill of nature thousands of years to prepare.

We have already shown that no portion of this tract can ever be made
available for agricultural or mining purposes. Even if the altitude and
the climate would permit the country to be made available, not over
fifty square miles of the entire area could ever be settled. The valleys
are all narrow, hemmed in by high voleanic mountains like gigantic
walls.

164 GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The withdrawal of this tract, therefore, from sale or settlement takes
nothing from the value of the public domain, and is no pecuniary loss
to the Government, but will be regarded by the entire civilized world
as a step of progress and an honor to Congress and the nation.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
Washington, D. C., January 29, 1872.

Siz: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communi-
cation of the 27th instant, relative to the bill now pending in the House
of Representatives dedicating that tract of country known as the Yel-
lowstone Valley as a national park.

{ hand you herewith the report of Dr. F. v. Hayden, United States
geologist, relative to said proposed reservation, and have only to add
that I fully concur in his recommendations, and trust that the bill
referred to may speedily become a law.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
C. DELANO,
Secretary.
Hon. M. H. DUNNELL,
House of Representatives.

The committee, therefore, recommend the passage of the bill without
amendment.

[GENERAL NATURE—No. 16.]

AN ACT to set apart a certain tract of land lying near the head-waters of the Yellow-
stone River as a public park.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the tract of land in the
Territories of Montanaand Wyoming, lying near the head-waters of the
Yellowstone River, and described as follows, to wit, commencing at the
junction of Gardiner’s River with the Yellowstone River, and running
east to the meridian passing ten miles to the eastward of the most east-
ern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence south along said meridian to the
parallel of latitude passing ten miles south of the most southern point
ot Yellowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the meridian
passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake;
thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the junction of the
Yellowstone and Gardiner’s Rivers; thence east to the place of beginning,
is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale
under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a
pubiic park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the
people; and all persons who shall locate or settle upon or occupy the
same, or any part thereof, except as hereinafter provided, shall be con-
sidered trespassers and removed therefrom.

SEc. 2. That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of
the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practi-
cable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem
necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such
regulations shall provide for the pr eservation, from injury or: spoliation,
of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within

’

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 165

said park, and their retention in their natural condition. The Secretary
may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes for terms not
exceeding ten years, of small parcels of eround, at such places in said
park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of
visitors; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues that
may be derived from any source connected with said park, to be ex-
pended under his direction in the management of the same, and the
construction of roads and bridle-paths therein. He shall provide against
the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within said park,
and against their capture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise
or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the same
after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and generally
shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary or
proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this act.

Approved March 1, 1872.

CHAPTER XI.

REPORT OF A. C. PEALE, M. D., ON MINERALS, ROCKS, THERMAL
, SPRINGS, &C.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

DEAR Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my preliminary
report on the minerals, rocks, and thermal springs met with during
the explorations of this summer.

I commence at Ogden, Utadi Territory, our starting-point, and describe
the minerals, rocks, | and. springs encountered by the expedition through-
out the whole trip. To study the mineral resources of a country to the
best advantage requires that we should have an abundance of time to
devote to each locality, working on our knees, as it were, with drill and
hammer. As the greater part of our time was spent on the march, such
a course was impracticable; I therefore confined myself to the collec-
tion and general investigation of specimens.

Six hundred and twenty-seven specimens of rocks, with over one
thousand specimens of minerals, including those from the hot springs,
have been deposited in the Smithsonian Institution. Catalogues of the
minerals and rocks are appended to this report.

I insert qualitative analyses of the waters of the principal geysers
and hot springs. In so doing, I feel a hesitancy, for the field is so vast
that to develop it thoroughly would require the work of years, and the
number I present is but as a drop of water in the ocean.

I had hoped to embody in this report a larger number of quantitative
analyses, but the time has been limited, and there have been interrup-
tions that have rendered it impossible. .

I append a catalogue of the hot springs of which the temperatures
were recorded, giving their position, elevation, character, principal con-
stituents, highest, lowest, and average temperatures, together with the
temperature of the air at the time of observation.

In regard to mining operations, I have not attempted to make any
report. We passed through but a small portion of the mining districts,
so that any such report would be incomplete.

In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to the cieeraen of the ex-
pedition for their assistance and co-operation, and also to Judge Lovell,
of Virginia City, Montaia Territory, and C. T. Deuel, esq., of Evanston,

166 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Utah, for information afforded me. I would also refer to the uniform
kindness and courtesy extended to us at the various military posts.
Hoping this report may meet all requirements, I am, very respectfuily,
your obedient servant,
A. C, PEALE.
Dr. F. V. HAYDEN,
United States Geologist.

:

Ogden City, in Utah Territory, is situated at the western base of the
Wahsatch Mountains, in the Salt Lake Basin. It is between the Ogden
and Weber Rivers, and is the point where the Union Pacific, the Cen-
tral Pacific, and the Utah Central Railroads effect a junction. The town
contains about six thousand inhabitants, and is built partly on the ter-
‘ race that skirts the base of the mountains, and partly on the level bot-
tom through which the rivers flow. Its streets are all wide and lined
with beautiful trees, while on each side flows a clear stream of fresh
spring-water.

The Wabsatch Range extends north and south, its gray peaks being
snow-crowned the greater part of the year. Our first camp after leay-
ing Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, was on one of the terraces, about a
mile from the foot of the mountains, which are cut into sections by
numerous cations. They intersect the range at right angles to the trend.
One of them, Ogden Cafion, I visited as typical of the others. The
rocks at the mouth of the calon I found to be syenites of a red color,
and having a specific gravity of 2.6. The feldspar in it was a flesh-col-
ored orthoclase alone. The only veins noticeable were some illy defined
of quartz and feldspar. These syenites must in places pass into granites,
for a specimen brought me I found to be a protogine containing a green
talc, which, with the flesh-colored feldspar and white quartz, formed’a
beautiful specimen. The rock, however, could not be located. In this
syenite, at the distance of probably half a mile to the south of Ogden
Canon, some prospecters have claimed to have discovered tin ore. In
the specimens brought me [I failed to discover even a trace of tin. Upon
the syenites very thick beds of quartzites lie. They are mostly of a
white color. In some places, however, they are dark-brown, and highly
ferruginous. The specific gravity of these quartzites varies from 2.5 to
2.6. They extend for some distance and dip at an angle of about 80°.
I found, also, a metamorphic conglomerate, composed of beautiful red
and pink siliceous pebbles imbedded in a light-gray siliceous matrix.
The quartzites are succeeded by quartz schists, which in turn pass into
a dark cherty or siliceous limestone. This limestone produces an excel-
lent quality of lime, which has been used by the Union Pacific Railroad
Company in building their engine-houses. There are in the cation three
lime-kilns in active operation.

Farther up the caion than I was able to go, I was told there was a
ledge of silver ore that promises to pay-well. A piece of ore that was
handed me, and alleged to be from the same, yielded, on examination,
both silver and copper. I was also given a piece of coal said to be
from some distance up the caiion.

We left Cgden on the morning of June 10, and took up our line of
march, traveling in a northwesterly direction along the base of the
mountains, around Bear River Bay, and in the afternoon vamped in a
beautiful, small, green valley, having gone ten miles. Near our camp
were situated some hot springs, very noticeable from the abundant,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 167
deep crimson-colored deposit about them. There are a number of springs
at the base of a spur of the mountain range which is to the east of them.
The average temperature of the water was 129° F., the temperature of
the air at the time of observation being 83° F. The highest tempera-
ture was found in one of the smaller southern springs, and was 136° F.;
while at the distance of 100 feet to the west of it the lowest tempera-
ture, 109° F., was found. The principal spring was almost circular in
shape, and from 12 to 15 feet in diameter and 5 feet in depth. Its tem-
perature was 128° F. some distance from its edge, although probably
higher in the center, beyond the reach of the thermometer. The taste
of the water was decidedly bitter and salty. In all of the springs there
was at intervals a slight bubbling of carbonic acid gas. At no time
during observation, however, was it considerable. No other volatile
substances were discovered. The specific gravity of the water was
1019, and an analysis revealed the following constitutents :

Chloride of sodium, (common salt,) very abundant,
Sulphate of lime,

Magnesia,

Lime, as carbonates.

Tron,

The amount of iron was small, from its having been thrown down by
the escape of the carbonic acid gas at the time of examination. A con-
siderable area around the springs is covered with a deposit of iron, the
bright-red color of which contrasts well with the green of the surround-
ing vegetation. Im isolated spots, as well as on some of the rocks near
the water, there is a white deposit. Between the springs and the lake
or bay there extend salt marshes or flats for the distance of three or four
miles.

Leaving our camp on the 12th, we resumed our way in an almost
northerly direction, until we neared Brigham City, when we turned to
the right and entered Box Elder Canon, another of those gorges cut
through the mountains at right angles to its trend. Our way was now
upward for eight miles through the canon—grass-covered hills with here
and there projecting rocks rising high on either side of us, while at our
feet rushed a swift stream, its banks fringed with elder-bushes. ‘The
rocks here are identical with those in Ogden Cation. In the evening
we camped in Box: Elder Park, about 500 feet above the level of the
Salt Lake, near the Danish settlement of Copenhagen. The park is
almost circular in shape, and is about two miles in diameter, encircled
by rounded hills composed of dark siliceous limestone. Between this
point and Cache Valley, a distance of almost thirteen miles, our road led
us now up hill and now down, past masses of dark-blue Carboniferous
or mountain limestones, containing white calcite with perfect cleavage.
They are fossiliferous. Just before reaching Wellesville, our camping-
place, there was a change to calcareous sandstones of a light-gray color.
The scene as we emerged from the mountains was erand. Before us
lay Cache Valley, dotted with numerous Mormon towns. It is one of
the best cultivated districts in Utah, and, clothed in its spring garb,
presented a beautiful appearance. It is about fifty-four miles in length
and will average abont seven miles in width. The rocks in the moun-
tains on either “side are limestones and quartzites. Near Mendon there
occurs an oolitic limestone, which is much used for building purposes
throughout the valley. Our course on the 14th and 15th lay through
Cache Valley. At the upper end is the town of Franklin. To the west
of the town there is a large, isolated butte, the basis of which is a blue
lunestone containing a percentage of silica. This stands in the middle

168 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of the valley like some monument, the surrounding rock having been
washed away. On June 16 we crossed Bear River and found immedi-
ately a change in therocks. Instead of limestone we came across green-
stone, among which I obtained specimens of aphanite and melaphyre,
the latter amygdaloidal in places. The specific gravity of some of these
specimens is as follows: three specimens of dark-green aphanite, 2.5;
and two specimens of melaphyre, 3.1. Continuing for about five miles,
they are intercepted by quartzites containing a small percentage of
lime.

About three miles above the town of Oxford I found some men mining
for silver. W.J.Cooper, of Oxford, is the owner of the lode, which is 7
feet wide, and dips west at an angle of about 40°. The strike is north
and south. The wall-rock on either side is greenstone. The gangue
of the lode is composed of quartz, with calcite and feldspar. Some good
crystals of calcite were seen, and also brown spar, (rhomb spar.) The
ore is principally chloride, reddish and greenish. A shaft has been
commenced, but has reached only the depth of 30 feet.

Six miles above Oxford we entered Marsh Creek, or Round Valley,
passing from Utah into Idaho Territory. The entrance to this valley is
between two high buttes, one consisting of a ferruginous sandstone of
a bright-red color on its weathered surfaces, the other composed of a
bluish siliceous limestone. Passing through this natural gateway, we
were in an old lake basin, the rocks being modern Pliocene sandstones
of a white color, all containing some lime. The road soon ascended to
the top of a terrace of drift formation, covered with a sparse growth of
sage-brush. Leaving this valley the following day, June 18th, we en-
tered the valley of the Port Neuf River. Just before entering the valley
we passed over a floor-like layer of dark basaltic rock. We tollowed
the river on its right bank. All along the left bank there is a layer of
- basaltic rock, its hexagonal columnar form reminding one of the Giant’s
Causeway. ‘The formation over which our road Jed us was drift, while
the hills on our right presented alternations of limestones and quartzites
succeeding each other at short intervals. There seems to have been
some point higher up the valley from which the molten mass flowed
during the Tertiary period, for the formation on which it rests is Tertiary.

In crevices in the rock in many places I obtained specimens of obsi-
dian. As we neared the mouth of the valley it became wider and wider,
and the mountains receded until they spread out into the Snake River
Valley.

Emerging into the valley we turned to the right and crossed the hills
to Fort Hall, a post that has only recently been established, in Idaho
Territory. We arrived there on the 21st of June. The following day
I made a visit to some warm springs in Lincoln Valley, about three
miles southeast of the fort. I found five springs situated at the head of
a depression in the valley, whose direction was east and west. They
gush forth from the foot of the hills, the bases of which are limestones.
In spring No. 1, which was the warmest, the thermometer recorded
87° KF. It was about a foot in diameter, nearly circular, and 9 inches in
depth. The next two, No. 2 and No. 3, to the southeast of No. 1,
had equal temperatures, each being 77° I. Only one of these was
defined as a spring, being 3 feét in diameter and 2 feet in depth. Inthe
other the water merely poured forth from the rocks in a narrow stream.
No. 4 and No. 5 were of the same character as the last mentioned, and
reached each the temperature of 69° F. They were still more to the
east. The water in all was beautifully clear, due to the presence of car-
bonate of lime. The specific gravity of the water was 1003, and con-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 169

tained carbonate of lime, and alumina probably as a sulphate. There
was no perceptible evolution of gas. In the course of the stream there
was a deposit of lime, small in quantity, incrusting grass, moss, and
twigs.

About a mile east of the fort I found a number of hills, whose bases are
fine-grained red sandstones of very free quality. It would make a very
good ornamental building-stone. The rocks that succeed and lie upon
them are Jurassic limestones, containing an abundance of fossils. We
left Fort Hall on the 23d of June, and until the 28th were in the Snake
River Valley, a wide plain covered with sand and sage-brush. For
ninety miles nothing else was passed over save here and there exposures
of dark basaltic rock, which seems to be spread out over the entire plain.
At some time, during or since the Tertiary period, the plain must have
been flooded with molten lava, which came, in all likelihood, from sev-
eral points of eruption. As we came down the Port Neuf River we
could see in the distance what appeared to be an old crater, and on our
way across the Snake River Basin we passed another.

At Eagle Rock we crossed Snake River on Taylor’s bridge. The
river here has cut a narrow gorge through the rock, forming quite a
canon. The rock rises 10 feet above the level of the water. The cur-
rent is very swift. The rock shows the hexagonal columns, so charac-
teristic of the cooling of the molten mass. At ‘“ Hole-in-the-Rock,” on
Dry Creek, we had an opportunity of proving that the lava extends
over the valley like a crust, for the most part at least simply, and not
in the form of dikes. Here we visited a cave, which has been formed
by the water flowing beneath the basalt and washing out the sand.
The entrance to the cave is formed by a falling in of the erust. Clam-
bering down over the broken fragments, we discovered seven chambers.
There were two entrances, one to the northwest and the other to the
southeast. In the first-named direction we found three chambers, each
about 20 feet in height and 200 feet in diameter, they being almost cir-
cular. The chambers are separated from each other by loose, fallen
rock. After penetrating as far as possible we retraced our steps, and
were about leaving the place, when we discovered an aperture just
large enough to admit one at a time, leading toward the southeast.
Entering this we found four chambers separated from each other by
piles of loose, fallen rock, as in those on the opposite side. Instead of
being circular these were oblong in shape, each being about 300 feet in
length and 150 feet wide, the height being 20 feet. Hach succeeding
chamber is somewhat lower than the preceding. The roof is arched
and composed of dark basaltic rock. From it there hang innumerable
small stalactitic formations, caused by the percolation of the water
through the rock. There are also numbers of air-bubbles in the rock,
which hang from the roof in drop-like processes, forming points for the
formation of stalactites. The bottom of the cave is sandy; and in a
hole dug to the depth of 20 feet, it was observed to be distinetly strat-
ified, showing it to have been deposited by water. That this condi-
tion extends over the whole valley is further presumable, from the facet
that a considerable number of the streams flowing through it sink and
are lost to sight. Their disappearance is easily accounted for by their
flowing underneath this crust.

On the 28th of June we left the Snake River Basin, and entering
Beaver Head Caiion, began to ascend on our way across the main divide
of the Rocky Mountains. The igneous rocks were still present. At the
mouth of the cation we passed an isolated hill, composed of schistose,
or slaty phonolite, each layer being one-eighth of an inch in thickness

170 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

and porphyritic. Its specific gravity is 2.39. On reaching the top of
the canon we encamped in Pleasant Valley, a beautiful little valley set
in the mountains like a gem. Its elevation is 6,086 feet. Near our
camp was a deep, narrow gorge cut through rock, which, on examina-
tion, proved to be a true porphyritic phonolite, having disseminated
through it crystals of sanidine,,nepheline, and haiiynite. The rock is
of a dark-gray color, very compact, having a specific gravity of 2.75;
the crystals occurring in spots, occupying about a quarter of an inch
each, and from one to two inches apart. The hatiynite occurs as red-
dish, octagonal crystals. The nepheline is the variety sommite, and is
in small grains; while the sanidine, or orthoclase, is in tabular erys-
tals. I insert here the mineralogical composition of some phonolites
of Bohemia, given by G. Jenzsch:

Per cent.
Sanidine, estimated at. -.-.-.-.- See Eee eS 53. 55
Mepheline, estimated at: Y.0S OF. Tee ee OO eee MP 2 i)
Hornblende, (arvendsonite)——"* 2. OU oe, eee 9. 34
Berane ss See ee ee. Se ees on 3. 67
eIMeLGS artes re he. O tea on a TT Cope ens at ee ce 0. 04

I shall take the earliest opportunity of making a chemical analysis of
this rock. The occurrence of these phonolites would go far toward
proving the age of the eruption, even though we had not the Tertiary
formations beneath it, for no true phonolite has been found to be of
other than Tertiary or still more recent origin. The following day we
continued on our way across the mountains, passing over the divide,
the elevation of which was 7,044 feet. The more modern rocks were
conglomerates, presenting little or no interest. I obtained some speci-
mens of trachyte, which are vesicular, of a white color, having a reddish
tinge in some parts. I also obtained specimens of a vesicular rock,
which I consider to be a phonolite, although I had not the opportunity
of observing it in position. One of the specimens was of a dark-gray
color, having a specific gravity of 2.57. The specific gravity of the light
varieties was 2.3. After crossing the divide our way lay over Pliocene
formations, In which I obtained a white sandstone composed of very
fine pebbles, cemented by a calcareous matrix. The older rocks were
limestone conglomerates, upon which rested white and red sandstones.

The 30th of June we spent in camp, visiting a peak near us where we
found the limestone conglomerates at the base with sandstones on
top. The next day our route was through a rolling country, now pass-
ing over a hill and now through the valley of a small stream. I procured
specimens of a very compact, dark phonolite, having a specific gravity
of 2.4. The recent rocks were of Pliocene origin. Some of them consist
of very small, bluish, siliceous pebblesin a white, siliceous matrix. Upon
these were grayish caleareous sandstones, also Pliocene. They consist
of minute red and black pebbles cemented by lime. On top of these
were yellowish calcareous marls. We camped at night at an elevation
of 6,988 feet, in the midst of gneissic hills, which become granitoid in
places. The following morning we entered Wild Cat Cafion, a pictur-
esque, gorge-like valley, the rocks of which stand out boldly on either
side. At the head of the cafion I found a vein of coarse granite, con-
taining labradorite in good cleavable masses. In some of the specimens
the play of colors was particularly fine. There were also some good
ervscals of black mica, (biotite.) The surrounding rocks were fine-
grained granites of a reddish hue. On top of the granites were

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. IVE |

quartz porphyries, or elvanite, which passed into felstone, or petrosilex.
In some places there appeared to be a dike running through the granite.
The elvanite I found of two varieties, one having a gray-colored matrix
with feldspar crystals of a pink tinge, and the other having a red matrix
with white crystals disseminated through it. The petrosilex, or felstone,
was of various shades, blue, gray, yellow, and red, predominating. The
yellow variety has a specific gravity of 2.01 ; the blue, 2.53; and the gray,
2.72. These rocks seem to pass into gneiss, which itself at some distance.
becomes granitoid, thus proving them to be of the same composition as
granite, only in a more compact state, having been forced through the
granite and therefore of later origin.

We camped in the evening of the 2d of July on Black-Tail Deer Creek.
Leaving here the following morning, the first part of our course led us
up over hills that were once the bottom of some large lake. Reaching
the top, a grand view burst on our sight. We stood on the rim of a
vast amphitheater. At its bottom, far beneath us, was a green line
marking the course of a stream, one of the branches of the Stinking
Water River. The rounded hills converged toward the stream, while
here and there, on their sides, were projecting strata of white Pliocene
sandstones, contrasting well with the grassy slopes. On the top, even
underneath our feet, was a capping of black basaitie rock, which on some
sides projected over the edge. So regular was it that it seemed as
though it had been laid with mathematical accuracy. The background
completing this picture was composed of sharp peaks and hills, with a
blue, snowy range in the extreme distance. We now began to descend,
proceeding down the canon, which is named the Devils Pathway. Our
road led us between masses of gneissic and granitoidrocks. Here again
we found dikes of elvanite, quartz-porphyries, and felstones, some of
beautiful colors, red, blue, gray, and violet. I obtained a striped or
slaty porphyry, looking very much like riband jasper.

Emerging from the rocky walls we pitched our tents on the bank of
the Passamaria, or Stinking Water River. The next day we again
passed over modern formations in an old lake basin until within some
ten miles of Virginia City, when we came across quartzose rocks mostly
auriferous. Here we found the first evidences of mining. Near the road
aman by name David Lioyd was industriously washing out the gravel
from the side of a foot-hill. He informed me that he was averaging
about $3 per day.

Passing between quartzose and gneissic bilks containing veins of gar-
netiferous hornblende schist we soon began to ascend, and crossing the
hills, passed through Nevada, a small mining town below Virginia City.
Ali about us were the evidences of mining in the heaps of bare pebbles,
numerous water-courses, and upturned barrows. It being the anniver-
sary of our national independence, all were idle save a few Chinamen.

Virginia City is situated in Madison County, in the southern part of
Montana, and is one of the chief mining centers of the Territory. It is
on Alder Gulch, one of the tributaries of the Stinking Water, or Passa-
maria River. The mines about Virginia City are principally placer-dig-
gings. Goid was discovered on Alder Gulch in 1863, being the second
discovery in the Territory ; the placer-diggings of Bannack having been
discovered in 1862. Since that time enormous quantities of gold have
been taken out, although it is impossible to say exactly how much, as
the estimates are conflicting.

Alder Gulch is about sixteen miles long, and has a number of tribu-
taries, all of which contain gold. Bald Mountain stands at the head of
the gulch. Near it the gold is coarse, aud the farther we go from it

172 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

down the gulch the finer it becomes. The width of the gulch will aver-
age about 200 feet, and the hills on either side are rounded. The coun-
try rock is gneiss, presenting the same characteristics as that I have be-
fore noticed, being in many places garnetiferous. The gravel is washed
through a flume and the gold caught at various parts of its length. One
of the greatest wants for the successful prosecution of mining here is a
water-supply. There are a number of quartz-mines about Virginia
. City, but all unite in saying that more capital is needed to make them
pay well. -I was shown specimens of argentiferous galena and of cop-
per ore, which will no doubt one day add much to the prosperity of
Montana. The copper, 1 was told, was being mined and sent to Cali-
fornia to be smelted. In Alder Gulch I obtained good specimens of
garnets and precious serpentine.

We left Virginia City on the 6th of July, and crossed the hills to the
Madison River, traveling in a northerly direction. We passed over dark
igneous rocks, which were in contact with coarse ferruginous sandstones.
We followed the river untilits passage through a narrow canon neces-
sitated our turning from it and crossing the mountains. Soon after
leaving the river we crossed Meadow Creek, which flows through an ex-
ceedingly beautiful and fertile valley. Wenow began to ascend rapidly,
and passed by three deserted shafts sunk in the granite beds. Besides
granites there are here quartzites and gneiss. Soon after crossing the
summit, we encamped in the Hot Spring district. Near our camp were
some hot springs, which, however, presented but little of interest. The
highest temperature was 76° F., and the lowest 64° F.; the temperature
of the air being 48° F. The largest spring was only about a foot and a
half in diameter, and four inches in depth. The rock at whose base
they have their origin is a reddish syenite. A few miles farther on
we passed some larger springs, situated close to the road. Their size
was about 4 feet by ‘10 feet. The highest temperature here was 124° F.,
and the lowest 110° F.; the atmosphere at the time of observation being
50°F. They were filled with Confervoidea. We passed by a number of
mills all working, being supplied with the gold ore from quartz-mines
in the neighborhood. One of these mines, the Red Bluff lode, I visited.
The lode, which is owned by J. J. Lown, dips to the north, the strike
being east and west. Its width varies from 2 feet to 7 feet. The coun-
try rock is mainly gneiss. The hanging wall is a gray granite, and
its foot-wall eneiss. There are two shafts 100 feet apart, the first one
reaching the depth of 105 feet, and the second 110 feet. They are con-
nected by a passage, which extends 45 feet beyond the second shaft, get-
ting below the water-level. The ore is principally a red jasper, with
the particles of metallic gold disseminated through it and plainly visi-
ble. Below this jaspery ore there are galena and pyrites. I also ob-

tained some beautiful pieces of blue chaleedony and some semiopal, the
latter being almost all dendritic. Approaching the hanging wall the
ore passed into a porphyritic rock, with large masses of bright-red jas-
per. The mine had been worked for six months, and in that time had
averaged $60 to the ton. There were about eight men employed, at the
rate of $5 each per day. Leaving here, a ride of a few miles brought
us, a second time, to the Madison River, which having cut its way
through the mountains, here spreads out and flows smoothly between
low rounded hills, from whose grassy slopes ridges of gneiss and horn-
blende schist project. On examination these latter proved to be gar-
netiferous. Following the Madison but a short distance, we turned to
the right and crossed the hills to the valley of the Gallatin River. This
is the garden valley of Montana. It will average fifteen milesin width,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. ES

and is about sixty miles long. It is well watered by the branches of
the Gallatin River, which are extensively used in irrigation. ‘The hilis
are covered with excellent grass, and form one of the best grazing
grounds in the world. Quite a considerabie part of the valley is already
under cultivation. Crossing the Gallatin, we soon arrived at Bozeman
City, a flourishing town, destined to be of considerable importance
should the Northern Pacific Railroad run through it. Three miles be-
youd the town we pitched our tents at Fort Ellis. Fort Ellis is situated
on the eastern side of the Gallatin Valley, on the east branch of the Gal-
latin River, and has a force of four companies of cavalry and one com-
pany of infantry, under the command of Major E. M. Baker. On the
11th of July we visited a small lake twelve miles southeast of the fort.
After a ride over a trail which led through dense timber, making our
progress difficult, we reached the lake, a beautiful sheet of water en-
sconsed in the midst of hills which rise to a considerable height around
it. It is about half a mile in width, and the stream flowing from it
forces its way in a deep gully through quartzites. It falls about 500
feet in a quarter of a mile. It rushes along with furious rapidity, leav-
ing high projections of rock on either side. The lake shore is bordered
with limestones, which rest on the quartzites. Having refitted and ob-
tained an escort, we left Fort Ellis on the 15th, and, after a ride of but
nine miles over a very rough road, went into camp. During the day
we passed over fossiliferous sandstones of Tertiary origin. Atthe head
of Spring Canon, through which a small stream flows to join the Galla-
tin, we passed an old coal-mine. It is abandoned, and being full of
water prevented our entrance. The shaft, however, does not penetrate
very far. The coal is lignite, similar to that found along the Union
Pacific Railroad. On top of the sandstones we again had igneous rocks,
(dark basalts.) For the two following days we were obliged to travel
very slowly, having to build our road in many places. The sandstones
and basalts continued until we reached the valley of the Yellowstone
River, which we entered on the morning of the 17th. The flow of the ~
lava has spread out over the valley, forming a floor, over which our road
led. LI obtained on our way chips of chalcedony and obsidian, which
were abundantly scattered over the valley.

The valley of the Yellowstone, at the point we entered it, is about
four miles wide, and has on its eastern margin a grand mountain range,
whose sharp peaks proclaim its voleanic origin. The river is easily
traced by the line of timber on its banks. At Botteler’s Ranch we
formed our permanent camp, being unable to take our wagons farther,
and made preparations to pursue our way with pack- mules. On the
20th of July we left Botteler’s, stringing out in single file, with our
pack-train along the trail up the Yellowstone River. The trail led us
along the left bank of the river over igneous rock, the most conspicuous
of which was a breccia composed of large masses of black material
imbedded in a red matrix. After aride of about fifteen miles we reached
the lower cation. Here the river breaks through masses of gneissic
rock, which rise abruptly from the water’s edge, and over which our trail
was very steep and rocky. The caiion is about three-quarters of a mile
in length and about 280 feet wide. At the bottom of this ravine the
river, of an emerald tint, rushes over the rocks, whose resistance causes
it to be thrown into numerous foam-capped ripples. The gneissic rocks
are for the most part garnetiferous, though somewhat indistinctly so.
They pass in many places into hornblende schists, and in others become
granitoid. Emerging from the canon, our way led us alternately over
low hills of igneous origin and expanded valleys. The soil seems to be

174 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

made of the finely pulverized dust of volcanic rock, and is covered with
a sparse growth of sage-brush. The river is bordered with a growth of
thinly scattered pines and quaking-asps. In the mountains, on either
side, are stratified limestones, which rest on the gneissoid rocks we
observed in the caton. Scattered over the hills and through the valleys
I found many beautiful specimens of chalcedony and chips of obsidian.
Many of the chalcedonies were geodes, in which were crystals of quartz;
others contain opal in the center and agate on the exterior; and still
others have on the outside attached crystals of calcite. A short dis-
tance above the caion we came to Cinnabar Mountain, so named from
the color of some of its rocks, which have been mistaken for cinnabar,
although the red color is due toiron. Here we encountered what is called
the Devii’s Slide. It consists of two masses of rock in almost vertical
position, perfectly defined as two walls. They are about 50 feet in
width each, and 500 feet high, reaching from the top of the mountain to
its base. They are separated from each other about 150 feet, the inter-
vening soiter material having in the lapse of time been washed away.
The right-hand mass is a whitish quartzite, while the left-hand
one is a dike of greenish porphyritic trachyte in which the erystals
of feldspar are thickly disseminated. Parallel with these two principal
walls are many more ridges of quartzitie and slaty nature, none of which
equal them in magnitude. They are all nearly at right angles to the
strata of limestone, which lie on either side. In a space to the right
of the main ridge there is a broad red band reaching from the top to
the bottom of the mountain. It is caused by the sliding of ferruginous
limestone and clay. It is about 20 feet wide and distinctly outlined.
These ridges must have been forced into their present position when the
strata above were horizontal. That there has been a terrible
convulsion here in the past is proved a few miles farther on, where the
Strata of limestone are so contorted that, within the space of 200 feet,
they dip in three different directions. In the limestone there was an
abundance of crystals of calcite. Some eight or ten miles farther on
we reached Gardiner’s River, a stream emptying into the Yellowstone
just as the latter emerges from a caiion. Here we left the Yellowstone
to visit some hot springs about four miles above the junction of the
two streams. We soon came to the evidences of hot springs in the
calcareous deposit, beneath which the warin water escaped into the
river. Passing a number of hot springs, we began the ascent of a steep
hill, passing over the deposit, which gave forth a hollow sound beneath
our horses’ feet. Suddenly we came in full sight of the springs. We
were totally unprepared to find them so beautiful and extensive. Be-
fore us lay a high white hill, composed of calcareous sediment deposited
from numerous hot springs. The whole mass looked like some grand
cascade that had been suddenly arrested in its descent,and frozen. On
examination we found that the deposit extended for some two miles
farther up the gorge, and below reached to the edge of the river, oceu-
pying altogether about three square miles, although the greater part
of it is now in ruins and overgrown with pines. Still the outlines can
be very distinctly traced. The principal mass is arranged in a series
of terraces, one above the other, each being composed of beautiful
basins, semicireular in shape, and having regular edges, with exquisitely
scalloped margins. Their size varies, but will average 5 by 8 feet.
They are filled with water of different temperatures, from cold to the
boiling-point. The color of the sediment is for the most part white, al-
though here and there are tinges of yellow where sulphur predominates,
and red and pink where there is iron. The weathering of those parts

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Veh,
in which the springs are long extinct has caused it to assume a grayish
appearance. The main springs are situated on a terrace about half
way up the mountain, and cover an almost circular space of about two
hundred yards in diameter. The color of the water here is almost in-
describable, being the. purest azure. From these springs clouds of
steam are always rising, and the water is always bubbling and seething
in its vast ecaldron-like basin. The water fiowing thence proceeds
downward from terrace to terrace, until it reaches the lowest, consider-
bly cooled. The springs in the center of the main basin are probably
all at the boiling-point, although we were unable to determine their
temperatures aS they were beyond our reach. ‘The temperature of the
hottest we were able to determine was 162° F. The terrace imme-
diately above the main basin is bordered by a long rounded ridge,
with a fissure extending its whole length. From this fissure nothing
but hot vapors and steam escape. Its interior is lined with beautiful
erystals of pure sulphur. The bubbling and gurgling of the water far
beneath could be distinctly heard. Back of this ridge were two small
geyser-like jets of water, which rose to the height of 3 feet intermit-
tently. Farther up the gorge, about 1,000 feet above the level of thr
river, we discovered two mound-like formations, the largest of which
was about 20 feet in height and 50 feet long by 30 feet wide. The other
was only about 5 feet high. From the top of these the water spouted
to the height of 4 or 5 feet, each geyser-spout proceeding from a small
conical mound about a foot in height and eight inches in diameter at
its base. Breaking one of these cones, the tube through which the
water came was found to be very small, only about a quarter of an inch
in diameter, while the remainder of the cone was composed of layer
upon layer of sediment deposited by the overfiowing water. Near these
mounds there is a sulphur-spring emitting a considerable quantity of
sulphureted hydrogen. On the lower terrace the water has spread out
more and formed shallower basins. Here there are also some remark-
able formations, high, chimney-like masses of the sediment, composed
of layer upon layer, which, in the lapse of time, has become very hard.
One of the most curious of these, the Liberty Cap, named from its
shape, is about 45 feet high and 15 feet thick. It is ‘altogether likely
that these have once been - veritable spouting geysers, for they are anal-
ogous in structure to the smaller active ones found higher up the val-
ley. They became so high, however, that the pressure of the column
of water was too great for the boiling-point to be attained in the depths
below. Then the eruptions ceased, and the spring gradually became
extinct, leaving these masses stand as monuments of their former
power.

The temperature of the water near the river is 120° F.; in some
springs a little higher up, 130° I’.; and on the lower terrace, 155° F.
Still a little higher there is a boiling spring, 162° F. On the second
terrace the temperature varies from 142° F, to 162° F. On the third or
main terrace it is from 155° F. to 162° F., and on the next, where the
small geysers are, it is from 156° F. to 162° F. At the two mounds high
up the valley it is from 142° F. to 145° I*., while in the sulphur spring
near them it is only 112° F. The av erage temperature of the atmos-
phere was 68° IF. The majority of the springs give off sulphureted
hydrogen gas, some being more strongly impregnated than others. The
water contains sulphureted hydrogen, sulphate of magnesia, and car-
bonates of lime, soda, and potassa. Whence do these springs obtain
the lime which is so abundant in their composition? I think from the
passage of the water through the strata of limestone. Tven the igneous

176 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

rocks, which are mostly porphyritie trachytes of a light-gray color,
contain a considerable percentage of lime, and some of the pieces I
obtained were coated with crystals of calcite. To the west of the hills
there are high volcanic peaks on the summits of the hills, whose eleva-
tion is considerable. To the east, bordering Gardiner’s River, there is
a remarkable, wall, composed of limestones and sandstones, capped with
a layer of basalt. Indeed, the whole valley is shut in by high hills. In
New Zealand there is a hot-spring formation which resembles this very
much in appearance, although the constitution of the sediment is differ-
ent. In New Zealand silica predominates; here carbonate of lime
appears in the greatest quantity. The white deposit contains—

Carbonate of lime,
Chloride of calcium,
Carbonate of magnesia,
Carbonate of strontia,
Carbonate of soda,
Carbonate of potassa,
Sulphate of magnesia,
Sulphur,

Silica.

IT insert Hochstetter’s description of the New Zealand formation, to
show how similar it is in appearance:

‘First of all is Te Tarata (signifying tatooed rock) at the northeast
end of the lake, (Rotomahana,) with its terraced marble steps projecting
into the lake, the most marvelous of the Rotomahana marvels. About
80 feet above the lake, on the fern-clad slope of a hill, from which in
various places hot vapors are escaping, there lies the immense boiling
caldron in a crater-like excavation with steep, reddish sides 30 to 40
feet high, and open only on the lake side toward the west. The basin of
the spring is about 80 feet long and 60 wide, and filled to the brim with
perfectly clear, transparent water, which in the snow-white incrusted
basin appears of a beautiful color like the blue turquois. At the margin
of*the basin I found a temperature of 183° F., but in the middle, where
the water is in a constant state of ebullition to the height of several
feet, it probably reaches the boiling-point. Immense clouds of steam,
reflecting the beautiful blue of the basin, curl up, generally obstructing
the view of the whole surface of water; but the noise of boiling and
seething is always distinctly audible. The reaction of the water is neu-
tral; it “has a slight salty, but by no means unpleasant taste, and pos-
sesses in a high “degree petrifying, or rather incrusting qualities. The
deposit of the water is like that of the Iceland springs, siliceous, not
calcareous, and the siliceous deposits and incrustations of the constantly
overflowing water have formed on the slope of the hill a system of
terraces, which, as white as if cut from marble, present an aspect which
no description or illustration is able to represent. It has the appear-
ance of a cataract plunging over natural shelves, which, as it falls, is sud-
denly turned into stone.

‘‘The siliceous deposits cover an area of about three acres of land. For
the formation of those terraces, such as we see them ‘to-day, doubtless
thousands of years were required. Forbes, judging by the thickness
of the siliceous deposits on the great geyser of Iceland, which he esti-
mates at 762 inches, and by the observation that an object exposed to
the discharge of the geyser-water for the space of twenty-four hours
is covered with a sheet of paper thickness, has calculated the approxi-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 177!

mate age of the great geyser at one thousand and thirty-six years. Sim-
ilar calculations ‘night be made also with regard to the Tetarata fountain
by examining the thickness of the siliceous incrustations.

‘The flat, spreading foot of the terraces extends far into the lake. There
the terraces commence with low shelves containing shallow water-basins.
The farther up, the higher grow the terraces ; two, three, also some four
and six feet high. They are formed by a number of semicircular stages,
of which, however, not two are of ‘the same height. Each of these
Stages has a small raised margin, from which slender stalactites are
hanging down upon the lower stage; and encircles on its platform one
or more basins resplendent with the most beautiful blue water. These
small water-basins represent aS many natural bathing-basins, which the
most refined luxury could not have prepared in a more splendid and
commodious style. The basins can be chosen shallow or deep, large
or small, and of every variety of temperature, as the basins upon the
higher stages, nearer to the main basin, contain warmer water than
those upon the lower ones. Some of the basins are so large and so
deep that one can easily swim about in them. In aseending the steps,
it is, of course, necessary to wade in the tepid water, which spreads be-
side the lower basins upon the platform of the stages, but rarely reach-
ing above the ankle. During violent water-eruptions from the main
basin, steaming cascades may occur; at ordinary times but very little
water ripples over the terraces; and only the principal discharge on the
south side forms a hot, steaming fall. After reaching the highest ter-
race there is an extensive platform, with a number of basins, 5 to 6 feet
deep, their water showing a temperature of 90° F. to 110° F. In the mid-
dle of this platform, there arises, close to the brink of the main basin,
a’ kind of rock island, about twelve feet high, decked witb manuka,.
mosses, lycopodium, and fern. It may be visited without danger, and
from it the curious traveler has a fair and full view into the blue, boil
ing, and steaming caldron. Such is the famous Tetarata.”

The above is an almost perfect description of the springs at Gardiner’s.
River. We have the same beautifully clear blue water; the terraces.
and basins even to the stalactitic processes hanging from the latter.
We have also an upper platform or basin with the main springs, from
which continual clouds of steam are rising. The lower terraces are e also
shallower and their basins filled with cooler water. We have the same.
form of natural bathing-basins of a pure white color. To these latter
some of our party gave the names of Jupiter’s baths and Diana’s pools.
The differences are these: in New Zealand the deposit: is mainly siliceous,
here it is calcareous; in New Zealand the water is neutral, here it is.
alkaline; in New Zealand the main spring is probably a vast geyser.
At Gardiner’s River it is not likely, at the ‘present time at least, that it
is a geyser, for the main springs are so large that even if there is a tube
at the base supplying one of the conditions for a geyser the pressure of
the water would prevent any eruption unless it should take place at ex-
tremely long intervals. If so, the display would be grand beyond all.
precedent. “It is likely, however, that some time in the past it has ful-
filled all the conditions of a geyser. The deposit at Gardinev’s River is
much more extensive than that of the Tetarata.

We left the hot springs on the 24th of Juiy. Proceeding down the
hill we crossed the two branches of Gardiner’s River and wound our
way up the right bank of the east fork of the river. Our course was
along the steep side of the mountain, over sandstones, which were capped.
with | a broad plateau of basalt, fragments of which were strewn along
our trail. After about four miles of steady climbing we reached the top.

12G58

178 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of the valley. Here the basaltic layer extends across the gorge, forming
an abrupt perpendicular wall, broken only on the side opposite that on
which we were. Here the water rushes down in a beautiful fall, its
beauty half-hidden by the dense foliage of the pines which surround it.
Ascending upon the basaltic platform, and looking back, the scene was
grand. High mountains in all directions, their rounded forms relieved
by numerous sharp peaks, formed the background, while in the fore-
ground beneath us lay the valley through which we had come. The
central feature of the whole scene was the hot-spring formation, its pure
white color contrasting strongly with the green of the surrounding
vegetation. Turning again, the scene in front was different. Although
there was less of grandeur there was more of beauty. Before us lay low,
rolling hills clad in bright verdure and dotted with scattered groups of
pines. About a mile farther on we passed a second cascade. The water
flows down a bed of basalt, which is inclined at an angle of about 45°,
arranged in a series of ledges reaching from the top to the bottom, a
distance of about 200 feet. These ledges cause the water to be broken
into foam, giving it at a distance, the appearance of a mass of snow.
Bordering the cascade are chimney-like masses of red igneous rock.
‘The horizontal and vertical fissures in it make the resemblance to ma-
ssonry very Striking. Near here we obtained some good specimens of
silicified wood.

The following day we reached the Yellowstone River at the junction
of its two forks. Here we encountered gneissic rocks, -and scattered
‘over the valley were numerous granitic bowlders, their rounded form
plainly indicating that they must have been carried some distance be-
fore being deposited in their present position. Above the junction of
the two forks the main branch of the river emerges from a canon, which
is over 500 feet in depth, its walls being almost perpendicular. The
walls have a capping of basalt, the columnar form of which is very dis-
tinct, especially at Column Rock, near the mouth of Tower Creek.
Tower Creek is a swift mountain torrent, which, after rushing through
a narrow gorge, with steep and often precipitous sides, suddenly dashes
over a ledge of rock, and falls perpendicularly a distance of 156 feet
into a rounded basin which the water has cut out of the solid limestone.
The width of the fall is about 20 feet. Reaching the bottom the water
hurries on through a short canon to the Yellowstone River. Upon the
Jimestones rest voleanic rocks, trachytic in nature. These have been
so eroded by the action of the torrent as to leave tower-like masses 100
feet in height, standing isolated on the edge of the creek. Twoof these
columns stand, one on either side of the fall, at its edge. They are yel-
Jowish in color from the presence of sulphur, and the exposure to the
weather has rendered them very friable. The bank of the Yellowstone,
immediately opposite the mouth of Tower Creek, is about 600 feet high
and has two rows of basaltic columns, each one of which is about 25 feet
in height and 5 feet in diameter. Between these two layers, which are
200 feet apart, are beds which seem to have a large amount of sulphur
in their composition from their bright-yellow color. We were not able,
however, to cross the river to determine it. There are also, doubtless,
numbers of hot springs scattered along the edge of the river on that
side. A few yards above the mouth of. Tower Creek, on a small stream
emptying into the Yellowstone River, there was a hot spring and a
number of vent-holes giving off sulphureted and carbureted hydrogen.
The main spring is only 2 feet in diameter and about 18 inches deep.
It is close to the edge of the creek and gives off sulphureted and carbu-
reted hydrogen. The basin of the spring is a black, clayey material.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 179

lts temperature was 127° F’. The water was acid in reaction, and con-
tains—
. Sulphate of iron and alumina, (abundant,)

Sulphate of magnesia,

Sulphate of lime,

Chloride of calcium,

Oxide of iron,

Free sulphur,

‘ Soda and potassa, (trace.)

There is in the ravine in which the creek is situated a deposit of sul-
phur, and also near the spring a deposit, white in color, containing—

Sulphur,
Tron,
Alumina,
Silica.

In the bed of the stream there is an abundant deposit of sulphur
and also a black carbonaceous material. The suiphurous odors ema-
nating from the ravine are so strong as to be recognized at a consid-
erable distance from it. A short distance above Tower Creek we
ascended a peak called Mount Washburne, whose summit is composed
of a light-gray trachytic rock containing acicular crystals of hornblende.
On the sides of the mountain we found large pieces of chalcedony and
agate. Near the base of the mountain there are situated quite a num-
ber of sulphur and mud springs. A specimen from one of: the latter

was of an almost black color, and when dry was covered with a white
efflorescence. It contained—

Sulphate of alumina and iron,
Sulphate of magnesia,
Sulphide of calcium,

Sulphur,

Silica.

Our next camp was near the Great Fall of the Yellowstone. ° It is at
the head of the Grand Caiion, a gorge averaging about a thousand feet
in depth, which the water bas cut through the voleanic rocks. These
rocks are mostly trachytes of a white or gray color, on top of which
there is a layer that is basaltic in its character. In many places they
become rhyolitic, and contain crystals of sanidine, very abundantly dis-
tributed through them. In one place I found a perlite-like trachyte
porphyry, containing small feldspathic balls (spherulites) with a radi-
ated fibrous structure, mixed with small pieces of obsidian. Some of
the rocks are colored by iron, which has been deposited from hot springs
Jn other places there is an infiltration of sulphur, which gives them a
bright-yellow color. There are still some warm springs on the edge of
the river, and, at the only place we were able to get to it, there were
three or ‘four "small springs giving off carbonic acid gas, which has
caused an abundant deposit of sesquioxide of iron about them. Having
no thermometer with us, we were unable to determine the temperature
of the water; but it could not have been much over 90°. It contained
a white organic material. Passing the upper fall, after a ride of about
eighteen miles, we reached Crater Hills. These consist principally of
two conical hills about 150 feet in height. There are several other hills
which are smaller. They are all made up in part of hot-spring deposit
and a white trachytic tufa. All about the hills there is an extensive
deposit, mostly siliceous, forming a crust which often breaks through
while walking over it. It is lined with beautiful crystals of sulphur.

180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

At the base of the hilis there is a large boiling sulphur-spring, in which
the water is constantly agitated, rising to the height of 3 and 4 feet.
It is about 12 feet in diameter and encircled by a collar-like rim, which
is beautifully inerusted. It consists principally of silica and sulphur.
In the stream proceeding from the spring there is quite a deposit of
sulphur. The water contains—

Sulphur, (very abundant,)
Alumina,

Silica,

Lime, (trace,)

Tron, (trace,)

Chlorine,

Sulphurie acid.

Its temperature is 1834° F. About 500 feet west of this spring there
is a steam-jet, which was named the Locomotive Jet from the noise
made by the steam in escaping. The temperature there was 191° F.
On the sides of the hills there were many more steam-jets, in which the
highest temperature attained was 19740 F. To the southeast of the
boiling sulphur-spring is a large turbid spring about 35 feet in diameter.
Its contents consisted of a very thin bluish mud containing—

Sulphate of alumina of iron,

Chloride of magnesium,

Sulphate of alumina,

Free sulphur,

Silica,
and haying a temperature of 163° F. It was acid in reaction and tasted
strongly of alum. About three hundred yards south from the main
spring there is a collection of mud and sulphur springs. The principal
mud-spring in this group contains a thick, blue mud. It has the con-
sistency of paint, and the steam, in escaping from it, does so with a
thud-like noise, and at times projects the mud to a considerable height.
Its temperature is 188$° F. The mud has a strong alum taste, is acid
in reaction, and contains—

Sulphate of iron aud alumina,
Sulphate of magnesia,
Chloride of magnesium,
Alumina,

Sulphur.

Near this latter spring there is another, which was named the Foam
Spring. The water is very turbid and, floating on its surface, there is
a greenish, sandy, foam-like material consisting of—

Sulphur, (very abundant,)
Silica,

Oxide of calcium,
Sulphate of alumina.

It is in a constant state of agitation. There are many other sulphur
and mud-springs here, which resemble one another closely. All the mud-
springs are impregnated with alum, and the stream flowing away from
the hills is called Alum Creek, the water of which is strongly astringent.
The alum is aniron alum. Leaving the hills we found camp, situated
on the bank of the Yellowstone River, at a place called Mud Volcanoes.
Here again was a large collection of mud and sulphur springs. Imme-
diately back of camp were two crater-like mud-springs or volcanoes
about 10 feet in depth, at the bottom of which the escaping steam kept

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 181

the thick, blue mud in a state of violent agitation, sometimes throwing
it to the height of 15 or 20 feet. This mud contained—

Sulphate of iron and alumina,
Sulphate of magnesia,

Chloride of magnesium,

Alumina,

Sulphur,

Silica. :

Near these mud-craters there were also some alum-pools containing
alum and sulphur. On the edges of these pools there were a number
of holes, from which there was a bubbling of water that flowed into the
springs. Upon ascending the hill, at whose base these springs were
situated, we could see immense volumes of steam rising toward the
southeast. Proceeding in that direction about 400 yards we came to a
sort of a cave in a sandstone rock. The entrance is about 15 feet high,
and it gradually slopes inward for about 20 feet. At this point, at regu-
lar intervals of a few seconds, there bursts forth a mass of steam, with a
pulsation which shakes the ground, while a stream of clear water flows
from the mouth of the cavern. Its temperature was 184° F. The
water had a very faint alum taste, and gave off a slight odor of sul-
phureted hydrogen. This spring we named the Grotto. <A little far-
ther on, after passing a large muddy sulphur pool of about 20 feet in
diameter, we found on the side of the hill a huge mud-erater. Its orifice
is circular and from it there escapes a dense volume of steam, obscuring
for the greater part of the time the view of the boiling mass of mud, which
is 20 feet below the surface. It was too deep for us to determine its tem-
perature. The mud seems to be very thin and of a blackish color. Some
of the mud from the rim of the crater contains alumina and silica, with a

/ little iron, lime, soda, and potassa. It is probably a true mud-geyser, for
the appearance of the crater and the trees around it would indicate that
at times it ejects its contents to a considerable height. The trees within
200 feet of it are coated with dried mud even to their topmost branches.
During our stay, however, it had no eruption. About three hundred
yards southeast of this crater we discovered another muddy geyser.
The basin of this geyser was about 50 feet in diameter, and situated in
a basin circular in shape, containing two other springs. Its tempera-
ture was 191° F, The trapper who was with us, and who had visited
the place before, assured us that about 6 o’clock p. m. it would com-
mence spouting. We waited somewhat incredulously, for the spring
was quite placid. Soon, however, there began a slight bubbling in the
center, and the water began to rise gradually in the basin until sud-
denly it was thrown into violent agitation, the contents becoming very
muddy. Immense volumes of steam escaped, throwing the water to
the height of 20 feet. The eruption lasted about a quarter of an hour,
when it ceased as suddenly as it began, and the surface of the water
was more placid than before. This eruption took place eight times in
twenty-six hours. These salses, or mud-volcanoes, are known to all vol-
canic regions. They are found in South America, in Italy, in Java, in
New Zealand, and in Iceland. We found them always where the water
was obliged to pass through a bed of clay. In the last group I have de-
scribed, in one case, that of the “ Grotto,” the water came through sand-
stone and was perfectly transparent and clear. Had it been situated in a
bed of clay it would probably have been a mud-spring. In all of these
we found sulphureted hydrogen gas toa greater or less degree, and
they were all impregnated with alum. The sulphureted hydrogen is
probably decomposed, losing its hydrogen. ‘The sulphur, becoming

182 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

oxidized, unites with the iron and alumina found in the clay and forms
the sulphate of alumina and iron. There were, also, in this group a
number of springs that were extinct. Between the active springs, in
which the mud was very thin, and those which were extinct, nothing
remaining save the hardened clay, there were springs of every grade as
considered in reference to the consistency of their contents. The water,
in the lapse of time, becomes less and less, either by finding new chan-
nels, or more likely by evaporation; the mud becomes thicker and thicker
until finally all the water disappears, leaving merely vents through which
steam escapes; and after a while even these become extinct, and the
orifices become clogged up with detritus. All hot springs and salses are
the evidence of languishing volcanic action.

We reached Yellowstone Lake on the 28th of July, and on the 31st a
smal! party of us left the lake to visit the geyser region of the Fire-Hole

tiver, the head-water of the Madison. The remainder of the party
were to move camp some twenty-eight miles farther to the south, where
we would join them in about a week. After a hard day’s travel of
thirty-one miles through heavy timber we reached the head-waters of
the east fork of the Madison, or Fire-Hole River. The mountain range
over which we passed was igneous, and in many places masses of pure
obsidian were observed. We passed by a number of fumeroles, from
which steam and gas were escaping, while all about them was the
white siliceous deposit, mingled with sulphur and iron, indicating the
past existence of hot springs. The water in the stream on whose bank
we were encamped was quite warm, although in the morning the mer-
cury in the open air was down almost to the freezing-point. About a
inile and a half from our camp were some hot springs, covering an area
of about 200 square yards. Their temperature varied from 128° F. to
199° fF. The deposit of some of the springs was calcareous.

Leaving here we proceeded down stream, passing a number of hot -
springs, some of which were noticeable from the iron deposited in their
_ basins. Their temperatures were from 142° F. to192° F. The iron was.de-
postied on an organic material, which was abundant in springs of low
temperature. Just before going into camp we passed four hot springs
of considerable size. They were each situated in the center of aslightly
elevated mound, which sloped gradually from the edge of the spring
until lost in the generai level. The first was 4 feet in diameter, having
a temperature of 162° I’. The second was 2 feet in diameter, its tem-
perature being 170° f. The third was only about a foot in widtb and
reached 174° F. The fourth and largest was somewhat irregular in
shape, being about 15 feet in length and 5 feet in width, the thermom-
eter here recording 156° F. <A short distance from these springs was
a small mud-spring about a foot in diameter. At the bottom of it, about
a foot from the surface, was an agitated mass of thick, bluish mud, havy-
ing a temperature of 190° F.

Our camp, on the evening of August 1, was on the right bank of the
east fork of the Madison or Fire-Hole River, in the lower geyser basin
of the Fire-Hole. We divide the springs and geysers of this basin into
seven principal groups for the purpose of description. Immediately
opposite our camp dlong the river, occupying a space about a quarter
of a mile wide and nearly two miles long, was the first group. Here
we recorded the temperatures of sixty-seven springs. The lowest was
106° F., the highest 198° F., and the average 159° I’., more than one-
half being above 160° F. The temperature of the air was about 50° F.
Some of these were geysers, with small. tubular orifices, projecting the
water from 2 to 5 feet. There were also some large tranquil springs or

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 183

cisterns, with beautifully incrusted siliceous basins, containing water
whose tint was an exquisite blue. One of these, whose basin was
inerusted with successive ridges, along each of which there was a line
of the colors of the spectrum, we called the Prismatic Spring. The
majority of them were simply siliceous springs. <A few, however, were
chalybeate. The siliceous sinter, (geyserite,) which was very abundant,
contained a trace of lime, iron, and magnesia. In some of the springs
of low temperature there was a leathery-like organic material of a red
color. The following day we moved our camp nearer the center of the
basin, about two and a half miles farther south. On our way we passed
between two conical, isolated, trachytic hills. The space between our
two camps is filled for the most part by the sinter, and where there is
none the ground is marshy. A small stream flowed past our camp con-
veying the water from the springs to the river. Immediately in front
of our camp, about eight hundred yards distant, was the second group,
composed principally of geysers. ‘They occupied an area of about three-
quarters of amile. We recorded here the temperatures of sixteen springs,
one-half of which were over 190° I. The lowest was 140° F., and the.
highest 196° I’., the average being 183° I’. The temperature of the air
was about 55° F. to 60° I’. One of the geysers, from the peculiar noise it
made, was called the Thud Geyser. There were many of them that
threw the water from 5 to 10 feet high. In the cool, frosty morn-
ing the basin resembled some manufacturing center, as clouds of steam

could be seen in all directions. ‘The principal geyser of this group

was situated on the slope of a small hill, and was about 20 feet in diam-
eter. The rim is about 5 feet wide and 5 feet high. It is composed of
geyserite of a grayish color, and is full of deep pockets, which contain
balis of geyserite about the size of walnuts, each one being covered with
little rosette-like formations. The column of water thrown out by this
geyser during its eruptions is very wide, and reaches the height of 50
feet. Near it we obtained some pieces of wood, which were coated with
geyserite of a delicate pink tinge. The silica had thoroughly pene-
trated the woody fiber. We found, also, some pine-cones, coated in the
same manner, forming beautiful, specimens. A few yards back of the
geyser were three large mud-springs,.in one of which the mud was red,
in another white, and in the third pink. They were all in agitation,
and the jets of steam escaping caused the mud to assume the form of
small conical points throughout the basins.. They were situated in a bed
of clay, the red color being due to iron. Below these latter there were
some chalybeate springs, the bright-red iron deposit of which had spread
over a considerable area and formed a glaring contrast with the white
color of the siliceous material. About three-quarters of a mile to the
southeast of this group is the third group, situated at the northwestern
base of a spur of the mountains, and extending up a ravine a distance of
one thousandyards. They occupied a space of about five hundred yards
in width. One of the springs from its shape we named the Fissure Spring.
We found here three sulphur springs, the only ones in the region. The
amount of sulphur present, however, was not very great; their tempera-
tures were respectively 138° I*., 154° F., and 196° I’. In this ravine we
took the temperatures of twenty springs, averaging 158° I’.; the lowest was
130° I., and the Ifighest 196° F. About the center of the group was a
small lake 600 feet long and 150 feet wide, near the eastern shore of which
there was a geyser, which spouted very regularly to the height of 15 or
20 feet. A short distance southeast of the lake we found an iron-spring,
which was surrounded by an abundant deposit; its temperature was 160°
F. West of the lake were two geyser-cones, about 18 inches high and

184 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

12 inches across at their bases. From the top of these the water emerged.
They were incrusted with a cauliflower-like formation, and near them
in a fissure we obtained balls of geyserite coated in the same manner.
The stream flowing from the lake is weil filled with a luxuriant growth
of Confervoidea.

About a thousand yards farther south is the fourth group. The
ravine in which they are situated is about a mile and a half long and
three hundred yards wide. Of the many springs and geysers which it
contains, we took the temperature of forty-two, varying from 112° F. to
198° F. The average temperature was 179° F., the temperature of the
air being about 60° I’. Just before entering the ravine we passed by &
large cone about 25 feet in height, from the top of which steam was
escaping. Itis probably a geyser, although during our stay it did not
have an eruption. At the mouth of the ravine we found the principal
geyser of the group. Its basin was circular and about 60 feet in diame-
ter, although the spring itself, which is in the center, is only about 15
or 20 feet in diameter. The incrusted margin is full of sinuses, filled
with hot water, which falls into them whenever the geyser is in opera-
tion. These pockets contain, also, smooth, rounded pebbles of geyserite,
varying in size from that of a pea to a large- sized walnut. They have
been rounded by the action of the water. “The water in the spring of
the geyser was of a blue color and constantly in agitation, though
more violently so just before spouting. The coiumn of “water projected
reaches the height of 100 feet, and is accompanied by immense clouds
of steam. Near the upper end of the ravine was a spring, about which
the deposit, instead of being white, was black. In some of the springs
we found butterflies which had fallen in and been scalded to death, and
on taking them out we found them coated with silica, thus commencing
to undergo petrifaction.

About a thousand yards west of our camp, on the banks of the Fire-
Hole River, was the fifth group, the largest of all, covering a spacé of
nearly a square mile, and comprising a large number of springs and
geysers. We recorded the temperature of ninety- -five, more than one-
half of which were over 180° F. They varied from 112° F. to 196° F.,
the average being 172° F.; the air at the time of observation was 70°
F. One of the springs, from its resemblance to a shell, we named the
Conch Spring. One geyser resembled a fortress with numerous port-
holes, looking toward the river. Its temperature was 196° F. In the
river were several small islands containing geysers. Opposite one of
them, on the edge of the river, was a horn-like geyser-cone, which we
named the Horn Geyser. Another we called the Cavern. There are
also a number of fumaroles, or vent-holes, from which steam constantly
escapes. Near the northern end of the group the river flows close to
the base of a small wooded hiil, along the edge of which were some
mud-springs and mud-geysets, the mud varying in color, being white
in. some and blue in others. In some it was very thick, and in others
almost as thin as water. On ascending the hill after passing through
the woods, we came to a dozen or more interesting mud-springs. They
were almost all situated at the bottom of large funnel-shaped craters,
of about 20 feet diameter at their mouths. The mud in most of them

was very thick and of a white or grayish color, and the steam in eseap-
ing did so with a dull, thud-like noise, throwing back the mud in forms
resembling the leaves of a lily. Near these there were some small mud-
cones, from the top of which there was steam escaping.. Breaking
them open, they were found to have veins of sulphur and iron running
through them. About two miles southwest of the last-mentioned group

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 185

is the sixth group, situated on a small stream flowing into the Fire-
Hole. They are in a large, open, prairie-like valley, which is for the
most part marshy. At the head of the valley there is a beautiful cascade.
We took the temperatures of thirty-four springs, varying from 106° F.
to 198° F., the average being 184° F. One of the springs was strongly
chaly beate. The seventh group is on the Fire-Hole River, about two
and a half miles south from our camp. Here we met with the largest
spring we had yet encountered. It was over 400 feet in diameter, and
the sinter extended in overlapping layers for a considerable distance
around it. Below this, about 600 feet from the river, was a second
huge spring, which we named the Caldron. The level of the water in
it was 20 feet below us, and the view of it obscured by the dense clouds
of steam rising from it. The glimpses we got revealed that it was of a
beautiful blue color. One side of the wall was broken down, and
thence the water flowed into the river through a number of streams,
forming a cascade, whose beds were lined with the sesquioxide of iron.
We took the temperatures of twenty of the springs, and found the
_ average to be 184° I’. The lowest temperature was 132° I’., and there

were Dut two other springs below 173° F. One-half of the springs
were above 190° I"., the highest being 196° F. The air was about 70°
F. to 76° F. The lower geyser-basin comprises an area of about thirty
Square miles, and the springs whose temperatures we took are but a
small part of the whole number. They are divisible, like those of
Iceland, into three classes: 1. Those which are constantly agitated or
boiling. 2. Those which are agitated only at particular periods. 3.
Those which are always tranquil. In the geysers the water is usually
placid until within a short time of the eruption, when it begins to
bubble and there is an escape of steam, the water rising gradually in
the basin until suddenly it is projected into the air.

We left our camp in the lower basin about noon of the 4th of August,
proceeding up the Fire-Hole River, and in the evening pitched our tents
in the upper basin. This basin is not so large, occupying a space of
only about three square miles, and containing a less number of springs.
They are, however, much more active, and their craters are more beauti-
ful, interesting, and larger. The majority of the springs and geysers
are near the river, extending along it on both sides for about three miles.
Many of them were named by the party under Langford and Doane,
who visited them in 1870. Soon after getting into camp we were treated
to an exhibition. that was truly wonderful. Immediately opposite us,
at the base of a small bill, a geyser threw a colamn of water to
the height of over 200 feet from the earth, which shook as the water
fell back into its basin. It was accompanied with a vast quantity of
steam. We gave it the name of the Grand Geyser. It had but one
more eruption during our stay, and that during the next night, after an
interval of thirty-one hours. The deposit throughout the valley is
siliceous, as in the lower basin. We recorded the temperatures of ene
hundred and four springs and geysers, and these were but a few of the
whole number. Many of those not taken were too violently agitated
for us to approach them with safety. Others were so large as to be
beyond the reach of the thermometer. Two-thirds of the tempera-
tures taken were over 170° F., the lowest being 113° F., and the high-
est 196° I. The temperature of the air was 67° I. The principal
geysers were named as follows: The Soda Geyser, the Fan Geyser,
the ‘Riverside, the Grotto, the Pyramid, the Giant, the Pune sh Bowl,
the Grand Gey ser, the Saw Mill, the Gastle, the Git intess, the Beo
Hive, and Old Faithiul, The Soda Geyser was two miles below our

186 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. OF THE TERRITORIES.

camp, on the left bank of the river, and spouted with ereat regularity
every ten minutes, throwing the water up 10 feet, resembling very much
a soda-fountain, whence its name. The Grotto Geyser was situated
about 500 yards northwest from our camp. It consists of a mass of
sinter 12 feet in diameter and 5 feet high, full of large sinuous orifices,
from which the water is projected during an eruption. Four hundred
feet southeast of the Grotto is the Giant. The crater of this geyser is
very rough and rises about 10 feet above the surrounding level. Itis 8
feet in diameter at its base and 5 or 6 at the top. One side is somewhat
broken down, allowing one to see the boiling water init. It projects a
column of water of about 5 feet in diameter to the height of 125 feet,
the eruptions each lasting about two hours. Near the Grand Geyser,
which was immediately opposite our camp, there was a small one, which
we named the Saw Mill Geyser. It threw a small stream to the height
of 10 or 15 feet almost uninterruptedly. Still farther up the river, and
on the opposite side, is the Castle, the most beautiful of them all. It is
situated in the center of a large, gently sloping mound of sinter, above
which its crater rises about 20 feet. It is about 50 feet in length, and
beautifully incrusted with bead-like formations. The whole mass
resembles some old castle that has been subjected to a bombardment.
It has an eruption every few hours. Between the Castle and the river
is one of the large springs or cisterns so numerous throughout the
region. It corresponds to the Laugs of Iceland, which some time in the
past have been geysers. This one is about 20 ‘feet in diameter, and is
funnel-shaped. ‘The edge is lined with a series of beautifully regular
scallops. The water in this white siliceous basin is an exquisite tint,
resembling the turquois blue. This intense blue, however, is not peculiar
to this region. It is noticed as well in New Zealand and in Iceland.
The temperature of the water was 172° F. At the head of the valley
stands Old Faithful, so named for the regularity of its spouting, which
takes place every fifty minutes, lasting about ten minutes, the water
reaching the height of 125 to 150 feet. Its crater is conical, and 6 feet
high. Near it there are four geyser-cones, which are now extinct
geysers. On the opposite side of the river from Old Faithful are the
Giantess and Bee Hive, neither of which were seen in operation by us.

Bunsen’s theory of the geyser is the simplest and probably the most
correct. lt can be verified by experiment, and the facts observed by us
sustain it. Briefly stated, it is this: The water deposits nothing except
by evaporation, which takes place rapidly at the edges; here, then, the
silica which is held in solution is deposited and builds up the beautiful
tube and basin of the geyser. Bunsen succeeded in determining the tem-
perature of the geyser-tube, from top to bottom, a few moments before
eruption, and found that at no part of the tube was it at the boiling-point.
How, then, does the eruption take place? It is always noticed that before
an eruption the water rises in the tube. The higher we go in the tube
the lower is the point at which the water boils. Suppose the column
of water is elevated by the entrance of steam through ducts at the bot-
tom of the tube. The water, which at a certain point was near the
boiling-point, is elevated to a part of the tube where the boiling-point
is lower than the temperature if has; there is therefore an excess of
heat. This excess of heat is used- in generating steam; the water is
elevated higher, more steam is formed, and suddenly the water above
is thrown into the air, mingled with clouds of steam, and we have the
geyser in action. The water has to be very near the boiling-point before
an eruption can take place.

In the Fire-Hole geysers we noticed that just before an eruption the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 187

water rose gradually in the basin, and that there were occasional at-
tempts at eruptions, which failed, preceding the actual eruption. A
specimen of the water brought back was as clear as when bottled at the
geysers, Showing no deposit whatever. There was not sufficient for a
quantitative analysis. It contained 83522 milligrams of solid matter to
the liter, consisting in the main of silica. Chloride of lime and sulphate
of magnesia were present in small quantity, and there was also a trace
_ of iron present. The glaring white deposit, which extends over both the
upper and lower basins, is principally geyserite, a variety of opal. The
forms it assumes here are similar to those found in Iceland. The speci-
mens vary in color, form, and texture. The majority are of an opaque
white, or grayish color. In the lower basin some pink specimens were
obtained which are translucent; other specimens are of a greenish gray.
Some of the white pieces were subtranslucent; others were pearly and
enamel-like. Specimens from the geyser-cones have generally a cauli-
flower-like form, and break very easily; others are beaded, and still
others covered with small stalagmitic processes. The texture varies
from porous to compact, and some pieces are very easily reduced to
powder. The majority of the deposit which extends through the basins
is porous, and arranged in layers. The geyser-cones are generally very
compact, and very often have an enamel-like coating. From some of
the springs masses were obtained that are filamentous and stalactitic.
Some pieces seem as though the surface had been enameled and then
suddenly allowed to contract, leaving small, irregularly shaped plates
of enamel attached to the main mass by pedicles. In the lower basin
we found smooth balls, which, on being broken, were found to be com-
posed of concentric layers of geyserite of a homogeneous structure.
Others, which were beaded or otherwise fantastically fashioned on the
outside, were found to be very irreguiar in their structure. The latter
were generally of a pink color. A specimen of white geyserite, of
caulifiower-like form, hardness of 5, and specific gravity 1.866, contains—

MC dy a seit Oe Bek TAR aye eS Ia ae OM ee ames DURA ER 83. 83
AERTS SES 2, een thell ne Wi ai ELON lI ares Se eel ee Pr Nea 11, 02
Preece OM MOTE STUN 2 ee Os 4, 00

98. 85

Analyses of geyserite from other parts of the world are as follows:
White geyserite from Iceland, (analysis by Damour.)

ro Ey 5 2 le OR Ren Ce eg eG RR PAE On a Ree La ee seg a 91, 23
SEE gS ESSINGTON ae J NPD a PRCT PTE sean PAL NS 8. 97

100. 20

Geyserite from Iceland, (analysis by Lorchhammer.)

POLIS ow chieal) AAS halle cS GA ANU De Aaa ok eC crc 84, 43
ieee Meet ey cL eerie Wbemr OLEAN Ho . we tel ete 7.88
PPPOE pe estate, varheye Ue wn tetu re Hae Sema idio ee. lo awed dele 3. OF
JP Cb enc te Reel SE OMAR IEA ake TOL A a me RS ey Fm Lek
URN eek) oho a a a Sy ata Dh Ad Ee ere ing BAG By tae 0. 70
FONSI) AMG Hal gC) STE stor arias 4 ace ee a Een co ue Oo 0. 92
Bo OC Oe ee a tt MUGS) a Pee OT Oe Di a a 1. 06

188 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Geyserite from New Zeland, (analysis by Pattison.)

[Phil. Mag., LIT, xxv, 495.] Specific gravity, 1.968.

SUES =~ <3 is ae ee A See Re ee sh” | rr (1a
Alumina 54358 Oke Ae oS OAL eae eo de ee 9. 70
MOSQMIOMISE OLITOR). 44 f..5 04s eee eee pe 3. 72
Lips oe, te ei a Sl 1. 54
Whee oo ck oe ede ee ei EE ieee eae to)

99. 97

Geyserite from New Zeland, (analysis by Mallet.)

jPhil. Mag., IV, v. 285.] Specific gravity, 2.031.

PPA iate oS) ans. 2 8 Oey opie ee Bee fo 94. 20
meMmtinNa . 28 dike. dose tieta olive ds ieee ee ee 1. 58
Mesquioxide of ireby. 22s. ). Hoses. Soe. edo es ee 0.17
Meme) 532 2 ded aladeles Gielse heed ei Indication.
Chieride-ef: sodiime ssi ap base Lee ae ee ee 0 7 Oe
Witiee: 420. Sena sods aie l isles SERV ede ee 3. 06

99. 86

On the 6th of August we bade farewell to the Geyser Basin and
started on our way toward the Yellowstone Lake to rejoin the main
party. Our way led upward through dense timber, and after traveling
eight miles we reached the summit of the first ridge of mountains sepa-
rating us from the lake. The rock at the summit was a porphyritie
obsidian, containing large crystals of feldspar thickly disseminated —
through it. We now began to descend, and at the foot of the mountain
passed by Madison Lake, which is about five miles in diameter. Ii is
heart-shaped. The sand on its shore is composed of finely-broken-up
obsidian, intermixed with chips of chalcedony and red jasper. We were
obliged to go into camp at night without having reached the lake, whose
shore, however, we reached the following morning, to find ourselves
about three miles below camp. Our camp was situated near a large
collection of hot springs and mud-geysers. The former varied in tem-
perature from 115° I’. to 191° F., averaging 16639 F. ; the latter ranged
from 132° I. to 190° F., the average being 1553° I’. The temperature
of the air during observation was about 65° F. The water of the springs
contained—

Silica,

Tron,
Alumina,
Soda,

Potassa,
Sulphuric acid.

Its reaction wasneutral. Insome of the springs of low temperature there
was a red gelatinous organic growth. One of the most curious of the
springs was situated in the midst of the lake, closetothe shore. Its basin
was about 3 feet above the surface of the lake, and was composed of a
white deposit containing a large percentage of silica, it being of the same
character as the deposit about the springs on the shore. The water in
this basin, which had the shape of a truncated cone, had a tempera-
ture of 160° F. The mud springs or geysers, for they threw the mud

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 189

out to the height of 3 and 4 feet, were situated in a bed of clay.
Their contents consisted of a rather thick mud of an extreme degree of
fineness and of a beautiful pink color. It contained—

Tron, (abundant,)
Alumina, (abundant,)
Lime,

Silica.

Our party again divided, one portion returning to the permanent
camp to bring up further supplies, another to make the survey of the
lake in the boat, while the remainder of us started on the 9th of August,
on our way around the lake by land. In the evening, after a “ride
through low, marshy ground, we camped at the head of one of its south-
ern arms, at the base of a large reddish-colored mountain, which forms
one of the prominent landmarks, being visible from all parts of the
lake. The next day we crossed the mountain and pitched our tents on
one of the small streams that contributes to form the Snake River. The
following evening we reached Bridge Creek, or the Upper Yellowstone
River, at the head of the southeast arm of Yellowstone Lake. Leaving
here we proceeded down the eastern shore of the lake, which we found
to benotso thickly covered with timber as the western side, nor so marshy
as the southern shores. After leaving the head of the lake, we made
three camps before leaving it altogether. Back of our first camp, which
was on a rocky bluff, there was a high ridge of igneous origin, com-
posed mainly of volcanic breccia, in which I obtained good specimens of
wood-opal. Some of the pieces were inclosed in the center of a mass of
the breccia, which seemed to have flown over it in a melted condition.
Some of the specimens obtained were evidently the heart of the wood,
the center of which contained chalcedony and crystals of quartz in fis-
sures caused originally by the splitting of the wood. Our second camp
Was in one of the small prairies so numerous on this side of the lake.
Here we were joined by the supply-train, and by the party in the boat.
In the lake opposite to us was Promontory Point, a point of land run-
ning out into the water between the southeast arm and one of the south-
ern arms of the lake. A piece of rock brought from it contained rhomb-
spar and crystals of calcite, the matrix being red from the presence of
iron. Near camp were two high volcanic peaks, Mounts Stevenson and
Doane. The summit of the former is composed of a light-gray trachyte,
containing acicular erystals of hornblende. The rock is identical with
that on Mount Washburne. Between our two camps was the site of an
old hot-spring basin, now extinct, to which was given the name of Brin-
stone Basin, from the sulphur which existsin it. The deposit, which is
mostly of a white color, fills a valley that isabout a mile in length, and
a quarter of amilein width. It extends up the side of the mountain in
deep ravines, in some of which there is a strong sulphurous odor, al-
though the hot springs are all extinct. The water flowing from these
beds is cold and impregnated with alum, which probably results frem
the water passing through the sulphur and clay beds. It is acid in its
reaction.

On the 19th of August we moved our camp farther down the lake to
Steamy Point. Just before reaching it we passed a small group of hot
springs and steam-jets, which were a few yards from the shore. There
was about them a deposit of sulphur, iron, and alum. One or two of
the springs contain chloride of sodium. ‘The average temperature of
these springs was 1834° I., the highest being 198° I’., and the lowest
178° F, Our camp was situated on a high bluff on the edge of the iake.

i

190 + +GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Near us there were two vents, from which the steam, in escaping, made
a noise exactly like a large steamboat letting off steam. The volume of
steam was very large, and the discharge constant. There were here also
some small mud-springs. Every night while at this place we experienced
earthquake-shocks, each lasting from five to twenty seconds. We named
it Earthquake Camp. <A few hundred yards back of us there is a small
group of mud-springs, in which the mud was of a pure white color.
About two miles northeast of the lake we discovered a small lake, which
was named Turbid Lake, from the muddiness of its water. It tasted of
alum, and there seemed to be numerous springs throughout it, as there
was a bubbling all over its surface. On its eastern shore there was a
eroup of hot springs, mud-springs, and vents. The largest spring was
situated in the midst of a small stream flowing into the lake, and had a
temperature of 186° F. On the side of a small hill, at whose base the
principal mud-springs were situated, there was an abundant deposit of
sulphur and alum. In some places the mud had become quite compact,
and upon being broken revealed the presence of sulphur running through
itin veins. Almost all these springs gave off sulphureted hydrogen gas.
The temperatures varied from 176° F. to 192° F. A short distance north
of this group there were some large mud-springs, one of which was
white and another black. The latter had a large quantity of sulphur
in its composition. On the northern shore of the lake there are four or
five cold springs, containing chloride of sodium. This place is used by
the deer and elk as a lick. Our horses recognized the presence of salt
at once, and licked the ground with avidity. Nearly all the springs
near the Yellowstone Lake seem to have passed their most energetic
stage, and are now on the decline.

On the 25d of August we left Yellowstone Lake, and, taking a north-
easterly direction, started on our way toward the East Fork of the Yel-
lowstone River. The first part of our route was along Pelican Creek,
one of the tributaries of the lake, which we followed to its source, cross-
ing the divide between it and the branches of the Bast Fork, toward
evening, wien we camped at the shore of a beautiful little lake in the
woods. The valley of Pelican Creek is quite wide, and the stream flows
through it in a serpentine manner, its waters covered with wild ducks
and geese. There were a number of springs scattered along its banks,
the majority of them cold. One, however, had a temperature of 66° F,
There were a few geyser-cones, although as geysers they are probably
now extinct. We reached the southern branch of the East Fork the fol-
lowing evening, after a day of hard travel through the dense pine forests
and up and down steep mountains, and camped, a few miles above the
junction of the north and south branches, in a wide open valley. In
the bed of the stream I obtained good specimens of agate, quartz, and
chalcedony. Some were in the form of geodes, and contained opal in
the center. I also obtained black flint, green jasper, and excellent
pieces of silicified wood, some of which were of a jet-black color, having
veins of blue chalcedony running through it. About three miles from
our camp, on the north branch of the East Fork was a large mound of
hot-spring formation, consisting chiefly of calcareous material resem-
bling very much the formation at Gardiner’s River. It is conical, about
20 feet high, and 25 feet in diameter at its base. It is situated on one
end of a sort of platform, of the same material, which is 75 feet long,
and rises 15 feet above the surrounding level. It is probably an ex-
tinct geyser, although now there is no water in it, nor is there any hot
spring near. There is, however, a cold spring near it, in which the
water had an acid reaction, tasting strongly of iron alum, of which there

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 191

was quite an abundant deposit about it. It is situated on the bank of a
small creek, and gives off sulphureted hydrogen.

We reached the junction of the two forks of the Yellowstone on the
25th of August, having made the circuit of Yellowstone Lake, includ-
ing the geysers also. Near the junction there is a large extent of
ground strewn with huge granitic bowlders. Farther up the East Fork
of the Yellowstone than we went there is said to be gold, aithough at
the present time it is unsafe to mine there, on account of the Indians. I
was given several specimens of galena and pyrites, said to be from that
locality, from surface-diggings. We crossed the Yellowstone on the
first and only bridge over its water, which was built here by one of
the trappers in anticipation of a rush to the gold-diggings of Clarke’s
Fork. From the junction we followed our old trail, past the White Hot
Springs, the Devil’s Slide, and the Lower Cation, to Botteler’s Ranch,
getting into the permanent camp on the 27th of August. On the oppo-
site side of the Yellowstone from our camp, there is a high volcanic
peak, one of along chain. It bears the name of Emigrant Peak, and
rises 10,629 feet above the level of the river. Its summit is composed
of a very dark, compact basalt, containing a few small crystals of mica.
Lower down it passes into a lighter variety. In Emigrant Gulch, which
is at its base, there are granites and chloritic rocks. Specimens of pum-
ice-stone were found near the head of the gulch. There is some little
placer-mining for gold carried on in the gulch, though as yet not in a
systematic manner.

We left Botteler’s on the 29th of August, arriving at Fort Hilis the
following day. On the way I obtained a specimen of a rhyolitic rock,
having a very compact, violet-colored matrix, resembling the matrix of
the felstones. It was enamel-like, and contained crystals of feldspar
and mica.

On the 5th of September we left Fort Ellis, starting on our home-
ward trip. Fording the Gallatin and Madison Rivers, we passed the
junction of the three forks of the Missouri, and camped near the Jeffer-
son River. The valley is quite wide, and well cultivated. The only
rocks observed were limestone, which continued to the Jefferson. The
river cuts its way through them, forming a deep canton, obliging us to
cross the hills east of the stream. Here we encountered gneissic and
granitic rocks, upon which rested beds.of reddish quartzites.

On the 8th we again struck the Jefferson, and followed it until we
reached its commencement in the union of the Big Hole and Beaver
Head Rivers. The mountains on both sides of the Jefierson are granitic,
and contain auriferous lodes. On the side opposite that on which we
were there were a number, two of which are named the Highland and
the Clipper. One has a depth of 300 feet, and has been worked steadily
for the last three years. At the base of the mountain there are three
or four quartz-mills. The formation we passed over was drift, contain-
ing quartz and granite bowlders. The Beaver Head coming in from
the left, we followed it to its sources. On the 10th we camped at
Beaver Head Rock. Thisis a huge mass of limestone, through which the
river has cut its way, leaving the rock on the left bank standing with an
almost perpendicular wall facing the stream. Trom a distance the re-
semblance to the head of a beaver is very striking, whence its name.
Near here there is found a good quality of sandstone, which is employed
in making grindstones. It is of a light-gray color, and of a good quality
for that purpose. The next day we camped near Black-Tail Deer Creek,
the rocks we passed having been similar to those of the day before,
with the exception of red elvanites and felstones, of the same kind that

192 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

we met with on our way to Virginia City in June. They probably ex-
tend across the country. I rode up the valley for some distance, and
found the mountains to be limestones, alternating with white quartzites,
for six or seven miles. I also discovered a trap-dike. Near the mouth
of the valley there is an old hot-spring formation, of which nothing now
remains save the hard calcareous basins, overgrown with low bushes
and grass. The basins are on the side of a hill, and when the springs
were aetive must have resembled very closely the springs at Gardiner’s
River. There is a small stream of cold water flowing over it. Reaching
the Beaver Head River again, I proceeded up the stream, through a
rather picturesque canon, at whose mouth were towering masses of a
trachyte porphyry, which was vesicular, having a brown, vitreous matrix,
containing small, irregular cavities coated with blue chalcedony. This
rock resis upon white sandstones of loose texture, which are probably
of Tertiary origin. Crossing the river, our road led us close by expo-
sures of siliceous clay-slates, which were again succeeded by an igneous
rock of a greenish-black color, and specific gravity of 2.32, the cavities
being filled with masses of chalcedony varying from the size of a pin-
head to two inches in diameter.
We also met with an old hot-spring formation, probably connected
with the one mentioned above as occurring in Black-Tail Deer Creek
Valley. The deposit is calcareous, very hard, and the springs must be
long extinct. The water, which is cold, flows over it, forming a small
cascade. I obtained some good specimens of calcareous tufa. We also
passed some beds of bright-red sandstone conglomerates, or pudding-
stone, as the pebbles were small. We obtained specimens of a breccia-
ted rock, which seems to be afriction breccia. The matrix is of a pink
color, and seems to be volcanic in its nature, while the fragments it
incloses are siliceous, and of a greenish-white color. It probably oceurs
at the margin of the trachytic rocks found in the caton. Our camp on
the 11th of August was on Horse Plain Creek, in a valley covered in
spots with quite an abundant deposit of alkali. Leaving here, the rocks
first encountered were granitoid gneisses, succeeding which were alter-
nate beds of limestones and quartzites, which continued, with the ex-
ception of a few igneous outbursts, until we reached the main divide of
the Rocky Mountains, a distance of about thirty miles. On Sage Creek,
in the foot-hills, there were beds of light-brown clay-slates, which were
fossiliferous. We crossed the divide on the 14th of September, over
reddish quartzites highly metamorphosed, probably, in part at least, by
contact with an outburst of igneous rock at the same place. We pro-
ceeded down Medicine Lodge Creek, camping on that stream in the
evening. We passed by a bed of old hot-spring deposit, resembling a
stratified limestone. It was about 60 feet in thickness. Near camp,
there was an exposure of purplish-colored volcanic rock, that I con-
sider a trachyte, upon which rested a dark basaltic rock. Beneath
these were white sandstones, very fine-grained and splitting into layers
of an inch in thickness. They are probably Pliocene in their origin.
Just before reaching the Snake River Valley, we ascended a broad
plateau of basaltic rock, like that bordering on Snake River. In ecrey-
ices in the rock, we found obsidian. We crossed Snake River the second
time, finding it about 20 feet lower than when we crossed it in June.
We arrived at Fort Hall on the 19th, and left on the 21st, proceeding up
/Lincoln Valley, between hills of Jurassic limestone. We camped in the
‘evening at Twin Springs, where there are the remains of old hot springs.
Near us there were two extinct craters, and the whole valley was overflowed
withlava. The following day we reached Bear River, and turning up it

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 193

proceeded but a short distance before reaching the famous Soda Springs.
There are here two settlements, and we spent a day in examining the
springs. In the bed of the river.there are a number from which “pub-
bles of gas are constantly escaping through the water. The first spring
which we notice is situated on the bank of the river, close to its edge,
a short distance beiow the town. It isin the top of a cone, which is of
a bright-red color, due to the deposit of oxide of iron. There is a large
amount of carbonic acid gas present in the water, and its escape is so
violent that the water is thrown to the height of one and two feet from
the basin. It seems as though the water were boiling, so violent is its
agitation. The temperature, however, is only 854° F. The taste of the
water is agreeably pungent, and slightly metallic from the presence of
iron. This is the spring that Frémont named the Steamboat Spring.
Near it there are two holes, from which slightly warm air and carbonic
acid gas escape with a hissing noise. On both sides of the river at
this point there are a number of cones of a rusty-red color, which have
probably some time in the past been geysers. There is also near here
a remarkable rock, that might well, from its appearance, be taken for a
coral. It is of a bright-yellow color, and is composed mainly of car-
bonate of lime and oxide and carbonate of iron. It is, no doubt, a
deposit of springs. Some distance farther up the river, in the midst
of the village, there is another spring meriting attention. Itis situated
on the banks of a small stream flowing into Bear River. It is of the
same character as the others, and has, if possible, a more agreeable
taste. The basin of the spring is of a bright-red color. Between the
river and the adjoining hills, which are composed of limestones, there
are the remains of numerous springs. Of the majority, nothing is left
but the hard calcareous material and pools of water, about which there
isa deposit of alkali. Following up one of the small streams, we passed
two large calcareous mounds, about 10 or 15 feet high, on top of which
there were some springs, one of which was intermittent, the water
escaping from it in pulsations. Near this there is a spring that has
Deey inclosed and a pavilicn erected over it. Itis of the same nature
s others described. The escape of carbonic acid gas is very abundant.
hie three miles farther up the valley we came to a most remark-
able formation, consisting of the basins of old springs long extinct.
They are called the petrifying springs by the settlers, from the abund-
ance of calcareous tufa which exists in the basins. There is very
little water in the springs now. Some of the basins were 6 feet in
depth, and contained large masses of plants coated with the cal-
eareous material, which retained perfectly the form of the leaf and stem.
The whole area, which is about a quarter of a mile in extent, is
inclosed by a fence. We left Soda Springs on the 25th of September,
and proceeded up Bear River. We had gone but a short distance
before we passed an old spring deposit, nothing being left but the hard-
ened calcareous deposit. Our next camp was made at a small town
named Bennington, the rocks in the hills passed by us during the day
being limestones and quartzites. At Montpelier, the next town, we
crossed Bear River, and, passing through the towns of Ovid, Paris, and
Saint Charles, arrived at Fish Haven, on Bear River Lake. The rocks
continued of the same character. We were shown specimens of ores
from lodes, said to exist in the limestones. Among them were speci-
mens of galena, malachite, and calcite. But little, however, has been
done in the way of mining, as there is not, as yet, enough capital i in the
valley to make it profitable. Leaving Fish Hav en we y passed through
Laketown, Randolph, and Woodruff, arriving at Evanston, Utah, ¢

13 G8

194 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the 28th of September. About a mile from the town there is one of the
largest coal-beds in the West. It is from 22 feet to 32 feet in thickness.
It crops out on the western side of a hill, composed mainly of sand-
stones. It dips 10° north of east. There are four slopes being worked
at present, one by the Wyoming Coal and Mining Company, and three
by the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. At the mine of the

Fig. 64.

Ah} aM Ge: y Y)
Hf AKA LAMY i

“\

SSS RS S SS <7)

SS SSN SSS

= SS x ; |
= 4

tales
ith sy

Y))}

Yi
i;
Mi

SAS AAA

BONE COAL

\RON ORE

Wyoming Company the main bed of eoal is 22 feet thick, as shown in
No. 1 of the accompanying sections in Fig. 64. It is composed as fol-
lows, from above downward:

Fire-clay roof.

Feet. In.
Cea oF he a ais hank ete i AES Sc ee ed at ds oe Ec ae 7
a i eden) Ee ec oe ae RONG oF RE See Set. 5
eel ea ee ee em peep ge EE a ite, a ee ee 8 3
ene coal ..s08 nts. = CoS CE IL SE et ee eee eee 3
a. eR A ctl cab oe en eS ca aera See 1 2
|) eee ee Ce eee sey ee. eee we eee Pe Ee Sy 63 5

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 195

Feet In.
OULMEGANG 2 i sas Ss ea eR See CCS we ook ae se pfieteeb baweee 2 9
SIE oe ec ose. bane a tetas sais ail Uicla's wlnis win ame esp aenjesnie ves 3:
SU ia eee oe oP ay ee eee ae a alae cinihtin a nicie Sse cent smnimecas oem 4
ERC eso i bn eee eae pe cee cosas Get ee sets saute ns 6 9
Seamer Oa bs 2 tee eae cre cic alee e sca ud e'delclawcdel swede vcs 8 0
Slate or bed-rock.

This is the most southern of them all; and as we go farther north
the bed becomes thicker. Mr. Wardell is superintendent of the Wyo-
ming Company, which works, in addition to this mine at Evanston.
mines at Carbon, Rock Springs, and Almy. Fig. 2 is a section at
mine No.1, of the Rocky Mountain Coal and Iron Company. It con-
sists as follows, from above downward :

Feet.
(UE ee coco code S400 5566 es6ces s6eone cee neoenes odd odo cosets détcne boSccosesHe 5
nS Dis) GG so66eo coskes cpp seodessos cones Soquneecoe soneos done esos 4545 e ee 12
TEL ccc cco 226d 36 SED CAE RES SAME SEe COO COSC DU OUCCIS SS AROE COD CEE Hsooor caccccmee a
WS eeie aie soo asin 2 wie Sanne ocd occ lncne oteins SUS ST mee CSS. alae 3)
Mammvedsot coal, with four bands of slate-:..---. ..-2..-2---.-+--+< acces ts-ie--- 26
SRE EIEIO PAV Ao ola 0). ajo a nidfn'Sie canoe: nae Winiersiaitlal daicio eis clarvieie « cinjn aelegata Nae ieee 8
Reet I eo ih oa ials b= iene ny ie cia gic a 2 5.6 ale a's cjaicla S anipleley Srcin wc jain in'te een mrrmereeiciel as 5
SF GEOG SONY. SN RE i ee rs ee Pee eS ik alee 15
GRO Ee PRIS ore ofa clo oi 5 «aE Sia Nw wine o w6in amie aid Sreeinne Se = Wine alg nc ejeis nineties = acis 3
OLEGY QT, BENEL@ SOR A Ra ts 2 oe SR Yc Sma 15

Nos. 2 and 3 are sections at mines Nos. 2 and 3, of the same com-
pany. They are the same, with the exception of the main body of coal,
which in No. 2 is 30 feet thick, and at No. 3, 32 feet thick. In No.3
the clay above the main body of coal is 2 feet thick instead of 3, and
- that below, 5 instead of 8. Mine No. 1 was commenced in June, 1869,
and the main shaft has been carried in a distance of 386 feet. It is 18
feet wide, and slopes a little more than 1 foot in 4. At a distance of
150 feet from the entrance is the first level, at right angles to the main
shaft. It is 15 feet in width. On the north side it has reached a dis-
tance of 330 feet from the main shaft, and on the south side 450 feet.
One hundred and fifty feet below this is the second level, which on the
north side has penetrated 330 feet, and on the south 400 feet. From
each level chambers are worked through to the level above, parallel to
the main shaft. They are 30 feet apart, and the entrance is 12 feet in
width, which is rapidly widened to 18 feet. Mine No. 2 was opened in
August, 1869, and has now reached a depth of 520 feet. It slopes about
1 foot in 4, and is worked on the same plan as No.1, with this excep-
tion, that the third level, instead of commencing at the main shaft, does
so at the end of shafts which branch from the main one at an angle of
45°. These shafts are, one on each side, 18 feet in width. The first
level on both sides of the main shaft runs to the outcrop, a distance of
412 feet in each case. The second level, a distance of 150 feet from the
first, runs to the outcrop 413 feet on the south side, and on the north
has been carried 700 feet, and will go 1,000 feet when it reaches the
line between it and mine No. 3. The third level penetrates 85 feet on
each side. Mine No. 3 was opened in April, 1871, and has reached a
depth of 190 feet. The first level only has been commenced, being 50
feet each side. It will be worked on the same plan as Nos. 1 and 2.
Hach mine has two engines for hoisting the coal. There are two hun-
dred and fifty men employed, a large number being Chinamen, who live
in houses erected by the company, near the mine. There is also quite
a large store at the mine. The company supplies the Central Pacific
Railroad, and its branches in California, and the Pacific steamship lines
with coal. About 350 tons per day are mined, and the company expect to

196 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

increase this. The officers are as follows: D. Colton, of San Francisco,
president; Fox Diefendorf, of Corinne, vice-president ; H. K. White, of
San Francisco, secretary ; C.T. Deuel, resident at the mines, superin-
tendent; and G. A. Henry, of San Francisco, general agent. The coalis
a lignite, of a very black color, and having a high luster. It breaks into
parallelopipeds. It contains from 71 to 73 per cent. of carbon. The
value of this bed of coal can scarcely be estimated, especially as it is
situated in a country where timber is so scarce, and even the small
amount that does exist is so liable to be destroyed by fires in the fall
of the year, as we observed on our way up Bear River Valley. The
iron ore that lies beneath the coal is of a light brownish-gray color,
being argillaceous. It contains 35 per cent. of oxide of iron, 30 per
cent. of lime, and 20 per cent. of silica. We left Evanston on the Ist
ef October, and arrived at Fort Bridger the following day, wheré the
expedition disbanded.

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SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 199

CATALOGUE OF MINERALS.

AGATE. In pebbles on the shore of Yellowstone’ Lake, Wyoming
Territory ; in the bed of the south branch of East Fork of Yellow-
stone River. |

AZURITE, (blue carbonate of copper.) Near Virginia City, Madison
County, Montana Territory.

BioTirE, (black mica.) In granite at the head of Wild Cat Cafion, Mon-
tana Territory. 7

CALCITE, (carbonate of lime.) Brown spar near Oxford, Idaho Terri-
tory. Khomb spar near Copenhagen, Utah Territory; in the valley
of the Yellowstone River; in Bear River Valley, back of Saint Charles,
Utah Territory; at Promontory Point, Yellowstone Lake, Wyom-

ing Territory. Jceland spar near the Crow Indian Agency, on the
Yellowstone River, Montana Territory. Crystals of calcite on volcanic
rock at Gardiner’s River, near the White Hot Springs.

CHALCEDONY. Rounded pebbles, on the shores of Yellowstone Lake;
in geodes with agate, opal, and quartz, on the south branch of the
Kast Fork of Yellowstone River; in chips throughout the valley of
the Yellowstone River; in geodes, with quartz and calcite, near
Gardiner’s River; at the foot of Mount Washburne; in cavities, in
an amygdaloidal trap-rock, on Beaver Head River, Jefferson County,
Montana Territory. Beautiful blue specimens in jasper, at Red Bluff
lode, Madison County, Montana Territory.

CHALCOPYRITE, (copper pyrites.) Near Virginia City, Montana Terri-
tory; at Red Bluff lode, with galena, Madison County, Montana
Territory.

CoAL, (lignite.) Near Fort Ellis, Gallatin County, Montana Territory ;
at Evanston, Utah Territory.

CUPRITE, (red oxide of copper.) Near Virginia City, Madison County,
Montana Territory.

FELDSPAR. Albite, with quartz, in Port Neuf Cafion, Idaho Territory ;
in granites near Botteler’s, Montana Territory. Labradorite in gran-
ites in Wild Cat Cation, Montana Territory. | Orthoclase in syenites
at Ogden, Utah Territory ; in granites, through Idaho and Montana

_ Territories, Sanidine in phonolite at Pleasant Valley; in trachytes
in Grand Caiion of the Yellowstone River; in trachytes about Yel-
lowstone Lake.

FLINT, (black variety.) On south branch of the East Fork of Yellow-
stone River. |
GARNETS. Below Virginia City in gneissic rocks; in Alder Gulch,
near Virginia City; on the Madison River, about forty miles above
Virginia City; in hornblende schist in cation of the Yellowstone
River, above Botteler’s ; in bowlders near the canon of the Jefferson

River, near the junction of the three forks of the Missouri River.

GALENA, (sulphide of lead.) Argentiferous, near Virginia City, Mon-
tana Territory; with copper pyrites at Red Bluff lode, Hot Spring
district, Madison County, Montana Territory; in the mountains
along Cache Valley, Utah Territory ; in limestones in the mountains
in Bear River Valley, Utah Territory.

GEYSERITE, (siliceous sinter.) In the geyser-basins of the Fire-Hole
River. Pink, translucent varieties in the lower basin; also small
balls of the same, some smooth, others covered with a rosette-like
formation; gray and white varieties, having a cauliflower-like form,
abundant in both the lower and upper basins; also massive, compact,
poreus, and pearly varieties in both basins.

%

200 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Gop. In placer-mines, Alder Gulch, Madison County, Montana Ter-
ritory; in various mines about Virginia City; in a jaspery ore at
Red Bluff lode, Hot Spring district, Madison County, Montana Ter-
ritory; in Emigrant Gulch, opposite Botteler’s Ranch, on Yellow-
stone River, Montana Territory; in mountains along the Jefferson
River, Jefferson County, Montana Territory.

AALITE, (common salt). In cold springs on Turbid Lake, near Yellow-
stone Lake; in springs near Evanston, Utah; in springs in Idaho.

HAUYNITE. In phonolite, in Pleasant Valley, Idaho Territory.

HORNBLENDE. In syenites at Ogden, Utah Territory; in hornblende
schists below Virginia City, Montana Territory ; in gneissic rocks on
the Madison River above Virginia City; in gneissic rocks in the
canon of the Yellowstone River above Botteler’s; in acicular crys-
tals in trachyte on the summit of Mount Washburne, near the Great
Falls of the Yellowstone; in the same form in trachytic rocks on top
of Mount Stevenson, near Yellowstone Lake; in a red volganic rock
with calcite at Promontory Point, Yellowstone Lake.

JASPER. Red variety associated with blue chalcedony and opal at Red
Bluff lode, Montana Territory; green variety on south branch of the
East Fork of Yellowstone River.

LEUCITE. In volcanic rocks near Yellowstone Lake.

MALACHITE, (green carbonate of copper.) Wild Cat Caiion, Montana
Territory; near Virginia City, Montana Territory; with chalcedony
near Mount Washburne. .

MINIUM, (red oxide of lead.) Near Virginia City, Montana Territory.

NEPHELITE, (var. sommite.) In phonolite at Pleasant Valley, Idaho
Territory.

OPAL. Wood-opal at the southeast arm of Yellowstone Lake; beauti-
ful black and white specimens from Jefferson County, Montana Ter-
ritory. Semi-opal in center of quartz geodes on the south branch of
the Kast Fork of Yellowstone River. Dendritic at Red Blufflode, Hot
Spring district, Madison County, Montana Territory. Geyserite in
the geyser-basins of Fire-Hole River.

OBSIDIAN, (volcanic glass.) In chips along the Port Neuf River, in vol-
canic rock; in the valley of the Yellowstone River in chips; in vol-
canic rocks in the Grand Caiion of the Yellowstone; massive in the
mountain ridge between Yellowstone Lake and the Fire-Hole River;
porphyritic near Madison Lake.

Pumice. Emigrant Gulch opposite Botteler’s; near Yellowstone
Lake.

QuARTzZ. In granites throughout the Rocky Mountains; in geodes,
with chalcedony, near Gardiner’s River; in geodes on south branch
of Kast Fork of Yellowstone River; crystals near Virginia City, Mon-
tana Territory.

SERPENTINE, (compact resinous.) In Alder Gulch, near Virginia City,
Montana Territory.

SILICIFIED Woop. At Tower Creek at the foot of Tower Falls; near
White Hot Springs at Gardiner’s River; on the southeast shore of
Yellowstone Lake. Handsome black specimens, with veins of blue
chalcedony, on the south branch of the East Fork of Yellowstone
River, in Jefferson County, Montana Territory.

SILVER. Native and as chloride, in various mines about Virginia City;
near Oxford, Idaho Territory; in galena, throughout Utah, Idaho,
and Montana Territories.

SPHERULITE. At the Grand Caiion of the Yellowstone River; at the
southern end of Yellowstone Lake.

=

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 201.

SULPHUR. At White Hot Springs on Gardiner’s River; at Tower
Creek, in a ravine near hot springs; at foot of Mount Washburne ;
at Crater Hills in beautiful crystals lining the crust or deposit; on
the East Ferk of Madison River in old extinct, hot-spring basins ; at
Turbid Lake near hot springs; near Evanston, Utah Territory.

TuFA, (calcareous.) At Soda Springs, on Bear River, Utah Territory,
iD huge masses, retaining perfectly the shape of the ‘plants incrusted;
in Beaver Head Canon, Jefierson County, Montana.

CATALOGUE OF ROCKS.

There were 627 specimens, including duplicates, collected during the summer, com-
mencing at Ogden and ending at Fort Bridger.

No. Name. Locality.
1 | Dark-red ferruginous sandstone........-------- Ogden Caton, Ogden, Utah Territory.
2 | Reddish syenite Bey is See aie egy 9 ree: ee ao Do.
3 | Metamorphic siliceous conglomerate Bias earegetes Ge Do.
Aa EEO CO SATO ee) ec apa sepals oly lai Oi ieph ack izciol alae wiaieibvevaieelesats Do.
5 | White CUURUEE ZUG CR Shasta a el eyelisis'shaiss Seite ierceteiniee Do.
6 | Micht-cray cherty limestone ...-..-.-.......--. Do.
7 | Dark-bluish cher (iy UNDCSHOOEs aoeaaco Souacanade Do.
Sl} Sulli@eoule Glen bine gaeeccaciade soonesasueeEeeene Do.
9 | Dark-blue mountain limestone............-...- Dry Lake Valley, Utah Territory.
Eby Oolitic mmestone.. 2.6022 Pie es oo Cache Valley, Utah Territory.
i TeCray siliceous limestone: sas 25-55-25 -5-.-<5 55. Do.
OBI CLO CUS LOMO e215 a8 sistas = Seectblalc anecsiaye aielninaicieoe's lee Bear River, Utah Territory.
isn eAmyodaloidal melaphyre i. 1.22). 6222-2 = Near Clifton.
PMIRGRCOTSEOMO Set as nd einai hod de aida aiken Do.
OM BO MORivOSchist=s. seem eee eos ce cewsce ce sea eae Between Clifton and Oxford.
om Pe amicene da qiulanrbZibe) <1 fei) se lines nieieicieinie erase lore Above Oxford.
Mie HEL LUSINO US QMALEZITE ea.) clean slit os nie <2 oes alee Red Rock Pass.
718 White sandstone, (Pliocene). ........-.....-..-. Marsh Creek Valley, Idaho Territory.
19 | White sandstone, (Pliocene, dendritic) Bbc Do.
ROM MONDO WI OMALCZILO 28 Fatn2cce a <<in anm wn Port Neuf Cafion, Idaho Territory.
Pm mevyiicovimestonon. 00) Midler Do.
22 | Siliceous mica schist. ........-- tA SERS eres Do.
Zon pe Marta SAMAStONC>. 2) o2sicn\- cee e ccs ne Do.
24 | Coarsc-grained ferruginous sandstone.-..-.....-.- Do,
PeiWMark blaciGimestone 222.2. 66. ..tn ete ooo eee Do.
26 | Ferruginous siliceous slate-_...-.-...-.-------- Do.
24 | IkeGl CimeitWAenn does sepeeeos ose seeoors Seneca secs Do.
Pea eOarhkaonay Quach7, SCMISt) cess. see 2ecce ace cn Do.
29 | Arkose, or feldspathic sandstone..--...--.-.--- Do.
BD) thy ENUNTCaSs Copa e721 Mee ei Do.
MOE ZPOLPUY TY bon cary sieveeiaynin = ao ccnjee nei eine oe Do.
BD (tM STONSY HOO C) Oe LS Saati eae oe oe es ee 6 Re Do.
BOM MO MOLIGCSCHISt eas eeccie Sebel cia cie cs iene cinclsie Do.
34 | Greenish-gray quartz schist .....-..--.-.-----. Do.
SolluMehiterquartaschist $22 2.02.ce2l2 20-6. 2 2 eee Do.
Soul MRe dy GUALiZtbesss sence oe hee lo cee e Do.
37 | White friable sandstone, (Tertiary).-.-....---- Do.
BOM MVESICOlARIDASAlUi eee ao seo e scien boc ceccne ns Port Neuf River, Idaho Territory.
3D) Cont non OASENIy loos aecueaes so Bes US SSE Aaeeees Do.
40 | Fine-grained red sandstone .............-.-.--2 Near Fort Hall, Idaho Territory.
ANU OMCASsie MesFONe, (Tay) ces. -o- 6a ees eee Do.
42 | Slate-colored trachy Ue ee eee ntc ote oe ee eee Eagle Rock, Snake River, Idaho Territory.
43 | Red quartzite, (highly metamorphosed)..-.-..-- Do.
As eVesiculambasalt west eke acs Shee eee eye Do.
45 | Compact basalt, (with white crust) ...-........ Do.
20 sIloJ Op \ Sa oe ULE co e a e Cave at Hole in the Rock, Idaho Territory.
47 elany porphiyLibic, PHONO tere <cteein see eae. cn Mouth of Beaver Head Canon, Idaho ‘Ter.
48 | Compact porphyritic phonolite........-........ Pleasant Valley, Idaho Territor Ve
49) | Wihite'cavernous trachyte oi 2: 2... .c.0.00csec8. Near the Divide of Rocky Mountains, Idaho
Territory.
50 | Pink sandstone ...... Bue See E kaye Se OME ED it Mount Garfield, Montana Territory.
Sl NVANMD OMA Mi ZGO Meese seetere farts Le Do.
52 | Pink and white Seedetann) ARES ER aE Ep Do.
FB Anos SAT CSCONGL sane ici. meee mas ss Cecaeiese ecw Do.
FIG (OINEE bevel iu} 42. Aan a Seay See Do.
AD |p wbh-DLOWILMMICSHONE Uwe sew Rie e oc shocdcnme n'a Do.
56 | Bluish-gray sandstone, (Pliocene)...........-.. Little Sage Creek Valley, Montana Territory.
~_b1 | Gray dendritic sandstone, (Plioceno)...---.---- Do.
© 58 | Bluish- white sandstone, (Pliocene) Bi CARE ee Bee Do.
Apa Old hot spring: Geapogib .<iactie basin « ebmnimwinivesinies Do.
60 | White argillaceous sandstone.................. Do.
61 | Yellow argillaceous BADGSGOUD | 4.4.» peimeinnlaioreimns

Do.
Bie sc LOL ceivteete yatel wince ate.b:al ecalelei wis'n'e @ whamasnie er aitteiedans Wild Cat Cation, Montana Territory.

202 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Catalogue of rocks—Continued.

No. Name. Locality.
63: | “Gneiss- 2 See eee. t is § eee Wild Cat Caiion, Montana Territory.
64 | Purple felstone or petrosilex.....-........----- Do.
65 | Gray felstone or petrosilex...-. ee oo Do.
66 | Yellow felstone or petrosilex..........-...--.-- Do.
67 | Red felstone or petrosilex.-.-............-...-- Do.
68 | Red elvanite or quartz porphyry-..-.--.-.---.--- Do.
69 | Gray elvanite or quartz porphyTy-------..--.-- Do.
70 | Pink elvanite or quartz porphyry--.--.--.--....- Do.
“1 | Red felstone or petrosilex.-.--.-- 2. --...-5~.-- Do.
42 | Yellow felstone or petrosilex..-.....-.-........- Do.
73 | Flesh-colored felstone or petrosilex .......-.--- Do.
74 | Gray felstone or petrosilex.............-...-.--- Do.
Boe DIOFILE SGRISH 26> —- -s- = wee ena nea eaeeee een Do.
—— 76 | Light-gray sandstone, (Pliocene) .’.........----- Devil’s Pathway, Montana Territory.
77 | Greenish sandstone conglomerate. ............- Do.
CRD LER fe 02 A ee ee ee Oe Do.
79 | Blue felstone or petrosilex ......-.....-.-.----- Do.
605 Areillaceous sandstone): = 2: 2o.- 62 24-5---- 00 Do.
81 | Yellowish-gray feistone or petrosilex........... Do.
8&2 | Gray sandstone ----.----- --20.. oe Do.
83 | Blue felstone or petrosilex .--....-.-....--.---- Do.
84 | Gray quartz porphyry or elvanite.............. Do.
85 | Pink felstone or petrosilex.--.-.---......-.-... Do.
86 | Gray elvanite or quartz porphyry. --...---.---- Do.
Bie) Sanper POT pHYyPy.-—--- o- -ese b= See ne neon Do.
88 | Striped or slaty porphyry--......-.-..-..--...- Do.
SOS OS REL Gis) ee ee ee Se yo ee Do.
90 | Garnetiferous hornblende schist Below Virginia City, Montana Territory.
LID WO SEnP a 3 re ie ek a eRe 8 TS 2 ee Do.
92) Old hot spreme sieposiv .--5-0 6-20-2555 Do.
93 | Igneous rock basalt,....-.--.--------0e--e-00- Above Virginia City, Montana Territory.
BF epreaHs Seek, (660) ~~ oo) eens ono sacaman pone Do.
95 | Light-red coarse sandstone ........-.....--.--. Do.
96 | Dark-brown ferruginous sandstone ..-.......... Do.
67 | Garnetaferous pnoeiss::.) 2 252...2.; 2....-...5-. Madison River, above Virginia City.
Po pe URS Re ee eS ee eee Do.
99 | Compact red sandstone ..................---.-. Mystic Lake, near Fort Ellis, Montana Ter.
100 | Voleanic conglomerate. .-.--.............--2.-.- Do.
S00) Mellow quarigie=. >. s dese ono = ee eee enone Do..
102 | Coarse brown sandstone. .....-.- io A ee Spring Caiion, near Fort Ellis, Montana Ter.
aD PN OTIGO Cees coe e ena os ote leas saamamatoten Above Spring Caiion, near Fort Ellis, Mon-
tana Territory.
CR ys ae a ae Near Botteler’s, on Yellowstone River.
105 | Pinkish trachyte, with hornblende..-........-.. Do.
106 | Violet-colored rhyolite, with mica............:. Do.
DU Eg ee i 5 Soe Sean le Emigrant Gulch, Montana Territory.
OST SEren-ShOne aec8- a. oon eee enamine ummomcenne'= Do. .
me | Se eEHe BORISG... .- 5-5 con ae eee ne Emigrant Peak, Montana Territory.
TOW ASTON. - = - wae oe cowed dene oon amie ema Do.
ET ERO REE ore ae ois Salle oe Sn Do.
TEA DISS ee eee. 2 es a eee Do.
415 ed voleunic broceia: 22. 3 35. 22-2 ooo oa on Above Botteler’s, on Yellowstone River.
114 | Hornblende schist, (garnetiferous).-............ Caiion of Yellowstone, above Botteler’s,
Aan Aatay QUGISS 2. on oon et cece nae ncndnce 0. ‘
116 | Green porphyritic trachyte .........-.........- Devil’s Slide, Cinnabar Mountain.
117 | Gray porphyritic trachyte....- 2... ...----<6 Do.
118 | Dark-green porphyritic trachyte. .............. Do.
419%) Sibeppas/ cla yalate 255. ose 2 ee oe cnn sense Do.
$20 5) MACNIGD QUATEZIUO. 2-5 owen a tewn centoase ancient Do.
Pen rey Qulartadia. 2532. 22235 2. coe ene sneer eae Do.
122 AGT HINO IODO) <2 40> oo n0x'ac ee anne daekeoee nee Do.
$23 1 See MICRONS |... -..2on50 5 den ona gues Do. .
194 2 Pellow BmenONG .<.-- ~ 25cm eons eae Do.
DA RPGR 5s iin was Susie Wick duke ee tiwn ale Above Cinnabar Mountain.
126 | Basalt coated with calcite..............-.-..-.- Gardiner’s River. ° é
137 | Steep Eo 5a Re ee oe mountain, near Hot Springs, Gardiner’s
iver.
128 | Light yellowish-gray trachyte ...........-..-.. Do.
129 | Dark-gray uedtiic Kf bee o3 ise eee Pees Do. :
130 | Old hot spring deposit .................-------- Hot Springs, at Gardiner’s River.
131 |) Greenish-gray thyolite. ...c2 020.5. emcn-ren see On mountain, near Hot Springs, Gardiner’s
iver.
132 | Metlow rhyolite... .... .--. «dees eteeeeee : Do.
133. | Hino whyelite .... i230: avo eee ee Tower Creek.
134 | Chalcedony, with malachite .............-..---- Foot of Mount Washburne. j
195 | Wie teaenyte’. .. ... 2.5 dein a ees Grand Caiion of the Yellowstone River.
136 | White and red trachyte...........-.---<cse.ces Do.
137 | Bluish trachyte infiltrated with sulphur....... Do.
138 | Dark perlite-like trachyte .-......-.....2c.sce- Do.
139). White tragbyie |... .. cgi. bate eee ee Do.
140 |) Gray rhyolite... 10 cede sewacat en cee ee Do.

141

142

_ 143
144

145

146

147

148

149

150
151-154
; 155

188.
189-190

191

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 203

Catalogue of rocks—Continued.

Name. Locality.
Spherulite ...-..------------2---- ee cece eee ee ee Grand Cafion of the Yellowstone River.
Obsidian, with spherulite .....----------------- Do.
Pink trachyte....- JacnonneunsbooagbodooraeneToae Do.
Porphyritic obsidian .......-------------------- Do.
Volcanic coneloineraie BRM soles dial niofs nicialat eis es
ld hot-spring deposit.......------------------- 0.
On ---d0 on : oe E ig soncsaoduaoccassacuD Gbonmaadac Crater Hills, Yellowstone River.
White trachyte tufa...---.-.-.----------------- Do. f
iAroulaceous Sandstone. ..---2-.+.--3----c----0- Mud-volcanoes, Yellowstone River.
Red volcanic pudding-stone..-..---+---+--------- Do. 1 i
CUT CII Elnec bone oes Sen eean: EB oEeEDubeeneGaOSoe East Fork of Madison River.
Porphyritic obsidian .....-...---.-------------- Near Madison Lake.
rae hytOl jo. n sce bacsiem aie Doopocksnsee seoeance West side of Yellowstone Lake.
myo n@mulblie) Bae see eeescoceoee se pecceerdaee emeeeer .| Southern shore of Yellowstone Lake.
iRorpiyritic) ODSIGIal. .o.-- dees soe <= ann Do.
PETC WhO e eon aie one alent sian ie) == sna alm olnieienininl Do.
Trachyte, with hornblende and calcite......--. Promontory Point, Yellowstone Lake.
Wolcanicbrecelameacsee sale neces acetal Southeast shore of Yellowstone Lake.
Old hot-spring deposit.-......--..----.--------- Brimstone Basin, east side Yellowstone Lake.
Gray trachyte, infiltrated with sulphur.... .-. Do,
Wyainibetrac ny be) ocean ase rete a ce olaaiaersleiiael= i= Do.
INO WRN obde ke eos kooos—c boosooddcessssnee7 Do.
iGlkoig)n HACIA soceooade soo yodboSacue5osobeaeoc Do.
Greemish trachy tess c2 4 i= eerie nee ce cnn Do.
Gray trachyte, with hornblende .........-.----. Top of Mount Stevenson, east side of Yellow-
stone Lake.
bode” One eine see be sem a AO) acetemiarsinia min einjninoin'= iain i=in Top of Mount Doane, east side of Yellowstone
ake.
Ojosnohlenn 3 se Gas deeb asoqodocceemadoscoasUcedaas East shore of Yellowstone Lake.
Porphyritic obsidian............-.-.---- Wate Do.
Red and black basaltic rock.........-..---.-.--- Do.
TOES UNS AC MOSM myyee eslaselae sie aioe eyelaiclel= niaiaiain/= Do.
SUN Cie MW OO) S22 5s ereyaite ioe com tesis ee a!aiarw ican aime Do.
Re GCM OMbIC LOC keris). =n a cntee a ainie oe elteinele minimal Do.
WONCEING RICO oaeanundandaacoooe odosocosGoS Do.
Volcanic conglomerate.......-.---.-.---------- Do.
Chalcedony eee see eects nee om eerer =r Northeast shore of Yellowstone Lake.
LOTS PRIME Ge POStis se eee eeriaae co etal ainlelasal= Do.
White and red variegated sandstone......----.. Do.
\ilavlie ae yas) Ge aahsA Nano nn Se seeqsa65 sobbeRBeeS Turbid Lake, near Yellowstone Lake.
Crraeial (HEACINNO. 66 choodesoduscubonsooooeeoeood Do.
[SIGS ADO OV NOG io aaonahoeasooudoncobeceeboue Do.
MelloWASWMTACh ibe set seletare claiace snimeiciceacinc Do.
HOLS PLM Ey OMOSIG ot selaiaieieiatey ale alale a lcreteinielalelaloiats Do.
SATU SEON OR emery ieee ne sot sient ecto ceiaeicve eile Pelican Creek.
WOlcaAnIC COMCIOMOELALTC HR foo ial oie ajercleiniaeie es nleie 0.
IASG 8 (DLAC) aan cmcciaeaiie ane clo ncis ctwnicyalorsieraraiele ne branch of East Fork of Yellowstone
; iver.
BaSalty (Red) eerste cree sie acres awi cie'clsie ciaisisiclereisie Do.
Basaltic rocks; (black) <.--.-2-.2---<0c2s---005 Do.
(QUERA WALKS 56 0s deU es Atad abe COE Eee aan Do.
Brown coarse sandstone....-.--..------.------- Near Crow Indian agency, Yellowstone River.
BE MSR layes tae asaeta sae natn eeisiclslatelajera\e\ejais/a'aiefaala)- Near Fort Ellis, Montana Territory.
CLE SIO GaCeR AP ASA OO Ee Me Eto Me CE a see mE East side Gallatin River, Montana Territory.
Greenish-gray sandstone .......-.-------------- Do.
SUNICCOUS Clay-SlAt@s cleo seictetncicisic s cos sis sinc cial Do.
Wendriticisanestone. 2/:)..- ssocccecaseadeccessn Do.
MEIIMESTOME We ae ee sia. cr wractn cre diciea -aieaveiaye/binici ces Between Jefferson and Madison Rivers.
Granite esse see sre cee toca eeice amtc be eieisisrers Do.
iornblende schists -</.0.c/.-cees caansin es ecee ems Do.
GRATING) pec ceistclaleieyate aininiciciee i tciaicibarejteveic asia eile Do.
MICISS ae safc aaaa) tos sme Ses wicca ect cen ners Do.
VAR OCIA Zeeks cteemiacia eens ts Seti asc ebene Do.
Red compact'sandstone!: 2.2 - 25.0 .-.e ee cn Do. .
Yellow calcareous sandstone..............----- Do.
Work plie Limestone. sss nsuc ee iene csiseccmacens Do
GATMOLITGROUS ONGISS) cn. cesc tens ccasce se aleseo. Do.
Ma CaisChisty oso. \ -.5 <<a 2 NE SESS pie ae West side of Jefferson River.
(Me REIVATIS) SGD OS SEC OEE OSE Ot en EE eames aaa Do.
Clay slate meets tees one seielaerdcte bic owe sie sts Do.
EVAL CMAN ZIbS Memento ne ieehiciee ce tetes aie cicinj sci are's Black-Tail, Deer Creek Valley, Montana Ter,
TEUIMES COM Gy crate nies arc aievetee rota sn wielate eia’eieice alate Do.
Oldihot-sprin eid oposite. se semeeecee ccc cece sie Do.
Basalt niactenawacicte cote cc een a sabe biscimess Do.
Od SANCSTOMO Mise soi mtewemnoste tase ord aie nree welt at aia. Do.
QUAN bztbey sre t= eee cclcve uimicte alicicisls ciciniatveleisis eine Do.
MEIN CS TONOCY. erase at eictcialaminieitetaas ate le sicletare aielsinicialais Do.
See GO norinisi= ce ncivicisine a wesitinita/dwinw sk ealonau acide ORVOD HERON NOC Mon tananhernitony:
Coarse onanmisamd Stoney nataetstcisie aise aciaicielclaieietete 0.
Dark-purplish rhyolite............ --+++-+++-+--| Beaver Head Cation, Montana Territory.
Dave lia SUa) WAV OU GE aracic a teteie etm sm ob stein asta nisi Do.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Catalogue of rocks—Continued.

Name. Locality.
White sandstone, (Pliocene) ..-..-...--..--.---- Beaver Head Caiion, Montana Territory.
Clay-slate,' (siliceots)-~ =2 2240 -o 35 52222 ete eee Do.
Coarse red sandstone. ...-....---..-- Joes o hee Do.
Basalh 2.22. sotsc cease cae see scene eencen Sees Do.
Wrachyte -. S2s..4cs6es as occe became cee ooee ene anes Do.
Trap- re with chalcedony -..---.----.-------- Do.
Gig Hot-sprine depesrbh. ©2422 2 22800..2s-accccaa: Do.
White iecortelts Voleamie TOek 2225233522: 252 Do.
Red brecciated volcanic rock....--..---.-.----- Do.
ioriblentaie grieigs. 22) ee, eet eee haste es Horse Plain Creek, Montana Territory.
GPAMILG 5222's 5 oe oc Oe ee eee ees tee Do.
Quartzite, (highly metamorphosed) --.-.--.------ Main Divide of Rocky Mountains.
Purplish ae Fhe ost he ee eee heme oe Medicine Lodge Creek, Idaho Territory.
Gray tracy tent. sa eee Pearce Do.
White san eee sige cSeccetedenstee weete seas ee Do.
id hot-spring deposit. 2. a. oe eaten nese Do.
HAMESLONG ts eee meee ete acts Sse ee Do.
1 BSE nee aR ee Se A Se RR erst Seg ee Do.
Old hot-spring deposit, (yellow) ..-.-.-..---.--- Soda Springs, Bear River, Utah Territory.
Old hot-spring deposit, (white) .-..------.------ Do.
Old hot-spring deposit, (red) -.--.--.---:-...--- Do.
ATES LONG = eaec as soe ee Oe ease aces Do.
BASAL G one tieao coe se oeh eee ces senesnteeeee Do.
Waite quartzite 22 <- oi ae Saat eee eee Back of Bennington, Utah Territory.
UOC Maragibe o-oo. cose scene eed etestexeideee Do.
STeOnISh QuUarizbos: oo. e- See os as oon eee eee Swan Creek, Utah Territory.
PTO RUOHOSS: 2c Je eee Ue oe sore eee SESS SESH SSs Near Evanston, Utah Territory.
Moellowisn Sandstone <2. eee ese ss eee Do.
Gray anndatens 22 626i 2os2. 2c 22h <2t2hecee Do.
Woelow sauGgnbeie |. 2 22-282. -. 22 i2tscetts sss Between Evanston and Fort Bridger.
Red sandstone..-..-- SEN oP or hee ae Do. ;
While sandstone! 22.3 defence apes seee sess Do.
Sans RNG fer fen nan eh re acer seen erRe Se Fort Bridger.

CHAP.

CHAP.

CHAP

CHAP

CHAP.

*

A eg

REPORT OF PROFESSOR CYRUS THOMAS.

AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES (OF THE TERRITORIES.

FORESTS, ETC.
Il. THE GREAT BASIN.

I. GENERAL REVIEW: GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, MOUNTAINS,

. III. NOREHERN PART.OF SALT LAKE BASIN, AND SNAKE RIVER

PLAINS.
. IV. MONTANA TERRITORY.

VY. LETTERS FROM PROFESSOR G.N. ALLEN AND MR. HASKILL, AND

EXPERIMENTS IN CULTIVATION ON THE PLAINS ALONG THE

_ LINE OF THE KANSAS -PACIFIC RAILWAY :

BY Rk. S$. ELLIOTT.

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Ley Lonel ead Ol oie

WASHINGTON, D. C., February 1, 1872.

DEAR Sir: Herewith I present a report of my investigations of the
agricultural resources of the Territories during the past season.

I accompanied the exploring party from Ogden, in Utah, to Virginia
City, Montana. As it was evident the party would visit no arable areas
of importance while investigating the interesting region around Yellow-
stone Lake, it was thought best that I should visit other parts of Mon-
tana Territory. In accordance with this opinion, I separated from the
main party at Virginia City and proceeded to Helena. Here I was for-
tunate in finding.a number of well-informed persons from all parts of
the Territory, through whom I gained a large amount of information in
regard to the agricultural resources of the sections I was unable to visit
in person. From this point I crossed over the dividing range of the |
_ Rocky Mountains to the head-waters of the Columbia. I take pleasure
in stating that’ my investigations have developed the fact that this
interesting Territory possesses a much larger area of arable land than I
had anticipated. It is true that the agricultural lands are separated
into comparatively small areas; but this character has its advantage,
as it secures an ample supply of water for irrigating purposes. I failed
to obtain any satisfactory account of the extreme eastern part of the
Territory, especially that part lying east of Fort Benton. That it con.
sists of broad, level, treeless plains is well known, but the supply of
water and means of irrigation appear to have been overlooked by those
who have visited this section. As the Northern Pacific Railroad is to
pass through here at some point, it is important that this should be
ascertained, especially as the descent of the Missouri below Fort Benton
appears to be too small to give any promise of a supply of water for
irrigation from it by the ordinary methods. It is therefore important
that further data should be obtained on this point.

The climate of this Territory is much more favorable for agriculture
than would be anticipated from its northern and elevated position.
Indian corn, of a tolerably good quality, is grown on each side of the
range without any serious climatic difficulty. Even melons and fruits
are matured in some of the valleys. Some have attempted to account
for this by the supposition of atmospheric currents from the Pacific
Ocean, &c.; but the real reason is apparent when we examine the barom-
eter. The Bitter-Root Valley, between the Rocky and Bitter-Root Mount-
ains, is fully 1,200 feet lower than the level of Salt Lake; and there are
no broad, open plains of that extent sufficient to give play to the sweep-
ing storm that often visits other sections.

The valleys and hill-sides are generally covered with rich and nutri-
tious grasses, affording excellent pasturage for stock. The northwestern
portion has a large area covered with extensive and valuable forests
of pine, fir, and other coniferous trees. I was surprised to find the
passes across the main range so easy and smooth; at one of them, Deer
Lodge Pass, the water being actually taken by a canal from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific side.

I found the citizens everywhere deeply interested in these investiga-

\
208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tions, and always ready to assist me in every possible way, and to them
T am indebted for much of the information contained in my report on —
that Territory. And I am glad to say that so far as I was able to test
- this information by personal observations, I found it generally quite
correct, their great desire being not to exaggerate, but simply to get the
facts in regard to their section of country before the world. I would be ~
glad to mention the names of those who took special pains to assist me,
but as I cannot mention all I hesitate to mention any, but I cannot
refrain from naming Governor Potts, Colonel Wheeler, marshal of the
district, Colonel Sanders, the editors of the papers of Helena and Deer
Lodge, Major Forbes, Mr. Granville Stuart, and others, some of whom
are mentioned in my report.

From Montana I returned to Corinne, in Utah, with Professor Allen,
who had joined meat Helena. From Corinne I proceeded to California,
in order to see what progress had been made here in the method of irri-
gating lands. I desired especially to learn what was being done in the
way of lifting water. A visit to the suburbs of Sacramento, Oakland,
and San Francisco soon gave me all the information on the subject that
was to be obtained, as no statistics in regard to this important horti-
cultural agency appear to have been collected. The wind-mill appears
to be nearly the only power used for the purpose of lifting water, and
as the quantity raised by each is small it is apparent that these cannot
be profitably used for field crops, especially where they compete with:
the products of rain-moistened regions. But as auxiliaries to horticul-
ture they are valuable, wherever the water is to be found in quantity at
a Short distance from the surface; and there are probably many points in
the Territories into which your survey has extended where they could
be used with profit. 1 append a short account of San José Valley, fur-
nished by Professor Allen, as it contains some very interesting matter.
Although California is justly celebrated for its fruits, wheat, &c., yet I
was quite disappointed at the appearance of the agricultural distriets
visited, though this was owing in part to the very dry season; but I am
convinced that the agricultural resources of this great State will never
be properly developed until a more thorough system of irrigation is
adopted. Although the annual rain-fall is considerable, yet it is not
distributed through the growing season in such a manner as to do away
with the necessity for irrigation.

J was surprised to learn no hard wood fit for wheelwright purposes,
and agricultural and other machinery, was to be found on the Pacific
coast. Visiting the wagon and other shops in San Francisco where
hard wood is used, to ascertain where they procured it, I was surprised
to learn that this is brought from the Atlantic States. I subsequently
found the same fact mentioned in the report of the president of the
State board of agriculture of California for 1868—~69. I had ascertained
this was the fact in regard to the Territories of the Rocky Mountain
region, but was not aware before that it was the case in regard to the
Pacific coast. It may perhaps, without. exaggeration, be said that
proper timber for 4 wagon cannot be found in the United States west
of the one hundredth meridian. As this places the States and Territo-
ries of the Pacific slope under considerable disadvantage in this respect,
it seems to me that the General Government ought to take some steps
to remedy the defect as far as possible. Hard wood will grow in these
sections, as is evident from the experiments made, but it will probably
be valueless for the purposes mentioned unless freely watered by*irriga-
tion. Would it not be well to establish in California an experimental
farm and garden under the Agricultural Department? The conditions

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 209

of climate, soil, humidity, &c., in that entire region are so different
from that of the Atiantic coast, that experiments in the latter section
have no applicability to the former. The one is oriental, the other occi-
dental, although reversed in position.

As I have, in a former report, given a short account of the arable
areas of Utah, I have devoted a part of the present to the consideration
of the physical features of the Sait Lake Basin, so far as these have
any bearing upon the agricultural resources of this very interesting
region. I have added amore minute account of that portion of North-
ern Utah over which the expedition passed the present season, and which
I visited in person. I have prefixed a general outline or review of the
geographical features of those portions of the Rocky Mountain regions
which have been visited by the exploring party under your charge
during the past three years. It would have been more systematic to
have placed this at the end, but I preferred the other plan, as many
persons desire to know the conclusions reached without having to read
the details. eet

You will find, accompanying this report, a continuation of my investi-
gations of the western Orthoptera. A number of new species—some
twenty-eight or thirty—were obtained, and have been descrided, among
them some of considerable interest, adding two genera hitherto un-
known to the insect fauna of the United States.

I feel it to be a duty to report to you in a special manner the accom-
modations received from. the various stage-lines running from Bozeman
and Virginia City to Helena; thence to Deer Lodge; and thence to
Corinne. Over all these Professor Allen and myself were passed with-
out charge, and treated with great respect and kindness by all the offi-
cers and employés. To the Central Pacific, Union Pacific, Denver Pa-
cific, and Kansas Pacific Railroads we are under many obligations for
_ passes for one or both of us over these roads; and-also to the officers
and employés for the many acts of accommodation extended to us, by
which delay was prevented. I have appended a short report of some of
the valleys of Nevada, drawn up by Mr. D. H. Harkey, of Reno, pro-
cured for me by the kindness of Mr. Meecham and his partner, of Hum-
boldt, Nevada. It is to be hoped that by another year a more compiete
account of this intermontane State will be obtained. I believe that Mr.
Harkey is now at work upon this subject, which will probably be fur-
nished you when completed.

T had expected a short account of the lands along the Union Pacific
Railroad in the western part of Nebraska, as there is much inquiry in
regard to these various sections.

It is an interesting fact that those sections of the West which have
been described in your reports have received, during the past year, the
greater portion of the emigration that crossed the plains. While this
has, no doubt, been owing to a number of causes, yet we are justified in
believing that your efforts and investigations have helped to bring about
this result, and that in this fact you have an evidence of the apprecia-
tion of your labors.

I take pleasure in returning my thanks to all those persons who have
so kindly assisted me in my work, and though the names of but few
have been mentioned, I feel myself under equal obligations to those
whose names are not mentioned.

J remain, yours, very respectfully,
CYRUS THOMAS.

Professor F. V. HAYDEN.

‘1468

210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

CHAPTER I. | ;
GENERAL REVIEW.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.

The geographical features of a country are so intimately connected
with its agricultural resources, that an inquiry into the latter necessarily
involves an examination of the former. The size and character of its
mountains and valleys, extent of its plains, and size and number of its
rivers and lakes, are all items which must be considered if we would
make our investigations complete. So far as I have noticed these in
describing the separate sections, I will not repeat them further than to
generalize these more minute descriptions. And it is proper for me to
state here that I shall confine this review almost wholly to those Terri-
tories and regions visited in person; not that each locality alluded to
has been examined personally, but that I have visited the section and
learned from personal observation its leading external features.

The boundaries of the political divisions, and even the outlines of the
more important natural areas, can so easily be determined from the maps,
that I shall omit allusion to them, except where I may have occasion to
do so for the purpose of explanation.

MOUNTAINS.

Passing over the broad plains which spread out westward from the
Missouri River, the first objects to attract our attention are the mount-
ains. We enter upon our western journey with a desire to see them,
and the long monotonous ride across this broad expanse, even though
sweeping along at railroad speed, intensifies that desire. And when we
first catch a glimpse of some lofty peak or range, especially if it has a
crown of snow upon its summit, glittering in the bright sunshine of that
limpid atmosphere, all other objects for the time are forgotten. No matter
whether we are enthusiastic admirers of nature’s works or not, the sim-
ple fact that we are gazing upon the snowy summit of the great Rocky
Mountain Range has in it a charm that, for the first time, at least, ar-
rests the attention even of the giddy youth and suffering invalid. This
first impression fixes itself so indelibly upon the mind that no matter
how often we may visit this region, how various our duties may be, and
how intensely we are devoted to them, yet after we have returned, often
as our minds revert to that section, the mountains will stand in the fore-
ground. Nor is this strange, for they constitute the leading and promi-
nent geographical feature of the great West. Aside from their exceed-
ingly important geological and mineralogical characters, which Professor
Hayden and other geologists are presenting to the public, they also ex-
hibit external features which have important bearings upon that depart-
ment which has been assigned to me for investigation, and this is more
especially true in this section of the country where the rain precipitation
is sc small and irrigation so universally necessary. From these comes
the supply of water for irrigation; these are the great reservoirs upon
which the hopes of the agriculturist depend. As the heat of summer
approaches and the rays of the sun pour down upon his fields, he watches
day by day with anxious eyes the rapidly melting patches of snow that
he upon the crest of the neighboring mountain; for, unless his ditehes
are fed by one of the larger perennial streams, he knows that upon the
rivulets which flow from those crystal banks depend the life of his erop

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. a |

and the supply of food for himself and family. Heis well aware that
soon after they have disappeared, the little rills will cease to flow, his
ditches become dry, and his crops, unless previously matured, become
parched and withered under the influence of the sun and this remark-
ably dry atmosphere. Hence the snows of winter, when heavy in the
mountains, instead of being looked upon as misfortunes, are hailed as
the sure harbingers of a plenteous harvest the following seasons. I
have more than once heard the remark made by those who have long
resided in that country, ‘‘It would be better for usif we had more snow ;”
and I am inclined to think the statement true. A hasty trip across the
ereat mountain belt on one line will doubtless give to the casual ob-
server the impression that there is a general sameness throughout.
The broken crests and peaks of the eastern range and rugged forest-
erowned Sierra will doubtless be contrasted with the broad inter-
vening waste of ridges, valleys, and piains, but will scarcely do away
with the impression of monotonous uniformity. But a closer study of
these vast monuments of nature’s building will show us new forms, va-
rying features, and different characters at every step.

Instead of being arranged in continuous ridges, as was for a long
time supposed, this immense belt is broken and irregular, at one point
grouping its loftiest peaks and ridges in a compact mass, while at
another isolated ranges have wide wastes lying between them. The
water divide between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, in some places
being the crest of the loftiest ridge, running a tortuous course, winding
right and left, yet with a general northwest and southeast direction, at
other points it is an undefinable line on a broad and apparently level
artemisia plain.

The mountain region reaches from the eastern slope that descends to
the great plains to the Sierra Nevada; but the true Rocky Mountain
belt, although vast in its proportions, is much more limited, extending,
in the latitude of Colorado and Southern Wyoming, from the eastern
flank to the Wahsatch Range, a distance, direct, of some three hundred
and fifty miles. Here, in the western half of Colorado, eastern part of
Utah, and southern border of Wyoming, is the heaviest mountain mass
in the Union. Extending east and west from one hundred and fifth to
one hundred and twelfth meridians, and north and south from the
thirty-seventh to the forty-first parallels, it covers a quadrangular area
of nearly one hundred thousand square miles. Within these bounds are
collected a large number of the highest peaks and ridges of the entire
Rocky Mountain belt. It is split into two parts by the valiey of Green
River, which traverses the entire area from north to south near the one
hundred and tenth meridian, the eastern moiety containing the heaviest
portion.

From the southern boundary of Wyoming to the southern boundary
of Colorado, the eastern range, which lies principally between the one
hundred and fifth and one hundred and seventh meridians, is exceed-
ingly rugged, broken up into sharp peaks and tortuous ridges. On the
eastern slope it is composed of an irregular series of ridges, leaning one
against the other in ascending order toward the west; these at a few
points separating, so as to leave large depressed areas, as the parks,
Upper Arkansas Valley, &c. This form, connected with the great eleva-
tion of this entire mountain area, has a very important bearing upon
the agricultural resources of the plains and valleys at the eastern base,
as it affords immense reservoirs for the accumulation of winter snows,
from which the streams can draw a supply of water. Hence, most of the
streams which take their rise in this range are perennial, affording an

212 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

abundance of water for a broad strip of land along the eastern flank
of the range. Not only are they rugged in general outline, but also in
minute detail, being exceedingly rocky and jagged, except in some of
the parks and larger depressions, where the local drift has rounded the
lower hills. As a general thing, they are covered with heavy forests of
pine and fir, except where the “altitude exceeds the line of arborescent
vegetation. I would call special attention here to this fact, as I wish
to allude to it hereafter—the connection between the rugged, rocky sur-
face and forest growth. In the parks and other spots where there are
heavy deposits of drift, evidently brought down from the surrounding
heights, as a general thing there are no forests, occasional groves of
stunted cedars or pilons being the chief exceptions.

Along the east base, after passing Box Elder Creek, going south,
long straight- lined foot- ‘hills are often to be seen shooting out from the
mountain ‘side, their tops flat and almost or quite level. “They are gen-
erally very smooth, without forest growth, but grassed over as evenly
as amown meadow. These singular formations constitute a very re-
markable feature of this section, and give a peculiar charm to the land-
scape. An occasional ‘‘mesa” or squarely truncated hill can be seen
here, but these are more characteristic of the country farther south.

As we approach the borders of New Mexico the mountains gradually
diminish in height, the mass separating into more regularly continucus
ranges; the naked crests of the higher ridges often sharply serrated.
The sides, though rocky and deeply and sharply furrowed, are hardly
so rugged as farther north. As might be inferred from these character-
istics, the accumulations of snow are less extensive, the water more
rapidly carried off, and the streams less permanent than in the vicinity
of the mountains farther north in Colorado.

The Raton Mountains, which run east from the main range, near the
dividing line between the two Territories, form a rather singular excep-
tion to the general direction of the eastern ranges. In their external
features they are much like the mountains with which they connect in
some respects, while in others they remind us more of some of the
mountains in Southeastern Kentucky. They are tolerably well timbered,
much of it being of a very fine quality. They give rise to the Purga-
tory and Cimarron Rivers.

Passing over this range to the south side, one of the most striking
features of the landscape is the large number of isolated ‘“ mesas.”
These singular elevations, in the form of truncated cones or pyramids,
with flat and horizontal tops and sharp outlines, rise up from the level
plains, or from the surface of a broad valley, and almost invariably
without any lateral connection with any other elevated ground. In ex-
tent they are widely different, some presenting a table surface of but a
few acres, while others have nearly as many square miles. It is evident
that these are beyond the reach of irrigation, from any natural reser-
voirs or streams, their only value being as grazing fields.

This eastern mountain group appears to have two culminating points
or radiating centers; the northern, and principal one, lies immediately
around the North and Middle Parks, and forms the rim of these elevated
basins; the other lies immediately southwest ef South Park. In the
first of these, Blue River, White River, Bear River,* North Platte, and
a number of the tributaries of South Platte, take their rise. In the
other, Grand River, the Rio Grande, Arkansas, and main branch of the
South Platte have their sources. The parks act as huge cisterns for the

* This is not the Bear River of Salt Lake Basin, but connects with Green River.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Dales

reception of the numerous little mountain rivulets that flow down from
the surrounding rim, collecting them together and discharging them at
one outlet. Thus the North Park collects the various streams which
form the North Platte; the Middle Park, those that form Blue River;
South Park, those to form the South Platte; the San Luis Park, those
to form the Rio Grande; and the Upper Arkansas Valley, which is a
true park, those to form the Arkansas River. Here, then, we see that
five of the great rivers of this vast central region have their sources
close together in this mountain area. Upon the peaks, ranges, parks,
and forests embraced between the one hundred and fifth and one bhun-
dred and seventh meridians and thirty-eighth and forty-first parallels,
an area not exceeding eighteen thousand square miles, depend, in a
great measure, the agricultural resources of an area of more than one
hundred thousand square miles.

Before passing over to the west side of the section under consideration,
I would cali attention to the Black Hills, (or Laramie Range,) of Wyo-
ming, which seems to be the real northern extension of the Colorado
Range, but the continuity is somewhat broken at the gorge of the Cache-
a-la-Poudre, and it takes the form of a huge appendage, like the claw
of acrab. Circling round the eastern and northern portions of the great
Laramie Park, it acts as a bracing wall to this vast elevated plain,
whose surface is fully 1,500 feet above the plains at the eastern base.
its external, or eastern slope, presenting a much longer descent than its
inner or western face, differs considerably in character from the latter ;
while the latter, at least as far north as the gorge of the Laramie River,
presents comparatively smooth and rounded surfaces, the formerisrugged,
and, especially along the northern part, deeply gashed by rough and rocky
canons. The intervening ridges are quite rugged up in the mountain
near their origin, but as they descend to the plain they gradually lose
they rough character, and grow smoother and rounder, and, seen trans-
versely, present a succession of rounded foot-hills, which appear like the
waves of the sea. The eastern flank and summit are tolerably well
wooded, and the northern portion appears to have a timber growth pretty
generally distributed over it, but interrupted by numerous open, field-
like spaces. Numerous small streams that form tributaries to the North
Platte have their origin on the eastern slope, while on the west but one
or two have their sources in this range.

Between the eastern and western portions of this mountain group
intervenes a broad but irregular depression, forming the Green River
basin. The broad, elevated plain, formerly called the Colorado Desert,
which stretches north and south from the Wind River Range to the Uintah
Mountains, and east and west from the Wahsatch Range to the imper-
ceptible divide, separating it from Laramie Plains, forms the upper por-
tion. Having a gentle southern slope, and inclination to a central
channel, it collects the waters, which once evidently formed an immense
lake, against the mountain barrier at the south margin, of which an
account will be found in Professor Hayden’s report for 1870. Having,
in the geological past, burst through this barrier, a tortuous channel
has been formed for the waters, by which they connect with the Colo-
rado River and its vast water system farther south, receiving large
contributions from right and left in its passage.

Shooting out from the Wahsatch Range on the west, the Uintah Mount-
ains stretch directly eastward, forming the southern wall to the upper
portion of this basin, forcing Green River, in making its exit from the
northern plains, to bend eastward in order to flank them. This range,
which has a direction the reverse of the general course of the mountains

~

214 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of this region, possesses features peculiar to itself. Although rising
at points, as will be seen from Professor Hayden’s report, to a height
of 12,000 and even 13,500 feet above the level of the sea, shooting up -
sharp and lofty peaks above the limit of arborescent vegetation, yet
it possesses, to a greater or less degree, that peculiar evidence of the
remarkable effects of erosion seen in the lower ridges in this section.
But the description of this interesting region by Professor Hayden is
so full that it is unnecessary for me to add more than that here is
found a heavy forest growth of excellent pine timber, which on account
ot its proximity to the Union Pacific Railroad will probably, at no very
distant day, prove a source of wealth to this region.

Passing a little farther westward, we encountered the great Wahsateh
Range, which, stretching north and south for four hundred miles, forms
the vast terrace above the Great Salt Lake Basin. To understand the
relation that this range bears to the eastern range running through
Colorado and Wyoming, we must bear in mind the fact that from Salt
Lake to Cheyenne there is one great mountain which has been lifted in
the air an average height of 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, and
between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above the mass of débris piled against its
flanks. Its broad summit formed of the plains, hills, ridges, and peaks
which intervene, these ranges are its flanking walls, forming the eastern
and western escarpments. The Wahsatch Range, though rugged and
rocky, does not, at least on its western slope, possess the jagged char-
acter to such a high degree as the Colorado Mountains, but, on the con-
trary, is sharply indented and furrowed, much like the Sierra Blanco.
Mountains which surround San Luis Park on the northeast. The west-
ern slope, especially from Ogden to the south end of Utah Lake, instead
of sloping down regularly to the surface of the basin, seems to plunge
down through the débris which presses against it as the cliff plunges
down into the waters of the ocean which lave its side. There is Jere
but one culminating point, which acts as the radiating center for the
water systems of the region. This is at the place where the Uintah
Mountains connect with the Wahsatch Range, almost immediately at the
southwest angle of Wyoming Territory, but situated in Utah. Here
White, Uintah, Bear, Weber, and Provo Rivers have their origin, the first
two connecting with Green River and the others entering the Salt Lake ~
Basin at different points.

Moving northward across the broad, open space occupied by the Green
River Plains and Laramie Plains, the one lying on the Atlantic and the
other on the Pacific slope, connected by an imperceptible divide, we en-
counter another striking feature, varying the apparent monotony of
this mountain region. I say “apparent monotony,” for, in reality, the
scenery is constantly changing at every step to the ardent student of
nature. Stretching east and west from the north end of the Blaek
Hills of Wyoming to the south end of the Wind River Range is a series
of remarkable granite hills skirting the valley of the Sweetwater. These
have much the appearance of the sharp peaks and crests of a submerged
range, which, shooting up through the sea of sand, mark its course.
So striking is this appearance that even the most casual observers
almost involuntarily make the comparison.

From this point northward the range (by this I intend the entire belt)
contracts and changes its direction. From the thirty-seventh to the forty-
third parallels its course is almost directly north, and extending in width
from the one hundred and fifth to the one hundred and twelfth meridians,
an air-line distance of about three hundred and fifty miles. Here it bends
northwest, making an angle with its former course of some twenty or

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 215

twenty-five degrees, and, the eastern flank diverging a little more rap-

idly than the western flank, the two approach, narrowing the width of
the belt toward the north. While this is true as a general statement,

it must not be supposed that in attempting to follow it out in detail
we shall find any great uniformity, for we shall proceed but a compara-
tively short distance up the western flank until we encounter the rugged
Salmon River Mountains, pressing against the -belt at its narrowest
point like a huge goiter upon the neck. But the most interesting group
Within this part of the belt is to be found in the northwestern part of
Wyoming, which has been the objective point of the present year’s expe-

dition, and of which a very full and deeply interesting account will be
found in Professor Hayden’s report of the present year, and to which
this report forms an appendage. I shall, therefore, refer to it only so
far as its features bear upon the agricultural resources of the surround-
ing regions; and, moreover, although passing closely around the west-
ern and northwestern flanks, and crossing the axial range at its western
exit, I did not in person visit the magnificent scenery immediately sur-
rounding Yellowstone Lake, which lies near the central point of the
group.

The northern limb of the Wahsatch Range, separating the waters of
Green River from those of Bear and Snake Rivers, penetrates northward
near the western border of Wyoming Territory. Wind River Range,
stretching northwest from South Pass, rising in altitude as it advances
until it culminates in Frémont’s Peak, forms the divide here between
. the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific, represented by Green and Wind
Rivers. The west branch of the Big Horn Mountains, reaching across
the Wind River Valley, leaving a deep gorge for the passage of this
stream, directs its course toward the same central point; and the main
Rocky Mountain Range from the north here bends its course eastward
to connect with the others at the great point of union. In other words,
here is the culminating point of the great northwestern mountain belt,
from which radiate not only its chief mountain ranges, but also, as a
natural consequence, the principal streams of the section. The Big
Horn, Yellowstone, Madison, Green, and Snake Rivers all have their
origin here, the first three finding an outlet for their waters through
the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, the next through the Colorado
of the West to the Gulf of California, and the last through the Columbia
to the Pacific Ocean, three thousand miles from the exit of the first.
Here, amid a collection of the most wonderful scenery on the continent,
is found the chief radiating point of the water-systems of the Northwest,
being equaled in this respect only by the mountain group of Colorado
Territory. A result naturally to be expected from this formation fol-
lows, viz, an abundant supply of never-failing streams. It is also inter-
esting, on account of the influence it has upon the course of the minor
streams, to notice the obstinate tendency of the minor ranges to main-
tain the north and south direction so common in Territories south and
in the Salt Lake Basin. The Teton Range, between Henry’s Fork and
the main branch of Snake River, the northern arm of the Wahsatch,
the main range of the Big Horn Mountains, between the waters of
Big Horn and Powder Rivers, and even the ridge separating the two
branches of the latter stream, though varying much in character, all
have this course almost direct. If we pass north of the group into the
southern part of Montana, we find this holds good with respect to the
ridges which separate the tributaries of the Upper Missouri. The
div ides between Stinking Water and the Madison, between Madison
and Gallatin, and between Gallatin and the Yellow stone, all preserve

216 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the same north and south direction, notwithstanding the remarkable
and enormous fiexure of the great dividing range of the Rocky Moun-
tains. Nor does this stop here; for if we cross the divide again and
enter the basin of Clark’s Fork of the Columbia, we find the same
thing there on a reduced scale, the ridges which separate the southern
tributaries of the Hell Gate, with no considerable exception, following
the same rule.

In consequence of this general directicn of the minor ranges and
ridges, the smaller streams have generally a north or south course,
while the larger streams, to which they form tributaries, with one chief
exception, Green River, run eastward or westward. For example: Pow-
der, Tongue, and Big Horn Rivers; Yellowstone and Missouri, above
their bends; Clark’s Fork of Yellowstone, Gallatin, Madison, Stinking
Water, and Beaverhead Rivers, on the Atlantic slope; and Deer Lodge
River, Flint and Stony Creeks, and Bitter-Root River, on the Pacific
slope, all run north; while Green River, the upper part of Snake River,
and Henry’s Fork run almost directly south. I might add to this list,
but these are sufficient to show that there is some great law which gov.
erns their direction, or that there is a remarkable unifor mity.

The direction and character of the mountains in the northwest part
of Montana are hereafter alluded to, and it is therefore unnecessary to
state them here.

I have not visited the Salmon River Mountains, and therefore have
no very correct idea as to their character, but understand that they are
quite rugged and irregular. They give rise to but one important stream,
the Salmon River. And I may add here that an inspection of the best
maps of this but little-known section shows that here the same tendeney
of the minor ranges to maintain the north and south direction prevails, —
in consequence of which the upper portion of the river, and a number
of its tributaries, run north; and Snake River, for two hundred miles of
its passage through this latitude, has the same direction.

This is but an imperfect sketch of the mountain character of this
great elevated region, which, in many respects, presents more of the
oriental than of the occidental features. If we could stand at the extreme
southern end, and, looking north, take in at one view the entire reach
from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean, it would, between the
thirty-seventh and forty-fourth parallels of latitude, present the following
outlines: ‘rom the Missouri west, for four hundred miles,* we should
see an inclined plane gradually ascending from 900 feet at its eastern
limit, to 5,000, above the sea near its western extremity; slightly
curving upward, making the ascent a little more rapid in this part.
Here we would see a rugged wall shooting from 3,000 to 5,000 feet
higher, while west of it, for three hundred and fifty miles farther,
would be seen an irregular Runiace, slightly depressed in the middle,
but having a general level of 2,000 feet above the inclined plain east.
At the western border we should observe another rugged wall rising
one or two thousand feet, and descending, on its west flank, 2,000 feet
below the surface east of it. West from here we would observe the line
preserving this level for some distance, then curving upward somewhat
rapidly, until it reached an elevation of 6,500 feet above the sea, would
gradually descend a little below the line, immediately west of the last
wall. Here we should see another wall rising up to a height of 8,000
feet above the sea, from which the line, at first curving rapidly down-
ward, would descend to the level of the Pacific Ocean.

*T limit these distances to direct measurement.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Piet

© Ld

RIVER SYSTEMS.

As I have repeatedly stated, and as is well known, the chief divide of
the waters is the main ridge of the Rocky Mountains, running generally
a northwest and southeast course, separating the waters of the Atlantic
from those of the Pacific, consequently giving two. general slopes, one
to the east, the other to the west, modified by lateral ranges, mount-
ains, &c. I have already alluded to the north and south course of the
minor ranges as modifying the influence of the general slope, crossing,
at right angles, the natural direction of the water coming down from
the chief divide, turning the minor streams north and south. But there
is also another very important modifying feature, which has much to
do with giving form to the water-basins and the general course of their
water drainage. This is a great transverse divide, which, though not
so prominent and perceptible as the great longitudinal one, is equally
potent, so far as acting as a dividing water-shed is concerned.

Starting near the northwest corner of Nebraska, it runs westward to
the northwest corner of Nevada, making a sharp bend northward along
the west boundary of Wyoming, around the upper arm of the Green
River Basin.

By examining a good map, the influence of this almost imperceptible
divide upon the water systems of this region will be seen at once from the
direction the principal streams flow to reach their respective reservoirs.
By crossing the Rocky Mountains somewhat at right angles, it forms four
great basins, the one sloping to the northeast, the waters of which are
drained by the Upper Missouri, the one to the northwest being drained
by the Columbia, the one to the southeast being drained by the Platte,
the one to the southwest being double, the Great Salt Lake Basin and
the Green River Valley.

The waters of the northeast and southeast basins reach the Missis-
sippi through the same channel, the Missouri. The plains at the base
of the mountains in Montana having a much less elevation than those
lying along the east base of the range in Wyoming and Colorado, and
the distance the waters of the former have to traverse to reach the june-
tion of the two being much greater than that of the latter, it follows
that the descent of the former is much less rapid than that of the latter.
Hence, we find that while the Plattes havea descent on the plains of
from five or six to eight feet to the mile, that of the Missouri east of
Fort Benton is only about two feet to the mile. Therefore, while tt will
be possible, by extensive canals, to utilize the waters of the former
streams in irrigating the plains which border them, the same thing
would seem to be impossible in regard to the waters of the Missouri, or
its chief tributary, the Yellowstone. Possibly something may hereafter
be done in the way of raising water by machinery, but this can be made
remunerative only at certain points, and to a very limited extent. Hus-
banding the water during freshets, when a higher level is reached, may
also be practicable, to a limited extent; but I know too little in regard
to the rises in this stream to express any opinion on this point.

Lewis’s Fork of the Columbia, (Snake River,) which, in the southern
part of Idaho, traverses an extensive plain, has a descent of certainly
not less than six or eight feet to the mile ; and as the bordering lands are
low and comparatively level, there is no apparent reason why its waters
may not be utilized to their full extent in irrigating this plain.

How tar the waters of these streams may be rendered useful as a
means of transportation, | cannot say. That the Plattes and Snake
River, as they now are, are not navigable, is quite certain; but I see no

218 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

reason why asystem of canals may not be constructed which would not
only afford water for irrigation, but also a means of transportation, un-
less it be that it would not be remunerative. At present, such projects
are impracticable, the population of that section not requiring them,
and the slow movements of this mode of transportion are not adapted
to present requirements. But the day may, and probably will, come
when a canal from the upper waters of the North or South Platte, or of
the Arkansas, to the Missouri or Mississippi, will justify the transpor-
tation of minerals and products of the Rocky Mountain regions, which
would otherwise be valueless. It is possible a difficulty would be ex-
perienced on account of the porosity of the soil, but so far as tried for
irrigating ditches no difficulty, so far as I am aware, has been experi-
enced in this respect; but these, it is true, have a much greater descent
than could be given to a canal intended for transportation. But in sum-
ming up the resources of this portion of the country, these should not
be overlooked because they would not at present be remunerative.

FORESTS, TIMBER, ETC.

We may state, as a general fact to which there are but few exceptions,
that west of the one hundredth meridian there is no other useful timber
than pine and fir until after we have crossed the Sierra Nevada Range,
and if for the California side we add the celebrated redwood, we em-
brace nearly all the important timber in the western part of the United
States. While the Territories and Pacific States have many advyan-
tages of which they may with propriety boast, itis useless and unwise to
shut our eyes to the fact that the general scarcity of timber is a serious
drawback. West of the one hundredth meridian the timbered land
cannot be fairly estimated at more than one-twentieth of the whole area.
This is the estimate given for California by C. F. Reed, esq., president
of the State board of agriculture, and is as high an estimate as can
fairly be made for the entire western section of the Union. And if we
exclude from the calculation Oregon, Washington Territory, the north-
ern parts of Idaho awd Montana, even this would be too high. Asa
matter of course, if we look at the mountain region of California and
Northwestern Wyoming, the Uintah and Colorado Mountain groups,
Northwestern Montana, Oregon, and Washington Territory, this esti-
mate will appear to do injustice to the country. But when we take into
consideration the broad, treeless plains stretching eastward from the
base of the main range, the naked hills, valleys, mesas, and plains of
New Mexico, Arizona, and Western Utah, the barren plain of Green
River, treeless expanse of the Laramie Plains, the smooth and rounded
hills and slopes of Southern Idaho and Southern Montana, and com-
pare their extent with the narrow, timbered strips that skirt their streams
and occasionally flank the elevated ridges, we will be apt to think the
estimate rather too high. But for fear [ may be accused of doing in-
justice to this country in these remarks and others I desire to make on
this subject, I will quote the very appropriate and timely remarks of
C. F. Reed, esq., president of the California State board of agri-
culture, published in the Transactions of the California State Agrieul-
tural Society for 1868-69 :

‘* We have frequently called the attention of our agriculturists to this
subject, (tree and forest culture,) and have at different times urged
action in its behalf by the legislature. No more important subject can
be named for legislative encouragement or for energetic action on the
part of the people. We are all interested in whatever affects the com-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. YY

forts of individuals and the prosperity of the country. The subject of a
plentiful supply of lumber and wood for the various purposes of life is
one that we cannot much longer neglect. Whoever takes the trouble
to look this subject fully in the face, and reflects upon the future of
California, must feel, as we do, that something should be done, and that
immediately, looking to the substitution of new forests in the place
of the old ones in our State, now so rapidly being consumed and
destroyed. A full discussion of this subject cannot be entered into in
the short space allowed in a mere report, where so many subjects of
interest claim attention. But we propose to notice some facts and
make some suggestions, which may lead to further investigation and,
we hope, to energetic action.

‘¢ We have become so accustomed to speak of the forests of our State,
of our ‘big trees,’ as the grandest and most majestic in the world;
we hear so much of the vast quantities of timber and lumber being
shipped from those forests, to supply the nations of the earth with
masts and other heavy timbers for ship-building and other purposes,
that we have thoughtlessly come to regard our supply of these mate-
rials and of materials for fuel as practically inexhaustible. The facts
are quite different. Although the forests we have are properly a sub-
ject of State pride, they are as properly a subject of State protection.
California is far from being a well-timbered country. Nearly all the
timber of any value for ship and general building purposes, or for lum-
ber for general use, is embraced within small portions of the Coast
Range or the Sierra Nevada districts. Redwood, the most valuable tim-
ber in the State, and probably in the world-—taking all its qualities into
consideration—is principally confined to the counties of Mendocino,
Sonoma, and Santa Cruz. Monterey, Santa Clara, and San Mateo con-
tain but small tracts each covered with this valuable timber. Hum-
boldt, Trintty, Klamath, and Del Norte embrace nearly all the balance
of the timber of value in the Coast Range. It mostly consists of an
inferior or hybrid redwood, spruce, and pine. The lumber district of
the Sierra Nevada is principally embraced in the counties of El Dorado,
Placer, Nevada, Sierra, Plumas, and Siskiyou. Calaveras, Tuolumne,
and Mariposa contain only scattering clusters of valuable timber,
though some of the largest and finest trees in the world are found
within their borders. The timber of this district is mostly different
varieties of pine, spruce, and cedar. The other mountain-counties of the
State afford very little timber of any account for building purposes or
for lumber. The agricultural counties, as a general thing, have only
narrow strips of timber along the water-courses, consisting mostly of
scrub-oak, cotton-wood, sycamore and willow, of but little general value
except for fire-wood. The surface of our best timbered counties is not, in
general, half covered with valuable timber. It is therefore safe to esti-
inate that not over one-twentieth of the surface of the State is covered
with forests containing trees valuable for timber or lumber.

‘It is now but about twenty years since the consumption of timber and
lumber commenced in California, and yet we have the opinion of good
judges, the best lumber-dealers in the State, that at least one-third of
all of our accessible timber of value is already consumed and destroyed.
if we were to continue the consumption and destruction at the same
rate in the future as in the past, it would require only forty years there-
tore to exhaust our entire present supply. This, in itself, seems like a
startling proposition, but let us look a little further, and we shall find
truths and considerations more startling still. In the twenty years to
come we will probably more than double our population, but let us as-

220 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

sume that we will only double it. Asa general rule, in a new country
the consumption of timber increases in about double the ratio of popu-
lation. Thus while the increase of population of the United States from
1850 to 1860 was 35.59 per cent., the increase of the consumption of
lumber was 63.09 per cent. Upon this basis and rule, the whole ayaila-
ble lumber of our State will be consumed and destroyed in twenty years
instead of forty. We must also take into consideration in this connec-
tion the fact that we are now just entering upon an era of active public
improvements, all requiring the use of heavy timber and lumber. The
building of railroads, bridges, warehouses, wharves, factories, bulk-
heads, and the timbering of mines, will probably consume ten times as
much lumber within the next twenty years as has been consumed for
these purposes in the past twenty years. The building and equipping
of railroads may be considered a new and special element in the in-
creased consumption of lumber, as this business in our State has really
but just commenced. One of the worst features of the settlement of
new countries by Americans is the useless and criminal destruction of
timber. In our State this reckless and improvident habit has been in-
dulged in to an unprecedented extent. Thousands upon thousands of
the noblest and most valuable of our forest-trees in the Sierra Nevada
districts have been destroyed, without scarcely an object or purpose,
certainly with no adequate benefit to the destroyer or any one else.
This practice cannot be condemned in too severe terms; it cannot be
punished with too severe penalties.

‘‘ South of California, on the Pacific coast, there is but very little tim-
ber or wood of any description. The Pacific South American States
are, in fact, dependent on us, and the coast States north of us, for nearly
all their lumber. They have been drawing heavily from these sourees
to rebuild their wharves and public works destroyed by the earthquakes
of 1868. On the north, Oregon, British possessions, and Alaska are
generally well timbered. We have, for the past five years, been obtain-
ing large quantities of lumber from these countries, and now that the
Central Pacific Railroad has advanced the freight on lumber from our
own mountains fifty per cent. over former prices, our trade in this diree-
tion will still increase.

‘¢ While these countries contain a large supply of very excellent tim-
ber, this supply is by no means exhaustless. At this time almost the
whole world is drawing its supply of heavy timber from the Northern
Pacific coast. England, France, Australia, China, Japan, South Amer-
ica, Mexico, and Sandwich Islands are all, more or less, engaged in
securing their wants for ship-building and other heavy works from these
valuable forests. With the heavy drafts on these countries, added to
their home consumption, it is not probable that the supply will hold out
much longer than that of our own State.

“In the above statements and estimates, we have only taken into
account such timber as is fitted for building and for lumber for general
purposes. As to hard wood, fit for wheelwright purposes and agricul-
tural and other machinery, we may say there is none of it on this coast.
We have always either imported the machinery or the material to make
it of from the Atlantic States. For ornamental work we have a limited
supply, the California laurel being very superior.

‘After what has been said above, we hardly need to comment on the
scarcity of timber in the State for the general purposes of fuel. Taking
all the agricultural counties in the State together, including the cities
and towns within them, and considering the probable increase of popu-
lation, it is very doubtful whether, under present management, they

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 221

will be able to supply their own demands for fuel for ten years to come.
While it will pay, in case of necessity, to freight lumber and heavy
timber great distances by land, and to ship it by water half-way round
the globe, it becomes very burdensome and oppressive to ail classes of
the community to be compelled to convey wood for domestic and man-
ufacturing purposes comparatively but small distances. To illustrate
this proposition we need only to mention the fact that while there is
within an area of twenty miles from éither of the cities, Marysville,
Stockton, or Sacramento, a plenty of wood for a year or two’s supply,
and it costs but $2 a cord to have it cut, yet the present price of wood
in each of these cities is about $10 a cord. Even at this high price
the owner of wood-land thirty miles from Sacramento, on the line of the
Central Pacific Railroad, can make that wood net him only one dollar and
a half a cord delivered in the city. These facts show how extremely ex-
pensive and oppressive it would be to undertake to supply the cities of
the State with wood from the distant mountains. And yet what other
resource will be left a very few years hence? California should at no
distant day become one of the greatest manufacturing States of the
Union; but where will we obtain the fuel with which to generate the
steam that propels the machinery? Again, a new element of calcula-
tion on this subject has just been introduced among us and will grow
rapidly in the future. We refer to the consumption of fuel by the rail--
roads. There are now in the State, completed and in operation, about
seven hundred miles of road. Ina year from nowit issafe to say there
will be over a thousand; call it one thousand even. It requires one cord
and three-fourths of wood, with an ordinary train, to drive an engine
twenty-five miles. Now, assuming that an average of ten trains a day
will-then be running over this one thousand miles of road for three hun-
dred and twenty days in the year, and we have a distance of three mil-
lion two hundred thousand miles traveled in a year. As each twenty-
five miles of distance traveled will consume one cord and three-fourths
of wood, the consumption on one thousand miles of road will be 224,000
cords per year. In twenty years we will probably have four thousand
miles of road completed, averaging twenty instead of ten trains per day, |
and consuming 1,792,000 cords of wood per annum. ‘This, added to the
increased consumption for ail the other purposes of life, will make rapid
inroads into the few sparsely wooded portions of our State, if there
should indeed be any trees ieft standing at that time. !

“The first effect of a scarcity of lumber and wood will be to enhance —
the cost. We have already noticed the high price of wood delivered in
our cities. Lumber has not advanced very much in value for the last
ten years except indirectly. The cost of cutting, manufacturing, and get-
ting to market has been decreasing, while the cost to the consumer has
remained the same. It is the opinion of dealers that it will soon increase
in value very materially. It cannot be otherwise, as we have shown that -
the demand will increase rapidly and the supply decrease. Lven now the
cost and scarcity of these articles is having an oppressive effect on every
industry in the State. The expense of agricultural implements and tools
here, over their cost in the Hastern States, is already operating as a seri-
ous drawback upon the thritt and profit of our farmers, brought in close
competition, as they now are, with their neighbors of the western Atlan-
tic States. The cost of lumber for building and fencing, in most of our
agricultural districts, obtained, as it is, at a distance of hundreds of
iniles away, is even now so great that our farmers are among the poor-
est housed people of any agricultural community in the Union where the
country has been settled an equal length of time. Their crops and stock

222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

are but poorly sheltered, if at all, and their farms are worse than poorly
fenced. To the expense ‘of lumber more than to any other cause must ,
be attributed the general dilapidated appearance of our agricultural dis- ”
tricts. Efforts to improvement in these respects lead to a forced system
of farming; too frequent cropping and little or no nursing of the land;
to that sameness of production which we have had cause so severely to
condemn. The cost of lumber and of wood is already discouraging ey
mechanical, every manufacturing, and every commercial industry of the
State; for the use of these articles is in Some way an important ele-
ment ‘in them all. The advancement of all our towns and cities in
building and improvement is being now retarded very much, direetly
and indirecily, by the cost of these - necessary articles of life. "The cost
of houses enhances the price of rent. The price of rent and cost of
wood add materially to the general expenses of living, and these in turn
enhance the price of labor of every kind, and consequently decrease the
production and retard the general prosperity and improvement of the
cities and country. If this be the case now when we are so young and
our population so thin, when the demand for these articles is increased
twenty-fold and the supply decreased in the same ratio, who can depict
‘the condition of our State?

““ We have estimated that not over one-twentieth part of the suriace
of our State is now covered with heavy timber, and we believe we are
within the bounds of truth when we state that not over one-eighth of
the entire surface is covered with trees of any description whatever. It
is the opinion of the best judges, founded on historical facts and a long
series of observations and experiments, that at least one-third of the
surface of any country should be forests; that this relation between
forest and cultivated land will secure the most advantageous conditions
of climate, and the greatest amount of productions for the sustenance
of human and animal life. Fire has undoubtedly been the original and
active cause of so great a proportion of prairie or untimbered land
within our borders. Being once destroyed, the consequent climatic con-
dition of the country has prevented a reproduction of the original forests.
Nature now, unassisted by man, can never effect that reproduction,
without some great physical revolution that will change the whole fea-
tures of the country. That the nakedness of the earth’s surface is the
cause of the extreme wet and dry seasons in our State, and particularly
of the destructive floods to which the valleys are subject, cannot fora
moment be doubted by any one at all acquainted with the laws of na
and the agency of those laws in the production and modification of
climate through the forests of acountry. For want of space we cannot
enter into a full discussion of this important branch of this subject, but
will state a historical fact in the language of one of the best authors who
has ever written on this subject. Hon. G. P. Marsh, speaking of the
effect of the destruction of forests upon the different countries of the
earth, says: ‘There are parts of Asia Minor, of Northern Africa, of
Greece, and even of Alpine Europe, where the operation of causes, set
in action by man, has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost
as complete as that of the moon. The destructive changes occasioned
by the agency of man upon the flanks of the Alps, the Appenines, the
Pyrenees, and other mountain regions in Central and Seuthern Europe,
and the progress of physical deterioration, have become so rapid that, in-
some localities, a single generation has witnessed the beginning and the
end of the ie ait revolution.’ Words could not more trathfully
describe the effects produced by similar causes in some portions of our
own State. Mr. Marsh continues: ‘ It is certain that a desolation like

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 223

that which has overwhelmed many once beautiful and fertile regions of
Europe awaits an important part of the territory of the United States
unless prompt measures are taken to check the action of the destructive
causes already in operation.’ This last remark applies with greater
force to a large share of our own State than many of us are aware of.

“In many countries where rains are of frequent occurrence during the
summer season, keeping the surface of the soil moist, vegetation, how-
ever delicate and tender, once started in the spring of the year, con-
tinues to grow until checked by the succeeding autumn or winter. By
this time the roots have obtained such a hold on the ground as to secure
continued life, unless destroyed by artificial causes. Not so in our State.
The dry season here follows so rapidly after the wet and germinating
period, that, without irrigation or cultivation, tender and delicate plants,
like young trees of all kinds, grown from seed lying on the surface, as
they fall from the parent trees, are almost always dried up and destroyed
before they are four months old. Hence it is that a section of country
once stripped of trees and shrubbery, in our State, always remains naked.
Once a prairie, always a prairie, until art comes to the assistance of
nature. Hence it is that wheresoever our forests have been cut down
and cleared away, allowing the rays of the sun to fall directly on the
soil, so few young trees, or trees of the ‘second growth,’ are to be
found.”

This quotation contains some remarkable statements and admissions
by one who is a citizen of the section described ; but the statements are
true, and the warnings therein given are for the best interests of his
State, and should be well pondered, not only by the legislators of Cali-
fornia, but also by our national statesmen.

Strike out the local names from this quotation, and almost every
statement in it will apply with equal force to the entire Rocky Mountain
region. Sofaras I have seen this section, the distribution of the forests
is similar to that of California; they are isolated, found upon the higher
mountain groups and ranges, and surrounded by broad, timberless
spaces. As is well known to all who have any knowledge of the West,
the plains which lie along the east flank of the great range, stretching
eastward toward the Mississippi, are almost entirely treeless, the nar-
row fringes skirting a few of the streams not being of sufficient import-
ance to be taken into consideration. This belt, which varies in width
from two to four hundred miles, extends from the British possessions on
the north to Mexico on the south, a distance of over twelve hundred
miles, and includes an area of about four hundred thousand square
miles. The lumber for every house built upon this broad space must be
transported from one side or the other; so with every railroad-tie, tim-
ber for fencing, and for all the purposes where timber or lumber of any
kind is required, unless it is cultivated and grown in artificial groves
and forests.

New Mexico also presents a very large treeless area. Around the
sources of the Pecos, along the eastern and southern rim of San Luis
Valley, on the Mimbres and Guadalupe Mountains, and in the north-
western part of the Territory are found the principal forests affording
valuable timber, while the rest of its area is generally without forests
or trees of any value except for fuel. Fortunately, the forests are gen-
erally in the vicinity of the narrow agricultural areas, and in some
- instances the trees are large and fine, making good lumber; but most
of the older towns and villages have to procure their lumber and fuel at
a considerable distance.

Colorado is a comparatively new Territory, and its mountains atford

224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

a large forest area, but even here it is somewhat difficult to obtain it,
transportation for a considerable distance being necessary to supply the -
demands of the agricultural population. And the rapid consumption
for building, railroads, mining, and other purposes is rapidly sweeping
away the more accessible portions of the mountain forests. And here,
aS in other parts of the mountain region, fire is playing sad havoe with
the arborescent covering of the mountain side.

The principal timbered sections of Wyoming are these along the
southern boundary of the Territory, and in the extreme northwestern
corner; large tracts of country, even within the mountain districts, as
Laramie Plains, the Green River Plains. and Sweet Water Country, being
almost entirely timberless. Utah has no important forests, except those
found along the higher portions of the Wahsatch Range, the entire Salt
Lake Basin furnishing few spots covered with forests of any value for
timber or lnmber. The northwest part of Montana contains a consider-
able area covered with valuable forests, which will afford excellent lum-
ber, but which can be made available only to a limited district until
penetrated by railroads, by which it may be transported to those sections
which do not possess it. .

But to say the best we can in this respect, a population of this part of
the West equal to that in California will, at the present rate of destrue-
tion, soon strip the accessible forests of their valuable timber. And
unless some method of preventing the present wanton destruction can
be adopted, the supply will be cut off much sooner than anticipated ; for,
as stated in the quotation made, this destruction increases in a much
larger ratio than the increase of population. And not only is this true
if we limit our calculations to that which is applied to some useful pur-
poses, but the destruction by fires, and that which is without any equiv-
alent benefit, also increases in the same rapid proportion. In traveling
through the mountain districts I was surprised at the large number of
burned streaks which I observed. In some places we would not travel
more than a mile or two without seeing either to the right or left a
blackened belt stretching up the mountain side. If these spots would
again be covered by a new growth the result would not be so disastrous;
but as has been truly stated in the quotation, this is not the case, for
when once the forest covering is destroyed, it is never restored, but
remains forever bare. Whether this be wholly due to the climatic con-
ditions or not, I do not know, but there are some reasons to believe that
even where undisturbed by the hand of man the forests are gradually
disappearing under the influences of natural causes.

The smooth and rounded hills in parts of Wyoming, Utah, Southeast
Idaho, Southern Montana, and other parts.of the Rocky Mountain region,
have occasionally here and there a few trees which have every appear-
ance of being the remnants of former forests. These hills bear unmis-
takable evidence of having been worn down by the action of the atmos-
phere, water, ice, snow, &c. The débris which has been worn down has
covered up the former ruggedness of their declivities. This is so appar-
ent that in many places its course ean be traced down the sides along
the graceful curves to its termination in the valley. But where the
original rugged declivity has resisted this action there almost invariab)y
forests will be seen. I have, therefore, come to the conclusion that the
forests of the Rocky Mountains, as a general thing, are decreasing from
natural causes, and I base my conclusions on the following grounds:

Tirst. The wearing down of the mountains and hills; the débris, as
it descends destroying the forests on their sides. At Pleasant Valley,
(where the stage-road from Corinne to Helena crosses the range,) in

‘GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 229

the basaltic cafion, this action even now appears to be in process, many
of the blocks of stone having recently been loosened and rolled down-
ward, carrying with them the pines, which may yet be seen. Here every
stage of the process can be distinctly seen.

Secondly. In many places, as at the last-mentioned point, at the head
of Black-Tail Deer Creek, along the head-waters of Sweet Water, the
largest trees appear to be dying without any apparent cause, no evi-
dence of fire being visible.

Thirdly. With the exception of two or three points, when the forest is
once destroyed it never renews itself. At one point west of the range,
on the road from Helena to Deer Lodge, I noticed a grove of young pines
or firs, which were growing up on what appeared to be a burned district.
At one or two points in the interior of the mountains, back of Denver,
I noticed the same thing; also on the Raton Mountains. But the
reverse is not only the general but almost the universal rule throughout
this immense extent of country. Add to this the immense destruction
by fire and the wanton destruction by human hands, and the prospect
for timber in this section in the future is not very flattering. Unless
there shall be some remarkable change in climatic agencies this decay
‘must go on, aS man has no power to prevent it; he may cease the
destruction occasioned by his own negligence and wantonness, but he
cannot stop the process on the mountains.

The late severe snow-storms (January, 1872) are somewhat remarkable.
I have not obtained the particulars in regard to them, but if the news-
paper reports are correct, they indicate the possibility of reacting cli-
matic influences, which it would be well to study with care.

But our only reasonable hope of a change in the amount and distri-
bution of moisture and a supply of timber is through the planting of
forest-trees. Each Territory and State within the area under consid-
eration should take this matter in hand, and by means of proper laws or
premiums carry the planting of trees parallel with the settlement of
the country. And directly connected with this matter is the want of
hard wood in the entire portion of the United States west of the one
hundredth meridian. I learn, tomy great astonishment, that there is
no hard wood suitable for wheelwright purposes, or for the manufacture
of agricultural or other machinery, to be found on the western coast of
North America, from the Arctic.Ocean to the Isthmus. Whether this
is correct or not I am not able to state, but I am satisfied it is true within
the limits of the United States. All the material of this kind which is

-used even in making wagons anywhere west of the ninety-ninth or one
hundredth meridian to the Pacific has to be brought from the Atlantic
States. Now, if anything can be done to relieve this want, surely it
would be of great benefit to future generations if of a permanent char-
acter. Itis probable that no wood can be grown in this dry district of
a tenacity equal to that grown in the rain-moistened districts of the
Atlantic slope; but it is possible that such as will be adapted to all
ordinary purposes may be produced, and the experiment is one that is
worth trying.

The industrial agent of the Kansas Pacific Railroad is trying the
experiment of growing forest trees on the plains without irrigation.
It is to be hoped that this will not be given up until it is thoroughly
tested; and I would suggest that although the experiment may not sue-
ceed along the whole length of the belt across the plains, yet it is of
vast importance, should it fail in part, to know how far west it is pos-
sible to encroach upon the plains. If aninch can be permanently gained
by the first experiment, an ell may be gained by perseverance.

1 Gs

226 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. .

Perhaps it will not be out of place for me here to make a suggestion
in regard to a matter which deeply concerns the future welfare of the
western half of the United States. As I have frequently stated, and as
is now pretty generally known, irrigation is indispensable to cultiva-
tion of the soil throughout (with some very limited exceptions) all that
part of the United States west of the one hundredth meridian. Wealso
know from the history of those countries where irrigation is extensively
practiced that it is absolutely necessary that the State shall take more’
or less control of this matter, upon which its prosperity, and, in facet,
perpetuity rests. We may therefore predict, with confidence, that the
day is not far distant when the States and Territories in the distriet
where irrigation is necessary will have to take absolute control of the
system of irrigation or keep a watchful eye over it and guard it well by
laws, regulations, restrictions, &e.

As the development of the agricultural resources of these States and
Territories and their prosperity depend upon irrigation and the extent
to which this may be made available, therefore it is a subject of *para-
mount importance, not only to those sections but also to the General
Government. Unless proper and efficient steps are taken at an early
day to adopt the best system of regulations, which will be adapted to
an increased population, when the necessities demand such action in
the future, it will cause much difficulty and inconvenience to lay aside
one system and adopt another. This is, therefore, a matter well worthy
the consideration of our national legislators while the Territories re-
main their wards; and if they can place these on the right footing now,
it will greatly tend to accelerate their growth and prosperity. But the
question is asked, How are they to do this? Is it possible for them to
do this in accordance with their constitutional powers and without undue
expense to the National Government? Iam of the opinion there is a
method by which this can be done, and I herewith submit the plan in
a few words.

Let the General Government grant to’ the States and Territories in
the region where irrigation is necessary—say, for example, all lying west
of the ove hundredth meridian, or perhaps the ninety-ninth, every alter-
nate section of public land, with the condition that it be devoted
entirely to the construction of irrigating canals and carrying on a sys-
tem of irrigation. And the law making such grant should expressly
reserve water privileges to those who may settle upon and occupy the
remaining sections. By expressly providing that these lands should be
applied solely to this purpose, it will be apparent to any one what an
immense impetus it would give to the development of the agricultural
resources of this section. All of the available water would thus be
brought into use, and the reserved lands would also much sooner be
brought into demand, as they would be as much entitled to the benefit
of this measure as the lands thus granted. And in order to secure the
grant from any improper diversion from the object contemplated in the
grant, the law should provide that the States and Territories should
refund to the General Government the value, at the minimum price, of
all lands which the legislatures of these States and Territories should
appropriate to any other purpose. The law should further provide that
the grant should not include any portion of the reserved lands in lieu
of those which might be occupied at the time of its passage, but should
include only those employed. It should also provide that these State
and territorial governments should not use any of the proceeds of these
lands so granted for the payment of officers and other expenses of such
registers, receivers, &c., as would necessarily have to be incurred in the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 227

sale, &e., of these lands, but should limit the application of the funds
ae under this grant to the expenses belonging strictly to the sys-
tem of irrigation. This should not apply.of course to mineral lands, and
a special provision may be made in regard to the timbered lands on the
mountains which are not adapted to agricultural purposes. One-half of
these might profitably be granted, with the provision that, as a return
therefor, “it should be the duty of these State and territorial govern-
ments to guard and preserve the forests on those lands not thus
granted.

There would be some difficulty in regard to the survey of these mount-
ain lands, but here the division need not be limited to alternate sections,
but might be by townships, or in such a manner as the Commissioner
of the General Land-Office might ascertain to be most practicable.

I think it cannot be denied that such a plan would result in more
permanent benefit to these sections and to the General Government
than any other which can possibly be adopted. It would at once prepare -
the way for the introduction of the best possible system of irrigation,
and prevent the inconvenience and trouble which will hereafter arise
when the introduction of such a system becomes absolutely necessary.
It would rapidly bring into use the lands which require such extensive
canals that individuals will not at present undertake it. There are mil-
lions of acres on the broad plateau bordering the Arkansas, Rio Grande,
oe Snake, Missouri, and other rivers which might. be render ed
- excellent agricultural lands if an enlarged system of irrigation could be
inaugurated. But individual effort is inefficient for this purpose. And
though the granting of lands to railroads may partially accomplish nee
yet it is evident that it falls infinitely short of that result which would
_be brought about by the system here proposed.

LI submit these thoughts with the earnest request that you wil! give
them such consideration as you think they merit. The object which the
plan is proposed to accomplish I know to be one which you have long —
cherished, and for which you have so many years labored, and to niet
you now look forward with an earnest hope.

CHAPTER IL.
THE GREAT BASIN.

As I have already given, in a former report, a description of the
various valleys and arable tracts in Utah, I shall at present confine
myself to a general view of the principal geographical features of the
Great Basin, concluding the portion devoted to the Territory with
a more minute account of that section yisited in person the present
season.

I use the term “Great Basin” in contradistinction to that of “ Salt
Lake Basin,” to include that immense area lying between the Wahsatch
Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevada Range on the west, em-
bracing the western part of Utah and the entire State of Nevada. In
shape it is something like an ancient shield, the broad end being to the
North, the southern extremity rounded to a point, its extreme width
about 350 miles and its length north and south 300 miles. Havi ing no
outlet for its waters, by which they may be carried to the ocean, it forms
an isolated and, as might be inferred from this fact, asomewhat peculiar
district.

228 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Although a basin in fact so far as its water-drainage is concerned,
yet its surface does not sweep down from the surrounding rim to a cen-
tral depression, but, on the contrary, its areas of greatest depression are
to be found near the borders, especially along the eastern and western
sides, while its central portion reaches a much greater elevation, and is
broken into a series of detached ridges. This will be seen by an exami-
nation of the elevations along the line of the Central Pacifie Railroad.
For example, at Brigham Station, on the border of Salt Lake, it is 4,220
feet above the level of the sea, while at Pequop, the next station west
of Toana, it reaches 6,184 feet; from this it again gradually descends to
Desert, the second station east of Wadsworth, where it is only 4,017
feet, or about 200 feet below the level of Salt Lake. The highest ranges”
in it will probably exceed the greatest elevation here given as much as
1,500 or 2,000 feet. The elevations at the points of greatest depression
in the southeastern and southwestern portions have not been accurately
determined, but it is known that in the vicinity of Sevier Lake it is not
more than 4,500 feet above the level of the sea. A comparison of these
elevations with those of the broad mountain belt lying east from the
Wahsatch Range to the Black Hills of Wyoming will bring out this .
feature more clearly and forcibly, and at the same time afford us a means
of comparing the climate of the two sections, so far as influenced by
elevation, in the same latitude. The highest point of the Union Pacific
Railroad on the western side of this belt is at Wahsatch Station, 6,879
feet above the sea-level. The highest on the eastern side is at Sherman,
8,242 feet. The lowest point between the two is at Green River, where
the elevation is 6,140 feet, or about 2,000 feet above the lowest level of
the basin. Some of the intermediate ranges, as the Uintah Mountains,
reach a ‘height of 10,000 or 12,000 feet, and the peaks occasionally
exceed 13,000 feet. That this difference in altitude must produce a
considerable difference in the climate is evident. North the difference
is not so great.

This depression below the general level is a fact of much importance
in estimating the agricultural resources of this extensive interalpine
region, as it indicates a very material moderation of climate. And that
which might be inferred theoretically has been shown by extensive ex-
periments to be true in fact, as can be seen from the list of the produc-
tions of Salt Lake Valley given in my last report.

MOUNTAINS.

The mountain features of this basin are somewhat peculiar, differing
in some important respects from those of the sections lying east and
north, and exerting a decided influence upon the channels of travel and
internal commerce, and upon the lines of settlement and centers of
population. The Wahsatch Range, which runs almost directly north
and south near the one hundred and twelfth meridian, forms the eastern
rim, and presents an immense terrace wall, bracing up the broad ele-
vated table-land which stretches out eastward of it, and of which it may
be said, with more than mere figure of speech, to form the western es-
carpment. It follows that its western slope presents a greater descent
to reach the level of the lake than its eastern to reach the level of Green
River. Except where cleft by the Ogden, Weber, and Provo Rivers, it
presents a continuous ridge rising abruptly from the narrow plains,
Seldom sending out on this side foot-hills or slopes, but plunging ab-
ruptly down beneath the débris that presses against its surface. This

_—

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 229

character is especially prominent opposite Salt and Utah Lakes. The _
western face, though rocky, does not present that jagged, rugose ap-
pearance so characteristic of portions of the Rocky Mountains, but is
marked by deep and sharp furrows, down which the little streams formed
by the melting snow rush with impetuous speed to the valley below.
These little rills and mountain brooks, though but small in volume, not
combining to form any extensive streams, are perhaps of more value
to the pioneer settler than the larger ones. And in our estimate of the
irrigable land of this western country, especially if we pass through it
in the latter part of summer or in autumn, we are apt to overlook or
anderestimate their value. I am satisfied that while in some instances
I may have overestimated the capacity of large streams, I have paid too
little regard to the small ones. My attention was called in a special
manner to this subject while camped near Ogden the present season.
Our tents were pitched on the high ground to the northeast of the town,
which, to one traveling along one of the usual highways, would appear to
be entirely beyond the reach of irrigation, the elevation being, as ap-
pears from the observations of Mr. Schonborn, the topographer of the
expedition, over 300 feet above the level of the lake, and about 300 feet
above Weber River at the railroad depot. Yet even here I noticed
around and for some distance above camp several irrigating ditches
well filled with water, from one of which we obtained a supply for camp
use. I found, upon examination, that these were supplied with water
from little streams running down the indentations in the mountain side
to the north of us, fed by the patches of melting snow resting among
the crevices along the summit. Although within two miles of the base,
and the hot sun shining squarely against what appeared to be a bare
and naked rocky wall, we could detect no stream flowing downit. Not
until we had approached to the very base could we discover the silvery
thread winding its way down among the bowlders and little fringe of
bushes that lined its pathway. This stream furnished water sufficient
to irrigate and supply the wants of a moderate sized farm. Multiply
this by tens of thousands and we wilkhave some idea of the importance
of these minor and annual streams which generally pass unnoticed
except by those immediately interested in them.

Passing to the interior of the basin, whether moving round the north
or south end of the lake, we shall find a succession of “long, abrupt, de-
tached, parallel ridges extending in a north and south direction.” And
this holds true not only on the eastern side, or Salt Lake Basin proper,
but also throughout the greater portion of Nevada. That such is the
case in the southeastern part of this State is expressly stated in the re-
port of the expedition under Governor Blasdel to Pahranagat. Baron
Richthoren alludes to the same character of the ranges in the southwest.
These ridges are separated by intervening valleys of various width, and
even where the valleys expand into broad open plains, as in the central
and western part of Utah, their boundary walls retain the same general
course. The valley of the Humboldt might, at first sight, appear to
form a remarkable exception to this rule, but a closer examination will
show this to be a mistake; for the greater part of its course it is formed
by a series of openings through these ridges and across the intervening
valleys. That this is true is clearly shown by the direction of the trib-
utaries that flow into it. This uniformity in the direction of these minor
ranges was noticed by Captain Stansbury, who states that even the
northern rim of the basin partakes of the same character. ‘+ The north-
ern rim of the Great Basin, or the elevated ground which divides it

230 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

from the valley of the Columbia, does not consist, as has been supposed,
of one continuous mountain range which may be flanked, but of a num-
ber of long, abrupt, detached parallel ridges extending ina north and
south direction, and separated by intervenin g valleys, which constitute,
as it were, so many summit levels, whence the waters flow north on the
one side into the Columbia, and south on the other into the Great
Basin.” And in this opinion he is quite correct, for in passing from
Cache Valley to Marsh Valley, the one lying south and the other north
of this rim or divide, we found the two so united as to be continuous,
but elevated at one point by a kind of broad cross-ridge which acted as
a divide between the waters. I also know that such is the case with
the Malade Valley.

In Utah this direction of the valleys holds good with a reinareite
uniformity. Cache, Malade, Blue Spring, Hansee Spring, Jordan,
Tooele, Tintic, San Pete, Rush, Lone Rock, and Upper Sevier Valleys all
maintain this course almost direct, while the two parts of Salt Lake
conform very nearly to it. From the head of Malade River to Utah
Lake is one continuous valley, varying less than five degrees from a
north and south course. Antelope and Frémont’s Islands and Oquirrh
Mountains lie in a direct line with the course of the promontory which
separates the northern arms of the lake. Without any reference to this
law which seems to govern the hills and valleys, I colored, upon a large
map, the arable tracts of the Territory so far as at present known, espe-
cially those in which settlements have been made, when I was aston-
ished to find that from the thirty-ninth parallel to the northern bound-
ary almost every tract so colored would be included in a strip along the
one hundred and twelfth meridian not exceeding fifty miles in width;
‘Tooele, Rush, and Weber Valleys being the only exceptions. Another
singular evidence of the force of this law which governed the formation
of these ranges and valleys is shown in Cache Valley, which maintains
the same direction, though closed at the lower end by a cross-range of
broken hills which shoot out from the Wahsatch Range, and crossed
at the north end in a diagonal manner by the valley of Bear River. A
similar feature seems to govern the valleys of the western side of the —
basin. Baron Richthoren, speaking of the Washoe Mountains, says
that they are separated from the steep slope of the Sierra Nevada by a
continuous meridional depression, marked by the deep basins of Truckee
Valley, Washoe Valley, and Carson Valley. Though irregular, a gen-
eral direction may be traced in the summit range from north to south,
where it slopes down to a smooth table-land, traversed from west to east
by the Carson River, flowing in a narrow crevice, beyond which the
Washoe Range is protracted in the more elevated Pine-Nut Mountains.

Notwithstanding this uniformity in the direction of the ridges and
valleys, it exerts but little influence on the few leading streams, but, on
the contrary, directs the course of all the minor streams. That it must
have more or less influence upon the lines of travel and traffic, and the
localities of the settlements of the Territory of Utah, is evident. A sin-
ele railroad line from Corinne or Brigham City, in the north, to Saint
George, i in the extreme southwest, would have the principal agricultural
areas strung so closely along it that a day’s drive with a team would
reach it from almost any settlement likely to be made for some years to
come, (the chief exceptions being those already named and those lying
north of its terminus.) It is, therefore, easy to predict where the chief
highway of this Territory will be.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Pat
RIVERS AND LAKES.

The rivers of the basin are small, and, so far as the volume of water
is concerned, of small importance, but in other respects play a conspic-
uous part “Th the development of the country. The principal ones are
the Humboldt and Carson, in the western area, and the Bear and Jor-
dan Rivers, in the eastern part. Sevier and Beaver Rivers, in the
southwestern part of Utah, are considerable streams as compared with
others of the section; but as little is accurately known in regard to
them, I pass them without any special notice. Weber River, on account
of its position, and as forming a gap through the mountain, is important.
Provo (or Timpanogas) may be considered as a tributary to the Jordan.

As a list of the principal valleys of Nevada will be appended to this
report, with a short notice of the agricultural resources of each, I shall
omit further reference to that State at present, except the bearing the
Humboldt River and Valley have upon the travel and commerce of the
basin. This stream, rising in the northeast part of Nevada, runs a lit-
tle south of west for about three hundred miles, where it suddenly disap-
pears in what has been very significantly and appropriately termed the
‘‘Humboldt Sink,” on the extreme western side of the State. Though
a little stream of but few yards in width at its widest point, winding its
way down the gradual descent through narrow valieys of a monotonous
uniformity that soon tires the most enthusiastic traveler, wholly inade-
quate for navigation of any kind, yet it possesses an importance not to
be overlooked. Its valley forms a natural channel for the. great inter-
oceanic highway, furnishing a natural and, we might say, the only, easy
pathway and water-supply through a barren region of mountains and
valleys for three hundred miles. This is certainly a consideration of no
small moment, for it renders it really more valuable to the nation and
the world than if, without this, it were navigable from head to mouth.
Small as it is compared with the treeless ranges of ill and plain on

each side, yet it will furnish the means of forming at least a narrow line
of green fields through this comparatively barren: section; for, to say the
best we can of this region, although, perhaps, affording moderate graz-
ing fields, yet outside of the immediate bottoms of the few streams it has
a barren and uninviting appearance. This line assumes still more 1m-
portance when we take into consideration the large mining area on each
side, especially south, to which it forms the base of travel and commerce; :
and the prevailing direction of the ridges and valleys, before alluded to,
lend additional force to this statement. It must ever be the chief axis
of inland commerce and travel for the western portion of this great
basin, and, consequently, a link in a through transverse line. Other
lines of railroad may, and probably will, hereafter traverse the country
north and south of this, but not so closely as to do away with its im-
portance. Human genius and energy may make a pathway through the
most rugged portions, but nature has prepared but one transverse chan-
nel in this region ; longitudinally (north and south) there are many. But
while the river is thus intimately connected with the development of the
material resources of the country, on the contrary, the reservoir into
which it pours its waters possesses no other than scientific interest—
simply a marshy spot in a sandy plain, the extent of the water surface
governed by the supply and capacity of the sands to drink it up and
the atmosphere to evaporate it, the two latter generally being in excess
of the former.

Bear River, the largest tributary to Salt Lake, takes its rise in Utah,
near the southwest angle of Wyoming. After winding its way north-

232 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ward through the Wahsatch Mountains, about one hundred and fifty
niles, extending even into the southern limits of Idaho, suddenly bends
its course completely round, and flowing southward, pours its waters
into Bear River Bay. As affording a supply of water for irrigating ©
large areas of land in Cache and Malade Valleys, it assumes an import-
ance of no little moment; but throughout its entire course, from its
head to where.it enters Cache Valley, (with the exception of a few miles
where the railroad traverses it, and where the coal-mines are opened,)
it exerts but little influence in the development of the country. Its vol-
ume of water is too small to admit of navigation; its course is too tortu-
ous to be followed any great distance by any one line of travel; and its
valley is too narrow and too closely hemmed in by rugged mountains to
‘be of any great value as an agricultural section, yet not wholly without
interest in this respect. AS a means of conveying timber down from
the mountains to the railroad and other accessible points, it may become
a valuable accessory.

Weber River, though small, is remarkable as affording a gateway
‘directly through the Wahsatch Range, Echo and Weber Canons pre-
senting, as is well known to all who have traveled on the Union Pacific
Railroad, some of the grandest scenery in the West.

The Jordan forms an outlet for the fresh water of Utah Lake, and, run-
ning north some forty or fifty miles, empties into Salt Lake at its south-
east angle. Insignificant in size, too small to be navigated, yet unlike
the Oriental Jordan, from which it derived its name, it is of other value
than simply a watering-place for thirsty man and beast. It and its
tributaries afford water for irrigation, as shown in my last report, to an
area capable, if properly and thoroughly cultivated, of supporting a
population greater than the entire population of the Terrivany at this
time.

The Provo, (or Timpanogas,) rising back in one of those mountain
centers found in the mountain regions, rushes down through a narrow
canon, which cleaves the range at this point, and pours its waters into
Utah Lake. In passing I would call attention to this mountain nucleus,
situated about latitude 409.30, longitude 111°, and culminating in
Reed’s Peak. This is doubtless formed by the junction of the Uintah
Mountains with the Wahsatch Range. Here, within a small area, all the
leading rivers of Salt Lake Basin proper take their rise, viz, Bear,
Weber, and Provo; also the Uintah and White Rivers, which flow to the
east and enter into Green River. The volume of water in the Provo is
probably equal to any other belonging to the Salt Lake water system,
except Bear River; and as its descent is very rapid it affords the means .
of irrigating all the table-lands lying in the vicinity of its exit from the
mountains. It will afford excellent water-power for driving mills and
machinery, and, being on the margin of the lake, must become of great
value in this respect.

Sevier River rises in the southwest part of the Territory and runs a
little east of north between two ranges of the Wahsatch Mountains
for one hundred and fifty miles or more, when it breaks through the
western rim of its narrow basin, and, turning southwest, flows into
Sevier Lake. But as I have not visited this river I cannot. speak very
confidently in regard to its importance and the bearing it is likely to”
have upon the development of the country. Very little appears to be
known in regard to the lake into which its waters flow. Mr. Smith, one
of the members of the topographical corps of the present expedition,
passed around its southern margin a few years since. Although he did
not stop to make an examination, he saw clearly that it was a lake, and

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 230

not a mere sink or marsh, being surrounded by a low growth of bushes.
This would indicate that its waters are salt. The little streams that
flow down the western slope of the range, (improperly represented in
most maps as flowing east through the mountains,) and sink in the
plains during the summer and autumn, probably reach the lake, by one
or two channels, in the early part of the season, when fullest, as their
general course, after reaching the plain, is known to be to the northwest.

From Weber River to the creek that flows into Salt Lake City, about
thirty miles in a direct line, only two or three small rills are to be seen;
but from the latter to the south end of Utah Lake some ten or twelve
moderately sized creeks flow down from the Wahsatch Range, a list and
description of which can be seen in my former report. The range on
the west side of Jordan and Utah Valleys gives rise to none worthy of
note, two little rills from the Oquirrh Mountains being all I saw.

GREAT SALT LAKE.

Although its waters are strongly saline and brackish, unfit for use to
man or beast, and its depths, so:far as known, undisturbed by finny
tribes, yet the Great Salt Lake is the chief object of interest in the
physical geography of the basin. Its dark-looking, (though really trans-
parent,) heavy waters when not broken into rugged waves by storms,
resting quietly, its surface reflects the shadows of the ranges that rise up
on either hand, giving the scene a look of quiet solitude that all the hum
of business along its shore is unable to dispel. The dark-brown wall of
the Wahsatch, until the rising sun has reached its zenith, sends down
a heavy shadow which adds intensity to this feeling. This perpetual
Ssomberness, it would seem, must, to a greater or less degree, impress
itself upon the mind of the resident who makes the rural districts
long his home. One thing which adds to this somewhat peculiar som-
berness is the clear, transparent atmosphere, which renders vision tele-
Scopic, bringing the mountain-walls close around. us. ;

Although the shores of the lake have been inhabited for twenty years,
and numerous scientific travelers and parties have traversed this region,
- and the great railway, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, passes along its
margin, yet little is known in regard to it more than its mere outline as
originally mapped by Captain Stansbury. Its western coast is known
to the public only through the interesting narrative of Captain Stans-
bury; and although some analyses of its waters have been made, yet
comparisons from different parts and different depths have so far been
entirely neglected, and up to this hour little or almost nothing can be
stated positively in regard to animal life in its waters. Numerous
species of small fishes of Articulata and Mollusca are to be found in the
streams that flow into it, and traced to its very margin; but how far
into the lake these extend is not known. That ducks and other water-
flowls gather food along its shore I know from personal observation. I
have also seen Bear River Bay almost covered with gulls; and Stans-
bury brings this fact prominently forward in one of his figures of Gun-
nison Island, which lies on the western-side at a distance from the influx
of fresh water. Although Captain Stansbury thinks these birds obtain
their food entirely from the fresh-water streams, yet he speaks of finding
a blind pelican in a “sleek and comfortable condition.” Although
these birds may congregate here for the purpose of rearing their young,
yet this seems scarcely adequate to account for the presence of such
numbers. The only analysis of the waters of the lake that I am
acquainted with is that made by Dr. Gale and recorded in Captain

234 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Stansbury’s report. It gives the specific gravity, 1.170; solid contents,
22.422 out of 100 parts. The solid contents, when analyzed, gave the
following components:

Chioride..off SogtgMt 3). 5 42 nd G8 = <5 j0- bh vis 634s Ro 20. 196
Salphai eins Sears & Hie eya- aid & lo ee o-504 - ae 1. 834
Chligtids of, MASMeSIBM A544.) 2.~ sagt weetsclsdanss 465h> eee 0. 252
(hleriiees Caen bo, ena) p ayit fee ct- ASeies Sete Ob Ser 2 dade A trace.
22. 282

DUE ne: Sh 4M niemrempd mids 44048 <evEs A aie Ieee 0. 140

22. 422

The specific gravity as here given corresponds exactly with the mean
of eight different analyses of the waters of the Dead Sea, which is largely
above that of the water of the ocean, (1.0278.) The solid contents of
the water of the Dead Sea, taking the mean of the eight analyses,* before
mentioned, is but 21.077, or 1.345 less than that of Great Salt Lake.
This analysis shows clearly, as confirmed by practical experiments, that
here can be obtained an abundant supply of salt for all the wants of
this entire region, the percentage in the water being unusally large.

When we remember that all the water which flows into the lake is
fresh, a somewhat puzzling question arises as to the source of such an
abundant supply of saline matter. But the numerous and extensive
saline incrustations at various points on the surrounding shores, left
by the drying up of the winter marshes, show very clearly that some
pertion of the earth is saturated with this ingredient. But as an inves-
tigation of this subject does not belong to the scope of this report, let
us turn to that most interesting feature of the lake, the fact that although
receiving the waters of various streams, yet it is without any visible
or even supposed outlet, its influx of water being disposed of entirely by
evaporation. A very natural inference is that the level of the lake
must vary with the amount of water discharged into it by its various
tributary streams. In the spring, when the streams are highest, the
humidity of the. atmosphere greatest, and consequently evaporation
slowest, we would presume the Jevel of the lake is higher than in the
latter part of summer when the tributaries are low and the atmosphere
dry. What the difference of the level is between these extremes I do
not know, nor am I aware that any observations have been made for the
purpose of ascertaining, but I am inclined to think it far less than might
be supposed. The rise of the level of the lake within the last eight or
ten years, I am satisfied, can have no connection with an increased influx
of water, but is owing entirely to some other cause.

The shores being quite flat, a variation of the level of the lake can be
easily perceived, aud hence the fluctuations if considerable would be
observed. But there is probably a very potent reason why these varia-
tions are very slight; the evaporating influence is probably in excess of
the normal amount of water flowing in, but is counteracted by the
extreme saltness of the water, hence the spring excess of water does
not produce the effect on the status of the lake that might he expected. _
In other words, the lake would dry up and become simply a water-sink
as that of the Humboldt, if it were not for its saltness. The material

* Smith’s Bib. Dic, III, 1183e.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 235

of which the bottom of the lake is composed also probably has influence
in this matter. |

According to my calculation, from all the datal have at hand, the sur-
face-area of the lake is about one thousand nine hundred square miles
Comparing this with some approximate estimates I have made of the vol
ume of water in the principal streams emptying into it, I do not think
the entire flow for twenty-four hours, if there was no evaporation, would
raise the surface more than one-fiftieth part of an inch, even when at
the usual spring standard. In the summer this would not amount to
more than one-hundredth part of an inch. That the evaporating power
of the atmosphere is far in excess of this amount of water in the sum-
mer time is evident to any one who has observed the rapidity with
which shallow pools are dried up. The instrumental test, so far as it
has been made, shows the atmosphere in summer to be exceedin gly dry.
While encamped on the margin of Bear River Bay, June 10 to 13, Mr.
Schonborn found the difference between the wet and dry bulb to be from
24° to 28°. The imperfect record of the wet bulb in Captain Stansbury’s
report does not show this difference, but his observations do not extend
into the summer months, reaching only to April 19. Imperfect as this
record is, it reveals one important fact, that during the winter months
the difference between the wet and dry bulb is very small, not exceed-
ing four or five degrees, but gradually increases as the season advances;
the greatest difference given being 17°.

UTAH LAKE.

This beautiful sheet of pure, fresh water is triangular, its three sides
closely margined by mountains. Its base, which is the western side,
extends from the exit of the Jordan to the southern extremity of the
lake, and is about twenty-two miles in a direct line. Its apex points
eastward and extends into the somewhat abrupt bend of the Wahsatch
tange at this point. A direct line from the apex, near Provo City, to
the base, is about twelve or fourteen miles. The inclosing sides of this
angle are about equal in length, each being some sixteen or seventeen
miles direct.* Its surface area is: probably about one hundred and
thirty square miles. Although the Jordan during the spring and first
summer months sends down a considerable volume of water, I am satis-
fied that it is much less than the amount received by the lake. But as
iI visited it in the early part of autumn I can speak positively only as
to that season of the year. From the observations then made I am
decidedly of the opinion that the Provo River alone brought in more
water than the Jordan carried off, leaving this surplus and that fur-
nished by six or seven small creeks to be disposed of by evapora-
tion. But it isevident that the relation between supply and evaporation
is the reverse of what it is with Salt Lake; foras the Jordan never
fails, (so far as [ am aware,) the supply must always be in excess of that
carried off by evaporation. Its waters are well stocked with fish and
other aquatic forms of life.

CLIMATE.
As but very few meteorological records have hitherto been kept in
this basin, and these but for a few years only, and very irregularly, we
can only give an approximation to the means of temperature and rain-

* Air-lines are to be understood in estimating these distances.

236 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

fall for the year and months. Yet even these are of great interest, as
they furnish cumulative evidence in support of the opinion already ‘ad-
vanced respecting the climate of Salt Lake Valley as compared with the
elevated regions lying east of it.

The following extracts from the registers of Camp Douglass, near Salt
Lake City, and Fort Bridger, for the year 1870, will serve as a basis of
comparison :

FORT BRIDGER.

Month.

} |

he ee | |

| |

| : | ;

Pak es oer Fern eee

oS —: ar 31.74} 62 | 11 | 1.53 | 20.75) 43| —24 .82
eo ee eee 36.43 | 58 | 17 | 1.44 | 25.24) 44) —8 .00
nn ee 34.08 | 65 | 3 | 457 1. 59 Sh ae .33
ol Sie 49.91 | 79 | 21 | 3.40 | 45.38 68 20 A
a pe ee ee 58.53] 85| 34 210 | 50.55) 75 27 | 1. 20
Ce ae ae 62.10; 94 34 if 59.38 |. 83 30 | . 40
oS 76.45 | 96 54 | 143 | 6xzi| sz] 46 | . 24
5, sae Dees Sonam 71.54} 95 44 .45 | 6142] 8&7 Q7 | . 46
September Se eee 61. 70 &2 45 | -45 51.42 | 8&8 21 | .18
i ee eee 52.90} 84 30 | .85 | 41.84] 7 16 | . 08
Wavemper \-0 222). -.<-22=- 49, 71 65 28 | . 68 39. 98 56 8 | .05
December........---.---- | 27.03) 48 | 4 | 41 | 19.26] 48] —10] i
Yearly mean ......-. Senet Eee eae Total... 15. 10 | ro ee | Total .. 5.58

These two stations, by air-line, are not exceeding one hundred miles
apart, the latter being about half a degree north of the former, and
over 2,000 feet higher.

An examination of these tables shows a constant difference that is
somewhat remarkable; the monthly means, maxima, and minima, with
the single exception of one maximum, (where the two are the same,)
of Camp Douglass being higher than those of Fort Bridger. The
difference between the monthly means is never less than 49.5, and never
more than 13°.7, the average for the year being 9°.46. A comparison
of the extremes shows a greater difference, but this probably arises in
part from the different methods by which they were obtained, those of
Camp Douglass being only the extremes at the times of observation,
while those of Fort Bridger were obtained by a maximum and minimum
instrument. Yet even these columns indicate a corresponding differ-
ence, that between the maxima varying from 0 to 19, averaging for the
year 9.92, or less than a half-degree more than the average difference for
the year between the monthly means. The minima cannot properly be
compared, as those of Camp Douglass do not give the extreme cold of
the night, or intermediate hours between observations, while those of
Fort Brid, ger do.

A comparison of the seasons is quite interesting. To show this at a
glance, I append the following table, with a column of differences:

Localities. | Spring. | Sumner. | Autumn. | Winter. | Maximam.

Camp Douglass, (therm. means) ....-.... | 47.51 | 72. 03 54.77 | 31.73 | 96. 00
Fort Bridger, (therm. means) .-.........- 40. 55 62. 84 43. 08 | 21.78 87. 00

poe Se earns. ——
Piviewrtag 9 ee ot kee he | 6. 96 | 9.19 | 11.69 9. 95 9. 00

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Qa

December shows the lowest monthly mean, and July the highest, at
both places.

The record of Camp Douglass indicates a climate very favorable to
agriculture, the mean of the five months April, May, June, July, and
August being 64.91, and the thermometer at no time, from May to Sep-
tember, inclusive, falling as low as the freezing-point. Other meteoro-
logical data which I have at hand, although fragmentary, corroborate
this, and, as a means of reference, I present a summary in the following
table, calling attention to the fact that the records were not all kept at
the same point, but all in Salt Lake Basin, and therefore can only be
considered valuable as indicating the climate of the basin, (the lake
basin proper,) taken as a whole:

Localities. Spring. Summer.

Autumn. | Winter. | Yearly.

(Cat) 0) 20X00 EC ee See ee 72. 03 54. 77 31.73 51. 51
Great Salt Lae: (Blodget) restos ae -eee be Ol Ra ee DD ALS SEE op are
Camp Floyd, (Disturnel) TAR OE Do AS he 5. 65 48. 44 23. 32 48. 65
Wanship, (Aericultural INGO, WEN 655 SocllesSoaoausror i 7 \(Oct.) 54. 7 AUB eile sete oe
Salt Lake City, (ditto, 1868 and 1869). ...--.|.-...--.---- ; Sa tl ee ae hehe Fd DATs ne ee ee
Coalville, in tl e mountains, (ditto, 1869) --. 60. 2 AGG) -\| bu ass arege eee oe ieee, a ra

ANT GeuM erases sie laosye rete el ost Sects cinlals ela: sisi 48. 07 | 72.47 51. 70 27. 30 50. 08

The record kept by Captain Stansbury while in Salt Lake Valley em-
braces but a part of the year, as follows: January to May, inclusive;
parts of June, July, and August; and a few days in September and De-
cember. In this the maximum is, August 10, 3 p. m., 98°; minimum,
February 3, 8 a. m., 6°, while at 11 p. m. of the previous day it was 8°.

The only record of rain-fall within the basin that I have is that of
Camp Douglass, which is given in one of the foregoing tables. There
is some doubt in regard to the reduction of the snow, which materially
lessens the value of this column, so far as the winter months are con-
cerned. I will simply call attention to the facet that this gives for the.
four growing months, April, May, June, and July, a total of 7.71 inches,
which is but 0.37 above my estimate in my last report of the general
average for spring and summer.

FORESTS.

The Wahsatch Range is covered with a moderately heavy growth of
pines and firs, but these are confined chiefly to the upper half of the
mountains, leaving a wide border along the base uncovered. The Oquirrh
Mountains, the range west of Utah Lake, and the Promontory also con-
tain considerable quantities of pine timber. But as a general thing, the
timber within the rim of the basin, south of the Pacific Railroad, is small.
On some of the ranges north a better quality is found, but it is not very
abundant at any point. In regard to the forest growth west and south-
west of the lake, I know very little.

CHAPTER III. —
NORTHERN PART OF SALT LAKE BASIN AND THE SNAKE RIVER PLAINS.

Having in my last report given short descriptions of the principal
valleys of Utah, with rough estimates of their arable areas, will only

238 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

add the following in regard to the smail section in the northern part
visited the past season: :

Weber Valley, which is drained by the river of the same name, is
situated in the gap of the Wahsatch Mountains made by the river in
its passage through them, and is on the line of the Union Pacific Rail-
road. The valley proper begins at Weber Station, and extends west-
ward to the Devil’s Gate, a distance of some eleven or twelve miles,
varying in width from three-fourths of a mile totwo miles. The land is
good, and most of it can easily be irrigated, the supply of water being
ample for this purpose throughout the growing season. At the west
end of the valley, on the north side, there is a narrow terrace some 12
or 15 feet higher than the bottoms, and four or five miles long by half
a mile or less in width. The mountains on the south side have some
pine timber near the summit, sufficient for the use of the valley popu-
lation, but, as is generally the case in this region, somewhat difficult to
obtain. The mountains on the north side are mostly destitute of timber
in the immediate vicinity of the valley. Grazing is tolerably good on
the foot-hills and mountain slopes to the south. Wheat is the principal
crop raised, though the other cereals, even some varieties of Indian
corn, will grow. Such fruits as apples, cherries, currants, raspberries,
strawberries, &c., can be produced.

The river, at the time of our visit, (June 1 to 9,) was quite full, being,
at the point where the estimated measurement was made, about sixty
feet wide and from one to three feet deep, flowing quite rapidly, at least
four miles per hour.

Uintah Valley commences just below the mouth of Devil’s Gate Cafion,
and is in fact but a part of Salt Lake Valley, extending up into a bend
of the mountains. It is, in other words, the broad pathway that Weber
River has cut through the sloping plain of Salt Lake Valley. It eon-
tinues to the vicinity of Ogden, a distance of some nine or ten miles,
varying in width from a half to two miles, and all susceptible of irriga-
tion. The fall of the stream through this valley is much more than
would be supposed, judging it by the eye, being, according to the rail-
road survey, 220 feet in the ten miles, or 22 feet to the mile, which shows
that the water can be carried up to the higher terraces which lie on the
south side near Ogden. The rapidly increasing importance of this point
will probably, ere long, cause irrigation to be carried on here upon a
much larger scale than at present; for the soil is very rich, and every
spot that can be irrigated will become valuable when the drawbacks to
its settlement are removed.

The tewn of Ogden is situated along the esearpment of a terrace some
5V or 60 feet high, one part built on the lower level, the other part on
the upper level. The soil of this terrace is a very light sandy loam, and
when supplied with an abundance of water will produce very fine veg-
etables.. The town is tolerably well supplied with water, chiefly, I
bei from Ogden Creek, which crosses the plain a little north of this
place. : .

A number of shade-trees planted along the streets by the side of
the ditches have grown steadily, until now some are over one foot in
diameter, quite thrifty, and furnishing a very agreeable shade during
the hot days of summer.’ There is, in fact, no other trouble to be ex-
perienced in growing forest-trees here than the planting and ditching
tor water, and this need not be supplied after they have had a firm and
vigorous growth for three or four years. The cotton-wood, mulberry,
locust, ( pseudacacia,) Lombardy poplar, willow, and many other varie-
ties can be raised without difficulty. I noticed in Salt Lake City locust,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. . 239

ailanthus, and walnut growing. finely near the ditches. Whether the
hard woods, such as white-oak, hickory, beech, &c., could be grown to
a size that would make them valuable is not known, but certainly it is
of sufficient importance to induce the citizens or the territorial authori-
ties to make a thorough experiment.

It may appear absurd to say that after you once enter upon the plains
going west, you cannot find sufficient hard wood in that portion of the
United States lying between there and the Pacific Ocean to make an
ax-helve. Yet this is no great exaggeration. Go into the wagon-shops
of San Francisco and Sacramento and ask the workmen there to tell
you where they procure the timber for their hubs, spokes, fellies,
tongues, axles, &c., and they will tell you from the Kast. I had sup-
posed that here, or at least in Oregon, an abundance of suitable timber
for wagons, agricultural implements, &c., could be obtained, but the
oak and ash is not used, as it is unfit on account of its want of tenacity
or “‘brashness.” Traverse the entire Rocky Mountain region from Mon-
tana to the Mexican line, and this will be found true without any excep-
tions. The climate is incompatible with the production of such wood
when left to the supply of moisture nature gives. What difference a
more abundant supply would have I am not able to say; and though I
have some doubts in regard to the production of timber adapted to
these purposes, yet it should only be admitted after a fair and thorough
trial had been made.

Perhaps it would be well for the General Government, under either
the Agricultural Department, Commissioner of the Land-Office, or
commanders of military posts, to make a trial in this direction at one or
two important points in the West; for, if 1 am correct in the assertion
made—and I certainly have no desire to misrepresent, but have made
the statement after a somewhat careful inquiry—it is a matter of great
importance to that section of our country.

From Ogden the level bottoms or lake-shore lands spread out north
and west, forming a triangular area. Westward to the lake-shore is
about twelve miles, and north to the “ Hot Springs” about the same
distance. At this latter point the arm of Bear River Bay and a spur
of the mountain approach quite near each other, rendering the shore-
level narrow. This triangular area contains about forty or fifty thou-
sand acres, the greater portion of which is susceptible of cultivation,
and is rich and productive. Already a large portion of it is occupied
and under cultivation, and, although not farmed with that care required
to bring forth its strength, yields remunerative crops. And notwith-
standing the soil is a loose, sandy loam, which would seem to render it
permeabie by the extremely brackish water of the lake, yet where not
absolutely covered with saline incrustations, this part of the shore-level

can be cultivated within a short distance of the water’s edge. Even
the tongues of land which run in between the heavy saline deposits
make very good farming land when irrigated. On some of these there
are already considerable settlements, from one of which we procured our
vegetables and a supply of excellent strawberries while encamped near
the Hot Springs, where we remained three days waiting for some mem-
bers of the party. |

Not only do the cereals—including a tolerably fair variety of corn—
grow well here, but fruits also, such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots,
cherries, grapes, currants, strawberries, &c., can be raised in abund-
ance and with comparative ease, the only drawback being occasional
untimely frosts and the truly ‘“ hateful grasshopper.”

It is the opinion of many of the old settlers that the climate is gradu-

240 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ally growing milder. They found this opinion on the fact that when
first settled it was almost impossible to mature the tenderer fruits, as
peaches; whereas, at present, they experience but little difficulty in this
respect. But this may be owing, in a great measure, to the strength
acquired by the trees by age, and to a partial acclimation. And the
same thing is doubtless true here that has been found true in Califor-
nia, that while the trees are young they require much more irrigation
than after they have come into bearing; and depriving them of water
probably renders them less liable to be affected by frost. It has been
ascertained in California that orchards and vineyards produce better
fruit and more certain crops without irrigation, after they have come
into bearing, than with it; hence the practice of watering them is being
generally abandoned.

From the Hot Springs to Brigham City there is a narrow strip of
arable land, which, though ascending toward the mountains on the east,
and being somewhat broken and irregular, yet can nearly all. be irrigated
from the little streams which flow down from the mountain. The soil
is quite good, and appears to be especially adapted to the cereals and
grass. Advancing northward toward Brigham City, the area widens as
the shore-line of the bay bends westward.

Around Corinne, at the mouth of Bear River, and at the termination
of Malade V alley, is a broad, level expanse, probably some ten or twelve
miles wide east and west by fifteen miles long north and south. On
this area there are some considerable tracts crusted over with saline or
alkaline deposits. A portion of the area east of the river, which is much
less than that on the west side, can be irrigated from Box-Elder Creek,
which comes down from the northeast through Box-Elder Cajfion.* As
suggested in a former report, from information received, for at that time
I had not visited this valley, the level area around Corinne might be
irrigated from Bear River by commencing a canal at the mouth of the
canon where the river bursts through the hills. A move is now on foot
for this purpose, and a bill has been introduced into Congress to obtain
a grant of land in aid thereof. Ido not know the amount of land which
can be redeemed by such a canal, but I judge not less than 50,000 acres,
and perhaps as much as 75,000 acres. I crossed this tract the past
season in both directions, and although there are some strongly alkaline
spots, yet I believe there are none but which may ultimately be purged
and rendered productive; and if properly irrigated the entire area may
be rendered excellent agricultural lands. West of this, as we near the
Promontory, there is an area of considerable breadth as desolate as can
well beimagined. The portion which is not covered with white inerusta-
tions looks as though it had been swept over by a flood of some sealding
chemical which had the power to annihilate every germ of vegetable
life. I see no means of redeeming this gloomy desert belt, and Iam
inclined to think there is somewhere here an apparently inexhaustible
source of this saline matter, so that even if there was water to irrigate
it, it could not be purged of this matter so as to render it suitable for
agricultural purposes.

“All that portion of Utah north of Salt Lake and west of Malade Val-
ley, so far as I have seen it, is generally barren, with no apparent means
of irrigating to an extent sufficient to produce any useful crops.
Whether artesian wells would prove a success here or not I do not
know; but unless water can be obtained by this means, most of this
section is doomed to sterility until some natural change shall produce a
large annual rain precipitation.

Malade Valley, from the point where it connects with Bear iver

~

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. pipe |

Valley northward, is some twenty-five miles long and has an average
width of six or seven miles. It is quite fertile and tolerably well grassed
over, affording excellent pasturage. Stock-raising end the dairy busi-
ness appear to be the chief occupation of the settlements that have
been made here. Malade River, together with the little rills which flow
down from the elevated ridges on each side, will probably be sufficient
to irrigate most of the level land. There is one point near the upper
end of this valley where the cattle appear to be subject to a fatal disease,
arising from some local cause. Whether this is permanently the case
or not ;T am unable to say. I noticed, in passing through this part of the
valley, quite a number of dead cattle, and understood that ox-teams
stopping here for a short time have sometimes suffered severely, but
was unable to obtain any satisfactory information as to the probable
cause of this. But even if this information is correct it is limited in
area and does not apply to the greater portion of the valley, especially
_ the lower haif.

FROM SALT LAKE TO SOUTHERN MONTANA.

From the point where we left Salt Lake until we reached the south-
ern boundary line of Montana, I shall confine my notes on the agricul-
tural resources of this section to the immediate line of our route, as LI
obtained but very little information respecting the country either to the
right or left. And perhaps I cannot do better than to give my original
field-notes, which were generally written while the sections described
were in view.

Leaving our camp near the Hot Springs, about ten miles north of Og-
den, for the first five or six miles we traveled up the level shore of the
bay, which, until we pass Willard City for a mile or two, is tolerably
well settled. About Willard City the ground rises somewhat, and is.
more uneven and bouldery than usual in this valley. There are some
good farms here, which slope off below the town toward the bay. A
plain, generally level, extends around the curved shore-line of the bay,,
from our last camp to a point some distance west of Corinne, in a direct
line, some twenty or twenty-five miles. Some areas near the bay and in
the northwest part near Corinne, and one spot immediately west of
Brigham covered with white saline incrustations were glittering in the:
clear sunshine as we passed. ‘The mountains sweep around this. area in
asomewhat semicircular form, gashed here and there by complete or partial
canons. The hills on the north and northeast are beautifully rounded,
smooth, and covered over evenly with grass and artemisia, here and there
interrupted by. little thickets of green bushes or areas of yellow com-
posite flowers.

Brigham City, a small town of two or three hundred inhabitants, is
situated near the mouth of Box Elder Cafion, on a ridge or terrace con-
siderably elevated, which appears to be composed of a sandy soil mixed
with coarse gravel, and covered, where not in cultivation, with arte-
misia. AS we passed over this terrace, which is probably two hundred
teet above the shore-level, I noticed irrigating ditches traversing it in:
various directions; the water is probably brought from Box Elder Gr eek..
Here, turning suddenly around a long, elevated, and smooth terrace, we:
enter Box Elder Canon, which extends through the mountain, in a north-
east direction. Ire we descended to the level of the creek behind this
terrace we had a splendid view of the country over which we had passed.
Looking back we could see the entire Salt Lake Valley spread out be-
fore us as a grand panorama.

16G8

242 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The sides of the caiion consist mostly of high, steep, but smooth
rounded hills, with occasional spots where the rocks jut out from the
surface. It is quite tortuous and narrow, affording only space for a
wagon-road. The creek rushes through it with considerable impetu-
osity, and although rather small sends down water sufficient to irrigate
a large area of land if properly husbanded. The ascent is somewhat
rapid, being nearly one hundred feet to the mile. After moving up it
for seven or eight miles we reach a beautiful little park, nestling cozily
amid the mountains which surround it on every side; for by the time
we reach this point the hills have grown into mountains. This park,
which, at the suggestion of Professor Hayden, we named Box Elder
Park, is nearly 1,000 feet above the level of Salt Lake; is somewhat
circular in shape, its longest diameter about four miles and its shortest
about three. It contains an area of some ten or twelve square miles,
most of which can be irrigated from the streams that traverse it. It
has three different levels, the upper terrace, which embraces the larger
portion, being some 60 or 70 feet above the next, which lies along the
west side, and along the border of which, some 80 or 90 feet lower, runs
Box Elder Creek. Most of the water at present used for irrigating the
upper and chief area comes from a very large spring in the southwest
corner, and is carried round three sides. Here is the little village of
Copenhagen, containing some forty or fifty families, mostly Danes.
There are two saw-mills, which are furnished with logs chiefly from the
mountains that lie to the southeast. Fir and pine are the only kinds
of timber obtained, except an occasional aspen. The lofty hills to the
south, which rest against a background of rugged mountains, are as
smooth as a carpet, green throughout, varied only with light amd dark
shades, with here and there a tinge of brown, which fades insensibly
into a beautiful green. Nota tree and scarcely a bush is to be seen
upon them. ‘To the southwest the sharper lines and crests of the ridges,
as they extend down into the valley, show a little more of the mountain
feature. They are also covered with the same green carpeting, with
darker shades, and patches of shrubs and bushes scattered over the
steep slopes. Still farther toward the west the hills grow higher and
more rugged, with sharper outlines, while behind them a loftier range
of rugged, snow-capped mountains shoots up, its peaks bristling with
firsand pines. I mention these facts as showing avery Striking feature
of this region, to wit, the general absence of timber or arborescent vég-
etation of any kind on the smooth and rounded hills and ridges, while
ruggedness, as a general thing, is accompanied with forest growth.

Passing up through a narrow, but not rough cation, for a mile or two,
we entered another little park of small dimensions, and apparently with-
out any constant running stream to supply it with water for irrigating
purposes. Isaw quite a number of cattle grazing here, but there is no
settlement.

Moving round to the northeast through a narrow, winding valley, over
some smooth, rolling ridges, we entered another little basin about one
mile and a half wide and three miles long, in the center of which is a
large pond of clear water. Here we saw a flock of sheep, numbering
about four thousand, which had been driven from some distance south
in order to find pasturage, which here is good. The margins of this lit-
tle sheet of water appeared to be the general meeting-point for all the
Snakes of this region. A few miles’ travel through a narrow, tortuous
defile brought us in sight oft Cache Valley.

The short notice given of this important valley in my report of last
year, although wholly from information received, was very nearly correct,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 243

varying slightly in the dimensions only. It lies north and south, a
portion being in Utah and a portion in Idaho, though the boundary
between these two territories does not appear.to be well known in this see-
tion. Its length, north and south, is about sixty miles, and its width
from three to twelve, averaging about seven or eight. It is well watered
on the east side by numerous creeks which rush down from the Wah-
satch Mountains; the northwest portion is traversed by Bear River.
Beginning at the south end and moving northward along the east side
we arrive at these streams in the following order: Little Bear (or Muddy)
River; eight miles farther, Blacksmith’s ‘Fork; one mile farther, Spring
Creek ; two and a half miles farther, Logan’s Fork; eight miles farther,
Summit Creek; seven miles farther, High Creek ; eioht miles farther,
Cub Creek; then turning northwest, at a distance of ten miles we
reach Bear River. Along the road, where it crosses these streams,
there is generally a little village, the entire valley containing a popula-
tion of some four or five thousand. Logan and Smithfield are the prin-
cipal vilages.

A little south of Logan, Brigham Young, at the time of our visit,
was having inclosed a considerable area of land for grazing purposes,
where he is introducing some improved stock, chiefly Devonshire.
Some of the village wards also have land here, which they are inclos-
ing for stock-raising. Hach town has one or more herds of cows, which
are daily driven to the pasture by a herder, who has charge of them;
for example, Logan has two herds, amounting to about 500; Providence,
one of 275; Millville, one of 200; and Smithfield, one of 300. The
area of land under cultivation is not large, not exceeding one-sixth of
the area of the valley; but this is in part owing to the fact that stock-
raising is the principal business, the valley affording, especially in the
northern part, some excellent grazing fields. Wheat is the chief crop
raised, the variety usually sown being what is called the Taos wheat ;
club-wheat is also used, but appears to require richer soil and more
water than the Taos variety, hence it is not generally cultivated. I
noticed some Indian corn growing, but the climate is rather too cold for
it. No fruit-trees, so far as I could ascertain, have yet come into bear-
ing, though a number of apple-trees, and some pear, plum, and peach
trees have been planted. Gooseberries and currants appear to grow
well and produce an abundance of fruit; the native currants, when
transplanted and cultivated, make fine, large bushes, and bear abundant
crops. Oats, barley, and the hardier vegetables can be grown without
difficulty.

But a serious drawback to agricultural progress in this valley is the
grasshopper scourge. At the time of our visit the lower half of the
valley was literally swarming with the Caloptenus spretus, or “ hateful
grasshopper.” Nor was this the only insect pest with which the farmers
of this valley seem to be troubled; for throughout its entire length, the
bushes and bunches of grass were often seen covered with ‘ locusts,”
probably a variety of the Cicada septemdecem. If noticed these insects
so abundant in some places that hundreds could have been gathered
‘trom a single bush or bunch of rye-grass. In the northern part we also
encountered the large brown “ cricket,” Anabrus simplex, in immense
numbers.

Bear River is situated in a deep narrow valley which it has.cut through
the northern part of the valley in a diagenal direction from northeast to
southwest. As this stream affords an abundant supply of water, if a
canal of some twelve or fifteen miles long was constructed to draw off
its water, a large area of the northern portion of the valley, which is

244 EOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

without small streams, might be irrigated, and probably as much as
100,000 acres added to the cultivable area. Timber in abundance can
be obtained in the mountains to the east, and good building-stone can
be obtained near Logan.

In passing from this valley northward to Marsh Valley, we cross the
divide between the Salt Lake Basin and the Snake River Basin, yet the
dividing water-shed does not appear to interrupt the north and south
direction of the ridges or valleys, and we only knew we were crossing
the divide by noticing, after passing over alow, broad, transverse ridge,
running from the mountains on the east to those on the west, that the
direction of the water had changed. From this point to Carpenter’s
Stage Station, on Marsh Creek, (a tributary of Port Neuf River,) for
most of the way we passed through narrow valleys, and over low, smooth,
rounded ridges, generally covered with artemisia, and without water
sufficient for irrigating even the small areas sufficiently level for culti-
vation.

Marsh Valley is but a small opening, being about one mile wide and
four or five miles long. It is covered with a thick sward of rich nutri-
tious grass, and will afford a good’ grazing field for a small herd. Some
two or three families reside here, but more on account of the business
resulting from the travel that passes here than for the purpose of farm-
ing or stock-raising.

From Marsh Valley to the Port Neuf, the country is rolling and broken,
but not rugged, consisting of a succession of rounded hills and short
ridges, which are smoeth, without trees of any kind, and mostly covered
with a scattering growth of stunted artemisia. Here and hess the
dark basaltic rocks show themselves above the surface.

The valley of the Port Neuf is a narrow winding eaiion, es greater
portion of its level surface consisting of a bed of columnar basalt. At
one or two points there are small openings sufficient for one or two small
farms; but with these exceptions, it is of no value in an agricultural
point of view. This valley opens into the broad Snake River Plain.

As I shall reserve the discussion of the agricultural capacity of this
broad plain for a future report, I will continue the notes of our immedi-
ate route, simply stating at the end my conclusion in regard to the eas-
tern portion of it.

Leaving the banks of the Port Neuf we struck across the plains to
Ross’s Fork. The plains are broad and generally level, and very dry.
Between these two points there is but one small stream; therefore,
unless water can be brought from Snake River, which is some twelve or
fourteen miles distant, there would seem to be no chance to irrigate it.
The mountains to the right recede from our road as we move north, so
that the streams would be compelled to flow a considerable distance
over the dry plains. At this point the three prominent and somewhat
noted buttes, which lie far to the northwest, come into view, and far
beyond them the snowy crests of the Salmon River Range can be dimly
seen.

The soil of this part of the plain is good, and only needs water to ren-
der it very productive and excellent: “farming land. Ross’s Creek is a
swift-running stream some 20 or 30 feet wide, and affords sufiicient
water to irrigate some three or four thousand acres of jand. At the In-
dian agency “which is established here some attempts in this direction
have been made, which I believe have been attended with success.

As seen from the point where the road crosses this stream, the coun-
try to the north and west is mostly an open, level plain. To the east

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 245

are high, smooth, and rounded foot-hills, behind which arise loftier mount-
ains, from which the snow had not disappeared at the time of our visit.

From here we moved northeast some fifteen or sixteen miles to Fort
Hall, not the old Fort Hall of the maps, situated on the west bank of
Snake River, but the new fort built east of the river, about thirty miles
from the old locality. Traveling up the little stream for five or six
miles we found it somewhat closely hemmed in by the hills, yet here
and there affording small areas of level bottom-land covered with a lux-
uriant growth of grass. The rest of the distance, some eight or ten
miles, was taken up in ascending and descending the lofty foot-hill we
had to cross to reach the fort. Here we had one of the finest exhibi-
tions I had seen of those smooth, peculiar hills which look so much
hike the folds in alady’s dress. ‘This comparison may appear somewhat
ludicrous ; but while gazing from the summit of this ridge on the end-
less succession of the smooth, grassy ridges and hills piled and rolled
together to form the large ridge, distance giving the grassy covering
the appearance of velvet or silk, the colors of the folds varying as if by
the difference in reflection of the light, the resemblance to the folds of
rich cloth was more than simply fancy. Over an area of perhaps one
hundred square miles I saw but three or four trees, standing as lonely
remnants of the forests which once doubtless covered this entire area.
It is evident that these hills and ridges were once rugged, and that by
the action of water, snow, ice, &c., the rocks have gradually been worn
down until the surface has been covered with the triturated débris, thus
giving it the present smooth appearance. That these rugged spots
which remain are covered with forests is evident to all who have trav-
eled over the Rocky Mountain region; and. I think we have sufficient
evidence to show that these now smooth ridges, before their former
ruggedness was worn down, were also covered with forests of pine and
fir. Here I also observed that there was presented in a marked degree
that peculiar arrangement of colors belonging to elevated regions; one
side and the top of each of the descending ridges being pale-green or
gray, while the other side or part of it was of a deep grassy-green.
These variations tell us very plainly the direction of the prevailing
winter winds; for the greener spots mark the place where the snow
lay the longest, showing thereby that they are on the side opposite that
from which the wind came.

Fort Hall is situated among the mountain foot-hills on a little stream
that makes its way northwest to Snake River. A small area of ground
may be irrigated around it, probably not more than five or six hundred
acres. The officers in charge of the post are making some experiments
in horticulture and agriculture, and though laboring under many dis-
advantages, the vegetables and cereals I saw growing there at the time
of our visit indicate that wheat, oats, potatoes, cabbages, turnips, and
pease can be produced without any serious difficulty on account of the
severity of the climate.

The dryness of the air was found to be very great here, the difference
between the wet and dry bulb reaching, in some cases, 34°, and stand-
ing generally each day during our stay at from 25° to 28°. During the
middle portion of the day we found the rays of the sun hot and oppress-
ive when there was no breeze blowing.

As a general thing timber is scarce throughout this entire region,
that of value for lumber being found only on those mountains whose
summits are covered with snow all or a great part of the summer.
And here, as elsewhere in the whole Rocky Mountain belt, when the
forest is once destroyed it is never restored. Most of the best lumber

2AG GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

used in the buildings at the fort, as I am informed by Captain Wilson,
the polite officer in charge of the fort, was brought from Truckee, Cali-
fornia, and most of the other sawed lumber from Corinne. About fifteen
miles to the southeast some tolerably good pine and fir timber can be
obtained in the mountains. |

Leaving the fort we traveled northwest down the valley for a few
miles, to where it opens into the Snake River*Plain. This plain on the
east side of the river is here somewhat interrupted by sand-dunes,
which have been piled up by the wind, reminding one very much of
those along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, a little east of Chi-
cago. Some of these were of considerable size, some entirely bare, but
as a general thing they were covered with a scanty growth of such
plants as covered the surrounding plain.

Blackfoot Fork, which comes in here from the northeast, at the time
we crossed it contained a considerable volume of water, sufficient to
irrigate several thousand acres of the level plain through which it runs.
At this point it is some ten or twelve yards in width, and averaged
about three feet in depth, but on my return, a month later, the volume
of water had decreased at least one-half. The hills to our right showed
very distinctly the direction and force of the wind, which at certain
seasons of the year must be quite severe. The mountains to the east
recede, and appear to be lower than those farther south.

After crossing this stream we entered upon a broad, open plain, which
is an almost uninterrupted level, covered with grass and sage-bushes.
Eleven miles brought us to a small stream called Sandy Creek, which
runs in from the northeast. On each side of it, for a short distance, are
heavy accumulations of sand, which have been blown or washed into
rounded ridges and gradually flattened. Yet these sandy points are
mostly covered with ranker vegetation than the surrounding level. The
hills to our right, while receding from our course, decreased in height,
sending downward toward the west long, smooth slopes furrowed with
Shallow ravines, often so regular and straight as to remind one of the
‘‘Jands” in the wheat-fields of Pennsylvania. But all around, as far as
the eye could reach, were treeless mountains, hills, and plain, bare, with-
out a grove beneath which a shelter might be found from the rays of
the sun, nothing toremind us of arborescent vegetation except the little
fringe of willows and cotton-woods that marked to our left the course
of Snake River. .

From Sandy Creek to Taylor’s Bridge, at the crossing of Snake River,
the broad, level bottom is composed of a rich sandy loam that needs but
the addition of water to render it most excellent farming land. This
bottom, on the east side, is some six or eight miles wide, and stands at -
a very moderate height above the ordinary water-level of the river. It
. flanked on the east by a terrace some fifteen or twenty feet above the

ottom.

At the time we crossed the river, going north, it was quite full, and
rushed madly through and over the basaltic rocks that at this point line
its channel. The average width is about one hundred and forty yards,
and the average volume of water it.sends down is probably 3 feet
deep by 400 feet wide, running at the rate of 4 feet per second, making
4,500 cubic feet per second. At the time we first crossed it, (June 24,)
the volume of water was more than double this, but on my return, nearly
a month later, it did not exceed the estimate I have given. This amount
ot water will irrigate nearly a thousand square miles of land sufliciently
for ordinary crops, such as the cereals. And as the general level is not
far above the average water-level, the canals need not be of very great
length, and therefore the water that returns to the channel can be used

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. | 247

again and again, thus increasing the area that may be rendered product-
ive by it.

From this point we could see the sharp granite spires of the Three Tetons,
some thirty or forty miles to the northeast, standing like grim sentinels,
guarding the broad desert plain that surrounds their base. While
encamped near the bridge, quite a rain-storm came up from the southeast.
A few short, stunted cedars, of considerable size, grow along the banks
of the stream wherever the basaltic rocks come to the surface.

Judging from the number of returning wagons we met from day to
day, the freight from Corinne to Montana must be large, but much of
this business will be cut off when the Northern Pacific Railroad is
finished. YetI think a railroad from Helena to Salt Lake Valley would
ultimately pay; for if Snake River Valley was irrigated, as it might be, it
would support a large population, and such a road would give Montana,
and all this region, the advantage of both roads, thus bringing them in
competition. — ;

Having crossed the river, we moved up the west side over the margin
of the broad plain, which here spreads out to the west thirty or forty
miles, apparently as level as a floor. The soil is good, and the sur-
face is pretty well covered with a mixed vegetation, but nothing larger
than sage-bushes. As we moved northward, the mountains, which for
a day or two had been dimly visible in front of us, began to loom up in
formidable proportions, and, when we reached Market Lake, appeared
to sweep around us in a semicircle, at a distance of forty or fifty
miles. Some fifteen or twenty miles to the east we noticed two
large buttes rising up abruptly from the plain, and having much
the appearance of craters of extinct volcanoes, which they probably
are, aS this entire region seems to be underlaid with basalt. But on
this point full information will doubtless be found in Professor Hayden’s
report, to which this is appended. The three buttes seen to our left at
Ross’s Fork were now distinctly visible to the southwest: The entire
width of Snake River Plain, along this portion of it, measuring east and
west, from mountain to mountain, is about eighty miles. ‘The river evi-
dently overflows a portion of the plain here when there is a flood, and the
water which is left in the depressions forms the lakes, as they are called,
but which are really but large ponds. Market Lake is said to have re-
ceived its name from the following circumstance: Formerly, at a cer-
tain season of the year, buffalo, deer, antelope, and other species of
game were accustomed to congregate here probably on account of saline
matter deposited; and the hunters, when they found game scarce in
other sections, would remark to each other, “ Let us go to the market.”
There is now a stage-station here, around which I noticed a large herd
of cattle grazing, while at some distance out on the plain a number of
antelopes could be seen quietly feeding.

Soon after we had pitched our tents, the mosquitoes began to appear
in vast swarms, and before sunset the numbers increased to such an
extent that the air was almost black with them, but soon after night-
fall all had disappeared.

Here we left the river and struck northward across the plains for the
mountains. After traveling two or three miles we entered upon a broad,
rough, slightly elevated ridge, composed of broken basalt, which has
been elevated above the general level. This broad ridge, which does
not have an elevation of more than forty or fifty feet, covers an area.of
about ten miles square, and, as there is no means of bringing water upon
it, it must remain unfit for cultivation. It is covered throughout with a
scattering growth of gnarled sage-bushes.

248 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

After leaving this we entered upon a dry desert tract, but sparsely
covered with stunted artemisia. The sand in some places was very deep,
and caused the wagons to drag heavily. This continued until we reached
Kamas Creek, and even there the sand is often deep, and in some places
cast up in long, low, rolling ridges. A few cotton-woods remain on the
bank of this stream, but the bordering country has the most barren as-
spect of any that we have seen. From this point to the mountains,
some twenty-five miles distant, which form the dividing line between
Idaho and Montana, the character of the country was much the same as
that just described.

As we come near the foot of the range, the land begins to rise gradually,
and is much better grassed than that we had passed over during the
two previous days, and the occasional little streams that fow down will
afford a means of irrigating small areas. But I think the ciimate is
quite severe, and that only the hardiest cereals and vegetables can be
grown; but as there are no settlements here, no experiments in this
direction have been made.

CHAPTER IV.
MONTANA TERRITORY.*

Montana, with the exception of Alaska, is the most recently organized
Territory of the United States. Embracing that region lying between the
forty-fifth and forty-ninth parallels of north latitude and one hundred and
fourth and one hundred and sixteenth meridians of west longitude, it
contains an area of 143,776 square miles or 92,016,640 acres, extending
from east to west about five hundred and fifty miles, and from north
to south about two hundred and eighty miles. It is separated into two
very unequal areas by the dividing range of the Rocky Mountains,
which forms the southwestern boundary from the west line of Wyoming
to the intersection of 45° 40’ north latitude and the one hundred and
fourteenth meridian. Here it suddenly bends eastward for some dis-
tance, and then runs north about twenty degrees west to the northern
boundary of the Territory. About one-fifth of the entire area belongs
to the Pacific slope, being drained by the head-waters of the Columbia,
and four-fifths to the Atlantic slope, being drained by the Missouri and
its tributaries. Extending from the mouth of the Yellowstone to the
summit of the Bitter-Root Range, about two-fifths belong to the mount-
ain region, three-fifths consisting of broad, open plains lying east of the
Rocky Mountain Range. The mountain belt, which forms a broad mar-
gin along the western end, has probably an average width (direct meas-
urement from the summit of the Bitter-Root Range to the east flank of
the Rocky Mountains) of one hundred and seventy-five miles, running
northwest parallel to the western boundary. Besides these two leading
ranges and their interlocking spurs on the western slope, there are some
minor ranges on the eastern side, which though comparatively small in
extent are importantin respect to the influence they have upon the
course of the water-drainage and the form and direction of the prin-
cipal valleys. In the northwest corner of Wyoming, near the point
where the dividing range makes the western bend and passes out of
this Territory, is what appears to be the great mountain nucleus of this

* The substance of this chapter has been furnished the Agricultural Department,
and will appear in the Report of that Department for 1871.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 249

region. Here the Big Horn, Yellowstone, Madison, Snake, and Green

tivers have their origin. From this mountain center a number of
short ranges run northward, giving direction to a number of streams,
and appearing like evidences of the abortive efforts of the elevating
foree to keep up its direct course. Along the southern border the Snow
Mountains—the northern extension of the Big Horn Range—penetrate
for a short distance into the Territory, compelling the Yellowstone to
make a grand detour in order to sweep around the northern flank. In
the central portion are the Belt, Judith, and Highwood Mountains,
forming an irregular group of short and broken ranges, around which
the Missouri sweeps to the northward before entering upon its long,
eastward stretch. These also have a central nucleus situated in the
western part of Meagher County, where the Musselshell, Judith, Deep,
and Shields Rivers take theirrise. North of the Missouri River the plain
is interrupted only by Bear’s Paw, the Little Rockies, and occasional
Tetons.

As a generai thing the mountains of this section are less rugged than
in the Colorado group; although here and there are sharp, angular peaks,
yet as a general rule, instead of the rocky, Jagged sides and serrated
crests, there are smooth slopes and rounded outlines. The elevation of
both mountains and valleys, as will be seen from the list of elevations
presented below, is much less than that of the great mountain belt of
Colorado and Wyoming, and even that of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.
But before presenting these statistics, | would call attention to the re-
markable bend of the chief range at the southwest angle of the Terri-
tory. Traversing as it does three sides of a trapezium, it gives both to
the eastern and western basin the form of a cul de sac, the one inclosing
the head-waters of Clark’s Fork of the Columbia, and the other the trib-
utaries of the Jefferson. The former descends as we move to the north-
west, while the latter descends toward the ncrtheast. The dividing
range, growing lower and lower from its entering angle, does not resume
its usual altitude until it approaches the northern boundary of the Ter-
ritory.

The following list of elevations, chiefly along a line running east and
west near the middle of the Territory, will enable us to form a pretty good
i of the general elevation.

ELEVATIONS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE SEA.

Feet.
Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone.................-. 2, 022
Beemer OSU Ol WEI ULVEM ok nn che a wm la wees aoe te se 2, 388
co ay ESE TCC TE beheld Ue Atl Ul ala Nii ee ay yu lig i rl 2, 780
SiGe) DIESE hl AY SL Sian a ae he Rial ly li a ene lt i da a 4,114
LYSE, TG COMPETE FAS) hl aT ie A i el ik bl nen igh Alanna ee 6, 519
Blackfoot Fork, near the mouth of Salmon Trout Creek-......-. 3, 966
Blackfoot Fork, near its junction with Hell Gate River.....--.-. 3 247
Missoula River, near the mouth of St. Regis de Borgia......-...- 2, 897
Summit of Coeur de Alene Mountains, at Coeur de Alene Pass.. 5, 089
MOMENI otiter- MOO Valley. c 45. <2. 5s - sees se 3, 284
ipeen Podge City. in Meer Uodee Valley... 2.22... 2. ee. en 4,768
Tee yt Cat V MeN Meal TLCUCM An! . y0. ese a'a am cie ns ce as a ee tee 4, 000
Mine blacktoot, or Mullenis (Pass i. 2 ss sa ye ean sae 2 6, 283

T’rom this list we see that the western or intermontane basin reaches
‘a depression less than 3,000 feet above the level of the sea; and that
the least altitudes of the eastern slope range from 4,000 to 2,022 feet
above the level of the sea. Comparing these with the altitudes of the

.s

250 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

other Territories we find the difference much greater than would be an-
ticipated. For this purpose I give here the elevations of a few points:

Feet.
Albuquerque, New Mexico........ Bee ent. os eee oe 5, 032
Danita, Wer New We mCOr | aoe lk 6, 840
Denver, COlereGO:. 25a on a = ake dos cine = we se sa 5, 300
Green River, at the railroad Crossing.....--..---.-+------+-se- 6, 140
Rais Ie UR ee OEE et ie een no 4, 350
Sire VOT nn ne ee ein = oo 4,017
AMIE a eee i ee can oh 4,519
Sweet Water River, at Independence Rock............-..-.... 5, 998
PSR SS 1G Yio - - aja ndn Py = pnb own Sine ogee es = eee 7, 857
Here EG, (ADO L)~ mee < enbn aye wing oe +e eo ml oe .- 4,200

From this we see that even the lowest point of the Great Basin, near
the “ Humboldt Sink,” is 1,120 feet above the mouth of the St. Regis de
Borgia and 733 feet above Fort Owen. This very important fact in
regard to the physical geography of this Territory will serve as an ex-
planation of its comparatively mild climate, notwithstanding its north-
ern latitude.

The entire Territory may be divided into four sections, each having
its water system and natural boundaries tolerably well defined, as fol-
jows: The northwestern, which includes all that portion lying between
the Rocky Mountain and Bitter-Root Range; the southern, which is
drained by the three forks: of the Missouri; the southeastern, which is
drained by the Yellowstone; and the northern, which includes:the val-
leys of Milk and Missouri Rivers, and the bordering plains. Mr. Gran-
ville Stuart designates a fifth basin, embracing the country drained by the
Boulders and the lower portion of the Jefferson; but for the present
purpose, the foregoing division is probably the best, his fifth basin being
considered as a portion of the southern section.

THE NORTHWESTERN SECTION.

This section, as before stated, is situated between the Rocky Mount-
ain Range on the east and the Bitter-Root and Coeur d’Alene Mount-
ains on the west, extending from the forty-sixth parallel of Jatitude to
the British possessions, and including all of Missoula County and the
southern half of Deer Lodge County. It is about one hundred and fifty
miles wide and two hundred miles long, containing an area of thirty
thousand square miles; and is traversed from southeast to northwest
by Clark’s Fork of the Columbia, and its leading tributaries. .

The northern part is variable in character, having some open prairie
country and valleys of limited extent, while much of it is broken and
rugged and covered with heavy pine forests. It is drained by Flathead
River, which has three leading tributaries—Maple River, coming from
the northwest; Flathead, from the north; and another branch from the
northeast. Near the forty-eighth parallel this stream expands into a
beautiful lake about thirty miles long and ten or twelve miles wide.
Below this it is of considerable size, flows in a southwest direction for
about fifty miles, and joins the Missoula, the two forming Clark’s Fork.*

*The main branch of this stream has a number of different names. From the junc-
tion of Deer Lodge and Little Blackfoot Rivers to the mouth of Big Blackfoot, it is
called Hell Gate River; from there to the mouth of the Flathead it is called Missoula,
pai = baer it retains the original name of Clark’s Fork, though it is sometimes called
Columbia.

’

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. At

On the west side of the lake, near its southern limit, starts a range of
broken and somewhat rugged hills, which extends northwest to the
vicinity of Kootenay River, in the extreme northwest angle of the Ter-
ritory. This range, which forms a divide between the waters of Maple
River and those of Clark’s Fork, is mostly covered with dense pine for-
ests. The country, in the vicinity of Kootenay River, is composed
chiefly of high rolling prairies, through which this stream, here some
two or three hundred yards in width, flows with a moderate current. I
am informed by Mr. Bonner, who I believe owns a ferry here, that the
immediate valley of this river is from five to fifteen miles wide and
well grassed, affording excellent pasturage. Potatoes have been grown
there for several years, the tubers being large and quality good; and
although the cereals have not been tried, he thinks the climate would
present no serious obstacle to their production. The Kootenay Indians,
for the last five or six years, have been raising potatoes for food, but
until last season have obtained their seed from the whites, having too
little foresight to lay up a supply for this purpose, until forced to do so
by the refusal to furnish them any longer.

For twenty miles Tobacco Creek, a tributary of the Kootenay, runs
through an open prairie country. It rises in the forest-clad range before
mentioned and runs northwest. Maple River, for mest of its course, to
its junction with the Flathead, traverses a forest-covered section, its
valley being narrow, until it enters the prairie. North of the lake there
is a prairie some thirty miles in length, north and south, and fifteen to
twenty miles wide, one arm of which extends northwest, in the direction
of Maple River, and the other north.

On the east side of the lake the country is broken and mountainous,
rising rapidly to the dividing range of the Rocky Mountains, which in
this section presents some sharp and rugged peaks, its western side cov-
ered with heavy timber, while its eastern slope, which is less rugged,
has only a growth of scrubby pine, which disappears toward the base.
The region immediately around the northwestern angle of the lake is
thickly wooded with pine, tamarack, and fir. The western shore is
bordered by rocky hills covered with forests the greater part of its
length; near the southern extremity these retire, leaving some open
prairie country, which is well grassed over, and where some arable land
may de found, but the extent is unknown. The eastern shore appears
to be closely hemmed in by high and somewhat rugged hills, affording
_ but little level land adapted to agricultural purposes. Below the lake
Flathead River is from one hundred to one hundred and fifty yards in
width, averaging 2 to 3 feet deep, and descending at the rate of 10 feet
to the mile, at one point having a fall of 12 or 15 feet.

Hot-Spring Creek, which rises some distance west of the lake, flows
southeast about twenty-five miles and enters the Flathead opposite
Pend d’Oreille Mission. Along and in the vicinity of this stream there
is some level and open country where good farming land can be found.

The valleys of Flathead and the little streams which enter it from the
east afford some arable lands, but these are mostly in small detached
areas, in one of which Pend d’Oreille Mission is situated. This central
portion of the section under consideration is occupied by one of the
reserves for the Flathead Indians. The following statement in regard
to this mission by Colonel Wheeler, who visited it last season, may not
be uninteresting:

‘¢ We were surprised at the extent of the farming operations carried on.
All the grain and corn, potatoes and other vegetables, cattle and horses,
butter and cheese needed for several hundred persons, are produced

252 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

here by the labor of Indians under the superintendence of the brothers.
The mission, I believe, is entirely self-sustaining. We were told that
wild grapes, plums, cherries, strawberries, and other small fruits grow
in this valley in prefusion and of excellent quality. This mission was
established by Father De Smet, and I understand is the oldest in Mon-
tana. After an hour’s rest and a bountiful dinner, we were invited to
visit the sisters’ school and department of the mission. The residence
and school-house of the sisters and girls under their charge is made of
hewn logs, is two stories high, about 60 feet long, contains six rooms
above and six below, and has a wide hall running the whole length in
both stories. It is exceedingly neat, airy, and comfortable.

“The most interesting part of our visit was the examination of the
children in their studies. There are seventeen Indian and three white
girls, varying in age from three to twelve years. They were all dressed
alike in neat calico, faces clean, hair smooth, and eyes bright. Although
somewhat bashful before strangers, they acquitted themselves very
creditably in spelling, reading, writing, and arithmetic. The penman-
ship of some would do credit to any young lady. They seemed very
fond of their instructors, and obeyed every request very cheerfully.
While we were there an Indian and his wife, with his little girl, rode up to
the mission. Hesaid they had brought their child to the sisters’ school,
from near Colville, in Washington Territory, a distance of three hun-
dred miles. The father and mother were assigned comfortable quarters,
and bountifully fed, and their horses taken care of. The little girl was
given in charge of the sisters, and an hour after appeared with the other .
girls, nicely washed and dressed as any of them, and apparently as
happy.”

I bave given this interesting narrative not only as showing something
in regard to the agricultural resources of that section, but also on ac-
count of the lesson it teaches in regard to obtaining influence over the
Indians.

Jocko River runs through one of the prettiest valleys in this entire
section. Itis in the form of a triangle, its sides, which are nearly equal,
being from ten to twelve miles long. It contains about fifty square
miles, most of which can be easily irrigated, and which, if properly cul-
_ tivated, will produce bountiful crops, the soil being quite fertile. Sur-
rounded by lofty mountains, which form its triangular walls, little rills
flow down into it from all sides, furnishing a never-failing supply of pure,
clear water. Last year the Indian agent, with but little help except
that of the squaws, (the Indian men being generally too lazy to work,)
raised over 1,000 bushels of potatoes, 1,500 bushels of wheat, 300 bushels
of corn, &c.; his corn, as he reports, yielding as much as 75 bushels to
the acre.

This portion of the section has but few settlements in it, Jocko Vailey
being the principal one; north of the lake but little is known in regard
to it, but upon many of the little streams which flow down from the
mountains will be found small arable areas amply supplied with water
for irrigation. And here, as well as on the western side of the section,
many of these minor valleys are covered with forests of pine, fir, and
other varieties of coniferous trees. .

The southern district, which is somewhat quadrilateral, is surrounded
on three sides by leading mountain ranges, the Rocky Mountain divide
forming its southern and eastern boundary, and the Bitter-Root Mount-
ain its west. It has three principal streams, which converge toward the
northwest angle, where they unite to form the Missoula River, as follows:
the Hell Gate, (the continuation of Deer Lodge,) rising in the southeast

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 253

angle, runs northwest diagonally through the district; the Bitter-Root,
rising in the southwest angle, runs north near the western border ; and
the Big Blacktoot, rising inthe Kocky Mountains, to the east, rans ‘west-
ward along the northern border. <All that portion lying south of Hell
Gate River is traversed north and south by a series of somewhat paral-
lel ridges, separated by intervening valleys of greater or less width, each
drained by one leading stream, which runs north to the great diagonal
channel. The most important of these valleys, in an agricultural point
of view, are those watered by the Deer Lodge and Bitter-Root Rivers.

Deer Lodge Valleyis about forty miles jong, with an average width of
twelve miles : that can be irrigated and cultivated. The surface is a broad,
level bottom, occasionally flanked by terraces, which, at most points, can
be reached byi irrigating-ditches a few miles in len gth, as the descent of the
stream is quite rapid. The soil is good, being covered in a natural state
by a heavy growth of rich and nutritious grasses, and when properly:
irrigated and cultivated will yield abundant crops of such things as are
adapted to the climate. Not only is it supphed with water by the cen-
tral stream, which traverses the entire length of the valley, but there
are quite a number of smaller rivulets which | flow in from the mountains
to the right and left. Below Deer Lodge City the hills close in upon the
valley, leaving a narrow, fertile bottom, which does not average more
than three-fourths of a mile in width.

. As the elevation, which is but little under 5,000 feet, is greater than
that of the valleys lying west of it, and most of those east of the range,
its climate is less favorable for agriculture than some other portions of
the Territory. Mr. Granville Stuart, of Deer Lodge City, who is a very
careful observer, gives the following as the monthly means of the tem-
perature for 1863 and 1869:

. ay fs cf bs
ay co) A o
P| 8 chee Neral ter di ce ic
Year. =| a 3 es : o ° = o = a 5 as
x PE PARR ie teak HO esa) Lay een a BNET se Bia ee Hole mnalte mest
S = [> ) (~) o

ronal tten) 1 pes [hI ee ial gates) ald trowel cello lo arsere th) tm ilmenite alles

IS OSM emerias yells 2 —1.5 | 25. 30.4 | 42.5 | 47. 59.2 | 68. o9. 50. 59. 7 | 28. 26.7 | 41.

ISD) (Gagcosemaoaene 20.4.) 24.6 | 24. 42.6 | 53.1 | 69.7 | 66.5 | 63.1 | 54.1 | 35.7 | 341 | 2420 | 40.5

This gives the yearly mean of the temperature for two years 40.7,
and the mean of the seasons as follows: spring, 41.6; summer, 69.7 ;
autumn, 43.1; winter, 19.9. Although 1868 gives a higher mean than
1869, yet January of the former appears to have been unusually cold.
This list also brings out the fact that the seasons are very variable,
which is really the greatest climatic impediment to agriculture in these
mountain regions. For example, there is a difference of 21.9 between
the means of J anuary for the two years; of 11.4 in March, that of 1868
being in excess, while in May, 1869, is 11.1 in excess, this holding Boon
through the summer months; but in October that of 1869 falls 2
below that of 1868; whereas the means of the next month show 1868
6.1 below 1869. Such variations show that the mean annual depression
of the thermometer is caused not so much by a uniformly rigorous
climate, as by sudden cold spells, which, though continuing but a short
time, serve to bring down the means. For example, we may feel confi-
dent from this table that some time during the month of October, 1869,
there was a sudden change and a cold spell. It must be remembered
that this record, which shows a somewhat rigorous climate, was made
where the elevation is 4,768 feet above the level of the sea, and is con-

254 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

sequently below the mean temperature of the principal agricultural
areas of the Territory; and, in addition to this, its peculiar position, as
will be shown hereafter, probably renders it more exposed to winter
storms than other portions of the section.

The record of the rain-fall has not been kept for a sufficient length
of time to obtain a correct average for the different seasons; but the
following may be of some interest, as giving an idea of the amount:

= B B Bi
2 * i>)
Pe 43 2 ke 2 Q
= S 5 n =| (2) S|
= s | «a = 2 = 2 | 8
ak P(E PEE) Sle pel sb). | sae
S = 3 = SS) o
cae Oe eer eo ae ee ee ee ete er | 4 eS
SSUES): SS eee ore Speer ere arene ae fener ener [eee Perera tee, Pi ae 1. 00 S25 a3 mul 0 ait
1 LENZ Uae a a ge Pe . 64 1-105") 111 | £47 1-3.55 | 3085] 28) .68°) 16259 266) eee
POPES sos. cee eke . 46 884) 1.30.1. 32 |. 2.294) 0. 07 fecece ces. 2S SS eS ee

This shows a total for 1870 of 16.50 inches, the snow of winter being
reduced to the rain standard; and for the growing season, April to
July, 9.15; or taking the average of these months, in 1870 and 1871,
(July, 1869,) 7.04 inches, which corresponds very closely with the rain-
fall in Salt Lake Basin for the same months.

Such cereals as wheat, oats, rye, and barley, and such vegetables as
turnips, potatoes, cabbages, &c., can be raised here without any serious
difficulty on account of climate. The valley is pretty well settled along
its lower half. Deer Lodge City, one of the principal, and aS the
prettiest, town of the Terr itory is here.

Little Blackfoot, coming down from the dividing range and having
to wind its way through a mass of heavy hills, is hemmed in closely for
most of its length, and affords but a narrow strip of arable land; but
wherever a level space is found the soil is rich and productive, and
covered with a green carpet of tall, rich grass. I noticed timothy
growing wild along this stream, the citizens contending that it is from
seed brought by Lewis and Clark. This valley, for part of its length,
affords a roadway for travel and stage line from Helena, by way of
Mullen’s Pass, to Deer Lodge and points west. The bordering hills are
generally well timbered.

Moving west from Deer Lodge River there is, as has already been
stated, a succession of ridges and valleys running north and south
parallel to each other. Of the latter, Flint Creek Valley is the first we
reach. Jt is divided into two parts, an upper and a lower, by a gorge
some four or five miles long. The upper portion is about ten miles
long, with an average width of four or five miles, including that part
of the bordering hills which can be irrigated. The lower part is about
fifteen miles long, and, counting the valleys of both forks, has an ave-
rage width of about five miles. The climate here is rather milder than
that of Deer Lodge. The grazing is good. It is but sparsely settled.

Passing westward, across another ridge, we enter the narrow and
rough valley of Stone Creek. This stream is of considerable length,
and is about the size of Deer Lodge River, (60 to 75 feet wide,) very
rapid and rough, flowing over bowlders and ledges. Very little farming
land is to be found along its banks, but the stream will furnish excel-
lent water power, and. timber is abundant along the bordering hills.

The next and last valley toward the west is that of Bitter-Root
River, which contains some of the finest agricultural lands in the
Territory. From,the mouth of the cafon, where the stream emerges
from the mountains, it stretches directly north to Hell Gate River,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 255

a distance of eighty miles. From Fort Owen, south, it varies in width
from four or five to fifteen miles, averaging some nine or ten; north
of this it is somewhat narrower, its average width not being: more
than five miles. It is all well adapted for agriculture, the soil being a
rich, dark loam, mingled with sand and gravel; and where undisturbed
by the farmer’s "implements is covered with luxuriant grass, supplying
most excellent pasturage. In addition to the central stream, which is
of considerable size, there are a number of small creeks and brooklets
which flow into it mostly from the ridge to the east, of which the
following may be mentioned in the order they come, beginning at the
head of the valley: Weeping Child, Skarkahoe, Gird’s, Willow, Burnt
Fork, Three-Mile, Six-Mile, and Bogues Creeks, all entering from the
east, and Nez Perces and Loulou Forks from the west. By proper
efforts this entire valley can be irrigated and brought under cultivation,
affording a rich agricultural area of at least four hundred thousand
acres. As its elevation is much less than the valleys which have been
mentioned as lying in the eastern part of the section, it has a much
milder climate. But the difference in elevation will scarcely suffice as
a sufficient explanation of the difference in climate between areas so
near to each other; for here, especially from Fort Owen south, the val-
ley will be free from snow and the weather comparatively mild, while
other valleys, but a short distance north and of less altitude, are covered
with snow, and the temperature several degrees colder. And this is not
a mere accidental occurrence of one season, but so common as to have
been noticed by all who reside in or have remained in the valley for any
considerable length of time during the winter. This may possibly be
accounted for in this way: the general course of the winds in this
country, I believe, is from the northwest; Clark’s Fork (counting from
the head of Deer Lodge Creek to Lake Pend Oreille) forms a continuous
channel up which they may sweep in order to make their exit from the
section across the low gaps of the divide at the southeast corner. Bit-
ter-Root Valley being narrowed below and shielded on the west by
Bitter-Root Mountains, as a matter of course is much less lable to cold
winds and storms. In consequence of the direction of the leading
channel of this basin and the peculiar bends of the mountain-range
here, reasoning a priort we would be led to the conclusion that the
heaviest accumulations of snow would be found on the south side, in
the Big Hole or Wisdom Biver Basin, which I understand is the case,
though Mr. Stuart gives from the “Backbone” down to the mouth of
the river on Big Hole as one of the areas of least snow during the winter
of 1861-62.

The following statistics, though meager, will furnish some data by
which to judge of the climate of this valley:

Altitude of Stevensville, a few miles south of Fort Owen, 3,412 feet
above the sea; of Fort Owen, 3,284; and of Missoula, near the junction
of Bitter-Root and Hell-Gate Rivers, about 3,000 feet.

The mean temperature of the seasons and year at Fort Owen and
Stevensville, from the imperfect observations taken at these points, is as
follows:

Spring. | Summer. | Autumn. | Winter. | Year,

1°) ie} Oo ° fe}
MMOH OWED wicca dat ctu bee ered bare tla medecieteclafetsee vattale y 48 69. 6 45. 6 24.9 47
SEO METAS UG set aie att ata Ach alate SINS is ain, wie teal wi teoini Ala apne at 47 69. 6 45. 5 27.6 47.4

256 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

But one of the best means of judging of the climate, so far as its
bearing upon agriculture is concerned, is a list of its productions.

Not enly can wheat, oats, barley, rye, and the hardier vegetables be
raised, but Indian corn, of a tolerably good quality, is grown here year
after year. in sufficient quantity to supply the wants of the valley;
melons, tobacco, and broom-corn thrive; and such fruits as apples, pears,
plums, and cherries mature their fruit. Peach-trees have been planted,
and during the past season gave promise of maturing their fruit, but
whether success has attended this effort has not been ascertained; butitis
quite prebable that after a few years’ trial and the trees become somewhat
acclimated, they will succeed. Muskmelons, squashes, tomatoes, beets,
earrets, and onions, of excellent quality and of large size, have also been
raised. These facts give undoubted evidence of the comparative mild-
ness of the climate in this northern latitude.

The following sketch by Major Wheeler, the United States marshal
of the Territory, who passed through this and the adjacent valleys in
the early part of the autumn of 1870, will convey a better idea of the
beauty and agricultural resources of this part of the section than a
more lengthened description. Speaking of the farm of Hon. W. E.
Bass, he says:

“The large fields of wheat, corn, and potatoes, the vegetable-garden,
and especially the fower-garden, excited our admiration. We saw fifty
acres of wheat, averaging 40 bushels to the acre, and twenty acres of
corn, averaging 50 bushels, ripe and sound. Everything else was in the
same ratio. I brought away specimens of corn, onions, melons, tobacco,
broom-corn, and ever peanuts, which for quality and sizé cannot be
surpassed anywhere. The flower-garden wasa gem of its kind, covering
half an acre, and containing over a hundred varieties. The barn is 165
feet long and 60 wide. The loft will hold 150 tons of hay, and the stalls
below will accommodate the herd of dairy-cows, fifty of which are milked
and the butter churned by water-power obtained from a small stream
which irrigates the garden,” (a very convenient contrivance, becoming
quite common in this Territory.) ‘The house is prettily located among
shady pine-trees, a forest of which extends back to the mountains. A
saw-mill furnishes the lumber used on the place. On the opposite side
of the valley, ten miles away, is the farm of Thomas Harris, esq. He
has seventy acres of wheat, fifty of which are raised without irrigation,
and the whole will average about 40 bushels to the acre; twenty acres
being a voluntary crop. Mr. Harris has an orchard of apple and plum
trees of four years’ growth, and they look very thrifty, varying from
6 to 9 feet in height. Frost has never injured a twig. He has a field of
timothy-grass, from which he cut twenty tons of excellent hay, or two
tons to the acre. Here were vegetables of the best quality in the great-
est profusion—watermelons, muskmelons, squashes, tomatoes, beets, car-
rots, and onions, of large growth.”

Another gentleman, Mr. Benner, who has resided in the country for
several years, furnishes tbe following statement in regard to what he
knows from personal observation of the productions of this valley,
including the condition of the crops and orchards the present sea-
son; and in this he confines bimself strictly to such things as will
mature with ordinary care, not including those things which require ex-
traordinary care and protection: wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, (of
such varieties as are usually raised in Western New York,) potatoes, (re-
markably large and of a superior quality,) onions, turnips, pease, beans, —
tomatoes, melons, and cucumbers; also such fruits as apples, pears,
plums, cherries, and the smaller kinds, these being now (August, 1871)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 2a

in fruit. <A trial is being made with grapes and peaches, the latter, he
understands, having some fruit on them, but the vines and most of the
trees are yet too young to bear.

The banks of the streams are lined with cotton-wood and pine, the
former reaching a height of 60 to 70 feet; and the latter much larger
and of a superior quality, sometimes 150 feet high, 3 feet in diameter,
and perfectly straight.

Although there is considerable timber between Deer Lodge and Bit-
ter-Root Valleys, yet it may be considered an open country, furnishing
a large number of extensive grazing-fields. And I may remark here
that all of Montana from the east flank of the Belt Mountains to the
Bitter-Root Range may be considered as one vast pasture.

The valley of Big Blackfoot is some forty or fifty miles long, varying
considerably in width at different points, sometimes expanding into a
broad, undulating prairie, through which the stream winds, flanked on
one or both sides with a low bottom of moderate width ; at others nar-
rowing to what is called a canon, though having a valley-surface of
from a half to a mile or more in width. Above the cafon is a very
pretty open area somewhat elliptical in shape, called the Belly, which is
about seven or eight miles long and from four to six wide. The area
lying between the lower part of Blackfoot Valley and Hell Gate is an
open and rolling prairie, well covered with grass. Above the caiion the
spurs and ridges are generally covered with pine forests. What portion
of this valley can be irrigated I was unable to learn ; but the descent of
the stream being rapid, and it together with the tributaries from the
north furnishing a large supply of water, not only the immediate bot-
toms, but also a large portion of the terraces and lower slopes, can be

reached and rendered tillable.

The valley of the.Hell Gate from the mouth of the Little Blackfoot to
the lower end of the canon above Missoula is some sixty-five or seventy
miles long. For the first twenty-five or thirty miles it is bordered by
an open, rolling country, sometimes broken into high hills, the imme-
diate valley being narrow.

The caiion is about thirty-five miles long, having nearly all the way a
narrow strip of good bottom-land from one-fourth to a mile wide. About
thirty miles above Missoula the pine timber comes down into the valley,
not a thick and massive growth, but in open groves of fine, tall trees,
the soil throughout being good and yielding well under cultivation.

The Missoula Valley will average about fifteen miles wide down to
Frenchtown, a distance of some twenty-eight or thirty miles. From
there to the mouth of the Flathead River there are open pine forests,
among which some farms have already been made. This portion of the
valley varies in width from three to eight miles. |

Although the altitude of this valley is less than that of the Bitter-
Root, yet the climate is not so favorable to agriculture, being somewhat
colder and more subject to frosts. This fact corresponds with the theory
I have previously advanced, but possibly may be owing to other causes,
as latitude, &c., but can hardly be owing to the proximity of higher
mountains, as this is not the case. Thompson’s: Prairie, Horse Plains,
and Kamas Prairie, which lie along Clark’s Fork in the vicinity of and
below the mouth of Flathead, contain considerable areas of good farm-
ing lands, well watered and having a moderate climate. Some settle-
ments have already been made in Horse Plains.

The valley of Clark’s Fork from Thompson’s Prairie to Lake Pend
d’Oreille is narrow and broken, having but few spots of arable land.
It is well watered with little streams, which flow down from the hills to

iv Gs

258 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
the north, and is covered, for the most part, with forests of pine, fir,
and tamarack.

It will be seen from the foregoing description of this northwestern
section that it contains a considerable number of arable areas, and
although, with the exception of Deer Lodge and Bitter-Root Valleys,
these are of small size, yet in the aggregate they furnish quite an exten-
Sive agricultural surface. The detached form, surrounded by elevated
ridges - and mountain ranges, secures to each an ample supply of never-
failing streams for irrigation. The extensive forests of the west side
will also prove a source of wealth whenever a means of distributing the
Jumber is furnished by railroad communication with the less favored
sections in this respect. The climate is also much less rigorous than
would be anticipated in this northern latitude and mountainous region.
I must acknowledge that I was agreeably disappointed in this respect.

Mr. Granville Stuart estimates the ratio of farming, grazing, and tim-
bered lands in Deer Lodge County as follows: Farming, one-eighth ;
grazing, five-eighths ; timbered, one-fourth. This estimate, ‘with a slight
change, will probably apply to the entire section, the proportion of tim-
bered land being somewhat larger, and that of grazing lands smaller.

SOUTHERN SECTION.

This section includes that portion of the Territory drained by the
three forks of the Missouri, viz, the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin
Rivers, and the regions as far north as Helena. It is bounded on the
south, west, and partly on the north, by the Rocky Mountain Range, on
the east by ‘the divide, which separates the waters of the Gallatin from
those of the Yellowstone, and embraces Beaver Head, Jefferson, Madi- ,
son, and part of Gallatin Counties. It is so irregular in form that it is
difficult to estimate its area, but this probably amounts to fifteen
thousand square miles.

The physical geography of this section, and especially the mountain
regions surrounding it, is very enteresting, as here some of the great
rivers of the West have their origin. Here the great Missouri, which
traverses an area of sufficient size for an empire has its origin. In
the mountain area, in the extreme northwestern corner of Wyoming
Territory, which borders on this section, the Big Horn, Yellowstone,
Madison, Green, and Snake Rivers all take their rise, the first three
finding an outlet for their waters through the Mississippi to the Gulf
of Mexico; the next through the Colorado to the Gulf of California; and
the last through the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, three thousand
miles from the exit of the first. Here, amid a collection of the most
wonderful scenery of the continent, is found the chief radiating point
of the water systems of the Northwest, being equaled in this respect
only by the mountain group of Colorado Territory. A minor radiating
center is also found in the western part of Meagher County, where
the Musselshell, Judith, Deep, and Shield’s Rivers all take their rise
within a small area.

Mr. Stuart divides what is here given as one section into two basins,
the one drained by Jefferson River and its tributaries, the other being
drained by the North and South Boulder Creeks and a few small tribu-
taries of the Missouri below the junction of the three forks. The first
basin embraces all of Beaver Head County and the western half of Mad-
ison, and is drained by three streams, the Big-Hole (or Wisdom) River,
Beaver Head, and Stinking Water, which unite at the northeast angle to
form the Jefferson. The first of these rising in the extreme western

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 259

part of the section, following the course of the great bend of the range,
sweeps round in a semicircle, and, bursting through an intervening
ridge, unites with the Beaver Head immediately south of Deer Lodge
Pass. Its valley is crescent-shaped, and not far from eighty miles long,
the widest part reaching fifteen or twenty miles. Big-Hole Prairie,
which forms a part of this valley, is about fifty miles long by fifteen
wide, well grassed, and affording one of the best summer grazing fields
in the entire section. At some points the slope between the little
streams descends by terraces. Although the soil of this valley is toler- :
ably good, and water for irrigation abundant, the seasons are rather
too cold to admit of its becoming an agricultural region, its average
altitude being probably as much as 6,000 feet above the level of the sea,
and the amount of snow which falls during the winter months consider-
able. The central part of the area inclosed by the circle of this river is
occupied by Bald Mountain, from which the little streams, like radii,
rush down to the encircling river, around the northern flank, while from
the southern and eastern flanks others find their way to the Beaver Head.
The latter stream, rising in the southwest corner of the county, flows
north to its junction with the Big-Hole, the most important part of its
vailey being about thirty-five miles long, counting from its mouth
upward, the width, which is tolerably uniform, averaging about yx
miles. Between these two rivers, for some twenty miles above their
junction, is a level plain about fifteen miles wide, rather barren, but, if
-. watered, which probably can be done, would make good farming land.
Along the immediate bottoms the land is already mostly taken up and
settled, but these do net average more than a half or three-fourths of a
mile in width.

The principal tributaries from the west are Rattlesnake, Willard, and
Horse Prairie Creeks; those from the east are Red Rock and Black- —
Vail Deer Creeks, the last three having valleys of considerable extent,
which afford excellent pasturage and moderately good farming land.
But the climate is rather too cold for anything except the hardier vege-
tables and cereals.

Stinking Water River (the Indian name of this stream is said to be
Passamari) rises in the mountains at the south end of Madison County,
and running north connects with the Jefferson a short distance below
the junction of the Beaver Head and Big Hole. It has a valley some
thirty-five or forty miles in length and of variable width, being sepa-
rated into two parts by a short caiion immediately opposite Virginia
City. The upper portion, which is some fifteen or twenty miles long:
and from one to five miles wide, is an excellent grazing section, which
is already attracting the attention of stock-raisers. Some large herds
of cattle, horses, and sheep have already been brought into this and
Black-Tail Deer Valleys, where they pass the winter without protec-
tion and without other food than what they clip from the open pastures.
Except so far as limited by climate, this part of the valley is well
adapted to agriculture.

Below the cafion the valley is considerably wider than above, and
affords a large area of good farming land, much of which is already oe-
cupied. The cereals and common vegetables are raised without diffi-
culty, producing very good crops. By advancing upon the broad ter-
race which borders this valley on the east side below the mouth of
Alder Creek, the breadth of tillable land can be largely increased, and
the supply of water is probably sufficient to do this, the stream being
some sixty or seventy feet wide, and averaging a foot in depth, running
swiftly.

260 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Where the three streams, Big Hole, Beaver Head, and Stinking Water,
unite to form the Jefferson, there is a broad, level area, the greater part
of which may be irrigated and make good farming land. And this
point must become one of considerable importance as the Territory in-
creases in population, on account of the advantages of its position ; for
here must always be the junction of the roads up Beaver Head and Stink-
ing Water, down the Jefferson and over Deer Lodge Pass. No matter
how much the general direction of traffic and travel may change, these
must ever remain lines of travel so long as there is any passing north’
and south in this section. And although not possessed of so favorable
climate as some other parts of the Territory, yet I think it will become,
though limited in its extent, a very important agricultural area. Com-
ing down from Deer Lodge Pass I was struck with the beauty of the
valley, which looked like one vast meadow; and reaching the banks of
the Big Hole and Beaver Head, which are here in close proximity, rush-
ing down with heavy volumes of pure limpid water, I felt satisfied there
would be no difficulty in forming a net-work of ditches filled with water
over the entire area.

The valley of the Jefferson for twenty-eight or thirty miles below this
point will average, exclusive of the table-lands which flank it, from
taree to five miles wide. The supply of water is ample, not only to ir-
rigate the bottoms or valley proper, but also a large portion of the table-
lands, which at some points expand to a width of eight or ten miles, but
in other places form but mere strips. The stream, which is probably
120 to 150 feet wide and 2 feet deep, is fringed by a growth of cotton-
wood and willow, the former often of quite large size. The bordering
mountains are clothed with a heavy growth of dark pines from their
summits down to the sloping foot-hills; from this dark-green border the
pale, smooth meadow sweeps down in a graceful curve on each side,
giving to the vailey a soft, attractive beauty seldom seen. As we rode
rapidly along the margin of the stream we could imagine the delight of
Lewis and Clark as they traversed the same valley, then doubtless
teeming with game. More than sixty years have passed since they
were here. Whata change! A nation has sprung into existence on
that which was then only the home of the red man, buffalo, and elk.
And in all probability ere another half decade has closed the shrill
whistle of the locomotive will be heard reverberating among these
ridges and echoing along these valleys. Much of this valley yet remains
unoccupied, probably because to irrigate the larger bodies of bottom-
land would require the construction of somewhat lengthy ditches to
draw off water from the river; the points which are settled being sup-
plied, as a general thing, with water from the little tributaries that flow
down from the mountain, as at Silver Star, &c.

Madison River, rising in the region of hot springs and geysers, near

Yellowstone Lake, runs a northern direction to Gallatin City, where it
unites its waters with those of the Jefferson and Gallatin to form the
Missouri. It is worthy of remark that from the Beaver Head to the
Yellowstone there appears to be a succession of short mountain ranges,
or high ridges, running north and south, with intervening valleys of
greater or less width, one of which is traversed by the Stinking Water,
another by the Madison, and a third by the Gallatin.

The valley of the Madison is separated into two parts by a short cation
east of Virginia City. Above this it extends about twenty miles, vary-
ing in width from two to five miles, and is flanked by a succession of
beautiful terraces almost perfectly horizontal, and which extend for
miles along the valley, leading gently down from the mountains to the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 261
river on each side. The soil is coarse gravel near the hills, but becomes
finer as the immediate channel of the river is approached. On the east
side of the valley several caflons give egress to wooded streams of eon-
siderable size, and afford the means apparently of almost unlimited
irrigation.

Meadow Creek, which joins the Madison at the upper end of the cafion,
traverses a comparatively smal! valley, containing some ten or twelve
sections of level land. This valley well deserves its name, for it is cov-
ered with a dense carpet of fresh, tall, green grass, and is traversed by
several sparkling brooklets, which, uniting, form Meadow Creek. Atl
the terraces bordering this little valley are susceptible of irrigation and
cultivation. There are now residing here some fourteen families, and
others were expected before the close of the season.

That part of the valley of the Madison below the canon is some
twenty-five or thirty miles long, and varies in width from one to ten
miles. From the cation the river flows in a northerly course, its banks
being only 6 or 8 feet high, yet not subject to overflow. The average
width of the river is about 80 yards, the current swift, flowing over
bowlders and gravel. The valley lies mostly on the east side, being
somewhat narrow near the cation, but expanding as it approaches its
junction. The soil is good, and the valley well adapted to farmmeg pur-
poses, the greater part of the valley proper being already settled, and
for the most part under cultivation. The high table-lands that rise
from 200 to 300 feet above the level of the valley on the east side, and
forming the bank of the river on the west, are unexcelled for grazing
purposes, fine buffalo and bunch grasses growing in abundance. Unless
the cation should interpose an insuperable barrier, which, I think, is
not probable, it will be possible, not only to irrigate the valley level,
but also a great part of this plateau, the supply of water being sufficient
to water a large breadth. It is very probable that ere long a good
wagon-road will be made up this stream and its tributary, Fire-Hole,
from the vicinity of Virginia City to the geysers, hot springs, and other
wonderful scenery around Yellowstone Lake.

The Gallatin River is formed by two streams, called Hast and West
Forks. The Hast Fork flows for some distance through a cation, which
ceases about twenty miles above its junction with the West Fork.
From this point it flows in a northwesterly direction, being 50 or 60
yards wide, but shallow, its banks high and not subject to inundation.
The bottom-lands on the east and west sides taken together have an
average width of about three miles, a large portion of which is under
éultivation. On the east side the bench-land is about 20 teet above the
bottom, and is well grassed over. This extends eastward for seven or
eight miles to Mill Creek, or the right fork of the Gallatin. This might
be irrigated with moderate expense and trouble, and made as productive
as the bottoms which it flanks, so noted in the Territory on account of
the heavy crops they yield. Mill Creek runs northwest. through Boze-
man, where it connects with Kast Fork.

Timber is scarce in these valleys, nothing but cotton-wood being found
on West Fork, and that in small groves, except near its junction with
Kast Fork, where there is a considerable quantity of large cotton-wood.
The greater part of the timber used in this valley is hauled from the
mountains south. Thereis a large amount of stock raised here, the graz-
ing being good. A flouring-mill has been erected on Mill Creek, near
Bozeman, and another will probably soon be built.

Hast Fork, coming from the Grosfoot Hills, northeast of Bozeman
flows in a westerly course for six or eight miles, thence northwest to its

262 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

junction with West Fork. It is some forty or fifty yards wide, flowing
swiftly, its banks being high and not subject to overflow. The imme-
diate valley is from two to five miles wide, while on the south a lew
table-land, not more than fifteen or twenty feet above the bottoms,
stretches out to the south, ascending with a gentle slope to the foot of
the mountains. The supply of water is ample, and the facilities for |
irrigation excellent. This is one of the finest valleys of this section, the
soil being good and the climate favorable, on which account it has at-
tracted settlers, so that at this time it is mostly inclosed and under
cultivation; and it is probable that ere long an encroachment will be
made on the bordering plateau. The stream is fringed by a fine growth
of cotton-wood and aspen, except which there is no other timber in the
valley, this being supplied from the mountains to the northwest.

As a general thing, the southern part of this section is not so well
timbered as the regions to the northwest, but the mountains will furnish.
a supply for ordinary purposes, yet even these in many places present
quite naked slopes, being smooth and grassed over to the summit. The
evidences of the gradual wearing down of the mountains and filling up
of valleys are very marked in this part of the Territory, and wherever
this is the case but few forests are to be found. In fact, it may be laid
down as a rule that has but few exceptions here, that wherever the
mountain sides are smooth there are no forests. In some places the
levels of broad valleys, when seen from a distance, look like streams
flowing down with a somewhat rapid current; and glancing up to the
mountains from which they descend, we see the immense fissures and
excavations from which the débris has worn away. Often across these
river-like ribbon plains, we see where another ancient stream has
swept across it to the channel the modern stream has cut on one side
near the base of the parallel mountain. At other places little, smooth,
sloping deltas will be seen at the base of the mountain, where the débris
cut from the deep excavation above has been deposited. But oversueh
areas there is no forest growth, nay, not even a solitary pine or a stunted
cedar, the omnipresent artemisia being the only ligneous plant, if it ean
be called such.

Passing northward from the central part of the Jefferson, we enter
what Mr. Stuart calls the Eastern Central Basin, and which he deseribes as
follows: “ This is drained by the Missouri River below the Three Forks,
and above them by [the lower tributaries of] the Jefferson, the North
Boulder, South Boulder, and Willow Creeks. It is also traversed by the
‘lower portion of the Madison and Gallatin Rivers, which form a junction
with the Jefferson in a fertile plain of considerable extent. It contains
a large amount of arable land, with a climate comparable with that of
Utah, and is about one hundred and fifty miles long, north and south,
by eighty, east and west. Its five principal valleys are the following:
The valley of the Three Forks; of North Boulder; of the lower part of the
Jefferson; of the Madison, and of the Gallatin, furnishing a larger amount
of farming land than the basin of the Beaver Head and tributaries” It
will be seen that I have included a part of this basin in the descriptions
of the valleys already noticed. Mr. Stuart evidently includes the parts
below the cations mentioned, in this basin.

The valley of the Missouri along this part of its course is narrow, but
quite fertile, possessing a very favorable climate. It is watered on the
east side by numerous small streams, which flow down from the Belt
Mountains. The interior of the basin is traversed by several sharp and
elevated ridges; the principal one, stretching from near the lower part of
the Jeffersor a little west of north, connects with the Rocky Mountain

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 263

Range, near the origin of Prickly Pear Creek. The North Boulder
runs along the western base of the ‘ridge, through a valley of moderate
width, while west of 1¢ runs another ridge separating its waters from
those of White-Tail Deer Creek. ‘These “ridges are clothed with pine
timber of an excellent quality. And along some of the slopes the rank
vegetation indicates a greater degree of moisture than is usual in this
region, especially on the divide which separates the Boulder from Prickly
Pear Valley. I noticed here the marks of a recent heavy rain, which
had caused sudden torrents to rush down the indentations of the ridge
which flanked the valley, tearing up the grass and pebbies and bearing
them down to the base. Branching off from the first-mentioned ridge,
near the center of Jefferson County, starts another ridge, which, running
north, forms a divide between the Prickly Pear and the Missouri.

Prickly Pear, and Ten-Mile Creek, its principal tributary, have very
pretty valleys, which, though irregular and contracted at some points
by the approaching ridges, at others expand into broad, open prairies,
having surfaces as smooth as a meadow. One of these beautiful,
meadow-like openings is in the vicinity of Helena, across which one
may look from the city and see the noted landmark repeatedly men-
tioned from the days of Lewis and Clarke down to the present time—
the Bear’s Teeth. This valley is from five to fifteen miles wide, and
some twenty or twenty-five miles long. Although rich and productive,
unfortunately the stream which traverses it only furnishes water suffi-
cient to irrigate a part of it. A proposition has been made to bring
water from Jefierson River, which is said to be practicable; but whether
this will be carried out or not I am unable to say. The proximity to
the chief city of the Territory would certainly render the land valuable,
and such a canal would be useful not only for irrigation but also in con-
nection with the mining operations.

Major J. ¥. Forbes, who has been farming in this valley since 1865,
and has made the raising of vegetables for the city somewhat a spe-
cialty, furnishes the following information in regard to its productions:
‘Wheat, after the first few crops (which are generally heavy) have
been cut, yields from 20 to 40 bushels to the acre, though as high as 82
bushels have been taken from one acre; and entire crops have averaged
52 bushels on fresh soil. One difficulty experienced is, that volunteer
crops mix with those that follow; this does no damage when feed-
crops, aS oats and barley, are raised; but when wheat follows other
crops the mixture injures its value. And it may be set down as a
rule, with but few exceptions, that volunteer crops are, in the long run,
an injury to any section. If these do no other injury they beget a thritt-
less system of farming, under which the soil is deteriorated, and the yield
becomes less and less and the quality inferior.”

Major Iorbes says that the weight is usually about 60 pounds to the
measured bushel. The average yield of oats is about 40 bushels to the
acre; barley, 30; but the yield of the latter crop often is as great as
that of oats. The following vegetables grow well, no difficulty from the
climate being experienced in raising them: Potatoes, turnips, ruta-bagas,
beets, cabbage, carrots, onions, parsnips, pease, beans, and radishes.
Tomatoes can be grown with care, but are liable to be injured by the
frost before maturing. Spring-wheat is generally sown in March, and
sometimes even as early as the last of February, which is certainly very
early for this latitude; but even as late as May will answer. Harvest
usually commences in "the latter part of July. When winter-wheat is
sown, it is usually put in in September and October; but it generally
comes out too soon in thespring, and is liable to be bitten by the frost after

264 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

jointing. Currants, gooseberries, strawberries, and raspberries do very
well, their fruit growing and maturing without any difficulty from the
climate; in fact, the soil and climate seem peculiarly adapted to the
growth of the first two. The native varieties of gooseberries and ecur-
rants bear transplanting without injury, improving under cultivation.
Native raspberries and strawberries have not been tried; it may be that
the former will bear transplanting, though, as shown in my previous
report, the experiment failed in Colorado. Other fruits, so far as tried
in this valley, have proved a failure ; but Major Forbes thinks that some
varieties of the apple might succeed. Hesays that an experiment made
with hemp shows that it grows remarkably well. He planted some seed
in a yard in Helena, which is some 400 or 500 feet above the valley-level,
and some of the stalks grew to a height of 10 or 12 feet, and as large
round at the base as a man’s wrist. He is now testing it on his farm,
and at the time I met with him (July 12 to 15) it was growing finely.
He has raised hemp in Missouri, and is satisfied, from his experience
with it in that State, that it can be produced here as easily and of as
good quality as there. The climate, he states, is variable; often the
weather is mild and open at Christmas, but with previous killing frosts;
but at other times winter commences much earlier. Snow does not
generally set in until in December, and does not often fall in the valleys
after March; it never falls to any great depth, seldom enough for good
sleighing. This fact in regard to the fall of snow appears somewhat
paradoxical to those who have never visited those mountain regions.
They read and hear statements in regard to snow in the mountain 15 -
and 20 feet deep, and then in the next breath are told that cattle
can graze out all winter, the snow not being sufficient to prevent this.
it must be acknowledged these statements do appear to be somewhat
contradictory, yet both are true; an explanation of which will be found
in my former report.

Jn order to afford’as much data as possible in regard to the valley
under consideration, it should be stated that barometric measurements,
taken in Major Forbes’s door-yard, show the elevation to be just 4,000
feet above the level of the sea.

On the east side of the Missouri, in the bend which this river makes
here, from a north to a northeast course, are two or three valleys, which
may be considered, in this connection, though not strictly, belonging to
the southern section. North Deep Creek, which rises in Belt Mountains
and flows north to the Missouri, has a valley some forty or fifty miles in
length, which averages about three in width. At one place, for a distance
of fifteen or twenty miles, it widens out to an average of five miles, but
at other points the spurs of the mountains close in upon it, rendering it
quite narrow. South Deep Creek gives a valley of twenty-five or thirty
miles in length and four or five in width, at no point within this dis-
tance being less than two miles wide. Water sufficient to irrigate these
valleys can be obtained from these creeks and their tributaries, and
near the mouth of the latter any deficiency can be supplied from the
Missouri. The soil is good, and considerable settlements have already
been made here. .

NORTHERN SECTION.

This section comprises all that part of the Territory lying east of the
Rocky Mountains and north of the divide which separates the waters
of the Missouri from those of the Yellowstone. lt is an extensive re-
gion, stretching from east to west some three hundred and fifty or four
hundred miles, and varying in width, north and south, from one hundred

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 265

to one hundred and seventy-five miles, including the north part of Deer
Lodge, all of Choteau, and most of Meagher and Dawson Counties.

With the exception of the portions occupied by Belt, Highwood, and
Judith Mountains south of the Missouri, and by Bear’s Paw and Little
Rocky Mountains north, it is generally an open, treeless plain, gradu-
ally descending eastward, with an average slope of 5 feet to the mile.
But this descent differs very materially in the portions east and west
of Fort Benton, that part west to the foot of the mountains having an,
average descent of from 12 to 15 feet to the mile, while that east has
an average of less than 3 feet, if the barometric measurements taken
along this line are to be relied upon. If this rate of descent east of
Fort Benton is correct, it lessens, to a considerable degree, the prospect
of redeeming any great portion of the plains, for it renders it impos-
sible to reach the higher table-lands with water from the Missouri.

Along the east base of the Rocky Mountains, from the British pos-
sessions south to Sun River, there is a strip of arable land, about thirty
miles in width, which is well watered by numerous little tributaries of
Marias, Teton, and Sun Rivers. The descent here being somewhat

rapid and these streams but a few miles apart, flowing in rather paral-
lel lines, a large portion of this strip, which is about one hundred miles
in length, can be irrigated and brought under cultivation. As it is yet
wholly unoccupied, except by roving Indian bands, consequently no ex-
periments in farming have been made, by which we may judge of its
climate; but Mr. Hard, who has been traveling over this part of the
Territory, summer and winter, for some years, states that the seasons
are not severe, and that he is satisfied, from his knowledge of the cli-
mate, that the hardier cereals and vegetables can be raised without
difficulty from climatic influences. The grass is very good, and the
great buffalo herd of Eastern Montana, apparently fleeing before the
Sioux, has, during the present year, been moving over into this region.
- The Marias River, after it enters upon the plains, runs through a deep
channel, bordered, in part, by broad table-lands, and partly. by long,
sloping hills, a part of which, by the construction of Jong ditches, may
be reached and irrigated and rendered suitable for agricultural pur-
poses.

Teton River is probably over one hundred miles long; its two
branches, rising in the Rocky Mountains west of the Teton, flow round
this butte and unite at its east base. It has some good bottom-lands
m its valley, which varies from two to six miles in width for a part of
its length, but at other points is quite narrow. The bordering plains
are generally undulating, but a part is composed of level table-lands,
which are from 50 to 75 feet above the valley-level. The stream is
rather small, its average width being about twenty-five or thirty yards,
but it is a constant runner ; its lower portion runs slowly, the ‘descent
being very slight.

Sun River, rising in the Rocky Mountains immediately west of Fort
Shaw, runs east about seventy-five miles, passing by this fort, and
empties into the Missouri. It forms the north boundary line of Lewis
and Clarke County. The immediate and cultivable valley of this river
varies in width from one to three miles, the soil being of the very best
quality. There are terraces, at some points, flanking the bottoms, which
are of moderate height, and may be reached by irrigating ditches, in-
creasing the breadth of farming lands in this beautiful valley, which is
considered one of the finest in the eastern part of the Territory. The
stream is about sixty yards wide, flowing rather swiftly over a gravel
bed, seldom, if ever, overflowing its banks. ‘There are, as yet, out few

266 = GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

settlements in it. Fort Shaw, situated about six miles east of the
Helena Guide Mountains, is- the highest settlement in the valley.
Lower down, about four miles,is the Sun River crossing, on the main
road from Helena to Fort Benton, around which there are several farms
under cultivation. From this point to its junction with the Missouri,
a distance of some twenty-five miles, the valley increases in width from
three to five miles. There is some cotton-wood and aspen along the
banks of the stream, but other timber is scarce, and will have to be
hauled from the mountains. The higher table-lands, on the north and
south, offer most excellent grazing fields, the soil being generally very
fertile, that of the plateau on the north needing but irrigation to make
it as productive as the bottoms of the valley.

The following statistics, from the records kept at Fort Shaw, will fur-
nish some data in regard to the climate of this part of the Territory:

Monthly means of the temperature for two years.

MetMY ACs okt coe cee 26.28} August. 52. L232; -.- 67.15
Moumary is: Pos. ee ELS 30.39 | September. -'... 2. 0202-2 SESE 54. 04
je ECS SOPaREg Ge ae ae Skee ee is 36,58. \| October... 22). sake Ao 49, 12
LETT Logk 2 ape Someone meee Meee eet 46.51 .| November «. «<-»)2s<5 «ean eee 39. 92
1 Sea a al Rr 06.04 | December,..-----< .2o- 5-0 eee 26.75
a) DOL Soaps SEU os Eig Mille lw bt ed el 0p) Veal boon se ce eee eee Bee. - 47.33
oi Tk igs 5a eet Ae Pa ES a Se gece eae a Me 70. 22
Average monthly and yearly amount of rain and melted snow for two years.
Inches. , Inches.
RIMES es pean ees nice a 11.) August. 225 32 s=5>isiem oe et |
LNCS ae aN eS RE ee .24 | September ...-\<:-- --- - == 5a oe
Boat hg PPS Sie Spel ail aS Bl yet Rae Se -44 | October ..._....-- ~<a. =50- 7D
era Perens US), a Ss USA. “54 | November ...--/.-._- .22. S22 aeoeeee 39
Ria Meee Ae boe Loe E RC 1.53. | December ......-.: .. ..c0. Sec See
MMB co tin sd tae cnn 2 BAe erehes Ge 2.63 | Year <...<<+-54>< 3; %40-—eeeee 8.951
0 ge eS eee ee eee eee 7

This shows a very moderate climate for this northern latitude, com-
paring, as has been asserted by Mr. Granville Stuart, very favorably
with that of Utah; the mean temperature of the seasons being as fol-
lows: Spring, 46.58; summer, 67.45; autumn, 47.69; winter, 29.47.

The amount of rain-fall during the growing season, from March to
July inclusive, is 5.92 inches, less than one-third of what is necessary
to supply ordinary crops. The monthly means of the winds for the
range of two years was, without exception, from the west.

The valley of the Missouri from the Three Forks to the mouth of Suan
River is very rich and fertile, but rather narrow, varying from three to
eight miles in width; but at some points the hills close in upon it, leav-
ing but a narrow strip of bottom-land along the stream. The length of
the valley between these points is about one hundred and fifty miles.
It is tolerably weil settled, the climate being mild and the productions
as varied as any portion of the Territory. Wheat, oats, rye, barley,
corn, and the usual vegetables grow well and produce heavy erops,
Helena receiving a large part of its supply of vegetables from this val-
ley. Such fruits as apples, plums, cherries, currants, raspberries, and
gooseberries may be grotvn and matured here, the climate presenting.
no serious obstacle.

As a general thing, after leaving the rapid descent near the base of ©
the mountains, and entering upon the broad, open plains, the rivers of
this section run in deep channels, which like great ditches traverse the
plains, and are often for long stretches sunk from 100 to 150 feet belo
the surface. *V

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 267

On the south side of the Missouri the most important basins within
this section are those of the Judith and Musselshell Rivers. The Ju-
dith Basin is a broad depression, spreading out for forty or fifty miles,
and extending north and south about eighty miles. Itis traversed its
entire length by the Judith River, which has three principal tributaries—
West Fork, South Fork, and Big Spring Creek. West Fork is a short
ereek, affording a moderate valley, but in regard to which I received no
satisfactory information. The valley of South Fork is very irregular,
frequently closing up. It is about twenty-five miles long, the ten miles
next its mouth averaging two miles wide; is generally quite narrow,
here and there affording an open bottom sufficient for a few farms. The
lands which flank this valley aré more rolling and irregular than usual
in this basin, yet they are covered with good grass. Big Spring Creek
has one leading tributary, Cottonwood Creek, which has a valley twelve
miles long and from half a mile to two miles wide. ‘The valley of Big
Spring Creek is fifteen or twenty miles long and quite narrow, varying
from half to one mile in width. The supply of water in all these vatleys
is sufficient to irrigate all the lands in the madapted to farming pur-
poses. The area between the two last valleys consists of a level plateau
about one hundred feet above the streams, and during the summer sea-
son has a bright-yellow hue from the vast number of Helianthi which
grow here.

The Judith Valley proper is about eighty miles long, and varies in

width from one to four miles. The bordering regions, as we approach
the Missouri, grow barren and assume that appearance to which
the name mauvaises terres, or “bad lands,” has been applied; yet
the surface is generally covered with a moderate growth of bunch-grass.
Stunted pines and cedars grow along the Missouri from Fort Benton to
the mouth of the Musselshell, for twenty or twenty-five miles back on
the south side. .
_ From the mouth of the caton on Musselshell below Fort Howie, for
twenty-five miles down, is a very fine farming country, the valley aver-
aging five miles in width, the soil good. and the climate favorable. Near
the mouth of this stream the valley is narrow, being cut deep into the
plains, the bottoms not averaging more than a mile or a mile and a half
wide ; nor is the soil so good as along the upper portion. I could gain
no information in regard to the intermediate part of this valley, but the
bordering plains for a part of the distance, at least, probably consist of
‘bad lands,” similar to those near the mouth of Judith River, and along
portions of the Yellowstone.

SOUTHEASTERN SECTION.

This section includes the area within the Territory drained by the
Yellowstone and its tributaries. Little is known in regard to its agri-
cultural resources. The following account, obtained from Judge Hos-
mer, of a voyage down this stream in a boat, contains, perhaps, all that
has been ascertained in regard to it up to the present time. It was
first published in the Herald, Helena:

“The description of the lower valley of the Yellowstone given by
Captain Lewis, without being full, is very-accurate in geographical in-
formation. Iwas able by it to anticipate our approach to the various
landmarks, rapids, and the mouths of the various tributaries. In
minor details it is deficient. No continuous account of this valley
from the caiion, twenty-five miles beyond Bozeman, to the mouth, a
distance (by the streain) of eight hundred and twenty miles, has ever

268 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

been published. For the first eighty miles, from the mouth of the
cafon, the river is almost one continuous rapid, and numerous ledgy
islands are scattered along, which furnish coverts for large flocks of
ducks. . The banks are generally abrupt, in many places precipitous,
thickly covered with stunted pines. Occasional accumulations of débris
spread out into small bottoms, covered with immense cotton-woods. The
banks on each side rise gradually into lofty hills, but the vegetation is
light. Long, high ranges of mountains approach the river on each side.
The water here is pure and very transparent. The bends of the stream
are long and straight reaches, where the eye can often follow it for six or
eight miles. Dense thickets of willow grow along the margin and on the
islands. The second day we came in sight of the vast ridge of yellow
sandstone, from which the river derives its name. This ridge appears
to be about 300 feet high, and this part twenty miles long; the bluff it
forms being precipitous and the top covered with pines. The valley of
the river here is greatly expanded, spreading out into alluvial bottoms .
six or eight miles wide, gradually rising into upland and foot-hills. The
soil here is equal to that of the Gallatin; but the descent of the
river is much less rapid than above, miles intervening without any per-
ceptible inclination. The termination of this portion of the ridge is at
an angle of the river, where it has worn a passage through the rock on
each hand, exhibiting a sheer, bold precipice of stratified sandstone,
very hard and of deep ocher color. The river is quite shallow where
it crosses this ledge, which stretches off on the southwest side in a
straight line across the valley for twenty or thirty miles. The bottoms
here are extensive (between the ridge and river) and are susceptible of
high cultivation. There are frequently long groves of cotton-wood.
We passed through this marvelous ridge five or six times in traveling
three hundred miles. Insome places it follows the river for miles, cast-
ing its somber shadow on the water. In others, it is curiously eroded
into resemblances of towers, castles, citadels, &c. At the terminus of
the ridge the river, increased to twice the size it has at the commence-
ment, by the contributions of the Rose Bud, Clarke’s Fork, and Big
Horn, is fully one mile wide and very deep. Its waters turbid, its banks
low, it rolls an immense volume of water down undisturbed by a ripple,
through large, spreading meadows beautified by occasional trees and
carpeted with a thick growth of grass. With the exception of a few
rapids, some of which are formidabie, this is the general character of
the scenery until we approach the mouth of Powder River. Here a
sudden change takes place, and all at once we are ushered from the
highest state of verdure to that of extreme, absolute desolation. Here
commence the mauvaises terres, and from this point to its mouth the
same general features characterize the scenery as those found along
the Upper Missouri, intensified, if possible, by frequent views of long
burnt plains, seamed with immense ravines and dotted with enormous
tables of baked clay. It is without exception the most horrible-looking
country Iever saw. The hills and mounds of stratified clay along the
bank of the river rise 1,500 feet, void of vegetation. ‘The river is here
a dark drab color, with shifting channels and numerous sand-bars. Its
clay-banks for hundreds of miles exhibit on each side continuous veins
of decomposed lignite. A railroad could easily be built along its course,
except the one hundred and eighty miles from the mouth of Powder
River downward. Above Powder River the obstructions are few and
easily overcome. Three or four hundred miles would be through the
largest and richest valley in Montana, yet unsettled, and not more than
1,500 or 2,000 feet above the level of the sea.”

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 269

STOCK-RAISING, ETC.

Without injustice to any other part of the West, it may truly be said
of Montana that it is the best grazing section of the Rocky Mountain
region. Not only are the open plains and prairies covered with rich and
nutritious grasses, but also the smooth hills and naked mountain slopes,
and the same rich carpet continues even beyond these far up into the tim-
ber. Wherever afire has swept up the mountain side, destroying the pine-
trees, leaving the blackened stems and stumps to mark the place where the
forest stood, “there Springs up, ina marvelously short space of time, a tall,
green grass covering every,possible spot where it can gain a foothold.
Here, as in other parts of the western country, as is well known, the
grass cures on the ground instead of rotting, remaining in this state ail
winter, furnishing, in fact, a better food than if cut and cured. There
is seldom any difficulty experienced on account of the cold or snows of
winter ; many who have stock running on the prairies making no prepa-
ration for winter-feeding, which is seldom necessary. Even in the
upper part of Stinking Water Valley, where the climate is considered
somewhat rigorous, not only the regular herds are wintered on the open
pastures, but also cows pass this season with no other food than that
they clip from the grazing-field, and, although regularly milked, come
out in the spring in excellent condition. At one place I saw cows ‘which
had thus passed the winter on the range, giving milk the entire season,
yet they were in such a fine condition that they would have made excellent
beet; some of them gave as much as three gallons of milk morning and
evening, as I can testify from personal observation. Notwithstanding
_ this fact, cows command a very high price, the best bringing readily from
eighty to one hundred dollars ; this, no doubt, being due to the demand
for steck cattle. Stock is rapidly coming into the Territory, which
must before very long bring down this price. Cows begin to bear very
young when running with the herd, it being no uncommon thing for
them to have calves at fifteen and sixteen months; in fact, a few in-
stances have occurred where they have borne young before ceasing to
follow the mother.

I have received but few statistics in regard to the herds in this Ter-
ritory. That of Messrs. Peindexter and Orr, on Black-Tail Deer Creek,
at the commencement of the present season was stated to be as follows:
2, one sheep ; 1,500 lambs; 1,500 cattle; 750 calyese 450 horses; and 73
mules.

CHAPTER V.

LETTER OF PROFESSOR G. N. ALLEN.

[The following very interesting letter from Professor G. N. Allen, in
regard to certain methods of irrigation in Santa Clara Valley, Calitor-
nia, contains so many interesting statements in such a small compass,
although appertaining to a section outside my field of observation,
that I have thought best to give it in the clear and explicit language of

the writer.
C. THOMAS. |

Professor CYRUS THOMAS:
My Drsar Srr: As promised when we parted, I give you herewith

270 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the results of my observations and inquiries in the San José Valley, or
Santa Clara district, California.

This valley is beautifully situated between the main Coast Range and
one of its spurs, the Santa Cruz Mountains, and extends directly south
from San Francisco Bay. It is about seventy miles in length by twenty
in breadth, and presents a nearly level surface throughout. It boasts
an intelligent and industrious population, and is certainly as highly
cultivated as any other of the many lovely valleys of California. Near
its center are located the handsome and enterprising cities of San José
and Santa Clara. The water in this valley used for domestic pur-
poses, and to some extent for irrigation, is derived chiefly from surface-
wells or wells excavated in the superficial deposits, and is lifted by the
inevitable and not unpicturesque “ California wind-mill,” though there
are besides many artesian or free-flowing wells, which penetrate to and
derive their supplies from a stratum lying at a much greater depth.

Being desirous of obtaining my information from the most trustwortby
sources, I called early on a Mr. Gould, to whom I had been recom-
mended, and who cultivates a large fruit plantation near Santa Clara.
This gentleman, whom I found to be as intelligent as he was enterpris-
ing, very politely showed me over his extensive grounds, and freely
answered my inquiries. Besides large vineyards and orchards, Mr. Gould
has about forty acres of the small fruits, strawberries, blackberries,
&e. These small fruits only are systematically watered by artificial
means. To accomplish this he has three artesian wells of seven-inch
bore and about 300 feet depth. Until recently all his wells have been
free-flowing fountains, but in consequence of the greater number of
wells now existing, and in part doubtless on account of the smaller
amount of water that has fallen as rain within the last two years, one
ot his wells at least has ceased to flow, and it has become necessary to
raise the water by mechanical appliances. Horse-power was applied
last year, but this year he has built a steam-engine. The engine is of
twenty horse-power and cost $2,000. Working at about half its eapa-
city for fifteen hours per day, and ata cost in fuel and labor for the
same time of four and a half dollars, he raises sufficient water, with a
little aid from his free-flowing wells, to supply abundantly his small.
fruit-grounds. Application is made daily to certain portions only, but —
so that the whole forty acres shall be watered about once a week dur-
ing the season of fruitage. His vines are planted seven feet apart. As
to beets on alkaline soils his experience is that they attain a large size,
but have a rank growth and coarse-grained texture. With regard to the
amount of saccharine matter in such beets, he had no data. Mr. Gould
employs and prefers Chinamen as laborers.

On the mountains, between Santa Cruz and Santa Clara, 2,000 feet,
perhaps, above the valley of San José, grapes and other fruits do excel-
lently well. The grapes especially are esteemed of excellent flavor, and
are preferred to those of the plain. I was informed by Lyman Burrell,
esq., who has a large ranch in the mountains, and who has also given
much attention to grape and fruit culture, that he has uniformly taken
the prizes at the State and county fairs. . He plants his vines eight feet
apart. They are not troubled with frosts, and the ground, he asserts,
is much more moist at this season of the year (summer) than it is in the
plain. He raises with success the Muscat variety, which, on drying,
yield an excellent quality of raisins. Apples, plums, and apricots also_
do splendidly in his orchards. Vineyards on the mountains are usually

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Qt

set on the open wild-oat prairie grounds, and they require no under-
draining, staking, or irrigation.

Mr. Quimby, ex-mayor of San José, informed me that south of that
city artesian borings had not been free-flowing, the water not coming to
the surface; that the most powerful fountains are near the bay at the
north end of the valley, where,. also, they are obliged to bore the deepest
in order to reach the main gravel bed or water stratum. His own well
at San José had never ceased to flow freely, and to furnish both his
own gardens and several neighboring families with an abundant supply
of water. Mr. Quimby thinks that it is desirable, if possible, to water
the larger fruit-trees in the dry season, for else the roots will penetrate
the ground so deeply in search of moisture that afterward, in the rainy
season, when the ground is saturated with water, they will be drowned
out, having no surface roots. This he mentioned as an inference from
“his own experience in the cultivation of fruit-trees, referring more
especially to apple and peach rather than to pear trees. He thinks also
- that strawberries should be watered occasionally. after the last picking,
and that in some soils, at certain seasons, grape-vines should be simi-
larly treated. In San José Valley some irrigate for the raising of garden
or kitchen vegetables, but none for the wheat crop.

_ Very respectfully,

G. N. ALLEN.

SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE VALLEYS OF NEVADA.

By Mr. HASKILL, oF RENO, NEVADA.

[On behalf of Mr. Haskill I should state that this short sketch was
hastily drawn up by him in answer to a request made through Mr. G. W.
Meecham, of Humboldt. I learn that, if desired, he will, by the time
your next report is to be published, prepare a more thorough account of
the agricultural resources of this young mountain State; but on account
of the valuable information contained in these short notes, I have
thought it best that they should be placed on record, and have ther efore
referred them to you.

| C. THOMAS. |

Truckee valley extends from a point a short distance below Verde, a
station on the Centra] Pacific Railroad, to Pyramid Lake, distant about
sixty miles. It contains some very fine agricultural land. Ics width
varies from a few rods to several miles; at Truckee Meadows it widens
out in circular form, and at this point contains over 10,000 acres of
arable land. Hlevation at the head of the valley 5,138 feet, gradually
descending to 3,933 feet at the foot.

The Truckee River, which courses its entire length, is a beautiful
stream of pure water, abounding in trout. Lake Tahoe, its source, is
famed for the clearness and transparency of its water,

Washoe Valley, also, in Washoe County, lying mainly ten miles to the
south of Truckee Meadows, contains some three or four thousand acres
of land which can be rendered tillable by irrigation. Washoe Lake, at
the head of this valley, is a sheet of clear water from six to eight miles

yf ine GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

in length and about three miles in width. This valley lies along the

base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains proper. Several mountain streams

flow into it on the west, and it is drained by Washoe Creek, which

forms a junction with Hot-Spring Creek and flows into Truckee River.

Elevation about 4,600 feet. Climate mild, similar to that of the Middle
States.

Humboldt Valley, extending from Humboldt Lake to Humboldt Wells,
a distance of three hundred and eighty-four miles, embraces some fine
meadow and agricultural lands. Outside of the river-bottoms, which will
average a mile in width for a distance of sixty or seventy miles, it is prin-
cipally sage-bush land, of sandy soil, but very productive when water can
be found for irrigation. Numerous streams of water are found upon
either side of the valley, rushing down the mountain gorges, all of which
sink soon after leaving the mouths of the cafons.

Big Meadows, about five miles above Humboldt Lake, containing -
about 5,000 acres of land, furnishes great quantities of grass and hay;
it contains tillable land, and a fair quality of peat is found here, and in
considerable quantities. Elevation, average of that of Humboldt Valley.

Salt Valley is located thirty miles east of Humboldt Lake; contains
about 100, 000 acres of sage-bush and salt land. It is remarkable and
valuable only for its immense salt-bed, which is inexhaustible. Sue-
cessive layers of fine, crystallized salt are found to the depth of several
feet from the surface. . Elevation of valley, 4,199 feet.

Black Rock Valley, forty miles westof Humboldt City, contains 350,000
acres of sage-bush and alkali flats, and volcanic matter lines the out:
skirts. This valley is almost entirely destitute of vegetation. Elevation,
4,900 feet.

Quin’s River Valley, forty miles to the east of Black Rock, and distant
fifty miles to the northward from Humboldt Valley, contains 115,000
acres, a great portion of which is fine agricultural land. The valley
itself has fine blue-joint and red-top grasses, and the surrounding foot-
hills and mountains are covered with an immense growth of bunch-grass
and white sage, and constitutes the finest cattle range in the State.
Quin’s River flows through it, and sinks in Black Rock Valley. General
elevation, 4,850 feet.

King’s River Valley lies twenty-five miles to the northwest of Quin’s
River, and contains about 75,000 acres of land. In every respect, except
as to extent, the two valleys are alike, elevation being about the same.

Paradise Valley is twenty miles distant, commencing ten miles north
from Winnemucca, and contains 125,000 acres. Little Humboldt River
enters it near its head and pours down its center. This valley contains
35,000 acres of meadow land, and yields a most luxuriant crop of blne-
joint and red-top grasses and white clover annually. Outside of the
grass land are large tracts of sage-bush land, which yield almost inered-
ible crops of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes. The yield of barley is
from 50 to 80 bushels per acre. A number of small streams flow from
the mountains on either side, and afford abundance of water for irriga-
tion wherever it is needed. About 5,000 acres are under cultivation at
the present time, most of which has been tilled for the past six years,
and without missing a crop. Various fruit-trees have been set out, and
with entire success. In short, the soil and climate render this valley
most inviting to the emigrant seeking a place to build up a desirable
home. Its elevation is about 4,500 feet.

Pueblo Valley, sixty-five miles northward of Winnemucca, is twenty-
Six miles in length, and from ten to fifteen miles wide. The foot- hills
and surrounding mountains are covered with bunch- -grass, While fine

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 273

tracts of tillable land are found in and at the mouths of the cafions. A
great number of mountain-streams flow down and sink in this valley.
In these streams, as well as in King’s River and Quin’s River, and the
creeks and brooks of Paradise Valley, are found the most delicious trout,
while the water affords means for irrigation where it is required. Hle-
vation, about 5,000 feet.

Grass Valley, ten miles southeast from Winnemucca, is watered from
the canons on the east and west, and contains 50,000 acres, about 500
of which only are now under cultivation, with the very best success to
the husbandman. Wheat, oats, barley, and all kinds of vegetables grow
in great abundance, though the amount of surface water is limited.
Elevation, 4,300 feet.

Reese River Valley is from eighty to one hundred miles long, and
from two to eight wide, through which flows the river from which it
takes its name. The river, except in seasons of more than usual snow
and rain in the mountains, sinks before it reaches the Humboldt, at a
point near Battle Mountain, on the railroad.

Fish Creek Valley, twenty miles west, contains four or five thousand
acres of arable land, and west of this is Lone Hill Valley, which contains
100,000 acres of sage-bush land suitable for cultivation, but now being
sought after by stock-men for grazing purposes. LHlevation, 4,800 feet.

Clover Valley, south of Wells Station, contains about 100,000 acres
level land. Some meadow land absut Snow Creek and Lake. EHleva-
tion, 5,700 feet. Nearly all good farming land, with water plenty.

Thousand Spring Valley, east of Wells Station, contains about 70,000
acres grazing land. Water abundant. Elevation, 5,950 feet.

Grouse Valley, outlet of Thousand Spring, contains some good grazing
and meadow land. Hlevation, 5,600 feet.

A minute description of each valley would be simply a repetition of
words; for all the valleys above named in climate, soil, productions, and
general appearance are very much the same. A sufficient supply of
water for irrigation is the great want. This difficulty, however, can be
obviated by artesian wells. The time is not distant when hundreds of
thousands of acres will be brought into subjection by this means, and
now, where there is nothing seemingly but a desert waste, broad fields
of the cereals and inviting meadows will delight the eye and relieve the
present monotony. The apples and peaches in the few orchards in
Humboldt County are unsurpassed in their yield and the flavor of their
fruit. That there is an abundance of water beneath the surface, only
requiring necessity to bring it forth, has already been proven at the two
extremes of the great Humboldt Valley. One has recently been bored
fifty miles east of Wadsworth, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad,
andis now yielding a constant supply of water, which it sends through the
pipe four feet above the surface. Another at Kelton, begun and com-
pleted last week, sends up a fine stream several feet above the surface.
The expense of boring thus far has proven quite insignificant, which
fact, with results already achieved, will influence others in the same
direction, and it is not unreasonable to believe, from what has been ac-
complished, that the great need—water—will be supplied through ar-
tesian wells.

18 Gs

274 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

EXPERIMENTS IN CULTIVATION ON THE PLAINS ALONG THE
LINE OF THE KANSAS PACIFIC RAILWAY.

By R. 8. ELLIotr.

The treeless plains between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers may be
said to extend from the ninety-seventh meridian of longitude to the
Rocky Mountains. North of the Platte and south of the Arkansas the
general features of the country are similar, but for the purpose of this
report we need only have in view the region between the rivers. Its
drainage is mainly through the Kansas River, the numerous affluents of
which afford, in pools or currents, the water-supplies which have enabled
the buffalo to sustain himself in all its parts. Along some of the streams -
there are occasional groves and fringes of timber—ash, box-elder, cedar,
cherry, cotton-wood, elm, hackberry, oak, plum, walnut, and willow; some
of the species per sistent ‘to the mountains, but not in Tumbers or ‘distri-
bution sufficient to change the character of the country from that of
open, treeless plains, rising gradually from about 1,000 feet above the
level of the sea at the ninety- -seventh meridian to more than 5,000 feet
at Denver.

There is great uniformity in the surface of this immense inclined
plane. The face of the country presents a series of gentle undulations,
but there are no points of much elevation above the general surface,
nor any great depressions below it. The geology seems to be in har-
mony with the surface features, as the earths and rocks of this vast
region, five hundred miles in width, range from Lower Cretaceous,
(Mudge,) on its eastern border, to the later Tertiaries of the Lake period,
(Hayden and Newberry,) near ‘the base of the mountains.

Open on the north to the arctic circle, and on the south to the Rio
Grande, with no mountain-ranges or extensive forests to check atmos-
pherie movements, the great plains must necessarily be swept by winds
as freely as the ocean. In spring and summer the winds from the
southward are most prevalent. In winter the winds are more frequent
from the northward. In the autumn they are apt to be more variable,
and at the same time of more gentle character. Wind from the west is
seldom observed. The winds are often strong, but they cannot be
classed with destructive gales. They come with a steady pressure,
which may cause a frail building to tremble, but will not overturn it.
Tornadoes and hurricanes seem to be unknown. There is no record or
tradition of such manifestations. Local thunder-storms and heavy
rains, over comparatively limited districts, are experienced as detached
phenomena, but are apt to be incidents of a storm covering a large area,
and moving eastward. Daysof comparative calm and of gentle breezes
often occur, when, perhaps, for a week the wind-mill is unable to work
the pump at the water-station, but total rest of the atmosphere, except
for brief periods, is rare. The climate is propitious to health and to
comfort; for although changes of temperature are at times sudden and
wensiderable, yet injurious results seldom follow them.

As we pass westward from the ninety-seventh meridian, the atmos-
phere is observed to be more arid. Within two hundred miles of the
mountains, the deposition of dew is at times so light as to be of little or
no service to the vegetation. The annual rain-fall is also less as we go
westward, decreasing nearly in the ratio of distance until the divide is
reached at and southwest from Cedar Point, in which vicinity there is
supposed to be more rain than eastward in the plains or westward

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 215

nearer the foot-hills. The natural effect of decreasing precipitation
and increasing aridity is in some degree shown in the vegetation. The
grama and buffalo grasses continue, together with the sunflower,
solanum, euphorbia, and other plants, which are vigorous, nearly if not
quite as far east as the ninety-seventh meridian; but we find that the
bluejoint grass of Central and Eastern Kansas is less abundant, and
that cleome, ipomea, cactus, artemisia, &c., enter on the more ’ arid
scene as if in their chosen home. But no considerable part of the
plains between the Platte and Arkansas is so arid as to be destitute
of vegetation, although the change in the flora is rather distinctly
marked as we pass from the middle of Kansas westward.

Like any other extensive area, the plains exhibit a variety of soils,
but the fertile greatly exceed in ‘extent the unfertile districts. Loam,
with greater or less mixture of vegetable matter, is the prevailing soil,
the proportions of sands and clays differing ereatly i in different locali-
ties. The patches of sand or gravel of meager fertility, or of alkaline
clays, unsuited to general plant-growth, are very small in proportion to
the whole area, and with irrigation in some parts, and without it in
others, the entire region would prove, on trial, to be productive, with as
small a share of waste-land as some of the most favored States. The
value of the plains for production is more affected by peculiarities of
climate than by poverty of soil.

EXPERIMENTS IN CULTIVATION ORDERED.

Twenty years ago the lands available for general agriculture west of
the State of Missouri were supposed to lie in a belt of not more than
one hundred miles in width, extending north and south. Even when
the Territory of Kansas was organized, the whole area west of Missouri
and east of the mountains was ; of dot abtfal value in public estimation ;
and emigration was stimulated by political considerations rather than
by correct knowledge or appreciation of the country. Beyond the nar-
row belt, and stretching away to the mountains, was the unfruitful
waste, aS popularly estimated. Its possible future usefulness for
pastoral purposes had been at times suggested, but the day for its
actual occupancy, if ever to arrive, was regarded as far distant. The
settlers, however, soon ventured beyond the supposed boundary of pro-
ductiveness; and as they increased in numbers, the area of available
lands was found to extend itself westward, as if to meet their necessities.
The construction of the railway brought increased emigration, more
accurate knowledge of the resources of the country, and a firmer confi-
dence in its future. By 1870 settlements had stretched along the rail-

way to points more than two hundred miles west from the State of Mis-
souri. The pioneer had passed the boundary of the traditional “desert”
at the ninety-seventh meridian, and in his march westward had found
that the desert, like its own mirage, receded before him. Was his
march to continue; and how much farther could soil, temperature, and
rain-fall be relied on to reward cultivation? These questions, important
to the interests of the general public, as well as of the railway, could
best be answered by experiments, and the directors of the company
ordered some such experiments to be made.

In the spring of 1870, gardens were made at some of the stations, at
distances between two hundred and thirty-nine and three hundred
and seventy-six miles west from Kansas City; the farthest westward
being at Carlyle Station, 2,948 feet above the level of the sea. Seeds

276 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tried in these gardens germinated well, and the plants, with rude and
imperfect culture, grew encouragingly. The results were satisfactory,
although the destruction by insects was greatly beyond anticipation.
Irish potatoes, for example, made vigorous growth, yet about the time
of blooming were destroyed by a species of blister-beetle, (Epicauta cor-
vina, Riley,) which proved to be a more formidable enemy than even
the Colorado potato-bug.. Spring-wheat matured merchantable grain
at Carlyle.
Inthe summer and fall of 1870 a few acres were broken at each of
the three following stations, on the Kansas Pacific Railway, distant from
Kansas City and above the level of the sea as follows:

: West from Kansas | Above sea-
aaa. City. level.
| Miles. Feet.
Mpivinm: ineweasiandy 222) 08s Jee Bee So ee ee eee ae 239 1, 586
TELS ck RE ee ee ie Es OO or YEE iba SNE NE. oa ATE 302 2,019
Woendmrecks 1223 si SS She OU See BP Oe oe eae serene 422 3,175

These places are in the western half of the State of Kansas. All are
in the present buffalo range; all are in the region of short grasses; all
are in the open, treeless plains, beyond the limits heretofore assigned
to settlements.

Wheat, rye, and barley were sown at each of these stations in the
fall of 1870; at Pond Creek, September 28; at Ellis, October 20; and
at Wilson, November 11. At Pond Creek the rye grew finely and
matured a fair crop; the wheat and barley were partially winter-killed,
but the surviving plants made heads of the usual length, well filled with
grain of good size and quality. At Ellis the promise of all the grains
was excellent until the 1st of June, when a hail-storm of unusual severity
prostrated every stem. At Wilson the grains all did well. The presi-
dent and the secretary of the Missouri State board of agriculture (who,
in company with members of the board, visited the stations in June) say _
in their report: ‘* We found wheat, rye, and barley sown November 11,
1870, [at Wilson,] equal to if not beyond the average crop of any part
of the Union.” And of Pond Creek they say: “The rye, sown 28th of
September, on raw ground, would rate as a good crop in Missouri or
Illinois; and of the winter-wheat and barley, the plants which had sur-
vived the winter were heading out finely. Rye may be regarded as a
valuable crop to the west line of Kansas, (without irrigation ;) and fur-
ther trials of wheat and barley of the more hardy kinds will, in all prob-
ability, be successful.” F

Trials of grass-seeds at the stations named have shown that sorghum,
lucerne, timothy, clover, and Hungarian grass may be regarded as future
forage crops on the plains; the first and last being the most promising.
Maize can be grown for fodder at each of the stations, and for its grain
at Wilson and Ellis. At Pond Creek, sorghum made a good length of
stalk and matured fine panicles of seeds. At Ellis and Wilson the
stalks reached a height of nine to ten feet, and abundance of seeds were
matured. This plant will be found to be of great value in Western
Kansas and Eastern Colorado, if its usefulness for fodder has not been
greatly overrated. In the dry atmosphere of the plains, the stalks
could probably be dried so as to avoid the souring of the juice, on which,
in Illinois, an objection has been raised to its use as a fodder-plant.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 2

TREE-SEEDS.

There were planted at Wilson tree-seeds as follows:

Fall of 1870.—Ailantus, chestnut, oak, peach, pecan, pifion.

Spring of 1871.—Ailantus, catalpa, elm, locust, honey-locust, silver-
maple, osage-orange, walnut.

All these seeds, except the pinion, (nut-pine of New Mexico, Pinus
edulis,) have done remarkably well.

Seeds of ailantus, catalpa, locust, honey-locust, and osage-orange
were tried at Ellis with encouraging prospects, when most of “the seed-
ling trees were destroyed by the hail-storm of the 1st of June. Seeds of
ailantus, sown broadcast during the first week in June, came up well,
and the little trees came safely through the summer.

Seeds of ailantus sown at Pond Creek resulted in a moderate growth
of trees, of which a large proportion survived the summer.

The experiments with tree-seeds, though very limited, have sufficed
to show that trees may be grown from seed without irrigation, to the
west line of Kansas, and in all probability to the base of the mount-
ains.

Cuttings of cotton-wood, Lombardy and white poplar, and white and
golden willow, were tried at Wilson and did well in that locality. Cut- .
tings of cotton-wood and the willows were also tried at Ellis with a
measure of success.

TRANSPLANTED TREES.

Trials were made at Wilson of transplanted trees of the following
kinds:

EVERGREENS.
AVibteonmes | se MO, ON ek Pinus strobus.
CONC WME. Pols 2.2 Sl. S P. sylvestris.
AMStrian pme. PoP) 2. Pole. P. Austriaca.
Corsican pine uF Pe he P. laricio.
INOMWiaWy SPLNeer: . 4.60245 .). - Abies excelsa.
Iedcedariss 25. 52%: --...-Sumiperus Virginiana.

DECIDUOUS.

Ailantus ....-.- PALO Aes CELE A. glandulosa.
PONS AMBRE PAN NN id Sse Fraxinus Americana.
Woxceldem ese s Gist ws. Negundo aceroides.
Caralloa eee ee ee ik ie C. bignonoides.
Chestnut ...-...-- Lee aah Sie pa Castanea vesca.
Cotton-wood. 2.42 2453205 4k Populus monlifera.
ESD rand gear yg is Nbr eat Ulmus Americana.
oney-locust 82a ayaa us .-- Gledittschia triacanthus.
Huropean larch >. .....:..2.. Larix Huropea.
Henican Ak My ST a) ak Tilia Americana.
Silver-maplews. bd ees Acer dasycarpum.
Sycamore-maple ............. A. pseudo-platanus.
OSalwe-oramges 4 oi! ates ob. Maclura aurantinea.
Lombardy poplar A Sr Oe Populus dilatata.
White poplars: soem eu P. alba.
fi oUWY aa ots Mees bee Bn Liriodendron tulipifera.
NV ite allows MEY Salix alba.
Goldem willow: 22 b/w - Salix alba, (var.)

Mapu SOE cect vakard ooh, Care Juglans nigra.

278 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The foregoing trees, whether transplanted or from seeds or cuttings,
have done well at Wilson, making growth equal to what is usual in
Eastern Missouri or Illinois. Reverend E. Gale, one of the regents of
Kansas State Agricultural College, examined the trees on the 18th of
August and reported measurements as follows:

From seed.—Ailantus, 24 to 30 inches; catalpa, 3 to 12 inches; chest-
nut, 4 to 12 inches; elm, 10 to 20 inches; locust, 36 to 48 inches; honey-
locust, 16 to 24 inches; silver-maple, 12 to 24 inches; oak, 8 to 10 inches;
osage-orange, 12 to 30 inches; peach, 24 to 30 inches; pecan, 4 to 9
inches; walnut, 10 to 12 inches. ,

From cuttings.—White poplar, 12 to 27 inches; Lombardy poplar, 24
to 36 inches; cotton-wood, 18 to 24 inches; white willow, 24 to 36 inches.

Transplanted.—Ailantus, 48 to 60 inches; ash, 10 to 16 inches; box-
elder, 36 to 40 inches; catalpa, 12 to 24 inches; chestnut, 8 to 14 inches;
cotton-wood, 36 to 60 inches; elm, 20 to 30 inches; honey-locust, 36 to 42
inches; larch, 6 to 12 inches; linden, 9 to 18 inches; silver-maple, 24 to 30
inches; sycamore-maple, 12 to 24 inches; osage-orange, 12 to 36 inches;
peach, 30 to 36 inches; white poplar, 24 to 36 inches; Lombardy poplar,
24 to 36 inches; tulip-tree, 8 to 10 inches; willows, 36 to 48 inches; wal-
nut, 6 to 8 inches.

Mr. Gale says: ‘‘The evergreens have nearly all lived, and have made
a growth of from 4 to 8 inches. All have done well. There is certainly
nothing in the appearance of these trees to discourage the planting of
evergreens in Kansas.” It is proper to state that the catalpa-seed
was sown broadcast on ground which had been broken the November
previous and was not replowed. Seedling walnuts were grown by put-
ting the seed under fresh-turned sod. None of the trees had the care
or cultivation usual in nurseries.

At Ellis the same transplanted trees were tried as at Wilson, except
red cedar and cotton-wood. The result was encouraging, although the
chestnut, larch, and Norway spruce may be said to have failed on this
first trial, and some others were less vigorous than at Wilson. ‘The
hail-storm of 1st June greatly damaged the trees, cutting off the leaves
and shoots and splitting the bark; yet a large proportion of the decidu-
ous class made a fair growth, and about 50 per cent. of the pines sur-
vived. Of ailantus, ash, catalpa, honey-locust, and white poplar planted
at Wilis every tree survived, and nearly all of the box-elder, elm, silver-
Inaple, osage-orange, Lombardy poplar, and black walnut.

At Pond Creek the growth of some kinds of trees was highly
encouraging. Ailantus, ash, box-elder, catalpa, honey-locust, and osage-
orange have done best, and promise well for the future. Elm and black
walnut made moderate growth, and seem to have established themselves.
The willows, the poplars, and the silver-maple did not come up to
expectation. Huropean larch and most of the evergreens failed; but a
few of the pines lived through the summer, and in another season will
probably do well. The trees at Pond Creek are in one of the most for-
bidding spots of all the plains. At the new station, Wallace, about two
miles eastward, and on higher ground but with different soil, silver-maple
and Lombardy poplar seem to do much better than at Pond Creek.

NO IRRIGATION.

The experiments were all without irrigation. Except to soak some of
the seeds, or to puddle the roots of the trees as they were set out, not
one drop of water was applied by human agency. The trees had not
the benefit of good care and cultivation; they were not aided by mulch-
lng the ground; nor had they any shade or shelter from the winds. All

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 2A

the conditions of the experiments were such as the ordinary farmer
may easily imitate.

One object was to test the possibility of growing trees and other plants
on the plains depending on the rain-fall alone. It was deemed import-
ant to show that the settler in the open waste may adorn his home with
trees; may grow fruits and timber; may raise grains and other vegetable
food for his family and his live stock without resort to expensive pro-
cesses of artificial watering. So far as we may judge from a single
season, the object has been accomplished; and it is not doubted that
fature years will sustain the promise of the past season.

SETTLEMENTS ON THE PLAINS.

Within the past two years setilers, in families and colonies, have
spread westward, along the line of the Kansas Pacific Railway, and
also on streams north and south of the road, nearly to the one hun-
dredth meridian. The purpose is generally to grow and deal in cattle
and other live stock, and this purpose will be greatly aided by the
capability of the country to produce grains and other products of gen-
eral agriculture. The first settlers keep near the streams, as a general
rule, for the convenience of water ready at hand and the limited sup-
ply of timber. If we look backward twenty-five years and reflect on
the westward extension of settlements during that time, we must see
that the causes which have pushed the “ frontier” nearly three hundred
miles west from the mouth of the Kansas River are yet in active opera-
tion, aided by potent agencies not then in existence. Then the locomo-
tive was unknown west of the Mississippi; now there are in Lowa, Mis-
sourl, Nebraska, and Kansas thousands of miles of railroad. Then the
entire population of the United States was only about twenty-one mil-
lions; now it is over forty millions. It is safe to say that the forces
operating to throw population westward, taking into consideration
facilities of transportation, are three times as powerful as they were
twenty-five years ago. The result will be a gradual spread of people
over the great plains, arranging their pursuits and modifying their
habits to suit the capabilities of the country and the necessities of their
respective localities.

EFFECT ON CLIMATE.

It is a bold assumption to say that the spread of settlements over the
plains is-to materially affect the climate. Yet it is not unreasonable
to expect some degree of amelioration. Every house, every fence, every
tree which civilized communities may in the future establish in those
vast, open areas, will aid, in some measure, to check the sweep of the
winds. Every acre broken by the plow will retain a greater amount
of moisture after rains, and for a longer time, than the unbroken prairie.
The genial rains of spring and summer will evaporate with less rapidity,
and there will be a greater degree of humidity in the atmosphere,
heavier dews, and possibly more frequent showers. Even if the annual
average of rain-fall shall not be increased, the chances are that it will
be more evenly distributed. If we may judge by the experience of
other parts of the world, where the destruction of forests has operated
to dry up fountains, we may reasonably expect that the breaking up of
the surface by the plow, the covering of the earth with taller herbage,
and the growth of trees, will all tend to the development of springs
where now unknown, and to render streams perennial which are now
intermittent. Thus the gradual spread of inhabitants over the plains
will tend to enlarge their capabilities and to render them more
habitable.

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FOSSIL FLORA.—By LEO LESQUEREUX.

I.—ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSIL PLANTS, FROM THE SPECI-
MENS OBTAINED IN THE EXPLORATIONS OF DR. F. V. HAYDEN, 1870 AND 1871.
IL—REMARKS ON THE CRETACEOUS SPECIES DESCRIBED ABOVE.
I1.—TERTIARY FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ON THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CRETACEOUS STRATA
OF KANSAS.—By E. D. Cops, A: M.

IL—A GENERAL SKETCH OF THE ANCIENT LIFE.
I1.—GEOLOGY.
UI.—SYNOPSIS OF THE FAUNA.

ON THE VERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF THE WAHSATCH GROUP.—By E.
D. Core, A. M.

ON THE FOSSIL VERTEBRATES OF THE EARLY TERTIARY FORMATION
OF WYOMING.—By Pror. JosrrH LEIDY.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FOSSILS COLLECTED BY DR. HAYDEN’S EX-
PLORING EXPEDITION OF 1871, IN .UTAH AND WYOMING TERRI-
TORIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW NEW SPECIES.—By F.
B. MEEK.

PALEONTOLOGY.

FOSSIL FLORA.

CoLUMBUS, OHIO, February 28, 1872.

DEAR SiR: In accordance with your instructions I have prepared
the following report on the specimens of fossil plants obtained in your
geological explorations of 1871. I regret that the time allowed to me
for the examination of such a large number of specimens, (more than
three hundred,) and the preparation of the report, was too short. This
may account for, if not excuse, the deficiency of this paper.

The first part of the report contains the descriptions of eighty species
of fossil plants, mostly of the Tertiary formations. To obviate the want
of plates and figures, [ have quoted largely from already described and
figured species, either analogous or identical, this being the best way
to give an idea of the forms of leaves, always more or less obscurely
conceived from mere descriptions.

_ The general remarks on geographical, stratigraphical distribution,

typical comparisons, &c., which form the second part of the report, are
presented as a mere Summary of questions which should be elucidated
with more details when your fossil plants of the recent formations are |
published in a general report and the descriptions illustrated with
‘figures.

Very respectfully, yours,
L. LESQUEREUX.

Professor F'. V. HAYDEN, Washington, D. C.

I—ENUMERATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FOSSIL
PLANTS, FROM THE SPECIMENS OBTAINED IN THE EX-
PLORATIONS OF DR. F. V. HAYDEN, 1870 AND 1871.*

1. HENRY’S FORK.

Hard silicified limestone, with indistinct remains.

PTERIS PENNZFORMIS, Heer. A number of broken specimens of the
fern referable to this species, have been re-examined, without affording
more evidence to what has been said in the former report, p. 384. It
differs from the following species, found also on broken specimens of
this locality, by its thicker secondary veins, more obliquely attached to
the medial nerve, and by its entire borders.

BLECHNUM GOPPERTI, Etting, (Flor. Bil., p. 14, Pl. ii, Fig. 1-4.)
Fragments of linear leaves, half an inch broad, with dentate borders ;
secondary veins nearly in right angle to the thick medial nerve, paral-
lel, forking once near the base, and much thinner than those of the for-
mer species. Though the specimens show mere fragments of leaves,
the specific characters are well marked.

A third species of fern is preserved on the shales of this locality. It

*See Report of the Territories, 1870, p. 384.

284 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

is a single small oval leaflet, 12 millimeters long, 6 millimeters broad,
rounded to the point and to the base, with narrow but distinct medial
nerve, and secondary veins, oblique, slightly arched to the borders,
forking twice. The base of the nerve is abruptly bent to one side, as if
it had been joined to a main rachis, or as a lobe of a compound leaf.

PHRAGMITES OENINGENSIS, Al. Br. Represented by broken stems,
with distinct nervation, obscure articulations, and scars of branches
bearing the characters of this species.

Fragments referable to the genus Cyperites and to the genus Calam-
opsis, (?) as described in my former report, loc. cit., p. 384.

2. MupDY CREEK AND BLAKE’s FORK. |
No remains of other species but of those described in the former
report have been discovered in the examination of new specimens of
these localities. Aspidium, named A. pulchellum, or A. Fischeri, Heer,
belongs to this last species; and as far as can be ascertained from frag-
ments of glumaceous leaves, the species considered as Carex tertiaria, (?)
Heer, loc. cit., p. 384, is right.

3. BARRELL’S SPRINGS.

The matter imbedding fossil remains of this locality appears under
three diiferent aspects: 1st. A ferruginous, reddish, hard clay-shale,
with few remains of trees, Sequoia, Acer. 2d. A soft, laminated shale,
passing downward to layers of coaly matter, formed of broken pieces
of grasses, ferns, &c., all herbaceous plants, with floating rootlets.
od. A soft, yellow clay, apparently a bottom clay, with roots of Hquise-
tacee. The succession of deposits from bottom upward is marked by
the substance of the shale as by the kind of plants which they have
preserved.

LyGoDIUM NEUROPTEROIDES, Lsqx, (Dr. Hayden’s Report, 1870,
p. 384.) Separate leaflets only, with fragments of stems of the same
species, are abundant in the shales. Leailets bifid, trifid or quadrifid,
with linear lanceolate obtusely pointed divisions. 4 to 8 decimeters long,
from the obconical base of the leaflets to the point of the longest lobes.
The leaflets are divided, from below the middle, in lobes irregular in
size, the lateral ones being generally shorter, all obliquely diverging
with more or less obtuse sinuses and entire or slightly wavy on the
borders. Sometimes they are enlarged at the point and emarginate in
two short, obtuse lobes. The nervation is simple for each division of
the leaflets, the medial nerve of each remaining distinct to the base
and there, being separated by secondary flabellate veins, which higher
up come out from the medial nerve in a very acute angle, and remain
nearly parallel to it before curving to the borders. The lowest veins
are three to four times dichotomous, the superior ones only twice, and
so close are they to each other that, along the borders, 75 to 80 veinlets
are generally marked in one inch. The areas are filled by square or
pentagonal areoie, very small but distinct. As yet few fossil species
have been referred with sufficient evidence to this fine genus. Lygodi-
um cretaceum, Debey and Etting., is from the Cretaceous formations of
Belgium. Four other species are described by Heer, from the Miocene
of Switzerland, and one from Oeningen.

EQUISETUM HAYDEND, sp. nov. Rhizoma, 14 to 2 decimeters broad,
irregularly striate, articulated; articulations distant, bearing round
obovate tubercles, 14 millimeters broad, 2 centimeters long, attached 8 to

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. DS

10 around the articulations. These tubercles, joined to each other like
strings of beads, radiating from the rhizoma, are slightly more elongated
outside, abruptly rounded or more inflated inward, regularly and _nar-
- rowly striated as well as the rhizomas, but scarcely, if at all, wrinkled.

At a distance from the point of connection to the rhizoma they become
more elongated, passing here and there to mere cylindrical filaments or
rootlets, which appear to divide in radicles. The point of union of these
tubercles, either to each other or to the rhizoma, is marked by com-

paratively large scars, (5 millimeters wide,) representing a double ring
with a central point. ‘This fine species, known as yet only from its rhi-

zoma and its divisions, resembles Hquisetum arcticum, Heer, (Fl. Arc., 2,

p. 31, Pl. i, Fig. 2,) from Spitzbergen, and still more, at least by the form
of the tubercles 2. Parlatori, Heer, as figured by Unger, in Sill., Pl. i,
Fig. 5, differing, however, from both by the broader, regularly striated
rhizoma, not inflated at the articulations, and by the form and size of
the tubercles. No other fragments referable to any species of Hqwisetum
have been preserved in the shales of this locality.

TAXODIUM TINAJORUM, (?) Heer. The specimen has two branchlets
of Taxodium, parallel to each other, apparently divisions of the same
branch. One bears long, crowded, linear leaves like those of this species,
as figured in Heer’s FI. Arc., 2, p. 22, Pl. i, Fig. 3, from Alaska; the
other has more distant and broader leaves, somewhat enlarged in the
middle, or narrowing at the base like those of Taxites Olriki, Heer, loc.
—6<ett., Pl. i, Fig. 8. The substance of the leaves is, in both fragments, of
the same thickness, the surface smooth or shining, the branches com-
paratively thick and flat. In the upper part of the fragment compared
to the last species of Heer, the leaves become longer from the base up-—
ward, as in the figure of 7. Olriki; our specimen, therefore, appearing
to represent both Species.

PHRAGMITES OENINGENSIS, Al. Br. The shales of this locality are
covered by a quantity of much-divided roots and rootlets, with thread-
like branches of the same form as those figured by Etting., Flor. Bil.,
Pl.iv, Fig. 7b. With them are mixed fragments of rhizomas, of stems
and of leaves of the same species, which are well characterized by their
nervation, as marked in Heer’s Fl. Ter. Helv., Pl. xxiv, Fig. 5 6,
enlarged.

POACITES LAVIS, Heer. ASremarked in Dr. Hayden’s Report for 1870,
p. 385, this species is represented by many fragments of the culm and
of the leaves, identical in characters with the author’s description and
figures in FE). Tert. Hélv., Pl. xxv, Fig. 10 a, b, ¢, and PI. xxvi, Fig. 7 a.
The culm is about 7 millimeters wide, nearly smooth, with close undis-
tinct striz; the leaves, slightly narrower, are marked by about 10 more
distinct smooth lines.

CYPERUS (!) BRAUNIANUS, (?) Heer., (I'l. Tert. Helv., p. 72, Pl. xxii, Fig.
6.) There is scarcely any doubt on the identity of this species, repre-
sented like the former by numerous though small fragments. The stems
are generally small. One of them bears attached to its curved base or
rhizoma, some oval tubercles with round small scars like those of Fig.
6, Pl. xxu, of Heer’s loc. cit. |

CYPERITES DEUCALIONIS, Heer. Mentioned in Dr. Hayden’s Report
for 1870, p. 384, with fragments of leaf of a Sabal referable to S. major, (?)
Ung.

SPARGANIUM, (!) species. Part of a dichotomous stem, 14 centimeters
wide, with the branches half as broad, distinctly marked lengthwise by
regular thin veins, separated by three undistinct very thin veinlets, and
marked crosswise by obscure less regular lines, indicating the internal

286 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

structure of the stem. Noremains of leaves, fruits, or flowers have been
found in connection with the fragments of stem, and therefore the
species is undetermined. It may be referable to Sparganium Valdense,
Heer, which it resembles by the nervation and the mode of branching,
as seen in Fl. Tert. Helv., PI. xlvi, Fig. 6 b.

ACER, species. Is represented, like the former, by a single fragment
too incomplete for specific determination. The round, cordate base
only, with a small part of the middle of the leaf and its nervation, is
preserved. It appears to be of the same type as Acer Sismonda, Gaud.,
(ist Mem., Pl. 13, Fig. 4,) agreeing with this last figure for the outline
of the leaf and for the nervation, and by its size comparable to Fig. 21,
Pl. i, of the 4th Mem., of the same author. I mention this leaf because
itis the only fragment of an arborescent dicotyledonous species preserved
on the shale of this locality.

4, ELKO STATION.

A yellowish white calcareous fine-grained shale, hardened by meta-
morphism. Plants preserved in broken, small, mixed fragments.

PHRAGMITES OENINGENSIS, Al. Br., in numerous fragments of leaves,
stems, and rhizomas.

POACITES Lavis, Heer. Represented like the former, by a great num-
ber of broken leaves, with smooth surface, often without trace of veins.
The blades are mostly narrower than in the figures of this species, in
Heer’s loc. cit.; intermediate in width between those of Poacites levis
and P. augustus, Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., Pl. xxvi, Fig. 7 a and b,) or even
as narrow as in the last-named species.

QUERCUS SEMI-ELLIPTICA, GO6pp., (Schossnitz, Fl., p. 15, Pl. vi, Figs.
3, 4,5.) There are four specimens of this species, one of which only
represents an entire leaf with all the specific characters. The form
of the leaf, with its slightly unequal base, the nervation, the teeth of
the borders, are exactly similar to Fig. 3, loc. cit. The leaf is only smaller,
half an inch long, one-fourth of an inch broad. Of the other specimens,
all fragmentary, one only indicates a somewhat larger leaf. Professor
Heer refers (Fig. 4, quoted above) to Planera Ungeri; and, indeed, our
specimens much resemble some forms of this polymorphous species, and
might be referred to it but for the base of the leaves narrowed to the
petiole by a short curve. The nervation, also, is somewhat different,
the secondary nerves branching often downward above the middle, as in
species of Ulmus, and the lowest secondary veins curving near the bor-
ders and along them, though their angle of deviation is about the same
(40°) as in the upper ones, which go straight to the point of the teeth.
The veins and veinlets are flat and deep, nervilles not quite distinct, but
marked as perpendicular or oblique to the veinlets.

5. WASHAKIE STATION NEAR BRIDGER’S PASS.

A calcareous and arenaceous stone, hardened by metamorphism, dark-
gray, irregularly breaking. Remains of plants preserved in large distin-
guishable fragments, sometimes rolled or even flattened in a direction
crossing the horizontal layers of the stone.

RHAMNUS INTERMEDIUS, sp. nov. Leaf 6 centimeters long, not
quite 2 centimeters wide, narrowly oval, lanceolate and oblanceolate,
with entire margins tapering downward to a short petiole, (?) (petiole
broken,) medial nerve half round, strong, secondary veins oblique, (35°,)
close to each other; 16 pairs from base to point, thick, curving near the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 287
- borders, straight to the point of curve. By its closely approached sec-
ondary veins this species is like Rhamnus obovatus, Lesqx., (Am. Jour.
Sci., vol. XLV, p. 207,) but differs by the greater thickness of these veins,
which more abruptly curve near the borders, and the more lanceolate
form of the leaves. From Khamnus salicifolius, Lesqx., loc. cit., p. 206,
to which it is also comparable by its form, our leaf differs essentially
by its closer nervation.

CoRNUS ACUMINATA, Newby. One of our specimens agrees with
Newberry’s leaf as figured, (Pl. xx, Fig. 3, ined.,) the secondary veins
only being less numerous and ascending along the borders in a less
acute angle. As the same differences are marked also between the
three specimens figured by the author, they do not authorize a specific
separation. The leaf seems to have been of thin texture, at least not
coriaceous; the medial, like the secondary veins, are comparatively nar-
row, not as distinctly marked as they are generally in species of this
genus. Another specimen of the same locality represents Fig. 2 of the
same plate. It is broken and not as well preserved as the former.

POPULUS LATIOR Var. TRANSVERSA, Heer. A leaf of the same form,
size, nervation, and marginal division as the one represented in Heer’s
Fi. Ter. Helv., Pl. lvii, Fig. 6. It is also equally runcinate.

FICUS TILLZFOLIA, Al. Br. The specimen represents an entire leaf,
less the base and the point. It is broadly cordate, lanceolate-pointed,
with entire borders, medial and lateral veins strong, these mostly oppo-
site, the lowest much divided by inferior branches going out at an open
angle from the medial nerve and then curving upward in a half circle
and ascending along the borders; nervilies perpendicular to the second-
ary veins, strong, continuous. Though somewhat broken, the speci-
men represents evidently this species as figured by Heer, (Fl. Ter.
Helv., Pl. Ixxxiii, Fig. 7.) The leaf in its broadest part is 3 inches
wide.

JUGLANS RUGOSA, Lesqx. Broken specimen.

PLATANUS HAYDENI, (?) Newby. Also an incomplete specimen, refera-
ble by its size and nervation to this species. Its base, however, is not
decurreut to the petiole, but merely wedge-shaped. The fragment of
this leaf is 6 inches long.

MAGNOLIA, (!) Species. The middle part of a large leaf of Magnolia,
24 inches wide in the middle ; the upper and lower part being broken.
The leaf is apparently broadly ovate-lanceolate, resembling by its form
and the direction of the secondary veins Magnolia Jnglefieldi, Heer, in
Fl. Arc. I, Pl. xviii, Figs. 1 to 3. The medial nerve is narrow though
deep, the secondary veins diverging more or less under an average an-
gle of 30°, and at variable distance, some simple, some forking from
above the middle, separated here and there by thinner intermediate
secondary veins.

POPULUS ARCTICA, Heer. Identical with the form figured by the
author in Are. Fl. I, Pl. v, Fig. 3; the borders being merely undu-
late.

LIQUIDAMBAR GRACILE, sp. nov. Leaf comparatively small, a little
more than 2 inches long, broader than long, palmately, nearly equally
five-lobed ; lobes conical-pointed, separated by obtuse sinuses, the low-
est nearly continuous to the truncate or slightly oblique base; petiole
as long as the leaf. This species might be referable to the genus Acer
by its nervation, which resembles that of Acer dasycarpon, Ehr. It has
only three primary nerves, diverging from the top of the petiole, and
each of the lateral ones divides, near the middle or at a distance from
the base, in two branches of equal size, which both support one of the

288 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

lateral lobes and ascend to its point. The secondary veins as seen
near the point of the middle division are close to each other, curving
along the borders, but the areolation is obsolete. The border of the
leaf is entire, and though the lobes on one side are curved down into
the stone, and on the other side partially erosed, the outlines of the
whole leaf are easily made out. _

QUERCUS AZMULANS, sp. nov. A large leaf, 4 inches long, 2 inches
wide, broadly oval, (point and petiole broken,) gradually curving to
the base, with borders equally dentate from below the middle upward,
entire or merely undulate downward; medial nerve narrow, deep; sec-
ondary veins irregular in distance and direction, (angle of divergence
about 46°,) slightly curving upward, nearly simple, craspedodrome; a
species not satisfactorily known as yet, related by the form of the leaf
to Quercus furcinervis, Heer, as figured in Fl. Are., I, Pl. xlv, Fig. 1 d,
but far different by the irregularity of the secondary veins curved in
ascending to the borders and by the sharp teeth turned up from an
obtuse sinus, as in the leaves of our Castanea pumila. The leaf is twice
as large as that of Heer.

JUGLANS ACUMINATA, (?) Heer. The point of a leaf, from the middle
upward, merely differing from the general form of the species by the
longer tapering point of an apparently narrow leaf. Probably repre-
sents an inferior leaflet of this species.

6. WASHAKIE GROUP, CRESTON, W. T.

Soft, greenish clay, a kind of soapstone, easily cut with the knife.

ACORUS BRACHYSTACHYS, Heer, (Fl., Spitz., p. 51, Tab. viii, Figs. 7
and 8.) <A fragment of the same size and form as the branch figured on
the left side of Pl. viii, Fig. 8, bearing also a small sessile ear of the
same size. In one specimen part of the seeds have been detached from
the receptacle, and thus the spiral direction of the axis and the mode of
attachment of some of the seeds are distinctly seen.

PALIURUS CoLoMBI, Heer. (Fl. Arc., I, p. 122, Tab. xvii, Fig. 2, and
Pl. xix, Figs. 2 to 4.) Numerous leaves of the different forms represent-
ing this species and other varieties are preserved on our specimens.
The smallest leaf is 22 millimeters long and 14 millimeters broad, ovate,
lanceolate-pointed, narrowed by a curve to the petiole. This form has
generally the borders marked by one or two obtuse teeth above
the middle. The more general form of the leaves is broadly ovate, ab-
ruptly narrowed to an obtuse point, with the base rounded to a long
petiole and the borders entire, generally equilateral, but sometimes more
enlarged on one side. The nervation is the same as marked. by the au-
_ thor, loc. cit. It has three primary nerves, the lateral ones ascending to

three-quarters of the leaves, curving inward and there anastomosing
with branches of the medial nerve. But when the leaves enlarge, they
bear at the base a pair of thinner marginal veins, which in still broader
leaves become as thick as the primary lateral ones, ascend in the same
direction, and give the leaf the same appearance as that of some leaves
of Populus arctica. Our specimens have: branches of the same species,
bearing petioles of leaves and spines ; also pieces of bark with oval scars
ot spines close to each other, and small oval seeds or nutlets, surrounded
upward with an oval, flattened border, like a narrow wing. The areo-
lation is rendered distinct by the erosion of the parenchyma of some of
our leaves.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 289
-7, MEDICINE Bow CoAL-BEDS.

Fine-grained, grayish shale, separating in horizontal layers; remains
of plants distinct.

PHRAGMITES OENINGENSIS, Heer. <A fine stem, with articulations,
sears of branches, We. bt

POPULUS LATIOR var. CORDIFOLIA, Al. Br. The same form as that
from Alaska, in Heer’s FI. Al., p. 25, PL. li, Fig. 4.

POPULUS ARCTICA, Heer. Same formas in Fl. Arc. Pl..¥,, Bios age

PLATANUS GUILLELM A, Gopp. Asin Heer’s FI. Arc., II, Pi. xlvii,
Fig. 3; a species represented by our specimens in many of its varieties.

PLATANUS HAYDENII, Newby., (Pl. xx, Fig. 1, ined.) The form of this
leaf is like that of Platanus heteropha ylla, Newby., I Elsea. io et ined:,
with the same nervation also; but it has the obtuse, large teeth of P.
Hayden; the leaf is, however, much smaller; may be referable to
Platanus Gung,

8. GREnn RIVER GROUP, HIGH ON HILLS FROM RIVER.

Coarse-grained, yellow, hard limestone shale, with few remains of
plants.

CEANOTHUS CINNAMOMOIDES, sp. nov. Leaf narrowly elliptical,
‘pointed to the base, distinctly and distantly crenulate upward from
‘above the base; medial nerve slightly thicker than the lateral ones
which ascend from the base of the leaf, and nearly parallel to the borders
to apparently to three-fourths of the leaf, which is obliquely broken above
the middle. The medial nerve has no trace of secondary veins as high
as it is discernible, but merely strong, nearly horizontal nervilles, very
distinct, like the netting of the areolation; much like Ceanothus Zzi-
phoides, Ung., chloris especially as figured by Heer,.(Fl. Ter. Helv.,
Pl. exxii, Fig. 25.) It differs by the borders, more distantly, erenulate
in the upper part only, and by the base of the leaf, which is entire and
does not pass downwartl beyond the point of divergence of the lateral
veins.

CARYA HEERII, Hitting. A few fragments of leaves of this species,
especially of the form and nervation marked i in Fl. Ter. Helv., Pl. xcix,
Fig. 23, a. .

9, JUNCTION STATION, SUMMIT OF HILLS, NEAR DIVIDE, NORTH OF
SNAKE RIVER.

Hard silicified limestone.
PLATANUS GUILLELM&, Gopp.
POPULUS ARCTICA, Heer. Both represented by mere fragments.

10. Pornt oF Rocky STaTIoNn, UNION PAcIFIC RAILROAD.

Brown ferruginous clay, with small fragments of plants, mosuly, unde-
terminable.

CYPERITES. Numerous fragments heaped in various directions, refer- -
able to Cyperus Deucalionis, Heer; CO. Chavanensis, Heer; and C. angus-
tior, Heer. (?) None distinct enough for identification.

‘Facus ANTIPOFII, Heer, (Fl. Alas. , p. 30, Pl. vii, Fig. 4 to 8.) An
apparently ovate, long- pointed leaf, with str aight, nearly parallel, slightly
diverging, oblique secondary veins. These are ’ simply craspedodrome.
and the point where they reach the borders i 1s marked by very small

19 Gs

290 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

mucronate teeth. A few ofthese veins branch near the point as in Fagus
Deucalionis, Ung. \ }
Small fragments of Juglans and of Platanus.

11. COALVILLE, UTAH.

A single specimen from this locality ; a piece of hard metamorphze
sandstone, with scattered, small fragments of dicotyledonous leaves, none
of which are large enough to be recognizable even for generic reference.

12. CARBON STATION, UNION PAcrFIC RAILROAD, WYoMING TER-
RITORY.

Fine-grained shale, same color and compound as at Medicine Bow.

PLATANUS ACEROIDES, G6pp. <A whole large leaf, far different from
the leaves of the following species by the borders rounded to the petiole
and not tapering, by the angle of the secondary veins more open, and
by the form of the much broader leaves.

PLATANUS GUILLELMZ,G6pp. Among others there is a large speci-
men covered with nearly entire leaves of this species, showing its vari-
ous forms. The leaves are all more or less trilobate, with short lateral
lobes; the base is more or less open, cuneiform to the petiole and entire,
always descending lower than the base of the first pair of secondary
veins. The secondary veins are narrow, but well marked; the texture
of the leaves is rather thin than coriaceous; the fibrilles somewhat obso-
lete, but in some leaves very distinct. Specimens of this species are
not distinguishable from the following.

PLATANUS HAYDEN, Newby. Same leaf as described from Medicine
Bow, p. 289.

CARPOLITHES COCCULOIDES, (?) Heer, (Fl. Arc., II, p. 484, Pl. li, Fig. 9
and 9b.) A small obovate fruit, obliquely truncate at its narrowed ~
base, about 1 centimeter long, nearly as broad, evidently a thick drupe
or achenium, as the. stone is excavated around it on one side. It re-
sembles the fruit of an Acer, without the wing, or could be compared to
the fruit of a Prunus but for its unequal base, more contracted on one
side than on the other, much like Heer’s figure, loc. cit.

13. SAGE CREEK, MONTANA TERRITORY.

Fine-grained, buff-colored, hard, laminated shale, split in thin layers,
with few fragments of vegetable remains and some scales of fishes.

A FERN, undeterminable fragments, of exactly the size and form as
the one published by Heer, (Fl. Arc., II, Pl. xlviii, Fig. 3 b,) and merely
mentioned as Fern from North Greenland. The surface is covered with
a pulverulent coaly matter, obliterating the nervation. -The medial
nerve only is visible on our specimen, while it is not seen on the frag-
ments obtained from Greenland.

SEQUOIA HEERII, sp.nov. We have numerous and well-preserved
specimens of this species. It agrees well enough with the small
forms of Sequoia Langsdorjii, Brgt., figured in FI. Arc., I, Pl. ii, Fig. 15,
but differs evidently by shorter and narrower, more distant leaves, all
narrowed above the decurring base, and, as observed upon the same
branches, cither pointed or obtuse. Some even are enlarged upward
and obtuse ; some abruptly pointed. The cone is borne on long, naked
branches, marked with undistinct scars of scales; its form is nearly
round, slightly flattened, resembling the cone of S. Langsdorfii, m

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GE THE TERRITORIES. GN |

Fi. yeu I, Pl. ii, Fig. 2, but nearly twice as large. To this species is
referable the form which Heer, in Fl. Alas., p. 23, Pl. i, Fig. 10 and 10 b,
considered as possibly a variety of 8. Langsdoi “tii, and perhaps also the
branches figured as S. Langsdorfit, (?) by Newberry, Pl. xi, Fig. 4, ined.
In this, however, the base of the leaves is decurrent, without being nar-
rowed.

There is still a great deal of uncertainty about the relation of the
fragments of coniferous species, published from our Tertiary strata
by the authors quoted above. The remarks of Dr. Newberry, con-
cerning the deciduous appearance of leaves and branchlets of his
Species, are, in part, applicable to our fragments from Sage Creek;
but in the form which he has observed from Yellowstone, (Notes on
the Later Extinct Floras, &c., pp. 46 to 48,) the leaves are much longer,
decurrent, without narrowing at the base, as in the living species of
Sequoia. TE, therefore, this form of decurrent leaves is to be considered
as a generic character, his species is a true Sequoia. Our leaves, nar-
rowed at base, though evidently slightly decurrent, have the same
character, and are besides associated with cones of Sequoia ; but they
. are sometimes abruptly pointed and short, like the leaves of what Heer
names Taxites microphylius, (El. Alas., p. 24, Pi.i, Fig. 9,) or narrower,
longer, ensiform, distant, nearly as in Taxodium Tinajorum, Heer, Pl. i,
Fig. 1, loc. cit. All the specimens, representing our species, as described
above, are mere small branchlets of afinual growth; but as all are
bearing leaves, like the branches figured and described from Yellow-
- Stone, it is a proof that the leaves were not deciduous, as in Taxodium.
I think, therefore, that this character of decurrent leaves is rightly con-
sidered as generic, and distinctly separates the fragments of Sequoia ;
but that the form, length, We., of the leaves are, as yet, unreliable for
specific distinction.

QUERCUS ILICOIDES, (?) Heer, (Hl. Ter. Helv., H, p. 55, Pl. ch, Fig. 25.)
The specimens represent three broken leaves of the same species, which
only differ from each other by their width and the size of the marginal
divisions. The largest is an exact representative of Heer’s fioure, loc.
cut. The borders are deeply, pinnately lobed, with sharp pointed lobes,
separated by round sinuses. In the other fragments, which are much
narrower, the lobes are less marked and.the borders become merely
wavy, with sharp but short teeth. The nervation is obsolete, the
secondary veins being slender and scarcely discernible. They appear
to pass obliquely to the point of the lobes, sinuous, and connected to
shorter, intermediate veins. ‘The leaves are bordered by a narrow, flat-
tened, cartilaginous (?) margin, as the leaves of species of Ilex. By this
character, aS by their form, these fragments might be considered as
representing a species of this genus, resembling especially Ilex Studeri,
Heer, (loc. cit., II, p. 72, Pl. 122, Fig. 11;) but their nervation is that of a
Quercus.

14, EVANSTON, UTAH, (BELOW THE COAL.)

Reddish, ferruginous, hard.shale, breaking in the line of stratification,
containing abundant remains of plants, ewenerally flattened leaves, with
surface blackened by a thin coat of coaly matter ; details of nery ‘ation
distinct.

CYPERUS CHAVANENSIS, (?) Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., P]. xxviii, Fig. 1.) A
flattened stem, 1 céntimeter broad, without any articulation, smooth
or obscurely striate, with primary veins thick, varying in distance and
separated by very thin secondary veins, as in Fig. 1 I, loc. cit., is
referable to this species.

292 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

POPULUS OVALIS, (?) Gopp., (Schossnitz, F'l., p. 23, Pl. xvi, Fig. 1.) -A
fragment, only the middle part of a leaf, with “crenate borders, and ner-
vation of ‘this species, or of Populus eximia, of the same author, loc. cit.,
Fig. 2.

PoPpuLvs MUTABILIS var. REPANDO-CRENATA, Heer. Agrees in every
point, form of leaf, nervation, &c., with Heer’s Fi. Ter. Helv.) Ft tzu
Figs. 5 and 6.

PopuLvs ZADDACHI, (?) Heer. Apparently a small form of this species,
at least referable to it by the nervation; the borders of the leaf being -
destroyed. The nervation is like that of the leaf, Pl. v, Fig. 4, of Heer’s
Baltic Flora.

ALNUS KEFERSTEINIL, G6pp. There is a large number of specimens of
this species, with the leaves of the same characters as those figured by
Heer in Fl. Alas., Pl. 3, Figs. 7 and 8, and also in Fl. Are., I, “Pl. XXV,
Fig. 9. Some of the specimens have remains of small seeds and of seales
resembling those of this species.

CoRYLUS McQUARRYI, Heer, (Fl. Are., I, p. 104.) The author has
given numerous figures of this variable species. Two forms are especially
marked, one with ‘large leaves, having a deeply cordate base, and more
distant secondary, veins; the other with smaller leaves, rounded, slightly
cordate at base; and more closely approached secondary veins. Both
these forms, and their intermediate, as figured in Fl. Alas., Tab. iv, are
represented by our specimens: .

QUERCUS NEGUNDOIDES, sp.nov. Leaf thick, about two inches long,
cordate at base, enlarged upward to the three-fourths of its length,
where it is palmately cleft in three lobes, the two lateral shorter and
obtuse, the medial longer and pointed; borders undulate crenate ; peti-
ole half an inch long; medial nerve narrow; secondary veins, about five
pairs; angle of divergence, 35°; the lowest pair not as thick, and slightly
more arched than the upper ones; all Graspedodrome, and nearly oppo-
site; a remarkable form, differing from all the species of oak known to
me, by its palmately cleft leaves. It is distantly related to Quercus tri-
angularis, G6pp., (Schossnitz, FI., p. 15, Pl. vi, Figs. 13-17,) and some-
what resembling a Negundo by the form of the leaves and nervation.

QUERCUS DRYMEJA, Ung., var.(?) Leaves linear-lanceolate, gradually
narrowed to the petiole; medial nerve broad and flat; secondary veins
in an open angle, more open toward the base, curving along the entire
merely undulate borders. We have two specimens of this form, one
representing a whole coriaceous leaf, two inches long, half an inch broad,
tapering upward into a long point, with a petiole half an inch long.
All the leaves referred to this species by the author in his Chloris,
and by Heer, also, in I'l. Ter. Helv., have the borders regularly dentate.
Even this character is considered Dy Unger as an essential one of his
species: Our leaves, on the contrary, have entire borders, and secondary
veins more open, as in Quercus Neriifolia, Heer. I am, therefore, in
doubt if this form is a mere variety of Unger’s species, though Heer, in
Fl. Arc., Pl. xi, Fig. 3, has, from Greenland, a leaf with more open veins
and undulate or scarcely dentate borders, which he considers as a
variety of Q. Drymeja ; and Gaudin, in 2 Mem., Fl. Foss. Ital., deseribes
and figures numerous leaves of this Quercus to characterize his multiple
varieties, one of which, Q. Drymeja var. integra, (loc. cit., Pl. iv, Fig. 22,)
exactly agrees in form and nervation with our leaves.

FAGUS “DEUCALIONIS, Ung. The same form is figured in Heer’s FI.
Arc., Pl. x, Fig. 6, and Pl. xIvi, Fig. 4, with this difference only, that
one of the secondary veins of our leaf bears two small tertiary branches,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 205

like Fagus Castanecefolia, or Fagus Atlantica, Ung. ‘This casual devia-
tion of simple nervation is often marked in species of this genus, and
our leaf, having the borders entire except in the upper part, where they
are merely undulate, or scarcely toothed, is referable to this species.
The secondary veins are more distant than in any other fossil species
of this genus.

BETULA (!) CAUDATA, (?) Gopp. Two fragments of large leaves of this
genus, whose upper part only is preserved. Their form is ovate-lance-
olate, long pointed, of the same size and of the same nervation as the
leaf represented under this name in Gopp., Schossnitz, Fl., p. 10, Pl. iii,
Fig. 5. But the exact form of the teeth of the borders is not well
recognizable, and therefore the identity of our leaves with the Huropean
species is not ascertainable.

BETULA STEVENSONIL, sp. nov. Leaves small, no more than 2
inches long, ovate or broadly. ovate, tapering to a short point, rounded
cordate at base, with borders abruptly curved downward to the short
(1 centimeter long) petiole, distantly and simply dentate from near the
base to the point; medial nerve distinct and narrow; secondary veins
opposite or alternate, five to seven pairs, (angle of divergence, 40° to 50°,)
passing like their branches to the point of the teeth; veinlets well
marked, perpendicular to the secondary veins. A true Betula, repre-
sented by many specimens, and differing from all the known fossil
species by its abruptly rounded base. The secondary veins are not as

-Straight as in our living American species, from which it differs also by
the simply toothed or serrate borders. Related to Betula primaeva, Web.,
(Pal., vol. 4, p. 21, Pl. v, Figs. 4 and 5.)

ANDROMEDA GRAYANA, Heer. Otvr specimens represent this species
with the borders slightly more curved outward in reaching the petiole,
which is a little shorter. The essential nervation is the same, the areo-
lation obsolete. One of our specimens bears a branch with buds, just
like the one figured by Heer in his Foss. Fl. of Vancouver Island, Pl. 1,
Fig. 9 b.

DIOSPIROS LANCIFOLIA, Lsqx. Numerous leaves, varying in width
from 1 to 13 inches, proportionally long, lanceolate-pointed, tapering
downward to the petiole. The substance of the leaves, transformed in
a pellicle of coal, is thick or coriaceous, nervation distinct, secondary
veins running along the borders, as marked in the figure given of this
species, by Heer, in Fl. Alas., Pl. ii, Fig. 12. The intermediate veinlets
are very thin, the areolation still smaller, but of the same type as in the
figure loc. cit. The size of the leaves is variable, generally smaller than

the leaf of this species from Vancouver, even as small as that of leaves
of Andromeda Grayana, which these diminutive forms resemble.

CORNUS STUDERI, Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., IL., p. 27, Pl. ev, Figs. 18-21.)
A large leaf, of which the base is destroyed, but whose form and pecu-
liar nervation are in concordance with the characters of this species.
Our leaf is similar to figure 18 of Heer’s, loc. cit.

ACER TRILOBATUM, Al. Br. <A broken leaf, whose outline is mostly
destroyed. The substance of the leaf is thin; the nervation of the same
type as in Acer trilobatum var. productum, Heer; the lateral lobes
appear short and obtuse.

Ruvus EVANSH, sp. nov. Two entire leaves of this species and many
fragments. They are related to those of Rhus Meriani, Heer, (Il. Ter.
Helv, II1., p. 82, Pl. exxvi, Fig. 5—11,) being, however, shorter and pro-
portionally broader, more distinctly denticulate and short-petioled.
The nervation is that of Iig. 7, loc. cit., which represents a leaf with
more distinctly serrulate borders. As the leaves of Rhus Meriani are

-

294 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ‘TERRITORIES.

- very variable in size and form, the difference remarked in the form of our
leaves could searcely authorize a specitic separation but for the short
petiole which they bear, a character of rare occurrence in species of this
genus.

JUGLANS RHAMNOIDES, sp. nov. Leaves oval, tapering nearly
equally upward to a point and downward to a short petiole, entire,
varying in size. Two leaves preserved in their whole are 4 inches long
and 12 inches broad. A fragment, with point and base of the leaf.
broken, is nearly 4 inches broad, with borders apparently rounded
toward the base. Veins thin but distinctly marked; secondary veins
equally distant and parallel; 10 pairs, oblique 40°, curving from the base
in going to the borders, and more still near the borders, which they
closely follow in dividing; nervilles distinct, thick, more or less contin-
uous and branching. It is difficult to decide if these leaves of eurs are
referable to Juglans or to Rhamnus. Professor Heer, in his Arctie Flora,
J, p. 123, Pl. xlix, Fig. 10, has.a leaf so much like the best preserved
one of Dr. Hayden’s specimens that it looks like a copy of it; except,
however, that in Heer’s figure the secondary veins oblique to "the me-
dial nerve, ascend nearly ‘straight to near the borders, where they ab-
ruptly curve and divide. The author says that but for the more
straight secondary veins his leaf should be considered aJuglans. There
fore these curved secondary veins of our species identify it to this genus.
But in the leaves which represent it, the secondary veins are closer
to each other, more exactly parallel, running also nearer to the borders
than in any species of Juglans ; except, perhaps, Juglans acuminata, Al.
Br., which, in Fl., Alas. ; Pl. ix, Fig. 1,is represented by Heer with leaves
of a more regular nervation, and secondary veins going nearer to the
borders than in any other figures of this species. This new species is,
therefore, closely related to Juglans acuminata, Al. Br. As it bears
‘still the same relation to Juglans rugosa, Lsqx., and Cornus acumi-
jata, Newby, these three species may be mere varieties of that poly-
morphous Juglans acuminata which has been found over the whole
extent of the Tertiary formation of both continents as far as they are
known.

JUGLANS APPRESSA, Lsqx., (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 13, p. 420,

Pl. xx, Fig. 6. Undoubtedly the same species represented by two speci-
mens. ,
CARYA ANTIQUORUM, Newby. (Hxtinct Fl. N. A., p. 72, Pl. xxiii,
Figs. 1 to 4, ined.) Two large leaves referable to this species. There
are still in the collection of Dr. Hayden some specimens of leaves of a
Carya, 6 inches long, 34 inches broad, broadly ovate-lanceolate, rounded
and narrowed downward to a thick, long petiole, with serrulate borders,
&e., which differs from the figures and description of the species by
a thick medial nerve, by secondat ‘y veins much more open near the base,
by the borders rounded to the base, and by the broader size of the
leaves. The differences may be merely resulting from the position of
the leaves, as lateral or terminal leaflets of a compound leaf.

15. EVANSTON, UTAH, (ABOVE COAL.)

Shaly, whitish sandstone, with few remains of leaves; outlines and
primary nervation only distinguishable, details of structure obscured
by the coarseness of the stone.

CINNAMOMUM SCHEUZERI, Heer. Same form of BP as the variety
figured by the author in FI. Ter. Helv., Pl. xciii, Fig. 2, with details of
nervation as marked Fig. 5 of the same plate.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 295

PLATANUS NOBILIS, Newby. A wumber Of specimens, mere fragments
of a very large leaf, with nervation of this species. The leaf is still
larger than the beautiful specimen described by Dr. Newberry, loc.
cit., p. 66, Pl. xvii, ined.

RHAMNUS RECTINERVIS, Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., Til, p. 80, Pl. exxy,
Figs. 2-6.) The leaves representing this species are as large, even
larger, than the greatest leaf (Fig. 6) figured from Huropean specimens.
The secondary veins are nearer to each other, or more numerous, at least
15 pairs in a leaf of the same size as that of ig. 6. But these differ-
ences are of no specific value, fragments of other leaves of the same
showing a variable distance between the veins. The borders of the
leaves are entire, except near the point, where they are sometimes den-
ticulate. The secondary veins, deeply marked, slightly curved in going
out from the medial nerve, ascend straight to the borders in an angle
diverging 25° to 30°.

CARPOLITHES LINEATUS, Newby., (Pl. xxv, Fig. 1, ined.) Appa-
rently the same kind of nut, as yet undescribed. All Dr. Hayden’s
specimens, found in great numbers scattered in the sandstone, are more
or less flattened, round-oval in outline, marked with thin strie, but
without the point as in the figure loc. cit., which would indicate them
as fruits of a Corylus. The name of the fruit is therefore preserved ;
but its relation to species of our present vegetation is as yet unknown.
’ They are apparently referable to palms.

16. DIVIDE BETWEEN THE SOURCE OF SNAKE RIVER AND THE
SOUTHERN SHORE OF YELLOWSTONE LAKE.

A grayish, fine-grained, hard shale, breaking in layers, with few
remains of plants. 7

GYMNOGRAMMA HAYDENII, sp. nov. A fine fern, with a frond ap-
parently tripinnate; pinnew, long, linear-lanceolate, gradualiy decreasing
to an obtuse point, pinnately divided toward the lower part in alternate
linear-lanceolate, obtuse pinnules or lobes, enlarged downward in a
broad, decurring base, distantly serrulate, and disconnected nearly to
the main rachis; toward the upper part of the pinne the divisions
become shorter and broader, about triangular-obtuse in outline, con-
nected from the middle; near the point they are united nearly in their
whole length, passing to a terminal, small, obtuse leaflet. .The nervation
is not quite distinct; medial nerve, thin, well marked in the lower divis-
ions, becoming obsolete in the upper ones; secondary veins very oblique
to the medial nerve; the lowest ones coming out from the main rachis,
at least in the largest decurrent divisions ; ail dichotomous in ascending.
The substance of the leaves is thick, and the veinlets appear to be ren-
dered obsolete by particles of pulverulent matter hardened into coal.
By the form of its divisions, this species is related to Sphenopteris Blom-
strandi, Heer, (Vl. Arc., I, p. 155, Tab. xxix, Fig. 1-5, 9a,) from the Miocene
of Spitzbergen, differing essentially by its nervation, which is more like
that of Gymnogramma tartarea, Desv. Even in the mode of division and
the form of the lobes, this last species, especially in specimens obtained
_ from cultivation, resembles the fossil plant. Tne small, badly preserved
fragments obtained from near Gold City, and considered with doubt as
a Lathrea in Am. Jour. Sci,, March, 1868, p. 207, is probably referable
to this species. ,

SABAL MAJOR, (?) Ung. This specimen has only broken parts of
lateral rays and the undistinet point of the rachis (?) of a Sabal. It
represents a large species; may be Sabal Campbellii, (?) Newby.

296 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

.DIOSPIROS STENOSEPALA, Heer, (Fl. Alas., p. 35, Pl. viii, Fig. 8.) One
leaf only, with the point destroyed as in the ‘specimen from Alaska, but
satisfactorily identified by its form and peculiar nervation. The medial
nerve is broad and grooved, the secondary veins, with angle of diverg-
ence 50°, curve from the middle upward and along the borders with
thick tertiary and intermediate fibrille. he leaf is shorter and pro-
portionally broader than the leaves of D. lancifolia.

Besides the named species, the shales have undeterminable bbe
of Populus, Rhamnus, Juglans, &e.

17. MoutH oF WARM SPRING CANON.

Fine-grained, gray sandstone, hardened by metamorphism; only two
specimens, representing one species.

QUERCUS GAUDINI, Lsqx., (Am. Jour. Sci., May, 1859, p. 3602)
Described from an imperfect specimen from Bellingham Bay, aa figur ed
by Gaudin (Fl. Ital., 2d Mem., Pl. vi, Fig. 5) from European specimens.
Gaudin’s species does not appear to agree exactly with the American form,
but rather to be a variety of Quercus Scillana, Gaud., as he supposes it.
The base of our leaf is not rounded, but gradually narrowed ; the point
is lanceolate or tapering; and the seeondary veins, thick at and near the
base, and curving, enter the upturred point of the distant small teeth.
The affinity of this species is with Quercus Drymeja, Ung., as figured in
Heer’s FI. Ter. Helv., (P]. Ixxv, Fig. 18.)

18. Srx MImES ABOVE SPRING CANON AND Top oF HILLs BETWEEN
Fort ELLIS AND BOTTELER’S RANCH. .

Dark-greenish, coarse-grained shale, breaking in every direction, hard-
ened by metamorphism.

PHRAGMITES ALASKANA, Heer, (FI. Alas., p.24, Pl. v, Fig.12 and 12 b.)
Two specimens, agreeing in every point with the author’s description
and figure. The distance between the longitudinal veins is 1 millimeter,
with intermediate veinlets, extremely thin and somewhat obsolete; the
size of the leaves is also the same. Professor Heer supposes that this
form may be a variety of Phragmites Oeningensis. The discovery in our
American western Tertiary formations of remains of exactly the same
characters as those which separate this form is proof of its specific
value. ©

POPULUS LEUCOPHYLLA, Ung. The specimens represent this spe-.
cies in various of its forms as figured in Gaud., Fl. Ital., Ist Mem.,
p. 29, Pl. 4, Fig. 1-5. It appears of common occurrence in our Tertiary
strata. Heer has published it from Alaska, and Dr. Newberry’s Populus
acerifolia (Am. Lye. Nat. Hist. of New York, vol. 18, p. 65, Pl. xiii, Fig.
5-8, ined.) is referable to it.

POPULUS MUTABILIS var. LANCIFOLIA, Heer. Two entire small
leaves, the largest one 24 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, thick,
coriaceous, with distinct nervation of the species; the other scarcely
half as long, nearly oval, with undulate borders and undistinet nerva-
tion. These leaves are more obtuse than any of the numerous forms
figured by Heer of this polymorphous ae but there is no other
difference.

SALIX GRENLANDICA, Heer, (Fl. Arc., I, p. 101, Pl. 4, Figs tae
Two specimens representing only the lower half of a leaf, agreeing with
the description and figure of this species. The leaf appears of a thick

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 29%

texture, and the nervilles are not distinct as in the specimen from
Greenland. This is probably the result of the coarseness of the stone.
One of the specimens bears two fragments of leaves of this species, one
of which has the secondary veins more distant, asin S. Grenlandica,
while the other has them much more approached to tach other, just as
they are in Salix Rheana, Heer, figured on the same plate, Fig. 12, with
nervilles discernible. I consider both species as identical.

MYRICA AMBIGUA, sp. nov. A species represented by three incom-
plete specimens. Leaf apparently long, (point broken,) linear-lanceolate,
narrowed to.the base, in an outward curved line, about 2 inches broad,
or less, the other specimens being narrower, with borders distantly and

_ obtusely serrulate; medial nerve, broad, narrowly furrowed; secondary

veins in right angle to the medial one, thick at the base, much thinner
in the middle, where they branch, anastomosing with divisions of the
upper and lower veins, and also with shorter intermediate ones, which
separate them. Nearer to the borders the nervation becomes indistinct.
It is distantly related to Myrica Banksiafolia, Ung., as figured I]. Alas.,
a, Pig. 11.

CorYLUS McQuarryI, Heer. Mixed with fragments of Populus leuco-
phylla, Ung.

QUERCUS HLLISIANA, sp. nov. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or
obtusely pointed; round cuneate at base, with borders marked with short,
distant angular teeth becoming obtuse toward the point; medial nerve
deeply marked; secondary veins, eight to ten pairs, emerging at, an open
angle, 55°, cur ving in ascending to the borders and entering the teeth,
The lowest pair branch once or twice downward; the second pair has
sometimes one inferior branch near its point; all the other veins are sim-
ple; nervilles, undistinct, crossing the veins at right angles. This spe-
cies is allied to Quercus Pseudo-alnus, Etting., (Bil, V'l.,) which has more
deeply marked and more acute teeth, with secondary veins at a more
acute angle of divergence and more distant.

_QUERCUS PEALEL, sp. nov. A small coriaceous, short, petioled leaf,
14 inches long, ovate in outline, cuneate and entire to the petiole, more
abruptly narrowed from above the middle into an obtuse point, and
there obtusely and distantly crenate; medial nerve deeply marked,
like the secondary veins; four to five pairs in acute angle, (30°,) curving
in going to the borders, where they enter the teeth, except the lowest
pair, which curves upward, follows the borders, and unites by ramifica-
tion with branches of the second pair. lt is a fine species, somewhat
like Quercus fagifolia, Gépp., (Schossnitz, Fl, p. 14, Pl. vi, especially
Fig. 9,) from which it differs by the cuneate rounded ‘base of the leaves,
the more deeply marked teeth, and more curved secondary veins.

QUERCUS GODETI, Heer. Two specimens of leaves, with all the
characters of this species, as described by Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., II,
p- 50,) especially resembling Pl. cli, Fig. 1. The borders of the leaves
appear only irregularly serrulate, and “not doubly so, as marked in the
figure; but the coarseness of the stone obliterates the details. By the
borders, unequal at the base, and by the nervation, these leaves, like
those of urope, seem referable to Juglans. The areolation is undis-
tinct.

QUERCUS tana. Gaud., (Fl. Ital., 2 Mem., Pl. iii, Fig. 5,10.) The
leaves referable to this species differ only from it by their smooth
surface, and the secondary veins, more numerous, sixteen pairs at least,
nearer to each other, and more curved in passing out to the borders.
According to the author the surface of the leaves of his species is

298 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

rugose, which is not the case in ours. However, Professor Heer has
in his Arctic Flora figured this species, (II, p. 472, Pl. xlix, Fig. 2-4,)
without mentioning the rugosity of surface, and with form’ of leaves,
dentation, and nervation of “exactly the same characters as in our speci-
mens. It is very probably the same.

FICUS TILLZFOLIA, Al. Br. Obscure fragments.

SASSAFRAS, species. Represented only by a single specimen of the
lower part of a leaf. The lateral veins branch at a Y distance from their
base, and there is no trace of tertiary nervation or areolation. These
are mere negative characters, and the only ones agreeing with those
of Sassafras Ferretianum, Mass., a species which is restored by
Heer, from fragments of Greenland, in Fl. Arc., I], p. 474, Pl.1, Fig. 2.
Ours differs by the borders and the lateral veins diverging from the
petiole and from the medial nerve in an angle of 60°, doubly as broad
as the angle of divergence in the species from Greenland. I have no
access to Massalongo’s description and figure of Wis species, but from
Gaudin, who has the same species published in FI. Ital., fH, p. 50, Pl. 10,
Fig. 8, ours is far different, especially by the total absence of secondary,
horizontal veins, lower than the fork of the primary veins, and also of
the reticulation, generally so well marked in leaves of this genus.

CINNAMOMUM SCHEUZERI, Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., p. 85.) This spe-
cies is represented in its various forms by a number of specimens, even
in its marked variety figured. loc. cit., Pl. xeiii, Fig. 2, 3, 4.

ANDROMEDA GRAYANA, Heer, (Vancouver Fl, , p. 7, Pl.i, Fig. 7-9.)
The same can be said of this species as of the ‘former. It is repre-
sented in the specimens by such a large number of fragments of its ,
various parts and of various sizes that ‘it is not possible to doubt iden-
tity. Some of our fragments are still larger than Fig. 9, loc. cit.

ANDROMEDA RETICULATA, (?) Etting., (in Heer, Balt. Fl. ,p. 36, Pl. xxvi,
Fig. 5-9.) Two lanceolate leaves of thick, leathery texture, tapering
to the petiole, with a broad, half-round medial nerve, and obsolete,
Secondary veins at an acute angle, like those of A. Grayana, curving
along the borders. The undistinct reticulation appears to be as figured
by Heer; but this appearance may be due to the coarseness of the
stone. By their form and the direction of the secondary veins the
leaves resemble A. Grayana, differing, however, evidently by the thick-
ness of the medial nerve. Both these leaves are larger than those fig-
ured in the Baltic Flora, being about 3 millimeters broader.

JUGLANS RUGOSA, (?) Lsqx.; CORNUS ACUMINATA, (?) Newby. The
Same remark is applied to this leaf as in p. 294 to Juglan’s Rhamnoides.

LYRIODENDRON, species. Also represented by one fragment, the
lower half of a leaf. The base is at first obliquely descending to the
petiole, and then, curving abruptly downward, becomes decurrent upon
it in a short border; leaf of thick texture, with broad medial nerve;
secondary veins and nervilles strongly marked. In his Fl. Are., Pro-
fessor Heer has figured, without description and specification, (I, Pl. xxvi,
Fig. 7 b,) from Icel and, part of a leaf of Lyriodendron, of same size,
differing only from ours by the not decurrent base.

RHAMNUS RECTINERVIS, Heer. A single specimen of a whole leaf.
No difference. See above (p. 295) remarks on the same species.

JUGLANS DENTICULATA, Heer. (Fl. Arc., LI, p.483, Pl. lvi, Figs. 6-9.)
Leaves lanceolate rounded to the petiole (broken,) with undulate
bordezs, denticulate near the point; secondary veins much curved, espe-
cially toward the base of the leaf, the end running close to the borders,
numerous, 12 pairs or more. Except that this leaf is narrower, nearly
linear, or with borders parallel in the middle, it does not = from
the Greenland form.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 299
19. From Hic RipGE, ABOUT TEN MILES WEST OF HOT SPRINGS.

_ Hard, yellow, metamorphic shale, fine-grained, and hard as silex; has
only fragments of Cinnamomum Scheuzert, Heer ; and Ficus tilicefouia, mail:
Br.

20. NEAR YELLOWSTONE LAKE, AMONG BASALTIC Rocks.

Same kind of stone as the former, and harder, if possible.

RHAMNUS RECTINERVIS, Heer. Many specimens, some of which, on
account of their slightly more curved secondary veins and entire borders
at and near the point, might be referable to Rhamnus Hridan, Heer, as
figured in Fl. Arc., Pl. xix, Fig. 7a. In our specimens, however, the
veins are more curved along the borders.

FICUS TILIZFOLIA, Al. Br. The mere skeleton of a leaf, the primary
nerves only being preserved.

POPULUS BALSAMOIDES, (?) GoOpp. A fragment, the upper part of a
leaf which appears to complete the figure in Heer’s Fl. Alas., Pl. ii,
Fig. 3.

EQUISETUM LIMOSUM, Lin. Stem narrow, 4 millimeters broad, undu-
lately 10-ribbed, marked with sheathed articulations 10 millimeters dlis-
tant ; sheaths short, brown-colored, fringed with lanceolate acute points.

e color of the sheaths may depend from the presence of oxide of iron.
itis, however, remarkable that all the sheaths and these parts of the plant
only have the same color as in LH. limoswm of our time. The form of
the divisions of the sheaths and their length are not quite distinct, but
appear as in the living species, short, rigid, appressed, acute, brown
teeth. I consider it as identical.

Fragments of Cyperites, analogous to Cyperus angustior, Heer.

21, THREE MILES ABOVE SPRING CANON.

&

A kind of very hard, metamorphic, shaly limestone, with numerous
broken and badly preserved fragments of plants, a few of which are
recognizable.

SEQUOIA REICHENBACHI, (7?) Heer, (Fl. Arc., I, p. 83, Pl. xlin, Figs.
‘ld, 2b, 5a.) Branches and branchlets bearing lnear-lanceolate, narrow
long leaves, Sharply pointed, decurring upon the branches by an
enlarged base, marked by a medial nerve, open at first, but turning
upward near the point, or faleateiy curved. Upon young br anchlets the
leaves are merely oblique and straight. Upon larger branches they are
open and curved, only seen at intervals, the space between them being
marked by broad, obovate, abruptly pointed, and nerved scars of scales
or leaves. There is no trace of cone or of any other remains referable
to conifers. It much resembles S. Reichenbachi, Heer, loc. cit., differing,
however, by its diminutive size, the leaves, branches, and scales being
at least twice narrower than in the specimens figured by Heer from the
Cretaceous formation of Kome, Greenland. It bears to S. Reichenbacht
the same relation as Glyptostrobus gracillimus, Lsqx., of the Cretaceous of
Nebraska, bears to G. Hwropeus of the Miocene.

PHYLLOCLADUS SUBINTEGRIPOLIUS, Lsqx., (Am. Jour. Sci., vol. XLV,
p. 92, Pl. iv, Fig. 8, ined.) The nervation of this species is so pecu-
liar that the identification of its different forms is certain. The leaf has
the point broken; its form is oval-oblong, with the borders entire from
the base to above the middle, where they become marked by distant,
obtuse, short teeth. The medial nerve is only marked at the base by a

300 _ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JF THE TERRITORIES.

short swelling. The veins are very close to each other, closer than in
any species of fern, dichotomous in ascending from the medial nerve in
a very acute angle, their base being parallel to it before joining it.

ANDROMEDA PARLATORU, Heer, (Phill. Cret. du Nebraska, p. 18,
Pl. i, Fig. 5.) Neither in this work nor in my addition to the Fossil
Plants of the Mississippi, loc. cit., has this species been figured in its
whole or with the point and the petiole. One specimen has an entire
leaf. it is narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering to a long, aente,
slightly scythe-shaped point, and also gradually tapering downward to
a short, broad, slightly winged petiole. The nervation is as figured by
Heer; the secondary veins emerging in an acute angle, thick, curving
upward, evanescing near the borders.

MAGNOLIA ALTERNANS, Heer. The upper half of a leaf about the
same part with same nervation as Heer’s Fig. 3, of Pl. iii,in Phyllites
du Nebraska. Apparently identical; nervation obsolete.

22. HARD, SHALY, FINE-GRAINED, WHITISH SANDSTONE.

About of the same consistence and color as the specimens from Car-.
bon Station. The precise locality is unknown, the labels having been
lost or forgotten. This is regrettable, on account of the peculiar charac-
ter of the remains of plants, mostly leaves of Ficus, which are preserved
in these shales.

CYPERUS CHAVANESIS, Heer. Many specimens representing leaves
of various size, as those of Fl. Ter. Helv., I, Pl. xxviii, Fig. la, with
cross-lines perpendicular to the nervation, as in Fig. 1d, and with a stem
with broad strie of different color, as in F ig. 1 f, of the same plate.
Some of the leaves have numerous marks of a small fungus, S. clerotium,
which is like S. Aeon: jot um, Heer, (FL. Ter. Helv., I, p. 21, PL i) iis.
12 and 120.)

POPULUS ARCTICA, Heer. It is the same form as that of Pl. me Fig.
3, of Fl. Are. , represented by two specimens.

PICUS MULTINE =RVIS, Heer, (Fl. Ter. Helv., I, p. 63.) With the form
of leaves as in PI. Ixxxi, Fig. 9, and secondary veins still more numer-
ous and also slightly more oblique than in Fig. 6 of the same plate. It
cannot be separated from this species.

FICUS LANCEOLATA, Heer, (loc. cit., p. 62.) One large specimen is coy-°
ered with numerous leaves of the same character as those figured in
Fl. Ter. Hely., Fig. 13, Pl. clii. They much differ in appearance from
the following form, also represented by numerous leaves.

FICUS ARENACEA, sp. nov. Differs from the former species by broader
leaves of a thicker texture, not tapering, but somewhat rounded to the
petiole, by the medial nerve, twice as broad and grooved near the base.
The secondary veins are strong, but the ultimate reticulation is obsolete.

Ficus GAUDINI, sp. nov. A fine species, with broadly ovate-lanceolate
pointed leaves, (the point is destroyed,) rounded at the base to a short,
thick, curved petiole, varying in length from 3 to 7 inches, and propor-
tionally broad, from 14 to 33 inches; medial nerve thick and broad,
grooved from the middle to the petiole; secondary veins nearly at a right
angle to the medial nerve, slightly more oblique in ascending to near
the point where the angle of divergence is still 60°, abruptly curving at
a distance from the borders. The base of the leaves is about as in the
living species Ficus Americana, Auct.; but no fossil species of this see-
tion is comparable to it. The presence of so many leaves, types of the
section of a genus, forces the question of possible identity of those differ-
ent forms, distinct and separable by what appears good specific charac-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 301

ters, and the question becomes still more pressing when the examination
of paleontologists bears upon remains of a genus which indicates for each
Species in the living state the greatest diversity in the forms, even in the
nervation of its leaves. I will not repeat what I have said formerly*
concerning the specification of vegetable fossil remains, but merely
remark that we have to deal with characters which, though unreliable,
must be admitted and described according to the general rules of scien-
tific descriptions, and cannot for each of these “characters take into
account the possibilities of variations, except when they are in some
way indicated by intermediate forms. In this particular case, itis right
to say: that the leaves representing the different species above named
are grouped upon different specimens, each group presenting the same
characters; and that these characters do not show any transitional form
from one species to the other.

PLATANUS, undeterminable species. In fragments. One of the speci-
mens bears large pieces of bark with exuded matter, like glomerules
of amber.

_CInNAMOMUM, (!) species. Broken fragments of large leaves, broadly oval
and rounded at the base, lanceolate to a point, (?) (broken ;) texture of the
leaves thin or not coriaceous; lateral veins slightly curved in ascending
to three-fourths of the leaves, moderately branching outside; medial
nerve pinnately branching from the middle upward. ‘This species
appears related to Cinnamomum Heerti, Lsqx., of the Mississippi Ter-
tiary, and also to the large forms of Cinnamomum polymorphum, Heer.

23. CRETACEOUS STRATA, KANSAS.

Specimens communicated by Professor Bb. F. Mudge, on hard, ferru-
ginous sandstone.

Remark.—As the following species have been figured for a detailed re-
port of the fossil plants obtained from the explorations of Dr. F. V. Hay-
den, a short description of them finds its place in this paper, though the
specimens have been collected by Professor B. I’. Mudge, of Manhattan
College, Kansas, and kindly sent for examination. These specimens are,
indeed, beautiful, representing whole leaves, fully preserved in their
outline and in the details of their neryation. ‘They add to our knowl-
edge of the extinct floras a number of remarkable forms, interesting to
paleontologists, not only by their characters, but especially as aftord-
ing new data for the study of the species and ‘of the distribution of the
Cretaceous flora on both continents.

PTEROSPERMITES QUADRATUS, sp. nov. <A large leaf, round, quad-
rate in outline, 5 to 9 inches both ways, with entire, more or less wavy
borders, round truncate to the base, obtusely short-pointed; medial
nerve round and thick, overlapped at its base by the borders of the
leaves, passing it by about half. an inch; inferior secondary veins, nar-
row, somewhat flabellate around the base of the medial nerve, or diverg-
ing in right angles from it; first pair of opposite secondary veins, half an
inch above the base of the medial nerve, strong, diverging at an open
angle, much branching downward; nerviiles deeply marked, becoming
thicker in contact to the secondary veins, nearly continuous; substance
of the leaves, coriaceous. From the first pair of opposite secondary
veins, the others, in ascending, are nearly parallel, equidistant, passing
obliquely to the ‘borders, scarcely curved, craspedodrome, as in all the
species of this genus. By its nervation this species is related to P. den-
tatus, Heer, (Fl. Arc., I, p. 138, Pl. 23, Fig. 6.) :

* American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xlv, p. 103, note.

302 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

PTEROSPERMITES MULTINERVIS, sp. nov. The outline of the leaf is
destroyed. From the direction of the veins, it appears to have about
the same form-as the former species, from which it differs, especially by
its numerous basilar veins, eight of which are visible, diverging fan-like
from the base of the medial nerve, and by the much more numerous.
secondary veins, twelve pairs being counted in the leaves of this species,
while the former has only seven to eight pairs, with larger leaves. In
this species, also, the nervilles are deeper, less divided, and continuous.

PTEROSPERMITES HAYDENII, sp. nov.. A small leat, 3 inches long, 2
inches wide, ovate-lanceolate, obtusely pointed, rounded to the petiole,
(broken,) with borders, not overlapping at base, deeply undulate or
irregularly, obtusely short-lobed from below the middle to the point;
medial nerve deep and narrow; three pairs of thinner, inferior, lateral,
secondary veins, diverging nearly in right angles from the medial nerve;
the fourth pair stronger, more oblique, more cr less branching, ascend-
ing straight to the point of a lobe like the others, five pairs above it;
nervilles deep, continuous, connected in the middle by cross-branches.
A fine leaf, allied to P. spectabilis, Heer, of North Greenland, in Fl. Are.,
II, p. 480, Pl. xiii, Fig. 15.)

MAGNOLIA ENSIFOLIA, sp. nov. Represented by two leaves, one 3
inches long, 1 inch wide; the other 6 inches long, 23 inches broad ; linear, .
abruptly cuneate to the base or petiole, (not seen,) and also abruptly
round-pointed at the top; borders, entire or slightly wavy; medial
nerve, broad, flat; secondary veins, oblique, diverging ‘40° to 50°, eurv-
ing from the’ middle upward, and branching twice or more in anasto-
mosing with branches of the nearest veins. The leaves are of thick,
coriaceous texture, having the same nervation and areolation as our
Magnolia grandiflora, L. ‘It is related to Magnolia crassa Gopp.,
(Beytraege zur Ter. Fl. Schlesiens, Tab. iv, Fig. 1 and 2.)

QUERCUS MUDGH, sp. nov. An oval lanceolate leaf, (point broken.)
either narrowed to the base or somewhat enlarged and abruptly rounded-
truncate to the petiole; medial nerve twice as broad as the secondary
veins, 8 to 10 pairs, which are alternate or opposite, oblique, (409°,)
straight or slightly flexuous in passing to the borders, branching once
or twice, and entering, with each of their divisions, the point of a short
tooth ; the borders being regularly marked by short, equal teeth separated
by obtuse sinuses, Closely allied to the leaf, published. by Dunker as
Castanea Hausmanni, in Pflanzenreste aus dem Quadersandstein von
Blankenburg, Pal. Vol. IV, p. 179, Pl. xxxiv, Fig. 1, at least for the ner-
vation and the dentation of the borders.

ARALIA (?) QUINQUEPARTITA, sp. nov. Under the name of Aralia
formosa, Professor Heer has published, in Flora Cret. von Moletin, p. 18,
Pl. viii, Fig. 3, a trilobate leaf, serrulate on the borders, to which ours
is closely allied. This merely differs by a division of the lateral lobes |
from the middle, thus forming a quinque-partite leaf, and by the borders
which are entire, atleast as far up as they are preserved, the upper part
being destroyed. Itis a coriaceous leaf with three broad, flat, secondary
veins, diverging, a little above the base of the leaf, from the enlarged
medial nerve. The lateral veins divide still from below the middle,
forming on both sides two new divisions of the leaf, which, as said
above, becomes quinque-partite. I do not know any living species of
Aralia to which this leaf may be compared.

PLATANUS NEWBERRYANA, Heer, (Phill. Cretac., p. 16, Pl. i, Fig. 4.)
A fine and more complete specimen of this species is preserved in the
Museum of Comparative Atiatomy of Cambridge, from the colleetion of
fossil plants of Professor Marcou. Itshows a rhomboidal leaf, enlarged

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 303

in the middle into a short lobe, narrowed upward to an obtuse point,
cuneate to the base, with borders undulately denticulate; secondary
veins, oblique, straight, the lower pair ascending to the point of the
lobes, much divided; nervilles, simple, continuous, deeply marked.

PLATANUS. HEERII, sp. nov. A species represented by many good
Specimens. Leaves, round in outline, with short, obtuse, lateral lobes,
and an obtuse, short point; borders entire, wavy, or obtusely, distantly
dentate, passing in a broad angle, even by a rounded curve toward the
petiole, on which they descend in decurring to it, forming a short wing.
Petiole apparently short, one inch long, as seen in one of the specimens.
The basilar wing is marked with one or two pairs of horizontal, narrow
veinlets, running along the borders; the first pair of secondary veins
above them is thick, straight, oblique, much divided in tertiary and
quaternary veinlets, which, like the febrilles, are deeply marked. Tex-
ture, thick; surface, smooth; areolation of P. occidentalis. As in this
species also, the second pair of lateral veins is at a greater distance
from the first.

SASSAFRAS OBTUSUS, sp.nov. A true sassafras, to which is referable
the leaf published in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. XLV, p. 94, under the name of
Populites Salisburiefolia, Lsqx.

PHYLLOCLADUS SUBINTEGRIFOLIUS, Lsqx., (loc. cit., p. 92.) <A larger
leaf than the former described ones, obovate, undulate on the borders
from the middle upward, obtusely pointed, with same nervation.

I.—REMARKS ON THE CRETACEOUS SPECIES DESCRIBED
ABOVE.

The above enumeration mentions fourteen species of fossil plants
from our Cretaceous formations. It is a smali group, indeed; yet, on
the whole, an interesting and valuable contribution to our knowledge
of the Cretaceous flora of our continent. Seven of these species are
new; three Pterospermites, the first American representatives of this
group, excepting, perhaps, one species of the genus Credneria, considered
by some authors as allied to it, though not yet satisfactorily deter-
mined.* The Pterospermites re-appear in the Tertiary of our con-
tinent, with analogous characters, at least. P. quadratus, Lsqx., re-
sembles, especially by its nervation, P. dentatus, Heer, from Mackenzie,
while P. Haydent, Lsqx., is, by its size, the form of its leaves, and their
nervation, a near relative of P. spectabilis, Heer, from Greenland. The
affinity of typical forms is remarkable, on account of the difference of
latitude or of the geographical habitat and the geological station of these
plants. The fourth new species, Magnolia ensifolia, Lsqx., is allied by
some characters to Magnolia crassifolia, Gopp., from the Tertiary of Sile-
sia; while the fifth, the fine Platanus Heerti, Lsqx., has, for represent-
ative in our Tertiary, Platanus aceroides, Gopp., and Platanus Guillelme,
G6pp., two intimately related. forms. Therefore, on seven new species
of the Cretaceous described here, five have a marked Tertiary facies,
while, at the same time, three of them, at least, have what may be calledan

* Our Pterospermites have analogy of form and nervation with Pierospermum, Schreb.,
a genus of the Butineriacew. Heer, in his Fl. Ter. Helv., has published seeds referable
to the same kind of plants. There is, therefore, scarcely any doubt about the relation
of these leaves. It is different with Credneria. Its place is, as yet, undefined. Though
resembling by some of its characters, especially by size and general nervation, the
leaves of some Plerospermites, their form, their basilar nervation, and the mode of at-
tachment of the petiole are different. We have from our Cretaceous of Nebraska one
Credneria, (C. Le conteana, Lsqx.,) apparently identical with C. macrophylla, Heer, of the
Quadersandstein or Upper Cretaceous of Moletein, Moravia.

304 -GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Arctic facies. The two other species have, as yet, relation only with other
plants from the Quadersandstein of Europe. <Aralia quinquepartita,
Lsqx., is a relative of A. formosa, Heer, from Moletein. The author com-
pares. it to A. primigenia, from Mount Bolea, a locality well known by
its fossil flora, which, though referred to the Eocene, has some typical
Cretaceous forms. Quercus Mudgit, Lsqx., as remarked in its deserip-
tion, is comparable to Castanea Hausmanni, published by Dunker, from
the same formation (Quadersandstein) of Blankenburg.

Do the four species which have been described, from the locality
three miles above Spring Cation, bear an evident Cretaceous facies ?.
This locality is in the neighborhood of strata bearing remains of Ter-
tiary plants, and this inquiry is forced by the presence of Cretaceous
types at a station where they were unlooked for. The first of these
species, referred to Sequoia Reichenbachi, Heer, from the Cretaceous of
Cone, Greenland, is identical in characters, except in the diminutive
size of the form represented by our specimens. This difference in
the size of branches and leaves of conifers cannot be considered
as specific, especially for plants of a same geological formation.
The second form, referred to Andromeda Parlatori, Heer, from the
Cretaceous of Nebraska, is represented by an entire leaf, better
preserved than any specimen as yet obtained of it, and, therefore, I con-
sider its identification as certain. The third, Magnolia alternans, Heer,
also formerly obtained from Nebraska, is a mere fragment, and on that
account its identity might be disputed. The fourth, Phyllocladus subin-
tegrifolius, has not yet any relative in the Tertiary formations; and,
therefore, even omitting the third species as doubtful, we have still
three distinct Cretaceous forms, affording evidence to the age of the
strata where they have been found. According to the indications
kindly furnished by Dr. Hayden, these strata are either in the lowest
part of the Tertiary strata of the West or in the upper part of the
Cretaceous, there being still a great thickness of measures between the
Kansas or Nebraska leat-bearing Cretaceous strata and those of Spring
Cation. It seems, therefore, that we may come to the conclusion: first,
that there is still a succession of vegetable representatives of our
Cretaceous flora, ascending much higher. in these measures than at the .
localities where the first remains of this flora were obtained; secondly,
that if it is the case, we may expect to find in those intermediate strata’
representatives of transitional forms from our Cretaceous species to
those which have been found and described from the so-called disputed
strata, necessarily considered, from the characters of their vegetable re-
mains, as of Tertiary age. The examination of the intermediate measures
is, therefore, of great interest, as from the modifications of typical forms in
these measures, Supposed successive in time, we may find facts proving
a series of changes, or of specific forms, under appreciable influences.

IiI.—TERTIARY FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
§1. GENERAL REMARKS.

In the introduction of a pamphlet recently published by Professor
Heer, ‘* On some Fossil Plants of Vancouver and British Columbia,” the
author remarks that ‘while we are‘now acquainted with a large num-
ber of species of fossil plants from the Miocene of Europe, we know
scarcely any from the same formation of America. And yet this
knowledge would be most valuable to science, as it would give us, on
the history of the vegetable world, on the origin and succession of
vegetable types, on the relation of the Tertiary “flora of America with

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 305

that of Europe, and consequently with the climatic conditions of both
countries, the most important information.” From these considerations
my celebrated friend infers that his descriptions of seven Tertiary
species of fossil plants from Vancouver Island and British Colum-
bia, must be considered a valuable contribution to vegetable paleon-
tology. If this is right, and no naturalist of conscience will deny
the truth of the above conclusions, how high shall we estimate the
result of the researches of Dr. I’. V. Hayden, who, in his last tour
of geological explorations, has obtained from twenty different localities
of the Western States or Territories many hundred specimens, repre-
senting more than eighty species of Tertiary fossil plants? The import-
ance of these researches, to which we are indebted, also, for most of
what we know of the vegetation of our Cretaceous formations, has been
already acknowledged by science here, and especially in Europe, as
evinced by the notable discussions which they have provoked. As it
may be seen by the map of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, and
their tributaries, in Dr. Hayden’s report, (1870,) the area occupied in
the West by Tertiary formations is of considerable extent. Already
the fossil plants known from this formation represent localities from
Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, &c. We may thus
already foresee that in a not far distant time the fossil flora of the
recent formations of our continent will have been studied and be known
well enough to draw to it a more general interest; for then it will be
able to answer most of the questions which now occupy the mind of the
paleontologists, and which, as already remarked, bear upon some of
the most interesting problems of the history of our earth’s surface.

§2. TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.

The following comparative table of distribution of our Tertiary fossil
plants indicates the relation of species to localities and to the different
stages of the Tertiary formations both in Europe and in America, by
reference to identical or analogous species. To render the table more
complete, more interesting for the present, and at the same time more
useful for the future as a kind of frame where new discoveries may be
recorded and compared, I have composed it of all the American Ter-
tiary species until now described and published, excepting, however,
the 56 species from Alaska in Heer’s flora Alaskana, which rather per-
tain to the Arctic fora. The table shows, however, the North Amezri-
can Tertiary plants identical with Alaska species. I have also omitted
the fossil plants from Vancouver, the Orcas Islands, and Nanaimo, not
only on account of their as yet unascertained geological relation, but
also of our imperfect acquaintance with their specific characters. Dr.
Evans's specimens are still accessible, and I hope soon to have an oppor-
tunity of reviewing them, of comparing them with former descriptions,
and to give for a next report a definitive account of the forms which
they represent.

Vhis table is, I think, easily understood. The first three sections,
marked Middle Aliocene, Lewer Miocene, and Hocene, are as yet hypotheti-
cally limited. ‘The reasons of this limitation, and the characters of the
sections as resulting from the species admitted into each of them, will
be examined hereafter. The fourth section, marked Unknown, has the
species from localities not satisfactorily known, either on account of the
two small number of specimens representing them, or from want of re-
liable reference. In the three sections marking stages of the European
Tertiary, the relation of our Tertiary species with those of Europe is

20 G8

306 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

indicated by A, analogous, and I, identical. The table, therefore, is
distributed as follows:

1st column, Middle Miocene, has the species from—
H. Henry’s Fork.
M. Muddy Creek.
Bb. Barrell’s Springs.
EK. Elko Station.

2d column, Lower Miocene, has—

Y. Yellow Stone,
U. Fort Union,
R. Rock Creek.
W. Washakie group.
M. Medicine Bow.
J. Junction Station.
C. Carbon Station.

od column, Eocene, has—
H. Mississippi flora, from Hilghard’s and Safford’s specimens.
M. Marshall mine.
R. Raton Pass, with Purgatory Cation and Gold City.
W. Washakie Station.
E. b. Evanston, below the coal.
E. a. Evanston, above the coal.
S. Snake River.
6 m. Six miles above Spring Caiion and ten miles west of Hot Springs.
Y. Yellowstone Lake.

4th column, Unknown, has-
G. Green River.
P. Point of Rocks.
S. Sage Creek.
M. Mouth of Spring Cafion.
U. Unknown locality.
In the Arctic series we have for references—
G. Greenland.
M. Mackenzie.
S. Spitzbergen.
I. Iceland.
B. Baltic.

; Species described by Dr. Newberry.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF

THE TERALTORIE

qd
re

2
J

OT

Table of distribution of the species of fossil plants in the Tertiary formations of North America.

Name of species.

Sclerotium pustuliferum, H
Onoclea sensibilis, L
Pteris penneformis, H
Biechnum Gopperti, Ett
Aspidium Wischeri, H
Gymnogramma Haydenii, Lx
Lygodium compactum, Lx...-.....--.
neuropteroides, Lx

Fern, species
Equisetum Haydenii, Lx
limosum, L., (living)

Taxodium cccidental, Ny
Tinajorum, H

_ Giyptostrobus Huropeus, Br
Sequoia Heerii, Lx
Langsdorfii, Br

Thuja gracilis, Ny
Abictites dubius, Lx
Salisburia binervata, Lx
Arundo, species
Phragmites Oeningensis, Br
Alaskana, H

Poacites levis, H
Cyperites, species
angustior, (?) Br
Deucalionis, H

Cyperus Braunianus, H
Chavanensis, H

Carex tertiaria, (?) H
Sabai Grayana. Lx
Campbellii, Ny
major, (?) Un
Calamopsis Danai, Lx
species (2)
Sparganium, species
Acorus brachystachys, H
Psilotum inerme, Ny
Zingiberites, species
Liquidambar gracile, Lx
Populus rotundifolia, Ny. ......--.
subrotunda, Lx. .......... 5

arctica, H
smilacifolia, Ny
attenuata, Br
cuneata, Ny

cordata, Ny
AONIEO AS Niyis os se) 2ieisieloleteis
Nebrascensis, Ny
genetrix, Ny
nervosa, Ny

tee tee eee eee

ey

ee i rd

ee es

TaavoRaWOL Kon) el Up chenyes A RN See juts aera mete ial) eel P

Se i is

eequalis, Lx

Middle Miocene.

ster ee ee

eee en eee

mutabilis, var. repando-cre- |........ |

nata, H.

Dalaamoides, (2) Gp ..2.2. 1). -)05. 7.28),
CO) SEIS (Cl ERS ee ge ee ay 1
latior var. transversa, Br ...|.--..--.

mutabilis, var. lancifolia, H..|......-.. |

var. cordifolia, Ll

Jeucophylla, Un
Zaddachi, H

Salix Greenlandica, H

\Wiscacts)uevan bird Ope eee nes pert me Bi 8) foal e Te a ene

densinervis, Lx

(ial) Loh DED GifSEN Dre Ae Sear seer ere aes as | 2a) ne, || ota ee ea

Myrica ambigua, Lx
Alnus Kefersteinii, H

serrata, Ny
Betula caudata, Gp

POL BIVOUIS OT laine Ais Leper ore le en ya Ue oe

Planera microphylla, Ny

WolhvsnbrewicUlias Webi ck cer cramicre evelllsleu ac aleelly oa arcerete
BORO TI SPN LOO LUNG ante tyattatetaleyaialsiaialanataaiere\eelarereiclsisieleieteceie

Ce ee i ee ie a

ee ee oe

Lower Miocene.

see ee eee

ee eee eee

Uz

Unknown.

Viicdle Miocene.

Lower Miocene.

6 |
|
|
ae
| &
a i a | A
a 2 2
| x Sy
<0 iin <a =
| |
eal BOA) i Sea ilbta ees
WE, ene ht IU,
Laan GG aan
meine ea | A.
ie el eke ie Aaa
Oe aio GhceNlee ana ne
ANY, i tz. ! Aas oS
AG NGA Be aaa
PAN & TC LUE es For
LUGE Senet
Ail asaniees,. Ie JA
Beets Ss ie
AEC UMD Dale oe
REN. Dery ie
gw OR ers TU he
Pr isiea heen be nS
eee e ee Mest eee ita aera ae
CA Se la et
Pa er 1B.) ue aia
Ariat Manat ihe. a A.
eo "| Pepe Oil more aie
Ng Bees Ge SENSE Ue
i a a Tae
DRAM Mie ea A.
SY day A A.
UR SAO SENT Cee
NEE ae ee ih
ae B: ie
SAC tae it
Pen Mac ie
OUR a) GT bn Na
A it ld a eae Ii
Peas ee Be ie
A. |Guboles eeane
RAST WA ies Cit cee
RE |
mV ail ate eves PEK Goal Gaia xia ec if ad uk fet fs rd
AVY eS ieeateee
ORT] RD Hee ES
Byes | [eres os [0 eR
eee [rteee eee] tA.

\

308 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Table of distribution of the species of fossil plants, §-c.—Continued.

Europe.
S SS) m) = =)
$ 5 Seer oe =
Name of species. a) 3 J 8 2 3
a = ih ae | | ae
S e = S = 35 > 2 w
= 3) a = a 5 3) = 3)
S| & ) 8 Date) 2 | Sn
= a) <3) p|i<4 < b } ee fe
Qrercusmayeligtie. = 222 ocas anes ape mee oa-| esse aes eT, SP Aree] Seen Ek lee s
TRE ote] Ree ce ee ee | fl a | eee oS Big Pees cas a eee Sy A. A:
chlorophylla. Un.-..---------|........|-------- JA ME. S53). 2s 322 ee 2B; x
semi-elliptica, G ......------ HE. |.------<|------=-] =. 22. [-c5--=|0-— 2s «
PRCTTR ED ERIIS PRS oe a eta ie eee ee ety ae ee W. (‘|.-22.-|-<5560]. 6c ee A
nesundoides, J eee a er ee Peat a IF oS Fy W. = |as----]--- se ee
Drymeja, Date eee aay ae i me Neeley eee} ; I. =
SOTOUGIL, Dax eeetee aioe sees see Re. jecedeccdh-.5.<])--<-<}5. sce eer
Efey domain te. Se | Pe i: Pe ee, em -
Gaudinih Mars 2252 Ss ee ace) « Bele ee M. Ag oes
Rllisianaibars ee ee hs Ee Se 6m. |...-.-|----:-|.220. 20.)
Pegler: lee wren es Peter eee KE Gm. |...--.|.-.--.].--.s.-u) eee .
Godot es ee See es ee 6m. ||...:..|.----4|. 2.2 x
Ee aharpry Gerstner ee eee le ee ee ers. Gm. |.....-|------| G9 |saseeeheeeeeee
Saftordi: tax meee ee ote ee ee Lae HH. |..-2..|------|.....-. | ee
Thoeiles Hes ee 135 pa cul ieee to S. »|.-.---|.... 205 I.
Gib in, Wise acta eee eae ae | ¥. (3) b..n.2-.].-. 20.) 2255.) oo
mnyrtifolia, (2) Wil..=-.-..--].....--/)....-...|.- HA |2s.4..|-s5---|.. 560 eer
Corylus erandifolia, Do SS See eel Mina ee | [Sag Pees | ee ed (RS peepee beeen Cen pore
orbiculata, fine eaee oes eres een 0 Pannen nes (ee ee ee
Americana, Ny ..-......---- porters eS EE See eee ne ee Pees ee
rostrata, Ny elt SE See ATT) SOY ag {Pema Mets SEF) ores (a Pee ee
MeQuarry!, HF ._.. 2.55. -: 5... aS Locos er [W.6 m.|...-.- A. ie ne Yes oon eS oee
Paes Antiponio Fo. pone nace as BR ks | Say Sete eee ae Pr. A. |. wc: 3: | Gemeeee
Dencalionis, Wn).s22520-52~5< apa Persstictrs i Pea ae 2s eee G. S. Ji heewactilae soon
ferruginea, (?) Mx., (fruit)..... GRETA Cee eee H. |......].---..].....50 ieee
Ficus Schimperi, Saas ee eS -g te ee de) ee ee (RE ee Se Bis. oad Poets
cinnamomoides, Lx.........--- ‘Se eet Pe ee H. j}..---.|---<-.[.... 3. de eee eee ee
fatisealta, DR e ne 2 as a ee eae Rémi To B (eve I. 2
PEGS TE 12 MUN 2 Ie ei, aR aE oe Se | Ese eh ee es Pe Ciesre ee B. Ei dodeoan cm
TUL REGE VIS Ee ae koe oe ot Cali pence ewe 2 We |ocnwccl a ee Ay -
oS ar ees ee eo eh ee [0 alae, eee Er Bia: Bet ade A.
Gent be Sn on oe ean bo EpSe SCE, BANE See: | Opa eer pees
Platanus Haydenii, 1 ae eae on] BE Rs IM. ¥.C.)........)s--...].---..] <.-<2. ee eee
nobilis, Ny ee hee ee [ie Dee pe ac 1 Ae: an en eS Mee itis
Raynoldsii, Ny Sete ss ote Be A IAI TS Re dee] s RS See ce) Mat | eS | n= wo cf eect ee
heterophylla, ee ere ane see yet ees | ee 2) Pee |... .-=--femen'slhe aaa
radian tt. ke PEC n 6 a 2 (eres G. L. |:<assshaeeeeee
RECEOIUOS TERT) == 83-66 aceon ee aes 2 ie) Mall | APE eA Sate fs © ays ; a _ ; 1.: ‘22 222oeeee -
BPOCICH esate swe ce sceeecien.s 2 .Ulasack SUBILeee ee Ws bsaceee | ee
PS AAUP SADC Baie aoc Sen ee ee em 5 Rn ea ee ee Ae: hase eee
Persea lancifolia, Lx .....------...-. BREE SRE is A en eee Me
RMN EAS SHOCIER: 22 225255 Sete os poets eee fe eee eee 6.m. |...-..|----..|:...065)>5e see eee ee
Cinnamomum affine, Lx -......---.-.}........ Sere ae | ae ee ee ee Be Al
Mississippiense, Lx...|........ Loan ebt Baac de nacre eee lace As: 4 2s vl
SGHBYUZOPE eee noo sole oes Bote E.a.6m.| M. B. I. i. x. I
polymorphum, (?) Br..|.....-.. | Pe ee, | ee Seat Perl eee eee iL se uD
Eleagnus SSeS 1 eee ee ae eee joceseee NS ae Wa Be eel ee oe A, Vscaealeeee
Pigikon Selves Hk ol. By? je cbeedhees'ectedeas eee is a:
Aristolochia cordifolia, Ny.-.....-...|......-. ee See eee pees meee
Andromeda Grayana, PLES TOE ne Gor, See \E.b.6 m.|.....- y. ean eee fee Se
ea et Be | Be ee See |: es i ee ee A ae
reticulata, H ae Weems eat 5 oe eee ee) 2 B.. | «satel eaeeeeeeee
VACQUNEIALES ASH oes se 1). eee 5 yiee (eeoee eo Ie B. hssccea}ee Seen peers
Diospires Tanerioba: brs 635 So. 2s | ee eee iA A. |esnecses)e=s 55 5) seeee
SPRRONGDaEA EE eo ere oan | os eee Se Be A. |ececccicd]é nae tee eee
Sapotacites Amerieaingn. bres...) . |. Po ee Bs Dems poy © Se) RB ia See PS ee 2
Echitoninum Sophie Web... <.85-...(2255- 8S es MB he ea B. ke Bes ipa
Viburnum aspernm, My). 222. ten.<—s| ua oe | 0 en Se eens mein pen Ee
lanceolatum, Ny. .....--..)... secs. U. j.-.-.-2.)2.-252|--2--2].-+~02 20]
Aralia-trlops, NY 33-39% «sas onceea alee ee De Pe Pen ae ppesrnes Demme ee Pr
Cornus incompleta, been eee [Rao Sk NEALE M. |...22-|-~-4..]..0-.-s0)ee =e eee
Bemmnm aba. WY «52152 5e8 Se ee x. W. . |.---.-| 2-22). - 222-55] see eee
RUNGE Fis ss ot ca ae RS bale a ae Sa ee RA a, I.
Lyriodendxon, species. _2.-42..5- 22.2.2 5. soles down s an, aE aie G., ‘|. <<scsfeesSanneeenee
Mapnolie ApetieAs 35.502... -doncid dee A eee Wi, ee oe G. (2) |-40Smahe seca
Tiienrdiann.. Tix ~ ns e e HL sif...<.<|---...|...-..<.) aces meee
laurifolia, Rae LR SS, CRD H.. :---..|-2----|.~~.. 6 4.)0 ee eee
Lesleyana, 1 SS ea a ee Soe Pa ee eR bs Pe ee ee
er fe AR AG PROT 2 ears t: ee en ee 5

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 309

Table of distribution of the species of fossil plants, §e.—Continued.

[

Europe.
[-0) ra} . oO .
Name of species. cS) 3 : Bee 2
Mig |e ed eae MA Sa |e
cowl H =) Ss Oo ra ?)
oS >) a = 4 “4 2) a 5
= E Si cea Wise alt hae ba ay a were es
ie dee ee. I eu a oo eee teas
Maenolia, cordifolia, LX ......-------].--.--2.[----+--- 28 | lenescu)eoe—c5 | Beale aterm ie
PGR CLOS) eines nisin mae = <a nine 10h ee saccorlleisd shel poncesiooscdelloaenooeeiecerer| bo deorlletesee
OMe a ie eialaiei ciclo cmje'se win cl caa/e caves ers BA le maa ei [eal Fes LS a eg LS
trilobatumay)oSbO cine -clisoccence| ec oer BOE Ths lanes bene eller Bese Ae it it
Weoundo drloba, Ny, ..----.-2.--.-c=|2---0--- 1WEe Oh S SAC Sloane ba seosl hashes alosoove||565 sacl suena
Bapimumgemmmis, Nay... .-- -secscees|occee cee BY Eee cents a alle cteratal| eee ome eat rere ene eens ce te
membranaceus, Ny .......|.--.-... ai AG lis aiase siete ie Sie eee ea ee teen ea ares ral peel a
MOGI EARLS becso scones o lek onoeee ErosBe me ETS lero caval is ee raeiee | eters eee Teale ster alee ec c
CeanothuseMeigsi, Txt. ops. lll... .|eoee 0 sce) cans koe BET ac ell secret sess ioral weer atetel | rome el eizeee te
ie SeC OOM, JA |. oe xlciie a5 Spe als epee ced Ades | Sor oer se eerie ema GS? Glke cecal bereealsees ok
iborekemia parvitolia, Ux.) eS cscs elcwe eens Tah ilpemeaNeccserteceinace BNP Nah tes Oh A.
Khamnus elegans, Ny.......---..---).---.06- 1 ee ae |B Gs HI el alge SAL
AU TROM AGUS PUR Hae lel bpyetel| nom os eeraileaiain > aia HG USOT hornet oe ce ee eee Se A bese |e
ODOWAUUS Lee ee eome See eos cause ceric ns Eig lhe ee SNe ee IS sie ea Ea eye
salicifolius, Lx..... eT Sl Se Ser Cee, SY Desi | [este ey peeps se oem a aa) te FS a a A.
MUO TINO MINS) AG. . a /cate ola a iat nioimo ete | a a ete aie ASR eee Beers | Soot e ee me aad lesesoe A,
. : a
ROGHIMOTVAS BE wiles estan sills aja dinie on erclecess ; 6anuye yeh wstrooll ate wereoeliasier eileen if,
PI AMGLO MASINI. Sood ow ache esas cise ced cubis aiejece ea ee eee has Sie rece espa yee iovspcss eevee ll share Patel | eee eet
EVINISPRAVAMSU ANN eh) s caso ale Siete oe ailisielclnw ela silidlereeeievcte TDS SS Ts Be ae Ro te | AG
MOTOS A NGY (is caiala sg as ap aisit cia (fo in Cioys yas VUBR POSTS See SSHSE SY SIRE BBA ecd laseteniokae cs yAS
LIE ELZ TANS). Eh DON SISSY il Dy eae aan Se) (a seeadecs IS WISE Hlsetotaleatecolisaee ene a|lasdoon ING Make
Said Orccl ana SelsKeh Vo) ese oe sterell increas oll seyayereie ele BEDE | ayiee 8 |e tite Ua SO i se |e, ania ee
ACUMIN ATA (Y)) Lae o.8es oo aio=ynsel|l apieiaieievere erase eicie <1 ANMar Woo euee LA G. I. I. is
; NR
TERS Ea Up ROS ee Mere See [ee mas ; W.6m ; Sata As G. BNSS 1] oS Y ae
IRDA TONG EH D6 BARE a Genes ISECses ool SeoteneE 10 eee A. G. A. A. “A.
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Cocculoiges le ees Sse = OWNS Bee te alee Ws ASsaces Gia SUBS ccon Meee saliesces

§3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN TERTIARY IOssiIL
PLANTS.

A few general remarks applicable also to the considerations on the
stratigraphical distribution of our fossil plants find their place in the
beginning of this article.

The species marked in the first column of the table do not give any
reliable information on geographical or geological distribution. The
swamps of the Tertiary, at least those which have preserved remains of
plants for fossilization, were evidently of the same kind as are now our
forest swamps and bogs. When the swamps were of small extent, the
borders being surrounded by trees of course, their interior surface was
covered with a thick growth of shrubs mostly of the same species.
Such swamps of ours now are bordered by maple, hickory, oak, &c.,
and their interior surface generally covered by water for a part of the
year is occupied by thickets of Cephalanthus, Rosa, Azalea, Clethra, &e.
When of some larger extent, the middle of the swamps was, at the Ter-

310 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tiary epoch, as it is at our time, merely overgrown by Ferns, Gramens,
apd Cyperacece, while the borders only had shrubs and trees. It is not,
therefore, uncommon to find at the same level and in the same strata at
one place remains only of herbaceous species, grasses, rushes, ferns,
&e., while at a short distance we have at another locality only petrified
arborescent leaves. Therefore the accumulation of fossil remains of the
first class at one peculiar place is merely casual, and is of not much
account in considering the question of distribution. It may be remarked,
also, that at the Tertiary epoch, as at our time, groups of few species
grow at the same time over or around the same swamps; and that,
therefore, we must expect to find the specimens of the same locality
representing few species, while on the contrary, at distant localities,
equivalent strata have species far different, and which sometimes do
not appear to bear relation of age to the others. It is only in the bogs,
especially in those from the Ohio River southward, where deposits
of peat are generally formed, that there is a diversity of vegetation
resembling that which appears in the variety of species found in some
localities of our Tertiary strata; as at Evanston, for example, at Marshall,
or at the station marked “Six miles above Spring Cafion,” &c. In Ala-
bama, Virginia, Arkansas, &c., most of these large bogs of our time are
overspread by a luxuriant vegetation of trees, shrubs, even reeds and
mosses, in a constant and admirable variety. This vegetation bears, in
a remarkable manner, the essential characters represented by the speci-
nens of the Tertiary flora from localities remarked above. For example,
in the Dismal Swamp, the magnolias are in such abundance that the
farmers of the country obtain from them a fair income by the produe-
tion of honey. The trees attain around Drummond Lake more than
one hundred feet in height. Is not that a remarkable coincidence with
the Mississippi Tertiary flora, where on less than twenty species, five
represent magnolias with very large leaves? In crossing, in Arkansas,
one bog of this kind, no more than one mile in width, I counted thirty-
six species of trees and shrubs representing Magnolia, Berchemia,
Rhamnus, Gymnocladus, Liquidambar, Cornus, Viburnum, lex, Clethra,
Azalea, Vaccinium, Sassafras, Benzoin, Juglans, Carya, Myrica, Betula,
Taxodium, &c., with five species of oak. The remains of all these
living vegetables if petrified would show a collection of types, if not of
species, remarkably similar to what is found now in some of the named
localities of the Tertiary formations.

A comparison of geographical distribution of Tertiary species, under
about the same degrees of latitude, is now possible only in a general way,
and between Europe and North America. The points of difference and
analogy may be seen at a glance on the table, without a tedious repeti-
tion of names. I will therefore add only the remarks which may give
more light to the subject.

Some families of plants have at our time a wide range of distribution,
the Gramineae, for example, the Cyperaceew, the Amentacee, which, at least
in England, have one-half of the species identical with ours. We may
then expect to find, in the distribution of genera and species of these
orders of plants, a striking analogy between the Tertiary plants of both
continents. The table indicates about the same proportion of represent-
atives of these families at the Tertiary epoch as there is at our time.
Ot the poplars, for example, we have twenty fossil species, of which
eleven are identical with Tertiary species of Europe. This genus indi-
cates, by its fossil representatives, a great predominance of species for
our country. Perhaps some forms of ours which have been considered
as distinct may be reduced by subsequent observations to mere varie-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Sit

ties. But it is remarkable that the same predominance is continued in
our present flora,as we have, in counting the marked varieties, twice as
many species of poplars as are found in Europe under the same latitude.
The willows show in their distribution the same analogy, but in a con-
trary way. As yet we know only four species of Salix from our Tertiary
measures, while Europe has thirteen. And this difference is the more
remarkable that we have in our Cretaceous already five species of
this genus. But, in considering our present flora, we find for Europe
thirty-four species of willows, while we count only twenty-one for North
America—six of them at least introduced from Europe. Of oaks, Hurope
has thirty-five Tertiary species on nine hundred and twenty species of
plants known from this formation, or about one twenty-fifth, while this .
genus as yet represents one-tenth of our Tertiary species. Therefore, here
also we see the preponderance of this genus in our actual flora indicated
already in the Tertiary. The same can be said for Platanus, Magnolia,
Rhamnus, and Juglans. Most of the genera, about equally represente ad
in Europe and in America, and of which no living species are found now
in the flora of the old continent, have still representatives with us; as,
for example, Sequoia, Sabal, Liquidambar, Ficus, Laurus, Sassafras, Lirto-
dendron, Magnolia, Negundo, Carya, &c. Of genera repi resented. in the
North American Tertiary and not in the Huropean Miocene, like Celtis,
we have still living species also. On the other side, of some genera or
orders which had a marked number of species in the Tertiary of Europe
and none in ours, like the Daphnoides, the Proteacew, the Myrsinec,
none appears in our present flora.

The same comparison pursued in a contrary direction, or in regard
to difference in latitude, indicates a relation of our Tertiary flora with
that of the Arctic regions.* Five of our species marked as of a wide
distribution—one fern, three Conifers, one Phragmites, one Acorus—have
identical representatives in Greenland and Spitzbergen. Of species of a
lesser range, we have in both Populus arctica, P. Zaddachi, Alnus
Kefersteinni, Quercus Lyell, Y. Drymeja, Y. Laharpt, Corylus MeQuarryt,
Fagus Deucalionis, Platanus Guillelme, P. aceroides, one species of
Liriodendron, one of Magnolia, Paliurus Colombi, five species of Juglans,
(perhaps reducible to two,) about one-eighth of our whole Tertiary flora,
or twenty-four species, eleven of which are also in the same formation of
Europe. With the Alaska Tertiary flora, of which only fifty-six species
are known, we have eighteen identical species, ten of which are also in
the Miocene of Europe; and with the Baltic flora, fourteen, two of
which only, Populus Zaddacht and Andromeda reticulata, are not marked
in Heer’s Fl. Ter. Helv. These data are scanty, indeed; but they
indicate already between our North American Tertiary flora and that
of the arctic regions an intimate relation, considering the ditference of
latitude, closer, indeed, (one-fifteenth,) than with the Wuropean Tertiary,
(one twenty-sixth.) At the same time, the evidence is against a more

marked analogy than could be surmised from the difference of latitude;
for in comparing the types of both groups of fossil plants of the arctic
and of the North American Tertiary, the northern and southern facies
are distinctly recognized. The arctic flora, including Alaska, has no
Cinnamomum. These so wide-spread representatives of a warmer climate
in the Tertiary are first seen in Vancouver and in our North American
Tertiary, as far up as Fort Union, near the 48° of latitude. It has also
no Sabal, while immense and numerous leaves of this species character-

*The comparison is made from the species enumerated in the table, including those
of Mississippi, with the Arctic Tertiary Flora of Heer, which describes the Tertiary
plants of Greenland, Spitzbergen, Mackenzie, and Iceland.

5% be GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ize our Tertiary, even to the same latitude of 48°. South, in the Mis-
sissippi Tertiary, the palms appear with more tropical forms, or with
the pinnaiely divided fronds of Calemopsis. Other genera represented
in warmer regions—Lygodium, Ficus, Laurus, &c.—have no species in the
arctic flora, and of our nineteen Tertiary species of oaks three only are
indicated in the Greenland flora, Quercus Drymeja, Q. Laharpi, Q. Lyellii,
all common to the whole extent of the Tertiary formations. One species
of Magnolia, described in the Arctic Flora, appears like an exception to
the general rule of geographical distribution of plants, according to
climate, as in the Tertiary strata of Mississippi five well characterized
species of this genus have been discovered, while there is but one as yet
from the northwestern Tertiary. This is probably the result of the
peculiar distribution observed at our time for speciesof magnolias. They
live generally grouped in small areas, often at great distances from each
other, and without apparent regard to climatic circumstances. Though
I have traveled nearly over the whole extent of the coal-basin of Penn-
sylvania, I never met magnolias but on Silvery Rock Creek, in the
upper part of Butler County, where there is in the bottom of the ereek
a group of one dozen or more of large trees of this species. The same
kind of grouping of these fine trees is remarked in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee. |

The Tertiary species common to the flora of both the arctic and the
North American Tertiary seem to indicate for the plants of this formation
a wider range of distribution than ours have now. But it is not neces-
sary to admit that the whole Tertiary land now known on our continent
was occupied at the same time by the same class of vegetation. These
so-called Tertiary formations may have been in progress at different
places during a long period of time, and the land-surface successively
invaded by vegetation. Supposing a slow upheaval of the Tertiary land,
beginning at the north, with there a relative lowering of temperature,
the plants of that region may have by slow degrees migrated south-
ward and been introduced upon a more recently emerged land of the
same epoch. Even without admitting this hypothesis, which cannot be
here sufficiently developed, and which is not as yet sustained by positive
‘evidence, acomparative wide range of distribution isremarked at our time
for some species related to those of our Tertiary. For example, Mag-
nolia, LIyriodendron, Liquidambar, seen as high as the 41° and 42° ot
latitude north, descend to South Florida, a difference of about 15°.
More common species, especially those which generally inhabit the
swamps and bogs, like Prunus Americana, Amelanchier Canadensis, Vac-
cinium corymbosum, range from Middle Florida to the northern shore of
Lake Superior, on more than 20° of latitude. The same range may be
assigned to Acer saccharinum, Quercus rubra, Fagus ferruginea, Corylus
Americana, Juniperus Virginica, all species intimately related te species
of our Tertiary. The average of latitude of the Tertiary deposits, where
the Greenland leaves, described by Heer, were obtained, is 70° north.
We may place the average latitude of the North American Tertiary, at
least for Dr. Hayden’s plants, at the 45°. This is 25° of latitude for the
distribution of some species of wide range of the Tertiary, a difference
of 5° only in comparing this distribution with that of our living plants,
aud which is easily accounted for by the evenness of the land, together
with the greater atmospheric humidity and more uniform climate of the
northern hemisphere at tha tertiary epoch. This fact is rendered evident
by the great deposits of coal of that formation.

The land connection of Greenland, Spitzbergen, &c., with our continent
during: the Tertiary period seems attested by the distribution of the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. a13

North American Tertiary flora. The examination of this question would
demand more details than I can give in this abridged report.

§4, STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FosstL PLANTS IN THE
NoRTH AMERICAN TERTIARY FORMATIONS. |

Remarks on this subject cannot be definite and conclusive, the mate-
rials obtained being as yet too scanty to furnish valuable information.
The table of distribution of the fossil plants of the Miocene of Europe,
as established by Heer, as a complement of his admirable work, Flora
Tertiaria Helvetica, enumerates nine hundred and twenty species, mark-
ing their habitat in three essential divisions, corresponding with Upper
Miocene, Middle Miocene, and Lower Miocene.* Very few of thesespecies
are represented in a single stage or on the same division in the differ-
ent geographical sections of the Kuropean Tertiary, and, therefore, few,
if any, of these species may be considered as leading and characteristic
of one of these stages. Of course, one hundred and ninety species could
not but afford less decisive indications. The relation indicated by the
North American fossil species, now under consideration, with Kuropean
species, is intimate and evident enough to demonstrate that these plants
of ours are of Tertiary age, as it has been already surmised by the com-
parisons of the former chapter. Of the one hundred and ninety forms
of our leaves enumerated, one-fourth (45) are identical with species of
the Miocene of Europe, and one-fifth (33) closely allied to species of the
same formation; but nothing more can be ascertained; and a reference
of these plants, per groups at least, to any stage of the Kuropean Terti-
ary, would be mere hypothesis. ‘This assertion is proved by the follow-
ing table, which indicates from each of our divisions the number of
American species identical with species of the different stages of the
Miocene of Europe: :

\

EUROPE.
; Zo 5 So ; 4
S Aa = 8 Es q =
2 os 5 oo 2 i)
8 5.8 & = he 8 aS
= | | — S| =.8
BS ciloge l ee) OB) ee
Bo} ee S| eee. |e
pb as P= 4 4 4
EMintiddle Miocene ..2:ic.¢-2cesasc-ceestbecous- 3 AN ds. 2 2 1
ts) J ROA E TMI ORCMONSS a crs cess cease sujet Sra cya eererapera sete ON ac eee 2 1 UA Pee ees es 2
A SUT Ue en oe eee ee Nain easihon Anieacinet 8 1 Q 3 4 E
| | Unknown RO Beis alr ils aay 1 ay iy ish ee 2 1 1

This table is explicit. It shows that species of each of our divisions
are nearly equally scattered in the various stages of the Miocene of
Europe, and that about one-half of them are identical with species per-
taining at least to two of these stages.

On what kind of evidence are then based the divisions of our own
table? On the succession of strata as established by geological obser-
vations. The station of some of these strata, especially of those more
interesting by the large number of fossil plants obtained: Marshall,
Raton Pass, Evanston, six miles above Spring Caion, &ce., is in such
close connection to Cretaceous strata that it is as yet not possible to point
out a line of division, and that they are therefore classed in the category

* Heer, loc. cit., p. 351-369. The divisions are differently marked for Switzerland,
France, Germany, and Italy. The essential points only are indicated here.

314 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of disputed ground. . It even appears that, in some case at least, fossil
animals vouch for their Cretaceous relation.* It is the same case with
the fossil plants described from Mississippi and Tennessee.t They were
at first considered, from geological evidence, as Cretaceous, and have
been ‘definitely admitted as of the Eocene aget The relation of the
species examined here from specimens of Dr. Hayden, and which are
placed in the Eocene section of the table, have the same general] charac-
ter as those of the Mississippi, and are evidently of the same age.
Admitting, therefore, the third section of the table for plants of the
Eocene, the species of the second section must be referred to the Lower
Miocene. They differ by their general facies from those of the third
section, and the strata with which they are connected have been recog-
nized as of a higher geological horizon. The first division of the table,
marked Middle Miocene, is by its flora indefinite, its species, as already
remarked, having relation to all the stages of the Tertiary.

It will not be possible to know anything of the characters of the flora.
of the different stages of our North American Tertiary except after pro-
longed and careful researches; for in trying to ascertain the species of
plants pertaining to a peculiar division of an epoch, the results appear
to be the same for the Tertiary as for the Carboniferous formations.
Local groups are generally well limited; their characters are at first
considered as resulting from difference of age. But more extended
researches show identical vegetable forms at other places of evidently
different horizons, forcing the conclusion that most generally, at least,
geographical distribution is the essential cause of the diversity of vege-
table groups in the same formations.

§5. TYPICAL ANALOGY OF THE PRESENT FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA
WITH TERTIARY AND CRETACEOUS SPECIES.

J have already alluded in a general way§ to this fact: that the essen-
tial types of our actual flora are marked in the Cretaceous, and have
come to us after passing, without notable changes, through the Ter-
tiary formations of our continent. Before any species of our Tertiary
had been recognized and described, the general facies of the European
Miocene had been compared to that of the present North American
flora, and from the remarkable analogy of the vegetation of both epochs,
the conclusion had been driven, that the present flora of ours had received
its essential representatives from species migrated from the European
Tertiary. If the assertion brought forth in the beginning of this chapter
is right, the contrary conclusion is true; that is, the Tertiary flora of
Kurope is essentially a compound of American types, and our Cretaceous
flora is the ancestor as well of our present flora as of that of the Tertiary
of Europe. It is worth while, therefore, to briefly consider the essential
proofs of this assertion, reserving for a future report a detailed exposi-
tion, which may be rendered more conclusive by the collecting of new
materials.||

* Dr. F. V. Hayden in letters,

t Species of Fossil Plants from the Tertiary of Mississippi, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.,
vol. XIII, pp. 426 and 427.

t The discussion on the age of these strata is clearly and thoroughly exposed in
Sore ae of Geology, pp. 509-511. See also F. V. Hayden’s Annual Report for

370, p. 383.

§ American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. XLVI, p. 104.

|| The word type is here used in its more general sense,’as a figure of something to come,
without considering antecedence. In that way it is more acceptable than the word
race, which rather offers an idea of derivation.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 315

No species of Glumacee is as yet known from the Cretaceous forma-
tions of this continent, but from uncertain remains, knots separated
from the stem, and a piece of a stem referable to the genus Arundo. As
Glumacece and Cyperacew are largely represented in the Tertiary, we
may expect to find types of these orders of plants in some strata of the
Upper Cretaceous, their distribution being local, as remarked formerly.
Per contra, the Cretaceous has already typical representatives of the
essential sections of the Gymnosperme, as they are seen later in the Ter-
tiary and now in our flora. The Cupressinew are represented by Glyptos-
trobus gracillimus, Lsqx.; the A bietinec, by Araucaria (?) spathulata, Newby,
Sequoia formosa, Lsqx., a cone of Abietites described as Pterophyllum, (?)
Lsqx., all these from Nebraska and Sequoia Reichenbacht, Heer, from Mon-
tana. These are followed in the Tertiary by a number of forms of Taxo-
dium, Glyptostrobus, Sequoia, &c., ali repeated without striking variations
in our flora. Sequoia is well represented in the Miocene of Kurope; but
this genus has disappeared from its flora, as also from our northeastern
American flora, being still distributed in California. The type of our
Abies appears to be Araucaria spathulata, named above, a form referable
to three species of Abietites, described by Dunker from the Quader-
sandstein of Blankenburg, and which, altogether, may represent a singie
species. As yet we have no remains of Pinus, neither from the Creta-
ceous nor from the Tertiary. Heer has, however, described two species
from the Cretaceous of Greenland, and twenty-four species from the
arctic Tertiary. That they have not been found yet in the North
American measures, is merely the result of the geographical distribution
of the species of this genus. A remarkabie group of the Taxinec, repre-
sented already in our Cretaceous by one species of Phyliocladus, and in the
Lower Tertiary by a Salisburia, is out of our present flora. The species
of the first genus inhabit New Holland and Tasmania; the other has only
one living representative speciesin Japan. Nothing can be said on the
causes of migration, and extinction of vegetable types. As Australia has
now animal species analogous to those of the Cretaceous, it would not be
peculiar to find there also the same kind of analogy for plants. Species,
especially of conifers, disappear without appreciable causes, as some
of them are now dying out at our time; the cedar of Lebanon, the pine
(Pinus cembra) of the Alps, the giant trees of California, (Sequoia, &c.)
That our climate is well appropriate to the vegetation of Salisburia
adiantifolia is proved by the result of its culture. There is in the row
of trees bordering the Common of Boston, a splendid representative of /
this species, with a trunk about one foot in diameter. It has never been
sheltered, and is there mixed with elms and other indigenous species.

But the conifers do not furnish the essential characters to our present
arborescent flora. Most of the trees of our forests belong to the iirst
division of the dicotyledonous plants, that of the apetalous; the sweet-
gum, the willow, the poplar, the oak, the beach, the elm, &c., are of
this kind.

Already one species of Liquidambar is known from its remains in the
Cretaceous, L. subintegrifolius, intimately related to another species, .
gracile, of the Lower Tertiary of the West. Both are remarkable for the
entire borders of the leaves; but for this, the form of the Cretaceous leat
is similar to that of LD. styraciflua, our sweet-gum. ‘Two species are also
represented in the Miocene of Europe. Of the poplars, already seven
species have been described from the Cretaceous of Nebraska. The
types of our actual species are marked there already, and more still in
the species of the Tertiary, (21,) some of them identical with those of
the same formation of Europe. The willows have five species in the

316 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Cretaceous, also representing typical forms of our living species. Their
presence in the Tertiary is attested, as far as we know yet, by four
species. The oaks of our living flora, with the great diversity of forms of
their leaves, have, also, their primitive types in species of the Cretaceous.
One type, that of the leaves with entire borders, like Quercus Phellos, Q.
Imbricaria, being distinctly marked, especially in Q. salicifolia, Newby. ;
- Q. anceps, Lsqx.; Q. Ellsworthiana, Lsqx., while the type of the chestnut-
oaks is essentially represented by Q. primordialis, Lsqx. The same types
traverse our Tertiary flora, and there multiply in the nineteen species of
Tertiary forms, analogous, some of them at least, to species distributed
at our time in Northeastern and in Northwestern, America. For the
beach, the leaves of our Cretaceous species, also diversified in forms,
while traversing the Tertiary, are scarcely distinguishable from those of
the living species. Even the chestnut appears to be represented in the
Cretaceous by a species.which I refer to Quercus, viz, Q. Mudgti, on
account of the branching of a few of the secondary veins, but which is
a true Castanea by the divisions of the leaves. After this we have in
our Cretaceous, with fewer but well specified representatives, Betula in
Bb. Beatriciana, Lsqx., Alnus or Corylus in a large leaf Alnus (?) grandifolia,
Newby.; Ficus in leaves of a type recognizable in numerous forms of this
genus in our Tertiary, with species of Laurus, Sassafras, and Cinna-
momun, all, except the last, types of living species of the North Ameri-
can flora. One of the three forms of sassafras of our Cretaceous is, by
its leaves, undistinguishable from our living species. The genus Plata-
nus also has its Cretaceous type preserved to our time with scarcely any
variation of form in one species, which I have referred to P. aceroides,
Gopp., and which is scarcely distinguishable from our P. occidentalis. In
the Tertiary we know already a number of remarkable species of this
genus, which now has a single representative on our continent, and is
apparently disappearing from the present flora.

The second section of the dicotyledonous, the monopetalous, is not
largely represented in North America by arborescent species. Wehave
especially shrubs. However, Diospiros and Andromeda have their types
marked in the Cretaceous. And in the third section, the polypetalous,
our Liriodendon, Magnolia, Acer, Rhamnus, Aralia, Juglans, even appa-
rently Prunus, whose species are still predominant, have all typical
representatives in the Cretaceous of ours.

It would be interesting to pursue these researches with more details,
and to follow some specific forms in their development through the Ter-
tiary ; but mere descriptions are insufficient without figures for such a
kind of comparison.

Some of our now living species, of course, have not as yet any recog-
nized types in the Cretaceous, perhaps, because the researches have not
been pursued over a wide extent of this formation. Nevertheless, these
Cretaceous leaves of ours have a facies with which some of the present
forms do not agree. They are all either entire, or lobed, or with borders
merely undulate. No serrulate or doubly serrate leaf has been recog-
nized among them, and, as far as it is known till this time, all the genera
whose species have leaves of this kind, like Alnus, Carpinus, Ostrya, Ul-
mus, (2) Fraxinus, Vitis, Tilia, are not in the Cretaceous. The large
leaf referred to Ulmus, (?) by Dr. Newberry, has the borders undulately
and obtusely lobed; even the Cretaceous species of Acer are merely
three-lobed, with obtuse lobes and entire borders. It will be interest-
ing to study the apparent absence of these forms in the Cretaceous, and,
if real, to observe in the Tertiary the origin of what we may call a new
type and the transitions to it.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. = |

Some other groups of plants represented in the Tertiary flora of Eu-.
rope, and without representatives in our present flora, are not seen, as
it has been remarked already, in the North American Cretaceous and,
Tertiary, the Proteacee, the Myrtacee, for example. The total absence
of a group which, like that of the Proteacew, has, in the Miocene flora of
Europe, thirty-five species, is the best proof we may have of the homo-
geneity and indigenous origin of our flora. Shall I say of its antiquity
too? Facts seem to indicate for our flora, as for our race, a northern
origin. Our types may have risen in Greenland and gradually passed
southward, some of them branching to Hurope. But as these types of
old have been preserved to us only, we may at least admit what Agas-
siz calls “‘ the more ancient character of our flora, which bears the mark
of former ages, a particularity which agrees with the geological struc-
.ture, and indicates that this region was a large continent long before
extensive tracts of land had been lifted above the level of the sea in any
other part of the world.” *

SUMMARY.

The recapitulation of the essential data pointed out by the examina-
tion of the Tertiary and Cretaceous specimens of Dr. Hayden’s collec-
tion of fossil plants presents the following conclusions:

ist. The Tertiary flora of North America is, by its types, intimately
related to the Cretaceous flora of the same country.

2d. All the essentiai types of our present arborescent flora are already
marked in the Cretaceous of our continent, and become more distinet
and more numerous in the Tertiary; therefore the origin of our actual
flora is, like its facies, truly North American.

3d. Some types of the North American Tertiary and Cretaceous flora
appear already in the same formations of Greenland, Spitzbergen, and
Iceland; the derivation of these types is therefore apparently from the
arctic regions.

Ath. The relation of the North American Tertiary flora with that of
the same formation of Europe is marked only for North American
types, but does not exist at all for those which are not represented in
the living flora of this continent. Therefore the European Tertiary flora
partly originates from North American types, either directly from our
continent or derived from the arctic regions.

5th. The relation of the Tertiary flora of Greenland and Spitzbergen
with ours indicates, at the Tertiary and Cretaceous epochs, land con-
nection of the northern islands with our continent.

6th. The species of plants common to the Cretaceous and Tertiary
formations of the arctic regions and of our continent indicate, in the
mean temperature influencing geographical distribution of vegetation, a
difference, in +, equal to about 5° of latitude for the Tertiary and Cre-
taceous epochs. ’

7th. The same kind of observations on the geographical distribution
of vegetable species shows at the Tertiary and Cretaceous times differ-
ences of temperature according to latitude, analogous to what isremarked
at our time by the characters of the southern and northern vegetation.

To these important conclusions, the examination of Dr. Hayden’s
specimens indicates some of the essential points which should be taken
into consideration for directing future researches:

Ist. As we have not yet suflicient points of comparison between the
fossil flora of the eastern and that of the western slopes of our continent,

* Lake Superior, its physical character, &c., by L. Agassiz, p. 150.

318 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

acquaintance with the Tertiary and Cretaceous species of California is
most desirable. The marked differences in the present floras of these
siopes may be explained by the fossil species. Are these differences
a result of the topography of the country as fixed at or after the Ter-
tiary, or do they already originate in geographical distribution at the
Tertiary and Cretaceous times ?

2d. We have no sufficient knowledge as yet with the North American
Tertiary plants to positively indicate if any stages are marked in this
tormation by difference in the vegetation.

od. A close study of the plants from the so-called disputed strata,
which in superposition to Cretaceous formations appear to have at one
place Tertiary types, at another Cretaceous ones, is desirable, in order,
if possible, to discover transitional or intermediate forms indicating
gradual changes from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary flora.

4th. In the : same way and for the same purpose it is most desirable
to have a better acquaintance with the fossil plants of the Upper Tertiary
formations, considered as of Pliocene age, as those of Mound City, Co-
lumbus, Kentucky, near the mouth of the Ohio River, and also with the
still more recent deposits of leaves between the mouth of the Cumber-
land and of the Tennessee Rivers. In these, also, we may expect to see
transitional forms of vegetation between the Tertiary flora and ours.

ON THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CRETACEOUS
STRATA OF KANSAS.

By Epwarp D. Cops, A. M.

Part I—A GENERAL SKETCH OF THE ANCIENT LIFE.

That vast level tract of our territory lying between Missouri and the
Rocky Mountains represents a condition of the earth’s surface which
has preceded, in most instances, the mountainous or hilly type so preva-
lent elsewhere, and may be called, in so far. incompletely developed. It
does not present the variety of conditions, either of surface for the
support of a very varied life, or of opportunities for access to its inte-
rior treasures, so beneficial to a high civilization. It is, in fact, the old
bed of seas and lakes, which has been so gradually elevated as to have
suffered little disturbance. Consistently with its level surface, its
soils have not been carried away by rain ‘and flood, but rather cover it
with a deep and wide-spread mantle. This is the great source of its
wealth in nature’s creations of vegetable and animal life, and from it
will be drawn the wealth of its future inhabitants. On this account its
products have a character of uniformity; but viewed from the stand-
point of the political philosopher, so long as peace and steam bind the
natural sections of our country together, so long will the plains be one
important element in a varied economy of continental extent. But
they are not entirely uninterrupted. The natural drainage has worn
channels, and the streams flow below the general level. The ancient
sea and lake deposits have neither been pressed into very hard rock
beneath piles of later sediment, nor have they been roasted and erystal-
lized by internal heat. Although limestone rock, they easily yield to the
action of water, and so the side dr ainage into the creeks and rivers has
removed their high banks from many Tods to many miles from their

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 319

original positions. In many cases these banks or bluffs have retained
their original steepness, and have increased in elevation as the breaking
down of the rock encroached on higher land. In other cases the rain-
channels have cut in without removing the intervening rocks at once,
and formed deep gorges or cations, which sometimes extend to greut
distances. They frequently communicate in every direction, forming
curious labyrinths, and when the intervening masses are cut away at
various levels, or left standing, like monuments, we have the character-
istic peculiarities of ‘¢ bad lands,” or mawvaises terres.

In portions of Kansas tracts of this kind are scattered over the coun-
try along the margins of the river and creek valleys and ravines. The
upper stratum of the rock is a yellow chalk, the lower bluish, and the
brilliancy of the color increases the picturesque effect. Irom elevated
points the plains appear to be dotted with ruined villages and towns
whose avenues are lined with painted walls of fortifications, churches,
and towers, while side-alleys pass beneath natural bridges or expand
into small pockets and caverns, smoothed by the action of the wind ear-
tying hard mineral particles. But this is the least interesting of the
peculiarities presented by these rocks. On the level surfaces, denuded of
soil, lie huge oyster-like ‘shells, some opened and others with both valves
together, like remnants of a half.finished meal of some titanic race, who
had been frightened from the board never to return. ‘These shells are
not thickened like most of those of past periods, but contained an
animal which would have served as a meal tor a large party of men.
One of them measured 26 inches across.

If the explorer searches the bottoms of the rain-washes and ravines.
he will doubtless come upon the fragment of a tooth or jaw, and will
generally find a line of such pieces leading to an elevated position on
the bank or bluff where lies the skeleton of some monster of the ancient
sea. He may find the vertebral column running far into the limestone
that locks him in his last prison; or a paddle extended on the slope, as
though entreating aid; or a pair of jaws lined with horrid teeth, which
grin despair on enemies they are helpless to resist; or he may find a
conic mound on whose apex glisten in the sun the bleached bones of one
whose last office has been to preserve from destruction the friendly soil
on which he reposed. Sometimes a pile of huge remains will be discov-
ered, which the dissolution of the rock has deposited on the lower
level, the force of rain and wash having been insufficient to carry them
away.

But the reader inquires, What is thenature of these creatures thus left
stranded a thousand miles from either ocean? How came they in the
limestones of Kansas, and were they denizens of land or sea?’ It may
be replied that our knowledge of this chapter of ancient history is only
about five years old, and has been brought to light by geological explora-
tions set on foot by Dr. Turner, Professor Mudge, Professor Marsh, W.
Hi. Webb, and the writer. Careful examinations of the remains discov-
ered show that they are nearly all to be referred to the reptiles and fishes.
We find that they lived in the period called Cretaceous, at the tine when
the chalk of England and the green-sand marl of New Jersey were being
deposited, and when many other huge reptiles and fishes peopled both
sea and land in those quarters of the globe. The twenty-four species
of reptiles found in Kansas, up to the present time, varied from ten to
eighty fect in length, and represented six orders, the same that oceur
in “the other regions mentioned. ‘I'wo only ot the number were terres-
trial in their habits, and two were flyers; the remainder were inhabit-
ants of the salt ocean. When they swam over what are now the plains,

320 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

the coast line extended from Arkansas to near Fort Riley, on the Kan-
sas River, and passing a little eastward traversed Minnesota to the
British possessions, near the head of Lake Superior. The extent of sea
to the westward was vast, and geology has not yet laid down its bound-
ary; it was probably a shore now submerged beneath the waters of the
North Pacific Ocean.

Far out on its expanse might have been seen in those ancient days,
a huge, snake-like form which rose above the surface and stood erect,
with tapering throat and arrow-shaped head; or swayed about, describ-
ing a circle of twenty feet radius above the water. Then it would dive
into the depths, and naught would be visible but the foam caused by
the disappearing. mass of life. Should several have appeared together,
we can easily imagine tall, twining forms rising to the height of the
masts of a fishing fleet, or like snakes twisting and knotting themselves
together. This extraordinary neck—for such it was—rose from a body
of elephantine proportions; and a tail of the serpent-pattern balanced
it behind. The limbs were probably two pairs of paddles like those of
Plesiosaurus, from which this diver chiefly differed in the arrangement
of the bones of the breast. In the best known species 22 feet repre-
sent the neck in a total length of 50 feet.

This is the Hlasmosaurus platyurus, Cope, a carnivorous sea-reptile,
no doubt adapted for deeper waters than many of the others. Like
the snake-bird of Florida, it probably often swam many feet below the
surface, raising the head to the distant air for a breath, then withdraw-
ing it and exploring the depths 40 feet below, without altering the posi-
tion of its body. From the localities in which the bones have been
found in Kansas, it must have wandered far from land, and that many
kinds of fishes formed its food is shown by the teeth and scales found
in the position of its stomach.

A second species of somewhat similar character and habits differed
very much in some points of structure. The neck was drawn out to a
wonderful degree of attenuation, while the tail was relatively very
stout, more so, indeed, than in the Hlasmosaurus, as though to balance
the anterior regions while occupied in various actions; e. g., while cap-
turing its food. This was a powerful swimmer, its paddles measuring
four feet in length, with an expanse therefore of about eleven feet. It
is known as Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope.

The two species just described formed a small representation in our
great interior sea, of an order which swarmed, at the same time or near
it, over the gulfs and bays of old Europe. There they abounded twenty
to one. Perhaps one reason for this was the almost entire absence of
the real rulers of the waters of ancient America, viz, the Pythonomorphs.
These sea-serpents—for such they were—embrace more than half the
species found in the limestone rocks in Kansas, and abound in those of
New Jersey and Alabama. Only four have been seen as yet in Europe.

Researches into their structure have shown that they were of wonder-
ful elongation of form, especially of tail. That their heads were large,
flat, and conic, with eyes directed partly upward; that they were fur-
nished with two pairs of paddles like the flippers of a whale, but with
short or no portion representing the arm. With these flippers and the
eel-like strokes of their flattened tail they swam, some with less others
with greater speed. They were furnished, like snakes, with four rows of
formidable teeth on the roof of the mouth. Though these were not
designed for mastication, and, without paws for grasping, could have
been little used for cutting, as weapons for seizing theif prey they were
very formidable. And here we have to consider a peculiarity of these

“GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: OF THE TERRITORIES. 321

creatures, in which they are unique among animals. Swallowing their
prey entire like snakes, they were without that wonderful expansibility
of throat due in the latter to an arrangement of levers supporting: the
lower jaw. Instead of this each half of that jaw was articulated or
jointed at a point nearly midway between the ear and the chin. This
was of the ball-and-socket type, and enabled the jaw to make an angle
outward, and so widen by much the space enclosed between it and its
fellow. The arrangement may be easily imitated by directing the arms
forward, with the elbows turned outward and the hands placed near
together. The ends of these bones were in the Pythonomorpha as inde-
pendent as in the serpents, being only bound by flexible ligaments. By
turning the elbows outward and bending them, the space between the
arms becomes diamond-shaped and represents exactly the expansion
seen in these reptiles, to permit the passage of a large fish or other body.
The arms, too, will represent the size of jaws attained by some of the
smaller species. The outward movement of the basal half of the jaw
necessarily twists in the same direction the column-like bone to which
itis suspended. The peculiar shape of the joint by which the last bone
is attached to the skull depends on the degree of twist to be permitted,
and therefore to the degree of expansion of which the jaws were capa-
ble. As this differs much in the different species, they are readily dis-
tinguished by the column or “ quadrate” bone when found. ‘There are
some curious consequences of this structure, and they are here explained
as an instance of the mode of reconstruction of extinct animals from
slight materials. The habit of swallowing large bodies between the
branches of the under jaw necessitates the prolongation forward of the
mouth of the gullet; hence the throat in the Pythonomorpha must have
been loose and almost as baggy as a pelican’s. Next, the same habit
must have compelled the forward position of the glottis or opening of
the windpipe, which is always in front of the gullet. Hence these
creatures must have uttered no other sound than a hiss, as do ani-
mals of the present day which have a similar structure; as, for instance,
the snakes. Thirdly, the tongue must have been long and forked,
and for this reason: its position was still anterior to the glottis, so
that there was no space for it except it were inclosed in a sheath
beneath the windpipe when at rest, or thrown out beyond the jaws when
in motion. Such is the arrangement in the nearest living forms, and it
is always in these cases cylindric and forked.

The giants of the Pythonomorpha of Kansas have been called Liodon
proriger, Cope, and Liodon dyspelor, Cope. The first must have been
abundant, and its length could not have been far from fifty feet ; certainly
not less. Its physiognomy was rendered peculiar by a long projecting
muzzle, reminding one of that of the blunt-nosed sturgeon of our coast ;
but the resemblance was destroyed by the correspondingly massive end
of the branches of the lower jaw. Though clumsy in appearance, such
an arrangement must have been effective as a ram, and dangerous to
his enemies in case of collision. The writer once found the wreck of
an individual of this species strewn around a sunny knoll beside a bluff,
and his coni¢ snout pointing to the heavens formed a fitting monument,
as at once his favorite weapon, and the mark distinguishing all his
race.

Very different was the Liodon dyspelor, a still larger animal than the
last, with a formidable armature. It was, indeed, the longest of known
reptiles, and probably equal to the great finner-whales of modern
oceans. The circumstances attending the discovery of one of these
will always be a pleasant recollection to the writer. A part of the face,

21Gs

322 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

with teeth, was observed projecting from the side of a bluff by a com-
panion in exploration, Lieutenant James H. Whitten, United States
Arny, and we at once proceeded to follow up the indication with knives
and picks. Soon the lower jaws were uncovered, with their glistening
teeth, and then the vertebre and ribs. Our delight was at its height
when the bones of the pelvis and part of the hind limb were laid bare,
for they had never been seen before in the species and scarcely in the
order. While lying on the bottom of the Cretaceous sea, the carcass
had been dragged hither and thither by the sharks and other rapacious
animals, and the parts of the skeleton were displaced and gathered into
a small area. The massive tail stretched away into the bluff, and after
much laborious excavation we left a portion of it to more persevering’
explorers. The species of Clidastes did not reach such a size as some
of the Liodons, and were of elegant and flexible build. To prevent their
habits of coiling from dislocating the vertebral column, these had an
additional pair of articulations at each end, while their muscular
strength is attested by the elegant striz and other sculptures which
appear on all their bones. Five species of this genus occur in the
Kansas strata, the largest (Clidastes cineriarum, Cope) reaching 40 feet
in length. The discovery of a related species (Holcodus corypheus, Cope)
was made by the writer under circumstances of difficulty peculiar to
the plains. After examining the blufis for half a day without result, a
few bone fragments were found in a wash above their’ base. Others
led the way to a ledge 40 or 50 feet from both summit and foot, where,
stretched along in the yellow chalk, lay the projecting portions of the
whole monster. A considerable number of vertebra were found pre-
served by the protective embrace of the roots of a small bush, and when
they were secured, the pick and knife were brought into requisition to
remove the remainder. About this time one of “the gales, so common
in that region, sprang up, and, striking the bluff fairly, reflected itself
upward. ‘So soon as the pick pulv erized the rock, the limestone dust
was carried into eyes, nose, and every available opening in the clothing.
I was speedily blinded, and my aid disappeared in the canon, and was
seen no more while the work lasted. Only the enthusiasm of the stu-
dent could have endured the discomfort, but to him it appeared a most
unnecessary “conversion of force” that a geologist should be driven
from the field by his own dust. A handkerchief tied over the face, and
pierced by minute holes opposite the eyes, kept me from total blindness,
though dirt in abundance penetrated the mask. But a fine relic of
creative genius was extricated from its ancient bed, and one that leads
its genus in size and explains its structure.

On another occasion, riding along a spur of a yellow chalk bluff, some
vertebre lying at its foot met my eye. An examination showed that
the series entered the rock, and, on passing round to the opposite side,
the jaws and muzzle were seen projecting from it, as though laid bare
for the convenience of the geologist. The spur was small and of soft
material, and we speedily remov ed it in blocks, to the level of the rep-
tile, and took out the remains as they laid across the base from side to
side.

A genus related to the last is Bidestosaurus. A species of 30 feet
in length, and of elegant proportions, has been called L. tortor, Cope.
Its slenderness of body was remarkable, and the large head was long
and Jance-shaped. Its flippers tapered elegantly, and the whole ani-
mai was more of serpent than any other- of its tribe. Its lithe move-
ments brought many a fish to its knife-shaped teeth, which are more
eiicient and numerous than in any of its relatives. It was found coiled

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. one

up beneath a ledge of rock, with its skull lying undisturbed in the cen-
ter. A species distinguished for its small size and elegance is Clidastes
pumilus, Marsh. This little fellow was only 12 feet in length, and was
probably unable to avoid ocvasionally furnishing a meal for some of the
rapacious fishes which abounded in the same ocean.

The flying saurians are pretty well known from the descriptions of
Europeanauthors. Our Mesozoicperiods had been thought to have lacked
these singular forms until Professor Marsh and the writer discovered
remains of species in the Kansas chalk. Though these are not rumer-
ous, their size was formidable. One of them, Ornithochirus harpyia,
Cope, spread eighteen feet between the tips of its wings, while the 0.
umbrosus, Cope, covered nearly twenty-five feet with his expanse. These
- strange creatures flapped their leathery wings over the waves, and often
plunging, Seized many an unsuspecting fish; or, soaring at a safe distance,
viewed the sports and combats of the more powerful saurians of the
sea. At night-fall, we may imagine them trooping to the shore, and
suspending themselves to the cliffs by the claw-bearing fingers of their
wing-limbs. ;

Tortoises were the boatmen of the Cretaceous waters of the eastern
coast, but none had been known from the deposits of Kansas until very
recently. But two species areon record; one large and strange enough
to excite the attention of naturalists is the Protostega gigas, Cope.
Jt is well known that the house or boat of the tortoise or turtle is formed
by the expansion of the usual bones of the skeleton till they meet and
unite, and thus become continuous. Thus the lower shell is formed of
united ribs of the breast and of the breast-bone, with bone deposited in the
skin. In the same way the roof is formed by the union of the ribs
with bone deposited in the skin. In the very young tortoise the ribs
are separate as in other animals; as they grow older they begin to
expand at the upper side of the upper end, and with increased age the
expansion extends throughout the length. The ribs first come in con-
tact, where the process commences, and, in the land-tortoise, they are
united to the end. In the sea-turtle, the union ceases a little above the
ends. The fragments of the Protostega were seen by one of my party
projecting from a ledge of a low bluff. Their thinness and the distance
to which they were traced excited my curiosity, and I straightway
attacked the bank with the pick. After several square feet of rock had
been removed, we cleared up one floor, and found ourselves well repaid.
Many long slender pieces of two inches in width lay upon the ledge.
They were evidently ribs, with the usual heads, but behind each head
was a plate like the flattened bowl of a huge spoon, placed crosswise.
Beneath these stretched two broad plates, two feet in width, and no
thicker than binder’s board. The edges were fingered, and the surface
hard and smooth. All this was quite new among full-grown animals,
and we at once determined that more ground must be explored for
further light. After picking away the bank, and carving the soft rock,
néw masses of strange bones were disclosed. Some bones of a large
paddle were recognized, and a leg-bone. The shoulder-blade of a huge
tortoise came next, and further examination showed that we had
stumbled on the burial-place of the largest species of sea-turtle yet
known. The single bones of the paddle were eight inches long, giving
the spread of the expanded flippers as considerably over fifteen feet.
But the ribs were those of an ordinary turtle just born, and the great
plates represented the bony deposit in the skin, which, commencing
independently in modern turtles, united with each other below at an
early day. But it was incredible that the largest of known turtles

324 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

should be but just hatched, and for this and other reasons it has been
concluded that this ** ancient mariner” is one of those forms not uncom-
mon in old days, whose incompleteness in some respects points to the
truth of the belief that animals have assumed their modern perfections
by a process of growth from more simple beginnings.

The Cretaceous ocean of the West was no less remarkable for its fishes
than for its reptiles. Sharks do not seem to have been so common as
in the old Atlantic, but it swarmed with large predaceous forms related
to the salmon and saury.

Vertebre and other fragments of these species project from the worn
limestone in many places. I will call attention to perhaps the most for-
midable as well as the most abundant of these. It is the one whose
bones most frequently crowned knobs of shale, which had been left
standing amid surrounding destruction. The density and hardness of
the bones shed the rain off on either side, so that the radiating gutters —
and ravines finally isolated the rock mass from that surrounding. The
head was as long or longer than that of a fully grown grizzly bear,
and the jaws were deeper in proportion to their length. The muzzle |
was shorter and deeper than that of a bull-dog. The teeth were all
sharp cylindric fangs, smooth and glistening, and of irregular size. At
certain distances in each jaw they projected three inches above tue gum,
and were sunk one inch into the jaw margin, being thus as long as the
fangs of a tiger, but more slender. Two such fangs crossed each other
on each side of the middle of the front. This fish is known as Portheus
molossus, Cope. Besides the smaller fishes, the reptiles no doubt sup-
plied the demands of his appetite.

The ocean in which flourished this abundant and vigorous life, was at
last completely inclosed on the west by elevations of sea-bottom, so that
it only communicated with the Atlantic and Pacific at the Gulf of
Mexico and the Arctic Sea. The continued elevation of both eastern
and western shores contracted its area, and when ridges of the sea-bot-
tom reached the surface, forming long, low bars, parts of the water-area
were inclosed and connection with salt-water prevented. Thus were
the living beings imprisoned and subjected to many new risks to life.
The stronger could more readily capture the weaker, while the fishes
would gradually perish through the constant freshening of the water.
With the death of any considerable class the balance of food-supply
would be lost, and many larger species would disappear from the scene.
The most omnivorous and enduring would longest resist the approach
of starvation, but would finally yield to inexorable fate; the last one
caught by the shifting bottom among shallow pools, from which ‘his
exhausted energies could not extricate him.

Part I1.—GEOLOGY.

The geology of this region has been very partially explored, but ap-
pears to be quite simple. The following description of the section along
the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad will probably apply to similar
sections north and south of it. The formations referable to the Creta-
ceous period on this line are those called by Messrs. — and Hay
den the Dakota, Benton, and Niobrara groups, or Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Ac-
cording to Leconte,* at Salina, one hundred and eighty-five miles west
of the State line of Missouri, the rocks of the Dakota group constitute

* Notes on the Geology of the Survey for the Extension of the Union Pacific Road,

Eastern Division, from the Smoky Hill to the Rio Grande. By John L. Leconte, M. D.,
Philadelphia, 1863.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 325

the bluffs, and continue to doso as far as Fort Harker, thirty-three miles
farther west. They are “a coarse, brown sandstone, containing irregular
concretions of oxide-of iron,” and numerous mollusks of marine origin. —
Near Fort Harker certain strata contain large quantities of the remains
(leaves chiefly) of dicotyledonous and other forms of land vegetation.
Near this point, according to the same authority, the sandstone beds
are covered with clay and limestone. These he does not identify, but
portions of it from Bunker Hill, thirty-four miles west, have been iden-
tified by Dr. Hayden as belonging to the Benton or second group. - The
specimen consisted of a block of dark bluish-gray clay rock, which bore
the remains of the fish Apsopelix sauriformis, Cope. That the eastern _
boundary of this bed is very sinuous is rendered probable by its occur-
rence at Brookville, eighteen miles to the eastward of Fort Harker, on
the railroad. In sinking a well at this point, the same soft, bluish clay
rock was traversed, and at a depth of about 30 feet the skeleton of a
saurian of the crocodilian order was encountered, the Hyposaurus Vebbi,
Cope.

The boundary line or first appearance of the beds of the Niobrara
division has not been pointed out, but at Fort Hays, seventy miles west
of Fort Harker, its rocks form the bluffs and outcrops everywhere. -
From Fort Hays to Fort Wallace, near the western boundary of the
State, one hundred and thirty-four miles beyond, the strata present a
tolerably uniform appearance. They consist of two portions—a lower
of dark bluish calcareo-argillaceous character, often thin-bedded; and a
superior, of yellow and whitish chalk, much more heavily bedded. Near
Fort Hays the best section may be seen at a point eighteen miles north,
on the Saline River. Here the bluffs rise to a height of 200 feet, the
yellow strata constituting the upper half. No fossils were observe d in
the blue bed; but some moderate-sized Ostrew, frequently broken, were
not rare in the yellow. Hali-way between this point and the fort t, ny
friend N. Daniels, of Hays, guided me to a denuded tract covered with
the remains of huge shells described by Mr. Conrad, at the close of this
section, under the names of Haploscapha grandis and H. eccentrica.
They may have affinities to the Rudistes ; some of them are 27 inches in
diameter. They exhibited concentric obtuse ridges on the interior side,
and one species a large crest behind the hinge. Fragments of fish
vertebra of the Anogmius type were also found here by Dr. Janeway.
These were exposed in the yellow bed. Several miles east of the post,
Dr. J. H. Janeway, post-surgeon, pointed out to me an immense accu-
mulation of Inoceramus problematicus in the blue stratum. This species
also occurred in abundance in the bluffs west of the fort, which were
composed of the blue bed, capped by a thinner layer of the yellow.
Large globular or compound globular argillaceous concretions coated
with gypsum were abundant at this point.

Along the Smoky Hill River, thirty miles east of Fort Wallace, the
south bank descends gradually, while the north bank is bluffy. This,
with other indications, points to a gentle dip of the strata to the north-
west. The yellow bed is thin or wanting on the north bank of the
Smoky, and is not observable on the north. fork of that river for twenty
miles northward or to beyond Sheridan Station on the Kansas Pacific
Railroad. Two isolated hills, ‘The Twin Buttes,” at the latter point,
are composed of the biue beds, here very shaly, to their summits. This
is the general character of the rock along and north of the railroad be-
tween this point and Fort Wallace.

South of the river the yellow strata are more distinethy developed.
Butte Creek Valley, fifteen to eighteen miles to the south, is margined

326 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

by bluffs of from 20 to 150 feet in height on its southern side, while the
northern rises gradually into the prairie. These bluffs are of yellow
chalk, except from ten to forty feet of blue rock at the base, although
many of the caftons are excavated in the yellow rock exclusively. The
bluffs of the upper portion of Butte Creek, Fox and Fossil Spring (five
miles south) Cafions are of yellow chalk, and the reports of several
persons stated that those of Beaver Creek, eight miles south of Fossil
Spring, are exclusively of this material. Those near the mouth of Beaver
Creek, on the Smoky, are of considerable height, and appear, at a dis-
tance, to be of the same yellow chalk.

I found these two strata to be about equally fossiliferous, and am —
unable to establish any paleontological difference between them. They
pass into each other by gradations in some places, and occasionally
present slight laminar alternations at their line of junction. I have
specimens of Cimolichthys semianceps, Cope, from both the blue and yel-
low beds, and vertebre of the Liodon glandiferus, Cope, were found in
both. The large fossil of Liodon dyspelor, Cope, was found at the junction
of the beds, and the caudal portion was excavated from the blue stratum
exclusively. Portions of it were brought east in blocks of this material,
and these have become yellow and yellowish on many of the exposed
surfaces. The matrix adherent to all the bones has become yellow. A
second incomplete specimen, undistinguishable from this species, was
taken from the yellow bed.

As to mineral contents, the yellow stratum is remarkably uniform
in its character. The blue shale, on the contrary, frequently contains
numerous concretions, and great abundance of thin layers of gypsum
and. erystals of the same. Near Sheridan, concretions and septaria are
abundant. In some places the latter are of great size, and being iin-
bedded in the stratum have suffered denudation of their contents, and
the septa standing out form a huge honey-comb. This region, and the
neighborhood of Eagle Tail, Colorado, are noted for the beauty of their
gypsum crystals, the first abundantly found in the Cretaceous formation.
These are hexagonal-radiate, each division being a pinnate or feather-
shaped lamina of twin rows of crystals. The clearness of the mineral
and the regular leaf and feather forms of the crystals give them much
beauty. The bones of vertebrate fossils preserved in this bed are often
much injured by the gypsum formation which covers their surface, and
often penetrates them in every direction.

The yellow bed of the Niobrara group disappears to the southwest,
west, and northwest of Fort Wallace beneath a sandy conglomerate of
uncertain age. In color it is light, sometimes white, and the component
pebbles are small and mostly of white quartz. The rock weathers irreg-
ularly into holes and fissures, and the soil covering it is generally thin and
poor. It is readily detached in large masses, which roll down the bluffs.
No traces of life were observed in it, but it is probably the eastern mar-
gin of the southern extension of the White River Miocene Tertiary
stratum. This is at least indicated by Dr. Hayden in his geological
preface to Leidy’s Extinct Mammals of Dakota and Nebraska.

Economically the beds of the Niobrara formation possess little value
except when burned as a fertilizer. The yellow chalk is too soft in many
places for buildings of large size, but it will answer well for those of
moderate size. It is rather harder at Fort Hays, as I had occasion to
observe at their quarry. That quarried at Fort Wallace does not appear
to harden by exposure;. the walls of the hospital, noted by Leconte on
his visit, remained in 1871 as soft as they were in 1867. A few worth-
less beds of bituminous shale were observed in Eastern Colorado.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Bat

The only traces of glaeial action in the line explored were seen near
Topeka. ‘South of the town are. several large, erratic masses of pink
and bloody quartz, whose surfaces are so polished as to appear as though
vitrified. They were transported, perhaps, from the AZONC area near
Lake Superior.

PART IIL.—SYNOPSIS OF THE FAUNA.
REPTILIA.
1. FRoM THE BENTON GROUP.

The only reptile yet indicated from this stratum in Kansas is the
crododilian.

HYPOSAURUS VEBBII, Cope.—A_ species, of 8 or 10 feet in length,
found in digging a well at Brookville, and presented to me by my friend
Dr. Wm. E. Webb, of Topeka. The individual discovered was not fully
grown, but indicates a smaller and stouter crocodile than the H. rogersit,
Owen, of the New Jersey green-sand. This genus belongs to the group
with subbiconcave vertebre, and had a long, Si Dig nites snout.

2. FRoM THE NIOBRARA Ea.

Twenty-three species constitute what is known of - the Cretaceous
reptilian fauna of this area. These have been discovered in large part
by exploring expeditions conducted by Professor Mudge, of the State
Agricultural College of Kansas; by Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale Col-
lege; and by the writer.

These species represent four of the orders already known to exist in
the Cretaceous beds of other parts of the United States. The writer
first pointed out the existence of Pythonomorpha and Sauropterygia, and
subsequently discovered Testudinatu. Protessor Marsh has added to
these the Ornithosauria. ‘The first named of these orders is by far the
most abundant, the relative number of species being as follows: Pytho-
nomorpha, 17; Sauropterygia, 2; Testudinata, 2; Ornithosauria, 2.

The first-named order includes species formerly referred to the Lacer-
tilia, or lizards proper, but the structures of the posterior region of the
cranium, of the pelvic arch, and of the limbs, indicate that they consti-
tute a well- marked division. The cranium mingles lizard and serpent
characters ; the pelvis is entirely peculiar, while the limbs are somewhat
like those of Plesiosaurus and turtles. In form they were exceedingly
elongate and snake-like, with eel-like, flattened tail of great length, two
pairs of flippers, a short neck, and very long, acute, flat head, with the
eyes opening upwards.

In the Sauwropterygians the proportions were reversed, the neck being,
in the two known Kansas species, excessively elongate; and the tail
rather less so. The two pairs of flippers were elong ate and powerful,
and the head was light and rather small, as would be appropriate to
its position at the extremity of so long a neck.

The Testudinata, or turtles, are well known in their general appear-
ance. Those yet known from Kansas are, however, very peculiar. The
Cynocercus had a long, slender tail, while the Protostega had no shell,
properly so called. In other words, the ribs remained distinct, as in
the young of existing sea-turtles, or as in the adult Sphargis, but large,
bony shields were developed in the skin.

The Ornithosauria are the flying reptiles, which share with their rep-
tilian features some characters of birds. ‘Two species of considerable

328 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

size has left abundant but crushed fragments in the yellow chalk of
the Niobrara formation. One species must have measured nearly 25 feet
across the wings. The giants of this sea were the Liodon proriger, Cope;
L. dyspelor, Cope; Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope; and Llasmosaurus platyu-.
rus, Cope. Of these the first was apparently the most abundant. The
second was the most elongate, exceeding in length perhaps any other
known reptile.: The last named had the most massive body, and
exhibited an extraordinary appearance in consequence of the great
iength of its neck. .

ORDER I.—PYTHONOMORPHA, Cope.
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1868; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1871, December.

The material obtained during the autumn of 1871 by the writer proves
conclusively that this order of reptiles attained a predominant importance
during the Niobrara epoch of the Cretaceous period. This is indicated
by the great profusion of individual remains and specific forms. Al-
though occurring in America wherever the Cretaceous formation appears,
they are so far more numerously represented in Kansas than elsewhere.
Though not rare in New Jersey, crocodiles and tortoises outnumber
them; but in Kansas all other orders are subordinate to the Pythono-
morpha. As is now well known since 1868,* the seas of the American
continent were the home of this order, while they were comparatively
rare in those of Europe. In the latter country we have four species ~
only determined by paleontologists, viz:

Mosasaurus “ain "Sig wie bepia ee ane Sa dadlch de Pee ape) ee ee 2
BUROUTOTY eae ee ence we km beet ae 1
(Fi SaUTOSPONA Vs. 2.05. oe ee epee ae den es see a bs a

In North America the species have been exactly determined from
three regions, as follows:

Green-sand of New Jersey,

RABBIS J tone 4, ok Chey kote He pes ered yas yl etm dae w nh Diet 6
TERT OSAMTUS nc !5 Sinln ee sic tne sive bees, ee Mois Iuciae ial fiscal Die cea 2
PE a. a ee Lie tt pal nem swt! > ~ cule shel be bec ee 2
Os dw ta'n Coetk hubs -leisldiw'spretdje ad lor catays pee we tH vl eee 6 ee 4
(2 EM OTOMOGON vine caret <2 wv eines bei} see in ee ae 1

15

totten limestone, Alabama.

MOSAS2TITUS wis scts btwdeie eee ade ee bide abe de eevee oe PE ote

1
Bobeogisc: <0 2 8 bee ja Wee ere wine hh bcs haeth yd eek aise zZ
Ds 52 hos eas Lee Gdua phe le WOU oat) le 3
CHARTS oc nicig adhd wtercidnas Wht iaiet tei wie = enw ocen! Sac eee ca eae 2
i

* See Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XIV.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. . ofa

Chalk of Kansas.

OIMASUC See ee i ee ee eles ome nn « vee wats 6 am ieinis 3,2 oe aa eae ae 3
JE | SOE NLT ELT oe eens I a trie Me psi 4
JEL yy G GTN pate a i Sig mee Balan 5 ea a ge al eee eee eat
NOG OMT 2. ce - eno os Nara ote cle arc = cee «my te ee 6
17

We have additional species from— 7
North Carolina, (Mosasaurus).....-.-..-..+.-- aie psi ath enka aie td 1
Mississippi, (Platecarpus)-.-----.-------2:-----------2 20-2 ee i]
itemise OS ASAUEIIS) se eee ee alain ee a thaln namin oie = 1

Making, with the others se Die

Meme eUsey 202.22 ee 2 aI SN Ra Meee ti! a lcs bie Disiien 15
TEE GAMUNA LS 65 225 oa ep enln 2 ols obs EOslpisistag tia) eteyete UND Speier ade isis cepa 7
ME SOME I yi kU Go eleicla als Seneca Soot Ea RAL ghee ook 17

Bwropall of) ete ele ee OP EMAC ES Som Meret piee ss BS 42,

Of these I am not acquainted with any which extends its range into
any two of the areas above named, while some of these districts
possess peculiar genera. It is, nevertheless, premature to draw any
conclusions as to geographical range, as most ot the species are
known from but few specimens as yet.

The present investigations have ‘added some eitnes of importance to
the history of the structure of the order. .

First, as to the pterygoid bones. It appears that these elements are
thin plates, having a free laminar termination, and are entirely tooth-
less. They articulate with the palatines by a process which fits the pos-
terior emargination of the latter. In the Hdestosaurus tortor they are
about half the length of the palatines. They present no indications of
ectopterygoid. The bones named by authors pterygoids, in imitation
of Cuvier, are elongate palatines, and the external process extending
to the maxillary is that seen in Varani, serpents, &c., and is at no time
distinct from the palatines.

Secondly, as to the parieto-squamosal arch, which is well developed.
It is preserved in Holcodus ictericus and Liodon curtirostris inits parietal
part, and H. coryphcus in the Ramana! part. It was quite strong in the
species named.

Thirdly, as to the pelvis. This att which has been observed by Marsh
in Hdestosaurus dispar, is unusually perfect in Liodon dyspelor. The
pubes are the only elements united below, forming a weak support to
the abdomen. The ilia are slender, not united with the vertebral pro-
cesses above, or without indications of such contact. The ischia are
the most slender and directed backward. The peculiarities of the pelvis
add to the broad distinction between this order and the Lacertilia,

Fourthly, in the hind limb. The femur of LZ. crassartus has been
described by the writer, and Professor Marsh asserts its existence in
Liodon, Clidastes, and Hdestosaurus. The present collection exhibits both
femur, tibia and fibula of ZL. dyspelor, and these elements are now first
described. The first mentioned is not larger, sometimes smaller, than
the humerus, and has a prominent trochanter, nearly connected with
the head. The shaft is not curved, and the distal end is expanded.

5B0 . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The tibia is a narrow bone, expanded at both ends; the fibula is like
that of Plesiosaurus, but wider, or partly discoid. It has been known
to naturalists, but not determined. Thus, I figured it for Liodon levis,*
and Leidy figured it for an Upper Mississippi species.t

There was for a considerable time doubt as to the structure of the
anterior limbs in this order, some authors asserting their ambulatory,
others their natatory character. Dr. Leidy inferred that they were
flippers, after an examination of a humerus from Mississippi. This
turns out to belong to a turtle, (Protostega tuberosa, Cope;) hence the
first real determination of the character of these members was made by
the writer in his description of the four limbs of Clidastes propython,
the first species.in which they were well represented by specimens.

CLIDASTES, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 233; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, p. 211.

Vertebre with the zygosphen articulation. [Palatine bones flat and
alate ; the teeth not exposed at their bases unequally. This point has
not been observed in the type species C. iguanavus. |

CLIDASTES CINERIARUM, Cope, (Prec. Amer. Philos. Soe., 1870, 583.)— ~
Two individuals from different points near the North Fork of the Smoky
Hill River, Kansas.

The largest species of the genus.

CLIDASTES VYMANII, Marsh, (Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, June, 1871.)—
From two individuals from the Smoky Hill River and its North Fork.
A small species.

CLIDASTES PUMILUS, Marsh, (loc. cit.) —From one individual from the
Smoky Hill River. The smallest known Mosasauroid, according to Pro-
fessor Marsh, reaching a length of only 12 feet.

EDESTOSAURUS, Marsh.
Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1871, June.

Vertebre with the zygosphen articulation; palatine bones narrow,
partly vertical; the bases of the pterygoid teeth exposed on one side, or
pleurodont. (It is uncertain whether the type of Clidastes presents this
structure or not.)

EDESTOSAURUS TORTOR, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, De-
cember.)—A slender species of some 30 feet in length, with a narrow,
pointed head of 24 feet. Its teeth are compressed, and with a cutting
edge fore and aft, and were 18 in nuniber on the under jaw; the palate
was armed with 11 teeth.

Found near Fossil Spring.

EDESTOSAURUS STENOPS, Cope, (loc. cit..—A species not unlike the
last, founded on one individual of rather heavier proportions. Its
prominent character is the narrowness of the face in front of the orbits,
the prefrontal bones being nearly vertical instead of horizontal.

From Fossil Spring. .

EDESTOSAURUS DISPAR, Marsh, (Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, June,
1871.)—Smoky Hill River.

EDESTOSAURUS VELOX, Marsh, (loc. cit.)—Near the North Fork of the
Smoky Hill River.

* Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, p. 205.
t Cretaceous Reptiles U. 8., Tab. VIII, Fig. 10.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE. TERRITORIES. aod

HOLCODUS, Gibbes, (Cope emend.)

Vertebre without the zygosphen articulation. Palatine bones flat,
horizontal alate; its teeth not unequally exposed at the bases, or not
pleurodont. This genus bears the same relation as regards the palatine
bones and teeth to the genus Liodon that Clidastes does to Hdestosau-
Tus.

HOLCODUS CORYPHAUS, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, De-

cember.)—A stouter species than the Hdestosauri above noticed, ‘with
an elevated occipital crest, rising vertically from the occipital condyle.
The upper jaw supports thirteen Sharp, curved teeth, of which two are
in the premaxillary bone. Palatine teeth, 12. Length, 30 feet.

Found on Fossil Spring Cation.

HOLCODUS TECTULUS, Cope, (loc. cit.)—A smaller species than the last,
with the cervical vertebre flattened, and all the vertebre with a rudi-
ment of the additional articulation found in Clidastes. Length, about 20
feet. Quadrate bone as in H. mudget.

From Butte Creek.

HOLCODUS ICTERICUS, Cope, Liodon ictericus, Cope, (Proc. Amer.
Philos. Sec., 1870, p. 577;) (Hayden’s Geological Survey of Wyoming
and Adjoining Territories, 1871.)—In addition to the two individuals of
tnis species procured by Professor B. F. Mudge, in one of his geologi-
cal surveys, the writer obtained a considerable part of a third from &
low bluff on Fox Cation, south of Fort Wallace. It is a species of about
the size of the H. corypheus, and has a rather short head. It lacks the
rudimental zygosphene so prominent in H. corypheus and H. tectulus.

HOLCODUS MUDGEI, Cope; Liodon mudgei, Cope, (Proc. Am.
Philos. Soc., 1870, 581; Hayden’s Survey Wyoming, &e., 1871, p. —.)
A specimen was obtained by Prof. Mudge, on the Smoky Hill River,
jaws and with teeth were found on Fox Canon by the writer. The charac-
ters distinguishing it are the following: Vertebre without rudimental
zygosphen; quadrate bones with plane surfaces from the proximal _
articular surface and the external obtuse-angled ridge to the meatal
pit, the latter therefore not sunk in a depression as the other species.

LIODON, Owen, (Cope emend.) .
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, p. 200.

Vertebre without zygosphen andzygantrum. Palatine bones vertical,
separated from each other, narrowed; the teeth more or less pleurodont.
Chevron-bones articulated freely with the caudal vertebre.

This genus embraces several species from the Kansas chalk, which
vary in size from that most usual in the last genus to the largest
known in the order.

LIODON CURTIROSTRIS, Cope, (Proce. (ake Philos. Soe., 1871, De-
cember.)—The specimen above described was found-by the writer on the
denuded foot of a bluff on the lower part of Fossil Spring Cajon.
The posterior part of the cranium, with several vertebra, were found
exposed, and many other bones, including the cranium, were found only
covered by the seperficial wasted material. Other portions were ex-
posed on excavating the blue-gray bed of the side of the spur adjoining.
The name has reference to the abbreviation of the head and jaws. These
are relatively shorter than in any other species here described where
these parts are known. The end of the muzzle does not overh'ang, but
descends gradually to the tooth-line. There are but 10 maxillary teetb

332 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

and 2 premaxillaries on each side. Size about that of H. corypheus,
or near 30 feet in length.

LIODON GLANDIFERUS, Cope, (loc. cit.)\—A larger species than the last,
with apparently a greater flexibility of body, as indicated by the forms of
the vertebral centra. It is represented by portions of two individuals
from localities twenty-five miles apart. There are unfortunately in each
ease only a cervical vertebra, but they agree in possessing such peculiari-
ties as distinguish them widely from anything yet known to the writer.

LIODON LATISPINUS, Cope, (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 169;
loc. cit., 1871, December.)—The remains representing this species con-
sist of seven cervical and dorsal vertebre, five of them being continuous
and inclosed in a clay concretion. It is a large species, nearly equal-
ing the L. mitchillii in its dimensions; that is, 40 or 50 feet in length,
and is intermediate between such gigantic forms as LZ. dyspelor and the
lesser L. curtirostris. The type specimens were found by Professor B.
F. Mudge, one mile southwest of Sheridan, near the “Gypsum Buttes.”

LIODON CRASSARTUS, Cope, sp. nov.; Liodon, large species near L.
proriger, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 168.)—This saurian,
which is similar in size to the last, is represented by a series of dorsal,
lumbar, and caudal vertebre, with some bones of the limbs.

The vertebre are as much distinguished for their shortness as those
of L. latispinus are for their elongation. The articular faces are but
little broader than deep, and their axes are slightly oblique. This
species is interesting as having furnished the materials for the first de-
scription of the posterior extremities in this order of reptiles. The
humerus is a remarkable bone, having the outline of that of Clidastes
propython, Cope, but is very much stouter, the antero-posterior dimen-
sions of the proximal extremity being greatly enlarged. The long diam-
eters of the two extremities are, in fact, nearly at right angles instead of
in the same plane, and the outline of the proximal is subtriangular, one
of the angles being prolonged into a strong deltoid crest on the outer face
of the bone, which extends half its length. The inner or posterior distal
angle is much produced, while the distal extremity is a flat, slightly
curved, diamond-shaped surface. The fibula is as broad as long and
three-quarters of adisk. The phalanges are stout, thick, and depressed,
thus differing much from those of Liodon ictericus. A bone which I can-
not assign to any other position than that of femur, has a peculiar
form. It is a stout bone, but more slender than the humerus. The
shaft is contracted and subtrilateral in section. The extremities are
flattened, expanded in directions transverse to each other; the proximal
having, however, a lesser expansion in the plane of the distalend. The
former has, therefore, the form of an equilateral spherical triangle, the
apex inclosing a lateral fossa and representing probably the great tro-
chanter. The distal extremity is a transverse and convex oval. This
bone is either ulna, femur, or tibia, judging by form alone. . Its greater
length, as compared with the fibula, forbids its reference to the last; the
trochanter-like process of the head is exceedingly unlike any examples
of the second bone I have seen. Its reference to femur is confirmed by
its presence with the caudal vertebree of a similar species from near the
Missouri River, Nebraska, and its resemblance to the femur of L. dyspelor.

The remains above described were obtained by Professor B. F. Mudge,
near Eagle Tail, in Colorado, a few miles west of the line separating
that Territory from the State of Kansas.

A series of twenty-nine caudal vertebra, with and without diapophy-
ses, from a bluff on Butte Creek, belongs perhaps to this species. The
proximal specimens, at least, cannot be distinguished from those of Pro-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Boo

fessor Mudge’s collection. The distal ones cannot readily be distin-
guished from those of L. proriger.

LIODON PRORIGER, Cope, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1869, 123, Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, 202.)—This is the most abundant of the
large species of the Kansas chalk. The writer found a muzzle con-
sisting of premaxillary and portions of maxillary and dentary bones
in a spur of the lower bluffs of Butte Creek, and numerous frag-
ments of cranium and vertebre on a denuded tract in the same
neighborhood. Both of these belonged to individuals of smaller size
than the type, the opportunity of examining which I owe to Profes-
sor Agassiz. The more complete Butte Creek specimen belongs to
a huge animal; the size is grandly displayed by a complete premax-
illary bone, with its projecting snout, and large fragments of the maxil-
lary. These furnish characters confirmatory of those already given as
above. The vertebre are remarkable examples of flattening under
pressure, without fracture, some of them having a vertical diameter no
greater than one’s hand. ‘The cervicals are less flattened, and give the
impression that they were not transversely elliptic. This is consistent
with our knowledge of the perfect specimen, where it is, as described,
furnished with vertically ovate articular surfaces. In this the cup is
symmetrical and not distorted, but the ball is a little compressed by
pressure. ,

The most important addition to the knowledge of this species, fur-
nished by the Butte Creek specimen, is the character of the quadrate
bone. A portion of the palatine bone, supporting these teeth, displays
the characters of the type, viz, the inner face vertical and deeper than
the outer, and forming a strong parapet of bone on the superior or
toothless aspect; the outer face a little expanded laterally; the bases
of the teeth exposed. It is proper to add that the locality ascribed to
. the type specimen, “near Fort Hays, Kansas,” which was given me, on
inquiry, is probably erroneous, Fort Wallace being the point intended.

LIODON DYSPELOR, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, 574;
1871, 168, 172.)—This large reptile was first described from specimens
sent to the Smithsonian Institution from New Mexico. Professor
Mudge subsequently obtained it in Kansas, and on my late expedition
J had the good fortune to procure a large portion of another, on a sloping
bluff on Butte Creek, fourteen miles south of Fort Wallace. This speci-
men is one of the most instructive which has yet been discovered, in-
cluding, as it does, fifty vertebre from all parts of the column, a large
part of the cranium, with teeth, and both quadrate bones; the scapular
arch complete, except back of coracoid on one side; both humeri, radius,
and numerous phalanges of fore limb; the pelvic arch complete, with
one hind limb complete to tarsus, with phalanges. The premaxillary
is wanting, but the adjacent suture of the maxillary remains.

Measurements.—Estimated length of cranium, 5 feet, 1.570 metres ;
estimated total length, 75 feet.

This specimen does not appear to be quite as large as the type, which
came from Fort McRae, New Mexico. The diameters of the vertebral
centra appear to be larger, in proportion to the length of the cranium,
than in the Mosasaurus dekayti; hence, probably, the body had a greater
diameter. In estimating its length, reference is had to the relations in
size of the caudal vertebre of the type of LZ. proriger, and to the caudal
series of a small Liodon found on the bluffs of Butte Creek. The caudal
vertebra are quite similar to those of the former; in the latter a series
of thirty centra exhibit very little diminution in size. On such a basis
the length would be about seventy-five feet. .

334 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Portions of a second individual of this species, or of L. proriger, were
found on the Fox Cafion. They belonged to a larger animal, one equal
to the New Mexican first described. Professor Mudge has fragments of
still larger specimens. , |

The principal specimen above described was excavated from a chalk
bluff. Fragments of the jaws were seen lying on the slope and other
portions entered the shale. On being followed, a part of the cranium
was taken from beneath the roots of a bush, and the vertebre and limb-
bones were found further in. The vertebral series extended parallel
with the outcrop of the beds, and finally turned into the hill, and was
followed so far as time would permit. It was abandoned at the anterior
caudal vertebre for more favorable circumstances or a more persevering
excavator.

The outcrop of the stratum was light yellow. The concealed part of
the bed was bluish. Yellow chalk left on the specimens in thin lay-
ers became a white or nearly so. The yellow and blue strata are defi-
nitely related in most localities, the former being the superior, but in
others they passed into each other on the same horizon.

TESTUDINATA.
PROTOSTEGA, Cope.

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1871, p. 173; loc. cit., March, 1872.

This genus is the type of a new family of tortoises of the suborder
Athece, characterized by the lack of expansion of the ribs into
a bony roof or carapace, and the development of dermal bones only
on the upper surfaces. The dermal bones consist of large plates lying
above the ribs, which have no sutural union with each other; of small
vertebral shields on the dorsal line, and of thin, marginal bones, which
have no sutural union with each other or with the other bones. The
vertebre preserved possess ball-and-socket joints, and have flat neural
arches, with widely spreading articular processes. The humeri are flat,
and furnished with an enormous deltoid crest. The fore limbs were
very long, and formed flippers like those of the marine turtles of the
present seas. The bones of the head were very light and thin, and
mostly united by squamosal or overlapping sutures. The mandible pre-
sented the elements usual in the marine turtles, and had no angle. It
exhibits a deep pterygoid fossa, and is very light. The constitution of
the bones is rather dense, and there are no medullary cavities whatever.
The superficial layer is very thin and striate. The bones are all very
fragile. The fore limb discovered several years since in the Cretaceous
of Mississippi, near to Columbus, with vertebra and teeth, of Platecarpus
tympaniticus, Which was referred by Dr. Leidy to that species, probably
belongs to Protostega. It represents a species distinct from the P. gigas,
which may be called Protostega tuberosa, Cope, and differs from P. gigas
in the more elongate form of the humerus, with superior position and
more enlarged form of the bicipital process. The large deltoid crest.
appears to be also much more prolonged. A third species, or allied
genus, has also been discovered in the green-sand of New Jersey. Itis
represented by a fragment of a gigantic humerus, which was rightly
regarded as pertaining to a turtle; though he never described it, Dr.
Leidy figured it,* and referred “to the gigantic Mosasaurus.”+ I refer
it provisionally to P.otostega with the name P. neptunia. The humerus

* Cretaceous Reptiles of North America, Tab. VII, Fig. 4. + Loc. cit.. p. 43.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 335

differs from those of the two preceding species in having a much more
slender shaft. The Pnewmatarthrus peloreus, Cope, established on ver-
_tebree, may be an ally.

PROTOSTEGA GIGAS, Cope.—This fossil includes many parts of the
endo- and exoskeleton. The bones of the former have a radiating ossifi-
cation, which terminates in many cases in digitations of their margins.
These margins, especially of the vertebral and marginal bones, are
exceedingly attenuated, not being thicker than paper. The vertebral
has an obtuse median keel. The marginals have no inferior lamina
and receive the extremity of the rib. The ribs have a wide, radiate,
lined expansion, extending from the position of the tubercle round and
beyond the head. The phalanges are long and flat, and the extent of
the fore-limbs could have been little or nothing short of fifteen feet.
Found near Butte Creek, Southwest Kansas.

CYN OCERCUS, Cope.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1872, January.

Kstablished on metatarsal and caudal vertebre of a tortoise of uncer-
tain, but in any case peculiar affinities. The caudal vertebra are not
anterior ones, almost lacking diapophyses, but are long and slender,
and the articular faces singularly incised. The form had a tail more
elongate than the snapping tortoise, and different from it in details of
composition.

CYNOCERCUS INCISUS, Cope, (loc. cit.)—A species about the size of the
Mississippi snapper, Macrochel ys lacertina, from near Butte Creek.

SAUROPTERYGIA.

. POLYCOTYLUS, Cope.
Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, 34; Hayden’s Rept. Survey, Wyoming, 1871, 386.

As a detailed account of this genus has been already given in the
report on the Geology of Wyoming, loc. cit., I will not repeat it here.
From this the characters which separate this genus from Plescosaurus
may be derived. as follows :

First. The deeply biconcave and very stout vertebral centra.

Secondly. The tibia broader than long, resembling those of Icthyosau-
rus.

Thirdly. The coalescence and depression of the.cervicals.

Fourthly. The continuity of the neural arches.

Fifthly. The continuity of the diapophyses of the caudals.
POLYCOTYLUS LATIPINNIS, Cope, (loc. cit., p. 36, Pl. I, Figs. 1-13.)—
The powerful extremital pieces indicate a body to be propelled of not
less than usual proportions. If this be the case, the number of dorsal
vertebre is considerably greater than in the species of this order in
general, and approaching more the Icthyosaurt. I do not intend to
suggest any affinity between the latter and the present genus, as none
exists. What the extent of cervical vertebre may have been is uncer-
tain. The caudals have probably been numerous, though not probably
so extended as in Hlasmosaurus. The size of the species can be approx-
imately estimated from the proportions furnished by Owen (Reptiles
of the Liassic Formations) for Plesiosaurus rostratus. The skeleton of
this species measures 11 feet 8 inches, and the dorsal vertebra are of
less vertical and equal transverse diameter compared with those of the

336 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

present saurian. We may therefore suppose that the latter exceeded
the former in dimensions. Should the humerus have been related to
the fore limb, as in Plesiosaurus dolichodirus, Conyb., the latter would
have had a length of 4 feet 3 inches; as the proportions of the radius
and phalanges are shorter, the limb was probably relatively shorter.
If related to the total length, as in the same Plesiosaurus, the humerus
would indicate a length of 174 feet. As the cervical vertebrae become
attenuated, as compared with the dorsals to a greater degree in Polyco-
tylus than in Plesiosaurus, I have little doubt that the length of this
species exceeded that amount.

William E. Webb, of Topeka, discovered the specimens -from which
this species was first described, and liberally forwarded them to me for
examination and description. Other specimens have been discovered
since that time by various other persons. I have received numerous
fragments of an individual of about the size of the one above described,
which were found by Professor B. F. Mudge, at a point near the mouth
of the north branch of the Smoky Hill River.

ELASMOSAURUS, Cope.

Leconte’s Notes on Geology of the Route of the Union Pacific Railroad, 1868, p. 68;
Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 92; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, p. 44.

This genus has been more completely preserved to us than any other
American representative of the order, and hence may be accepted as
most clearly expressive of its characters. In the interpretation of these,
however, considerable ditficulty has been experienced, as the structure
form appears, at first sight, to reverse to a remarkable degree the usual-
proportions of known reptiles. No portions of limbs were, however,
found with the vertebra. The skeleton so nearly complete would indi-
cate no violent disturbance of the carcass; but if there were, it would
be an unusual accident that all of the four limbs should have been re-
moved from their sockets without leaving even fragments.

This genus is well distinguished from Plesiosaurus by the peculiarity
of the scapular arch. The “mesosternum appears to be co-ossified with
the claviculi, and the three elements form a broad breast-plate. If the —
claviculus was ever united with the scapula, as in Plesiosaurus, no evi-
dence of it can be seen in the specimen. Both the clavicular and meso-
sternal elements are broader and more extended anteriorly.

ELASMOSAURUS PLATYURUS, Cope, (Leconte’s Notes, loc. cit. Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, loc. cit., 92.) Discosaurus carinatus, Cope, (Le-
conte’s Notes, loc. cit.) —This, after Mosasaurus, the most elongate of the
sea-Saurians yet discovered, is represented by a more than usually com-
plete skeleton in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia. It was found by Dr.'Theophilus H. Turner, the physician of
the garrison at Fort Wallace, a point situated near the boundary-line
separating Kansas from Colorado, a few miles north from the Smoky
Hill Fork of the Kansas River. Portions of two vertebra, presented by
him to Dr. Leconte when on his geological tour in the interest of the
United States Pacific Railroad Company, were brought by the latter
gentleman to the academy, and indicated to the writer the existence of
an unknown plesiosauroid reptile. Subsequent correspondence with
Dr. Turner resulted in his employing a number of men, who engaged 4n
excavations, and succeeded in obtaining a large part of the monster.
Its vertebrae, one hundred and twelve in number, were found to be
almost continuous, except a vacancy of some four feet in the anterior
dorsal region. They formed a curved line, a considerable part of whose

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Sam

convexity was visible on the side of a bluff of clay-shale rock, with
seams and crystals of gypsum. The bones were all coated with a thin
layer of gypsum, and in some places their dense layer had been de-
stroyed by conversion into sulphate of lime.

The habit of this species, like that of its nearest known allies, was
raptorial, as evinced by its numerous canine-like teeth and the fish-re-
mains taken from beneath its vertebree.

The general form of this reptile, whether it was furnished with large
posterior limbs or not, was that of a serpent, with a relatively shorter,
more robust, and more posteriorly placed body than is characteristic of
true serpents, and with two pairs of limbs or paddles. It progressed
by the strokes of its paddles, assisted, by its powerful tail. The body
was steadied by the elevated keel of the median dorsal line, formed by
the broad, high neural spines. The snake-like neck was raised high in
the air, or depressed, at the will of the animal; now arched swan-like
preparatory toa plunge after a fish, now stretched in repose on the
water or deflexed in exploring the depths below.

Localities. This species has been found in various parts of Kansas,
besides that whence the specimen above described was procured. Pro-
fessor B. F'. Mudge obtained vertebre from a point thirty miles east of
- Fort Wallace, which probably belong to this animal.

ORNITHOSAURIA.
ORNITHOCHIRUS, Seeley.

This genus embraces the largest of the pterodactyles or flying saurians.
Besides a great expanse of wings, they had strong claw-bearing digitis
in front, and a short tail. Their heads were slender and the teeth indi-
cate carnivorous habits. Two species were found by the writer in
Kansas.

ORNITHOCHIRUS UMBROSUS, Cope, (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., March,
1872.)—One of the largest known species, having an expanse of wing of
nearly twenty-five feet.

ORNITHOCHIRUS HARPYIA, Cope, (loc. cit.)—A large species, but
smaller than the last, with a wing expanse of eighteen feet. This spe-
cies was abundant, and may be the one originally mentioned by Professor
Marsh under the preoccupied name of Pterodactylus oweni.

_PISCES.

Large numbers of remains of fishes are found in the Niobrara chalk.
They are referable to three families and twenty-three species of physos-
tomous or soit-rayed fishes, with the addition of a few sharks. The
former were chiefly related to the salmon and to the pike, but were
more strongly armed for offense and defense than their recent repre-
sentatives.

SAURODONTID Ai, Cope.

Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, p. 529; Hayden’s Survey Wyoming, &c., 1871, p. 414.;
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1872, February.

A cousiderable accession of material belonging to several species of
this family, furnishes important additions to our knowledge of their
structure, and enables me to determine their affinities with more pre-
cision than heretofore. The results are of value to the student of com-

- 2268

338 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

parative anatomy, and also to the paleontologist,as they appear to
have been the predominant type of marine fishes during the Cretaceous
period in the North American seas, and to have been abundant in those
of Europe.

The characters already assigned to the family are confirmed by the
new species discovered, and many additional ones added, as follows:

The cranial structure cannot be fully made ont, but the following
points may be regarded as ascertained. The brain-case is not continued
between the orbits, and the basis cranii is double and with the muscular
tube open. A large cavity is inclosed by the proodtic, the pterotic, the
opisthotic, &c. There are no exoccipital condyles, and that of the basio-
occipital is a conic cup. The pterotic and post-frontal are well devel-
oped. The ethmoid is well developed and slightly narrowed at its an-
terior extremity. The parasphepoid is narrowed and elongate; the
vomer is continuous with it and is slightly expanded and then con-
tracted at the anterior extremity. Neither it nor the parasphenoid sup-
port teeth in any of the known genera.

The premaxillary bones are short, and form but a small portion of the
upper jaw. The maxillary is elongate and simple. The hyomandibu-
lar is rather narrow and does not present an elongate support for the
operculum. The symplectic is well developed, entering far into the
inferior quadrate. ‘The latter is a broad bone, large, in contact with the
metapterygoid, which is itself a thin plate, not probably attaining the
pterotic. The superior branchihyals are short rods.

The relations of the supraoccipital, parietals, frontals, &c., cannot yet
be satisfactorily made out, owing to the obscurity of the sutures. Never-
theless, the following points may be regarded as probably reliable. The
frontals have a rather broad union with the ethmoid, and are separated
by suture throughout their length. They do not extend much posterior
to the orbits, and are succeeded by a rather narrow pair of bones, which
extend to above the foramen magnum. These are not united by suture,
but present thickened, smooth edges to each other, and appear, there-
fore, to have been separated by a fontanelle. Each is separated from a
broad, lateral bone by a serrate suture, which is, perhaps, the pterotic,
and certainly includes that element, as it supports the hyomandibular.
It is not easy to determine what relation the median bones bear to the
supraoccipital, but the structure looks a good deal like that character-
izing the Siluride, or, considering the large pterotics, like the Mormy-
ride plus the fontanelle. The shorter form of the pterotic in the
Characinide and the Catostomide causes considerable difference in their
appearance. There is no indication of fontanelle between the frontals
in Portheus.

Portions of the scapula of Portheus molossus and other species are
preserved. They have very stout articular surfaces, and, although not
complete, have ‘enclosed, more or less, a very large fontanelle. The
superior surface is the lar ger, and is followed below “by two others; the
upper subvertical and small, the lower larger and transverse. These are
surfaces supporting two basilar elements of the pectoral fin. There
were, perhaps, three basilars; but the base of the coracoid displays no
surface for articulation of a third.

The suture with the coracoid crosses immediately below the lower
condyloid surface, and passes just below the scapular fontanelle, leaving
in the specimens a fractured surface, which probably supported a pre-
coracoid. There are two fractured bases of. the coracoid, which proba-
bly unite below, enclosing a foramen. On the scapulo- coracoid suture,
just within the space between the two inferior condyles, is a cenun

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 339

hemispherical pit of considerable size. Just in front of it is another of
crescentic form. it

A partially complete circle of bone, convex on one side, concave on
the other, was found with the remains of two species of Portheus and
one of Jchthyodectes. They look like a sclerotic ossification, and as
though molded on a globe. They are not segmented as in reptilian
sclerotic ossifications, nor do they seem to have been completed circles.

The femoral bones, or those supporting the ventral fins, are preserved
in Ichthyodectes anaides and a Portheus, best in the former. They are
closely united posteriorly, the inner margin gradually approximating to
the union, which is accomplished by the application of the subcylindric
posterior part of the bones. In Portheus they are united by a coarse
suture. There are no posterior processes, but the anterior are long and
slender. KHach is divided, the inner portion being rod-like, the exterior
plate-like. The outer is probably the shorter; exteriorly it rises into an
obtuse ridge on the lower side, and the plate then expands backward
as well as outward, nearly inclosing a large sinus with the base of sup-
port of the fin. The fin-supporting surface is subround, with two exte-
rior and one interior articular surfaces, and a projection in the middle,
which has one or two articular faces of smaller size. The base of the
anterior projections is rather broader in Ichthyodectes than in Portheus.

Three kinds of spine-like rays or supports of the fins have been found
in. connection with remains of species of this family, and the proper
reference to their positions and species is as yet in some degree uncer-
tain. First, the elegantly segmented compound rays originally referred
to Ptychodus by Agassiz, and described by me under the species Sawro-
cephalus thawmas, appear to be referable to the genus Portheus, and to
be supports of the caudal fin.* Be

Secondly, spines composed of unsegmented rays closely united, edge
to edge, and arranged like the fulcra at the base of the external rays.
of the caudal fin of recent fishes; that is, the first very short, those ©
succeeding increasing regularly in length to the last, which forms the
apex of the spine. The obliquely truncated extremities of these rods
from a continuous sharp edge, which is coated with enamel, and may
be straight or interrupted with low knobs. The former kind belongs
probably to Portheus, and the latter to Jchthyodectes. ‘ it is nearly
related in character to the spines of Hdestus, the enamel-coated knobs
of Ichthyodectes rising into veritable teeth in the Carboniferous genus.
These spines are unsymmetrical, and belong either to the pectoral or
ventral fins. To which they should be referred, it is not now easy to
decide. The living allies of the Sawrodontide do not possess ventral
Spines, nor do they exist in physostomous fishes. In the Siluroids, the
pectoral fins are supported by strong spines, which remotely resemble
the present ones in their compound character.

Third)y. There are numerous flat, more or less curved, spines or rays
of small diameter, compared with the length. One surface is covered
with a thin, generally striate-grooved layer of enamel, and one edge is
trenchant. One side of this edge is more or less obtusely rugose or
thickened. These rays thin out to the extremity, which, in some cases,
at least, is not contracted. These rays are composed of appressed
halves, are unsymmetrical, with basal hook, and belong, no doubt, to
paired fins. If those already described are pectoral, these are ventral,
and vice versa. A series of them found together had much the form of
either of these fins, while their enlarged number would identify them

* See Hayden’s Report, loc. cit., p. 423, where this view is held.

340 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

_with the pectoral. In the rays found together, the first only had a
trenchant outer margin, while several had a rabbett along one side of
the posterior margin. I have already described such a spine as per-
taining to the pectoral fin of Ichthyodectes prognathus. .

The vertebre in all the species certainly assiguable to this group are,
where known, deeply two-grooved on each side, besides the pits for the
insertion of neurapophyses and pleurapophyses, except in the cervical
region, where the lateral grooves are wanting. There are nodiapophyses.
The caudal vertebre are rather numerous, but not so much so as in
Amia, nor are they so much recurved as in that genus. ‘66

Until the structure of the posterior cranial roof and of the scapular
arch are fully made out, it is premature to state precisely the affinities
of this family. So far as known, they are Jsospondyli, with some char-
acters of the Salmonide, and some of other significance. The large
foramen behind the prootic bone is more Clupeoid in character. The
femoral bones are more like those of the Plectospondyli, dividing, in a
measure, characters of the Cyprinide with those of the Mormyride.
The vertebra are Clupeoid, while the mode of implantation of teeth is
peculiar.

Synopsis of genera.

I. Jaws without foramina on the inner face of the alveolar margin: -
Teeth of unequal lengths in the maxillary and dentary

bees 205). e Pe INS ON cin = i en oer Portheus.
Teeth of equal leneths; cylindric... ..-- 1. ec Saee Ichthyodectes.

IJ. A series of foramina on inner side of alveolar wall:
Teeth with subcylindric crowns. .....<........—2.- =e Saurodon.
Teeth with short compressed crowns........-.--..-. Saurocephalus.

There are some other forms to be referred to this family whose charae-
ters are not yet fully determined. Thus, Hypsodon, Agass., from the
European chalk, is related to the two genera first named above; but as
left by its author in the “ Poissons fossiles,” includes apparently two
generic forms. The first figured and described has the mandibular teeth
of equal length. In the second they are unequal, as in Portheus, to
which genus this specimen ought, perhaps, to be referred. Both are
physostomous fishes, and not related to the Sphyrenide, where authors
have generally placed them. Retaining the name Hypsodon for the
genus with equal mandibular teeth, its relations to Ichthyodectes remain
to be determined by further study of the H. levesiensis

A species of Ichthyodectes from the chalk of Sussex, Engiand, is figured
but not described by Dixon in the Geology of Sussex.

A number of forms erroneously referred by Agassiz and Dixon to the
genus Saurocephalus have been referred by Leidy to a genus he ealls
Protosphyrena,* with two species, P. feroxr and P. striata. The latter
much resembles a Saurocephalus, having equal teeth, while the former
probably includes several species and possibly genera. The teeth first
referred to it resemble generically those of P. striata, while others resemble
those of Portheus. An examination of the figures of the mandibles of the
last, in Dixon’s work, shows that the large and small teeth occupy differ-
ent areas, separated by grooves, in a manner quite distinct from any-
thing seen in Portheus ; but should it prove identical, it can scarcely be
regarded as typical of Protosphyrena, which name, moreover, has never
been accompanied by the necessary description.

* Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1856.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 341

Dr. Leidy applied the name of Xiphactinus to a genus indicated by a
Spine in some degrees like those regarded above as pectorals of Sauro-
dontide. It is quite distinct from those assigned to Portheus and Ich-
thyodectes, and may belong to Saurocephalus, as already suggested, or to
another genus. _-

PORTHEUS, Cope.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 173; loc. cit., 1872, February.

Teeth subcylindric, without serrate or cutting edges, occupying the pre-
maxillary, maxillary, and dentary bones. Sizes irregular; the premax-
illary, medium maxillary, and anterior dentary teeth much enlar ged.
No foramina on inner face of jaws. Teeth on the premaxillary reduced
in number. Opercular and preopercular bones very thin. Cranial bones
not sculptured.

The fishes of this genus were rapacious, and, so far as known, of large
size. They constitute the most formidable type of phy sostomous fishes
known. Three species are known to the writer, one from teeth only,
from the Miocene of North Carolina, but not certainly known not to be
an intrusive Cretaceous fossil, and two from Kansas. The latter are
represented by more or less numerous fragments of eleven individuals,
‘three of which possess large portions of the cranium, one almost entirely
complete. Two of the remainder embrace jaws, and one, a large part
of the vertebral column, with segmented rays. In one, these rays were
found with the cutting, compound ray above described, while the simple,
flat, pectoral rays occur with several specimens. In none have any
traces of symmetrical spinous rays been found, nor strong interneurals
capable of supporting such. In none of the more perfect specimens
with crania have the segmented rays been found, but the fossil of
P. thaumas, where they occur, 1s represented by a vertebral column and
its appendages, which do not differ appreciably from those of P. molossus.

In the cranium of this genus there is a well-marked supraorbital rim.
Hach opisthotic forms a prominent angle directed posteriorly on each
side of the exoccipital. The parasphenoid is a stout and narrow bone,
deeply emarginate behind for the passage of the muscular canal. It
has a transverse expansion in front of the base of the proodtic, which
rests on a backward continuation of the same. This expansion is
pierced behind by two round foramina. The shaft is abruptly contracted
in front of the expansion and is trigonalin section. The prefrontal extends
downward and forward and carries inferior and anterior articular faces,
the latter vertically transverse. The postero-inferior portion of the
ethmoid bears on its posterior extremity a concave articular face, which
opposes that of the prefrontal. The floor of the brain-case in front is
supported by a vertical style, which is bifurcate above and rests on the
parasphenoid.

Of the teeth in general, it may be added that their pulp cavity is
rather large at the base but rapidly diminishes in the crown. ‘The
mode of succession is by direct displacement from below. The young
crown rose into the pulp cavity and destroyed the vitality of the crown
while the root was absorbed. Numerous empty alveoli are to be found in
all the jaws of this genus, in which examination will often detect the
apex of the crown of the young tooth.

The vertebre in this genus are rather short, but not so much so as in
sharks. In P. thaumas nearly eighty dorsals and caudals were preserved ;
those without lateral grooves or cervicals (the name not appropriate)

342 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

are not numerous. There are, perhaps, not more than four vertebre
supporting the caudal fin; though this is difficult to determine, owing
to the concealment of the terminal centra by bases of radii. There are
seven hemapophyses in the support, all flat except the first, which is
like those anterior to it. The second is articulated freely to its centrum,
and is wider than the others. Its condyle is characteristic, being double,
and with a foramen between it and the produced extremity of the pos-
terior margin of the bone. It is slightly separated distally from the
third, but the remainder are in close contact. The radii of the superior
lobe of the caudal fin extend at least as far down as near the end of the
third hemal spine from below. The structure of these parts in the P.
molossus are as in the P. thaumus, so far as preserved.

As some of the spines are not referable to their precise species in this
genus, they may be described here. A large compound spine, found in
the blue limestone shale in Fossil Spring Cafion, is composed at the
base of about twenty-six narrow, double rods. A few appear between
the. others beyond the base, making thirty-one altogether. They are
very oblique to the general base, but curve so as to become nearly
straight, and enlarge distally. They terminate in a thickened portion,
which bears an acute edge, ‘which truncates them obliquely. This por-
tion is enameled; the edge is slightly convex at the base, and slightly
concave at a point probably beyond the middle.

Measurements.
Meters
Length of fragment, (12 yone yee Dee ell. te Er . 30
Width Sb DASE sn en cin ae wee cee ee ok Cee eee Coe ee 22
Thickness at ase. -.........4.26003.215.. 30520 2 . 012
Thickness at broken end an inch from edge... .2 22) 2 . 007

This is a formidable weapon, and could be readily used to split wood
in its fossilized condition.

The third species of spine is represented in most of the species, but
one series of rays with spine may not be referable to any of them.
The latter is flat and curved, the convex edge trenchant beyond the
middle. The posterior edge is obtuse but narrow, and exhibits a slight
groove on one side medially; proximally there is a shallow rabbett,
whose floor is transversely rugose. Several layers of the tissue of the
spine beyond the basal portion are delicately, longitudinally. striate.
The distal half is broken away. Length of fragment, 1 foot; width,
1.5 inches; thickness at middle, D lines.

The species of this genus may be distinguished as follows:

a, Teeth without acute edges:
Larger maxillaries, 5; second premaxillary larger
than first; third mandibular large, behind a cross-
groove; last large mandibular followed by 16—8
enietl Ape cit. SSM ee eee, aoe het ee P. molossus.
Larger maxillaries, 3; first premaxillary larger than . ;
second ; third mandibular small, no cross-groove
in front of it; 20 small teeth behind last large .
Handibilar =. Seen. <n ae ee P. thaumas.
aa. Large teeth with cutting angle in front:
Teeth fare6, not COMpPERSOe.~ 2 oe oe eee cee P. angulatus.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 343

ICHTHYODECTES, Cope.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, Nov.; Hayden’s Geol. Survey, Wyoming, &c., 1871, p. 421.

Teeth equal, subcylindric, in a single row, sunk in deep alveoli. Pre-
maxillaries short. No foramina at the bases of the teeth on the inner
alveolar walls. Vertebre deeply grooved laterally.

The species of this genus are, so far as known, smaller than those of
the last, and, as their remains are more perishable than those, form a
less striking’ object among the fossils of Kansas. They are, neverthe-
less, very abundant, especially in species, five of which are now described.
In originally describing this genus the vertebre were regarded as not -
grooved, in consequence of such vertebre having been discovered along
with the bones and teeth of J. ctenodon. Further examination has satis-
fied me that this union is erroneous, and that the bones, if found
together, were accidentally so.

Spines similar to those of the Porthei, but presenting certain differ-
ences, may be ascribed to this genus. The compound segmented spines
cannot be ascribed to it, but the compound fulcrum-like spines are
similar, though composed of fewer and stouter rods. Hach of these, as
it terminates at the cutting edge, gives rise to a projection, giving it an
obtusely and remotely serrate character. It is rugose with enamel
deposit, and constitutes as effective a weapon of defense as that of Por-
theus. One which is nearly perfect contains fifteen pairs of rods, which
expand at the base as do the rays of a pectoral fin. Total length, 200
meter; width at base, .04 meter; thickness beyond base, .006 meter.

The femoral bones have already been described. The maxillary is
not contracted at the end for a supernumerary bone, as in Portheus. °

The form of the inferior quadrate is like that of Portheus. In J.
anaides the groove for the preoperculum extends low down, and the
symplectic has a wider exposure on the outer face than in Portheus.

In a series of vertebre similar to those of this genus, those included
in the basis of the caudal fin are not more than three in number.

The species are distinguished as follows:

Premaxillary teeth, 5, second most prominent; maxil-

lary not concave; dentary with 30 teeth and bi-

convex, alveolar border, with obtuse extremity.... J. anaides.
~Premaxillaries; maxillary straight, large, with 40

teeth; dentary straight, not produced at end;

Piereilinme 7 omrmeeew ben sAtas rit SARE oas ld lle, ELL AIR Le I. ctenodon.
Premaxillaries, 5, first most prominent; maxillary

concave, narrow; teeth small; dentary with a hook

Fully CHUB GSS) GPT See Le A aan acy Laan eee ALE I. hamatus.
Premaxillaries, i, first most prominent, compressed, ap aN

CSTE IIINGIO Oar Cay Phe ee re La Poet tet ein te ey ec nn a I. prognathus.
Premaxillaries, 12, second most prominent; the bone ;

‘much narrowed above, smaller. ...2...-..-----+--. I. multidentatus.

. The English species of this genus is figured by Dixon in the Geology

of Sussex, Pl. xxxii, Figs.9 and 9*, I can find no letter-press nor
name relating to it, and cannot determine its specific characters trom
the fragmentary character of the piece of mandible figured.

SAUROCEPHALUS, Harlan.

Leidy has pointed out the mode of implantation of the teeth in the
typical species of this genus. The mode of succession of the teeth has

\

344 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

not yet been indicated, but is well displayed in a specimen of the jaw of
S. arapahovius, Cope. Iti is known from Harlan’s description that a large
foramen issues on the inner wall of the jaw, opposite each root. The
fractured ends of the specimen exhibit the course of the canal which is-
sues at this foramen. It turns abruptly downward between the inner
wall of the jaw and the fang of the functional tooth, and not far from
the foramen, its course is interrupted by the crown of the successional
tooth. This is situated obliquely as regards the long axis of the jaw.
It is thus plain that the successional : appearance of teeth is different
in this genus from what I have described in the two genera preceding.
In them the foramen is wanting, and the young crown rises within the
pulp cavity of the functional teeth, as in the Crocodilia. In this genus,
on the other hand, it is developed outside of the pulp cavity and fang of
the old tooth, and takes its place, asin many Lacertilia and in the Pytho-
nomorpha, by exciting the absorption of the latter. The conic form of
these fangs in Saurocephalus is appropriate to such a succession, and
their great length seems to'preclude the nutrition of the young tooth
from their bases. The use of the foramina on the inner face of the jaw
. is thus made apparent, viz: The nutrition of the successional teeth from
without. I cannot trace the canal below the crown of the young tooth
to the base of the pulp cavity of the old tooth, and there are canals in
the jaw below the latter, one of which probably carried the dental artery.
Species of:this genus are less abundant in the part of Kansas exam-
ined by me than those of the preceding genera. Two only have been
observed up to the present time, S. arapahovius and S. phlebotomus,

Cope.
PACHYRHIZODONTID 4.

This family of physostomous fishes differs from the last in the nature
of its dentition. Instead of elongate, conic fangs sunk in deep alveoli,
it has shorter and stout fangs occupying alveoli of which the inner side
and part of the anterior and posterior walls are incomplete. The teeth
are, in fact, more or less pleurodont, but the extremity of the root is
received into the conic fundus of the alveolus.

The premaxillary bones are well developed, but the maxillaries are
more so, and enter largely into the composition of the border of the
mouth. There is a well-developed angle of the mandible, but no coro-
noid bone is preserved in the specimens. The coronoid region is, how-
ever, broken in all of our specimens. The other characters of the family
are not determinable from our imperfect materials.

PACHYRHIZODUS, Agassiz.
Dixon’s Geology of Sussex, 1850, p. 374.

This genus was established by Professor Agassiz on a jaw-fragment
from Sussex, England, with a brief description. The Kansas remains
resemble this fragment in their corresponding parts, and I refer them
to the same genus for the present.

The genus as seen in our fossils is defined as follows: Muzzle flat;
premaxillary bones rather long, with two larger teeth together near the
anterior end behind the usual external series; maxillary and mandibles
with a single series of simply cylindric, curved teeth ; mandibular rami
closely articulated: by a ligament.

The teeth in this genus bear a superficial resemblance to those of a
mosasauroid genus. Their mode of succession appears to be as follows:
The crown of the young tooth was developed in a capsule at the base of

‘GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 345

the crown, or on the inner side of the apex of the thick root. The ab-
sorption which followed excavated both the former and the latter, but
the crown was evidently first shed. Then the old root disappeared,
and the new one occupied the alveolus, leaving a free separation all
round. Finally, on the accomplishment of the full growth of the root, it
became anchylosed to the alveolus all round. The pleurodont position
of the tooth facilitated the shedding of the root very materially.

The genus Conosaurus, Gibbes, from South Carolina, is perhaps allied
to this one. Its dentition is fully described by Leidy, who changes the
name to Conosaurops, mainly on account of the inappropriateness of the
Greek Savpos to a fish. This word was, however, employed by the an-
cients to designate a fish, and the only use made of the word, out of
composition by modern zoologists, is for species of that class, so that it
does not seem improper to use it here.

- Three, perhaps four species, left their remains in the strata examined
. by the expedition.
EMPO, Cope.

Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1872, p. 347.

This genus differs from the last in possessing large canine teeth in the
‘front of the maxillary bone, posterior to which are two series of usual
size. The inner or superior of these takes its rise from the canines and
has no great extent, while the outer is marginal. Teeth cylindric-conic,
and in the type species somewhat incurved. Butone species was found,
the L. nepaholica, Cope, a fish as large as a pike of forty pounds.

STRATODONTIDZ.

In this group I have arranged several genera, which resemble Hncho-
dus, the largest known of its forms. They are physostomous fishes, as in-
dicated by the relations of bones of the superior arch of the mouth, the
absence of spinous dorsal radi, the cycloid scales, and the general re-
lationship to Hsox. Agassiz and others have regarded some of them
as allied to Sphyrena; this opinion was probably derived from a con-
sideration of the forms of the teeth, which, to some degree, resemble
those of Sphyranide and Trichiuride. This is, however, like many other
minor characters, one of those which appear in both of the great groups
of osseous fishes.

The premaxillary is small, and supports a large tooth in Hnchodus ;
- in Stratodus it is also short and supports numerous teeth. In Stratodus
the maxillary supports a few teeth; in Cimolichthys a larger number.
Relationship to Hsox is displayed by Stratodus, which has broad, flat
palatine bones, closely studded with teeth in a brush, and where the
maxillary teeth are reduced in size and number. The teeth are attached
by the anchylosis of the base to the alveolar face of the jaw, resem-
bling thus existing fishes, and differing materially froin the families of
Pachyrhizodontide and Saurodontide, already considered.

The genera known to me are the following:

Premaxillary with numerous small teeth; maxillary with -

a few of the same; palatines covered with brushes of

similar teeth, all with pulp ¢avity........-.-.-...... Stratodus.
Premaxillary ?; maxillary with a single series of large

teeth, which have one cutting edge at base and two at

apex; dentary with inner series of large teeth, which

do not enlarge distally, and some series:of exterior

IU USE CCU Meta ersrateta sl er telarne Noa ota eee ere eG oes oe Oimolichthys.

346 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Premaxillary with a single large tooth; dentary with an
outer row of small and an inner row of large teeth,
which are much larger at the distalend...........--- Enchodus.

STRATODUS, Cope.

This genus is well characterized by its dentition, which is remarkable
for the small size and large number of the teeth, and their peculiar form.
I possess one premaxillary, a considerable part of the maxillary, and
nearly the whole of both palatines, besides other bones, of one species.
These were found not very far from the remains of the Cimolichthys
semianceps, M., and it required some investigation to determine. the
relationship between them. I have, however, portions of the maxillary
and premaxillary of Cimolichthys, and both of these elements are so
very unlike those in Stratodus that there can be no doubt of its inde-
pendence. I have unfortunately no dentary bone of Stratodus, and the
outer row of palatines resembles, in some measure, those figured in
Cimolichthys levesiensis, Leidy, by Agassiz.

The premaxillary teeth are in two series. They are stout at the base
and oval in section, and are contracted and flattened rapidly upward.
On this basis is set an oval, sharp-edged, flat or spade-shaped crown,
the long axis of Compression being placed at right angles to that of the
compression of the apex of the base. This gives a barbed appearance.
The mazillary teeth are similar in form, but are in but few rows. The
palatine teeth are constructed on the same plan, but they are longer,
and the bases are subcylindric and slightly curved. All the teeth pos-
sess a large pulp cavity.

The premazillary bone displays some of the density of composition
seen in Hnchodus. Its upper anterior surface meets the inferior at an
acute angle. It is a broad oval, and is slightly concave. The inner
face forms a truncate rim round the bases of the inner teeth, and ter-
minates in a vertical crest of dense bone. The external face is, on the
other hand, perpendicular, and extends obliquely upward .and back-
ward. An acute anterior angle of the mazillary underruns it below, so
far as to exclude all but one or two of the premaxillary teeth from the
outerrow. The external lamina of the premaxillary forms an extensive
Squamosal suture with this part of the maxillary by overlapping it from
above. This arrangement shows a certain similarity to Hsox, especially
in the large number of palatine and small number of maxillary teeth.
It differs materially in the lack of articular surfaces between the maxil-
lary, palatine, &c., in the upward prolongation of the premaxillary, and
the peculiar forms of the teeth.

CIMOLICHTHYS, Leidy.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856, 302; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1856, p. 95; Saurodon,
Agassiz, pt. Poiss. Foss.

In this genus the principal teeth are stout, and have a compressed
apex, with a prominent anterior cutting edge, and a less extended pos-
- terior one. There are several series of smaller teeth, external to the
large ones in the lower jaw, wliile in a portion of an upper jaw of one
of the species these are wanting. Where present, they are more acute
than the larger ones.. The large teeth diminish gradually in length to
the symphysis, a circumstance which separates: these fishes from
Enchodus, where one or more of the anterior teeth are elongate. In

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 347

the species here described, the bases of the teeth are enlarged and
deprived of cementum coat, but there are no true roots.

The maxillary bone terminates in a narrowed extremity, with obtuse
termination, as in Stratodus. The vomer in one of the species is acumi-
nate at one end, and supports a short series of teeth; the middle portion
in a double row. All the teeth are without pulp cavity. 3

The only indication of the mode of succession of the teeth is furnished
by the specimen of C. anceps. Here a small excavation appears on the
inner side of the basis of the tooth. The absorption, commencing at this
point, no doubt removes the basis so that the crown falls away.

The name used was applied by Dr. Leidy to a fish erroneously referred
by Agassiz and Dixon to Saurodon, Hays. He did not characterize it;
and until the barbed palatine teeth, characteristic of it, are discovered
in our species, their reference to it will not be fully established. In the
parts preserved they appear to be identical. The general affinities of
the genus will receive new light. from materials now in my possession
and not yet developed.

The Sphyrena carinata, Cope, (Hayden’s Report, Wyoming, &e., p.424,)
probably belongs to Cimolichthys.

HNCHODUS, Cuvier.

Remains of species of this genus occur in the Cretaceous strata of
Kansas. I discovered a tooth belonging to one of them in the matrix
beneath the vertebre of Hlasmosaurus platyurus. Dr. Leidy described
a species from the Cretaceous formations of the Upper Missouri region,
which he called H. shumardu. The premaxillary of a rather large spe-
cies was obtained by my expedition; but the species is not determinable.
The diameter of the basis of the tooth is .012 meter. The long tooth of
a species of medium size was detected, the Hnchodus calliodon, Cope.
(Spec. nov. Hnchodus sp., Cope, Hayden’s Surv. Wyoming, &e., p. 424.)

SELACHIL.

Remains of sharks and rays are far less abundant in the Cretaceous
of Western Kansas than in New Jersey, and are much exceeded in
abundance by the physostomous Actinopteri, as the present account in-
dicates. In the region near Fort Hays and Salina, sharks’ teeth are
more frequently found. Those from near Fort Wallace belong to but
two species of the genus. Galeocerdo Mill. Henl.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The following species have been described from the Cretaceous forma-
tion of Kansas :*

SAURODONTID A.

Portheus molossus, Cope.
thaumas, Cope.
Ichthyodectes anaides, Cope.
ctenodon, Cope.
hamatus, Cope.
prognathus, Cope.
multidentatus, Cope.

* The species here enumer ated are all described in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society for February, 1872.

348 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

? Xiphactinus. audax, Leidy.
Saurocephalus phlebotomus, Cope.
arapahovius, Cope.

PACHYRHIZODONTID 2.

Pachyrhizodus caninus, Cope.
kingit, Cope.
latimentum, Cope.
sheareri, Cope.

Empo nepaholica, Cope.

STRATODONTID%.

Stratodus apicalis, Cope.
Cimolichthys sulcatus, Cope.
semianceps, Cope.
anceps, Cope.
gladiolus, Cope.
? carinatus, Cope.
Enchodus calliodon, Cope.

Fam. ?
Apsopelix sauriformis, Cope, Hayden’s Report Wyoming, 1871, p. 423.
SELACHII.

Galeocerdo crassidens, Cope.
Hartvellii, Cope.

Of the preceding twenty-four species the greater partare physostomous”

Actinopteri ; and there is no species of a physoclystous family in the
list. No trace of spines or scales of fishes of the latter character have
been yet discovered in strata of this period in the West, though one
(Beryx inseulptus, Cope) has been discovered by Dr. Lockwood in the
green-sand marl of New Jersey.

In the second place, it is of importance to observe that the genera
have nearly all been obtained from the chalk of Europe. Portheus is
represented, perhaps, by some specimens referred to Hypsodon; one
species of Ichthyodectes is figured by Dixon, from Sussex; and one of
Cimolichthys, and Pachyrhizodus, each. Enchodus haslong been known
from Holland, etc.; Empo Apsopelix and Stratodus being so far the only
ones not found in Europe. This is of much interest in every aspect,
and points to a synchronism, as generally understood, between the
chalk formations of Kansas and of England.

MOLLUSCA.

Species of this division of animals are not numerous in the beds of
the Niobrara epoch. They consist chiefly of Jnocerami of two or more
species. Through the kind assistance of my friends, N. Daniels, of Hays,
and Dr. J. H. Janeway, post-surgeon at Fort Hays, I was enabled to
procure a number of very complete specimens of some remarkable shel/s
rrom the yellow chalk. They were found on a denuded tract of the yel-
low chalk, near the Saline River, and were quite exposed. They resem-
ble generally large oysters, some of them measuring as much as twenty-
seven inches in diameter. I submitted the specimens to my colleague,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 349

T. A. Conrad, and add herewith his account of them. He thinks they
possess some resemblance to the Audistes ; but whether truly related to
or belonging to that division, he is at present in doubt.

Fragments of these Haploscaphe are common in the formation, and
have been described by authors as portions of huge Inoceraimi.

HAPLOSCAPHA, Conrad.

Shell subovate or subtriangular; hinge long and straight, edentulous,
oblique; curved, prominent ridges occupy the upper portion of the in-
terior, the ridges beginning and ending at a distance from the margins
of the shell; a singular twisted callus composes the hinge, the back of
which is transversely ribbed..

H. GRANDIS.—Length greater than height, hinge-line very long, ridges
concentric, about twelve in number, extending into the cavity under the
hinge.

This shell, Professor Cope informs me, has been found 27 inches in
diameter. The posterior side of the right valve is elongated and dilated,
and the form of the shell is not unlike that of Deleagrina. The sub-
stance is fibrous or rather columnar, and much resembles that of Capri-
nella as figured by d’Orbigny, except that the fibres are transverse.
The exterior is always concealed by a coating of rock and a crowded.
mass of Ostrea congesta, and in some specimens they line the cavity of
the shell; the submargin is thick. No muscular impression can be
traced unless the ridged part indicates its station.

Subgenus CUCULLIFERA.

Shell with an upright, hood-shaped process on the posterior end of the
hinge.

H. EXCENTRICA.—Ovato-triangular ; hinge-line short, very thick; con-
centric ridges profound, six in number; hood strongly and irregularly
plicated ; cavity profound.

This shell, with the same structure of substance as the preceding, is
very unlike it in form, and is represented by one valve only, while a
number of the preceding species were found. In all specimens of the
two forms the right valve only was obtained.

Whether it is allied to the family Rudistes of Lamarck is a question I
leave for others to decide. On the margin of one of the valves are at-
tached some small shells resembling Hippurites, and the fibres of which
the shell is composed le in broken masses on some valves and even
scattered like piles of pins.

The hood of H. excentrica is 24 inches in height, and the height of
the valve 10 inches; length, 9 inches.

Accompanying these fossils were many specimens of Znoceramus prob-
lematicus, and a fragment of an undetermined species of the same
genus.

{

350 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ON THE VERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF THE WAHSATCH STRATA,

By EDWARD D. Cops, A. M.

Dr. Hayden’s researches in Utah and Wyoming have demonstrated
the existence of an extensive series of fresh-water deposits, containing
numerous remains of animals and plants. Those of Western Wyoming,
or the Bridger series, are regarded as Upper Kocene or Lower Miocene.
They thin out to the westward, and a new series of strata takes their
place, dipping to the eastward. The Bridger beds are not strictly
conformable to them, while they rest uncomformably on a bottom-rock of
Cretaceous age. These are the Wahsatch beds of Hayden. He informs
us that they consist largely of variegated ferruginous rocks, very defi-
cient in fossils. During his recent exploration, however, he procured a
number of bones of mammalia from Utah, and placed them in my hands
for determination. The following description expresses their charac-
ters, from which it is obvious that the forms they repr were of
much interest in a systematic point of view.

Order Perissodactyla.

BATHMODON, Cope.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1872, February 16.

The present form embraces some of the largest Perissodactyles, or
odd-toed Ungulata, of our Tertiary strata. . It is represented by remains
of two species, which include portions of the cranium, with teeth and
fragments of jaws, vertebre, fragments of scapular and pelvic arches,
and bones of the limbs. The distal end of the tibia is wanting, but that
of the fibula indicates an odd-toed animal, and the third trochanter on
the exterior ridge of the femur confirms the reference.

There are probably four superior molars, though three only are pre-
served. Two premolars only remain of the superior series, but the frag-
ment of ramus mandibuli referred to the same species exhibits four
premolars; from a consideration of the sizes of the superior premolars.
it is probable that there were four of these also. There are three strong
incisors in each premaxillary. No canine tooth is preserved, but the
posterior suture of the premaxillary bone is so wide as to point to an
equally stout anterior part of the maxillary fitted to support such a
tooth. The dental series increases regularly in size, from before back-
ward, the last being a little larger than the penultimate. The crowns
of the molars exhibit on the outer margin a single acutely angled ecres-
cent directed inward, with a conic lobe alongside of and anterior to its
base, representing a Sec cond external crescent. The crescent lobe proper
is large and very obliquely directed, so that its external face is almost
horizontal. The apex of its companion cone is continuous with its pos-
terior margin, so as to be undistinguishable from it in some cases. The
inner crescents are represented by a wide angular ridge, which is at a
lower level than the exterior, and is little or not developed on the pos-
terior side of the crown. Its inner plane face is horizontal, or even as-
cending in one species. Inthe premolar teeth of B. radians the external
crescent lobe is single and symmetrical. As the crown contracts
inwardly a second inner crescent lobe has a trihedral form, while in one
more anterior the inner is much reduced. The inferior premolars are

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 351

all two-rooted, and form an uninterrupted series. The basis of the malar
part of the zygomatic arch originates opposite the adjacent parts of the
penultimate and last molars. The premaxillary bone is massive, and
with but little area for attachment with its fellow in front.” The incisor
teeth are large, with subcylindric roots, and their alveoli are well sep-
arated. In one, perhaps superior, the crown is expanded transversely,
with convex cutting edge.

In the humerus the deltoid hook is devéloped, but is not much ele-
vated above the plane of the head. It originates from an external
expansion of the head, which bears a shallow cotylus separated from the
head by alow, curved, ‘subtransverse ridge. The condyles of the humerus
do not support any ‘trochlear ridges. An almost perfect femur of B.
yadians is preserved. The third trochanter is not very prominent. The
little trochanter is little developed. The great trochanter is large but
does not equal the head. The latter is subglobular, and the ligament-
ous fossa extends to its rim. The distal trochlear surface is prominent,
the inner edge more so than the outer. Its articular surface is broadly
continuous with those of the condyles; a slight emargination of the out-
lines only marking the usual constriction on each side. In this it
resembles Cervide and some Antilopide. The inner condyloid surface
is cut off by the emargination in Toxodon and Bos bubalus ; the emargin-
ations are deep, but do not cut off either in Hquus, Camelopardalis, and
three species of Bos; while they are so deep as to cut off both in Rhi-
noceros, 5 species—Hippopotamus, Bos brachycerus, B. sondaicus, and in
Catoblepas.

A portion of the co-ossified parietals shows that the superior borders
of the temporal fossze were separated by a flat plane, as in the hog and
other ungulates.

BATHMODON RADIANS, Cope.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., loc. cit.

Represented by portions of several individuals, which indicate an
animal varying from the size of the ox to that of the Javan rhinoceros.

‘The transverse diameter of all the molars exceeds their longitudinal.
In the penultimate, which may serve as a type, the superior or outer
plane of the inner crescent ridge extends along about .66 of the posterior
of the outer crescent. In the last molar this surface is very wide on the
posterior and inner side of the external crescent; it then contracts and
expands again on the posterior side, its outer bounding crest reaching
to the external margin of the crown.

Besides these points, the molars possess a strong cingulum along the
anterior base of the crown, which unites with the surface near the inner
protuberance of the latter in the penultimate; in the last molar it
reappears, forming a short lobe on the posterior face. The enamel
where not worn is slightly rugose.

A posterior premolar has a cingulum on the inner obtuse apex. The
crest of the inner crescent, descending on each side of the apex of the
outer, forms a cingulum-like ledge at its base as far as the angle formed
by the descent of the apex of the outer crescent. The outline of the
corner of this tooth, viewed from above, is narrow cordate, with obtuse
apex. ‘The convexity of the outer crescent inward is very strong, and
the base of the crown is externally two-lobed. ‘Enamel striate rugose.
In a more anterior premolar (with three roots) there is no internal cin-
gulum, and the crest of the inner crescent is not carried to the external
basis of the tooth, and is entirely wanting on the posterior face of the

352 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tooth. The external crescent is more vertical and less concave. Out-
line of crown subtriangular. .

The premaxillary bone is elongate, flat, and with a sloping superior
face, which rises gently inward. The bases of the incisors stand
obliquely outward. The inferior surface is flat, and the basis of the
broken palatal spine is rather small. An incisor tooth has a trans-
versely diamond-shaped crown, slightly twice concave on the inner
faces, strongly convex on the outer, with a faint external cingulum near
the external angles. Enamel obsoletely striate.

Measurements.
We.

Meters.
Longitudinal diameter last superior molar ................-..- 035
Transverse diameter last superior molar .............-...-...- 0455
Longitudinal diameter penultimate molar............-.-..---- 032 —
Transverse diameter penultimate molar ...........-..--.-.---- ‘ 039
Longitudinal diameter posterior premolar.............-..-----. 024
Transverse diameter posterior premolar ........-..-.....-.--- .034
Longitudinal diameter anterior premolar. ........-.....--..--- .0215
Transverse diameter anterior premolar-..............-.. {wigan .0265
Length premaxiliary bone. ~~ -«)...< ~.<sk Gatien. 22h se .082
Transverse width posterior suture ........-..-. Loew's Ce 028
Width premaxillary at middle suture.......-....-..---... 90m" .043
Length basis last two inferior premolars.................-..-- .057
Transverse diameter edge of mandible at first premolar ........ 017
Diameter condyles of femur..-.-...----..-----.s--+)..0eeneee 104
Diameter heads great trochanter... ....-----..<---.<.<:s~.nmeee 130
Diameter head alone, isi... 22222 dk oe ee ee Le .062
Diameter shaft with third trochanter...............-.....- o'-'.
Supposed length femur (16.75 inches) -.....-.-.------..-.--s0ee A415
fransverse diameter head of tibia. -.... -...-.......... .tlaeee 092
Antero-posterior diameter head of tibia, internal ...........-.. .061
Antero-posterior diameter head of tibia, external..........-.-. 045
Transverse width between temporal fosse .................... .066

(?) No. 2. °

Longitudinal diameter head of humerus .............. . toe 138
Longitudinal diameter of outer cotylus and tuberosity .......-.. 055

The other remains of this animal will be more fully described and the
whole figured in the final report. They were discovered by Dr. F. Y.
Hayden in Tertiary beds of the Wahsatch group near Evanston, Utah.

BATHMODON SEMICINCTUS, Cope.

Loc. cit.

This species differs from the last in several particulars of dentition.
The interior ridge (homologous with the inner crescentic) bounding the
middle plane of the superior molars, is not continued on the posterior
face of the tooth, but curving inward joins the outer crest at its apex.
The outer-crest terminates in a conic tubercle anteriorly on the external
face ; the rudiment of the anterior crescentic ridge appearing as alow
ridge from the side of the posterior one, and rising to a point on the an-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 353

terior margin of the crown. There is no cingulum round the anterior
base of the crown. The latter is as long as wide. The inner crest is
reduced to a mere angle, and its posterior face is not basin-shaped, but
rises to the crest of the inner crescent. The outer face of the latter is
sub-horizontal with rising apex, and is concave transversely. Its ante-
rior outer base is narrowed, but is less elevated than the posterior.

Measurements.
Meters.
LE EU RIS GUO WE a ee ere eee eee ee 0225
Ope aA SME CC TG CON IIGE Sp. 055, oan oj <Sce Aah aa 4 OT Broo Sh sch Sve ue coms oiiSt ores tm be .022
ee me BAEAOT, CLESCEDG +.) 5 sick). oad, 0 -be tam Diepene reid w ye ce Savoie hve, ops ee .012
MU ane PATIO) CLESCEIG 55 )— je F%po9 4 =: = is, “pai plpre.siaecde ye svelh~ aici o ermine « 02

This animal was not more than half the bulk of the last; its size was
about that of the Tapirus terrestris. The differences in dentition, which
it presents in the possession of a rudimental, anterior external crescent
lobe, are so marked, as compared with the last species, as to induce me
to believe that it will be found on fuller acquaintance to belong to
another genus. This may be called Loxolophodon. Other remains be-
longing to this species, or relating to it in size, are contained in Dr.
Hayden’s collection, but cannot now be referred to it with certainty. —

From the Wabhsatch beds near Evanston, Utah.

Especial interest attaches to these fossils from the fact that they be-
long to the oldest of the Tertiary periods of North America. Their affin- |
ities can only be explained in a general way. They represent a family
distinguished from the type of Titanotheriwm and Palwosyops, Leidy,
in the presence of only one external crescent lobe of the molars, the
place of the other being taken by atubercle or ridge. The general char-
acters are partly perissodactyl and partly ruminant, and not in any
great degree suilliine.

ON THE FOSSIL VERTEBRATES OF THE EARLY TERTIARY FOR-
MATION OF WYOMING.

By Pror. JoserH LEIDY.

The Tertiary formation of the Green River Basin of Wyoming equals,
if it does not exceed, in interest that of the Mauvaises terres of White
River, Dakota, and that of the Niobrara River, Nebraska. It is evdently
older than these, and indeed belongs to another age in succession with
them. The Green River Tertiary is probably the equivalent of the Kocene
Tertiary; that of White River, of the Miocene; andthat of the Niobrara,
of the Pliocene.

The first fossil obtained from the Wyoming Tertiary formation was
a small herring, from the Green River shales, described in 1856 by the
writer, under the name of Clupea humilis. The first crocodile from the
vicinity of Fort Bridger was brought to the notice of the writer in 1868.
The ifirst turtle, discovered by Prof. Hayden in the same locality,
and the first mammal, discovered by Dr. J. Van A. Carter, the same
year, were also described by the writer. Since that time to the present,
no less than seventy-one vertebrated animals have been indicated, mainly
from collections made during the explorations of Prof. Hayden in

23 GS

354 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES:

1869 and 1870; from by Dr. collections made Carter from 1868 to 1871;
and from collections made by Dr. Joseph K. Corson, U.S. A., in 1871;
and Prof. O. C. Marsh, during the preceding year.

Of the seventy-one vertebrated animals, for the most part clearly
characterized, thirty-four are mammals; one, a bird; twenty-five, reptiles;
and eleven, fishes. This assemblage of vertebrates presents no giants;
but, on the contrary, they are nearly all comparatively small forms.
Among the mammals, the order of pachyderms presents species smaller
than any now in existence, and as small as any that have been found in
other formations elsewhere. t

The thirty-four mammals belong to twenty-two genera, all of which
are extinct except one, the genus Canis. The imperfect remains referred
to this may, on the discovery of more complete material, be found to
belong to another and perhaps an extinct genus. Sixteen of the twenty-
two genera are peculiar tothe Wyoming Tertiary, or have not elsewhere
been discovered in other formations. Of the five previously known
genera, Lophiodon and Lophiotherium belong to the early Tertiary forma-
tion of Europe; Hlotheriwm belongs to the middle Tertiary formation of
Dakota and of Europe; Titanotherium belongs equally to the lowest
stratum of the Miocene Tertiary of the Mauvaises terres of Dakota; and
Platygonus belongs to the Post-Pliocene formation of the United States.

Of the genera of mammals, four belong to the carnivora, three to the
insectivora, three to the rodents, ten to the odd-toed pachyderms, and
_two to the even-toed pachyderms. Primates, bats, solidungulates, pro-

boscidians, ruminants, marsupials, and edentates are not represented.
Seals, zeuglodonts, and cetaceans we do not look for in fresh-water
deposits.

More than half the species of mammals—nineteen—appear to be peris-
sodactyles or odd-toed pachyderms, animals whose nearest living rela- ©
tives are the Tapir, the Hyrax, and the Rhinoceros.

Strange is it that there is not a single ruminant among all the
mammals. These animals appear not to have formed members of the
ancient Tertiary fauna of Wyoming. Tapir-like pachyderms, small
Hyrax-like animals, rodents, insectivores, and carnivores appear to have
‘constituted the chief mammalian life. Ruminants, solipeds, and pro-
boscidians appear to have come at a later period into existence, as
indicated by the Tertiary deposits of White River, Dakota, and the
Niobrara River, Nebraska.

A single owl and a stray feather tell us that ancient Wyoming had
its birds, but the paucity of material gives hardly a glimpse of the char-
acter of the class.

Crocodiles were numerous in the early Tertiary period of Wyoming,
as indicated by their many remains. Six species have been named.
No traces of these animals have been discovered in the middle and
later Tertiary formations of White River, Dakota, and Niobrara River,
Nebraska.

The land and waters of ancient Wyoming swarmed with turtles. The
Tertiary deposits of Dakota and Nebraska have yielded each but a sin-
gle species. The Tertiary deposits of Wyoming present us with abun-
dant evidences of the former existence of nine species. Of these one
was a Testudo or Land-Tortoise, as big as its modern representative of
the Gallipagos Islands. Two others belonged to the same genus, which
includes many of our living terrapenes, and one was a soft-shelled tur-
tle of the still-existing genus Trionyx. The other five turtles belong
to four peculiar genera, not noticed in other formations and times.
Several of them are related to our snappers, others to the terrapenes.

* ~
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. dD9

Lizards, also, like the iguanas and monitors, existed in the old Wyo-
ming fauna. Five species of two peculiar genera have been indicated.
Most of them were inclosed in a bony armor of beautifully ornamented
scales, reminding one of those of the Armadillo. y

Serpents, too, appear to have been abundant, most of them of the
constricting kind, like the South American boas of to-day, but compar-
atively like most of the other animals of the old Wyoming fauna, of
small size. Prof. Marsh has collected remains of snakes, which he
refers to no less than five species of three previously undescribed genera.

Some of the shales of Green River teem with well-preserved fishes,
sometimes appearing as if whole shoals had been suddenly enshrined
for the contemplation of futureages. Seven species have been indicated,
of which two belong to the same genus as our Herring. Another species
belongs to a genus now existing in South America and Borneo. The
others belong to two peculiar genera, described by Prof. Cope. Re-
mains of ganoid fishes are likewise abundant in the Green River
Tertiary basin. Some of these Prof. Marsh has referred to four species
of the same genera as our Bony Gar and southern Mud-fish.

MAMMALS.
CARNIVORA.

_ Of carnivorous mammals, a number of remains have been obtained
from the Tertiary formation of Wyoming, but generally in so imperfect
a condition that their exact relationship has not been ascertained.

. PATRIOFELIS.

Patriofelis ulta.

An animal to which this name has been assigned was inferred from
portions of a lower jaw, obtained by Prof. Hayden in the vicinity
of Fort Bridger in 1869. It was larger than our living Panther, and
was apparently related with this and the canine family. The lower jaw
contains five molar teeth, immediately succeeding the large canine
without a conspicuous interval, as in some of the weasels and civets.
A large premolar tooth, probably of the same animal, was obtained
near the same locality as the former specimens.

SINOPA.
Sinopa rapax.

This name has been given to a smaller carnivorous animal, indicated
by a lower jaw fragment with two teeth, discovered in the vicinity of
Fort Bridger by Dr. J. Van A. Carter, and obligingly sent to the writer
the last spring. The animal was about the size of the Gray Fox, and
appears to have been intermediate in its position to the weasels and
the canine family.

The teeth in the specimen appear to be the last premolar and the
succeeding sectorial molar. The former is larger than the latter and
exceeds that of the Gray Fox. The principle cusp exhibits a denticle
on its back border, but feebly developed in comparison with that in a
similar position in the animal just named. The heel of the crown has
an acute edge, from which it slopes to the basal ridge.

The crown of the sectorial tooth has the same general form as in the
corresponding tooth of the Fox and Weasel. The fore part is propor-
tionately less well developed than in the former; and the inner cusp is

356 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

half as large as the outer one. The notch of the sectorial border is
directed more forward than in the Fox, and does not terminate in a eleft.
The heel or back portion of the crown occupies nearly half its breadth
and incloses a cup-like concavity as in the Weasel. The breadth of the
crown of the two teeth is nearly the same, being 4 lines; the height of
that of the premolar is 33 lines; of that of the sectorial molar, 23 lines.

CANIS.
Canis montanus.

Some remains from Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming, are described by Prof.
Marsh, and referred by him to a species of wolf under the above name.
It was larger than the existing Gray Wolf.

VuLPaAves, Marsh.
Vulpavus palustris.

An extinct carnivore, described by Prof. Marsh, from remains found
by Dr. Carter near Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The animal was smaller
than the Fox.

INSECTIVORA.

It was through Dr. J. Van A. Carter’s discovery of the remains of a
small insectivorous animal, in association with an abundance of frag-
ments of turtle-shells, in 1868, that our attention was first especially
directed to the Tertiary formation of Wyoming, which has since yielded
such an abundance of evidences of early mammalian life.

OMOMYS.
Omomys Carteri.

The remains, consisting of one side of the lower jaw and portions
- of the cranium, were found by Dr. Carter, imbedded in.a stratum of
green, friable sandstone, in the Vicinity of Fort Bridger. The jaw and
its contained teeth indicate an animal apparently nearly related, if not
actually belonging, to the family of the Hedge-Hog. The specimen is
fully described and figured in “The Extinct ‘Mammalian Fauna of Da-
kota and Nebraska,” &c., p. 408, Pl. xxix, Figs. 15 and 14,

PALZACODON.
Paleacodon verus.

Another insectivorous mammal, though probably a marsupial, like
the Opossum, is indicated by several specimens discovered the last sum-
mer by Dr. Carter, at Lodge-Pole Trail, Wyoming. One of the speci-
mens, a fragment of an upper jaw, contains a back- molar tooth, resem-
bling those ‘of the Opossum, but having the outer lobes of its crown pro-
portionately better developed, and the intermediate ones reduced to a
minute condition. The other specimen, an isolated tooth, is a reduced
example of the former tooth. The larger tooth is 2 lines fore and aft

and 24 lines transversely. The animal was about half the size of the
Opossum.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. oD4

TRIACODON, Marsh.
Triacodon fallax

Is the name given to another insectivorous mammal, by Prof. Marsh,
from some remains found at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.

RODENTIA.

Judging from the number of fossils already found, the gnawing
animals were abundant in the Bridger Tertiary fauna. None of them,
thus far indicated, were remarkable for size, in comparison with those
now living.

PARAMYS.

A genus apparently allied with that to which the Maryland Marmot
belongs, and indicated by three portions of lower jaws belonging to as
many distinct species. The specimens were discovered the last summer,
jin the vicinity of Fort Bridger, by Dr. Carter, and by him transmitted
to the writer. The animals were no doubt powerful gnawers, as the
incisor teeth are observed to extend far back in the jaw, not only be-
neath but also behind the grinders, as in the Beaver. The jaws are
comparatively short and deep. The ridge defining the muscular fossa
on the outer back part of the jaw is strongly pronounced, indicating
powerful masticatory muscles. The molar teeth are four in number,
and have a distinct enameled crown inserted by fangs, as in the squir-
rels and marmots. The triturating surface of the crowns is bounded
by prominent angles, inclosing a cup-like hollow. ‘The species are as
follows:

Paramys delicatus.

The largest one, about one-fourth less than the Maryland Marmot.
Length of the molar series of teeth, 3 of an inch. Diameter of the inci-
sors, 24 lines fore and aft and 14 lines transversely.

Paramys delicatior.

The second-sized species. The molar series is 74 lines long. The
incisors are 2 lines fore and aft and 14 in transverse diameter.

Paramys delicatissimus. .

The smallest species. Length of the molar series, $ inch. Diameter
of the incisors, 14 lines fore and aft and 1 line transversely.

MYSOPS.
Mysops minimus.

A smaller rodent than any of the preceding, and not much larger
than the Domestic Mouse, is indicated by a ramus of the lower law re-
taining a pair of molar teeth. The construction of the jaw and the
number of grinders are the same as in Paramys, but the teeth present a
different arrangement of the sculpturing of the crown. ‘The penultimate
molar in its worn condition presents a pair of transverse ellipses
of dentine united by a median isthmus of the same substance and
bordered with enamel. The crown of the last molar exhibits five
shallow tubercles, with minute exposed islets of dentine at their summit.
The length of the entire molar series is 4 inch.

358 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ScluRAVUS, Marsh.
Sciuravus nitidus ; Sciuravus undans.

Two rodents, about the size of the Brown Rat, and probably belonging
to the squirrel family, named by Prof. Marsh from some remains found
at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.

ODD-TOED PACHYDERMS.

PALZZOSYOPS.

The most abundant of the mammalian remains pertaining to the
Bridger Tertiary strata, judging from the fossils which have been brought
to our notice, are those of a tapir-like animal about the size of the living
Tapir of South America. It was first indicated by a few imperfect but
characteristic specimens discovered during Prof. Hayden’s expedi-
tion of 1870. Since then it has been more fully exemplified by numerous
specimens, many of them in a fine state of preservation. Most of these
were collected during the last summer at Grizzly Buttes, Henry’s Fork
of Green River, Lodge-Pole Trail, and other localities in the vicinity of
Fort Bridger, Wyoming, by Dr. J. Van A. Carter and Dr.- Joseph K.
Corson, U. S. A., and by these gentlemen were partly presented
to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in part
obligingly presented to the writer or submitted to his examination.
Prof. Marsh has also informed us that his party had collected many.
remains of the same animal in the same locality.

The specimens clearly establish Palewosyops as an uneven-toed pachy-
derm, with the skeleton constructed nearly as in the Tapir.

The thigh-bone possesses a third trochanter, as characteristic of the
odd-toed pachyderms, including the Tapir, the Rhinoceros, and the Horse,
The hind feet nearly repeat the construction of those of the Tapir.

The skull, with its large temporal fosse, high and thick saggital crest,
concave occiput, broad, convex face, resembled that of the related
Paleotherium of the Eocene deposits of Europe. The teeth also agree in
number and nearly in constitution with those of that animal. The num-
ber of teeth altogether appear to have been 44, consisting of 3 incisors,
1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars to the series on each side, above and
below. The teeth in each jaw form a nearly unbroken arch, intervals
existing only sufficient to accommodate the passing of the points of the
large and bear-like canines.

The true molars above and below have a resemblance to those of
Paleotherium. Inthe crowns of the upper true molars the inner constitu-
ent lobes are more completely isolated from the outer ones than in that
genus, and the bottoms of the transverse valleys are proportionately of
less depth. The last upper molar of Paleosyops has but a single lobe
to the inner part of the crown.

In Palwotherium the large premolars have the same form as the true
molars, but are quite different in this respect in Palewosyops. In the
former the crown of the upper premolars, except the first, is composed
of four lobes, as in the succeeding molars.. In Paleosyops the first pre-
molar has a conical crown, the second has a bilobed crown, and the
third and fourth have trilobed crowns.

The canines of Palwosyops are proportionately as large and of the
Same form as in the Bears. These teeth render it probable that Pala-
osyops varied its vegetable diet with the flesh of animals. In two speci-
mens of upper jaws, containing complete series of molar teeth, the sec-
ond premolar teeth differ so much, that had they been found as isolated

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 359

specimens, I think it probable that most naturalists would have been
misled, and perhaps referred them to different genera. While I am not
prepared to say that they may not indicate different species, all the
other teeth are so nearly alike, in form and size, that I am diepoecs to
view them as the same.

Different isolated specimens of teeth exhibit some range of variation
in size of individuals of Palwosyops, a variation which might lead one te
view the specimens as representing several species.

Nearly all the remains of Palcosyops submitted to my examination I
have referred to a single species, with the following name:

Paleosyops paludosus.

The size of the species was about that of the living Tapir of South
America. The length of the upper series of molar teeth is 52 inches;
of the three true molars, 34 inches. The length of the lower series of
molar teeth, in a specimen belonging to a different individual from that
from which the former measurements were taken, is 6$ inches; the true
molar series is 53 inches.

Prof. Marsh has described a tooth which he refers to a smaller
species, with the name of P. minor. I suspect, however, that the speci-
men really pertained to a smaller individual of the same.

Palewosyops major. .

A large species of Palewosyops, about the size of the Indian Rhinoceros,
is inferred to have existed, from a few imperfect fragments obtained, in
the vicinity of Fort Bridger. They were discovered by Dr. Carter the
last summer, and were presented by him to the Academy of Natural
Sciences. In Paleosyops paludosus the lower three back molars occupy
a space of 54 inches; in the larger species, P. major, the same teeth oc-
cupy a space of 44 inches.

TROGOSUS.

*

Among the fossils, from the Bridger Tertiary formation, brought to the
notice of the writer there is the lower jaw of a remarkable animal, which
would appear to be an odd-toed pachyderm allied with the Tapir, but
associating characters which approach it to the gnawing animals. The
specimen was discovered last spring, in association with remains of
Palwosyops and those of a curious extinct turtle, in the vicinity of Fort
Bridger, by Dr. J. Van A. Carter, and was obligingly presented to me
by him. The jaw belonged to an aged animal, so that the usual distinct-
ive characters of the molar teeth are for the most part obliterated as
the result of attrition in mastication. The construction of the jaw, but
especially the cutting-teeth, are quite sufficient to distinguish the animal
from all its associates as well as from any other previously described.
The number of molar teeth to the series is six if not seven, the imper-
fection at the fore part of the specimen not permitting of a more positive
determination. The molar series was not widely separated from the
front teeth as in the Rhinoceros, Mastodon, and the whole order of gnaw-
ers, but closely approached the position of the incisors, apparently so
as to leave no space to be occupied with a canine tooth, unless it was a
very small one. The true molars in their worn condition look as if thev
were nearly identical in form with those of Palcosyops.

The fore part of the lower jaw of Trogosus, or the Gnawing Hog, as J
have named the animal, is occupied with a pair of large incisors, some-
what peculiar, but so nearly resembling the incisor teeth of the rodents

360 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

that had they been found isolated I should have been misled and con-
sidered them as such. These teeth curve from the jaw parallel with
each other as in the gnawers, but they are separated from each other
by an interval sufficiently large to be occupied by a pair of small teeth.
The large incisors do not extend so far back in their sockets as in the
rodents, and in this respect present a condition more like that in the
Hog and Peccary..

The constitution of the large incisors of Trogosus resembles that in
the gnawers, and asin these they apparently were provided with per-
manent dental pulps, so that they continued their growth and protrs-
sion as they were worn away at the gnawing extremity. The fore part
of these teeth is more convex than in rodents, and the enamel extends
to a greater depth at the sides. They were also worn away in a some-
what different manner.. In rodents the opposing incisors of the upper
and lower jaw are worn off in a sloping manner from the enamel cutting-
edge backward toward the sockets of the teeth. In Trogosus the worn
slope of the lower incisors is not only directed backward and downward
but also outward. This would indicate a divergence of the upper
incisors, which no doubt hold a position, when the jaws are closed,
exterior to that of the lower incisors.

Canine teeth appear not to have existed, at least none of any size or
of importance as efficient organs in the dental series. In this respect
Trogosus is like the Mastodon, the Elephant, the Rhinoceros, and the
Hyrax.

Trogosus castoridens.

The species named from its incisors, recalling to mind the powerful
cutting teeth of the Beaver, was amuch larger and proportionately more
robust animal than this. It was about the size of the White-lipped
Peceary of Brazil. Extent of the series of six lower molars nearly 4
inches. Extent of the series of true molars, 24 inches. Depth of large
incisors, fore and aft, 10 lines; breadth, helf an inch.

Trogosus vetulus.

A second and smaller species is indicated by a portion of an incisor
tooth, likewise discovered by Dr. Carter in the vicinity of Fort Bridger.
The specimen, though a mere fragment, is quite characteristic, as it
preserves the peculiar form and also the mode of wearing of the cutting
extremity... The species was about two-thirds the size of the former one.
The diameter of the incisor from before backward is 7 lines; transversely,
4 lines.

HYRACHYUS.

Among the most abundant mammalian remains of the Bridger Ter-
tiary formation are those of a genus of odd-toed pachyderms, allied to
the living Tapir, to which the above name has been given. The genus
was first indicated by some imperfect remains obtained on Smith’s Fork
and Black’s Fork of Green River, Wyoming, during Prof. Hayden’s
exploration of 1870. The specimens are noticed in Prof. Hayden’s
Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming,
&c., 1871, p. 359. Since then, during the, last summer, Dr. J. Van-A.
Carter discovered a number of more perfect specimens, characteristic of
the genus, on Henry’s Fork of Green River and at Bridger Butte, in
the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Dr. Joseph K. Corson, U.S. A.,
has also collected additional material at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.

From the many specimens, consisting of portions of jaws with most

of the teeth, together with other portions of the skeleton, which have

3)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. O61

been kindly placed at our disposal by the gentlemen just named, we
have been enabled more clearly to ascertain the relations of the genus.

Hyrachyus approaches nearly the extinct genus Lophiodon, first de-
scribed by Cuvier from remains found in the earlier Tertiary formations
of France and Germany. Lophiodon was closely related with the exist-
ing Tapir. It possessed six molar teeth, in both the upper and lower
jaw, on each side. The Tapir has an additional tooth to the upper molar
series. Hyrachyus has seven teeth to the molar series above and below,
or seven above and six below, as in the Tapir.

In Lophiodon the last lower molar has a trilobed crown; in " Hyra-
chyus, as in the Tapir, it has a bilobed crown. In the upper premolars
of the Tapir, except the first one, the crown presents a distinct pair of
inner lobes, connected by transverse ridges with the outer pair, as in
the succeeding true molars.

In Lophiodon the upper premolars, except the first, have a single lobe
to the inner part of the crown, associated by a single ridge with the
anterior of the outer pair of lobes.

In Hyrachyus the two back upper premolars, corresponding with those
of Lophiodon, have a single lobe to the inner part of the crown, asso-
ciated by a pair of ridges with both of the outer lobes.

The canine teeth and the incisors of Hyrachyus hold the same relative
position as and resemble those of the Tapir.

Hyrachyus agrarws.

The species thus named was about two-thirds the size of the
South American Tapir. The molar series above and below contains
seven teeth. A series of upper molars measures 323 inches. A lower
jaw from another individual, from the back of the last molar to the
chin, measures 54 inches. The molar series of the same specimen
measures 34 inches. Some remains from the same formation and local-
ity, described by Prof. Marsh and referred by him to Lophiodon Baird-
zanus, probably belong to the same species.

A species originally inferred to exist from a jaw specimen of a young
animal, and indicated in Prof. Hayden’s preliminary report above
mentioned, under the name of Hyrachyus agrestis, 1 now suspect to Le-
long to the same species as the foregoing.

Hyrachyus modestus.

To a second species I now refer an upper molar tooth, obtained by
Prof. Hayden near Fort Bridger, and mentioned in his last report under
the name of Lophiodon modestus.

Hyrachyus eximius.

A larger species is inferred to have existed, from a small fragment of
a lower jaw of a mature animal discovered by Dr. Carter in the vicinity
of Fort Bridger. The specimen contains the last premolar and the
succeeding true molar. The former tooth is 7+ lines fore and aft; the
latter 84 lines. The depth of the jaw fragment is 14 inches. The
species was intermediate in size to Hyrachyus agrarius and the South
American Tapir.

Hyrachyus nanus.

A smaller species than any of the preceding is indicated by two

portions of lower jaws, one of which was obtained by Dr. Carter at

362 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Lodge-Pole Trail, the other by Dr. Corson at Grizzly Buttes. The
specimens belonged to mature animals, and both exhibit the molar
series with six teeth asin Lophicdon and the Tapir. The last lower
molar has a bilobed crown as in the latter animal.

The reduction in the number of premolars from four to three is proba-
bly the least important of the characters distinguishing the genera
Lophiodon, Tapirus, and Hyrachyus.

Prof. Marsh has described the portion of an upper jaw containing
seven teeth, which he refers to a species under the name of Lophiodon
nanus. The specimen was found at Grizziy Buttes, and probably
belongs to the species of Hyrachyus just described.

LOPHIODON. |
Lophiodon affinis. Lophiodon pumilus.

Some remains, from the Tertiary of Wyoming, described by Prof.
Marsh and attributed by him to two species of Lophiodon under the above
names, may, in the discovery of more complete material, prove to belong
to the former genus.

HYOPSODUS.

Among the pachyderms of the age of the Bridger Tertiary formation,
there were several remarkable for their small size, none now being in
existence so diminutive, nor, indeed, at any age, is there any evidence
of smaller ones. Most of the fossil remains of these animals which have
been submitted to my examination consist of portions of lower jaws
with teeth. Portions of lower jaws in many formations appear to be
among the most frequent of vertebrate fossils. This is due to the com-
paratively firm constitution of the lower jaw, and the readiness with
which it becomes detached in the decomposition of an animal lying on
a muddy bottom of some body of water. Once detached, it readily
becomes imbedded in the mud and enshrined in the future rock. The
more buiky head, remaining still longer exposed, is liable to be broken
up and its fragments scattered.

Prof. Hayden, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Corson have collected many frag-
ments of lower jaws with teeth, of a small pachyderm, at Black’s Fork,
Grizzly Buttes, Lodge-Pole Trail, and other localities in the vicinity of
Fort Bridger, Wyoming, which I have referred to a genus with the name
at the head of this chapter.

The lower-jaw specimens exhibit a continuous arch of teeth, composed
on each side of seven molars, a canine, and, apparently, three incisors.
None of the latter are retained in any of the specimens; and the same
may be said of the canine, which is a comparatively small or feebly
developed tooth. The first premolar is inserted by a single fang, which
is, however, broad and apparently constituted of a connate pair. The
other pre-molars, and the succeeding molars, have each a pair of fangs.

As characteristic of the genus, and distinguishing it from other small
pachyderms with which it was associated, we may descfibe especially
the first and second true molars of the lower jaw. These have an ob-
long crown of nearly uniform width, composed of an outer pair of demi-
conoidal lobes, of which the posterior is the larger, and an inner pair of
conical lobes, of which the anterior is the larger. The summits.of the
outer lobes are crescentoid ;:those of the inner ones simply pointed. The
contiguous horns of the inner crescentoid summits join the antero-
internal lobe. The anterior horn of the anterior crescentoid summit

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 363

curves inwardly to the base of the antero-internal lobe. The posterior
horn of the posterior crescentoid summit ends in a tubercle at the back
of the crown, opposite the interval of the hinder pair of lobes.

-Hyopsodus paulus.

The species was about the size of a Rabbit. Distance from the back
of the last lower molar tooth to the chin is about 13 lines. Space oceu-
pied by the molar series, 11 lines; by the true molar series, 5% lines;
and in another specimen, 6 lines. ‘Depth of the lower jaw, from 33 to 4
lines. °

A lower-jaw fragment, containing the last pair of molar teeth unworn,
which I supposed ‘to belon g to another small pachyderm, to which I gave
the name of Microsus cuspidatus, I now suspect to belong to the same
animal as the former. The specimen was obtained by Prof. Hayden
at Black’s Fork, of Green River, Wyoming. ‘The jaw is much more
slender than in the more characteristic specimens referred to Hyopsodus
paulus. Below the second true molar it is only 3 lines in depth, whereas
in the latter specimens in the same position itis 4 lines. Perhaps the
fragment may indicate another species.

MICROSYOPS.
Microsyops gracilis.

Another diminutive pachyderm, about the size of that just described,
is indicated by several lower-jaw fragments, discovered last summer by
Dr. Carter, at Grizzly Buttes and Lodge-Pole Trail. The specimens were
accompanied with others, consisting of upperjaw fragments with teeth,
probably of the same animal, though it is not impr obable they may per-
tain to Hyopsodus paulus.

Microsyops gracilis possessed larger canines, and one molar less to the
series of the lower jaw than the last- named animal. Of incisor teeth or
their sockets, no remains are preserved in the specimens.

The molar series is scarcely 10 lines in length, and the true molars oc-
cupy a half an inch of the space. The crowns of the latter teeth, except
the last one, which has an additional lobe, are composed of four lobes, as
in Hyopsodus gracilis.

The fore part of the crown of the first and second true molars is de-
cidedly narrower than the back part. The inner lobes are proportion-
ately smaller, compared with the outer ones, than in Hyopsodus. Of the
diverging arms of the summit of the antero-external lobe, the front one
terminates in a tubercle in advance of the antero-internai lobe, and the
back one joins the latter. Of the diverging arms of the postero-external
lobe, the front one ends at the bottom of the lobe in advance, and the
back one terminates in a tubercle behind the interval of the posterior
pair of lobes of the crown. The depth of the jaw at the middle true
molar is 44 lines.

Prof. Marsh has described some remains from Grizzly Buttes, which
he refers to a species with the name of Hyopsodus gracilis. These I sus-
pect belong to the same animal.

The upper-jaw specimens alluded to at the beginning of this article
are of a size to accord with those referred to Microsyops gracilis. Six
upper molars occupy a space of three-fourths of an inch. The true mo-
lars occupy a space of 5 lines in one specimen and 54 lines in another.

The crowns of the upper true molars remind one of those of the ex-
tinct equine genus Anchitherium. The last premolar resembles that of
a Deer, having a two-lobed crown. It and the premolar in advance are
inserted with three fangs. The first premolar of the specimen was in-
serted by a pair of fangs.

J64 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 4

NOTHARCTUS.
Notharctus tenebrosus.

This animal was inferred from a specimen consisting of a nearly com-
plete ramus of a lower jaw with most of the teeth. The fossil was
found imbedded in a grayish sandstone, at Black’s Fork of Green River,
during Prof. Hayden’s exploration of 1870. In his “ Preliminary Re-
port” of last year I have placed it with the carnivora, but am now
inclined to doubt whether this is its true position. Notwithstanding
the carnivorous aspect of the canine tooth, I suspect the animal to have
been a pachyderm; probably one of carnivorous habit.

The teeth, consisting of incisors, a canine, and seven molars, form
together a nearly unbroken row. The canine has the ordinary form and
proportions of that of most carnivorous animals.

In the original specimen the true molar teeth are much worn, so that
the characteristic marks are obliterated. In several fragments of jaws,
apparently of the same animal, obtained by Dr. Carter in the vicinity
of Fort Bridger, the molars are less worn, and therefore exhibit
some of the anatomical characters. In these specimens the first and
second true molars have oblong crowns, constructed nearly as in Hyop-
sodus. As in this, the contiguous horns of the summits of the outer
lobes of the crown join the antero-internal lobe. In advance of the
latter are two small tubercles, the outer of which forms the termination
of the anterior arm of the summit of the antero-external lobe. The
characters of these teeth appear to agree with those assigned by Pro-
fessor Marsh to a genus of pachyderms, which he has named Limnothe-
rium.

The length of the dental series of the lower jaw of Notharctus tenebrosus
is 19} lines. The true molars occupy a space of 9 lines. The animal
was about a third less in size than the Raccoon, with which I at first-
supposed it to be related.

Votharctus robustior.

A small fragment of a lower jaw, containing the perfect second true
molar, with portions of the others, would appear to indicate a larger
species of Notharctus. The specimen was obtained by Prof. Hayden’s
party, on Heunry’s Fork of Green River. The entire tooth has the
same characters as the corresponding one of NV. tenebrosus. It measures
34 lines fore and aft and 24 lines transversely. In N. tenebrosus the
corresponding tooth measures in the same directions 24 by 2 lines.

LIMNOTHERIUM, Marsh.
LTimnotherium tyrannus. Limnotherium elegans.

Two pachyderms allied to the preceding, but of smaller species, named
by Prof. Marsh from remains found in the Tertiary formation of
Wyoming.

LOPHIOTHERIUM.

Lophiotherium sylvaticum.

_Of this animal no additional remains have come under my notice
since the description of the jaw fragment, discovered by Prof. Hayden,
on Henry’s Fork of Green River, in 1869. The animal was about a
third less in size than the smaller living Peccary. The true molar series
of the lower jaw occupies a space of 124 lines.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 365

Lophiotherium Ballard.

A second and smaller species, named by Prof. Marsh, from a jaw
fragment with teeth, found at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. The last
lower molar tooth measures scarcely 44 lines fore and aft, whereas in the
former species it measures 54 lines.

TITANOTHERIUM. (?)

Titanotherium (2) anceps.

Some remains of the largest mammal of the Bridger Tertiary forma-
tion have been referred with doubt by Prof. Marsh to the genus
Titanotherium. The animal was about two-thirds the size of the Titano-
therium Prouti, of the Mauvaises terres of White River, Dakota. Per-
haps the remains I have referred to Palwosyops major may belong to the
same.

EVEN-TOED PACHYDERMS.
ELOTHERIUM.
Elotherium. lentis.

A species of suilline pachyderms, indicated by Prof. Marsh and
founded on a jaw fragment containing a last molar tooth, from Henry’s
Fork of Green River, Wyoming. The species was about half that of
EHlothervum Mortoni of the Mauvaises terres of White River, Dakota.

PLATYGONUS.
Platygonus Ziegleri.

Another suilline pachyderm, indicated by Prof. Marsh, he refers
to the Peccary-like genus above named. It is founded on specimens
obtained at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. The species was as large as the
Domestic Hog. .

BIRDS.

Of remains of birds I have detected no trace of bones, among the col-
lections of fossils, from the Tertiary formation of Wyoming, which have
been submitted to my inspection.

Prof. Hayden exhibited to the writer an interesting specimen, con-
sisting of the impression of the distal extremity of a feather in a
fragment of shale, which was discovered among the Green River shales,
SO remarkable 2 the great number of well- preserved fishes they con-
tain.

BuBo.
Bubo leptosteus.

Prof. Marsh, who has taken especial pains to seek for these rarest
of fossils, the remains of birds, reports the discovery of some bones in
the Tertiary beds of the Green River Basin. One of these, from Grizzly
Buttes, he refers to an owl about two-thirds the size of the Great-Horned
Owl. The species is named as above.

366 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

REPTILES. 4
CROCODILIA.
CROCODILUS.

When an isolated vertebra of a crocodile, from the Tertiary formation
of Wyoming, was submitted to my inspection in 1868, it did not lead
me to anticipate the many crocodilian remains which have since been
discovered in the same Territory. No trace of crocodiles had previously
been detected in the extensive Tertiary deposits of Dakota and Ne-
braska, which have yielded such a multitude of remains of mammals and
turtles.

Crocodilus aptus.

A species named from a single vertebra, found by Col. John A.
Knight, U. 8. A., near South Bitter Creek, Wyoming. The animal was
about the size of the Mississippi Alligator.

Crocodilus Elliotti.

A species assumed to be different from the former, and chiefly indi-
cated by the greater part of a skull, broken into ‘fragments, found on
one of the tributaries of Green River, Wyoming, during Prof. Hay-
den’s exploration of 1870. Theskull is about a foot and a half in length,
and has nearly the shape of that of the existing Crocodile of the Nile.

Many additional remains of crocodiles obtained by Drs. Carter and
Corson, in the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, have been sent to
me. Among these there is a nearly complete lower jaw, which was dis-
covered by Dr. Corson, imbedded in a green sandstone. I am uncertain
whether it pertained to the species just indicated.

Prof. Marsh has collected a number of remains at Grizzly Buttes
and other localities in the neighborhood of Fort Bridger, which he at-
tributes to four species distinct from those above named. They are
noticed in the American Journal of Science and Arts for 1871, under
the names which follow:

Crocodilus ziphodon.

A comparatively small animal in its family, and judging from the
characters of the teeth not a true crocodile.

Crocodilus liodon.
Crocodilus affinis. Crocodilus Grinnelli.
CHELONIA.
TESTUDO.
Testudo Corsoni.

Dr. Joseph K. Corson, U. S. A., stationed at Fort Bridger, in the
intervals of his professional duties, directs his attention to the inves-
tigation of the natural resources of the country. One of the results
of his explorations is the discovery of many interesting fossils of the
Bridger Tertiary formation, specimens of which we have had frequent
occasion to mention. Among the fossils found by him last summer,
and presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is
the fore part of a plastron of a huge land-turtle, equal to the largest

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 367

now in existence; thatis to say, the great land-tortoise ot the Gallipagos
Islands. The species was named in honor of its discoverer.

EMMYS.
Emys wyonvwngensis.

The most abundant remains of turtles of the Bridger Tertiary forma-
tion which have come under the notice of the writer are those of a
species of Hmys to which the above name was originally given. Many
specimens of shells, some of them nearly perfect, have been submitted
to my examination by Dr. Carter, Dr. Corson, and Prof. Hayden
Fragments of shells of this species, sent to me by Dr. Carter in 1868,
were among the first fossils I had seen from the Tertiary formation of
Wyoming.

The first specimens examined exhibited sufficient variation to lead me
to refer them to several different species under the additional names of
‘Hmys Stevensonianus, LE. Haydeni, and H. Jeanesi. Additional specimens,
of different ages, from a young one about the size of the palm of the
hand, to those which had reached maturity and are a foot long, and are
three-fourths of a foot broad, led me to view all as pertaining to a sin-
gle species. Every specimen exhibits some variation, so that following
the original plan, they would indicate a dozen species.

The form and constitution of the shell of Hmys wyomingensis, as well
as the impressions of the horny scales, are the same as in living species
of terrapenes.

Eimys Carteri.

Dr. J. Van A. Carter, who has pursued the investigation of the Bridger
Tertiary formation with untiring industry and zeal, the last summer,
sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the remains
of one of the largest known species of terrapenes; the specimen con-
sisting of the greater portion of the plastron or under shell, and the
fore part of the carapace or upper shell. Dr. Carter discovered it imbed-
ded in a green, friable sandstone in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. In its
complete condition this turtle has measured about two and a half feet
in length. The plastron is 2 feet long. The first vertebral plate is
clavate in outline, and 4 inches in length. ‘The first vertebral scute
is vase-like in its form, and is 54 inches in its fore and aft diameter.
The species has been named in honor of its discoverer.

BAPTEMYS.
Baptemys wyomingensis.

A peculiar and interesting extinct genus of turtles, pertaining to the
Bridger Tertiary formation and named as above, appears to be inter-
mediate in character to the living genera Dermatemys and Staurotypus.
Tt was one of the earlier described animals from the Tertiary formation
of Wyoming, and was first indicated by a well-preserved and nearly
complete shell discovered in the vicinity of Fort Bridger by Mr. O. C.
Smith. A second less complete specimen was obtained at Grizzly Buttes
during Prof. Hayden’s exploration of 1870.

368 ‘GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

The carapace, or upper Shell, is ovalin outline, and resembles in shape
and constitution that of Dermatemys, a large, living fresh-water turtle of
South America. The plastron, or lower shell, partakes more of the char-
acter of that of Staurotypus.

Compared with ordinary terrapenes, the intervals between the upper
and lower shells on each side are proportionately very large, more as in
the condition of the snappers.

The bridges connecting the plastron and carapace are intermediate in
their proportions to those in Dermatemys and Staurotypus, and the same
may be said in relation with the common terrapenes and the snappers.
They are impressed by a row of three large scales between the position
of the usual scute impressions of the plastron and those of the border of
the carapace.

The fore extremity of the plastron is nearly like that in Dermatemys,
but is widely emarginate at the end, and is obtusely rounded at the border
instead of being acute as usual in terrapenes. The hinder extremity of
the plastron is narrower proportionately than in Dermatemys, but wider
than in Staurotypus, and it ends in a rounded manner.

The first pair or gular scute impressions of the plastron as existing in
ordinary terrapenes appear to be absent in Baptemys, or rather they are
not distinct from the humeral scute impressions.

The shell of Baptemys zcyomingensis is about 13 feet in length and 1
foot in breadth. The plastron is rather less than 1 foot in length; its
breadth to its junction with the carapace 9 inches; and the fore and aft
extent of its bridges 44 inches.

Baptemys is nearly related to the extinct genus Pleurosternon of the
English Tertiary.

BAENA.

Baena arenosa.

The extinct genus of turtles, Baena, was originally indicated by a
nearly complete shell, discovered during Prof. Hayden’s expedition
of 1870, in the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Another shell, dis-
covered by Dr. Carter in the same locality, and presented to the writer,
from some variation, was supposed to indicate a second species of the —
same genus. The two were named Baena arenosa and B. affinis. Addi-
tional specimens exhibiting some variation of character lead me to
suspect that these are the same.

The specimens generally have been so much crushed downward, ‘that
it is difficult to form an estimate of the degree of convexity or promi-
nence of the shell of Baena arenosa. It would appear to be rather com-
pressed, or about as prominent as in the ordinary Snapper. It partakes
of characters of the latter, the terrapenes, and the sea-turtles.

In all the specimens the bones which compose the shell are completely
co-ossified, so that the sutural connections cannot be followed.

The upper shell is broadly oval, and is notched behind as in the Snap-
per. The under shell is flat and more like that of a terrapene in
appearance than that of the Snapper. The bridges connecting the two
Shells are relatively as wide asin the former but are longer. The ends of
the plastron are tongue-like and feebly emarginate.

The number and arrangement of the horny scales of the carapace
appear to be the same as in the terrapenes and snappers. The seales
ot the plastron consist of seven pairs, besides additional ones to the
bridges, as in the latter and the sea-turtles.

The shell of Baena arenosa was a little over a foot in length and three-
fourths of a foot in breadth.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 369

Baena undata.

Last summer Dr. Carter sent, as a gift to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, the greater part of a shell of a large turtle
which he discovered in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. Its interior is
occupied with a greenish-gray sandstone. The specimen I suppose to
belong to the same genus as those just indicated. It belonged to a
much larger species than the former, and in its perfect condition meas-
ured about a foot and a half in length and is a foot and a quarter in
breadth.

The great strength of the shell has apparently prevented its being
erushed by the superincumbent strata beneath which it was imbedded.
The shell consequently appears much more vaulted than in the preced-
ing species.

The upper shell or carapace is sustained by strong, vertical plates
extending from the plastron at the bottom of the notches between the
two. ‘These plates project so far into the interior of the shell as to
appear like partitions, dividing it into three compartments communi-
cating through the partitions. A similar arrangement exists in the
Batagur, a curious genus of fresh-water turtles living in India,

As in the specimens of Baena arenosa, that of B. undata has its con-
stituent plates co-ossified, though not to such a degree as to obliterate
the course of all the sutures. The visible course of these in the plastron
enables us to detect an unusual arrangement of the plates. Between
the two middle pairs of osseous plates as existing in most living and
other known extinct turtles, there is intercalated an additional pair
of plates. These are triangular with their apices, conjoined at the cen-
ter of the plastron, and the bases directed outwardly and joining the
marginal plates of the shell at the intermediate half of the bridge join-
ing the plastron to the upper shell.

A similar pair of intercalated plates exists in the genus Pleurosternon,.
an extinct turtle of the early Tertiary formation of England; but in that
genus they form parallelograms, and thus accord more with the ordinary
form of the including plates, as in turtles generally.

The bridges of the plastron exhibit four large scutal impressions, as:
in one of the most perfect specimens of the shell of Baena arenosa.

The costal scute areas of the carapace are defined from the marginal
seute areas by a remarkable-serpentiform groove. The medial groove
of the plastron likewise presents this serpentiform character. From
this tortuous course of the grooves Just mentioned, the species has
received its name.

HyBrmvs.
Hybemys arenarius.

A small extinct turtle is mdicated by some small imperfect frag.
ments, obtained during Prof. Hayden’s exploration of 1870, in a Tertiary
deposit on Little Sandy Creek. The most characteristic specimen con-
sists of an isolated marginal bone, which resembles in form, and the
impressions produced by the investing horny scales, a corresponding
lateral plate of the upper shell of an ordinary terrapene. The fore and
back parts of the plate exhibit a half-circular, convex boss, indicating
the carapace to have been encircled with a row of hemispherical pro-
tuberances, unlike anything noticed in previously described turtles.
The species was about the sizeof our common Speckled Terrapene, “mys
picta.

2468 .

370 © GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ANOSTEIRA.
Anosteira ornata.

An extinct genus of turtles, different from any of the preceding, is
indicated by many fragments of shells of a small species, obtained by
Prof. Hayden and Dr. Carter at, Church Buttes, Grizzly Buttes, and
other localities in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. ;

The shell is moderately compressed, broad and ovoid; in outline inter-
mediate in form with that of the terrapenes and the sea-turtles. The fore
part of the carapace is deeply and widely notched ; the back part is ex-
panded and obtuse. The marginal plates are joined by a continuous
suture with the costal plates, as in the terrapenes. The surface of the
carapace is conspicuously ornamented with closely crowded tubercles,
which are round or in the form of short ridges. No impression of horny
scutes is visible on the bony plates, so that in this respect, and the orna-
mentation of the surface, the carapace is like that of the soft-shell tur-
tles or Trionyces. The plastron is small in its relation with the upper
shell, as in the Snapper; and it firmly articulates with it by bridges.
which are proportionately much wider than in thelatter. The back end
is narrow, the fore end of greater width. The nuchal plate of the cara-
pace is even, but the last vertebral and the pygal plates are sharply
carinate. The shell of Anosteira ornata was about 5 inches in length.

TRIONYX.
Trionyx guttatus.

An extinct species of soft-shelled turtle belonged to the Bridger Ter-
dary period. It is indicated by many fragments of shells, which have
ecompanied nearly every collection of fossils from Wyoming, sub-
mitted to my inspection. The best specimen is the one from which the
species was originally described, discovered at Church Buttes during
Prof. Hayden’s exploration of 1868. The osseous carapace, or upper
shell, has measured about 14 inches in length, and upward of a foot

in breadth.

Fossil turtle-eggs.

Last summer Dr. Carter sent me numerous elongated, elliptical bodies,
which he had discovered in various places in the vicinity of Fort Bridger.
These, he observed, he thought might be the fossil eggs of some animal, _
and, in fact, I suspect them to be fossil turtle-eggs. They present two
sizes, each being quite uniform. They have the same form as the eggs

of living terrapenes, but are smaller than those of our smallest species.
LACERTILIA.
SANIVA.
Saniva ensidens.

As members of the Tertiary fauna of Wyoming, there were a number of
lizards related to the living Monitors and Iguanas. The remains of one
of: these animals, consisting of portions of a skeleton imbedded in an
ash-colored rock, were discovered near Granger, Wyoming, dufing Prof.
Hayden’s exploration of 1870. They indicate an animal as large as
the common Iguana of South America, or one as large as any now in

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. oll

existence. Imbedded in the same rock, in close proximity to the bones
of the skeleton, there was detected an isolated tooth, which is supposed
to belong to the same animal. The tooth is compressed conical, and
curved, and has its borders quite sharp.

Since deseribin g these remains, and referring them to an extinct genus
and species under the name of Saniva ensidens, in breaking open some
portions of the rock containing the remains of the skeleton, a fragment
of the upper jaw has been detected, evidently forming part of the latter.
The teeth contained in the fragment are imperfect, but are sufficiently
well preserved to indicate a shape different from the isolated tooth above
mentioned. Their form is more like those of the living Iguana, but they
are not serrated. The isolated tooth is like those of the Monitor. No
traces of scales were found imbedded in the rock in association with the
bones.
GLYPTOSAURUS, Marsh.

During the last summer Dr. Carter sent to me a number of detached
vertebre and fragments of other bones, found in the vicinity of Fort
Bridger, which resemble those of the skeleton of Saniva ensidens. These

were accompanied with a number of osseous scales, resembling those of

the living armadillos. Similar scales, from the*same locality, have been

described by Professor Marsh, and referred to a lacertilian with the

above name. From the difference in ornamentation of the scales and

other characters, the remains he attributed to four different species un-

der the following names:

Glyptosaurus sylvestris. Glyptosaurus nodosus. Glyptosaurus ocellatus.
Glyptosaurus anceps.

OPHIDIA.

Among other reptilian remains obtained from the Tertiary formation
in the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, are those of a number
of snakes described by Prof. Marsh. Most of the specimens, he in-
forms us, ‘‘belonged to constricting serpents, elosely related to the
modern Boas of South America, although considerably smaller and
generically distinct. A few of the specimens indicate snakes of moder-
ate size, with apparently quite different affinities.” Prof. Marsh re-
fers the remains to no less than five species of there extinct and
peculiar genera, which he names as follows:

Boavus, Marsh.
Boavus occidentalis. Boavus agilis. Boavus brevis.

LitHopuis, Marsh.
Lithophis Sargenti.
LIMNOPHIS, Marsh.
Limnophis crassus.

FISHES.

The Green River shales, in one locality on the line of the railroad,
teem with such a profusion of well-preserved fishes that the place has
been named the Petrified Fish Cut. The formation and fishes are
probably of cotemporaneous age with the formation and its remains of
other vertebrates, indicated in the preceding pages. It was one of these
fossil fishes, obtained in this locality in 1856 by Dr. John HK. Evans, and

—

372 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

submitted to the writer for examination, that has proved to be the
forerunner of our knowledge of the Tertiary fauna of Wyoming, as
developed in these pages.

CLUPEA.

Two species of the genus, to which belong our Shad and Herring,
have been detected in the Green River shales.

Clupea humilis.

A small species, the one above referred to as being the first fossil
discovered in the Tertiary formation of Wyoming. It is very abundant
in the Green River shales, and measures 34 inches in length.

Clupea pusilla.

A species about half the size of the preceding, described by Prof
Cope. °

OSTEOGLOSSUM.
Osteoglossum encaustum.
Three to four feet in length. Described by Prof. Cope.
ASINEOPS, Cope.
Asineops squamifrons. Asineops viridensis.
Two speeies of a peculiar genus, described by Prof. Cope.
| ERISMATOPTERUS, Cope.
Hrismatopterus Rickseckeri.

A cyprinodont fish, 3 to 4 inches in length, of a peculiar genus,
described by Prof. Cope.

LEPIDOSTEUS.
Lepidosteus glaber. Lepidosteus Whitneyi.
Two species of bony-gars, indicated by Prof. Marsh.
AMIA.
Amia Newberrianus. Amia depressus.

Two species of mud-fish, indicated by Prof. Marsh.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Slo

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FOSSILS COLLECTED BY DR. HAY-
DEN’S EXPLORING EXPEDITION OF 1871, IN UTAH AND
WYOMING TERRITORIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW
NEW SPECIES.

ead

ho

Oo

BY F. B. MEEK.

SILURIAN FOSSILS.

. Halysites catenularia, Linn., (sp.); Box Elder Caiion.

CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS.

. Zaphrentis; Bridger’s Butte.
. Zaphrentis ? Stansburyi, Hall; Red Rock Creek, Twin Springs,

Dry Creek Valley.

. Inthostrotion ?; Twin Springs.

. Syringopora ; head of Alder Gulch, Virginia City.

. Syringopora ; half-way between Mantua and Cache Valley.
. Rhombopora; Twin Springs.

. Chetetes ; divide near Junction.

Platycrnites (Eucladocrinus) Montanaesis, Meek.

Body subovoid, a little higher than wide, the widest part
being above. Base basin-shaped, forming nearly one-third the
height of the body, rounded to the column below. First radial
pieces, a little longer than wide, with the widest part above,
oblong-subquadrangular in general outline, but having the
superior lateral angles apparently a little truncated, and the
lower edge convex in outline, while the upper margin has a
moderately deep sinus, equaling about one-third its breadth,
for the reception of the next radial. Second radial piece very
short, almost subtrigonal, with lateral angles a little truncated,
and bearing on its upper, sloping sides the first and only
divisions of the rays, which do not properly bifurcate again,
but continue like free, simple arms, composed each of a single
series of short, more or less wedge-formed pieces, every second
one of which gives off at its larger end (alternately on oppo-
site sides) a true arm. Arms very numerous, rounded on the
dorsal side, and composed each of two ranges of alternating
and interlocking small pieces that bear the pinnules (tentacula
of some) on their inner side. Surface smooth. (Vault un-
known.)

This species is very peculiar in having the rays, after the
first division on the second radials, simple, or without further
division, and continued by a direct succession of a single
Series of pieces. These divisions of the rays, although long
free, and arm-like, ate not true arms, because they each bear
on each side a row of arms that are, as usual in ths genus,
composed of double rows of interlocking pieces, and support
delicate pinnules, or tentacles, on the inner side. It is proba-
ble that the ambulacral furrows of these divisions of the rays
are covered above by small pieces all the way out. If so, the
species would bear exactly the same relations to Platycrinites
proper, that Steganocrinus bears to Actinocrinites. Consequent-
ly, | propose to designate it as the type of a section, under the

374 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

name Hucladocrinus, in allusion to its very numerous. branches
or arms, of which there must be not less than 160 to 200 in the
entire series.

10. Crinoid fragments ; Twin Springs, Sage Creek, Montana; and
Bridger Butte, near Fort Ellis.

These fragments probably belong to several species of dif-
ferent genera.

11. Polypora ; Twin Springs and Junction Divide. .

12 Fenestella (allied to F. multiporata, McCoy); Devf’s Slide and
head of Black-Tail Deer Creek, Montana.

13. Fenestella (two or three species) ; near Junction Divide.

14. Ptylopora ; Devil’s Slide, Montana.

15. Ptylopora; Devil’s Slide, Montana,

16. Hemipronites (either H. crassius, or H. crenistria) ; mountain, near
Junction Divide, head Medicine Bow Creek, and Bear River
Mountains, opposite Randolph.

17. Chonetes ; Twin Springs.

18. Productus punctatus?; head of Alder Gulch, Virginia City, Motana.

19. Productus ; head of Black-Tail Deer Creek.

20. Productus (fragments of a very finely striated species); Dry Creek.

21. Productus longispinus, Sowerby ?; Junction Divide.

*22,. Productus ; lialf-way between Mantua and Cache Valley.

23. Productus semireticulatus, Martin; mountains near Junction Divide,
head of Medicine Creek.

24, Rhynchonella ; mountains near Junction Divide, head of Medicine
Creek.

25. Athyris subtilila, H. ?; mountains near Junction Divide.

26. Spirifer (a large species like S. Logani, Hall); Medicine Lodge
Creek, near Divide.

«27. Spirifer (a smaller species, more extended on hinge-line); half-way
seb Mantua and Cache Valley.

28. Spirifer ; Bridger’s Butte, near Fort Ellis.

*29. Spirifer (Martinia), like M. contracta, M. & W.; half-way between
Mantua and Cache Creek.
30. Spiriferina,? (like S. octoplicata, Sow.) ; Twin Springs.
31. Huomphalus ; Twin Springs.

JURASSIC SPECIES.

1. Rhynchonella ; shore of lake, twelve miles from Fort Ellis.
2. Lingula ; Lincoln Valley, near Fort Hall.
3. Ostrea (mere fragments); Lincoln Valley, near Fort Hall.
4%Gryphea (small, imperfect specimen); Lincoln Valley, near Fort
Hall. .
5. Camptonectes bellistriata, M. & H.; shore of lake, twelve miles from
Fort Ellis.
6. Entolium cingulatus, Phillips ? (sp.) 5 shore of lake, twelve miles
from Fort Ellis.
7. Gervillia (an imperfect valve) ; shore of lake, twelve miles from
Fort Ellis. | |
8. Aviculopecten (Pseudomonotis ? ) Idahoensis, Meek. |
Shell suborbicular, very slightly oblique; hinge distinctly
shorter than the valves. Left valve rather compressed; pos-
terior ear very short or neatly obsolete, and scarcely angular
at the extremity, the posterior margin below being convex in

*These may possibly be Devonian.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. DUD

outline, instead of sinuous; anterior ear longer and more angu-
lar, compressed, but more distinct from the slight swell of the
umbo than the other, and having its margin below broadly and
rather slightly sinuous; surface ornamented by compressed,
generally simple, alternately smaller and larger radiating coste,
only the latter of which reach the beak, while those of both
series become nearly or quite obsolete on the ears, particularly
on the posterior one; lines of growth small, rather regular and
obscure. (Right valve unknown.)

This is probably neither a true Pseudomonotis, nor an Aviculo-
pecten ; but as I know nothing of the nature of its hinge, nor
of its right valve, its true generic characters remain doubtful.
Many paleontologists refer such forms to the genus Pecten, but
they are evidently distinct from that group as typified by the
existing P. maximus. Lincoln Valley, near Fort Hall, Idaho.

9. Pinna (a smooth attenuated species); shore of lake, twelve miles
from Fort Ellis.
10. Modiola ; same as last.
11. Myacites (Pleuromya) ; same as last.
12. Pholadomya ; same as last.

There are in the collection imperfect casts of several other bivalves —
from the Jurassic beds; but they are not in a condition to be referred
to the proper genera.

CRETACEOUS SPECIES.

1. Ostrea glabra, M..& H.2; Point of Rocks, Union Pacific Railroad,
Wyoming; from above a coal-bed.

2. Ostrea Idriaensis, Gabb ??; Point of Rocks, Union Pacific Railroad,
Wyoming; from above ‘a coal-bed.

This 1s a rather large compress, moderately thick, swbovate, or
ovate-subtrigonal species, with more or less pointed, undistorted
beaks, a comparatively small ligament area, a nearly flat upper
valve, and a shallow lower one. In the latter the ligament area
has a rather deep, mesial furrow, while the corresponding ridge
in the area of the other valve is usually quite prominent at its
inner end. The surface of both valves is only marked by dis-
tinct, more or less imbricating lamine of growth.

I have had specimens of this species under consideration,
among the collections brought in by different exploring parties,
for some years past, but I have never been able to arrive at a
satisfactory conclusion in regard to it. It seems to be related
to O. Idriaensis and O. Breweri of Gabb, but 1 am by no means
sure that it belongs to either of them. If distinct, it may be
called O. Wyomingensis.

3. Ostrea (fragments); mouth of Warm Spring Creek.
4, Anomia ? gryphorhyuchus, Meek ; Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

Shell small, rather thin, not very distinctly pearleaceous,
ovate to suborbicular in outline. Upper valve, very convex and
evenly rounded; beak marginal, prominent (the whole valve
tapering toward it), and curv ed upward; surface, smooth, or
sometimes showing faint traces of radiating stri#; muscular
impression, very obse sure; lower valve unknow n.

This little shell rarely attains more than three-quarters of an
inch in length, with a breadth of about 0.69 inch, and a depth
of 0.33 inch. Some examples are proportionaily wider and less

376 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

convex. Iam not sure that itis a true Anomia, as its form is
rather unusual for a species of that genus, being more lke that
of Ostrea or Gryphea, to one of which it may possibly belong;
in which case the valve I have described as the upper would be
the lower. I should have referred it to one of these genera, but
for the fact that it seems to be entirely without a cardinal area,
and the casts of the interior show no traces of the muscular
cicatrix, usually so well defined in those genera. It is quite
common, and all the specimens are convex valves.
5. Inoceramus (one or two species); Coalville, Utah.
6. Inoceramus (somewhat like I. problematicus); between Evanston and
Fort Bridger.
7. Cardium curtum, M. & H.; between Evanston and Fort Bridger.
8. Cardium pauperculum, Meek : Medicine Bow, Wyoming Territory.
9. Corbula?; Coalville, Utah.
10. Euspira? : Coalville, Utah.
11. Melanopsis?; Coalville, Utah.
12, Potamides?; Coalville, Utah.
13. Goniobasis ? ; Coalvy ile, Utah.

There are ea other univalves and some bivalves in the collection
from Coalville that appear to be marine and brackish water types; but
as they are imperfect specimens, imbedded in a hard, gritty matrix, I
have not had time to work them out so as to determine their afiinities,
and consequently have not included them in the list.

TERTIARY SPECIES.

Ti

Corbula pyriformis, Meek; Bear River City, west side of middle fork
of Warm Spring Creek.

Corbula Engelmanni, Meek; Bear River City.

. Unio priscus, M. & H.

Unio Dane, M. & H.?; Fort Steele, Wyoming rah

. Corbicula ( Velor etina) Durkeei, Meek.

Viviparus (Campeloma) macrospira, Meek.

. Pyrgulifera humerosa, Meek.

. Planorbis (Menetus) ; Bear River, 3 miles from Soda Springs.

The condition of most of the fossils enumerated in the foregoing list
is such, that from a mere preliminary examination, it is scarcely possible,
in a majority of cases, to do more than refer them ‘to their proper genera.
The Carboniferous forms are especially difficult to make out, the speci-
mens being generally in a fragmentary condition, and imbedded in a
very hard matrix that renders it almost impessible to work them out.
With a few exceptions, however, all of the collections can be referred
with confidence to their proper geological horizons.

The occurrence of Halysites catenularia in some of the lower beds. at
Box Elder Canon, for instance, shows that some of these beds belong to
the Silurian system; while those referred to the Carboniferous are such
types as are alone found in rocks belonging to that period, with possibly
the exception of a few from a locality half-way between Mantua and
Cache Valley, which may prove to be of Devonian age, though I think
them more probably Carboniferous. The larger portion of these Car-
boniferous forms also seem to be most nearly allied to species found in
the upper members of the Lower Carboniferous of the Mississippi
Valley; but some of them, particularly the Polyzoa, are very closely
allied to forms found in the Goal- Measures in some of the Western States. —

The Jurassic fossils in the collection are not numerous, nor in a very
good condition, but they can readily be connected by the presence of

OD AIS) CU Go bo

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Dik

Camptonectes bellistriata, with beds at the Red Buttes on North Platte,
and near the southwest base of the Black Hills, containing well-marked
Jurassic forms; while the other forms found associated with this Camp-
tonectes are quite unlike species found in any other than the Jurassic
beds of the far West.

The Cretaceous fossils of the collection are, like the others, generally
in a bad state of preservation. Those from Coalville, however, are quite
interesting, because they come from very near the junction of apparently
the Upper Cretaceous and the Lower Tertiary, and seem to consist of a
mixture of Cretaceous and Tertiary forms, or at least of species most
nearly allied to forms belonging to these horizons; while a few of them
appear to be fresh and brackish water types, directly associated with
Inoceramus, Ostrea, Anomia, Euspira, or Natica, and other marine types.
The univalves are unfortunately too much broken and imbedded in the
hard, gritty matrix to show clearly the forms of their apertures; but some
of them seem to resemble very closely species of Goniobasis found in the
fresh-water Tertiary beds of that region. These, however, may possibly
prove to belong to some marine genus. There are also among them
some very imperfect specimens that have much the general appearance
of Melanopsis, and a bivalve very like Corbicula cytheriformis, M. & H.
Without a more careful study, and the devotion of more time to work-
ing these specimens out of the matrix than circumstances will just now
permit, it would be unsafe to speak positively in regard to the affinities
of the species that do not seem to be strictly maring types. If any of
them are fresh or brackish water forms, of course they must have been
earried by streams, or other agencies, from their proper stations, and
deposited in neighboring bodies of salt-water in which the marine forms
lived and died. It might be urged, however, that the deposit is really
a brackish-water Tertiary formation, of the earliest Hocene age, and that
the Cretaceous marine forms belong properly to accidentally inter- °
mingled fragments of Cretaceous beds. The nature of the matrix and
the exactly similar state of preservation of all of these fossils, as well as
the proportionally larger number of the marine species, seem to me to
show that they really belong to one and the same geological formation
and lived at the same time.

I can see no good reason why there might not have been ving in the
streams and estuaries of the closing period of the Cretaceous age, and
while Cretaceous types were still existing in the seas, a few fresh and
brackish water species that continued to live and multiply during the
earlier part of the Tertiary age. It is evident, however, from these and
other collections brought by Mr. King from these beds, that there is a
gradual passage from the Upper Cretaceous into the Lower Tertiary in
this region; and that, unless the fossils from each subordinate seam or
layer are kept carefully separated, and very minutely detailed local sec-
tions are taken, it will not always be easy to determine, at localities
where the two groups meet, exactly where the line should be drawn
between the Cretaceous and Tertiary; or, in other words, to separate,
in all cases, the Cretaceous from the Lower Tertiary forms collected at
such places.

All the undoubted Tertiary species in the collection are fresh and
brackish water types of the oldest Eocene age, being species previously
known from rocks of that age in this region.

In addition to the few new species that are here indicated, there are
some other undescribed species in the collection that I have not yet had
time to study with sufficient care to determine their affinities; and
these have been left for future consideration.

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LOOLOGY AND BOTANY.

I1.—ZOOLOGY.

I.—NOTICE OF SOME WORMS COLLECTED DURING PROFESSOR HAYDEN’S
EXPEDITION TO THE YELLOWSTONE By Ee IN THE SUMMER OF
1871.—By Pror. JoserH Luipy.

II.—COLEOPTERA.—By Grorcn H. Horn, M. D.

IIL.—NOTICES OF THE HEMIPTERA OF THE WESTERN TERRITORIES OF
THE UNITED SFATES, CHIEFLY FROM THE SURVEYS OF DR. F. V.
HAYDEN.—By P. R. UHLER.

IV.—NOTES ON THE SALTATORIAL ORTHOPTERA OF THE ROCKY MOUNT-—
‘AIN REGIONS.—By Pror. Cyrus THOMAS.

V.—LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CAMPBELL CAR-
RINGTON AND WILLIAM B. LOGAN, OF THE EXPEDITION, IN 1871.—
By W. H. Epwarps.

VI.—REPORT ON THE RECENT REPTILES AND FISHES OF THE SURVEY,
COLLECTED BY CAMPBELL CARRINGTON AND C. M. DAWES.—By E.
D. Corr, A. M.

II.—BOTANY.

VII._—CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.—By Pror. THomas C. PorTER.
VIII.—MUSCI.—DETERMINED BY LEO LESQUEREUX, Esq.

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ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.

NOTICE OF SOME WORMS COLLECTED DURING PROFESSOR
HAYDEN’S EXPEDITION TO THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER IN
THE SUMMER OF 1871.

By Prov. JOSEPH LEIDY, OF PHILADELPHIA.

Among other interesting observations and discoveries made incident-
ally to the chief ones of Prof. Hayden’s recent geological explora-
tion of the country of the head-waters of the Yellowstone River, he re-
ports that the Trout, which abounds in Yellowstone Lake, is greatly
infested with a species of tape-worm. A number of the worms were
collected by his assistant, ©. Carrington, and submitted to my exam-
ination; but, unfortunately, the abundance of specimens placed in
alcohol so much diluted it as to cause the decomposition of nearly all.

In Mr. Carrington’s notes accompanying the specimens, he observes
that the smaller worms were contained in cysts adherent to the exterior
of the intestines, but the larger ones, up to six inches in length, were
found imbedded in the flesh. From five to fifty of the parasites were
found in a fish. When numerous they appeared to affect the health of
their host, and the fishes most infested could generally be told by their
duller colors, meagerness, and less activity. Mr. Carrington also states
that the trout is not infested in the same manner in the Yellowstone be-
low the upper falls.

Among the specimens submitted to me were several
of the worms inclosed in oval sacs imbedded in frag-
ments of flesh. The sacs having remained unopened /
preserved the contained parasite from the general de-&
composition of the others, so as to enable me to ascer-
tain its character. It belongs to the genus Bothrio-
cephalus, or rather to that section of it now named
Dibothrium. Two species have long been known as
parasites of the Salmon and other members of the
same genus of fishes in Europe, but the tape-worm of
the Yellowstone trout appears to be a different one. —

Two of the best preserved specimens of the tape-worm
measure five inches in length by a line in width at the
broadest part. The head, almost a fourth of a line in
diameter, is obcordate, as represented in the magnified
figures subjoined. The two bothria, or suckers, are thick
and discoidal, placed back to back, obcordate in outline,
and directed with their broad and slightly depressed
surface toward the margin or narrower diameter of the body. The
body is flat, thick, with rounded margins, and is narrowly annulated.
The annulations appear due to muscular bands, and number about ten
to the line. If other segments exist, independent of these annula-
tions, as a character of the worm, the condition of the specimens does

382 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

not allow of their distinction from transverse fractures at irregular |
distances. No genital apertures could be detected at the sides or at
the margins. Internal organs of any kind could not be seen, but the
soft interior tissue of the body is filled with round corpuscles re-
sembling in appearance starch-granules. These proved to be com-
posed of carbonate of lime, as they were. completely dissolved by
acetic acid, with the evolution of carbonic acid. From the shape of the
head this tape-worm might appropriately be named Dibothrium cordiceps.

A multitude of leeches were collected during Prof. Hayden’s ex-
pedition, by two of his assistants, Messrs. Carrington and Dawes, from
a lake in Wyoming Territory. These appear to belong to the species
discovered by the writer several years since in Twin Lake, Minnesota,
and described under the name of Aulastomum lacustris, in the Proceed-
ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1868, p.
229. The same leech, I think, I also saw in Lake Superior. .

Mr. Carrington informed me that the head of a horse thrown into the
lake from which he obtained the leeches, in a few hours appeared black
from the number of them which adhered to it.

Thomas Say described two species of leeches obtained during Long’s
expedition, from small lakes on the high land between Lake Superior
and Rainy Lake. These leeches, named Hirudo marmorata and H. late-
ralis, in neither case agree in character with the Aulastomum lacustris.

Several large hair-worms obtained from Fish Creek, Montana, are of
the’same species as that described from specimens obtained in Kansas
by Dr. W. A. Hammond, upward of twenty years ago. These pertain
to the largest known Gordius. The female is pale-brown; the male is
dark-brown and has a strongly forked tail. The females of the Kansas
specimens ranged from 10 inches to 24 feet in length ; the males from8
inches to upward of 2 feet. The females of the Montana specimens
measure from 14 to 24 feet in length ; and a male measures 84 inches in
length. The species, under the name of Gordius robustus, is described in
the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
for 1851, p. 275, and 1857, p. 204; and in the second volume of the
American Entomologist, p. 194.

COLEOPTERA,

By Gero. H. Horn, M. D., PHILADELPHIA.

In accordance with the request of the chief of the geological survey,
Dr. Hayden, the following list of Coleoptera has been, prepared. The
specimens were collected for the most part by Mr. Cyrus Thomas and
other members of the survey from June 1 to July 6 of the present year,
over the following route: Starting from Ogden, Utah, through the
Salt Lake Basin, by way of Brigham City, Box Elder Creek, Copen-
hagen, and Cache Valley; thence out of the Salt Lake Basin to Port
Neuf River and Port Hall by way of Oxford and Marsh Valley; thence
up the Snake River to near Henry’s Fork; thence by Market Lake
and Kamas Creek to the mountains between Idaho and Montana
and to Virginia City, in the latter Territory. On reference to the
map it will be seen that the route thus incloses an oblong space, inter-
mediate between the faunal regions of Oregon and theplains to the
eastward of the Rocky Mountains. As might be inferred from the

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 383

pepenmnneal position of the region, the species were a mixture of
those from Oregon and those from the plains, the great mass being
those more commen in the latter region. <A few years since a collection
_ was made by Mr. Gabb, of the California geological survey, from Fort
Klamath, Oregon, to Boise City, Idaho, completing with the present
series a line from the Pacific to the plains. We are thus enabled to
trace the distribution of various species and their varieties. As is well
known to all collectors, various species of Hleodes occur in great num-
bers in all parts of the west of our continent, and the species themselves
occur over a wide range of territory, and are not limited, as might be
inferred from their apterous condition, to regions of small extent. As
we pass from east to west over a given line, we find variations of aver-
age temperature, and of course great differences in altitude. These two
causes, combined with, of course, the botanical changes, have tended
to produce variations from a given type to a greater or less extent.
Hleodes obscura, Say, affords a beautiful illustration of the extent to
which this divergence may be carried. As a general rule I find, not
only in Hleodes, but also in many other genera, that the higher the ele-
vation or the colder the climate the rougher and more deeply sculptured
is the species. The smoother forms of H. obscura may therefore be ex-
pected in the southern regions in which it occurs; for example, var.
dispersa is New Mexican, elytra with scarcely any traces of stria; ; var.
obscura, elytra distinctly sulcate, but not deeply, is from Colorado and
Southern Idaho. As we advance to the west the elytra are more deeply
suleate, as in var. arata, while yar. sulcipennis, from nearer the Pacific
coast, has deeply sulcate elytra, with very convex interspaces. The same
variation of sculpture occurs in Calosoma luxatum, Say, which starts in
Colorado with comparatively smooth elytra, until i in Vancouver we find
the elytra covered with lines of granular elevations, forming the variety
known as C. pimelioides, Walker. The two extremes of each series above
noted appear to differ widely from each other, and to be entitled ‘to
rank as distinct species. In the foregoing remarks reference only has
been made to variations within specific limits. The same law appears
to hold between different species. In the genus Omus the most roughly
sculptured species occurs in Washington Territery, (O. Dejeanii, Reiehe,)
and the smoothest (O. levis, Horn) trom near Visalia, California. The
object of the preceding remarks is to explain what appears to be a law
of variation for our western slope, and thus cause the unnecessary mul-
tiplication of species, founded on slight characters, to be avoided.

‘Species everywhere in our fauna appear to be distributed on lines of
country presenting as nearly as possible similar meteorologic conditions.
Thus many Oregon forms extend southward into California, gradually
seeking a higher mountain habitat as the region becomes warmer. Two
‘species illustrate this—Tragosoma Harrisii and Phryganophilus collaris. .
Both extend their habitat from Maine to California, tollowing the cooler
regions westward from Maine through the Canadas aud Red River
region, thence northward nearly to Sitka. From the latter point south-
ward to Oregon both occur at ordinary level, and rising as a more
southern region is reached until at the latitude of Visalia they occur
only a short distance below the snow-line, at an altitude of from ten to
twelve thousand feet.

From Southern California species have extended along the desert

regions bordering the Colorado River to.Utah. Two instances are pre-

sented in the collection just examined—Calosoma semileve and Aniso-
dactylus piceus. Species advancing from the region just cited cannot be
expected to cross the Rocky Mountains. Our common Harpalus caligt-

384 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

nosus extends westward over all obstacles until the base of the Sierra
Nevada is reached. It has not yet occurred in California proper.
Owen’s Valley, California, affords species of an Arizona origin as well

as several sea-coast species from the San Diego region, comparatively

few new or peculiar species occurring.

As might be expected each new region visited yields new Meloide, of
the genera Hpicauta and Lytta; in fact, each species of Astragalus has
its peculiar Lytta ; and wherever any of that genus of plants is found in
flower, an accompanying vesicant may always be looked ior.

One region of Arizona remains to be carefully explored, and good
results may be expected in every branch of natural history. This is the
elevated pine-growing region near Fort Whipple. The insects that
have been collected indicate a temperate fertile region; and one, too,
that is almost completely surrounded by desert and very hot valleys.

One gratifying fact may be noticed in the present collection. The
progress of Doryphora decemlineata is not westward; and while eastern
agriculturists view with great apprehension the steady and sure advance
of that insect toward the Atlantic, none appear to have crossed the
mountains to the west into the fertile valleys of the Salt Lake Basin.
This enemy of the potato-plant is now, 1871, in Canada, north of Lake
Erie, and from its known rate of travel farmers of the Atlantic slope
may expect this new enemy in two or three years.

The following list contains the species collected by the various expe-
ditions under Dr. Hayden, and although not very large is as much as
can be expected when the great labor in other departinents is consid-
ered:

After the name of each species, at the end of the line a letter is found
indicating the name of the locality, as follows: K., Kansas and west-

ward to Rocky Mountains; U., Utah; L,, ae M., Montana; C., Cali-
fornia; O., Oregon; I. T., Indian Territory; N. M., New Mexico; N.,
Nevada. Where an asterisk (* )is placed after a nate, it shows it to be
very widely distributed.

CICINDELIDZ.

Amblychila cylindriformis, Say ...----.K. | Cicindela terricola, Say---.--2 2.2223 jy os
Megacephala viremica, Dep... 2022. = K, | cuprascens, Lec !)_>2_liaaeee K.
Cicindela formosa, So een ee elas ©. K. | macra, Lee ...2:44-5ee nee K.
obsoleta, Hay 2... -.2+,./¢ me | fulgida, Say ---<-5-. sneer K.
SOLOIST oo 6 52-6 a 8 meres K. | punctulata, Fab. ..- 222s oust

Montana; Lee_.<. cco Sa i cireumpicta, Ferté .:.- > y222 >
splendida, Htz....---..--- Ki. celeripes, Lec... 172. 3222 eeaee K.

renanGa, Del i. oaisceeineees J. eursitans, Lec... 222252 -e eee

12 - ratpata, Deyo. wc weve wees c. decemnotata, Say -..-...=.-.My
prirpures, “Ob... s 0s eee 7 vulgaris, Say..-- --) oe -
16-punctata, Klug...--.--..- M.

CARABIDZE.

Elaphrus ruscarius, Say...---...--.----I. ; Omophron americanum, Dej.--......-.-K.
californicus, "Mann ote abe KC. nitidum, Lec... --o5 2 yee K.

Carabus serratus, Say... --....--+--.-. K. | Pasimachus validus, Lee -.--2 3225 22aaee K.
ieedatys, Fab oo. i. li Ave eee T, | elongatus, Lec .-_--. -soeee K.

Calosoma semileve, Lec ....-...------ U. obsoletus, Lec “... <- commen K.
haydaenii, ona. 2.2- .2c2be Col. | Scarites subterraneus, Fab .......---.- K.
laqueatum, Lee....--...-<-- M. | Clivina bipustulata, Dej ---5 2222 oe
zimmermanni, Lec.... ---- I. M. postica, Dej -...442..e-eeeee K.

emda Wal tiles 4 ones sae K. | ferruginea,, Le¢.... —-<--esneee K.

scre@tator, Fab i525. 242258) K. | Aspidoglossa ‘subangulata, Lec ™ - <n K.
obsoletam, Say..--<)-- 2.2... K. | Dyschirius sulcatus, Lec.........-.---K.

EASE NIRS 02 ad Ro ol he x | spheericollis, Lec....-.i-.22: K.
externum, Say..-: --- «<=. _..K. | Brachinus cordicollis, Dej. ...--------- U.

Cychrus elevatus, Fab..............-. K. | Kansanus, Lec .i2.2-seeeees K,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 385
Brachinus cyanipennis, Say-.--------- K. | Geopinus incrassatus, Dej ---- -------- K.
Helluomorpha latieérnis, Lap.....----- Ke | Eros oma Seboswml, Wie jes eee es K.
Galeriraratripess Hees). V2 SestGn K. | Cratacanthus dubius, al oe Cpa ps Sebi leds ate K,
Lachnophorus elegantulus, Mann....C. K. | Agonoderus lineola, Dej ei sie iy d= sin aK
Casnonia pensylvanica, JD ei sees 5 ve aesahe pallipes, Dejiss. aes eae K.
Hebia viridipennis, Dej .-.-.--c..0l2.% K. | Harpalus caliginosus, Say..........--. Ee
BOVIS SEY joys netstat a2 alate a2 K AM PULAbUS, SAY 22.2 eee K.
fommit nee ey mas cate knee melle'n' ak. rotundicollis, Kby .....----. Ke.
Pbveltibabae A eee erat oa. 0) v2 = a0 K. pensylvanicus, Lec.........- "
Cie sy Isbin A hele aoe eeeoemn Ke f COnipar MieCy sake ee ae -
Blechrus imnearis, sehaum. 2... --..--- K. Stiupidus, Wectele ls. (22 fe. K..,
Axinopalpus biplagiatus, Lec..-.....-.-. K. mrbicinlus Chats. 2 a. cee ae K.
Glycia viridicollis, pect LN, VEMGEMNS) MCCr ane soe ce kee K.
MommpuMmed Wee. 2.2.5.2 .-22555--4 N. AUMESUUS, ee sae oe Apia K.
Cymindis laticollis, Say ......-...--.. K. ATALCLUUG PCC anys sea ea ae (Oe
exiprieollis, Wey, 2. ).- 2.) 26 K. Re aVAISI MUCCE EE Nats ees Js) oni U.
enibrata, bec... 2 -- <6 K. obesulus; Weer eee. alceas M.
MUOSA, Say.tsetooe lly. kS. K. | Selenophorus pedicularius, Lec ...----- K.
TR DLA ee el byte ents ea eg es ea ne TA BLeUs mee, Hk cee as Balk.
Calathus gregurius, Dej..........---.. # ellipticus lec... 24-242-- ie
Platynus extensicollis, Lec.......---.. * | Discoderus parallelus, Lec ..-----.--.-- i.
meplanatus, Wee j.255.5-.----1: FEMe TOSS Meer sane so: K.
punctiformis, Lec --.....-.--. K. | Spongopus verticalis, Lec......-.-...-K.
nutans, Lec...--...--.-.-.--K. | Xestonotus lugubris, Lec-..-..-.-.--.- K.
enalieeus, eC 22.55 52) -K. | Anisodactylus rusticus, Dej.--.-.--.--- dk,
joteipenmis, Wee). -- 3.2 42. = K. POUR OWS ee ae ae eee ee KK.
Pterostichus caudicalis, Lec. -...- PAN 3 K. agricola. Dey so 2205 fee K.
POTUEUS, SAY) \ctlielectsce mee 3 ke baltimorensis, Dej .----- Ke
seibulus, Wee. 222.2. - 2/8. Ke coenus, Dej..-.--------- Ke
Cyameusy WeC unas lcs! K. pices Men 2a ese ee eee We
chalemes) Say ---------- 2: s pibyehnous, Weis = seek.
abratus; Wec.\... 222... U. avers, eC eo. a5 eee N.
adstrictus, Esch ....-..... I. | Eurytrichus terminatus, Lec -...------ K,
lucublandus, Kby..-.-.--K. | Stenolophus ochropezus, Dej ...--.-.--- K.
Inicolor, Weeee. -. = sha K. dissimilis, Dey ex os s2 sees sae
Amaralameallis, Wee. .-..-.----...--..U. | Bradycellus badiipennis, Lec -..---2--- Ke
SUNT 5 Se aa eee eee K. TUpPesirisy Wee were eae K.
Muetstata, SAY .2---+---22. 2... K. | Bembidium punctatostriatum, Say ---..K.
impuncticollis, Say ..-.....---- M. levigatum, Say..--..----- K.
DWESA PCAN cacy cae ace cnt aeons LU, nebraskense, Wee. -- 452-5. N.
amberstivials, Deyo. 22. o..----- M. COXCTIGINA SAY fe ees saa ee K.
PEURESUDIS, LCG oe am cecic's os) --\- K. americanum, Dej...-...-..- K,
POANSEMMIS | SAY occas cassie «ss K. dorsale, Saye e ss. seen: K.
Chlznius tomentosus, Dej -..----.----- K. patruele, Deje oe - => == - K.
Seniceus FOrst 5. es LoS. if pichumyVege esse. eases K.
pensylvanicus, Say-.--.-.----- * quadrimaculatum, Gyll...K.
Maller be Ceras seme ceictss ooo aK ale Sayers cee ae ae K.
mebraskensis;,.uec.)...!5 ..-2 5. U. LOH HONDNOOL A BIe) Ak ceed K.
Gaeesamacoides, Wey co. cose. Ls... .,! Tachys vivax, eee. o. e035 o6e5k J. K.
Diesels) leevieatus, Lee...:-.----...-.K. LINCUEV US, MUCH eet te) o6 5 co K.
SMLEMGUS, Say sacwieet 5) sfa/-'s Ke: dolosus, ech-2 25 425: Beep sene ts K.
SGU fo ai DEES hye ae eo ea ee Ce COPEFUSCUS, WUEGH ae aay eos io cjoteie oie K.
Diplochila laticollis, Lec ......- etal K. ITLOTMATUS WUeG titer tac ecm e 1G
Nothopus zabroides, eC h a ps sie cine’ os 1s flavacauda,, Wee hess a sce K.
DYTISCID&.
Haliplus fasciatus, Aube ......-....-.. KN SceAca bus clavabus, Wee Js ss0\4 in o6 <seee ING
immaculicollis, Harris -..---.-. IS. Obiliterattts, Meer. 2. Seat cena K.
Hydroporus punctatus, Aube ....-...--K. teniolatus, Lec :.-.... Bays he a K.
TACUSIMIS SAV. sce sic dinvmic.c K. And severalundetermined species. .
semirufus, Meei-.2.-2 -.-.18. | Colymbetes binotatus, Harris: .-..-.2- i
catascopium, Say --.-....-- ‘ seminiger, Lec...........U.
Pavruelis, ec wan iP cals K. sculptilis, ISD Yasswasies sae K. -
AULT WCC) ec eiemta tesa in aye. K. exaratus, Jec.......-...- Kk.
discoideus, Wee. is on ene = K. | Acilius ornaticollis, Aube. ee ante: Ki.
Laccophilus maculosus, Say..---..-.-- K. | Eunectes sticticus, Dr... 2... cin. ancy e's K.
americanus, Aube.....--.- K. | Cybistes Pm qee ie Hel DAV incenirans abies Ke
Coptotomus inter rogatus, = K explanatus, Lec............. U
Lon grils Maes sieisininra cjerae's K. | Dytiscus marginic ollis, TOG kn tA saniots Ny
Copelatus glyphicus, Say.....---..-.. K, havrisii, IED enivined a eue.cenah cae

25 G8

386 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

GYRINID=.
Qinenutus discolor, Aube- ..-.-----.---- K. | Gyrinus pea, te eee L
Gyritius picipes, Aube. ~ -..--- -.-.._...- I.
HYDROPHILID2.

Helophorus linearis, Lec.-..........-.. K. _ Hydrophilus sublevis, Lee. ..2haseeseee K.
SPIE NY oe ys aa Ee glaber, Hbst_..2225,5ee

Lacedings Gein Lee. ==... == | Philhydrus nebulosus, Let. ni epee K.

Hydrena pensylvanica, ACE ee Eee diffusus, Lee. 2 K.

Berosus fraternns, Lec ......-.-....---- a perplexus, Lec--.--.-....... K.

Hydrophilus triangularis, Say-.-.--.---- 3 cinctus, Lee ....- 255 4.—eeeee
gre ne K. | Hydrobius subcupreus, Lec. ....-..-.-.:U

SILPHID.

Necrophorus mediatus, Fab.-.-...---.. .K. | Necrophorus velutinus, Fab..-.--....-- K.
marginatus, Fab .....-.--- K. | Silpha lapponica, Hbst ...-....---.... a
melsheimeri, J a ee K. truncata, Say-.<..< ..2b-seeeeee K.
pustulatus, Hersch....-..K. peltata, Lec ..--....-2s-ee otesn *
orbicollis, Say-.--.---.---- K. ramosa, Say. 2 ssscueeee a. o
heesée, Bid. a soe4- paces K. | Agathidium exiguum, Mels-.-.-.-...-... K.

‘ PSELAPHID.
Tyrus humeralis, Aube.-..........---- * | Bryaxis.rubicunda, Aube -....-....... ¥
PHALACRIDZ.
Phalacrus penicellatus, Say -.--..-.--- K. | Olibrus pallipes, Lec...-....... eee K.
Si ag ba ee eee K.
STAPHYLINID&.
Falagria venustula, Er........-------- K. | Peederus compotens, Lec.......-...--. N.
NEIORA, Bsn cine as wai - K. | Lithocharis confluens, Er--...........-. K.

Xantholinus obscurus, Er -...-....-... K. | Euzsthetus americanus, Er -.--.....-.. K.

Staphylinus villosus, roe) fe Ree * | Stenus egenus, Er. .....ss.5-aeeeeeeee K.
cinnamopterus, Grav..-.--- ms flavicornis, Er ...occ.4-eeseeee K.

Philonthus hepaticus, Er. punctatus, Er... ss: .eeeeeeeee K.

And several undetermined species. Two undetermined species.
Acylophorus flavicollis, Sachse ....-.-.. K. | Bledius pallipennis, Say..-.....-...... .
Sunius longiusculus, Er..............- K. | Osorius latipes, Er...... 22) p ae K.

fc See ee K. | Anthophagus brunneus, Say...--.-..-- K.
Pederus littorarius, Grav. -.-..-....-... K. | Glyptoma costale, Er...........-cosues "=
HISTERIDZ.

Hololepta fossularis, Say...--.......-- K. | Hister lecontei, Lec_ ..-..-2peseeseeeee N.
luciia, B66 --. 532-222 i.-.=- K. | parallelus, Say - ...-3--)-=eeeeee N.
popuines, Tee". 2222.25. .--- N. | Saprinus lugens, Er...--22 ooo: seseeee z

ister insiratua; Tse6-~ 2... -2- =<. --=- K. spurcus, Lee .--. .----.-.---s K.

biplagiatus, Lec. .....--.....-..K. pratensis, Lec. .......-.5eeeee K.

SlOVaRI, SIG 345 55-5. ous. = K. patruelis, Lec.-......-.-----. K.

Oiiket, Si ee eee K. otiosus, Lec .... =.= eee

depurator, Say..-------.------- K. | Plegaderus transversus, Lec..-.-..-.-.. K.

americanus, Payk.....-.------- K. nitidees, Hom .......--=2-=- N.

subrotundus, Er............---. K. fraternus, Hem.....oneeee N.

caroliins, Page ooo 4-3 nnn e ne --= * | Acritus exiguus, Lec.......sesseeeeeee K.
NITIDULIDZ.

‘ Carpophilus caudalis, Lec.........--.. K. | Phenolia: grossa, Er: 2_-2-- =~ ase K.

anniéalis Wee 2... en ese K. Melegethes ruficornis, Lec...-....-.--- K.

carbonatus, ‘Lec........-- K. | sevus, Lee. -~. -.5-eneeee K.

pallipennis, Lec...-..-.--. K. | Pocadius helvolus, Er-----2 22-2 loam K.

Epurea rufa, Er. --2=.27-25-. -<--- .--- K. | Pallodes silaceus, Er... .-. ----.. c.2c K.

Nitidula ziezac, Say- .--.-.-.-.--.------ K. | Ips sanguinolentus, Al.......-.-.-....- K.

uniguttata, Mels ...........-. K. quadrisignatus, Say -.-.-..--.. cece K.

‘ Omosita colon, Me koa: Pere * cylindricus, Lec. ...:'..:..aeneeee -N.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 387

TROGOSITIDZ.
Temnochila virescens, Diab ed eran =k || Prowositaycorticalis, Mels: sees ae ss- - K.
Trogosita castanea, Mels .......--.----- Ke
. CUCUJID&.
Lemophleus biguttatus, Mels--..--... Ken eediacus planus, Mee: 52. 022s. ee Ni.
igrontes Gubius, Pape ------.-- ---4--+- Kea Catoreius Tus. Mabe oo.) ee oe eee K.
Silvanus planatus, Germs.) .------... Ke Cucujus ponicens awn 2. 2) ee N.
dembatussay--s-0<s--<-- 3. - K. Cla wipesn aD esas ve oan eee K.
COLYDIDE
Bothbrideres geminatus, Er....-...-.- ..K. | Cerylon castaneum, Say.....-.--..---. K.
DERMESTIDZ. . 4
-Dermestesmarmoratus, Say-.----..----- * | Dermestes mannerheimii, Lec.-...--.... N.
nubilus, Say.----.-.-------- K. | Cryptorhopalum apicale, Munn. ---.-.--..I.
Camimuss Germs..........-2- Ke |) Anthrenus lepidus) Wees. 22. .425-5 245 - IN:
elongabus, Lee..-2 is.) -5-2 K, | Orphilus subnitidus, Lee......--.-..---1.
vulpinus, Fab.....-.. ssonoses i
PARNIDZ. .
Helichus striatus, Say...---....-..---- Ke | Elmis; elaber, Hort aus ee -5. sess 9: Ar.
GEORYSSIDA.
Georyssus pusillus, Lec....-..--- ib hajorave K. | Georyssus, new species...-...---.. Cal. N.
LUCANIDZ.
PRiagyeerus quereus, Sch..2...---..-.:-- K..| ucanus dama, Humb <2. o 2225222523 K.
Dorcus parallelus, Burm.........- spaathes K. lentustapiiene ces eee K.
SCARABZIDE. .
Geotiupes opacus, Hald...---..-- seni eee K. | Afzenius gracilis, Say ...-... PP I ah a
Odontzus filicornis, Say..----..------- Kea |e ELopWanlaiicollis, (bee. io. ace 2 eee ie
balbocentistarctus, KV. -...0+ 5 e02- K. | Macrodactylus augustatus, Lec........ K.
HAMS sROlREL creche Sate Seo Ken Serica Sericeay luni ss sen ee iG
PaNMTNOM ME VIS, MES ois .10:6 nine 2 oe foie K. VeESPeLLina. sels... wea ee K.
eWalcites, Mels.- 2a.) s-26+-- K. RODUStaMUet Aes See te eee N.
MOMMA UCC a eieicicte om lala pein ao Wi CULVALA NCCE meee asin oe Ke
ebentissuMlels .cicccu- ++ ------ K. | Dichelonycha truncata, Lec.--.-...-.... IK;
miaricornis, Melsiii..i-....---- Ke) Laz US eT WGIS MCC r a or ce eee ee woe K.
TOLULAICKO AT DCG S, gan at ae eae eRe Ke. | Diplotaxis obseura; ec. .22.- 2.2222. ~. K.
Tas), els. tel seiac i 2-5 IG fondicola eG en ease aes K.
Onthophagus orpheus, Panz...-----.--- K. ErOmMentula, WWecr = =e eeee K.
latebxosus, Hab--.-2.-2. Ke morulae Chae ye seer K
Phaneens carnitex, Mel... ----.+--- is subangulata, Lec..-.....--. N.
; triangularis, Lec... .-..--\- < K. WON Be DOMES Blea ees: K.
Copris anaglypticus, Say....-.----..--- K. haven Wee eee ine seca. K.
Cry CON OO Oe kK. One new species.
Ochodsus musculus, Lec-.--...-..---- K.. | Listrochelus obtusus, Lec.....-........ K.
DIAM SUS, WCC 3. s2-) 24 <1 K. TESTU Sl LEG Pe at ne Ue
Promeaivermans, Lec: ...-...--.-.- Pe Gee Ke UMUDINES ss eG ea. spas ee K.
muperemiatus, Ole. 2.6 esse ome Ke And one new species, female.
Gea TICINO LS) GCE Ce eer ae ee cel me K. | Tostegoptera lanceolata, D1..---.-.-----. K.
CANOMUAMIS ASA yns cisieinle oso kre iientis ats K. | Lachnosterna frontalis, Lic....-.---.. K,
CUO, |U(2 (CNS Bek ont an ne a Ke longitarsis, Lec... ..--.- K.
scutellaris, STR OG RE RS e ae S e K. futihs)) ees sca peer i:
pustulatus, 1K 8 Cae = ne K. PUSCA; AOC. sscpne eee K.
punctatus, Germ. .:......- eeepc ces K. fraterna, Wee =. 75-..---- IS.
enimaceus, Meet. ecw slicers cacnietiays K. TUSOse Weed skeen eee K,
POU SUS, MCR hs septs.) aetsraraie ocin meine AGs gti s, Taeqts ie peas een aes <
Aphodius denticulatus, Hald ...-..-... K. hirticula, Hope......--. K.
CUT Ss THAN i. mpate he as e K. robusta, ERG ote ne K.
OTT ANVENT UTS) SPANO NE oeipaemm:e mie! cic K. crenulata, Lec.........- Ix
WAC TAUUS) OSE «i eiie odearete ieee = K. glabricula, Lec ......... KK
TEMVOLALIG, SAN | Bikini) hs bietisaisls K. tristis, Leos hcl ae K.
concavus, Say SS We Gah HIN Br, rca K. | Polyphylla 10- lineata, WGC nuinaciwake ase ce
OMLON SUS, SAV ied aniapeeleeiia ee K, crinita; ec. tnenasaheny . ses N.
occidentalis, Elorn..csm..<0.. 1, hammondi, ‘Lee. ...........K
“‘Atewnius Stereorator, PAD. se0euss scr * | Strigoderma arboricola, ‘Burm.

SURVEY

088 GEOLOGICAL
Anomala minuta, Burm -.....- .-..-2-- K. | Osmoderma eremicola, Gory..------..- K.
marginata, Burm ........----K. socialis, Horn -.......-- Ariz.
Varians: “Buri. 26 2250525020 K. | Ligyrus gibbosus, Lee... 2. -.- eee K.
Allorhina nitada: ag eee x Telictus, Lee .... <<. += eee K.
Euryomia inda, Lac.._-....--.....--:.'* | Aphonus pyriformis, ee___._o-2eaeeee K.
melancholica, Lac --..-..-.-..- K. tridentatus, Lec -...-.--.---- K.
sepulehralis, hae ...-.-..~..- K. | Strategus mormon, Burm -.....-.-.....- K.
faloida, Lae---...=. eee 2 eS K. | Phileurus valgus, Dej-. -=---- oe K.
pbemic, Wome Sonos eG Se K. | Xyloryctes satyrus, Burm. ...-..------ K.
Seen Wee fos eee kn toe lt K. | Cotalpa granicollis, Hald..-.......---- N.
Cremastochilus nitens, Lec-.-..----.---. K. arsina, Horn -_.-- eee N.
igen ti 166 Ss AR. puncticollis, Lee.... ..- 22 2aee N.
RARGHUS, Hee. o2 coo. oon Bs consobrina, Horn. .-.-.-., ...- Ariz.
schaumii, Lec. ---. ---- N. | Pelidnota punctata, Burm-..........--.. K.
angularis, Lec .........I. an
BUPRESTID2.
Ancylochira maculiventris, Lec------. K. | Chrysobothris sexguttata, Lec. ....-...K.
coniinens, Lee .=- -..<.25-- K. | Dicerea prolongata, Lec... --.2 2222 eeee iq:
subornata, Lee-..--.----- K. | Pecilonota cyanipes, Lee. .--.---.-2-- K.
alternans,-Lec --..-...--..K. | Acmzodera mixta, Lee - --22 oS x:
rusticorum, Kby --...--.--I. 4-vittata, Horn..-....--.- ay.
Chalcophora angulicollis, Lec......-.-- . | Ptosima gibbicollis, Lec. .-.- 22> eee K.
Melanophila longipes, Lec-.-.-....-.---. * | Agrilus bilineatus, Say..-------. 2-225. K.
atropurpurea, Lec ...---- K. Jatibrus, Lap . .--se-2.ceeeeee K.
miranda, Lec.--.....---- K. politus, Say .---.= ..seseeeee K.
fulvoguttata, Lec-..-...-... K. obolinus, Lec... Une K.
Anthaxia quercata, Dej.--. .--..-.----- K. lateralis, Say ...-.<<<-.s<smeeeen K.
Viridicernis, Dj fos. 10. ie K. | Brachys terminans, Lap .-.---.-....... K.
ELATERID.
Thareps rnficanns: Heb. 2..--44>------ K. | Monocrepidius suturalis, Lee..-....- EX
Hylocharis nigricornis, Lec..--.-...---. K. | Limonius auripilis, Lee ..---..-.-....- K.
Microrhagus triangularis, Lec. -.-.-.---. K. quercinukb, Dej ¢.2 222 eeee cee je
Lacon rectangularis, Caud ........-.-.. K. basillaris, Lee} (2i2s2eeeeeeee K.
Adelocera impressicollis, Lec..-...--.-. K. | Melanotus variolatus, Lee ........--..- i
Bure, RHE fn ees mo Y. macer, Lec. ./22 Sse e eee K.
marmorata, Germ..-.--...-.- K. incertus, Lee 222 eee eee K,
oe gly Li) ay 2. a nese eoer eb clandestinus Er. ..-s22 22-225 K.
Alans oculaius, Ps oo poem oe K. | fissilis, Lee .- 225 2eeeaoeeee K.
THY OPS, EON 2 ee ewan ee en K. | communis, Br. 2.2 soos sees “i
purine, Ege 55 ete caer K. | cribulosus, Lec .-2-2. Jace K.
FiAO, SOs oe Beem eid =m ae N. | Corymbites eripennis, Lec -.... .......1.
Cardiophorus erythropus, Er..---...-. K. | fallax, Lee ..25 22. 203eeeee i.
tumidicollis, Lec ........-L. | glaucus, Lec 2-2-3 saaeeee N.
(E£dostethus femoralis, Lec -.-......-.- K. | Athous cucullutus, Lee-_.....-2.. 2... |
Drasterius marginicollis, Horn -.......N. | ferrugineus, Esch -22222- >see 8
Monocrepidius auritus, Germ..-...---- K, | Asaphes hirtus, Cand -.---:2222o spe K.
bellus, Germ. .....--..-- K. | dilaticollis, Motsch -.......-.. K.
vespertinus, Dej -------. K. | brevicollis, Cand -........ 2. K.
TELEPHORID.
Calopteron typicum, Lec.....- ....--.- K. | Chauliognathus basalis, Lee .......--.. K,
terminals, Lee .._.-.-.---- K. | profunda, Lec ......-.- K.
Photinus nigricans, Lec............--- K. | Telephorus collaris, Lec -.-:...-....... K.
CORTRBGGE MOB 25s each een | & bilineatus, Lee. 522 Sie K.
pyral, Lape... . Sooo K. | carolinus, Lee... ... fageeene K.
Photuris pensylvanica, Lec ...........K. Podabrus rugulosus, Lee --..---..-.--. K.
divisa, Tide 2205.40 3a oa eee K. | punctulatus, Lee: ..if2 eae K.

Chauliognathus marginatus, Htz-..-..K.

OF THE TERRITORIES.

Trypherus latipennis, Lec .............K.

MALACHIID 2%.

Collops bipunctatus, Er-...........-..K. | Collops punctulatus, Lec.-........---. K.
imienion sis = 2142054 00 558 sae K. One new species? ..-......245 U.
punctains, Hee si.5%:.. K. | Dasytes senilis, Lee.-... ..-...<.5ee
4-maculatus, Er_...........-..-K. | Several undetermined species.
confluens, Lec ....-....--2.. oo Rs}

a_i

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OF THE TERRITORIES. 389

LYCTIDZE.
Polycaon ovicoilis, Lec....-..--------- ee |
CLERID&.
Trichodes ornatus, Say.--------------- K. Enoplium pilosums Wat, oe eee K.
TAMA LONE A ooe Aeeeecaae K. quadripunctatum, Say.----. K.
Glerns amalis. Say; sae esie ei sole coin <2 3 K. @amicorne, Spin 22-25) see K.
Cordmenmibece rere tees... 1, | Corynetes rufipes, Nab J. 22.0522) 29522 a
sphegeus, EDS. sh eooses Gbdocoue Ke violaceus Mab) 2 seen eee 55
Hydnocera humeralis, Nm ..--..-.---. K. ruficollis, 1H Cee a i *
Silpenmed. Wee... -- o--- - 0. K.
PTINIDZE.
PMS, Wt, 1D ae Niptus ventriculus, Lec..-.-..----... K.
Sitodrepa panicea, Thoms...-...-.--.. Trypopitys punctatus, Lec ....--.----. K.
Doreatoma simile, Say....-..----...--
TENEBRIONIDZ.
Epitragus canaliculatus, Say.-.-----.-- K. | Eleodes carbonaria, Lec-.-----..-.-..- K,
prainosus, Horny). ------.-- N. DUO TUNA We Ce semen eer K.
Edrotes rotundus, Lec -......--.------ K. DEACUUIS UCC Me ce ir eee K.
ventricosus, The CM ies 2S N. Caudiierd. We Chee sas eee K.
Trimytis PpLUIMOSA, WieC.. 2.52525. .2—- =. K. hispilabris, Horn 22-2222. 5-2: K.
ADMOGLMIG, KOPN. sc. 505 s2--.-- N. ALMATY WO Cees eae ch Mee W.
Bmmenastus ater, Lec_....--..--.----1. opaca, Teese at wae ud ae ae a K.
Obesus, Leen ee I. punelioides anny eee If
Eurymetopon rufipes, Esch....---.---- N. |Embaphion muricatum, Say..----...-.-. K.
SM TOMACA SAY... .-s-ee soot ss ones K. Conibusumi qe cements seie =e K.
DON USE AS Se eee ener ae K. elon wat yElOnme sans. s- ING
PCMMOSA a HOT <4 1/5). oc/c5,- 5 o 3 N. planum Horm see ae K.
DIDI GOS XO ae a a Ren ed K. |Celocnemis dilaticollis, Mann .........U.
Semin VAS OGM. oe o0 6-2. cists ING punctatas Lec tesse2 nee N.
consobrina, Horm. 2.2 25-2... .--- N. |Blapstinus interruptus, Lee .........-... K.
THOVGTY Gebel S 1) 0 eee pe Pa ae eet A N. metallicusy Habiee=sseeae =: K.
unecicollis; ec... . 2-63 52. N. pratensis, Lec--.. ..-4.....- K:
SOMOnGUS We eee. ee os tl Ss K. Vestibusy Wecaea tr. 2.25 sae K.
CUBE: DCC RSs eee lgries I. pulverulentus, Mann........ N.
Zopherus concolor, Lec ---.---- .--- N. M. | Centronopus opacus, Lec.......-..-.... K.
elegans, ‘Honnimen Co 2. NEP MC ie heruniuls) lcavasie We c eee iay setae ta Ke
Hologlyptus anastomosis, Lac --.-...-...- K. | Nyctobates pensylvanicus, Lec.......-. *
Eusattus reticulatus, Lec..--..-....---- K. barbatus) Wecee sees os. ‘i
Comontisiovalis, Lec... 2. 2. os. --- N. | Boletotherus cornutus, Fab.-.-.....-.. 2
Eleodes obscura, Lec...--.-------.----- K. | Paratenetus punctatus, Spin--.....--... *
Ci OUD GW AL LY Cech a Ky Siwophagus, pallidus lechaemer ees K.
uA NS ICE Scheie) a sine e oe ss K. Dlanusy Meese succes ee N.
BICOStALa, WeC seein = sno aha se Ky | Diaperis: hydni habe seceeueaeece Sea K.
RUSIMONOMS, WCC oo. 4-01-2224 a K. | Platydema excavatum, Lap--.-.....-.--. K.
OMDIIC aay CC le section tee = 20s 1a) Etelops opacus;Wecmyse sees cee. a2. < sas Tr
CISTELID &.
Allecula punctulata, Mels..-......-.-. kK. |vAllecula obscura, Say =. 5----2 San. -.-- K
MELANDRYIDZ.
Eustrophus bicolor, Mab).22. 2.0... 2... K. | Phryganophilus collaris, Lec .......... I.
Melandrya labiata, Say -.....--.-..--- K.
ANTHICID A.
Corphyra lewisii, Horn........--.0+.. K. | Notoxus marginatus, Lec ............. K.
CollariswSay spe sas) 2c te oe K. AU DUM MOC ews 0 Gace tees Ie
Stereopalpus guttatus, Lec........---. K° Several undetermined species .K.
Notoxus ancora Hide ve ss foc. . a ee oe K. | Anthicus elegans, Ferte..............- K.
serratus, Lec..-...-.-- Le rejec tus, TOG sais eae ames kK,
MOWOCOn, Heuvel -cecawe. sol ae Lak, COTVINUS, HOPtG casn cee sce eee kK.

o90 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
MORDELLID.

Mordella quadripunctata, Lec ..-..-.-.- K. | Mordella marginata, Mels-.....-....... K.
scutellariss Bab <2. 8e sce. N. | Mordellistena zmula, Lec.....-....... K.
insplata, 6G: 286 ee a See K. diyisa, Lec. +... =-2eeee K.

MELOIDZ.

Henous confertus, Lee-.........-...---K:. es maculata, Say..---. ---...-- K.

Lytta reticulata, Says. <2 - -<-.-44,-45- K. corvina, hee. 220.2 eee de! i

compe. Werte. 2h: 6. seus." N; puncticollis, Mann ......--. N.
Hpi SAY. ee ce See K. | Apterospasta segmentata, Say --.. ...- eK.
wninerdian ees... 2.225 22 2S N. | Macrobasis luteicornis, Lec-......---.- K.
amicaeta: Wie s 4. kort Oe he U. longicollis, Lee... .i2) S222.
Gyanipentmig liec 422 2.2.22. U. fabricii, Lee 22326 e ae :
"» spheericollis, Say .---..-..-..-.K. | Nemognatha lutea, Lee =. 2222 sega ie.

Pyzfota engelmanni, Lec. .-.--2---. ---- ‘K. bicolor, Lec. -...22 Fie. K.
discoidea, Wee 22 52-- ee oe K. lurida, Lee 0) sceeeeeeee K.
wiivera, Leg 2) la ees a K. piezata, Lee ..s5 5 sss etoee K.

Epicauta pensylvanica, Lec. .-..-..--- .. * | Gnathium minimum, Geéa- eee e.

ferruginea, Say.-----...--.-K. | Zonitis atripennis, Lee -322 222 ogee K.
CEDEMERID.
-Asclera puncticollis, Hald .....-...- ..-K: ; Nacerdes melanura, Fab......---..-.- K.
Omacis sericea, Hom: 225-220-2265 22 45- N. |
CERAMBYCID&.

Prionus “palparis, Say. ous. -s6c<-+- --=< K. | Acmzops subpilosa, Lec....-....---.-- i.
imbricernis; OS eks-42502% K; dorsalis, Lee .!..- ¥- === sees
fissicormis, Haldes 26 <o eenns K. : marginalis, Lec... ~--— ose
emarginatus, Say..--..-.---.- K. str igilata, Leo. i seaceee ac< == K.
californicus, Matsch...-..---. N. | Monohammus: scutellaris, Lec......-2-- r

Acanthoderes decipiens, Lec..-..-...--.- K. | Clytus scutellaris, Dej ...2 2.22 -ceaeeee K.

Liepus cinereus, Lee... 255%)... s.secesa<e~ K. erythrocephalus, Fab... -2i2ee.)

Leptostylus aculiferus, Lec ........-...- K. undulatus, Say .-.- JJ) 22-e eee K.

Aidilis spectabilis, Lee .....:...--..-...N. caprea, Say -..- -.3-0s-seeeee K.

Peenaceran pint, OF .¢ 50 2 scuves .- 6 on K. | Purpuricenus humeralis, Dej -... .----- K.

Pogonocherus parvulus, Lec ....-..--.. K. | Tylosis maculatus, Lec...2 s2eoeeeeeee IN.

BUets DG. 0 23-22% - K. | Rhopalophorus longipes, Lee ....-.-.--.. K.

Saperda calearata, Say ..-.-...----.---. K. | Arhopalus fulminans, Serv.-......-.-.. K.

mista, Saye ok eek c)cnow oly Naar charus, Lee .22Gua8 + a win eee x.
dintoiden,;: Wass. 2 sinh ewuen K. pictus, Lec -.. ... 03a K.
puncticollis, Say -..--. -..--..- K, eurystethus, Lec .-.-...--... N.
Tetraopes femoratus, Lec ...--.-....-. K. | Eriphus ignicollis, Lee ....22 -oo ae K.
annulatua,' Lee: 5... ...- «4.» - K. discoideus, Siy:-.-.. === seen K.
oregonensis, Lec ...--..----- N. | Sphenothecus suturalis, Lec. .......... nl

manciis, Leese l os Vase See N. | Elaphidion villosum, Hald ..........-.. K.

Petrops canescens, LwC ..26 20 sao.< scan K. parallelum, Nm..-...-..-.- U.

Amphionycha ardens, Lec .........-.--. ie debile, Lec... s gases =e K.

Stenostola pergrata, Lec..........----. a mucronatum, N ..7. «-=eeee K.

satmrnina, Lied os.incc2n noes N. | Eburia quadrigeminata, Hald ......... K.

Oberea perspicillata, Hald............. K. | Heliomanes bimaculatus, Nm ......--.-. m2

Monilema annulatum, Lec........-..... K. | Dryobius sexfasciatus, Lec .......5.... K.

Leptura cribripennis, Lec.........-.-. -K. | Callidium variabile, Fab ..... -. so s22mede.

PR ESS OE oi ei did mes K. amenum, Say ...-+---sseeee K.
ROTM Pe SU Se) Asc nn kw - K, brevilineum, Say ...-2,.-. eee K.
COnVEN A, VS foo oc ieee eens U. | Asemum mestum, Mann......-......2: 8

Typocerus sinuatus, Lec ..-....--...-- K, atrum, Fab -.- --- <5 s=eeneeene K.

Argaleus nitens, Lec.........-..-.-----I. | Criocephalus productus, Lec --. oo K.

Acmezops bivittata, Lec ..........----- ie asperatus, Lec... ...... «dhs
lapitia, S06 25.20 22. 2 oe eee oe agrestis, Hald _ "22 onaeeee
CHRYSOMELID&.

Anomoia laticlavis, Forst ...........-.- K. | Cryptocephalus mucoreus, Lec.....-..- K.
Babia quadriguttata, Lac ...........-. K. notatus, Ol ...... -2eeee K.
Coscinoptera : axillaris, Lec ...-.....--.K. quadriguttulus, Suff....K.
franciscana, Lec : ....-... K. dispersus, Hald.......- K.
Cryptocephalus lativittis, Germ...-... K. venustus, Fab ..-.....- K.

euttulatus, 02 oe K.

fasciatus, Say.....--..-K.

Bruchus discoideus, Say.-..-.--.---.--K.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 598
Cryptocephalus amatus, Hald.....-..-. K. | Chrysomela*dissimilis, Fab........---- K.
vimeielish Jaleo ho6 Bene K. formosa, Babess. 4ss55e-o. Ke
vitticollis, Lec.......- K. adonidis, Linn..--...-.. Mon.
confluens, Say .------- K. | Doryphora 10-lineata, Say ....---. .... Ke
Pachybrachys hepaticus, Hald-...-.--.-- K. roversit, heen snes sans aos
_tridens:) Mels. 25.25 - - K. trimaculata, Say ......--..- K.
mollis, dlaildleij oes 5555 =. Ke) blephanidarhois, Roe...22525.22.24558 K.
VAG wads, p Outten 2 \o.9-i-. K. | CGidionychis eibbitarsa, eerie Cees K.
And several of both preced- seripticollis, Lec.......... K:
ing genera undehermined, Several undetermined... ..K.
Colaspis favosa, Say ...---..----..----- K. | Disonycha, several undetermined.

Several unnamed. [Civobina spunea, Weces soy asses) eens K.
Metachroma interruptum, Lec. .....--- K. | Longitarsus nigripalpus, Lec.-........ K:
Peepallidum, Ween s.--.---.. K. MUD TOMS CC haat eere so - K.
pParia sexaouata, Wee «<2: sem sicieee ois K. | Chetochema subviridis, Lec....-.-.--. K;
PETERMAN MCC alncis ec cele ee ~ sores K. denticulata, Lec -.-..---.. ike
opacicollis, ee... .--.-.- <--. K. | Cerotoma) caminea, Mab-2.-5. 222. ---) -K.
Myochrous denticollis, Lee ...--..----. K. | Diabrotica longicornis, Say..--...----- Ke
squamosus, Lec....------ aK, SBOE HE JOOS peas aoe en
Chrysomela scalaris, Lec....--...----- IK tricincta, Lec......---.---- K.
philadelphica, Linn..-.-.-.. kes |) Galeruca- americana, tape sss. aes K.
multipunctata, Say--.----- K. COMIN, SEN esas 6g05 ceue code K.
- exclamationis, Fab ...---- K. | Stenispa collaris, Baly ..--.......... yd te

conjuncta, Rog.......---- K. | Anoplitis scapularis, Lec...--..-..-.-- Ke
Gisrmpta, OS So. oan ose K. TOSCO) UCC ners fie setae Saray K.
iumatay, Kal 222. os.< s2 2 <5 Ke Microrhopalaletula, lec -2-2-5--2-24- K.
pulchray Babe .2ss.-.2242 K. Cyamedn We Cnn scen =e eae K.
AM CISA, IOP tonis5 see cs = <i K. | Chelymorpha cribraria, Ol..-.....----. K.
auripennis, Say---.-----.. Kk | eCassidamiormes. OM... 222. sane ae
flavomarginata, Say .-.---. K. pallida Eibste< 52.) jase Ke
HTOUASTOGDY OI) WOO Sa ee eeoe K. SounbbabawOlse ete oc Le ae asc ee

BRUCHIDE.

And several others of the family yet un-

Spermophagus robiniv, Sch......-....-K. studied.
COCCINELLID &.
Anisosticta vittigera, Lec....--.---..-- K. | Brachyacantha albifrons, Lec -..---.-- K.
episcopalis, Lee -:-.......--K. HOUDE DG? ia Aas erg ES K.
Hippodamia glacialis, Mels...----.---, * 10-pustulata, Lec .----. Ke
13-punctata, Mels.....---. * | Hyperaspis vittigera, ec --2-------—-- Ke
Heconter Wills 22 22.2 362% K. quadrivittata, Lec .......--K.
convergens, Guer....-.... z elegans Mimisi2e ie = K.
parenthesis, Lec...--.-.-.- 4 pratensis hecy see 5 22-6: K
And one new species. ? Gineisipusillla, Leeuect seerseer es sae K.
Coccinella transverso—guttata, Fald...K. | Scymnus collaris, Muls ...-....--...--- K.
monticola, Muls 2 /.---..--- K. Cad alisMiveCeeeem seer eeee 4 K.
novemnotata, Hbst-.....---. * And several undetermined.
abdominalis, Say..---.----- K.
RHYNCHOPHORA.

Under this head are included the several families of snout-bearing beetles, all more or
less injurious to vegetation and represented in all parts of our country by numerous

species. These have been as yet but little studied and very few are named. As a
systematic list of genera and species is in progress, only those now known will ae
mentioned.

ANTHRIBIDZ.
Cratoparislunatus, Sch... 2)--s-<< ce. Ke |

ATTELABID 2S.

Attelabus nigripes, Lec..........-..--- KX. | Rhyuchitessneus; Boh... ....0<-a--- ms
Pterocolus ovatus) Sch’..2........-..+ K. SVAGUS, SAY «0 cn wiwles aes K.
Rhynchites bicolor, Hbst............-. K. | Apion, several species.

392 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

° CURCULIONID.

Ophryastes latirostris, Lec-. ..-------. K. | Thecesternus humeralis, Say ---..----. K.
ligatis; Lee lS tet K. rectus, Let". .2....2 eee K.
sulcirestiris, Seh 2:5. ...-..K. rudis, Lee _.°. > (Sse K.
Wittatus, Seb 223534 2 2S. K. erosus, Gece l2= S22 5-2oeee K.
tuberoasus; Geeteul isc ulid 2s: i morbillosus, Lec-..-.----- K.

Epicerus imbricatus, Say tenses K. | Piazorhinus scutellaris, Sch.. ......-.-. K.

Platyomus auriceps, Sch .-.2-..-- .----. K. | Rhysematus lineaticollis, Say.-.-.--..-.. K.

Tanymecus canescens, Sch .......----- K. | Conotrachelus posticatus, Sch.....-..- K.
conferteus, Sch... -. 55-54 K. | Sphenophorus pulchellus, Sch ....-....- K.

Cleonus palverens, Lee’). 22202252025. K. cultirostris, Germ-...-... K.

- trivittatus,- Say ..-..-S2 2222282 K. compressirostris, Say-.--.K.

ancalaris, hee 2652... K. 13-punctatus, Say..---.- U.

Lepyrus geminatus, Lec..........----- K. | Cossonus subareatus, Sch ......------- K.
SCOLYTIDZ.

Womieus pini, Warris-..yu2..-.---2 ---- K. | Dendroctonus terebrans, Ol .......-...K

caligraphus, Germ .......-.-- K. :

NOTICES OF THE HEMIPTERA OF THE WESTERN -TERRITORIES
OF THE UNITED STATES, CHIEFLY FROM THE SURVEYS
OF DR. F. V. HAYDEN.

_ By P. R. UHLER.

In order to give a more complete representation of the hemipterous
faund of the regions explored by Dr. Hayden, certain species have
been introduced. which were collected by other persons at different
times.

To do full justice to the vast territory embraced in the surveys would
demand close attention to collecting during several years. As this has
not yet been possible, we can only include the scanty materials which
have been brought together by the industry of a very few individuais.

A country presenting such diversity of surface, and climate so varied,
must offer great variations in the species which belong to it; and, in
fact, such proves to be the case; as, for instance, may be seen in Che-
linidea, Lygus, and some Cicade. The former genus varies in the color
of the antenne, and still more in their width; in some specimens the
joints of these organs are flattened into almost lamellate expansions.
‘A Lygus, which, in many respects, resembles the European L. pratensis,
Fab., varies in form, size, and pattern of marking. Melanism seems to
prevail in the species belonging to the mountains of Nevada; while in
Colorado and Idaho they present the richest and brightest colors.

HEMIPTERA.
HETEROPTERA.
Family CORIMELZENIDZ.
Corimelena, White.

1. C. nitiduloides, Woltt, (Icones Cim., p. 98, Tab. 10, fig. 92.) —The
‘western specimens generally differ from the eastern in lacking the depres-

a

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 393

sion on each side of the pronotum. Occasionally, however, a specimen
oceurs with faint traces of these depressions. Some variation in the
width and acuteness of the corium occurs in specimens from both sides
of the continent.

2. C. extensa, Uhler, (Proc. Entomol. Soe. Phila., 1863, p. 155.)—This
species béars some resemblance to C. marginipennis, Spinola, of Chili;
but it may be at once distinguished from it by the narrower, longer, and
more convex head. Our species is found in Dakota, Arizona, Oregon,
and California. —

Family PACHYCORIDA.

Homemus, Dallas.

1. H. aeneifrons, Say, (Long’s Expedition, vol. Il, Appendix, p. 299:)
Pachycons exilis, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., vol. [V., Tab. 110, Fig. 346.)—It
was obtained in Colorado, but has been found as far east as Maryland
and in New England.

2. H. bijugis. New species.—Hlongate-oval, pale testaceous. Head
long, somewhat triangularly narrowing to the tip, the lateral lobes a littie
rounded, the surface black, brassy, rather finely punctured, clothed with
remote, "pale pubescence, ‘the lateral margin and a submarginal line
yellow; tylus a little longer than the lateral lobes; ochro-testaceous, as

is also the basal joint of “the antenne; the buccule, adjoining margin,
and base of the inferior cheeks, yellow; rostrum testaceous, reaching to
the middle of the second ventral segment, the apex piceous. Pronotum
regularly convex, the lateral margin straight, oblique, the edge smooth,
broadly compressed; the middle of the submargin deeply indented ; the
surface remotely, finely, obsoletely punctured with pale fuscous ; each
side of middle is a pale ‘fuscous, slightly oblique ray; exterior to ‘this a
fainter ray, and sometimes another adjoining it, or running from the
humerus; callosities occupied by a more or less deep black spot; the
intra-humeral line deeply impressed, forming a sinus on the postero-lat-
eral margin; the posterior angles moderately rounded; anterior angles
feebly rounded, covering the whole width of the base of the eyes. Pec-
tus pale croceous, with uncolored, coarse punctures, witha black spot in
the antero-exterior corner. Legs testacecus, punctured on the thighs,
having at most but three or four fuscous dots at tip; spines of tibice
black; tarsi piceous at tip, the nails tipped with black. Scutellum
rather long, ovately narrowing to the tip, punctured with brown, faintly
clouded at base, and with a darker cloud behind the middle; the mid-
die line almost white, expanded at tip, and bounded there by a blackish
line; each side of base a blackish ray curves obliquely outward to beyond
the middle. Venter yellowish-white, minutely punctured, with a few
large fuscous punctures at base and about the disk; connexivum im-
maculate and narrowly grooved beneath, the edge sharp; the superior
connexivum black interiorly, exteriorly pale yellowi sh, faintly pune-
tured. The male is much smaller, with the seutellum a little more acute
at tip, more or less reticulated with black over the entire upper surface,
and with at least four longitudinal, faint, fascous rays on the pronotum,
and two oblique ones each side of scutellum. The middle line and its
apical dilation faintly indicated. The yellow line of the head is slender,
waved, obsolete toward the base, the tylus marked with yellow before
the tip.

Length, 2,8; ¢,6, millimeters. Width at base of pronotum, 9, 44;
& 4, millimeters.

Specunens have been received from Colorado and Nebraska.

O94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Subfamily HALYDID 2.
Brochymena, Amyot et Serv.

1. B. serrata, Fab., (Syst. Rhyng., p. 181, No. 2;) Halys pupillata, H.

Schf., (Wanz. Ins., [V, Pl. 144, Fig. 453.)—Obtained in Colorado; but
quite common as far east as Pennsylvania. Quite variable in the length
of the second and third joints of the antennz. Usually these two
joints are about equal in length, but sometimes the second is very little
more than one-half the length of the third; specimens have occurred to
me in which these joints have been equal in the one antenna, and the
second shortest in the other antenna.
’ 2. B. arborea, Say, (Proc. Acad. Phila., I, p. 311;) Halys erosa, H.
Schf., (Wanz. Ins., V, Pl. 166, Fig. 515.)—Indian Territory, Texas, Mex-
ico, and in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Florida. The south-
ern specimens are generally more brightly colored:

Prionosoma, Uhler.

P. podopoides, Uhler, (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phila., 1863, p. 564.)—This
Species varies considerably in depth of color, and somewhat in the dis-
tinctness of the armature of the thorax and abdomen. It is common in
California and extends into Arizona.

Subfamily CYDNID.
Microporus, Uhler.

M.obliquus. New species.—Chestnut-brown, polished; the lateral mar-
gins of thorax and corium densely fringed with coarse, long, yellowish
hairs. Face almost flat, each side with long, oblique, punctured striz ;
the tylus transversely, feebly striated; anterior margin bluntly rounded,
thickly beset with short, erect teeth, and interspersed: with a few long
hairs; the lateral lobes sparingly punctured, with a round fovea adja-
cent to each eye, and another near the tip, each side of the tylus. Ros-
trum bright testaceous, extending to the intermediate cox; the apical
joint slender, a little shorter than the third. Antenne, first two joints
slender, the remaining three moniliform, the second shortest; apical joint
a very little the longest, the third and fourth subequal. Base of the
head convex, impunctured. Pronotum, lateral margins a little oblique,
densely ciliate, the anterior angles a little advanced, rounded ; the ante-
rior half of surface impunctured, excepting only along the anterior
margin and sides; posterior half remotely, rather coarsely punctured,
with a few transverse, obsolete wrinkles behind the middle; the posterior
margin impunctured; middle transverse line distinct, having several
coarse punctures each side of its ends; humeral angles prominent, the
margin inwardly from them sinuated. Anterior tibiz armed on the
front margin with long and very stout spines; tarsi pale yellow. Seu-
tellum polished, rather remotely punctured, the base almost destitute
of punctures; tip a little depressed, bluntly, angularly rounded. Hem-
elytra remotely punctured, the apical punctures becoming finer and
almost obsolete, the lateral margin expandedly arcuated, at base ciliated
with long hairs; membrane and wings milk-white. Venter smooth on
the middie, the sides minutely scabrous ; anal segment punctured the
lateral margins ciliated with slender hairs.

Length, rel millimeters; width at base of thorax, 24 millimeters.

A male was brought from Ogden, Utah, by the survey of 1870.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 395
Subfamily PENYTATOMIDZ,
Perillus, Stal.

1. P. claudus, Say, (Jour. Acad. Lee, vol. IV, p. 312, No. 2.)—
Inhabits Colorado, California, Kansas, &c. The present specimen, of the
pale variety, is from Ross If ork, Idaho.

2. P. exapia, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., vol. 1V; p. 313, No. 3.)—Col-
orado. It variesin the width of the black upon the pronotum, and this
_ color is indeed sometimes entirely absent from that part. Specimens
have passed through my hands which had been collected in British
America, New England, Illinois, and in several of the regions west of
the Mississippi River.

3. P. circumeinctus, Stal., (Entomol. Zeitung, Stettin, vol. 23,.p. 89,
note.)—Dakota. Scarcely a species found in our Territory extends over
so wide a suriace as this. It is found on the Isthmus of Panama, in
the island of Trinidad, and in Canada, New England, and New York.

Podisus, Stal.

P. spinosus, Dallas, (British Museum List. Hemipt., p. 98, No. 7.)—A
common insect in most parts of the Atlantic region, and extending as
far west as Nebraska and south into Texas. wo specimens from Tort
Cobb, Indian Territory, seem to offer nd differences from those common
in Mary land and Pennsylvania.

Zicrona, Amyot et Serv.

Z. cuprea, Dallas, (British Museum List, p. 108, No. 2.)—After dili-
gently comparing specimens from both continents, no sufficient differ-
ences have prevailed to separate this from the Z. cerulea, Linn. Small

Variations in the color and in the distinctness of the punctures are
apparent in specimens from both localities; but in a series of specimens
these are seen to be gradations between the opposite extremes. The
present specimens are from Snake River, Idaho, and from Tort Defiance,
New Mexico. Mr. Dallas’s type came from the vicinity of Hudson’s
Bay.

. Cosmopepla, Stal.

C. carnifex, Fab., (Ent. Syst., Suppl., 535, No. 162.)—Inhabits Nebraska,
Indian Territory, Texas, and the Eastern United States and Canada.
It exhibits much variation in the depth and amount of red on the pro-
notum and abdomen.

Neottiglossa, Kirby.

N. undata, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmeny, p. 8, No. 17;) WN. triline-
ata, Kirby, (fauna Bor. Amer., p. 276.)—This species occurs in Ne-
braska, Canada, and throughout most of the northern parts of the
United States.

Mornidea, Amyot et Serv.

M. lugens, Fab., (Ent. Syst., IV, p. 125;) Pentatoma punctipes, Say,
(Jour, Acad. Phila. IV, p. 313.)—I*rom Cheyenne, and Indian Ter-
ritory. It extends as far south as Matamoras, Mexico, and inhabits
almost the whole region east of the Mississippi River.

396 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES:
Murgantia, Stal.

M. histrionica, Hahn, (Wanz. Ins., vol. II, pl. 65, Fig. 196.)—Collected
in Colorado; but injures cabbages and other garden vegetables in the
Southern States, from Maryland to Texas, and even into Mexico. Sev-
eral of the links in the chain of varieties between this species and JM.
munda, Stal., have already been found, and we may expect hereafter to
see the two species united as mere forms of one. .

Cenus, Dallas.

1. CO. delia, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 8, No. 18;) C. tarsalis,
Dallas, (British Museum, List. Hemipt., p. 230, P1.8; Fig. 6.)—From Fort
Cobb, Indian Territory, also in most of the Eastern States.

2. C.cqualis, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 7, No. 15.)—Same local-
ities as the preceding.

Euschistus, Dallas.

1. E. fissilis. New species.—Ditfers from £. serva, Say, its near con-
gener, in the cleft head and prolonged lateral lobes of the head. It is
larger than H. punctipes, Say, and the humeral angles are much less
acute. It is found in Colorado, Nebraska, and Illinois.

2. E. punctipes, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 314, No. 5.)—
Colorado, and most parts of the Eastern United States. . -

3. HE. pyrrhocerus, H. Scht., (Wanz. Ins., vol. V1, Fig. 638.)—From
Fort Cobb, Indian Territory, but not uncommon in Missouri and in the
Atlantic region. It varies in the acuteness of the humeral angles.

Peribalus, Stal.

P.modestus. New species.—Grayish-yellow, general form of P. vernalis,
Wolff; but with the humeral angles less prominent, and the lateral
margins of the pronotum not sinuated. Upper surface of the head finely
punctured with black, the punctures more dense and forming a submar-
ginal spot or short streak before each eye; the intra-orbital surface with
a smooth, impunctured, short line; the lateral margins a little reflexed,
slightly sinuated a little in advance of the eyes; the side lobes much
longer than the tylus, usually meeting before it, but not always quite
in contact at the tip. Under sideof head pale yellowish, irregularly
punctured, the angle before the eye more or less black, the lateral edge
piceous or black. Antenne rufous or testaceous ; the basal joint pale
yellowish, shorter than the head; the fourth joint, excepting base and
tip, and the fifth, exeepting the base, blackish; the last stout, longest ;
the former quite stout, not quite so long as the latter, but longer than
the others; second and third slender, subequal. Rostrum pale testa-
ceous, the middle line and all but the base of the apical joint blackish-
piceous, extending to the intermediate coxe ; the second joint much the —
longest; apical joint much the shortest; the third joint a little longer
than the fourth. Pronotum rather short and broad, a little more coarsely
and less densely punctured than the head; the punctures dense, making
a blackish stripe along the lateral submargin; the lateral margins ©
straight, thickened, elevated, yellowish or white, smooth, impunctured ;
latero-posterior margins feebly sinuated; humeri rounded, very slightly
prominent. Pectus pale testaceous, unevenly punctured; the areas of
the pleural pieces with punctures more or less brownish, usually with a

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: OF THE TERRITORIES. 397

black dot near the middle of each of the three principal segments.
Legs pale testaceous; the femora with numerous black points, a few
of them at the tip larger; the tibiz with minute brown punctures; tarsi
pale rufous; the nails black, excepting the base. Scutellum a little
rugulose, somewhat confluently punctured, more finely so than the pro-
notum, and near the tip still more finely and densely so; the apex
smooth, broadly white. Corium finely, less densely, punctured than
the pronotum ; the exterior suture often with a streak of closer punc-
tures; the general surface sometimes appearing reticulatedly punctured ;

the costal margin and embolium whitish, the latter with a few punctures ;
membrane slightly embrowned, having six or seven dark, longitudinal
nervures. Tergum black, minutely, densely rugulose and punctured ;

the apical segment margined with yellow; connexivum black, coarsely
and partly confluently punctured, the outer marguP yellow, with the
inner edge of that color scalloped. Venter pale ‘testaceous, or in life
greenish-white, very sparingly punctured on the smooth disk; the sides
finely rugulose, and thickly punctured; the general puncturing often
red, the large punctures black, and arranged in a triple series of wavy,
faint spots each side, and with a geminate group at the outer angles of
the incisures; the apical angles of the sixth segment a little roundedand

carrying a black dot.

In the males the finer punctures of the venter are usually red and
more evenly distributed; the coarser ones are black and not arranged
in spots; the genital segment is deeply emarginated, and each side of it
sinuated.

Length of g, 8$; of Q, 8-93 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
5-6 millimeters.

Arizona, Kansas, @olorado, New England, and generally throughout
the States east of the Mississippi.

Fo leostethus, Fieb.

H abbreviatus. New species.—Fusco-cinereous more or less spotted
with black, rugulose, and finely punctured with black. Head broad and
long, convex along the base of the tylus, broadly rounded in front,
closely, confluently punctured, more densely so along the sides and in
front; the lateral lobes flat, with sharp edges, a little expanded in front
of the eyes ; the lobes meeting in front of the tylus, but scarcely in con-
tact on the extreme tip; under side of the head pale yellowish, coarsely
punctured, with the margin and a few coarse punctures in front of the
eye deep black. Rostrum extending to the venter, yellow, with the tip
black. Antenne long and slender, reddish-yellow, or rufous; the basal
joint pale, very short; second and third subequal, shorter than the fol-
lowing; fourth and fifth much longer, subequal. Pronotum broad and
short ; the lateral margins smooth, yellow, a little arcuated ; the humeri
somewhat prominent, rather broadly rounded; the submargins made
almost black by the dense punctures ; surface somewhat broken, irregu-
larly spotted with piceous and black, the transverse impressed line dis-
tinct ; pectoral segments coarsely and irregularly punctured with brown-
ish, each with from one to three black dots, including one on the osteole.
Scutellum a little indented before the middle, finely and closely punc-
tured with black, still more so in spots at base, where are also two or
three small white spots or streaks; the apex bluntly rounded, white.
Legs testaceous, minutely and sparsely punctured with brown; the
femora a little scabrous; tibiz at tip and tarsi rufescent ; the nails black
at tip. Terguin black, the connexivum yellow, with double black spots

9)

098 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

at the ends of the incisures; venter yellowish, the punctures closer on
the sides, and with about three series of obsolete patches of blackish
punctures each side; the lateral edge smooth, orange, with a small,
double black spot at the incisures ; ; sometimes with the mar gin of the
anal segment black.

Length, 84 to 10 millimeters; width across the humeri, 5 to 6 milli-
meters.

It inhabits Kansas, Colorado, and California. The general appear-
ance is somewhat that of H. sphacelatus, Fab., of Europe; but it may be
known from it at a glance by the lateral margins of the pronotum,
which are not sinuated, but bowed. The lateral lobes fail to meet an-
teriorly in one specimen, making the front of the head appear cleft.

- Carpocoris, Kolenati.

C. lynx, Fab., (Syst. Rhyng., p. 168, No. 68.)—From Southern Mon-
tana, but attains to colossal proportions in California. After close com-
parison of a series of specimens of very various sizes and colors, with
several individuals from Europe, and with the figures and descriptions
in the several authorities, I fail to find permanent characters to separate
them. Specimens vary in colors from pale green or yellowish to rosy
red ;-either have or do not: have black spots on the.connexivum, and the
Size ranges from 8 to 11 millimeters in length, with corresponding
width.

Pentatoma, Latr., (Fieber.)

1. P. granulosa. New species.—General appearance of P. juniperi, Linn.
Bright grass-green, or pale sap-green, paler beneath, deeply. confluently,
rather finely punctured, transversely, minutely wrinkled on the head, pro-
ootum, and scutellum ; the surface of the latter, the hemelytra, and some-
times the pronotum, with numerous sphacelated, smooth, whitisb points ;
the lateral margins of pronotum, the costal margin of corium to beyond
the middle, and the apex of the scutellum white, rarely yellow. Rugule
of the entire under surface whitish. Head narrowed toward the tip; the

tip of the lateral lobes almost acute, a little recurved, slightly longer ~

than the tylus; the occiput bald, almost impunctured. Antenne black,
stout; the tooth at base long and slender; basal joint green, very stout,
hardly more than one-half as long as the second; the second longest;
third a little more. than two-thirds as long as the second; fourth and
fifth subequal, somewhat longer than the third. Rostrum pale green,
reaching between the posterior cox; the apical half of the end joint
black or piceous ; the Jabrum sometimes blackish. Lateral margin of
pronotum a little sinuated, the edge distinctly elevated, the sub-margin
depressed, and the surface broadly impressed at the outer end of the
callosities. Callosities defined by sinuated, grooved, smooth lines,
which are bifurcated at the outer extremity. Embolium whitish, hay-
ing two or three irregular series of obsolete, small punctures ; membrane
white or only very faintly brownish. Femora obsoletely wrinkled, the
tips of tarsal joints infuscated, and the tips of nails piceous. Tergum
black, excepting the penultimate and anal segments ; the connexivum
green. Base of scutellum sometimes with small, white spots.

Length, 11-13 millimeters; width across the humeri, G-5 millimeters.

The” specimens from this surv ey were found in Montana, and near
Ogden, Utah. It seems to be widely spread in the Western Territories,
and extends as far as California. Two specimens exhibit the third and
fourth joints of the antennz green at base, the former very broadly so.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 399

In three other specimens the basal and second joints are entirely green.
The third joint varies in penile, being from one-half to two-thirds the
length of the second.

2. P. ligata, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 5, No. 6;) Cimex rufo-
cinctus, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., IV, p. 94, Fig. 136.) \—This species inhabits
Arizona, Missouri, Texas, and California.

3. P. faceta, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 315, No. 6.)—Apparently
a rare species, of which single specimens have been obtained in Colorado,
Dakota, and California.

Thyanta, Stal.

1. T. perditor, Fab., (Entom. Syst., IV, p. vel No. 90;) Pentatoma
Fascifera, Beauv. , (Ins. Afr. et Amer., p. 150, Pl. X, Fig. 8.)—The most
typical form of this species inhabits the West Indies and Mexico;
those with the humeral angles shortest are found in Nebraska. It
seems to be a very common species in the regions adjacent to the Rocky
Mountains.

2. T. custator, Fab., (Syst. Rhyng., p. 164, No. 43;) Pentatoma calceata,
Say, (Heteropt., New ‘Harmony, p. 8, No. es This exceedingly variable
species inhabits almost the whole of N orth America. The most brilliant
green specimens are usually to be met with in the Southern States.
The variety calceata is common in Maryland, and specimens without the
transverse stripe are common as far south as Cape Saint Lucas, Califor-
nia. :
3. T. rugulosa, Say, \Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 7, No. 16.)—This
seems to be a rare species. A single specimen has occurred to me,
found in Colorado, and another, collected in Cuba. ‘This shows a wide
geographical range, and no doubt the intervening regions will yet
furnish specimens of it.

Family COREID 2.
Archimerus, Burm.

A. calearator, Fab., (Syst. Rhyng., p. 192, No. 3;) Coreus alternatus,
Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila. - IV, p. 317, 1;) Piezogaster albonotatus,
Amyot, (Hemiptéres, p. 197. plat species widely distributed throughout
the United States. The present representative is from Colorado.

Metapodius, Westw.

1. M. Thomasii. New species.—Reddish or cinnamon-brown, minutely
shagreened. General form of M. terminalis, Dallas. Head black, pol-
ished, remotely pubescent, with a narrow fulvous line on the middle
and another each side, adjacent to the eye; cranium transversely
impressed behind the ocelli; the tylus more or less rufous above.
Rostrum blackish, extending to the intermediate coxe. Antenne
fuscous or black, minutely ‘eranulated, closely, minutely setose; the *
apical joint orange; the basal a little shorter than the apical one; the
second much shorter than the basal, but a little longer than the third.
Pronotum sparsely clothed with minute, pale pubescence, minutely,

roughly punctured, beset with granular minute protuberances, which
are very remote on the middle, but thickly crowded near the sides;
lateral margins with a few short teeth, which are erect anteriorly and
oblique posteriorly ; the humeral angles moderately prominent, angu-

AQO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

lar; the latero-posterior margins abruptly sinuated. Propleura roughly
punctured, having only a very few tubercles; meso- and metapleura
more or less obsoletely, and postero-interiorly, coarsely punctured.
Legs black; anterior and intermediate tibiz and all the tarsi reddish-
orange or fulvous, the nails piceous; posterior femora stout, in the
male much stouter, compressed, shagreened, the outer margin forming
a broad ridge, which bears a series of tubercles, and parallel to this,
inwardly, runs a broad groove; the middle surface closely beset with
large tubercles. On the middle below is a large spur, at the tip two
stout teeth, and along the margin five or six smatier ones. The under
surface is likewise grooved, and somewhat tuberculated; posterior
tibize foliated exteriorly throuzhout the whole length, densely scabrous ;

the outer margin gradually arcuated at base, abruptly rounded at tip,
with two teeth near the tip and one at its inner corner; the inner
margin not expanded, granulated, armed with several teeth near the
tip; the tip ferruginous ¢. Posterior femora of female more arcuated,
fusiform, feebly grooved both above and below, scabrous. pubescent,
granulated, with small teeth on the upper outer margin, and four or
more large oblique spurs on the inner margin, from beyond the middle
to the tip; tibie broadly foliated, roughened, and minutely granulated;
the outer division sinuated behind the middle and carried back con-
siderably beyond the tip of the shank; the inner division much nar-
rower, very much narrowed from behind the posterior two-thirds to the
tip; the margin ridged and coarsely granulated. Odoriferous glands,
orange. Scutellum and hemelytra minutely shagreened, the membrane
black, or bronzed black-brown. Tergum fuscous, with a yellow stripe
from behind the middle to near the tip. Venter paler fuscous,
minutely roughened, and coated with fine pubescence; the hemelytra |
a little longer than the abdomen.

Length, to tip of venter, 28-29 millimeters; width across the humeri,
93-10 millimeters.

A male and female from Arizona were the only specimens obtained.
The species is named in recognition of the services of Professor Cyrus
Thomas, who has labored so successfully in bringing together the
species of western Hemiptera.

2. M. terminalis, Dallas, (British Museum List, II, p. 431, No. 10.)—
Brought from near Fort Cobb by Dr. E. Palmer. It is a very variable
Species in size, in the amount of tuberculation of the pronotum, and in
the width of the foliaceous processes of the posterior tibiz. It inhabits
most of the Southern States, and seems to be quite common in Texas.

Merocoris, Perty.

M. distinctus, Dallas, (British Museum List, II, p. 419, No. 2.)—This
is also a common species in many parts of the Union, from Northern
New York to Florida. One specimen of the usual form was collected
in Colorado.

Leptoglossus, Guer.

LL. phyllopus, Linn., (Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 731;) Anisoscelis albicinctus,
Say, (Heteropt., New Harmous D. 12, No. 2.)\—Several specimens were
collected near Fort Cobb, Indian Perritory, by Dr. E. Palmer. The.
species is common in the States south of the Ohio Riv er, and it extends
into Central Texas.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AOL
Chelinidea, Uhler.

CO. vittigera, Uhler, (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phila., II, p. 366.)—Brought
by the survey from Ross Fork, Idaho; Ogden, Utah; and by Dr. E.
Palmer from New Mexico. In Texas it infests a species of Opuntia,
sometimes in considerable numbers. A few specimens have been taken
near the Kanawha River, in Virginia. It varies in the color of the
antennz, from red to black, and in the width of the joints, which are
sometimes very broadly. compressed.

Margus, Dallas.

M. inconspicuus, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., VI, Fig. 570.)—Collected in Col-
orado. It has been also found in Texas, Mexico, and California.

Catorhintha, Stal.

C. mendica, Stal., (Kongl. Svenska Akad., LX, p. 187, No. 2.)—Brought
from Colorado, and by Dr. E. Palmer from Fort Cobb, Indian Territory.
It is much larger than C. guttula, Fab., to which it is very closely allied.

Ficana, Stal.

F. apicalis, Dallas, (British Museum List, II, p. 499.)—Specimens from
Arizona and California have been examined by me; but no specimens.
happened to be brought home by the survey.

-Anasa, Amyot et Serv

A. tristis, De Geer, (Mémoires, III, p. 340, Pl. 34, Fig. 20;) Coreus.
ordinatus, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, 318, No. 2.)—This is the com-
mon squash-bug, so destructive of pumpkins and melons in various parts.
_of the United States. It inhabits, also, Mexico, the West Indies, Cen-
tral America, and Brazil. The present specimens were obtained by Dr.
E. Palmer, at Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. The southern and western:
individuals occasionally exhibit a wonderful degree of variability im the
shape of the pronotum. Specimens occur which have the lateral mar-
gins of that part either distinctly sinuated, with the humeri quite prom-
inent, or the reverse, with the sides bowed and the humeri broadly
rounded.

Alydus, Fab.

1. A. eurinus, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 324, No. 5;) A. ater,
Dallas, (British Museum List, Ii, p. 478, 30.)\—A common species in
the eastern regions of the United States, as also in Nebraska and:in
Canada. It bears a very close relationship to A. calcaratus, Fab., of
Europe; but in all the specimens of the European insect which I have
yet seen the collum of the prothorax is very short, and the disk.of the
pronotum more robust and flattened than in our species. <A. careful
comparison with the description-of Mr. Dallas proves his A. ater to be.
only the female of our A. ewrinus

2. A. Pluto. New species.—Intensely black, much more robust than .A..
eurinus, Say. Head more robust, minutely scabrous, pubescent; the
constricted portion of the collum shorter; eyes and ocelli prominent; the
intraorbital surface longitudinally impressed, almost to the line ofthe an-
tenne, Sides and under side of the head minutely granulated, punc-

20458

AQ? GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

tured, and wrinkled. Antenne either piceous black, or black, with the
bases of the first, second, and third joints pale piceous; the under side of
base of the first joint whitish. Rostrum black, reaching to the interme-
diate coxe. Pronotum very moderately convex, a little pubescent,
coarsely, deeply punctured; the lateral margins slenderly carinated; the
carina obsolete at the anterior angles, but considerably elevated on the
moderately prominent posterior angles, and forming a sharp edge behind
the Lumeri. Callosities, broad, large, bald, minutely eranulated each
side, with two impressed points behind their middle. Propleure
coarsely, confluently, deeply punctured, éxcept anteriorly, where the
punctures are fine; meso- and metapleure rather coarsely, irregularly
granulated, coarsely punctured behind and below. Legs deep black,
pubescent, or with the anterior and intermediate tibie pale piceous on
the middle; posterior femora with five curved spurs, from behind the
middle to hear the tip; at tip, with two or three close set, very small
teeth; tarsi pale piceous on the base of the first joint. Scutellum
coarsely, remotely punctured. Corium less coarsely, rather remotely
punctrred; embolium smooth, minutely, sparsely, obsoletely punctured,
minutely pubescent; membrane brownish-black, with long, close, very
numerous nervures. Tergum red as far as the base of the antepenul-
timate segment, or only a little red on two or three of the basal seg-
ments; venter deep black, shining, immaculate, very minutely shag-
reened, pubescent at tip.

Length to tip of venter, 12-13 millimeters; width across the humeri,
3 millimeters.

Inhabits Colorado; Ross Fork, Idaho; Louisiana; and Kansas. The
spines of the posterior femora vary in number from three to six; this

variation occasionally occurs on the opposite sides of the same specimen.
There seem to be about twenty nervures to the membrane, of which two
or three are usually forked.

Stachyocnemus, Stal.

S. apicalis, Dallas, (British Museum List, I, p. 479, No. 31.) —It inhab-
its Dakota, Texas, Mexico, and Florida.

Protenor, Stal.

P. Belfraget, Haglund, (Ent. Zeit., Stettin, 1868, p. 162.)—Brought
from Colorado by the survey. It is found as far east as Maryland, and
extends north into Michigan.

Neides, Latr.

1. N. spinosus, Say, (Amer. Ent., vol. I, Pl. 14;) Neides trispinosus,
Hope, (Catal., p. 24.)—Brought from Ogden, Utah. It is common in
ye? Atlantic region, and extends west into Arizona.

2. N. decurvatus, new species.—Form and general appearance of N.
spinosus, Say. Luteous, or pale cinnamon-yellow. Head, with a slender
decurved tooth projecting forward from the vertex. Pronotum propor-
tionally more elongated, less coarsely punctured, the callosities at the
anterior end of the median carina small and indistinct; the sternum dull
black, no spines against the posterior coxe; tip of the corium of heme-
lytra destitute of the dusky spot. Venter densely punctured.

Length, 7-9 millimeters; width across the humeri, ?—1 millimeter.

Inhabits Colorado, Washington Territory, and New Hampshire.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AQ3
Dasycoris, Dallas.

D. humilis. New species.—Closely resembling D. pilicornis, Burm., of
Europe; but rather’ more slender; the head longer and the antenne
more slender. JF usco-cinereous, or pale fulvo-griseous, hispid; the
head pale beneath; on the sides is a dark-brown stripe running from the
antenne to the base, tylus carinately elevated. Antenne having the
second joint distinctly shorter than the third; the fourth pale fuscous,
conical, acuminate, not coarsely granulated and setose as the other joints,
about equal to the third joint in tength; antenniferous spines very short,
small. Rostrum reaching to the intermediate coxe; the tip piceous.
Pronotum remotely punctured, beset with numerous granular processes,
densely clothed with gray pubescence; the lateral margins, with their
close-set, short, teeth-like processes, whitish; humeral angles with an
acute, fuscous tooth, stouter and not so long as that in D. pilicornis.
Pectus pale clay-yellow, or even whitish, closely, coarsely punctured,
granulated, and with whitish, somewhat matted pubescence. Legs
pale clay-yellow; the femora granulated, pubescent, mottled with brown;
tibize darker at tip; the tarsi somewhat embrowned, and the nails piceous.

“Mesosternum blackish. Scutellum coarsely punctured, covered with
dense, whitish pubescence; the tip white.~ Hemelytra beset with coarse,
brown granules and short, whitish pubescence; the embolium grooved,
flecked with brown; membrane pale, the nervures interruptedly brown.
Connexivum with pale, transverse lines, between which are fuscous
clouds. Venter minutely wrinkled, closely punctured ; the pubescence
minute, whitish; the basal segments having several brown points each
side, and usually with a series on each side of all the segments; the
lateral margins interruptedly infuscated.

The posterior femora usually have two spurs beneath, near the tip, and
two or three small teeth close to the tip. Sometimes the two longitu-
dinal nervures of the corium are interruptedly fuscous.

Length to tip of venter, 84-9 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
2-24 miliimeters. |

Specimens have been collected in Colorado, Kansas, and California.

Harmostes, Burm.

Hf. refleculus, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 10, No. 1;) 4. costa-
lis, H. Sehf., (Wanz. Ins., [X, p. 270, Fig. 992;) Hf. virescens, Dallas,
(British Museum List, II, p. 520, No. 1.)—Brought by the survey
from Colorado. The dark and also the red varieties seem to find their
fullest coloring in the region adjacent to Maryland. The western speci-
mens which I have hitherto examined have been chiefly of the pale-
green type. |

Aufeius, Stal.

A. iwmpressicollis, Stal., Kongl. Svenska Akad., vol. EX, p. 222.)—It
inhabits Dakota, Arizona, California, and Texas.

Corizus, Fallen.

1. C. borealis, Uhler, (Proc. Acad., Phila., 1861, p. 284.).—This spe-
cies 18 very variable in form and marking, and it may yet prove to
be indentical with C. punctiventris, Dallas. It closely resembles C.
crassicornis, Linn., of Hurope. Thus far it has occurred in Colorado, Ne-
braska, Canada, and Massachusetts.

AQA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

2. C. lateralis, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 320, 4.)—Obtained in
Colorado; but quite common in the States east of the Mississippi River,
and extending from British America to Florida, and west to Texas. In
common with some other species, it has a race of individuals which are
deeply suffused with red when alive.

3. C. viridicatus. New species.—Slender, form of C. truncatus, Ramb.
Pale green; front of the face rather blunt, the end of the tylus decurved ;
upper surface of the head with whitish, sericeous pubescence, scabrous,
uneven, minutely punctured; the under side obsoletely wrinkled, finely
pubescent. Antenne slender, clothed with remote long hairs; the basal
joint extending beyond the tylus, freckled with dark brown, and usually
with a short stripe on the under side; the apical joint rather slender,
hardly longer than the preceding, more or less orange, at base paler;
the second and third joints subequal, faintly streaked with brown both
above and below. Rostrum reaching not quite to the posterior cox;
the middle line and the apical joint, excepting at its base, dark piceous.
Face and cranium sometimes with a few small spots and streaks of
brown or black on the middle and near the eyes. Pronotum with long
pubescence, coarsely punctured in irregular transverse rows, the ¢eal-
losities forming a prominent ridge nearly across the entire width ; ante-
pectus and pleura uneven, a little less coarsely punctured; the meso-
and metapleurz uneven, a little more coarsely punctured ; the posterior
flap of the metapleura oblique truncated, with the upper angle rounded
at tip, and, together with the acetabular caps, minutely puncturea.
Legs greenish yellow, the femora rather robust, dotted with brown in
rows, those of the upper, inward side sometimes confluent in a large
patch ; tibie freckled with brown; at tip and the tips of each of the tar-
sal joints brownish, the nails pisceous. Scutellum uneven, irregularly,
somewhat coarsely punctured, the lateral edge recurved, the tip sunken,
and its apex almost acute. Corium hyaline, rather finely punctured,
the clavus sometimes blackish, or streaked with black; costal margin
and base broadly coriaceous; the nervures usually with a few blackish
points and streaks; membrane hyaline. Tergum black on the two or
three basal segments, very coarsely punctured at base, and a little less
coarsely on the disk; the apex with a black streak running from the
penultimate segment to the tip, narrowing posteriorly ; the antepenulti-
mate segment often with two or three black dots on the disk; connexi-
vum immaculate, minutely punctured. Venter immaculate, minutely
wrinkled and shagreened, finely pubescent. The punctuation of the
surface is sometimes brownish, either above, or both above and below.

Length, 5-6 millimeters; width across the humeri, 13-2 millimeters.

This species is quite unlike any of the others thus far discovered in
the United States, in slenderness and neatness of proportions, as well
as in the-bright freshness of its colors when recent. It inhabits Colo-
rado, Nebraska, and Dakota.

Leptocoris, Hahn.

L. trivitattus, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 332.)—A common spe-
cies in Colorado, Arizona, and California.

Jadera, Stal.
J. hematoloma, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., VIII, Fig. 873.)—No specimens

were collected by the survey, but it has been found in Arizona, Texas,
Kansas, and California.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 405

Family LyG 1p z&.

Lygeus, Fab.

1. ZL. turcicus, Fab., (Syst. Rhyng., p. 218, No. 61;) L. reclivatus, Say,
(Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 321.) —_The form described as D. rechiwatus,
Say, differs from the Fabrician only in having the two white dots on
the membrane. AS specimens with this peculiarity occasionally hatch
out of a cluster of eggs of the JL. turcicus, laid on the pink Asclepias
in Maryland, I do not hesitate to place it as a synonym of that species.
Inhabits the United States generally.

2. L. fasciatus, Dallas, (British Museum List, II, p. 538, No. 17;)
LD. aulicus, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., VI, Fig. 646.)—Collected in Ari-
zona, but common over the greater part of the United States east of
the Sierra Nevadas, and extending from Canada to Central America
and Brazil.

3. L. bistriangularis, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 14, No. 3;) L.
margmellus, Dallas, (British Museum List, II, p. 548, No. 515) L. vicinus,
Dallas, (ib., p. 549, 52.)—Inhabits Arizona, California, Texas, Mexico,
Central America, and even Venezuela. The ZL. marginellus corresponds
with the type described by Mr. Say; while the L. vicinus, Dallas, is the
more common variety, which lacks the red lateral margins to the prono-
tum. Other varieties occur which have only a spot of red on the
humeral angles; still others with simply a vestige of red on the pos-
terior edge of the pronotum.

4, L. facetus, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 13, No. 25) LZ. cirewm-
litus, Stal, (Entom. Zeit., Stettin, X XIII, p. 309.)—This pretty species
was obtained by the survey in Colorado. It inhabits, also, Texas, Cali-
fornia, Mexico, New Jersey, and Florida. Specimens from: Cape Saint
Lucas, Lower California, lack the red costal margin of the corium, and
usually the red median stripe of the pronotum. The individuals from
New Jersey exhibit among themselves a very perceptible variation in
the proportionate obliquity of the sides of the pronotum.

5. L. admirabilis. New species.—Somewhat resembling the preceding,
but with the pronotum more nearly quadrate, the sides not so oblique,
and the antenne proportionally more robust. Black, beneath grayish
sericeous pubescent; the anterior margin of the pronotum, a short
stripe on the base of the lateral margins, a short wedge-shaped streak
on the base of the median line, inner margin of the clavus slenderly,
and costal and posterior margins of the corium very broadly, red.
Head a little longer than broad, much contracted before the eyes,
minutely sericeous, grayish pubescent; antenne very stout, almost as
thick as the tylus, the basal joint extending a very little beyond the
apex of the tylus; the second joint about the same length as the fourth;
the third scarcely more than two-thirds of that length. Nostrum reach-
ing behind the posterior coxe. Pronotum remotely, minutely grayish
pubescent, having a few shallow punctures behind the transverse ridge;
the median ridge quite distinct; the humeral portion of the lateral mar-
gin thickened and elevated; sides of the antepectus with a few coarse,
shallow punctures; the punctures of the mediopectus finer, almost obso-
lete; the upper posterior angle of the metapleura a little rounded.
Hemelytra minutely sericeous pubescent; the posterior margin of the
corium arcuated, sinuated on the middle; the membrane black, nar-
rowly margined at base and ail around with white, having four longi-
tudinal nervures. Tergum red, the apical segments black; venter
minutely sericeous pubescent; the pubescence on the posterior margin
of the two apical segments longer.

AQ6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Length to tip of venter, 44-5 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
12 millimeters.

“Captured in Colorado.

6. L. bicrucis, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 322, No. 3.)—No speci-
mens of this species were captured hy the survey; but it inhabits a
part of the territory passed over in Western Kansas, and is found also
in New Mexico, Nevada, California, Texas, Florida, Maryland, and
extends south into Mexico.

Nysius, Dallas..

1. N. Californicus, Stal., (Eugenies Resa omkring jorden, p. 242.)—
Obtained in Colorado; it inhabits also Dakota, Arizona, and Texas,
and one specimen has been collected by myself in Maryland, a few miles
southwest of Baltimore.

2. N. angustatus. New species.—Dark gray, more slender than N. thymi,
Wolff. Head moderately long, very minutely sericeous pubescent; the
superior orbit of the eyes smooth, pale testaceous; the surface with
coarse, partly confluent, brassy-black punctures; the median line of the
tylus pale testaceous, its side brassy black; under side of head pale testa-
ceous, blackish near the buccule, with remote coarse black punctures on
the middle, and some finer ones around the base of the antenne, and with
a patch of fine black punctures posteriorly beneath the eye. Buccule
smooth, pale testaceous; the rostrum piceous, reaching to the posterior
coxe. Antenne moderately slender, the torulus testaceous, excepting
only its base; basal joint testaceous, paler beneath; the tip and several
dots on the upper side fuscous, the inner line dark piceous; remaining
joints piceous, paler, and more rufescent beneath; the apical joint
darker, not quite as long as the second; the second joint about one-
fourth longer than the third. Pronotum narrowing anteriorly; the
sides sinuated; surface pale testaceous, sericeous pubescent, coarsely
punctured with brassy black in irregular, transverse rows; the callosi-
ties and surface before them blackish, more closely punctured, the ante-
rior and posterior margins slenderly; the median line at base and the
outside of the elevated humeri smooth, pale testaceous ; pectoral surface
sericeous pubescent, irregularly punctured with brassy black; the
acetabular caps, gular collum, a broad stripe on the metapleura between
two blackish ones, and the surface adjacent to the posterior cox pale
testaceous. Legs testaceous; the femora with large brown dots; the
tibiz striped with brown, and somewhat brown at base and tip; tarsi
brown on the apices of all the joints; the nails piceous. Scutellum pale
testaceous, sericeous pubescent, having a few coarse black punctures ;
the median carina dark piceous, and the surface next to the tip blackish.
Hemelytra very pale testaceous, very minutely punctured, sericeous
pubescent; the posterior margin of the clavus and the nervures marked
with interrupted brown streaks; costal margin slenderly ; the outer end
of the posterior margin of the corium and a streak on its middle, which
bends abruptly inward and runs longitudinally about one-third way
forward, brown; membrane very faintly brownish, marked with a few
brown clouds. Tergum piceous-black; the incisures of the segments, the
sides of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments, and a spot each side of the
terminal segment rufo-testaceous; connexivum margined with, and at
the incisures spotied with, testaceous. Venter griseous, minutely, uni-
formly sericeous pubescent ; the second and third segments with a trans-
verse series of a few very black points; the disk of the fifth and base of
disk of the sixth segment yellow, with an interrupted black stripe on

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 407

the middle; the sides of these segments and of the one next in front
have a very black line, which is interrupted at the incisures, (sometimes
this line runs along the whole length of the venter, continuous with that
on the metapleura;) the apical segment more or less yellow each side;
the lateral margins yellowish, and the submargin with short, black, re-
ote lines, and with similar oblique: ones, lower down, on the sides of
three or four basal segments; male. The female is paler, with the mid-
dle joints of the antenne pale rufous, excepting at base and tip, with
the venter pale testaceous, and the base and a lateral, broad, and an-
other narrower viita, blackish.

Length to tip of venter, 4-5 millimeters. Width across the humerti,
14 millimeters. Brought from Colorado; it inhabits also Dakota and
Canada.

The pronotum is about one-fifth wider than long, and the metapleura
is very remotely, shallowly punctured, and often rufo-flavous, particu-
larly in the females.

Ophthalmicus, Schill.

O. piceus, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 18, No. 1.)—Obtained in
Colorado; but is quite a common insect in the Atlantic region.

Hmblethis, Fieb.

H. arenarius, Linn., (Fauna Suecica, p. 955.)—Obtained at Cheyenne,
in August. The specimens from our Western Territories seem to cor-
respond very closely with those of HMurope.

ERhyparochromus, Curtis.

hk. fallax, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 17, No. 6.)—Brought
from Colorado and Montana; but quite common in linois, New Eng-
land, Canada, British Columbia, and even in California.

Plociomerus, Amyot et Serv.

P. diffusus, Ubler, (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 9.)—Col-
lected in Colorado. It is widely diffused in the Western United States,
and extends as far east as Maryland.

Hereus, Stal.

H. msignis. New species.—Similar in form to Araphe Carolina, H.
Schf. Shining black, or with the head, thorax, and legs pale rufo-piceous.
Anterior lobe of the pronotum very high and convex. Head longer
than wide, subconical, very convex above, minutely granulated, pubes-
cent, and with a few erect, long hairs. Rostrum extending upon the
intermediate cox, piceo-rufous, with the third and fourth joints
blackish piceous. Antenne fulvous, or rufo-flavous; the fourth joint
and apex of the third blackish, these two subequal in length; the
second joint much the longest; the basal one extending a little beyond
the tip of the tylus, armed beneath with a few long bristly hairs. Pro-
notum polished, the anterior lobe almost spheero-convex, very minutely
scabrous, and with a few erect long hairs; against the collum is a trans-
verse, impressed, punctured line; the posterior lobe abruptly slanting
anteriorly, remotely, coarsely punctured with black on a pale piceous.

408 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ground ; the incisure dividing the lobes very deep ; humeri tumidly pro-
minent; under side of the collum coarsely punctured; the pleura min-
utely roughened ; the acetabular caps, anterior margin of collum, and
posterior “margin of the metapleura white. Legs piceous; the tibize
usually paler, with the anterior femora stout, and armed beneath with
about four short spines, and along the whole length with remote, long
hairs. Scutellum piceous or rufo-piceous, long and very acute, remotely
punctured. Hemelytra pale testaceous, punctured with blackish, in
longitudinal series; a large black spot occupies from the middle to the
tip, with a subtriangular, testaceous spot thereon near the tip; the
costal and posterior margins of the corium pale testaceous; disk of the
clavus more or less black; the membrane dusky; wings white. Ter-
gum black, or with piceous at base; venter black, finely sericeous
‘pubescent; the second segment has a minute, geminate tubercle each
side of the middle, in both sexes.

Length to tip of venter, 5-6 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
1-1} millimeters.

Inhabits Ogden, Utah; Colorado; Canada; and Minnesota. It varies
greatly in the length of the hemely tra, which are either much shorter

or somewhat longer than the abdomen. The head is not wider than .

long, as Dr. Herrich-Schiffer describes his Araphe to be; but in most
other respects our insect seems to be near that genus.

Plociomerus, Amyot et Serv.

P. diffusus, Uhler, (Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 9, No.
2.)\—Collected in Colorado by the survey; but it is quite common in the
Eastern United States and Canada. In Maryland and Massachusetts,
I have found it on low spots in grassy meadows. :

Family LARGIDA.
Largus, Hahn.

I. succinctus, Linn., (Cent. Insect. Rariorum, p. 17, No. 44.)—Brought
from Colorado by the survey. It inhabits all the Atlantie region, from
New Jersey to Florida, and extends westwardly through Texas and
Indian Territory, as far as into Arizona.

Family PHyTOCORIDZ.
Megalocerea, Fieb.

1. M. debilis. New species.—Yellowish or greenish-white, polished.
Head impunctured, the middle line incised, each side with a black line
running from before the torulus to the base, and continued on the prono-
tum to its base; eyes brown, tylus sometimes black anteriorly; antennee
long, the basal joint blackish, bald, sometimes paler inwardly, a little
stouter than the second, about as long as the pronotum; the second
piceous, about as long as the head, pronotum and scutellum united;
the third a little paler, abruptly more slender, about two-thirds as long
as the second; fourth hardly as long as the basal joint. Sometimes the
antenne are orange-yellow, excepting the first joint and base of the sec-
ond. Rostrum reaching to the venter, the tip piceous. Pronotum
irregularly, remotely, somewhat coarsely punctured, the lateral carinate
edge smooth, as is also the median line; propleura roughly punctured,
usually havi ing a broad, black stripe which runs back, more slenderly,
to the end of the venter. Mesosternum and cox more or less orange.

~~

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 409

Legs pale greenish, more or less embrowned on the tarsal joints and tip
of the: tibiz ; the femora with impressed, sometimes brownish, points in
Series. Scutellum yellow, margined at base with black, minutely trans-
versely wrinkled, having a few obsolete punctures. Hemelytra longer
than the abdomen ; the corium pale yellowish, or with the disk dusky
and the margins yellowish ; membrane whitish, with the nervale brown-
ish. Abdomen pale yellowish, the disk of the tergum more or less
brownish, or sometimes with black bands on the segments ; venter usu-
aliy having the lateral black lines very distinct.

Length to tip of venter, 5-6 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
13 millimeters.

Inhabits Berthoud Pass and other parts of Colorado; also Montana,
Cheyenne, &c.

2. M. rubicunda. New species.—Form similar to M. debilis; rosy or
crimson-red. Head bald, pale, rosy, or yellowish, with a black dot
each side of the middle, between the eyes, and a broad, black stripe
each side, invaded by the éyes, which, running forward, curves down-
ward at the antenne and covers the tylus; throat blackish. Antenne
black, slender; the second joint a little longer than the head pronotum
and scutellum united, basal and apical joints subequal; the third joint a
little longer than the fourth. Rostrum pale yellow, reaching to the
third ventral segment; the apical joint piceous, excepting at the base.
_Pronotum testaceous, tinged with rosy, irregularly punctured with

black; the middle line and sides pale; each side, near the anterior an-
gles, with a subquadrate black spot; the lateral margins feebly sinuated,
and the posterior angles broadly rounded. Pectus yellow, with rosy
nebule; the propleura remotely punctured and with a black spot ante-
riorly; meso- and metapleurze each with a large, long, black spot;
sternum, and sometimes a spot near the base of the coxe, black. Legs
pale yellow, the femora dotted with dark brown, and with the spines
and tip of tibia piceous; tarsi dark piceous. Scutellum rosy, yellow at
tip, black at base, and with a red stripe along the middle. Hemelytra
rosy, obsoletely scabrous, remotely punctured, and with a few lines of
punctures near the sutures; the margins of corium and clavus and the
longitudidal nervures yellowish; membrane pale brown; the nervule
yellow, or sometimes reddish at base; wings faintly brown. ‘Tergum
more or less blackish, at base reddish, and with the apical segment
yellow, except at the base; the connexivum yellow, defined inwardly by
a dark line; venter yellow, rosy on the sides, and with a red line along
the middle; the inferior connexivum yellow, bounded on the inner side
by a line ‘of interrupted, impressed, slightly oblique, black streaks.
Bases of venter and anal segment sometimes blackish.

Length to tip of venter, 44-5 millimeters; width across the humeri,
13-13 millimeters.

Brought from Colorado. The amount of black on the head, &c., varies
very considerably.

Trigonotylus, Fieber.

T. ruficornis, Fallen; Herrich-Schf., (Wanz. Ins., II, p. 119, Fig. 200.)—
Obtained at Snake River, Idaho, and Colorado. It extends east as far
as Maryland and Massachusetts. In the latter State it abounds upon
the salt-marshes near the coast.

Leptopterna, Vieber.

L. amena, New species.—Robust, pale yellowish; head and antenna:
stouter than in L. dolobrata, Linn., with the pronotum long, and narrower

410 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

behind than in that species. Head yellowish, pubescent, indented
posteriorly, having a A-shaped black mark between the eyes, the tip of
tylus, a spot behind the eyes, a partial circle around the eyes, and a
few dots on the gene, black. Antennz fulvous, densely beset with
blackish, erect, stiif pile; the basal joint very thick, a little longer than
the pronotum; second joint a little more slender, tapering toward the
tip, as long as the distance from the tip of head to the second ventral
segment; third joint slender, a little longer than the basal one; apical
joint still more slender, less than one-half the length of the third.
Rostrum reaching to the posterior cox, pale yellow; the apical joint
piceous, excepting only at base. Pronotum not much widened pos-
teriorly; yellowish, with a dark line each side, and black spot; the
lateral margins narrowly reflexed, faintly sinuated; the surface having
three or four transverse, impressed lines, and behind the collum with
an obsolete, collar-like ridge. Pectus yellow, a pale-brown stripe on
the propleura, and a few brown marks on the middle and posterior areas
and coxe. Legs lost from the specimens. Scutellum yellow, with a
triangular black mark each side near the base. Hemelytra shorter
than the abdomen, yellow, with a long, large, dusky cloud on the disk;
membrane whitish, with the nervule dusky. Tergum more or less
saturated with reddish or brown on the sides of the segments; venter
yellow, pubescent, with pale-brown spots each side, which include an
impressed, short, black line on each of the segments, excepting the anal
one. 9
Length to tip of venter, 8 millimeters; width across the humeri, 15-12
millimeters. .

Inhabits the vicinity of Snake River, Idaho. A poor specimen from
Dakota, in my own collection, has much shorter hemelytra than that
brought home by the survey.

Calocoris, Fieber.

1. C. rapidus, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 20, No. 4;) Capsus
multicolor, H. Schf., (Wanz. Ins. VIII, p. 19, Fig. 795.)—Brought from
Colorado. The reddish variety extends as far west as San Francisco.
Western specimens exhibit much difference in colors and pattern of
marking; while in several parts of the Atlantic region a singularly
exact uniformity of color prevails.

2. C. Palmeri. New species.—Form similar to C. bipunctatus, Fab.
Bright, deep yellow, polished. Head smooth, impunctured, clothed
with long, remote hairs, the vertex having a broad, rounded indenta-
tion, and the cranium exhibiting traces of oblique striz each side, run-
ning from a central line; eyes brown, with the orbits more or less yel-
low; the occiput, throat, tylus, antenne and rostrum black; or with
the cranium and face black, excepting only the cheeks and a spot on ,
the middle. Antenne as long as from the tylus to the tip of cuneus;
the second joint as long as the pronotum and scutellum united, cylin-
drical, a very little more slender at base than tip; the third and fourth
joints together about two-thirds the length of the second; the third a
little longer than the fourth, both slenderly tapering to the tip; ros-
trum reaching to behind the posterior coxe; the second and fourth
joints longer than the basal one, subequal in length; the third very
much shorter than the basal one. Pronotum moderately convex,
coarsely, obsoletely punctured, with remote, erect hairs; sides oblique,
straight; the disk with two round black dots, or with an irregularly
subquadrate spot on the middle, or with a transverse spot in front

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. All

and behind, connected by longitudinal stripes. Propleura coarsely
punetured, yellow, with a long black spot; the posterior pieces and
cox more or less black. Legs yellow; the knees, base and tip of
tibee and tarsi all over black. Scutellum yellow or black, transversely .
wrinkled. Hemelytra yellow, rather coarsely, closely punctured, and
transversely wrinkled; the inner margin of the cuneus, and a more or
less large spot near the end of the corium, black; membrane almost
black ; the nervule deep black. Venter black, or pale yellow, with the
margins of the segments white, pubescent; ovipositor black.

Length to tip of venter, 5-6 millimeters; width across the humeri,
23-3 millimeters.

It inhabits Arizona, and was obtained by Dr. E. Palmer, to whom the
species is respectfully dedicated.

Resthenia, Amyot et Serv.

1. FR. insignis, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 22, No. 12.)—Collected
in Colorado; but it occurs also in New England, Illinois, and in the
Middle States. The species is very unstable in colors and pattern of
marking, varying from red with black spots to almost uniform biack.

2. RK. confraterna. New species.—Form similar to RP. insitiva, Say, but
with the pronotum a little narrower and longer; prevailing color black,
opaque. Head convex, blood-red, with a large, more or less rounded,
spot on the disk ; a small spot at tip of the inferior gena, and the sur-
face cf the tylus black; rostrum reaching to the venter, piceous or
blackish. Antenne black, pubescent, about as long as the hemelytra,
slenderly tapering to the tip; the apical joint longer than the basal one,
but much shorter than the third; second as long as the pronotum and
scutellum united. Pronotum crimson-red, one-third wider than long,
having a blackish, broad stripe along the disk, widened posteriorly, or
with a large rounded spot from the base to before the middle. Pectus
red; the sternum and trochanters dusky; legs blackish; the cox yel-
lowish. Scutellum black, or reddish only at base. Hemelytra entirely
black, longer than the abdomen. Venter red, pubescent ; usually more
or less dusky on the disk.

Length to tip of venter, 6-64 millimeters; width across the humeri,
23 millimeters.

Inhabits Colorado, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
The collum of the pronotum is broad, as in KR. insitiva, Say.

Lopidea, Uhler.

Elongate-oval, the sides of hemelytra parallel. Head vertical, from
the front to the occiput short; face transverse, fully twice as broad as
long, the front raised on the middle, the sides near the eyes correspond-
ingly depressed; eyes subhemispherical, prominent; occiput transversely
impressed, the carina higher in the middle; antenne placed just below
the line of the eyes, in length almost equal to the pronotum and hem-
elytra united ; the basal joint about equal to the breadth between the eyes;
second joint three times as long as the first; third about two-thirds the
length of the second; tylus vertical above, then curving inward below ;
the superior cheeks small, elongate-quadrate; rostrum reaching to the
intermediate coxse, basal and second joints about equal in length, third
shorter than the second, the apical one subequal to the preceding.
Pronotum trapezoidal, about one-half wider than long; the lateral edges
carinately elevated; the middle of posterior margin sinuated, deflexed ;

412 = GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

callosities oval, placed obliquely. Suture between corium and cuneus
externally deeply notched; areole of the membrane obliquely narrowed
toward the outer end.

L. media, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 22, No. 11;) Capsus Robi-
nie, Uhiler, (Proc. Ent. Soce., vol. I, p. 24.)—This species seems to inhabit
almost the whole territory of the United States. The present specimens
came from Cheyenne, and were collected in August, 1870. The yellow
variety, named C. Robinie, dwells upon ‘Robinia; pseudacacia.

Hadronema. Uhler.

Aspect of Lopus: cranium somewhat convex, face almost vertical ;
eyes prominent, oval, almost vertical; occiput with a high, transverse
carina between the eyes; tylus a little prominent, narrowing toward
the tip; cheeks short and blunt; buccule narrow, shorter than the
basal joint of the rostrum; that ‘joint subcylindrical, robust, a little
longer than the head. Antenne short, about as long as the corium
and cuneus united, stout; the third and fourth joints of nearly equal
thickness, not tapering to a setaceous termination; the latter less than
one-half the length of the preceding. Pronotum trapezoidal; the angles
rounded; the collum forming an obtuse, narrow collar, and behind
it is an ’arcuated carina abbrevi ated a little way from the lateral mar-
gins ; the lateral edges prominently carinated. Costal margins of the
hemely tra almost straight, parallel.

H. militaris. New species.—Black, dull, more or less tinged with cine-
reous. Head broad, dull black, havin: g¢ a few stiff hairs on the vertex, and
with yellowish pubescence about the tip of the tylus; bucculz yellow;
rostrum and antenne black, the former reaching to the intermediate
cox; antenne sparingly setzlose; the joints closely united; the basal
joint short, reaching a little way beyond the head; second longest, not
quite as stout as the basal, and more than twice as long; third joint a
very little more slender than the second and about one- fourth shorter ;
the apical one a little more slender, but not setaceous, a little longer than
the basal; these two last densely covered with golden-yellow pubescence.
Pronotum rather flat, yellowish-red, the anterior lobe black, and some-
times that color extends backward on the middle, invested with black,
remote, bristly hairs; the posterior lobe coarsely, transversely rugose,
the carinated lateral ‘edge a little sinuated; the anterior angles rounded
and posterior ones more » broadly so, and having the edgea little raised ;
propleura red posteriorly, smooth; the remainder of the pectus, and
the legs, bluish-black, the latter with yellowish pubescence; posterior
femora with a row of obsolete blacker points. Scutellum a little scooped
out upon the middle. Corium black, the costal margin broadly yellowish-
white, invested with remote erect ‘setae ; the cuneus yellow, except on
the inner part of base; membrane pale fuscous, with the nervule black.
Abdomen dull bluish-black, invested with yellowish, minute pubescence;
the upper margins broadly red on the middle, more narrowly so at tip.

Length to tip of venter, 34-5 millimeters. Width across the humeri,

13-13 millimeters.

Inhabits Colorado; Ogden, Utah; California; also found at Cheyenne,
in June, 1869.

The specimens vary in the width of the pale margin of the hemelytra
and in the extent of black on the pronotum. The base of the corium is
sometimes entirely whitish.

*GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 413
Lygus, Haha.

1. LZ. lineolaris, Palisot.de Beauv., (Ins. Afr. et Amer., p. 187, pl. xi,
Fig.7.) Capsus oblineatus, Say, (Heteropt., New Harmony, p. 21, No. 7.)—
Obtained in Colorado. It inhabits almost the whole territory of the
United States, and is common in Canada and British America. The speci-
mens from the western sections exhibit a number of dark varieties thus
far not met with on the Atlantic slope of the continent. This species
includes the two extreme races to which I had provisionally given the
names L. redimitus and L. diffusus; but these names must be dropped,
as thus they do not belong to true species. A specimen was collected
at Cheyenne in August, 1870.

2. L. annexus. New species.—Closely allied to the preceding species,
but having the pronotum longer and narrower and the punctures closer
and finer. Tusco-griseous, or grayish-testaceous, sericeous pubescent.
Head minutely, sparingly punctured, indented on the middle of the
vertex; testaceous, with the tylus and each side of face piceous, or
piceous with a median yellow stripe and with marks of yellow each side of
the tylus; occiput with a transverse carina. Antenne slender, piceous,
or black, or even pale rufo-piceous, with the ends of the joints darker,
the apical joint much shorter than the preceding one. Rostrum reach-
ing tothe posterior coxe, testaceous, with a black apex. Pronotum
blackish-piceous, or grayish-testaceous, coarsely rugose, closely and
somewhat finely punctured between the ruge; the lateral margins feebly
sinuated; the posterior margin arcuated, testaceous; callosities smooth,
prominent; the collum distinctly defined, testaceous. Propleura piceous,
rugose, and closely punctured; the inferior margin pale yellow; pectus,
coxe, and base of femora pale yellow; the upper part of pleure having
a broad black stripe, which is continued along the venter to the tip.
Femora dusky or piceous at tip; the tibiz more or less suffused with
pale piceous; the tarsiand nails dark piceous. Scutellum rufo-piceous,
piceous, or grayish, densely yellowish pubescent, transversely wrinkled,
and having only a very few obsolete punctures; the tip smooth, pale
yellow. Hemelytra very minutely scabrous, obsoletely punctured,
closely yellowish pubescent; the costal margin straight, color brownish,
piceous, or testaceous, clouded with brown on the disk and clavus; the
inner apex of the corium having a thickened, short, linear, whitish mar-
gin; cuneus long, testaceous, with a dusky tip, sometimes suffused with
rufous; membrane very long, smoke-brown, with the nervule pale testa-
ceous. Venter testaceous, smooth, shining, closely pubescent, the last
segment more or less piceous. Sometimes all beneath, except the prop-
leura, is pale testaceous. ¢ 9. |

Length to tip of venter, 45-5 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
13-2 millimeters.

Collected in Colorado.

, Dacota, Ubler.

Allied to Polymerus, Fieber. Form long-ovate; head declining ante-
riorly, longer than wide, and together with the eyes only a little wider
than the front of the pronotum; the tylus narrowing almost to an acute
tip; eyes large, oval, almost vertical; the superior cheeks with a recurved
lower margin; bucculz forming a narrow strip along the anterior half
of the gula. Apical joint of rostrum long and very slender; antennz
as long as the thorax and abdomen united; the first joint longer than
the head, constricted at base; the second about tkree times the length

/ .
A414 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of the first, obfusiform; the apical joints abruptly more slender. Pro-
notum trapezoidal, fully twice as wide as long; the osteolar orifice large;
the scale in which it is inserted is subpyriform in outline. Hemelytra
wider posteriorly ; the costal margins arcuated and the edge elevated.

D. hesperia. New species.—Long-ovate, dull black, invested all over
with gray, prostrate pubescence. Head long, without the eyes very
much narrower than the front of pronotum, obsoletely, minutely
wrinkled; the face slanting downward, moderately convex; the occiput
having a feeble and very slender carina across its width; eyes brown;
antenne black; the basal joint about one-third the length of the second;
the second a little longer than the head and pronotum united, gradually
thickened from the middle to the tip; the third and fourth much more
slender; the third about one-half the length of the second; the fourth
hardly more than one-half that of the third. Rostrum yellowish-piceous,
reaching behind the posterior coxe; the apical joint very slender and
much longer than the third joint; buccule yellowish. Pronotum a little
transverse, moderately convex; the sides oblique, not carinated, a little
arcuated ; the surface minutely wrinkled, densely coated with grayish
pubescence; the callosities a little convex, defined posteriorly by an
impressed line; anterior margin almost straight, fitting very closely
against the head, with a feebly defined collum; posterior angles
rounded; the posterior margin a little sinuated. Propleura wrinkled,
and, together with the rest of the pectus, densely grayish pubescent.
Legs lurid rufous, minutely pubescent; the coxe, tarsi, and tip of tibee
blackish. Scutellum transversely wrinkled, very slightly convex.
Hemelytra almost flat, densely scabrous, closely grayish pubescent; the
costal margin much elevated, arcuated; the clavus large and wide; mem-
brane blackish. Venter black, polished, minutely sericeous pubescent.

Length to tip of venter, 44 millimeters. Width across the humeri, 2
millimeters. ;

Inhabits Colorado and Dakota.

Peciloscytus, Fieber.

1. P. venaticus. New species.—Rather less robust than Charagochilus
Gyllenhali, Fieber. Dull black, closely, minutely, yellowish pubescent.
Head black, densely pubescent, face moderately convex; the cranium
with a yellow spot against each eye; occipital carina slender, sharp.
Antenne black, stout, the basal joint extending a little beyond the tip
of tylus; second joint a little stouter at tip, about as long as the prono-
tum and scutellum united; the third joint abruptly more slender, about
the same length as the basal one; the apical joint subequal to the pre-
ceding, and a very little more slender. Pronotum moderately convex,
black, minutely, closely punctured, and obsoletely wrinkled, coated with
sparse, yellowish pubescence, a little depressed between the callosities;
the posterior margin arcuated; the edge yellow; lateral margin oblique,
straight. Pectus black, pubescent, with the posterior and inferior
margins slenderly yellow. Legs black, minutely pubescent ; the coxe,
base of femora, and basal and middle joint of tarsi yellow. Scutellam
a little convex, minutely, transversely wrinkled, coated with yellowish
pubescence. Hemelytra longest in the male, black, yellowish pubescent,
minutely scabrous, closely punctured; the cuneus, and sometimes the
costal margin, red or yellow; the membrane blackish, with the nervule
more or less yellow. Abdomen black, sericeous pubescent; the posterior
edges of the segments sometimes whitish.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A15

Length to tip of venter, 34-5 millimeters; width across the humeri,
2-24 millimeters.

Brought from Colorado by the survey ; but specimens have been col-
lected aiso in California, Illinois, and Massachusetts.

2. P. diffusus. New species.—More slender than P. venaticus. Black,
densely coated all over with prostrate, whitish pubescence. Cranium
very convex, with a spot against each eye; the upper cheek and bue-
cule yellow; antennz black, slender, reaching a little behind the mid-
dle of the corium; second joint cylindrical, longer than the third and
fourth united; the third and fourth more slender, subequal. Rostrum
reaching to behind the intermediate cox, piceous, with the basal joint
yellow. Pronotum minutely rugulose, convex, margined on the sides
and behind with yellow; the posterior angles widely rounded. Pectus
yellow, sericeous pubescent, black on the upper part of the disk of the
pleural segments; coxe yellow. (Legs lost from the specimens.) Scu-
tellum with a yellow tip; hemelytra broadly margined with pale yel-
low; the cuneus either yellow, or with a dusky disk ; the thickened,
line- like, inner margin of the apex of corium yellow ; inembrane dusky ;
the nervule yellowish. Abdomen all over black, or with the venter
yellow, and having the disk and broad lateral stripe black.

Length to tip of venter, 3-4 millimeters; width across the humeri,
13-2 millimeters.

Brought from Ogden, Utah, by the survey. The male is much longer
and more slender than the female, and has the hemelytra very much
longer than the abdomen.

Khopalotomus, Fieber.

1. &. Pacificus. New species.—Hlongated, black, shining, grayish seri-
ceous pubescent. Face very convex, densely pubescent; the sides with
a small foveain front of the eyes; the occiput tranversely tumid, scabrous;
eyes brown, very prominent, their posterior orbits encircled with yel-
low; margin and tip of the tylus, lower end of the upper cheeks, upper
margin and tip of the lower cheeks, torulus and base of the second joint
of the antenne, and inner portion of the basal joint of rostrum orange.
Antenne black, bald, long, reaching beyond the tip of the corium, slen-
derly tapering to the tip; the basal joint a little curved, longer than
the head; second joint longest, longer than the head and pronotum
united ; third a little less than one-half as long as the second; the fourth
considerably shorter than the third. Rostrum more or less yellow,
reaching beyond the intermediate coxe; the labrum and outer surface
piceous, and the apex blackish- piceous. Pronotum long and narrow,
transversely wrinkled, scabrous; the sides sinuated; the collum slen-
derly carinated, and the humeral angles a little arcuated. Pectus dull
black ; the propleura scabrous ; all the pieces, except the posterior one,
murgined below and behind with yellow; coxal ends and the osteolar
segment also pale yellow. Scutellum scabrous, transversely wrinkled,
sparsely pubescent. Hemelytra roughly shagreened, sparingly pubes:
cent; the thick nervure brown at the extreme base ; membrane pale
brown ; ; the nervule sometimes fulvous. Venter dull black, tinged with
cinereous; the superior connexivum shagreened, mar gined with dull
yellow. ¢Q.

Length to tip of venter, 5-6 millimeters; width across the humeri, 2
millimeters.

The legs are usually yellowish, the femora striped and sparingly
spotted with black, the knees and tip of tibize and the tarsi blackish.

416 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

It inhabits Montana,’ and near Snake River, in Idaho. Several speci-
mens have also been collected in California.

2. R. brachycerus. New species.—Shorter and more robust than R.
Pacificus. Shining black, clothed with longer pubescence, which is
dense and erect on the head. Head not so long as in R. Pacijficus; the
surface scabrous; the cranium a little depressed, and with a shallow,
longitudinal groove on the middle; the anterior margin of the lower
cheeks yellowish; eyes brown; the posterior lobe of the eyes black,
encircled with yellow ; antenne black, not reaching quite as far as to
the base of cuneus; the torulus yellow at base; second joint but little
more slender than the basal one, about as long as the pronotum; third
and fourth joints subequal; rostrum reaching upon the posterior coxe,
yellowish; the fourth joint and base of the third piceous; third joint
very short, but little more than one-half the length of the fourth.
Pronotum ‘short and wide, coarsely scabrous. densely punctured and
wrinkled, having close, long pubescence ; the lateral margins broadly
sinuated : callosities distinctly elevated, excavated anteriorly ; humeri
a little prominent; the margin exterior to them rather broadly rounded.
Seutellum coarsely wrinkled, very sparingly punctured ; apical half of
coxe and lower margins of the pleural segments yellowish white; pro-
pleura very coarsely, roughly punctured. (Legs lost from the speci-
mens.) Hemelytra longer than the abdomen, scabrous, closely punc-
_ tured; the pubescence moderately dense, long, prostrate; cuneus much
shorter than in &. Pacificus ; membrane brown, or blackish fuliginous ;
the nervule black. Venter highly polished, very minutely, obsoletely
wrinkled, sparingly pubescent.

Length to tip of venter, 43-5 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
2-24 millimeters.

Inhabits Weld County, Colorado. A closely related, if not identical,
species is found on the island of Santa Cruz, California.

Labops, Burm.

L. hesperius. New species.—Black, opaque. Head bluntly triangular,
much stouter than in L. Sahlbergi, Fallen; the face yellow, shining, hay-
inga large, irregular, black circle on the middle, which throws off a branch
posteriorly and another toward each eye; the throat, tylus, and ends of
cheeks also black. Eyes stouter and, together with the peduncle, shorter
and less prominent than in L. Sahlber. ‘gi. Antenne black, slender, almost
setaceous at tip; the second joint a little longer than the third and
fourth united; third and fourth subequal in length, the former tapering
toward the tip; ; rostrum reaching to the posterior COX®, blackish-piceous,
the basal joint more or less yellow. Pronotum transversely wrinkled,
invested with grayish, prostrate pubescence, and laterally with erect
hairs; the anterior side a little narrower than the space between the
eyes; lateral margins slightly sinuated; the callosities elevated, smooth;
behind them is a transverse, impressed line. Pectus with grayish
pubescence; the inferior margins of the pleural pieces yellowish. Legs
black; the. apex of the femora and base and apex of the cox orange-
yellow. Scutellum and hemelytra with grayish, prostrate pubescence ;
the corium arcuated and gradually widened posteriorly ; the exterior
margin of corium and cuneus pale yellow ; membrane smoke-brown, with
the nervule black. Abdomen densely sericeous pubescent, with the
surface next the ovipositor more or less yellowish; the posterior seg-
ments more or less hairy.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AT?

Length to tip of venter, 53-5 millimeters. Width across the humeri,
13-13 millimeters. :

Brought from Colorado and Montana. Specimens were collected by
Robert Kennicott in the vicinity of Lake Winnepeg and near Great
Bear Lake, in British America.

Camptobrochis, Fieber.

C. nebulosus. New species.—l’orm and general appearance of C. punc-
tulatus, Fallen. Pale olivaceo-testaceous, ovate, robust, polished, coarsely
punctured. Head black, polished, impunctured; the transverse groove
in front of the basal carina deep; the carina, a streak adjoining each
eye, a short one on the middle of the face, another on the tylus, and one
each side of it pale yellow ; antennz with short, hoary pubescence; the
basal joint black, polished; the second piceous yellow, obscured at base
and tip; third and fourth obscurely piceous yellow; buccule and sete
yellow; the rostral sheath more or less piceous, paler on the basal joint.
Pronotum grayish-testaceous, regularly convex, with deep, remote,
black punctures, which are confluent near the sides; a large black cloud
on the disk, and several vestiges about the sides and near the posterior
margin; callosities black, smooth, very slightly elevated ; collum, lateral
carine, and posterior edge yellow; the lateral margins sinuated, de-
flexed, carinate on the edge; posterior margin broadly rounded; feebly
sinuated on the middle and also adjoining the humeri; the humeral
angles a little raised, broadly rounded; anterior angles almost rectan-
gular; pleurse black margined, with yellowish, and together with the
anterior xyphus deeply, confluently punctured. Sternum dull black,
posteriorly margined with yellow; the odoriferous glands pale yellow.
Femora black, remotely whitish pubescent, obsoletely punctured, at tip
pale yellow; the knees with a black spot, tibiae pale yellow, with two
picecus-black rings a short distance below the knees and another at .
tip; tarsi pale yellow, more or less piceous at base and tip; the
nails blackish. Scutellum blackish-piceous, confluently punctured,
except at tip; each side of the base and on the apex is an ivory- yellowish
spot. Hemelytra olive-testaceous, remotely “snared with brown; the
costal edge, base, tip exteriorly, several large and occasionally coalescing
spots beyond the middle and base, in terior ed ge and apex of the clavus and
interior corner and apex of the cuneus dark brown; cuneus broad, short,
acute, sharply incised at base; membrane transparent ; the nervures of
the areole, the middle of their margin, a small spot beyond, and a vestige
at base brown. Venter black, polished, remotely, minutely yellowish
pubescent, finely, remotely, obsoletely punctured ; genital pieces of the
female piceous.

Length, 33-4 millimeters. Width across the humeri, 15 millimeters.

Tinicephalus, Fieber.

T. simplex, new species.—Pale green, opaque, rather robust, minutely,
densely pubescent. Head broad and short; cranium convex ; the base
of tylus and each side of middle dusky ; antennas piceous; the basal
joint blackish ; second joint slender, of uniform thickness throughout,
length equal to that of the pronotum and scutellum united ; third joint
about two-thirds the length of the second, and about twice the length of
the apical joint; the two last gradually tapering to the tip; rostrum
reaching to the intermediate coxa, the tip piceous. Pronotum trape-
zoidal, transverse, impunctured ; the callosities covered by a blackish,

27G8

418 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

transverse stripe ; lateral margins regularly curving toward the head.
Legs pale greenish, or with dark tips to the tibiz and tarsal joints.
Scutellum yellow in some specimens. Hemelytra with longer, erect
hairs about the base and costal margin; the membrane brown, with the
costal nervule black. Tergum black, with the connexivum and apex of
the anal segment green; venter yellowish, densely whitish sericeous ;
pubescent.

Length to tip of venter, 3 millimeters; width across the humeri, 13
millimeters.
_ Collected in Colorado.

Plagiognathus, Fieber.

P. obscurus, new species.—Elongate aval, duli black or fuscous, clothed
with yellowish pubescence. Head black, or blackish piceous, the occi-
pital ridge pale; face moderately couvex, obliquely inclining, smooth,
sparingly pubescent; tylus abruptly prominent, black; cheeks black;
the gula black; buccule margined with yellow ; labrum andsete yellow;
the rostrum yellow or pale piceous, shining, reaching a little beyond the
posterior coxe ; the basal joint black, a little longer than the head; an-
tenn black, or blackish fuscous, minutely hairy; basal joint yellow at
tip; the third and fourth joints paler than the others. Pronotum
broader than long, polished, obsoletely wrinkled, slightly more closely
pubescent in the males than in the females; humeral angles a little
prominent, subacute; posterior margin regularly bowed, the edge de.
flexed; lateral margins oblique, hardly sinuated; the sides steeply de-
clining, with the carinate edge blunt; anterior submargin collar-like,
sinuated in the middle ; the callosities very slightly elevated, broad and
long, coalescing inwardly. Pectus piceous or black, bald, shining;
edges of the anterior acetabule and xyphus, meso-pleural piece, tegula,
and surface adjacent to the posterior acetabule more or less yellow:
legs, including the coxe, bright yellow, sometimes tinged with piceous;
the anterior and intermediate femora slightly sprinkled with brown near
the tip, and on the inner and outer surfaces with a few brown dots;
knees with a black dot; tarsi more or less piceous at base and tip; nails
black. Scutellum minutely obsoletely rugulose, black, shining, having
a yellow V, formed by the tip of the lateral margins. Hemelytra black
or piceous, closely coated with yellowish pubescence; cprium at base,
with a pale yellowish, elongated spot, which runs along the suture and
extends upon the clavus to behind the middle; there is also a vestige
beyond the clavus, a small spot at the exterior tip and a large spot on
the cuneus touching its base ; membrane smoke-brown ; the basal edge, —
nervures of the areole, and a paler spot on the middle also yellowish.
Venter piceous, minutely pubescent; the superior genital appendages
of the male yellowish, and the lateral appendage blackish. The deeply
colored females usually have the venter black. more or less invaded by
yellow or whitish spots on the middle and sides.

Length, 4 millimeters; width across the humeri, 14 millimeters.

This is a very common species in many parts of the United States.
Specimens have passed through my hands which had been collected in
Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois,
Michigan, &c. The present specimens were brought from Colorado.
in Maryland the individuals are frequently to be seen upon the flowers
of the ox-eye daisy. Upon being approached they suddenly ran down
beneath the calyx of the flower.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. ALY

2

Agalliastes, Fieber.

A. associatus. New species.—General form of A. pulicarius, Fallen.
Shining black. Head black, polished, impunctured; cranium indented on
the middle; eyes brown, the orbits posteriorly yellow ; antenne stout, dul!
black ; the ‘second joint cylindrical, as thick as the bas al one, about. two-
thirds as long as the third and fourth united; third and fourth almost
equal in thickness, the latter shorter, tapering slenderly toward the tip.
Rostrum yellow, reaching to the posterior coxee. Pronotum transverse,
moderately flat, polished, obsoletely rugulose, minutely punctured, trans-
versely impressed near the front ; the sides oblique, straight. Scutellum
obsoletely, minutely scabrous, pubescent. Legs bright yellow. Hem-
elytra brownish black, with minute, yellowish, pubescence, obsoletely,
coarsely punctured, and minutely scabrous; membrane smoke-brown,
the nervule blackish; wings white. Abdomen black, with minute yel-
lowish mae see nce:

Length, 2 millimeters; width across the humeri, scarcely 1 millimeter.

Brought from Ogden, Utah, by the survey.

Family ARADIDZ.
Aradus, Fab.

A. rectus, Say, (Heteropt., New Har mony, p. 29, No. 4.)—Obtained in
Colorado. It inhabits also Missouri, Tiorida, "New Mexico, British
America, New Engiand, Sc.

Family PHYMATID Z&.
Piymata, Latr.

P. erosa, Linn., (Systema Nature ed. xil, vol. IT, p. 718, No. 19 ;) Ci-
mex scorpio, De Geer, (Mémoires, III, p. 350, Pl. 35, Fig. 13.)—Brought
from Colorado ; but it is a common inhabitant of a great part of North
America, extending south into Mexico and California.

Family REDUVID 2.
Nabis, Latr.

1. N. inscriptus, Kirby, (Fauna Boreali Amer., p. 280, No. 391.)—In-
habits Colorado, Indian Territory, &c., and is quite common in the At-
lantic region.

2. N. subcoleoptratus, Kirby, (tb., p. 282, No. 393.)—This is a common
inhabitant of Colorado, Dakota, Canada, and the Northern States gen.
erally. Specimens occur fully winged.

Sinca, Amyot et Serv.

S. multispinosa, De Geer, (Mémoires, Il, p. 348, Pl. 35, Fig. 11;) Re-
duvius raptatorius, Say, (Amer. Entom., Pl. 31.)—Brought from Colo-
rado; but is an inhabitant of the greater part of North America, from
Quebec in Canada to Southern Mexico.

Fitchia, Stal.

F. nigro-vittata, Stal., (Ofversigt af Kong. Vetens. Akad. Forhandl.,
1866, p. 296.)—Collected in Cache Valley, Utah, and at Fort Cobb, In-

A20 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

dian Territory. The apterous form has a conspicuous black vitta on
the dorsal middle of the abdomen.

Diplodus, Amyot et Serv.

D. luridus, Stal., (Stettiner Entom. Zeitung, vol. 23, p. 452.)—Ob-
tained in Colorado. It is a common species in the Atlantic region.

Pindus, Stal.

P. sosius. New species.—Pale fusco-fulvous, or fulvo-testaceous,
sparsely and slenderly pubescent. Form and aspect of Diplodus luridus,
Stal. Upper side of head black; the upper cheeks, a slender line along
the middle, a shorter one on the impressed line extending from the anten-
nz to the ocelli, a third broader line running from the middle of the eye
posteriorly, and the under side of the head pale fulvous or testaceous;
the tylus and a streak on the upper line of the lower cheeks blackish;
the surface both above and below and the rostrum with minute, grayish
pubescence; eyes brown; antennz dull fulvous, fuscous on the upper
side and at base and tip of the first two joints; the second joint about
one-third the length of the basal one; third much stouter than the
second, fully twice as long as it, tapering toward the tip. Rostrum
reaching to the anterior cox, testaceous at base, becoming darker
until finally picecus at tip. Pronotum clothed with dense, minute, hoary
pubescence; the anterior lobe blackish, with its lateral carina pale
fulvous; posterior and lateral margins of the posterior lobe yellowish-
white; posterior angles each with a moderately short, smooth subconi-
cal, piceous tooth, and the carine each side terminated behind with a
similar tooth; pectus and cox shining black; the sides usually with a
broad, irregular, fulvous stripe along the middle and posterior pleure.
Legs yellow, very hairy; all the femora a little tumid near the tip,
sprinkled with fuscous; tip of tibiz and whole of tarsi, including the
nails, blackish piceous. Scutellum piceous, having a V-shaped eleva-
tion, which is rufous or yellow; the submargin broadly grooved; the
margins and tip yellow. Hemelytra smoke-brown; the principal ele-
vated nervures, costal margin, and cuneus pale testaceous; membrane
pale brown, paler at tip; the nervules very dark brown. Tergum rufous,
or rufo-flavous; the connexivum yellow, having blackish, subquadrate
interruptions; the posterior segment margined behind with blackish ;
venter minutely scabrous, black, the middle line and sides broadly ful-
vous; its connexivum yellow, with a black, large spot at the apex of
each segment.

Length to tip of abdomen, 10-12 millimeters; width across the humeri,
2-24 millimeters. .

Brought from the region of Snake River, Idaho. It inhabits also
Kansas, Dakota, and Arizona.

Milyas, Stal.

M. cinctus, Fab., (Ent. Syst., IV, p. 199, No. 20.)—Collected at Chey-
enne, June, 1869. It is tolerably common throughout the Atlantie and
extends southwest into Texas.

Herega, Amyot et Serv.

H. spissipes, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila., IV, p. 328; Amer. Entom., vol.
Il, Pl. 31, Fig. 3.)\—Obtained in Colorado. This speceis seems to be

lle -

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. API

confined to western North America, no specimens having been discov-
ered east of the Mississippi River.

- Melanolestes, Stal.

1. M. picipes, A. Schf., (Wanz. Ins., vol. VIII, p. 62, Pl. 269, Fig. 831.)—
Collected by Dr. E. Palmer, near Fort Cobb, Indian Territory ; it has
been found as far west as San Francisco, and is common in many parts
of the Atlantic and Gulf States.

2. M. abdominalis, H. Sehf., (Wanz. Ins., vol. VIII, p. 63, Pl. 269, Fig.
832.)—Found with the preceding. A specimen of this species: has been
sent to me from Southwestern Mexico.

Stenopoda, Lap.

S. cinerea, Laporte, (Essai sur les Hemiptéres, p.’26, Pl. 52, Fig. 2.)—
A pupa of this species was obtained by Dr. E. Palmer, near Fort Cobb.
lt is @ species well known from Cuba, Texas, and Florida.

Family SALD A. |

Salda, Fab.

1. 8. interstitialis, Say, (Jour. Acad. Phila, IV, p. 324.)—Collected
at Snake River, Idaho, and by Dr. Palmer at Fort Defiance, New
Mexico. It extends east into New England, and along the Atlantic
region into Maryland.

3. 8. coriacea. New species.—General form of S. littoralis, Linn., of
HKurope. Biack, polished; face densely, minutely shagreened, hairy;
- eranium minutely pubescent, faintly grooved on the middle ; before the
ocelli are two raised tubercles, placed remotely from each other; tylus
and labrum yellowish; the rostrum piceous, reaching to the posterior
coxe. Hyes large, prominent, brown, placed very obliquely. Antenne
black, slender ; the second joint sometimes pale piceous, more than twice
as long as the ‘basal one; the third and fourth subequal in length. Pro-
notum trapezoidal, the anterior side very much shorter than the basal;
the lateral margins very oblique, hardly arcuated, the edge recur ved ;
surface minutely shagreened, sparsely pubescent; ‘the callosities obso-
lete, their locality faintly convex, with an indented, punctured, trans-
verse line posteriorly; the posterior angles acute, with the margin
behind the humeri very acutely oblique. Legs honey-yellow, or smoke-
brown, usually darkened at the tip of tibe and on the ends of the tarsal
joints. Pectus highly polished, remotely, minutely pubescent, minutely
wrinkled. Scutellum densely, minutely granulated. Hemelytra very
convex, widest at some distance behind the middle, very considerably
polished, remotely, coarsely, obsoletely punctured; the clavus bounded
on the inner submargin and outer snture by an indented line of punc-
tures ; membrane coalescing with the corium, indistinctly piceous, some-
times with about three faintly yellowish spots between the long nervures.
Venter brilliant black, closely, minutely punctured, coated with fine.
sparse pubescence.

Length, 6-7 millimeters. Width across the humeri, 2 millimeters.
Greatest width across the corium, 34 millimeters.

Brought from Ogden, Utah. It is also found in New England, Brit-
ish America, and Illinois.

AD? GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
Family VELIID2.
Macrovelia, Uhler.

General form of Microvelia, Westwood, but much more elongated.
Head long and narrow, subconically narrowing toward the tip; the
division before the eyes several times longer than that behind them;
cranium arched, curving downward; the tylus short, forming a narrow,
blunt carina at the anterior extremity. Antenne slender, reaching
beyond the tip of the scutellum; the basal joint stoutest, narrowed at
base, a little curved; second a little shorter, stout, enlarged toward the
tip; third and fourth very slender, subequal in length to the basal one.
Eyes reund, placed on the sides a little below the upper line of vertex
and near the occiput. Ocelli in contact with the inner margin of the
eyes. Rostrum very slender, reaching beyond the interior coxe; the
basal joint very shoft, ring-like; the second joint very long, about three
times as long as the apicalone. Thorax subeylindrical, widened behind,
bilobate by reason of a transverse constriction before the middle; the
anterior lobe with a tumid callosity each side; collum distinctly defined;
humeral angles knob-like, posterior margin of pronotum scutellum-like,
the tip bluntly rounded. Hemelytra narrower than the abdomen; the
corium narrow, and with the membrane occupying also its inner margin.
Legs long and slender.

M. Hornii. Newspecies.—Fulvous, orreddish-brown, finely pubescent;
the cranium bounded each side against the eyes by an impressed, oblique
line, on the inner margin of which is a blunt, faintly elevated, oblique
carina; the middle line slender, fuscous; cheeks and gular surface black-
ish; the space behind the eyes transversely tumid, the ridge joining
inward to the slender carina, which runs along the whole length and
forms a substitute for the buccule. Eyes dark brown. Antenne yel-
lowish-testaceous; the ends of the joints darker, and the two apical
joints a little infuscated. Pronotum bright fulvous, coarsely, remotely
punctured with fuscous, each side of the middle of the anterior lobe
and disk, with a feebly elevated, longitudinal line; just behind the col-
lum are two very slightly elevated, approximate tubercles; sides before
the posterior lobe emarginated, the latero-posterior margins sinuated
and the edge recurved. Pectus black, with the margins of the pleural
segments fulvous. Legs pale yellow; the knees, tips, and a cloud upon
the femora and the tarsi, dusky. Hemelytra in the fully winged, fus-
cous, silvery pubescent, with a large white spot at base, the costal mar-
gin and sometimes the inner margin of corium blackish; membrane
paler near the tip. Connexivum pale, with a dark spot at the tip of
each segment; venter pale fulvous, densely golden pubescent, the sides,
superiorly, with a broad, blackish stripe not quite reaching to the tip.
The short-winged form has the hemelytra dark brown, with a streak of
white at base.

Length, 4-5 millimeters; width across the humeri, 1-14 millimeters.

Obtained at Fort Defiance, New Mexico. The species is named after .
Dr. George H. Horn, to whom I am indebted for specimens from Cali-

fornia and Arizona.
Family HYDROMETRIDZ.
Hygrotrechus, Stal.

H. remigis, Say, (Hemipt., New Harmony, p. 35, No. 2.)—Brought from
Colorado, and Ross Fork, Idaho.

a ee ee ee

a Ce are

Re ee nO ane te el Ate a” x

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 423

_Lnimnotrechus, Stal.

L.marginatus, Say, (Hemipt., New Harmony, p.36, No. 2.)—From Snake
River, Idaho.
Family NAUCORID &.

Ambrysus, Stal.

A. Signoreti, Stal., (Stettiner Entom. Zeitung, 1862, vol. XXIII, p.
460.)— From Red Butte and near Fort Fetterman. The specimens origi-
nally described were from Mexico. It is the most beautiful species
thus far discovered in North America. ; |

NOTES ON THE SALTATORIAL ORTHOPTERA OF THE ROCKY
MOUNTAIN REGIONS.

By PRoressorn Cyrus THOMAS.
IL.—SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

Having had the opportunity during the last three summers of travel.
ing over much of the Rocky Mountain region, in connection with the
United States Geological Survey of the Territories, conducted by Pro-
fessor F. V. Hayden, I have been enabled to make large collections of
Orthoptera. It is true that the opportunity for studying the habits of
the various species has been limited, as we are constantly moving from
point to point while in the field. Yet I have collected considerable in-
formation in regard to the distribution and the comparative numbers of
the different species, especially of the two families of the saltatorial
Orthoptera, to which my attention has been more particularly directed,
Tocustide and Acridide. During these three seasons I have visited
the following Territories, to wit: New Mexico, Colorado, poms,
Utah, Idaho, and Montana, m making collections in each.

In addition to my own collections I have had access to and free use
of the collection made by Dr. Palmer in Northern Arizona, and to some
collections in the Agricultural Department made by various persons in
different parts of the West. I am also indebted to Mr. Taylor, of San
Francisco, for some valuable California specimens, among w hich Ifound
four new species. Mr. Charles R. Dodge, Assistant Entomologist of the
Agricultural Department, who v isited Nebraska, Colorado, ‘and Kan-
sas during the past summer, very kindly submitted his entire collection
of Orthoptera to my use. From this I obtained several species which
have not hitherto been described.

Several of my new species have been figured by Professor T. Glover,
and will be found among the numerous plates of insects placed on exhi-
bition in the museum of the Agricultural Department, where, also, the
type specimens are deposited. IL am indebted to Mr. 8S. I. Smith, of
Connecticut, for a suit of New England Acridide for comparison; to
Theophilus Kogan, esq., of Russelville, Hast Tennessee, for specimens
of Orthoptera from that section, enabling me to verity some of De
Haan’s names; and also to Mr. J. Middleton, of Northwest Pennsylvania,
for specimens from that mountain section.

424 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

I take great pleasure in acknowledging the many favors received from
the Smithsonian Institution, and return thanks therefor, and also to
Professor Baird and Dr. Gill for the valuable suggestions made in regard
to my work.

IL—INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

My study of the Orthoptera has not been sufficiently extended and
thorough to enable me to form an arrangement of the various divisions
and subdivisions that is wholly satisfactory to myself. Yet it is proper
that I should at least indicate that system which I prefer, as it must to
a greater or less degree determine the characters selected to distinguish
the different groups, and the comparative value I attach to them.

Therefore, without attempting at this time to discuss fully the reasons
therefor, I will state the order in which I believe the larger divisions
should be arranged, and the leading principles upon which it is based.

Holding, as I do, the Cuvierian idea of four distinct types in the animal
kingdom, as explained and unfolded by Agassiz, it is unnecessary for
me to look further than the Articulata for the primary basis of an
arrangement of a single order of insects. Within the limits of this
group or “‘branch” .are to be found all grades of development of the
type, from its lowest and most obscure to its highest form, from the
germ to the perfect animal. But the relations of the divisions of this
group—that is, of the Annelides, Crustaceans, and Insects—to each other,
must, to a certain extent, determine the arrangement of the divisions
of these classes. The principles and reasons that cause us to place the
Insects above the Crustaceans in the scale of being must, so far as they
can be followed out, determine the position of the various divisions and
subdivisions of the Insects in regard to each other.

While I cannot wholly agree with Dr. Packard as to the value he
attaches to the different divisions of the Articulata, yet I prefer his
arrangement of the orders* of the Hexapod Insects to any I have seen.
This system, starting with Neuroptera as the lowest in the seale. ascends
in two branches, one through the Diptera and Lepidoptera to the Hyme-
noptera as the highest in the class; the other through the Orthoptera
and Hemiptera to the Coleoptera, but this last branch does not reach
as high a point as that attained by the other. He places the Orthoptera
not directly above the Neuroptera but sub-parallel to it. I believe that
this arrangement gives the true position to the Orihoptera, tor while this
order, as a whole, stands higher than the other yet it is not absolutely
above it. In other words, if 1 were an advocate of the Darwinian
theory of the development of genera and species from lower forms, I
would certainly hold that the Orthoptera were not developed from the
Neuroptera, but that both orders arose from the Myriapoda, Crustacea, or
some form of being lower than that found in the Hexapod Insects.

Although I am not a disciple of this great naturalist, yet I believe we
may make use of the idea of development, which was advanced as early
as the time of Lamark, to assist us in fixing the position of the various
groups in the scale of being. As the highest form of a given type, (one
of the tour grand divisions of the animal kingdom,) in its passage from
the germ to the adult state, assumes for a time the lower leading forms
of that type, it follows that the various groups within that type stand
exactly in the same relation to each other that they would if the higher

*I follow most entomologists, applying the name Order to the group he calls Sub-

ripe. and Sub-class to the division he calls Order. See his Guide to the Study of
sects.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 425

were absolutely developed from the lower. Therefore, while we should
not rely upon this as our only guide in arranging the groups, yet it may
- be used to assist us.

While no system will fully accord with all the tests which can be
applied to it, I think that of Dr. Packard comes nearer to it than any I
have seen. But when we turn to his arrangement of the various fami-
lies in Orthoptera, it appears to me he has somewhat abandoned the
principles that guided him in fixing the position of the orders. Iam .
aware that he has followed the system proposed by Mr. Scudder, which
is founded on that of Burmeister, but it is evident that Mr. Seudder
selected a somewhat different basis for his system from that adopted by
Dr. Packard. Judging from the arrangement adopted by the latter in
regard to the larger groups, I suppose he was guided more by the
external form and mode of life than the former—not that he neglected
theinternal anatomy, embryology, &c.—but that the external anatomy,
homologies and modes of life had more influence upon his arrangement
than upon that of Mr. Scudder or Burmeister, whom the latter follows.

Although I have not studied all the families with that care and
thoroughness that will enable me to speak with confidence, yet I am
inclined to the opinion that the same principles and process of reasoning
that led Dr. Packard to arrange the orders .in the relative position in
which he has placed them will reverse his arrangement of the families
of the Orthoptera.

Fieber’s arrangement,* if considered as descending, comes nearer to
what I conceive to be the true plan than any other 1 have seen. Itis
as follows—

Tribe 1, Orthoptera genuina:

Seem uel OtmSOrlea 20 82 2 Dok eee Fam. 1, Blattina.
Becemlls Gressoriae “yee ie Fam. 2, Mantodea.
Fam. 3, Phasmodea.

Beepuel Saltatorian yeh. cece cee Fam. 4, Acridiodea.
| Fam. 5, Locustina.
Fam. 6, Gryllodea.

See WMOSSOLIa 2262 Sys. oe ee) Tam. 7, Gryllotalpina.
Fam. 8, Xyodea.
enema anmopiera. ie.) be ee ed Fam. 9, Forficulina.

I think the division of the Crickets into three families can scarcely be
maintained ; I also think the Locustina and Gryliodea should be com-
bined in a group as distinct from the Acridiodea. The proper position
of the Porjficulide is somewhat puzzling, for if we look at the external
form and habits they would undoubtedly approach nearer to the Blattide
than any other family; but if we take the internal anatomy as our guide,
they descend to the foot of the order.

I would therefore arrange the various divisions in the following
descending order, the position of the Lorficulidw being given with much
doubt—

I. Sub-order Pseudo-orthoptera ............... Fam. 1, Forficulidee.
II. Sub-order Orthoptera genuina:

ued Wig fp yh NGSTC) Erle pera ha eh RY a Fam. 2, Blattide.

Pe UPVOe: GVCSSOMIAG piciiemiok <2 2s) ale +, pa tet Fam. 3, Mantide.

/ Fam. 4, Phasmide.
3. Tribe Saltatoria:
OC. Te «, state ee Aa Ae altima auiiery st abet ncaa Fam. 5, Acrididee.
ROG. 2 seit state Maraleneut =| stele teteta tata renOene Reetanerant Fam. 6, Locustide.
Fam. 7, Gryllide. ,
* Kelch, Kennt. Orthop., Obers, 1852.

426 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Mr. Scudder’s arrangement appears to depend upon the position of the
wings during the different stages ef growth. As these organs in the
Saltatoria change position during the diiferent stages of growth, he con-
siders this group as ranking higher than the others, in which they retain
their primitive position. But does this correspond with the other im-
portant characters? With some it undoubtedly does, but with others
it does not. Lacaze-Duthiers, who bas studied with much care the
. genital organs of the various orders, states,* that if we take the devel-
opment of the ovipositor as a guide, the divisions of this order will
arrange themselves as follows: Locustide, Gryllide, Mantide, Phasmide,
Blattide, Acridide, Forficulide ; thus placing all the families of the
non-saltatorial, genuine Orthoptera between the two sections of the Sal-
tatoria.

Gerstaecker + brings the families of the saltatorial group toether, but
in a different order from that of Mr. Scudder, placing Gryllodea as the
highest of this group, and next to Phasmidea.

If we examine carefully the elaborate researches of Léon Dufour, upon
the Anatomy and Physiology of the Orthoptera, published in the JSle-
moires de UInstitut of France, vol. vii, 1841, we will see the difficulty of
attempting to form an arrangement of the families based wholly on
internal anatomy. The nervous system, digestive apparatus, genital
organs, &¢., will lead to different results. For example, if we take the
nervous system as our guide, the result will be to place the Acridide@ at
the head of the column, and, according to L. Dufour, the Orthoptera at
the head of the class.¢ On the other hand, if we examine the digestive
apparatus, we find the salivary glands of the same family the least de-
veloped of any in the order. ‘And these contradictions are so well
balanced that the preponderance is not sufficiently marked to form the
basis of a system. There is perhaps one exception to this statement, to
wit: if guided by internal anatomy alone we will, perhaps, be compelled
to place the Lorjiculide@ as the lowest in the order; and it is quite pos-
sible that such is its proper position.

If we take the external form as our guide we cannot but be struck by
the strong resemblance of the Ceuthophili and Udeopsylle to the crustacean -
form. And when we learn the habits of the former this resemblence
assumes still more importance, as we find them along the margins of
water-courses, and in the vicinity of damp places, hiding under stones
in caves, and away from the rays of the sun.

I bave often had my attention called to the general resemblance of the
Tridactyli to the Tettigi, and the anatomical researches of Léon Dufour
show this external similarity to be more than fancied, for he remarks: §
“ That the genus Tetrix, (Tettiz,) founded by Latreille, appears to have
been created by nature to serve as the connecting-link between the
Tridactyli and Acridii.” If we trace the habits of these two groups, the
suggestion of this author seems to be borne out by the result. The Tri-
dactyli are found along the banks of streams and ponds; in fact, I have
noticed myriads of them leaping on and off the surface of the water
when the soft sand into which they had burrowed was disturbed.

At the next step from the moisture toward the dry localities we find
the Yetligi. Find a spot where the summer sun has dried up a small
pond of water and there you‘are apt to notice an abundance of speci-
mens Of both these groups; at least, this has been the case in that part

* Annales des Sci. Nat. Zool., tom. xvii, (1852,) p. 237.
+ Carus, Handbuch der Zoolozie, Il.
t Mem. de l’Inst., vii, 282.
§ Op. cit., 315.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A2T

of the country where most of my exaininations have been made. In the
Rocky Mountain region, where there is but little moisture, and the land
is elevated and dry, individuals of these genera are seldom to be met
with. But I will not attempt to develop fully this thought at this time,
as I have alluded to it more incidentally than otherwise.

The attempt to raise the smaller divisions to families, and to give
them names with a termination indicating that they are family groups,
has been carried to an extent that I think is wholly unwarranted by the
distinctions. Family characters, until these groups were broken up of
late years by the unnecessary inroads made upon them, were the best
marked and most natural of any in the entire class. But how are they
now? I cannot answer in regard to other orders, a8 my entomological
studies have been confined almost exclusively to the saltatorial Orthop-
tera ; but in this division of this order they are almost wholly worthless.
Kor example, this group, which was formerly generally divided into but
three, and never, I believe, into more than five families, is now separated
by Walker* into twenty-one; and Gryllide, although as comprehensive
as formerly, holds no higher position as a group than Stenopelmatide,
Cedipodide, or even the single genus Trigonopteryx. By such an ar-
rangement we are told, in effect, that there is less difference between
Gryllotalpa and Oecanthus, or Tridactylus and Phalangapsis, than there is
between Thamnotrizon and Anabrus, or Opomola and Xiphocera. Such
a system is but adding confusion where there should be order, and
renders that more difficult and complex which the increase in scientific
knowledge ought to simplify and ance plainer and more easily under-
stood.

The family, as has been remaried by Burmeister,t “is peculiar to the
natural system, and by this only is it called forth; Linneeus and Fabri-
cius, who formed artificial classifications, had no families. The charac-
ters which distinguish the families are derived not only from their
resemblances in structure in general, but also frequently from their
economy.” Agassizi says, ‘“‘ Families, as they exist in nature, ate based
upon peculiarities of form as dependent upon structure.” And he adds
that they are determined by external outline, which renders the recog-
nition of them easy, and in many instances almost instinctive.

If the rules laid down by these eminent naturalists are to be followed,
where are we to find that striking difference in form between Acridium
_ alutaceum and Gidipoda Carolina that will place them in different fami-
lies, or even between Acridium and Oedipoda, that should cause them
to be taken as the types of two different familes? What striking differ-
ence in external form is there between Phylloptera and Platyphyilum,
as to separate them so widely that an entire family can be interposed
between the groups to which they belong?

When the discovery of new species renders the family unwieldy, it
can be divided or subdivided without destroying it, where it is well
marked by true family characters. Therefore, while I shall to a greater
or less extent retain the subdivisions that have been made, I shall assign
to them such value as I think they really have, and shall not attempt
to cut down or lessen the families. On the contrary, if 1 were to make
any change, I would rather be disposed to unite the Gryllide and Locus-
tidw into one family.

I find there is considerable difference in regard to the use of the ap-
pellation ‘‘ Tribe,” sometimes being applied to groups superior to the

* Catalogue of the Dermaptera Saliatoria, Pt. V.
+ Manual of Entomology, translated by ‘Shue kard, p. 595.
t Methods of Study in Natural History, p. 111.

AQ8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

family, at others to those inferior to the family. I have followed the
former method in the present report, but do this provisionally.

In regard to the terminology, I have only to remark that for families
I adopt 1D; for sub-families, IN@; and for the inferior groups, INI,
thereby conforming to what appears to be the prevailing usage in other
departments of zoology.- I mention this, as by the termination I indi-
cate the comparative value I attach to the group. In the Locusiide I
have adopted, for the present, the divisions of Walker, aithough I think
his system defective; but I use them only as groups subordinate to
sub-families and not as equivalents. The Acridide of the United States
1 am disposed to divide into but two sub-families, as follows:

I. Sub-fam. Acridine:
First group, Truxalini.
Second group, Conophorini.*
Third group, Acridini.
Fourth.group, Gdipodini.
Ii. Sub-fam. Tettigine.

The number of species of saltatorial Orthoptera found in that part of
the United States west of Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, which have
been described, including the new species described for the first time in
this report, is 101. These are distributed among the different families
as follows: Gryllide, 7; Locustide, 33; Acridide, 61.

GRYLLIDZ.
GINS 25 norte dee uieealy gage ee AS <i wbl acteae le Bech ee 5 species. -
POPES 1 a a AM EO aE Ts ‘ag bia A ep a iletiin LIE cee eae 1 species.
OBeAB TB oe eet ots sicis.oisinleuinueia's 5 Wiel pee 1 species.
LOCUSTIDZ.
First group, Steropelmatini. ‘
eu L7e|§ 1 peep il ep Guay Aa Geer ARM an RE 3 species.

Second group, Raphidophorini.

Clee. sk cc crd | wiptndet= Siete ee ae eee ee 7 species. |
Umer 6 oe eh no een S's ee ee ie ee 1 species.
DRE oF ana sh 2d « wh is creel de gl ers oe ee 1 species,
TRESS | oS oon eee ho aed ino nel ie ee 1 species.

Ang Drm ve Cie 08k Sul SOO ee 1 ee 4 species.

Fourth group, Locustint.

Pterolepis (ho. cer esc ee i aeete ks. scene 3 species,
Cypitotiprits 32). ete etereceaes eee Te wet 6 kel Cee, 1 species.
Thanwmeprecom. -- 1.0 oe eer ns re nae mca = eee 1 species.
Decree)? -. 2. SLR ee eee... - neat oe 2 species.
Orehelimet: 2.4 5.052 See ae eee oes - et ee 1 species,
Repliietien ses ee Cane Ae ee me ow on 0 naa nine ae 1 species.
Locusta 220 ee ee, | ae 2 species.

*This name is used temporarily to embrace Mr. Scudder’s sub-families, Xiphocereae
and Peciloceride.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 429

Hifth group, Conocephalini.
CO ay pp US as chee yr oy Heian ay yale alias a 2g) ny ahaa Stale em, open ola le 2 species.

eA CKOMUCKU PE See ce nial bee a dle ean tise wemeaale ds ¢ 2 species.
L2TD DUDOUA VOTE) 05.6 oe 60 oe 6 DCRR eE ae OEE Cagle nso oor osreon ae 1 species.

ACRIDID A.
I. Sub-family ACRIDIN ZA.

First group, Truxalini.
“2 DOTDOZ SRS ihe SiS Bae ae ar ER ees Sra a ee 4 species.

2 OTIC II Se CO SE ARBINE cie be eee re emanate tee i ae 3 species.
MIMS ee sO Ves eee le eG ee 10 species,
aT MaIMONEREy Socredaapek c cl ey ch py S096) 5) rep at arya ey Shea me, Satay a Rt So D species.

Iprachypeplus -.-.-....---.. Sp dog bu oE HEC Om OOUOE pabsvsene ot 1 species.

COD CUO SS AIR Be Seeley ar eS eames ee eye tpt ee 2 species.
HOSE TOM CUI Bes Cee Sones eee se ee see ean Paes nes en ea 1 species.
UDVOU TO Bh, 0 OIE ae en i ee er eRe une eared eines On EEE 26 species.
Ceca MUISHLOLMOCWS) 2)4/5 3.2 site ela Sng ads eels sisi ay 1 species.
CCUM OMENS) oso tele ocala le skate SE Lee tend mash 1 species.
EMO WOLD LUS |): fe ares 29. i- Bod REE Be OOO ae erie teens 6 species.
LSP ROE DISNDIST CPAQO OO Pt ie eae a ae ne ge ees oe ee 1 species.

If we divide that part of the United States west of Missouri into
three districts, as follows: the eastern, that portion east of the dividing
range of the Rocky Mountains; the middle, that between the Rocky
Mountain and Sierra Nevada Ranges; and the western, that west of
Sierra Nevada, the following tables will show the distribution of the
species described between these three districts:

EASTERN DISTRICT.

Gryllus personatus, Scudd. Decticus (?) trilineatus, Thos.
abbreviatus, Serv. Orchelimum
Oecanthus niveus. Xiphidiam saltans, Seudd.
Nemobius vittatus. Conocephalus attenuatus, Scudd.
Stenopelmatus fasciatus, Thos. crepitans, Scudd.
Ceuthophilus divergens, Scudd. Phaneroptera curvicadua.
pallidus, Thos. Liphippitytha gracilipes, Thos.
gracilipes, Scudd. Opomola brachyptera, Scudd.
Udeopsylla robusta, Hald. bivittata, Serv.
Daihinia brevipes, Hald. Neo-mexicana, Thos.
Anabrus similis, Scudd. Wyomingensis, Thos.
purpurascens, Uhl. pode emarginatum, Uhl.
copeeeas Thos. . frontalis, Thos.
Pterolepis (?) Haldemannii, Gir. ambiguum, Thos.
Stevensonii, Thos. Caloptenus viridis, Thos.
minutus, Thos. bivittatus, Uhl.

Thamnotrizon scabricollis, Thos. Dodgei, Thos.

A430 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Calopetenus spretus, Uhl.
femur-rubrum, Burm.
occidentalis, Thos.
Turnbullii, Thos.
Pezotettix picta, Thos.
Nebrascensis, Thos.
speciosa, Scudd.
cbesa, Thos.
Brachypeplus magnus, Gir.
Boopedon nubilum, Thos.
flavo-fasciatum, Thos.
Stauronotus Ellictti, Thos.
CEdipoda undulata, Thos.
collaris, Seudd.
cincta, Thos.
sordida, Burm.
longipennis, Thos.
Montana, Thos.
Wyomingiana, Thos.
gracilis, Thos.
Kiowa, Thos.

MIDDLE

Gryllus abbreviatus, Serv.
Juctuosus, Serv.
Oecanthus niveus, Serv.
Stenopelmatus fuscus, Hald.
fasciatus, Thos.
Udeopsylla robusta, Hald.
Anabrus simplex, Hald.
Dectieus ees Thos.
Orchelimum
[Ephippitytha graced pes: Thos.
Locusta fuliginosa, Thos.
Phaneroptera (?)
Opomola (?)
Caloptenus bivittatus, Uhl.

WESTERN

Grylius Pennsylvanicus, Burm.
lineaticeps, Stal.
Stenopelmatus talpa, Burm.
Ceuthophilus castaneus, Thos.
pacificus, Thos.
bilobatus, Thos.
Californianus,
zonarius, Walk.
Tropidiscia xanthostoma, Seudd.
Anabrus purpurascens, Uhl.
Cyphoderris monstrosa, Uhl.
Locusta occidentalis, Thos.

Seudd. |

OF THE TERRITORIES.

CEdipoda Haydenii, Thos.
tenebrosa, Seudd.
carlingiana, Thos.
Haldemannii, Seudd.
corallipes, Hald.
trifasciata, Say.
Carolina, Linn.
pheenicoptera, (?) Burm.
sulphurea, Burm.
neglecta, Thos.

| Acrolophitus hirtipes, Thos.

| (Gryllus) formosus, Say.

| Stenobothrus curtipennis, Harr.

obionus, Thos.

| maculipennis,Seudd.

| brunneus, Thos.

quadrimaculatus,

| Thos.

| bicolor, Thos.

eracilis, Seudd.

| Oxycoryphus obscurus, Thos.

DISTRICT.

| Caloptenus spretus, Uhl.
occidentalis, Thos.
| Pezotettix obesa, Thos.

| Stauronotus Elliotts, (?) Thos.

| Cidipoda corallipes, Thos.

| Haldemannii, Seudd.

| paradoxa, Thos.

| trifasciata, Walk.
Carolina, Linn.

| Montana, Thos.

) cincta, Thos.

| Stenobothrus maculipennis, Seudd.
| brunneus, Thos.
|

DISTRICT.

| Caloptenus repletus, Walk.

bilituratus, Walk.
scriptus, Walk.
femur-rubrum, Burm.

Pezotettix Borckii, Stal.

| CGdepoda atrox, Seudd.

venusta, Stal.

. Carolina, Linn.
sulphurea, Burm. _

| phenicoptera, Germ.

| rugosa, (7) Seudd.

| parviceps, Walk.

From these tables it will be seen that the following species are found
in both the eastern and middle districts: Gryllus abbreviatus, Oecanthus

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 431

niveus, Stenopelmatus fasciatus, Udeopsylla robusta, Ephippitytha gracilipes,
Caloptenus bivittatus, C. spretus, C. occidentalis, Pezotettin obesa, Gidipoda
corallipes, Ci. Haldemannii, CH. cincta, 2. Montana, Gi. Carolina, Stauro-
notus Hlliotti, Stenobothrus maculipennis, and St. brunneus.

Those tound in both the middle and western districts are few, but it
must be borne in mind that the collections in these two districts have
been small, hence the means of comparison are very limited. I have
given Caloptenus femur rubrum and Gidipoda rugosa to the western dis-
trict on the authority of Walker, but I have strong doubts as to the
correctness of this.

The very great preponderance of the numbers in the eastern districtis
owing chiefly to the fact that the collections bave been much larger
. and over a much greater area in this district than in either of the
others. Another reason is, that I have limited to the eastern district
those concerning which I have any doubt. My collections, and those
to which I have had access, were not separated as accurately in regard
to these districts as they should have been, hence I have placed them
only in the districts to which I know they belong.

But notwithstanding this uncertainty as to the comparative numbers
of species in the eastern and middle districts, yet it is evident the pre-
ponderance is strongly in favor of the former.

I think we may conclude with safety that the sein limit of the
arid plains which le west of Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas is a more
rigid boundary to the orthopterous fauna than the dividing range of the
Rocky Mountains; while on the western side the Sierra Nevada Range
forms an equally rigid boundary. This corresponds with the distribu-
tion of the coleopterous fauna of the United States as shown by Dr.
LeConte, (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.)

J add the following notes in regard to the range of some of the more
important species, which may be “useful i im fature investigations:

Gryllus abbreviatus is found scattered over the plains at the base of
the mountains from Southern Colorado to Central Wyoming. I also
found specimens in Northern Utah, but when I reached the rim of the
basin and passed into Southeast Idaho, entering the Snake River Basin,
most of the specimens of Gryllus taken proved ‘to belong to G. l wetuosus.

Anabrus purpurascens is found, not abundantly, but at ‘certain elevated
points from Northern New Mexico to Montana, along the east base of
the mountains, but I have met with no specimen west of the range in
the middle district, though Mr. Uhler gives Washington Territory as a
locality, on the authority of Dr. Suckley. It is also found as far south
as Texas, and as far north as Red River, in Northern Minnesota. A.
simplex appears to be confined to the middle district, as I have not met
with it east of the range, and have seen no notice of it being found
either in the eastern or western districts. Dr. Scudder, who examined
the Orthoptera collected by Professor Hayden, in Nebraska, does not
mention it in his list; nor did Mr. C. R. Dodge have it among his col-
lections made in Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Indian Territory ;
nor is it among the collections in the Agricultural Department made
east of the Rocky Mountains. Hence I think we may safely conclude
that it is confined to the west side of the range. But what it lacks in
range is made up in numbers, for in the northern part of Salt Lake
Basin and southern part of Idaho, the only points where I have met
with it, it is to be seen in armies of myriads. Buta fuller account of
it will be found in the list.

Stenopelmatus fasciatus is found scattered sparsely over Wyoming,
Northern Utah, and Southern Idaho, but does not appear te occur in

432 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ereat numbers at any point. I have met with no specimens of Ceutho-
philus in the middle district; yet I see no reason why they should not be
found there; and Dr. Haldeman speaks (Stansbury’s Report) of the
larva of a Phalangopsis among the collections made in Salt Lake Valley.

Udeopsylla robusta is rarely met with, though it has a wide range. I
do not think I have seen more than fifteen or twenty in the three sum-
mers I have traveled over the Western Territories. It is found from
Western Kansas to Idaho, on each side of the dividing range.

Ephippitytha gracilipes appears to be a southern insect, as it has not
been found farther north than Southern Colorado and Northerr Arizona.

Opomola brachyptera has been observed in the adult state at only one
point in the West, on the North Platte, east of the Black Hills; but I
have some specimens in the larva state taken in Cache Valley, Utah,
which, I think, belong to this species. 0. bivittata does not appear to
extend farther west than the broad plains of Kansas and Nebraska.
When we approach the mountains in New Mexico and Colorado it is
replaced by O. neo- Mexicana, a very closely allied species.

So far as I am aware, no species of Acridium has yet been traced to
the immediate base of the mountains, the western range of the few
species that extend upon the plains being confined to the extreme east-
ern part of Colorado and western part of Nebraska.

Caloptenus is represented in all parts of the West, as well as through-
out the United States. (I cannot speak positively in regard to Cali-
fornia.) (C. bivittatus is found east of the range from New Mexico to
Montana, and west of it from Salt Lake north to the head-waters of
Snake River; and although it is not mentioned among the collections
made in Washington Territory, yet I am of the opinion it will be found
there. C. spretus is generally distributed from the Mississippi River to
the Sierra Nevada Range, and north and south from Texas to British
possessions. I have traced it west of the range in the middle district
from Northern Arizona (I find it among Dr. Palmer’s collections made
there) to Helena and Deer Lodge, in Montana; but I have no satisfae-
tory evidence of its being found in the western district. C. Dodgei, which
is closely related to the Pezotettigi, has been collected only at a great
elevation on Pike’s Peak.

I have not met with C. femur-rubrum west of the mountains, and have
some doubt in regard to most of the specimens found in Colorado and
Wyoming which are referred to this species, for nearly all I have seen
appear to have unspotted elytra, and to be uniformly more slender than
the specimens found in the States. At one point in Wyoming I found
these and C. bivittatus with the posterior tibia invariably of a bluish-
purple color, yet when immersed in strong alcohol they became of a
bright purplish-red before the color entirely faded.

Pezotettix picta, which is a very pretty insect when living, looking
very much like the larva of Romalea centurio, appears to be confined to
Eastern Colorado. PP. obesa has been found only on the mountains, be-
tween Southern Montana and Idaho, at an elevation of more than six
thousand feet.

The range of the species of Gdipodini will be given in my synopsis,
as I have not yet completed the examination of all my specimens of this
group.

The relative numbers of species in the various groups corresponeé with
what might be anticipated from the character of the country. Where
broad and comparatively barren plains occupy a large portion of the
area of the country, it is natural that the Calopteni and @dipodini
should predominate, and that the Locustide should be less numerous

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 433

than the Acridide. Not only does Acridide contain nearly twice as
many species as Locustide, but the number of individuals of the former
is, if we omit the single species Anabrus simplex, infinitely greater than
the latter.

In Mr. Seudder’s Materials for a Monograph, he mentions 41 species
oi Locustide, and but 38 of Acridide, exclusive of Tettigine ; Serville,
in his Hist. Nat. Orthopteres, describes 142 species of the former, and
172 of the latter; and Walker, (Cat. Dermap. Salt. Orthop.,) exclusive
of the Zetiiginew and additions in Part V, enumerates 910 species of the
former and 921 of the latter. These show that, as a rule, the two fam-
ilies contain nearly the same number of species. But, while this appears
to be the general rule, in the West there are 60 species of Acridide to 34
of Locustide.

Although the number of individuals of one of the species of Acridini
is far in excess of the number of individuals of any species of Gdipodini,
yet a glance at the tables will show that the number of species belong-
ing to the latter group is much larger than that of the former, Gidipoda.
alone containing 24 species. And while in the eastern and middle dis-
tricts Caloptenus spretus only is migratory, when we cross into the west-
ern district Gdipoda atroz is the destructive migratory species, indicat-
ing au approach to the oriental orthopteral characteristic.

An examination into the different species of the Locustide brings out
another important fact corresponding with the nature of the regions
under consideration. Out of 34 species 23 are either wingless or have
these organs so aborted that they are unfit for flight, indicating most
clearly the absence of arborescent vegetation, and the prevalence of ex-
tensive treeless plains. The number of Ceuthophili is larger than I had
expected to find it, as, upon the theory I have adopted, these affect
damp places, and are confined more to the margins of water-courses,
lakes, &c.; but the fact that the species are confined to the eastern and
western districts somewhat conforms to this idea.

IiL—A LIST WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
Famity I1.—GRYULIDA.

Gryilus abbreviatus, Serv.

Found throughout Colorado, in Wyoming, and occasionally in North-
ern Utah and Southern Idaho. Specimens generally large, the length
of the ovipositor exceeding the measurements given by Mr. Scudder.

G. luctuosus, Serv.

I met with this species in the extreme northern part of Utah, and in
Southern Idaho, where it appears to replace the former species. Size
larger than the usual measurements, and ovipositor longer, yet I feel no
doubt that the specimens referred to this species belong to it. Plate
J, Figures 10 and 11.

Ocecanthus niveus, Serv.

I am not positively certain that my specimens belong to this species,
as most of them are more or less injured. It occurs in considerable
numbers along the banks of streams lined with bushes.

Tridactylus, ——.(?)

I saw what I am quite confident was a specimen of this genus on the
bank of Bear River in Cache Valley, Utah, but was unable to capture

2868

A34 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

it. This is the only instance I recollect to have met with an individual
of this genus in any of the Territories, and possibly I may have been
mistaken here, but I think I was not.

LOCUSTID &.
STENOPELMATINI.

Stenopelmatus fasciatus, NOV. Sp.

Pale testaceous. Head tawny; feet pale; abdomen marked with
alternate rings of black and white.

Head slightly broader than the thorax; occiput evenly rounded and
smcoth. Pronotum transverse, slightly excavated i in front; sides nearly
parallel; posterior lateral angles obtusely rounded; posterior margin
nearly straight ; a transverse furrow near the anterior margin, and an
oblique indentation each side of the faint median line near the middle.
-Meso- and meta-thorax constricted. Abdomen inflated, as broad or
broader than the bead, about twice the length of the thorax. Cerei of
the male short, slender, and hairy; superanal plate triangular, tumid,
emarginate. Ovipositor very short, not longer than the cerei of the
male, conical and turned up at the apex. Anterior tibie two-spined
beneath, with a third smali spine immediately above the circlet on the
ner margin; middle tibiz with two spines on the outer margin, one on
the inner, < and a small one in the middle near the base; posterior tibige
in the female have five inner and three outer spines, in the male five
inner and four outer. Both sexes apterous.

Color, (after immersion in alcohol, but varying very slightly from the
living specimens :)

Fanale,—Mandibles s black; face yellow; head brownish or tawny ;.
pransbare tawny, fading to light yellow ; legs, venter, and sternum pale
yellow; spines tipped ‘with piceous. Each abdominal segment has a
a ring or band of black on the anterior or middle portion, and a
narrow band of pale yellow on the posterior margin; sometimes the lat-
ter extends across the sutere upon the margin of the next segment.

Male—Mandibles tipped with black ; labrum fuscous; head and thorax
paler than in the female; apex of the tibize dusky. Dark bands of the
abdomen grow narrower on the apical segments.

Dimensions — @ g, length, 1.23 inches; posterior femora, .38 inch ;
posterior tibie, .37 inch. I have a specimen from Texas, a female,
which measures 1.65 inches in length, but the above measurements
give the average of the western specimens.

Habitat— Wyoming, Utah, Southern Idaho, and Texas. Rare, never
being found in great nwnbers at any point.

This species, though not exactly agreeing with Group II of Walker,
(Cat. Dermap. Salt., Supp. to pt. I, p. 197,) is closely allied to his &.
Zonatus.

RAPHIDOPHORINI.

Ceuthophilus pallidus, nov. sp.

Pale testaceous ; with four strong spines on each superior margin of
the posterior tibie.

Female.—Second joint ofthe antennz enlarged at the apex; anterior
femora with two (sometimes three) spines beneath, near the apex, the
one next the apex being much the largest ; middle femora with one or
two spines beneath, and one on the infside of the apex; posterior fe-
mora unarmed; the four: anterior tibie generally have two spines in

re

ee a oe ae.

— ee

— =. |

a eee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 435

each row; the posterior tibiee with each superior margin minutely ser-
rated and furnished with four strong spines in each row, somewhat
divergent and alternate, (though in many specimens they appear to be
sub-opposite,) the inner row extending farthest upward toward the base ;
ovipositor nearly straight, about as long as the abdomen; cerci slender,
hairy, one-third the length of the ovipositor; posterior femora extend
nearly one-half their length beyond the abdomen.

Male.-—The posterior femora armed beneath with a row of strong
spines on the exterior carina, the inner carina being finely serrated ;
cerci similar to those of the female but rather longer ; ultimate ven-
tral segment tumid and bilobed.

Color, (aleoholig specimens, searcely differing in color from the liv-
ing).—Pale testaceous; face and labrum pale, lightest in the male;
vertex and occiput, in the female, minutely dotted with brown, in the
male, with narrow, branching, dusky veins; tubercle fuscous; eyes
black, acuminate below; each thoracic and abdominal segment has on
it four somewhat irregular brown spots, those on the thorax running
together on the disk, and those on the abdomen growing smaller toward
the apex; the position of these spots leaves a pale line along the dor-
sum and on each side; posterior femora marked with slender, brown
lines diagonally across the disk, and two longitudinal dashes of the
same near the lower margin; spines of the tibiae white with piceous
points; serrature of the posterior tibis piceous; venter and pectus
white, or pale testaceous.

Dimensions.— Q , length, .64 ineh ; posterior femora, .47 inch ; posterior
tibia, .Slinch; ¢, length .d inch.

Hebitat.—Southeast Colorado; and east side of Black Hills, near
Red Buttes, Wyoming.

I at first referred these specimens to C. divergens, Scudd., and itis pos-
sible they form but a variety of that species, with which they agree in
several particulars. While some of my female specimens have diver-
gent spines, this character is by no means permanent, especially in the
males. The C. divergens has five spines in each row on the posterior
tibie, but my specimens, males and females, have but four, (I take for
granted that none of the circiet at the apex are counted.) This species
approaches very nearly to C. zonarius, Walk., but may be distinguished
by the difference in the number of a on the middle femora and mid-
dle tibia.

C. castaneus, nov. sp.

Male.-—Dorsum, castanens ; middle tibiz with two spines in front;
posterior tibice with four spines in each row, opposite. Maxillary palpi
long; third joint about twice the length of the two preceding taken
together, slightly bent, obliquely truncate; fourth three-fourths the
length of the third; fifth a little longer than the third, curved and chan-
neled as usual. Frontal tubercle nearly obliterated. Eyes sub-pyri-
form, not prominent. Antenne apparently of moderate length, (those
of my unique specimen have the apical portion broken off ;) they have a
broad, disb-like fold around the base; first joint flattened, very broad,
length slightly exceeding the width ; ‘second, length equal ‘its dianfeter ;
third, twice the length of the second ; from the middle to the end ever y
tenth or twelfth joint is constricted, forming a pale-yellow annulation.
Thoracic segments slightly margined. Cerci rather long and slender,
about one-third the length of the abdomen, covered with minute hairs.
Subanal plate abnormal, extending back more than half the length of
the cerci, triangular and bilobed, the lobes blunt at the apex, haying

436 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

i

much the appearance of a short, blunt ovipositor. Legs more than me-
dium length; anterior and middle pair slender. Anterior femora ser-_
rated, inner ‘carina one-spined, outer carina unarmed; middle femora —
with each carina minutely serrated and three-spined, and 2 spine on the —
inside at the apex; posterior femora deeply channeled beneath, each
carina minutely serrated but not spined, passing the abdomen about one-
half their length. Anterior tibie have the posterior margins minutely
serrated, three spines on each, opposite; middle tibiz with two spines —
above, lower margins serrated, three spines on each, opposite ; posterior

tibie have the posterior margins serrated, four spines on each , opposite ;
four teeth of the serratare between the spines. Anterior coxe mucro-
nate on the exterior angle.

Color, (dry, nota alcoholic. )—Face pale yellow; upper portions of the
head tawny. The entire dorsum pale castaneons, with somewhat darker ©
bands on the posterior margin of each segment, scarcely distin guishable.
A slight median yellow line on the thorax. Legs dull yellow, the pos-
terior pair darkest; spines yellow, not tipped with black; eyes black;
antennz fulvous. e

Dimensions.—Length, .70 inch; posterior femora, .5 inch; posterior
tibie, .5 inch. California. Presented by Mr. Taylor.

This may possibly be the male of Dr. Seudder’s C. Californianus, but —
the great difference in the length of the posterior femora would seem to
forbid this conclusion, although the color and absence of spines on the
posterior femora indicate a similarity. My specimen is evidently much
larger than the one he describes. This species appears to form a con-
necting link between Ceuthophilus and Udeopsylla, the head and thorax
having a strong resemblance to the latter genus.

C. pacificus, nov. sp.

Male.—Golden yellow, dotted and minutely mottled with fuscors; pos-
terior femora with one large serrated spine on each carina; middle tibie
spined above.

Tubercle of the vertex prominent, pointed. Ultimate joint of the
maxillary palpi unusually long, bent, and somewhat angled behind near
the base. Cirei rather large, acuminate. Tip of the last ventral seg-
ment noiched, and furnished on the outside of each lobe with a short
fusiform appendage. Anterior femora one-spined, not serrated; middle
femora one or two spined, not serrated. Posterior femora much enlarged —
for the basal three-fourths, suddenly contracted beneath near the apex;
a broad and tolerably deep suleus beneath; each margin minutely
seirated part of its length and furnished with one strong and very
broad spine. Each of these spines is serrated on the anterior margin;
the one on the interior margin is the largest and stands farthest from
the apex; between these spines and the apex the margins curve
upward, forming a kind of circular notch, and corresponding to this is
an enlargement or swelling of the front of the posterior tibiz# near the
base. The posterior femora are scabrous on the disk and upper edge.
The middle tibiz, in addition to the usual spines below, are furnished
on the upper face with four spines, two in a row; posterior tibiz ser-
rated, four spines on each posterior margin, opposite,

Color, (dry, but not alcoholic.) —Ground color of the dorsal portions
golden yellow; of ventral surface and legs, a honey yellow; the face
mottled with fuscous, forming three irregular spots, one beneath each —
eye and one in front; vertex and tubercle black; cranium with a aor
slender black lines , mostly longitudinal. The entire dorsum s "7
over with small irregular fascous dots, giving it a mossy a

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A437

Segments 2-8 have on each, near the posterior margin, a single row of
white dots. Posterior femora marked on the upper part of the disk with
oblique, brown, scabrous lines; along the middle of the disk rans a
slight sulcus, which is bordered by a stripe of brownish scabrous points;
there is also another short stripe of the same, each side of the sulcus,
near the apex. Posterior tibiz striped with brown in front.

Dimensions—Length, .5 inch; posterior femora, .43 inch; posterior
tibiee, .43 inch. From California. Presented by Mr. Taylor.

C. bilobatus, nov. sp.

Male—Femora unarmed. Posterior tibie multispined; spines alter-
nately long and short. Frontal tubercle biiobed. Venter bright yellow;
ultimate segment with a black fascia.

Frontal tubercle deeply bilobed; a transverse impression immediately
below it; eyes round, not docked on the inside; third joint of the anteune
not longer than the second. Abdomen faintly keeled on the posterior
seements; superanal plate (or last abdominal segment) deeply bilobed;
the short cerci protruding from beneath it by the lateral margins of
the lobes at a circular noteh; ultimate ventral segment notched at the
tip, and longitudinally sulcate beneath. Hemora neither spined nor
serrated. Anterior and middie tibise, although quite hairy, do not
appear to be spined or serrated; posterior tibie not serrated but spined
on the posterior margins nearly their entire length, spines nearly op-
posite, alternately long and short in each row; first joint of the posterior
tarsi with a strong curved spine above at the apex. All the tibic
appear to be square, having four nearly equal flat faces.

Color, (dry, but not alcohoiic.)—General and nearly uniform color an
ash-brown, with numerous orange-yellow dots. Tips of the mandibies
piceous black; a narrow, black, transverse line immediately below the
frontal tubercle; eyes brown. Two oblique, short, black stripes on
the meso- and meta-notum, diverging posteriorly, one each side reaching
across the two segments, bordered above, especially on the metanotum,
with an orange-yellow stripe. Venter a bright yellow, the ultimate
segment, with a black band across the middle, expanding at the lateral
margins.

Dimensions.—Length, .45 inch; posterior femora, .28 inch; posterior
tibize, .26ineh. California. Presented by Mr. Taylor.

I had a specimen of what I am satisfied was the female of this spe-
cies, but, unfortunately, it was destroyed before a description of it was
taken. All I can state positively in regard to it is, that the ovipositor
was very short, strongly curved upward, faleate. Color more of an
ash-gray than the male; the stripes on the thorax very distinct. About
the same size as the male.

The characters of this species will probably require the formation of .
a new genus for its reception, but the general appearance is sufficiently
near the typical Ceuthophili to piace it at once in that group; therefore,
rather than multiply generic names, I place it here for the present, but
have given a full description, that the generic characters may be known.

Udeopsylla robusta, Seudd.
Syn., Phalangopsis (Daihinia) robusta, Hald.

I have found this species at a few points in Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, and Southern Idaho. It appears to be generally distributed on
the plains and open sections of the RKocky-Mountain regions, but not
abundantly. I have seen very few females. Although the “upper

438 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

surface of the femora is sparsely scabrous,” I have not noticed this to
be the case with the “dorsum,” as stated by Haldeman.

BRADYPORINI.

' Anabrus simplex, Hald.

Found in great abundance between Brigham City, Utah, and Fort Hall,
Idaho. Also occasionally met with farther south in Utah and north of
Fort Hall to the boundary line of Montana, which is here along the
range separating the waters of the Atlantic from the Pacific. At some

points we found them so abundant as literally to cover the ground. In -

two or three instances they all appeared to be moving in one direction,
as if impelled by some common motive. I recollect one instance on
Port Neuf River, where an army was crossing the road; it was probably

as much as two hundred yards in width; I could form no idea as to its.

length; I only know that as far as I could distinguish objects of this
size, (being horseback,) I could see them marching on. I think that in
all the cases where I saw them thus moving, it was toward a stream of
water. They appear to be very fond of gathering along the banks and
in the vicinity of streams. In the north part of Cache Valley I fre-
quently noticed the ditches and little streams covered with these
insects, which, having fallen in, were floating down on the surface of

the water, and, though watching them for hours, they would flow on in

an undiminished stream.

While encamped on a little creek near Franklin, in this valley, it was
with difficulty we could keep them out of our bedding; and when we
went to breakfast we found the under side and legs of the table and
stools covered with them, all the vigilance of the cook being required
to keep them out of the victuals.

But the strangest part of its history is that it will go in pursuit of and
catch and eat the Cicada. This latter insect also made its appearance
in this valley the past season in immense numbers, covering the grass
and sage and other bushes, especially those which formed a fringe along
the little streams. Up these the Anabrus would cautiously climb,
reach out with its fore leg and plant its claw in its victim’s wing;
once the fatal claw secured a hold, the Cicada was doomed, for without
ceremony it was at once sacrificed to the voracious appetite of its eap-
tor. No uniformity appeared to be preserved in this process; sometimes
they would commence with the thorax, at others with the head, not even
taking the trouble to remove the legs or wings.

I noticed in the road, where one of the armies was crossing, a num-
ber of large hawks feasting themselves upon the helpless victims. As
I returned through Malade Valley, (August 20, 1871,) the females were
depositing their eggs. They press the ovipositor perpendicularly into
the ground almost its entire length. Pl. I, fig. 1.

A. purpurascens, Uhler.

Syn., Thamnotrizon pupurascens, Thos.

I have found no specimens of this species west of the Rocky Mount-
ain; yet it may possibly be found on the higher plateaus.
Tn my paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 76, and Rep. U.S.

Geol. Surv. Wyom. Ter., 1870, p. 268) I removed this species from Ana-

brus to Thamnotrizon, because the prosternum is unarmed. I did this
because A. Haldemannii, Girard, of which I had several specimens, has
the prosternum distinctly spined, and in other respects differs from the

‘
7
‘4
"i
‘
,
‘
¢

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 459

purpurascens. I had not then seen a specimen of A. simplex, Hald.; nor
had I seen the excellent synopsis of the European species of Thamno-
trizon by Brunner de- Wattenwyl, (in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Vereins in
Wien, XI, 1861,) the articles by Yersin, (Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc., 3d ser.,
Tom. VI and VII,) or Fieber’s Synopsis, (Lotos, 1853.) Now, having
specimens of all the species (simplex, Haldemannit, purpurascens) before
me, and access to the works named and those of Serville, Fischer, &c., I
find that while I was correct in separating the species, I was mistaken
in the disposition made of them, and, as a matter of course, in my
emendation of the generic characters.
* The genus Anabrus was formed by Haldeman for the reception of his
A. simplex, hence in emending the original description its characters
should be such as to embrace the species on which it was founded. A
more thorough examination of the generic characters of Thamnotrizon
as given by the various authors; a comparison of the figures by Brun-
ner de Wattenwy!, Von Frauenfeld, Fischer, &c., and personal inspection
of some specimens which I am satisfied belong to this genus, discovered
the past season, lead me to the conclusion that the arrangement and
number of spines on the front of the anterior tibie is a true normal
character, although having some slight exceptions, (for 7. fallax appears
from the figure in Verhandl. Zool.-Bot., XI, 1861, Pl. 10, to vary from
this type.) As A. simplex and purpurascens have two rows of spines on
the front of the anterior tibize, (one 4-5, the other 2-3, making in all 6-8,)
they cannot belong to this genus, but should remain where originally
placed. A. Haldemannii, having the prosternum very distinctly bispinose,
must be placed in some other genus, and even without this distinction
there are other differences which will remove it from generic association
with these species. Iam not well satisfied where it should go, but piace
it provisionally in Pterolepis, Fisch., (not Serville,) with which it appears
to be most nearly allied.

There is much confusion in regard to this group of genera. Fischer
(Orthop. Europ.) separates Thamnotrizon from Pterolepis of Rambur,
placing the species without prosternal spines in the former, leaving
those with spines in the latter; while Serville places the species without
prosternal spines in Pterolepis. Fieber, following Serville, places the
unarmed species in Pterolepis and forms a new genus—Ahacocleis—-for
those which are spined. Yersin (Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc., 3d ser., VI)
describing Pterolepis alpina gives the spines as acharacter. Orchesticus
of Saussure (Rev. Mag. Zool., 2d ser., XI., 1859, p. 201) comes very close
to this, the chief difference being in the mesosternum. Brunner de
Wattenwyl appears to follow Fischer in regard to Thamnotrizon, but
on the other hand adopts the Rhacocleis of Fieber for his spined species,
omitting Pterolepis altogether. He forms a sub-genus in Decticus,
which he names Psorodonotus, to which he removes Pterolepis alpina,
Yersin.

tn the midst of such confusion, which Walker has increased by the
formation of several too closely-allied genera, it is difficult to place a
somewhat abnormal species. It is probable Dr. Scudder will clear up
this difficulty in his anxiously looked-for work on the Crthoptera ; there-
fore for the present I have adopted the following arrangement as the
best I can do with the materials I have at hand. I would not venture
to take this step if it were not necessary to adopt some consistent ar-
rangement of the new species I obtained during my recent visits to the
Rocky Mountains.
_ Discarding Lhacocleis, Fieb.; retaining Pterolepis, Fisch., (Not. Serv. ;)
and restricting the other genera to their true limits, the genus Anabrus

440 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

will stand as distinct, and its relation to the others may be represented
as follows:

A. Anterior tibise spined in front:
a. Prosternum spined. (Thyreonotus, Pterolepis = Rhacocleis, Orches-
fieus. ) . ,
ad. Prosternum not spined:
b. Pronotum distinctly carined; anterior tibis with three or
foun spines In fromtm enges~ 2-2 554 Decticus, (prop.)
bb. Pronotum with sub-distinet lateral carine; anterior tibie
with three spines in front; elytra not squameform.’

SRD-SOMUS jcic nec wcie d- ebek wes oe Platacleis.

bbb. Pronctum without distinct lateral carine; elytra squame-
form :

e. Anterior tibiz with but three or four spines in front;

ONE TOW esine | driplasared aeheeeee Saee Thamnotrizon.

ec. Anterior tibixe with six or eight spines in front; two

POWS w vichiedbae ewe qt acy. hae Anabrus.

¢ This is rather artificial, depending tco much upon a minor character,
but will perhaps accord with a more thorough and natural arrangement
when made. I have slightly expanded Fischer’s spine character of
Decticus. Lam awarethat Thamnotrizon and Anabrus have been placed
in different groups, and although I follow the arrangement in this
article, I confess I think the differences scarcely warrant the separation.
A. coloradus, nov. sp.

Rather smaller than A. simplex or A. purpurascens ; ovipositor shorter
and more curved upward. Abdomen with brown bands.

Hyes small, round, the most angular portion being below. Pronotum
rrather short; posterior part sub-tricarinate, somewhat flattened ; apex-
truncate. Abdomen decticoid. Superanal plate of the female round;
subanal plate sub-quadrate, tumid, with a short spine at each apical angle,
and a short, broad spine each side of the base. Prosternum not spined ;
meso- and metasternum, with the lateral angles elevated, acute. Super-
anal plate of the male somewhat acute-angled; cerci with the two
prongs, mucronate, the lower ones strongly curved inward; subanal
plate deeply notched; cylindrical appendages short. Legs slender,
short ; posterior femora with three or four minute abortive spines on
the lower exterior carina.

Color, (dvied after immersion in alcohol.)—Dull yellow, varied with
brown. I‘ace yellow; occiput of the female brown; male pale. Disk of
the pronotum brownish, posterior portion dark; lower margins of the
sides yellow. Each abdominal segment with a brown band on the base.
Venter and pectus dull yellow. Elytra and wings as usual, abortive.

Dimensions.— 2, length, 1.28 inches; pronotum, .38 inch; posterior
femora, .63 inch; posterior tibiee,.70 inch; ovipositor,.73inch. ¢, length,
1.12 inches. HKastern Colorado.

LOCUSTINI.*

*T follow Walker in giving this division, but I reduce it to a group, yet it does not
accord with my cpinion as to the boundary-lines, for I really believe Thamnotrizon
should be placed in the same group as Bradyporus. But as I have not studied the
species of this family with sufficient care to give a satisfactory outline of the divisions,
I follow those of other authors.

4
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 7. |

Thamnotrizon scabricollis, nov. sp.

Pronotum roughly punctured, dark purplish. Femora striped with
yellow.

Female.—Head smooth; first joint of the antenne broad, flattened;
frontal tubercle broad, flat, and truncated below by the transverse suleus
between the antenne. Pronotum of moderate length, sub-tricarinate,
expanding posteriorly; deeply and coarsely punctured, so as to render
it somewhat scabrous; a distinct, oblique impression each side of the
median carina; a smooth space on each side near the middle; lateral
carine obtuse, truncate in front, obtusely rounded behind; sides extend
‘lowest at the anterior cox, angles rounded, posterior oblique; margin
slightly curved inward. Abdomen large, nearly twice as long as the
thorax, carinated; apex of the last segment suddenly narrowed, forming
a Slight entering angle each side; terminal, triangular portion somewhat
tumid and excavated at the middle of the upper surface. Cerci very
small, pointed. Subanal plate very large and broad, with a square
notch at the middle of the apex; ovipositor slightly curved, acuminate.
Kilytra extend the width of one segment beyond the pronotum. Femora
all unarmed. Anterior tibiee, with one row, 3-4 spines above, situate
somewhat on the external face; middle tibie with two rows above,
‘inner row 5-6 spines, outer 4; posterior tibise with two rows beneath.
Posterior femora slightly arcuate near the base, about as long as the
abdomen; appendages to the first dorsal joint about as long as the
apical spines, sub-reniform.

Color, (after immersion in alcohol, but very near as when living.)—
Face yellow below the eyes; two brown dots on the clypeus; buccal
Suture tuscous; base of the antenne yellowish, a purple dot on the front
of the first joint; occiput purple. Pronotum brownish-purple, palest
near the apex; broadly margined on the sides with yellow. Abdomen
dark-purple, with paler points and spots; ovipositor testaceous, fuscous
at the apex and along the upper edge. Posterior and middle femora
light-purple, with rows of black dots along the disk. Tibize purplish,
spines piceous at the tip$. Elytra, which are very small, have a purple
disk and yellow margin.

Male.-—Cerci short, very robust, with an obtuse inner tooth at the
apex; subanal plate large, elongate, deeply notched at the apex, the
notch forming an acute angle; the cylindrical appendage at the tip of
each lobe, short. Hlytra, extending across two segments, colored, as in
the female.

Dinensions.— @ g, length, 1.25 inches; posterior femora, .75 inch; pos-
terior tibiz, .74 inch; ovipesitor, .77 inch.

Found in Southern Montana on the dividing range of the Rocky
Mountains at an elevation of 6,680 to 8,000 feet above the level of the sea.

Pterolepis (?) Haldemannti, Thos.
Syn., dnabrus Haldemannii, Girard.
I have met with this species only in Colorado and Eastern Wyoming.
I am rather inclined to think it does not belong to the Pacific slope.

P. (7?) Stevensonit, Thos.

® Syn., Anabrus Stevensonii, Thos.

P. (2) minutus, Thos.
Syn., Anabrus minutus, Thos. (Pl. II, Fig. 17.)
Tor the reasons heretofore given, these species will also have to be

442 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

removed from Anabrus, and I place them in this genus with some hesi-
tancy. Nor can I decide the point satisfactorily without a better knowl-
edge of these genera. I have not met with either of these species on _—
the western slope. 7

Decticus pallidipalpus, nov. sp.

Female.—Face round, smooth; occiput convex, smooth, terminating
at the vertex in an oblique cone, separated from the face by a cross
impression between the antenne. Antenne longer than the body; first
joint broad and flat, not reaching the top of the vertex; third joint
cylindrical, about twice as long as the second; rest of the joints have
on them a few scattering hairs. Maxillary palpi less than twice as long
as the labial; fifth joint longest, sub-clavate, with rounded apex, straight;
third joint a little longer than the fourth, which is slightly curved.
Labrum obovate, wide as the clypeus; the latter subtriangular, not
separated from the face. Pronotum short, but not transverse, having
three distinct and equal carine, the lateral slightly converging a litile
in front of the middle; front margin truncate, slightly waving; poste-
rior margin obtusely rounded; lateral margin extends below the lower
border of the eyes, the lowest part a little behind the anterior angle,
the angles rounded; the posterior, oblique lateral margin slightly curved
inward; no cross incisions, the carine being continuous. LElytra and
wings hid by the pronotum. Abdomen convex above, about twice the
length of the thorax; ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, straight,
pointed at the apex; the last ventral segment triangular, deeply notched
at the apex, notch square; superanal plate triangular, entire; cerci
minute. Prosternum not spined or tuberculate, transverse; meso-
and meta-sternal angles elevated into triangular plates, but not spined.
Posterior femora very slightly spined beneath; other femora unarmed.
Anterior tibiz with one row of three spines in front, on the external
margin; middle tibiz with two rows above, four on the outer and two
on the inner margin; posterior tibice with two rows of fine spines below;
the appendages to the base of the first joint of the tarsi oblong. ,

Color, (after immersion in alcohol.)—Pale, dull yellow, somewhat
uniform, the dorsal portions generally a little the darkest and some-
times with a reddish-brown tinge. Legs tinged with dull purple, or
testaceous. Antenne pale at base, rest fuscous; eyes brown, with san-
guinous spots on the inner side, one or two of a similar character at the
front of the base of the antenne.

Male.—Elytra project from beneath the pronotum in the form of
scales, crossing one or two segments; disk brown, margins yellow.
Apex of the last abdominal segment notched; cerci robust, curved
inward, a strong bent tooth on the inside about the middle ; tip of the
last ventral segment notched, appendages blunt. Dorsal portions and
legs pale purplish.

Dimensions—Q, length, 1 inch; ovipositor, .74 inch; posterior
femora, .81 inch; posterior tibia, .73 inch. ¢, length, .87 inch; pos-
terior femora, .73 inch; posterior tibice, .69 inch.

Found at Copenhagen, Utah; mouth of Port Neuf River; and on
Snake River, Southern Idaho. June 15-25.

I think that when living the general color is a pale pea-green. |

This species is closely allied to the section established by Walker,
(Cat. Dermap. Salt., pt. Ii, 259,) the following slight variations being
noticed: the difference in the number of tibial spines; no longitudinal
furrow between the eyes, except in dried specimens; the two oblique

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 443

furrows of the face seen only in dried specimens, the face being regu-
larly convex.

D. trilineatus, Thos.
Syn., Thamnotrizon trillineatus, Thos.

This species probably belongs here, as it is closely allied to the pre-
eeding. Ihave not met with it west of the dividing range, but have
traced it up the eastern slope nearly to the summit at South Pass,
Wyoming.

Locusta fuliginosa, nov. Sp.

Male—Klytra and wings very long, nearly twice the length of the
body. Wings dark fuscous, with short pellucid bands between the
nerves.

Occiput is divided into three obtusely rounded, longitudinal ridges,
the middle the broadest; the tubercle between the eyes compressed
laterally, and sulcate. ’Pronotum Short, lateral carinz distinct on
the posterior lobe; the second transverse impression bends backward
on the dorsum, so as to form an acute angle; front sub-truncate;
posterior extremety obtusely rounded; the entering angle of the pos-
terior margin situated a little below the humerus, and is simply a
rounded notch; the lower margin of the sides rounded, in a somewhat
semi-circular form, from the anterior angle to the notch before men-
tioned. Elytra very long, nearly equal to twice the length of the body,
of moderate width, margins parallel, apex round. Wings nearly as
long as the elytra; the nervules very minute, almost imperceptible, ex-
cept near the inner margin, where they are a little more prominent.
The superanal plate is divided nearly to its base, the two lobes pro-
longed into pointed processes reaching the tips of the cerci; the cerci
very stout, rounded exteriorly, somewhat carinated internally, apex
rounded externaily, internally there is a notch with a spine each side of
it; subanal plate triangular at the apex, with two converging carine
beneath, which terminate in the cylindrical appendages. All the
femora furnished with two rows of spines, irregular, and but few on
some of the carine. Anterior tibiz with a single row of two or three
spines in front; the middle tibie with two rows above, five in each,
opposite ; posterior tibize with two rows beneath. The prosternal spines
sharp; the lateral angles of the meso and meta-sternum are also pro-
duced into dull spines, the latter the mostobtuse. Spine of the anterior
coxa broad at base, pointed at the apex.

Color, (dried.)\—Fuliginous. Labrum pale yellow; a bright-yellow
spot between the eyes, at the base of the tubercle; face dull yellow,
variegated with dark brown; joints of the maxillary palpi fuscous at
the base and pale at the tip; ’antenne pale testaceous, the first and sec-
ond joints fuscous. Pronotum palest on the dorsum; the upper poster-
ior parts of the sides darkest. TElytra semi-pellucid, with a fuliginous ©
shade, varied with darker spots, those along the middle field largest;
stridulating organ scarcely differing in color from the other parts.
Wings fuliginous throughout, varied only by short semi-pellucid bands
reaching from one nerve to another, always situated between the nerv-
ules. Legs fuscous, the tibie palest. Female, unknown.

Dimensions.—Length of the body to tip of the cerci, 1.26 inches;
cerci, .19 inch; elytra, 2.28 inches; posterior femora, 1.26 inches; pos-
terior tibize, 1. 33 inches.

AAA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

From Northern Arizona. Obtained from the collection of Dr. Palmer,
in the Agricultural Department, at Washington.

This is a very interesting species, as it is the first of this genus, as at
present restricted, which has been found in the United States. I have
therefore made my description very full, including some generic char-
acters. It is remarkable for the length of its wings and its dark, som-
ber color.

Figured by Professor Glover. Pl. I, Fig. 9.

L. occidentalis, nov. sp.

Female.—Testaccous, with a row of black spots along the middle of
the elytra. Closely allied to L. fuliginosa, but smaller, and rather more

slender in its proportions.

Occiput not ascending, convex, transverse; tubercle compressed on the
sides, slightly suicate. First joint of the antennz convex in front, with
a sight tubercle at the base. Pronotum longerthan broad, somewhat
carinated; lateral carinz rounded on the anterior lobes, angled on the
posterior, slightly converging near the middle; a faint medium line yisi-
ble; margins as in fuliginosa. Elytra about twice the length of the
body; narrow, equal width throughout; round atthe apex. ‘The sternal
spines and lobes as in fuliginosa. Middle femora longer than the ante-
rior, Slender sub-eylindrical; the anterior femora have from three to five
small spines on the inner carina; middle and posterior femora have a
few minute distant spines on each carina. Anterior tibiz with one row
of three spines in front; middle with two rows above, four er five in
the internal, and two in the external.

Color, (dried, but does not appear to have been immersed in alcohol.)—
Testaceous. Face pale brownish-yellow; an irregular black stripe
reaches from the eyes to the posterior margin of the. pronotum, rupning
along the side of the latter, immediately below the lateral carina. The
pronotum brownish above, paler below the stripe on the side. Elytra
testaceous, the middle field marked with a row of black spots, which
form a kind of serrature along the externo-median nerve, the inter-
spaces whitish; the upper field somewhat regularly variegated with
pale, brownish, rhomboid spots; lower field pale, with clusters of dark
points. The wings fawn- colored ; ; nerves and nervules of the front mar-
gin black, prominent ; rest mostly the color of the wings, and less prom-
inent. Spines tipped with piceous; soles of the tarsi fuseous. Anten-
ne wanting in my specimen.

Dimensions.—Length of body, .95 inch; elytra, 1.80 inches; poste-
rior femora, 1.14 inches; posterior tibiz, 1.13 inches; ovipositor, .87
inch.

California. Received from Mr. Taylor, of San Francisco, as a Califor-
nia species. Pi. LH, Fig. 16.

CONOCEPHALINI.

Coptophora mucronata, Thos., (Canadian Ent., 1872, p-.)

Cone of the vertex smooth on the margins, mucronate. Mesosternu
bidentate. Green; labrum, clypeus, and under side of the cone yellow.

Male and female. ’ Cone of the vertex standing obliquely forward, apex
mucronate; the minute spine slightly deflexed, especially in the female;
sides parallel from the base a little above the first joint of the antenne,
where they are slightly angulate; not serrated or granulate; front side
has, near the base, a prominent tubercle: there is also a tubercle below
this between the antenne. Face oblique, smooth ; occiput smooth ;

;
;

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 445

pronotum rounded, not carined, densely punctured; on the dorsum
there is generally a glabrous, semicireular spot; there are also some
irregular glabrous ‘impressions on the sides; front rounded; posterior
margin nearly straight, slightly rounded at the humerus, where there is
an entering angle. “Elytra passing the abdomen about one-third their
length; upper margin straight from the dorsal angle; lower margin
rounded from the base to the apex; apex angled. Wings about as
long as the elytra. Ovipositor about as long as the body, nearly straight,
lanceolate at the apex; cerci of moderate length, swollen, slightly curved,
with a slender, pointed apex. Posterior lateral angles of the mesoster-
num furnished with a strong spine. Hxternal carine of the femora fur-
nished with strong spines; also a sharp spine each side of the apex
of each, projecting forward. Anterior tibiz without spines in front;
middle with two rows above, two in each row; posterior with two rows
beneath. Antertor coxe furnished externally with a strong-curved spine.
The abdomen of the male has, at the apex of the last ventral segment,
the usual cylindrical appendages; superanai plate bilobed; no cerci ap-
parent in the only male [ have seen. Legs of the male quite hairy.

Color.—Body and elytra uniform bright pea-green; under side and
edges of the frontal cone bright-yellow; labrum and clypeus yellow;
mandibles deep piceous black, except the upper external angles, which
are green; ovipositor dull yellow, slightly striped with fuscous near
the apex; tarsi pale fuscous; eyes brown.

Dimensions.— 9, length (exclusive of cone) to tip of abdomen, 1.5
inches; cone, .3 inch; elytra, 1.28 inches; posterior femora, .87 inch;
posterior tibiz, .83 inch; ovipostor, 1.5 inches. ¢, length, 1.25 inches;
elytra, 1.05 inches.

9, Fig, 14, Pl. viii; ¢, Fig. 8, Pl. vii, of Professor Glover’s plates of
Orthoptera.

This species was obtained by Professor Glover in the greenhouse of
the Agricultural Department at Washington. It has evidently been
introduced with the plants brought from some tropical section. The
only plants received last fall or winter from the tropics were from
Central America and Cayenne.

if the mesosternal spines, which are very prominent, do not dis-
tinguish it from other species, the very interesting Inquiry arises, Has
it been produced from the eggs of some known species, the variations
between the perfect insects having been produced by the diiierent cir-
cumstances under which they have grown to maturity? So faras I
am aware, the following list embraces all the species hitherto de-
seribed :

C. cornuta, Serv.—Para. C. megacephala, Burm.—Isle St.
C. Mexicana, Sauss.—Mexico. Johanna.

C. lucifera, Burm.—Bahia. €. gracilis, Scudd.—Napo, or Mar-
C. flavo-seripta, Walk.—Venezuela. anon.

C. longicauda, Serv.—Cayenne.. ©. cuspidata, Haan.—Brazil.

Although not from the West, 1 have given a description of it here
on account of the interest which attaches to it.

Ephippitytha gracilipes, Thos.

I did not meet with this species west of the mountains, but find it
among Dr. Palmer’s collections, marked Northern Arizona. Plate I,
Fig. 11

AAG GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Famity IL—ACRIDIDZ.
Sub-family ACRIDINIA.
First group.—Trucalint.

OPOMOLA, Erichs.

O. brachyptera,* Scudd., (Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., VII, 454.)
Thos., (Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871.)

As Mr. Seudder at the time he described this species had but a
single male specimen, I have concluded to give a full description of
the unique female specimen I obtained in Wyoming Territory.

Female.—Vertex carinated; elytra narrow, reaching the tip of the
second abdominal segment. Antenne broad, ensiform. Pale orange-
brown, with dusky points.

Occiput convex, straight, not ascending, with a slight, shallow, longi-
tudinal depression each side, leaving a low, rounded, median ridge. Ver-
tex triangular, margins turned up, witha strong median carina, the three
meeting in front in a blunt point; length, in advance of the eyes, equal
to about one-third of the entire length ofthe head. The face tricarinate,
or rather quadricarinate, as the frontal ridge is so deeply suleate that it
forms two distinct carine, which meet at the vertex; all somewhat
divergent, and reaching the clypeus. Eyes oblong-cvate. Antenne
searcely as long as the head and thorax, ensiform, flattened, and slightly
triquetrous. Pronotum about as long as the head, tricarinate; sides
parallel; only the posterior transverse impression distinct on the disk,
situate a little behind the middle. LElytra lanceolate, narrow, reaching
the tip of the second abdominal segment. Wings narrow, minute, about
half as long as the elytra. Abdomen long, slender, and somewhat eylin-
drical, slightly carinated. The four anterior legs slender; posterior
femora, slender, straight, not as long as the abdomen; posterior tibiz
slender, nearly cylindrical, somewhat hairy at the apex. Prosternal
point is only a blunt tubercle.

Color, (dried, after long immersion in alcohol.)—Pale orange-brown,
witbout distinct spots or markings, but with numerous minute dusky
points. The antenne are purplish brown; the vertex, legs, and abdo-
men tinged with the same color. Spines of the posterior tibiz, abdom-
inal appendages, and tarsal claws tipped with black. When living,
the only specimen I have seen in the perfect state, was of a uniform
grayish-brown; length, 1.5 inches.

My specimen was obtained near the ruins of old Fort Casper, on the
North Platte River, Wyoming Territory, August 22. I have some
larvee and pup obtained in Cache Valley, Utah, which possibly belong
to this species.

O. Wyomingensis, Thos.
Syn., Mesops Wyomingensis, (Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871.)
Small, slender, and cylindrical; elytra reaching the fifth abdominal

segment; abdomen of the male terminating in an acute prolongation.

Pale green, sometimes varied with reddish, immaculate.

“This specific. name is twice used; the Acridium (Pyrgomorpha) brachyptera,
Haan, (Verz. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Ind. Bez. Ins., 150,) having been referred by Walker to
Opomola, becomes O. brackyptera, but Mr. Seudder’s species received the name first,
BA} must stand, and that of Walker changed. (See Walk. Cat. Dermop. Salt., III,

air ~

3

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 4AY

Female.—¥rontal cone elongate, flat above, scarcely margined, a SAL:
low foveola each side under the lateral margin. Face very oblique,
quadricarinate; carine sharp, divergent, reaching the clypeus. Eyes
oblong-ovate, situated near the antenna. Antenne ensiform, trique-
trous. Pronotum about as long as the head; anterior and posterior
margins truncate; cylindrical. Blytra narrow, lanceolate, reaching the
fifth abdominal segment; wings small. Abdomen elongate, cylindrical,
slightly enlarged toward the apex; upper valves of the ovipositor
scarcely exserted. Prosternal spine quite short and blunt. Mesosternum
slightly furrowed longitudinally on each side.

Color.—Bright pea-green, immaculate; wings pellucid. After immer-
sion in alcohol it becomes a.pale ereenish-yellow.

Male.—Ditters from the female, as follows: Much smalier and slen-
_- derer; vertex more pointed, slightly margined; abdomen turned up at
the apex, terminating with a sharp lanceolate extension of the last
ventral segment; antenne, face, vertex, occiput, pronotum, femora, and
abdominal appendages more or less varied with pale carneous; a whitish
stripe extends from the lower border of each eye to the base of the
middle leg.

Dimensions.— 9 , length, 1.05 inches; elytra, .52inch; posterior femora,
inch. @, length, .78 inch.

Found on the east side of the Black Hills, Wyoming, in the vicinity
of Cottonwood Creek. August.

I formerly placed this in Mesops, with which it agrees in all respects,
except the position of the eyes, which appears to be the distinguishing.
character of that genus. I have, therefore, concluded to place it in
Opomola, in Walker’s second group, of which 0. cylindrodes, Stal., is the
type; yet I believe it would be better to slightly modify the generic
description of Mesops and place it there, for it appears to be very closely
allied to M. pedestris, Hrichs. Certainly it agrees more closely with the
characters of this genus (except as to the position of the eyes) than J.
gladiator, Westw. TPE II, Fig. 8.

Second group.—Acridini.

ACRIDIUM, Geof.

A. ambiguum, nov. sp.

Male and female-—Very similar in size, markings, and carvings to
A. Americanum, Dru., with which it has been long confounded, and
from which it differs chiefly, and almost exclusively, in the general
color. The A. Americanum is more deeply and closely punctured about
the head than the latter. In the former the frontal costa, besides the
smaller punctures, has along each margin a row of regularly spaced
large black punctures, which are less distinct, or wanting, in the latter,
(ambiguum.) The spots on the elytra of the latter are scarcely as large
and paler than in the former.

Color.—Yellow or brownish-yellow. Face yellow; occiput pale brown.
Dorsum of the pronotum light brown; the dorsal stripe dim, and some-
times, especially in the male, absent. Sides of the pronotum yellow; a
dusky spot in the middle with a yellow stripe through it. Wings trans-
parent, with a pale-yellowish tinge at the base; veins of the apex and of
the anterior portion black. Brownish spots on the elytra, much like
and arranged as in A. Americanum; general color of the rest yellowish,
or brownish-yellow. Abdomen greenish-yellow. Legs bright yellow;
femora reddish above. :

AAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Dimensions.— 9, length, 2 inches; elytra,1.95 inches. ¢, length, 1.6
inches; elytra, 1.74 inches; posterior femora, 1 inch; posterior tibie, .9
inch.

Southern Ilinois; Kansas, (Thomas;) Tennessee, (T. Rogan, esq.)

There has been much confusion in regard to thea. Americanum, (with
which the present species has, doubtless, been confounded,) notwith-
standing its large size, distinct markings, and the very full description
given by Drury as early as 1770, with an accompanying colored figure.
The markings and carvings of the two species are nearly exactly alike;
but the general or ground colors are very different, the one being a deep
vermilion or purplish-red, and the other a dull yellow, or ight brownish-
yellow. But, in addition to this difference, I am satisfied, after a close
observation of the two in Illinois for several years, that they are differ-
ent species from another fact: the A. ambiguum always appears in the
spring, in April or May, while the other never appears earlier thar the
middle of Juiy; and from quite a number of specimens of each sent me
the past season from East Tennessee, by Theophilus Rogan, esq., of Rus-
sellville, [ am satisfied the same thing occurs there. The A. Americanum
made its appearance in Washington City this season in the latter part
of August and first of September; but not a specimen of the other species
was to be seen among them. The two species differ considerably when
on the wing, the wings of the A. Americanum having a peculiar silvery
appearance not observable in the other. The larve also are different,
those of the former being reddish-brown, while the latter is greenish.

De Geer (Mem. Ins., III, Pl. 40, Fig. 8) figures probably a specimen
of my ambiguum, which he names A. flavo-fasciatum; but Serville’s
description under this name applies to an entirely different species.
Olivier’s A. vittatum, (Encye. Method Ins., VI, 221,) which he gives as
Synonymous with De Geer’s species, is also a different insect. De Haan,
who received specimens from Tennessee, through Dr. Troost, undoubt-
edly of my ambiguum, says (Bijdr. Kenn. Orthop., 145) that A. carneipes,
Serv., is but a variety of A. flavo-fasciatum, to which he refers his speci-
mens, thus evidently making two mistakes. Westwood, in his edition
of Drury, gives the name Locusta tartarica to his figure of this species,
thus identifying it with Gryllus tartaricus, Linn., one of the destructive
oriental species.

Professor T. Glover figures A. Americanum under the name of A. rus-
ticum, probably after Burmeister, whose description evidently applies to
A, alutaceum, Harr. Walker (Cat. Dermap. Salt., III, 550) transfers A.
Americanum to his new genus, Cyrtacanthacris, to which, if correct, we
should also transfer the other species. But his only generic deserip-
tion is, that the posternal spine is bent or curved obliquely backward
upon the mesosternum, adding that it corresponds with Serville’s Div. 1
and Burmeister’s Div. 2A of Acridium. Now Serville states as one of
the chief characters of his Diy. 1 that “the subanal plate of the male
is long, triangular, entire, and pointed,” while both these species have
the subanal piate very distinctly and strongly notched, which places it
in his second division, subdivision qq.

In this state of confusion I have concluded to give a new name to
the yellow species, as it does not appear to have been distinguished
from A. Americanum, although it has doubtless been referred to by some
of the authors mentioned.

A. frontalis, nov. sp. Pl. II, fig 1.
Vertex sub-conical, small size; elytra and wings not passing the
abdomen. General color green. Closely allied to A. wnilineatum, Walk. ;

a ee >

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 449

caloptenoid in in general appearance. Vertexregularly hexagonal, stand-
ing out in AS Ne of a short truncated cone, the tip depressed in the
center ; face slightly oblique, straight, quadricarinate; carine nearly
parallei, middle pair approach each other immediately below the ocellus.
Kyes elongate, ines, straight in front. Pronotum scarcely enlarged
behind; anterior lobes reticulately, and posterior lobe longitudinally,
pugulose ; median carina very distinct, but not elevated. EHlytra and
wings narrow, rather shorter than the abdomen. Valves of the ovipos
itor prominent, the lower pair much slenderer than the upper and much
exserted. Male cerci slender, tapering and curved upward; subanal
plate narrow, tapering , subtruneate at the apex, entire. Prosternal spine
subgquadrate, pointed, and straight. Antenne passing the pronotum
slightly. Posterior femora passing the abdomen.

Color, (dried after immersion in aleohcl).—Nearly uniform greenish-
yellow. Face and pronotum sprinkled swith dusky dots. The elevated
lines of the pronotum pale yellow; depressed portiéns in the alcoholie
Specimens testaceous-green, but in the living insect may be and proba-
bly are colored quite differently ; some specimens have the middle carina
and other portions of the pronotum tinged with red. Posterior femora
pale reddish along the upper edge. Elytra a transparent green; wings
pellucid.

_ Dimensions.— 2, length, 1.06 inch.; elytra, .63 inch.; posterior femora,
te neh. ; - posterior tibiz, .66inch. ¢, length, .82 inch.; elytra, .5 inch.

Kansas, (from C. R. Dodge’s collection. )

_ There is a possibility that this is synonymous with Pezotettix speciosa,
‘Scudd., (Hayden’s U. 8. Geol. Surv. Neb., 250,) with which it agrees
toler ably well except in the length of the elytra and wings; but Mr.
Seudder may have had the pupe, and he places it in Pezotettix provis-
ionally, ‘as it does not strictly appertain” to that genus. Itis a some-
what anomalous species, but I think my specimens belong to Acridium.

A. emarginaium, Ubl., (Scudd., Notes on Orthop., Geol. Surv. Neb.)

This species is closely allied to and much like A. alutacewm, Harr. It
is the same one which f, in my former report, referred to A. flavo-facia-
tum, DeG. It has been found in Southeastern Colorado and in Nebraska,
but appears to be rarely met with.

CALOPTENUS, Burm.

The following table of the species belonging to the United States will
give the distinguishing characters of the new species herein described :

A. Hlytra without spots:

a. A broad yellow stripe along each lateral angle....-- bivittatus.
aa. With but one or no dorsal stripe:
b. General color green, a yellow dorsal stripe ....-.-.-. * viridis.

bb. Dorsum not striped: |
¢. Hilytra a little longer than the abdomen; size,

RCO ewes Pots GE hiya bs ot 4 differentialis.
cc. Elytra much shorter than the abdomen; size,
Saal) .avinee ets Wg) AS CMe ee aks lc cpde * Dodget.

AA. Elytra with spots:
a. Klytra longer than the abdomen.
b. Elytra much longer than the abdomen ; last ventral segment
of the male notched at the tip ...... Pelargars sib gira spretus.

29G8

450 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

bb. Elytra slightly longer than the abdomen; last ventral seg- —

ment of the male entire at the tip:
ce. Spots small, and confined to a median line along the

malities ee Ss i Jemur-rubrum.
cc. Spots larger, and equally distributed over the
CUyila oe Mae SS. 3s.. 0e) ee * griseus.

aa. Elytra about as long as the abdomen.
b. General color pale yellow:
ce. Hind femora with two oblique black streaks. out-
SIE ee ak keh ee oie eae bilituratus.
ec. Hind femora with three black patches outside. -.seriptus.
bb. General color not pale yellow:
ce. Hind femora with three straight black bands; lower
valves of the ovipositor neary straight at the

BCD os oa peeks he ” punctulatus.

ec. Hind femora with oblique brown bands; lower valves
of the ovipositor bent at the apex.....- * occidentalis.

aaa. Elytra shorter than the abodmen:
b. Color, pale olive-green; a pale stripe each side the prono-

OUT (ko Sa hihi 2 beh cag ae Sa eee * Turnbullii.
bb. Color tawny; head and thorax with two broad black
SWIPES: 6-2 < so od oo etlhcn sie ae = Bie repletus.

C. viridis, nov. sp. Pl. I, fig. 3.

Lateral caring of the pronotum obsolete. Green, with a white dorsal
stripe; femora banded with red.

Vertex slightly expanding in front of the eyes, channeled; lateral
carine of the face moderately divergent; frontal costa suleate and
narrowed below the ocellus. Eyes elongate, large, acuminate above,
and approaching unusually near to each other. Pronotum sub-eylin-
drical; lateral carinz obliterated; median carina scarcely perceptible ;
the posterior lateral margins nearly straight from the lateral angle
to the apex, there being no entering angle at the humerus, this
point of the margin being marked only by. a Slight inward flexure;
the posterior transverse incision only cuts the median carina. Cerci
of the male regularly acuminate ; subanal plate entire, sub-truncate
at the apex; superanal plate triangular with two sub-medial con-
vergent ribs or carine. The elytra and wings about as long as the ab-
domen. The posterior femora reach the tip of the abdomen.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.) Entirely of a pale greenish-
yellow, except as follows: antennz rufous; tip of the vertex, and a spot
beneath the eye, (in most specimens,) fuscous ; transverse incisions of
the pronotum, and two short lines on the sides, dark. A slightly paler
median stripe is visible on the occiput and pronotum, bordered by pale
brown; posterior lobe of the pronotum tinged with roseate. Tips of
the spines and claws black. Elytra and wings pellucid, immaculate.

The living insect is colored as follows: A bright pea-green, with a
white stripe along the middle of the occiput and pronotum; and one
along the angle of each elytron, and one along the edge of the hind
femora. A bright red ring around each femur just above the knee;
hind tibiz blue. Male and female the same except in size.

Dimensions.— 9 , loneth, .85 inch; elytra, .62 inch; posterior femora,
inch. ¢, length, .62 inch.

Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas.

* New species.

) tiie tia : ne a ee ee ee eee ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 451

It is probable that this species should be placed in Ommatolampis, but
I am not sufficiently acquainted with that genus to determine this point.

C. Dodgei, Thos., Pl. II, figs. 4, 5, 9., (Canadian Ent., 1871, p. 168.)

Posterior femora with three white bands. Elytra not more than half
the length of the abdomen, unspotted.

Male.—Small size. Vertex elongate, distinctly channeled; frontal
costa broad, flat, and squarely margined above the ocellus ; "margins
punctured ; ’antennes thick, passing the thorax; joints distinct ‘and
somewhat obconic. The transverse incisions of the’ pronotum distinct;
posterior lateral margins very slightly ineurved at the humerus; median
carina distinct only on the anterior and posterior lobes. Ely tra about
half the length of the abdomen, oblong-ovate. Posterior femora about
as long as the abdomen. Prosternal point thick, obtuse, transverse.
Cerci slender; subanal plate somewhat pointed, the margin on the upper
surface entire.

Color.—Brown, varied with white. Face cinereous. Occiput and
disk of the pronotum dark brown, mottled with lighter and darker
shades, except the posterior lobe, which is brown. Elytra brown, lower
half very dark; on each side of the head and pronotum behind the eye
there is a dark glabrous spot, which does not extend back beyond the
third transverse incision. Abdomen pale, mottled with reddish-brown.
Four anterior tibize pale reddish-brown. <A white oblique spot above
the posterior coxe. Posterior femora crossed externally by three white
bands, the one nearest the apex much the smallest; the middle interme-
diate dark band is abruptly bent forward in the middle of the disk.
Antenne pale at base; rest rufous.

Female.—Pronotum uniformly dark brown, except the dark spots on
the sides, and the posterior lobe of the pronotum, which is a bright
reddish-brown. The elytra extend over but two segments. Abdomen
brown. This may not be the female of this species, as it varies con-
siderably, and was not captured where the males were.

Dimensions.— 9 , length, .85 inch; elytra, .2 inch; posterior femora, .4
inch; posterior tibize, .32 inch. @, length, .56 inch; elytra, .18 inch;
posterior femora, .37 inch; posterior tibix, .26 inch.

Collected on Pike’s Peak, Colorado, by Mr. C. R. Dodge, of the
Agricultural Department, in honor of whom it has been named. The
female was captured in the neighborhood of the peak, but not on it; at
least Mr. Dodge thinks it was not. I have been considerably puzzled
in regard to the genus in which this falls; the short wings would place
it in Pezotettiz, but the form of the pronotum and cerci would appear

‘to place it among the Calopteni, and therefore I have allowed its general
appearance to prevail over the single character, short wings and « elytra.

C. femur-rubrum, Burm.

Although Walker mentions this species as occurring at Vancouver’s
Island, yet I have found no specimen west of the dividing range of the
UES Mountains that I can refer to this species.

0. spretus, Uhler, (MSS.)

Found the past season in great abundance in the north part of Salt
Lake Basin. When we reached Ogden, June 1, I saw but very few speci-
mens; but when we reached Box Elder Canon, two weeks later, the larvee
were seen spreading out from points where they had evidently been
hatched. When we passed through the hiils to Cache Valley, a few
miles farther, and but a few days later, I found them just entering their

452 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

perfect state. By the time we reached the nerth end of this valley,
about the 20th of June, they were taking wing and proceeding south-
ward. Here, the farmers, who have observed them closely for a number
of years, say that they never lay their eggs in the lower level of the
valley, but universally on the gravelly, elevated terraces. So positive
are they on this point that one farmer, to test the matter, last year
offered five dollars for every bunch of eggs that could be found on the

lower valley-level which had been deposited there by the insect itself,

but none were brought to him. I think, therefore, we may conclude
that it is pretty well settled that the usual hatching-grounds of the
destructive Swarms are on the gravelly terraces or uplands. Yet that
considerable numbers are hatched in the narrow cantons of the moder-
ately elevated mountains I think is also certain, as I observed this year
a large number of larve in Box Elder Caton, but the elevation of this
canon is little, if any, more than that of Cache Valley. When I re-
turned to Sait Lake Basin, early in August, I found the country swarm-
ing with myriads of these grasshoppers. And even after we had passed
eastward on the railroad, to the heights near Aspen Station, I neticed
the air filled with their snowy wings, but could not tell exactly the
course they were taking, but thought they were moving southwest.

As this species has never been described in its preparatory state, I —

give here a short description of the pupa, written in the field with
myriads of ving specimens around me:

General color yellow, (sometimes varied to light brown, and at others
a pale pea-green,) with a large proportion of black spots and stripes,
also a few white dots and lines; labrum and lower part of the face
mostly black; upper part of the face, the vertex, and cheeks yellow,
(or the prevailing color;) arow of black dots on each margin of the broad,
suleate, frontal costa; occiput with two lateral and one median dotted
lines of black; a broad line of deep black starts behind each eye, and
crosses over the entire length of the pronotum, widening and bowing
upward near the mniddle of the pronotum; the immature, somewhat
fan-shaped elytra are black, with a white dot on the disk near the base,
from which proceed about ten or twelve white rays; the dorsal or upper
margin yellow; dorsal and lateral portions of the abdomen varied with
white and black; a triangular black dot on each side of each segment;
tip and venter yellowish.

C. Turnbullii, nov. sp. Pl. If, fig. 10.

Pale olive-green, with a white stripe along each side ef the dorsum;

ea and wings shorter than the abdomen. Closely allied to C. viridis,
NOS.

Vertex with a broad, shallow sulcus, into which a minute raised
line or carina (not always apparent) enters from the rear; frontal costa
flat, slightly divergent on the posterior iobe; lateral obtuse carine some-
what more distinct* than in C. viridis. HElytraand wings alittle shorter
than the abdomen; cerci of the male flat, narrow, and tapering; last
ventral segment with a blunt tubercle below the margin; posterior
femora rather more than usually enlarged near the base, about as long
aS the abdomen; prosternal spine somewhat quadrate, but tapering
rapidly. The females are thick and fleshy.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)—Dull yellow, or téestaceous ;

*Yet these are really not true carine, but only the obtusely rounded shoulders
or lateral margins of the pronotum. And I doubt very much the propriety of calling
these rounded angles carinz in any of the Calopteni, as this use of the term leads to
confusion, as, in fact, no species of Caloptenus have true lateral carine to the pronotum.

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 453

a broad, yellowish stripe on each side, from the upper angle of the eye to
the tip of the pronotum; the inciosed middle space pale brown ; median
carina yellowisk. Below the yellow stripes, on each side, is a broad, ir-
recular brownish stripe, reaching from the eye to the tip of the pronotum.
A bright yellow stripe runs from the base of the elytra to the posterior
coxe. Hiytra pale ash-brown, with an irregular row of rather small,
dim brown spots along the disk, one or two sometimes distinguishabie
above and below; nervules mostly yellow; wings pellucid, with some
dark nerves near the apex; posterior femora crossed by three oblique,
dim brown bands; tibize bluish. When living, it isof a pale pea-green,
the dorsal stripes whitish ; hind tibis blue.

Dimensions.— 9 , length, .76 inch; elytra,.43 inch; posterior femora,
43 inch. , length, .56 to .60 inch.

There is a strongly marked variety, which I have included in this
species, but which may be distinct.

Var. a.—Paler throughout; space between the stripes almost uniform
in color with the stripes; lateral brown stripes often narrower or obliter-
ated; elytra, narrower and longer, reaching nearly or quite to the ex-
tremity of the abdomen. The male appears to be uniformly longer and
larger.

Named in honor of Dr. Charles 8. Turnbull, of Philadelphia, who first
discovered it.

Found only between Red Buttes and Independence Rock, Wycming.

C. occidentalis, nov. sp. Pl. LU, fig. 2.

Much like C. femur-rubrum, Burm. Male cerci very broad and flat ;
hind femora banded; tibiez blue.

Frontal costa generally fiat above the ocellus and suleate below it,
but sometimes suleate above; lateral carinz sharp and divergent;
median carina distinct on the posterior lobe of the pronotum, barely
visible in front; the transverse impressions very distinct; elytra and
wings as long as the abdomen; anterior and middle femora rather
small and slender; posterior femora, in the female, a little shorter than
the abdomen ; valves of the ovipositor, especially the upper ones, long
and deeply excavated. The cerci of the male are unusually broad and
flat, enlarged at the base and suddenly decreasing in breadth near the
middle; the last ventral segment apparently terminates at the tip with
a broad, blunt tooth; prosternal spine broad at base, blunt and trans-
verse. ’

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)\—Much like C. femur-rubrum,
but more of a pale, ashen hue; face dull brownish-yellow; a triangu-
. lar dusky spot on the occiput, with the apex toward the front; a cres-
cent of minute black dots around the back part of the eyes; the dark
band behind each eye as usual; pronotum pale reddish-brown above.
Elytra ash-brown, with a row of small brown spots along the middle of
the disk, reaching from near the base two-thirds the distance to the tip,
ceasing, or growing dim, at the point where the nervules become sud-
denly less distinct; a few dots are found above and below this middle
row in some specimens. Wings transparent; nerves yellowish, except
at the apex, where they are dusky. The posterior femora are crossed
by three oblique brownish bands—inside, yellowish; apex, dusky:
tibiae, bluish-yellow ; blue, when living.

Dimensions.— 2 , length, .88 inch; elytra, .60 inch; posterior femora,
A7inch. @, length, .69 inch.

Found in Hastern Wyoming, from the mouth of Laramie River to Red
Buttes.

Ab4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

C. griseus, DOV. Sp.

Head quite large; occiput elevated. Dark gray, with fuscous and
yellowish spots.

Female.—Occiput unusually convex and prominent; seen from the
side, the top of the head rises considerably above the disk of the pro-

notum; lateral carine of the face but slightly divergent. Posterior

lebe of the pronotum densely punctured. Elytra passing the abdomen
one-fourth their length. Upper and lower valves of the ovipositor
slender, without any lateral angulations, not much excavated. Pos-
terior femora passing the abdomen. Trosternal spine short, obtuse,
and slightly transverse.

Color.—Tace lurid, with numerous small, black spots. Oceiput and

pronotum gray, with a slight brassy tinge, irregularly spotted with.

black; behind each eye, reaching to the last cross-incisien of the prono-
tum, is an interrupted, broad, piceous stripe; the sides of the prono-
tum below this are somewhat lurid. Elytra dark gray; nervules whit-
ish, marked somewhat regularly with subquadrate black or fuscous
spots, not confined to the middle field, but extending equally above and
below, becoming dimmer toward the extremity, but distinct. Wings
(not spread in the only specimen seen) appear to be dusky toward the
apex. Posterior femora with three yellowish bands; rest of the disk
black, sulcus beneath, and interior carina bright red; tibiz purplish-
red beneath, with a pale ring near the base; spines black; legs hairy.
Venter yellowish.

Dimensions.—Length to tip of the elytra, 1.08 inches; elytra, .76
inch; posterior femora, .52 inch ; posterior tibiz, .45 inch.

Ohio, (from Mr. Dodge’s collection.)

PEZOTETTIX,* Burm

Including the new species herein described, there are eleven species
belonging to this genus found in the United States that have been deter-
mined and named, four of which are found west of Missouri, to wit:
P. Borckii, Stal., P. picta, Thos., P. obesa, Thos., and P. Nebrascencis,
Thos.

DP. obesa, nov. sp. PI. I, fig 13 and 14.

Prosternal spine very shortand obtuse; body of the female robust, fleshy;
elytra and wings wanting.

Vertex broadly sulcate, the raised margins slightly angulate in
front of the eyes, and continuous with the margins of the frontal
costa ; frontal costa broad, flat, and slightly suleate at the ocellus,
not reaching the clypeus; lateral carinze distinct but not prominent.
Pronotum short, expanding slightly posteriorly, truncate; the median
carina distinct, continuous; lateral carinze scarcely distinct en the
posterior lobes, more distinct on the front lobes; transverse impressed
lines indistinct ; truncate in front and behind; the posterior mar-
gin straight like the posterior margin of an abdominal segment, (in
fact, the parts of the thorax look almost exactly like the abdominal seg-
ments,) not covering the meso-notum, but extending only to the middle

* Walker (Cat. Dermap. Salt.) has restored Podisma, Latr., which probably has priori-
ty, but I retain Burmeister’s name, as we thus do away with a number of synonyms.
This genus does not appear to be well defined, and it is extremely difficult to deter-
mine the line of demarkation between it and Caloptenus. Iam of the opinion that the
posterior lateral margins of the pronotum wiil atford a good character, as the true
Pezotettigi which I have seen appear to have these straight without an entering angle
as the humerus.

ota tes emt

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Aig

of it; the transverse, impressed lines indistinct, the third only crossing
the median carina. The meso-thorax and meta-thorax appear on the
dorsum as abdominal segments. Genital organs not prominent; in the
female the upper valves of the ovipositor protrude but slightly beyond
the last segment, the lower valves somewhat elongate; cerci broad at
base and short, the tip of the last ventral segment (or subanal plate)
somewhat three-pointed. The male abdominal appendages of the usual
form. Posterior femora in the femaie considerably shorter than the
abdomen—about equal to it in the male. Prosternal spine almost oblit-
erated, being shortened to a simple tubercle. Antenne short, sub-mo-
niliform ; joints very short. It is entirely apterous, without sign of
elytra or wings.

Color, (of the living insect.)—General color dull olive-brown; disk
and sides of the pronotum and abdomen olive. There is a black line on
the occiput; lateral carine of the face and margins of the frontal costa
black. Female appendages tipped with red. Posterior legs are colored
as follows: femora dark olive-green or black; a pale yellowish stripe
along the lower exterior margin, the lower outer carina olive-red, chan-
nel black, inner portion yellow with two oblique, black bands; tibie
black at the base; patella red, upper pert of the exterior dark blue,
changing downward to purplish, vermilion at the apex, inside yellow;
spines yellowish at base, tipped with black; tarsi red above, whitish
beneath. The other tibiz are colored as the posterior. Dried speci-
mens, after immersion in alcohol, are colored as follows: dorsum dark
reddish-brown; head and face paler, the black markings of the caring
remaining. Lower portions of the sides of the pronotum.a shining yel-
low color. <A pale line along the median carina of the abdomen. Disk
of the posterior femora dark brown; upper and lower exterior margins
yellow; channel beneath black; upper carina black; two bands and a
spot at the base, and another at the apex, black. Patella (or tubercle
at the base of the tibiw) yellow; and a narrow black band just below
this; remainder of the tibiz brownish-purple. Venter and pectus dull
yellow.

Dimensions.— 9, length, 1.05 to 1.12 inches; posterior femora, .5
inch; posterior tibia, .43 inch. 2, length, .76 inch.

Found on the dividing range of the Rocky Mountains between Idaho
and Southern Montana; and on a ridge about 8,000 feet above the level
of the sea, some forty miles southwest of Virginia City, Montana.

This species will probably have to be placed in some other genus. It
appears to be closely allied to Dactylotum, Charp.; but that author has
not given the generic characters with sufficient accuracy for me to decide
the point. I have given the characters somewhat particularly to enable
those who may not have specimens to judge as to its generic position.

P. Nebrascencis, nov. sp.

Female.—Occiput and head behind the eyes unsualiy long; upper
convex portion of the frontal costa very prominent, extending in front
of the eyes equal to their width; the frontal costa suddenly expands in
width immediately above the ocellus, and is slightly sulcate from this
point to the lower extremity near the clypeus; face somewhat oblique
or curved inward toward the breast; eyes slightly elongate, oblique,
nearly straight in front. Pronotum sub-tricarinate; median carina dis-
tinct ; lateral carina obtusely rounded and nearly obliterated; sides par-
allel, narrower than the head, rounded at the apex; posterior lateral
margin without any notch or inward curve at the humerus. Elytra

ABE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

ovate-lanceolate nearly half the length of the abdomen. Abdomen dis-
tinctly carined. Posterior femora not passing the abdomen.

Color, (dried after immersion in aleohol.)—Reddish-brown. Face testa-
ceous-brown; occiput brown, with a yellowish stripe each side; a glab-
rous black spot behind each eye, extending along each side of the pro-
notum to the posterior incision. Disk of the pronotum brown; a pale,
testaceous spot on the sides below the black stripe. HElytra brown and
unspotted, though in a few specimens very indistinct, dusty dots can
sometimes be observed. Posterior tibize reddish; brown exteriorly, yel-
lowish beneath, (when living probably are like C. femur-rubrum.)

Dimensions.—Length, .94 inch ; elytra, .25 inch; posterior femora, .50
inch; posterior tibie, .45 inch.

Nebraska, (from the collection of Mr. C. R. Dodge.)

CGEDIPODINI.
CapIPoDA, Latr.

There are now, including the new species herein described, thirty-six
species of this genus known in the United States. TI have been unusually
favored in my investigations of this genus, as I have had before me
specimens of thirty-one “out of this number. Twenty-four species of this
genus are found west of Missouri, twenty of them being peculiar to that
region, so far as known. As will be seen, I have added eight new
species to this already extensive group.

i. trifasciata, Walk., (Cat. Dermap. Salt., IV, p. 729.)
Syn., Gryllus trifasciatus, Say, (Amer. Ent., III, Pl. 34.)
Pi,.b, dag1G.

While at Cheyenne, during the last days of May, I noticed a number
of individuals belonging to this species in the pupa state, but saw none
that had yet acquired their full growth. I met with occasional speci-
mens in Utah, around Ogden, but many of these vary considerably
from the type, the black band acr oss the wing being much broader, and
the dark bands across the elytra less distinct. In fact, some of these
vary to such an extent that I have strong doubts in regard to their
specific identity, yet, as the variations are not regular, I have refrained
from describing them as new. *

(i. Haldemannii, Scudd., (Hayden’s Geol. Rep. Neb., 253.)
CH. coraliipes, Hald., (Stansb. Rep., 371, Pl. 10, Fig. 2.)

These two species are very closely allied to each other, and I have
much doubt in regard to their being distinct. The former is described
by Mr. Scudder in his report on the Orthopicra collected by Professor
Hayden in his geological survey of Nebraska, who claims that it is dis-
tinct from the latter. He says that it differs from the latter in the
greater rugosity of the pronctum, and in the greater separation and
distinctness of the markings of the elytra; bu t an examination of the
numerous specimens I have from Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and
Nebraska shows every grade of difference, in these respects, from one

extreme to the other. It is true the specimens from Nebraska ©

correspond with Mr. Seudder’s short description, but when we approach
the mountains these differences somewhat decrease, and when we pass
into Utah we find the other extreme, as given by Haldeman. I will

ci a i ap i ea ET A IEA

ee

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a8 iia

etm

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. ABT

give here, from my field-notes, a description of a living specimen cf
what I supposed was . corallipes.

Femate.—Occiput mottled with dark-brown; a whitish spot behind
the upper canthus of each eye; the vertex and the broad frontal ridge
light ashy-biue, the margins of the ridge light-yellow; parts of the mouth
pale carneous, the clypeus having the deepest tinge. That p art of the
neck which is mostly hid by the pronotum bright blue. The lateral
carine of the pronotum have a tolerably broad pale stripe along the
upper side of each. The whitish parts of the pronotum and elytra have
a biuish tinge, except the stripes along the dorsal margin of the latter,
which are pale yellow. The wings are a clear lemon- yellow at the base;
the black band sends a broad ray up the front submargin nearly to the
base; the marginal vein being yellow, the apex transpar ent, with dark
nerves. The base of the abdomen dark bluish. The under ’side of the

body light brownish-yellow; the pits or depressions in the sternum red.
The four anterior legs a pale ashy-blue. Inside of tle posterior femora
and posterior tibiae a bright coral-red. Spots of the elytra as described
by Haldeman. Sometimes the whitish and ash eolors of the hee rd,
pronotum, elytra, and legs are replaced by bright orange-yellow, put
the dark brown spots and patches appear to be per manent.

At Ogden, in Utah, I met with a grasshopper, which in size, shape,
markings of the elytra, carvings of the head, mode of flight, and some
other respects, corresponds exactly with @. ‘corrallipes, but the wings
are red at base, and the interior of the posterior femora and posterior
tibie are yellow. I supposed, after examining it, that it was a distinet
_ species, yeti after my return from the West, | am unable to distin guish
the alecholic specimens from the GH. corrallipes.

The following field-note may be of some value to other colicctors:
As a provisional name I will call it Gl. paradoxa.

Vertex rather prominent; a reddish tinge prevails on the lighter
parts of the whole insect; the lateral carine of the pronotum are bor-
dered internally with a broad, whitish stripe; the stripes along the dor-
sal angles of the elytra are quite distinct, and the dorsal margin with-
out spots; the wings are of an orange-red (sometimes cinnabar-red) at
the base; the dark band crosses about two-thirds the distance from the
base to the extremity ; a dark stripe runs up the anterior border; apex
transparent with dark nerves; the posterior femora inside, and the pos-
terior tibiz, bright yellow; the exterior face of the femora crossed by
three irregalar, oblique, dark bands; antennee slightly enlarged, and
apparently flattened near the apex. Found from Ogden to Smithfield,
in Cache Valley.

The dark bands across the femora, and the slightly flattened antennx
are not unusual in the other species. I met with a single specimen of
this red-winged kind in 1870, in Sweet Water Valley, Wyoming.

Notwithstanding these wide variations I would not be surprised if
future investig cations would show that not only these, but also di. rugosa,
Seudder, (if I know that species,*) are but vari ieties of the same species.
I see that Walker (Cat. Dermop. Salt.) gives Vancouver's Island as one
of the localities where C/. rugosa is found, and Indiana and Massaechnu-
setts as localities where . corrallipes is found, thus, as I suppose,
confounding the two.

The i. neglecta, Thos., which has a strong resemblance to the male

*I have received but one specimen from New England, marked Q. rgosd, but
this specimen was certainly marked erroneously, being a variety of Qi. verruculata.
I have taken, at Washington, D. C., and in Dlinois, specimens which correspond ex-
actly with Mr. Scudder’s description of 2, rugosa.

7

458 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

of @. corrailipes, I am satisfied, after a thorough examination the pres-
ent year of a number of specimens, is quite distinct, the head alone
being sufficient to distinguish the one from the other.

@. Carolina, Sery.

Syn., Gryllus (Locusta) Carolinus, Linn.; Gryllus Carolinus, Fabr.; Acrydium Caro-
linum, Deg. ; Acrydium Carolinianum, Pal. de Beauv. ; Locusta Carolina, Harv. ;
Locusta Caroliniana, Catesby.

I have found this species in all parts of the West that I have visited,
but never in great abundance. The specimens from the plains are gen-
erally a paler ash-color than those found east of the Mississippi. Walker
(Cat. Dermap. Salt.) gives Vancouver's Island asa locality where it is to
be found. If he is correct in this, then we need evidence only in regard
to Southern Arizona and California to show that it is found throughout
the United States.

@. Sulphurea, Burm.

Syn., Gryllus sulphureus, Fabr.; Acridium sulphureum, Oliv.; Locusta sulphurea,
Harr. ; ZYomonotus sulphureus, Sauss.; Gryllus (Locusta) sulphureus, Gmel.

I did not meet with this species either in the Salt Lake Basin or .

Snake River Valley, but I have specimens from California which appear
to belong to it, but they are rather too much damaged for me to decide
positively. Walker (loc. cit.) gives Vancouver's Island and the west coast
of North America as places where it is to be found. The specimens I
have from California appear to be somewhat intermediate between Sul-
phurea and Xanthoptera, except that the size is rather small.

. sordida, Burm. (Handb. Ent., LI, 643.)

Syn., Locusta periscelidis, Say, (in Harr. Cat. Ins. Mass., 56;) Locusia nebulosa
(Harr. Rep., 181;) Acridium sordidum, De Haan, (Kenn. Orthop., 143;) Gdipoda
nebulosa, Uhl., Harr. Rep., 181;) Gdipoda sordide, Walk., (Cat. Dermap. Salt.,
IV, 732.)

I did not meet with this species west of or even at the east base of
the mountains, but find it among the collections made by Mr. C. R.
Dodge, in Nebraska.

@. atrox, Seudd., (Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Neb., 253.)

This is the destructive species of California, and notwithstanding the
fact that its wings are scarcely longer than its abdomen, yet it is able
to sustain itself in the air fora considerable flight. Ido not think it can
fiy any great distance, except with the wind, which bears it along.
But it seems surprising that it should even be able to do this. Those
who live in the east and have not seen a specimen of this species, can
see it almost, if not exactly, represented in @. pellucida of Scudder; in
fact, Mr. Scudder’s description of this species agrees more exactly, if possi-
bie, with specimens from California submitted to me this season than
his description of atrox. The only difference I can find between the
two is that the median carina of the pronotum in atrox is severed by a
transverse incision, while that of pellucida is entire. The examination
of more specimens of the two species than 1 had before me may show
that even this difference is not permanent. Had Mr. Seudder found in-
dividuals of the two species in the same locality, I do not think he
would ever have thought of describing two species therefrom, yet that
does not prove that he is in error, for the widely different habits and
the widely separated localities at which they are found are sufficient to

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 459

indicate different species. May not two insects be exactly alike so far
as external anatomy and coloration is concerned, and yet be specifically
different? Certainly, there is nothing to forbid this conclusion. Al-
though the perfect insects may be alike, yet the larvae or pupze may be
different ; the eggs, time of hatching, habits, sounds produced, &c., may
indicate a difference which does not appear in the imagos. Specimens
of this species were received at the Agricultural Department during the
autumn of 1871, with an accompanying letter in regard to the injuries
inflicted by it. The specimens I examined were communicated to me
by Professor Glover.

@. collaris, Scudd., (Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Neb., 250.)

I did not observe this species west of the mountains, but find it among
my collection made in Colorado in 1869, also in the collection made by
Mr. Dedge in Nebraska.

Ci. tenebrosn, Scudd., (Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Neb., 251.)
Syn., Zomonotus Mexicanus, Thos., (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1870, 82.)
3 Pl. I, fig. 2.

Although I did not observe this species in the Salt Lake Basin, yet I
traced it beyond the mountains in Wyoming to the Green River Valley.
I also find it in the collection made by Mr. Dodge in Nebraska. After
a thorough examination of a number of specimens, I think it is quite
possible that the specimens I heretofore marked T. nietanus and 7.
pseudo-mietanus are but varieties of this species. The variations are
considerable in the coloration, yet I find every intermediate shading.
The dark border to the wings appears to be uniform and permanent,
being the same in all the varieties; the flight and the shrill notes of the
males appear to be the same; therefore, notwithstanding the variations
in color and size, I am inclined to think they are all varieties of the
same species.

Some of the specimens are pale ash-brown, uniformly dotted over with
fuscous ; others, especially the males, are nearly black; others have the
entire disk of the pronotum a pale ash-yellow; while others have only
the borders of the pronotum of this color. As the descriptions hereto-
fore given are from alcoholic specimens, I give the following notes from
my field-book in regard to the livinginsect: ace pale ash, dotted over
very thickly with black points ; mouth whitish ; outer joints of the palpi
white. Wings with the broad basal portion a clear orange-red ; apex
transparent, marginal band of black or dark fuscous. Posterior femora
crossed on the outside with three pale bands, the one near the apex
white and straight. Upper end of the posterior tibiz black, then a nar-
row white band, the middie portion bluish-green; tarsi pale yellow.
Central portion of the sternum greenish-yellow.

I am now inclined to think none of these varieties correspond with
Saussure’s 7. Mexicanus or T. wietanus, but cannot say positively they
do not.

Gi. carlingiana, Thos., (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 81; Hayden’s
Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 275.)
I saw no specimens of this species west of the mountains, but when
we crossed the range to the Atlantic side in Montana they again ap-
peared.

A460 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

@. undulata, nov. sp.

Middle foveola of the vertex somewhat elongate, elliptical, with a
median carina through it, and generally a depression at the front at the
as of the frontal costa; ee foveoiz very shaliow, small, triangu-
lar; the frontal costa expanding ust above the ocetius and at the base,
sulcate i in the middle portion. P: ‘onetum contracted on the anterior
Iobes, posterior lobe flat on the disk, rapidly expanding and punctured ;
aes carina a dim line, slightly raised on the front lobe; apex right.

angled. Elytra and wings passing the abdomen about one- third their
‘length. Wings pa; yilioform,* very broad, the exterior margin regularly
and beautifully undulated or waved : anterior submarginai space almost
as broad as the elytra; nervules prominent, regalarly and remarkably
parallel. .

Color, (dried after a short immersion in aleohel.)—Ash-brown. Head
and thorax sometimes mottled with darker brown or fuscous. Elytra
marked with dusky spots presenting a basal group, an irregular middle
band, those on the apical portion sporadic. Wings transparent, tinged
with yellow at the base, the outer half transparent or slightly fuligi-
nous; the inner margin of this portion generally forms an irregular
somewhat dusky stripe, paratiel with the body when the wing is fully
expanded, not bending inward at the hind margin; sometimes the dusky
portion is indicated only by dark nervules and nerves, those of the
inner half always being yellowish-white. Posterior femora have two

black spots inside; the inferior channel black, or chiefly occupied by ~

two black spots; posterior tibiz are probably bluish when the insect is
living.

Dimensions.— 2, length, 1.05 inches; elytra, 1.12 inches; posterior
femora, .54 inch; posterior tibie, .47 inch. g nearly as large, with
Similar proportions.

I found this species in Colorado and Wyoming east of the mountains.
I also find it among the coilection made by Mr. Dodge in Colorado;
but as it is not among his collections made in Nebraska or Kansas, and
does not appear to have been in the collection made by Professor Hay-
den in Nebraska, it probably belougs nearer the mountains.

CH. Haydenii, nov. sp.

Head and thorax somewhat wrinkled. Vertex rather narrow; cen-
tral foveola somewhat elongate; margins prominent and sharp; ’ open
in front and continucus with the sulcus ot the frontal costa; median
carina distinct; frontal costa suleate throughout its length, very nar-
row above the ‘ocellus ; eyes prominent, sub-globose. Antenne rather
longer than usual. Pronotum tricarinate; median carina distinct but
not prominent; lateral carine distinct only on the posterior lobe; third
transverse incision very distinct, nearly straight, cuts the median carina
about the middle; the anterior lobes are covered with irregular raised
lines, the posterior lobe with elongate tubercles; apex blunt, terminat-
ing inaright angle. Elytra and wings passing the abdomen, narrow.
Posterior femora slender.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)—Dull clay-color, dotted with
brown or fuscous. A transverse fuscous stripe in front between the
eyes. A small fuscous spot about the middle of each side of the pro-
notum. Upper and lower margins of the elytra marked with small fus-

*This term is used to distinguish the butterfly form of the wing from those
with regularly convex margius; in this form there is a slight re-entering of the mar-
gina little behind the front; this applies to the general contour and not to the smaller
scallops.

ee ee el

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A6gl

cous spots; the middle field nearly clear, a few minute pale dots only
being visible. Wings, of the alcoholic specimens, a dull yellow at base,
but when living this portion is red; beyond which a tolerably broad
fuscous band CrOSSCS, narrowed in front and behind, curving round the
postericr margin but not reaching the anal angle, a submarginal ray
extends up the front nearly to the base; apex pellucid, with the nerves
partly ocherous and partly dusky. Anterior and middle tarsi with two
black annulations. Antenne with alternate rings of yellow and fus-
cous.

Color of the living insect, as appears from tho short field-note made
in regard to it, isas follows: Wings red atthe base; antenne with alter-
nate rings of brown and red; general color ash-gray, marked with fus-
cous dots and spots.

Dimensions.— 9, length, 1 inch; elytra, .87 inch; posteri ior femora,
04 inch ; posterial tibia, 45 inch. , length, .62 to .7 inch; elytra, .7
inch.

Found in Colorado and Wyoming. My attention was first called to.
this species a short distance above Tort Fetterman, on the North Platte,
but I afterward found it among my collections mate i in Colorado.

CH. Kiowa, noy. sp.

Of small size ; head as Gi. longipes, Charp., of Hurope; occiput as-
cending, the front part standing above the disk of the pronotum; ver-
tex broad, transverse; central foveola very distinct, Eee le
opening in front by a short channel, which connects it ‘with the si alous
of the frontal costa; lateral foveole distinct; frontal costa rather nar-
row, distinctly sulcate throughout its length ; eyes very prominent,
shehtly oblong. Pronotum more than usually contracted, a little in
advance of the middle, tricarinate; median carina distinct, but not very
prominent, twice notched, posterior notch about the middle, the middle
portion shortest ; lateral carina distinet on the posterior lobe, indistinct
on the others ; apical angie slightly obtuse, but not blunt; disk some-
what raugose. Hlytra and wings rather narrow, passing the abdomen.

Color, (dried atter long immersion in alcohol.) —Dul! clay-yellow, with
fuscous dots and spots; occiput with two indistinct fuscous stripes; disk
of the posterior lobe of the prowoymn dusky brown in the center, mar-
gins yellow; there are, aiso, generally two dusky spots on each side of
the pronotum, near the front. margin. The elytra have three fuscous
bands across them, the one nearest the apex generally more or less
obliterated by the transparency of this part; the apex pellucid; wings
pellucid; nerves of the anterior portion dusky, the rest ocherous. Pos-
terior femora, with three indistinct brownish bands exteriorly, the inside
black next the base, and a smaller spot of the same color near the apex,
rest yellow; tibie dull yellow, (probably blue when living,) slightly
dusky at the base and apex.

Dimensions.— 9, length, .87 inch; elytra equal the body; posterior
femora, .53 inch ; posterior tibiee, 47 Inch. —

I have found this species only in Colorado, east of the mountains.

(1. gracilis, nov. sp.

Male—Small size; slender; vertex narrow; central foveola elon-
gate, open in front, the sharp margins continuous with the likewise
sharp margins of the narrow and deeply sulcate frontal costa. Prono-
tum tricarinate; the median carina slightly prominent, twice notched,
the front portion the most elevated, the middle portion very short , tuber.
culiform; the posterior incision a little in advance of the middle ; lateral

462 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

carine distinct; apex right-angled; antenne slender, passing the pro-
notum ; eye, sub-giobose, prominent.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.) Ash-gray, mottled with fus-
cous, which pervades nearly uniformly the head, thorax, and elytra;
sometimes two yellowish stripes are more or less distinct on the disk of
the pronotum, one along the inner side of each lateral carina. Wings
pale transparent yellow next the base, (possibly pale red when living ;)
apical half dusky, the inner margin of this part darkest, forming a rather
narrow, irregular band, which curves but slightly on the posterior mar-
gin, not reaching the anal angle; the apex clouded. The lower channel
and inside of the posterior femora black, with a pale ring near the apex;
antenne fuscous, with yellow annulations.

Dimensions.—Length, .85 inch ; elytra, .9 to .95 inch ; posterior femora,
.46 inch; posterior tibiz, .4 inch.

Found in Colorado and Wyoming.

I have specimens which are probably females of this species, but as I
am in doubt in regard to them I have not attempted to describe them
as such.

@. Wyomingiana, nov. sp.

Very similar to G. collaris, Scudd., but differs in size, in the carvings
of the vertex and in the distribution of the spots on the elytra.

Central foveola of the vertex slightly elongate; the sharp margins
not quite meeting in front, but continuous with the sides of the frontal
costa; frontal costa narrow, rather deeply sulcate, expanding below,
reaching to the clypeus. Median carine of the pronotum prominent,
sub-cristate, with a very narrow but deep notch or incision a little in
advance of the middle, the notch directed obliquely upward and back-
ward ; the top of the median carine is slightly arcuate ; anterior margin
slightly angled, the posterior extremity terminating in an acute angle;
lateral caring distinct. Antenne reach a little beyond the thorax.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)—Dull clay-yellow, mottled
and spotted with brown and fuscous. Face and sides of the head and
pronotum minutely dotted with brown; two short brown stripes on each
side of the pronotum reaching from the front to the third transverse
incision. Elytra pale ashen-yellow, semi-transparent at the apex, with
a broad stripe of fuscous dots and small spots along the middle field
from the base to the apex; an indistinct pale line along the dorsal
angle; the dorsal margin near the base is usually dotted with brown;
the lower margin has some faint dots along it. Wings transparent yel-
low at the base; apical third transparent with dusky nerves; a mod-
erately black band crosses between these two paris, its width-about
equal to one-fourth the length of the wing, curving round the hind mar-
gin to the anal angle; ashort, blunt, fuscous ray extends along the front
margin about one-third the distance toward the base. Hind femora
clay-yellow, with two bands and the apex fuscous externally; internally
it is black; hind tibiz reddish.

Dimensions.— 2 , length, 1 to 1.05 inches; elytra, 1 to 1.05 inches;
posterior femora, .62 inch; posterior tibie, .d4inch. J, length,.8inch;
elytra, .85 inch.

Found only in Eastern Wyoming.

This may be but a variety of @. collaris, Scudd., and I have described
it as new with some hesitancy on this account.

C. Montana, nov. sp.
Female—In form and size much like G. corallipes, but a very distinct

|

. ac Seg

. tee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 463

species. Vertex broad; central foveola sub-quadrilateral, transverse,
its interior surface more or less interrupted by small tubercles ; the two
lateral foveole distinct; tip depressed, sometimes forming two small
foveole, but these are irregular, sometimes running into one and some-
times wanting. Frontal costa vertical, broad, expanding at the ccellus
and at the base, more or less sulcate. Pronotum rugose, tuberculate,
but not so rough as Gi. Haldemannti. Posterior femora rather short,
and not so broad as in either of the two species just named.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)—Reddish-brown. Elytra
brownish at the base, paler and semi-pellucid toward the apex, with
dim, brown, cellular spots scattered somewhat equally over it, growing
paler and dimmer toward the apex ; in some specimens these spots are
almost, and in others quite, obsolete; in some cases they are quite dis-
tinct, somewhat fuscous and partially run together. The wings are
pale red at base, (but when living they are of a bright red;) a narrow,
somewhat broken, cellular, dark band crosses beyond the middle, curving
round the posterior margin, decreasing rapidly; it does not quite reach
the anal angle; a broad ray of the same color runs up the front margin
to the base. Posterior femora dull yellow, with no distinct bands.
~ Dimensions.—Length, 1.4 to 1.6 inches; elytra, 1.25 to 1.3 inches; pos-
terior femora, .7 to .75 inch; posterior tibie, .62 inch.

Found in the upper part of Snake River Plain, near the mountain, and
in Southern Montana. Ido not know where I first met with this spe-
cies as we moved northward, because for some time I supposed it was
the same as that before noticed under the name of Gi. paradoza, Thos.,
and therefore did not examine it closely; so it is possible that I did
not obtain any specimens until I reached the mountains ; but Iam quite
confident I did not meet with it south of Market Lake, and that I did
meet with it on the north (Atlantic) slope of the range, and from there
to Virginia City in Montana.

CH. longipennis, nov. sp.

Elytra and wings longer than the body ; the elytra spotted ; the wings
black or dark fuliginous at the base.

Male.—The vertex not very broad; central foveola elongate elliptical,
with a slight median raised line, and open in front; frontal costa rather
narrow, slightly expanded at the oceilus, suleate, not expanding below.
Median carina of the pronotum prominent, sub-cristate, as in Gi. Caro-
lina, cut near the middle by the posterior transverse incision, each part
arcuate; anterior margin somewhat angled, and extending slightly on
the occiput; the posterior extremity acutely and rather sharply angled;
the disk of the posterior lobe smooth and apparently without punctures.
The elytra narrow, remarkably straight, the margins parallel; longer
than the entire body. Wings about the same length, and broad. The
posterior femora not channeled beneath. The cerci rather long, sub-
cylindrical, and terrete. Antenne passing the thorax.

Color, (dried after long immersion in alcohol.)—Reddish yellow. The
head and pronotum, especially the dorsal portions, pale reddish, dot-
ted with pale brown. The basal portion of the elytra reddish-yel-
low, the apical portion pellucid; marked throughout with dark brown
spots somewhat in the form of bands. The wings for a very small space
around the immediate base are transparent yellow; a triangular space
at the apex extending inward about one-third of the way to the base
pellucid, sprinkled at the immediate apex with fuscous dots; the poste-
rior margin has a narrow pellucid rim; the rest is of a dark fuliginous
color, which, when the wing is fully spread, appears like a very broad

464 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

band across the basal two-thirds, with its outer border parallel to the
body. The posterior femora have two oblique brownish bands on the
external face; within are two black bands; apex black internally. Ven-
ter and pectus duli yellowish-white. Antenne pale at base; apical por-
tion dusky.

Dimensions.—Length, 1.14 inches; elytra, 1.25 inches; posterior fem-
ora, .64 inch; posterior tibie,.55 inch. . . |

Found among the collections submitted to me from the Agricultural
Department, marked Kansas, which, from the other specimens, I sup-
pose to be correct. The species is somewhat remarkabie, and quite dif-
ferent from any other one belonging to the United States which I have
seen. The dark wing would appear to bring it near Carolina and Car-
lingiana, but while it approaches the former in its slender form, it is
nevertheless very distinct. I have never met with it at any poimt in
the West, nor have I seen it in any other western coliection. On this
account, added to that of its semi-tropical look, (this word conveys my
idea better than a long sentence,) I am inclined to believe it is a south-
ern species, and may be found in the Indian Territory or Texas.

Gy. cincta, Thos.
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1870, 70; Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 275.

As the description I gave of this species appears to have been from a
variety not common, I give again a description in full from a number of
specimens.

Somewhat like G. eucerata, Harr., but invariably larger. Head large,
front of the occiput elevated; vertex broad, much deflexed; central
foveola sub-guadrilateral, transverse in the female, but narrower in the
male, opening in front into the sulcus of the frontal costa; the frontal
costa of moderate width, sulcate throughout, expanding slightly at the
ocellus. IXyes slightly oblong, sub-globose, prominent. Antenne slen-
der, passing the thorax. The pronotum has the median carina distinet,
not prominent on the posterior lobe, slightly prominent on the anterior
lobes, notched twice, middle part very short, the posterior transverse
incision about the middle, front margin slightly angled, apical angle
a little mere than a right angle. Hlytra and wings about as long as
the body.

Color, (dried after immersion in alcohol.)—Clay-yellow, varied with
brown and fuscous. Lower portion of the face, the cheeks, and lower
margins of the sides of the propotum pale yellow; two or three rows of
brown dots on the occiput; a broad stripe along the middle of the pro-
notum, brown. The male generally has two oblique brownish stripes on
the sides of the head and pronotum, the upper one embracing the lower
portion of the eye. The elytra have the upper half and apical third
sprinkled with small fuscous spots; on the lower half there are two
broad fuscous bands, behind each of which there is a pale yellow immac-
ulate space. Wings pale transparent yellow at the base, (color when
living, unknown, but presume it is yellow;) a moderately broad fuscous
band crosses just beyond the middle, curving abruptly upon the poste-
rior margin to the anal angle; tip more or less clouded, rest of the apical
portion pellucid, nervules pale yellow, (tip of the male, fuscous.) Peos- .
terior femora, with two or three dim oblique bands exteriorly, inside
blackish next the base, a pale ring near the apex.

Dimensions.— 2 , length, 1 inch; elytra, 1 inch; posterior femora, .55
inch; posterior tibie, .5inch. ¢, length, .75 inch.

Found near the Platte Rivers, in Colorado and Wyoming.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 465
STENOBOTHRUS, Fisch.

I have as yet observed but one new species of this genus among my
collections, yet there may be more,as I have not yet examined them
fully

S. bicolor, nov. sp.

Lateral foveole wanting. I'ace oblique. Three yellow and two
brown stripes, reaching from the vertex to the apex of the elytra.

Vertex scarcely expanding in front of the eyes; margins elevated, ob-
tuse; median line or carina distinct; the tip obtusely rounded. Frontal
costa broad, expanding below, not suleate, but slightly depressed at the
ocellus. Lateral caring prominent and diverging rapidly. Each side
of the face, between the middle and lateral caring, has an irregular
carved impression. Eyes ovate, placed well forward. The head seen
from above is slightly broader than the thorax, and tapers to the vertex.
The pronotum is the same length as the head; truncate in front, obtusely
rounded behind; sub-cylindrical, faintly tricarinate, the three carine
being close together, parallel (though in some specimens the lateral
caring are slightly bent inward near the middle;) the posterior trans-
verse Incision only cuts the caring, and is situated behind the middle.
- The antenne somewhat flattened, not longer than the head and thorax,
about twenty joints. Elytra narrow, as long as the abdomen; wings
nearly same length. Abdominal appendages very short, the upper
valves of the ovipositor not passing beyond the last segment. The pos-
terior femora reach the tip of the abdomen.

Color, (dried after long immersion in aicchol.)—Parts of the month,
venter, and sternum pale yellow. ITace dull oe Eyes ash-brown.
Two very regular brown stripes starting from the vertex, (one from each
side near the upper angle of the eye, y gradually enlarging, run along
the sides of the head ‘and pronotum, continuing along the angle of
the elytra their entire length; between them extending along the
middle of the head, pronotum, and suture of the elytra is a yellow
stripe about the same width as the brown ones are; below each brown
stripe, on the side, is another broad yellow stripe, which is narrowed
near the extremity of the abdomen. In other words, the color is
yellow, with two broad brown stripes extending along the upper part of
the sides. An obscure brownish band extends obliquely back behind
each eye to the pronotum; and a more distinct stripe of the same color |
marks the lower part of the sides of the pronotum, generally bordered by
narrow but distinct yellow lines. Wings pellucid, the nervules near tle
‘apex dusky, the rest ocherous. Posterior femora crossed inside by three
dark brown or black bands; externally, there are three brown spots on
the upper part of the disk. When living the posterior tibie are blue,
but after long immersion in alcohol they are dull yellow; spines black
at the tip. Anterior legs pale brown. The brown markings of this
species are often tinged with a lilae shade.

Dimensions.— 9 , length, .81 inch.; elytra, .64 inch.; posterior femora,
O1 inch.

Found in Colorado and Wyoming, east of the mountains, where it is
quite common. The colors after immersion in alcohol differ very little
from what they are when living, except the blue of the tibie. This
species approaches very near to Mpacromia, and is closely allied to 8.
Paar pniotees, Walk.

Var. a.—The median or dorsal stripe brownish, which, uniting with
the inieral stripes, gives the entire back a brow nish color; the posterior

380G8

466 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

femora striped with brown. This variety was found near Fort Fetter-
man, on Platte River.

OXYCORYPHUS, Fisch.
Division I.

Tip of the vertex sub-acute. Pronotum not constricted; posterior
extremity obtuse-angled; the transverse sulcus situated behind the
middle; lateral carinz acute, equal throughout. (Sauss., Rev. et Mag.
Zool., XIII, 1861, 314.)

Ox. obscurus, Nov. Sp. : |

Female——Head conical; occiput ascending, the vertex ascending in
the same line with it, convex with a slight median carina, most distinct
in front; the margins of the vertex slightly elevated, obtuse, and ter-
minating behind at the upper canthus of the eyes; the vertex sub-coni-
eal, tip glabrous. I*ace quite oblique, nearly straight; frontal costa
suleate, parallel to ocellus, below which it gradually and regularly ex-
pands; lateral carine distinct, sharp, curving slightly forward at the
top in front of the eyes, nearly straight, and rapidly diverging below.
Antenne ensiform, flattened, a little longer than the head ; joints short.
Eyes elongate pyriform, acuminate above, oblique. Pronotum a little
longer than the head; tricarinate, the carine equal, distinct, and par-
allel; sides compressed, perpendicular; sub-truncate in front ; posterior
margin obtuse-angled ; transverse incision behind the middle; posterior
lobe thickly covered with shallow punctures; the posterior lateral
angle is aright angle. The elytra narrow, about three-fourths as long
as the abdomen. Wings nearly as long as the elytra. The abdomen
carined; valves of the ovipositor obtuse, hairy on the margins, the
upper ones strongly curved. The legs slender; the femora compressed ;
posterior femora nearly as long as the abdomen.

Color, (dried after long immersion in alcohol.)—Pale rufous. Elytra
semi-transparent toward the apex. Wings pellucid, with pale rufous
nerves.

Dimensions.—Length, .93 inch; elytra, .5 inch; posterior femora, .5
inch; posterior tibize, .42 inch.

Wyoming Territory. Iam uncertain as to the exact point where the
two specimens collected were found.

LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CAMPBELL
CARRINGTON AND WILLIAM B. LOGAN, OF THE
EXPEDITION, IN 1871.

By W. H. EDWARDS.

Papilio rutulus, Boisduval.—Junction.
turnus, Linn.—Montana.
Parnassius smintheus, Doubleday.—Junction ; Yellowstone.
clodius, Menetus.—Montana.
Pinis protodin, Bois.—Several localities.
Anthocaris ansonoides, Bois.—Hot Springs.
Colias enegthenu, Bois.—Virginia City and several localities.
philodin, Godart.—Hot Springs.
alexandra, Kdwards.— Yellowstone.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A67

Colias astrwa, Edwards. —Colorado.

Argynnis edwardsti, Reakirt.—Junction and several localities.
montivaga, Behr.—Y ellowstone.
meadii, Edwards.—Colorado.
myrina, Cramer.—Colorado.

Meletea hoffmanit, Behr.—J unction.

Phyciodes tharos, Bois.

Grapta satyrus, Edw.—Hot Springs.

Pyrameis huntera, Drury.— Montana.

Vanessa antiopa, Linn.—Montana.

melbertti, Godart.—Bozeman City.
Coenonympha ochraced, Edw.— Virginia City.
Hrebia rhodia, Edw.—Y ellowstone.
haydenti, Edw., new species.— Yellowstone.
Satyrus nephele, Kirby.—Yellowstone.
silvestris, Edw.—Virginia City.
sthenele, Bois.—Virginia City.

Chrysophanus rubidus, Edw.—Stinking Creek.

, Lycena anna, Edw.—Pleasant Valley.
acmon, Bois.—Meadow River.

Pyrgus syrichtus, Fab.—Montana.

Herpena comma, Linn.—Virginia City.

In addition to the above were several specimens, especially of Lyce
nide, that were too much injured for recognition.
W. HL. EDWARDS,
Coalburgh, W est Virginia.
JANUARY, 1872.

HREBIA HAYDENL, Edwards, new species.

Male: expanse, 1. 6 inches.

Upper side fuscous, immaculate ; nnder side a shade paler, much irro-
rated with gray scales; primaries immaculate; secondaries have a com-
plete series of black ocelli along the edge of hind margin, one in each
interspace; each ocellus narrowly ringed with ochraceous, and having
minute white pupil.

REPORT ON THE RECENT REPTILES AND FISHES OF THE SUR-
VEY, COLLECTED i ae CARRINGTON AND
. M. DAWES.

By Epwarp D. Cops, A. M.
REPTILIA.
OPHIDIA.

CAUDISONA CONFLUENTA, Say; var. with transverse spots narrowed.
Ogden, Utah.

HUTANIA VAGRANS, B. and G., (Catalogue, p. 35.)

Fish Creek, Montana ; melonstone Basin; between Copenhagen,
Utah, and Fort Hall, Idaho ; Fort Hall, Idaho; Salt Lake City ; Ogden,
Utah.

Var. a. With colors like H. sirtalis ; the sides olive, with about fifty
pairs of black spots, the vertebral band yellow, black-bordered. From
Camp Carling. |

468 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

EUTANIA PARIETALIS, Say.
Salt Lake City; lake ten miles east of Logan, Utah, (salt;) Fish
Creek, Montana.

PITYOPHIS BELLONA, B. and G.

One specimen without the anterior frontal (vertical) shield; from Og-
den, Utah.

BASCANIUM FLAVIVENTRIS, Say, (B. and G., Catalogue, p. 96.)
Ogden, Utah.
LACERTILIA.

PHRYNOSOMA DOUGLASSII, Bell.

Var. a.—The usual form; Salt Lake City.

Var. f, exilis.—A small form not more than one-half or two-thirds the
usual size, but nearly identical in details of structure and coloration.

The differences observable are: the rather shorter muzzle, which is
entirely vertical in profile; the smaller scale above the canthus of the
mouth, and the temporal horns; the less prominence of the posterior
superciliary angle, and the much reduced size. A geographical variety.
Carrington’s Lake, Montana; Fort Hall, Idaho.

SCELOPORUS CONSOBRINUS, B. and G.

This species is very abundant and variable. Its varieties are four,
as follows:

Var. 1—Typical; scales large, especially on the sides; crural cross-
series, 10-11; rows between interscapular and crural points, 33; 2 pre-
frontals on each side; lateral and dorsal spots distinct. Localities, Yel-
lowstone Basin; Blackfoot Fork.

Var. 2.—Like the last, but the scales smaller on sides and back; 13
rows onrump. Salt Lake City, Utah; south of Fort Hall, Idaho.

Var. 3.—Scales still smaller; 16-17 interscapular, 14 crural cross-
rows; 3 prefrontal plates on each side. Dorsal spots large, their bor-
ders touching the lateral spots; both pale-edged behind, forming an
angular borderin @. This form grades into the last. A male has the
border color of variety 2. South of Fort Hail, Idaho.

Var. 4.—Like variety 2, but only half the size. South of Fort Hall,
Idaho, and Salt Lake City.

SCELOPORUS GRACIOSUS, B. and G.; 8S. gracilis, B. and G.

This species is very near the last, but the scales are still smaller.
There are 38 transverse dorsal rows and 20 interscapular. The lateral
seales are twice emarginate. From Salt Lake, Utah, to Oregon.
CNEMIDOPHORUS TESSELLATUS, Baird; Amiva tessellata, Say, (vide

Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. X, Beckwith’s Report.)

Salt Lake, Utah.

TESTUDINATA.
CHRYSEMYS OREGONENSIS, Harlan; Agass.
The Yellowstone Lake. }

BATRACHIA.
ANURA.

BUFO COLUMBIENSIS, B. and G., (United States Exploring Expedition,
Herpetology, by Girard, p. 77.)

Pleasant Valley and Yellowstone Basin. _ Specimen from latter local-

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 469

ity like types; that from Montana different in coloration. It is a bright
green, with numerous blackish speckles on upper surfaces, and brown
interseapular spots; below uniform.

CHOROPHILUS TRISERIATUS, Wied; Helecetes, Baird.
Carrington’s Lake, Yellowstone Basin.

SPEA BOMBIFRONS, Cope. .
Blackfoot Fork.

RANA HALECINA, Bose.
Fort Hall, Idaho.

RANA PRETIOSA, B. and G., (United States Exploring Expedition ;

Herpetology, p. 20.)

Pleasant Valley, Montana.

This frog is a near ally of the European R. temporaria, and is, as
Girard remarks, distinguished from the other west-coast species (it.
aurora, B. and G.) by its much shorter limbs. The present species was
originally found at Puget’s Sound, Washington Territory.

RANA SEPTENTRIONALIS, Baird, (Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci, Phila., 1854, 61.)

Abundant; Carrington’s Lake, Yellowstone Basin, and Fish Creek,
Montana.

PISCES.
ISOSPONDYLI.

COREGONUS VILLIAMSONITI, Girard; the Rocky Mountain white fish.

THYMALLUS TRICOLOR, Cope, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1865, p.
80; Gunther, Catalogue Brit. Mus., VI, 201.)

Specimens from Yellow Creek and the Gallatin Fork of the Missouri in
Montana. This species was originally discovered in the Grand River,
Michigan. It seems to be a rare fish east of the Mississippi; but my
friend, J. Dickinson Sergeant, informs me that it has been found abund-
antly in a stream in the northern part of the peninsula of Michigan.
The number of specimens brought by Dr. Hayden from theshead-waters
of the Yellowstone indicates that this region is its heme. They main-
tain well the characters by which it was originally distinguished from
the T. vulgaris and T. signifer.. The muzzle is shorter and the gape of
the mouth larger than in the former; the maxillary bone is narrower
and longer, reaching to below the middle of the pupil instead of to near
the front of the orbit. The length of the head equals the depth of the
body and enters the length without caudal fin, 4.5 times. There is some
variation in the radial formula as follows: D. 20-22; A. 13-14. Scales,
8—-9—86-90—10-12. In the younger specimens the small blue spots
tend to form short longitudinal bars.

SALMO, Linn.

The species of this genus, found in the streams rising in the Rocky
Mountains, are numerous, and, as elsewhere, nearly allied. Those I
have observed in Dr. Hayden’s collections number three, while a fourth
is described by Dr. C. Girard, which I have not met with. The allied
species differ as follows. They all belong to the group Salar:

Depth, 5.75 in length; eye, 4.5 times in head; snout obtuse;
caudal fin scarcely emarginate; Br. [X............... S. virginalis.

A770 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
3

Depth, 4.75 in total, (to point caudal;) eye, 5 times in head;

muzzle acute; scales larger, 26 below dorsal fin; cranium
not keeled above; head one-fourth length; dorsal fin ;
nearer muzzle than end caudal scales ; caudal fin scarce- —
ly emarsinates hr tS ee eee ks cece ...-S. spilurus.

Head large, broad, flat, not keeled, 4.25 in total, equal depth

of body; muzzle obtuse ; eye nearly 5 times in head;

scales, 42 below dorsal first ray; dorsal fin" equidistant;

caudal) im not notehed . 2. 2.) 22. 7 eee ee eee S. stomias.
Head smaller, 4 times in length to notch of caudal, (which

is well emarginate;) upper surface keeled; muzzle ob-

tuse; eye 4 times in length; depth, 4.5 in length, to end

caudal scales; dorsa] midway between latter and end

of muzzle; scales small, 40-43 below dorsal first ray ;

BE AE Mio Eon nile eine o eh a oe ee er S. pleuriticus.
Head acuminate, keeled above, 4.66 times in length to notch

of caudal fin, which is well marked; eye, one-fifth head ;

depth, 5.25 to caudal notch; dorsal nearer muzzle than

end of caudal scales; scales large, 33 below dorsal first :

ray; Br. XI; spots: large, distant....-..--2-..2.2Scaee S. carinatus.
Head one-fourth total length; eye, 5 times in head; dorsal :

fin equidistant between insertion of caudal and end of

muzzle; muzzle rather pomted; Br. X, XI..........4: S. irideus.

Of the above speeies Salmo spilurus and S. carinatus are distinguish-
able by their large scales and smaller orbits; while in S. stomias and
S. pleuriticus the scales are very small. On the other hand, S. carinatus
and S. pleuriticus agree in the strong median carina on the superior
aspect of the cranium. S. stomias is readily separated by the large
head and mouth. Its habitat, so far as known, is the Kansas River,
far to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains.*

SALMO SPILURUS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species is represented by six specimens from the Sangre de
Christo Pass, in Colorado, from one of the sources of the Rio Grande.

It is rather a fusiform fish, with small head and acuminate muzzle,
which is very little decurved at the end to the lip margin. The eye
enters the muzzle 1.33 times, the inner border of the adipose eyelid
being regarded as the dividing line. The top of the head is slightly —
convex, but entirely without keel. The maxillary bone extends to a
little beyond the posterior margin cf the orbit, and is flat and consider-
ably wider distally than it is proximally. In this it differs from the
S. stomias, Cope, where that bone maintains an almost equal width
throughout. All the teeth are well developed, including both rows of
vomerines. Scales in about 33 rows between the base of the first dor-
sal ray and the lateral line, or 26 rows between the middle of the dorsal
fin and the same.

Radi, Br. X; D. IL. 11, (10 in one;) A. If. 10, (in two, 11.)

-Ground color, pale in spirits ; the caudal peduncle from the middle
of the anal fin, with the caudal and dorsal fins, thickly spotted with
large, irregularly disposed black spots. Those on the caudal peduncle
are darkest between the scales; each one having, therefore, a reticulated
appearance. Above the lateral line they extend to the dorsal fin, con-
tinually contracting their distribution from the lateral line upward.

“In Hayden's Report, Geology of Wyoming, 1871, p. 433, this is erroneously stated
to be the Platte, a very different river.

i ee a ee ee

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AQG1

A few scattered spots are found all the way to the head, and four or
five mark the side of the latter. Adipose fin spotted; others unicolor.

The largest specimen obtained measures 13 inches in length.

The affinities of this species to the S. virginalis appeared to be close,
and Girard cites specimens from the locality from which it was procured
as belonging to the latter. Its description cannot, however, be recon-
ciled with the S. spilurus, especially in the relations of the depth to the
leneth, by which it would appear that S. virginalis is a much more
slender fish. The figure also agrees with the description.

SALMO PLEURITICUS, Cope, sp. nov.; Salmo (Salar) virginalis, Cope, not

Girard, (Hayden’s Survey Wyoming, 1871, 433.)

This is the abundant mountain trout of the head-waters of the Green
and Platte Rivers, and even of the Yeilowstone. It is rather a stout
species, with obtusely descending muzzle, and large eye entering the
head only four times. The cranial keel is a marked character; its ele-
vation is greater between the orbits than on the posterior part of the
frontal bones. ‘The intererbital width is 1.33 times the long diameter
of the interpalpebral opening of the eye, The dorsal fin is nearer the
origin of the marginal rays of the caudal fin than to the end of the
muzzle, but is midway between the latter and the termination of the
scales on the sides of the fin. Radu, D. Il. 11-12 and 13; A. il. 11.
Br. XI. The scales range from 40 to 45 below the first Gorsal ray to the
lateral line. The maxillary bone extends to a little beyond the orbit,
and is not expanded.

This is a spotted species, and the spots are chiefly found above the
Jateral line and on the whole caudal pedunele, and on the dorsal and
eaudal fins. They are usually rather scattered, less numerous on. the
peduncle than in WS. spilurus, and more so anteriorly; those on the fins
are smaller and less humerous. There is, however, variation in the size
and number of the spots. The sides are ornamented with short, broad
Jongitudinal bars of crimson; a band of the same color occupies the
fissure within each ramus of the mandible and skin on the median side
of it. The fins are allmore or less crimson; but none of these are black-
bordered. The largest specimens are 10-12 inches long.

Seven specimens of this species are in the collections from the heads
of Green River; from Medicine Lodge Creek, Idaho, (two specimens ;)
four from the Junction, Montana. A specimen each from Yellow Creek
and the Gallatin Fork of the Missouri, Montana, represent at least a
color variety of this fish. The spots are much smaller and much more
numerous, though distributed over the same regions; they are less
nuinerous on the caudal fin. In the Gallatin specimen there are 51
scales above the lateral line; in the other 44. Another variety from
the Yellowstone Basin is only represented by young specimens. They
have no spots on the caudal fin.

A number of dried specimens from the Yellowstone Lake, of larger
size than the specimens above described, probably belong to this species.
They are rather more closely spotted on the caudal pedunele and fin, but
are similar in all important respects. The only discrepancy which I find
is the relatively smaller eye, (not orbit,) which enters the head five times,
and the greater prolongation of the maxillary bone. These characters
are, perhaps, due to the larger size attained by the individuals. They
are from a foot to eighteen inches in length.

SALMO CARINATUS, Cope, sp. nov.
The characters of this species, pointed out in the table, show its marked

A472 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

distinction. It is a more slender fish than any here described, approach-
ing more nearly the proportions assigned by Girard to the 8. virginalis.
From this species the numerous branchiostegals, more distinctly forked
tail, &e., distinguish it.

The head is elongate, but not wide, and the muzzle descends regu-
larly, but not abruptly, to the lip margin. The eye is contained in it
1.5 times and enters the head five times in a specimen of the size of those
of S. pleuriticus, where it enters four times, as well as in larger animals.
The interorbital region contracts at the front part of the orbits so
as to be little wider than the long diameter of the latter. The frontal
keel extends the whole length of the vertex, and is very conspicuous ;
it is most elevated posteriorly. The maxillary extends to beyond the
orbit. The dorsal fin is equidistant between the end of the muzzle and
the base of the marginal radii of the caudal fin, therefore nearer the
former than to the termination of the lateral caudal scales.

Radii, Br. XI, X1; D. Hi-11; A. I-11.

The ground is light, perhaps rosy in life, and is marked with round,
black spots, sparsely but equidistantly distributed over the whole body.
The dorsal and caudal fins are spotted, but rather sparsely ; those of the
former being arranged in two or more longitudinal series. There are
indications that the fins and sides cf the head were crimson, and that
there were large spots of the same color on the middle of the sides.

Two specimens of uncertain locality ; fragments of, perhaps, a third
from the Yellowstone Geyser Basin.

Another species of trout was obtained from Carrington’s Lake, Mon-
tana, but the specimens are in too bad a state for determination. . +

PLECTOSPONDYLI.

SEMOTILUS CORPORALIS, Mitch.

Crow Creek, at Camp Carling.

CERATICHTHYS NUBILUS, G.; Argyreus nubilus, G., (U. S. Pac. R. RB.

Surv., X, p. 244.)

This species has the physiognomy of the genus to which Girard re-
ferred it, but the premaxillary is projectile and the upper lip separated
from the muzzle by a fold. This is the only point of distinction yet
stated by which the two genera may be separated. Teeth, 4.2-2.4;
barbels inconspicuous. Avxils of the fins crimson.

Grass Creek, Idaho. Collection No. 4.

APOCOPE, Cope, gen. nov.

Teeth of the raptorial type, 4.1-1.4, without grinding surface. Bar~
bels present; upper lip separated from muzzle by a fold. Anterior
part of the lateral line only present.

APOCOPE CARRINGTONH, Cope, sp. nov.
This is a small species allied to the last, but the muzzle is broader

and less prominent, and the mouth larger. The muzzle is quite obtuse ~

in profile and overhangs the mouth very little, and the end of the max-
illary bone does not quite reach the line of the margin of the orbit.
Barbels minute; teeth, 4.1-1.4; isthmus wide; eye a little smaller than
one-fourth the length of the head, and 1.5 times in interorbital width.
Scales, 10-60-11. Dorsal fin originating behind the point above the ven-
trals, and markedly nearer the basis of the caudal than the end of the

- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 473

muzzle. Caudal well forked. Radii, D. 8; A. 7; length of head a little
more than four times in length to basis of caudal; depth five times in
the same; length, 20 lines.

Color olivaceous, with a dark lateral band from end of muzzle, and
dark shades on the back.

Four specimens from the Warm Springs, Utah. The species is named
in honor of Campbell Carrington, zoologist of Dr. Hayden’s expedition,
to whose zeal in the cause of science we are indebted forthe materials
analyzed in this report, and that on the same subject in the Survey of
Wyoming, 1871. Collection No. 9.

APOCOPE VULNERATA, Cope, sp. nov.

The head is broad and the muzzle wide and obtuse, not projecting
over the mouth. Barbels minute. The end of the maxillary bone does
not quite reach the marginal line of the orbit; orbit five times in head,
one and a half times in the interorbital space. Length of head one-
fourth, depth of body one-fifth length without caudal fin. Dorsal a
little behind line of origin of ventrals, nearer caudal fin than muzzle.
Riadii, D.8; A. 7. Length, 24 lines. Scales small, 15-72-10.

Color olive, with a broad dark band from end of muzzle to caudal
fin, paler above and below it; belly yellow; a crimson spot on the chin.

This species differs from uw carringtontt in the wider muzzle, smaller
seales, and greater development of the lateral line. In this species it is
continued to the end of the anal fin ; in the type of the genus it scarcely
extends to the dorsal. Collection No. 1.

From Logan, Utah; discovered by Cam. Carrington.

RHINICHTHYS MAXILLOSUS, Cope, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864,
278.)

Crow Creek ; Grass Creek, Idaho.

TIGOMA RHINICHTHYOIDES, Cope, sp. nov.

Size small; form elongate. Head 4.3 times in length without caudal
fin; depth, 5.2 times in same. Muzzle obtuse, not projecting; mouth
inferior horizontal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Head nearly
four times longer than diameter of orbit, which equals length of fanaee,
and is 1.5 times interorbital space. Teeth, 4,2-2.4. Seca sles, 12-67-12
lateral line with occasional interruptions at the posterior part. Dor sal
fin behind line of ventrals, nearer basis of caudal fin than end of muzzle.
Length, 24 lines.

Olive-brown above, yellow below; a broad brown lateral band and
longitudinal blackish line on the thoracic region on each side. The me-
dian band is darker spotted, and there are blackish spots on the dorsal
region. Head black above; chin red.

The upper lip of this species is separated by a fold, but the species
has a general resemblance to those of Rhinichthys.

From Logan, Utah. Collection No. 2.

PROTOPORUS, Cope, gen. nov.

Teeth raptorial; outer row, 4-4; no grinding surface; no barbels;
upper lip separated by a fold. Lateral line represented only by a short
anterior series of pores.

This genus is related to Tigoma, as Apocope is to Ceratichthys.
PROTOPORUS DOMNINUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form rather stout, front convex, muzzle obtuse, mouth horizontal, end
of maxillary not quite attaining orbit. Scales, 9-56-6. Lateral line not

ATA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

attaining the point opposite to the origin of the ventral fins. Length
of head, 4.33; depth of body five times into length without caudal fin ;
diameter of eye four times in head; once in muzzle, 1.3 times in
interorbital’ width. Fin radii, D. 1.8; A. I. 7. Rays of pectoral
thickened, not reaching ventral; ventral-reachiug anal. Length, 24
lines; teeth, 4.2-1.4, somewhat hooked.

Color silver-gray, with a broad dark lateral band, which is darker
spotted; back and sides of thorax dark shaded; top of head dark.

Numerous specimens from Fort Hall, Idaho, collection No. 3.

HYBOPSIS BIVITTATUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Muzzle narrow, very obtusely descending, net projecting; mouth
horizontal, end of maxilla reaching the line of the orbit. Orbit
four times in length of head, 1.5 times in the rather flat inter-
orbital width. Length of head, 4.66 times; depth of body four
times in length minus caudal fin. Dorsal region arched; basis
of dersal fin descending posteriorly, and originating very little
behind origin of ventrals. Pectorals only reaching half-way to ventrals;
latter about half-way to anal. Radii, D. 1.8; A. 1.7. Teeth, 4.2-2.4,
with grinding surface. Scales, 12-53-11. Lateral line complete. Dor-
sal fin nearer muzzle than origin; caudal fin midway between former
and notch of latter. Length, 3 inches. :

Color silvery; the scales blackish punctulate; dorsal region blackish ;
a dark band from epiclavicular region to basis of caudal fin; another
from end muzzle, across operculum, to basis of anal.

From Warm Springs, Utah ; Campbell Carrington, collector. Collee-
tion No. 10.

It is interesting to note that in the distribution of color, especially in
the two lateral bands, this species is identical with Protoporus domninus,
Tigoma rhinichthyoides, and Apocope carringtonii, a well-marked case of
mimetic analogy. Another case of this kind is exhibited by two species
of eels of different genera from Costa Rica. The species are undescribed.

MURZNA AQUZEDULCIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Branchial fissure small; posterior nostril not tubular, situated half-
way between eye and anterior nostril. Eye contained nearly twice in
the muzzle. Maxillary teeth in two rows, ethmoids in a single one.
Former, 4 long in the inner, 17 in the outer row, counting from the front

margin of the orbit. Vomerine teeth well developed ; dentaries in two:

rOwWS.

Form stout; dorsal fin extending two-thirds the total length, the anal
2.33 times in the length. Color brownish-black, with rather distant
yellow spots, which are accompanied by a darker shade on same side, and
which become confluent into yellow marblings on the gular and pectoral
regions.

From the Rio Grande, near the city of San José, Costa Rica, Central
America.

PCCILOPHIS NOCTURNUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Branchial fissure small; posterior nostril just above the orbit at the
anterior margin. Muzzle rather obtuse, twice as long as the small eye.
Maxillary teeth in a single row; the vomerines obtuse, continued in line
tothe ethmoids. Latter in three rows, with interspaces. Deuntaries one-
rowed. JT'orm moderately stout; dorsal fin extending nearly to nape.
Anal fin a little over one-third total length.

> Pe

-
— SS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AQG5

Color deep purplish-brown, with rather scattered, irregular, yellow
spots with black margins; rather paler below.

From the Rio Grande, at San J osé, Costa Rica. Dr. Van Patten.

This species, in general proportions, is a little more slender than the
last, but in general appearance, as size and coloration, can scarcely be
distinguished from it. It is a curious case of mimetic analogy.

SIBOMA ATRARIA, G., (U.S. Pac. BR. R., Rep. X, 297.)

Abundant in Grass Creek, Idaho. Siboma differs from Clinostomus in
the anterior position of the dorsal fin. Collection No. 7.

MYLOLEUCUS, Cope, gen. nov.

Teeth raptorial, but with well-developed masticatory surface, 5-4 in
outer row. No barbels; lateral line well developed. Dorsal fin above
or in front of line of ventrals.

_ This genus is Siboma, with developed grinding surfaces of the teeth.

MYLOLEUCUS PULVERULENTUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form stout; head short, muzzle not decurved; mouth terminal,
slightly descending, the maxillary bone nearly attaining the anterior
line of the orbit. Head 3.75 times in length, exelusive of “caudal; depth
three and a half times. Eye 4.2 times in head, once in muzzle. Pre-
orbital bone deeper than long. Scales, 13-58-9. Radii, D. I. 9; A. I1.7.
Caudal well forked. Length, 34 inches.

A dark plumbeous band extends from the origin of the lateral line
above to the caudal peduncle, and on it to the caudal fin. Below this
the color is silvery, thickly dusted with black dots; above it is an olive-
yellow band; then a dark dorsal region, all dusted. Sides of head sil-
very, dusted. Fins unspotted.

Numerous specimens from the Warm Springs, Utah; type No. 6.

CLINOSTOMUS PANDORA Cope, sp. nov.

This species is nearly a Siboma, in consequence of the position of the
dorsal fin being so little removed from the vertical above the ventrals.
Dentition refers it to Clinostomus, while its appearance is that of a
Ceratichthys or Semotilus. I adhere to the technical characters until
others are found which will give us the clew to the truer affinities.

Shape fusiform, head small, one-fifth of total length, (or fourth with-
out caudal fin,) broad, and rather flat at the muzzle. The latter does
not project, and the lips are equal. Maxilla not attaining the line of
the orbit by some distance. Hye small, 6.25 times in length of head,
twice interorbital width. Scales, 17-61-9, small in front of dorsal fin,
Radi, D. 1.8; A. If. 8. Isthmus moderately wide; depth of body 4.2
times in length without caudal. Dorsal fin nearer basis caudal than end
of muzzle.

General color silvery, above (in spirits) brownish. <A broad, ill-defined,
lateral band, from epiclavicular region to basis of caudal fin, above the
lateral line. Length of type specimen, 8 inches. Collection No. 11.

From Sangre de Christo Pass, from a tributary of the Rio Grande.

CLINOSTOMUS HYDROPHLOX, Cope, sp. nov.

This species and the following are typical forms of the genus, and in-
teresting as the first that have been detected west of the Missis-
sippi River. Length of head 4.75 times in total, exclusive of caudal
fin; depth of body 4.5 times in same. Hye 5 times in head, one and a
half times in interorbital width. Front Straight; lower jaw projecting

A776 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

beyond upper; mouth descending; end of maxillary just reaching line
of orbit. Isthmus narrow. Teeth, 5.2-2.4. Scales, 15-58-7. Radii, D.
1.8; A. I. 11. Ventrals not reaching anal. Length, 6 inches.

Color above olive, with a blackish inferior border, extending from the
superior margin of the orbit. Below this, a crimson band, and still
lower, a blackish band, passing from the epiclavicular region above the
lateral line to the basis of the caudal fin. Below this, crimson in front,
silvery behind. Fins unspotted. Suborbital bones crimson; cheek

olden.
z Blackfoot Creek, Idaho. Collection No. 13.

CLINOSTOMUS MONTANUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Muzzle decurved, obtuse; jaws equal; end of maxillary extending be-
yond margin of orbit. Orbit large, entering the head 3.5 times and the
interorbital region once. Length of head, one-fourth length to caudal
fin; depth nearly equal. Scales, 11-12—56—6. Radii, D. 1.9; A. U-
12. Length, 3.5 inches. “

Olive above, a dark band extending from epiclavicular region above
caudal line to caudal fin. Sides crimson as high as the lateral line.

Numerous specimens (No. 8) from Grass Creek, Idaho. This brightly
colored species differs from the last in the obtuse muzzle, large eye, and
smaller scales above the lateral line.

CATOSTOMUS GENEROSUS, G., (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 1745)
Acomus generosus, G., (U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, p. 221.)
This species is closely allied to the eastern C. teres, Mitch.: from Utah
Lake.

PERCOMORPHL

URANIDEA PUNCTULATA, Gill, (Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 1862, p. 41.)
Gallatin Fork of the Missouri and Warm Springs, Utah.

COTTOPSIS SEMISCABER, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii, D. VII-18; A. 13; V. I-4; first ray of anal below third of
second dorsal. Skin prickly above the lateral line, smcoth below it
posteriorly. body compressed, profile rising rather steeply to the basis
of first dorsal fin. Eye 4.5 times in head, .75 time in interorbital space.
Muzzle contracted, maxillary bone reaching to below middle of pupil.
Two spines on preoperculum. On an inferior anterior angle of opereu-
lum. Lateral line discontinued on last fourth of caudal peduncle. Head
one-third length without caudal fin.

Below yellow; dorsal line with a series of dark spots; sides with
large, dark clouds.

Three specimens from Fort Hall, Idaho.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. ACG

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.

By Pror. THOMAS C. PORTER.

- All the plants comprised in this catalogue were collected during the
expedition of Dr. I’. V. Hayden to the head-waters of the Yellowstone
River in the summer of 1871, with the exception of a small number
gathered by Dr. George Smith, in the month of August, on Gray’s Peak
and near Georgetown, Colorado Territory.

Prof. G. N. Allen acted as botanist, and Robert Adams, jr., as assist-
ant, as far as Fort Ellis. After that time Mr. Adams took charge of the
collections until his departure, about September 1.

Thanks are due to Doctors Torrey and Gray for valuable aid in diffi-
cult cases, and to Messrs. Engelmann, Olney, Thurber, Lesquereux, and
Tuckerman for the determination of species in those orders to which
they have devoted special attention.

RANUNCULACE Zt

Clematis Douglasii, Hook.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Hllis to the
Yellowstone; Hot Sulphur Springs.

Clematis alpina, Mill., var. Ochotensis, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado
Territory, Dr. Smith.

Clematis ligusticifolia, Nutt.—Madison Valley; Fort Ellis to the Yel-
lowstone.

Clematis verticillaris, D. C., (C. Columbiana, T. and G.)—Fort Ellis to
the Yellowstone.

Anemone multifida, D. C.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Thalictrum Kendlert, Kngelm.—Mountains south of Virginia City;
Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Ranunculus aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix.—Salt Lake City,
June I.

Ranunculus aquatilis, L., var. stagnalis, D. C.—Stinking Water Creek ;
between Madison and Jefferson Rivers.

Ranunculus Flammuta, L., var. reptans, Gray.—Mud Springs.

Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh. — Weber River Valley al nd. Salt Lake,
Utah Territory, June; Stinking Water Creek, July 3

Ranunculus multifidus, Pursh, var. 7epens, Hook.—Medicine Lodge.

Ranunculus nivalis, R. Br., var. Lschscholizii, 8. Watson.—Upper Fails
of the Yellowstone. |

Ranunculus repens, L.—Pleasant Valley; Upper Falls of the Yellow-
stone.

Caltha leptosepala, D. C.—Great Falls and Upper Falls of the Yellow-
stone.

Troilius laxus, Salisb.—Great Falls of the Yellowstone.

Aquilegia cerulea, Torr.—Mounitains south of Virginia City; Yellow-
stone Lake.

Aquilegia flavescens, 8S. Watson, (Clarence King’s Rep., vol. V, p. 10.)—
Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Hot Salphur Springs ; Lower Falls of the
Yellowstone.

Delphinium elatum, L., var. (2) occidentale, 8. Watson, (loc. cit.)\—Stink-
ing Water Creek; Madison Valley; I’ort Ellis to the Yel llowstone.

Delphinium Menziesit, D. C.—Mountains south of Virginia City;
Stinking Water Creek.

Aconitum nasutum, Visch.— Yellowstone Lake.

Actea spicata, L., var, argula, Lorr.—Yellowstone Lake.

A7T8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

BERBERIDACEZ.
Berberis Aquifolium, Pursh.—Salt Lake, June; Pleasant Valley.
NYMPH ZACEZ.
Nuphar advena, Ait.—Madison Valley.
FUMARIACEZ.

Corydalis aurea, Willd., var. occidentalis, Engelm.—Stinking Water
Creek; Yellowstone Lake.

CRUCIFER 2.

Nasturtium obtusum, Nutt.—Madison Valley.

Nasturtium palustre, D. C., var. hispidum, Gray.—Pleasant Valley.

Cardamine rhomboidea, D. C.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Sinith.

Cardamine paucisecta, Benth.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Arabis hirsuta, Scop.—Stinking Water Creek.

Arabis perfoliata, Gray.— Weber River Valley, Utah Territory; mount-
ains south of Virginia City.

Arabis Drummondii, Gray.—Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone.

Arabis Drummondii, Gray, var. alpina, S. Watson.—Doane’s Peak,
near Yellowstone Lake, 10,000 feet altitude.

Arabis retrofracta, Graham.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.—Stinking Water Creek.

Erysimum asperum, D. C.—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek;
Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Sisymbrium junceum, Bieb.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek ;
Yellowstone Lake.

Smelowskia calycina, E. Meyer.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Thelypodium integrifolium, ‘Endi.—Stinking Water Creek ; Fort Ellis
to the Yellowstone; Hot Sulphur Springs

tanleya viridiflora, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek.

Physaria didymocarpa, Gray.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to
the Yellowstone.

Vesicaria montana, Gray.—Near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory,
May 25,

Vesicaria Ludoviciana, D. C.—Near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory,
May 25.

Vesicaria alpina, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek, July 3.

Draba aurea, Vahl.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. Smith,
August 10.

Draba alpina, L.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Draba glacialis, Adams.—Doane’s Peak, near Yellowstone Lake,
10,000 feet altitude.

Draba nemorosa, L.—Crow Agency.

Draba nemorosa, L., var. lutea, Gray —Pleasant Valley; Yellowstone
Lake; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Lepidium intermedium, Gray.—Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley.

VIOLACE 2.

Viola cucullata, Ait.—Pleasant Valley.
Viola canina, L.—Near Ogden, Utah “Territory.
Viola Nuttallii, Parsh. —Cheyenue, Wyoming Territory, May 25.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 479
CAPPARIDACE Z.

Cleome integrifolia, T. and G.—Fort Ellis to the Veltow sane Botel-
er’s Ranch; Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley.
Cleome aured, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory, June 5.

CARYOPHYLLACE A.

Saponaria Vaccaria, Host.—Madison Valley. Most likely introduced.

Silene acaulis, L.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Yellowstone
Lake.

Silene antirrhina, L.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory; Madison Valley.

Silene Menziesri, Hook.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory ; moun-
tains south of Virginia City; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Lychnis Drummondii, S. Watson, (Silene Drummondiit, Hook.)—-Fort
Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Arenaria congesta, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Hot Sulphur Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

Arenaria Fendleri, Gray. —Stinking Water Creek.

Arenaria arctica, Stev.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; high peaks
near Yellowstone Lake.

Arenaria laterifiora, L.—Pleasant Valley.

Stellaria longipes, Goldie.—Pleasant Valley; Hot Sulphur Springs.

Stellaria crassifolia, Ehrh.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Stellaria borealis, Bigelow.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Cerastium arvense, L.—Yellowstone Lake; Upper and Lower Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Sagina Linnaei, Presl.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud Springs.

Paronychia sessiliflora, Nutt.—Fish Creek; Crow Agency.

PORTULACACEA.

Claytonia Caroliniana, Mx., Var. lanceolata, S. Watson, (C. lanceolata,
Ph.)—Yellowstone Lake.

Claytonia perfoliata, Don.—Mountains near Ogden, Utah Territory.
_ Claytonia Chamissonis, Esch. and Ledeb.—Yellowstone Lake; Lower

Falls of the Yellowstone.

Spraguea umbellata, Torr.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Lewisia rediviva, Ph.— Yellowstone Lake.

?
'

MALVACEZ.

Malvastrum coccineum, Gray.—Stinking Water Creek; Madison Val-
ley; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Fish Creek.
Malvastrum Munroanum, Gray.—Crow Agency; Madison Valley.
Spheralcea acerifolia, Nutt—Madison Valley ; Fort Ellis to the Yel-
lowstone.
LINACE 23.

Linum perenne, L.—Pleasant Valley; Madison Valley; Hot Sulphur
Springs; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

GERANIACE.Z.

Geranium Richardsonii, FY. and M.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yel-
lowstone Lake.

480 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Geranium Carolinianum, L.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Geranium Fremontii, Torr., var. Parryt, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado
Territory, Dr. George Smith. |

Geranium Fremontii, Torr., var. (?)—Madison Valley; Tort Ellis to
the Yellowstone.—Differs from the variety Parry? in being far larger
and more robust in every way. It is densely pilose throughout, with a
portion of the hairs glandular.

Hrodium cicutarium, L’Her.—Salt Lake, Utah Territory.

ANACARDIACE ZA.

Rhus Toxicodendron, l.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Rhus glabra, L.cNear Ogden, Utah Territory.

Rhus aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, Gray— Weber River Valley, Utah
Territory; Crow Agency.

RHAMNACEZ.

Ceanothus velutinus, Dougl., var. levigatus, T. and G.—Near Ogden,
Utah Territory.
ACERACEZ.

Acer glabrum, Torr.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory ; Crow
Agency.
Acer grandidentatum, Nutt.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

LEGUMINOSZ.

Lupinus pusillus, Pursh.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Lupinus sericeus, Pursh.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Lupinus cespitosus, Nutt.—Mud Springs : Yellowstone Lake.

Inupinus ornatus, Dougl.— Stinking W ater Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone; Crow Agency.

Lupinus polyphyllus, “Lindl.—Great Falls of the Yellowstone,

Lupinus leucophyllus, Lindl.—Madison Valley.

Lupinus laxiflorus, Dougl., var tenellus, T. aia G.—Mud Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

Trifolium longipes, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Stink-
ing Water Creek.

Trifolium Haydeni, sp. nov.—Glabrous throughout, low, (2 to 3 inches,)
czspitose with a branching caudex, leafy at base; leaflets obovate, obtuse
or tipped with a short, abrupt acumination, sharply denticulate, strongly
veined; peduncles twice longer than the leaves; lower stipules searious,
obtuse, entire; upper ones lance-ovate and acute; heads few to many
flowered ; flowers purple, 6 to 8 lines long, in 2 to 3 verticils, persistent,
reflexed in fruit; teeth of the calyx setaceous-sabulate, about as long
as the tube, and reaching half the length of the corolla; vexillum
rounded at the apex, obtuse or emarginate.—It seems to approach 7,
longipes, Nutt., var. pygmeum, Gray, but is distinguished by its
smoothness and broader obtuse vexillum.—Mountains south of Virginia
City.

Psoralea lanceolata, Pursh.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellow stone.

Hedysarum Mackenzii, Rich.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory ; Pleasant
Valley.

Astragalus caryocarpus, Ker., in ft.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A81

Astragalus diphysus, Gray, in ft.—Stinking Water Creek.

Astragalus Canadensis, L., var. Mortoni, 8. Watson.—Mountains south
of Virginia City.

Astragalus ha none L.—Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.

Astragalus oroboides, Hornem., var. Americanus, Gray.—Mountains
south of Virginia City.

Astragalus alpinus, f.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Yellow-
stone River.

Astragalus Missouriensis, Nutt.—Near Ogden; Utah Territory.

Astragalus Shortianus, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Astragalus Utahensis, T. and G., in fi. and ft.—Great Salt Lake.

Astragalus frigidus, Gray. —Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Astragalus bisulcatus, Gray, in fl. and ft—Madison Valley; Fort Ellis
to the Yellowstone. :

Astragalus pauciflorus, Hook.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Astragalus campestris, Gray.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Astragalus junceus, Gray.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Astragalus cespitosus, Gray.—Near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory,
May 25.

Se agictus Kentrophyta, Gray.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Oxytropis multiceps, Nutt. —Mountains south of Virginia City.
' Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory; Salt
Lake, Utah Territory.

Vicia Americana, Muhl.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Lathyrus polyphyllus, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Lathyrus ornatus, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, May 25.

Lathyrus palustris, L.—Stinking Water Creek; Madison Valley.

Lathyrus palustris, L., var. myrtifolius, Gray. —Utah Territory.

Thermopsis fabacea, D. C., var. montana, Gray.—Cheyenne, Wyoming
Territory; Great Salt Lake; Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.

ROSACEAL.

Prunus demissa, Walp.—Near Great Salt Lake, Utah Territory.

Spirceea opulifolia, L.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Spircea betulefolia, Pallas.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Hot Sul-
phur Springs; Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Spirea cespitosa, Nutt.—Between Madison and Jefterson Rivers.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.—Mountains near Denver, Colorado Ter-
ritory, Dr. George Smith.

Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory; Stinking
Water Creek.

Geum strictum, Ait.—Pleasant Valley; Gallatin River.

Geum triflorum, Pursh.—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek;
Hot Sulphur Springs.

Geum Rossii, Seringe.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith.

Sibbaldia procumbens, L.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Chamerhodos erecta, Bunge.—Madison Valley.

Ivesia Gordoni, T. and G. ~ Stinking Water Creek.

Potentilla Norvegica, L.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory; Mud
Springs; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Potentilla millegrana, Kngelm.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Potentilla Pennsylvanica, L., var. strigosa, Pursh.—Stinking Water
Creek.

olGs

48? GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Potentilla diversifolia, Lehm.—Pleasant Valley ; Hot Sulphur Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

Potentilla pulcherrima, Lehm.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Hot
Sulphur Springs.

Potentilla gracilis, Dougl., var. flabelliformis, Nutt.—Madison Valley;
Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Potentilla Nuttalli, Lehm.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Hot Sul-
phur Springs.

Potentilla Anserina, L:—Ogden, Utah Territory; Madison Valley; :
Yellowstone Lake; Crow agency.

Potentilla fr uticosa, L.—Pieasant Valley; Hot Sulphur Sprirgs.

Potentilla fissa, Nutt.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith ; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Potentilla glandulosa, Lindl.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Lower
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Rubus Nutkanus, Moc.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Hot Sulphur
Springs.

Rubus strigosus, Michx.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

Crategus rivularis, Nutt. (?)—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Crategus tomentosa, L., var. punctata, Gray—Weber River Valley,
Utah Territory.

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. and G., var. alnifolia, T. and G.—Fort
Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yellowstone Lake.

SAXIFRAGACEZ:.

Ribes hirtellum, Michx.—Yellowstone Lake.

Ribes oxycanthoides, L.—Stinking Water Creek.

Ribes prostratum, L’Her.—Yellowstone Lake.

Ribes lacustre, Poir—Mountains south of Virginia City; Yellowstone
Lake.

Ribes cereum, Dougl—Yellowstone Lake; Crow Agency.

Ribes viscosissimum, Pursh.—Mountains southof VirginiaCity; Stink-
ing Water’ Creek.

Ribes bracteosum, Doug].—Falls of the Yellowstone.

Ribes aureum, Pursh.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

Saxifraga cespitosa, L.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Saxifraga serpyllifolia, Pursh.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Smith.

Sazifraga bronehialis, L.—Yellowstone Lake; Pleasant Valley.

Saxifraga punctata, L.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake;
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Saxifraga nivalis, L—Mountains south of Virginia City; Stinking
Water Creek.

Saxifraga hieracifolia, Walds. and Kit.—Stinking Water Creek; Falls
of the Yellowstone.

Saxifraga Jamesii, Dougl.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Tellina parviflora, Hook.—Stinking Water Creek.

Mitella pentandra, Hook.—Yellowstone Lake.

Heuchera rubescens, Torr.—Near Great Salt Lake, June.

Heuchera cylindrica, Dougl.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Stink-
ing Water Creek.

Heuchera parvifolia, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek; Yellowstone Lake.

Parnassia palustris, L.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

a -

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A483

Parnassia parviflora, D. C.—Madison Valley.
Parnassia fimbriata, Banks.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

CRASSULACE Al.

Sedum Rhodiola, D. C.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. Smith.

Sedum rhodanthum, Gray.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Sedum stenopetalwm, Pursh.—Stinking Water Creek ; Madison Valley ;
Hot Sulphur Springs.

Sedum debile, 8S. Watson,( Clarence Kin pee Rep., v. V, p. 102.) —Mount-
ains near Ogden, Utah Territory, June 5

Sedum Douglasii, Hook.—Divide between the Snake River and Yel-
eaepone Lake, 8,800 feet altitude.

ONAGRACEAE.

Epilobium angustifoium, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud
Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

Epilobium suffruticosum, Nutt.—Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Hpilobium alpinum, L.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Hpilobium tetragonum, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud
Springs ; Stinking Water Creek; Crow agency.— Variable, and in some
of its forms closely approaching Bh. coloratum, Muhl.

Epilobium paniculatum, Nutt.-—-Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Gayophytum diffusum, T. and G.—Yellowstone Lake.

‘Gayophytum ramosissimum, T. and G.—Great Salt Lake, June.

Gayophytum racemosum, T. and G.—Pleasant Valley; Mud Springs.

(nothera biennis, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Hot Sulphur
Springs; Madison Valley ; ; Yellowstone Lake.

(Enothera coronopifolia, T. and G.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Cnothera albicaulis, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud
Springs; Madison Valley.

nothera marginata, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, May 25.

@nothera marginata, Nutt., var. purpurea, S. Watson.—Stinking
Water Creek ; Hot Sulphur Sprin gs.

(Hnothera heterantha, Nutt.—Yellowstone Lake.

Gaura coccinea, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek ; Madison Valley ; Jef-
ferson Valley.

Gaura parviflora, Dougl._—Pleasant Valley.

LOASACE A.

| Mentzelia albicaulis, Dougl.—Stinking Water Creek.

Mentzelia ornatus, T. and 'G.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Hot Sul-
phur Springs; Mud Pealngs.

Mentzelia leevicaulis, T . and G.— Hot Sulphur shite

CACTACE A.

Determined by Dr. George Engelmann.

Opinii Missouriensis, Engelm.—Coalville, Utah Territory.
Opuntia spherocarpa, Bngelm. and Big., var (?) Utahensis, Engelm.—
40 miles east of Fort Hall, Idaho Territor Wie

A84 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Mamillaria vivipara, Nutt.—40 miles east of Fort Hall, Idaho Terri-
tory ; Yellowstone River.
Echinocactus Simpsoni, Engelm.—Great Salt i Utah Territory.

UMBELLIFERZ.

Bupleurum ranunculoides, L., var. (B. angustum, Hook. and Arn. Bot.
Beechy.)—Mountains south of Virginia City.—Dr. Gray remarks, “It
is the same as the plant from Kotzebue’s Sound, and found in America
only in that region before.”

Carum Gairdneri i, Benth. and Hook.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellow-
stone Lake ; Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Sium angustifolium, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Osmorrhiza nuda, Tar.—Yellowstone Lake.

Myrrahis occidentalis, Benth. and Hook.—Fort Ellis to the Yelloweaae:

Cymopterus alpinus, Gray, var.—Stinking Water Creek ; Upper Falls
of the Yellowstone.

Cymopterus foniculaceus, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Thaspium trifoliatum, Gray. —Mopitains south of Virginia City.

Archangelica Gmelini, D. C. (?)—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory.
Dr. Smith.

Ferula multifida, Gray.—Utah Territory.

Heracleum lanatum, Michx.—Stinking Water Creek; Hot Sulphur
Springs.

CORNACEZE.

Cornus pubescens, Nutt.—Medicine Lodge, September 15.
CAPRIFOLIACE 2.

Linnea borealis, Gronov.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Upper and Lower
Falls of the Yellowstone.

‘Symphoricarpus montanus, H. B. K.—Stinking Water Creek.

Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R. Br.—Yellowstone Lake ; Madison Val-
ley ; Crow Agency.

Lonicera involucrata, Banks.—Pleasant Valley ; Lower Falls of the
Yellowstone.

Sambucus racemosa, L., var, pubens, S. Watson.—Lower Falls of the
Yellowstone.

RUBIACEZ.

Galium Aparine, L.—Madison Valley.

Galium multiflorum, Kellog.—Great Salt Lake, Utah Territory.

Galium trifidum, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Upper Falls of
the Yellowstone ; Pleasant Valley.

Galium triflorum, Michx.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Galium boreale, L.—Madison Valley ; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ;
Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

VALERIANACEZ.

Valeriana edulis, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.
Valeriana dioica, L., var sylvatica, 8S. Watson.—Pleasant Valley.

COMPOSIT 2.

s Tnatris punctata, Hook.—Fish Creek; Jefferson Valley; Boteler’s
anch.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 485

Brickellia grandiflora, Nutt., var. minor, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colo-
rado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Macheranthera canescens, Nutt.—Between Madison and Jefferson
Rivers.

Aster integrifolius, Nutt. _-Mud Springs ; Yellowstone Lake; Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Aster adscendens, Lindl., var.— Yellowstone Lake.

Aster falcatus, Lindl. —Hot Sulphur Springs.

Aster multiflorus, Ait.—Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley ; Boteler’s Ranch.

Aster glacialis, Nutt.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Aster salsuginosus, Rich.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Aster Haydeni, sp. nov.—Stems (1-3) from an erect transversely fur-
rowed caudex, lanulose above, 3 to 5 inches high, each bearing a single
head of medium size; radical leaves linear, erass-like, 3 to 4 inches
long, 1 to 2 lines wide, rather acute, 3-nerved; cauline leaves few,
smaller; scales of the involucre in about 3 series, lance-linear, often
purplish, acute, with scarious lacerately fringed margins, shorter than
the disk ; rays apparently purplish ; style of the disk-florets with subu-
late branches, of which the hispid portion is 3 times as long as the
stigmatic; achenia linear-oblong, nearly 3 lines in length, 6 to 8 costate,
slightly villous at the summit; setee of the pappus minutely barbellate.—

‘This plant belongs to the section Xylorhiza and is allied to A. Ander-
sonit, Gray, from which it is chiefly distinguished by its almost glabrous
achenium and narrower involucral scales——Upper Falls of the Yellow-
stone.

Aster elegans, T. and G.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Aster Engelmann, Gray.— Yellowstone Lake.

Aster glaucus, T. and G.—Boteler’s Ranch.

Hrigeron Canadense, L.—Ogden, Utah Territory.

Lrigeron compositum, Pursh.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Lrigeron compositum, Pursh, var. discoideum, Gray.—Yellowstone Lake.

Hrigeron grandiflorum, Hook., var. elatius, Gray ——Gray’s Peak, Col-
orado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Hrigeron acre, L.—Madison Valley.

Brigeron Bellidiastrum, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Erigeron macranthum, Nutt.—Yellowstone Lake. ,

BHrigeron glabellum, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Madison Valley.

Hrigeron corymbosum, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Mud Springs.

Hrigeron cespitosum, Nutt.—Stinkin g Water Cr eek; Mud Springs.

Brigeron canescens, ‘T. and G.—Stinking Water Creek.

Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek.

Diplopappus alpinus, Nutt., var—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Townsendia spathulata, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Townsendia grandiflora, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Townsendia scapigera, D. C. Katon, (C. King’s Rep., vol. V. , p. 145,)
var. elatior.—Scapes 3 to 9 inches high; leaves more or less acute.

Solidago Virga-aurea, L.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Solidago Virga-aurea, L., var. alpina, T. and G.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Solidago gigantea, Ait.—Boteler’s Ranch; Yellowstone Lake.

Linosyris viscidiflora, T. and G. —Yellowstone River.

Linosyris Howardii, Parry.—Crow Agency.

Aplopappus acaulis, Gray.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Aplopappus pygmeus, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Smith.

Aplopappus cespitosus, Gray.—Stinking Water Creek.

A86 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Aplopappus Parryi, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Smith.

Aplopappus inuloides, T. and G.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone
Lake; Boteler’s Ranch.

Chrysopsis villosa, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone; Hot Springs; Madison. Valley. —Several forms.

Grindelia squarr Osa, Don.—Madison Valley; Fish Creek.

Wyethia amplexicaulis, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

‘Balsamorrhiza Hookeri, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley.

Balamorrhiza macrophytla, Nutt.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Rudbeckia laciniata, L.—Madison Valley.

Helianthus lenticularis, Doug].—Madison Valley.

Helianthus petiolaris, Nutt.—Madison Valley.

Heliomeris multiflora, Nutt.—Yellowstone Lake.

Helianthella uniflora, T. and G.—Fort Ellis to the ae Yellow-
stone Lake.

Gaillardia aristata, Pursh.—Stinking Water Creek ; "Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone ; Madison Valley.

Cheenactis ’ Douglasii, Hook. and Arn.—Stinking Water Creek; Hot
Sulphur Springs; Madison Valley.

Hymenopappus ‘tenuifolius, Pursh.—Stinking Water Creek. |

Bahia oppositifolia, Nutt.—Golden City, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Smith.

Bahia leucophylla, D. C-—Hot Sulphur Springs; Mud Springs; Yel-
lowstone Lake; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Actinella acaulis, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, May 25.

Actinella grandiflora, T. and G.—Stinking Water Creek ; Pleasant Val-
ley. ;

ae autumnale, L.—Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley.

Layia heterotricha, Hook. and Arn.—Great Salt Lake, June 1-5.

Amida hirsuta, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Great Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Achillea Millefolium, L.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone; Mud Springs.

Matricaria discoidea, D. C.—Great Salt Lake, June 1-5.

Artemisia dracunculoides, Pursh.—Fish Creek; Crow Ageney; Fort
Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yellowstone Lake.

Artemisia trifida, Nutt.—Spring Creek, September 20.

Artemisia tridentata, Nutt.—Yellowstone River; Mud Springs.

Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt., var. latifolia, T. and G.—Yellowstone
Lake ; Crow Agency. 7

Artemisia vulgaris, L.—Madison Valley ; Mud Springs.

Artemisia biennis, Willd.—Fish Creek ; Medicine Lodge.

Artemisia frigida, Willd.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Gite
Agency; Fish Greek.

Artemisia Richardsoniana, Bess.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Gnaphalium luteo-album, L., var. Sprengelii, D. C. Eaton.— Mud
Springs.

Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yel-
lowstone Lake.

Antennaria Carpathica, KR. Br. . var. pulcherrima, Hook.—Mountains
south of Virginia City.

Antennaria alpina, Geertn. ealeg Springs; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Antennaria dioica, Gertn.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yellow-
stone Lake.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A87

Antennaria racemosa, Hook.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Madison
Valley.

Senecio lugens, Rich., var. Hookeri, D. C. Eaton, (Clarence King’s
Rep., vol. V, p. 188. )—Near Great Salt Lake; Upper Falls of the Yel-
lowstone.

Senecio lugens, Rich., var. exaltatus, D. C. Eaton, (loc. cit.) werat S
Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George Smith; mountains south of Vir-
ginia City.

Senecio’ hydrophilus, Nutt.—Mud Springs; Stevenson’s Island, Yellow-
stone Lake, July 28.

Senecio triangularts, Hook.—Madison Valley; Yellowstone Lake ; Up
per Falls of the Yellowstone.

Senecio Andinus, Nutt.—Madison Valley; Crow Agency.

Senicio aureus, L., var. obovatus, T. and G. ‘—Weber River Valley, Utah
Territory ;, Pleasant Valley.

Senecio aureus, L., var. borealis, T. and G. —Cheyenne, Wyoming Ter-
ritory ; Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Senecio aureus, L., var. croceus, Gray.— Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Senecio canus, Hook.—Hot SO Springs.

Senecio cernuus, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith.

Senecio eremophilus, Rich.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
George Smith.

Senecio Fremontti, T. and G.—Boteler’s Ranch.

Senecio amplectens, Gray.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
George Smith.

Arnica angustifolia, Vahl.—Mountains south of Virginia City; Yel-
lowstone Lake.

Arnica Chamissonis, Less.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake ;
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Arnica mollis, Hook.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith. 7

Arnica cordifolia, Hook.—Yellowstone Lake.

Tetradymia canescens, D. C., var. imermis, Gray.—Stinking Mates
Creek; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Cirsium discolor, Spreng.—Madison Valley.

Cirsium undulatum, Gray.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Cirsium foliosum, D. C.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Cirsium Drummondii, T. and G.—Pleasant Valley ; Yellowstone Lake.

Hehinais carlinoides, Cass., var. nutans, D. C.—Madison Valley.

Calais nutans, Gray.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Stephanomeria exigua, Nutt.—Mud Springs.

Mieracium Scoulerit, Hook.—Yellowstone Lake.

Hieracium albifiorwm, Hook.—Yellowstone Lake.

Crepis runcinata, T. and G.—Yellowstone Lake.

Crepis occidentalis, Nutt.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Crepis acuminata, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Lygodesmia juncea, Don.—Fort Ellis to Yellowstone; Mud Springs;
Madison Valley.

Lygodesmia spinosa, Nutt.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

Macrorhynchus glaucus, D. C. Eaton, (Troximon glaucus, Nutt,) var.
dasycephalus, T. and G.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the Yel-
lowstone.

Macrorhynchus troximoides, T. and G.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ;
Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

488 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Mulgedium pulchellum, Natt.—Fort Ellis to the heii: Fish
ees Madison Valley.

LOBELIACE.
PORTERELLA, gen. nov., (by Dr. John Torrey.)

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube obconical and adherent. Tube of the corolla
entire, cylindrical, straight; limb bi-labiate; the upper lip erect, 2-
parted ; lower lip ‘of 3 nearly obovate-cuneate, erect lobes. Filaments
united their whole len eth; anthers included, smooth, the two lower ones
with a minute bristle at the tip. Capsule oval- obconical, 2-celled; pla-
cente many-seeded. Seeds elongated, tapering at each end.—A. small
branching annual, with entire linear- lanceolate leaves, and blue, axillary,
pedicellate flowers.

Porterella carnulosa, (Lobelia carnulosa, Hook. and Arn.)—Plant gla-
brous, 2-3 inches high, branching from the base; leaves 4 an inch long,
sessile, acute; pedicels shorter than the leaves ; ‘tube of the calyx acute
at the base, lobes linear-lanceolate, erect; corolla nearly twice as long
as the lobes of the calyx.—Muddy shores of Yellowstone Lake, along
with Limosella aquatica, L.; Madison Valley. It has also been found in
the Snake country of Oregon. The genus is dedicated to Professor
Thomas C. Porter, and the diminutive form used because suited to the
plant, and also because Porteria is already preoccupied by a South
American genus,

CAMPANULACEZ.

Campanula rotundifolia, L.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone; Hot Sulphur Springs.

Campanula rotundifolia, L., var. linifolia, Gray.—Mud Springs.

Specularia perfoliata, A. D, C.—Ogden, Utah Territory.

ERICACEZ.

Vaccinium Myrtillus, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Upper Falls
of the Yellowstone.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng.—F ort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Bryanthus empetriformis, Gray, (Proc. Am. Acad., vol. VII. p. 367.) —
Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Ledum glandulosum, Nutt.—Madison Valley.

Pyrola rotundifolia, L., var. incarnata, Hook.—Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone. |

Pyrola chlorantha, Swtz.—Yellowstone Lake; Hot Sulphur Springs.

Pyrola secunda, UL. '—Pleasant V alley ; Yellowstone Lake.
~ Moneses uniflora, Gray.—Yellowstone Lake; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt.—Yellowstone Lake.

Pterospora Andromedea; Nutt.—Madison Valley; Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone.

PLANTAGINACEZE.

Plantago eriopoda, Torr.—Mountains south of Virginia City.
PRIMULACE.

Primula farinosa, L.—Mountains’ south of Virginia City; Stinking
Water Creek.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 489

Primula Parryi, Gray.—Gr ay’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith.

Dodecatheon Meadia, L.—Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.

Androsace septentrionalis, L.—Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone. | :

Androsace filiformis, Ketz.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud
Springs.

Iysimachia ciliata, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstene.

OROBANCHACE.

Aphyllon fasciculatum, T. and G.—Madison Valley; Yellowstone Lake.
Phelipea Ludoviciana, Don.—Yellowstone Lake.—The anthers are
wholly glabrous.
SCROPHULARIACE 2.

Scrophularia nodosa, L.—Ogden, Utah Territory.

Collinsia parviflora, Dougl.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone.

Pentstemon Menziesii, Hook., var. Scoulert, Gray, (Proc.- Am. Acad.,
vol. VI, p. 59.)—Divide between Yellowstone Lake and Snake River.

Pentstemon Menziesti, Hook., var. Lewisit, Gray, (loc. cit.)—Yellow-
stone Lake.

Pentstemon glaber, Pursh.—Utah Territory.

_ Pentstemon cyananthus, Hook.—Pleasant Valley.

Pentstemon cristatus, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek.

Pentstemon acuminatus, Dougl. —Geor getown, Colorado Territory, Dr.
George Smith.

Pentstemon ceruleus, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, May.

Pentstemon confertus, Dougl., var. ceruleo-purpureus, Gray.—Pleasant
Valley ; Stinking Water Creek ; Yellowstone Lake.

Pentstemon attenuatus, Lindl. ~ Stinking Water Creek.

Pentstemon deustus, Dougl.—Madison Valley.

Mimulus luteus, L. ~ Great Salt Lake ; Bout Valley ; Mud Springs;
Yellowstone Lake; Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Mimulus Lewisii, Pursh.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Lnimosella aquatica, L.—Muddy shores of Yellowstone Lake.

Veronica Americana, Schwein.—Stinking Water Creek ; Crow agency.

Veronica alpina, L.—Yellowstone Lake; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Veronica serpyllifolia, L.—Mud Spring; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Veronica scutellata, L. ones Falls of the Yellowstone.

Veronica peregrina, L., var. (?)—Pleasant Valley.—Probably a dwarf
form ; two inches in height.

Synth, yris alpina, Gray, (Enum. Pl. Parry, p. 25.)—Gray’s Peak, Col-
orado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Synthyris Ea eae, S. Watson, (Clarence King’s Rep., v. V, p. 227,
pl. 22,) var. (? ?)—Mountains south of Virginia City.—The radical leaves
of our plant are much more dissected than is represented in Watson’s
figure, the cauline leaves or bracts more numerous, and the racemes
longer and more densely flowered.

Castilleia affinis, Hook. and Arn., var. minor, Gray, (Am. Jour. Sci.
n. 8., Vol. 34, p. 336.)—Mud. Springs.

Castilleia pallida, Kunth.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone ; Madison Valley; Hot Springs;. Yellowstone Lake.

Castilleia parviflora, Bong.—Utah Territory ; Pleasant Valley.

490 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Pedicularis Grenlandica, Retz.—Madison Valley ; Yellowstone Lake;
Great Falls of the Yellowstone.

Pedicularis bracteosa, Benth.— Yellowstone Lake ; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone.

Pedicularis contorta, Benth., (fide Gray.)—Mountains south of Vir-
ginia City.—Reported before by Hooker only, from Mount Rainier,
north of the Columbia.

Orthocarpus luteus, Nutt.—Utah Territory ; Yellowstone Lake.

VERBENACEZ.

Verbena hastata, L.—Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley.
Verbena bracteosa, Michx.—-Between Madison and Jefferson Rivers.

LABIAT.A.

Mentha Canadensis, L.—Madison Valley; Crow Agency.

Mentha Canadensis, L., var. glabrata, Benth.—Madison Valley.
Monarda fistulosa, L.—FYort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Madison Valley.
Lophanthus urticefolius, Benth.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, D. C.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Brunella vulgaris, L.—Mud Springs.

Scutellaria vresinosa, Torr.—Near Ogden, Utah Territory.

Scutellaria galericulata, L.—Utah Ter ritor v-

Stachys palustris, L.—Stinking Water Creek; Madison Valley.

BORRAGINACEZ.

Mertensia Sibirica, Don.—Yellowstone Lake; Lower Falls of the Yel-
lowstone.

Mertensia alpina, Don.—Utah Territory; Pleasant Valley; Yellow-
stone Lake.

Lithospermum longiflorum, Spreng.—Utah Territory.

Eritrichium villosum, D.C., var. aretioides, Hook.—Mountains south
of Virginia City; high peaks around Yellowstone Lake.

Britrichium Californicum, D. C.—Utah Territory ; Pleasant Valley.

Hritrichium glomeratum, D.C.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone ; Chey-
enne, Wyoming Territory.

Eritrichium angustifolium, Torr.—Ogden, Utah Territory.

Britrichium crassisepalum, T. and G.—Pleasant Valley, Northern
Idaho.

Eritrichium leiocarpum, 8. Watson, (Krynitzkia, F. and M.)—Stinking
Water Creek; Mud Springs.

Echinospermum deflecum, Lehm., var. floribundum, 8. Watson (£. flori-
bundum, Lehm.)—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek ; Madison
Valley.

Echinospermum Redowski, Lehm. var. occidentale, S. Watson _—Chey-
enne, Wyoming Territory ; Great Salt Lake ; Stinking Water Creek;
Yellowstone Lake.

Myosotis sylvatica, Hoffm., var. alpestris, Koch.—Mountains south of
Virginia City; Yellowstone ‘Lake.

HYDROPHYLLACEZ.

Hydrophyllum capitatum, Dougl.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Phacelia circinata, Jacq. ” Stinking ¢ Water Creek; Hot Sulphur Springs;
Madison Valley ; Yellowstone Lake.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AOI

Phacelia Menziesii, Torr.—Stinking Water Creek; Fort Ellis to the
Yellowstone; Mud Springs.

Phacelia sericea, Gray.—Movuntains south of Virginia City.

Phacelia Franklinu, Gray.— Yellowstone Lake.

POLEMONIACE ZA.

Phlox cespitosa, Nutt., var. condensata, Gray, (Proc. Am. Acad., vol.
VIII, p. 254.)—Near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, May.

Phloa Douglasti, Hook., var. longifolia, Gray, (loc. cit.) —Utah Territory.

Phlox Douglasii, Hook., , var. diffusa, Gray, (loc. cit.) —Lower Falls of the
Yellowstone.

Phiox longifolia, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek.

Phlox longifolia, Nutt., var. brevifolia, Gray, (loc. cit., p. 255.)—High
rocks on Yellowstone Lake.

Collomia grandiflora, Doug].—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Collomia linearis, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Mud Springs ;
Yellowstone Lake; Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Collomia gracilis, Dougl.—Vicinity of Ogden, Utah Territory.

Gilia liniflora, Benth. ,var. pharnaceoides, Gray, (Proc. Am. Acad., vol.
VII, p. 263.)—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud Springs.

Gilia pungens, Benth., var. Hookeri, Gray, (loc. cit., p. 268.)—Stinking
Water Creek.

Gilia spicata, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.

Gilia congesta, Hook.—Pleasant Valley.

Gilia congesta, Hook, var. crebniralin Gray, (loc. cit., p. 274.)—Stink-
ing Water Creek.

Gilia aggregata, Spreng.—Utah Territory. The variety with white
flowers from Georgetown, Colorado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Gilia inconspicua, Doug].—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

Polemonium confertum, Gray.— Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone. .

Polemonium ceruleum, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

Polemonium ceruleum, L., var. foliosissimum, Gray, (loc. cit., p. 281.)—
Stevenson’s Island, Yellowstone Lake.

SoLANACEZ,

Solanum triflorum, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; between
Madison and Jefferson Rivers.

Nicotiana attenuata, Torr., (Watson in Clarence King’s Rep. vol. V,
p. 276,. pl. 27.)—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George Smith.

GENTIANACEZ.

frasera speciosa, Dougl.—Mountains south of Virginia City ; Yellow-
_ stone Lake.

Halenia deflera, Griseb.—Madison River.

Gentiana detonsa, Fries.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; ‘Falls of
the Yellowstone River.

Gentiana Amarella, L., var. stricta, S. Watson, (Clarence King’s Rep.,
vol. V, p. 277. \— Yellowstone Lake ; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Gentiana Frigida, Haenke, var. algida, Griseb.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado
Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Gentiana affinis, Smith.—Mud Spribgs; Yellowstone Lake; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.

492 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Gentiana Parryi, Engelm.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr.
Smith.
: APOCYNACEZ.

Apocynum cannabinum, L.—Mud Springs.
Apocynum androsemifolium, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Acerates decumbens, Decaisne.—Madison Valley.

NYCTAGINACE.

Oxybaphus angustifolius, Sweet.—Madison Valley ; Crow Agency.

Abronia fragrans, Nutt.—Great Salt Lake.

Abronia fragrans, Nutt., var.—Yellowstone Lake.—Varies from the
type in its smaller involucral bracts, which do not exceed three lines in |
length, and its more delicate and branching habit.

CHENOPODIACE 2.

Chenopodium album, L.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

Chenopodium hybridum, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud
Springs.

Blitum capitatum, L.—Pleasant Valley ; Yellowstone Lake.

Blitum polymorphum, E. Meyer.—Fish Creek, Jefferson Valley.

Monolepis chenopodioides, Moq.—Pleasant Valley ; Crow Agency.

Obione canescens, Moq.—Madison Valley, Medicine Lodge.

Sueda depressa, Ledeb.—Crow Agency.

AMARANTACEZ,
Amarantus albus, L.—Fish Creek ; Jefferson Valley.
POLYGONACEZ.

Eriogonum ceespitosum, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Northern Idaho.

Eriogonum heracleoides, Nutt.—Utah Territory; Fort Ellis to the Yel-
lowstone.

Eriogonum umbellatum, Torr.—Utah Territory; Pleasant Valley;
Stinking Water Creek; Yellowstone Lake.

Briogonum ovalifolium, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek; Yellowstone
Lake.

Hriogonum microthecum, Nutt.—Between Madison and Jefferson Riv-
er; Gallatin River. |

Oxyria digyna, Campd.—Pleasant Valley; Yellowstone Lake; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Rumex salicifolius, Weinm.—Stinking Water Creek; Yellowstone
Lake.

Rumex paucifolius, Nutt.—Pleasant Valley; Northern Idaho.

Polygonum viviparum, L.—Falls of the Yellowstone.

Polygonum Bistorta, L., var. oblongifolium, Meisn.—Pleasant Valley;
Hot Sulphur Springs; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Polygonum amphibium, L.—Yellowstone Lake; Medicine Lodge.

Polygonum lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch.—Madison River.

Polygonum tenue, Michx.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

Polygonum tenue, Michx., var. latifolium, Engelm.—Mud Springs.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. — AIS

Polygonum coarctatum, Dougl., var. minus, Meisn.—Yellowstone Lake.
Polygonum Convolvulus, L.—Fort Hillis to the Yellowstone.

HLAAGNACE AL.

Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yellow-
stone Lake. . |
SANTALACE A.

Comandra pallida, D. C.—Utah Territory ; Pleasant Valley.

LORANTHACE A.

Arceuthobium Americanum, Nutt., in Herb. Durand.—Yellowstone
Lake.—A. specimen wassent to Dr. Engelmann, who kindly furnished the
name and the following note: ‘‘ You follow Hooker in naming it A. Oxy-
cedri, which, however, has never been found in America. Your plant
is the same as the male figured by Hooker (F 1. Bor. Am., 2, t. 99) and
no doubt from the same tree, Pinus contorta, and is afemale. Hooker’s
female is a distinct species. Mr. Meehan obtained the same plant in
Colorado from the same tree last summer. Nuttall also found only the
male, as well as Drummond and several other collectors.”

CALLITRICHACE A.
Callitriche verna, L.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.
HUPHORBIACE A.

Huphorbia glyptosperma, Engelm.—Stinking Water Creek; Yellow-
stone Lake.

Huphorbia dictyosperma, F. and M.—Madison Valley.

Huphorbia montana, Engelm.—Crow agency.

URTICACE.
Urtica gracilis, Ait.—Stinking Water Creek; Medicine Lodge.
CUPULIFERZ. )

Quercus alba, L., var. Gunnisont, Torr.—Mountains near Ogden, Utah
Territory.

BETULACE A.

Betula occidentalis, Hook.— Yellowstone River; Spring Creek, Northern
Idaho.

Betula glandulosa, Michx.—Pleasant Valley; Yellowstone Lake.

Alnus viridis, D. C.—Yellowstone Lake.

Alnus incana, Willd.—Madison Valley.

SALICACEA.

Salix longifolia, Muhl.—Utah Territory ; Crow agency.—In some speci-
mens, the serratures of the leaves are very sparse or almost obsolete.
Salix longifolia, Muhl., var. argyrophylla, Nutt.—Utah Territory.
Salic nigra, Marsh., var. amygdaloides, Anders.—Utah Territory.
Salia cordata, Muhl., var.—Weber River Valley, Utah Territory.

494 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Salix cordata, Muhl., var.—Stinking Water Creek.

Salix arctica, Pallas, var.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Populus balsamifera, L., var. angustifolia, S. Watson, (P. ‘angustifolia,
James.)—Stinking Water Creek; Medicine Lodge.

Populus tremuloides, Michx. —Yellowstone Lake.

CONIFER.

Pinus monophylla, Torr. (?)—Near the summit of Emigrant Peak, Yel-
lowstone River.

Pinus contorta, Doug].—Yellowstone Lake ; Yellowstone River.

Pinus flexilis, James.—Doane’s Peak, near Yellowstone Lake ; ; divide
between Yellowstone Lake and Snake River.

Abies Engelmanni, Parry.—Yellowstone Lake.

Abies Menziesit, Lindl.—Yellowstone Lake.

Abies Donglasii, Lindl.—Yellowstone Lake ; Yellowstone River.

Juniperus communis, L. Yellowstone Lake.

Juniperus occidentalis, Hook.—Mud Springs.

LEMNACEZ.

Lemna minor, L.—Between Madison and Jefferson Rivers.
Lemna trisulca, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

TYPHACEZ.

Sparganium simplex, Huds., var. androcladum, Gray.—Medicine Lodge.
Sparganium simplex, Huds., var. angustifolium, Gray.—Yellowstone
Lake.
NATIADACE 2.

Potamogeton rufescens, Schrad.—Hot Sulphur Springs.
Potamogeton perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins.— Madison River,
Potamogeton pectinatus, L., Form.—Gallatin River.

ALISMACE &.
Triglochin maritinum, L.—Stinking Water Creek.
ORCHIDACE 2.

Habenaria hyperborea, R. Br.—Mountains south of Virginia City.
Habenaria dilatata, Gray.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Yellowstone
Lake.
Spiranthes Romanzofiiana, Cham.—Mud Springs; Upper Falls of the
Yellowstone.
IRIDACEZ.

Iris tenax, Doug|.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory; Stinking Water
Creek ; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Sisyr inchium Bermudiana, L.—Stinking Water Creek; Upper Falls of
the Yellowstone.
LILIACEZ.

Zygadenus glaucus, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek; Hot Sulphur
Springs; Madison Valley.

Zygadenus Nuttallii, Gray —Mountains south of Virginia City; Stink-
ing Water Creek.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A95

Xerophyllum tenax, Pursh.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Veratrum album, L.—Utah Territory. .
Prosartes trachycarpa, 8. Watson, (Clarence King’ s Rep., vol. V, p.
344,)—Mountains near Ogden, Utah ‘Territory.
Streptopus amplexifolius, D. C.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.
Smilacina racemosa, Dest., var. amplexicaulis, S. Watson, (S. ampleai-
ecaulis, Nutt.)—Pleasant Valley ; ; Stinking Water Creek.
— Smilacina stellata, Desf. —Pleasant Valley; Yellowstone Lake.
Pritillaria atropurpurea, Nutt., in ft.—Yellowstone Lake.
Calochortus Nuttall, T. and G.—Yellowstone Lake.
Calochortus eurycarpus, S. Watson, ( Clarence King’s Rep., vol. V, p.
348.)—Yellowstone Lake.
Lloydia serotina, Reich.—Pleasant Valley.
Hrythronium grandifiorum, Pursh.—Madison Valley.
Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt.—Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.
Camassia esculenta, Lindl.—Utah Territory ; Pleasant Valley.
Milla grandiflora, Baker, (Triteleia grandiflora, Lindl.)—Utah Ter-
ritory; Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Allium brevistylum, S. Watson, (Clarence King’s Rep. a VOL ieee
350.) — Yellowstone Lake.
Allium bisceptrum, 8S. Watson, (loc. cit., p. 351, pl. xxxvii.)—Fort Ellis
to the Yellowstone.
Allium cernuum, Roth.—Pleasant Valley, Northern Idaho.
Allium stellatum, Fraser.—Mud Springs.
Allium acuminatum, Hook.—Ogden, Utah Territory.
Allium Schenoprasum, L.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

JUNCACE A.

TInuzula spadicea, D. C., var. parviflora, Ledeb.—Yellowstone Lake;
Falls of the Yellowstone.

Inuzula campestris, D. C., var. Le hes Wahl.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado
Territory, Dr. George Smith.

Inuezula spicata, Desv.—U pper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Juncus Balticus, Deth., var. montanus, Engelm.—Mountains south of
Virginia City.

Juncus Dr ummondii, EK. Meyer.—Yellowstone Lake; Lower Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Juncus Parryi, Engelm.—Upper [alls of the Yellowstone.

Juncus tenuis, Willd., var. congestus, Engelm.—Mud Springs.

Juncus bufonius, L.—Lish Creek, Jefferson Valley; Crow Agency.

Juncus longistylis, Torr.—Pleasant Valley; Madison Valley.

Juncus nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr.—Fish Creek; Crow Agency.

Juncus Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarctatus, Engelm.—Mud Springs.

Juncus Mertensianus, Bong.—Yellowstone Lake; Great Falls of the
Yellowstone ; Madison Valley.

Juntus Mertensianus, Bong., var. paniculatus, Engelm.—Pleasant
. Valley.

Juncus xiphioides, EK. Meyer, var. montanus, Engelm.—Mud Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

CYPERACEZ.

Determined by 8S. T. Olney, esq.

Hleocharis olivacea, Torr.—Mud Springs.
Hleocharis palustris, Kh. B.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.
Hleocharis acicularis, kk. Br.—Crow Agency.

&

496 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Scirpus validus, Vahi.—Crow Agency.

Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Carex Hallii, Olney, ined.—‘“‘ It is the same as Hall and Harbour’s
617, named by Booth C. Parryana,.but quite unlike all the arctic speci-
mens I have seen of that species. To the eye it resembles C. scirpoidea,
when the latter has a second small spike, but differs in having a shorter,
more obovate, smooth, many-nerved perigynium, and more entire scales, «
not ciliated. I propose that it should bear the name of Mr. Elibu Hall,
of Athens, Illinois, its first collector.” —Pleasant Valley.

Carex vallicola, Dew.—Pleasant Valley.—“ All I have seen of this has
been of Hayden’s collection.”—Olney.

Carex siccata, Dew.—Pleasant Valley ; Mud Springs.

Carex Douglassii, Boott. —Mountains south of Virginia City.

Carex ahpeaeitiies Kunth, (?) var. minor, Boott.—Falls of the Yellow-
stone.

Carex festiva, Dew.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Mud Springs;
Yellowstone Lake.

Carex aquatilis, Wahl.—Pleasant Valley; Upper Falls of the Yellow-
stone.

Carex aquatilis, Wahl., var. minor, Boott.—Yellowstone Lake ; Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.—The perigynia have denticulated margins, a
character which may carry this plant.elsewhere.

Carex rigida, Good.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Carex aurea, Nutt.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Carex Raynoldsii, Dew.—Yellowstone Lake; Great Falls of the Yel-
lowstone.

Carex lanuginosa, Michx.—Stinking Water Creek.

Carex emathorhyncha, Desv.—Pleasant Valley, Northern Idaho.

Carex utriculata, Boott., var. minor, Boott.— Yellowstone Lake; Madi-
son Valley.

Carex ampullacea, Good.—Yellowstone River.

GRAMINACEZ.

Alopecurus alpinus, Smith.—Stinking Water Creek.—It has most of
the florets awnless, and the remainder with a very short awn.

Phleum alpinum, L.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone ; Yellowstone
Lake; Falls of the Yellowstone.

Vilfa asperifolia, Nees and Meyen.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Vilfa asperifolia, Nees and Meyen. .. var. filiformis, Thurber.—Upper
Falls of the Yellowstone.
_ Agrostis perennans, Tuckerm.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

Agrostis scabra, Willd.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Yellow-
stone River.

Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.

Vaseya comata, Thurber.—Gray’s Peak, Oolorado Territory, Dr. George

Smith.
Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. oo edlanaeee Lake.
Calamagrostis Langsdorfii, Trin.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.
Calamagrostis stricta, Trin.—Yellowstone Lake; Yellowstone River.
Calamagrotis sylvatica, D. C.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.
Hriocoma cuspidata, Nutt.—Mud Springs; Hot Sulphur Springs.
Stipa viridula, Trin.—Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone.
Aristida purpurea, Nutt.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake.
Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr—Madison Valley; Fish Creek.

oe

ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. AQT

Keleria cristata, Pers.—Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.

Graphephorum melicoides, Beaunvy.—Mountains south of Virginia City.

ielica powoides, Nutt.—Hot Sulphur Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

ifelica stricta, Boland.—Pleasant Valley.

Glyceria nervata, 'Trin.—Pleasant Valley.

Glyceria aquatica, Smith.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.

@atabrosa aquatica, Beauv.—Pleasant Valley.

Poa Andina, Nutt.—Stinking Water Creek; Upper Falls of the Yel-
lowstone.

Poa arctica, R. Br.—Falls of the Yellowstone.

Poa Serotina, Khrh.—Lower Falls of the Yellowstone.

Poa nemoralis, L. Form. (?)—Pleasant Valley; Fort Ellis to the Yel-
lowstone.

Poa alsodes, Gray.—Yellowstone Lake.

Poa tenuifolia, Nutt.—Yort Ellis to the Yellowstone; Yellowstone Lake.

Festuca tenella, Willd.—Utah Territory.

Festuca ovina, L.—Pleasant Valley; Stinking Water Creek; Fert
Hillis to the Yellowstone.

Bromus breviaristatus, Thurb., (Ceratochloa, Hook.)—Pleasant Valley ;
Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Yellowstone River.

Phragmites communis, L.—Crow Agency ; Spring Creek.

Triticum repens, L.—Pleasant Valley ; Yellowstone Lake; Fish Creek..

Triticum caninum, L.—Pleasant Valley ; Yellowstone Lake.

Triticum strigosum, Steud.—Salt Lake, Utah Territory.

Hordewm pratense, Huds.—Pleasant Valley; Yellowstone Lake.

Elymus condensatus, Presl.—Pleasant Valley ; Stinking Water Creek.

Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv.—Yellowstone Lake; Falls of the Yel-
lowstone.

Aira flexuosa, L.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake; Upper Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Aira cespitosa, L.—Pleasant Valley; Mud Springs; Upper Falls of
the Yellowstone.

Aira danthonioides, Trin.—Gray’s Peak, Colorado Territory, Dr. George
Smith.

Hierochloa borealis, R. and 8.—Yellowstone Lake.

Phalaris arundinacea, L.—Stinking Water Creek.

Beckmannia erucceformis, Host. —Madison Valley; Fish Creek.

Panicum dichotomwm, L.—Mud Springs; Yellowstone Lake.

HQUISETACE.ZA.

Equisetum levigatum, A. Br.—Pleasant Valley ; Madison Valley.
EKquisetum robustum, A. Br.—Hot Sulphur Springs.
Equisetum arvense, L.—F ort Hillis to the Yellowstone; Yellowstone
Lake.
FILICES.

Pteris aquilina, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

Cryptogramme acrostichoides, R. Br.—Yellowstone Lake.

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.—Mud Springs.

Woodsia scopulina, D. C. Haton.—Stinking Water Creek ; Madison
Valley.

Woodsia Oregana, D. C. Haton.—Madison Valley.

LYCOPODIACE 2.

Tycopodium annotinum, L.—Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.
Selaginella rupestris, Spring.—Mountains south of Virginia City.
oC
d2G5S

A98 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

MUSCI.
Determined by Leo Lesquereux, esq.

Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh.—Madison Valley.

Didymodon rubellus, W. and M. 1e’s Peak, Yellowstone Lake.

Berbula ruralis, Hedw.—Yeliowstone River.

Grimmia conferta, Funk.—Yellowstone River.

Grimmia ovata, W. and M.—Yellowstone Lake.

Grimmia Scouleri, Miill.—Upper Fails of the Yellowstone.

Grimmia calyptratd, Hook.—Upper Falis of the Yellowstone.

Racomitrium heterostichum, Brid.—Madison Valley.

Racomitrium canescens, Brid., var. ericoides, Lesq.—Doane’s Peak.

Polytrichum juniperinum, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

Aulacomnion palustre, L.—Foot of Doane’s Peak.

Bryum pyriforme, L.—F oot of Doane’s Peak.

Bryum intermedium, W. and M.—Yellowstone River.

Linium punctatum, L.—Snake River.

Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.—No locality given.

Bartramia fontana, Brid.—F oot of Doane’s Peak.

Dichelyma faleatum, Myrin.—Snake River.

Climacium dendroides, W. and M.—Madison Valley.

Hypnum salebrosum, Brid., (?) sterile-—Madison Valley.

Hypnum Nev eons Lesq.—Utah Territory.

Hypnum serpens, L., (?) sterile—Yellowstone Lake.

Hypnum irriguum, W ils., var. fallax, Brid.—Soda Springs, Utah Ter-
ritory.

Hypnum giganteum, Schimp.—Soda Springs, Utah Territory; between
Crow Agency and Gallatin River.

ITypnum aduncum, Hedw., (2?) sterile.—It may be a new species.—Tur-
bid Lake, August 17.

Hypnum jilicinum, L.—Falls of the Yellowstone.

Hypnum triquetrum, L:—Madison Valley.

Hypum ——, (?)—‘*It has the aspect of H. graminifolium, Hook., but
cannot be determined for lack of fruit. It is probably a new species.”

HEPATIC.

Marchantia polymorpha, L.—Yellowstone Lake.

LICHENES.
Determined by Prof. Edward Tuckerman.

Evernia vulpina, Ach.—Yellowstone Lake.

Usnea barbata, Fries.—Yellowstone Lake.

Alectoria Fremontii, Tuckerm.—Yellowstone Lake; Falls of the
Yellowstone.

Parmelia ambigua, Ach.—Yellowstone Lake.

Umbilicaria vellea, Fries, (?) sterile-—Yellowstone Lake.

Peltigeria r wfescens, Hoftm.—Hot Sulphur Springs.

Lecanora subfusca, Ach.—Yellowstone Lake.

Cladonia rangiferina, Hottm.—Madison Valley.

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METEOROLOGY,

BY

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MEHTHOROLOGY, ETC.
By J. W. BEAMAN.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

DEAR Sir: I take pleasure in presenting for your consideration the
report of my meteorological labors, feeling that, ees itis deficient
in many respects, it cannot but be of some interest in answering many
questions as to the climate and elevation of the interesting region
which furnished the data. As you are well aware, our irregular move-
ments in the field have their effect in overturning anything which looks
toward a perfect. system of observations, such as “it would be gratifying
to present for your approval. Nevertheless, the record has been kept
with comparatively few omissions. It has been my aim to be as accu-
rate as the character of the work would admit. To this end observa-
tions have been made at each camp with the mercurial barometer and
attached thermometer; detached open-air thermometer; dry and wet
bulb thermometers. The direction and force of the wind; kind and
movement of cloud; the proportional amount of clear sky; special phe-
nomena, and other data worthy of record, have been noted.

Here I desire to mention, with gratitude, the assistance afforded me,
in the way of valuable advice, by Mr. Charles A. Schott, of the United
States Coast Survey; also, valuable aid rendered by Mr. Fred. J. Huse,
and Mr. A. Smith, of the expedition. Let me thank you, sir, for your
ever generous and gentlemanly bearing toward myself.

Trusting that the accompanying report will meet your approbation,
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours,

J. W. BHAMAN.

Dr. F. V. HAYDEN.

INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE METEOROLOGICAL WORK.

The barometers used were Mr. James Green’s siphon-barometers,
No. 1283 and No. 1363. No. 1363 had an index error of —.01”; No.
1283, +.01%. No. 1283 proved to be worthless, on account cf an imper-
fection i in the glass tube, which allowed the mereury to escape. It was
refilled at Ogden, Utah Territory, but after a few days’ use broke at
the point of imperfection, and was set aside until we reached Fort Ellis.
Here, through the kindness of Colonel J. W. Barlow, United States
Engineers, we obtained a new tube, which was filled with mercury by
Mr. A. Schoénborn, topographer of the expedition. It did good service
at Boteler’s Ranch, Yellowstone Valley, during the latter part of July
and nearly the whole of August. Its index error was +.015”. Soon
after starting homeward it proved unreliable, from loss of mercury and
admission of air. No. 1363 worked admirably, passing through the whole
journey from Ogden to Fort Ellis; from Fort Ellis to Yellowstone Lake,
and back; and from Fort Hilis to Fort Bridger. On comparison at the
Medical Museum, Washington, D. C., with a standard barometer, its

502 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

index error was found to be — .013”, having changed in its journey of
seven thousand miles only .003 of an inch, which represents about 3
feet in elevation. Wemade use of small aneroid barometers for taking
elevations on the road, and also those of mountains. The results ob-
tained were quite satisfactory. But without a mercurial barometer as a
check they are almost worthless. Their structure is so delicate as to
render them liable to permanent injury by a sudden fall, or by the con-
stant jolting to which they are subjected when carried upon horseback.
It was only with the utmost care that the one which was my constant
companion was kept in good condition. Another fact noted was the
sluggish return of the index to the correct reading, after having been
taken to an elevation of several thousand feet. The thermometers used
were those manufactured by James Green, and were small-sized Fahren-
heits. Two of these were fitted to be used as wet and dry bulb ther-
mometers, and furnished much interesting material for the record.

The distances given in the table were estimated from odometer read-
ings, taken by Mr. A. Schénborn, of the expedition.

To the officers in charge of the U.S. Medical Museum, Washington, D.C.,
we are indebted for much valuable assistance in the comparison of the
instruments with standards. We have made the suitable corrections in
accordance with their advice.

The abbreviations used in the tables are those customary for the time
of day, for the points of the compass, and for the clouds.

In the column for the force of the wind, 0 indicates a perfect calm ;
1 indicates a light air; 2 indicates a pleasant breeze; 3 indicates a fresh
breeze; 4 indicates a stiff breeze; 5 indicates a moderate blow; 6 in-
dicates a light gale; 7 indicates a hard gale; 8 indicates a very heavy
gale; 9 indicates a very great storm; 10 indicates a hurricane or tor-
nado.

In the column for the amount of clear sky, 0 indicates a sky totally
obscured by clouds; 10 indicates a sky perfectly free from clouds. The
intermediate numbers indicate the relative amount of clouds and clear
sky.

The barometric readings have been corrected for index error, and
reduced to 52° Fahrenheit.

In the caiculations for elevation, Loomis’s tables, as given in his “ In-
troduction to Practical Astronomy,” have been employed. The morn-
ing observations at 6 o’clock, or reduced to that hour, and the evening
observations at 9 o’clock, or reduced to that hour, have been preferred.

503

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

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518 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

RESULTS COMPILED FROM THE FOREGOING TABLES.

TEMPERATURE.—Temperature has been regarded in the work of ob-
servation, and a daily record kept. The greatest heat indicated was
97° Fah., August 17,3.15 p.m., at Boteler’s Ranch, Yellowstone Valley.
The greatest cold, 14° Fah., August 10, sunrise, at Yellowstone Lake.

MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.—The record of the wet and dry
bulb thermometers furnishes many examples of large differences, indi-
cating an extreme dryness of the air. The greatest difference was
374°, (dry-bulb 97°, wet-bulb 594$°,) August 17, 3.15 p. m., at Boteler’s
Ranch, Yellowstone Valley; elevation, 4,925 feet. )

Ratn.—The number of days during which rain fell was 30: in June,

7; in July, 11; in August, 9; in September, 2. Observations commen-
cing June 10.

In the foregoing aggregate are included the thunder-storms accompa-
nied by rain. The amount of rain which fell was slight in nearly every
case. At Evanston we experienced a severe storm of wind and rain,
which was attended by a curious rising of the barometer. In fact, so
much was it affected as to be totally unreliable in its readings for eleva-
tion ; consequently, it was set aside entirely, and the elevation deter-
mined by the Union Pacific Railroad Survey was adopted.

THUNDER-STORMS.—F ive thunder-storms were experienced as fol-
lows: three in June; twoin July. We recorded distant thunder, indi-
cating a storm, upon seven other days; in June, 6; in August, 1.

Snow.—Snow fell in small amount at Yellowstone Lake, August 12.

HaAtL.—Hail was noted at Boteler’s Ranch, August 6.

Frost.—A very heavy frost at Yellowstone Lake, August 13, was
recorded.

AURORA BOREALIS.—Only one display of aurora borealis was noted,
June 17 and 18, and this was not remarkable in its character.

Direction of wind for the month of June.

Direction Whenee: te kee< soe + osee ene neee es & . aa (So . | S.W.}| W. | NW.) Total.

Relative number of winds......-...-----...-.
Number of observations when there was no

Direction whence. ......2--.. ati sect ce oe chee

Relative number of winds.....-.-...-...---.
Number of observations when there was no
wind

Direption Whenee..s) << deetscs dacs ce eee N. |N.E.| E. |S.E.| S. -|S.W.| W. | N.W./Total.

—_ | ————— |. ———_ | | |S | | |

Relative number of winds.............-.-.-- 9 12 8 3 8 19 10 3 74
Number of observations when there was no ‘
win

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 519

Direction of wind for the month of September.

DiITECEION WHENCE.t2J5.-5- ccc -5- 52 esse t's oe N. |N.E.| E. |S.E.| S. |S.W:| W. | N.W.)Total.

Relative number of winds........----------- 4 5 9 6 6 11 7 4 52
Number of observations when there was no

WHI So SC HED S EAR DOD BOD ORCS CCIE De Bee | eeaeer tl (Meret Sr are | 20s aeteg | SRE s es Create pepe! Hermes ey) a 18

DirechioniwhenGes..--. ..scee feecek ce of eee I N. |N.E.| E. |S.E.] S S.W.| W. | N.W.|Total
Relative number of winds.................-. 10 7 3 5) 14 18 13 8 73
gaara of observations when there was no

cil re ETS MK conse Al eaten le elie: MAIL Morea lte aint [areas ail epone evel lliane aceraretleie et mice lie cus ae 5

NotnE.—In the tables for the direction of the wind, the numbers repre-
sent the changes in direction. They are not thesums of the observations
of each wind; as, where the same wind is noted several times in succes-
sion, it is regarded as one wind, and 1 represents it in the tables. |

Relative force of wind for the month of June.
cee eetee Sa eee ee ce

PIMC CONS WHEN COs Seisis Soeises see ence oceliccecoucwe ING ING EE. Se Se) Sail) Wi. (ENG).
Relative number of observations .......-..--.--.-- 9 8 i 11 10 11
Relative force of each wind .............---..----- teal |} OL Sis) leale A591) 1597 9a. 3" aes

Relative force of wind for the month of July.

DIGECHOM WHEN COrs so sccislcreta cle nose oo sclce cess ose aceet Na ONG Ee en Seca eiss losis eee N.W.
Relative number of observations .........---.----- 11 9 17 Q 25 26 A 11
Relative force of each wind .........-.. -----------. . 1.82 | 1.44 | 2.06 | 1. ae 2. 42 1. 45

Relative force of wind for the month of August.

Mimechiony WheMCO4 sy so- 2c teed ce el cceks leew ee Ne UNG ES BL ScE.b OS. Sew) Wao Ww.
Relative number of observations ..........-..----- 11 29 12 4 15 30 20 8
Relative force of each wind ...........--.--..----- HeSO need te Oe leoU) |ponoed: le eavonlteroU | 1. 7

NOIMESCHONU WHENCE Jomo cnc k eels eee. eRe ccde te sded N. |N.E.| E. | Sed OS
Relative number of observations ...........-.-.--- 6 14 10 6 9
Relative force of each wind ...:.. ..-c-.---02----. 1,83 | 1.55 | 1.90 | 1.83 | 2.55

DIRGCHOME WMCNCO! cucscesclccccsece lect ueeceteeem cs N IN. EB. EE. | S:Be) Ss |S.W.) WW. | NOW.
Relative number of observations ...-.-.-.... .----- 11 11 3 8 24 23 19
Relative force of each wind ...............-..---.. 1.36 | 2.09 | 2.33 | 2.12 | 2.41 | 1.83 | 216

520 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Movement of clouds during the month of June.

Direction: whenee. . 332 22.222) -gssh St. N. |N.E.| E. |S.E.| S. |S. W.] W.. IN. W.)Dotal.

Relative number of observations of direc-

WOW 252. bs ee ea ee eet ee ee ee eee 6 ¥ 7 2 0 1 Z 1 25
Clouds going in the direction of surface-cur-

TENG. 5 obetee Seo hs ee oR ne eee 1 2 0 0 Q 1 0 0 4
Clouds going in direction opposite to surface-

CULTCRD Pies ones e soos ee ee aes 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 6

Aireckitn ahiee 26io. fl. 3 2 ee N. |N.E.| E. |S.E.|] S. |S. W.| W. IN. W./Potal.

Relative number of observations of direc-

(Br as re rere ae eee 4 5 2 0 18 23 27 2 81
Clouds going in the direction of surface-cur-

WOW: 6222125222402 .. ok eeds eee ce 1 1 0 0 6 7 8 0 23
Clouds going in direction opposite to surface-

CHELOMD. sono pace ae a en ona nt Sees arama 2 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 8

Direction whence .........---+-----2200000+4 N. Nz | E. |S. B.| s. |s.w.| w. Nav. Total.

Relative number of observations of direc-

|
|
TOW. 82 ons thi da Ae ne a wabhwie Sp ae eaek nme 9 3 2 | 0 6 19 27 3 69
Clouds going in the direction of surface-cur-
POG... 525cho-ncmesnes snp shee s Goce maak seeing 0 2 1 0 4 5 Z / 0 19
Clouds going in direction opposite to surface-
expres 8g a ec ois chee 2} 0} 0} o Of <a | 0 6

DHITGGhiGR WHRAMCO 22h ek wedges ence NO AN. EB.) BE. a S. s. W.| W.. IN. W./Total.

Relative number of observations of direc- |
RU CEES oo pene tend - co Lpaee eee een daenees 0 0 0 0 6 13 3 26

Clouds going in the direction of surface-cur-
Nea ee een cee ee ee a 0 0 0 0 4 7 2 14

Clouds going in direction opposite to surface-
t

|
Rien WEIRD be 5 ed oe mM 1N.E. BIE BLS. s, W.| W. IN. W./Total.

—

Relative number of observations of direc-
ot ee | a 2 ae Re RE a, a ee ee a 2 3 4, 4 1

CUIPOMG Goi sch 6 he 8-4 oe Get eet ee 0 1 1 0 0

In the column headed “Amount of clear sky,” 0 indicates a sky entirely obscured by clouds; 10 indi-
po Ma entirely free from clouds, and in ediate numbers the relative proportion of clouds and
clear sky.

Pies pave Sip following averages :- June, commencing on the 10th, 6.5; July, 5.7; August, 6.1; Sep-

mber, 7. 1.

‘ Daye ae from cloud: July 10, August 15 and 22, September 4, 5, 9, 10; day of total cloud, Sep-
ember 30.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 521

Elevations of principal points.

Feet.
Mt. Garfield, Idaho Territory, on the Atlantic and Pacific Divide........---.. 9,704
Bridger Mountain, Montana Territory, near Fort Ellis .-.--..---..--...----- 8, 355
Enmicrantie calc Fontana) Perritory 2... -j-+2-. 2-55 -cscc0 sebeee Ssos- ts eeele 10, 629
Mount Washburn, Wyoming Territory...-....--...---..------------ ete. se 10,575
Mount Doane, east of Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming Territory..--...----.-.-.-- 10, 118
Wellowstone. Lake, Wyominp~ Territory 2s 22 ooo seen ea ee oe 7, 427

Important divides on-the line of travel, and their elevation.

Feet
Divide between Box Elder Creek and Bear River...-.. re her an ORO SS a B'co 5, 615
Drade berween Bear and Port Neuf Rivers .-.-... 2.0.2. .-nce0 cece eeeece elec 5, 042
Divide between Ross Fork of Snake River and Fort Hall....-.......-...--.-. 5, 072
Divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, near Junction Station ..-.-.. 6, 430
Divide between Big Sage and Black-tailed Deer Creeks.......-..-----.------ 7,044
Divide between Black-tailed Deer Creek and Stinking Water River......---- 6, 657
Divide between Stinking Water River and Alder Creek.........--..--..----- 6, 492
Divide between Alder Creek and Madison River .........-..-------0---- ---- 6, 857
Divide between Madison River and Hot Spring Creek-..........-...--------- 5, 836
Divide between Hot Spring Creek and Madison River........--..-----.----- 5, 079
Divide between Elk Creek and Gallatin River ............--...-...-. pe aa 4, 641
Divide between Gallatin and Yellowstone Rivers.........-...-----------+--- 5, 681
Divide between Save and Red Rock Creeks.:........ 22-22. ---.--- ee eee eee 7,405
Divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, above Medicine Lodge Creek. 7,255
Divide between Fort Hall and Port Neuf River ......-.....-.....-....----.- 5, 964
Divide between Bear Lake and Bear River ..........-..-.-...----.---- cans fide eben
Divide between Yellowstone Lake and Madison River.............----.----- CN ES

The following list of points, with distances and elevations attached,
has been made out from notes taken in the field by Mr. A. Schénborn
and myself.

Here it may be well to state in brief a few of the main distances, as
follows :

Miles
Ogden, Utah Territory, to Fort Hall, Idaho Territory...-.....----.-.-------- 176. 00
Fors Hall to Fort Hillis; Montana-Territory ..0:..722220 22 o2-- . soca ese sed ees 253. 92
Fort Ellis to Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming Territory.......----..-----..----- 118. 80
Total distance from Ogden to Yellowstone Lake...-- iigisioearen ati les sueuel a. 548. 72
Miles.
Fort Ellis to Fort Hall, by way of Medicine Lodge Creek........---..-- DS 0 2S PS
ieee PMC wMD EVEIN SLOW sic ice sis vx eee 2% ah ' Toe ete dosed casle Seca bea ees Sed cepeme- 174. 80
Evanston to Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory...........-.---.------------s 41.09
Total distance from Fort Ellis to Fort Bridger .......-...--.---..----- 527. 81

Table of distanees and elevations.

$ o
ce | 2
3
a= | 2
zs | #
Aa =
FroM OGDEN TO Fort ELLIs. Miles. | Miles. | Feet.
CON is Obs WB) 5 as catalan arn be ae de PSUS, OR Re CUO Dial Reese cae se 4,5
Ogden oe a ee 2 a BD acl ct wala ei Lie Wata nt ca San tinat ofa MALY ae At tat AO? ara Ae 1. 71 1.71 | “4, 332
Gher-Taig, NERY SAWN! SPIN Gs. cin. .aieeepeieisicdwraercictere ulste'e's eis'a'e’e'slelsle'e’ele'sa'vee se 10. 33 12.04 | 4,191
Wr OM peal GA 47 A SCR Re ae A aT aR RE ET eGR TOIsy va Oe 4.07{ 16.11] 4,350
Bottom of valley, south of Brigham City............-0..ccescsecnceenecseuces 5.31 | 21.42] 4,345
OTRO NETOAI MER ch Te ee me oe es 8 a Wik Rebtel ofatat maton So eee et 98 BO AD lk teemues
Secand' bridge overBox Hider: River. oe vec ae.cecdecerwceteceecetebelcseacceuss 2521 WML 4, 762

* Union Pacific Railroad Survey.

an GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Table of distances and elevations—Continued.
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FROM OGDEN TO Fort EtLis—Continued. Miles. “eo

Oe a ee ee ee a ee 1.85 | 26.77 | 4,999
Divide between Box Elder River and Bear River ...---.---.---..-..-- Boeeaeee 4.49 | 31.26] 5,615
Lake, southwest corner..........--.-.----- - Saten an cee nn encennaweanecssa-sane 1.99 33.25 | 5,378
teen Of minrele ee Eales 22 oe enna cam ens Des can = ek cee ae eee eee .70 33.95 | 5,491
Welavilo Camp .-----..-..-.- - i2< =~ <-s2---nnnp tee pent tee eee eee 5. 71 39.66 | 4,568
Mnaddy Creek bridge, east of Wellsville - --...-.-.-...-----02--00--e0ecesen-- 1.90 | 41.56| 4,508
Qiarkemith's.Creek. bridge... <0 soce sere seve terete sc. Fic nc geee pane ae aes ie ame 5. 94 Pm Breve
Logan River bridge. . ..---.--2..--0se8id-siks 3. dade RSs sk- CROLL RE AI APO 48.50 | 4,527
Sogn, public BQuare. 4... 55 ony ee szenrds “haat - AIRS sl ode o> ce Sen - 83 49.33 | 4,557
[oC yee ie ee ee eee 5.17 54.50 | 4,553
Peels Oreck, quip 25-322 on ween =p anon ee eee en es 2.79 | 57.29) 4,616
Eee point north of SmibGeld 2953 3. Qi ALS LS I oo econ sagpeen ens 1,50 58.79 | 4,641
een |. oo ogee unr ewe eee Savide bbe Tee OEE ceed 4.91 63.70 | 4,657
Greek. north of Richmond ._........--...2.-.-qese 2h wenetea et e-eeed) 2.08 65.78 | 4,594
eR oe oe none none =n == -aeaeelty an Geek eek bea eee ae ee 4. 39 70.17 | 4,552
er ewer Gridaeers 235 2s ee eaten ieee rae one ee ee 15 70.32 | 4,542
Piiatmoar Prairie ill... 2n.. cess te SSI EN. BR re 1.21 71.53 | 4,573
GroseDreek, camp . ~~ 56 - nen pase esse sareesn- Sed 3.19 74.72 | 4,624
Edge of first terrace, east of Bear River 4, 22 78.94) 4,738
er ever BET eno ne en tn een en apne wan eee eller ieee Rael 1. 66 80.60 | 4,543
PE Be Ry ee tb ep ter thn Argeinege Bee seek a) 6. 45 87.05 | 4,893
ees... eas Aaa. SE ee A ea ee oe 5. 82 92.87 | 4,862
Divide between Bear River and Port Neuf River. .............-----.+++-++-.. 1.42 | 94.29} 5,042
Grasshopper Creek, camp. - ....... 2... 25-2» ~~. - << «ag gg = Gap bee tiem z----| 178] 96.07] 4,706
eee Paes © oo Tn in nas pena? epnoeite nil depen eee 4.93 | 101.09} 4,711
Station on edge of terrace, east of Marsh Creek .........--...------..-------- 5.79 | 106.79 | 4,856
PARCEL OR oe st a | eg ne Oe ee eee ee eee 2.89 | 109.68 42-5...
Eo a ee pee ee er rae me ee 7.80 | 117.48 | 4,626
Woteinn Sipchegi 7: 365918 - bh BEL Ta. a ee 1. S| RE ee awe.
Porn yes Iver WIG, oe nnd = bnk d= werd e- - pb <qenr eben’ ~pebdence-tapeee ee 6.53 | 123,82)..-....-
GER INGME MRVOl RRO SEIS . OLS SO See. et nad canoe maaenann ances samba ne ee 5.82} 131.64] 4,565
Lares Sock of Pact Nout Mivers doce vie se ee steed i a cadaseeeees 4.14 |. 135.78 }.......
Pers Noaf River, nooend camp... as = ~ ie -n6--5< dep dando w= -seeeeo> 4% -tlee 12.20 | 147,98) 4,441
Midhs Mareinriaasi). iS Sk Ah SL. fe AS Mee o sete oma eee 12.62 } 160.60 |.......
Se I Ng orp ee ceo bs honere caw cannes meet agi nay iteeaenaene -72 | 161.32] 4,394
ee ee TINS 5a nes cat bta wantin yale wig enn avutebwew cad Cweweeions 1.05 | 162.37 | 4,632
Pe , SOD St OENE che So cine dcuas cee nee sees our <b skhangepnanennanen 2.17 | 164.54| 4,539
Divide between Ross Fork and Blackfoot Fork .............2.--.----..-.+---- 6.93 | 171.47| 5,072
IS eel ne eke dk ook enn anu om doiedminneme oh = epee tase ls donk eeiee ee 4.53 | 176.00} 4,720
es Seer POTRre GME St $322 52555 ene on ko en an - sapere an tar Senne 7.20 | 183.20} 4,456
Point opposite high plateaw. . ~~... ...s.000 Goose e biden ese eens eee ee cee e ence nes 6.16 | 189.36 | 4,440
ene, SC mayet es Drie soe Gk e Rise ee eee inn ae awe ne meted adanen's 13.25 | 20261 |.......
ee SVer, CSD... 6. os Ss5 bok. a apie SE eee heeds’ ad - wos sae -43 | 203.05 | 4,627
So ene aansasscuenes Da nw bra Rae sl inl mite nivwie maaan se ens on oi 818 | Sih aig
re IICICRS UPON NS de mre wo rls ws eg eee a evn re an gee 842] 219.65 j..-....
PERE AE, CAMP oo 2. eo Ak elds Cabbd mona s bane urlebecapmaee weaene sees 3.44 | 223.09] 4,795
PN Gs So Se Caney a eade koe neses eeeees aneee go cne eee ne conn wn nenn san 12.89 | 235.98) 4,816
Guna Greck, camp. ..........-..--- fesaas Jaapbeed, ald ba TA EE 4.82 | 240.80] 4, 687
OSES 2 > ella See aie iat tte etiah JOE ET RE IE ME Oe Nip eas 5.32 | 246.12] 4/722
ese WRT 828 eo ee oe ee a ae ein ee ee 13.09 | 259.21 | 5,031
TE 6568 AG a EE A 6 2.7602 Cot SESe ERE See ne eee ee keane n eee 4.75 | 263.96 | 5,355
ESS HEMI oo soc, Ss cinch aes So eens oan eee 4.19 | 468.15 | 5, 689
Hill, top of, south of Pleasant Valley 7.12 | 275.27} 6,206
PRE AIG OME So caine wre Save ddan wa avis oo basavabaes sdiean neaaayeee 59 | 275.86) 6,086
Hill, top of, north of Picea WREST. 4.-.- 6 -gan- aunareeehi- Germans =oteee a 276.64 | 6,236
es UR cae a nieslin SE RENO oie Be se ae a ace cen tneceeennmanter ensue 3.31 | 279.95 | 6,508
Divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans..-...........------------ .----| 5. 89 | 285,667 6480
Pp BR OT rE Ps ae bea Ae eae 7.77 | 293.61 | 6,329
Divide between Willow Creek and Red Rock Creek ..-........-..-..--.--.---- 2.47 | 296.08 | 6,268
GE Fe A ON REE IN Ch i nd none ue seth rece cece ware 2.25 | 298.33] 6,041
ROGMTOGE CONOR, SOCHRES TWEE Soh. ue i gee Sonat pcan eeeeeeeneaLoee .83 | 299.16] 6,041
Divide between Red Rock Creek and Big Sage Creek. .............-....-.---- 3.79 | 302.95 | 6,307
Ferepen neg of MidimmnOreck 5 s252 56 Sects es = adie denn nde genes 2.19 | 305.44] 6,002
Py. = og | a a eee ties ate eee 4.74 | 309. 5, 924
Divide between Big Sage Creek and Black-tailed Deer Creek .............-.-- 6.11 | 315.99 | 7,044
Vee ee Tate. con nce am ceaae aries on mean catehacemosaieed as 58 | 316.57 | 6,988
Black-tatied Deer'Creekz camp ....~.<-.--.-.<--- Bas dg, 204-02. SE. KS 6.82} 323.39 | 5,973
Divide between Black-tailed Deer Creek and Stinkingwater River......-..--. 6.40 | 329.79 | 6, 657
Mouth of Sweetwater Cafion .............-.. SEER ESTEE SESE ERB ree: 4.53 | 334.32] 5,872
FRI. of Swesewatersamon! 22" oe ee es 1.35 | 335.67 | 5, 607
Se RE CE Ea ae ERT RE a aN ne eS Lal 6.16 | 341.83 | 5,437
Pepe ORGAO MAGE So ihe Oe opens negieentl Fomor Elwes’ 3.26 | 344.09! 5,307
TUrraeo MaeveDe MMFE OF CFGRE So ooo oc ecole rrteusecpeankuuesasuceh hen -21} 345.30] 5,382
Stinkingwater Valley, point of departure ..........-.---2--------0--cse--se-> 7.19 | 352.49 | 5,602
SLOREMOD 5. 263k oq mb 5 mnie tase ae a orn igen ie Ske en ie ae ill a 221) 354.70) 5,937

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 523

Table of distances and elevations—Continued.

Distance from
point to point
Total distance.

Elevation.

FROM OGDEN TO ForT ELLis—Continued.

Divide between Stinkingwater River and Alder Creek ....-............-..--. 1.31 | 356.01 | 6,492
2) SUEY dit pl ee ee ALR IE Eee eee ee eee LAE cen: oe 2.54 | 358.55 | 5,548
Virginia City. Be ene tant e ces ce esses BSS E SL ESSA Se eee ce oe Ue Ene: 1 1.44 | 359.99 | 5,713
Spee northeast of Virgmia City, camp.-.--.~~--2=- = ---2nscnec ete acess! 1.19 | 361.18] 5,961
Divide between Madison River and Jefferson River.........--.-.---.--------- 2.97 | 364.15 | 6,857
MICS OIOROIVEL. CAIN «copies essa t oe SUL SaaS Sek bet bee Cees es 5 ORD PROM ea Dia! Peete Sale Moda
Meadow Creek, ford...-..- BREESE Nhe am beth s Rabie ek meen: 1S SRR AEE) SO PALER ANY 8.99 | 380.71 | 5,086
Divide between Meadow Creek and Hot Spring Creek...........-.-...--.---- 3.73 | 384.44] 5, 836
Pio mopman Oreck. Camp rt. a. Se LONG Seke SU etek SSSR RSet steeeeesceeehteen 2.98 | 387.42} 4,804
Divide between Hot Spring Creek and Madison River.-...............---..--. 6.10 | 393.52 | 5,079
BRE EHMAIVer DIGGS. 1.7 eT LE keene ee eh ee 3.67 | 397.19 | 4,342
Sewermrrnnei ic fOrd) 5203 525!" 's' oe ee ak wees See E SEO eee ee A168" 13989874 2 oso.
J5iPe CO) aU ay Rae OA ae Ee Ree ee eee Se aA AL Se me ee 4.27 | 403.14] 4, 606
whol COTO SNR (GAIA Tse Ae a Ri: bh i eee ee gt ete te ae 3.03 | 406.17] 4, 438
Divide between Madison River and Gallatin River ..............--...--.----- 5.24} 411.41 | 4,834
een niger OLidGO.\5 2. is ei ela a ae Stl ee 6.20 | 417.61} 4,618 ©
i GMa eT UVOL 2.) clfos's oe a cle ols oldie w win aiela ee eS DERE ESE URE SSeS ee 1.85 | 419.46 | 4,587
TOSSA Jie See Ge eh eerie ra eg A ah ee EOP en ea Cm Pe Wie A 6.39 | 425.85 | 4, 655
HORE On Su roe Tone hs Oe ee eee eae See eRe eee Re LEE NB. 4.07 | 429.92 | 4,789
FORT ELLIS TO FORT BRIDGER.
eae as MRE PTL RI hPa a cic a iat ae eiapeudieis wine areispipislalal ajay olaise ©. 00) baer} daria 4, 789
Pee Trt, I es oy Ss eS sos ect ce lesa craseiavain fe(ninieiaiejejeiaje'a = = aaa T So ats Bh Os ee ees ox 4, 655
BR esteCG cain crresttn lp EU te eee rapt ed a SoS 2 So afte ajspeioisisioinis ninleieie.weessies 9.85 UR eee
Pr an Gr ee caine vi E BROT ese is i 8 crs a eile Sho ayaa hia ois miniainvainyelsyainiae bre 4.716 1S Shab gscis--
Reus Gecokd nome Hamilton, camp. «222. -- nj, nnneinnas access ieesceenceces 2. 45 21.29 | 4,342
CELDT UIC eee ol SSIES 2k SE IE Ee Eee) asaya aes . 92 22.21 | 4,357
ESL INTE TR Ai BING FORO AY AGEN eles ee ses ee SN Ee ata ie eee 7.25 29.46 | 4,210
CRA pe) CHG TOL NATTOMS 2 acne eos wc esis eine Sino nciseksieneclecccse eo: 1.30 305 165 saeeee
ACE OTM AE TT OYE (hie f OP Ke ayes i-4 mo Sis a wine ia isos toi Seimsawe es aSieveiols areisi eels Bh I557( 33.33 | 4,210
PbS MAwer, SOW LOT son oo ncaa ee cne nen esapeccccesas Rpts Sarat SU ae . 92 SAO) | eae
2) SALE ASRS 22.0 RS ne ne ee rete ener 7. 39 41,64 | 4,396
SPALDEY CADE IER AGS IC in os teeta Som evepel aennmt N R 1.91 43.55 | 4,401
Meawercels, pomtol departOTe...~ a. cimn ne reerisinccccrerceraenssriecssess 1. 62 45.17 | 4,534
ELS asec de ne te - See eee SE eee en open etre 4. 49 49.66 | 5,337
sere TPES ROLL HVA TOL i a cs sc aSeieis nisreiciom aioe 3. 42 FiO Gi lt seat
PERM Ste SGLe, TRON TUS S ere co Ee SPER UE Rr A IT PR Ie 2, 24 Ens Om | eee a
Divide between Willow Creek and South Boulder River ...............-...--. 5. 43 60.75 | 4,948
7 EE on coe ee hee. 2 Jed SS RnR nD EI ey 1. 94 2.0 2 a
paren ems eRe” ToT TENM ONO ooo mips) ci oie ins, sinyainlmr aie now in ,sp0.e.9,4 se a.asn sain no RE BA! Bi AW al = xeaet
South Boulder River, camp...-......- RA. 5 ee mR Ars IES PSR RES . 70 64.10 | 4,565
AG ee 2 Ee oh cproimpaieisiegincin no mtenast aamddcBeee Sa . 90 65. 00 4, 565
emeeU ONC Cas OP Re TORO ooo io oon min wicinin,ow.c,<.oinceiein winia.clamis.ne paca o@)w Salane ai DOR (YEP ST eee
Piper reomeiriner,| WEG LOT, TOTO, «4 «sain cenimasasnnjnini sas ininni nna ninn enn <<atee eraser Say 5. 00 Yo Tee
piereet Ae PD) COROT CE ne Noe sin niclotisinea einiesiaeisiamimimere seas ae 2.08 14. Sh datannk~
MENTDOLS: HOUS CEST IS. A MSE tae aon StCC ee MRED alte A aOR Rap HPD 1. 03 ASE Ys Lal ene oa
ote ss 2s. Sebati eee enn UEy see 2. 96 big? eres
See Cree le tare Station, CAMP 6 .c.n5 <a cnfiaden wd cnewnedanceneeseteceennness- 4.90 83.20 | 4,134
Pecercomplaner,, Mason's DIIDGO no). imi nnninjsne nals nee ne uesenmecieeseteecne 1. 25 84.45 | 4,083
Ie aes TPL PA ABD Uy ec ae tied net easel eatelats 3. 25 S70 saceee-
Beaverhead River, first bridge.................--.-- 3 Aoi ie ASPB Rap I 13.20 | 100.90 | 4,228
Beaverhead Rock, second bridge over Beaverhead River..........-..--------- 12.83 | 113.73 |.-.----
Beaverhead Rock, stage station, camp......-....---.-- RE Ss ee ae ARLE .36 | 114.09 | 4, 464
TN CCS. ec ca ee ss dpa Aoaiaicciala a claerepalana actos S16.) ABQ Bbehasacdiaien
coe LE oe ae. Se GE NR IORI, AURA pag 1S So Ne Rs Re 1s, 94h), ILA 97D. Mes whee
I RCT) OTRO ID ee a emia da nan 5.45 | 130.24 | 4,879
Beaverhead River, one mile from cafion, camp.......-.-.---------------------- 5.25 | 135.49 | 4,988
00 aN) ee RSP eee nee yee deh ec LN ea an I a ad aS 4.87 | 140.36 | 5,147
Top of terrace at the junction of Beaverhead River and Horse Plain Creek .. 8.14 | 148.50] 5, 206
Beaverhead River ford, point of departure. ....-.....-.--------2-ss---eeccenee .90 | 149.40 | 5,130
cel, PL TD eco ects AE RE IRE STE 1 SA BS ee PPR tes .53 | 149.93] 5,251
odo USVS TEE CSD. CICS e) (aR aimee TS CR STA LSE ly ea ee Ve Re ee 1.1%}. B51 10s eoseol
SE ALO LETT Ieee says tes eM Le A NEN ILS PY TE to es wlan 19.74] 170.84] 6,252
BAR eee OVC un te & Malese Ae RIOT Sos UE St eae kre aes armani 2.92 | 173.76 | 6,640
PRAM LE Cc) hy fe eek se clan diane AHO MURAI IE ND ee ee eee ale 3. 07 LG s 88 eeese
2 TAID OF aed ial aig mee MO ESE Ont OD BER 1 5 2 8, LS A a no Dv .65 | 177.48 | 6,785
TSE, Bh FICS N97 agp es nee etal. 7 a Da ele a REP EO 49'\ ARC OOF tae
Creek PROUMISH Sod .. ose ce keeles Senn TN eerie NM ys ats cieyor (tS alanelacareiserenate 1.78 | 179.68 | 6,980
Divide between Horse Plain Creek and Red Rock Creek.......-----+--------- 2.77 | 182.45 | 7405
Pe eeUEC IVC homie OrGe Kwan eels cote a eee 1.36 | 183.81 | 6,976
Branch of Red Rock Creek, point of departure. ..........2...ceceesecenennis 3.17 | 186.98 | 6,799
San CRS NS gerne ee eR NR Re acai og auird ols aiedinkiutaie 4.71 | 191.69 | 6,799
PURMUOLUnAMCM/ OL Red IOC OREO. caida u>-caciweceusbanewovawewecdwelsweaaee .99 | 192.68 | 6,598
meu brane of Red Rock Creel, CAMP. ...-.-..-.0csceescecceckwaccenpuctaces 11 | 192.79 | 6,609

524 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.

Table of distances and elevations—Continued.

o =_

: ‘o = =

Points. 2s = AS

5 ~ >

2 =4 = =

sa = >

Ra) 3S 2

AB | & | B

Fort ELLIs TO Fort BampceER—Continued. macs. | Mile | ee

Divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans .........-.......-.----------- 258} 198.24] 7,255
Speier PINS I 8 Sn oe cb are ee eee on cane aeeeeeepe ete = 2.20 | 200.44] 6, 420
Junction of two branches of Medicine Lodge Creek................----.------ 4.98 | 205.42 ].......
Maen SE BC, HONE 8 =. - = = 3 ne oon ee be 3.42 | 20884] 6,110
High basalt ag point of departure, Medicine Lodge Creek ...-.......-.- 10.99 | 219.83} 6,505
Medicine Lodge Creek, second camp. .......-...-..---.22.--22c2es2-2-2-2-000e- 8.96 | 22879] 5,105
Medicine Lodge Creek ford, point of departure..............-.---.------+---- 1.98 | 230. 77) go ae
eS 2 aR ei a te pat IE 8.24 | 239.01 |..-....
Camas Creek ..-..-- SE ER ERENT ot ee ree ee at 7.12 | 246.13 | 4, 687
Desert Wells; camp. .---.-----------------2- -----enee serene eens sae seen =nen 5.31 | 251.44] 4 816
Eee EUNICE CIDER INI oe eee ok ne ee a een ne ae 18.94 | 270.38} 4,790
pnake Swen ayler'p BRGLO. . ...- = on nenpee conn cncsneeecena ca nnensn~a=ee een sc hee enn 4, 627
Blacktout Kerk, neardhe bridge, camp. ....-......--.-----+---2----2--05------ 33.81 | 30419 | 4,456
ry SE ee Se ah en A ens ee et ane pe See 7.73 | 311.92] 4,720
Divide between Blackfoot Fork and Port Neuf River.....-..........-.-.----- 8.60 | 320.52] 5,964
RESIGNS ey Denese PUGMNURTREWOP. FP oe ea ene eeo esa = eee 9.62 |. 330,44 fo ee
Branch of Port Neuf River, camp.............-....- -48 | 330.62] 5,361
Branch of Port Neuf River, point of departure 7.03 |} 337.63 | 5,217
Sores ere er ee, SVE. | = eine eee nes penn nese eran eee ees 5.47 | 343.12] 5,286
SITE EPR US he sins bs wine a aia i Serle ea nae 1015 | 353.27] 5,357
(ayes mada, Boar River Valley - = - . ...... - -. -- =< 6n- seeps’ ee eee eee 5.65 | 358.92 | 5,315
Rn ee PPO RENN oe oh Sia nine Gece eda aae ie nee ee 3.50 | 362.42 5,482
erin prune Core 2 SOU e weet ce chs eat cet etece tune the ee en cceein tense be 1.03 | 363.45 }.....-. A.
Soda Springs, weaf village, camp « .... .- ..2002 cece ee eec newer ec eee cee ee cence eee -16 | 363.61 | 5,529
PG TIE IEE a5 oem waka lk eek eee tee eee pete pee eet cee -93 | 364.54] 5,614
Sk ee oe aa ee 18.08 | 382.62} 5,771
BER Pen COM > eq. =. at eo ee ow eee a eee ee cep eee 7.44 | 390.06} 5,798
Pg ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 4.02 | 394.08) 5,793
Cal Sr re ae 8 na ae eis ewer este tees cee eee 2.57 | 396.65 | 5,744
CHOBE, = ao soe fa ee web wee ett REESE SS atS LE 5 ett +t penne ees eee eNO 1.19 |} 397.84) 5,744
CRE Ee its ap Sat on es Senn eee Ree renee tet est retece ene eee 2.10 | $399.94 joss
tS ee ee ee eee ee eee ee Or cere 07 | 400.01} 5,760
A es ee ee ee ee ees ne ee ee eee ee 4.39 | 404.40} 5, 836
a A gd ee ee ee ee eee ee eS eee SS -32 | 404.72 }. 22222.
Ba ners ei
EE De ee een ee ee pee ee ES 5.09 | 41221) 5,932
ies Sinve Carne Bear ahkre <p ssc wos bot ree nee eee peewee ee wese ee nn beeen nee 4.83 | 417.04) 5,911
ys Ed Bee eo oh REE ERAN SE eR et ences hbk beeen sen ech en eenemcete nes .35 | 417.39] 5,932
idalie, Hontm "boundary line stone | ~-0eeee eeed c 2 oe Sena CEL SE AL 2.88 | 420.27 j:....-.
Sypuie MRI oe oe = SREP EL Sete eee crete tnt Lope e steer een eneennneneunenee 1.52} 421.79 | 5,922
Bear Lake: point of departure ..oe weve eet ewe eee ee ee pret ween weed 10.15 | 431.94] 5,931
eee) See ae 2 PRE St SUR eee hein ev eeee enn 2.10 | 433.04} 6,001
Divide between Bear Lake and Bear River ...........-.-------+----+----+---- 4.39 | 437.43 | 7,159
pe ee se ee ee ee eee ee eee ss 7) ee 2.53 | 440.96 | 6,782
Bear River Valley, point of entrance . 2.2.2.2... seen e eee eee eee wee neon skeen es 5.31 | 446.27 | 6,361
SIRO So a rs Ow hittin aa er nt Pat a is iat els re eicreobe be 7.83 | 454.10} 6,442
Woodruff, point — NECA COLURL Cnet bite bikiiacs DLAI een Ree EEane 9.82.) 463,92 |o.susa
Hill in the bend o PER om er bi wa ee A A Anniereandioeeincee 8.97 | 472.89] 6,832
SE NI Soe nw bi Sine aloe ein were ee rte awit adenosine eg 1.07 | 473.96) 6,686
pe ep ee ee ee eee eee eee eee eeeee TT 8.65 | 48261 j.t..2..
Re ee ee oe ee ee ee ene ne ane eS 3.08 | 485.69 }...... ,
Bp ie ee eS EE ee ee oe a eee eee Rae 1.03 | 486.72} 6,835
Bear Meyer Bene, oo ston bec teen eek ln ee Oe 9.06 | 495.78 | 7,078
le a ee eee -96 | 496.74 }.......
Sulphur Creek, ford, Bad Town .84 | 497.58] 7,151
Cirien Pites RGEIO orate Hater rent a tow terete hrrareentnnr ten pneirencnarnrietannanete 5.79 | 503.37} 7,689
Wu Yy Crt. 5 So on Bot irr ataenetowe ewan waren wertntennannboaieenn 11.94 | 515.31 | 6,948
ES FE a dno ice res cineitew a rrrewe weer ew wanted eb mie Be 12.50 | 527.81 | 6,656

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES OF ORTHOPTERA.*

PLATE I,

Fig. 1. Anabrus simplex, Hald. | Fig. 7. Acrolophitus hirtipes, Thos.
2. Gidipoda tencbrosa, Scudd. | 8. Decticus pallidipalpus, Thos.
3. Brachypeplus virescens, Charp. 9. Locusta fuliginosa, Thos.
4. Caloptenus differentialis, Thos. | 10. Gryllus luctuosus, Serv.
5. Grylius formosus, Say. 11. Gryllus luctuosus, Serv.
6. Gidipoda trifasciata, Say.
PLATE If.
Fig. 1. Aoridiwm frontalis, Thos. Fig. 10. Caloptenus Turnbullii, Thos.
2. Caloptenus occidentalis, Thos. 11. Ephippitytha gracilipes, Thos.

. Caloptenus Dodgei, (male,) Thos. (MS.)

. Caloptenus Dodgei, (male.) 13. Pezotettix obesa, Thos.

. Caloptenus differentialis, var.a, Thos. 14, Pezotettix obesa.

. Gpomola bivittata, Serv. 15. Ephippigera tschivavensis, Hald.
. Opomola Wyomingensis, Thos. 16. Locusta occidentalis, Thos.
Caloptenus Dodgei, (female,) Thos.

. Caloptenus viridis, Thos. | 12. Phaneroptera Coloradensis, 'Thos.,
}

OMNAN Ew

17. Péerolepis minutus, Thos.

* These two plates of Orthoptera, are copied by permission of Professor T. Glover, from IX and XI
of his admirable plates of American Orthoptera, and although containing none but western species,

have two or three species to which I do not refer.

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Al, SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES:

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ParT 1—REPORTS OF PROF. F. V. HAYDEN, UNITED STATES GEOLOGIST,
AND A. C. PEALE, M. D.

Page

Act of Congress in regard to the Yellowstone Park...... ..---. -...--2..----- 164

ETUC NCR ne et meer y ae eno te oe He Seno celeh a he ae aioe a son) see ch katana 39, 41

PISMO COG Ce eos ba elone soca see se tle cates ee Soe ales ao ee aye 87
LRT GADD, oa aS ae lo em iach a Mh leeds Ray Nagel nda ee aa 3

2 GI SIASE OL FUGA a GmenCe Or BEER ICRP RMT ee ire sey uelipy ase ventas ey 187

hot springs..-.- Glade cece et dba pin ak ye aaa 167, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 189

Hob; spring depositsolfl ells tte lita ns Asyattk pg Sot 130, 179

Sou open ra CO OlOrAd Oe eee ees one eae 159

PMonvlybeses ss Soe ea gy ye GN lon) Gen AEFI Sle sg 170

Ralpmeone liane Seer ae res Ok Se oe ele ee ciate ea ates Sita aches 161

NV ALCE LEON CNS, SOV SOLS eee ee eee eos ae aes Settee ee 187

eMC OMG Yi cc jcsolclsis oiols sinitic ar malidieis cain ace sam cela sicnreataliaS te sks Bu ataas 143

Paral eehOsiGimh Ol. OV wake RIVET... 2. 20.0. cocoa ese w en son see sasiaseisisiccce 23

GeLOry NEUE Valley. os cccc ce oe cicicn scommnpama dl abet s- apts aes Dh Joe . 23

CO ca ANE sai Salve aipie opt « moldchaie tormctosat ofa ple ojabyanay~ Si pdiybapts apa oiae 28, 53

sD ace ete eels a wienlor sinGelo sissies 2 olkcs, Scie lagi aie le fo ctalo'ai cl ois ia lata 29

ere PAC IONNOET Ae oo '6)a- dace easton sadam s pacewy <ccnns anne qmesth api ctipesies 4 57

CLE SUDTETILE a 5 5 Sh oh ee a a ee ee Cae ae 114

PU eee rats aiaten patrols uiciare aia iala ae Aalate.o) mw oielale ed's icles ied) elas mle cia nie mapas oe 119

ee INGRAM Met ee eee o ois wa ene «Hoe ai niaiwi alae. biele wide! eicice'sie sin ao: cicinbee ea pep tOMedd 3

LEYS) wl SE Ba ey ag a SU a a rE ERIS 156

bee M aC Na eee i aetariciainic:ticla a Sia ccteinje! claie\saine Sica mc De wiaitiauncte nia's cite aeetaets (By

PRONE sree oe cla atiei sins S)e.Si aise) eisicinia| sidldie sis aie widiswin nis <cepeieubampae ME adeotiars 21

EGMMCTSRN Vireo arate tie naa aisle laaiaraibin wala Glaiaiaie 4)'6;%jotsl'simierallbehuavaia ms Gysmlateet utc rale 19

EMmGCIMN ALLO Nyt tye) slain cia fatale a sialt/alaiaica/a\a Sia a) 50 c/o m omeid) op aha eek tio 22, 150

MESUUNCES Olen eerie ae Os ots ctis nid ee aces icin cane a taee mace esate 22

Pec ELC ACO LOCOS ete er cela cnc aa son acacce cose ae canines seen weiamoaoe 36

RO Clos PEP Pm mee et cee cee oss tale okie ceo wm sicisielsimmm na a tial Sam eueus ae 143

CLE oer eaae ce cic cece se Soe cee ancien seis aeralsa eae 143

Walloye ene jc es ceat acces oee cok ace Eph greed api ee ly) 145

peop ete (MEVSEL-CONE)Y Lo oc. ata esac wetcce ec aes Seen na aula nae cata eins 110

7 STATS DAO apts a a aks Rl gyrA get ll ng ys tpey ip alee ayn 155

(GE LEE URSIN G tie ots ese pee es tet a tel ed pete Aid tn py i ct ab eo 143

PP BETO ER UMISTCN TE Piste Cee). a sire a sais! [sm wm as acta mele al amis) ail aie eiciaie, oieleiny eiciainke 54

Pe MOOR O lic sera we se ne a Me em neta es catee cog cee cee enna calelatere 27, aU oe:

eran eel CO TEC Ke a5) o sos ishels ee ce klk Sleeumibaie auitalei) vatabinlg's clo aaiuin meie ool Sh OW

RANG. ceeiecsdencnenenccccersannas fseds LI PROS 145

MHC Yer rerererarararerire Sree torarefelerrerereatetaterata® Stabs ent otaee te are aimieete tcl 30

BP OOMINGTON wee eee eee cdceee ey beke ere peste MOE TI to te 157

RMU HEW SAAD CH scree watiaca reverie seeecdsesacoveasecsersds oaee IU 54,57

Bewider Creek, Big sscs.o6 asc ca ee sacs oc arctica tate eth ute ee ue coat eens 51, 54

NOLrth sssecsscgaessareradonsrsassestacsacsscsssresssE Va 141

Reeder, Canon ns oro 6 orn rrwirn der arttattsrdast ISIS TTS week ee ly

Park vos sisc cdeu ween weemcicwewts sts tssgisssasaessatasasss wean ys 18

MOM AM. City colo cscsea cose vaaseasaeersacses tscagssasecesessBIUIs Wout. . 44

J EPRI! UNAS et 2 OM RTs a Cgc ge eR aR RE CHa gC OE Ea 46

MERC RIC UMM cris 2). Ne 2) slclaiaie Gina aicinl cian ola’ gig pains dans Mele ais ele @aiginie/maa sl oeiminamiaiateha 21

BCUM TES en dds ve agaairese cesses eines +saq5as6uve Send sO eek 45

ne ae ale a, 9) even ceca umiains el POMS «cla chiSn ciallalga i aieiaie 46

SSE SLE CCIE Oa a ea PD Py oN A ert et eer 7

BORER CTE) CORRS ST elas hdmi aiemuaciaia) siiciel waked abuiad oras LRM ote 135, 189

Butte, basalt.... .. Bee Sr iaakieci wh cui soaiaicinisdsiesnistsey. ain aiaisacn qlee wm re ANN 28, 53

NACH LIS) a) Ape al RR ae AS a Pm A Oe PROS) ke 29

ica a RGGI hee el ca Ae Gl olind sake toaae 112

526 INDEX.

Page
Cache Valley ....-20.n- sane ne nnonininmem nen ne meneneee mene anieneaaeneanenemE ene 19, 22
Be Go ae ee te ee EPC EE Mero et oie ee eRe manne ME IKR SEN Sew 29
Canian; Box Bilder... 22-4. once cen ae Se Oe a ars mes e ee RTE 17
Ec ean ee tee eae een Sey ee 74
GED ocala imme ms sperm all I a a ct eoliceoks eee 79, 82
MaGis08 .W 6.0 nn cine en cea ee ete SERS Pe Pins nn eee ee
ME CBI. onions somone nc erage wlio wing Beenie op ea
Oe oa eicnts eiciioeeeieer es ee miseiie bike ee nna ee 15, 166
PTI isa hp estas rele i tec ee Nae oe
Specie 0.00 bo ee re 37
WG: ah 0 Ak. el te cde cocickbdb die che nese Leanne a3
Yellowstone, First....4. dd- iebdiebd- ddank bBo pe ce nce ne nee 51, 53, 59
PORT onan cna en aktinn nneninieete dann wane
Third ..... co 5--<r9e-pne.senndtaY-ade<k tamer 63
Carboniferous’ Con loner nbes «~~ oo <n ano wine stems imma! mine aesin. a eee 33
Carbs A ene ee een ne ono ie bet eeag take ene i 23
Carrington, C., report on flows of Peysers .....- ~~. .---2. «22-0. een ne capi we m" 95
Cee eo ee ee ce me aera mmm nei im ese econ gi ee 74
CS CEE oe cae go cae en ce mens an meb <n enema een
IN OMI a Sm inn mem lr espe mei icemonin mim micins Specie pe ise dl 122
Citaldpue of tineltils -- - o-- ne ne tn. 2. a. ono péeeetin’s <eeeeee 199
EE soe oe eo a pon inn snr nn one yeoman es ereeeneeeen 201
ternal BRGnES..... 22 nnn ooo a oboe ee 197
Cave On Dry CEG esac cn ctns occmceme ae «xn n.muse'smpeieiaieieenin indie aes 9,169
Cinnabar Monta 22 ooo ccc ccc cccccnuscnen nemnnsestnes anne 60
i en ea misma eielidin eneainaeinaine cen asa ak ene 1@
(lark’s Fork of the-Yellowstone....-. .........._...~-=24 5-2 esses eee
Rene} oo SORES ARR RE RSet ber Geeks coe cae cat ass Sere Se Eel emier 46, 52, 144, 159, 173, 194, 186
Ceal-beds at Hvansten, Utal: ‘Perritory.. = =:: .-. 2 .2225.25225. onacees BREE
Committee on Public Lands, the report of the, in regard to Yellowstone Park. 163
Conch Sprimg srtscrctsasestoass ss S2E 7 coors c8SS52 tose os coe eee ae 113
Cones on- Gardner's Biverss226is2265.06500 seo nae Soc eae be a nene we 67
Chpenbagets 1.020300 ove deewle Uae twee woe ty ee ban ns oe 18
COPD. Mrs AIS tT TSAR EE REE SR SSE a Soe Sole nels bmn mie nen op 172
Cétbula pyrifermins: c2assts2cciccs55 225265665506 235562 555.555 cen ae 64
GeRHANG . «22.62 Vee eee se See ce eee one ee seh bes pecans aens ne nese 20
Craters, woleani@s:2::cctsciccacescencasccncetsc2ceteecee 222a22 wee 154
Crazy Wenn Mowmbnine:s sin: 225255 225555 22222. 2222220552 5h6cee eee 51, 53
Delano, Hon: Sderetiry, lettet Of: - 2. 2c. cece cc. ioc ce eee ee 164
Weed ns ne errands amne accouwede een bean onde ae iain nine ele 119
Pegi ds CRO oo San vcs Sit Wekene vewene eaciwne wa wwe 86
DIRS SE carcino tem ‘nite wi ots eal Rip ier Bi miniairm s w wo saty 7
BUA Sooo lol es cdcecd cndd apse bkbdee ee sees nese tances bana amen 61,174
TR ritiith WORN: oie i. isos cccd pean han cee ime bec caweee 12 + meres pn 97
Divide of the Rocky Mountaiis: -- 62. ioc cece ooes ces cws escces seenne eee 31
Ditaae, Mont. . 6 oo cic ics cisco occas taew en enet sacnee eben te cees oun pen 135
Drown, Dr: Thonise M., letter of... ns coc conde caceee cecnes ae 159
Te Cre ee reas Sorc leanne aioe Gree pion en meron 29
East Fork of Gardiner’s River... ..-.90-cerrcrrreserece sevcesshhitnhaaeaees 73
EE os og sine npnsbebe same vivvutiieta apne See 102
YOUOWHIING, VEUCY Ol ce ces serpenscrprececonacerehss sees 137
Poembant Tone one oo. cua 0905645049970000-se0rn enn een eke anne 43
PASRDSS PIITRISCHIOS, oop orepecerreresrreer.avnesueewsnss0s0nens ee 43
Emigrant Gulch.......- saiaaaAi ae Snes einai sas a 55, 191
SEINE xe cara tent esescinin bninios baldinsdecniec easing aceon tnaosaicaiae mise 54,191
Ewanston Vraie. . son veee be weké nee ee permed er vees mae dvccsueRaaeeer 158
OGRE DEUCE cic cain uae adawae Waleed esse ad earners alae 194
Batry Fallin: <-nc pace snsccccedade semehd pens 004 aus Bebes @ nsec ee sessseaabeek 112
Falls of the Yellowstone, Lower... 0.2260 sce cencns tase teeees cassse cosccnss 83, 84
UDDCE ewer ce owe es werent ter daders i6sdee ae
TOWED... 6 oo < 600 cere eee we He PRES TEE DEERE ES Eid aietsttald ee 7
es deeredertdes ssacertasacias tote e 103, 1
RAVE pba were sp awe ceenenetraterennin bmene MA Ae ehhh ae 113, 122, 18
Malley oon coe nc0das sanece 680008 eset hte tdt Ed eee daa 1

INDEX. yh a

Page.
INO TCE. sicice saci k oplen Seite an eidiee tine 6 bid bbw shernreemnercwrer renown cionsamielets 143
Flat Mountain.......- fete ara fatal beter = = fa aretha rata rater toy= rer erebnwen Sew) at sees Gertews na 131
Wiathead Pass. ss. Vessco sc cessssec sue neaccrorsceee Nn rarird tan era abies HSE «2 45, 140
Port‘ Bilis. i 2s 2.3 seis ae Phsatee o job Pate aratborbiaed Pareteereds bab CESS oe wt a See 44
Wert Halbinn o.unssnvetwein sees Ce cnie-cm enone Sob sss Secu ss Reeees Sebeeew less 25, 169
Fossil elephant... ..2.---.--sceeseeseese Skeet senteseonwa rd ts eS Ho. 43
Foot-hills of Yellowstone Woley: othe wene wet owe eee LL Sei. 58
PMmavOlOS... ees cascade cos sorceress cetera einees ee res whe Lele Se Soba TUE. ose 182
Galena. --- .-- sence Soften at Natta chtahatatanetalemrarateratwhotate talctatalehatta Nati ei tents =< 172
Ce atith) MOUNTING 4 ais. cen cere nes scones ceedee wes soe we meee bids MI oot 47
River ..... Fi ceee CMe P oH SEA eases Se bee eetiee vessel! SOLA. 22. 44
NWalleyj nose nea eie ws sese cess sis ones meme cntomiternt Eien tele We. 44, 45, 139
Gardiner’s Ganon. bce benane as eneeerngt ass eee dase ssiiir rs SS LUMI oe

oh: oe a. se ee ee oe ee ae ae 63, 73, 174

VLG ie a aa. a'o 0 wim oerarerermtatevoernnreneneterereiten tons ttareteterereerer ete LEN So Soe
Geological report of Dr. F. V. Hayden...-.. ..-- vorvetweerveuen ees S US... 13
Geer hbo CaM AVSCS Ol... oc 3525 anna sae sae ces soe semicon seesaw els Sa eeane oss 187
EBC POT 8c Seo ovat nisisintniainioipieksicisien pie nGln'e Ws/<ibinis ic i MEEPS P 187
Geyser Fae. HOWE ci cia clove ap aeegigees seekese ey saeewas see eee ooe 104, 112, 182
eae se she i MN io pre Ni hr tial (aang deat alain) preter cin ha A SO 116,125
inemicciieal SECO DUT ADIN Se Ss at ie ha einai cinigi sie /ayaiara’aiperaininta emiestac 109
PC CR UNVOR Sr Meme Shela c nl tie pe eaue bee srrece semmws sear en ss Sats 124
Oe etek fahain oo ole si asio ce tininln wise oweicinish ating ciereete tacos ho eous Soni 122
OO Ai Ne ees ene hs) ne og oho alain eee ata cia winha apaiaalaiciel Sichalciatn) ma lebime aaled AES 112
COME NORINCO) 5.0) ara ocioccn sevice ae placid eeieineofeainiss arse easy cca averse 190
Aaa te aia.s a ola Sin) S cin: cm cin mies Caicin reecials wicca otis Saw “ewieie eee “5 124
eG re a sei ticle cicionncn jaye Her as aah ciainla Sate Siaaorete alaictaiala tne ate cee 122
Cat C RSME ists ch ele ataicraia'e siceisieiele -bisroa diel avarerw sielshsinieal acid date eran 123
CSTE OY eS A Se lA A a A oe one ea ar 116
EMOTE ota hom onl Salgmwe dawiouel set oR Or ce ke hae ae 113
ARB Gee eet glenn Seats ch 0 erm aca arc booprerechanavar a tomenetonedatalninarenchare tench arAaulcreh ator arcs SEN 93
Rs AUG UMA apn Dene nce Srp em epern toe annawinwiongiaiote alate ae ar ARR 125
DER ARSLEGSI OLEPS 5 255 Shas ces cass cies ttc a caches Henlanh ic lecncecailch Shahan sw Decne A ech ah deck SES 113
ARN a) arcicioxanncianoestaicie SpE ae wine er tient Males Juihachee ass Saket Se 106
PPMIB OL WOMB scrok ob e.2 scscad oe occ os nooo cece etenciclicinnboncratonanicns anci de he US 112
i a a tala dcp aces asada deka nic te fu patavntenaboncta borane iteinhe waherorotoremimioieprcicraes a « APL ahe SLANE 185
Bunsen’s theory of flowings of the..........--..------- 2-2-6 oe eee 186
Se Newe Lela 5asi5 ht asno 50 tis sa da ra etcanon sd bse SAGs 127,176
EONS UTNG Gas oe aay Sap chap einer re pabee handing micas ceien rn cralanan Aca crayons ch MUU I RS ol tS 68
ef Lower, basin, Mire, Hole, Riner, «<j crmie-serernjcre-mamrarcereinlim ble iets aa = 182
Upper Basin, Wire Hole River i... 22 soscse cceeece mews oes Wiehe ok). 185
SOURS eA a ee ie eo ai awa ws ower we sisidutiee. KEM ERNIS kead 69
Grant Calanon). so. pc. <e2s 34 SOLER. Gels. HG. gisele bd Kee she geil. 3.22 ak 93
CUMMAGCNACE UNO. Owens teres cess Chem cee amew wae ce EUS deja ade otis 122
CMRI SD En oo aii yan a in hata ici ray ied tere rarer trmien tora dbiodae RMB ORES ails 123
Cg eh sian vid cine sic rah Dama rer daied sepenarnne eee ee ee 41, 55, 143, 191
Mma a CUT eo heise, Sis foe cy it She so aos ean pviap rep pte heh palate RN 79, 82
GEBAT SPL gq. - nin. no -ecimern saa pakhchorsioforenyaiarsr ye) <sa iri oia Wise clini S See i hc yd oehih 114
CGT reat UNA DULG poy 0 ajanionny tml minhmien nara ance yen icrapoiel apararmiona tater aia dH atetjaleatad. BRE 155
Cera er emer UEP LL ET GAN CMG cow ht clean he ane hoch ram cn crnrnd oherencaichen apron enon ancecrcticoe JRE APES 71
WellORStOQNO IVER, ooo ces Seren eden ts ceuatbhcnatins skssiaadess <> EAA 92
Gulch, Alder...---...-.. ee nina ap attisie clkei aaa her jer peih alia ceap ao aeh as aay cies ha 39, 41
Pea la a On aa cca ao ais ya of Sn a cao iar at tates ajar ial alc ler ra ahs AEN 63
PAAR AD ate be ana yaaa tah alg bt aa yagnicgepnianaimsininiohoratalenacaininys settee - 55,191
WIGEMeNANCOs) o.co pacmcs comets acces ota se ctice ae cme anno em stes nema 43
STINT SIE CALC OPC IMAI «esa ¢aiaie cas piesa da moe avin sense vac enacie saimaucotben 15
Hayden, Dr. F. Y., letter of, to the Secretary of the Interior........---..--... 3
RECON Gal TEPOLD Obey weenie mare sere eo a ho on anne UES = 11
Uh Sy ti LSU Sey eR aR a lh 9 a a a lene eC Na CPF gE 133
Pe BOAO MOUNUGIN 09 0<candavagaacaandecqas ses ego naccdasinin mee ss satan 77
DOT is as yas teat er te eal alain be tata Sata i 77
AER aa TRS ict AO ee eas tanh int ann eidw aes ob ow a eta OURS 28
Jo UEH ETS TEP SL. (0) A ne Ge SL Re RR RE et OR CPE 20
Hole am tite Rock. ...).....ccccenncceuacces las Sie hare re le ie res 2 29, 169
OU Coy RES OE alpen mbps cemesandie Gade als RIG d SOR 29
Horn geyser........ SA ee eee Raye eae MO Ror RT KL lle

Jo yy SS TONG Oi fete] ee ee ee eee ee ee ee 144

528 INDEX.

Page.
Mei Spring. Camp. occ encanacceene eee eaen =oocie a5 Sena eee ae 130
CRAB oA nw ccep cepeeaperesh<depeusbeeces scons Sone sees eee eee pi

REO RII 0 sae eontrinrsnavniearas en RG Se ee ae
Mot BPRS es Gabe nvceceans mann 7, 65, 86, 87, 103, 167, 172, 174, 178, 179, 180, 188, + 197
CAQUDOUA OF ....0 sad aaa aenneece Peck eraheeatoeees sa<9=5' augue 197
rater SNA sss, gaminniscwarwrann Soasitaion see eae 87,180
East Fork of Madison River... ---- ens<--selutt ~weeebeueigw ee 103
Gardiner 6 BINGE nnnncinsennawasaetn een eee 65, 174
Grand Cag. on coc meres hoon arbeunebbndnstoleusee 86
Hob Spring Gisisichc..s 050955 y59525ssenes ea0ees vena See 172
Matt WaRItR se iccac noes sinensis eee Pere yb 179
ie A ce pee cease’ ries eee Sebi ueeo hai ee sade? 127; 176
Ogden, Utah. Terrifiory,.(near)......--405-.+.ss=.<+-.0555 eee 17
OWES, (ECE coccceccocedcevdvswbes venus biebboscecene 178
ered Lake: orerecesnesineanboeeschnecenteasc ee 190
Yellowstone Lake... npcersn-nanecaseile bell volt. a6 see 188
Idaho Territory... ssescs soee vscesetwcs sec oceeeenes cence ett ok Cee 27
BUPIACE-OF seer ese we eee: sacar sasnds twsossnseand pee 147
Eatiiadl Creek. 2.06652 s00 cssssecccn cs veswus bees buss Leds be See beh hie OR = 156
BRR O80 5 oe cso dere cs eco eaeded 6aaaee rian peewee sees Joleen 196
SPTIAGS .45- access secu ¢eeeee © be eees secues swwwnwouww baste’ beeen 103
aperson Porke2:< 2222222322 2o2 isi cet esos cits tous Met es ees eancee eee 33, 141
Me Meer nea poe a es oebe esses mesa mane See Sane see = ena eee 155
ppection Staion. -s< +222 cree ct itso tosss acenas acces co noes aanene eee 32
eS eo ee 29
TD TROAT iia cick Karin. pied occerib cen mes teriene echolnimimenin doen ettener teagan 133
AG eran etn ee wh irre geet ty nigh cements sain mis ws i 127
IC oii id ere ra nericssslemesseo pic eoinanenoniienaeaps poem encom astm 28
BI acini nesicnini bdeaiiotaatinim mins aiid peanes cocees once ene aan 47
AIT ct sniesientzximpaasielctespnoeigsanctmarsn since winhomymns taal best op bn Safa, aoe ce 190
Vellowatane ..<..nnccncnceces scus cocamccce sas o=-baen sum tue
period. in she West... -nnnennnnnenntkeh ct Sgueeel fs SER ee 20
UN ae Fata spnaincmenenipnomen ensehdnaasicln apiienseicanucesiasionensdi ean anes a 157
CG Catia atretncsee inn co dnene ne secusgnesemnuee 43
Biehes Of TeelanG inns sincccnnconeee cong socnastvawh JUSdd tb <a 186
Maaiter of Dr, Drown. ... .2nenn-eaceenenscancan Udid se ehh Sl 2. Se 159
Hon.. Secretary . Delano .. .<0s.cnnc0ccse cosa ancecs= ane conse 164
Dr. F. V. Hayden to the Secretary of the Interior.........-..-0i0N8 3
Bie TA Timea. ceniaus ins sncces bhseaeadhdhaaiiiniicisasinen chibi ols Ap ala 165
Taberty Cap, Gardiner a TD Ae nnn. cnn, meet nevecceniemereninen nema meneame 67
TGrpomians, Ceirhonierons. .. nanan cnnmennnnnane anicmnp ninemsn 24
NN ty: s\ceinraencsrtninndnsipnighies sues neni vi shoot iss amen one Stell 25
I, TINE rnin cain can winning «eben aaa 191
RCE LIST DUCU ene rnnenensreminn metice ccna 143
SOS SS ES EEE RE LE ae. aoa mtlditae Je ae 191
I sm cen. proc talon bsg imine ts Sl dates ne ca 143
MG i diet coe ane omanigk eamahw ounce cians ae 172
CGE nie reteaceecmtrtnges qmemssemgerancnentiieniaeons Jase ihe memcinin oe 143
Rideau, town.of.....-_ .... jen sonnets aa ae syanean ha tt natr eeeeate raiiaen 19
REAL IS $e Ne a ERS eR gf deeres ert ssheptastagpctcieaastotesegien toe 19
I UE LLL pr Inu en AY 39
BIKE vcnw cnnnoenedGebalth Bick ly Seibonet 019.03 36 SO 127
BiVELl. ...0< enna coms anusccesumeemenesesul 119957 SOE, ae 43
FOF ons caccn occenn cng en nae eh can +» ¢ae oh cies ei te eee 43
BER ade VBA, «<n ncn sinc nce nem tgeecidnwa dye oe anntanneuton ateet een 20
aE eh CENA) a einen wie sec estore sores a tein is a ing Dn eh eee 19
IC F006 ie ak in pts nntnnimntewans attiietne tha . 28
RITA i cern ess lek eset Shera eb a jon sch ols oe aie ic ca 29
EN ee DLT Ta A MMe ee 21, 23, 168
Medicine i CEI ios seedlings rn q 148
DIRPAOM, GOCE: Ohi cB coc cane ccebedceces eased nedebsenneacen eee 19
I ea Sioa pi siasceceoneictilin ios patina ode seen oat sie 44

INDEX. 529

Page
iiniea se dial Opal: Ole ieet een cman cer oe sehen ancien Soic\s oe cence daca 199
Mines, Alder Gulch...... Sone odegee dose dees boobAchaccadetas bheoeese ohoe cae 41,171
BPeDM SG OME erature rea sete nare ei slale oo mieytlet wake abet larar'e: 6. ana) arapeiee ay connie eyes ete 194
Olmert haere Ae eee SN eae crea teas we misig detect eee 168
PMc. Gistricts around Virginia City. <6. 0 sees Se locos obec b2ssine seas 39, 42
Montana, geological structure of MM isareuiont aly Oa ot MINN Shey SAO Sea cs A OR a 40
surface Glee ter eae Soe ee 2 wine eet oe DU ge Ppa ae SS 2 147
Solemn Me Igy LO) wall Ole ewese yas clare, 22 aiekete ais o/s yao io os \cye.c.0, ni Spa .cre) sie Simro a) Se epee cial 156
PUB MAGIIRULOYRILO ere ee IS oile owes aio. eis A nny Siae ecw arco Gicc ew cis alee dieineaia dels etl occ 135
ReMCMSOMM oye e rion. 22) ae nave cian hs oe St Ree Stele A ot 135
“AY SIG ONCE Ds ES spe ste 0 ett SS Ee Nr aE 79
Pema MOMMA AT 6 cera co ee n= 2 a2 wre erento Sem vee.e ke oa ele 2 au Saye ae 60, 174
Ge eee as ee Yh eraneelateye: care cial a) are eee ak ay ae ee eee 131
Hell Roaring..--.. "peta tata a a tay te Mat D ea Ne Ria Ne SOY, AIC ce 2 ci A 77
ORDO RMN oe oe Se ee NaS Nahi sam Smee ir pA tS oS 17
LE TRO TCA TENGE ERS eae hese pO ID Gael CRY RINT PSOE, AICI SAS BE ET ed 20
BCC areas es yl aia hose Soles aud Gols ia sini aCe a a UM Sel Wm eRe A 3 131
TB OER RSE SA ete ea Rn RE Rae Er el A A 143
AYLI CHS) Zo cle ca Rete tein gS Soha Ra NO ge. SO 63
Whe OURO GE TS, TEMGR IB OWT Retains le oe ga kre a EEE A Ee Cn ngs fe 54
1 BIG el Feat trai LS DB YSLSS ips 5, ema am ES PR NTN or IS ATE 2 na 145
(CEDIA) COREY Oh oe a ses ah MD pea ene nga eI An) REE pee eaten 2 ee 51, 53
CSD) BIT eS IS i ec oe SR Oe RO nA CGR aera eS RO A 47
MNorulverm UW bailn se teak ON i faa ees Ns a i ln en ee ea 18
1 SEY C( OLE e Grain AEA a Maye a ete ah 2 Ae oS GER A i tn aed gy er enna IDS A AL i bo. 399

Rl amiver eye hasue sak can Puno G yas een can emma ) kee as is
BOIOWAV Naren ara aie eect atria “a a iaiwiata) easistaieeirs aim ral sbisiehe/ aia CIN sis ws apelin aicta la a4
PEt eee sre tras laterals Sie i ie vain ee eras eve tocar dajare ualey Sista ai eben ae 133
VAM SAC IN ein eae mien Seiad wg SNe Gea elie a Slsteycgalet Sate me slpeage aise 13
ensuon Yellowstomeduakene% 62 sece) bie -cecis s Soe So ea ose bas cree eee 134
RPIA MME MOT Een nie No mtn Rein SIL SR LOLs. duibicec hae mae: malar ae a EON eee S1
Heb Terre rarest sae spats as Noe Se ea SB Ses a Lin tmaiehs' Wave em mona an eho siecioiaoee 15
SEAS Lees eee ys ala eek UN yon a, kieran Crate Sila ws wala ware isis his eee aS 83
ERAS ri ie aul ral her Ma ta a ae wR EE ip locatica alla lara/ am a(S sae MS be 100, 107
SPaMOS NL VV AS MIT ses eee nt acct vemeiee elite cere Seo SSS ok ae ue ie 179
TAMIL OL CAW OES a ead anise eee ae ola 2 ators) ae ciimistarar tr siarng) auaielers anaes yee 180
ANTI ake hare ee oie Rane Sek. ciao Seiya Mat. LeU tee ho eo 190
west shore of Yellowstone Lake ......-...... ee een ee SUAS coe 188
FOL CDOS See LSI ON ay a cas geass VE Bg ne pe Ra ete 180
i STB SLND «cS URE Ge aS I US PI EDN ae eS ea cane aOR eR ee AT ieee 47
NeweAealand, hot springs and @oeysers Of... - 2 - . cece <ceeioe ce ccesiee ociee ecco: 127, 176
Northern Pacific Railroad.......-..- Perera (ae esc (aces eo hae eR ne Race Nias a 46
AMM oR DMA CMMN eve ey miedo Stott anc \ele we S:cimlee, =/3/Licinieya ted ole nets icles eal te ones 127
Scie cane ennirory 22 Sct tt keoaee bed ee Heese eee eee ee Sue 13, 17
AUR OT RA AS AEC SN AN le aoe NCS 2 UK a Se Sh are ee Poirier Reale ede 15
POC LES OL IIS PR ENE eT TIS Sr SPMD hh a ieee Me Bal Re ORO, lg 166
(CHRON SANS tats Ad oh RR er ee ree ECA AM Sc Ser crear ts Meee Ure 16,17
roles (ome Vices) tam ie ee tna en fae A eRe Nae alee he ne 16
BEE WER CLS ETON ATNN OL cisn wegen ete cece aso UP Lat NOt SRR Ae OE BI ON ST A 20
FP EUTISL TONITE 5 aes tn ae NI Da TE SAA ah 8 A ae Atl Sea ota ede cane een Pk 156
1 SUT, USES DIG Ee eek ie RUAN 0 ts NPR ied Ar A Cel re RR a RSE 18
Park, ACGLMG SCOOP A eC Ame eee aoe SE Oe Gk sok Leg Se eel Apne SACL a AO} 162
PSHE LEN TIGI AST?! AS age TM eae eg ate bare eee les Artal eae ee Pag ee a ee ee eR 45
POZCMAM ac oheotezacs oie CE Fe Yay ea OE MRC tM RR A eRe) NR 46
TBC LEG Ee Beets Beles tae A oR Sr Oe ai ae Sec Ne yey er einer debit 5 45, 140
TENG) CHOSE Sn Ween Ail tei ht Ma BRE, at ag AG A ee ee gen dye 132
TARGETS OTE) Le ek RUS BAC tron dee chs hat ae Re eee Re Ren ape ee tire eM oer TG Aiea as 22
ihtnglit,, [EVA Site) Bi eae ak Ah DAT A Sc ge Lae neg eee nie eme eR tetet Rete ae i 46
ALS ATICOIG MNO yr ter ny = ote Siar te rate or een Re Ot RRL Ar ea Re, Ao Pe Sl OR area ratenaar e 54
ARTE SOR ata 8 Set heneet Nein RICE Sth it a Ne ee eR E Sere 75
LO eAES,, AVOLCR WD ek mana ieee RN ete Cok Mat a ees pM pe aia ARoels lhgnt eie em Gene gee 7D
Pe hem mm Or. LOUtOL Ole aac adorisasat ese ae tee eee na coe pac ante ed ome) aan L65
MENOMAOLL eee Sea R oT eae ema eta nae tet cere = Selataen’S 165
IRCING Aan Me SC laren tm Sh ae A ae E Aa FU RK 6c. 3 Ae RD A Oe Hwee oe ase MP os C8 ena 136
REIN OLS TOUS. OREO ity ad Se aye ae ARR SE ERS Re eh Bd SSW he he ee me BE sk SE tee aaa 142

J468 —

530 INDEX.

Pago.

Pebeasany WV leis geen ae on oe ee ee SEE eee ey en al he 30

Pliocene deposits 2-5 25.25 333s cele st oa eee 56

Pools on Gardner's Rivers: 5222 c2ssi2s20 Gosek as eas ioe seen Se 66, 70

Port Neut Cations =< 55 342 o2e seca ssa Saas sees Gass cae ee a 24

PGP VEE = Saar ee ee A al le late ne 22, 24

Walley 222 S322 ae etl saeceese Seas tock meee te 23

Promontory Ricnntorn 4.8 pee ee ie ie idee cen Dog cecceee eee e sano 20

Pryor’s Work... = 52. tas Beek Shee Renee eee oe a ee ee ee See 5a

Randolph, town Of: {222 222ccetci. 2s ccos-pedecesemeee t2 456. 25S 158

Red Bluff thedeé<i 2-2 2ies22% osssecbe te. . aree ke ete ceeee ent +e 172

Hed Mountain. 22-52 Sire. ico esc cct heel uh eee oee be eees Gee oo T31

Red Rock redken]. 22 -L6 2 te ol cic wince ale naneeloeieene = = oe er 32

ee eee ee eee tale a alee ae 2 =a ees === =r 22

Walley .c 255. bolle ethene ec ackies ons eee eeen =e oe 32

heport of Mr: ¥. V. Hayden -22..--22.4.--5. nb woccca ets ee oor 1S

Dr. A. 1G) Peale 0 oon seta nla eleie wine ae te 165

VET, Waal QUNOl Be ip <= ace ea a aah == s+ es e> © ake aeee esos ea 5 eee er 63,73, 174

Wear. ter Ste eee te oe eee eee 1
Beaver. Head: 1-50 oe oe en ein

Wire Hole. - 2.22 tekst bs pete ec ees ete eaes ee eon. ee 118, 122, 185
Gallatin +275 4-53. See Cocks aoe colo et Patece oe Sere ee

Hell “Roaring, 22-022 2s. i een Seki oe oe ee ee 77

Port;Neut-.;.. fete ee oe ea ae ee ee oe oe 22, 24

Vellowstonee sk Wee ec a i ee wale a's clcle alc nic new nln oer 49, 51, 53

DPOF ee =e elo ne ee oleae ene eat een pele 132

PW OTIC C EY ROR cto wo nnn tats emt eet mi oh te tn le a 113

isa ppers eeet-->-> 2 = aoe ee ae oe eee Gee eae eee 24

Rocks, catalopne-0f ; +2105. Sole ia ie won wl ta eee a ae 201

Geological character of, in Southern Montana. -.-...-. 22. .2i2eneeeeen AQ

of Caehe: Valley \-ss.:ujini ee iiss sdeewiech’ oes sacle dele 167

Oodem Canon: 220.32 266 Seiden sd aadhd ode ae oo odee aap tod een 166

Pleasant Walley : 2 3 sacc ied sade psd ddd awe Sanu 5 2555 eee 170

Whildeat. Cation 22225-2006 dace hotel Said ele! dodo ots nn 170

Rocky Mountain-Coal and Iron Company. <:-... ..-.45 -20 5008 anne sseneeeeee 1h

GIVING 3 foe esd ta ecaweedadeees eee Pee 31, 53

SOClOry OF 62. 226) 12 el edo sawaseghe Ceeees eee sie 146.

Tnosebud: Creel’: 25 en saw ss adn se yeas Fo aly ao bite pa ee 51, 54

Minas. ORK. cccewtst + stcess osssceaeseccme sccadeeeekeeess. cane ke Seen 25

Mound > Valley: i22. ccncasctcsschh thats doses dsectesscee) can Smee 21

PGS (EA ON oc ass caw awn hens dase ss smn a5 ewe claim, male neg 144

mete Creek. so oS cas aaa Liaw iba ee tee ete ph tin 1 ie wy le io 145, 158

Salmon River Range... in< cdmcnenscdasdaponmnn nes eaaies es sam 6obe nn 28, 31

SRI x sa Ss Scie Eee line re smi Bm ol wh 181

Salt from Idaho, analyses of .... .--. .--- -<-< «-=<-2 s<00 jcnamns so5q eee 161

SLC DIO i a cig on cee emp m= 3s me isi oa 18

WO 4k aon caiman ee mnie en. = eS = ena 3 19

SINGS ooo ne snedicstandennd scnenc cia ssinene ae «sites ee enn 190

works, Idaho Texritory «-- vecniesn ena sams ncn none smo ates ee een 161

ShiGIaS FEIWET Ninn c oa wins bisa e ce kee cm met een ms mo pmo le med a 52

Silica, VarIOUs TOMS Of. ..-... 2 cn nenin'es Hanna eon assne enn ey een 121

RRLViGN FOURS eee ee hae wee semen a am annie hp ewe ns pie mieten a alla cr 143

SHUTISR CDTAL . we tee se ene enwn eccm hos pane enn cane ano ee peice 15

SGT, TOWEL poi a we ee enn aa ce he see oes cine eee ee -
Snake Pager oo ee i ee op sank owe coe ee

TRI cies we soit em eee mae Sine seo woe ee 23, 25, 30, 150, 169

BOGTCOS: Ol on oon winin'ain niece nie dies a's» 9 mia deme oi mtg 32

BHOWY MOMDIAING «02066 cnn enna nine Keene s, oo 22's aon eine & ae 54

PEN a nine, sini = Amo ee eRe ww et i wo. te Sg a 53

DO CTCOI eo ain nine ween sane ne age ee eieee nas © ma A winiee i wien ene eee 153

Soda springs, analyses of..-..... Suk Acminchp we ecen oes ee waaay eee 159

Bear Bver <<. o0sc-n ancipes 6a ce ens neces sn e523) enn 151

Gescription Of... 0 -2k. on nons nnwck ene och Seen 193

CWIOPAdD. 3/0 n6 nape smile pele nee: Renee ¥ pia Stele ai tele nie ee 159

Pres SHO 2 occ ies poe coy nae cp can pms So ee vine wenn ote ce peas enn 46

Creek .--.-+ Gecoce ase pacann botek bs cee ewe ene oun ata eaten 157

Springs ear River... 2+ bonenemaemaewe weet hte hit ee on wait «eee 152

hot, (see Hot Springs.)

INDEX. : ik

Page
SICTMNGS, WC see Coed oe Hoo Gacobe hageer cecePeeceenoosue cee oben poles thse ss 103
Ibnin@ONe: WEWEW soo ceo cebeoo caps cmon oadn surobecces sseucebacoes se 168
HAMUL Citas aay te ee rear te ery tela afe eral yal War roarala) Suton sue Meee ere eae 88, 20
SUBNRDINU Ey ees ste meee eee ttinen chara: ayn oa Mbt niacin! meena arden sail a 88, 90, 103
(Se STON LEONI OY Reaeeeaeig tenets Aes le Ca eae i ae Dee ae oes aa eS Seg AS ARES 135
SE SEMIC DORN ELON a peg Sse =o os ae ace RA a AD ne oa ct 82, 135, 189
Same Charles, town of..52----...-- hc fetere rena traratl va fay aided 18D) ABO LA e weemrea es erode 157
SSR. LEONI es els Se che oi Pe aR men et eg et a He re 189
Hmm SIN N ALI © LEC Keterere -) ioc. u/s aratele eatin = a eine okie Ja 20'e asta in eiee eS 35, 3
Vaal le iyeeepeie sie cies 2 sin Sa ee eet a a RE a Toe oa Rie iLike 37
Sullpumr Eis ioe Sse e's Boece sits t (oe Sts A iiss Ae a eee eats Se 136
SMU MUO Spee ee ole sinicie sieialalectiarmitysiare ate cteiave! «a's atbok oie Sbcacode cee ae 6 88, 90
emreetMM COC Caen Uy oye UR NC iat ee Rie OS healt Dokl eee oe a 15
Meee Lely C AMOS 218 3.0 3a. sainia Lnayaincimialemiava lesion Morenocies SM ergata tion Ze Aimee ine 37
Be PPMP ARMING ER UU ote arn ieoan a slicer selene epee oie ata Go oie iain wun” ga evel) ime Seis oles 143
1. SHOUGIG, SEAS DIN 35 as a ge ag aes tl nena De eB ANN oye SO Ue cr. hy 29
BUT LICIS, LET AUGIORS ae eee ie gl seme an ee aN Ma ema Heya mee gD ace 3S 2
Hemperavure of hot springs, Gardiner’s River '....-...20.. 2.62222 s2ece.+2-4 175
Mower Geyser Basi). t os os sen ace ae ee a ae 183
Miadisomphgivent! 2555 72 ta sce cere eters wits eats 182
SLCaAMPOa WPONIG: 2k ols ci seine Oe terete See) Se are 189
Upper, Geyser ibasine-22..5520,. 49s ibe ceiy a alae 185
west shore, Yellowstone Lake ............-....- 188
TUCTSPRIG GS, ces SS Sic AAP Nae eB aR RO rep Ue 21 es AS ee 17, 56
BE rote eralie ice avis oe oe Aas aie) as ie allo Ss Sie ele ee aye ells safe era sce Nemes ie 13:
FUORI re stan AUP ices cine e wits GC coe bale Buel aumaeh Se ae he a\nae Smeets 28, 32
fommalsprines, catalogue of 2.2.52. 55. 2.2. 2225.26 tc eect cea sess ses 197
Benne MELONcan ame ee ere! A cian Wiencls we vce aul tunis cae ahuaielauw ala courte 140
PON Se Dee eee ens e Auitcec is sah cee aves we Sls oe kine ame ba Se Sicheis oieie meee are 106
aa eam ie Caer nn ee tals ore cin Gi sitre Sava! yet oon I aS ate mw habaila esa lek ata ayn eat mem ae V7
TERT DS) es eas ates at che ne fe a es oa op ea a A RS eg odd VR AAS a 7
Mb RcriMND ee Kemi te seme eee cit RRL Le Ren tehe Ma MINS ie cco Sic cc nae aati 50, 53
I ZeUlMeiya se era ire cet cine wa Se\cy si tteln ns re Sarai Siclobe) Sas iach avorcte wears 53
Biren ee ees itera ela Mek ater ee ac ag tN ie ek aah 97
UPTESEONGL TBS): 75 co a aR Ne ee gen ee RRR Ay a Me pe BN 190
TST aT SSORN GAS ech a eR a il Pg ea arn pean ee aT BE 112
STG) CHOSE. TRAYS te ae eI re eh nh me re ee 132
isreigpite lOwGuOl ern aeieaas core ence a Melee alain jaa! vac cists c ae acing a nicieteanince aloe 132
ean OUI CaM ctl tee tele io5 ete oe Loita ine de om Meerraeeereuele es 18
ERC pm Ul AUG WIMP ele er eye os Sic «ioc aiale a nize) 65 cin opyar'6 Bidiove bo Syeisials ei Rleteleicimte’e esterase 45, 139
WMO re ele ns wai ces 4 ses tee td as sibs soos Sa 8. bGa cee dco macwoles we 53
RG MomShOnG cee mera sais eee tale ae chee e ta ek eS Sf era aab ee at 45, 132
Birinci poses wae Se cw Nola aenae cc hoe see Soci Pete Cu eee eS he eS 39, 171
Brome UNC ROMA ETS 5 nwa ehh 5(e) aS oar ah mayer Sa 2's ars/b 5 onic cha lel weke/ micie erates Sratk'g 154
[VBE CS Re I ae Te gee a a en tO a ae A 75
Reicacemminance, “Character Of 2515 ccm cece eee d'o me celet ce cece mes cece anes 13
Waco Sprimg Creek: >.sc232 22222222 ee OA Dec eRe eet y a asta a'a a's) oan otare 72
NWI SS geek Sa ea Se A i ae A ai 2 A 25
Emesprmosmear hort! 235225 ee Gecece setts see acaba eels walls wees 27
rec Mlerow MOL sa aot s oot fe een ee eS Sepieteicepee ise 2
Pree ommartaninm, secre Nee ee Ree eee wold ore teayaicieis Ls Re es aie 68
White-tail Deer Creek.......-- ae OS A SER et, NN ee ee RR La Spe 142
ATT GENS QAUTUC IO RA SRN IT et Rr eal ae Pent aR nee TRO Bey ae Gay aayiod
Bop einen See ene ey POR 2k oo, Ghee Clea es ee ome ae 17
REN Vae Le Conners) 28 Ne HpaI re eve ete) eG Scie ei win'efeisfaidid oes! Gia /e line Gmina eee ne 141
PerommaGonl and Minine. Company -<.226 foc... costs wesc ee eee cen eens cans 194
Michlonisionmer (asim siti ies bso shots boc ol ced sels eee Cee eianysetlone 81, 182
Gam OMAS Lathan Severe Sa Sc tS Pe Ns Ge Ne Bh 51, 53, 59, 63, 79, 32
Cillian Ase Be trouve ee we eae SS Se ee La eS rece citer whale era aterente 55
aera sary atpioeter ait ae ela is alae cia Gams oe meio aa atsia a cud me Gal 96,99, 130) Tex
Park . Brera eet atten Peas nape ie" ae tse ap aha opium eterer eee alten er aiea aie ietierereee 162

Le Tae te Nae Nn Saat ACNE 164

532 INDEX.

Page.

Mellowsione "A060 oes see eee eee eee ee - ----49, 51, 53

pPeR ~~ oe ea cace ee eee ee se 132

Walleye oo eee eee ee eee ee ee eee 45,132

foot-hills £01 2. 522. 2324 See s- 3 SSee eeee 58

from Bottlers to Second Caiion ..-... /...<. .22-:. .saeeeee 54, 56

resources of..... Ee ee 08

Parts II, Il, IV, V—ACCOMPANYING REPORTS, PAPERS, &c. _

age

Agricultural resources of the Territories . ...... ..2-2. 22-2 ee ons coe winnie 205

Allen, Professor G. N., letter of_ ....-......--. ---s20 enc ees eee e = eee 269

Anabrnis symples 5. <2 as oan 5-0 ob ee ee 2 a 243

Barrel Springs, fossil plants of ..... .... ..26 22. --2. 0-2 onns02s-ceee eee 284

Basin, the Greal Galt Lake... 22. 00.0. Jo eee eno oe ecb ee : 227

Beaman, J. Wy Metearolory, iy... 2. 2b 5 See oe mate 501

Bear River Valley Sk Gite Rese ae mie «be sm asec ebe we bee wie ante 240

Beaver Head County, M.'T ....-..-- 5. . so Seca ee one oo ee 258

Benton Group, fossil reptiles of .... ..-. 62.2. <ucces' secs onan o= 2500 eee 327

Bie Blacktoot Valley <.0-~- <..2)--2n0-scemeeanceg-bUeSn sas eae en 257

Pards, tos... .- ao nn 0 oad Se oak eon ees eae be hoes se 365

Babo lepiosteus - 2<< .- 0 wa5 2 eee cen ns mes eee no = ee 365

Bitter Root Valley ..---..----. oS edo ee see em we ol 254

ees PE on on 5 gv nce onenie a ae we einen eis ee ane 284

RNY a 5 se me me a 9m Spa ae me ic eee ln 477

Boulder Valley, north - <.-. - 225 ---nsq55 cece cans panne cen dene <0 e enn 263

box Eider Canon... 1. 2.24 o0-ces non cnn one ne anaes senda aan amen 241

Butterflies, catalogue of, by. W. H. Edwards... .. .... ....<s--.0s-05 snes 466

new species:

Erebia Haydenii ...-.. 2.200 pecnansccces se eee 467

Baebes Vay aa a5 ane eee esas See eine he oa od hints ic enema 242

Cactacese, by Dr. G. Engloman. ... .. 422 5-25..22055 +25050 s<+=22050nmeeeeeeee 483

California, quotations from agricultural report of »........---.-----4 +--+ -.-- 218

Caloplenus APIOMIS os << 60 02 n6en ccasecesesss tncoss acne mane aon wenn 243

SEONG PUTIN a no oo en ens mene pai ane oan <a nme an omnis oni een 290

GaFRORIETOUS TOGBIID: 225.5. < anna wn nnn enc n eoce nso 0 nes ma anes od eee 373

Catalocue of Dubterilies — <n. nnn ssi wemee es en cnnsidcacicddn on ee een 466

Coleopieta wad sos ecomnee apn ken sar monn cnn eee 384

FORBAL BHGHS «. . 0 05s Siang hems amend in a njsy0es a 373

BRON a mw one a aos eg ce 498

PETA ais ad ung mm sie law Se om in ss he es ea 477

Ctimate of Salt Lake Basim........... ..00<¢.--<6 naerannhinnns wine 239

effect.on by settlements ....:.... 2.2 e-ses0 ane een--0nnna sane 279

Combvatle RGA oi oe oon no noo anew pe en amin se pee 290

COleopbeta, Uist O86. 5 seinen poten 3 See sksinm be oe A= ohne eee 382
Cope, Professor E. D., on the geology and paleontology of the Cretaceous strata

of Kansas. .-..-. 8-05. ee 318

on the vertebrate fossils of the Wahsatch strata.....-.. 350

reptiles and fishes, by ---. 1.0. -nns =ss~enahammeeee 467

Cretaceous fasails sins ec sees snes ewes con mens been noble epee nnn 375

Cretaceous strata of Kansas, ancient life of - .... ....-. w--cee seems wo emes anes 318

fossil plants Of .- 2. o.i 6 cn anan nas aia ee 303

peolory Of . 2... =. - ove. nstnenn pee eae ee ° 324

Cyperaceex, by S. T. Manny 29s Catena he . caceuee ieee 495
new species:

Carex Halli (2505. 225. +0 5n0mee mamapeee Gee 496
Deer diotive Valley 6.2 5 nic ane cnin iian wan niema d usin nimicey Wein paatiom (erie daeee eae 253
Drbothrinm cordicaps. 226820005 5 ee ee sees bain a cn i 382
Distanees, tablet Joo. 2 oo So an nn sd wanes eases Bees ee oe en eee ee S21
Divide between Snake River and Yellowstone Lake, fessil plants of..---....- 295
Edwards, W. H., list of butterflies, by « is.27sc 4 2k02 eine geee sees cee 466

RAG y aS ioc oe PEK, Vas onda ack pe ane ee a le ee ee 249, 250, 521

INDEX. 533

Page.

Bitkopstavon. fossiliplants,ot cee. one 6S ete cc acieca o deeetecels Seas 286

Miiath wes. culuivation of the plains: by «0.22. .-52ohs5 ots. faa ee cee ee 74

Evanston, Utah, fossil plants of coal strata at........-20. 2-2-2. 2.-ece vencee 291

Experiments in cultivation on the plains ...-....--...------ PERL Rye reat caer 274

Pamir ten LOSST 12) SV MOPSISGpOm oe 2 ok ess oo cise e win J o'e\d tea Satatani. va ae o.oo 327

MU Se Spe LO SSM Me o)y Sc eee erode aa (aya) 6 ato ara fefeninic en's « o'winis «n'a eS ere ciel cee arene pave eteniae 3a7, ofl
new species of :

EM OCOMC)AC AEEMMOLOMI “2 es mepeaperiee scalar ates cutee thet Mets CaM 472

AVAULIAMG Tear bye 8c epee ya ee Ieee les c, Mie Cus tt we eR nen en a rece 473

Chaostomusenycdrophlox, - oi ceecr ee Nacsa een Je See 475

AMOMEAIVUS 1c alee gee stale tae eet eteet ait Leys 476

DAIL OT As ie eee eee eee ees RNS Pe Ie IEEE St AT5

Cottopsis semiscaber ........--- i Sees YN 3 CLE cer ey ean ee A476

EVbOPSISmvavAbbAbUS eo 6 cavers chev cecil cise Slee siete c) doiyerenties on fee AT 4

Miance nay omc Mul CISiei nee aware Soca = cece ec ENR as 474

Pivoleucnspulverulentusiz.cscn ss cece Sere aces secs aera eee AT5

ee CHulophisumOCbUEMUSy cukek oes ce oe ee ee cae cere, Sere er ap ene AT4

ELOLOMORUG OMMMLMNG sc no sosce- aos Soe eale San Cone ae eae see eal 473

SEEM GOaN(0) COIL ETL ONE aA S| vu Sasa ana Tbge aioe in ie ae nue SRNR eau N ytalt nolan ne cdc 471

OLE WUTC WSs oe a Ses Ghee eee ales Mrapve arene erie oat So een Re ARE ae tas A471

Sposa ee 22 PN as rita ah Pa eUie RN Ae Vai a etn org aaa 470

dicomariinichéhyoides:: 2.50 cosh oo ae Soke eee oe eee eee eee 473

LOS SOSTRTIL, ey a il ao ete gS AR I I eA RC ei rey ade Meco nd 283

CIEE Ole NOTE MAIMENCAL SS as-uc cece sce men eee e na es a ae ial haa sams & 304

typical analogy of, between present BING Fossler ier alee Seine oa men ol4

te sr ROM CEN OUC ln see Shai cla se onc Geet a Get ecinabe sis saci Sawn ek ome sacnee 218, 237

JE ISI. LUO TCR) eB SG WN a DEI CP ec See ee 283

plants, enumeration and description of -..-..225. (2.22.22) 2s 2e- een 283

Seooraplical’ diStaipywwion Ok css hy. LA ee Se are ere 309

SolLavloTapuicaledishaDUGION- Oboe) see oe eee aoe 313

AIC Hote peees ieee eye levee mure re Sinan ay retusa Tm Sens OY Si nyc ee a ; 305

DUELS CROAIS Ee te 4 an re oy SE DAME Gens Aa anaes MR zeae che) Perce, 370

MOS sSMeATMOMleLOUSs Ge Na sQe oa Ja ae Boss dogs ees eee eh coed eee 373

WrEbACCOUS ions pee tee eee eee inmeeniclcera ity sae Sacamades (fe See Gece mee 375

RMAC SICH eye ee eer pac cece tacice ink mopar ee Paap ey Seaman ae hee ea) iad, Se 374

pLchiminany hist ots byt. a Week ss 2820 Pac's eee le eee 373

pil uma sete piers crater errs Morera laicmae ava eo omic em eae Gi ora mea 375

TROTREIR NDE hs 2 SSSI AIDA ae Te pay RE Nga Ua MOR be fey Ai dl Je 376

Coegslemicciiity Um DONT Gi tate as ee Bees i eat eae mae ae ya oe Soh, Ria neo 261

GEnekilereviow OF acricultiral TesOULCeS)...<-. ..2-+e snes sc eece Ses eeieees coe 210

ote MCA he ALUIMCS Se ae eie ya la !a.0 Sosinis cium oe Se ale sees keene Wee cess 210

Ceolocy, of Cretaceous strata of Kansas. 212.20. o2.. 20.2222. eens owe cee eee. O24

opaye Siits TE ei heyy aI gate ee ne cone ote ae 233

Green River group, fossil plants Oe Se eave fey ois ete vaie Rie eyetnas operoe chy aye orca rate eed ean 289

eereelimvns, Ont valleys Of NOVaAda cc cece = oe cleo «sae See tomes oc ccc ae 271

UHC ALO wall eyes terete ao te eg RU Gena cise Maree aeate Cote eee Nea SU 257

Js SOT 1) NSB 1 Dy yea ea erent 0 Up eye ey nee Oa cc EE 392

new species of :

Agalliastes associatus..-......-...-- PARE RPE Ye EVR. FSG! ee 419

PAM ISI ere Mb O leo a sapere sister sre] venir eC Te iets teats 5 a os etal A401

@aloconismealmienig: 3 oa cas sl \oree are ce eats oa co cae ee 410

Camptobuochismebumlosisycscsco sve en oe cee eae ewe eee anes oe 417

Cori Zusiairidicatisrees: oases atc el. oa ccen kee eee eee 404

MD) ACO GAMES METI. egiye sect rie Se ala otras side Seis amu yee eter eee 414

Dasycorisphumiliiges 425 355 science cette alee oe elSeimie ee Setareeete 403

EHadronemapmiltanis\acas ss tose case se heme ace ceee eaters < eemeee 412

Hereus insignis...--. 2. .----- 2-2-2 eee eo wee ene e eee eee 407

ELOMCOMUSH VAN GUS aio crarc sayy os aie Meeteheeialem eeeeietle «co.cc ceibjaeie 393

Holcosteuhustab WRevaabUs sociaa mien nies wa Som aeees mises nice wees 397

Labopsphespenitis..2e «css s ics Soe abana abate eaeoe te oman eee’ 416

Keptoprermaamceniay ssc Seeeke Ok aceon moms me eee nces caeleene 409

LY oe DUSMOMITADIMG 2 tc'0 5 be etaraae oihen Getto ae te niece Samo ates 405

LUV CUS) AMER Siaicjorcimres « «lsrsmas oe area afc a tele Sara ee ein es helene comet 413

MiaeroveliaVOrwndd s «) onsyar erase. ocuonaiee aise Cultaneetea Gas & cle oa. Gale ater 422

Mecnlocerras Genilisi.c cos wae atl seer a cae ereee oe & wate tien came 408

PAU TLIC sia sas ow cet Ly Se SED et ao gam 409

534 INDEX.

Page.

Hemiptera, new species of:
Metapodins Chomasy - o. 5.22 oo. 26. cu cts se boe eaten eee 399
Mieroporus obliqmus: 23-2. $5222 oe. fees ogee oe eee See 394
Neides decuryatus. 2-7-0 soe nee eee ee ee 402
INYSIUS ANOUSESLUS oo FCs re chee = She no amie 406
Rentatoma sramulesas oO. 2 55.566 .<.6qenq mnt cleine ete Oe eee 398
Perihbalis modestus sio255. 5.-- 2-2 ~atceeinan~ awe eee eee 396
Pim@us SOCMS S Nass aoe tee +o. ae ei Ee 420
Placiopnathus ebseurus, 22-22, .- <<<. 6.ceeeneon-- =. 2 oe 418
Pociloscybus aqimusis*.\ 3.5522... 2ssefcn Se. Pisin theo 415
Wenaticus ..-.2-.--% J o0 bean oes ee ee 414
Resthenia coniraterma...2<. <«-+. 450 550s os = a 411
Ehopalotomus braehyeerns. - - << ,<55-<secsses----45e See 416
PACHIENS |... haadc ees cee a Seem ea ae ee 415
palta \Caliacea: o...5-.c.cace sae sane seas pine ao ane eh 421
Tinicephalus simplex..)../.. 0.2.6... --5--e6e see ae 417
Henry's Mork, fossil plants of ....---.:.....%... ..1-Wel [Sosa sree ee 283
Horn, DrG. H., Coleoptera, Dy... . 2-25. .<2 Las cc sen ance es wee en 382
Trvigation 22.2322 5222 be sede ras cad shaded 65s a5 2 = 02 cabs, 3 os Sen «4 ee oe 269, 278
Jettemsen Valley: S26 85 Se i . oe Seo cidicicic tian eum eh ten os hme 260
Jocko Ikiver and Valley ... 522.222. i. cscaeee dees Doeeoe ee ee eee ee 252
Jpeey alley) 5c ook TTA OS SSeS Se ee See Scpe ee 267
dgraase tases ses t Loe SS oli we oie p= amenities emeeie eee eee 374
Junetion Station, fossil plants of...) - 22-22... .5 se see oeen wee bin ~ 2 eee 289
Kansas, Cretaceous strata of, fossil plants of 2... ...cn-<2 dens cuvi ennneeeee 301
geology, &c., of, by Cope... ..).:.:--5--= asseeeeee 318
Kootenay TIVGr 2 ieic pcae, caine winitee vk Hace wep Uwele des kinda Eee mnle ats een 251
Lakes, Rivers and, of the Great Basin .....<..6. ..00.-d0s=n0000 sane eee 231
Leidy, Professor Joseph, fossil vertebrates of Tertiary formation of Wyoming... 393
notice Of SOME WOIMIS ...0 .. 66 ness meen 3 cus ee 381
Lesquerenx, fc, tether of). 0. 525 6. dae osen ba oe wheans cheb s aes an see een 283
enumeration and description of fossil plants, by....-..---... 283
Letterof Prot G. NAR e oases oad Soo. coos wo ce en ecinn bee ates é 269
fi a RCRD ig Rh nhs Sk eae enc wees con am ae ak cet eee ie 501
TPR OUOLOUEs Css nce ee ecm wk bee ee < oS aed witli miee ee 283
PPE. Cp AWS ur Sis Si ne nice we & ww = oon nw pee pli ce 207
Lachens, by Professor BE. Tuckermait J. os. > cece ness wyoncs be t's Jao cuue coke 498
List of fossils, preliminary, by F’. B. Meek -..: ..s-.. ..---.------ -s=3 008s 373
Mamison. Valley: 220 0's sain oh ricin nna a ew ote wo eno ee 2 me egies can 260
Mebaue Valley. 272 7. 1s eel eSuce see decaanen sons Waele «Qcmein ee abies ee ‘ 240
Mammals, (fossil,) hy Prof. J. Leidy .:-22.2-.. 22-2 2260 sun?enae=s0 5 enee ne 355
by Prot, ED. Cope. i vce nace o6b= Sane aeeew oon bree ee 390

species—
Rathmodon TAGIANS 2. sos - s2-0 nnn oimmnale wan cane pp 351
BOMICINCHUB. -- <5 a a wien's seinen Se 352
Canis: montanus. . =. .a.+ <so0 se eeidm nha oe 356
Edotherium lentis.. oan. - ns .annn.aamnink oni aes 365
Pio psodHs. Palas 222. cnn Ac nsec nm mela an he eee 363
Hyrachyus agrarius ....... ./20tscl<b <ictevsasti nee 361
GXNGING ..\.<5..p ans ae aeeeida ate eee 361
IGMASHNS =. 3.2 - o-oo mone bao ee ato ae 361
NAUUGs so ncce Absons cnofl giclee ko see eee 361
Limnotherium elegana....--2. 22...) 24> sdnaneaeeane eee 364
TYPANNGA +s n= 2» -- eee edn Sela 364
Lophiadon: siinie’. 25: cn... ..= sepane soe ane aeons ae 362
pumilis: owas dest, oe eb eee ee 362
Lophiotherium Ballardi....... 2. css sis-<nh eee eee 365
SPLVSHCOM os Saiicees Ao eee ee 364
Microsyops gracilis. ...\..--»-<iaieend ke dee eee 363
Mysops minimus’... poise os bnew eee ee eee 357
Notbareins Tobustior }..5%!-...2 kena these octet 364
GENSDTOSUS 5 o wc on weedeat See ee 364
Omomrys Carters o. isnk oe libaceahe ae neem hens 356

Palzacodon verus ..... soe dasa es a a isles ain -osga tu sie tte oa 306

INDEX. 535

Page

Mammals, (fossil,) species:
Paleosyops major PIS Siacicleiscusisiain eine a atten a en aleera ae 309
PalUGOs ses Io. oe. c ater layers ee es 309
ParamycqleWeabion 220i. os nice eisoeeiseete eersc aia alee Cpe 357
delicabissimius 2 ase ties etd cee sient ee eat 307
delicatus ..--.- a Satay ost aah a elaine eR 307
apron lis wae eee! sec cu cie eee sae ee nes mee or OL 355
TAY OMS) ANC ONS TA esi Ais a aed eles ees cen oe 305
SCMICA VUS MUCUS pass sos 6k Lees tied ete beers SO ees 308
RUNG eee ey cise ss BSR Gat Aa a SS 308
DLVOD Ay LaMar ee chenille th getre eet Caco Cee 300
diriacodontiallaxye sae oe anal! a Hae Hos sc 2 eee aoe 3o7
ATO POSS CAShOriMenser ss 25 = Sao) sere ale aed che oes Sere site = 360
Veuulusa.-sse- Bernat ieee os RARER AERIS. SOS 360
2 28 VAG: SAS Secs pea oc Serene SUR eS Ob een ounce eo yes Nhs Cao a ner nae 244
Medieime Bow coal-beds, fossil plants of -....--..-..--.loeesceee sleet. ee.. 289
Miccieuks B..preliminary list of fossils, DY. .cjia2 coco oe ee Seek ens om BY)
Meteorology, TVR Vie a CAMMTN )-acc'e, ces otenciciny © ai erat tayo 3 ciaweiar neh eee ee eral 501
Meteorological edu LIONS seo oS 2 cigcayerale' kp nl Perl re ene et Leroi = 518
L521 8) Se ee RI eR PIE mee RSI Fenech SWAT CR SUES anid ps ADS 503
frre VceNMON Ze erate tay) Sth lnk hve as aye Smit et ayerel eB eiblnler eee ane HERR RS 257
Pitssnuisirmua ene Ole? he os Soo si058 scot epee ose wees melee eaeate ee ae 262, 266
omen MORUMETM SCCHION Of) 2p ura no con. Seen om poe sow Hes sees ces eee 264
MOLuWESbern, SCChIOM) Ofc h2ee2. sock Lae ee coean a See. Ue Some 250
SOMME ASCCEM SCCOLOMVOL= wer so 55 co es Sem Seat ee emery 267
Soublverme SeChIOMON 2 eee os sel ae on I ee 208
MIRCHI ONG ae pra ay 2 ea Sh oh tae hs Se aca. Seveh ree NUNES hE MSUS ac oa CRM IS a, WR Cars 248
Mountains ........- EUS aire Mis RA Nae Sse ah ys anes Msc mk re ts abe Say te ORE ENE 210
pine Creat Basta ol. EG eagle 228
PUMNMC MO LC Cape ce ke ies Muara ee ICS, a cla. a S So eh oneaya. a wel senate Licino 284
GaSe mae CSM ELOUR oc ae. aia no spelecienaiactscie ne ameadmlabae eee ae ease sale sen 493
Meter VIG Ole va pn eee ee cep a aiclee cle amie mali SA eg eate las SNaEN ees 271
Pea MEM eG TOSSIL LEMONS. Oo 2 22/5 55,52 Scie, ga :ccvaie) « aieis.cielamicicereicei tase eee 327
imune Me OmlGer Valley, Qe nec. 2- Sates ar s.4 io, < ace a tijecen pose see en eee 263
Northern part of Salt Lake Basin and Snake River plains.....-......-..---- 237
Orthoptera, Saltatorial, notes on, by C. Thomas: ..-. /..2. 25-56 ccce cee. eee 423

new species:

Are reicuimnay ep Tiaton UUM ye especies See SEIS as Se eT eee RS Lee Ste 447
heOmibalisey se eee coe Sk rocoto hare = MOR te eas wartime 448
ATA WIA SECONMOU AGUS a ateta lacs. ost cca el ee rete SIDE orev Set TOE et ew 440
CalopreniuspWOd Mel eee vi ccic5. oeisce each donne meee eee eas 451
URIS MISH aa yaar site ies sathe ude nec abe aie Seen ese s 454
OCEMMe TAS este a Be evs Ne pa ye ONE Sneek eee 453
UU Esc Uy us] UG eager tern ER DN Rg au a a ea aS 452
OTC UISTeS SS pence, Areal Mer Sct sh. sjathn AVRO CRRA. BN cant VOI 450
Ceuthophilus bilobatnses eh ook ease Re y SOS A37
CASEAN EUS Oma ae sop giihe ce ate soos co OM ee eat cos Gare 435
OP RORUTRRD USN ee cute eis Nak ie ne Msgr al a a 436
pp eal Ce eo ot en ee eas a Re mR Era 434
Coplophoramucronabay 3: 2052 | sees Sel eos eee oo Se oo 444
Decheus pallidipalpus!.-- 2: 2 8 eee i he, Bs Ree re le 442
NOC UG ba SIMO SAL ets cece sls eats Vk AEs a od wikis MARE Sci 443
OC CIS MIUAUIS Cer: fae ue Brey ee Cw oa 5 RRO Ae eves 444
Ghidhipo day onaciliswa memati eae oe hee Solel ne As eects REE UAek Coe 461
Pav Geni oa eietn ic cetie secmecw cece nk eete ete ee teen erate 460
ESTO Waa) ese Sc Ae cick one eo aie bin Cee Bema 461
TOU UP CUMING aoa aa ye cso ot cie bra otep si aetna aroma oe eRe 463
Moma mals saa eraheat so ocx ae Seal Sac OS ae TOR Sata 462
PAT ACO ely MS oi Ss a aravers, Nm everctamn cote oes PEAS Salen 457
ra GTall a tpea ate etetes or chee Cher cia 5. we Satie Sse ca a SERRA et eta opera 460
Vi OUMIN SaaS a a oa cinic «Se Sem ereieejages awae ea elseetee == 462
Opomnala “Wiyomimpensis) 286 scissor ase ee teen e Rese edak aoa 446
Oxycoryphus OUSCUEGY. Voade ca oasis ged ne Pee tins SDE 466
ReZzoue lui Ne DRASCONSINN . wswse c Hoon cate a meeO, Bue scleccetesaeis 455
DIWOSBY 2s aa te x wai cick ce manne Wiens de SAE eee re nea one ag cone 454
SLONGMOPMENS DIC OLOns et send akula era ace onmietiaGactc cane wueenecaee 465
Stenopelma is TAS CiaUG,. <2 a: «spurs waves COUR Re oe ew bad wemnc 434

Thammotrizgon Sea bricollis in. cee sie ca cee belek we elena cs Shaan 441

536 INDEX,

Page.
Paleontology -....-...- APE Se Saba aed fe a te ee sane Sones Sa oeeet eee 283
Pend d’ Oreille AMIssiON: <c5 0.6 ces < ees ns Soe ee eee ee eee ee 251
Plains, culiivation On the@s<.cs:.sies- oo Reel euael oo. ace eee eee eee 274
sebilement-Of he. oj. <a cccin od me cee chloe oe = heme meets aie eee 279
Plants, catalosue, of, by. T.G. Porter .-2cc~ecwsc tebe acc nte pancas cee Soe 477
new species:
Aster ay dena .sccjcco conema 2 ci gee nates ee eee Catena ee 485
Carex JAAN. « -. 3-5 cet cae St cin cthinae BARE ace 496
Porterella, (mew, SEnUS),... oa... ole ieee ek soe eee hoe 488
Trifolium iaynenit. 2: ....-.- eee eens ee eee aaee 480
Plants, (fossil,) enumeration and description of, by LL. hesquereux . .-222eeeee 283
new species :

Aralia quingnepartita .......--... - 220.2 Sole Sees. ce 302
Betula Stevenson, .- i222... .--. 1a -- Sa eae Secs Ren 5 nce ee 293
Ceanothus cinnamomoides .........-- ae ee ee as = o hee ees 289
Equisetum Haydenil....-.< . << cencce ens ccs once se eacued eee 284
Ficus arenacea.......----. wemaciscclase suenen Secs s one =e 300
PANGIN 6a oon an ween een eanciee een we anne wee eee ee rn 300
Gymnogramma Haydenil ........--- + elem ete al = le 295
Juglans TFhaAMNGITESS ... 2. wes ecn cies nce ence eew elena one oie 294
Liqnidamper Sracile 020. theese senrcmcvaeies (oe owen waa 287
Maenolia ensifolia. <2... ..-- 25 se eede ce ee ec ace anes «chee s RO 302
Myri¢a aMDIg Ua. 2. <.cecewenin snceme so ccediencina scene dee eee 297
Platanus Heerii: 2 .:2.-c2c0ccntanescespmsee bees land ee ee er 303
Pterospermites Haydeniil .....— <0 wa..cosjenieces woee'secet ceases eee 302
MU LIMNEL VIG) keno wikia saisi enn mie wane eels on 302
QUAATALUS 2..cccsieceeun eomees ose esos 5 = oe pee 301
Quercus SmMulans .~ 20... ocsesences cone Secces pov suele= pee ee 288
PORIOR ans oan as eecieme = iss pee = eee Sema teeter 297
gD Fg GE agape we Re nies e cove o Se oese ences howe. «nee 302
INGEN DROUIOS oo nmnin ae neo ne ine as eae os cose eee eee 292
POAIlEL 5. non ce eter cece eeneneenics sane sane eee ee enn 297
Rhamnus intermedius.... -. 2.220 -- -- oe eee ee ee ne ee ne ee ee ee eee 286
Bhs TEV and enc Henne ow scien sie mew nipia ptm ews vaso sled oa 293
Sassafras ODGUSOS ........nen< sccoes wavncciweasseiss suns a s~ aoe een 303-
Porter, Prof. T. C., catalogue'of plants by 2... 1.22.5 ss -sccne be cs sean 477
Pricaly Pear Vee ree i cde as dae we anne meen gerne joo eon eneeun tee 263
Report, agricultural, of Prof. C. Thomas........... 2.6. s..0 a+) e55peeeee 207

on butterflies collected by C. Carrington and W. B. Logan, by W. H.
OL WATOS cccnidebe amsw axenwwewen pe wwwant a tae ome etait 466
Coleoptera, by Dr. G. H. Horn ........ 02.006 Jscdes Jdceee eee 382
fossil flora, by LL. Lesquereux .... .- ~~ uasica= Seo oes see 283
fossil shells of Utah and Wyoming Territories, by F. B. Meek -.-.. 373

fossil vertebrates of the early Tertiary formations of Wyoming,
by Prof. Joseph. Leidy........-.00. nse esae hanes = eee 303
fossil vertebrates of the Wahsatch group, by Prof. E. D. Cope.... 350

geology and Paleontology of Cretaceous strata of Kansas, by Prof.
D. COpe cncscs.ccccee wouseeramuie sey aes eee wales nee enn 318
Hemiptera of the Western Territories, by P. R. Uhler ...- ...ss00 392
meterolory, by J. W. Beaman. ....2.0-ccce ce chen oonn cous pee 501
plants, by Prof. T. C. Porter... 02. ...0050 sclnecvoun badeee een 477
recent reptiles and fishes, by Prof. E. D. Cope......---.....-.--. 467

saltatorial Orthoptera of the Rocky Mier inte regions, by Prof. C.
TRONS gon in wisn in pic wie min wie nwcinie no wep mn cine aie Dias as 423

worms collected during Prof. Hayden’s expedition, by Prof. Joseph
CMG eae on eines ates om onic ae age Oe eee ky a 381.
Reptiles and Fishes, by Prof. E. D. Cope. ...—.- 22. 2s cncnds badewn'n con seen 467
WORM oie eee cine hangin enn eke os pain walls mye mom wine eels wi ilar eo 327, 366
Anosteira: ORR ooo n denn noc ree danas 0 sedan pee one <keeenn 370
Baens ATONOSs .-6 562 enesnaeensee = Se canbe hen eeUic aa k= 6 einen 368
WN = nic aah cimiainaicmnis ami emiet a ate nee ete ae taint = 369
Baptemys Wyomingensis...... -.../J00 soso n0. Soee sao eee 367
Chlidastes CIMEViaTUM. <. 205 a+ iene coo wus eo eune ap ciaae ob a eee 330
PUMUNG. «6 ccdew won nee cad awn'sa seesaw s peeb eee eee 330
NY MODs o-oo n < cncca ewe one See ek cee we a eee ee 330
Crocodiys Spins. ----.c50+ --+os0ccennaecatteeees noon Geen 366
Elbotii 1 ~..02- ..cas-duseDecske. Ce See eneeeee ee 366
FADBOUOG cs. sen icin nmanauteee + coeeaclh Wee ee Gale nenne Q 366

INDEX. 537

Page
Reptiles and Fishes, (fossil :)
(OMAINCERYe TS, TENORS Are coc oneeEen nn sors Nesponbua sees son anaes 330
Edestosaurus dispar..--...... Spsajsoe ae siise e's Ieee clole eecwete 330
BUCO DS scien olncicls aisle ate ninja iajs wi pime tga, ania (etm nobel 330
OTRO pete os eiel at ats stetmiceia: tehsia ata, Aero ay ae ehh pisieaiaite 330
NOLO jtesin st ao jalaer dalam eiefy cfc ae opis oalumietd eaten 330
PI LACMOSATMISH Dab YUL US cyan smele: » a silo caesar ee mtenie aaieleieeo 2 - 336
ans C aie igen scr ait a sere omen io aiciete lola cr) an clare aioe open epeie a= 367
AY SOLS OUI Sy NSS ESR ss aN a gt me CRY Ne 367
HLONCOMMS! COLY PIG WS) <sec ony Sea ne cial et ole! n/cin' lo! <te,oaid asad ace cee dol
TCUOTICUS clots = see tat rcioice © Satara the dais cies) wciniel are Sas 301
Mind Oil. late Sorat eietay ais ato ol aie = Sicko cise SARE See ool
BECUMUMGn a= opera a oe ete ts, </ a syo'ceete am atoie ele re ee eles mete 331
Ev eiby shat COALINGE os a eee tee vers ha cue rs VON eee IA a eee oe'wiciees 369
Hy POSaumSs VEDDMEL See wee c as cc ta cote en najeiniacisiayeeieecie ee 327
EXOT ORs CFASSAEGUBIs sores te errs oe sini) oan sic ners ptoe: Lip Uae ee wleioie 332
CULUILOSHTIS ioe ioc oe oul tame ed ccs sreuc etna cian) are emieeion ners 331
GUSTO C LON foe a re eyes ar aint eso hats el cera as Selec reveraroy elon 333
SME TUS: See a alata Sctel os'sie o/s ol slais'asisiiaicieraiaie) nisialowiela so beer 332
PAIS PTOUS sce paral iaiata a NE cya ae eae te winks areieromeeeare 332
RORUGC Reece ae areas Noten a ciaieisy ors c ave rete olni a eco ee yerstare 333
Ormnbhoc hurusiaan pp yaaa es eee ale ae ay cea ee laa iata Shai eee 307
TINA LOSUS palais, cin cep arti nio,c)e ous wiaen wale ero pani eemrate or
Holycotylusdatipinnis!s se 27. 2 cc apencincc cee Sele oe cto stelcisioreeieistst 330
IBEOUOSCE AN ONO US aco sca scisie = commerce. caicieincipacass, ceo see secs c ose) as 330
Seiralieyeet OMS TCLS TS sare ora ats a cine ae iat tars ester oh, cars 370
MESCUMO COLSOMIy arses ae ie iain ja Seaaiolar sla cio wine aiel sai ose ees 366
PRILOMYV SSO MUVALUS! a2 joes cinectosiinied oo tec scu Sanee aersiee Sues eee 370
new species :
HIGdOnVCrASsAarlUS) jel seine cc own er RIN AEE ribs sysoeesiel sale nie hoes 302
Repuliadossi! from Benton group, Kansas ...---- -.2..2-.--<--<- cecn-+ sso eee 327
INtolrarat bedi ec) i oF as cgeile ini eaters srsiainisibe ne a See eee eile 327
eH MRS SCRA oyo7-) yt) or Siallaliclsjofala seh ais ule) sia!siSic)o1 Sioa: afc wic'njnr ai a sista a cicte/meaione eters 217
imiersrid takes of the Great Basin. i005. 3. 05 cio eee oot e ce eee eect a ceee- 228
Sralumincice pin ASM. ois Say sisiac cinr)a\c\ saci sioeisia\eleineinieie, wiwicie tie ei shee see ewan! somienistee ee
MOMUMEMEATh) Oly se pyar valores a eo clciray ela ala nom ober crate 237
ALOU FO MSOUUMETD MOMbAMA, 2a. awe cee cele s) esa soce ce cemeecieoaiece 241
Carrere ere sat sree Se een tle cial siaie Gas a civa lea wiciatec ania Shs ee see 233
Sampa@lara Valley.ot California, irrigation Im 022. 222-22 sie. ones tees once 269
Sa EME SROMEb he PLANS cess aoms wae ios on oo Utiaelee sleia dao we oatseu cic - Se 279
Shells, fossil, new species:
PREG MEME NORM UG co25 os) na /cistelc/e seleleie cuintcte soe eisdveineb emalacer some 370
PRECIO We CLE MICA MOEN SIS < aoe SO aj ok Sei sc te rcitinie boas cent obs bie cu eee eoae 374.
HelairekiMitess MOMtAMESIS\a. sais, cae oe eco are eee ula cc ae oe ae ecuec oe ee sk 373
SSE LUSTET SY STRORSTSITIIESS 24 iS AA MAUR esl iO Gr Oc Te an BY)
Snake River Valley ..--- eh tr pie reteset teeta ea SN pee 2 lth SAV Le ates Fa RSs oan 247
pprne Canon, fossil plants from near ..2... 2.202. 2..ce ec cee coeces sect eee 299, 296
PiU teLV alongs cance toca as cae cee eee ee eget aa oan oe dace 259
BEN AN SITU Reet e yet ctey wera cc ee Sc ieicin se cranc ies Stake Macy oe nMiniSic.e aiaie aalAw eins ected 269
Bee MR ROTM VicLO Vacate charts koa Lic ay ie, Seay teed eee cea cored UU 265
PPMP SISOr Crevaceoustalna, KANSAS. = .5. 5256 eee eek etc e vedic cawces save 327
Table of distribution of species of fossil plants.........--.. 22-222 ------ ---- 305
Gigdicvances and elo vatiGis nose laces ete scie mainl sclancisie wins cisie maeioe ciweiieh 521
BAe Ole CLO VALLOMS cl loinci cope tosis ciao Wea woes dial bars sie che @eeroe eistcceare same welae oe 521
PAS LEOLOLO CIC Ales cc tae sisi e = steerer oe ao reelord cre iatieta aera 503
PRCAR TEV LOS SUIS Nac) cats is.a, taicielsen ee a a chotatrattiety w aicisiciercis eet APP ee eee RN RR S 376
PRC rOUIMESIEINY AON 2. 5. ye in a atete, s a Reding) wai Simininiie wale) datloais: aleye diets bicine\enre cee 265
fPevomMasVErOr C., ACLICULbULAl. TOPOrt Of > -s/--ciecianiee obec! me's oaacee'came ane 205
NOELOMRON er, Semel ate cornices Ses cinlehas come aS aid clave emiaier dummies e 207
saltatortall Orthonceray Wy. = aut coceicetn sinters a 4acis cemioran see 423
PETE M RLONESUS OCC. o/ctoe aionieaimalaieis pis nics swisie Wane, o Semtowia iiss Se aicios ween creme 218
PURGE MIO Irs <5, LOW. COMUS, WV wins caly w wie<ie) Gdn de) a Anicelngs diavelmmieiecine cieeks wataeien 488
ALR NUNC NTN ON ie 2 ciara slater wat alms ta shale & ii tain's|miciw locale sepals Sages aidal ski aeeel sen em aucr 277
Uhler, P. R., notices on Hemiptera of Western Territories, by...-.. .--....--. 392
POEMS VA LON, ee ieintinae eee chat iantel vei th hte Miele mils ne waist ate arated east Salas 238
DEL e CC Gye Aare mir eMeE read Pei anicia tis ahe ele Gia Gamimasne ne niiaip ae mare ea saat eat 235

538 INDEX.

Valleys of Navada, short descriptions of, by Mr. Haskell....................
Vertebrate fossils ef Wahsatch -sizaia -. .<-1.05c50. oo. SSRN Ee

Wahsatch sizata. yerietrate fossils Of 22.5 222 262 722s ES ee. . Soka snc
Warm Spr Caron, foseil ilartts froures—. ---. ase. =. 222-22 k eee
Washakie sretys, foul plants of 2 2 eee eee

Station, fess! linia tum 2 - . - 2. eee
Weer Valle oe ee ee oe wooed ae ee ee o> 29a
Worms, netice of, by Prof. Joseph Henly... 2 222 2-2... 2... eee

Yellowstone Lake, fossil plants from vicinity of- .-.. .-...-2...------ 20. ae
NR oa ie as see ea te

Zoology and Botany...... ee ele a we Sane anes

rey

TADE mm i
ap
ie Tr

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ft an Wo

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