Sem ae Soe poeta ge at POLAT Ip ICIP CHAS Oe 006 BI RY AE Teed Cig pe eRE a8 eet TERS > ae ey ETE ate P® Be tres = who ehiek hp Nideed : NAEP CL Asef OEE EAE onc : se ate baat Se pe eyes hae “" 7 ens Ee ETSY ie ee a ee oe ee as OTS ae EL a oa ee eye TS eae a eee eee PTLD AO APO IG APT OP hm | os ea RO OPM aT yn late Med ee CA kag PR tig D EEE RGR el Lond Ped Bing oetm ne ee EN eett Fe seat Se pe nen aah amet EO Gm MEF pe me Re Me a Sal, i adie rst ett Oe PT EIR AE ee I Be cetg sy mens tee a ag whee BRERA eS Oe Gree ne te ee ee Ee od adiaas arene a a ied Pane . aed “ . 5 ps 7 a “ rap » ¢ » = wate Beet Ie i i a Le hens - ; ease os " . : naptrties peatenter tenes el Se Oe ae ree pn an et e Se oak abea aaa deat ae 4 Pekar Se are ited ade yen oe ante Sete ie deat eee ee Wetted me Pe Be teie Manet Cie at Pater eRel isons comeeael Apaminal ah ais tielgte th eee ak aad on Se ae Peder guns aay Gt eagle gh yrenrcge == eA = ER ee te ige 7 \ sel a ; x i) Vea | it By ‘ sa iay a Ub ie ae yt AACE SS*hs 1. _ PRELIMINARY REPORT 2 sy ae SF . BAIRD. (NITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY or OE SOONG. , AND PORTIONS OF CONTIGUOUS TERRITORIES, (BEING A SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS,) CONDUCTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, BY BY Wie ee AO NCA O ED IN: UNITED STATES GEOLOGIST. Bete t ma Z Le. ot o y ep x [ivy i f ee ae GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1871. LETTER TO THE SECRETARY. WASHINGTON, January 1, 1871 Str: In accordance with your instructions dated July 15, 1870, I have the honor to present the* second annual report of progress of the United States geological survey of the Territories, conducted under your direction during the present season. In the field work I have been guided by the following directions, con- tained i in your letter of instructions : “The area of your exploration must necessarily be discretionary to some extent; but owing to the lateness of the season and the limited time for field-work, it is thought advisable by this Department that the field of your labor be confined principally to Wyoming and such portions of contiguous territories as may be deemed desirable. You will be re- quired to secure as full material as possible for the illustration of your final report, such as sketches, photographs, &c. It is desirable that your collections in all departments should be as complete as possible, and you will forward them to the Smithsonian Institution, to be classified and arranged according to law. You will be expected to prepare a pre- liminary report of your labors, which will be ready for publication by January 1, 1871. You are referred to your instructions of last season for the denis of your duties in the field.” The bill making the appropriation for the survey was not signed by the President until the 15th of July, and immediately thereafter I pro- ceeded to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, in accordance with the above instructions. My party was organized as follows: James Stevenson, managing director; Henry W. Elliott, artist; Prof. Cyrus Thomas, agriculturist ; Wm. H. Jackson, photographer; John H. Beaman, meteorologist; Charles 8S. Turnbull, secretary; Arthur L. Ford, mineralogist; C. P. Carrington, zodlogist; Henry D. Schmidt, naturalist; L. A. Bartlett, general assistant. Mr. S. R. Gifford, land- scape artist, of New York City, accompanied the party as guest from Cheyenne to Fort Bridger. My employés were, one wagon-master, four teamsters, and three cooks and laborers. At Fort Fetterman I employed an old mountaineer as guide and interpreter, through that portion of the country supposed to be infested with hostile Indians. * This is really a fourth annual report of progress of the United States geological survey of the Territories. The first and second annual reports will be found incor- porated in the reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the years 1867 and 1868. The th +d is the report of the survey of Colorado and New Mexico, published last winter. 4. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIIE TERRITORIES. The greater part of our outfit was obtained at Cheyenne. Through the generous kindness of the depot quartermaster at Fort Russell, Colonel C. A. Reynolds, we were enabled to start on our journey, fully equipped, August 6th. The previous year our course had been southward from this point, along the eastern base of the mountains to Santa Fé, in. order to study the fine exposures of the rocks of different ages, as they were lifted up by the elevation of the mountain chains. in order that the labors of the two seasons might be connected together, it seemed best to proceed northward along the eastern base of the Laramie range, by way of Chugwater Creek, Laramie Peak, North Platte, Sweetwater, and South Pass. The country along the immediate line of our route was examined with as much care as possible, and frequent excursions were made up the valleys of the little streams to their sources in the mount- ains, thus obtaining cross-sections from the central nucleus of the mount- ain ranges extending into the plains. In this way we explored the North Platte and its numerous branches to the Red Buttes; thence we struck across the divide to the valley of the Sweetwater; thence up that stream to its source in the Wind River Mountains. The geological structure of the Sweetwater Valley, although simple, was very interest- ing, and afforded ample scope for the imagination in reconstructing the numerous phases which it has assumed in past ages. We gave a hasty glance at the Sweetwater mines and the southern portion of the Wind River Mountains, and passed down the Big and Little Sandy Creeks to Green River, and thence by way of Church Buttes to Fort Bridger. Here we established a permanent camp for about twenty days, made numerous side excursions up the Bear River, Muddy Creek, Black’s Fork, and Smith’s Fork, thus exploring, with considerable care, the northern slope of the Uinta Mountains. This range is one of wonderful beauty, a unique creation, without a parallel in the West, so far as I have yet seen. From Fort Bridger we proceeded southward to Henry’s Fork, explored that stream to its source in the axis of the Uintas, then descended its valley to Green River, explored the latter stream to Brown’s Hole, and then returned up the river to the Union Pacific Railroad. The scenery and geology of this region are grand and instructive in the highest degree. From Green River Station we followed the old stage road up Bitter Creek, via Bridger’s Pass, Medicine Bow Mountains, across the Laramie Plains, through the Laramie range, by way of Chey- enne Pass, to our point of departure, where we arrived about the ist of November. Here the party was broken up, most of its members returning to their homes. A portion of the month of November was occupied in studying the more interesting geological features along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad from Cheyenne to Salt Lake Valley. Mr. Elliott constructed an excellent pictorial section of the entire road, bringing out all the surface features with remarkable clearness and beauty. In addition to hundreds of local sketches and sections, Mr. Elliott has de- lineated three continuous pictorial sections across the territory of Wyo- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 5 ming which, if properly engraved, will form a new era in the exhibition of structural geology. The collections in geology and natural history were very large, and many new forms, recent as well as fossil, were added to science. Some idea of the extent of the collections may be obtained from the catalogues which are appended to thisreport. I take pleasure in acknowledging the great fidelity of all my assistants to the interests of the survey, and their efficient aid throughout the entire trip. My principal assistant, and associate for many years on the plains, Mr. James Stevenson, rendered me the same faithful and indispensable ser- vices that have characterized his labors in previous expeditions. Mr. Elliott, the artist, worked with untiring zeal, and his sketches and sec. tions have never been surpassed for beauty or clearness in any country. The valuable report of Prof. Thomas will furnish ample proof of his constant fidelity to his duties. I regard his report as of great practi- cal interest to the country. Mr. William H. Jackson performed his duties throughout the entire trip with a true enthusiasm for his art, and the result is about 400 nega- tives that have hardly been surpassed for beauty or perfection. These pictures throw great light ou the singular geographical and geological features of the West, and are, in my opinion, a real contribution to, science as well as to landscape photography. Mr. Gifford, although accompanying the party by invitation for the purpose of studying the grand scenery of the Rocky Mountains in an artistic sense, reudered us most efficient aid, and by his genial nature endeared himself to all. To Mr. Beaman was assigned the duty of meteorologist, and his report on the subject, herewith appended, will show his zeal in the work. ‘The elevations, though only approximately true, must be regarded as of great , value, extending as they do over a country in which very few observations had previously been made. For alarge part of the season we followed the old routes of Frémont and Stansbury, and in our examinations we found their reports of great service. So far as the general geographical features of the country are concerned, and the leading facts useful to the emigrant, we found them to be remarkably accurate, and I take pleasure in bearing my hearty testimony to the zeal and ability of these eminent explorers. So far, however, as the geological structure of the country is concerned, but little of a definite character can be found in their reports. In my report of last year I spoke of the great value of the assistance rendered ine by the military authorities of the West. I take pleasure in again thanking them for still more valuable kindnesses the present sea- son. Before leaving Washington I called upon the honorable Secretary of War, General Belknap, with a letter from the Secretary of the In- terior, requesting such assistance from the military authorities of the West as could be afforded me without detriment to the service. The Seeretary ot War at once issued orders in accordance with this request, 6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. which were distributed to the different military posts of the. West. These orders were indorsed by General Meigs and General Eaton at Washington, by General Sheridan at Chicago, and by General George D. Ruggles, in the absence of General Augur, at Omaha. My outfit was obtained of Colonel C. A. Reynolds, depot quartermas- ter, stationed at Fort Russell, and most cordially do f thank him for the friendly interest he took in our welfare. The outfit we obtained here could not have been purchased in the country, however large our appro- priation; and besides the great saving to the appropriation, the real interest that both he and his subordinates manifested in providing everything for our comfort and success, called forth the gratitude of the whole party. At every military post we visited we were received with great attention, and the numerous favors, so indispensable in the performance of our duties, were granted us everywhere. In this connection, in addition to those already referred to, I may more especially mention Colonel Chambers, in command of Fort Fetterman, and Lieu- tenant O’Brien, quartermaster, Captain Gordon and Lieutenant Gregg, of Camp Stambaugh, Lieutenant Shepard, of Fort Bridger, Colonel Bradley, of Fort Steele, and Lieutenant Bubb, of Fort Sanders. Although the appropriation for the exploration of the year 1870 was very liberal compared with those of former years, I did not feel war- ranted in. employing a topographer, and therefore was able to contribute little of importance toward the improvement of our maps. The maps already constructed by the Engineer Bureau of the Army are undoubt- edly the best of any published in America, but in attempting to express the geology of the mountain districts of the West upon them, they are found to be quite inadequate. It has already been shown by the ablest geographers in the Old World, that any topographical map that is not constructed in accordance with well-established laws of geological struc- ture, must be of approximate value only. It is proposed to prepare a map of the districts explored, on a scale of two miles to the inch, not only to express the details of the geology with suitable colors, but also to show, for the benefit of our legislators, the amount of land that can be redeemed by irrigation, timber land, bottom land, &c. Such a map would be of great importance in determining the value of land grants to railroads and other corporations, and would save to our Government many times the cost of the entire survey. My explorations of the country west of the Mississippi began in the spring of 1853, prior to the organization of Kansas and Nebraska as Territories, and I have watched the growth of this portion of the West year by year, from the first rude cabin of the squatter to the beautiful villages and cities which we now see scattered so thickly over that country. We have beheld, within the past fifteen years, a rapidity of growth and development in the Northwest which is without a parallel in the history of the globe. Never has my faith in the grand future that awaits the entire West been so strong as it is at the present time, and GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TILE TERRITORIES. i it is my earnest desire to devote the remainder of the working days of my life to the development of its scientific and material interests, until i shall see every Territory, which is now organized, a State in the Union. Out of the portions of the continent which le to the northward and southward of the great central mass, other Territories will, in the mean time, be carved, until we shall embrace within our limits the entire country from the Arctic Circle to the Isthmus of Darien. Tt will not be possible for me in this report to give full credit to all for the numerous favors and courtesies which have been extended to my party, not only during the present season, but for the many years of the past that I have been exploring the West. Many of them were indispensable to my success, and a great source of saving in the expendi- ture of my limited appropriations. I take this occasion to state that every favor extended to myself or my party by the citizens of the coun- try, by the military authorities, or by railroad corporations, has been in. the past and will be in the future credited to the cause which I have endeavored toadvance. Livery dollar that could be saved Lhave regarded _as so much power given me to place before the world in a proper light the magnificent resources, scientific and practical, of our vast domain in the West. To Hon. Leland Stanford, C. P. Huntington, and Charles Crocker, of the Central Pacific Railroad; to Hon. John D. Perry and Gen- eral A. Anderson, of the Kansas Pacific Railway; and to Gen- eral John Pierce and Colonel Fisher, of the Denver Pacific Railroad, I would tender my grateful thanks for the generous manner in which most important favors were extended to me and to my party, thereby saving hundreds of dollars to the Government. To the officers of the Union Pacific Railroad, in years past, I have been greatly indebted for free transportation and other courtesies. From General G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluffs, to whom the West is indebted for its material advancement as much as to any one living man, I have always received the warmest sympathy and aid. I have also to thank Dr. T. C. Durant and Webster Snyder, former superintendent of the road, for marked courtesies in the line of my scientific investigations. Scientific men who are truly devoted to their calling cannot be specu- lators or ardently given to pecuniary gains. Citizens of the country and great corporations must ever be largely the recipients of the mate- rial benefits of these labors. Generosity on the part of such corpora- tions toward men who are devoted to the advancement of knowledge or the good of the world, may be regarded as the index of their tone and character. Iam glad to say that, with comparatively few exceptions, I have received from the railroad men of the West every mark of ap- preciation I could desire. In former reports I have frequently men- tioned the cordial sympathy of the citizens of the Territories in my labors. I am obliged to speak the truth as I read it in the great book of nature, whether it is in accordance with the preconceived notions of 8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. the inhabitants of a district or not, and I cannot depart from this inex- orable law for fear or favor. It is my earnest wish at all times to report that which will be most pleasing to the people of the West, providing there is any foundation for it in nature. When I cannot do so, I shall wait for time to place me right in their estimation. To Dr. G. L. Miller, editor of the Omaha Herald, and Captain William Wilcox and William Stephens, of the firm of Stephens & Wilcox, Omaha, Colonel I. W. French, of Cheyenne, and Miers Fisher, of Denver, Colo- rado, my entire party have been indebted, from time to time, for material favors of great value. My thanks are also due to Hon. S. F. Nuckolls, of Cheyenne, Dr. Hiram Latham, of Laramie City, J. W. Watson, of Georgetown, D. C. Collier, of Central City, and J. M. Marshall, of Black Hawk, Colorado. The gentlemen connected with the press of the whole West, with very few exceptions, have always given me the most hearty sympathy and assistance in all my labors, and to them I extend my cordial thanks. I have thought it best to make these preliminary reports the vehicle of much detailed matter which I believe to be useful, upon which I shall hereafter base many generalizations, but which cannot be repeated in a more elaborate final report. The object of these reports seems to me to be to bring before the people at as early a date as possible immediate practical results. I have also endeavored to render them as free from technical language as possible consistent with scientific accuracy. By the hundreds of thoughtful minds all over our country the essays of Leidy, Cope, Lesquereux, Hodge, and Newberry will be read with deep interest. If this report is not as complete as could be desired, I would respect- fully direct your attention to the fact that the entire exploration has been made and the report submitted to you in a little less than six months from the date of the passage of the bill authorizing it. It is my hope to be able to continue these reports from year to year, and to make them more complete and more useful to science and to the country. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, F. V. HAYDEN, United States Geologist. Hon, COLUMBUS DELANO, Secretary of the Interior. PA RW SE. REPORT OF F. V. HAYDEN. CHAPTER— TIT. FROM CHEYENNE, TO FORT FETTERMAN. If. FROM FORT FETTERMAN TO SOUTH PASS. Ill. FROM SOUTH PASS TO FORT BRIDGER. IV. FORT BRIDGER AND THE UINTA MOUNTAINS. VY. FROM FORT BRIDGER TO UINTA MOUNTAINS, HENRY’S FORK, GREEN RIVER, AND BROWN’S HOLE TO GREEN RIVER STATION ON THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD. VI. FROM GREEN RIVER STATION, via BRIDGER’S PASS, TO CHEYENNE, WYOMING TERRITORY. Maas ine ie a ‘ de VN eae Pe tind ene GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, CHAPTER I. FROM CHEYENNE TO FORT FETTERMAN. During the summer of 1869 my explorations were directed southward from Fort D. A. Russell, near Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, through Colorado into New Mex- ico, as far as the Placier Mountains. In order that I might trace the different geological formations northward in their geographical exten- sion and connect the results of the two seasons’ examinations, [ thought it best to commence the labors of the present year at the same point and proceed northward, by way of Laramie Peak and South Pass. Fort D. A. Russell is located on the north bank of Crow Creek, a small tributary of the South Platte. The rocks which underlie the country in every direction are evidently of modern date, and belong to the upper tertiary. They are cut through by the little streams, and we find ex- posed a moderately thick deposit of gravel and boulders resting upon an irregular surface of the indurated marls, sands, and clays of the lake sediments. This is the case in the valley of Crow Creek near the fort, where the vertical bluffs are formed of aluminous marl, with a greater or less admixture of sand. There are also layers of fine indurated sand- stone, with small cavities filled with clay and irregular seams of whitish silicious material scattered through all the beds. Near the base of the mountains are small fragments of feldspar.. Resting upon what ap- pear to be true tertiary strata are beds of greater or less thickness, composed of sand, gravel, and water-worn boulders, passing up into twe to four feet of unstratified marl, with a foot or so of soil. Our course from Cheyenne was directly north along the military wagon-road to Fort Laramie, and our first camp was on Lodge Pole Creek. The surface of the country is beautifully undulating, consisting of rounded hills, ridges, and valleys; but not a tree or bush is to be seen. The same formations occur on Lodge Pole Creek that are noted above on Crow Creek. The strata are the same on all the branches from the foot of the mountains to the North Platte. Horse Creek and its branches are nearly desti- tute of trees of any kind, and the water is so low that it can hardly be called a running stream; still the soil is good, the bottoms quite broad, and grass fine. For pastoral purposes this valley is very de- sirable. In order that we may study the geological structure of the country with success we must travel along the base of the mountains, where the different strata are exposed by the elevation of the mountain ranges. ‘To explore the more mountainous portions, we must travel on horseback, and make the road in the plains, which our wagons must adhere to, our base of operations. We can thus make side trips with pack animals to any portion of the country, however rugged the surface, if it presents any objects of interest. August 7.—This morning the train proceeded across the plains north- ward to the Chugwater, a distance of about thirty-five miles. With Mr. Gifford and four or five assistants I followed the valley of Lodge Pole Creek to the foot of the mountains, about sixteen miles distant. The surface of the country was undulating and covered with a fair growth 12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. of grass; here and there in the valley of the creek, or some side ravine, the rocks are exposed, revealing their age to be upper tertiary. Cream-col- ored marls and sometimes deep, ferruginous sands are seen, but the pre- vailing color of the rock material is light drab-yellow. The valley of the - Lodge Pole Creek will average about six miles in width from bluff to bluff, The surface of the highlands is covered to a greater or less ex- tent with gravel and stray boulders of moderate size, varying from that of a pin’s head to a foot in diameter. Masses of carboniferous lime- Stone are very abundant, showing that these beds were very accessible to the waters during the later drift period. Some of these limestone masses are quite full of fossils, as crinoidal stems, Athyris subtilita, Orthis, and Chonetes. A careful examination of the stray boulders scat- tered upon the plains will enable one to determine with a great degree of certainty what formations are revealed along the flanks of the moun- tains. I take the position that these superficial deposits are the result of forces acting from the mountains toward the plains, and that in sweep- ing down from the flanks across the upturned edges of the beds of different geological periods, as there exposed, they carry portions of each formation with them, and strew them over the plains. Wherever a form- ation is well developed and exposed, there the more fragments of it will predominate. . When the red sandstones are largely exposed, then the drift will be filled with fragments of red sandstone, and the same is in- variably the case with the carboniferous strata. The Laramie Mountains, or Black Hills, as they are usually eailed, form one of the shore lines of a great fresh-water lake, which covered an enormous area on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains during the middle and upper tertiary epoch. When the waters were drained away from this lake basin, a vast thickness of clays, marls, sands, and sandstones was left high on the sides of the mountains, sometimes reaching nearly to the crest or divide. In many localities the beds have not been subjected to as much denudation as in others, and in that case they jut up against the mountain sides so as to conceal all the older un- changed strata, and not unfrequently concealing the metamorphic rocks over large areas. Along the immediate line of the Union Pacific Railroad, the tertiary beds form a sort of bench, which rises gradually from Cheyenne nearly to Granite Station. The tertiary beds are stripped off only to a moderate extent, revealing a bed or two of carboniferous limestone. A vertical section would show the upper tertiary deposits resting directly, though uncontormably, on the carboniferous limestones, and the latter lying on the granites. But on either side, north or south, not only the car- boniferous rocks are exposed, but the red beds and, perhaps, the triassic¢ or cretaceous. Allalong the flanks of the mountains, from Granite Canon Station northward to the northern boundary of this lake basin, we know that formations of the ageof carboniferous, triassic, Jurassic, cretaceous, and perhaps lignite tertiary, exist, whether exposed by the denudation of the White River tertiary beds or not. Itis proper, therefore, to color all these formations on a geological map by bands or zones along the sides of mountain ranges. Though if a map were constructed on a large scale and the geology colored in detail upon it, these bands would be some- what interrupted here and there by the-concealment of one or more of the formations, by modern tertiary, or drift deposits. The valleys of the little streams, as they extend down into the plains from the moun- tains, are usually quite rugged at first, but become less so until the sides are rounded and grass-covered. But along the immediate base of the mountains there is often a valley at right angles to the valleys of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 13 streams and parallel with the mountain ranges, and evidently scooped out by forces acting from them. [rom the head of Crow Creek to the Chugwater, there is a well-marked illustration of this type of valley. Jt averages from five te ten miles in width, and the surface is gently _ rolling, and usually covered with grass. The little streams as they pass across it do not cut deep channels. ‘The eastern side is a high, abrupt, irregular wall of White River tertiary beds, oftentimes so eroded as to present in some degree the architectural appearance of the “bad lands.” Through this wall the little streams have cut their channels, and flow down through the plains in valleys with more or less bluff like hills on either side, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet in height. - Where these parallel valleys occur at the foot of the mountains, the changed as well as unchanged rocks have suffered great erosion. Here and there they are omitted tor some reason, and again appear in their full proportions. Immediately north of Horse Creek there is a remnant of the main “hog-back,” or ridge remaining, composed of the triassic and carboniferous beds, extending for about five miles, which is divided into three parts by the channels of streams flowing through it at right angles from the mountains. Its trend is nearly north and south, and its dip east; and immediately west the granites and gneiss rise gradually toward the crest of the range. This fragment of the main ridge shows that but for erosion it would have been continuous all along the flanks ~ of the mountains. An interesting question arises as to the manner in which these parallel valleys have been scooped out. That it must have occurred after the deposition of the latest tertiary beds is evident, from the fact that the streams which form the outlets have cut their way through them. Ulmus, Populus, éc., with very large Fort Clark. Seen under the a leaves of true fan palms. Also Helix, WhiteRiver Group on North || 9 Melania, Vivipara, Corbicula, Unio, Os: Platte River above Fort s trea, Corhula, and scales of Lepido- Laramie. Also on westside tus, with bones of Trionyx, Hmys, Comp- of Wind River Mountains. semys, Crocodilus; éc. =) 94 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. “The passage from the brackish to the fresh-water beds in the oldest member of the tertiary of this region seems not to be marked by any material alteration in the nature of the sediments. Nor have we, so far as is yet known, any reasons for believing that any climatic or other important physical changes beyond the slow rising of the land, and the consequent recession of the salt and brackish water, took place during the deposition of the whole of the oldest member of the tertiary here, since we find a considerable proportion of the species of fresh-water mollusca ranging through this whole lower member. The principal dif- ference between the fossils of its upper and lower beds consists in the gradual disappearance of strictly brackish-water types as we ascend from the inferior strata. The entire series of Nebraska tertiary rocks con- sists of three or four groups, three of which, at least, (and probably four,) evidently belong to separate and distinct epochs. They usually occur in isolated basins, but have, with one.exception, all been seen in such connection as to leave no doubts in regard to their order of super- position.” The most important thought evolved from the study of this Fort Union Group is the fact, which we now believe is well established, that it contains the history of the growth, step by step, of a most important period of our continent. The area which it occupies is not yet known, but every year it is extended north, south, and west. It is also charac- terized by numerous beds of coal, or lignite as it was formerly called, and, so far as the Upper Missouri is concerned, most of the coal is true ~ lignite.; It is quite probable that the coal-making period began in the latter portion of the cretaceous era, and extended up into the tertiary. The observations of geologists in New Mexico and Utah point to the conclusion that large deposits of excellent coal occur in the upper cre- taceous series. The field for minute study in this direction is immense, and we must await the results of future explorations before we can de- cide positively. Another interesting feature connected with this group is the splendid series of fossil plants which it has yielded, showing the existence during the early tertiary period, on these now treeless plains, of forests ofalmostsubtropical character and luxuriance. Dr. Newberry, the celebrated geologist and botanist, has already described more than fifty species of plants from this group, which were collected on the Yellow- stone and Missouri Rivers, many of them indicating forests of huge growth. Among them are not less than eight species of Populus, (pop- lars,) four species of Platanus, a sycamore, and a species of fan palm, the leaves of which must have had a spread of nearly twelve feet. The very interesting remarks of Dr. Newberry in this connection will be read with pleasure and instruction by every student of geology : These fossils are generally well preserved in a calcareo-argillaceous rock of a light- drab color, upon which the leaves are delineated with a distinctness that renders them pleasant objects of study, as well as attractive specimens for the cabinet. They are usually detached with their petioles in such numbers and forms as indicate maturity, and a common cause of fall, such as an annual frost. The mollusks associated with them show that they were deposited in the sediment which accumulated at the bottom of some fresh-water stream or lake, and they are generally spread out so smoothly and so entire, that it is evident no violence, not even the action of a rapid current, could have been attendant upon their deposition. The sediment which inclosed them was usually very fine; a fact also indicative of a tranquil state of the water in which they were suspended. The explorations of Dr. Hayden prove that this miocene lignite formation occupies the beds of extensive lakes, which filled deep basins on the surface of the continent when it had but recently emerged from the cretaceous sea. As has been remarked elsewhere, the lower members of the series contain a few estuary shells, showing the access of salt water at the period of their formation ; but during the deposition of by far the greater portion of these heds, the water of the ocean was entirely excluded from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 95 the basins in which they accumulated. By tracing the outline of these deposits, Dr. Hayden has denionstrated that sheets of fresh water once covered surfaces in this por- tion of the continent which, in extent, rivaled the great chain of fresh-water lakes which exist elsewhere in our country at the present day. There is, therefore, every rea- son to believe that the remains of ligneous plants which compose this collection were derived from trees which grew along the shores of the lakes and streams of the tertiary continent; that then, as now, alternations of seasons prevailed, by which the foliage of these trees was periodically detached, and that, falling into the waters beneath, or near-them, and sinking to the bottom, they were enveloped in mud precisely as leaves of our sycamores, willows, oaks, &c., accumulate at the bottom of our streams and lakes at present. In comparing the group of plants here presented to us with those now living upon the surface of the earth, any one will be at once struck with the resemblance which they present to the flora of the temperate zone, and more particularly with that of our own country. In their study I have constantly found that on making comparisons with the plants of remote, and especially tropical countries, an entire want of resem- blance or affinity at once discovered itself, and the only instructive comparisons made have been with the present vegetation of our country, that of the miocene tertiaries of Europe, and with the living plants of China and Japan. There is every reason to be- lieve that future observations will make immense additions to this flora, and satis- factory comparisons and generalizations will only be possible when a far more com- plete series of its plants can be subjected to study. It is also true that as yet little other than the leaves of these plants have been collected and employed in the deduc- tions made fromthem. From the character of the sediments which inclose these leaves, it is quite certain that the fruit and seeds are also preserved in the strata from which they were derived; but as they are less conspicuous and noticeable than the leaves, they are little likely to be found unless especially sought, and it will only be when they are made the special objects of search that they will be discovered, and lend their import- ant assistance in the solution of the problems which the leaves present. For the want of such information as these organs would supply, some of the material included in the collection does not now admit of satisfactory classification, and the references of some of the leaves to the genera under which they are placed must be regarded as pro- visional and liable to modification by further research. Quite a number of these plants are, however, so largely represented in the collection, so well preserved, and so clearly allied to the genera and species with which we are familiar, that they constitute fair material from which to infer the general characters and affinity of the flora of which they form apart. In this list may be mentioned the Glyptostrobus, of which the stems, bearing the leaves of different forms, the cones and the sterile capitula are all present, and so closely resemble the specimens described by Professor Heer from the miocene of Europe, that they might also be considered the originals from which his figures were taken. The living analogue of this is G. heterophyllus of China. The Taxodium now described is evidently a close analogue of Taxodiwm dubiwm of the miocene of Europe; differing from that well-known species only in the uniform round- ing of the bases and summits of the leaves. The fossil which has been doubtfully referred to Sequoia Langsdorfii would probably be regarded by foreign botanists as identical with that species, but for the reason given in the remarks upon that plant, it seems to me quite doubtful whether it was a Sequoia, and more probable that it was a Taxodiwm allied to our deciduous cypress. The great fan palm (Sabal Campbelli) collected by Dr. Hayden seems to be a repre- sentative of Sabal major of the European tertiaries, and Sabal palmetto of our Southern States. From both these, however, it is distinguished by the large number of folds in the leaves, and from S. major by its flat, unkeeled petiole. The plate now given of this species represents the under surface of the leaf and petiole, but the collection also con- tains fragments showing the upper surface; and in the collections of the northwestern boundary commission are specimens obtained from the coast near Frazer’s River, which exhibit in fine preservation the upper surface of the base of the leaf and a large portion of the petiole. From these latter specimens the species was originally described in the journal of the Boston Natural History Society. The numerous species of Populus, of which figures are now given, will not fail to attract the attention of those whose interest runs in this direction. Several of them seem to be new to science, and show, for the most part, a greater affinity with the for- eign poplars, P. alba, &c., than with the specimens more common on this continent, though a single one, P. genatria, evidently belongs to the group of which our balsam poplar may be taken asa type. The little species described under the name P. rotun- difolia presents some anomalies in form and structure as compared with most of our poplars, but its resemblance to another species contained in this collection, P. elliptica, and one contained in the collection of the Northwest Boundary Commission, which I described under the name P. flabellum, have induced me to class them together. Among living species it has a striking analogue in Populus pruinosa now growing in Songaria. The several species of Platanus which the collection contains form a striking and in- 96 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. teresting portion of this group of plants, and all seem to be quite distinct from the fossil species hitherto described, or any now living. Of our American sycamores, the leaves of P. occidentalis are much more toothed, while those of P. racemosa are more deeply lobed than any of these. P. aceroides, a species from the tertiaries of Europe, is more closely allied to our living ones than these seem to be. The largest and finest of those now described (P. nobilis,) in its smoothness of surface, crowded and parallel nervation, departs more widely from the typical species of Platanus than the others, and has more the appearance of a tropical plant. An extensive series of comparisons has, however, suggested no affinities closer than those with the living Platanus, and I have little doubt that in these leaves, of which the collection contains a large num- ber, we have representatives of the noblest and most beautiful species of the genus. Two ofthe species of Corylus present no characters by which they can be distin- guished from the two now distributed over the temperate portions of our continent (C. rostrata and CO. Americana,) and J have, therefore, not felt justified in considering them distinct. The Carya, figured, seems to me clearly to belong to this genus, and to be closely allied to one of our living species. The Tilia also is not far removed from 7. heterophylla, one of our southern living species; while the Negundo, Sapindus, &c., seem to be the representatives of the genera and species now growing near the regions from which these fossils come. From this flora, considering it the analogue and progenitor of that which now occu- pies our territory, we miss some important elements, and such as we may confidently expect will be supplied by future collectors. Among the most striking of these deficienciesmay be mentioned Acer, Quercus, Magnolia, Liriodendron, Liqudambar, Sassafras &c., some of which, as we know, began their life upon the continent during the creta- ceous period, and all of them were members of the miocene flora of the Old World. Liquidambar, Quercus, and Magnolia occur in the pliocene beds of New Jersey, Magnolia and Quercus in the miocene strata of the Mississippi Valley; Fagus also, which is want- ing in the collection, has been obtained from the eocene by Mr. Lesquereux. On comparing this flora with that of the miocene rocks of the west coast, we find Smilax, Quercus, Salix, Oreodaphne, Acer, and Cinnamomum—all of which are represented there—to be wanting here, while the Sabal, Glyptostrobus, and Taxodiwm are common to the two floras. Until further collections shall be made from the plant beds of the Upper Missouri, it is evident that the deductions from the negative evidence of absent genera and species must be regarded as unsatisfactory, but it is a fact, not without its significance, that the genus Cinnariomum, which was largely represented in both the cretaceous and ter- tiary deposits of the west coast, and in the eocene of the eastern portion of the conti- nent, should be entirely absent from the large amount of material collected by Dr. Hayden.* We are at least justified in saying that from the evidence now before us, we must conclude that the flora of the banks of these inland lakes of the miocene period was that of a temperate climate, not warmer than that of the middle portion of our South- ern States, and somewhat less warm than that of the eastern portion of our continent during the eocene period, or the western during the miocene age. The notes on some of the species contained in the collection made by Dr. Hayden, Sequoia Langsdorfii, Sabal campbellit, Onoclea sensibilis, &c., have a bearing on the general questions to which reference has been made in the preceding pages, but the occurrence of an Onoclea among these miocene plants, and a species which I cannot distinguish from the living one, seems to me a fact of so much importance as to require some addi- tional comments. : The fern frond found by the Duke of Argyle in the leaf beds of the Island of Mull, and figured by Professor E. Forbes in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, (vol. vii, 1851, p. 103; Pl. Il, Figs. 2a, 2b,) and named by him Lelicites (?) hebridicus, is unquestionably identical with this. The specimen from which the figures I have re- ferred to were talken seems to have puzzled Professor Forbes somewhat, for he doubted if it was a fern; and Professor Heer, in his reference to the fossil plants of the Island of Mull, (Flor. Tert., Helvet., vol. iii, p. 314,) says: “The most remarkable species is Felicites (?) hebridicus, a fern which by its nervation differs greatly from those of the continent.” Ail these facts give this fossil special interest, for, in addition to its rela- tions to its living representatives—of which we cannot but consider it the progenitor— it adds another to the list of plants common to the miocene strata of Hurope and America. Of these—either representative or identical species—the number is now so great that they plainly indicate a land connection between the continents at that period; and since many genera, and this, with probably some other species, at that time common to the Old and New Worlds, have disappeared from Europe while they continue to . flourish here, it would seem to follow that these were American types which had colo- *If it is true, as now seems probable, that a large part of the Bellingham Bay deposits are cretaceous, that would account for this marked difference between the plants collected by Dr. Evans, Mr. Gibbs, &c., from those collected by Dr. Hayden. i : GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 97 nized Europe by migration ; and that when their connection with their mother country was severed they were overpowered and exterminated by the present flora of Europe, which, as Professor Gray has shown, is mainly of North Asiatic origin. The fact to which reference has just been made, viz, the occurrence of Onoclea sensi- bilis on the Island of Mull, off the west coast of Scotland, while it has not been found in the tertiary beds of other parts of Europe, is indicative, so far as it goes, not only of an American connection during the miocene period, but of an American origin for that species; and so, by inference, of the other genera and species common to the two continents during that epoch. If this inference should be confirmed by future observations, we should then see how the eocene tropical or subtropical flora of Europe was crowded off the stage by the temperate flora of the miocene, which latter, accompanying a depression of tempera- ture, had migrated from America, while the eocene flora retreated south and east, and is now represented by the living Indo-Australian flora—characterized by its Hakew, Dynandre, Ucalypti, &c., &c., which form so conspicuous an element in the eocene flora of Europe. This theory would account for the presence of these tropical forms in the lower miocene of Europe, while, so far as yet observed, they are entirely absent from the miocene flora of America. In Europe a few of the eocene forms lingered be- hind in the grand exodus of that flora, and mingled with the more boreal and occi- dental barbarians by which the country was overrun, while in America these which we now call Asiatic forms never had an existence. That this bridge between America and Europe was in a temperate climate is proved by the character of the plants which passed over it. On referring to a terrestrial globe it will be seen that by way of Greenland, Iceland, and the Hebrides, there are no very wide gaps to be spanned ; but a connection by that route would carry us so far into the Arctic zone that none of the plants which we suppose to have made that journey could have withstood the cold if the climate had been the same as at present. We have con- elusive evidence, however, that it was not so, for on McKenzie’s River, Disco Island, on Iceland and the Island of Mull, we have, in the recurrence of parts of the very flora under consideration, proof, not only of a warmer climate at the far north during the miocene epoch, but that a part of the plants which formed the miocene flora of Europe actually did travel that road; at least, that they visited all these localities, and, in the buried remains of generations which were never to see the promised land, left us imper- ishable records of the reality of this migration. That we cannot, without further study, assign a cause for this great change of climate in the northern part of our continent, is no proof against its existence, for the facts still remain ; the cause of the phenomena is simply a thing to be learned. Several pos- sible causes might be mentioned, but of those which suggest themselves, the deflection of the Gulf Stream seems to me the most natural, simple, and best to account for an elevation of the temperature of Greenland, Iceland, &c. Whether this cause would be sufficient to account for all the phenomena is at least doubtful. A diminution of the land surface at the north, if it could be proved, would help to solve the enigma. Prob- ably several causes conspired to produce this effect, but they were apparently local, or at least terrestrial, as a cosmical cause, producing a general elevation of temperature on the earth’s surface, would have given us a tropical flora on the Upper Missouri, whereas we find in the miocene flora there, as yet, really no tropical plants. There is one other basin near the sources of the Missouri River which has already yielded many fossils of great interest, but which seems to be isolated from the others. This is what 1 have called the Judith basin, and inasmuch as it seems to be one of the ancient lake deposits, and characterized bya peculiar group of organic remains, I will designate the strata as the Judith Group./ The sediments do not differ materially ' from those of the Fort Union Group, and they contain impure beds of | lignite, fresh water mollusca, and a few leaves of deciduous trees. But | the most remarkable feature of this group is the number and variety of — the curious reptilian remains, of which we have only yet caught a glimpse. There is probably no portion of the West that furnishes such a harvest of fossil remains and instructive geological facts as the coun- try bordering on the Missouri River, fromthe mouth of the Yellowstone to the foot of the mountains above the great falls of the Missouri; and as this country is reserved for examination the coming season, lL will leave the obscurity which now invests it to be cleared in the next annual report. All the groups of rocks now known to occur ip. the Northwest are well shown along the flanks and among the foot-hil)s of the mountains. The 7G e 98 GECLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. smaller ranges, as the Little Rocky, Judith, Bear’s Paw, and Belt ranges, form the most interesting studies. As a rule, a central mass ornucleus — of metamorphic rocks is elevated above the surrounding plain, and around these nuclei are exposed the Jurassic, triassic, carboniferous, and Potsdam rocks, in their order of sequence. But nothing short of a topo- graphical survey, in connection with the geology, will make the struc- ture of this region clear to the scientifie world. The Black Hills of Dakota will form one of the most interesting studies on this continent. There is so much regularity in the upheaval that all obscurity is removed and all the formations known in the West are revealed in zones or belts around the granitic nucleus in their fullest development. A careful detailed topographical and geological survey of this range would be a most valuable contribution to science. In all the western country I have never seen the cretaceous, Jurassic, triassic, or red-beds, the carboniferous and Potsdam rocks, so well exposed for study as around the Black Hills. CHAPTER VIII. *FROM OMAHA TO CHEYENNE. In the preceding chapter I have given a brief review of the geologi- cal formations of the Northwest, as revealed by that grand natural sec- tion, the valley of the Missouri River. We are now prepared to pro- ceed on our journey westward. The city of Omaha is most beautifully located on the western bank of the Missouri River, on a second terrace, about fifty feet above the water- level of the river. Terraces of the kind alluded to form a peculiar fea- ture along the Missouri River and its tributaries, and are found from the foot of the mountains to its mouth, and in many instances they seem — to afford most beautiful natural sites for cities. I will not, at this time, enter into an explanation of the causes which produce these terraces, but simply remark that they perhaps indicate oscillations of level in the surface, or the gradual recession of the waters toward the sea, and that, far back in the past, each one of them has at one time formed the bed of the river. They also seem to indicate that formerly the Mis- souri carried to the ocean a vastly greater volume of water than at pres- ent. Another feature will at once catch the eye of the observing trav- eler, and that is the marvelous fertility of all this region. The wide grassy bottoms are black with rich vegetable matter to an almost inde- finite depth, while the upland terraces and hills are covered with a de- posit of yellow marl, varying from twenty to one hundred and fifty feet in thickness. There seems to be evidence that the ocean or a lake once extended up the valley of the Mississippi, and up the Missouri beyond the reach of tidal influences nearly to Fort Pierre, and that the myriads of mountain streams poured their fresh waters into the great arm of the sea, or estuary. These numerous streams, flowing through the soft marls, sands, and clays of the great plain country, mingling their sedi- ments in the waters, and deposited them in the bottom of this estuary. *In chapters VIII to XIII inclusive, numerous extracts have been taken from the text of a volume entitled “‘Sun-Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery,” and an article published in the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Feb- ruary 19, 1869, by the writer. These papers necessarily have a very limited circulation and as these official reports are designed for distribution far and wide among the people this will be a sufficient excuse for introducing them in this connection. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 99 The channels of all the larger rivers had been marked out prior to this time, for we find that these superficial deposits reach their greatest thickness in the immediate valley of the Missouri River and thin out as we pass up the valleys of its tributaries on the east and west side, while they almost cease to appear near the mouth of White Harth River. The question at once occurs, at what time did this geographical con- dition of the country exist? We believe that it forms a part of what is called the quarternary period in geology, which, though very modern, geologically speaking, really extended far back in the past before the existence of man on this continent, judging from the evidence we have been able to secure up to the present time. If we examine the numer- ous cuts, or washed bluffs, which we find everywhere, we shall discover a great variety of fresh-water and land shells, as Helices, Paludinas, Suecinneas, &e., and here and there the remains of the mastodon and elephant. In the year 1867, while prosecuting the geological survey of Nebraska, under the General Government, I obtained from these maris fine specimens of the molar teeth of the Hlephas americanus or Ameri- can elephant, and the mastodon, MM. americanus. These remains of gigantic extinct animals are mingled with those of animals existing in this region at the present time, such as rabbits, mice, gophers, beavers, buffaloes, deer, &c., which have been found in great quantities. Nearly all the shells are identical with living species which are abundant in some of the streams flowing into the Missouri and the Mississippi. In the banks of some of the little streams, oftentimes buried ten to twenty feet beneath the surface, are large accumulations of shells, as snails, fresh- water mussels, &¢c., while very few and perhaps none exist at the present time in the immediate vicinity, Sometimes, in the fine vegetable matter that accumulates along the Missouri River from. the annual floods, can be seen bushels of minute snail shells, yet not a snail can now be found alive anywhere in that region. We account for this by some change in the physical conditions which were once very favorable for their exist- ence and increase.. The waters of the little streams were far clearer and purer than at present. Now, at certain seasons of the year, they become so charged with sediment that molluscous life cannot exist. This is the case with the Missouri River from the foot of the mountains to its mouth, and scarcely a shell can be found in its waters; but in some of its tributaries, as the Big Sioux, James, Vermillion, &e., that flow in from the north, there is the greatest abundance. The traveler will very naturally inquire, why, with all this wonder- ful fertility of soil, these broad, grass-covered plains do not contain a suitable supply of forest trees. We will endeavor to answer this ques- tion in another place. He will find, as he travels over the State of Ne- braska, that the time is not very distant when portions of the country will be covered with beautiful artificial forests, and we will attempt to show that this is only a restoration of conditions that once existed far ~ - in the geological past Before leaving the Missouri River I will refer briefly to an interesting phenomenon which I shall work up in detail at some future time. The proofs of glacial action in the West are not common or very remarka- ble in their character; still they are shown to a certain extent, not only in the mountains but also in the plains. Along the Platte River, below Omaha, and on the Missouri, near the city, the carboniferous limestones have had their upper surface so thoroughly smoothed by glacial action that they can be quarried out and used for caps and sills without any further finish to them. And the process seems to have been carried on with wonderful uniformity, for the upper surface seems to be as level as 100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. if it had been wrought with aplumbline. There area few small grooves or scracches, and by means of a compass I ascertained the direction to be about 27° west of north, or about northeast and southwest. There seem also to be two sets of scratches crossing each other at different angles. Tt would appear, from the evidence we have, that all the limestones underneath the yellow marl and pebble deposits around Omaha, and south to the Platte River, were smoothed or planed off by immense masses of ice passing over them, for wherever these superficial deposits have been stripped, the upper rocky layers are planed off with remark- able smoothness. In the mouprtains proper, the evidences of glacial action are not uncommon, especially on the sides of the deep valleys and gorges, but the causes were local and operated when the temperature of the climate was much lower than it is at present. Westward from Omaha we wend our way among the rounded grassy hills which rise in wave-like undulations as far as the eye can reach in every direction. The first glance at such a scene strikes the stranger with astonishment at its wonderful beauty, but it soon becomes so mon- otonous that any flat plain or rugged mountain is a relief. About thirty miles to the westward the road passes out of the hills into the valley of the Platte, and the journey westward is one gradual ascent to the moun- tains, walled on either side by more or less abrupt hills or blutfs. Here we may stop for a while to discuss some of the more important geologi- cal features for the first one hundred miles of our route. The surface deposits over this area possess no small degree of interest, both in an economical as well as scientific point of view, but I have already suffi- ciently explained their character. They seem, however, to occupy a very large area in this portion of Nebraska, concealing almost entirely the underlying or basis rocks. The geology, therefore, becomes some- what obscure, and can be studied only at a few outcroppings, from point to point. The principal exposures are along the Platte, where the river has cut a wide and deep channel through the surface of the country. _ The fact, however, that the strata are very nearly horizontal, that there are no upheavals nor mountain elevations to disturb the original posi- tions of the beds, aids us much in our investigations. We believe that the whole of Douglas County is underlaid by the limestones of the upper coal measures, with perhaps a moderate thickness of the rusty sand- stones of the lower cretaceous or Dakota Group lying above them in the western portion of the county. At the mouth of the Platte these coal- measure limestones are very conspicuous, and supply the greater por- tion of the building stones of this region. The dip, if any, is quite gen- tle toward the northwest, and at the mouth of the Elkhorn River the carboniferous limestones have passed beneath the water-level of the Platte, not to be seen again until we arrive at the eastern margins of the Rocky Mountains. Overlying these are the ferruginous sandstones which contain the impressions of deciduous leaves. Near the mouth of Elkhorn are some of the abrupt bluffs of this sandstone, and the soft, yielding nature of the rock has enabled the Indian to record on it his curious hieroglyphical history. Fig. 4 illustrates the sandstone bluffs as they occur on Little Blue . River i in the southern portion of Nebraska. The question often arises in the minds of visitors to this region, how the law of compensation supplies the want of fuel in the absence of trees for that use. Many persons have taken the position that the Creator never made such a vast country, with a soil of such wonderful fertility, — and rendered it so suitable for the abode of man, without storing in the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIIE TERRITORIES. 101 earth beds of carbon for his needs. If this idea could be shown to be true in any case, we would ask why are the immense beds of coal stored away in the mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, while at the same time the surface is covered with dense forests of timber? Wenow know Fig. 4. SS eS = ———— => SS SS pee ——=—x\\ \ D NN \ that this law does not apply to the natural world, and if it did, this western country would be a remarkable exception. The State of Ne- braska seems to be located on the western rim of the great coal basin of the West, and enly thin seams of poor coal will probably ever be found. But in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming and Colorado, coal in immense quantities has been hidden away for ages, and the Union Pacific Railroad has now brought it near the door of every man’s dwelling. These Rocky Mountain coal beds will one day supply an abundance of fuel for more than one hundred thousand square miles along the Mis- souri River of the most fertile agricultural land in the world. Every acre of land in Eastern Nebraska is already in possession of the thriv- ing farmer, and some of the most beautiful farms in the West can now be seen there. Although comparatively new, it looks like an old settled country. Farm-houses and small villages meet the eye in every direc- tion, and the great interest which the more intelligent and enterprising citizens have taken in tree-planting is covering the once naked hills with the most elegant artificial groves. The time is not far distant when Nebraska will be noted all over the world for the grandeur and beauty of its agricultural portions. Being composed entirely of plain country, with rocks of comparatively modern age, all holding a horizontal posi- tion, or nearly so, without a single mountain range within its bounda- ries, Nebraska can never te remarkable in any way for its mineral re- sources. It is true that it has its salt springs, which are annually be- coming more important and valuable. These springs are located near Lincoln, the capital of the State, and the saline water flowing from them into Salt Creek has given character to quite an important tributary of the Platte for thirty miles or more. This stream flows through a most beautiful, rolling, fertile region, covered with splendid farms, and has « 102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. deep channel, with steep muddy banks, a kind of forbidden object. Not _& being can drink its waters, nor until near its entrance into the Platte do they, by accession of little streams and springs, become sufficiently freshened for the use of animals. The valley of the Platte is a natural avenue through the country, from the foot of the mountains to the Missouri, and all the earthy mate- rials which could possibly have existed over this vast area, from the summits of the highest hills on either side, and I know not how much more, have, in the lapse of ages, been swept down into the Missouri River and then conveyed to the ocean, to be distributed over its bottom to form layers for the study of future geologists. We may arrive ap- proximately at the number of square miles of sediment which have been removed from this valley. It is at least five hundred miles in length, and from bluff to bluff will average more than four miles in width for the entire distance. Taking this low estimate as a basis, we have two thousand square miles of area literally carved out and carried away. We cannot compute the thickness of the sediment at less than one thou- sand feet, and it is altogether probable that it wasmuch more. This vast change gives evidence of the tremendous forces of nature that haye been continually at work all over this region. West of the mouth of the Elk Horn River the valley of the Platte expands widely. The hills on either side are quite low, rounded, and clothed with a thick carpet of grass. But we shall look in vain for any large natural groves of forest trees, there being only a very narrow fringe of willows or cottonwoods along the little streams. The Elk Horn rises far to the northwest in the prairie near the Niobrara, and flows for a distance of nearly two hundred miles through some of the most fertile and beautiful lands in Nebraska. Each of its more important branches, as Mapie, Pebble, and Logan Creeks, has carved out for itself broad, finely-rounded valleys, so that almost every acre may be brought under the highest state of cultiva- tion. The great need here will be timber for fuel and other economical purposes, and also rock material for building. St‘ll the resources of this region are so vast that the enterprising settler will devise plans to remedy all these deficiencies. He will plant trees, and thus raise his own forests and improve his lands in accordance with his wants and necessities. These valleys have always been the favorite places of abode for nu- merous tribes of Indians from time immemorial, and the sites of their old villages are still to be seen in many localities. The buffalo, deer, elk, antelope, and other kinds of wild game, swarmed here in the greatest numbers, and as they recede farther to the westward into the more arid and barren plains beyond the reach of civilization, the wild nomadic Indian is obliged to follow. Geese, ducks, and other kinds of wild fowl, with ‘now-and then a stray antelope or red deer, may yet be seen, and the enterprising hunter may treat himself to a large amount of toil and a small amount of game. The underlying rocks, as far west as Colum- bus and beyond, though very seldom visible, are well known to belong to the chalk period, and consist of yielding sands, clays, and chalky lime- stones. These soft rocks, so readily crumbling under the atmospheric influences, have given a very gently-undulating and rounded appearance ‘to the entire surface. One may travel for days in this region and not find a stone large enough to toss at a bird, and very seldom a bush suf- ficient in size to furnish acane. Yet this region is settling up with emigrants with great rapidity; railroads are now in progress of con- struction, or are in contemplation, and villages are springing up in nu- merous localities. The principal ones at the present time are frémont GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 103 and Columbus. The latter, from its supposed central geographical posi- tion, has been regarded as the possible seat of the capital of the United States in case of its removal to the West. Soon after leaving Columbus we cross Loup Fork or Wolf River, an important branch of the Platte, which rises in the Sand Hills, one hun- dred and fifty to two hundred miles to the northwest, and drains a large area of country. In the summer of 1857 I had the opportunity of fol- lowing it up trom mouth to source in connection with an expedition under the command of Lieutenant (now General) G. K. Warren, United States Army. Its lower portion passes through an extremely fertile region, but above the Pawnee Reservation the Sand Hills begin to mo- nopolize the country and render it unfit for settlement. We now pass the eastern shore of one of the most interesting and most wonderful of those great lake basins which are found all over the West from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast; there is no water in it at the present time, and its existence is only known to the student of geology. During the tertiary period it occupied an area of at least one hundred thousand, and very possibly one hundred and fifty thou- sand, square miles. It will thus be seen that our greatest northern lakes, of which we so proudly boast, are but ponds in comparison with some that once existed in this mountain region. The close observer will notice at once that he is passing into a district the rock formations of which are quite different from any that he has seen before. He finds, also, that he is passing beyond the signs of great fertility, luxuriant vegetation, fine farms, and fields of grain, toa comparatively arid, sterile region; ‘still, the broad bottoms of the Platte are covered with a fair growth of grass, but the chances for the successful cultivation of crops of any of the cereals are very small. The soil becomes too thin, sandy, and arid for the growth of anything more than a scanty vegetation. We might linger here for a moment and inquire into some of the causes that have produced this scantiness of vegetation and almost entire absence of trees over so large an area. There is quite a remark- able belt or zone of country along the eastern base of the Rocky Mount- ains, extending from the Arctic Sea far south to Mexico, upon which but a small amount of moisture ever falls. This has often been denom- inated the Great American Desert. In years past this belt was sup- posed to comprise the greater portion of the area lying between the Mis- souri River and the foot of the mountains, but every year as we know more and more of the country this belt becomes narrower and narrower, and as a continuous area it has already ceased to exist, even in imagina- tion. There are, however, large portions of the country that are com- paratively worthless and arid, which may be called barren or sterile. It is now pretty well understood that the cause of the absence of timber in this great region is want of moisture. A very clear explanation of this subject, and one which seems in accordance with the facts, is given by Professor Dana in Silliman’s Journal, vol. 40, page 393. If we were to examine a rain chart we should find that where the forests are most luxuriant, as along the Atlantic coast in the southern portion of the Mississippi Valley, the greatest amount of rain falls annually—say fifty to sixty-five inches ; and as soon as we approach any of the interior basins of the western continent, or any portion of this dry belt, we observe that tne amount of moisture diminishes to thirty, twenty, fifteen, ten, and in some cases to as low as five inches, annually. Again, along the Mis- souri River, where the vegetation is quite extensive and the forest trees abundant, we have twenty to thirty inches of rain; but as soon as we pass to the westward three hundred miles we have but ten or fifteen 104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. inches. On the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington, whose gigantic forests are celebrated all over the world, we find that from fifty-five to sixty-five inches of rain fall annually. We might multiply these illus- trations, but the evidence seems to be conclusive. There is another point that may be worthy of note here, and that is the prevailing impression among all the inhabitants of the West of a gradual change of climate by settlement and the cultivation of the soil. It is true, that over a width of one hundred miles or more along the Missouri River the little groves of timber are extending their area; that springs of water are continually issuing from the ground where none were ever known before; and that the distribution of rain throughout the year is more equable. Such being the case, time may work import- ant changes, and settlements may at | some time cause a large portion of that belt which has hitherto been regarded as given up to sterility to become of value for the abode of man. The valleys of the Loup Fork and the Niobrara Rivers, although largely uninhabitable, are full of interest to the geologist. Located along these rivers is one of those grand cemeteries of extinct animals which have excited the wonder of intelligent men all over the world. Further to the northwest, on White Earth River, is another of these far-tamed bone deposits. These two interesting localities bear such a relation to each other in the order of time and the relationship of the animals preserved in them, that they should be described in the same - connection. I will therefore take the reader at once to the valley of White Earth River, near the southwestern base of the Black Hills, and there we shall behold one of the wildest regions on this continent. It has always gone by the name of “ Bad Lands;” by the Canadian French as ‘ Mauvaises Terres ;” in the Dakota tongue, “‘ Ma-ko0-si-tcha.” These words signify a very difficult country to travel through, not only from the ruggedness of the surface, but also from the absence of any good water and the small supply of wood and game. In the summer the sun pours its rays on the bare white walls, which are reflected on the weary traveler with double intensity, not only oppressing him with the heat, but so dazzling his eyes that he is not unfrequently affected with temporary blindness. I have spent many days exploring this region when the thermometer was 112° in the shade and there was no water suitable for drinking purposes within fifteen miles. But it is only to the geologist that this place can have any permanent attractions. He ean wind his way through the wonderful cafions among some of the grandest ruins in the world. Indeed, it resembles a gigantic city fallen to decay. Domes, towers, minarets and spires may be seen on every side, which assume a great variety of shapes when viewed in the distance. Not ‘unfrequently the rising or the setting sun will light up these grand old ruins with a wild, strange beauty, reminding one of a city illumin- ated in the night when seen from some high point. The harder layers project from the sides of the valley or caion with such regularity that they appear like seats, one above the other, of some vast amphitheater. It is at the foot of these apparent architectural ruins that the curious tossi) treasures are found. In the oldest beds we find the teeth and jaws of a Hyopotamus, a river horse much like the Hippopotamus, which must have sported in his pride in the marshes that bordered this lake. So, too, the Titanotherium,a gigantic pachyderm, was associated with a species of hornless Rhinoveros. These huge rhinoceroid animals appear at first to have monopolized this entire region, and the plastic, sticky clay of the lowest bed of this basin, in which the remains were found, seems to have formed a suitable bottom of the lake in which these thick: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 105 skinned monsters could wallow at pleasure. As we pass higher up in the sediments, we find the remains of a great variety of land animals mingled with those that were aquatic in their nature. In a bed of flesh- colored marl which is visible for a great distance, like a broad band in the sides of these washed hills, thousands of turtles were imbedded, and are preserved to the present time with surprising perfection, the hard portions of them being as complete as when they were swimming about in these tertiary waters hundreds of thousands of years ago. They vary in size from an inch or two in length across the back to three or four feet. But one species has ever been discovered in this basin, and so far as we know these reptiles made up in numbers what they lacked in variety. Associated with the remains of the turtles, are those of a number of ruminants, all belonging to extinct genera, and possessing peculiar characters which ally them to the deer and the hog. Indeed, Dr. Leidy calls them ruminating hogs. Like the domestic species, they were provided with cutting teeth and canines, but the grinding teeth are constructed after the same pattern as those of all living ruminants. The feet of these animals were also provided with four toes as in the hog, and none of them possessed horns or antlers. They appear to have existed in immense numbers, and to have lived in great herds like the bison of the West. Remains of more than seven hundred individuals of one species have been already studied and described by Dr. Leidy. Their enemies were numerous wolves, hyzenodons and saber-tooth tigers. If we pass for a moment southward into the valleys of the Niobrara and Loup Fork, we shall find a fauna closely allied, yet entirely distinct from the one on White River, and plainly intermediate between that of the latter and of the present period; one appears to have lived during the middle or miocene tertiary period, and the other at a later time in what is called the pliocene. In the later fauna were the remains of a number of species of extinct camels, one of which was of the size of the Arabian camel, a second about two-thirds as large, also a smaller one. The only animals akin to the camels at the present time in the western hemisphere are the llama and its allies in South America. Not less inter- ‘esting are the remains of a great variety of forms of the horse family, one of which was about as large as the ordinary domestic animal, and the smallest not more than two or two and a half feet in height, with every intermediate grade in size. There was still another animal allied to the horse, about the size of a Newfoundland dog, which was provided with three hoofs to each foot, though the lateral hoofs were rudimental. Although no horses were known to exist on this continent prior to its discovery by Europeans, yet Dr. Leidy has shown that before the age of man this was emphatically the country of horses. Dr. Leidy has re- ported twenty-seven species of the horse family which are known to have lived on this continent prior to the advent of man—about three times aS Many as are now found living throughout the world. Among the carnivores were several foxes and wolves, one of which was larger than any now living; three species of Hyaznodon—animals whose teeth indicate that they were of remarkably rapacious habits; also five animals of the cat tribe were found, one about the size of a small panther, and another as large as the largest wolf. Several of the skulls of the tiger-like animals exhibited the marks of terrible conflicts with the cotemporary Hynodons. Among the rodents were a porcupine, small beaver, rabbit, mouse, &e. The pachyderms, or thick-skinned animals, were quite numerous and of great interest, from the fact that none of them are living on this continent at the present time, and yet here we find the remains of sev- 106 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. eral animals allied to the domestic hog, one about the size of this animal, another as large as the African Hippopotamus, and a third not much larger than the domestic cat. Five species of the Rhinoceros roamed through these marshes, ranging from a small, hornless species, about the size of our black bear, to the largest, which was about the size of the existing unicorn of India. No animals of the kind now inhabit the western hemisphere. Among the thick-skinned animals were the remains of a mastodon and a large elephant, distinct from any others heretofore discovered in any part of the world. Dr. Leidy says that “it is remarkable that among the remains of mammals and turtles there are none of crocodiles. Where were these creatures when the shores of the ancient Dakotan and Nebraskan waters teemed with such an abundant provision of sa- vory ruminating hogs?” During the tertiary period Nebraska and Dakota were the homes of a race of animals more closely allied to those inhabiting Asia and Africa now, and from their character we may sup- pose that during that period the climate was considerably warmer than it is at present. ‘The inference is also drawn that our world, which is usually called the new, is in reality the old world, older than the eastern hemisphere. Ever since the commencement of creation, constant changes of form have been going on in our earth. Oceans and mountains have disap- peared and others have taken their place. Entire groups of animal and vegetable life have passed away and new forms have come into exist- ence, through a series of years which no finite mind can number. To enable the mind to realize the physical condition of our planet during all these past ages is the highest end to be attained by the study of geological facts. It has been well said by an eloquent historian that he who ealls the past back again into being, enjoys a bliss like that of creating. We may attempt to form some idea of the physical geography of this region at the time when these animals wandered over the country, and to speculate as to the manner in which their remains have been so beau- tifully preserved for our examination. We may suppose that here was’ a large fresh-water lake during the middle tertiary period; that it began near the southeastern side of the Black Hills, not large ab first nor deep, but as a marsh or mud-wallow for the gigantic pachyderms that lived at the time; that as time passed on it became deeper and expanded its limits until it covered the vast area which its sediments indicate. We cannot attempt to point out in detail all the changes through which we may suppose, from the facts given us, this lake has passed, during the thousands of years that elapsed from its beginning to its extinction, time long enough for two distinct faune to have commenced their existence and passed away in succession, not a single species passing from one into the other. Even that small fraction of geological time seems infi- nite toa finite mind. We believe that the great range of mountains that now lies to the west of this basin was not as lofty as now; that doubtless the treeless plains were covered with forests or grassy meadows upon which the vast herds of gregarious ruminants cropped their food. Into this great lake on every side poured many little streams from broad valleys, fine ranging ground for the numerous varieties of creatures that existed at that time. Large numbers of fierce carnivorous beasts mingled with the multitudes of gregarious ruminants, constantly devour- ing them as food. As many of the bones, either through death by vio- lence or natural causes, were left in the valleys, they would be swept down by the first high waters into the lake and enveloped in the sedi- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 107 ments at the bottom. As the gregarious ruminants came down to the little streams or by the shores of the lake to quench their thirst, they would be pounced upon by the flesh-loving Hyznodon, Drepanodon, or Dinictis. It was probably near this place also that these animals would meet in fierce conflicts, the evidences of which remain to the present time in the cavities which the skulls reveal; one of these, of a huge ‘cat, shows on either side the holes through the bony covering which had partially healed before the animal perished, and the cavities seem to correspond in form and position with the teeth of the largest Hyzenodon. The remains of those animals which, from their very nature, could not have existed in great numbers, are not abundant in the fossil state, while those of the ruminants occur in the greatest abundance and are widely- diffused in the sediments not only geographically, but vertically. The chances for the preservation of the remains of a species seem to depend upon the number of individuals that existed. The remains of ruminants already obtained comprise at least nine-tenths of the entire collection, while of one species, portions of at least seven hundred indi- viduals have been discovered. We might take examples from the ani- mals that exist in this region at the present time that would illustrate the point. ‘The wolves watch the deer, antelope, and other feebler ani- mals as they go down to the little streams for water, and all over the wide bottoms their skeletons are distributed in a more or less perfect condition. Whenever a bison becomes too feeble by disease or age to offer a successful resistance, the wolves soon dispatch him, and his bones are left bleaching on the ground. In most cases these animals when pursued betake themselves to the water, where they are not unfrequently drowned, or dispatched on a sand-bar or island. Annually, thousands of buffaloes, in attempting to cross the Missouri River and some of its large tributaries on the ice as it is breaking up in the spring, are drowned. For many days their bodies are seen floating down the river by Fort Union or Fort Clark, and lodging on some of the islands or sand-bars fill the air with the stench of their decay. In the spring of 1857 thousands of their bodies floated down the Kansas River past Fort _ Riley and were carriedinto the Missouri River. These animalsare often mired in the marshes or the muddy shores of lakes or streams in great numbers. We know what vast numbers of the mastodon have been preserved in the Big Bone Licks of Kentucky, and of the Irish elk in the bogs of Ireland. Wemight instance hundreds of examples to show how easily these animals, roaming and feeding along the numerous streams flowing into some great lake, could be transported in part or entire into the lake, and sinking to the bottom would be enveloped in the muddy sediments. There is another interesting feature in regard to these remarkable fossils, and that is the beauty and perfection of their preservation; the bones are so clean and white and the teeth so perfect that, when ex- posed upon the surface, they present the appearance of having bleached only for a season. They could not have been transported from a great distance, neither could the waters have been swift and turbulent, for the bones seldom show any signs of having been water worn, and the “nice sharp points and angles are as perfect as in life. I have dwelt thus long on the details of this great lake basin, not only on account of the universal interest that invests it, and the wonderful treasures of the past which it has revealed to the ‘world, but because its history is ap- plicable in the main to the numbers of the other fresh-water lake basins of the geological past which are distributed Henson the Rocky Moun- tain region. 108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Before leaving this subject, there is another interesting topic of in- quiry: why such a beautiful series of vertebrate remains should be so perfectly preserved in this lake deposit, and yet the remains of other forms of animal and vegetable life be almost entirely absent. The sedi- ments seem to be peculiarly adapted to the preservation of a full series of documents bearing upon the history of those times. And yet in the older beds, where the mammalian remains are most abundant, only one small species of snail, a land shell, is found preserved. Where is the evidence of the swarms of fishes that must have filled the streams and lakes of that time? Of the vegetable life, if any existed, only now and then a fragment of silicified wood is found, and. that, t00, in the latest deposits. T am prepared to believe that the broad plains were, even at the time of the existence of these animals, as treeless as at present, yet I am quite unprepared to explain the almost entire absence of vegetable remains. We know that fresh-water shells, much like those existing in the little clear streams of the present time, as well as some remains of fishes, are found in some limestones on the summits of hills near Pinos Spring on the northern rim of the lake. Another interesting question occurs to me in this connection, how was it that a complete fauna, comprising more than forty species of ani- mals, was introduced upon the earth, lived through its legitimate period, entirely perished or was swept out of existence, and an entirely new fauna, comprising about the same number and variety, was again intro- duced in the same region? It, too, lived out its period of existence, which must have been hundreds of thousands of years, and yet every one of this group of animals disappeared from the globe, leaving no- thing behind to tell the tale but fragments of their bony skeletons, acci- dentally enveloped in the sediment at the bottom of an estuary or lake. It will be seen at a glance that this is a fruitful topic for speculation, and I leave it with the reader. Some of the species of animals found in the latest deposits seem to have lived very nearly up to our present period. The horns of a deer and the bones of a sand-hill crane have such a modern aspect that the thought arises, where was man when these animals were roaming over this region? Recent investigations show quite conclusively that man was an inhabitant of Kurope cotem- poraneously with many of the extinct animals of the quarternary period, but it is doubtful whether we have ever found any evidence that he lived at a very remote period on this continent. Indeed, so far as we know at present, the West is singularly silent as to the existence of man in what are now understood as pre-historic times. But let us move our camp further south and toward the Platte Valley again, and on our way just glance at a desolate and almost barren but interesting region called the Sand Hills. They cover an area of about twenty thousand square miles on both sides of the Niobrara hiver, and are composed of loose, moving sand, which is blown by the winds into round, conical hills with consider able regularity. As far as the eye can reach the surface presents the appearance of a multitude of round tops, some of them scooped out by the whirling winds so as to resemble cra- ters. These sand hills have been from time immemorial a favorite resort of the buffalo, which feeds upon the scanty but very nutritious grasses in the little valleys and intervals among these hills. There is, for the most part, an abundant supply of water in the little lakes that are seat- tered throughout this region. Some of them are alkaline in the highest degree, and the fresh can be detected from the salt lakes by the pres- ence or absence of vegetation in and around the borders. ‘These hills are sometimes protected from the winds by a considerable giowth of pe mi ee — Sa a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 109 vegetation on their sides, especially the “‘ Yuceas, or Spanish Needles,” which seem to grow luxuriantly in these almost soilless regions. No portion of the country is so barren or soilless as to be destitute of its peculiar vegetation, and even those portions that appear most sterile SSS SS S55 ‘Sand Eniis on t Fe he Niobrara River. have some forms which flourish there best, and would perhaps perish if transported to a richer district. In the ‘‘Bad Lands” the soft, suc- culent cactus, which draws most of its nourishment from the atmos- phere, often covers the bald, dome-like hills as if it would conceal their nakedness and sterility. These large moving bodies of sand are not uncommon in the West; in the North Park there is quite a large area completely covered with them, and as the surface reflects the light of the suw’s rays, they appear in the distance like some extensive lake. Near the Mosca Pass in the San Luis Vailey is another group of sand hills which is quite conspicuous. The winds seem to delight in playing their antics in these places, throwing up the sand in the most beautiful wave-like furrows. Sometimes the strong winds that sweep over these vast plains will fill the air with a storm of sand so as to impede the traveler’s progress for the time, and again they whirl it in circular col- umns far out of sight. We shall now continue our way up the valley of the Platte with a good deal of rapidity. The country is monotonous, and yet now and then a fact of some interest might be gathered. Wesoon pass into what is called the alkali district, where the ground is covered in places with a white efflorescence, which looks in the distance like snow. Ifthe traveler were to ascend the high hills that border the valley and cast his eyes im every direction, he would see nothing but a gently rolling prairie, without a tree or shrub as far as they could reach. No cozy farm-houses, with all the signs of cultivated fields, greet the eye; no groves of timber dot the landscape. For more than two hundred miles along the valley of the Platte it would be difficult to find wood enough to kindle a fire. Fuel for the supply of Fort Sedgwick and the city of Julesburg, during the winter of 1865-’6, when it was in its glory, was hauled from the moun- tains near Denver, Colorado, a distance of more than two hundred miles, at a cost from one to two hundred dollars per cord. 110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIIE TERRITORIES. The surface of the country is sometimes weathered by atmospheric agencies into peculiar fantastic shapes) The rock formations are en- tirely composed of the whitish and yellowish-white clays, marls, and sandstones of the more recent beds of the great tertiary lake basin. aan = Fez SSS Fort Mitchell—Scott’s Bluff. The most striking examples are in the vicinity of Scott’s Bluff and Chimney Rock, which have been noted landmarks for years. The surface is here washed out into the form of domes, towers, churches, and fortifications, and it is hardly possible to persuade oneself that the — hand of art has not been busy here. Chimney Rock shoots up its tall, white spire from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. The Strata are perfectly horizontal, and, therefore, we may infer that the surface of the whole country was originally on a level with the summit at least, and that these landmarks are monuments left after erosion. These picturesque views south of White River are not-extensive, although on both sides the north and south forks of the Platte they occur in cer- tain localities. A few fossil turtles and the bones of some huge animal, probably the elephant or mastodon, have been washed from the blufts. At Antelope Station, near Pine Bluffs, about four hundred and seventy miles west of Omaha, a collection of curious bones was taken out of a well sixty-eight feet below the surface, which were at once regarded by the people in the vicinity as human remains. These bones were dis- tributed throughout the country and furnished many a sensational par- agraph for the daily press. About two years ago, Professor Marsh, in visiting this country, made inquiry for them, and succeeded in obtaining a few fragments, from which he determined the existence of a small species of horse, which must have been originally about two or two and a half feet high. : From amass of sediment sixty-eight feet below the surface, ten feet in diameter and six feet thick, Professor Marsh obtained a quantity of fragments of bones belonging to seventeen different species of animals. In it were those of four varieties of the horse family, one of which was as large as the living domestic horse; one or two species of rhinoceros; ,,: 4 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 111 an animal allied to a camel, and one resembling a hog; two carnivores, one about as large as a lynx, the other greater than any living carnivore, even the lion. Such a quantity of remains, so varied in species and stowed away in so small a space, has never been found before. What a world of fossil treasures could be gathered if the whole area south of the Platte and between the Platte and White Rivers were care- fully examined by men of science! And even then, only those which are exposed to the eye of the geologist by atmospheric agencies would be found, while the great mass of rock material which underlies the entire surface is equally filled with them, and undoubtedly contains some forms that will never be recorded in the annals of science. If we now take the cars we shall pass over a similar plain country until “we reach Cheyenne, an important and rather remarkable city, near the foot of the mountains, five hundred and sixteen miles west of Omaha, one thousand two hundred and fifty nine miles east from Sacramento, and one hundred and ten miles north from Denver. ‘This city is located in the open plain, near Crow Creek, a branch of the Platte, the hills as- cending gently back to the mountains proper, which are plainly visible from the town. On the 4th day of July, 1867, there was but one house in this place; within three months there were at least three thousand inhabitants, with the bustle and confusion of a city of ten thousand. Itis now improving rapidly, and promises a successfulfuture. Again, looking at the profile section. of the railroad, we find that Omaha is nine hundred feet above the sea-level. At Cheyenne we have reached an elevation of five thousand nine hundred and thirty-one feet, yet the ascent has been so gradual over an apparently level plain, that we have not for a moment realized that we were ascending at the rate of nearly ten feet to the mile. If the traveler has observed closely, he will have seen that nature had already performed most of the work of the road, and that there was not much more to be done but to lay the track, and that for the entire dis- tance of more than five hundred miles there were no rock beds to blast. Before concluding this chapter, we will throw a momentary glance back upon the ground over which we have just passed. Nebraska may be divided into two portions—agricultural and pastoral. The eastern part contains some of the most beautiful, gently-rolling, fertile agricul- tural lands in America, the very garden spot of the country. But the western part is a treeless, almost waterless plain ; yet, thick, low, sweet, nutritious grasses cover the entire surface, and for the raising of large herds of stock, as horses, cattle and sheep, this country is admirably adapted. Not more than fifteen to twenty inches of moisture fall here annually; the snows of winter are very light and soon pass away, the winds rapidly gathering them into the valleys or gorges, leaving vast areas entirely bare. The grasses, instead of decaying as in all countries with a humid climate, slowly dry up, retaining’all their nutritious quali- ties, and thus continue until April or May, so that all kinds of stock thrive throughout the winter in the open fields without other care than that of the herdsman. The time cannot be remote when Western Ne- braska, also Wyoming and Colorado, will be appreciated as a wool- growing region far surpassing any portion of the Hast. In the autumn many of the streams of the plains dry up for the most — ' part, although at long intervals water may be found. In ascending the _ valley the water of Lodge Pole Creek will appear and disappear almost like magic. ‘ Here we find it a swift-running stream several yards in width, and then for a considerable distance nothing is to be seen but its. dry and dusty bed. Even the broad Platte has so far forgotten itself for several seasons as to cease to be arunning stream. It is not uncom- 112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. mon for a river to be considerably larger toward its source than at its mouth. Many of the important streams that flow from the Black Hills into the Missouri are lost on their way through the plains. This is especially the case with rivers in the arid regions of New Mexico and Arizona. CHAPTER IX. OVER THE FIRST RANGE. In the preceding chapter I have endeavored to convey some idea of the remarkable character of the great fresh-water lake basin which occupies so great an area in Nebraska. We have seen that the carbon- iferous limestones pass beneath the lower cretaceous sandstones near the mouth of the Elk Horn, about thirty miles west of Omaha; that the eretaceous rocks extend westward about eighty miles farther, where they are overlapped by the marls and clays of the White River Group. These form an unbroken mass to the very margins of the first range of mountains west of Cheyenne. Up to this point our ascent has been so gradual that it is hardly perceptible to the common observer, and yet the grade has been upward at the rate of nearly twelve feet per mile. Tf we examine the excellent profile of the Union Pacific Railroad con- structed under the supervision of the distinguished engineer, General G. M. Dodge, we shall find that Omaha, the eastern terminus of, the road, is nine hundred and sixty-six feet above tide-water. At Cheyenne, which is five hundred and seventeen miles west of Omaha, the eleva- tion is six thousand and seventy-two feet; west of Cheyenne the as- cent increases with great rapidity; at Sherman Station, near the summit of Laramie range, the height is eight thousand two hun- dred and forty-two feet; so that within a distance of thirty-three miles we have a difference of elevation of two thousand one hun- dred and seventy feet, or an ascending grade of nearly sixty-six feet per mile. A profile section across the country east and west from the Missouri River, from the north line to Mexico, would show the same graded ascent, illustrating with great clearness the long- continued but regular upheaval of the great original plateau west of the Mississippi. If we were to stand on the spot where the city of Den- ver is located, five thousand four hundred and thirteen feet above the sea, and look to the north, south, or east, we shall see only a broad, appar- ently level plain, with no perceptible ascent; but turning our eyes to the — westward, the ranges of the main Rocky Mountain chain seem to rise abruptly out of the plain, showing very clearly that when the crust of this great original plateau had been stretched to its utmost tension, these lofty ranges burst through the superincumbent sedimentary strata as the germ breaks through the hard-trodden earth above it. The series of ridges which are so well exposed along the base of the mountains show plainly that all the formations from the summits of the lignite tertiary to the granites extended uninterruptedly across the area now occupied by these ranges prior to their elevation, and probably up to the close of the cretaceous epoch, and possibly somewhat later. This important fact is © better illustrated near Denver than at any point north along the main traveled routes, because the mountains form a portion of the great water- shed of the continent, while the Laramie range west of Cheyenne is a detached portion, seldom rising over eight thousand feet above the sea. This range, however, forms a perfect anticlinal, and must be studied in a) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. (lle detail in order that its beauty and regularity may be understood; and althoguh I regard it, as well asthe Black Hills of Dakota, a more pertect illustration of my theory of the elevation of the Rocky Mountain system, yetitis not as conspicuous an example to the casual observer as he lofty , ranges west of Denver. From Cheyenne to Granite Cation, near the summit of the first range, the grade of ascent is greater than between any other points along the Union Pacific Railroad. The distance is about nineteen miles, and the difference of elevation between the two places is one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven feet, or a grade of more than ninety feet per mile. The recent tertiary beds lie close up to the flanks of the moun- tains, over a belt of several miles, affording accomparatively easy transi- tion from the newer formations to the granite nucleus. _ For hundreds of miles either north or south of this line it would be difficult or perhaps impossible to build a railroad across the mountains, but here nature seems to have provided an easy inclined. plain to the very margin of the mountain summit. The ridges are very © nearly concealed, while on either side they can be seen as formidable as anywhere along the eastern base. Close up to the sides of the mountains this more recent formation is composed of water-worn boulders and pebbles, varying much in size, but as we recede eastward toward the plain they disappear for the most part. The same is the case with the drift, which shows clearly that the causes which led to the deposition of these beds operated in the vicinity, and the materials are derived from the mountains near by. On either side of this inclined plain, north or south, we can see the upturned edges of the different sedimentary rocks in this region.. Between Granite Cation and Cache la Poudre, about forty miles along: the foot of the mountains, not only is the scenery rugged and grand to. the eye, but the complications of geological structure are very interest- ing. ‘There seems here to have been a jog in the minor ranges which compose the aggregate range, and several of these smaller ones disap- pear in the plains. ‘The belt of upheaved ridges is here ten to fifteen: miles wide, revealing all the sedimentary rocks, from the carboniferous. limestones to the most recent tertiary beds. The peculiar brick-red. color of the sandstones, which are supposed to be of the triassic age,, gives a Singular appearance to the scenery. We have here the carbon- iferous limestones resting upon the granites; then a series of brick-red. sandstones inclining at different angles, with beautiful grassy valleys. between the ridges, and little streams cutting through nearly at right. angles; then a thin group of sand and marls, which may be Jurassic; then the whole series of cretaceous beds with their characteristic remains ; then the lignite tertiary beds with coal, all conforming to each. other, and all inclining from the mountains at different angles. All the beds just alluded to perfectly conform to each other, but the light-colored. rocks, which most attract the eye of the traveler at Cheyenne, do not conform, and were of course deposited subsequent to the uplifting of the mountain ranges. We can see, therefore, that the eastern flanks of these mountains formed a shore line for a great fresh-water lake. If we make our investigations still north of this line, we shall find, for two hundred miles or more, that these recent beds jut up against the older sedimentary beds, and in many places rest upon the granites. Sometimes. the whitish rocks have been removed by erosion, so as to expose the: older ones, but near Laramie Peak they entirely conceal all but the granites. In many places these recent beds are found high up on the flanks of the mountains, in a nearly horizontal position, as if many of 8G 114 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. the outer peaks were mere islands in this great lake, much like those in Salt Lake at the present time. I have said enough here to show the reader that from Cheyenne to the summit of the first range he is passing over a thick shore deposit of an ancient lake, which once covered a vast - area, very much larger than that of any of our fresh-water lakes of the present day. The cuts along the road do not show all the formations in this vicinity. The traveler must stop a day and wander away from the line of the road, if he would make his geological observations com- plete. The recent beds rest directly on a stratum of white limestone of car- boniferous age. This limestone is very useful to the citizens of the Territory, inasmuch as it can be burned into lime of the finest quality. The walls of houses plastered with it are as white as snow, and it is a great favorite with masons. The supply is inexhaustible, ‘although it is not exposed anywhere along the mountains in any very great thick- Ness. These limestones are regarded as of the same age as those we saw at Omaha and along the Platte, and if so, they must have been concealed over this long distance, at least five hundred miles, and had it not been for the upheaval of these mountains, would never have been exposed to the eye of man. Before leaving that portion of Wyoming Territory which lies east of the first range I will say a word in regard to its agricultural and pas- toral resources. The soil is fertile and must be quite productive where itcan beirrigated. Better pasturage does not exist in the known world, and sooner or later this portion of the Territory must become celebrated not only for the quantity but the quality of its stock. Along under the mountains and in the valleys of the little streams that flow there- _ from, as the Lodge Pole, Chugwater, and others, very little snow falls all winter, and the grass remains very ’ nutritious until late in the spring. All the roots and most of the cereals can be raised on the east side of the mountains. The city of Cheyenne cannot hope for a permanency until the surrounding country is settled by a thriving farming popula- tion, and the time is not far distant when the valleys of Crow Creek, Pole Creek, and others will be occupied with farm-houses and the bote toms covered with excellent crops. Plans have already been made by the citizens forirrigating large areas of the upland. The healthful change which will at once be produced in the country will encourage others, until all the available farming land will be brought under cultivation, and the prosperity of the Territory will be rendered certain. However valuable rivers may be to a country, and however great the impulse arailroad may give to the first settlement of a region, the basis of all permanent pros- perity seems to rest upon the products of the soil. The science of geology continually shows how entirely dependent upon causes which were in operation many ages ago are the most practical results of man. Like the ripe fruits which so many pluck from the tree, and enjoy without a further thought, so these important benefits are accepted by mankind, and how few are thoughtful enough to inquire from whence they come ! ! The stupendous erosive agencies which have in most cases scooped out deep valleys just at the foot of the mountains, have left this portion remaining of the inclined plain which I have described as extending from ‘Cheyenne to Granite Caton, and underlying the western shore of a great lake, and thereby rendered it possible for the Pacific Railroad to pass over the range, saving to its enterprising builders millions of dollars. We shall endeavor ‘to show along the line of the route that this great GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 115 road was really constructed in far past geological times, and it was left for man to discover and avail himself of the advantages of the secret workings of nature. The summit of this range presents some scenery which is quite unique and remarkable, differing in many of its features from that at any other point along the road. It would well repay the tourist, and especially the artist, to spend several days here; the air is delightfully exhilarating and cool, the water pure as erystal, and all parts easily accessible. The little streams are full of fish, especially trout, and game is moderately abundant; black-tailed deer, red deer, and antelope are yet found, though becoming less abundant every year, and with two or three kinds of grouse and woodcock will reward the sportsman. The rocks which compose the nucleus of this range are granites, or, inasmuch as they present a great variety of texture, I have chosen to call them granitoid. Sometimes the rocks are made of large crystals of feld- spar and quartz, with very little or no mica, forming a coarse feldspathic granite; sometimes the constituents will be quite uniform, and a fine- grained, compact, and most durable rock will be the result. Again, some constituent of iron will prevail, and disintegration is rapidly effected by atmospheric agencies. The surface of this range is literally paved with small fragments of rock, and the natural roads that are made in the mountains are macadamized with feldspar. Building materials are abundant, and as extensive as the mountains themselves. On each side are massive hills of syenite, which look in the distance like the ruins of some gigantic old castle. This is a close, compact, massive granite, rather fine-grained and susceptible of polish, much like the Scottish svenite. Fig. 7. = = = antl i mi uN = = i NUH Me” iy =! a My a \ / - its yt i] Nisa = \ WWW HA MUTT a REE Tn = : Nyy HH 7 i | (l; met i —a i ST Al recall) iF ey | nai im il mn OT Hi | i i ae I ‘ ini FA i aM i f nit poe, | a K es f Soo =a 7 Granite Cafion, near Syenite Station, Union Pacific Railroad. 116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. The directors of the Union Pacific Railroad contemplate transporting this beautiful rock to Omaha, to construct with it the piers of the bridge across the Missouri River. I believe it will prove as durable and far more elegant, on account of its brighter color, than Quincy granite. The cuts along the road furnish excellent opportunities for rock study. They are, as it were, portions carved out of the crust, and we can thus obtain more accurate notions of its geology than in any other way. The surface has often been so changed by erosion that the loose material that has fallen down the sides of natural gorges, in almost all eases, ob- scures, to a greater or less extent, the true character of the rocks, and I have found these excavations of the greatest importance in my exami- nations, correcting Many an erroneous View. Figure 7 is an excellent illustration of a cation through the different kinds of granite. On the right side of the tract the rock has been dis- integrated for a considerable distance down by moisture, and the feld- spathic erystals project from its sides with great distinctness. A heavy vein of quartzite is also distinctly shown. In the distance we catch a faint glimpse of one of these massive granite piles, which are so well shown in Figure 9. The character of the surface of this range of moun- tains, which is about twenty to thirty miles in width, is also well shown. Large areas are comparatively level, and covered with a thick growth of grass, with here and there a thin grove of pines. These trees are hardly ever more than from fifty to sixty feet high, and seldom more than two feet in diameter at the base. Further up in the higher ranges the white spruce and several other species of coniferous trees are found. Fig. 8. Virginia Dale, Summit Laramie Mountains. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 117 Figure 9 forms an excellent rock study, and it is a fine illustration of the style of weathering of the feldspathic granites. These massive piles, like the ruins of old castles, are scattered all over the summit of the Laramie range, and the difference in texture of the rock is such as to give a most pleasing variety, hardly any of these piles being alike. These rocks were once angular masses, probably nearly cubical blocks, and they have been rounded to their present form in the process of dis- integration by exfoliation. Nature seems to abhor all sharp corners or angles, and with her the curve is the line of beauty. Time wears off all the sharp points in thin, spherical layers year after year. Skull Rock is avother example of the tendency to wear into singular shapes. This rock, which has given name to one of these striking rock masses, has been peeled off, coat by coat, by the fingers of Time until it presents a very close resemblance to a human cranium. If we were to descend the beautiful valley of Dale Creek we should find the scenery even more romantic, and the granites worn into more fantastic forms. There is one portion of this valley which has long been celebrated for the beauty of its scenery, and known to the country as Virginia Dale. The swiftly-flowing stream winds its way through the over-hanging rocks, which sometimes run up a thousand feet or more, with nearly vertical sides, and among these massive granite piles are grassy, oval, park-like areas, which must become at some future period favorite places of resort. The character of the scenery and the style of weath- ering of the rocks are well shown in Fig. 9. Laramie Mountains. Sherman Station, situated on the summit, is well known as the highest point over which the railroad passes between Omaha and Salt Lake Val- ley, and appropriately bears the honored name of the Commander-in- chief of the Armies of the United States. We might linger for a time here and admire the beautiful and unique scenery which is unfolded to us on every side. We shall not meet with 118 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. its like again in any other part of the West. Long’s Peak, with its double spires, rises above the limits of vegetation into the regions of perpetual snow, more than fourteen thousand feet above the level of the sea. All around are less lofty cones, many of them so covered with pines that they look black and somber in the distance. Far to the southwest are the snowy ranges that surround the North Park, and in the interme- diate space are groups of lower peaks or cones, rising like steps to the higher ranges. There is an interesting thought just here as to the real origin of these granitic, ruin-like piles that give the peculiar distinction to the plateau surface of the Laramie Mountains. I believe it is entirely due to erosive forces, which have operated here on a gigantic scale, and these cones and natural temples are the monuments that are left to tell the tale. Iam convinced that the surface was at one time at least on a level with the highest of them. How much more has been removed it is now impossible to tell, but I am convinced that comparatively few geologists have fairly estimated the immensity of the time required and the vastness of the amount of material removed from the surface by erosion. Three miles west of Sherman we cross the head of Dale Creek, a small stream which flows through a wide, gorge-like valley in the gran- itic rocks. Spanning the valley i is a bridge six hundred and fifty feet in length, and one hundred and twenty-six : feet above the little stream. This brid ge, which is well worthy of examination, forms one of the most beautiful structures of the kind along this road, and always attracts the attention of the traveler, who looks down from. it upon a beautiful grassy valley, through which winds a small stream, the whole walled in with massive granite, like that before described. After crossing the Dale Creek bridge we descend rapidly to the plains. On the west side of the mountains we pass across the inclined edges of formations which appear to be counterparts of those already alluded to on the east side. We find the sandstones resting upon the granite, and inclining at a greater or less angle westward; we also find the whitish and yellowish- white limestones of the carboniferous period; also the red sandstones, which have usually been regarded as Triassic, "though I suspect that the upper portion, at least, is J urassic; then come loose red sands, extend- ing a considerable distance into the plains. If we continue on toward the Big and Little Laramie Rivers, we shall find the cretaceous beds, in full development, ina nearly horizontal position, and about thirty miles still tarther west the coal beds of the tertiary period are seen. But before we commence our general remarks in regard to this mountain range let ug linger for a time among the singular and gro- tesque forms which nature has hewn out of the sandstones on this western slope. Here we may study some excellent illustrations of the wearing away of sandstones through atmospheric agencies. We wish as far as possible to present to the reader type examples of the influence which the atmosphere, in its varied phases, has in shaping the features of the landscape. We have illustrated some of the granitoid rocks of the mountain’s nucleus which have been metamorphosed by heat. Figure 9 is exceedingly instructive in many points of view. The rock itself is a moderately fine-grained sandstone, and varies in color from a yellowish white to a light brick-red, and is probably of Jurassic age. No organic remains have ever been found in the sandstones, although I have traced them along the mountain sides from our north line to Santa Fé. The reason why I call them Jurassic is, that a bed of limestone, which inclines from the flank of the mountain higher up, seems to hold a lower GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 119 geological position, and contains the remains of crinoids, which Pro- fessor Agassiz refers to the genus Apiocrinites, which is Jurassic. To this place has been given the name of Dial Rock, on account of the peculiar dial-shaped form into which one of the columns has been worn. We see at a glance that these rocks are stratified; that they hold a nearly hori- zontal position; that they stand out in the plains nearly isolated, although in the immediate vicinity are other equally fantastic forms, covering quite an extensive area. Where are the intermediate portions of the rock out of which these singular monuments have been carved by the chisel of time? These level plains, covered now with grass and wild sage, were once on a level with the summits of these sandstones at Jeast, while the vast mass of sandstone which filled up the general level has been swept away, who knows where? Who can estimate the forces that have wrought this mighty work, or the immensity of the time that it required? How many myriads of ages have the winds and storms beaten. against the sides of these rocks, gnawing out the cavities and giving them the fantastic shapes they now possess? Every year smaller portions crumble off and are mingled with the soil below, and in time all these remnants of the past will be removed. It will be noticed that the larger mass is worn into a form that can easily be imagined a human face, and an American might fancy he saw in it some resemblance to that of the Father of his Country. It is not an uncommon thing for the rocks of all textures in this coun- try to weather into the forms which call to mind human beings and animals. Fig. 10. Triassic sandstones, west slope, Laramie range. These sandstones also afford a fine illustration of what is called irreg- ular layers of deposition, and the materials are supposed to have been brought here and deposited in turbulent waters. If we were to study the actions of currents of water along our streams, or of the waves of the sea-shore, we should continually find examples of the deposition of 120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. sandy material over an inclined plain; sometimes on one side of a ridge or elevation, and sometimes on the other. Now, \if this sand were molded into rock, these layers of deposition wonld show distinctly this same irregularity. Not far distant from this point is another group of these weathered sandstones which show still more clearly these irreg- ular layers. The softer portions have been worn away, causing each thin layer to stand out of the sides of the rocks with great distinctness. Sometimes the thin layers incline in one direction, sometimes in another. These sandstones vary in height from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet. On their summits the eagles are fond of building their nests, where they will be inaccessible to their human enemies. Before closing our deserip- tion of Figure 10, I ought to allude to the wild sage bush, which so pe- culiarly characterizes these almost treeless plains. We are here more than seven thousand five hundred feet above tide-water; at this eleva- tion we find a species of sage which takes the place of the one on the plains east of the mountains. Itiscalled Artemisia tridentata on account of its small, three-toothed leaf. It grows about the same size and very much resembles the other species. This sage, as well as two or three kinds of shrubs peculiar to the high places, are well shown in the figure. We have now described briefly the different sedimentary formations as they incline on each side of this mountain range. It may be well to remind the reader that this range is an excellent illustration of the plan of development of these mountains. We find a series of formations inclining from the eastern slope of the mountains; we pass over the range and we again find the corresponding portions dipping in an oppo- site direction over the western slope. We at once come to the conclu- sion that these formations at some former period extended uninter- ruptedly across the area now occupied by the granitic rocks, and, that the intermediate portions have been removed by erosion. Then the query arises, at what time were these events brought about? It seems | to me it must have occurred as the surface was slowly emerging from the waters of the ocean. As the bottom of the ancient sea along the line of this mountain range slowly arose, the waters became shallow, and they would be more easily disturbed by the winds and the erosive forces be proportionately increased, and if the rocks arose above the sur face the waves would dash against their sides and prove still more effec- tive. The sediments would be wafted away and deposited in some other part of the ocean, to enter into the composition of more recent rocks. The Laramie range, extending from a point near Long’s Peak north- ward to the Red Buttes on the North Platte and the Black Hills of Dakota, form the most simple and complete examples of true anticlinals on a gigantic scale that I have ever met with in my explorations. These ranges are less complicated with basaltic outbursts than any others. Some of the peaks, like Laramie Peak, are quite lofty, but as a general — rule they are low mountains, and for the most part composed of a nuclei of massive red feldspathic granites inclosed on each side with true gneissic strata. All these mountain ranges require a few more detailed examinations than I have ever been able to give them, but the statements that I have here made will, I think, prove to be mainly correct. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 121 CHAPTER X. THE LARAMIE PLAINS. Tn our last chapter we descended the western slope of the first moun- tain range to a broad, open expanse of mountain prairie known as the Laramie Plains. This great area might be called a park; it is enclosed on three sides by extensive mountain ranges, but on the west its limits are not well defined, inasmuch as no mountain ranges of any importance intervene until we come to the Wasatch range, in Utah. It is usually understood to extend westward almost to the Medicine Bow River, and thus comprises an area about fifty miles from east to west, and one hundred from north to south, the Laramie range or Black Hills forming the eastern boundary. As we ride on the cars through the plains, these mountains, with their comparatively uniform and gently sloping sides, seem for many miles to bend around so as to inclose us within their walls. On the south side are the Medicine Bow Mountains, which are far more formidable and lofty than the others; indeed, the ranges this side are quite irregular and fragmentary, and are known by different names, aS Sheephead Mountains, Elk Mountains, &c. Many of these lofty peaks and ranges have not yet been explored geologically or geo- graphically, and these magnificent fields are ripe and waiting for the harvest of science. The far West is vast, but the laborers are few. Before proceeding, we might for a moment trace to their sources in the mountains some of the beautiful rivers that wind their way through the plains. We shall find to our surprise that, although we have crossed a range of mountains the highest along the line of the road, we are still - in the great valley of the Platte in which we started on our journey. The main branch of the North Platte rises in the range of mountains which forms the north side of the Middle Park, very near Long’s Peak. It takes a course a little west of north, flows through the middle of the North Park, cutting its way through immense canons between the North Park and the Laramie Plains. It then continues nearly a north course, through tertiary as well as cretaceous rocks, to its junction with the Sweetwater, where it bends around to’ the east, so that near the Red Buttes its course is nearly southeast until it reaches the main Platte near longitude 101°. The Sweetwater, which is the principal branch of the North Platte, rises in the southern end of the Wind River Mountains, and flows nearly east and unites with the North Platte near Independence Rock. These streams flow through nearly every variety of geological -formation which occurs in the West. Hrom the junction of the Sweetwater to the — Red Buttes it flows through granite, carboniferous limestone, red beds, Jurassic marls, and White River tertiary beds; and from the Red Buttes through lignite tertiary to a point about one hundred miles northwest of Fort Laramie. There the White River tertiary beds over- lap the lignite tertiary, and then continue to the forks of the Platte. The Medicine Bow and the two Laramies are important branches of the North Platte, and take their rise in the lofty, snow-capped mountains on the south side of the Laramie Plains. The region north of the North Platte is mostly a vast sage plain, and but few small branches flow in from that direction, but a multitude of small streams cut deep channels through the sides of the Laramie range and flow into the North Platte. From Red Buttes to Fort Laramie, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, many beautiful little streams rise in the Laramie range and pour a good volume of water into the Platte. These creeks occur every few AZ2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. miles, and in their passage from the mountain they have not only worn a deep channel in the steep side of the mountain, sometimes one thou- sand feet or more in depth, but they have also scooped out a wide, deep valley, which affords the best of pasture-ground for stock in summer, and warm, sheltered places in winter. The main branch of the South Platte rises in the range of mountains which bounds the west side of the South Park, and flows about northeast to Cache a la Poudre, and there bends around slightly toward the east and joins the main Platte. The little branches that flow from the mountain sides are very numerous, and each onecuts a tremendous channel through the sides of the mountain, affording most excellent sections of the strata for the geologist. Nearly all the branches that rise in the plains have very wide valleys, but are mostly dry, especially in the latter part of summer and autumn. Although the Platte River is never navigable at any season of the year, yet the area drained by it is immense, being nearly three hundred thousand square miles; and yet it is one of the minor branches of the Missouri River. The South Platte flows through the different formations along the flanks of the mountain; and in its course through the plains cuts the lignite tertiary for fifty miles or more, when the White River tertiary overlaps the plains to the junction. These brief remarks are intended principally to show by the geography the gigantic scale upon which everything in this western country is planned; that even the district drained by the Platte and its branches is larger than all New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. Myriads of little streams rise in springs on the summits of all the mountain ranges, and, flowing down the sides, gash out deep gorges, which afford most splendid sections of the rocks for the study of the geologist. And as for beautiful scenery, there is no limit to it. If we were to trace these streams to their source in the mountains, through gorges and chasms, into beautiful oval grassy valleys, up the precipitous flanks where they expand in numerous little branches, rushing and tumbling over the rocks, we should involuntarily pronounce each one at the time more grand, more beautiful, and more instructive than any we had ever seen before. It is impossible to describe to the reader the pleasure one enjoys in wandering among these mountain valleys, climbing the almost vertical cliffs and studying the almost unlimited variety of forms which the masses of rock present. Then, too, the vegetation, seen in summer, has the green, fresh appearance that is so inviting and grateful; the grass, flowers, and trees, all wear that healthy look which is only to be met in the mountains. Although the Laramie plains are at too high an eleva- tion ever to become noted for their agricultural resources, yet the few attempts to raise certain crops have met with moderate success. In the summer of 1868 a few farmers in the valley of Rock Creek, along the line of the old stage road, succeeded in raising some very good vegetables, as potatoes, turnips, cabbage, &e., and they would have remained there contented, had they not been driven away by the Indians. But it is doubtful if these plains will ever become a favorite abode for farmers, though for the raising of stock I believe they are unsurpassed. Horses, cattle, and sheep have already been raised here of the finest kind, and in the beautiful sheltered valleys they find the most secure retreats from the severity of the winter’s cold. Thousands of tons of excellent hay can be cut every year along the bottoms of any of these streams. There is a beautiful view of the plains proper, as seen in the valley of the Little Laramie, near Sheephead Mountain. We see here the meanderings of the little stream; the fringes of cottonwoods, willows, . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 123 and a few shrubs in the immediate bottom, the level, lawn-like terraces covered with a thick carpet of grass,and gradually ascending to the hills on either side. The entire surface has been so perfectly softened down by time that the beauty of the scene is perfect. Itis true, the plains are not at all times as uniformly smooth as this view would indicate. Not unfrequently the surface is rugged in places; masses of sandstone or limestone with steep sides rising in the midst of the plains—monuments left after the action of the waters that have smoothed down these beautiful landscapes. It would seem that they are left to aid us in reconstructing the geography of past geological times. Near the middle of these plains, on Cooper’s Creek, are some quite re- markable exhibitions of the chalk cliffs of the middle cretaceous period, in which are oyster-shells, fish scales, and the bones of a huge Saurian rep- tile. A little farther to the west is a long line of yellow sandstone bluffs two hundred to three hundred feet high, forming beds of transition or pass- age between the cretaceous and tertiary periods; and still farther west are morerugged hills in which arefound beds ofcoal. We see, too, everywhere indications of the action of water on the surface of the plains. In many places rounded boulders of all sizes, from the minute pebbie to a mass two or three feet in diameter, are found scattered profusely over the ground. Sometimes these rocks accumulate in vast quantities on the side of a hill, literally paving it; then again in long lines or rows, as if they had been carried by swift water or dropped from an iceberg. Everywhere in the vicinity of the mountains are abundant indications that the last act in the drama was the existence of large bodies of water everywhere among the mountains, which must have come from the mountains themselves, inasmuch as the drift material indicates a local origin. We may suppose that prior to the present period the temperature of the climate was very much lower; that vast bodies of snow and ice accumulated in the mount- ainous portions of our continent, and as the climate became more mild, the ice and snow slowly melted, transporting icebergs filled with rocks all over the plains, and when one of these vast icebergs would lodge and melt, the accumulations of worn rocks and debris would be great. In almost all cases the slope of the hill opposite the mountain range is the one covered with the debris, as if the mass of ice in floating down passed over the summit of the ridge and lodged on the opposite side. But it would be impossible for us to linger in all these pleasant places; entire volumes could be written illustrating the details of the geology of these plains; our only object is to gather along our route such facts as will illustrate our views and link our story together. Before we again start on our way westward, we ought to take a glance ~ at the North Park, which is only about fifty miles to the southwest of Fort Sanders. The journey is quite easily made in two days, and even in one day on horseback, which is by far the best method of traveling in this mountainous region. In August, 1868, I made a tour to the North Park with a small party of Army officers, and I shall not soon forget the scene of beauty that was opened to my vision from the summits of the mountains surrounding the park. I was the more desirous of visiting this region because so little was known in regard to it, and, although my visit was short and my examinations necessarily limited, I had the sat- isfaction of giving to the world the first accurate knowledge ever obtained by personal investigation of the geology of that interesting region. | Our course from Fort Sanders was nearly southeast, up the Big Lara- mie River, toward its source in the mountains. The geology of the plain country through which the Big Laramie flows is very similar to that of the Little Laramie, about fifteen miles to the westward. There are 124° GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. comparatively few exposures of the basis rocks, on account of the super- ficial drift which covers all this country. Still we find along the banks of the river, near the stage station, the same black plastic cretaceous clays with Ostrea congesta and a few remains of fishes; also the chalky marls; and about two miles aboye, the long high ridges, on either side, extend- ing up for several miles, composed of the rusty yellow sands and sand- stone of the lower cretaceous. The dip of these beds is very gentle, hardly perceptible to the eye. The Big Laramie is a very clear stream, about fifty yards in width and averaging about two feet in depth, easily forded in most places. Like most of the western streams, the difference between high and low-water mark is very great. In spring and early summer, when the snows of the mountains melt, these streams become formidable rivers. The soil along the bottoms appears to be very good; the grass grows quite heavily, and hundreds of tons of hay are cut here by the settlers for winter use. The grazing is excellent, and numerous ranches have been started all through the valley for the purpose of raising stock. Even at this season of the year a great variety of flowers covers the surface. The Composite and Leguminose prevail in numbers, and yellow is the dominant color. As we approached the foot-hills of the mountains the transition beds appeared onthe ridge, rocks of more recent date having been swept away by erosion. Fragments of pudding stone and rusty-colored masses of sandstone were scattered here and there; then beneath them were exposed about four hundred feet of variegated arenaceous layers of uncertain age, perhaps Jurassic; then a little higher up the side of the mountains were revealed the red beds, fifteen hundred feet or more in thickness, presenting won- derfully picturesque scenery. All these beds seem to have been lifted up in a nearly horizontal position, so that they present lofty escarpments, sometimes cone-like or pyramidal in shape, revealing each layer in the order of succession. The harder layers yielding less readily to atmo- spheric influences, project out from the sides, adding much to the noy- elty of the view. Most of the beds incline from the flanks of the moun- _ tains at various angles, 3°, 8°, 15°, and then continue along the river, winding for twenty-five miles among the mountains almost to the foot of the snow-covered peaks. . On either side can be seen a number of syenitic nuclei, but I did not find the unchanged rocks so clearly in contact with them that I could define their relation to each other. Before reaching the mountains we passed a series of alkaline lakes, which are simply shallow depressions, receiving the drainage of a small area without any outlet. From these shallow lakes the water is evapo- rated, so that in the autumn the bottoms are dry and covered with a white incrustation which looks much like water in the distance. One of these lakes still contained water and seems to have a fair supply at all seasons. It is almost a mile in length and half a mile in width. In the spring these lakes are quite large and are filled by the overflow of the branches of the Big Laramie, which are greatly swollen by the melting snows. Great quantities of fish are swept into these lakes from the neighbor- ing streams, and in the autumn the water becomes so alkaline by evap- oration that the fish die in great numbers along the shore. Itisa curious fact that not a single trout has ever been taken in any of the branches of the North Platte, unless a few have been caught in the Sweetwater, while the branches of the South Platte are filled with them. After entering the foot hills of the mountains, the Big Laramie and its branches wind their way through the narrow valleys or gorges GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 125 formed by the anticlinals and synclinals produced by the upheaval of the unchanged rocks. All the lower beds are more or less arenaceous and of a brick-red color, with only three layers of a light-gray sandstone. No fossils can be found in any of the rocks, so that it is difficult to determine their age with certainty. We believe that the lower beds are carboniferous, and have received their red color from the sediments which were doubtless derived from the disintegration of the red sienitic rocks upon which they rest. It is also quite possible that a portion of the red beds are triassic, and also that the yellow, gray, and rusty sands and sandstones above, are Jurassic. Lying above the supposed Jurassic and beneath the well-defined cre- taceous, there is a large thickness of sandstone which I have called tr ansition strata, because they occupy the position of the lower creta- ceous, aS Shown on the Missouri River and in Middle Kansas. These beds are well developed and quite uniform in their lithological character all along the mountain sides from latitude 49° to the “Arkansas, yet they have never yielded a single characteristic fossil that would deter- mine their age. I have, therefore, called them provisionally lower cre- taceous, or beds of transition from one great period of geological history to another, and the characters of the sediments which compose them justify the name. Near our camp on the Big Laramie, which was about thirty-five miles southwest of Fort Sanders, and about fifteen miles above the foot of the hills, are some singular illustrations of the dynamics of geology. On the southwest side of the stream, and inclining eastward or south- eastward, the entire series of red and variegated beds are shown in their order of succession one thousand five hundred to two thousand feet in height. At the foot of this escarpment is a low ridge of the red material, which is so grassed over that the connection with the sienitic nucleus can- not be seen. This covers a belt of sienite about two hundred yards wide and three to five miles long, the jagged masses of rock reaching a height of one thousand feet or more, and standing nearly vertical or dipping slightly to the southeast. Between the sienitic beds and the river are the two low ridges of cretaceous Nos. 2 and 3, which seems to have been lifted up with the sienite, but to have fallen back past a ver- tical position, so that they now incline from the sienite ridge, while on the opposite side the beds have a regular dip from the ridge. This pecu- liarity seems to be common in various localities, owing to the fact that the metamorphic beds which compose the central portion of all the moun- tains have suffered upheaval, prior to the deposition of the unchanged beds. Therefore, in the quiet elevation of the mountain ranges, the beds are merely lifted up in the direction of the dip of the older rocks on one side, while they are, as it were, pushed away from the opposite side, forming what may be called an abrupt or incomplete anticlinal. On the opposite or south side of the river there is a gradual slope of two thousand feet above the bed of the stream, the strata inclining 5° until we reach the nucleus of another mountain range; so that we have here, as it were, two huge monoclinals. These monoclinals form local anticlinals, inasmuch as, in some places, all the beds incline for a short distance from @ common axis. On the north side of the river, and east for ten to twenty miles, the flanks of the mountain ranges are covered with the unchanged rocks, which give comparatively gentle grassy slopes, owing to the readiness with which they yield to atmospheric agencies. Through these slopes 126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. many little streams cut their way, forming huge cafions, which exhibit along their sides the series of beds in their order of succession. From a point near the source, for twenty or thirty miles, the river flows through a synclinal valley, the conspicuous red beds dipping from either side. Along the valley of the river are marked deposits of drift, the result of glacial action; but the most beautiful feature is the well- defined terraces, about fifty feet high and smoothed off like a lawn. These terraces are covered with a considerable deposit of drift; but when they are cut through by streams the basis rocks are shown. The scenery on either side of this valley is beautiful beyond descrip- tion. On the west side are the snow-clad peaks of the Medicine Bow range in the distance, with numerous intervening lower ranges ascend- ing like steps. The snowy mountains are mostly destitute of vegetation and are covered with eternal snow, but the lower mountain ridges are covered mostly with what may be called groves of pine. Indeed, the pine groves and grassy openings are so arranged and proportioned that the whole scene appears as if it might have been partially the work of art, and the traveler imagines himself i in a sparsely-settled mountain- ous district instead of the unexplored Rocky Mountain region. These openings and grassy slopes will make excellent pasture grounds, for the grass is good, and they are waterea with the finest of mountain streams and springs. I would again remark that the pine forests of these mountains must at some period be an object of earnest pursuit. Two years ago the mountain sides were full of tie-cutters, who cut and floated hundreds of thousands of ties down the mountain streams, fifty to one hundred miles, to the Union Pacific Railroad, whence ther were trans- ported by railroad to any desired point. In the moist ravines of the mountain sides are patches of the aspen, Populus tremuloides, which, from its peculiar mode of growth, forms a striking feature in ’the landscape. It grows very thickly, seldom at- taining a height of more than forty or fifty feet, and not more than twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. The body ‘i 1s very smooth and nearly white, and the top forms a rounded, cone- shaped mass of foliage. These aspen groves are the favorite resort of deer, elk, grouse, and ‘all kinds of game. On the east side, also, is the snow-clad range, which, in its southward extension, includes Long’s Peak and numerous other peaks in the vicinity. On each side of these lofty ranges, which often rise above the limit of vegetation, are a number of successive lower ridges which descend like steps. There is such a wonderful uniformity in the struc- ture of the mountains that a detailed description of a portion applies for the most part to all. Our course along the Cherokee Trail was about southwest from the Big Laramie River, over ridge after ridge, and after traveling twenty- five miles we entered the North Park through some of the most beau- ful scenery of that interesting region. From the summit of the high ridges on the north we look to the southward over a series of lofty cones or pyramids, as it were, all clothed with a dense growth of pine. The metamorphic rocks of which these mountains are composed, disinte- grate so easily that the surface is covered with a deposit of loose mate- vial, as fine earth and fragments of rock. The hills have, therefore, been so smoothed down that it is difficult to see the bass rocks in con- tinuous lines. We saw enough, however, to show us that red sienite in its various forms constitutes the principal rocks, while now and then a bed of hornblendic gneiss, white quartz or greenstone, occurs. All through the mountain region are small open areas, sometimes on the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 127 hills and sometimes in the lower grounds, forming meadow-like spots, which the various kinds of animals love to frequent, to feed on the abundant grass. The Old Cherokee Trail derives its name from the fact that a party of those Indians cut its way through the thick pines, about thirty years ago, with a train of three hundred wagons. The traveling was difficult at this time, owing to the ruggedness of the surface and the obstruction from the fallen pines. So far as I could ascertain, the trend of the upland mountain ridges of sienite is nearly east and west, and the dip nearly north. The North Park is oval or nearly quadrangular in shape, about fifty miles in extent f:om east to west, and thirty from north to south, occupying an area of about one thousand five hundred square miles. Viewed from one of the high mountains on its border it appears to be a vast depression which might once have formed the bed of alake. Its surface israther rugged, yet there are broad bottoms along the streams, especially the North Platte and its branches. Scarcely a tree is to be seen over the whole area, while the mountains which wall it in on every side are dotted with a dense growth of pine. The grass grows in the park quite luxuriantly, . often yielding two tons of hay to the acre. Streams of the purest water flow through it, a few of them forming good-sized streams where they issue from the eround, and Lam quite confident that this entire park would make an excellent grazing region for at least six or eight months of the year. Myriads of antelope were quietly feeding in “this great pasture ground like flocks of sheep. The soil is very rich, but the sea- sons are too brief for the successful cultivation of any crops. Indeed, there is frost here nearly every night, and snow falls every month of the year. As I have before stated, the park is surrounded with lofty ranges of mountains as by gigantic walls. On the north and east sides may be _seen the snow-covered ranges rising far above all the rest, their sum- mits touching the clouds. On the west side there is also a short snowy range. The snowy ranges on its east border have their north sides abrupt; the south sides are less so as seen from a distance, and the mas- sive, rocky, lower hills appear inclining southward. All along the north side the hills incline southwestward, while the higher ranges are quite steep, and correspond in the apparent dip of the beds to the lofty snow- clad mountains on the east, which incline south or southwestward. The inclination of the metamorphic beds composing the higher ranges is from 60° to 80°. On the west side of the park long ridges seem to slope gradually down, so that they die out in the plain, forming a sort of en echelon arrangement. It is due to this fact that the area inclosed receives its oval shape. The general trend of all the continuous mountain ranges is nearly northwest and southeast on all sides, but there are many local dips and variations from this direction. I was much interested to know whether any of the unchanged rocks, which are so well developed in the Laramie Plain, occur in the North Park. I found that the entire series of red and variegated beds, inelud- ing a portion of the cretaceous strata, were fully represented, all in- clining from the flanks of the mountains and gradually assuming a hor- izontal position, or nearly so, toward the central portion of the park. The transition beds or lower cretaceous, form quite conspicuous ridges, inclining 19° to the southwest. They are composed of a very beautiful pudding stone of small rounded pebbles, most of them flint, cemented. together with a silicious paste. On the north side are quite large areas covered with loose sand, which is blown about by the wind, resembling 4 128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. the Sand Hills on the Niobrara River. A close examination of the sand shows, that it is composed mostly of worn particles of quartz and feld- spar. The surface contains little or no vegetation, presenting a peculiar barren appearance, the sand moving readily with the wind. Hitherto it has been impossible to color on any geological map the geological formation of any part of this mountain region, and no infor- mation has ever been given in regard to the structure of the North Park. It will be impossible even now, with the imperfect topography of any of the maps, to color the geology in detail, but these explorations will enable a geologist to fix the outline of the formations in a general way with a good degree of accuracy. During the summer of 1868 an excitement was created at Laramie City by the supposed discovery of rich placer mines far up inthe moun- — tains, near the Snowy ranges, to the southwest of the plains. A large party was formed at Fort Sanders, directed by Generals Gibbon and Potter of the United States Army, and accompanied by Professor James Hall of New York, to visit the region and ascertain the truth of the reports. The time was most favorable, in midsummer, when the mountain vegetation presents a spring aspect. Camping with our wagons at the base of the main range of mountains, near the source of the Little Laramie, we prepared to ascend the moun- tains on horseback to the gold mines. We rode a distance of about ten miles before we came in view of the “diggings,” and to reach them made an ascent of about two thousand feet above the bed of the creek. We were then between 10,000 and 11,000 feet above the sea, very near the elevation of perpetual snow, and where frost occurs every night of the year. On the summits of these lofty mountains are some most beau- tiful open spots, without a tree and covered with grass and flowers. After passing through dense pine forests for nearly ten miles we sud- denly emerged into one of these park-like areas. Justin the edge of the forest which skirted it were banks of snow six feet deep, compact like a glacier, and within a few feet were multitudes of flowers, and even the - common strawberry seemed to flourish. These mountains are full of little streams of the purest water, and for six months of the year good pas- turage for stock could be found. The gold is sought after in gulches, formed by the little streams that flow from the Medicine Bow and other snowy mountains, most of which empty into the North Platte. We labored for two days to discover the quartz seams, which we supposed to be the source of the stray lumps of gold, but the great thickness of superficial drift which covers all these mountains concealed them from our view. The gold, as far as known in this district, seems to be confined to the lower glacial drift. That valuable mines will be found in these mountains at no distant day seems very probable. The geological evidence is quite conclusive, and the mountains are a continuation northward of the same range in which the rich mines of Colorado are located. Not only in the more lofty ranges, but also in the lower mountains, are large forests of pine timber, which will eventually become of great value to this country. Vast quantities of this pine in the form of rail- road ties are floated down the various streams to the Union Pacifie Rail- road. One gentleman alone contracted for 550,000 ties, all of which he floated down the stream from the mountains along the southern side of the Laramie Plains. The Big and Little Laramie, Rock Creek, and Medicine Bow River, with their branches, here literally filled with ties at one time, and I was informed that in the season of high water they can be taken to the raliroad from the mountains, after being cut and placed in the water, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 129 at the rate of-from one to three cents each. These are important facts, inasmuch as they show the ease with which these vast bodies of timber may be brought to the plains below and converted into lumber, should future settlement of the country demand it. There are several species of pine trees and one spruce or balsam fir, Abies Douglass. The latter is a beautitul and symmetrical tree, rising to the height of one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet, and as straight as an arrow. ‘The ties that are made from this spruce are of the best quality. We will now return to Fort Sanders, and continue on our westward way. From Fort Sanders to Cooper’s Lake Station the distance is about twenty-eight miles. On our right hand we can see, with great distinct- ness, the Laramie Mountains as they flex around westward, preserving a remarkably symmetrical appearance. A heavy bed of limestone, which appears not to have suffered greatly from erosion, covers the flanks high up to the margins of the summit, and seems to have pro- tected their rounded sloping form. Here and there may be seen a deep gorge cut through at right angles by some little stream, that has its source in a spring on the summit. Along the base of the mountains, on the east side of the road, patches of the brick-red beds are very abundant, giving a picturesque appearance to the view. After crossing the Big Laramie the surface is quite uniformly level or rolling, and cov- ered with thick grass or.sage. The country is underlaid with upper cre- taceous rocks, and possibly in some places there may be small patches or remnants of tertiary beds. We seem to be gliding along over a nearly level, monotonous country, with scarcely anything to intercept the vision. Far to the westward the dim outlines of the Medicine Bow range can be seen, reminding us that we are walled in by lofty mountains. But the road is fine, and sometimes for long distances the track seems as straight as an air-line. These broad, grassy plains are not yet entirely destitute of their former inhabitants; flocks of antelope still feed on the rich nu- tritious grasses, but the buffalo, which once roamed here by thousands, have disappeared forever. No trace of them is now left but the old trails, which pass across the country in every direction, and the bleached skulls. which are scattered here and there over the ground. These traces are: fast passing away. The skulls are decaying rapidly, and this once pe- culiar feature of the landscape in the West will be lost. Two years ago: I collected a large quantity of these bleached skulls and distributed. them to several of our museums, in order to insure their preservation. There is also a singular ethnological fact connected with these skulls.. We shall observe that the greater part of them have the forehead broken. in for a space of three or four inches in diameter. Whenever an Indian: kills a buffalo he fractures the skull with his tomahawk and extracts the: brains, which he devours in a raw state. indians or old trappers traveling through the enemy’s country always: fear to build a fire, lest the smoke attract the notice of the foe.. The: consequence is that they have contracted the habit of eating certain. parts of an animal in an uncooked condition. I have estimated that six met may make a full meal from a buffalo without lighting a fire.. The ribs on one side are taken out with a knife, and the concavity. serves asa dish. The brains are taken out of the skull, and the marrow from the leg bones, and the two are chopped together in the rib-dish. The liver and lungs are eaten with a keen relish, also certain portions of the intestines, and the blood supplies an excellent and nutritious: drink. Both Indian and buffalo have probably disappeared forever from these plains. Elk, black-tailed deer, red deer, mountain sheep, wolves,.and 9G 130 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. the smaller animals are still quite abundant, especially in the valleys of the small streams, where they flow down through the mountains; Elk Mountain and Sheephead Mountain have always been noted localities for these animals. The traveler will have his attention called to Carmichael’s Cut, an excavation through the arenaceous clays and sandstones of the upper cretaceous deposit, which has become noted for the wonderful fossils found there. Baculites, Ammonites, Inocerami, and a great variety of marine shells, glistening with the iridescent hue of mother-of-pearl, are found in aggregated masses, as if this had been a portion of the ereta- ceous sea. Farther on, at Miser Station, these beautiful fossils oceur againin the greatest abundance, and thousands of them have been gath- ered and carried away by curiosity-seekers. Near Medicine Bow the lower cretaceous clays prevail, and in the hills bordering the Medicine Bow Creek a large singularly tuberculated ammonite is found associated with a species of scaphites or boat-shaped shell, looking very much like a large worm coiled up, and hence its name, S. Larveformis. These Shells have received all sorts of names in the country, and the most wonderful tales are related of petrified snakes, &e. All over this Rocky Mountain region, from the Arctic Circle to the Isthmus of Darien, these remarkable marine shells are found, and in some instances upon the summits of the loftiest ranges. The valleys of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers have already yielded nearly four hundred varieties of these sea-shells. We have, therefore, the most ample evidence that in past geological times the great ocean rolled all over the area now occupied by the mountain ranges. After passing Cooper’s Creek Station we come into the black clays of the lower cretaceous, and the appearance of the country becomes dreary and sterile in the extreme. The waters are alkaline, and there is no timber along the creeks except stinted willows, and very little grass or vegetation except chenopodiaceous shrubs, which are fond of this alkaline soil. As far as the eye can reach nothing can be seey but these somber, plastic clays. The surface also presents the characteristic monotonous appearance which is common wherever these clays prevail. Six miles before reaching Como we come to an interesting quarry of sandstone, from which the materials for the construction of the exten- Sive railroad buildings at Laramie City and Cheyenne are obtained. . The rock is gray, coarse, and friable, and one would suppose not durable enough for such important structures, but it is easily wrought into any determinate form. This is a locality to which I call the special attention of the geologist as one in which there is an interesting problem to work out, viz: What is the exact position of this sandstone in the geological series? It is filled with fragments of vegetable impressions, with some- times quite. distinct deciduous leaves, much like those already noticed in Chapter IL as occurring at Blackbird Hill, on the Missouri River. The leaves of the willow and poplar are quite distinct, reminding one of those growing along our little streams at the present day, and yet they are all of extinct species. These sandstones are local and seem to have been deposited over a small area, inasmuch as they occur nowhere else on the plains, so far as I have observed. The black shales filled with remains of fishes and marine shells occur above and below the sandstones, showing very clearly that they are of lower cretaceous age. Still it would be a matter of interest to attempt the construction of the physical conditions which were necessary in those old cretaceous times, myriads of ages ago, for the ocean waters to GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 131 deposit such an accumulation of sandy material in this locality. The scenery is somewhat changed also; the little stream which cuts through the rocks flows through vertical walls of the sandstone one hundred to two hundred feet high. Farther on toward Como we see on our right hand the brick-red beds which are so common along the slopes of the first range. At Como Station the road runs through a curious anticlinal valley, the strata inclining in opposite directions about northeast and southwest. The southwest side displays the most complete series of the beds. They are composed for the most part of alternate layers of sands and some harder beds of sandstone, but there are a few of these beds of marl, or / limestone, in which are found great quantities of fossil shells, Ostrea Pentacrinus asteriscus and Belemnites densus. The oyster is a very small one; the star-fish is very beautiful but imperfect; and the Belem- nite or ancient cuttle-fish is more abundant and more characteristic than the others. ‘They are all of well-known Jurassic types. All around the shores of the pretty little lake thousands of these sharp-pointed Belem- nites have been gathered and given to travelers. These fossils are very abundant in some parts of Kurope, where they are called ‘“ Ladies’ Fin- gers,” from their long, slender, symmetrical shape. These fragments are all that remain of an animal that was probably quite large and complicated in its structure, much like the cuttle-fish of our present seas. It undoubtedly had the power to secrete a black liquid, a sort of ink or sepia, which it could emit at pleasure, and thus provide a place of concealment when pursued by foes. There are other attractions here, of which the traveler will be in- formed long before he reaches the locality. The “ fish with legs” are the only inhabitants of the lake, and numbers of persons make it a business to catch and sell them to travelers. During the summer sea- son they congregate in great numbers in the shallow water among the weeds and grass near the shore, and can be easily caught, but in cold weather they retire to the deeper portions of the lake and ‘are not seen again until spring. These little animals are possessed of gills, and were it not for the legs, would most nearly resemble a miniature cat-fish. But when warm weather comes, a form closely resembling them, but entirely destitute of gills, may be seen in the water swimming, or creep- ing clumsily about on land. Sometimes they travel long distances and are found in towns, near springs or wet places, usually one at a time, while those with gills are never seen except in the alkaline lakes which are so common all over the West. Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale Col- lege, Connecticut, an eminent paturalist, while on an excursion along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad two years ago, observed a num- ber of the gilled forms or Siredons, and taking them to New Haven, watched their remarkable transformation into the more mature condi- tion without gills. These animals belong to the family of Salamanders, a group allied to the frogs, and the first form bears about the same re- lation to the last that the tadpole does to the mature frog. Professor Marsh’s very interesting and detailed account of these singular animals can be found in the “American Journal of Science” for November, 1868, and from his article I have taken the following extracts: “The first indications of any change were observed in one of the smaller specimens, about six inches in length; and the metamorphosis had apparently commenced during the journey from Lake Como to New Haven, which lasted about a week. Small round spots of dark brown were first noticed on the sides of the tail, and the color of the en- tire animal gradually assumed a darker hue. The broad thin membrane along the back, and above and below the tail, gradually began to diminish by absorption; the external branchial appendages soon became similarly affected, especially at the ends, 132 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. and the animal came more frequently to the surface of the water for air. As the change went on, the dark spots increased in number and size, and gradually extended over the whole upper part of the body. The membrane onthe back and tail entirely disap- peared, leaving in its place in the dorsal region a sharp groove. The branchiz also continued to diminish, and at the same time the internal branchial arches began to be absorbed, and shortly after the openings on the neck closed up. In the mean time the head became more rounded above, and more oval in outline, the muzzle narrower and more pointed, and the eyes more convex and prominent. The body also decreased in bulk, and the costal grooves became more distinct. Fhe thin external skin was shed, and the secretion of mucus from the surface sensibly diminished. During these changes the animal showed an increasing desire to leave the water, often remaining for some time with its external nostrils above the surface, and occasionally making violent struggles to escape. Aided by a heavy rain at night it at last succeeded, and thus put an end to further observations, just at a time when it had lost the generic characters of Siredon, and become a true Amblystoma, two forms of batrachians usually regarded hith- erto as belonging to distinct families.” ; Fortunately, a few days later, several other specimens of various sizes began, nearly at the same time, to show unmistakable indications of a similar transformation, and this afforded an opportunity of noting the successive phases of the change more fully, as well as observing the physical conditions which seemed to promote or retard it. Two of the specimens were placed ina glass jar, and left in a strong light, and five others were kept in a cooler place in the shade, the temperature of the two, however, differing but afew degrees. At the end of three weeks those in the glass vessel had apparently completed their metamorphosis, while of the others less favorably situated three only were partially altered, and at the present time, or nearly three weeks later, they still retain tubercular remnants of the external branchiz, although in most other respects the change appears to be complete. The two remaining specimens, however, which had throughout been kept with the three last, showed no distinct signs of chang- ing, although the probability of their doing so, and the importance of retaining some tangible evidence of the original condition, led to the transfer of one of them to a jar of alcohol after the first week, a precaution, as the result showed, quite unnecessary in the case of the other, which at the time of writing (October 5) still remains a typical Siredon, with no alterations more important than a single appearance in a new epi- dermis. Similar observations had already been made by a celebrated French naturalist, Professor Dumeril, on an allied species, found on the table- lands of Mexico; and it was a matter of no small interest to Professor Marsh to ascertain whether this species would undergo a similar change when placed under different physical conditions, hence these creatures were watched with great care. . Among the more important changes which occurred during the metamorphosis may be mentioned the decrease in the size of the entire body, which was very marked, a perceptible increase in the distinctness of the costal grooves corresponding to the ver- tebre, and the gradual ossification of the carpus and tarsus. The feet also became less palmate, and the toes less depressed. During the transformation, moreover, and espe- cially after its completion, all the specimens shed the thin, transparent epidermis, some of them very frequently ; one, indeed, which had been kept in a strong light, lost this covering three times in the ten days immediately following the metamorphosis. The change in the habits of the Siredon in passing into the Amblystoma state was scarcely less marked than the alteration in its physical characters. As soon as the ab- sorption of the external branchiz commenced,.the animal came more frequently to the top of the water and took a mouthful of air; and not long afterwards would occa- sionally float for some time at an angle of about 45°, with the external nostrils above the surface. Frequent efforts to leave the water soon followed, and an opportunity of so doing was in most instances speedily improved, and the change then seemed to pro- gress more rapidly. One or two specimens, however, showed for some time, especially in cool weather, much less inclination to desert their native element, apparently suf- fering little or no inconvenience from remaining under water, if allowed to come to the surface about once in five minutes. The pugnacious propensities of the Siredons which at first led to occasional assaults on one another, appeared to diminish as the change progressed, and the more sluggish nature of salamanders at last predominated ; although the altered forms at times showed no little celerity of movement, and when irritated, especially when held by the tail, would often turn and snap at the hand with a rapidity that would have done no discredit to a reptile of much higher organization. The effect on the metamorphosis of a variation in light and temperature has already been alluded to. During a succession of very warm days, about the first of September, the change progressed with great rapidity, but it apparently ceased, or made very slight progress, in the cool week that followed. While, moreover, the two specimens most GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 133 favored in regard to light and warmth passed apparently through the entire trans- formation in about twenty days, those which commenced at the same time, but were less favorably situated, required at least twice that time for its completion. The only living specimen still remaining unchanged has twice shown slight indications of an approaching metamorphosis, but with the exception of some spots, these have appa- rently soon disappeared after a transfer to a dark and cooler place. AS we pass on westward we come into the eastern border of the great coal fields of the Rocky Mountains, and inasmuch as they are of vast importance to this great thoroughfare, as well as to the country, I will make them the subject of the next chapter. CHAPTER Xi. - WESTWARD TO BEAR RIVER. Soon after passing Medicine Bow Station, the dark, somber appear- ance of the surface of the country ceases, and the more cheerful aspect produced by the overlapping of the tertiary beds is seen. We move on rapidly through inclined ridges of sandstone and shaly clays, dipping westward from 30° to 50°. Here we begin to discover indications of coal in the black bands of carbonaceous clay that crop out on either side of the road. But the most marked development of the coal beds will be observed at Carbon Station, about one hundred miles west of Laramie. The first openings were made about three hundred yards from the rail- road track, where a bed of coal was discovered nine feet in thickness. The demand for the coal was such that it was thought advisable by the company to sink a shaft close by the track, and now the coal is taken out in large quantities daily for the use of locomotives. im GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 237 the latter plenty of good grass is to be obtained, but the irrigable and tillable area is limited.” From the data obtained by the expedition while in this section, I am led to the conclusion that.a thorough investigation of the northeast part of Utah and northwest part of Colorado would reveal the fact that there is a large area of land there which can be cultivated, not in ex- tensive bodies, but in long narrow valleys and belts. But it is probable the reports of others, who have been making some examinations of this mountainous region, may supply that which we have to omit for want of information. Timber is abundant along the slopes of the Uintah Mountains, and some of the valleys are tolerably well supplied with cottonwood. SALT LAKE DISTRICT. This district, which lies partly in Utah and partly in Nevada, is a vast elliptical basin about three hundred and fifty miles in length from north to south, and varying from fifty to three hundred miles in width, being on an average about one hundred and eighty or one hundred and ninety miles wide, and containing an area of some sixty-five thousand square miles. As there is a large portion of this territory which is but little known, and which’has never been examined with a view of ascer- taining its agricultural capacity, it is very difficult to give even an ap- proximate estimate of the cultivable lands within its bounds. Omitting what may bereafter be discovered to be cultivable in the western section, I think we may safely place the estimate at three thousand square miles, or about two million acres. An irregular range of hills or mountains starting from the west side of Salt Lake runs south a little west of the 113th meridian to the 38th parallel, when it bends southeast and forms an imperfect junction with the southern extremity of the Wahsatch Mountains. By this range the basin is divided into two unequal parts, that on the east, which contains nearly all the known arable land, being much smaller than the western section. This latter portion consists chiefly of broad, flat, sandy plains, often destitute of vegetation, and in many places covered with saline incrus- tations, showing plainly that the lake formerly extended over a much larger area in this direction than at present. As this western section, so far as known, contains but very little arable land—this being limited to the extreme southeast border—and as the entire basin consists of minor basins with distinct water systems, Lt shall not attempt to consider the district by sections, but will describe it by the minor basins and valleys, so far as I have visited them and obtained reliable information concerning them. Leaving out of the list the broad northwestern plains, the following are the more important minor basins: the Salt Lake Basin, Rush Valley, Sevier River Basin, and Beaver River Basin. SALT LAKE BASIN. This basin embraces the territory immediately around the lake, and that drained by the numerous streams that flow into it, of which the principal ones are Bear, Weber, and Jordan Rivers, the last including as its tributaries the streams that discharge their waters into Utah Lake. This basin is nearly two hundred miles in length, and covers over 238 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. one-fourth of the entire district; and within its bounds are contained the choice lands and chief population of Utah. Beginning at the north end of the lake, and moving east and then south, I will describe the country, so far as my observation and informa- tion extend, by valleys, in the order in which they come. I did not visit either Hansee Spring Valley or Blue Spring Valley, which lie north of the promontory; nor did I succeed in obtaining any very definite information concerning the agricultural capacity of either; but from all I could learn I am satisfied they contain very little arable land. ‘The former is not supplied with streams that will furnish water for irrigation, and the principal stream in the latter is very strongly impregnated with saline matter. The southern portions of these valleys have a barren appearance, and are but sparsely covered with vegetation; — the soil is also saturated with salt or alkali. Farther north there are probably some better portions and some small areas susceptible of cul- tivation, and grass may also be found near the mountains. The Malade Valley, which extends north into Idaho, is drained by the Malade River, and is a very pretty, fertile section; and, including the shore of Bear River Bay, is about forty miles long, with an average width of five miles. It contains about one hundred and fifty square miles of land which may be irrigated, and in the northern part are some fine fields of grass. Although the Malade River is narrow, it sends down a considerable volume of water, sufficient, I think, to irrigate all the level land of the valley as far south as the “gate,” or cation, through which Bear River emerges. From this point water can be drawn from the latter stream to irrigate the south end of the valley. Although a portion of the land near the bay may be unfit for agricultural purposes, yet several thousand acres can be brought under cultivation in the vicinity of Corinne, where it would doubtless prove quite profitable. The Cache Valley, the next one to the east, is an expansion of the otherwise ribbon-like valley of Bear River, and extends north and south from the divide between Muddy and Box Elder into the southern border of Idaho. Its length from Paradise to the mountains above Franklin is about fifty miles, varying in width from six to sixteen and averaging as much as twelve miles. About one-half of its area, or three hundred square miles, can be irrigated and rendered suitable for cultivation. Not only can the bottoms be irrigated, but the benches and uplands between Paradise and Franklin may be reached by digging ditches a few miles in length; for, in addition to the river, there are numerous little streams running down into the valley from the Wahsatch Moun- tains on the east, as follows: Muddy, Blacksmith’s Fork, High Fork, Gros Bois Creek, and Logan’s Fork, and Rush Creek from the west, all of which afford water. This is probably the finest grazing section in the entire basin, and sit- uated asit is near the junction of three railroads, must become a favorite pasture ground for stock-raisers and stock-traders. Occasionally, feed- ing may be required for a short time in the winter, on account of the snow, but this seldom extends over three or four weeks during the sea- son. This is also one of the best wheat-growing valleys in the district, being second to none but the San Pete. It is colder than the valley of the Jordan, as is also that of the Malade, and therefore not so well adapted to fruit or corn as the sections farther south, yet apples and the hardier fruits can be raised. The attractive features and situation of this valley have drawn a considersble population here, so that already between thirty and thirty-five thousand acres have been irrigated. Box Elder, and the other little streams that connect with it, are bor- : d ; q GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TIIE TERRITORIES, 239 dered by some excellent lands which can be easily irrigated. C. griseum. ~« tworows ueeeles smooth margins narrow ; scales 1. tr. 28; eye +1 head; V. 10. As the last, but the lips maine larger; upper with three rows _tubercles, and both with wide smooth margin; eye, 5.5 in head, V. 9; isthmus wider. {a C. discobolus. II. Seales of body subequal. | } a Origin dorsal nearer origin of caudal fin than end of “muzzle. t Upper lip not pendent; head one-fifth length to end of caudal ; upper lip wide, DLL We LO: scales tr. 1.30; | ventral fins small. aa Origin of dorsal fin nearer end of muzzle than basis ) of caudal. Head five and a half times in length with caudal; upper > I. bardus. lip wide, not pendent; isthmus wide; eye, one-fifth, head; 1. tr. 30; D. 11, V. 10; a light band on side, CATOSTOMUS SUCKLH, Girard ; United States Pacific Railroad Report, X, p. 226, Pl. LI.—Waters of the Platte. CATOSTOMUS LATIPINNE, Baird and Girard;. Pr. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1853, 388; United States Mexican Boundary Survey, III, 39, Pl. XXIV, 1-6. (Acomus, Girard.)—Two heads from the Green River. - CATOSTOMUS GRISEUM, Omar, Pr. A. N. Scei., Phil., 1856, 174; United States Pacitic Railroad, ue 22, Pl. XLIX, figs. 5- 9, —Two specimens from Horse Creek, (waters of the Platte, August 27th,) one from Red Cloud Creek, and three from other waters of the Platte. M. ae 4 O1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 43 _CATOSTOMUS DISCOBOLUS, (COPE;) sp. nov. Remarkable for its very large lips, especially the upper. In general it is allied to the C. griseum, being of the same cylindric form. The upper lip is pendent, and somewhat expanded all round. Its margin extends outside of that of the lower lip, where it joins it, thus forming an entering right angle with it. The commissural margins of both are wide and abruptly separated from the tuberculated portions. Tubercles subequal; those of the lower jaw projecting in a convex enlargement, concentric with the lower commisure; behind deeply incised. Muzzle projecting a little beyond upper lip; head wide, flat above; eye superior, small, entering length of head 5.5 times; three times in muzzle. Phryngeal bones expanded below; teeth delicate laminar, with acute inner cusp. Length of head, entering total to end of caudal scales, four and a half times; ventral fins originating opposite posterior third of dorsal, barely reaching vent; pectorals well separated ; isthmus very wide. Radii, D.11; A. 8; V. 9. Seales in 38-40, longitudinal series between dorsal and ventral fins; color, ‘olive brown above, black on head, passing into light yellow below, gradually on the body, abruptly on the head. M. Banter en oats, SSE Ne ie Adar ad eet: Sl aie aya vob 0.153 Length to orbit ....-... BATH A ae UP i? Mie Mate Aiea Aries Be Wnt ba Fhe .016 Length to opercular border .......-...... NOGA, Secret eRe Pala eo Cen 029 Gero MOnChOn Seg TIM piece ese sol, Sci abad Gutein 2 > age.e a Ste alae 065 HVeMAbO MEMRAM: + Skin a See Oak oe. eles Shane ene ale 0695 ATO eoapenrtatemtcn eam repeater ery soe A Bias crane! cele ce) a. u Joes a salicvew Wie cciataals 097 Ni palcheotetiromualONeS ec) 0 5 a. oe ok ek Se eM a hol tains O11 Memopiroraventraly MiSs 2 22 5 aoc ll Sk ect ew emsiamiac cee 022 Two specimens, one certainly, the other probably, from the Green River, Wyoming. This striking species was discovered by Cam. Carrington. This species may be compared with the C. plebeius, Girard, and C. generosus, Girard. In the first the eye is larger and more median, the scales are subequal, and there are only eight ventral rays. In the second the eye is also larger. In neither is the great development of the lip seen. MINOMUS DELPHINUS, (COPE,) sp. nov. The subequal size of the scales of this species would refer it indif- ferently to the true group Catostomus of Girard, or his group Minomus, which he did not distinguish clearly. The preceding species would - enter his Acomus, which is, however, only an undefined group of species, to which, by the way, the type of Catostomus, C. teres belongs. This species is especially distinguished from those heretofore de- scribed by the shortening of the caudal part of the vertebral column, and the consequent posterior position of the dorsal fin. Add to this a short, wide head, and thick body, and its physiognomy is expressed. The dorsal outline is arched, the head flat above, but elevated behind, and much depressed on the muzzle. The muzzle is wide and does not project beyond the upper lip, which is appressed to its lower face and bears four rows of warts; its smooth commissural part is narrow. On the lower lip the tubercles advance nearly to the commisure; this lip is deeply emarginate posteriorly ; the eye enters the length of the head five times, two and one-half times measuring the muzzle, and twice the interorbital region. Head four and two-thirds times in length to end of caudal basal scales. 436 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. Seales in thirty longitudinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins ; ventrals remarkably short, extending little more than half way to vent, originating under posterior third of dorsal. Pectorals well separated. Radii, D. 11; A.8, V.10. Isthmus wide. Color above blackish, with a strong inferior marginal shade on the lower part of the sides, and lighter tint above; a brown spot just above axilla, is cut off from it by a band of the yellow color which covers the belly and head below. M. Total AMNGD I SS 5 SOB dss boecssdeoSon0s0 sous edesues so 700n aC sc52 0. 149 Denes WO OM OT ESE Gah ss acuSscudc5554c05nes osbososeqass. cs: 013 enh co opercular WOLMel > “ae sic eere eee ee Lig ee . 0295 Mensch yFo Corsa Mi) -- eee eres ee = eae ee) = eva 1 oe ee . 069 eneth!torvemtralitim' 2 262 ee cee. aye iara lays a Ricker . O74 Length of ventral fin ........-- Se a Sheeley Lite Seis Saleen eee .015 Mewethete anal Mine seer ee eee eerie else Beak Ge Meee . 097 imberorbitalwidth. “loc e. 0 Oe) ee eee ene The only species concerning which any doubt can arise in the nomen- clature of this one is the C. bernardini of Girard. That writer states that the latter possesses 15 D. radii; this, with the ascription of a slen- der form and other peculiarities, will always separate them. Three specimens in Professor Hayden’s collection without locality. This should be probably a tributary of Green River. ; MINOMUS BARDUS, (COPE;) Sp. nov. This species is distinguished by its very short head, and marked col- oration, resembling in that respect the C. guzmaniensis of Girard; with this species it has, however, nothing else in common. Head wide, muzzle not projecting beyond upper lip; latter not pend- — ent, with narrow, smooth commisure and three or four rows of tubercles. Lower lip deeply incised, tubercular to near inner edge. Hye 5.25 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width. Head five times to end of basal caudal scales. Form stout; body cylindric anteriorly. Dorsal fin nearer end of muzzle than end of caudal scales. Scales of body subequal, in thirty longitudinal rows between dorsal and ventral fins ; latter originating beneath hinder border of dorsal, not quite reaching vent. Pectorals well separated; isthmus wide, narrower than in IM. delphinus. Radii D. 11, A. 8, V. 10. Color, blackish above, a broad olive band from upper part of oper- cular border along upper half of caudal peduncle, and a broad black band below, narrowing to a line along the middle of the peduncle. Below, yellowish, a band of the same cutting off a blackish area above the axilla, as in the last species. M. Motal Vemerghe a2: 5 Asi. a ee eae Siecle ohh ane eee Tenethto orbit... - kee aee i e OL Length to opercular border........--..----------------------- 0235 Length to dorsal fin... . 2... 2-2-2 joe ee le So eee 059 Heneth to vewiral ean: = 2) ese) ee lees ee ete =r = 0695 Length of ventral fin......--- Bet ote Sia ee wen wt oytrere Sacin 2a eee 017 Length to anal fin.....-... dota he Made Cig ap, 2) Eg gcc 036 dnterocbital: Wiel. ae oe. eae ene aia ohare Sane Seve a epee eee 0098 From the same locality as M. delphinus. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. A3T -PTYCHOSTOMUS BUCCO, (COPE ;) Sp. nov. A stout species, with a head short and particularly wide thrcugh the opercula. Lips thin, the inferior consisting of lateral lobes inclosing a V-shaped interval. Superior lip narrow, not pendent. Muzzle slightly Pecans subtruncate in profile. Eye large, 3.5 times in length of head, 1.2 in muzzle, and nearly .75 of interorbital width. Front and vertex flat; width behind orbits 1.75 times in length of head. Head one-fourth length without Cem, and equal to depth. Seales, 6-40- 5. Radii, D. Th 12; A. IL. 7 9. Dorsal nearly median on superior outline. Pharyngeal teeth ty sical i. €., pectiniform, with slightly prom- inent inner angle. Color uniform ; dorsal fin dusky. Total length of young. M. .117; to opercular margin 0255; to ventral fins .0545. From St. Josephs, Mis- souri. This species is allied most closely to the P. collapsus, Cope. Thisisa still stouter species, the depth entering the length only 3.5 times; the eye is smaller, being .2 of the head’s length. The Catostomus suckleyt resembles it, but is more slender, and belongs to another genus. The P. bucco is named from the interopercular width of the head. Cyprinide. (CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM, Raf. Icth. Ohiensis.) (Rutilus.) Agas- siz, Cope; Trans. Amer. Philos, Soc., 1866, 396.—Probably from the head- waters of the Platte River. COLISCUS PARIETALIS, (COPE;) gen. et. Sp. Nov. Char. genericus: Group IV. of the tribe Epicysti, (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1866,) and therefore with cultriform teeth arranged 4—4, and elon- gate alimentary canal, coiled many times below the swim bladder. The lateral line is almost entirely wanting, and the dorsal fin originates above a point in front of the ventrals. The lips are exceedingly atten- uated, and the mouth directed upwards. Allied te Hybognathus, Agass. Char. specificus: Head wide; especially behind, contained 4.25 times in the length without caudal fin. Muzzle obtuse; lips equal; mouth descending obliquely, the end of the maxillary not quite reaching the line of the anterior margin of the orbit. Eye 3.6 times in length of _ head; 7 times into muzzle, and 1.5 times into interorbital width. Scales small; 1. tr. 14; 1. long. 42; seven behind operculum, bearing tubes of the lateral line. Radii D. 1.7; A.1.8; V.9. General form moderately elongate; dorsal fin intermediate between end of muzzle and basis of caudal. Depth at dorsal, 4.6 times in length without caudal. Subor- bital bones slender. Color everywhere white, silver on the sides of the head. Length, M. .0432. From the Missouri River nearto St. Josephs. (Mus, Chicago Acad. Sciences, No. 575.) HYBOPSIS MISSURIENSIS, (COPE;) sp. nov. _ Belonging to group B, 7. ¢., with teeth 44, and mouth inferior Form stout, with large head and thick caudal peduncle. Head 3.75 times into length without caudal fin; Seen eS d—31-2—3. Dorsal outline a little arched; depth 4.5 times in length, without caudal fin. Eye three times in length of head, fee muzzle, four- fifths. 438 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. interorbital width. Profile, plane; parietal region wide; muzzle de- scending; upper lip projecting a little beyond lower; end of maxil- lary bone reaching line of orbit. Twelve scales in front of dorsal fin. Least depth of caudal peduncle two and a half to three times in Jength from first analray. Radii, D.I.8; V.8. Pectorals nearly reach ven- trals; ventrals reach vent. Dorsal nearer end of muzzle than basis of caudal. Length, M. .05. Light olivaceous, below paler; a silver lateral band and small dark dot at base of caudal fin. No dark dorsal band. From near St. Joseph, Missouri. From the Mus. Acad. Seiences, Chicago. This Hybopsis is near the H. procne, Cope, from the East. It differs in the generally stouter form, the larger head and thicker caudal peduncle. HYBOPSIS SCYLLA, (COPE;) Sp. nov. ‘Belonging to the group B. (Trans. Amer. Philos. Scc., 1866, 380) of this genus, and therefore allied to H. stramineus and H. procne, Cope. It differs from the former in its more slender form, and from both in the increased number of longitudinal series of scales. Head 4.5 times in length without caudal fin; eye 3.5 times in head ; scales 6-34-4. A. I. 7. This species has a short head with obtuse muzzle. The lips are equal and the mouth slopes a little downward, the end of the maxillary reach- ing the line of the interior margin of the orbit. Length of muzzle .75 diameter of eye, which is little less than interorbital width ; teeth 4-4 ; depth of body at first dorsal ray 4.6 times in length to basis of caudal ; at caudal peduncle equal from orbit to opercular border. Ventral fin originating below D. I. Rays, D. 1. 8, A. I. 7, V. 8; lateral line slightly decurved medially. Total length, 0 M. .0545. Color silvery with silver lateral band, marked with black points, which are especially abundant on the side of the muzzle. From Red Cloud Creek, a tributary of the Platte. HYBOPSIS EGREGIUS, (GIRARD.) (Tigoma.) United States Pacific Railroad Reports, X, 291. What I suppose to be this species presents a well- mmeniced grinding surface on one tooth (the second) on each side. There is nothing to dis- tinguish Girard’s Tigome, with this surface developed, from my section D of A ybopsis. (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1866, 382. ) These species _are his 7. gibbossa, T. nigrescens, T. pulchra, and f. crassa. The teeth are 4.1(2)-1(2).4, and the mouth more or less oblique. They cannot be separated, as a genus, from Hybopsis. The Tigome, without mastica- tory surface, are closely allied to the Clinostom?, from which they differ in having the teeth 4.2-2.4 instead of 4.2-2.5. Some of Girard’s Tigome appear to be true Clinostomi. Five specimens from Green River. PHOTOGENIS PIPTOLEPIS, (COPE) Sp. nov. This species has much the physiognomy of Ceratichthys dissimilis, Kirt., and is allied to the same genus. Dorsal region alongside and in front of the dorsal fin, scaleless; scales at dorsal, 3- agen ggulous Radii, D. 1.7, sXe 1S, Vials Teeth, 41-1. 4; head, one- fourth length without caudal ; depth, 4.66 times in the same ; eye oval, diameter a little less than length of muzzle, 3.5 times in length of head and a little less than in- terorbital diameter ; the mouth is nay horizontal, and the muzzle GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 439 descends gradually to it without projecting; maxillary extending beyond the line of the orbit; interorbital region convex. In general proportions this species is rather elongate, with elongate head and small mouth. Length 0 M..07. First ventral and dorsal radii opposed and a little nearer the end of the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin. Color above olive, below silver ; a broad silver lateral band with black dots on each side of the lateral line, and a band of specks on the side of the head. A strong black dorsal band. From the North Platte. In two smaller specimens, apparently of this species, there are some peculiar differences. In one the back is half scaled, the other entirely scaled, and the count is 6-36-4. The caudal peduncle is alittle shorter, so that the dorsal fin has a median position; and the head enters the length (without caudal) 37 times. From the Red Cloud Creek. HYPSILEPIS CORNUTUS, Mitchell, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1867, 158.—Red Cloud Creek. CYPRINELLA BILLINGSIANA, (COPE;) Sp. nov. A rather stout fusiform species, having the depth .25 of the length without caudal fin. Length of head the same; eye contained in it 3.5 times, .75 of interorbital width. Parietal and frontal regions convex transversely. Lips equal; mouth slightly descending; maxillary bone reaching line of orbit. Muzzle nearly equal to orbit’s diameter. Scales, 6-31-3. Radii, D. I. 8; A.I.8 (9;) V. 8; originating considerably in ad- vance of line of dorsal fin; not reaching vent. Pharyngeal teeth 4.1-1.4. . Color in alcohol reddish above, ?. ¢., transparent in life; sides and operculum silvery. (dure pe) “T0930 OY} TO Yor JaVVASnyO ---- (duvo) “0109404 OY} WO Yoo LoVasnyO (dup) ‘eSpraq oY} VSM W10}}0G OT} UO YoeoIQ e0q ospoT (durvD) 01098 §,1ey}ns eT} Jo ysvoryNOS ‘eB oq} uo ‘TPessny “vy ‘q qog odeq Wb ‘DOTYVAIOSqO Jo JUIOg *SNYCIYS-OLID “I4S-"ITo ‘§n7e148-ofMUIN “148-"no ‘snpnUMo-o1110 ‘No-"aTO {snqvags “4s {snTNumMo ‘no {snaI10 “ITO—'SNOILVIAGIAGTY ‘SO[QV} O89} UL PAOAOT[OF U9SG SVT SpNO[O oY} Jo o1NZv[OMOMIOU §,pIvAMOP_, 4290100 pun ‘uaquajday “sniny ‘ine fo syzuow oy) burunp uayn, sopow pooibopo..onare 49} THE TERRITORIES. 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NY 0 el eo ae Cp ssed oq} Ul OSpIt pany, DOOM econ s cae tees ere ssed oT} Ul OSpLi puodee YOO |" 7 > 77777 * Yeerd Jo QIN AdT[VA Ut OSPLI ISAT NOG aos ees paoy oy} puodog peor Ut osprIs SALT OOS s SEES Pe ibe E yeas ee Appuyk JO p1oy plo 400 | ~-ssuridg amydng ‘dues 4svoy}100 [IY Jo dog, 7 4sdty SN Ce | reas i le ned Shara IDO SOT SoG puooeg S oS “TOTPBATOSGO jo yurog SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 501 GEOLOGICAL “‘qsvoq}IOU PU 4SvO OT} UT ‘1}S-"ND “148-19 nus) (9) hi) (9) i Us) (6) "IBID “48v9 OT} UT ‘1}S-"n9 *MOZIIOTN OY} punoaswv “nd-"119 “MOZIION ON} PlIMoIe “Nd-"119, “NOZILOY Ol} PUNOI “Nd-"11 *HOZIIOT Ot} panos “N9-"119 HOZILOU W10}S¥9 UT “Nd-"110) NOZILOY T19}SvO UT “Nd-"119 ‘148-10 PUB “Nd-"11D 19 Nd-"119 0-19 19S" qSOA\ OT} UI *198-"D “SNQWIM pUv *19S-"nD, ‘SNQULI pue “138-9 *1]8-19 *Iys-"19, *SNQUITT pu “1}s-"nO MIU ‘SNGUIIN UIRY «‘snquUTy UILY = “SNGUIIN "148-19 "148-19 “UIeY “SGU NT ‘9yd10 oI ‘Is-g “‘SNQUIIU pu “1}8-nD “148-19 . ey} uyer AAtOP Rian y *149-"119 BEEE PEPEEESEEEEEREE 894 ‘062 G8L GLE CLG “LT €86 “LT 6€6 FT 668 ‘9 698 ‘9 2 Pe ene 00 F% CL FG GL ‘FG 8S '€% OF “£6 GP ES 86 °€ G6 1G GIG G6 “T3 OL 86 GG 86 "CS 06 "&% BE Cs 8E ES 66 “EG GG "ES OL "€% 66 "GG GS 6 OF "GG 09 G3 PL GG #8 GG 80 “6 G6 GG 86 "&G 80 EG OL &% 80 "€% GLE 80 *€% b6 1G €% 8P £6 1G && Cor noonoo "UL ‘d 00°% “ul *8 00 ‘OL “Ute 00 'L “wad 00 'g a (‘dury) ‘010}8 8,10]INS OT} JO 4SeoyINos 4vB or} uo Tessmy “Vy ‘d 40g ‘yodep s,104svuLI0qaeng Rig OO sosessees(dmmvg) "39019 ofog ospoT i pet eae PROS (D107) "YOO IU vspoT SeiseP ines; SSB oumdoyy * Spit Jlurmans puoosg pote eR OUTS inl aC *AOUIBA. "- sseq ouuoAagD ‘Sprit qimu1ug de ibe eek ee IS SO CORREO OU GP OSPLI ISI *---urerd oy} mors guoose 4dnaqe Jo 400, SRO Cp woot eescrssss-" SLOpURBg JOT 4v dug (durvy) ‘s1epurg 410,77 ‘HOPES SSIOPULG JU JSOA\ JOATY SLUM IVT SIG “*(dmvp) ‘n0e4s ofvjs JoANYy oruvae'y ory “(dweg) -oSpraq ey} rvou ‘m10940q 20 00 BRE “77177 oor) punoy TOS¥ AA JO foe Bigutceg Plog ‘Yoo punoy U0sy A, Seles icraieietaie oor) punow TOS’ A\ JO 4SOAL BNI YON AO” eurolipoyy ‘osptiq Jo ysvo Yulq ysalyp (uopey duro) ‘eSpraq oY} aveu ‘010}30q oY} UO Ya0I10 og ouloIpayy WOI[PTT 910,7 plo ‘e1098 s,19]3ng ISS seg oFeusa ey ‘OpTAT(T HOOT OYVUSO]FIVY “plOf PALL Pa gy Een eee ees (dureg) “paog oory sev <7 ~ ffeil else 15 MST PEs Set ap wu tn ie ee otras by feng sees ys Pr a ee 0) ee | ee = =e ~ >. 4 :. =e eee vies eA =i . cape Aas Hear ares: “picks, Gud 2 Wi ae Te OS bs RAS ¥) 1) ‘a ni EE ee jesctre lets a1 Seer 2 eh ae =f + = ~ AS Le ~~"C \ = so . . ' t => Li eae on = Se . } e: = - . = thee ; ‘ 1 4 7 E = e a Pa see ‘ = at ? Ite s me f = 2 = Se = > : * Egos Ai : ; co : Fit 7 ‘ a - F ate oot Se a = eed he + r “ es = ~~ a! Y Vtg ee E 7 ’ ee & = js sy — . ec “ ~ — = ms [ es cS — 2s GENERAL INDEX PART I. Page. INDEX TO GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF PROFESSOR F.. V. HAYDEN ................ . 10-188 PAU Ten Tlie peste see Sele lie se Oe EAT I re A also eee Oe ers nese eyed ct cede cael oe ae 187 American Desert, Great ...--. -.-------------+ -2--=2 ----------- jab oa nen bod toe 103 INDUC O® SATION 6655 pa5q00 695650 600000 699e58 655005 500556 050000 SodaG0 sondcouG 110 /NDOS 8 gaoo obo pode dedoou cope Sop oSs0ce 0GED40 cDoO GU bSSDSO boDe.dD000 14, 171, 181, if OF GOA sood06 665400 so0600 boca 90 cce 000 babes HoDa bocO ESeG HoCO Sedo DONeE ASEM SHAMUTOM. 5 o5505 coos co ds00 Gop con5 dade eouDNS BoSDOD CODD GoD cooDSaDOCEEScS 149 IBarrell SIPEG co4c, condso dnco nbb0c0 50 o5een0 beeece coocoboSssenoceass MS erect aes oe 73 Pel IbGs65 scad sopSepbooo doocSes cob p50 Gabe cones SooU SeDD Coop CoDS OED eES Cone 104, 157 1Repye IONE, WAND WO MERKEN Oe Caebcg Sha5 bscc ose coco gececs Goo5 eecocoaD enea acoso ues 44 WES Awe iO) Oley ID.CS5 B S55 Goo6h6 oo55a0.cn56 onan apde cousen banoon= 133 to Salt Lake Valley, Chap. XII -....-. Huta ao mietetevayes Shae tate er eae 147 Cihyalistlokstratameals sjsaielsasa voetsaslaeier-el ete 150 SOAS soos sosdco cbes ond acs bdB/noGe bd Sbcooe RE OSSe be DoDD Uboo bdUcoUDoOSO CHSnce 135 ISTO D SINOM 546 5566 5406 nooo so gougesulsese 5560 sce G55 ceodadoo oan Damo ooDasoS 135 Byker TENG SATION 5 56 coc pbo ecco a boooa cose ccod cose CSbSSs coscns a4 4o55 doabeS 71 iBiiiKere Creche iain 36 6656 osccico Goes beecoonconbos snc5 Sopa squeSo MES enoniSSbSNE 140 Weal eye heats eye aers eine ne iat ap atk etaa aint tele te ray ales ye ee ee LOU) 1 BUY) tes] BON Rey es Saree See IOS Ces Mer eR ORS TCC e Ss nO motes SEP IES SETI Spy 71, 141 Hills, (Laramie Mountains) . SST Nera IE EPA Hs Fs chs tear bios ba 72a| 1B eve ket] INS ah ese teers eo Ns UR eS a gE eM RO eI ES NT SPRITE NS 8) 4l WGI VCE IENE RO Ie ey Ui ele alae ebeiclarey eres lee fale Sols lerete el ete tol ere ite Spe neta 100 BlutisyofNiobrarai Group) ssc ie o 2/5; 515916) srstniesale tai oe eeseeis eee nein eee 90 WoxclsMens@ ano my oe sagen hcl onl se aye sec ore AEN MY da Petal ASD atl nee ale he 24, 162 JEHMGer GROUP seus ceséeddoeonsoculonsd oucaus de 5o55 soon degcousguuosaneeoe 58, 73, 166 IRC ae es eee Soe ee rasa ese atten Sst sal ph ASA ook tae peste ee) 73, 73 MIB UG ee Se ee en a eee epee yale a tetas mete poeate 5D IOTROR AES) 18) SS RE eee SCS eee mise NE Ee ES ip SE aE Ieee Roney ae 64 Bullkoithemwoods) (lode) es oscinieecsterisaicisine ~cieeee anise he elelsiweise wsieteieninies 68 Carboniferous rocks, Missouri River, divisions of......-....--.-.-------------- 86 Chine IDOI SS Resee anes s See eee ee ae ee Rear eSrenisar mare ala aes 36, 171 @ AED CRISPI AKO iete es ieee esta ie eins oi shate a asap stay ates Bimelcele othe, tai siorenal ec ene rats oreo 43, 48 SUaiomie er cecal se ente ca iisteyemleeisle ce aa) cite ncctnel ssc neha eto Ase hee Ae CAG Chinn SiON ob6cuebccsd cb ps o5 55000 bo soeebo ce55 ban obs beESoD ODS ooo Shc sac8 133 Cheyenne....... Baeo Sous secu coneoo su oSSo de eacoseer oacoees |) Titi to Fort Fetterman, Chap. BG ean AEE Seis iene om a 11 IEEESCE Ca Reo 6a ce nobS a ueataune te cooCnodd GuEaoues oats Usse sonooo be aaeo 80 (CUB Sao Ee ey esa Ue ya I ya SIE aie ie ee MOS rN care RINE cL Oley yl AG C25 Church Buttes ..-...- Se Dasa Sralo at ayayc nile Rye tapers ase ea eles TA Chalk Bluffs, Blackbird. Hill, Nebraska, (eat) EATS ie aan aS A a ie ae eS 88 Chugwater -.....-- were alata eat SS Se aE el aainte Slate a iahavatein aio: Sie ere, wateay aia ete cet ea ROL Ghenindorvocho@rcek nies ents ctl Ut CP Aa peer een tare Sane tT he Rea ek a Cloven Peak - eee eee Sede tea saree ols CO Te Sea Pa aE ES I a A, 101, 133, 136, 139, ‘141, 149, 154, 166 analyses Of 5.45. SERED On BAGS Saoh Ep oasSHeesobob eas oe 181 considerations ‘affecting Econoimicvaldc ofan ars: ook. tt eee eeame 185 TACHSMIRDS, WD DEES S656 6455 cb6000 5506 co55 Coe BOOS bOU HEbe FeO bse Saco eau meee 85 Coalsyotethe Rocky Mountains) ee saccsccs sail e ces se osc ooo sl acin ee seeiee= 179 CHAIWIIG Gadn coca déon denoudbe docu sade mooduccs coboG npeoEeEr ser ounedon cece alae, Gy (COMOSE sobs 5655065 o5accd ogceeG 65 59690000 09.55 65 55 oogcobns eo boSconosdsceodogdee | IGe) Coopers Oneal eodooccsodo5 noes cabb 6o o4c5 so ebodsecude moose ea cebouoee coodes, UML IRR) Columbus; Nebraskai ac 238 258 ass Sirs sce aie sleciciae sie eae Micicriersi ne lars aieleiae Gin nereue tn dO Como Station ......-.- ES I Sa tS a AUR es pO nce SAT ean eh Seg mrraver LS Coteau des Prairies, (cut) . heey De RN ee reR eI Ae YT ie Ne nt 175 (Coie roe! ORIG 44c6u SSb6ad Gonads SSetibeco odes Cddd beso oder oH euaced Je beet 18 504 - INDEX. . Page CoxdsyPeake y= feces ise we lapec a niet laaratel stale syelolar ela sim mintoieinielersrieiere reisiavereratcere 53 Cretaceous rocks of Northwest, general section of..........-.-.--.------.----- 87 No. 1, of Little Blue River, Nebraska, (cut)...--...--......--.----- 101 (GHESNO) SIH S56 555 2552 sh00 955 5600 39959500 49550054 595555500850 S505 555-565 139 Da eaiiey CROWD do Soosu0 socsoododaes cogs coos cous Sood. co0s noD a DoS cbo bogs So56 88, 90, 100 WD aley © re es sys ya says tere = teies aie oe tote inva letersi renietare ofeylaielaie islet ele Sere anraleieie eee eee bles Wawes's) Beak tio cite eos sit 2’ = fol scua ble kolo nde vies Soce ieee cio eco eee 53 Meer Orel see Mecca ee ee sae ae Sicleraialere wie oleae ela afelereln ele sopene a aielcfeleiaeis eee 25 Wewilisi Gabe ss Aas he oak els. c ohare SS ne Beit aie Bin ee es Seeker see ee 31 Tae soda disco Gietelsvad Giclee dies minecas)-sieie/aieim weieyele) -lor=l ee Doves County, N WNebraska’. «ewes ee cee alse ceases le oe. ear iit deposits - - So o0 Sassen bo 30 so sce coss seqeas e500 sesssscoosSosecesscsorss | Tal DueE Dae. Beeld Joie haar adis kad sostse ad Teale See Slee aoe eee 73 Dynamics of ‘geology, examples OF goog te otoaeuicextponns 2 rr Mastubmdmineset sosgbegsse Sessa edeset cece 42, 46 Ris MIATA SHOT Sao Sen5ueeeo beoobuocE lou ceo0 codcon soeceooaSoer sosoce coocss 34, 135 syn) hone (Cigale cocoa dcoeacc ono6dusscace Usose6 nadug0 DNS Edo coSseo DSeESsC arse esa0 149 SPONGE. cooo ne noeg nae nocd Haac 9S0cRS cada ooosoesSoon Foee sens clos ors 138 ShywECuweagae CODD .56 555 5565 6550 Goon 0656050 sa60 b556 sede ong5 dus S064 sesSocssce 29 US Gye Fea eeeed cegas essere ase oe bce cece ces tere eee 32 MVCT, Se aee ee a siees Sete stele slog Hine e sel eee eee siceie Acicie es Eee eee 121 Mablemockeye. cic 2 yee ciara seinem tise aiacil eatetercleceeeceee mete artaee 39, 71, 140 Iheneyess. (Oli) S55555 segues seagdnoodo doqadnds ss505000,5006 sogu bases G54Gesccac 176 Tertiary series from Bridger to Green River........-...---------------+------- 73 of Nebraska, general section of .........------.------.--------- 93 AN oie) (CROSSINGS 635655 565655 cb0s5ocScosdesse0s sees aso eeuaad se sons seco cere sos 33°) Wriassic Sandstones,. (Cub) ene cece sincere wie scenes sei S op eae eR eeee 119 Tunadlest stesso 556 Gsnoosesan consoo dae osaced s400 ceou Qgaesece caenco So005 2020 145 Union Pacific Railroad, elevations along ...-.....-.----.---------------------- 112 Uinta Mountain's, trip) to. 2 pose pe woe oe oes eieisieencie Oe ecto e nde in eee A4 \Weprmi bien Cigale 3.5555 d555 6556050000 6550 66nd 6555 050500 Suadsa Sonn beseoe csSso5 68 ‘eiiley DENS, 6665505560 coc9 620509 Ssh Ss doossgbao55 pos nSd Seis0 Scadeedaccsons 116 Warne Sprint analysis Of (oo Seo fo clone ose spielen a eee aia ele Cans eee cota feel Wasa tclin@ an oma irre ec steep nneiaieie|emelemriaccc wists eetencleer elciete le eee eee 159 Group ...-.-- 2) eee aele cine lcs oheislanie hier aieiaya| Selo ate a arse eee eee! 148, 169 Mashakie Grom passe ecibs nsec coe eee icin sincleise soc eiieiemnelsincis cee eres 73 Weber River: cc2 G28 Societe ccc we Meleetemeeben ceeminiedee o cee sere steers tere Seo mls Spm RS \idilOny SIDBINOS S555 6oc5e5e4 codes conne6 pono Soo55 cusa dedooo so osonoccsse seas 29 WandehiversMountainsyesesetescrc cise cece sise coats enicie aoe e ee ee Eee eeese 30 Wyoming Territory, description of east part...-.......-...------------------- 114 Yalliony Cheats SPIO NESS saGas sacs conoSH Sone udoose cogs Glu ooKe wigs fee eeesec 154 Mommie: Armeneae MIM GS aa. so) maine aren) melee eee entail 178 @ariadiam, Mines ine. 2.26 cso Seles ce Se Be caine nek oi hele cede le te ene Se nS) PART II. ; ACCOMPANYING REPORTS) 86.525 joe sin sjnisina deiciewc ace selec em ee eee eee 190-501 Agriculture, Report on, by Professor C. Thomas.........-...-.--.-------------- 192 Analyses REESE RE SESE REELED CRESS Seperate esa Se ee IRIN Perea 321 Ancient lakes; by Dr. J.-S. Newberry = == 22 -2sjs22222 722-2 see e eee nn) eee el 329 Arkansas districts sible SUE tee Poe oe Bee Os IO cee ea 213 RAVER saonsec sta se ee esses ASE ee wad PLE AUS A Nea 214 valley/of Upper sssesncretgeodt eos Sk RAE PS, See 194, 214 Artesian Wwells.w.tise-teee hes Peete side see Ce ee ee 264 Beaver, River: Vialleyicc cians c:cinie wintewinie ciate cide snid vase cecniote ease eee Hr er 246 Bird's; (fossil), kes ec ele ek sc sence ba Cae ccc eee ecole Pe eine s Lie 265 Grus ea case bne damned cdeacks eeedscced ieeueees en ce ae case eae 265 @ache: Valley io) see. oo obec cule ad anette 8 a uiio ecient oe eine aie cy eee ERS Caloptenus Hees TEMAarks) OM 2.5 a0si.ccs aesineebisesleneee meio e eee ae 281 Canadian section 2.5). 7... Seccles osln csi wc Ge sete ee oe oes ao eitiee esoe erence Eee ee @arnero, ;Oreele yc bcc Beet oleae he yoke meet wees - Roem aa gata aeee Ree S Catalogue of mammals and birds, by Mr. J. Stevenson. nccip che acme ceen Hae 461 mollusea, by Mr. S. B Roberts 2. ecco cones coe eee eee ee 467 coleoptera,) by, Dr. Gr /ELs MORI ee oe aioe pease foley mine niente _ 469 INDEX. : 507 Page Catalogue of hemiptera, ibysAR RY Uihleriiesqess eyes steer wean ee eee elmeitecics 471 plants, wy Wiis toy (Oy IED He Poo coce caccboosoce i Da tecss¢e5oeers sescas 472 Losy 1D, (Cs Ca TERIBAY oo cone coccoo detead Gopobo bened6 coco egeKs 484 (Gada Wallleposecoseecs sana ouoopash be ho boc cp bach suse oabEsEeobs Uda uooder busoE 4) Ohinaraiom Tyler ILM @scoses coscsodboonscseco S5S0de Sonesd S505 HHSSbOoSoe Gac6 213 Chhimeanes a? IRAN cosss6a55e baboon c46n0s coagNs copoES osecg csnQ4OCoDESO casa deeqc 453 INE IMGRGO. coos dood Goboos sooo Deco occ coboSbIesseen soobds coucad 208 With coooobeds Sobéas coco boboed soseee cone soos aneoDobagooo sooo GeC0s 247 Woalsytertiany, Wy, Mire J. Mi. PROG eran cette ea aie imtoo 318 (Call, AMAKVENS Ooo cone coog pondes Sococe Sabo soso Dedo0S 50500 sous Saco BESecoCEs0S 321 MO crlitiest Neate Sl Gea n hee as ice ee SOS COGHRER OMe cebiaeeS 322 IBMIR@IPS MWNNB 656 5505 6660 050500 55500600500 950099 9505 990055 95550055 0000 325 IDR WING sc65de0550 006s cpos cosa Gods ceo caseosSDCESDeaGSDND Gosocece «aD (CAFWOM ss56 cade coo s50000 S505 cece so05G59010900 020019090 900050 DoUBEn OSHS HS 326 JONVAUMSUDIMN s 555 60600 Sos0sndsoo Sedo ccd on SUgS So dSSoUSUaEODUGoSe SSabees50. aes) Golden Ciliiysc cc ccescecs9900 009050 990000 595456 Hacc oec0se cand oecoce Soe 322 TalaliyMWOssda esas cecese 6605 660856860606 gage 66500505 so0900 Gen5 EeaEHS Oba5 326 HEVEGeMS MIN Ole c eters oie ee inte este selon state tet autem aate see ee es slctege 323 Marshall’s mine...........----- BSR SSS ease SS SSA Ser eS Muar snes Loo | aml RMS ROM OU eee SAT RI SCR RP RIE PER TEES SE NM a 323 IBOOK S\PNNGSc666c0 ccood0 bocs uecoos bobs c60505 coScoucHbasE pSscon S500 con5 327 Uy Wa alle a cams Dele are ee ba eal A erage tea ena eS mE 328 Wei O\y kascee poee oo Se00s0 9590506 2606 655050 c600 soc dons cece SSeS oosee orc 327 NVAISOMSMMNING = Sse Ses Ses Se SASS oS A Nee ce He Rhee Cone oe ee een ees weird 32D \ysronintinyae Ie) ari Ayigaos See esShasossuaES coceun code conncuoDo coodcacsanse - 326 Coleoptera, c¢ atalogue OE yy IDs Cedal Ieianss seo beooSnoouocson ceo obbeaocaos 469 WostiNowMMe tess se ayer ace oe cies rela ci eicis. caste oe scleate sine ties emeareiam aiaeeiers 200 Cullebravehiiver esac os we ce ee cinise ies ose cS nieie cierneteuies econ aie ete eer se moO ID ISTIC, IRM@ CHIME O56 sob600 46566055 656 c5ec0n 6a obbEoD Su S590 dé Sde ceo necoso4 197 PAT SISHITIS EUS) rare oe See re rene erat ee Ne re nate cre es alert fle cre Mi 5 are ape eMart EO am dMES ESKOU Ul BA Eh rh cheeses ses aera aa ae eo ein ey ea Ue SM 217 INOLtI HP abte fore ase e ae See ee Dee eee Se Se ee Re 217 WVTMMRIVeR e280 Se se eee ae ES SS See SNe ee eee 232 Green River..-.-...- PE Acie Ce ca ea ag cae Oh eI A rE eat les A Ca 233 {San § Gay al elt el oe paar is Myleene tar UE Ny ele Se 237 Divisions, boundaries of...-.. 2... --..---------- AP ee Ace ama AEE ae 195 CASUETM ais sci e ace eee late Sees e es esi ee RS eee Ie RSet mae eterno a tara emtane rane 196 WiESLELIV eri sralc wavs teieie cintsl osteo are mr nie Streeters iaimcisialinie wistarele jana aioe eteraiahatetes 233 astern secvion, (east of black Hills) 25-222 - = senses cies seers se cee alee 226 ETSVONS UIStiOL sso noel acc cite cio a ere tas whe coe eS BASES ines omens aarapeiaiiels 205, 490 Hishess (fossils) Dye Drier’ y ot sona oot aet cet. (Sse eee oa aero me ciaee aia 368 INSINE OSE cee etatgaes Nees Olod Goes e cee aes = SSS eee Sind esdya lectern aecmrersoewee 369 Guys era ee Fart ee Sir a pte pas sts tar Nae sb see sa ON erates 369 Gy (iulivodomese ss Ase sens ce sale es era oe Re oe Rs craton ete tee ede 369 ANA OGY sp NTGTURUTS ees Sepa Se SS Re SSR tS ee ee ee ea Le eaters 369 ONnCOWDCIS ERE Gee Seas Ons BEE Se ie Us ola oie Re Im Sete Nera area eye 370 Delehanty ee NE eS eR EE Re ees es cia eh as ae se Ree I ee i OOO ZEN EXO VEL ehe eae remain Se ae Re RPTL MY abe N a ame 370 Fishes aud reptiles, (see Reptiles.) Fossil (see Reptiles. yu j Fossils, general remarks on. ASR ee beeen a AEE O acs ie eRe, list of, by Professor F. B. Meek -..--. 0-0-2. cece cececdctcececcseceees 295 Wonntaine Qui Bouille River 2:<: 22-2 hc o2c226fechises cede ced ce ce ele dene 216 SMT NS Rv CT See are Stee eT Tae ae aI eS ee ee Fae a a meen eS WEA RROD (igh (GHD TET EWA ORE a ae Fe a TO ease a eae ati a NA ae ae gh Al en ae TOG Garlands ehortiess seo sees ose s Ses oe a ee ee eos ete een RR a OU) Grasshoppers Hates sass eee ee NS eS SO AA Se es oy eet GREENE MUV ELE DTS EUG He ce erate ae ore er eg: ce EV LE OND Hansee Spring Valley .----...-25.-:--- SEUSS a CAs niciins Sime rs Slee 2h AREA a 238 LAT ASCKUD DERE REC kit es Nees a eae een aI eee ra red re A Ua oe kU La 216 Hemiptiera, catalogue of, by P. R. Uhler, OS + 2-0 eee eee eee eee eee eval Heteroptera, list OF ooo oce nce retone SRA SAE O AEE SEX OO SAA 471 LOMA Se PAT os oe a Ss BS Re es ie Atte Po oon gine Feed Wek a delat IA ee Ne a 198 508 INDEX. LELOUCH INS Olan ose6 pas ooU Abbas bocd Goo0 daducs sods naceqenc 4 iene eae . 472 Jeloth SOMOS Bo okeo conc acsots Coos cocces egoses pono gong nada57 Sasasc CSse5oKCcS 199 omdlon Wenleyrecta sabobe cosh sauoad yaoo bau ono oeahod sesess Gogo cosdas saso nee sso 4 240 dita) Wallleyres so nabs s35645 065555 c60clbog6 beso oees CoeEne SonSsee Coos oS Kosa dcsoonS 243 IRS SRERS VANIER 5-3 Sais ge daeo sabe Co seod voeaae Seeceg eo Iseeobeass 455565555552 - 244 Kansas, resources of, by R. 8. Elliott, esq...-.------.-.---- ------------------ 442 Iemma) (GANS S555 cebdod paedon Soomse Saad sase cons abso Socean sas cSsCoe secon 5055 261 varamiler elaine 2s Ss. 08 cs Saks ws hoe eee eins cue Soe eles ate ee tee el ene Goeeee 220 lietteroterotessorC: PnOmas):. -< icccesdccesm cee sect es seme ee eeeeeeaa eee 191 Minlndle Welllnyoesosesebe ss0560 065500 da50K0 do5G00 6460 GE60 geno bEBSceasooso-6562 238 Mammalia, (cossil) ii Wr. Ie Mey. 22 mee seem mene aise a ea eee 340 A@NMW ROMO So5ee6 ces Goad naGe5G GoGo cba0 bda0 CHsooN baSscob Cano GccSes 344 AMGBIDONOEMUE) 5 osoccboossobececs gS sdcacdesoooeseseorSassaasSsuer= 349 DNDN OVO DW aoe 4 655 4a6 ade dondad deg ane Go5e86 casu sos5 Goseco sonbcd - d4l ZIV} N DES) See Soo Goan eo anon obo Oo HOU G0 DEesee Soudes Gbanoncunosood 362 ANTOIMG NSD Ss Soon Bb ebbb do5as0 6550 Gononalor Goce bauD DoSa4qs Gsoccs oc 362 (OCR ee Secon See eLeES ee es SE pone HORM Sanreorsoo soace 6 eters Sol Delp UMS goss caters eee ical del nain aisle sseeis Saabs Sse eee eee eee 3695 Dicotyles esc. soc ets sce =e sie ee ras eee teisiet= See eee eee 302 WIM CtISio.- a. Sse bss naicee eae ee eeeeeigenis cee cee en See ee eee eee 343 Wrepanodonos.4 2252 N2eiee jer se ieee als es ec ee eee ee Reem 343 IG OIG SASS Sa Reese Saal e ae ae eet eA eee Saquy nooo 359 MNO teri sje oe a love sie cteie oie sewincteeaaa ace Ase ese eee ee ee eeeee 353 TDP MATIO Mess s oye 2 a.) 2 ave see hes Mews ow eine ee ine eat atoeia oreo te elec 360 Homo cameliseese aera eae see ee ere Eee ea eee eee 300 Tiiyeemanlom JAG snekoeeaeos besboo co sueenesoSos Suse os ooeacoscsosus 342 TIO SOIR) 5 cca So eSB bb ee As cSoccabScSncodscoc se s6ccubadssco ond os 304 ISO DOM S Aes See loka onadacooedo oon oe sous see e eo oNSoa55555~¢ 335 JE POMN OUR Soo aa Scab bobo soe 5eee coep Gocco oo candn oo po seupescacass 362 Hy rate OU OM eye ataeias Gee lee) ai= Sn ele anos See eee eae eee eee 356 Esch yromyS.cnis2 so .cisc2 laces bese Se ce bien enisninecleies Selethuisio ciate See emo We PEATCUUS £2009 cinta an Sales ie Sineigic Rvp sige ier wie olej ave elo ee Meptancheniais 6:22 ne Se oso crema aise cievsie wale penis ais kee WWeptomeryxe oe bn eo ewe ooo nce eine ee sleiee yetie ee ce Ieee TueptOchOerns § 2516 teso xem yele ele wir sim ain emyenn sino eieunic aieia ea he) eae oe Mente tig ee ae ee ee ah os peas tie) ate oie: ole wjnga Share elev ahah ete CO Bophiod ons cies sta. eee Ye coe cae SS ais + oracle see Ss Seieee De eee ese Ody Mophiotheriume. 2.25552 sess Sae:se nie CoD be base babe bos bobeaas IPROUMINAPKo) os de Gouus as comes ede eee rac: Us CuSO HUAN E eB Bego Eanes Protohippus) Giese sersttae So task elses see ee ee oh. acc Vw Pseudcelurus)\s.-3:ts tccice seks alc eee oti Sale tas RiMOCerOsH SS aetna sin gH Ose ee Ne Se Biase oak is SERIES Mammals and Birds, catalogue of, by Mr. Stevenson...--.......-----.....--.-- Mollusca, catalogue of, by Mr. 8. R. Roberts...............-...----.---.------ Meneorolooy, OyeMir., J. We Beaman. 22. 5 ceejace ees eel eieeeee hess essc o2- Kiama Welleyooseae soos cnosoomecoou sooecace SEDO DEES teboco bon seodsa8 basn BedaT 194, 213 Ocate Creek-.-...-...------ aoo08 a OBPODO UBdag Hoo HuCU boKeomanaL aouce Orthoptera, list of, by. Prof. C. Thomas - Sdc0 so se 0b 0s GeOd Soee SaOgoa De SHOR CHad GEO ING WE EDO Gals oe ee ge eooesors Conee oes Sach eaenon becuse seoue aa Acrolophitus hirtipes SRBC Soar a SOO EM EOE nee enantio aenie ane [LANTERNS Sie GMsO une see ee baslteecons bos aa coneor Cede son neFEe bene AM aT SHUMUM UGS seca ee estat Srstele tee 5 ace Siey ane cp See eee ‘Boopedony.nu bile. SA sees a Bodo Se hayes cya ense epee eee leooypeden vibRoOs moby ea as ORO Ea eee eee ee ee ee esse aes Sraeliyqe plus a OMNIS 2 ose et iss es spas ie tays Biya ey Se eae Yc Oe Spin ppitytaeTacipesis sehen) eee = te et ceyap 1D are ey ee een ele Medipodanconallipesy eae hes esters) toy Areecieyeee aic See A Oedipoda a ayia ee a ee ae HTN MTT Re Te Nie ates | Oedipoda cincta.. EO as SEs ae Ag aye ike ai cual Seniesa etnias Oedipoda neglecta. epee pee Sasa aes Asal 3 uci a IRL ety AA RM Ra Epc Oedinodastrifascla tats kseeec eM eeL S h ea aya eae Oponrolamneo-mexicama sacs 6 see ae ee PC ZOLOG CIS UCLA AAAS 2 yy le ee AMPA cD cei Deegan Sew y(n Stanronob use MUN Ofte eA ecie evs pare goer sae. ells es Mena ee) BL Steno DOMMUSPO RTE NS ey fac cect pe eons a Slay lone ak ME SLEWOVOMMTIS!OWLOMNS Es es a as we oN eg ln han aye Slenobovimusyqimaticmeculatush-< 525 22/6 5 4a e wee Rees eae Aliant OGLIz On FEMME ALS eee eas 2.38 See ops see ad Ae hee LH AMANG LEI ZONPUEPUTAS CONS ees es + = 2. Seve nyse ee Oe ee Romonoe pus pscudo-MiletaMtsea- = sestee sss Saoctet ee eevee ie ee Paleontological report, preliminary, by Prof. F. B. Meek...............--.---.- Pastoral Lands and Stock-r SVUSUINO yi stints ex eet aa als GA wir hy uy alessio ANN ey RECO SMAN GAIN G Vata cola cree ac eget SaaS 2 ie Se a, abl il ON eee yo Re i abaaRe ean et [PETE VETTE ey Sete SU RO ge a RR I PNW Et EOE Regen D Tok Wee IO A A Je MeO, - BLN) Tee re Os es Aa Se ae rien COUN ROM GME RUMI eK eee ty PUNE parr Rslsrrausm CMOSSI ly) One taceoU sy. chiar iste estes las nda it inls staid Tene a NN Report on, by L. Lesquereux See eS ORE IS oT rhe eye eae AN eT GLUT is ay ist eee dh pay oS alee a Ns, 2 ova aa AEN OR a dota New species, Lygodium neuropteroides ...................---- Catalogue of, by Dre © Oar ys tig lle wrasaie sa: Savane ee edna ee Valea COT Lene ete pay eay ieee o-oo VL oni As enue Spr iL New species, Ghee Haydeniana.. Wie eae SR ee ee hy Aan Shay aie oe Eritrichium REV Tie oo ARR IR NS Higley Productions of Utah-. CSREES OCC Ee One Cn Rep ee hee hams cee nee New Mexico. Boe TT ETE re SS Ce ERM oy ane Arte Ha SAN R Ee Gey, PrpeTb Mh Co DE aA 1) SIN a a rE nS dS ge E COLOR LHGNWiestine. sayy cciers ene ee h ee yal ce GS WONT eget me NL "ETDS SOY EA) STR 2) ees ERA UE Eyes et ee» 0 me aS IOUT So SO LEDS), ( Hfe Ce eS aca Se hee ay Ne in SN ARO UE IOUS IC CMMI le A IMIDE Se tO] TEN Iteports, special........ SISA eae re eR S Rar eee 9 UM Iteport, Agricultural, by Prof. C. Thomas ....-- ie eye eas oyhy bas hated Noe eve ear od Paleontological, nyc oa) a) RA Bo 1 eye) Fauna Repay me RA ck NI 510 INDEX. Page. Report on Tertiary Coal, by J. T. Hodge, esq.......----..- --2-------26--2020. 318 on Ancient Lakes, by)... New berry, UE.D 222202. eco eee eee eee 329 on Vertebrate Fossils, by, Prof. J. Leidy 2-- 2.) -.5-5--- ose soseitge oe 340 on Fossil Plants, by Mr. L. Lesqnereux .........---.-----. ----------- 370 on Fossil Reptiles and Fishes, by Prof. E. D. Cope ....-.--- leis creeps geal 385 on Fishes of the Tertiary Shales, by Prof. IE. D. Cope .-.--. .---------- 425 on Reptiles and Fishes, by Prof. E. D. Cope ..--.--..----.----.-------- 432 on Material Resources of Kansas, by Mr. R.S. Elliott ...... ...--- Boe ake Reptiles and tishes, by Prof. E. D. Cope ...-...-.---...--------- 22+. +--+ -+----- 432 TAS Ge losis ee cle Meee tease syand ads Salat aisierac 2 capers taeeeee 432 New species: Albuernellus percobromus.........----0----.----.-------- 440 Catostomus discobolus......-.----.-----------02--------- 435 Ceratichthys squamilentus........--.-...---.------------ 442 Coliscus, parietalis 2: crjei56-. 20.0. eosee dt toe oe ee 437 Cyprinella billingsiana...........-....-...---+---6--62--- 439 Gila macreae. sare eee serge eee erence rene rele eee 441 Hybopsis egregius...--...---.-----.+--..----- Joes ee 429 Hybopsis missuriensis....-.-----...--...----.-----.- ovles 437 Hy bopsis (scydlane: steele aloes ece ie wetness eriebie= seen pene 438 Ptychostomus bucco.........-----.-----.--------- La a 437 Minomusibardns:) 222.2522. 2a. en lee ee ieee ee ee eee ee 426 Minomus delphinus.---.-. wis HeseBEale aiabosaee aa see ena eet 435 Monon ase distin = =e rere eee eS eee eee ere rere 439 Photogenis piptolepis. 2222-2 - 222-6 sees ees eee ale 438 Salmo Stomilasss od ok iak ss jae as es Eee es eee ee ae 433 Sarcidium scopiferum.....--.---------------------------- 440 Reptiles and fishes, (fossil,) by Professor E. D. Cope..---.--.------.------------ 111 Apsopelix sauriformis-.-...-..-..----..----------.-----------.---- 424 Asineops squamifrons ........--....-..-------------------------- 426 Asineops viridemsis ...--...---.-----.------------+----- e----0---- A426 @lidastesimterme dius eee = oe ae a lee miner at eee © 412 Clidastesicinenianimes see =. eeeesr eee cere en eee ree seer eer 413 Clinpeashwimiliseees 2 eee es seee nee en =p e eee ee eee ee 429 @lupeaspusillace sass: sees cet seine ncisenys sinc ease ano eee 429 Elasmosaurus platyurus.--.------ ids dine pale BES Ioan s ase ts ea eet al eatere ae 393, 424 . Erismatopterus rickseckerl...-...22 2.22. 222 see es obs nee neon 428 Erismatopterus levatus.....---...-.. 2-2-2. -- 2.200022 ---2en0--- 428 Ichthyodectes ctenodon .........---.----..----.----------------- 421 lbnaolonny dysyyelOies 5556655 555555555500 ogb4 5os6 JUS ote ee 410 Mod on PictenicwMs: 532.9 h ee mete mia aiale te cle Pole Crete sete ele ae 406 Irordlovn WHO 6606 ono sogssac0o sno seco Sessa ces0ss05 PRAIA pes 405 Liodon proriger Be Gn 58 a AOS SUA Ison aeons Sado baa Sos a5osGagsoccesc> 401 Mosasaurus missuriensis 5225 225-2222. 222 scclee- ese eeelss selene 401 Osteoglossum encanstum..-.-...----.---.---- joie 2 stat hameee ae 430 : Polycotylus latepinnis........--...-. Biteun Wel Shic beaver te eens 388 Sauredonmleanbs!: se 4-25.) eich rsh sad Lee Ae ie 421 Sanroceplalus) audaxe-=-s.)s-25 2 eee se eee eee yee ear 418 Saurocephalus lanciformis ....-..--...--.---.----.-------------- 415 Saurocephalus phlebotomus..---. bbe atweros dee REP ys Soc 416 Saurocephalus prognathus ...-...--...---.---------------------- 417 Saurocephalus thaumas........-....-------.-----+-------------- 418 Reptiles, (fossil,) by Dr.J. Leidy...-...-.--.------------2+ +--+ 220 eee eee eee 365 MS ROT Ay Sysop evs a eloos al cjcuersroe —ntepeete tee tse eimiess eee ete Nee a eee -- 367 IBRY OOTY 36 e es ooo oh 56 Good bono oegn soto coos ascssosSs 367 G@rocodilus (32 2h.ete eee cok nee See Sheek laa oer eee 368 Ite ee eee ee Rae Cee Be Ad eT eo olson 366 SHIM S84 Senses Ss Sooo Geonsnbosode ado se56ase0sss coosea des 368 Sin OTN Ras 5480 4505 O48 SHaa abou ese ond oseada Ssecoe cpeadascos 366 UDBYOUN AS ioe o geen one cee laste BabMapesacas coc caer céebeescascc 367 Resources of Kansas, i y 7 SE ottsa2cssseee eam selice ee eee ee ener eee 442 IR pao UI) yas 4 SS oop Baoan saa en0 She Goode oSbo5 SOsban aaenodeanesn sansa occc 198 ioe) Santa) Pesos ees sss seee es acca ecbelaniaas seen ee eine e ae ote ete erate 206 Tero CRN 6) Sess Saag ease ons> asbe cose aca5 S00 sescco sh oeoopbroon sobes fons eSeic 206 leit) Chl) ae 4s ee ee ee ene a ed ae Maa ROC OSRea osc sod Goods 208 ov rane WiShri ei sree wet ala ieisiet sie el ani arene ois ete ele la yeas eel ete 197 PRR vier cos tes i Sas oh eae i oes Bs eS ee ee eee OOO Well Gy. = isn ean wcmrerciotere alien cae bare Sos cee erate ie ete ee los ote eee INDEX. Hite TOPNMULIMP TES seyeaeee Sei ever els we arci co Ric fala Nevctaysropaiay aul narcisiave ta levels cleiad ealeiciseue eateries eon 1 OS FRLOLS IN IUD acyeyee sien hereicictoc) sia) aiciiie treet Se re ioctl HS aus ha ac ium eM, eS IO VURBIN bo 54 be co secees po oUoo Gd dada obod gd ouecboodscccSeoocHSUeHoccboscecs BES Hews \Wawleny ocosson coos os sone os ose ed ed se cba co cosas coopeadsSocosocaonodases | Hl! 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Meek— AMIS OMY OM CEMLLALC).) =) (leet Slate wissia vere cere sietapeie sia ainls)