THE LIBRARY OF THE
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N52 | SEP 20.1927
Cop.6 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
_FIFTY-SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT
ILLINOIS
DAIRYMEN’S
ASSOCIATION

1926

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FIFTY -SECOND

Annual Convention

OF THE

Illinois
State Dairymen’s
Association
THE LIBRARY OF THE

Held at
Galesburg, Illinois,
January 26, 27 and 28,
1920

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of Secretary,
Illinois State Dairymen’s Association,
Chicago, IIl., 1926.

To His Excellency, Len Small, Governor of the State of
Illinois:

I have the honor to submit the official report of the
Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, containing the ad-
dresses, papers and discussions at its fifty-second annual
meeting, held at Galesburg, Illinois, January 26, 27 and
28, 1926.

Respectfully,

GEO. CAVEN, Secretary.

LIST OF OFFICERS

President—

W.S. O’HAIR, Paris, Ill.

Vice-President—

S. J. STANARD, Springfield, Ill.

Secretary—

GEORGE CAVEN, 136 W. Lake St., Chicago.

Treasurer—

CHARLES FOSS, Freeport.

Directors—
W.S. O’HAIR, Paris, Ill.
S. J. STANARD, Springfield, Il.
T. P. SMITH, Danville, Il.
C. M. FILSON, Salem, III.
J. P, PHILLIPS, Sesser, II].
CHAS. FOSS, Freeport, III.
HARLAN SHE, Paris, Ill.
JOHN STEELE, McLeansboro, [1l.
GEORGE CAVEN, Chicago, Ill.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE
ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Name and Purpose.

Section 1. The name of this Association shall be the
“Illinois State Dairymen’s Association.” Its general pur-
poses shall be to promote the dairy interests of the State of
Illinois and to disseminate knowledge concerning the same,
to bring about more economical production of dairy prod-
ucts, the production of a better quality of dairy products,
and to increase the consumption of dairy products.

Membership.

Section 2. Any person who is a resident of the State
of Illinois and who shall pay into the treasury of the asso-
ciation the sum of one dollar, shall be a member of the
association until the first day of the opening of the next
annual convention. Any person who is a resident of the
State of Illinois and who shall pay into the treasury of the
association the sum of four dollars shall be a member of
the association for a period of five years from the first day
of January preceding the date of said payment. Any per-
son who is a resident of the State of Illinois and who shall
pay into the treasury of the association the sum of ten
dollars shall be a life member of the association and shall
be exempt from payment of any dues with the exception
of special assessments, which may be made by the Board of
Directors on all members, which assessments shall not total
more than fifty cents per member in any one year.

Honorary members may be elected by vote at any
annual meeting of the association in recognition of services
rendered to the dairy interests of the state, and such mem-
bers shall be entitled to all privileges of membership with
the exception of voting for officers, and shall be exempt
from all dues and assessments.

6 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Management.

Section 3. The full management of the affairs of the
association shall be in the hands of the Board of Directors,
which shall consist of a president, vice-president and five
directors. Four members of the Board of Directors shall
constitute a quorum to do business.

The Board of Directors may adopt such rules and reg-
ulations as they shall deem advisable for the government
and conduct of the business of the association and may ap-
point such committees as they shall consider desirable.

They shall also make a biennial report to the Governor
of the state of the expenditures of the moneys appropriated
to the association and arrange the program and order of
business for the same.

Elective Officers.

Section 4. The president, vice-president and Board of
Directors shall be elected by ballot at the first annual meet-
ing of the association. Only five-year or life members shall
be eligible for élection to the elective offices or Board of
Directors. A plurality vote shall elect.

The elective officers and Board of Directors shall take
office immediately following their election and shall hold
office for one year or until relieved by successors who have
been duly elected and qualified.

Any vacancy which may occur among the Board of
Directors or officers may be filled by the Board of Directors
for the unexpired term.

Appointive Officers.

Section 5. The Board of Directors shall appoint the
secretary and treasurer who shall take office upon the first
day of July following their appointment and shall hold
office until relieved by duly appointed and qualified suc-
cessors.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

el

Headquarters.

Section .6 The headquarters of this Association shall
be where the secretary has his place of business.

Annual Meeting.

Section 7. The association shall hold its annual meet-
ing at such place and time as shall be determined by the
Board of Directors, not less than thirty days in advance.

Duties of the President.

Section 8. The duties of the president shall be to pre-
side at the meetings of the association and of the Board of
Directors. It shall be his duty, together with the secretary,
to arrange a program and the order of business for each
regular annual meeting of the association and of each meet-
ing of the Board of Directors and upon the request of five
members of the association, it shall be his duty to call spe-
cial meetings of the Board of Directors, or he may call
meetings at such times as he deems advisable.

During the first day of the annual meeting of the asso-
ciation, the president shall appoint in open meeting a com-
mittee consisting of three members of the association, which
committee shall place before the convention nominations for
officers and directors of the association for the ensuing year,
their report to be made not less than three hours after their
appointment. The president shall at the time of the ap-
pointment of the nominating committee indicate in open
meeting when the election of officers shall take place.

The president may, at this meeting, appoint whatever
other committees that to him may seem advisable.

The president shall be a member ex-officio of all com-
mittees either appointed by him of by the Board of Di-
rectors, with the exception of the nominating committee.

Duties of the Vice-President.

Section 9. In the absence of the president, his duties
shall devolve upon the vice-president.

8 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Duties of the Secretary.

Section 10. The secretary shall record the proceedings
of the association and of the Board of Directors. He shall
keep a list of the members, collect all the moneys due the
association and shall record the amount with the name and
postoffice address of the person so paying, in a book to be
kept for that purpose. He shall pay over all moneys to the
treasurer, taking his receipt therefor. It shall also be his
duty to assist in making the program for the annual meet-
ing and at the close of the said meeting compile and pre-
pare for publication all papers, essays, discussions and
other matter worthy of publication and cause to be pub-
lished and distributed to members at the earliest day pos-
sible and shall perform all such other duties pertaining to
his office as shall be necessary. Any compensation for the
services of the secretary shall be established by the Board
of Directors.

Duties of the Treasurer.

Section 11. The treasurer shall before’ entering upon
the duties of his office, give good and sufficient bond to the
directors of the association with one or more sureties to be
approved by the Board of Directors, which bond shall be
conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of
his office. He shall account to the association for all mon- ©
eys received by him by virtue of said office and pay over
the same as he shall be directed by the Board of Directors.
No moneys shall be paid out by the treasurer except upon
order signed by the president and countersigned by the sec-
retary. The books or accounts of the treasurer shall at all
times be open to the inspection of the members of the
Board of Directors, and he shall at the expiration of his
term of office, make a report to the association of the condi-
tion of its finances and deliver to his successor the books of
account, together with all moneys and other property of
the association in his possession or custody. The treasurer’s
bonding fee, if there be any, shall be paid by the associa-
tion.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION )

Quorum.

Section 12. Seven members of the assocition shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a
lesser number may adjourn.

Amendments.

Section 13. This constitution and by-laws may be
amended at any annual meeting by a vote of not less than
two-thirds of the members present. Notice of the proposed
amendment or amendments must be given in writing and at
a public meeting of the association at least one day before
any election can be taken thereon. This constitution and
by-laws may also be amended by unanimous vote of the
Board of Directors present at a meeting called for that pur-
pose, written notice stating purpose of meeting having been
sent to all members of the Board not less than ten days pre-
ceding date of meeting.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 11
TUESDAY, JANUARY 26, 1926

Galesburg was the scene of the fifty-ninth annual con-
vention of Illinois State Dairymen’s Ass’n. The men res-
ponsible for locating this meeting in Galesburg were Louis
Nielsen, president of the Pioneer Creamery Company and
Henry G. Hawkinson, head of the Cottage Ice Cream Com-
pany. They enlisted the help of members of the Chamber
of Commerce and the different clubs of the city and suc-
ceeded in having the week of the meeting declared a
“dairy week” during which persons attending the conven-
tion were guests of the clubs at their luncheons and at
which dairy talks were given.

To further add interest and instruction to dairy week,
arrangements had been made with the National Dairy
Council for two of their workers, Miss Chinn and Miss Coon,
and these ladies gave health demonstration talks before
the different clubs, schools etc., setting forth general health
rules and the value of milk and its products in the human.
diet. These ladies furnished one of the best features of the
convention.

The meeting opened Tuesday, Jan. 26 at 1 p. m. with
cattle judging. There was individual and team judging
under the direction of Prof. C. S. Rhodes, University of Illi-
nois. In the cattle exhibit were about 60 head and the
judging included not only the cattle entered in the show but
Knox County herds owned by F. F. Packingham, Charles R.
Rowan and the Swanson Dairy Farm.

The judging took all of Tuesday afternoon except a
short session at which Henry Hawkinson of Galesburg pre-
sided. He introduced Rev. G. Van Buskirk, who led those
assembled in the singing of America. Following this Rev.
Van Buskirk asked the invocation. Mayor E. W. Mureen
was then introduced; he warmly welcomed the delegates
and visitors of the convention to Galesburg. Mr. Mureen
also congratulated the dairymen on their interest in their
field and the work the association is doing. W. S. O’Hair,

U2! ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

president of the association who was the next speaker, spoke
of Illinois as being the leading dairy state of the union and
stated that the dairy cow is the backbone of the farmers’ fi-
nances today. Mr. O’Hair then outlined the program of the
convention and stressed the importance of attending all the
meetings of the convention. He also spoke a word of the
benefits to be derived from membership in the State Dairy-
men’s association and urged all dairymen, who were not
members, to join.

Mr. O’Hair then introduced Prof. Rhodes, who spoke
on “The Dairy Cow—Its Type and Conformation.” He
opened by saying that in the production and marketing of
dairy products, efficiency was necessary and proceeded to
tell how the farmer could build up an efficient and profit-
able herd. He described the dairy type and told how she
must be fed and cared for and the returns good feeding and
care would: surely give.

Local Entertainment

Tuesday evening’s entertainment was furnished by
Galesburg High School boys, The Exchange, Lions, Kiwanis
and Rotary clubs of Galesburg.

“The Scrub Bull,’ was the title of a mock trial put on
by Galesburg high school agricultural department. This
sketch was not only humorous but the “evidence” presented
pointed out the value of thoroughbred cattle. A good
‘line’? was, however, presented by the defense of farmer
Jake Corntossel.

The cast of players consisted of the following:

Judge—Clarence Deal.

Defense Attorneys—Virgil Odean and Charles Nelson.

Prosecuting Attorneys—Neil Rich and Charles Meek-
em.

Witnesses—Raymond Anderson, Forrest Moberg, Hal-
sey Miles, Robert Giddings, Lester Gale and Conrad Nelson.

Jury—stephen Junk, Paul Carlson, Willard Anderson,
William Driffel, Roy Nelson and Cecil Deal.

The Exchange club contribution was a short sketch
entitled, ““Geraldine.’’ The title character was played by

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 13
M. Velander who was cleverly disguised as ‘Geraldine.’
“Sam” played by M. L. Craft, and “Swede” impersonated
by Dr. M. W. Olson, kept the audience in an uproar.

- The clever sketch, ‘‘The Medicine Man,” performed by
Wilfred Arnold as the Medicine Fakir, Pliny Allen, as
“Hi Grass,’ and Stanley Oberg, as the blackface assistant
and comedian, “Smudge,” brought a storm of applause for
the Kiwanis club group.

The Lions club also had an original stunt with Charles
McDonald and Bert Linrothe as blackface comedians. In
their songs they brought in names of dairymen delegates and
also told clever stories about the visitors. ‘Yes, Sir, That’s
My Baby,” sung by McDonald as a calf was led across the
stage, brought an outburst of applause.

Mrs. B. C. Linrothe played the musical scores at the
piano.

The ‘Practice Night of the Stunt Committee of the
Kilchrennan Rotary Club,’”’ put on by local kilted Rotarians
was a classic. Dr. J. M. Tilden was forced to put on his
terpsichorean act twice at the demand of the spectators.

The Rotary cast follows:

Time and Place—Mac’s house in Kilchrennan, County
Argyle, Scotland, at 11 p.m. Patron Saint, Rotarian Harry
Lauder. |

Thomas Roderick McKittrick (Tam)—Tom McSpad-
den.

Andrew Duncan Stewart (Andy)—Andy Hamilton.

Douglas MacKenzie Cameron (Dug)—Ray Arnold.

James Stewart MacGowan (Jamie)—Everett Hinchliff.

Malcolm Alexander MacKenzie (Mac)—Sam Harring-
ton.

Alexander Stewart MacPherson (Sandy)—Joe Tilden.

Robert John MacDuff (Jock)—Bob Woolsey.

Donald Stewart Murdoch (Donald)—Lee Murdoch.

Before and after the shows, the several exhibits at the
flaza, were inspected by the crowd.

14 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Dairy Cattle Judging

The Galesburg high school- cattle judging team, con-
sisting of Clarence Deal, Forrest Moberg and Halsey Miles,
won first place in the cattle judging contest. The team’s
rating was 669 or 53 points above the nearest competitor.

Galesburg high school boys also captured the high
ratings in individual judging, as follows: First, Raymond
Nelson; second, Halsey Miles, and third, Forrest Moberg.
Floyd Johnson of Geneseo, and Rulof May of La Moille,
tied for fourth and fifth places.

The Team Judging

Prof. C. S. Rhodes, assisted by Frank Makepeace, state
supervisor of vocational education.

The scoring follows:

First, Galesburg, 669.

Second, Oneida, 616.

Third, Elmwood, 573.

Fourth, Walnut, 562.

Fifth, Decatur, 524.

Sixth, La Moille, 485.

Seventh, Geneseo, 449.

Kighth, Aledo, 423.

All of the teams and individuals engaged in the judg-
ing contest showed a large knowledge of cattle judging, it
was stated, and a creditable showing was made.

The awards were announced for the first time at the
“stunt night” performance at the Plaza theater on Tues-
cay evening. The announcement was made by W. S.
O’Hair, president of the association.

Cattle Prizes Awarded

Holstein: Dale Griffith, Oneida, Ill. Heifer Calf under
1 year, lst, $7.

Guernseys, Lester Larson, Galesburg, Calf under 1
year, lst, $7. Louis Buckley, Calf under 1 year, 2nd, $5.
Dean Buckley, Calf under 1 year, 3rd $3.

Jerseys: Howard Simmons, Avon, Ill., Heifer 1 year

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 15

and under 2, $5. Martha Simmons, Avon, IIl., Heifer 1 year
and under 2, $3. Charles Mitchell, Oneida, I1]., Calf under
1 year, Ist, $7. Sam Erickson, Oneida, Ill., Heifer Calf
under 1 year, 2nd, $3.

Holsteins: Zina Crane, Oneida, Bull 2 and over, Ist,
$5. Cow 2 and over lst, $5. Heifer under 1 year, $3.

Ayrshires: Walter Ray, Abingdon, Cow 2 years and
over, lst, $5. Cow 2 years and over, 2nd, $5. Heifer 1 year
and under 2, Ist, $3. Heifer calf under 1 year, Ist, $3. Bull
2 years and over, Ist, $5.

Guernseys: Adcock and Ratcliffe, Galesburg, Bull 2
years and over, Ist, $5. Cow 2 years and over, Ist, $5.

Jerseys: J. E. Simmons Jr., Avon, II]., Heifer 1 year
old and under 2, Ist, $3. Heifer 1 year and under 2, 2nd, $2.

Jerseys: Nielson and Erickson, Heifer Calf under 1
year, 3rd, $7. Cow 2 years and over, Ist, $5.. Bull 2 years
and over, lst, $5.

16 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION

January 27, 1926, 10 A. M.

President O’Hair: Now the crowd is not so large, but
if you were all bad men Galesburg would be in bad shape,
but I will take it that everybody is good—but you don’t
milk cows. Down at our place if we milk cows at four
o'clock we begin milking at four. That means four, it
doesn’t mean ten minutes past, and if I had a hand work-
ing for me that would come in as slow as you fellows are
coming in here this morning, I would fire him before he
got down to the barn. (Laughter.)

Don’t forget the banquet that is going to be given to-
night. It will be given in the club rooms of the Galesburg
Club. The club rooms are a wonderful place to hold a
banquet, and the committee is doing everything that can
be done to give us a good time and the cooks are working
hard to give us good eats. There can’t a man of us afford
to miss it. You will get three dollars’ worth for a dollar
and a half, and you will get seven dollars and fifty cents’
worth of fun—ten dollars’ worth of value. If you don’t
get that much worth of fun I will just say this, that Charley
Filson will return you your money back, but our banquet
is one of the best features always. You will not go over
there to hear lengthy speeches, that is not what it will be.
You will hear speeches, but it will all be foolishness and
fun and there will be plenty of it.

You are all invited to come. That is the only thing
that costs any more while you are here. At any rate they
have been feeding me for nothing, most of them. (Laugh-
ter.)

Now there has been a great deal said about sometimes
a man who is counted one of the biggest men in the coun- .
try, is late, and I’ll bet he doesn’t milk on time when he is

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 17

home (laughter). Mr. Van Pelt, of Waterloo, Iowa, who
was going to speak to you this morning, on the subject,
“The Dairy Cow,” has lost his place because of the late-
ness of the hour in getting together, I am sorry to say, but
if he had been here he would have had a lot of empty seats
to speak to, so maybe it is better that we hear him later.

I just want to say this: Today in Illinois the dairy
cow is the backbone of the farmers’ finances, and if these
fellows that are running around over the country trying to
get shut of their corn at more than it is worth would have
come here and attended this meeting instead of going up
to Iowa today, they would have known when they got
through how to solve that question, because the dairy cow |
is the backbone of the farmers of the State of Illinois, and
before we get through here we will see you are.

In these times they try to do everything to people; last
summer they tried to make monkeys out of nature, and now
they are trying to make hogs out of them and feed their
corn to them. I don’t know whether they are going to do
it or not, but if they do they won’t get much for their corn,
because the kind of hogs I think those people would make
want to sell it at fourteen cents a pound; but if you just
had a few good dairy cows, before we get through this
meeting you will know that is the only thing that will keep
the farmers up.

At a meeting in a county adjoining this county last
week a man said if it hadn’t been for his seven Jersey cows
he would have broke last year. He said “those seven cows
paid the bills that would. have sent me to the wall.” You
know sometimes vou can sue a man for forty or fifty dol-
lars and put him in bankruptcy if he didn’t have it then;
and the dairy cow is cash property.

Now this morning we have with us a man whom we
are mighty glad to have here. He is a man of wide repu-
tation, his paper is the largest paper in the world in the
dairy line—Mr. A. J. Glover, the editor of Hoard’s Dairy-
man, and I know you will all enjoy hearing him talk. (Ap-
plause.)

18 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY

A. J. Glover, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.

Mr. A. J. Glover: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentle-
men: When I return to Illinois, it seems like I come home,
for I worked for you people twenty-five years ago.

Someone said to me this morning, “Is this your first
trip to Galesburg?” I said, “‘No, I was here about twenty-
five years ago, attending a dairy meeting.”’ Someone said
to me last night on the way here, ‘‘How does it happen,
that you never come back to Illinois and attend any of the
dairy meetings?” “Well,” I said, “I thought I was doing
my share by Illinois, because this was the twentieth meet-
ing that I had attended since the National Dairy Show,
and I couldn’t very well see how I could attend more and
take care of my work on the paper.”

Now, folks, I have no surprises for you this morning;
what I shall have to say has been said many times. I am
not like the old farmer who had been wearing clothes that
were rather shabby for a long time, and his good wife had
taken him to task because he didn’t buy some better
clothes; and so after urging him for some months he made
up his mind that he would surprise his wife. So he went
down to the village store and bought a complete new out-
fit: shirt, trousers, coat, vest, and had them all wrapped in
a package and put in the back end of his wagon. Before
he reached home he drew up to the banks of a little creek
and started to disrobe. He dropped his coat and vest into
the stream, and then the trousers, his shoes and stockings,
and shirt. Then he went back tc the back end of the wagon
to get the new outfit, and somebody had “lifted” them!
He got up in the seat again, picked up the lines, and said,
“Get up Mary, get up Tom; we’ll surprise the old girl yet.”
(Laughter.) But I haven’t any surprises for you.

In this section of the state which is so largely devoted
to the raising of corn, hogs and cattle, the farmers are apt

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 19

to look upon the dairy industry as being a very small and
insignificant part of our agriculture.

In 1923 the total agricultural returns was something
like eleven billions of dollars. The dairy industry returned
close to three billions including milk and all its by-prod-
ucts, the cows sold for beef, calves, and the values of the
skim milk, and the whey, etc., showing at this time that
the value of the dairy industry represents about one-fourth
of the total agricultural income of this country.

Put it the other way. In 1924 we produced one hun-
dred and twenty-four billion pounds of milk. There isn’t
anybody here can conceive of a billion pounds, but if we
were to put that one hundred and twenty-four billion
pounds of milk into eight gallon cans, if set side by side
they would span the world—vyes, they will go around the
world nearly sixteen times. That gives you a little bit of
conception, visualizes, if you please, the meaning of this
great industry.

It required nearly twenty-six millions of cows to pro-
duce that milk; it took a good many of these to get that
number of cans of milk that would go around the world
nearly sixteen times. When we view the dairy industry
from that standpoint it is tremendously large, but when we
turn around and begin to measure what the average cow
is doing it is disappointing. She produces around four
thousand pounds of milk containing about one hundred and
sixty pounds of fat.

The thing then immediately comes to our mind, what
can be done to increase the production of our great herd
of cows, twenty-six million? <A great many years ago
when one of the leaders of dairying in Wisconsin was speak-
ing to an audience someone arose and asked him this ques-
tion: “Uncle Hiram, how shall a man go into the dairy
business?’’ He reflected for a moment, and then said, “Go
and buy a bull.” That looked like a facetious answer but
there is more to it than a person would at first think, be-
cause if we are going to improve these twenty-six millions
of cows it must be done through the bull.

~ Now, what kind of a bull? Why, a bull bred for dairy

20 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

purposes. And what kind of a bull is that? Why, it is the
bull that has been trained, or his ancestors have, on both
sides, for years, to take the feeds of the farm and convert
them into milk economically. That is the function of the
dairy cow. Her function is not speed, her function is not
graft, her function is not to accept hardships, but her func-
tion is to take the feeds grown on the farm, supplemented
with by-products from the mills, and convert them into the
most refined product in all the world—milk, a product not
only important to the human race but essential to its exist-
ence.

Herbert Hoover has said the white race cannot exist
without milk, but a lot of people feel there is nothing to
dairy breeding. They try to get the two-purpose cow, try
to build both milk and beef in the same animal, and where
that has been done we have never seen any great dairy
progress. Wisconsin didn’t make her tremendous progress
in dairying until she set aside the idea that you could cre-
ate in one animal outstanding products of milk as well as
beef, but devoted themselves to the breeding of cows for
the purpose of conveying the feeds of the farm into milk.

But, someone will say, there is nothing to breed. It
is all in the corn crib. My chief, ex-Governor Hoard, was
one time speaking in Vermont when an old farmer got up
and said, “Hoard, there is nothing to this breeding.” Hoard
said, “Is that so, young man? In my state there is a little
horse by the*name of ‘JIC’ that can trot a mile in 2:10
when fed two quarts of oats. That is the speed product of
two quarts of oats when fed to JIC. You have horses in
your barn that won’t trot a mile in five minutes if they
were fed five tons of oats—all in the corn crib.”

South of here they hunt quail in the fall. I presume
that you hunt some prairie chickens here in the fall. Have
you ever seen a man taking a bulldog to go to hunt for prai-
rie chickens or quail? You take a bulldog if you want to
win a fight, but if you go to hunt quail you take a dog bred
for that purpose, trained for it, but we find people chasing
for butter fat with bulls no more accomplished in the pro-
duction of butter fat than the bulldog is in hunting prairie

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 21

chickens or quail. And there is nothing mysterious about
a pure-bred animal. It just simply means that for years
and years they have been trained to do a particular thing
and their ancestors have been recorded.

There is a great difference, however, between pure-
bred animals. Unfortunately, we havent made the close
selection in the breeding of pure-breds that we should. We
have incapable pure-breds. We have pure-bred bulls that
breed down instead of up, and we have low-producing pure-
bred cows. Now the cows are not all to blame; the men
may be to blame the way they feed and take care of them.
Nevertheless, the breeders of pure-bred cattle to the pres-
ent time have not eliminated all of the low-producing ani-
mals. .
Why, you can pick up any farmer’s record, almost, in
our cow testing association and you can find where pure-
bred bulls have decreased the production to one hundred,
one hundred and fifty and sometimes two hundred pounds
of fat a year. On the other hand you can turn over the
pages and find records of the cow herds that have been
increased from one hundred and fifty or two hundred
pounds average per cow per herd, where the bull has
brought up the average to three, four, and in some cases
close to five hundred pounds of fat.

It takes a great deal of skill to get a herd that will
average even four hundred pounds. We read of the rec-
ords of cows like some of the champions that produce one
thousand pounds of fat a year, and some of them even fif-
teen hundred pounds a year, and in certain cases have pro-
duced 36,000 pounds or better, of milk. Think of it! Bet-
ter than eighteen tons in a year. And we say, “Well, I
think we ought to have all our cows do that well.’ We
haven’t any of us yet fully appreciated the skill it requires
on the part of the farmer to breed, feed and develop a herd
that will average four hundred pounds of fat per cow per
year, and until we do appreciate that we are not going to
make the progress that we ought to in the breeding of our
dairy cattle. :

We have twenty-six millions of cows, and we could

22 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

take thirteen millions of cows that are averaging three
hundred and twenty pounds of fat in a year, and produce
all the products necessary for this nation. Can any one
here stand up and give good reasons for keeping thirteen
million more cows than is necessary to produce the dairy
products that we need?

I was in Washington recently, attempting to get an
increased appropriation for tubercular eradication, and I
drifted into the Dairy Division where they have got thou-
sands of records of herds. I found one herd of four cows,
just four cows, that had returned above the cost of feeding,
over $531. I found another herd of twelve cows that re-
turned $150 less than that. Why was that man keeping
twelve cows that weren’t returning him as much above the
cost to feed as the neighbor with four cows? It is the
problem that confronts the dairy industry, and we hear
this said, it comes to you constantly: “Why, if you get all
cows capable of producing three hundred and twenty
pounds of fat in a year there will be such an over-produc-
tion that dairy products will not be worth anything. We
can’t get the cost of production.’’ There was never a
greater fallacy uttered by anyone than that.

Let us look at this for a moment. The man with the
four cows placed on the market not quite 38,000 pounds
of milk in a year, and the man with twelve cows placed
upon the market 48,000 pounds of milk in a year. In other
words the man that made a profit of one hundred and fifty
dollars more with four cows, placed on the market ten
thousand pounds less milk.

Friends, efficient production doesn’t mean over-pro-
duction, but when men begin to be efficient in production
they are not going to produce more than the market will
demand and will pay a fair price for. It is the low-pro-
ducing cow, the cow that does not pay for feed consumed
is the one that is producing the surplus, and it is the sur-
plus very largely that determines the price of all our dairy
products. Let us get that firmly fixed in our mind.

One of the most outstanding examples of how surplus
affects the market and how low-producing cows produce a

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 23

surplus was found in a cow testing association in Virginia,
near Richmond. The farmers were selling their whole milk
to Richmond, and they were complaining of the prices that
they were getting for it. They said they were not fair, that
in comparison with the cost of production they ought to
have more. They were right, but how to get more was
quite another question when they were putting more fluid
milk into that market than it would absorb.

A cow testing association came in among them and at
the end of the year it was found that the man who was
complaining so much about the price of milk had thirty-
Six cows, eighteen of those cows didn’t pay for feed con-
sumed, and the eighteen good cows that paid for feed con-
sumed had to take some of the money received by them to
pay the board of the other eighteen cows, producing sev-
enty-one thousand pounds of milk, when he wasn’t getting
the price he should for his product.

What was that dairyman’s problem? Was it to go and
ask the government to build an export corporation or to
buy the milk and dump it into the ocean as some have sug-
gested, or was it to let the eighteen cows that didn’t pay
for the feed consumed march to the butcher? There is
only one answer if you think about it; let the eighteen cows
march to the butcher. Place seventy-one thousand pounds
of milk less on the market so the price will be kept up to
a reasonable profit. The farmers of this country must have
that or agriculture will go bankrupt, and when agriculture
goes bankrupt, I tremble for the welfare of this nation.
The people that live on the farm must have an income in
proportion to what they contribute to society, in proportion
to the man that lives in the city. We must not be carried
away by all the things we read about. We read about this
fixing of prices and the government entering into our busi-
ness, but we want to direct ourselves to our own institu-
tions; because if we don’t save ourselves nobody else is
going to save us.

I have lived long enough to know this: that I have
never found any political party giving direct help to the
development of agriculture. What we want to look to the

24 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

government to do is to pass laws that give agriculture the
same opportunity to develop that all other industries have,
and that Uncle Sam should see to it that we all play this
game square. That is the duty of government. It isn’t to
market our products, it isnt to save us from our foolishness.
I don’t want to live in America or any other nation that
doesn’t permit me to make a fool of myself. We can’t save
ourselves by trying to lift ourselves with our boot straps.

The dairy men of this country have been more sensi-
ble, Mr. Chairman, allow me to say, down here among the
corn and the hog fellows, than any other branch of agri-
culture, because we have gone through this period of de-
pression better. We haven’t got the money we would like
to have gotten for our product. We never will. I have
never gotten as much out of Hoard’s Dairyman as I would
like to have gotten, but there is a limit to what the indus-
try can pay a man; there is a limit to what the consumer
can pay for products. As we view the agricultural situa-
tion, the dairy situation, here is what we find: besides the
poor cows that I have spoken of, we have neglected to grow
legumes for the cattle.

I make up thousands of feeding rations every year;
not hundreds, thousands, and right today they are quoting
corn down in Virginia at forty-two dollars a ton. The peo-
ple around here would be glad and would make a profit if
they could sell their corn at forty-two dollars a ton. Why
doesn’t the Virginia farmer grow some more corn? He.
can; also alfalfa hay. With ground alfalfa around thirty-
six dollars a ton all the time, he will have to pay thirty dol-
lars a ton throughout the south when his land will grow
from three to four tons of alfalfa hay per year.

Out in Iowa not a month ago I made a ration for a
man that was feeding corn silage and old oats and not get-
ting any returns. It was costing him one dollar a bushel.
If butter had been worth a dollar a pound that man couldn’t
have made any money, and if it went to a dollar a pound
tell me who is going to buy it outside of the few rich? Was
that man’s solution to his problem of feeding corn silage
and old oats to turn to any better agency than himself?

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 25

No, because if we study experiments that have been car-
ried on, if you feed old oats to a cow twenty-five per cent
of them passes through her undigested. Moreover, oats and
corn will not make a balanced ration. You have got to go
into the market and buy some feed rich in proteins: oil
meal, cottonseed meal, blood meal, in order to provide pro-
tein that cows must have to produce profitable flows of
milk.

Why not grow some alfalfa hay in these corn sections?
We are selling it from our barn today at twenty-two dol-
lars a ton. Instead of Virginia or the southern farmer pay-
ing twenty-five to thirty dollars a ton, why are not they
growing some legumes? They can.

It reminds me of a little incident I ran on to in Minne-
sota. It was when people were very much excited about
building an export corporation. This farmer raised barley.
He lives in Goodhue County. I went out to his farm; he
had sold barley the year before at $22.50. And he said
to me, “there is no money in raising grain at that PRICE.
We are going to the bad.” I said to him, “You are a good
farmer to raise barley at fifty cents a bushel, aren’t you?”
He showed me three carloads of alfalfa hay that he had
brought in at the station, from out west, in Idaho, which
was costing him laid down at his station twenty-five dol-
lars a ton. I said, ““‘Why are you buying this alfalfa hay,
bringing it in from the west at twenty-five dollars a ton
when the experiment station has planted some plats on
your land and without treatment your soil the first crop
produced one and a half tons of hay, and on treatment with
lime it produced two tons, and when treated with phos-
phate it had grown still more? You can produce four tons
or better this year, on these plats of twenty acres.’ He
said that he could. “Then,” I said, “you go out into Idaho
and buy alfalfa and pay twenty-five dollars a ton for hay,
when you can grow four tons of it to the acre, or get one
hundred dollars an acre, bringing you an income from your
land?” “Sure.” ‘“‘Then why don’t you raise your three
carloads of alfalfa instead of buying it?”’

I can take you up and down this whole United States

26 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION ~
and find you not one example along that line, but literally
thousands. I fully appreciate, as any sensible man must,
that agriculture has been going through a period of devres-
sion. The farmer’s dollar has not been as big as the dollar
in the city, so to speak, but we have got things that are
encouraging. The farmer’s dollar went down to 67 cents
at its low ebb, it has now gone up to 87 cents. It did reach
93. We are on the way, and if we can keep the men away
who would tinker and administer medicine to our industry
just a little while longer, we will be back on the same basis
as other industries, and if we direct ourselves to the con-
‘sideration of those things within our own power to correct,
we will bring it about much faster than we can today. In-
stead of looking elsewhere to save ourselves, let us look
strictly to ourselves, and ask the government to give us
laws that will take care of our industry on the same basis
that all others are taken care of.

What the land needs in this country is more legumes.
What our dairy cattle in particular need is more legume
hay, more protein. The by-products of the mills in com-
parison with the amount of feed used on the farm is a mere
bagatelle. It fills in places here and there where there is
a shortage, where crops may be poor or where a man has
not made quite calculation enough to carry his herd through
the winter. It comes in in making better balanced rations
during all the years, but if we, the dairymen of this coun-
try, were to go out and ask for by-products to balance our
rations, the old cow would hardly know she was getting
any by-products. It is that little in comparison with the
millions of tons needed to feed her properly.

Some people think that the price of dairy products are
not high enough, and instead of looking to the increase in
production of their cows, making them more efficient, as I
pointed out, that they have got to get more money. I think
myself, when you consider the food value of milk, that it
has never brought as much money as it should, or the food
value of cheese or butter, but we have got to get in the
mind of the consumer that our products are worth more to
him than he now holds them to be.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 27

Let us go back into the history of the past few months.
In October butter reached a price of fifty-two cents a pound
on the New York market, wholesale. Immediately the re-
tail price went up to sixty and sixty-five cents. It was a
good price for butter, it placed the dairyman on an equal
basis with other industries; his dollar had the same pur-
chasing power, but what took place? A great many con-
sumers said, “I cannot afford to eat butter at sixty and
sixty-five cents a pound.’ They turned to a so-called. sub-
stitute and ate that. By the price of butter going to fifty-
two cents a pound it stimulated production, so we produced
in the fall of 1925 a little more butter than we did in the
fall of 1924, not much but some. That little stimulation
brought more butter on the market; the consumer, saying
that sixty-five cents a pound was too much, quit eating it,
and the substitute came on the tables of the consumer. It
ran twenty-two million pounds more than it did in 1924.
Butter fell to around forty-two to forty-four cents a pound
in New York.

Now the question comes before the dairy farmer, how
can we get the consumer to put that butter down his throat
at sixty-five cents a pound? We have no surplus of but-
ter today. I use butter because it is the stabilizing force
of all dairy products at fifty-five, but we do get a surplus
at sixty-five. Now if somebody will tell me how to get
that consumer to buy the butter at sixty-five in he same
quantities that he buys it at fifty-five, the dairyman’s prob-
lem is solved, even though he keeps a lot of cows, only
producing three thousands pounds of milk a year. But we
find the dairy farmer going out and buying oleomargarine.
Shame on them! There was never a cow so stupid as to
feed her calf oleomargarine. What right has the farmer
to “cuss” about the price of dairy products when he him-
self says in substance not to use them, “‘They have gone
too high in price for me to buy them.’’ He hasn’t any rea-
son for complaining, and yet you find them everywhere,
in all communities, buying a so-called substitute for butter.

We have got to eat our own product. We must set
the good example before the consumer of the city. We

28 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

have got to work for efficiency in production, so I will say
in closing—I have gone over my time now—that the prob-
lem before the dairy farmers of this country is to eliminate
the low-producing cow, the cow that is producing the sur-
plus, and the surplus determines very largely the price of
all dairy products.

We must get better cows by the use of pure-bred bulls
capable of producing or getting better producing animals
than. the cows are bred to. We must turn our attention to
the growing of more legume hay, because the dairy cow of
this country is being starved for protein. We are not feed-
ing our cows enough of that element, and their low milk
production in a great many cases can be attributed to the
fact that they are starved for the proteins. The dutch
cheese, for example, is very largely protein, and you can’t
make that from a carbohydrate, it must come from the pro-
tein of the plants. The soils of this country are crying
out for legumes because they have the power of gathering
nitrogen from the air by organic matter, and in the decom-
position of organic matter plant power is eliminated.

Then we have got to advertise our product, give pub-
licity to its food value and its necessity in the diets of our
people, so that they will pay us a price in keeping with its
value as a food and in keeping with the cost of production,
because I feel unless the farmer of this country is receiving
a price for his products in keeping with the products that
he has to buy, that agriculture is due to travel on the road
to bankruptcy, and when the farmer goes bankrupt I fear
for the welfare of this nation.

I thank you. ((Applause.)

President O’Hair: I know you have all enjoyed Mr.
Glover’s speech. I have very much. It is seldom that you
can hear the class of men that we have at the Illinois Dairy-
men’s convention this year. The fact of the matter is we
are the biggest organization in the United States when it
comes to getting real talent.

I want to make an announcement or two. The first
thing I want to say, the folks that are giving us the ban-
quet tonight would like to know how many of us they are

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 29

going to have for dinner, and there are two young men here
that will sell you tickets, take your money, and if we can
know by noon, then we can let them know how many there
will be.

I want to make an announcement about our afternoon
meeting. We will begin our meeting at one-forty. Mr.
Muckleroy will talk to you and you can’t afford to miss his
speech, because he is going to tell you, I think, about his
own plant. It is one of the most wonderful things I have
seen in Illinois. He knows what he is going to tell you, and
then Mr. Stanard is going to speak at two-ten.

I have asked Mr. Stanard if he wouldn’t say something
about the tubercular trouble in Illinois. I think he can tell
you something there have been a good many people want-
ing to know, and I am asking him to speak on that subject.
We will have Prof. Fraser and Prof. Morrison again this
afternoon.

There is just one thing I want to take a minute to give
you, talking about the production of the cow, showing you
what men can do that will just try a little. I want to give
you some data taken over here in one of the corn belt
counties where they feed cattle and raise cows.

Illinois is a little bit different from Wisconsin. We
do our dairy business with just a few cows, each farmer
having some cows.

Along in the summer I thought I would make a sur-
vey over in the corn belt countries, so I went to Schuyler
Creek Creamery and told them that I wanted to get some
data on cream and butter fat production, on the farmers’
cows. They offered me one of their bookkeepers and said,
“This young lady can go clear through the books and give
you what you want.’ I said, “I want about six months.”
(Laughter.) I then told her what information I wanted,
and not to take anybody having above over ten cows to
a farmer; get the number of cows each man had, the aver-
age number of cows per farm, the amount of cream and
butter fat produced during the six months’ period on the
farm, tests and prices, and it has developed some very in-
teresting figures. These figures were all taken from actual

«

30 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

tests and tabulations made. The only thing we guessed
about was how much they used on the farm. Here are the
figures:

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 31

VERMILION COUNTY (ILL.) AVERAGE CREAM
PRODUCTION

January 1 to June 30, 1925

PIOCMCersEneMOKbNe cee Mee ew 100
Number of cows milked by producers reporting ~_____ 414
Average number of cows per farm _________________ 4.14
Total pounds cream produced during 6 months’

Fee STO CL NO a anne a 126,048 lbs.
Agere oubuertat, test 22-2. ow Lb 4014 %
Total pounds butterfat produced during 6*months’

TOSTEMO GL LL ORS a ea gS en tape et 51,049 lbs.
hocampounas buttertat sold 0-2-2022 2222 38,792 lbs.
Pwenace price per pound 2.2) S90. Oe 42 cents
Weerounoumvertat cold 22) 56 0 $16,292.64

Value of butterfat used on farm in form of milk,
cream and butter, at above test and price ___$5,147.94
Total value of butterfat produced on 100 farms

LS TAM OTOGIAVS: 5 2S os as Re et al $21,440.58
Average butterfat production per farm in lbs.,

CE: TOC TEE US) eae ES a egg a 51014 lbs.
Average value of butterfat per farm, 6 months ____$214.41
Average pounds butterfat per week per cow _____- 4.74 lbs.

_ Average value of butterfat per week per cow ______-_ $1.99
Pounds butterfat produced per cow per year ______ 246.48

This is in a corn belt county. I just wanted to show
you what could be done by the farmers.

Now we have the next speaker. We had a lot said in
the last speech, and this convention is running just like a
story I heard. There was a lady in the train and she got
a little chilly, and she said to the conductod, ‘‘Will you
help me on with my wrap?” And he said, “Sure.’”’ As he
went to put the wrap on her they went around a curve and
she fell. He caught the lady and held her up, and said to
her: “If you are still cold, we will turn on more steam.”

32 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

(Laughter.) Now we will turn on some more steam, and
we will just keep turning it on all the time.

Now Professor Morisson many of you know, and all
of you have heard of him, is going to talk to us at this time.
Professor Morisson.

Plant Pioneer Creamery Co.

Galesburg, IIl.

NAME: Raleigh’s Lass of Hazeltine _
SIRE: Vielsie Raleigh Boy
DAM: "Raleizh’s: Young duass js a ee ee Bee No.
DROPPED: Dec. 12, 1922. Registered Apr. 28, 1923.
MARKINGS: Solid color; black tongue and switch.

Tatoo No. 519.

Owned by Louis Nielsen, President Pioneer Creamery Co.

572832
208931
478140

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 33

PRACTICAL RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS
Professor F. B. Morrison, Madison, Wis.

Professor Morisson: Mr. President, ladies and gen-
tlemen: I am glad to talk to you people of Illinois this
morning that are here, I am sorry that there are not more
people here. Those of us who give addresses to farmers’
meetings get used to taking just what comes; when there
is a blizzard, we never expect very many people.

I am going to talk to you this morning, not very much
upon what we might call practical rations for dairy cows,
telling you how many pounds of this and that to mix to-
gether to feed a cow to produce an increase of one-half or
three-quarters pounds more of butter fat, but I am going
to try to show the application of some of the recent dis-
coveries in stock feeding to the practical feeding of dairy
COWS. .
First of all I want to point out that I like to look at all
kinds of livestock on the farm as living machines for con-
verting the products of the field into things that are of
more use to us, no matter whether it is dairy products,
meat, wool, labor or horses or whatever it is.

It is very fortunate for us that these living machines
can utilize many crops that we would not care to eat. We
would object very seriously if our wives tried feeding us
many of the raw products of our fields. The manufacturers
of the country thoroughly realize the fundamental fact
that in order to get any sort of efficient or economical
products, it is absolutely imperative that they keep their
factories supplies with the right kind of raw material and
in liberal amount. I don’t believe any manufacturer ever
made much money in running his factory at one-fourth
capacity. However, many farmers do not realize those two
fundamental facts, that for efficient production they must
have the right kind of raw materials for these living fat
tories, and that means running these factories at fair ec»
pacity.

34 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Now by supplying feeds of that sort, the right kinds
of feeds in the right amounts, we are supplying balanced
rations. I am not going to talk to you this morning about
balanced rations. That is an old story, dating back to
1864 when Wolf the German scientist recognized that fun-
damental fact. So that idea of balancing rations is very
old in agriculture and in science, yet many people who are
using today automobiles, and who have radios in their
homes, who are using telephones and these other modern
inventions which are all products of an age since the idea
of feeding standards and balaneing rations, many of these
same people do not recognize that this old discovery of
balanced rations is probably more essential to their happi-
ness and welfare than a radio or even a telephone. There
is absolutely no question about it.

Now, just a few things about the importance of bal-
ancing rations and the practical significance of it. Just
as Mr. Glover has so well spoken this morning, the funda-
mental lack in dairy rations is commonly a deficiency of
protein, and it is impossible for a dairy cow to produce
efficiently or abundantly unless that need is supplied.

Now he has already given part of my speech, in point-
ing out how legumes will supply a great need in the dairy
ration. Just let me mention some experiments carried on
at our institution which illustrates that point. Professor
Hart, of our Agricultural Chemistry Department, a few
years ago carried on so-called matabolism experiments
wherein he analyzed all food consumed by cows, and then
collected all the facts and circumstances over a period of
one year and analyzed them.

He found that when a cow was fed even good clover
hay with good corn silage and other farm grain, if she was
producing thirty of forty pounds of milk, the cow was
constantly losing protein or nitrogen from her body.

Right there is the first reason why milk is such an
excellent article for human diet, not only for children but
for adults as well. A cow cannot produce this high pro-
tein food unless supplied with plenty of the proper ration.

When cows are fed an abundance of alfalfa hay, all

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 35

they will eat twice a day with all the corn silage they will
eat twice a day, and just some grown grain, corn, barley,
or oats, cows producing even thirty or forty pounds of milk
a day can be maintained in protein balance. They are not
losing protein or nitrogen from their bodies.

We carried on experiments with our pure-bred cows
in the regular dairy herd during two different winters, we
fed one group of cows nothing but alfalfa hay, corn silage
and a mixture of half oats and corn, ground of course.
The other ration we fed to another group of cows, con-
sisting of the same feeds, except we substituted three-
quarters of a pound of linseed meal and three-quarters of
a pound of cottonseed meal for the same weights of corn
and oats. Most of us would guess that the cows getting
the linseed and cottonseed meal in addition to this home-
grown ration of alfalfa and corn silage would produce
somewhat more milk or butter fat. To our surprise in
neither experiment did they. Throughout the winter the
production was just as good on the home grown ration,
though these were pure-bred cows producing at least one
pound of butter fat a day.

When we figured up the results we found that this
home grown ration had supplied a pretty well balanced
ration. The nutritive ration of this ration was one year
about one to 6.9. That means one pound of digestible
gluten protein to 6.a9 pounds of other matters. That is a
gluten protein to 6.9 pounds of other matters. That is a
mend for feeding year in and year out to good pure-bred
cows or high grade cows, a diet with quite as low an
allowance of protein as that. I am not quite sure whether
the effect over a long period of time would be as good as
if a little more protein was supplied. In other words I
believe a good dairy cow, a highly efficient cow, is enti-
tled to the benefit of the doubt. I do know that if the Wis-
consin and Illinois and Indiana farmers were feeding that
sort of a home grown ration this winter they would be
making a tremendously larger net revenue from their
farms. Right away that means they would not have to
worry about the price of feeds. If they were producing

36 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

on their own farms an abundance of hay legumes, corn
silage and farm grain, corn and oats or barley and oats,
they would make themselves independent of the feed
manufacturers.

For feeding cows in an official test, most certainly I
would advise a different sort of ration, but if the dairy
farmers of the United States would make the attempt to
raise a good home grown ration largely, and balance it by
the use of liberal amounts of legume hay, they would
greatly increase their profits. At the present time for the
real efficient dairyman I would recommend, even with al-
falfa hay, corn silage and corn grain, the use of a small
amount of high protein concentrates.

Mr. Glover mentioned the difficulties he has when a
farmer writes in asking him to balance rations for him.
Nothing makes me feel much worse than when a dairyman
writes in and asks us to make an efficient ration for him
and he tells us he used timothy and maybe corn silage for
his roughage. We cannot make an efficient ration that will
produce milk efficiently or abundantly on that sort of a
roughage combination, and you men all know it.

One of the difficulties in talking to this kind of an
audience is that the fellows that need these lectures are
not here. The only advantage is that you can take some
of the things they should know back to some of your neigh-
bors, and when they ask questions you can give them a lit-
tle advice, because the very men who need these facts with
reference to increased efficiency usually do not come out to
meetings such as this; and that is a fact college men recog-
nize very fully.

So much for the old idea of balanced rations. If any
of you want to know what sort of feeds to use, write to
your agricultural college, to such men as Professor Fraser,
men like that. Get in touch with your county agent, and
those men will tell you what sort of rations to use. As Mr.
Glover has pointed out, he balances several thousands of
rations for cows per year. So in 1926 there is no excuse
for any farmer failing to feed his stock efficiently.

Let us take up now some of these more recent discov-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 37

eries in stock feeding and their practical application. Rob-
ert Burns wrote: “A man’s a man for a’ that and a’ that.”
Now that is exceedingly good poetry but mighty poor horse
sense as you all know and will agree, because men differ
radically in their capabilities, in their training and in their
integrity. I don’t need to discuss that further. I merely
want to point out the fact that the different proteins fed
differ as much as men do in efficiency and in quality.

. Proteins are the most complicated of all of the feeds
which an animal consumes, undoubtedly. Let me illus-
trate just how complicated they are. Any of you who have
had any chemistry know that the chemical formula for
water is HO. That means that one molecule, the simplest
particle of water, contains two atoms of hydrogen and one
of oxygen. Then there is NaCl. Compared with those
very simple substances the best chemists who have been
working on the composition of proteins tell us that the
simple protein molecule contains all the way from three
or four thousand up to ten thousand atoms of milk casein.
According to the most recent investigations a single mole-
cule of milk casein apparently contains about one hundred
thousand atoms. Do you blame the chemists for not know-
ing all about the composition of proteins? Think of a sin-
gle particle of casein containing one hundred thousand
atoms arranged in an intricate pattern. All a chemist can
tell us about proteins is by means of experiments where
they tear the patterns all to pieces by the action of strong
alkali or strong acids, and break the proteins down and
study the fragments of which they are composed. It would
be a great deal as though a cyclone or tornado demolished
this building, and then looking at the fragments left on the
ground it would take a very vivid imagination to tell some-
thing about the architecture of the building.

About all we know with reference to the composition
of proteins is that the proteins of feeding stuffs and those
which make up our bodies are made up of from eighteen
to twenty different building stones or amino acids. I shall
. use some scientific and technical expressions this morning
and this afternoon, and I am not going to apologize for so

38 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

doing. I believe if farming is going to remain a profession
in the United States—and I believe it is going to be—in-
stead of being reduced to a peasant organization, we have
got to farm fully as much from the collar band up as from
the collar band down, and that we have got to adopt a
scientific type of thinking and a scientific vocabulary. You
users of automobiles know all about superheat, we use such
terms as carburetor, we don’t need to shy away from amino
acids and other scientific terms relating to feeding.

Speaking of carburetor, I am reminded of the story
of a man that had been driving an automobile for ten or
twelve years. It had gone along during that time, appar-
ently, without giving him very much trouble. One morn-
ing it spit and spluttered, he couldn’t get it to fire right,
so he drove the car into a garage and said to the man in
charge, “I think there is something the matter with that
thing-a-majig that mixes the air with the gas.” And the
man took a look at it and said, ‘“‘Have you been driving a
car all these years and don’t know what a carburetor is?”
(Laughter. )

How can you get efficient mileage? How can a man
who doesn’t know much about amino acids or scientific
feeding expect to get efficient mileage from his livestock?
It is more important that a man know something about how
to get efficient mileage from his livestock than that he
should know the scientific names of the parts of his car;
and most of these terms in stock feeding are not so hard to
spell and pronounce as are the terms used for your radio
or your automobile.

Going on to amino acids, if you don’t like that term
call them building stones and I will not argue with you.
The important thing is to realize that proteins are made up
of eighteen to twenty of these building stones from products
like—take certain of these acids; about half of the protein
of corn is made up entirely of a single protein. They are
not zern. Corn fat entirely makes certain of these, if you
please, amino acids.

You take a pig and give him all the corn fat he can
eat, and the pig cannot grow at all because he does not

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 39

get the essential building stones. An animal can take cer-
tain amino acids, chop off a chunk and make some of the
simpler ones. If a carpenter has some one by six inch
boards and he wants a one by three, and he has a ripsaw,
he can manufacture the one by three, but you must remem-
ber that most of the amino acids or building stones must
be present in the feed, and the animal can’t manufacture
them from anything else it gets, so this pig may have all
the protein you can feed him in the form of corn fat, but
he can’t grow 1t all. On the other hand if you give him
corn grain he can grow some, not very efficient, because
the other proteins are not so lopsided as this first protein
of corn.

To show the tremendous practical application of the
quality of proteins in stock feeding let me give the figures
obtained in certain experiments carried on by our Agricul-
tural Chemistry Department, where they have taken young
pigs and put them in cages where they can analyze the
feed, feces and urine, and tell what is happening to the pig.

We find when pigs are given corn protein as the only
kind of protein, that the pigs will be able to use for growth
only twenty-three per cent of the entire protein they eat;
on the other hand, when they are given milk protein as
the only protein, instead of using only twenty-three per
cent, the efficiency is sixty-six per cent or just about two-
thirds, a tremendous difference then in the quality of milk
protein and corn protein from the standpoint of stock
feeding. 2

One of the most important facts from the standpoint
of stock feeding is this: that all of the cereal proteins are
badly balanced or they are lopsided in composition, no mat-
ter whether corn, oats, wheat, rye, kaffir, buckwheat or
anything else. All the cereals are badly balanced in com-
position, so you get the same results approximately with
wheat, oats, barley, as you would with corn.

Now, how about mixing these proteins together? If
you take one of our high protein concentrates, linseed meal,
and test it out, you will find that, fed alone, the efficiency
of linseed meal is less than that of corn, being seventeen

40 | ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

per cent. However, if you take corn having an efficiency
of twenty-three per cent, and linseed meal seventeen per
cent, and mix them together, you will supplement-the de-
ficiencies of your feeds to some extent, and that the com-
bination will have an efficiency of thirty odd per cent.
In other words corn and linseed meal do not have quite the
same deficiencies and they tend to suppliment each other.
On the other hand if you take corn with an efficiency of
twenty-three per cent, and milk with an efficiency of sixty-
six per cent and mix them together to make a balanced
ration, you will have increased the efficiency of the whole
combination to about the same figure that milk has, ap-
proximately sixty-odd per cent. In other words milk is not
only rich in these building stones or amino that are apt to
be lacking in the cereals, but it is so large it can make good
the deficiencies in the cereals.

Here is a tremendous and important fact with refer-
ence to the use of milk for humans: milk is not only rich
in proteins but it has the kind of balance, the protein to
balance the deficiency in the protein in other articles of
diet.

Just what is the application of this quality of protein
to practical stock feeding? The matter may be of tre-
-mendous importance in feeding swine or poultry, because
swine and poultry do not consume much roughage.

In experiments that we have carried on with swine
the results have been very drastic, you might say. These
results show that linseed meal or wheat middlings or gluten
feed or corn germ meal are not efficient supplements to
corn when fed alone; only inefficient results are secured.
In trials which we have carried on using linseed meal as
the only supplement to corn, even to pigs on pasture it has
been worth only about sixteen or seventeen dollars com-
pared with tankage or meat scraps. On the other hand
when we have used linseed meal with tankage, to make a
linseed meal feed, it has been worth more than tankage
instead of less.

That is an illustration of how in swine feeding it is
an asset of importance to have a well-balanced protein for

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 41

use as a supplement to the cereals, consequently the high
value of dairy products, skim milk, buttermilk and whey
in the feeding of swine..

The same thing applies in chicken feeding and in feed-
ing the laying hens. Any of you people or any of your
neighbors using a ration made up of corn, wheat, oats and
other grains, along with such feeds as linseed meal, wheat
middlings, and gluten feed, any of these sereal proteins,
cannot expect efficient production from your hens on that
ration, on account of the poor quality of the proteins. By
the addition of dairy by-products, meat meal or scraps, the
efficiency of that ration san be tremendously increased.

What is the importance of quality proteins in feeding
the dairy cow? In feeding the dairy cow or sheep or
horses the quality of proteins in the feed is not anywhere
near of as much importance as it is in feeding swine or
poultry, for this reason and under these conditions only:
when these animals are supplied with plenty of legume
hay, they already get proteins of high quality. If a man
was using timothy hay and oats straw as a roughage al-
lowance for his dairy cows, he would need six times as
much, nearly, as a man feeding swine would; but if a dairy-
man shall use a liberal allowance of legume hay for his
dairy cows, he does not need to pay very much attention
to the quality of proteins in his ration. In other words in
figuring out which supplement to use under those condi-
tions he can figure out and find which protein, which sup-
plement furnishes digestible food protein the cheapest and
largely govern his decision on that basis. If cottonseed
furnishes protein cheaper than linseed meal, he can use
cottonseed meal.

If a man is using gluten feed, even as the main source
of protein, if he is using legume hay and corn silage, gluten
feed is a corn by-product and does not contain the corn
volume. Gluten feed furnishes the same kind of protein
as corn, having certain deficiencies, but an entirely differ-
ent fat when fed under like conditions, and makes a good
supplement when used with legume hay and silage.

That is an exceedingly important point to bear in

A2 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

mind, that when there is plenty of legume hay in the ration
a man should see which supplement furnishes protein at
the least price, at all times paying attention to the physical
characteristics of these feeds. For example, if a man has
an abundance of alfalfa hay, with farm grain, and has a
lot of bran to feed, you will have to look out that the ration
is not too laxative. He would not want to use too much
linseed meal. Use cotton seed meal. On the other hand
if he has timothy and corn stalks, then use corn and oats.
He will have to use a laxative if he is using a lot of these,
and he would use linseed meal.

Now at any time I will be glad to answer at the close
of this discussion or this afternoon, any questions on the
application of this method of the selection of proteins in
feeding the dairy cow. I shall take up this afternoon the
question of minerals for dairy cows, but I will make a few
remarks right now with reference to the conclusions we
have reached concerning minerals for dairy cows, and give
you the results of these conclusions this afternoon.

First of all cows should yet plenty of common salt.
You people don’t need to buy it from a mineral feed manu-
facturer. Mix a half-barrel or a pound of salt in every
one hundred pounds of concentrates, and then I believe it
is a good plan to let the cows have what salt they want in
addition.

In addition to salt, what minerals are apt to be lack-
ing in the ordinary rations in the feeding of dairy cows?
The only two minerals that are apt to be lacking in the
rations fed dairy cows are calcium and lime or phosphates.
That is because milk is so rich in calcium and phosphorus.

We have here another reason why milk is such excel-
lent food for humans, because it is rich in calcium and phos-
phorus besides common salt. We may not give our stock
sufficient salt, but usually with the salt cellar at hand we
will use enough of it on our own tables.

How should we supply limes and phosphorus? The
best way I know of supplying lime in the ration of the dairy
cow is by the liberal use of legume hay, Alfalfa contains
1914 pounds of calcium oxide per thousand pounds. Corn

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION | 43

grains contain only two pounds of calcium oxide in a thou-
sand pounds, less than a one-half pound of lime in a ton
of corn. You would pretty nearly have to hunt for it with
a microscope. You can’t blame a cow for having heart
trouble on a ration made up largely of corn, in producing
milk efficiency, because she will soon be up against a lack
of lime.

The best way of furnishing lime is through an abund-
ant use of legume hay. As I shall emphasize this after-
noon, if a man has plenty of alfalfa hay, soy beans, or even
clover hay as far as we know he may get no benefit through
adding the additional lime to the ration of his cows.

Now I believe it is a good thing again to give a good
cow the benefit of the doubt, and with a high producing
herd, so even with an abundance of legume hay I would
probably add a little lime to the ration, probably two or
three pounds of ground limestone to each two or three
pounds of the mixture. I cannot guarantee that the
cows would get any benefit from that. I do not know
enough about it yet. It wouldn’t do them any harm, and
probably it might do them some good. Limestone or wood
ashes are cheap, so you don’t need to worry about putting
a little of it in but fortunately for us most of the protein-
rich feeds are not only rich in protein but also rich in phos-
phorus.

That is probably true of wheat bread, wheat meal,
cottonseed meal, linseed meal, peanuts and soy beans, and
consequently peanut meal and soybean meal; and if the
concentrate or grain mixture that is being fed to dairy cows
contains one-fifth of these high-phosphorus, protein-rich
feeds, if there are twenty pounds in a one or anyone of
those feeds I have just mentioned, as far as I know there
will be no lack of phosphorus in the ration.

That is an exceedingly important matter. You can
furnish lime by the use of ground limestone, wood ashes
or marl. Those furnishing phosphorus you have to go to
the higher priced supplements to get. I said phosphorus
is sometimes used as a ground rock phosphate. At the
present time we do not recommend the use of a ground

44 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

rock phosphate because sometimes it does not give good
results, and I will discuss that this afternoon.

_ If there is not sufficient phosphorus in the ration, if
a man is feeding a mixture which does not include one-
fifth of these high phosphorus feeds, instead of using
ground limestone or calcium supplements, I would advise
him to use two to four pounds of ordinary bone meal or
bone black in every one thousand pounds of bone mixture;
and if you have had any trouble from goitre or big neck
in calves, then use the iodine treatments. Where you have
not had any trouble from that, I would not recommend
that as being an essential. In my opinion it is entirely
unnecessary to purchase a complicated mineral mixture for
dairy Cows.

In closing, just what is the importance of the new
substances discovered, the vitamines, in the practical feed-
ing of dairy cows? Several rather extensive books have
already been written on vitamines, chiefly as applied to
human nutrition. We wont have time to discuss those, the
history of their development we are not concerned with
very much, but I will merely point out the practical appli-
cation of each one of these vitamines to the practical feed-
ing of livestock.

Vitamine A or the first class of vitamine is very solu-
ble and is of tremendous importance to the dairy industry.
This vitamine is essential for growth and even for the main-
tenance of health for adults, and we are proud of the fact
that dairy products, including butter fat, are one of the
best means of supplying this vitamine to the human race.
So there again is one of the fundamental reasons for the
use of dairy products in the human diet.

There is no product on earth for human feeding that
has the advertising possibilities of whole milk and other
dairy products, and I don’t believe yet that the dairy indus-
try has begun to realize the possibilities from the wise use
of advertising the increased use of dairy products. If we
advise people to eat more of this, that and the other thing,
it means they will eat less of something else and maybe
they will not be any better off, but we can feel whenever

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 45

we advise people to consume more dairy products in gen-
eral, that they are going to be benefited thereby in addi-
tion to benefiting their pocket books, so we can be good
business men and altruists at the same time.

From the standpoint of stock -feeding, the most im-
portant thing with reference to vitamine A is this: vitamine
A is contained in large amounts in all green-leaved plants.
Right away that means that all the livestock on pasture
do not suffer from a lack of vitamine A. Furthermore this
vitamine is not destroyed when hay is cured well, so that
the good green color is retained, therefore all livestock
which consumes fairly liberal amounts of good, well-cured
roughage get an abundant supply of vitamine A. That
frees us from a great deal of worry about vitamine A in
stock feeding, does it not, that one general fact with ref-
erence to high content in green-leaved plants. That means
when stock is fed plenty of well-cured hay we do not need
to worry about vitamine A.

When feeding swine and poultry there may be a de-
cided lack of vitamine A because these animals do not eat
much roughage. Yellow corn is rich in vitamine A, while
white corn is lacking in it. We found out in experiments
with pigs that we could kill young pigs by feeding them
white corn, lacking yitamine A, and milk with plenty of
water and so on. This was due to a lack of vitamine A,
and also another vitamine. However, by simply mixing in
five pounds of chopped alfalfa hay, good, well-cured al-
falfa hay, the situation was entirely changed, and on a
combination of ninety pounds of white corn and five pounds
of chopped alfalfa and skim milk, the pigs would do just
as well as on yellow corn and skim milk.

In feeding white corn to swine and poultry in the win-
ter time, be sure you have some other feed furnishing
plenty of vitamine A or you may run into grief. I am not
talking primarily about swine feeding, but I will interrupt
at this time to state that in feeding swine the two most
important things are an abundance of growing pasture dur-
ing the growing season for all pigs and hogs, and also
legume hay for all pigs in the winter time. The same im-
portance of vitamine A applies to poultry feeding.

46 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Vitamine B or a water-soluble vitamine, is a vitamine
which prevents beri beri, a disease which the Filipinos,
Japanese and Chinese used to have when they used all pol-
ished rice. We do not need to worry about vitamine B in
stock feeding, because ordinary grains and hays are rich
in it. That is an exceedingly important matter for us, be-
cause a certain concern has been carrying on extensive
propaganda to try and persuade us to feed a to live-
stock. eae

We have experimented with pigs, starting ee Wenntng
time, and yeast feeding has not beén beneficial or eco-
nomical, no matter whether fed dry or fermented. The
pigs in the latter case did not appreciate their blessings.
The action of yeast is to change carbohydrates into alcohol,
and we got a good experimentation with these pigs. The
results, I think, with the other experiments carried on by
the men with calves in our station, and with swine, show
that we do not need to feed yeast to dairy cows or calves.

Vitamine C, I could discuss in considerable detail. I
will not. Lack of vitamine C causes scurvy, which affects
only man, monkeys and guinea pigs. It does not affect
farm animals, therefore we do not need to wee about
vitamine C in stock feeding.

I shall discuss this afternoon vitamine D, ee has
a very great and profound relationship to the mineral nu-
trition of animals.

Vitamine E, the last vitamine, or Vitamine X as it is
sometimes called, was found by Evans of California. We
know very little about it, yet it is concerned with repro-
duction, and if animals do not secure this vitamine they
are not able to reproduce. The ordinary feeds contain
vitamine X; I doubt whether vitamine X is going to play a
very important part in our study of vitamines in relation
to stock feeding.

Now for a short summarizing with one or two general
statements. What do all of these new discoveries in feed-
ing mean in the practical feeding of dairy cows? There
have been a tremendous number of experiments carried on
by scientists in various parts of the world. All these dis-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 47

coveries to my mind simply give us additional reasons for
feeding more legume hay to our livestock. Why? Legume
hay is rich in protein, has more carbon emphasis, it helps
in balancing rations. Legume hay is not only rich in pro-
tein but it contains protein in the quality to supplement the
- protein in the farm grains.

Legume is rich in calcium, the mineral constituent
which is most liable to be lacking in farm rations. It also
contains phosphorus and is rich in vitamine A. It is rich
in vitamine B, but that doesn’t make much difference, be-
cause most of our ordinary rations contain plenty of that
vitamine. Legume hay also has a fair amount of vitamine
C. So all these recent discoveries in stock feeding simply
give us additional reasons for raising more legume hay
throughout the United States, no matter whether alfalfa,
soy beans or cowpeas, whatever hay is best adapted to the
particular locality in which you live, raise more legume
hay, which will not only net return from our farms but
will aid in building up and increasing the greatest returns
from our farms, and will result in more progressive agri-
culture. (Applause.) |

48 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

BOYS WHO WON PRIZES

President O’Hair: I am going to read the boys’ names
who won first place in team judging:

Galesburg High School—Halsey Miles, Forest Moberg,
Clarence Deale, Chas. Nelson (Alternate).

Placings in individual contest—

$8.00—First, Raymond Nelson, Galesburg.

$7-00—Second, Halsey Miles, Galesburg.

$5.00—_Third, Forrest Moberg, Galesburg.
$2.50—Fourth (tied), Ruloff May, LaMoille.
$2.50—Fourth (tied), Floyd Johnson Geneseo.

Here is your loving cup. (A large and beautiful lov-
ing cup was displayed.) Mr. Caven will have whatever
you want put on it this afternoon and turn it over to you.

As we are in a hurry now to get over to a luncheon,
and they are waiting for us, I want at this time though to
give you the nominating committees on resolutions:

Resolutions Committee—Louis Nelson, Louis E. Haz-
lett and N. F. O’Hair.

And on the Nominating Committee—Col. C. C. Miner,
Professor R. E. Caldwell and Mr. Weyler.

You folks can report here in the morning at ten
o’clock.

Secretary Caven: Will you read again the names of
the winners in the individual judging contest?

President O’Hair: Yes. Raymond Nelson, Halsey
Miles, Forrest Moberg, and two boys tied for fourth place;
Ruloff May and Floyd Johnson.

The afternoon session will begin promptly at 1:40,
and we are then giving you ten minutes extra. Professor
Muckleroy will be the first speaker, and Mr. Stanard speaks
at 2:10, so all of you come back and we will have a good
meeting this afternoon. We have had a good meeting this
morning.

The meeting adjourned.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 49

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
January 27, 1926

Mr. Chas. Foss, Temporary Chairman.
Mr. Geo. Caven, Secretary.

The Chairman: I would like to suggest that all the
people outside come in, it is time for us to open our meet-
ing. Mr. O’Hair is busy at the present time, answering
some phone calls, and he requested me to open the meeting.

I wish those of you in the rear would occupy these
seats farther in front; and will someone in the lobby please
inform the people we are ready to begin the program and
have them all come in? We want to begin the program
promptly.

Our first subject on the program this afternoon is
“Some Lessons as a Beginner in Dairying,’ by Professor
Muckelroy. I want to say in behalf of Professor Muckel-
roy, that he understands his subject and knows what he is
going to talk about, and he is going to talk to you from
the standpoint, I am sure, of a farmer, for besides being a
teacher in the Southern Illinois Normal School, he is also
an actual farmer, and what he has to say this afternoon is
going to be from actual experience, I am sure. Professor
Muckelroy.

50 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

SOME LESSONS AS A BEGINNER IN DAIRYING

Professor R. E. Muckelroy
Southern IIlinois State Normal University, Carbondale

Fellow Dairymen: It is indeed a pleasure for me to
come into this section of the state and to discuss with you
some of our problems that are in common.

I have been attending our State Dairymen’s Conven-
tions for several years, and I have listened with a great
deal of pleasure and profit to the discussions which have
been of a more or less technical nature. I have taken these
fine things and built it into my own will power and, as I
feel, have been moving into some principles of constructive
dairying.

I am under obligations to our friend to make this talk
just as short as I can, and to make it just as pointedly as
possible. You know, gentlemen, I live way down in south-
ern Illinois, in a section of the state that is altogether dif-
ferent from yours. You here on this upper Illinois eleva-
tion have a probability to contend with which we do not.
In other words your nitrogen content is nearly twice as
much as that of the lower Illinois agronomist, your phos-
phorus is nearly one-third greater, your potassium content
is nearly one-fourth greater; so the problems in fertility
which we have to meet are not in common, but there are
some general principles which you and I have to deal with,
which are absolutely in common, and the first thing that I
want to mention is the balance of livestock with our farm
food production, the whole meat with your troubles as
well as the meat with ours. In other words if you and I
are going into the dairying business we don’t want to start
with a number of cattle, with a number of horses, and with
a number of sheep that is altogether beyond what we can
produce our feed for, because no section of the country or
county ever was a great dairy section that did not produce
the greater part of the foods. No individual ever became

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 51

a great dairyman, a constructive dairyman, and a produc-
tive dairyman, that did not produce the greater part of his
feed that he feeds.

I have seen more dairymen grow absolutely discour-
aged and disgusted with the dairying problems because of
this one fact than any other thing that I know of, so if you
and I are going into the dairy business we must bear in
mind that we must balance our livestock with our feed pro-
duction. It may be a slow process at first, but if we start
with four cows or five cows or six cows and understand
cow life as you and I understand our fertility, we are all
moving along together. i

Another thing, if we have the right number of cattle
that we start with, and if we have some six or eight or ten
horses to eat up all the overhead profit which we have,
then we are charging the whole thing up to our cattle and
we are feeling that we are not making a profit. There is
many a dairyman who would make a good profit if he had
the right number of cows to start with, and who would
cut down his horse supply in correspondence with his prod-
ucts, but if we keep ten horses when we only need four or
five horses to maintain our farm properly, you can see
where the profit goes. So, gentlemen, those are the things
which we have got to come in contact with if we ever move
into successful dairying.

Because I have so many boys in my classes who come
from these conservative homes that want to know these
things, and because of the fact that in southern Illinois in
order to get by with a thing we have got to prove it, it has
led me to be very cautious in some of my work in dairying
to show if we rightfully balance our livestock with our
fertility and go into livestock as our fertility increases, or
if we can produce food which we feed our livestock, it
means al) the pleasure for you and me.

What sort of feed shall I grow? I care very little for
crop rotation unless it provides for the feed which my cat-
tle need. I believe when we raise our own feeds and feed
it and put the fertility back on to the soil, we are growing
more in the way which we should grow. For example, I

52 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

believe we should grow corn, I believe we should grow
oats, and the third thing we should grow is a legume. I
do not know how much legume you grow, because the
fields are covered with snow; I am hoping that half of the
fields in this section of the country are fields of alfalfa,
because of the fact that if we can grow more corn, oats
and legumes, those are the feeds which cattle eat and use.

You say, “I can grow my corn, and I can sell that corn
and buy alfalfa hay.”’ I don’t care if you do, you can raise
it much cheaper than you can buy the alfalfa hay, and if
you raise it you have got it. I raise my corn, I raise my
oats, I raise my legume hay, and just as my farm or any
of the farms in southern Illinois will produce more hay,
will produce more corn and oats, I put on more cattle to
consume that, and not a dollar’s worth of corn and not a
dollar’s worth of oats or legume hay goes from my farm,
because if I don’t do that I am selling and selling every-
thing from the soil, as we have been doing all over Illinois
all these years. |

If we grow legumes we are supplying vitamines and
mineral content, which has been and will be talked to you
today and tomorrow.

The question comes, if we grow these feeds, the next
thing is for us to prepare those feeds. Corn as it is grown
is not fit for a cow to eat, but it must be ground. Some of
our soy bean hay must be ground; it is too woody. Some
of our alfalfa may be ground to mix with it, so the very
first thing I did in my dairy work was to prepare—first to
grow my seed, second to prepare that seed.

I bought a feed grinder, that is a combination feed
grinder. That is called the Letts grinder. It is the best
I know on the market at the present time because it is an
ensilage cutter combined with a feed grinder, and I could
fill my own silos and grind my own feed, and more than
that if I wanted to, and 1 did too, I could grind my own
alfalfa hay and my own soy bean hay in order to supple-
ment the bran.

The feeds which I have been feeding in a mixture
were 600 pounds of corn to 600 pounds of ground oats,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 53

good oats and corn, you understand, 400 pounds of bran,
either bran or ground alfalfa hay or ground soy bean hay,
and sometimes I alternate the two because of the fact of
the increased palatability if nothing else; and when you
grind alfalfa hay it is much cheaper than the use of bran,
and it has the same nutritive ratio. Combined with 200
pounds of oil meal and 200 pounds of cottonseed meal, that
will make you a ton of feeding material. You can find that
in Mr. Wilson’s lessons on feeding. Let me repeat it:

600 pounds of ground corn.

600 pounds ground oats.

400 pounds bran or ground alfalfa or ground soy
bean hay.

200 pounds of cottonseed meal, making the total

1600 pounds of mixture.

Or, you can leave off your linseed meal and use wholly
cottonseed meal if you are feeding silage very heavily.

That is my grain ration, and here is the thing I want
to say to you in passing, that no man ever made a profit
on his dairy cows because he was short of feed and had
cut the feed off. You want a better selection of cows
rather than to cut off feed from the dairy stock you have,
because it isn’t profitable business. Run the machine to its
capacity or get rid of one of your machines.

Then with this ration of grain which I have been talk-
ing to you about, I feed my silage, I feed a silage of ordi-
nary corn which we grow, with soy beans grown in it.
They make the finest silage I have ever tried to feed. I
have fed the corn silage with the sunflower, and it is not
nearly so palatable as the green silage with the soy bean.
Cattle like it so much better and they will eat so much
more of it. It is so much better than the old rule of thumb
method of feeding.

I like to feed my cows well; my Jerseys I like to feed
one pound of this ration to every two and two and a half
pounds of milk which they will produce for me. Let me
say I think it is just as essential for you and I to know what

54 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

our cows are giving, and to pay them back in good nutritive
feeds, as it is for you and I to go into a store and ask for
something and lay the money down and pay for it as we
go out.

Sometimes I get rather, oh, not fussy, but sometimes
I get rather out of patience with our cow testing association
work. It is the finest thing that ever was, one of the big-
gest things that ever was, that ever struck the American
farmer, but, gentlemen, we can do it ourselves if we have
got the will power. We ought to know the value of every
cow that stands in our stalls, and until we do do it we are
not going into successful dairying, but whenever we can
feed our cows in proportion to what they are giving us, and
know what they are giving, and know the butter fat test,
we are working on a basis that will enable us to become
successful dairymen. It is a mighty fine thing for you and
I to be able to run our own business, but the minute our
business begins to run us we have got our nose to the grind-
stone, and if we are going to run our business in so far as
we know the game, and whenever we don’t know the game
things soon get the upper hand of us, so with my Jerseys
I feed one pound of this mixture to every two to two and
one-half pounds of milk which they produce for me; and
of course you understand with the alfalfa hay and soy
bean hay my cattle get alfalfa hay at night and soy bean
hay in the morning—no, I take it just the other way around,
they get soy bean hay at night. I have my man kick it
around to the mules and our horses, and they get their
alfalfa hay in the morning so they can eat it and good days
they get out and get some fresh air and things of that sort,
but my cattle get the legume hay through and through.

We raise redtop in our section of the country, but as
Dr. Hopkins has said to me, what are we going to raise in
southern Illinois when we can’t raise redtop? We can
raise legumes if we will to a great extent. You can raise
very many cowpeas in this section of the state. We do in
southern Illinois, but the legume is the one thing we have
got to do, and I cannot understand how a man can be a
dairyman who does not grow a legume or feed it, and if

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 55

you have got to buy it there is where the trouble is; so with
my Holstein cows I like to feed one pound of this mixture
to every three and three and a half pounds of milk which
they produce.

That may be open to some argument. With my Guern-
say cows I like to feed, by testing, between one pound of
this grain to every two and a half to three pounds of milk
which they produce for me. You say the Guernsey is the
middle ground. Perhaps it is; I am not discussing pro-
duction at this time. We have got to come to some under-
standing as to what these cows are going to consume and
what it is going to be worth to the cow. I take a great deal
of pleasure in knowing when a cow gets down to a certain
level, how much she is costing me to feed her. I haven’t
a cow in my yard that begins quite so low as this, but a cow
that weights one thousand pounds, when she gets down in
her lacteation period, either when going dry or otherwise,
that she is giving ten pounds of milk per day—and of course
a cow that doesn’t give more than that per day ought to
be shot to begin with—but she is going to cost me $1.95
per hundred to reproduce her. A cow that produces twenty
pounds costs me around $1.30.

These are simply chart figures in which J like to talk
with my fellow dairymen, and which I can explain to him
in ways in which he is educated to what we are doing.

_A thirty-pound cow costs me around $1.10 to produce
one hundred pounds of five per cent milk. A cow produc-
ing forty pounds of milk costs one dollar, one dollar and
two cents, and sometimes we have a cow around a thou-
sand pounds that may give fifty pounds. Her milk is never
quite as rich as these, only about four to four and a halt
per cent, and we can produce that milk around ninety-five
cents. |

Then comes materials of Holstein cows. A 1200-pound
cow wlien she gets down to a point of production of only
fifteen pounds of three and one-half per cent milk, costs
me $1.70 to produce that milk. Around 30 pounds of milk
costs me $1.05. Forty-five puonds of milk per day can be
produced at a cost of ninety cents, and around 60 pounds

56 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

of milk can be produced at a cost of eighty cents a pound.

Now, gentlemen, these are comparative figures. It is
just what we get by knowing the weight of our cows, know-
ing what they produce in actual pounds, in gallons, count-
ing the volume by actually weighing the milk, by knowing
how much our butter fat test is, and by feeding the most
in response to what they produce.

These are things that our cow testing associations do
to be sure it is the thing which we can do ourselves, and
the sooner we get to it the better it is going to be for us.

Another thing which you and I have to contend with
is the selection of the right kind of cattle. I am not tell-
ing you what kind of cattle to buy. It is a question that is
asked me many and many times, but the cow that is the
best cow for you is the one that you want to buy. Let me
say to you this: you and I can’t be successful in dairying
when we have one whiteface, when we have got one brin-
dle cow, one white-spotted, and one all-black with the ex-
ception of white under the body and a white-tipped tail.
We can’t be successful dairymen when we have got all
colors of the rainbow in our yard. You might as well come
to that conclusion, because of the fact that we don’t know
where we are going to be. The sooner you and I get set
on the color, the sooner we get set on the size of the cow
we want, and the sooner we get set on the kind of feed and
what we are going to do, the sooner you and I are growing
into successful dairying.

So it is as to the kind of a cow altogether, as to what
we want her for. In my own experience I am a Holstein
man because of the fact that things as I used to take them
indicated I needed the Holstein, but because the bottom
dropped out of butter fat I felt that I needed to change.
I had started out to sell butter fat, and I was going to the
wall every day I sold butter fat. Perhaps you are not—lI
am glad you are not, but I couldn’t make a profit on but-
ter fat, even by feeding the skim milk to my hogs. If I
were to do that I would still hold on to the Holstein, but
I started in the retail business with a few of my friends a
year ago this month, with a Jersey. Our town was already

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 57

overdone with retail milk. A few of my friends were called
out and asked, ‘‘Would you like to have some good Jersey
milk?”’ They said, “Certainly.” I started to deliver that
milk with a pony cart with a crate on the back end. Things
started. I soon got to selling all of my Jersey milk, and
the next question was, what shall I do with my Holsteins?
And within sixty days I had cleaned out a little herd of
Holsteins and put in Jerseys. Now I retail milk from two
pure-bred herds of Jerseys and Guernseys and I wish I
had more.

When I started in to deliver milk I delivered with a
pony cart, then with a spring wagon, then I bought a back
end for my Ford runabout, closed it in and painted my
sign on the outside of it: ‘Whole milk from pure-bred
Jerseys and Guernseys.”’ Before I did that we were de-
livering milk three or four times a day, taking the profits
off running of the road too much, and I had to get a milk
drop and a label, and I carried my sign on my milk drop;
and no other gentleman ever puts his sign on my barn.
When a man comes to me and says, “Let me paint your
barn, I will put my sign on it,” I say to him, “‘Let me put
the sign of my old Jersey cow on your building.” When
we get to a place where we are going to advertise our own
business and put our own name on our barns, we are going
to keep them painted, and we are going to put our own
signs on them, “‘Duroc Jersey Hogs,” and good poultry,
and quit letting our business men, however well they may
love us, dope up our barns and things of that sort with red
spot paint and castor oil signs and a thousond other things,
then you and I are going to advertise the sale of our own
products.

As to our feed proposition down in southern Illinois,
we have men who like to dope up our barns with their
patent feeds. I am not against our commercial dairy feeds.
The only thing is that they are too high, that is all, and if
you can afford to buy those commercial dairy feeds and
feed to your cows you are beating me, because of the fact
that when you buy those high priced feeds it is all right if
you can afford it, but your dairy cows have got to pay the

58 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

bill and you have got to extend the overhead expense, but
when you raise and grind your own feed, I am grinding
and mixing my own feed with a twenty per cent protein
costing me $1.55, from $1.50 to $1.63, an average of $1.55.
Can you buy one feed with a twenty per cent protein for
that? If you can, go to it. But we in southern Illinois
can’t do it yet, so I feel when we grow these feeds and
begin to prepare them we are doing that much in the way
in which we should.

When I bought my feed grinder, ensilage grinder and
feed cutter in order to cut down overhead on horsepower
that was eating the very life out of me in the winter time,
my good wife said, “you are going busted sure.” She is
usually a good prophet but that hasn’t come true yet, be-
cause I realized that I had to cut my feed in order to cut
down my horsepower. If I was going to cut down my
horsepower with a tractor I had to manage that tractor
to work in the winter time, and if I could fill my own silo
at my own pleasure at any time I got ready, when the corn
was ripe, if I could work it in the winter time to save from
‘seventy-five cents to one dollar on every one hundred
pounds of feed which I fed to my dairy stuff, that was
something which my cattle would not have to pay for, so
I hold with all the sincerity I have got, that it is a mighty
fine thing.

When you and I can grow into these systems of con-
structive dairying by growing and mixing our own feed,
saving all this overhead expense, why should I pay sixty
to seventy-five cents on every one hundred pounds of feed
that I feed my dairy cows, just in order to get the mixture
on the floor? JI can take my own hand and scoop shovel
and mix my own feed. Then I can run it through my own
feed grinder, and I feed my calves that way.

These are all little things in a way, but there has been
many a man grown absolutely discouraged and disgusted,
because of the fact that he let many of these little things
eat the very heart out of the thing, and so it is.

Gentlemen, in closing, I have felt like I kept the con-
fidence of my good friends in talking just thirty minutes,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 59

but in closing let me say I am a firm believer of the dairy
business. I believe in it with all of the power which I have
got, and when many young men come into my classes as
these young men will before me just now—I am talking to
these younger boys—who have the spirit and the inspira-
tion to go out and say, “Dad, this is the better way,” we
have got to prove our faith by our works, and when I can
prove these things through absolute practice I can stand
up with a smile and face the future with a great deal of
satisfaction, because I believe I have given them something
they can take back home on to their own farms, and if I
didn’t believe this with all my heart, as much as I go about
southern Illinois, I would be taking something IJ didn’t want
to take; but in the sixteen years I have been in the state
institution at Carbondale some of my friends called me
out and said, “Look here, Muckelroy, don’t you know you
are going to ruin this farming business? You are going to
get it so we can’t grow anything on the land, and these
farmers that are your friends are going to lose confidence
in you.’ That is only fifteen years ago, gentlemen, but
we have grown out of that. We have grown into these
systems of better farming, and alfalfa is growing now on
the place where we spread the limestones.

The thought of permanent pasture is one thing that
confronts us in southern Illinois. We ouse sweet clover,
that is the finest thing I know of for pasture. Last year
on the state farm we pastured on eight acres of sweet
clover, fourteen head of dairy cattle,—twelve of them were
mature cows—four head of horses and sixteen head of
sheep—on eight acres of sweet clover! I think that sounds
like a big one,. but it is a fact and I will prove it to you.
That sweet clover was all juicy and green when all of the
other pastures were dried up.

i thought some ten or twelve years ago that I would
have to put another silo on the state farm in order to tide
over the dry weather, the drouth, to make our cows give
milk the year around, but about that time there came to
us the subject of sweet clover. It saved a great deal of
expense, because of the fact that we can have our pastures
green all the year through.

60 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

I spoke about lots of alfalfa. For instance we have
here (referring to chart), A, B, C, D, and E. Field B,
which is in alfalfa, is growing all the time. It is cut three
times a year, yielding better than three tons, between three
and four tons. Field A isin corn. Field B in oats. Field -~
C was in oats a year ago but was sown to sweet clover in
the oats, now this spring we have that to pasture until
along in July. Field B where oats were sown now is al-
ready being sown in oats in 1926. When this field C is
pastured off pretty close along in July, and the oats have
been cut off of field B, the sweet clover is up high enough
so that we turn back upon field B in order to let field C
grow in sweet clover; and, gentlemen, we have a fine field
of sweet clover that is sweet all the way through for our
dairy cows. We need not worry about pasture if you have
your crop rotation, corn, oats and legume pasture of sweet
clover, and then fill in with alfalfa, then your soy beans
as an occasional crop. :

This is why, gentlemen, I believe so strongly in the
dairying business, because when we once get on the right
‘end of it, it comes right along with us, and the more we
get hold of it the better we are running our business and
the more faith we have got in it and can prove to the other
fellow that our theory is right. (Applause.)

President O’Hair: A fellow was walking down Lov-
er’s Lane with his sweetheart one evening when a bulldog
came up the road. He ran to the top of the fence; she
clambered up after him and the dog went on. They both
climbed down and as she was walking ahead she said,
“John, I thought you said you would die for me.” ‘‘Yes,
but,” he said, “that damn bulldog wasn’t dead.” (Laugh-
ter. ) We are not dead yet. We have got two speakers,
Mr. Stanard and Professor Morrison. Both have to leave
this afternoon on early trains, so I am going to ask Mr.
Morrison to speak at this time, for about forty minutes,
then Mr. Stanard can get through and get away on his
train, and everybody can be happy and we will be glad
they are gone (laughter).

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 61

MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COWS

Professor F. B. Morrison, Madison, Wis.

Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I have had
many kinds of introductions: I never had just this kind
(laughter). But we all know and like Mr. O’Hair.

This afternoon I am going to take up a little more in
detail some of the facts with reference to the mineral re-
quirements of dairy cows in Wisconsin, and I know also
in Illinois at the present time, and in the other states of
the corn belt there has been carried on very extensive pro-
paganda by manufacturers of commercial mineral] mixtures.

Doubtless many of you have wondered as to how
much truth there was in the statements made by these men
and how much bunk. In talking about the mineral re-
quirements of livestock it has always been my policy to
call a spade a spade, instead of calling it a long-handled
agricultural implement, and I shall follow that same plan
this afternoon.

As I pointed out this morning, there is no question
but that minerals are essential for our livestock. Scien-
tists tell us that animals will starve sooner and be killed if
they are given feed containing plenty of proteins, carbo-
hydrates and fat, but a feed containing no mineral mat-
ter, than they will if they are given absolutely no feed at
all; they will die from mineral starvation more rapidly
than they would from starvation where they get nothing.

I just mention that to show the dependence upon min-
eral matter formation. We do not know just exactly what
all the functions of the mineral constituents of feed are in
a body, but we know that mineral nutrients control the life
processes to a great extent, perhaps by carrying electrical
charges, like some sort of a telegraph system throughout
the body. Whatever method this is brought about by,
mineral compounds are absolutely essential for life, in

62° ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

addition to the well-known fact that the skeleton is com-
posed largely of mineral matter.

As I pointed out this morning, common salt is the min-
eral constituent that should always be supplied in dairy
rations, and it should also practically always be supplied
in feeding other classes of livestock, except in very lim-
ited districts such as in certain types of alkali sections of
the west, where the soil and plants contain unusually large
amounts of common salt or sodium chloride.

It was Dr. Babcock many years ago, working with
Professor Carlisle, who carried on the first plan, demon-
stration, of the dependence of dairy cows on an adequate
supply of salt. Dr. Babcock fed a good dairy cow a ration
that was adeq@mate except that it had no salt excepting the
amount contained in the food materials. No salt was
added to the ration. The cows got along for a time, al-
though they appeared hungry for salt, but in a few more
months they showed they were approaching nutriential
disaster, and when salt was supplied in proper amount the
cows never showed any indications of this trouble, so a
proper amount of salt is essential for dairy cows.

As I mentioned this morning, it is a good plan to mix
in one-half pound or one pound of salt in every one hun-
dred pounds of concentrate or green mixture. I believe it
is a good plan to supply salt in addition, in the form of a
salt box or brick, so that the cows will take what they
want. If the salt is supplied regularly they will not take
an excess. The amount of salt which livestock require dif-
fers in amount as does the quantity which human beings
consume. It happens that I like more salt than my wife
does, but it is always an easy matter to add a little salt to
the food if it does not contain salt to the taste. I think
perhaps livestock differ somewhat in their likings for salt,
so I think it is safe to let livestock have what salt they
wish. In the case of dairy cows I believe it is a good plan
to increase the quantity so cows will be sure to get the
amounts I have mentioned, keeping the amounts in the
concentrate quantities as I have suggested and adding the
additional amount in a way that will enable them to get
what they need.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 63

As I mentioned this morning, two important minerals
in the ration of a dairy cow are calcium or lime and phos-
phorus. It is very easy to see why the dairy cow needs
especially large amounts of these two minerals, as she is
constantly losing the minerals from the body in the milk
supply.

In addition young growing animals need fish to build
their skeletons. Ninety per cent of the mineral matter of
the bony skeleton is made up of calcium and phosphorus.
During the past two years very great discoveries have been
made with reference to the mineral requirements of live-
stock and especially dairy cows. One of the first experi-
ments to attract national attention was the experiment
started in 1907 and 1908 by Professor Hart and his asso-
ciates in our institution. I can’t go into the detail of those
experiments. Let me just give the main points.

When they fed four growing heifers—and later cows
as they matured — rations where the roughage consisted
only of wheat or oats straw with no legume hay or no silage,
no corn whatsoever, there was nutritional disaster, even
when they were feeding a fairly well balanced concentrate
or green mixture. They were feeding a balanced ration
according to old feeding standards, yet disaster followed.
The animals became not thrifty, and furthermore when
they calved the calves were dead or else were produced
in a very weak condition. In many cases the cows aborted.
It was found after a considerable period of experimenta-
tion, that this disaster was due to a lack of lime or cal-
cium, and furthermore to a lack of a vitamine which was
deficient in that ration that animals need in order to assimi-
late lime and phosphorus. That is vitamine D which I did
not discuss this morning.

Vitamine D or the anti-rickitic vitamine, meaning cur-
ing or preventing ricketts—I will discuss ricketts in just
a moment. In carrying on these investigations further
these men found that the best way of curing this situation,
this nutritional disaster, was by supplying legume hay in
that ration. If they merely substituted for half of the
straw the same amount of legume hay, the ration was made

64 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

adequate because the legume hay furnished not only lime
but also a fair amount of this vitamine which was neces-
sary for the animal’s well being. That is all as I remem-
ber, use lime. Professor Hart within the last two years
has taken this old disastrous ration and made it entirely
satisfactory by using legume hay and also for extra safety
put in cod liver oil, because cod liver oil contains this vita-
mine in very great abundance. Of course that would not
be a practical dairy ration, but they made that experiment
-so as to analyze the conditions fully, and to satisfy their
own scientific curiosity.

Then in the further advancement of knowledge the .
next most important step made was in the discoveries of
Dr. Forbes, then of the Ohio Experiment Station. Dr.
Forbes fed his cows in nutritional experiments during sev-
eral winters, rations that we all thought at that time were
absolutely inadequate for high milk production, made up
of legume hay, corn silage, corn grain, and several of the
common protein-rich concentrate mixtures with plenty of
salt and water. To his surprise and the surprise of all of
us when he analyzed the fat of these cows, the feces and
urine produced, and also the milk secreted, he found these
cows on these excellent dairy rations were steadily losing
lime and phosphorus from their bodies in the full flush of
milk productions.

We did not know what to think about the situation.
He then tried the effect of adding various mineral supple-
ments to that ration, ground limestone meal and calcium
citrate. To his surprise, even when an abundant amount
of lime was furnished, which was apparently much more
than the cow needed, these good dairy cows still lost lime
from their bodies. In one trial in Wisconsin during ten
days a cow lost one-fifth of all the lime in her body, show-
ing the tremendous loss of lime that can follow on an in-
adequate ration of a milk-producing cow.

Without going further into the history of the matter,
what is the present status of our knowledge? It looks to
me as though we would be able, by means of the Babcock
test, to develop a cow’s milk producing and butter-fat pro-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 65

ducing capacity to a much greater extent than we have
developed her mineral-assimilating capacity. We haven’t
known anything about minerals until the last few years,
in their relation to dairy production. In other words there
is no question in my mind but what a good share of the
good producing dairy cows during the winter time and in
the full flow of production are steadily losing calcium and
perhaps also phosphorus from their bodies; and probably
even by the use of any mineral supplicant we can add to
the ration, we cannot cure or prevent it, judging from these
results, unless we use impracticable rations.

We might ask, why doesn’t the cow finally fade away,
because the cow in the attempt to keep the composition of
her milk constant, her force of maternity makes her take
the calcium and phosphorus from her bones to produce a
normal milk for her offspring and for our offspring.

So far as we know the situation, based upon the fur-
ther experiments of Dr. Forbes, when a cow gets along
further in lactation, when she is producing Tess milk and
especially when she is drying, then she is able to build
again the calcium and the phosphorus stores of her body,
because then there is not the heavy drain for calcium and
phosphorus that there is in the production of a large
amount of milk, thirty and forty pounds and beyond. Fur-
thermore, it is essential that all possible advantage be given
the cow by producing an adequate ration so that she will
lose as small an amount of mineral as may be during the
heavy part of her lacteal period.

The experiments of Dr. Forbes and others have shown
very clearly that if the cow is fed timothy hay you will
have a much more serious condition than if fed with an
abundance of legume hay, therefore do the best you can
for the cow by supplying an abundance of legume hay.

Now just a little about vitamine D and its relation to
mineral assimilation. First, after vitamines A, B, and C
had been discovered, people were in a quandary with ref-
erence to certain points. For many years the disease called
ricketts had been known, in fact for twenty-five years and
over, but until 1918 there had been practically no advance
in the knowledge with reference to ricketts. Ricketts is a

66 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

disease of the bones, especially in young animals, in which
for some reason or other the lime and phosphorus salts are
not deposited properly in the growing bones. They say
eighty per cent of the babies and young children in New
York City have some tendency-or symptoms of ricketts,
showing the great prevalence of ricketts in our large cities.

Ricketts is a disease of civilization. Savages may
starve but they never have ricketts. It is an interesting
fact that dogs sometimes have ricketts and cats do not. A
dog is our dog. He is an entirely domesticated animal.
Our cats condescend to live with us and go out in the way
of the world, prowling at night, and perhaps because of
that retention of freedom they do not have ricketts. If
you take the feline tribe and confine them in a zoo, for
instance lions and tigers, they quite often have ricketts
under those enforced domestic conditions.

From the standpoint of human nutrition ricketts is of
very great importance in the raising of young children.
It has been found ricketts can be cured and prevented by
the use of cod liver oil. It furnishes not only vitamine A,
which is concerned with growth and also is necessary for
adults, but also contains exceedingly large amounts of vita-
mine D.

The fact that cod liver oil cured ricketts was long
known along the seacoast of European countries, as France,
Norway and Sweden, but it was not known why it did it.
In 1922 it was discovered that cod liver oil contains these
two different vitamines, which have the two different func-
tions, containing vitamine A that prevents and cures rick-
etts; so now if there is any danger of a child having ricketts,
cod liver oil is an excellent thing to give him. At the pres-
ent time I am giving cod liver oil to my youngest boy six
years old, not that he has ricketts but to assist in the tre-
mendous task the body has in building the skeleton. He is
a boy growing up just like I did. I was my present height
when I was thirteen or fourteen, over six feet tall and as
thin as a rail, and he is growing just the same way father
did. Although he is using liberal amounts of dairy prod-
ucts, as a precaution I am making him take cod liver oil.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 67

With cod liver oil you have a very serious difficulty on
account of its repulsive taste. In my own case my parents
tried to give me cod liver oil, and found that cod liver oil
was almost like truth—truth crushed to earth will rise
again, and cod liver oil also followed a similar course when
they tried to give it to me.

I just mention that fact of the importance of ricketts
in children. Other experimentors have found that ricketts
can be prevented and cured by ordinary sunlight which
has not passed through window glass. Further investiga-
tion has shown that the curative part of sunlight is the part
that we cannot see. It is the ultra-violet rays which are
clearly beyond the visible violet rays in the rainbow; it is
the part of the rainbow on beyond the violet that the hu-
man eye cannot see.

The infants which suffer from ricketts can be cured
or aided in curing by exposing their legs and arms or bodies
to sunlight. That is the reason why it is so good for we
people who live in cities to get out in the country or go
to the seashore or lake, and go barefoot or so we get the
full effect of sunlight. That is one of the benefits of tak-
ing a vacation and getting out close to nature. People in
large cities, especially in the winter time, do not get much
of this ultra-violet light, because the ultra-violet light is
absorbed somewhat by the atmosphere, and in the winter
time the sun’s rays coming at an angle, come through many
more miles of atmosphere than in the summer time when
they come straight down. Go to Chicago today and see
that smoke-pall over the city. That filters out the ultra-
violet rays pretty near the way it is filtered out through
window glass, so the poor people of Chicago will not get
much of the ultra-violet rays in the winter time because
they are largely taken out by passing at an angle through
the atmosphere, and passing through that smoke screen.

That is where people that live in small towns and in
the open country have an advantage, and why there is
less ricketts among young children under those conditions.

What is the relation of this to stock feeding? It is
simply this: we must provide as far as possible feeds not

68 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

only rich in lime and phosphorus for our livestock, but we
must also try to provide them with this anti-rickitic factor,
sunlight shining direct on the body and ultra-violet light
are both good anti-rickitic light, have the same functions.

Green growing plants do not contain very large
amounts of this vitamine. However, when green alfalfa is
cut and is cured out in the sunlight, in the curing process
the vitamine D content is increased materially. Just why
we do not know, but it is a fact apparently. Earlier from
the results of certain experiments it was thought that per-
haps the best way of curing alfalfa or other legume hay
so as to preserve and obtain all the vitamine it contained,
was to cut it and cure it, using a hay cap as soon ag pos-
sible. That has been tested out in our institution and hay
which has been cured in the dark, while showing that the
fine green color is preserved, that hay is not rich in the
anti-rickitic vitamine but very poor in it, because it was
cured in the absence of sunlight. You have got to steer
between two difficulties; if hay is allowed to be cut and
dried in the rain and sun, the hay will become wet, its
nutriments will be washed out and it will not be of so high
a nutritive value though it may be rich in this anti-rickitic
vitamine. The vitamine A content will be largely de-
stroyed. You can count on a good green color, being rich
in vitamine A always. On the other hand vitamine D
seems to be developed by the action of sunlight, so as we
see the situation at the present time the best way of curing
legume hay is the way that the shortage of labor has driven
the American farmer to cure it: try to cut it in good
weather, then by means of the side delivery rake turn it
over, expose it to the drying breeze and sunlight till it is
dry enough to load by means of a hay loader, and get into
the barn.

Present investigations seem to show that that will not
only preserve the nutritive value to the best possible extent
but will also provide a content of vitamines A and B. Hay
dried in the very best way it can be done is not very rich
in vitamine D. The same is true of butter fat. Butter fat
is very rich in vitamine A, it has a fair content of vitamine

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 69

B, but it is not near as rich in vitamine D as it is in vita-
mine A. Therefore it is very important, I believe, that
dairy cows have plenty of pasture, and that they get out
in the sun. Probably some of the good effects of pasture
that we have known in the past have been due to the
action of sunlight.

I would not think of maintaining dairy cows in barns
throughout the year. They should get out on pasture in

the sunlight and get fresh, green feeds.

A very interesting development has been made re-
cently in experimental work with poultry, and also with
dairy cows, by the Wisconsin experiment station, our own
institution. It has been found in the case of poultry, that
with laying hens having ultra-violet light produced by
these quartz mercury lamps shining on these hens, they
can be pepped up so they will produce more eggs. You
have all known egg production can be increased by having
electric lights, but this is another thing. The ordinary
electric light simply fools the hen, makes her work about
sixteen hours a day instead of seven or eight. With ordi-
nary electric light she eats more, works longer and lays
more eggs, but by means of ultra-violet light it has been
possible to maintain a still higher production. Whether
it will be practical to use ultra-violet lights in poultry pro-
duction, I do not know.

Professor Hart, who developed these interesting facts,
has also found in experiments with goats, using goats be-
cause he could get goats in the agricultural chemistry
building and couldn’t get cows, some things of interest in
milk production.

Now he has experimented with cows that were losing
lime steadily from their bodies, then has had the ultra-
violet light shine a few minutes a day on the backs of these
goats, and within eight days he has brought these animals
back to a condition where they are no longer losing lime
from their bodies; and he has been able to reduce the
rickitic power of that milk six to eight or ten times and
produce a milk that is very high in this anti-rickitic prop-
erty.

70 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

We do not know what the application may become in
dairy cows. Perhaps some time or other we may find men
specializing on milk for babies in large cities, who will
have bakeries or ultra-violet lamps in the dairy barns, to.
shine on the back of each cow a certain number of min-
utes. Then they can turn out a milk guaranteed to cure
ricketts, and there are plenty of people in the cities who
have rickitic children, who would be willing to pay a long
price for milk of that kind, because it will be produced at
a greater cost than the highest grade of certified milk. We
do not know what the practical application will be, but
it is of profound significance.

This ultra-violet lamp has a milky arc like these milky
lights you have seen in printing plants. This sketch shows
bluish lights, except that those lamps are housed in glass
containers, and they are not ultra-violet because glass will
not permit any of the ultra-violet rays to pass through,
while these lamps are enclosed in quartz glass which is
very expensive, because it is hard to make, and that quartz
has the property of permitting the ultra-violet light to shine
through. <A person cannot look at this ultra-violet light
without wearing glass goggles, without severely injuring
the eyes. So far, then, with reference to that.

I am going to just conclude, and if you have some
questions with reference to this, I will be glad to answer
them.

In summarizing our recommendations with reference
to minerals for dairy cows, they are simply the statements
I made this morning. The best way I know of supplying
the material the dairy cow needs is to provide an abund-
ance of good legume hay throughout the winter season, and
I would add, furnishing plenty of good green feed, espe-
cially pasturage through the growing season.

If the dairyman does not have an abundance of le-
gume hay for his dairy cows, then by all means in the win-
ter time feed a mineral supplement, supplying lime. I
mentioned this morning that the protein-rich feeds are in
general high in phosphorus, so that if one-fifth or twenty
per cent of the concentrate or grain mixture is made up of

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION Gal

any one or all of the following feeds, a person doesn’t need
to worry about phosphorus—the cows get plenty of it. In
those feeds are these:

Wheat bran
Wheat middlings
Linseed meal
Cottonseed meal
Soy beans or
Peanuts or
Peanut oil meal.

If one-third of the concentrate grain mixture is made
up of any one or all of those four feeds, one does not need
to pay any attention to phosphorus. He can use ordinary
ground limestone or even wood ashes or marl, that in Wis-
consin many of our farmers are digging up out of our old
lake beds; and if a person doesn’t have plenty of legume
hay I would recommend the addition of three or four
pounds of one of these calcium supplements to one hun-
dred pounds of grain mixture, ground limestone, marl or
wood ashes.

Even if a person does have plenty of legume hay and
though it may do no good, still I would use two or three
pounds of ground limestone or marl with every one hun-
dred pounds of the concentrate or a grain mixture. If a
person is using entirely home-grown grain and not using
any of those high phosphorus feeds, under those conditions
instead of using limestone, marl or wood ashes I would use
bonemeal or bone black, which supply not only lime but
also phosphorus. ‘

I mentioned this morning that farmers sometimes have
trouble from goiter or the big neck in calves. Under such
condition I would recommend the use of iodine.

How about the other ingredients often put into min-
eral mixtures, such as Epsom salts, Glauber’s salts, sulphur,
charcoal, etc.? So far as I know, there is no benefit from
the use of any of those constituents in a mineral] mixture
for dairy cows. I know of no experiments showing that a
cow will be happier, healthier or more productive if she

72 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

is given a mineral mixture including those various ingre-
dients, and we might as well appreciate that fact. So far
as ingredients such as sulphur, charcoal, copperas, etc., are
concerned, some of them are mild medicines. Epsom salts
are good laxatives, and all right if a cow needs a laxative,
but in general I do not believe in patent medicines and in
cure-alls. If an animal is healthy you do not need to pat-
ronize remedies of one kind or another. Get good advice
about staying healthy, but I don’t believe in doping a
healthy animal with miscellaneous remedies.

Many of the commercial mixtures are intellieently
made, but we have got to appreciate this basic fact: there
is no evidence that a cow will be any better off by giving
her a mixture of things than she will be by following the
simple recommendations I have made. These commercial
mineral mixtures cost all the way from sixty to seventy
up to one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy
dollars a ton. The question for any farmer to ask himself
is this: does he have to spend his hard-earned cash in pay-
ing high prices for a mineral mixture when he can supply
the mineral needs of his dairy cows by following these
simple recommendations?

I have sheets here which give these recommendations.
All the essential facts are on the two sides of that sheet,
and so far as we know cows will produce just as much and
be just as thrifty as if they received a very complicated
mineral mixture.

The same statement can be made with reference to
preparations, one of which is manufactured and sold ex-
tensively in your state, a combination of yeast and min-
erals. So far as I know, that will produce profit for the
manufacturer but not for you. Furthermore, a statement
is often made that mineral mixtures will prevent or cure
contagious abortion. I am sorry to have to say that there
is no scientific proof of those assertions. The type of abor-
tion that has been produced in these Wisconsin experi-
ments that I mentioned, is not contagious abortion. The
herd was also tested by the abortion tests. It was nutri-
tional abortion produced by a lack of lime. As far as I

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 73

know, contagious abortion is something entirely different,
produced by specific disease of the organisms; therefore
severlly discussing the statements commonly made by min-
eral salesmen that their mineral mixture will prevent or
cure mineral abortion, their living depends on your buying
their particular mixture. The college man in giving you
advice should receive your earnest attention—their sal-
aries do not depend upon selling such things.
I thank you. (Applause.)

President O’Hair: Now, boys, we have let Professor
Morrison have first place because he has to go away at
four-thirty. Mr. Stanard has to leave about thirty minutes
later. Professor Fraser, when he speaks we want him to
have as long a time as he needs. There isn’t a man here
that can afford to miss Professor Fraser’s talk. He is the
professor who has been experimenting with your money
- that was sent down to the University, and it will be very
profitable for you to hear him, but I am going to ask Pro-
fessor Fraser if he will waive his time, letting us have Mr.
-Stanard’s talk in Mr. Caldwell’s time. Mr. Caldwell has
agreed to wait until tomorrow.

Mr. Stanard, as you know, is your Director of your
Department of Agriculture at Springfield, and he belongs .
to you, too, and I asked him if he wouldn’t say something
on the tubercular trouble in the State of Illinois. You know
they have been having a little trouble up around Chicago
and he has been mixed up in it. I understand he has fin-
ally got it straightened out, and I am going to ask him to
tell you about it. I have been asked by a lot of folks if
there would be something said about it, they are all anxious
to know, and I think Mr. Stanard will be capable of explain-
ing it to you and telling you how it is and all about it. I
have asked him to do this, and he said if he thought it
was the wish of the people that he talk upon it he would,
and he has kindly consented to talk along that line; and I
will now introduce Mr. S. J. Stanard, the Director of Agri-
culture at Springfield. (Applause.)

74 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

TUBERCULIN TESTING IN ILLINOIS

ee

Mr. S. J. Stanard, Director of Agriculture, Springfield, III.

Mr. President, members of the Illinois State Dairy-
men’s Association—friends: I arrived here last evening
just in time to see the Scotch performance from this plat-
form, and it reminded me of an incident that happened a
few days ago; when I came here this morning and saw the
number of empty seats in this room, I was again reminded
of that same incident. I spoke of this only a few days ago
in a meeting at Champaign, so some of you may have
heard it.

A week ago last Sunday morning the pastor of the
church I occasionally attend said that he wanted to in-
crease his Sunday night attendance. A good many Scotch
attended that church—I am part Scotch myself—so the
pastor announced that there would be no contribution re-
quested at the Sunday night service. In response there was
a large attendance. After the opening prayer, habit being
very strong with this minister, he made his usual announce-
ment that the deacons would now take up the usual col-
lection and that a liberal contribution would be appreci-
ated. A Jew in the back end of the house fainted, and
two Scotchmen carried him out! (Laughter.)

When I arrived here the first thing I heard was a
request to talk on a certain subject, and ever since I have
been here I have been receiving requests. The first re-
quest was that I talk on the Department of Agriculture,
explaining the functions of that department. In fact I have
received several such requests. I have also received re-
quests that I talk on the bovine tubercular situation in IIli-
nois, which seems to be consuming considerable space in
the columns of our Chicago daily newspapers. I have
agreed to talk on both of these subjects, and I have de-
cided that I will talk on the functions of the State Depart-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 75

ment of Agriculture as requested, and allow the tubercular
eradication to come into that talk as it naturally would.

As you are all probably aware, the executive branch
of your state government is divided into ten parts or ten
departments of state. At the head of each one of these
departments there is a director. Each one of these direc-
tors not only is a director of the department, but he is a
member of the governor’s cabinet.

One of these ten departments of state is a department
of agriculture, and it is one of the larger of the depart-
ments. The department of agriculture of Illinois is di-
vided into nine branches or divisions. Over each one of
these divisions there is a superintendent. Each division
takes care of one specific line of work.

I will not take the time to take up the work of each
one of these divisions, but I will speak briefly on the work
of some of the larger of the divisions; and first of all I
wish to mention the Division of Foods and Dairies, a divi-
sion under which the dairy and food inspection of Illinois
is conducted, having approximately forty inspectors in the
field and approximately fifteen chemists in our laboratory.

When I took office last spring there was.some criti-
cism of this division, some people did not think it was going.
as well as it might. Perhaps it wasn’t, or perhaps they.
were wrong, but this much I wish to say in behalf of that
division: last October there were over eight hundred sam-
ples of food analyzed in our food laboratories, which was
many more samples of food than had ever been analyzed
in the state laboratory in any one month in the history of
the state. In November the record of September was brok-
en, and there was over one thousand samples of food anal-
yzed. In that same month there were eighty-three thou-
sand pounds of food condemned and destroyed by our in-
spectors as being unfit for human consumption.

The food of this state is inspected in quantity in the
City of Chicago. It is then re-inspected in the retail stores
of the State. Our inspectors are everywhere. That divi-
sion is functioning for the protection of the people of this
State, the protection of food commodities of this State, and

76 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

it is a service which is equally important to one as it is to
another. The dairy side of it is an important branch be-
cause dairy products are an important food commodity. I
hope you will watch that division in the future and see
wherein they are rendering efficient service. They are not
functioning one hundred per cent but they are functioning
very much better every month as time goes on.

Next I wish to mention that division of Plant Indus-
tries and Seed Inspection. This division handles the en-
forcement of the seed laws of the state as carried on by
the eradication program which removed one of the worst
enemies of the wheat grower. It has carried on the black
smut campaign, and this last spring when the white snake-
root epidemic broke out in northern Illinois and on down-
state until it reached Cairo, that division was on the job
making surveys of farms and localities where the outbreaks
occurred, warning the farmers as to whether or not they
had white snakeroot in their pastures; and I am satisfied
there were thousands of head of cattle, horses and sheep
saved by the warnings given by that division. But more
important than that, I am satisfied that a great many hu-
man lives were saved, for the drinking of milk from cows
that have eaten white snakeroot is very poisonous. We
have had several deaths in this state this year.

The division is now not only engaged in the analyzing
of seed samples but is also sending out bulletins, delivering
talks and doing everything they can to warn the farmers
of Illinois, so that another year should we have a repetition
of the white snakeroot epidemic, the farmers of this state
will know what it is, will be forewarned, and will be able
to guard against it.

This division also has contro] of some of the embargo
and quarantine work for the protection of our plant life.
It is occasionally necessary for the state department to issue
an embargo for the protection of agriculture. It may be
for the protection of the plant life of the state or it may
be for the protection of the livestock industry of the state.
We all make mistakes, but we are doing our best to pro-
tect the farmer.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 17

I am going to tell you now of an incident that occurred
in the latter part of November, and I do not wish you to
take it that I am criticisnig anyone in particular when I
tell you of this incident, but it merely illustrates what may
happen and how necessary it is that there be adequate pro-
tection in our state. The latter part of November the divi-
sion of plant industry received word from the Minister of
Agriculture of the Dominion of Canada that he had been
granted permission by the United States Department of
- Agriculture to ship corn from the province of Ontario, the
corn borer area of Canada, to the National Livestock Show
at Chicago. The superintendent of plant industry brought
that wire to my desk immediately and I replied by sending
the Minister of Agriculture of Canada a wire for him to
send the corn; my inspectors would receive it and either
burn it or return it. I in turn sent a copy of my wire to
the Secretary of Agriculture at Washington, and the Sec-
retary of Agriculture at Washington notified him that his
Department was right, and that they would be guided by
the Illinois regulation. On the other hand if there had
been no agency in this state to protect us against such
things, that are happeniny every little while, we would be
at the mercy of the hundreds of pests which might be
brought into this state. This is merely a sample of the
work of the division of Plant Industry.

Next I wish to mention, but briefly, the division of
Federal-State Co-operative Crop Estimates as it is’ con-
ducted in this state, the Illinois Department of Agriculture
co-operating with the United States Department of Agri-
culture in their Bureau of Agriculture Economics. I can
well remember fifteen and twenty years ago the fluctua-
tions and the prices of grain on our Chicago grain market.
These fluctuations were very extreme and very often. You
may think that the present grain market is bad. You may
think that the fluctuations are extreme, and at times they
are, but if you use your memory a little just now you will
remember back twenty or twenty-five or thirty years ago,
that the Chicago board of trade was in that day. You
will remember how it was a daily occurrence for the grain

78 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

market to jump away up or away down, apparently being
influenced more by speculation than it is now influenced.
It is not perfect as it stands today by any means. I re-
member last year I was on the board of trade in company
with one of our marketing experts, when the price of wheat
went to $2.05 per bushel, and I asked him what he thought
about it and what the cause of it might be. It was only a
few months ago that the leaders in agricultural thought
were telling us there was an over-production of wheat and
the farmer for that reason was taking a low price for his
wheat. I said, “‘How does it happen that this extreme in-
crease has occurred here today’?” “QOh,’’ he says, “they
had the wrong information, that is all. The wrong im-
pression was given out, and there was no over-production
of wheat.” ‘‘There was really an under-production, there
was a shortage.’ ‘“‘The demand exceeds the supply,” he
said, ‘‘and therefore the price has gone up quickly.” I
took it for granted that he was right, didn’t give it any
particular thought, but about a week later I happened to
be on the board of trade in company with the same gentle-
man, and I saw the price of wheat drop sixteen cents a
bushel in a few hours, and I asked him what was the mat-
ter, what had caused this extreme drop when there was
such a shortage as he had told me about the week before.
And he said, ‘“‘Well, I guess those damned farmers have
over-produced again. (Laughter.) So you see we still
have conditions which are probably not perfect, but I men-
tion this to call to your attention that the condition is some-
what improved; and in my estimation the thing that has
improved. that condition more probably than anything else
is the Federal-State Co-operative Crop Estimate, which
places in the hands of the farmers the average situation
the same as every one else, the best information that there
is available on crops and crop estimates.

That information is not perfect but it is the best there
is. The brokerage houses have their own means of obtain-
ing estimates. They obtain those estimates because they
want an idea of the condition before the federal estimates
come out, but when the federal estimates come out they

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 79

drop their own estimates and take the federal estimates
because they know they are the best; and when a man
stands up before you and tells you the Federal-State Co-
operative Crop Estimate is for the benefit of the speculator
you can set it down in your account book that he doesn’t
know what he is talking about. It is handled absolutely
honestly by the United States Government.

It was my privilege last summer to go over their sys-
tem with them, and I never saw a system which safeguarded
information like that system does. It is released so that
every one gets it, and if the farmer will pay attention to
it, if he will use the information that it gives to him, it
places him on a basis so far as information is concerned,
with the man who is speculating on the market, and it is
this information as to conditions covering practically the
entire United States which gives the farmer an opportunity
to market intelligently; and when we find it or when there
is found a method, a theory or a system for the correcting
of the agricultural marketing evil, I do not know what
that system will be, but I do know that if such a system is
ever inaugurated, the basis for that system will be the
Federal-State Co-operative Crop Estimates, because it is
the only source of information that we have that is honest,
that we are sure is as near correct as it can be.

Now let us pass on and speak next of the division of
animal industry. When that division is mentioned we im-
mediately think of tubercular testing. In the minds of the
people of the state that is the function of the division, but
it has some other functions which are just about as im-
portant as the testing of cattle for bovine tuberculosis, but
we will handle that subject first. It is of great importance
now. It is in the minds of the people now. Every one is
thinking about tuberculin testing, partly because of the
order and partly because of the Health Commissioner of
Chicago, and third, because of such great consternation
and because of the misinterpretation of the tubercular milk
situation by the Chicago daily press.

Very few true statements have appeared in the Chi-
cago newspapers regarding this situation. A sample of

80 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

this is shown by the Chicago Tribune publishing interviews
with myself on their front page, three days in succession,
without ever having talked with me. That shows you
something of what the system is in regard to news on such
matters in the City of Chicago.

Last year as in former years, the tuberculin testing in
the State of Illinois was co-operative between the state
and the federal governments. The federal inspector in
charge was in direct charge of the work. This system was
an outgrowth of the work started by the federal Depart-
ment of Agriculture in placing veterinarians and inspectors
in this state as they did in other states, telling the people
and telling the farmer how important it was that they test
their cattle for bovine tuberculosis. ;

There is where their sentiment started, and that senti-
ment grew. They represented at that time that if the state
would pay one-third indemnity on condemned cattle the
federal government would pay one-third and the farmer
would lose one-third. Last year, under the management
of representatives of the United States Department of
Agriculture, in spite of our warnings, there was over two
hundred thousand dollars spent or obligated in this state,
than there was apparent money available to pay, because
the federal government was out of money and continued
the testing at high speed. That obligated someone, be-
cause the farmer had been assured that he would get his
indemnity. We scratched around and scratched around
all summer to try and pay that obligation. The state of
Illinois paid one hundred and thirty-four thousand dollars
of the federal claim. In order to do that we used all of
the emergency appropriation made agriculture and made
to the governor’s office, and we reached the end of our
rope.

When they found at Washington that we were all
through, and they couldn’t get any more out of us, they
came across and paid the rest of it. I am telling you this
to give you a little history on what has happened in Illinois.

The Tice Bill was before the last legislature. The
Tice bill was not drafted nor was it backed by the state

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 81

Department of Agriculture. It was in the hands of others,
and I am informed that representatives of the United States
Department of Agriculture assisted in the drafting of that
bill. It was passed and became a law.

There was a special reason for their wanting that
clause in that bill. It was inserted and it passed. It seems
conditions now are not exactly as some anticipated they
would be, but in order to comply with the law, in order
to protect the state of Illinois, in order to protect the Illi-
nois state treasury, but above all I would say in order to
comply with the Illinois statutes, the state department of
agriculture has taken charge of the tuberculosis eradica-
tion program in Illinois.

You have heard a great deal of talk about protests,
about resolutions being passed by this organization and
that organization protesting against the state department
taking charge of this work, and I will just say in connec-
tion with that, that whether the men who did those things
were so ignorant of the fact that they were not in a posi-
tion to take any such action, or those actions were mali-
cious, I don’t know which, but you will see on the face
of it how ridiculous it is for an agricultural organization of
any type to pass a resolution protesting against a state
department complying with the state law; and in this con-
nection I may just as well read section twenty-seven of the
Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication law of the State of Illinois:

“The State Department of Agriculture is
hereby charged with the enforcement of the pro-
visions of this Act’

and that Act covers the whole co-operative program. A
few months ago while i was in Washington I talked this
thing over with Dr. Moler, the chief of the Division of
Animal Industry of the United States Government. The
doctor indicated to me that under our present statute a
change would have to be made. The doctor suggested that
when it was necessary to make that change he would sign
an agreement to that effect.

On January 16, 1926, Dr. Moler signed such an agree-

82 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

ment and dated it himself. I have the agreement in my
pocket. It provides that the work in the State of Illinois
shall continue to be co-operative, that the program shall
continue as before, the same system, that there are no
changes of any consequence in policy unless those changes
are agreed upon by both of the contracting parties, mean-
ing the director of agriculture and the chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry. The contract reads almost identically
the same as the contract which has been in existence in
this state since Governor Lowden took office and Charles
Adkins was director of agriculture, with the exception that
instead of the federal man being in charge, the state de-
partment is in charge.

There is the truth of the situation regarding the man-
agement of our tubercular testing which you have seen so
much of in the newspapers which you have read, protest-
ing against some of the pure milk products and the IIli-
nois Agricultural Association. You have the facts. If
there are any questions on it I will be glad to answer them
at the close of this talk, for I am not talking without hav-
ing thought it over. I am not talking without having the
evidence with me in connection with the starting of the
testing, which was stopped because the Federal Depart-
ment of Agriculture ran out of money with which to pay
indemnity some weeks ago.

I will say that I issued orders last week to the state
veterinarians of this state, to resume testing. I notified
them that the State of Illinois would pay as promptly as
it was possible to get the vouchers through, the state pay-
ing one-third of the indemnity. I indicated that I sup-
posed the federal one-third of the indemnity would be paid
by an emergency appropriation to be made by Congress
which is now in session, but that if Congress did not appro-
priate on or before the first of next July, the State of Illi-
nois would pay the federal one-third of indemnity as well
as the state third, assuring the farmers that they would
receive the total two-thirds on the indemnity of the cattle
reacting to the test for bovine tuberculosis condemned on
the accredited herd or area plan in this state.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 83

So far as I know the veterinarians are at work. We
have not had time to visit them all, most all of them are
at work, because we have heard from most of them. If I
was informed there was one that refused to work, then I
would suggest that the board of supervisors of that par-
ticular county do their duty.

The Division of Animal Industries has other functions
as well as tubercular testing, and they like the division of
Plant Industry, are charged with the protection of agricul-
ture. They are charged with the protection of the live-
stock industry.

I might tell you of another incident which would illus-
trate this work. A few weeks ago the superintendent of
the Division of Animal Industry, Mr. Robison, came to my
office and laid before me a telegram notifying him that a
court, a judge in the State of Texas, had made a decision
or granted an injunction against a quarantine on an area
where there was supposed to be cases of foot and mouth
disease, thereby releasing the owners of stock in that area
to ship to any place they saw fit.

I read that telegram and decided it was time for
action, so we declared an embargo on all livestock, hay,
grain, and all other commodities which it seemed to us it
would be possible for this infection to be carried in, against
the entire state of Texas, the embargo to go into effect on
all commodities shipped from that state after the decision
of the court mentioned. Forty-eight hours later the super-
intendent of the Animal Industry informed me that many
of the other states of the Union had followed the same
course. Three days later the governor of Texas notified
us that the matter was under control, that the quarantine
was on and that there was no further danger.

Within a couple of days, for we took a couple of days
in order to assure ourselves that there was nothing in tran-
sit that might be infected, we removed the embargo. Those
things happen every little while. We are placing embar-
goes, we are removing embargoes, we are quarantining
here and there as it seems necessary. Each time such
action is taken it is worthy of considerable consideration,

84 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

for nearly every time there is an embargo placed someone
suffers. Some farmer may be present in Texas to buy cat-
tle at the time that embargo was placed. Some farmer
may have innocently shipped cattle from the state of Texas
and had them held up for a few days on the road by that
embargo. Embargoes are not anything to play with, be-.
cause they oftentimes hurt, but when the livestock indus-
try of a great state like Illinois is at stake, then it is neces-
sary that we have machinery on the job for the protection
of that industry, and it is necessary to take action and not
take any chances.

The veterinary branch of the Division of Animal In-
dustry worked constantly in connection with the white
snakeroot epidemic, and with every other kind of an epi-
demic that has started or looked like it might start, con-
tinually trying to protect the farmer, the livestock owner
of this state, and I believe upon investigation that you will
say that without that protection the livestock industry of
the state would be in grave danger all the time.

I do not wish to take a great deal more of your time,
so I am going to pass on hurriedly. I am not going to stop
to take up the matter of the Apiary Division, the work
they are doing for the eradication of foul brood in the
bees, nor do I wish to take up your time on poultry hus-
bandry and their egg-laying contests at Kankakee, Quincy,
and Murphysboro. I won’t take time to discuss state rec-
ords and records of the United States and some few world-
records made in those few egg-laying contests in this state,
but we will pass on and not stop to consider the appropria-
tions, I may say, for the Department of Agriculture so far
as the appropriation for farm advisor, passing on their
salary each month, nor will we stop for the consideration
of the appropriation for county fairs nor any of the others,
but I do wish to mention briefly another division of the
Illinois Department of Agriculture, the Illinois State Fair.

In some ways we have the greatest state fair in the
Union from a standpoint of exhibits and educational fea-
tures, taking them all into consideration as a whole there
isn’t a state fair in the United States that excels Illinois,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 85

but from a standpoint of exhibits or a standpoint of at-
tendance I should say, there are several fairs that excel
Illinois from the standpoint of building fine structures, etc.
There are several fairs that are better than Illinois.

That one condition is being corrected. We hope to
have some new buildings, a new racetrack, a new grand-
stand, a place to house our exhibits better, within a few
months. But now I want to talk to you about the attend-
ance side of it.

A state fair is primarily an educational institution. It
is also a place of amusement, entertainment, etc., but with-
out the educational feature it is my contention the state
fair or the county fair has no real reason for running; but
with the greatest exhibits, the greatest fair for exhibits in
the United States at your door, I believe that you can afford
to attend the Illinois State Fair. The dates of it have been
changed. It has been moved up to August twenty-first in-
stead of being later in September, and I think that if you
will come to the state fair this year you will agree that we
will give you a nice program. I think you will enjoy see-
ing the exhibits of farm products, the livestock exhibits,
the educational exhibits, and all those things, and then
when it comes to the amusement side I just want to men-
tion this, that in past years when you went there to see
an automobile race you saw a hippodrome event but now
when you go to see an automobile race at the Illinois State
Fair I believe you will be convinced without my telling
you, that it is not a hippodrome. We are playing abso-
lutely square with the public and giving them what we
pretend to give them, an honest race. I am sorry that the
accident which you all heard of, happened last year on our
race track, I am sorry that human life was lost, but that
incident proved to the public that the Illinois Department
of Agriculture in the State Fair was playing square; and
when you come to Springfield this year, load that car full
of your neighbors and bring them along, because if you are
not satisfied with the program come around to my office
and I will return the price of admission.

Voices: We are al] coming to see you! (Laughter.)

86 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Mr. Stanard (Continuing): Now, friends, in closing,
for I have talked long enough, I only wish to say this:
there is a great deal of talk about agricultural conditions.
I am leaving here in a few minutes to go to Des Moines to
another conference of Illinois and Iowa. A great many
plans have been suggested for the so-called relief of agri-
culture. I am in favor of anything which is constructive
and beneficial to the farmer. I am not in favor of radical
legislation which will fall back on him as a heavy load
later on. I hope that some good will come from this agri-
cultural conference and from this session of Congress, but
that is all to be determined in the future.

In making this talk or my representations regarding
the State Department of Agriculture, regarding the T. B.
program or any other, I want you to feel that I am not
coming to you telling you that we are giving you some-
thing for nothing. I am not coming to you trying to con-
vince you that I am a philanthropist or anything of that
kind. I am merely coming to you, telling you how we are
spending your money, and telling you that to the best of
our ability we are spending it efficiently, and as time goes
on we hope to be able to come to you and show you that
we have increased in efficiency per dollar invested.

I am for the development of agriculture and I am for
the efficient, conscientious administration of state affairs.
I am for the truth being given to the Illinois farmer in-
stead of the pack of falsehoods which have been his only
means of information from a great many sources during
the past few months. I want him to know what the true
condition is, and I will assure you that the affairs of the
Illinois Department of Agriculture will be conducted in
such a manner as to be of the greatest possible service to
the farmer as I am capable of conscientious thought to
determine what that course should be, and when we are
all through I am not worried, I will leave the verdict up
to you people and farmers of the state. (Great applause.)

President O’Hair:’ Have some of you folks got some
information that you feel thankful for? I know I have.
Now, we have Professor Fraser, from the University

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 87

of Illinois, and we are going to give him all the time he
wants, and you can’t afford to miss it because it is going
to be along the line of better feeding and better pasture
for dairy cows. I am going to, without any more introduc-
tion, introduce Professor Fraser. (Applause.)

Professor W. J. Fraser, University of Illinois

Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: If I may have
the lights out and the slides please, we will start with
them at once. (Slides shown) (Address).

Secretary Caven: This will close the program for the
afternoon. To the few who are here I want to tell you
the event for tonight is the banquet at the Galesburg Club.
It is going to be quite an event. I am sure you will enjoy
it. Tomorrow we have the two sessions morning and aft-
ernoon, just the same as today, and we have equally as
good speakers for those sessions. I hope you will all be
here and bring others who are interested.

Question: What time is the banquet, Mr. Caven?
Secretary Caven: At six-thirty.

Whereupon the meeting adjourned at five o’clock
Peo.

88 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

AT THE BANQUET
Wednesday Evening, January 27, 1926

Mr. N. W. Hepburn, of Peoria, Toastmaster

Toastmaster (after the assemblage was called to or-
der): We are starting this fifty-second Annual Banquet
in the language of the politician who said, “Friends—I will
not call you ladies and gentlemen; I know you too well for
that.” (Laughter.)

This program looks lengthy but it isn’t. This pro-
gram isn’t what it seems. It has been reported to me here
by the good pastor that there are no souls saved after the
first five minutes of a speech, so we are going to limit these
speeches to about three or four minutes, and when they
get longer than that something else will be done. (Laugh-
ter.)

As we look back at the receding years, and as we hap-
pen to have kept a record of the various association meet-
ings, we find that the years go by pretty fast. I suppose
a toastmaster usually starts out by saying he isn’t going to
make a speech, and then proceeds to make one; or, if I
was using my Swedish friend’s program I would probably
say it worse and they would probably be more apprecia-
tive. (Great applause.)

They say Mark Twain was billed for a lecture in a
small town, on the subject of Temperance. As he went
into the town he found his lecture wasn’t billed very well,
so he thought he would check up on it a little. He went
into a grocery store where a fellow was picking mackerel
out of a barrel, and said, “Is there anything in town going
on tonight?’’ And the groceryman pulled his head up out
of the barrel and said, ‘‘Well, I reckon there is. I been
sellin’ quite a lot of bad eggs today.” (Laughter.)

I don’t know what O’Hair’s experience has been along

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 89

that line, but I do know this, that the success of an organi-
zation depends in large measure upon the kind of officers
that serve it. Mr. O’Hair has been doing his bit as presi-
dent of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Associatoin, I know
you will want to hear from him at this time. (Applause.)

President O’Hair: Folks, this is the fifty-second anni-
versary of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association. I
don’t want to take up the time to go into the history of it,

but I have been connected with it some eight or ten years.

We have had conventions where we have had larger
crowds, we may have had more people at the banquet, but
never in the history of a convention have I attended where
a town has been so loyal, so grand and so entertaining to
the State Dairymen folks, as Galesburg. (Applause.)

You have simply been wonderful. Now, I have had
some experience in the last two years with some folks in
Galesburg and I will just say that there are some men here
in the city that have touched my very soul with their kind-
ness and their goodness, and I never will forget them, al-
though I may never be back to Galesburg.

My first acquaintance with a man from Galesburg was
Mr. Louie Nielson. Mr. Nielson and I were in Knoxville,
Tennessee, a couple of years ago, together, and if any of
you folks were ever in Knoxville you know you have got
to travel some if you keep up with the system down there.

One evening as we went out of the beautiful hotel
where we were stopping, I said to Mr. Nielson, ‘I’m very
forgetful, I never remember anything after I sleep.”’ We
were there another week, and Mr. Nielson came home a
few days before I did; and just as I was getting ready to
come home I got a telegram from him saying, ‘‘Be sure
and take a good nap before you come home.” (Great
laughter and applause.)

A Sunday School teacher asked her boys how many
of them would like to be president of the United States.
They all held up their hands but one little fellow, and he
kind of began to cry, and she said, ‘“‘What is the matter,
Lee, wouldn’t you like to be president?” ‘Yes, ma’am,”
he said, “but I can’t.” “Why can’t you?” she said. He

90 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION |

said, “I can’t, I am a democrat.” (Laughter.) You are
all republicans up here, aren’t you?

Last winter a big ship was in a storm out on the Paci-
fic for about four days, and it tore the mast all off and
battered up things generally. The fourth day the storm
subsided, and after it had got calm and the sea settled
down a big Irish mate came over across the deck, and the
Captain said, “‘Mate, there is a man dead down in fifty-
four. Go down and throw him overboard.’ The mate was
gone an hour and came back whistling a tune. The Cap-
tain said, ““Mate, did you throw the man overboard in
fifty-four?” “Yes, I throwed the man over in forty-four,
Captain.” And the Captain said, ““Why, Mike, that man
wasn’t dead.” ‘‘That is what he said, but, hell, he was a
republican and I didn’t believe it.”’ (Laughter.)

I have a speech that I would like to give you, but I
am a little like the boy. A very dirty-faced, dirty-nosed
boy was riding in a street car in Chicago, and a very fanci-
fully dressed lady got on and sat down behind him. She
said, “Son, have you a handkerchief?”’ And he said, ‘Yes,
ma’am, but I never loan it to strangers.” (Laughter.)

I think we ought to have something better. Over in
our locality we have a neighbor with a large family. One
morning the neighbor and his wife and twelve children
were sitting down to breakfast at the breakfast table when
the wife noticed that the baby’s high chair wag pretty
badly worn and in rather a dilapidated condition. And
she said, “‘John, this old high chair is getting all worn out,
I am afraid it will fall and hurt the baby.” And he said,
“Mary, after breakfast you go right down town and get a
good new, substantial one, one that will last awhile.
(Laughter and applause.)

Now you have all been hearing a lot of good things
in the last few days, and you should remember them. Now
I will tell you a story (laughter). Over at Mattoon, Illi-
nois, during the war there was a big Irish fireman who
had been a stationary engineer down in the country. He
went to the railroad to get a job. They sent him to the
yardmaster. He went to the yardmaster and the yard-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 91

master said, ‘‘Can you run an engine?” “Sure, I can run
an engine.” A big, powerful engine was sitting out in the
yard, on the tracks. The yardmaster said to him, “Come
in and run that engine in the roundhouse.” He tried it the
first time, got it in and seeing the bumpers, reversed it,
and out it came. He tried it a second time but almost ran
into a string of cars, reversed again and out he came. The
third time he tried it and looking back he saw a string of
cars and out he came. Someone threw the switch and
turned the engine over. Everybody ran and pulled him
out, thought he would be either hurt or killed, but he
jumped up, wiped the sweat off his forehead and out of
his eyes and said, “I had it in there three times; why in
hell didn’t you shut the door?” (Laughter.)

I never saw aS many pretty women in my life as there
are in Galesburg. (Applause.) I never saw as many
homely men. (Applause.) I don’t know how it has been,
but you know you fellows all go home—you know how
it is. (A chair in the rear of the room collapsed.)

I guess I had better quit. It’s getting so it isn’t safe
here. (Laughter.) I was just going to say, a young fel-
low and his girl were walking down Lovers’ Lane one even-
ing when a savage bulldog came tearing down the road
right towards them. The young fellow scrambled out of
the way as fast as his legs could carry him and climbed
on top of a fence and let the girl get up the best way she
could. The dog went on by and they got down and went
on, and she said, “John, I thought you said you would face
death for me.” “Yes, but,” he said, “that damned bulldog
wasn’t dead.” (Laughter.)

If I keep on talking I will tell you a story directly.
(Laughter.) Well, I wrote Mrs. O’Hair today and told
her about the beautiful girls that are here, and I said,
“Mother, they are not for me. I have had bad luck.” I
was going up to Chicago last fall, and when I got ready
to go Mrs. O’Hair had her grip packed and she said she
was going along. I tried to persuade her to stay, and she
said, “No,” so after we got into Chicago I said, ““We will
go to a show.”’ And when we got ready to go, she said,

92 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

“Daddy, don’t go to any shows where the women are
dressed in tight clothes,’’ and they wasn’t. (Laughter.)

Now, folks, you will be through tomorrow and we
will return back to our homes and to our different work.
I want to thank all you folks in Galesburg; it has been a
very happy and profitable time for us, and we hope it has >
been for you. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: Mr. O’Hair is a Sunday school teacher
at home, but he isn’t there now. (Laughter and applause.)
They say Mark Twain was making a speech one time, and
at the close of the speech a lawyer who had charge of the
program shoved his hands deep down into his pockets and
said, ‘““Doesn’t it seem queer to you that a humanist would
make such a funny speech?” And Mark Twain made this.
reply: ‘Doesn’t it seem sort of funny that a lawyer would
have his hands in his own pockets?’’ (Laughter.)

This gentleman I am about to introduce I wouldn’t
have accused him of having his hands in other folks’ pock-
ets, but the secretary of a chamber of commerce and dozens
of other organizations has to reach the people’s pockets
and the people’s hearts, and I think you people here in
Galesburg know more of J. Willis Peterson than I do, and
we will let him speak for himself at this time.

Mr. J. Willis Peterson (Secretary Galesburg Chamber
of Commerce): Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and gentlemen:
When I was first delegated to take part on this program |
rather had the idea that perhaps I was to impress upon
the audience tonight that they were entirely free to enjoy
all privileges, to enjoy a very humorous and enjoyable
entertainment throughout the entire evening, and to get
you prepared for such a program, but I now realize that
that part has already been taken care of, so then again I
thought that perhaps I was delegated on the program to
make a speech, but after looking over the program I de-
cided that that was not my part on the program, and going .
the entire list down on the program I really thought that
perhaps the only part that I was supposed to take on this
program was really to be introduced, stand up and allow

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 93

all you people to take a good look and see for yourself
who the secretary of the Chamber of Commerce was, and
then bow and sit down, but, folks, I am going to do just a
little bit more than that. However, they say the longer
the speech is the greater the tire. I am not going to in-
dulge in anything like that, because I want you to be as
happy when I get through as you were when I started, so
I am going to be a short spokesman and you are not going
to be even a little tired when I get through.

Some months ago the Chamber of Commerce together
with Mr. Nielson and Mr. Hawkinson and other men of
that splendid type, extended a very cordial and sincere
invitation to the Illinois Dairymen’s Association through
‘their officials to hold their annual convention in our city
of Galesburg. We of course endeavored to impress upon
them at that time that Galesburg would be an ideal place
for them to hold a real convention and be assured of hav-
ing a success throughout their annual show and their meet-
ing; and so we told them of the many things pertaining to
Galesburg of which we are all proud, and of the many
facilities that help to make for a good convention. Finally
they were convinced, and decided that they would have
their convention here, so we immediately started in to pre-
pare for that convention, and I think now that the officials
of the Illinois Dairymen’s Association will vouch for the
fact that we to some extent at least have endeavored to
carry out our promises to them, and I think you will find
that we are having wonderful co-operation from every one
and from all interested in our community, to help the offi-
cials and the delegates and the members of the Illinois
Dairymen’s Association to have a real convention, and to
make them feel that they are indeed welcome here in our
county.

So you see the task is a great one on the shoulders of
a chamber of commerce in regard to conventions. We
must invite a convention. We must persuade them to come
and to satisfy them that our city is the place for them to
hold their convention, and if we are successful in having
them come it is up to us to prove the things that we have

94 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

said to them, to try to entertain them and take care of
them in such a manner that they indeed will think and
that they can feel satisfied with the promises that were
made and can feel that they have been carried out. And
so here in Galesburg we do that very thing. We endeavor
to carry out our promises, so when people have attended
a convention at Galseburg they go back and they tell of
Galesburg as a good town. They tell of the wonderful
time that they had down in Galesburg. They are the ones
who are advertising Galesburg for us. We are too modest
to do so ourselves, because we know that all you people
are proud of your communities and glad and happy of the
things that you do in your cities from where you come
from, so we do not wish to say before you that we are so -
proud of our city and try to overbalance anything that you
might have, but we do endeavor to show you that you are
indeed welcome to our community, and we try to entertain
you and make you feel at home and happy and contented,
so that when you leave you are glad you have been here,
and you are proud and glad and happy to come again.

And so that is the kind of greetings and welcome we
extend to all of our visitors that come to Galesburg, and
assure you that the Illinois Dairymen’s Association has that
from the Galesburg Chamber of Commerce. (Enthusiastic
applause. )

The Toastmaster: At the suggestion of our Presi-
dent we will digress for a moment to hear from a delega-
tion here from Harrisburg, headed by Charles Taylor.
They have got something they want to say to us.

Mr. Charles Taylor: Mr. Toastmaster, members of the
Illinois Dairymen’s Association: I am up here at the urg-
ent request of my friends down in Egypt. I never let my
folks ask me do a thing that I am not ready to respond,
because I believe in my folks and in the community from
which I come, and when I walk down the streets of Gales-
burg and a man walks by the side of me and says, “‘Gales-
burg is a mighty good town, but—’” I change my position
and get on the other side. I have no faith in men who do

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 95

not have faith in their own community, and if I did not
have unbounded faith in Egypt I would not be up here
tonight, asking you to come down and see us.

We live down there, and we fought the battle with
nature. We felled our forests, dug and dredged our
ditches, tiled out our gumbo, and have made wonderfully
productive farms where nature did so much of it for you.
We have really something down there to show you, and
we are mighty anxious to have you come down and see
us and see for yourself, because I have abiding faith in
the community from where I come, and when I find out
and in my own mind I am convinced beyond all balance
of reason that Harrisburg is not the best city in Illinois,
I am going to move to Galesburg or somewhere else.

Recently I was in the national office of the National
Rotary Club, and the secretary handed me a letter from a
man who said: “Dear Sir: I live in a town with a popu-
lation of eighty.’”’ Comprehend the figure, will you? ‘We
have a postoffice,’’ he said, “a blacksmith shop and one
store. I wonder if by some means we could have a Rotary
Club down here, to boost my town.” I wish I had three
fellows like that!

One day I was on a train going up to Galesburg to
deliver an address before the Chamber of Commerce. It
was on Sunday and I had an American magazine and was
reading some article, and I was kidding myself with the
thought that there was nobody on that train who knew
Charley Taylor. Somebody slapped me on the back and
said, “Charley, where are you going?” And I said, “I am
going up to Decatur.”’ A woman was sitting behind me,
and she said, “I am going to Decatur.” Then she said, “I
live in Decatur,” and lifted her head. “It is a beautiful
city, it has a population of fifty-one thousand.” And I said,
do you mean to tell me that the population of Decatur is
fifty-one thousand’? This book says it is thirty-one thou-
sand. “But that is a misprint,’ she said, “the population
of my community, sir, is fifty-one thousand.’ I would
rather hear a man lie about his community and boost it,
than to tell the truth about it and knock it. (Applause.)

96 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

This much for my own community. I do not know
where my future may be spent, I may have some notion
about it but if I happen to get up to the gate and the gate-
keeper of that gate said, ‘““Go over in that direction, I do
not know you, sir,’ and they send me over where they
have this fire and brimstone, and I come to Galesburg and
they say, ‘““Come in, put on a pair of asbestos hose;”’ I would
say, ““Come on in, fellows; it is the best fire and brimstone
I ever saw.” (Laughter.)

There are some Rotarians here that happen to know
how I became district governor, and I want to get that
clear in the minds of the rest of you. To do that I will
just tell you the story of how a nigger came to be made
the deacon of a Baptist church in my town, how he came
to be made the deacon in his church. This man was made
deacon in the church and Rastus was down at the store
where a crowd of people were gathered. A girl said,
“Hello, Rastus, I hear you was made a deacon in the church
last night.”’ “Yes, ma’am, I sho’ was.’’ And another girl
said, “Rastus, is what I hear about you the truth?” “I
gues it is. What yo’ heah?” ‘“Why, I heard you was
made a deacon.” “I sho’ was.” Finally, the oldest man
in the crowd said, ‘‘Rastus, I heard you was made a dea-
con in the church.” “Yes, sah, I sho’ was dat.” jAmdehe
said, ‘‘Rastus, tell me, how did this happen’?’’ And Rastus
said, ““Yes, sah, I dis’ tells you ’zackly how dat happen.”
He said, “‘Dere is a low-down element in our chu’ch, dey
rise up and demand some ee and I was de guy
dey picked.” (Laughter.)

I should like to say a good many things to you about
Egypt tonight. If there is anybody here that has never
been down in the heart of my beloved Egypt, travel
through it and see what we have got. Of course we have
Williamson County down there, but I say to you that the
Egyptian has raised himself and made himself equal to
the proposition; and the Williamson County of yesterday
is not the Williamson County of today, and in Herrin where
there has been blood shed, tonight, in my humble opinion,
there are more men bowed humbly in prayer meeting than
there is in any city of its size in my beloved state.

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FIFTY-SECOND .ANNUAL CONVENTION 97

The things that have been unkindly said about us, °
and it may be truthfully, I am happy to say to you that we
shall outgrow them, and we shall be victors. I come to
you to extend the invitation to come to my town. If you
do come down there, we are not going to overwork folks’
imagination. I heard Miss Coons make a talk to a gang of
bald-headed and white-headed men and she said, “I want
you to imagine for a minute you are all children fourteen
years old. If you come down I will give you two hundred
rosy-cheeked Egyptian girls to talk to and you can have
this bald-headed gang of men thrown out. (Laughter.)

I come to extend this invitation to you. I shall leave
my documents with your secreatry. I come in the name
of the Kiwanis, I come in the name of the Lions, I come
in the name of the Rotary Club—I think it is one of the
best in the State of Illinois—of my own city, and I have a
message from all three of them asking you to come down
and see us and we will do our best to make you happy.

I have a letter from the four great coal groups that
represent twenty-five millions in money; they send you
greetings and an invitation to come down and see how our
folks make a living, and to see our twenty-five hundred
homes of happiness and contentment, and see our great
gang of boys, eight or nine hundred in a community high
school, who have been taught that all folks are equal so
long as they conduct themselves morally and otherwise as
they ought, and the teachers in that school have so worked
it out that I dare you to go there tomorrow and tell the
difference between the banker’s daughter and the laborer’s
daughter.

I bring you greetings from the three great banks of
my city, representing total resources of more than six mil-
lion dollars. Bring your check books with you and they
will take care of you as far as that is concerned, down
there. 7

I have a letter from the Farm Bureau. Many of, you
are acquainted with the Farm Adviser. He sent a very
cordial greeting and said, “‘Be certain that it gets into the
hands of the committee.’”’” The Harrisburg Dairy Products

98 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

thought it would be a great inspiration to the dairy busi-
ness, and all the big business men of the community want
you. I have letters from the biggest business men who
have achieved unusual success, and they have all invited
you to come down and see us. I also have a telegram from
the agricultural man of the New York Central Lines. He
asks you to come down, and I have this much to say for
my city: after you have been three days with us, you will
say, “All Charley Taylor said about Egypt is true.”’” And
I want to say to you we are close enough to the Mason and
Dixon Line, we will be just as cordial as the most southern
courtesy you have received, and when you come back you
will have a different impression of Egypt. Truly down
there they will show you real hospitality, and when you
leave my community you will leave it with the fondest and
tenderest memories of having visited my beloved Egypt.
Sometimes I am almost afraid—I am sorry to leave it for
a little while. I sometimes have to go away for six or
seven weeks, and when I get back and step off the train-
the first thing I hear is, ““How do you do, Charley, I am
glad to see you back.”’ I just like to get back to Egypt
and shake hands with folks I have been living among all
these years; and there isn’t a city in the world that I would
leave my beloved Harrisburg to live in. I want you to
come down and know my folks like I know them, and
without any invitation you will say, “Is there any chance
for us to come again?” I extend you this invitation, you
can extend the next one to yourselves. I am mighty happy
to have had this time with you. (Great applause.)

Toastmaster: I am not one of the “powers that be”
in this organization, Mr. Taylor, but I do not know how
the officers of an organization like this could help having
a thing like that get under their shirt, President O’Hair,
and I am sure this man will receive the proper attention
at the proper time.

. A new minister in a Virginia church was delivering
his very first sermon. The darkey janitor sat in the back
end of the church and was a very interested and critical
visitor. The next day a gentleman came to him and said,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 99

‘“Rastus, what do you think of the new minister? Don’t
you think he made a wonderful prayer?’’ And the darkey
said, ‘‘Massa, I sho’ do think he made one pow’ful prayer.
He suttinly as’t de Lawd for t’ings dat de other minister
didn’t know de Lawd had.” (Laughter.) |

The next speaker on this program is Henry Hawkin-
son. I think he delivered a lot here in this convention,
that the people of Galesburg, even, didn’t know he had
(Applause.)

Mr. Henry Hawkinson: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and
gentlemen: I have never been compared with a minister
before. I am very happy to be compared in that class;
I don’t know whether I was the minister or the janitor
(laughter). I should have been the janitor, but I am very
happy tonight to be placed in the position Iam. You will
see I come on the program quite early in the evening. Now
I am going to say to you at the outset that I have got the
advantage of you. You can’t pull on me what the lecturer
had pulled on him in Paris, Illinois, I think it was, where
O’Hair come from, where they had a lecture course—I
think it was down there—I wouldn’t say positively it was,
but as the story goes it was said to be a fact. They had a
lecture course down there and there was a fellow that
came down there to lecture, and they were all good folks,
and the citizens all came in and took seats in the church.
They had the lecture that evening, the house was quite
full. The man started out just as these speakers are start-
ing out, and what is more, he started out to deliver his
lecture which was paid for, which I am not going to be
paid for tonight. At that time he had a manuscript to
prompt himself—I don’t have to, because I am an extem-
poraneous speaker. He started to deliver his lecture, and
the first thing he knew—there were about as many seats
and openings as there are here—the first thing he knew
they slipped out one by one, by two’s and three’s and half
a dozen at a time, but the man was going along delivering
his speech, doing his best work, and, behold, after he had
talked about as long as he could talk, about an hour and a
half or two hours, there was only one man left in the

100 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

audience. The fellow finished his lecture, finished his
speech and then said to the lone man sitting there,
“Brother, if it is not out of order I would just like to ask
you how you come to stay. It sure is courtesy on your
part. I appreciate beyond words the courtesy you have
shown me. I would like to know before I leave this town
why you stayed.’ “Why,” said the lone man, “that is
easy, brother; I am the janitor.” (Laughter.)

Now if you will permit me to say on behalf of the
Chamber of Commerce convention committee and on be-
half of the Chamber of Commerce of the City of Gales-
burg, you have already heard from our worthy secretary
but I want to add to what he has said, that we are very
happy indeed to have had the representatives of this indus-
try of Illinois as our guests and will have for another day
at this time.

Now I wouldn’t have you think for one moment that
we would have had this convention at this time if there
hadn’t two things happened. One thing is that O’Hair
and Louie Nielson were in Tennessee (laughter) and the
other is that the Pioneer Creamery Company, the biggest
institution in Knox County, is in the city of Galesburg, and
that is the reason why the Illinois Dairymen’s Association
is meeting here today. (Applause.)

I want to say to you, as referred to by the Toastmaster,
that the pioneers are Louis Nielson and Mr. Nelson of
Peoria, and all the rest of them, and I will tell you frankly
that we are indeed very happy to see this spirit of co-opera-
tion of you fellows that make butter and all of those dairy
products, that you are so friendly, that you get together
and come over to Galesburg, one of the best towns in the
State of Illinois, second to none, not even Harrisburg
(laughter). However, if I had anything to do with it, I
would like to go down to Egypt to check up on O’Hair,
and I would like to go down to Harrisburg, and I think
as long as he is president we ought to go down there
(laughter).

In conclusion, now, let me say that I have never
through all my experience, and I have no hesitancy in

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 101

telling you I have had some experience of being a layman
in the city of Galesburg and elsewhere, in trying to make
convention folks happy, but I want to frankly say that we
could not have done the little that we have done if it had
not been for the co-operation of the various activities that
we have in the City of Galesburg. The response of these
activities, these luncheon clubs and the entertainment
given, has been one hundred per cent, and the reason I
believe, or one of the reasons that the response has been
one hundred per cent, is that through our Chamber of
Commerce and through our efforts we have been able to
put in thousands of people in the City of Galesburg every
year.

For your information I want to tell you something:
Brother Taylor is off on the right foot. I don’t blame him
for boosting his Harrisburg. I would too, if I lived down
there, but this little City of Galesburg, this town of schools,
colleges, churches and industries, and add in this City of
Galesburg the nineteen conventions this year and we have
put in the City of Galesburg fifteen to twenty thousand
people, and the City of Galesburg has profited through
those visitors not less than a quarter of a million dollars,
so, Brother Taylor, it pays to keep the good work up.

Let me say, that the organization here for conven-
tions, also the spirit that has been exemplified here during
this convention, not only of the home folks but also of
the members of the Illinois Dairy Convention, through their
officers, has been a spirit such as is exemplified in a little
story that I am just about to tell. I also have heard it,
it is an old one—I don’t get many new ones. But the story
goes something like this:

Back in the old stagecoach days—there are very few
of us, only some of the gray-headed men like myself and
Mr. Caven can go back that far—you know they used to
travel by stagecoach in this country, and they were going
along and the colored fellow driving the horses of the four-
horse team had one of the passengers sitting on the seat
with him; and as he went along, he would flick off the
leaf of a tree or hit the bark of a tree, hitting anything as

102 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

they went along. The fellow sitting by him said to him,
“Sambo, how do you do that?” “Oh, Boss,” he says, “that
is easy enough if you get on to it. Of course it took a good
many years to bring this about, but then I can do it.”’ The
passenger looked over in the branch of some trees, and
there was a hornets’ nest. He said, “Just flick that hor-
nets’ nest, will you?” “Oh, no, Boss,’ said the darkey,
“T’se not goin’ to do anything of the kind.” ‘Why not,
Sambo?” “Oh,” he says, ‘“‘Dey is organized.” And that
is the way we are down here on the convention, and I am
sure that this convention has brought about co-operation
and organization that will mean much good not only for
us that are going through this period of time, but also for
those that will follow us.

I do believe indeed that the demonstration and the
lectures that we have had from the National Dairy Coun-
cil, of the younger generation in the schools is something
worth while and will live on, and in conclusion let me say
I am very happy and very thankful to have had the privi-
lege to be chairman of the Convention Committee of the
Chamber of Commerce, and for the courtesies shown me
by the officers, and for the spirit of co-operation, which has
been one hundred per cent; and if you don’t decide to come
to Harrisburg let me close by saying that you may come
back to Galesburg. (Great applause.)

Toastmaster: I think Hawkinson has made a good
speech, but I-think he is over-modest. Everybody tells me
he has been instrumental here, in making this convention
go over big.

They tell that the children up in the Province of Not-
tingham were a considerate lot of children. A little boy’s
grandmother died. Following her death he wrote a let-
ter to the angels: ‘Dear Angel: When grandmother ar-
rives, please furnish her a harp; she is short-winded and
can’t play a bugle.” I tell that story that it may offer a
suggestion to the following speakers. It seems a shame
to saddle this on to Louie, who is one of our hosts of the
evening, but I assure you there is no one here that I would
take more pleasure in introducing than the president of the

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 103

Pioneer Creamery Company, who has always been an active
worker in the Illinois State Dairy Association. (Applause.)

Mr. Louis Nielson: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and gen-
tlemen: Our Toastmaster has a state-wide reputation for
an unlimited fund of wit and humor, and which you have
no doubt found out by now.

_ We have among us this evening a number of promi-
nent men and eloquent speakers from whose lips wisdom
and wit and humor will fall like glittering pearls, and I
shall not take very much of your time; I shal] take the hint
that the toastmaster gives us.

I want to say at this time that we are glad to be per-
mitted to entertain the Illinois Dairymen’s Association, the
members and delagates, and the prominent men who are
instructing us in better dairying this week; and as a rep-
resentative of the dairy industry in Galesburg I assure you
that you are welcome, and we want you to come again to
the best city in the State of Illinois. (Applause.)

I want to say that we have had the best chairman of
our convention committee that can be found anywhere.
Mr. Henry Hawkinson has been untiring in arranging
everything so that it went off smoothly, and if anything
has been left undone to make your stay comfortable and
to make you feel at home, it is due to a lack of knowing
how and not to a lack of willingness or effort on our part.
We want to make this the best convention that has ever
been held.

You will perhaps notice at all our luncheons and at
our banquet tonight we have served almost entirely dairy
products. It has been the chief part of the menu. In other
words we have dedicated the week to dairy products, and
I am sure you will appreciate the value of that great in-
dustry.

Our Mr. Crissey has been busy hauling the genial and
versatile President of your Association all over Knox and
Warren counties. You know, of course, that Mr. O’Hair
is a big dairyman and also a famous Jersey cattle breeder.
What you perhaps do not know is that he is also a big poli-
tician. He claims that Edgar County is one hundred per

104 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

cent democratic. I have been told that already as a very,
very small] lad he had a very keen sense for possession,
and one day his father said to his mother, “I am going to
find out what vocation our boy is going to choose when he
grows up. I am going to take a Bible, an apple and a sil-
ver dollar and place them on the parlor table and then
tell him to go in and take his choice. If he chooses the
Bible we will make a minister out of him; if he eats the
apple we will make a dairyman out of him, and if he
pockets the silver dollar we will make a merchant out of
him.” So he told Willie to go in and look over the three
articles placed on the table and select his choice. A little
later when his father and mother entered the parlor, they
found Willie sitting on the Bible, eating the apple and he
had put the silver dollar in his pocket. His father shook
his head and said, “Our boy wants everything, let us make
a politician out of him.’ (Laughter.)

W.S. is not only a successful politician, he is also a
successful dairyman, and while he has not succeeded in
changing the political complexion in Knox and Warren
counties, he has done good fine work and for the good of
a far greater cause than political partisanship.

The Company that I have the honor of representing
have spent twenty-five years in development work in the
western and central Illinois districts, and during those
twenty-five years we have seen lots of changes, and we
have seen the industry grow. We have seen it double and
treble until today the dairy industry is the most important
branch of American agriculture, distributing nearly three
billion dollars’ worth of money annually to the producers.
. This tremendous growth has been brought about
through the efforts of our agricultural schools, through
associations like this and similar organizations, and also
I don’t think I am saying too much when I say it is also
due to the unselfish efforts of men who have had a vision
of the industry, who have had the best interests of the
industry at heart, and to the constant information and edu-
cation from those sources to producer, distributor and con-
sumer alike, thereby making it possible to market a greater
and greater dairy crop each succeeding year.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 105

Ladies and gentlemen, I wish tc impress upon you the
importance of the dairy industry. I don’t think; in fact
I know there is no more dignified industry than ours. There
is no one industry more essential, more necessary to human
health and human welfare. There is no class of products
more essential, more vital in building up perfect manhood
and womanhood than dairy products, and what we need,
I think, is more pride in our industry. We need more edu-
cation of its value, and less legislation.

I thank you. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: I am going to ask Mr. Nielson to intro-
duce the next speaker on the program.

Mr. Nielson: Ladies and gentlemen, when we had
our dairy meeting the last time in Galesburg, we had with
us a man who most of you knew, whom we all loved, Mr.
W. W. Marple, who has since passed to the Great Beyond.
I am sure it will please you and that I will have your per-
mission to ask one of the young ladies in our office to read
a tribute to the dairy cow, from the pen of our old friend,
Mr. Marple. It will not only remind those of us who knew
him and loved him, of his great worth to our industry, but
it will express in better terms than I could employ the
economic value, the great importance of the dairy cow,
the foundation of our industry and the foster mother of
our race. This tribute will be read by Miss Claire Marry.

W. W. Marple’s Eulogy to the Dairy Cow

In the mad scramble for wealth and position that
comes with wealth, so characteristic of the American peo-
ple, we have tolerated the dairy cow only because of her
revenue. I would remind you that she is a mother, and
because of the fact that out of her motherhood we have
made merchandise, she has become a wealth producer,
but we should not forget that she is still a mother, not only
the mother of her own family but the foster mother of
about three-fourths of the human family, and for this we
hold her in grateful remembrance. In India she is more

106 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

than royalty. She is a god, and as such she is worshipped.
She is considered as steps to Heaven, as a part of Heaven.

It is not for this we hold her in high esteem. It is
not alone for what she has done that we have given her
so prominent a place, it is also for the part she plays in
contributing to our comfort.

Little do we realize the debt we owe the cow. Dur-
ing the dark ages of savagery and barbarism, we find her
early ancestors native of the wild forests of the Old World.
As the bright rays of civilization penetrated the darkness
of that early period, and man called upon the cow, she
came forth from her seclusion to share in the efforts that
gave us a greater nation and more enlightened people!
| For thousands of years she has shown her allegiance
to man, sharing alike in his prosperity and adversity.
~ In 1498, when Columbus made his second voyage to
America, the cow came with him—and from that time to
the present day she has been a most potent factor in mak-
ing this, our own country, the greatest nation, with the
highest type of womanhood and manhood history has ever
known.

Her sons helped till the soil of our ancestors and
slowly moved the products of the farm to market. They
went with man into the dense forests of the New World,
nelped clear them for homes, and made cultivation possi-
ble for the coming generation, and when the tide of emi-
gration turned westward, they hauled the belongings of
the pioneer across the sun-scorched plains and over the
great mountain ranges to new homes beyond.

Truly, the Cow is man’s greatest benefactor. Hail,
wind, droughts, and floods may come, destroy our crops
and banish our hopes, but, from what is left, the Cow manu-
factures into the most nourishing and life-sustaining goods
—and is she not life itself to the thousands of little ones
dependent upon her? We love her for her docility, her
beauty and her usefulness. Her loyalty has never weak-
ened, and should misfortune overtake us, as we become
bowed down with the weight of years, we know that in
the cow we have a friend that was never known to falter.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 107

She pays the debt. She saves the home. God bless the
Cow—little do we realize the debt we owe her! (Ap-
plause. )

Toastmaster: Tradition has it that in a rather large
town an old bachelor was conducting a very lucrative
business. He lived after the traditions of bachelors and
was interested in the things that bachelors are usually
interested in. The walls of his apartment, or the shelves

on the walls, were covered with trophies which he had

won in various contests which he had partaken of, in golf,
in bowling and other bachelor games.

In the same organization was a cheery, genial man
by the name of Sam, who was the sunshine of the office
as contrasted to the cloudiness which the old bachelor
usually spread. One fine morning Sam came down look-
ing very much troubled, and as the morning wore on he
became more troubled. His perturbed condition became
more and more apparent. Finally, a telephone call came
and Sam dashed to the telephone and left. Nobody saw

_him for three or four days, then he came back and dropped

into his place. ‘“‘Hello, Sam,’ was his greeting. ‘‘Where
you been, Sam?’’ ‘“‘What’s all the excitement?” ‘Well,’
Sam said, ‘““we have twin boys at our house.” “Well, now,
that is fine.’ And the news got around to the old bachelor,
and the old bachelor said, “Well, Sam has been with us a
long time, this is something we ought to celebrate.” So
the employees all got together and said to the old bachelor,
“You are the one to do this.’”’ They left it to the bachelor
to fix up something for the surprise. The evening of the
event came, and Sam and his friends were there. The
bachelor was there, and he was asked to make the pres-
entation speech. Sam was called into a little corner of the
room and the bachelor started out on his speech. A trophy
was brought out, a cover was lifted and there stood a beau-
tiful loving cup, and on the loving cup was engraved Sam,
Mrs. Sam and, appropriately, one engraved for the chil-
dren. Everyone thought this was a peculiar gift, and Sam
said, “That for me?” “Yes. It is a loving cup.” “Oh,”
Sam said, “I thought maybe it was one of those cups you

108 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

had to win three times in succession.” (Applause and
laughter.)

By his persistency and faithfulness to this organiza-
tion Hugh Van Pelt has won the place in our hearts which
brings him back year after year to speak to this conven-
tion. I want to introduce Hugh Van Pelt, of Waterloo,
Iowa. (Applause.)

Mr. Hugh Van Pelt (Waterloo, lowa): Mr. Toast-
master, ladies and gentlemen: I am sure | don’t know
what they mean when they refer to that loving cup, if
I have to win it three times in succession or if I can come
back three times more. Anyway, I feel tonight in a very
peculiar light. Formerly, if I could describe it to you, it
compares with the plight in which a Dutchman found
himself in Ohio before the days of hard roads. He had a
four-horse team hitched to a labor wagon and the wagon
got stuck in the mud. He was out at the side of it, dis-
couraged to the point of almost weeping. A friend of his
came along on horseback and said, “‘What is the matter,
Hans?”’ And Hans between half-sobs said, “‘I am stuck.”
“What is the use of worrying about being stuck?” the
friend said. ‘‘Wasn’t you ever stuck before?” “Sure, I
have been stuck a lot of times, but always before I had
something to unload.’ (Laughter.) And so when one is
stuck he is fortunate to have something to unload, and
always when I find myself in this position I do have some-
thing to unload, but tonight I do not, because my rule is
to unload a lot of stories, and my good friend O’Hair has
unloaded those already; there are no stories left to unload.

I feel that I am like the rest of you, I can refer to Mr.
O’Hair in this manner because we all with him in the dairy
industry of Illinois, especially, are good chums, which re-
minds me of a fellow down in Russellville, Arkansas, last
winter. He was taking a midnight train. A young fellow
and a young lady got on the train and took a stateroom,
and as they went in the young fellow gave the porter a
dollar and said to him, “I don’t want you to say anything
about we folks being married,’ he knowing that everyone
that got on at Russellville knew it because they were

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 109

throwing rice and everything at them. Next morning the
bride and groom went back to breakfast and as they re-
turned to their stateroom people looked at them and
smiled, and when they got back he called the porter and
said to him, “Porter, I thought I told you not to tell any-
body in this train that we were newly married folks.”
‘‘Su’h, Boss, I nebber did tell nothin’ like that. ’S a matter
ob fact they said, wasn’t you folks married? And I said,
No, sah, No, sah, you wasn’t.” (Laughter.) “No, sah,
Boss, I nebber done tell nothin’ like that. I sez, ‘they are
just chums’.” (Laughter and applause.)

I would be inclined to tell some stories as Mr. O’Hair
did, but you noticed when he was telling them the chair
broke down, and when that balloon bust right in my face
it reminded me of a colored fellow down south. This
darkey had some money in a bank and he went to get it.
Just as he went in to get it the door was shut in his face.
Finally someone inside came to him and said, ‘“‘Why are

you pounding on that door?” “I want some money.”
“You can’t get no money out of this bank; this bank is
busted.” ‘“‘What you mean busted?” ‘“Didn’t you ever

hear of busted before?’’ And the darkey said, ‘“‘Um-m-m
huh, I done hear about busted, but this am the first time
I ever had a bank busted right in my face.” (Laughter
and applause.)

I am a Rotarian myself. You have got to be careful
when you are a Rotarian. I congratulate Charley Taylor
that he is still a Rotarian. I am inclined to think if he
keeps on much longer he is not going to be a Rotarian.
(Laughter. )

You know always if I was going to talk I would have
to say something about the dairy industry, but I have been
looking around here and I don’t see many dairymen and
farmers, only O’Hair and myself.

I do think all of us ought to know something about
the dairy industry because there are times when embar-
rassment is liable to take place. A lawyer over in our
town was told by his doctor, “You don’t only need live in
the country, but you have got to work. Just living won’t

110 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

get much fresh air in your lungs; get a job and go to
work.’”’ The lawyer went out to hunt a job and finally
came to a place after trying several times. He was very
much discouraged, he had had a hard time getting a job
—this fellow was a real lawyer—but finally he found a
farmer who said, “What can you do?” Being a lawyer,
he said, “I can do anything on the farm.” Every man in
the United States, when he was a boy, lived on a farm, so
the farmer said, “All right, it is time to milk, now. Take
that stool and pail and you go ahead and get the cows
and we will milk.” The fellow started off over in the pas-
ture and it was sufficiently early, but he went on, and it
began to get dark. The farmer went over in the pasture
and there he saw a cow running around in the pasture,
like that (illustrating). Finally the farmer got up to
where the fellow was and said, ‘‘What is the matter, aren’t
you getting along very well?” ‘“‘No,’’ he said, “I have
been out here two hours, and I haven’t got any of these
cows milked yet; I can’t get them to sit down on this stool
long enough to milk them.” (Laughter.)

I am reminded about stopping. This is the first time
I have said anything about stopping. An after-dinner
speaker is always entitled to start and stop three times,
and he gets stopped after the third time if his terminal
facilities are good. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: It is really surprising to find how many
Sunday school teachers we have in this gathering (laugh-
ter). I think a meeting of this kind would be incomplete
without hearing from a representative of the University
of Illinois, and I want at this time to introduce Professor
W. J. Fraser.

Professor W. J. Fraser: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and
gentlemen: I am afraid this is a hard place to command
the program, after such men as Mr. O’Hair and my friend
Van Pelt; but a little girl was given a dolly for a Christ-
mas present. A lady visited the family shortly after and
the little girl was telling what a wonderful fine dolly she
had. She said it was one of those dollies that talk. She

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 111

said, “If you squeeze it, it talks.”’ ‘What does the dolly
say, does it say mama?” the lady asked. ‘No, it is one
of these modern dolls, if you squeeze it, it says, ‘Oh, Boy’.”’
(Laughter and applause.)

Seriously, I had a tribute to the modern dairy cow, all
written, but I am sure if I should attempt to give it after
these eloquent words of our dear old departed friend, Mr.
Marple, all the chairs would break down. I think prob-
ably I had better wait till next year and give it at Har-
risburg or some other Burg where the meeting is held.

(Applause.)

Toastmaster: Professor Fraser is about the last man
I expected to go wrong (laughter).

The Illinois State Dairymen’s Association as well as
the commercial institutions of this country, our schools, and
other similar institutions, have found themselves turning
now and then to an organization in this state, in this na-
tion, which to some is not very well known. I think, how-
ever, here no lengthy introduction need be indulged in, for
most of us who have been to some of the clubs or have
been somewhere where you have heard the two ladies
from the National Dairy Council speak this week. I take
pleasure at this time in introducing Miss Coons, who will
do her stunt at this time.

Miss Gladys Coon then gave a National Dairy Council
demonstration talk on dairy and allied foods, as given to
boys and girls in the educational work the Council is do-
ing in a national way through such representatives. The
demonstration was received with interest and attention, as
were her other lectures given during the week of the State
Association meeting. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: We will now hear from Major Wilson
Henderson, of Galesburg, and president of the local Dairy
Association. Major Henderson.

Major Wilson Henderson: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies
and gentlemen: I assure you I was not chaplain in the
army, I wasn’t bugler, either. I have the honor to repre-

112 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

sent on this occasion the milk producers of Galesburg, the
men that “pail” the cow, that use the milk.

If I am correctly informed there are approximately
one million milk cows in Illinois. Assuming that one man
milks five cows, there will be an army of two hundred
thousand men sally forth tomorrow morning between four-
thirty and five to milk the cows and bring in the golden
fluid that makes peaches and strawberries delicious, that
makes grapenuts fit to eat, that brings the milk and cream
to our coffee, the cheese and butter and all those things
that we have that are delicious, from the cow.

It is strange to me that in all of our literature, in
poetry, in songs, in sculpture, in paintings, nobody has ever
yet devoted much attention to the man that milks the cow.
The blacksmith has been immortalized in songs and in
poetry, the reaper, the sower, the builder, all have had
their eulogies sung, but the man that milks the cow has
gone unhonored and unsung. The cow is held up as the
embodiment of rudeness and stupidity, and whenever we
see the milkman or the cow appear in print the milkman is
always getting kicked over or is being pawed over by some
calf that he is trying to teach to eat, so that he can cheat
the mother out of the milk so that some lady can wear her
dress buttoned up down the back.

(Read: ‘‘Here’s to the job that will not stay done.’’)
(Great applause.)

Toastmaster: As we go along year after year and
watch the development in this industry, knowing that some
of the credit is due to those boys and young men who are
being taught agriculture, the young men who are teach-
ing the subject of agriculture in the high school, it gives
me pleasure at this time to introduce Mr. M. H. Alexander,
the agricultural high school teacher of Galesburg. (Ap-
plause.)

Mr. M. H. Alexander: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and
gentlemen: I am mighty sorry that there wasn’t somebody
down in Knoxville at that time to keep Mr. O’Hair awake,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 113

I think we might have heard some more very interesting
information in regard to Mr. Nielson.

The toastmaster knew that it wouldn’t do any good to
pass the hat in this crowd. He knew he wouldn’t get rid
of the crowd in that way, so he called on me to make a
speech.

I wonder if you boys here tonight know that in the
United States every year there are four hundred thousand
men every year that take up the business of agriculture
for the first time, and I wonder if you know, I know that
you have a very good conception at least, as to how many
of those men and the men who are already engaged in the
business of agriculture are technically trained for the job
which they have undertaken?

I am mighty glad tonight to be able to say that I am
connected with the movement which has for its aim the
business of teaching this new crop of farmers which are
taking up the business of agriculture every year, putting
across to them the technical education which will help
them to do the thing which Mr. Glover very aptly ex-
pressed today on the floor of the convention, that of farm-
ing from the collar up as much as from the collar down,
and that is the thing which the farmers of today and the
future are going to have to do if they expect to make a
success of their business.

Perhaps you know boys, you do know, that vocational
agriculture in the United States is helped by appropria-
tions from the Federal government under a law passed in
1917, known as the Smith-Hughes Act. Under the bene-
fits of this Act any community may employ an agriculture
teacher and be reimbursed to the extent of half his salary,
providing they meet the several requirements, and those
requirements are very reasonable in the State of Illinois.

In Illinois we have this year 167 vocational agriculture
departments. During the year 1925 more than forty-two
hundred projects were finished by boys who are enrolled
in these vocational agriculture departments, and the net
returns from these projects was very nearly two hundred
and fifty thousand dollars, more than the cost of voca-

114 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

tional agriculture to the State of Illinois, so you see the
vocational agriculture paid its way in the State of Illinois
in 1925, and these net and total profits are getting larger
year by year, not only in the individual project but for
the projects as a whole.

The average net return to the boys last year was nine-
ty-seven dollars: about one hundred and ten dollars per
boy from crop projects and almost seventy dollars per boy
from animal husbandry projects.

I am mighty glad to say that one of the most out-
standing of those carried on by boys enrolled in agricul-
ture departments was dairy projects, one of the most pro-
fitable of which was carried on down in Mr. Taylor’s be-
loved Egypt. This project was a very successful one and
is being carried on year by year, being continued from
one class to another, where the boys retail the milk, and
they have made quite a successful project out of it and
have shown the bulk of farmers in that region that money
can be made in dairying. And that is not the only dairy
project that has been carried on.

We do not have the largest agricultural department
in the Galesburg High School that there is in the State of
Illinois, but we have the best boys to work with. There
are a good many of them here tonight, and they will get
a lot of benefit from this meeting. I would like to have
the opportunity to introduce all of you people to these
boys. It has been a great pleasure to me to work with
them. I am glad to see a good many of them are inter-
ested in dairying and becoming more interested, because I
firmly believe that dairying is the coming business of agri-
culture today in the United States.

We were told on the floor of the convention this aft-
ernoon that more than twenty-five per cent of the income
from the agricultural products of the United States con-
sist of income on dairy projects, so that you see it is a very
important industry, a thing which the boys enrolled in
vocational agriculture are becoming more and more in-
terested in.

I might just say this, that the way of the Smith-Hughes

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 115

teacher is not always a smooth way. I am glad to say I
have had nothing but encouragement since coming to Gales-
burg, but that is not always true in all the communities
where Smith-Hughes men are engaged; and if any of you
men have vocational! agriculture departments in your home
high school, you will go home and lend a little aid and
encouragement to the Smith-Hughes teacher, because he is
there to serve you and will be glad to do so. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: JI am now going to do the most unfair
thing I have done this evening. There is one name that is
not printed on this program, that was intended to be on,
that isn’t here, but no convention would be complete with-
out his appearance on the program. I never saw this fel-
low in such a tight place that he couldn’t get out, and I
am going to take the liberty of calling on Mr. Filson, the
agricultural agent of the C. & E. I. Railroad—if he can’t
wiggle out of this. Mr. Filson.

Mr. C. M. Filson (Salem): Mr. Toastmaster, ladies
and gentlemen: It is a pleasure to be here, quite a sur-
prise to me, I assure you, but this is the first time I knew
I was going to be called on, so I don’t think there is much
I can say to you at this time. The C. & E. I. Railroad Com-
pany has been with you on several of these occasions, and
I am always proud to be called upon by you. I thank you
for calling on me.

Toastmaster: Professor Muckelroy has been down in
southern Illinois teaching those people what the necessi-
ties were, and I take a great deal of pleasure in calling on
Professor Muckelroy of the Southern Illinois Normal School
at Carbondale. (Applause.)

Professor R. E. Muckelroy: Mr. Toastmaster, if you
are going on down the list you have quite a lot of us yet,
because I have been looking at that list. I am always glad
to be at a meeting like this—until it comes my time, if I
have any time at all. I like to hear these stories and if I
didn’t know these men so well, like Mr. O’Hair, Mr. Van

116 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Pelt and Mr. Fraser over there, I would feel toward their
business very much in the way in which three little boys
felt toward one of their pets one time.

These three little boys were very pious fellows. They
had gone to church and seen how people were converted
and baptized, and so one time they thought they would
have a little prayer meeting, and they had as their audience
their little pets, a little pup, a little bantam rooster and a
little Tommy cat. They had them converted, and the next
thing they wanted to do was baptize them. Each boy had
to baptize his own pet. As they went into the waters the
little boy who had the bantam rooster waded in and said
his little ceremony, put the little rooster in under the water.
The little fellow came up and crowed. They thought that
was very funny. The one with the little poodle dog waded
in, said his story and the little dog came up and flopped
his ears and coughed, and that was a little funny. The
boy who had the little Tommy cat waded in, and as he
held him in his hand, and with his eyes heavenward he
said, “I baptize thee in the name of the Father and the
Son—” but the little Tommy saw where he was going and
as he saw where he was going he began to scratch his
hand, and it was all bloody, and the little fellow came out
crying, and they held a little consultation, and they didn’t
know what to do with this poor little Tommy cat. Some-
thing must be done, so one of the little fellows said, ‘“‘T’ll
tell you what to do with him; we will just sprinkle him
and let him go to Hell.’” (Laughter.) |

This is a mighty fine thing for business men to meet
business men, doctor to meet lawyer and lawyer to meet
dentist, and dentist to meet the farmer, if there should be
any farmers here.

If I should start out to find a farmer in this crowd
I would be very much in the fix that the man was who
started out to find the happiest man in the world. He
went to a doctor, thinking he was the happiest man in the
world; he went to a school teacher and thought that he
was the happiest man in the world, and finally when he
was about to despair someone told him to go to Mark
Twain, that Mark Twain because he had written so many

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 117

things that made people’s hearts glad, that there was the
happiest man in the world. So he went his long road to
Hartford, Conn., and went to the home of Mark Twain.
He was admitted, and later went up to his room. When
Mark Twain came to the door he had his hair down over
his eyes, very much in distress and trouble, and the man
told Mark Twain what he came for, on the quest for the
happiest man in the world. He said, “I don’t know what
you came here for. I have been feeding this fire for ten
days with my manuscripts, and I can’t write anything.”
He says, “I am writing a love story and I can’t get it to
end just right.”” And the man who was on the search of
this happiest man said, “‘Tell me, Mr. Twain, your trouble.
Maybe I can help you out.”

He said, “‘This is a love story of a young man who left
his boyhood home in early days, his sweetheart behind him,
and he had gone to see the world. But in his mature man-
hood, after he had gotten his education and money enough
for his needs he came back to visit the old home. Mother
and father were gone. Sister had gone. Brother was liv-
ing on the old home place, and I have this young man, now
in middle age, going over the old farmstead viewing the
boyhood places of his life and the years past. I have him
now in his brother’s buggy riding down the lane, and he is
coming to the woodland, and as he comes to the woodland
he comes to the old creek and there is the old swimmin’
hole, and as all other boys know what it is when they come
back to the old swimmin’ hole he longed to take a swim,
and as he used to in days gone by he hitched his horse
and went in, took his swim, and as he came out drying
himself with his hands and swimming in nature’s way of
swimming, he was dressing. He had on his shirt, tie, he
had on his collar, and he heard the rattle of a wagon com-
ing through the bushes, and as it came nearer he saw
something must be done. He ran and jumped in his buggy,
pulled the laprobe over his lap, but as the wagon came
nearer he saw three parties in there: rather a healthy man
and woman, and behind on the old board was a middle-
aged lady. As they came nearer the lady looked, and as

‘118 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

she looked she raised herself and she said, “Hello, John,
how are you?” And John saw it was the sweetheart of
his younger boyhood. And as they came nearer John of
course greeted her, and she jumped out of the wagon and
ran to John, and with that happy greeting as sweethearts
always greet each other.’’ Mark Twain says, “I have got
them this far, and now if you can tell me how in the hell
{ can get the breeches on this man and get him back in
the buggy, I want you to tell me.” (Great laughter.)

And now, ladies and gentlemen, I don’t know where
I am going to find the dairyman or the honest-to-goodness
would-be farmer if I should start out, perhaps it would
be something of the same kind, but we have a long list
and I want to say, in my appreciation of being here, this
is a wonderful crowd, and if you come to Harrisburg next
year I hope that you may swing by Carbondale, the best
town in southern Illinois (laughter), and there you will
find the best normal school in the state of Illinois, and you
will find the town with the best churches in southern IIli-
nois, of the most hard roads and the people of the biggest
hearts of southern Illinois. Come and see us.

I thank you. (Great applause.)

Toastmaster: At this time we will call on Mr. R. E.
Caldwell, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Professor R. E. Caldwell (Waukegan, Ill.): (Ap-
plause.) I believe, ladies and gentlemen, that we are all
trying to finish the story. I think to make a speech at a
banquet without telling a story would be the most unusual
thing I could do. I just want to say one other thing in
behalf of the work now being done by the National Dairy
Council. I believe before an audience such as this, that a
more thorough and full appreciation should be had of the
work that that wonderful organization is doing and has
been doing for several years past.

Four or five years ago this organization got under way
in a good well organized way, and since that time have
been telling, as you have heard this evening, before
schools, before clubs, before organizations such as this,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 119

the merits of the dairy products, in a very intensive cam-
paign which has been carried on in some of our larger
cities, and appreciation of dairy products increased and
raised to the financial betterment of the dairy industry and
the general betterment of humanity that has been touched
through this great organization. So just with this one word
I beseech of you to make a study and investigatoin of the
work of the National Dairy Council, support that organi-
zation and go forward with it in its great success.
I thank you. (Applause.)

Toastmaster: I have the pleasure of introducing to
you Mr. W. B. Barney, Secretary of the Holstein-Friesian
Association and former Food and Dairy Commissioner of
Iowa. Mr. Barney.

Mr. W. B. Barney: Mr. Toastmaster, ladies and gen-
tlemen: I am a servant of that association and sometimes
termed one of their experts.

I have listened with a great deal of pleasure to a lot
of stories that my friend Van Pelt and President O’Hair,
and other Sunday School teachers have told tonight.
(Laughter. )

I am reminded of the things that happened in Iowa.
It was during the war. Big Bill Atkinson was speaker of
the house of representatives, and during the war he con-
ducted a Chautauqua doings. One day a young man came
into his vlace and said, “I am looking for an opportunity
to go out on the Chautauqua platform. Couldn’t you give
mea job?” “I don’t know, what could you do?” ‘Oh,
I think I could put the thing over.” “All right. I might
give you a trial for a couple of weeks, you can find out
what you can do. Then come in and report.’ He left and
was gone a couple of weeks. On his return he went to the
office and Mr. Atkinson said, “How did you make it?”
“Fine, fine. Did fine.’’ ‘“‘Did they like your stuff?” ‘Oh,
they were delighted with it.” “Did they ask you to come
back?” “My, Lord, they dared me to come back!”
(Laughter. )

I have been invited to come to Illinois a number of

120 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

times, and I have dared to come back. I want to take what
little time I have tonight in expressing my appreciation of
the treatment I received over at Springfield three years
ago this winter. It has been my job to look after legisla-
tion of the Holstein-Friesian Association for the last three
years, and Governor Lowden who is president of our Asso-
ciation at this time—I think many of you know him—sug-
gested that I be sent out to do certain things that might
benefit the various industries and in time we would come
into our own share of it.

One of the things we have been looking after — it
seemed to me it was about as much up to me during the
time I was commissioner to have good legislation as it was
to enforce the laws that were on the statute books when
I took charge of that department.

I know that there was a lot of stuff being put over by
the oleo people, in the manner of advertising they were
doing, in the use of pictures of dairy cows and the use of
dairy terms in advertising their product, and I had enacted
in the State of lowa a law prohibiting that, and I want to
say I know from experience I had there, and from the
prosecution that I made for the Jelke people, that it helped
wonderfully. I took a survey of what it was doing. When
they put on an advertising campaign in-the daily papers,
with advertisements that made wonderful butter adver-
tisements, and when we come to back up their product
what did we find but just a trace of skim milk. I was very
glad we had the law written as it was; because under the
general advertising law it puts too much on the man that
is making the prosecution to prove. The proof is alto-
gether too hard to get. With the specific law we had there
it was no trouble to put over prosecution.

I just want to say a word tonight, that when I went
down to Illinois three years ago this winter, I knew that
this was the state where a very large amount of oleo was
made. I had good support there, and I have had it in
twenty-four states where that law has been enacted, and
it was largely due to the efforts of your present Agricul-
tural Commissioner or director of agriculture, Mr. Stanard,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION UP

and the President of this Association, that I was enabled to
put it over. I had the hearty co-operation of your entire
body, and I want to express my appreciation for it.

Just to show you that it is worth while I want to say
that I made the same sort of an effort in Indiana. We
didn’t get by the first year and last year we got busy again.
The law was passed in Indiana. It was signed by the
house, the speaker of the house, and it was signed by the
president of the senate, and it was sent on over to the gov-
ernor, and it disappeared. Now, you can’t make me be-.
lieve that any of the Germans stole it, but I do think I
know where it went. It disappeared. Why did they put
forth such extraordinary efforts if it wasn’t a good law?
They go on and advertise the products just as they used to
in Illinois. I know they evade the law sometimes, but that
is true of all laws.

Out in Idaho—I was out there last winter, and this
law was enacted in Idaho. It passed the house by a good
big majority. It went through the senate with only one
vote to spare. What happened? They got busy overnight,
worked in the dark, and next day it failed of passage be-
cause it was reconsidered, and failed of passage because
they put the matter up to the senator from Idaho at Wash-
ington, and advised him that he should do something to
see that that act didn’t become a law in Idaho, and they
telegraphed him from Washington, and he got busy for the
reason that he had a loan-shark bill he wanted to get
through. He called them down in Idaho on the assump-
tion that it was going to injure the industry of Idaho, be-
cause it will make enemies of the people in the south who
were selling cottonseed oil for the manufacture of oleo.

What are the real facts in the matter? There are
about three hundred million pounds of various oils used in
the manufacture of oleo a year. Only about ten per cent
of that at this time is used in the manufacture of oleo.
Most of the oil used at this time is cocoanut oil. I have
been in the south and have been warning these fellows
against that sort of propaganda. I was in Tennessee week
before last. You have got to create a sentiment for these

122 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

things before you can put them over, and [I told them this
story, as I have you tonight, that it was all “bunk,” this
stuff they were passing out about the large amount of cot-
tonseed oil that was used, influencing the people to stand
for the oleo interests, against the dairy interests. I think
in view of the fact that there is about two million five hun-
dred thousand dollars worth of cottonseed oil used in the
manufacture of oleo, and about thirty-eight million dol-
lars’ worth of cottonseed product used by the people of the
north, that we might retaliate if they do not get busy and
get this thing straightened out. There are other products
we can use up here, in place of cottonseed products, that
can be used to advantage. These fellows are no good.

I thank you again for calling on me, and I am glad
to be able to express my appreciation of the splendid sup-
port I got in Springfield, in putting this matter over. (Ap-
plause.)

Toastmaster: The next speaker is the Reverend Van
Buskirk.

Rev. Van Buskirk: I wondered a good deal just how
I happened to get into this bunch. One thing about it, if
this “‘gang’’ are all Sunday School superintendents I am
going home and analyze my cow (laughter). I told your
chairman I thought he would have to put me last, and Mr.
Caven on before me, and let me be the last on the program.
I had a wonderful speech all fixed up, I have been think-
ing all day about this meeting.

I think that, after all, we have got about the biggest
challenge to the folks interested in a big proposition like
ours. I listened with a good deal of interest to Miss Shehan
in the speech she made. It is a wonderful opportunity
after all, to think that when we are in a business which
gives us our bread and butter, the clothes we wear, so at
the same time we are having a real share in entering into
the heart and life of American childhood, manhood and
womanhood, because these things not only make the body
finer, better and cleaner, but when the body is finer and
better and cleaner then the mind is in a position to think

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 128

of higher things, and the heart is in a better position to
feel higher things and so in our job we ourselves can be
what our product is, and at the same time send out to the
world not only better and finer and cleaner food, but hap-
piness and joy and the real, high ideals of life. (Ap-
plause.)

Toastmaster: Last but not least is the man who does
all the work—our Secretary, George Caven.

Secretary Caven: I am exceedingly sorry that I never
had any experiences as a Sunday School teacher, and that
I wasn’t destined to be a preacher. It has been a great
misfortune. (Laughter.)

We have been here this week and we have been try-
ing to put over the idea that in this necessary industry of
agriculture which is the basis of all industries, dairying is
the most important branch and the most necessary. We
wanted to put that idea over to the people on the dairy
farms about Galesburg, and we wanted particularly to
impress it upon the business men of Galesburg and make
them feel that the problem was their problem as well as
the farmers’ problem.

~ We succeeded pretty well, I think, in getting the idea
to the dairyists, but when it comes to getting that idea be-
fore the people of Galesburg, before the business interests,
I think we have got to say that the young ladies who repre-
sented the National Council here, have done better and
more than we have done. And I say that because I heard
the expressions of the members of the different clubs, in-
cluding the Mayor of Galesburg, after the demonstrations
made by these young ladies at the club meetings yesterday
and the day before. If those expressions are to be taken
at their face value, it won’t be very long before Galesburg
will be putting on a campaign such as the National Dairy
Council conducts, and which has produced such wonderful
results wherever they have sent their workers, and I hope
they will. Galesburg is ripe for it, just like any other town
is, but I do not feel at all discouraged about the results
we have had here. I think they have been wonderful,

124 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

and tonight the only discordant note, so far as I am con-
cerned, was that reference of Mr. Hawkinson to gray hair;
he gave the intimation that gray hair meant extreme age.
That is an exceedingly wrong impression, and I didn’t want
especially the ladies, to get that impression about gray
hair. And besides if it is true, why the idea of my serving
this Association forty more years can’t possibly be car-
ried out. (Great applause.)

Toastmaster: I am sure we would be ungrateful in-
deed, Mr. President, if we did not express the thanks to
those clubs, individuals and interests who have played so
important a part in making our stay a success and making
this banquet a success, and I am sure that they will be
incorporated as a part of the recommendations of the com-
mittee, which goes into the record.

There has been just one thing lacking to me here to-
night, and I am sure some of my friends feel the same way.
This is the second time in the history of this organization
since I can remember, that we met without our beloved
friend, W. W. Marple, and because it is so appropriate and
because so many of you feel the same way about it, and
because I am sure we would like to go on record in this
matter in this way, I should like, Mr. President, to read a
little poem in memoriam of Mr. Marple as a part of this
record. The poem was written by Douglas Mallock, in
memory of Emerson Hough, who died two years ago, but the
words are so beautiful, it is so appropriate for the time we
are now thinking of, that I will take this occasion to read it.

IN MEMORY OF EMERSON HOUGH

By Douglas Malloch

Time brings not death, it brings but changes;
I know he rides, but rides afar;

Today some other planet ranges

Where its other comrades are.

For there were those who rode before him
As there are these he leaves behind;
Altho from us time’s changes bore him,
Out there our comrade still will find

The kinship of the comrade mind.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 125

Time brings us change and leaves us fretting
We weep when every comrade goes;

Perhaps too much, perhaps forgetting

That over yonder there are those

To whom he comes and whom he knows.

I would not hold our loss too lightly;
God knows, and he, how deep the pain;
But, friends, I see still shining brightly
The brightest link in all our chain

That links us with a new domain.

Time breaks no circle such as this,
For this, I swear, because believing;
However hurt, however grieving,
However much a friend we miss,
Between the worlds is no abyss.

For friendship binds the worlds together
World over there, world over here;
From earth to heaven is the tether

That brings the earth and heaven near
And makes them both a bit more dear.

Not weaker now our chain, but stronger;
In all our loss and all our ill

We now shall look a little longer

At ev’ry star above the hill

And think of him, and have him still.

Whatever vales we yet may wander
What sorrow come, what tempest blow,
We have a friend, a friend out yonder,
To greet us when we have to go,

Out yonder someone that we know.

To all eternity he binds us;

He links the planet and the star;
He rides ahead, the trail he finds us,
And where he is and where we are
Will never seem again so far.

Read by the Toastmaster in memory of William Marple.

This, ladies and gentlemen, closes the Fifty-Second
Banquet of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association.

Good night. (Applause.)

126 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION

A poem by N. W. Hepburn, toastmaster, read by him at the opening
of the banquet, Wednesday evening.

We are met here again, this great congregation,
To celebrate an anniversary of the Dairy Association.
For years without number, I can’t tell you now,
They’ve been pushing the cause of the old Dairy Cow.

They’ve taught men to feed her and not do it by halves
Then they “learned” all the farmers how to raise dairy calves.
They got all this work running finer than silk

Then they told all the children why they ought to drink milk.

You can’t raise a nation you can just bet your boots
Without dairy products; on poor substitutes,

So all of these fellows these nice words did utter
You can’t get along without lots of good butter.

There’s dried milk, condensed milk and ice cream and cheese
Put up in a dish all the nation to please.

So they’ve sponsored the cause which will prosperity bring
Of doing the stunts that they call “‘dairying.”

There are a lot of good friends who have made this thing go
Some mighty good fellows I’d like you to know.

They have all had their shoulder to the Dairyman’s wheel
And I want you to know how toward them we all feel.

First there’s George Caven, whose hair has grown white
And he’s toiled for us all from morning till night

He’s served as a secretary since the good days of yore
And we hope he will serve us for forty years more.

Then there’s J. P. Mason, our old President
Who told of dairying where’er he went

He told the story in his farmer way

And taught them the merits of alfalfa hay.

Another old timer who ain’t much for looks

And the things that he tells didn’t come out of books
It’s old Daddy Filson from southern Illinois

Who started the calf clubs for the girls and boys.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 127

And good old Prof. Fraser from the University school
When he first talked this stuff they thought him a fool
With vision and foresight he broadcast his seed

And now comes the harvest which the whole nation needs.

We’ve had lots of help from the University boys
As they have toiled for the welfare of old Illinois,
Ruehe and Prucha, Dusty, Mason and Yapp,
Fraser, Gaines and Neven, all mighty fine chaps.

He looked at her head he twisted her tail

He knew at a glance what she’d do at the pail
And there at her side on his knees as he knelt

I looked under his hat and saw Hughie Van Pelt.

They wandered down in the meadow together, His arm was
round her neck

He didn’t know what the other fellow would do, He didn’t
care by heck!

He didn’t know what his wife would say, In fact he didn’t care.

She was a Jersey heifer—He was Daddy O’Hair!

And while we’re mentionin’ all the things that’s been done
We'll have to give credit to our host, Louie Nielson.

One of the reasons you find us all here

Is cause there’s been some work done by the old Pioneer.

Out in the foreground like a big ocean liner

Stands the big superintendent, our own Col. Miner.
He raises the devil with the boys testing cream

If they don’t do it right they’ll find it’s no dream.

There was a jovial Sudy whose success was first made
In making good butter and buildin’ up trade

He moved to the orange country and now “of late”
He’s the prince of those barons doin’ real estate.

We’ve had the support of the boys in the State
Those fellows have been working both early and late.
Our friend S. J. Stanard whose boss in Len Small
Turns the key to state and says, “Boys, take it all.”

And then there’s a lot of these creamery boys

Who’ve been doing their bit to help Illinois

There’s Louis from Galesburg and John from Peoria

As they’ve watched this thing grow, they’ve helped it begorra!

With Herman from Danville and from Champaign came Fred

With all of this push we’ll sure get ahead.

As they’ve worked with each other on this dairy cow scheme

They’ve been teachin’ the farmers how to market their cream.

128 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Then there’s these boys from Louie Swift

Who’ve come along to give us a lift.

On this big job they’ve worked like the dickens

When they’re not buying cream they’re picking up chickens.

There’s a whole lot of others, but time’s slipping by

If we just had the time we could praise to the sky

So here’s to them all, let’s say it right now

To all the good friends who’ve helped the old dairy cow.

So it’s breedin’ and feedin’ and cuttin’ the hay

And you might raise the question, ‘‘Does dairying pay?”
If he’s raised the good calves and picked a good cook
Just go over to town and see his bank book!

Tain’t no small item to you city folks

As we sit here a crackin’ our jokes

The butter is better than it once used to be

As a result and the efforts these fellows sowed free.

Yes, things are lots better, I can’t tell you how
But it come thru the love of the old dairy cow
Thru all of these years we have laid the foundation
Which one day will tell on the health of the nation.

So here’s to the clubs and the friends and the rest
Who have thru their efforts made this meeting a success
From all our glad hearts we give thanks to them all
Because they have heard when the dairymen call.

In that great day of reckoning when all good friends meet
There’s a lot of these fellows will sit on front seats
Because they’ve toiled well without hope of renoun
They’ll be among those who’ll wear a bright crown.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 129

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION

January 28, 1926

President O’Hair: The first thing on the program
this morning is the election of officers, and I will turn the
meeting over to Professor Caldwell.

Professor Caldwell then acted as Chairman of the
meeting.

The Chairman: The officers and directors are all
elected for the year, aren’t they?

President O’Hair: Yes, sir.

The Chairman: And the Association elects all of
them instead of the Board of Directors electing the of-
ficers?

President O’Hair: Yes, that is the way we do it.

The Chairman: The officers are elected at this time
rather than by the directors?

President O’Hair: I think the treasurer is made a
director, and the secretary is made a director, I think,
under the new constitution.

The Chairman: Then we have nine directors count-
ing the secretary and treasurer?

President O’Hair: Yes, sir, counting the seven other
directors.

The Chairman: Well, there is the president, vice-
president, then the directors; are the secretary and treas-
urer elected by the board?

President O’Hair: They are elected right at this time.

The Chairman: You have the president, vice-presi-

130 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

dent, secretary, treasurer, and directors. We have a nomi-
nating committee. Is the committee ready to report?

Nominating Committee Chairman: Mr. President, the
committee begs to report as follows:

The Chairman: Make a full report.

Nom. Com, Chairman: We recommend that the fol-
lowing be elected for the ensuing year as directors:

S. J. Stanard, Springfield.

Chas. Foss, Freeport, R. 6.

T. P. Smith, Danville.

W.S. O’Hair, Paris.

C. M. Filson, Salem.

John Steele, McLeansboro.

J. P. Phillips, Sesser.

George Caven, Chicago.

Harlan See, Paris.

The Chairman: You have also to indicate in those
your recommendations for your officers, do you not? What
one is recommended for president, vice-president, secretary
and treasurer ?

Nom. Com. Chairman: We recommend that the par-
ties serving us the past year be re-elected. They are as
follows:

For president, Mr. W. S. O’Hair, Paris.

Vice president, S. J. Stanard, Springfield.

Treasurer, Charles Foss, Route 6, Freeport.

Secretary, George Caven, Chicago.

The Chairman: Gentlemen, you have heard the re-
port of the nominating committee. What is your pleasure?

~ A Member: Mr. Chairman, I move you that the Sec-
retary be instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of the
Association for the officers and directors nominated, for
the ensuing year. Motion seconded.

The Chairman: It has been duly moved and seconded
that the Secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous bal-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 131

lot of the Association for the list of nominees as read, as
officers and directors of this Association for the ensuing
year. Are there any remarks? (None were offered.) If
not, all in favor of the emotion signify the same by saying
aye, contrary minded no. (The motion carried.)

The motion passed and the officers for the ensuing
year have been named.

The Secretary cast the ballot, and the officers and
directors were declared duly elected.

The Chairman: I will now turn the meeting back to
the President.

President O’Hair: The resolutions committee, if you
will just go on.

The Chairman: Are the resolutions committee ready
to report?

The Resolutions

Mr. N. F. O’Hair (Chairman, Resolutions Committee) :
Mr. Chairman, I wish to introduce the following resolu-
tions:

Be It Resolved, That we, the Illinois State Dairymen’s
Association, extend to the Galesburg Chamber of Com-
merce, the Elks Club, the Lions Club, the Rotary Club, the
Optimists Club, the Kiwanis Club, the Exchange Club, the
Galesburg Club, and the Business and Professional Wom-
en’s Club, the Galesburg Co-operative Milk Producers’
Association, and all other civic and trade organizations of
Galesburg and vicinity, our sincere appreciation of the
excellent manner in which they have assisted in making
the 1926 Convention a success, by extending courtesy, by
furnishing excellent entertainment and generally making
our stay in Galesburg a pleasure.

In this connection we desire to make special mention
of the untiring efforts on the part of Henry Hawkinson
and Louis Nielson, for we realize that we owe to them a
debt of gratitude.

132 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Resolution No. 2

Be It Resolved by this Association that the Secretary
transmit to Honorable Len Small, Governor of the State
of Illinois, and to Honorable §S. J. Stanard, Director of the
Illinois State Department of Agriculture, this Association’s
endorsement of the Tuberculosis Eradication program as it
is now being carried on in this state and express to the
aforesaid the confidence of this Association in the manage-
ment of that program by our present state officials.

Resolution No. 3
Be It Resolved, That we extend to the National Dairy
Council and all of the other speakers, our sincere appre-
ciation of the excellent manner in which they have as-
sisted in making this Convention a success.

Resolution No. 4

_._ Be It Resolved, That the Secretary of the Illinois State
Dairymen’s Association be instructed to communicate to
Honorable Len Small, Governor of the State of Illinois, the
appreciation of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association
for his untiring efforts in promoting the construction of
concrete highways in Illinois, thereby rendering great as-
sistance to the dairy farmers of this State.

Resolution No. 5

Be It Resolved, That the Secretary of the Illinois State
Dairymen’s Association express to Honorable Len Small,
Governor of the State of Illinois, the appreciation of this
Association for his having complied with the request of
this Association in the appointment of Stillman J. Stanard
to the position of Director of Agriculture.

Be it further resolved, that this Association go on rec-
ord as endorsing his policies as already evidenced in the
conducting of the affairs of that Department.

N. F. O’Hair, Chairman,
Resolutions Committee.

L. EK. Hazlett.

Louis Nielson.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 133

Mr. N. F. O’Hair: As chairman of the resolutions
committee, I move that these resolutions be adopted. Mo-
tion seconded.

Secretary Caven: Mr. Chairman, in that list of clubs
don’t forget the Optimists. I think you mentioned just
three clubs there.

Mr. N. F. O’Hair: That is right.

The Chairman: I also think it is the Galesburg Club
instead of the Elks Club, or both.

President O’Hair: Just put in everybody. We don’t
want to leave any of them out; they all did wonderful
work to make the meeting a success.

' Mr. Charles Foss: Include all the clubs, I think. They
all did good work.

President O’Hair: Yes, include them all, under the
separate names.

Mr. Charles Foss: I would suggest that Mr. O’Hair
show the list to a local man to be sure that we have not
omitted anyone that should be on there.

The Chairman: A very good suggestion, it will be
taken care of.

(The list was finally submitted as it appears in this
record.)

The Chairman: Any other point? If not, are you
ready for the question?

(Call for the question.)

All those in favor of adopting the resolutions as pre-
sented signify by saying aye. Contrary minded no.

(The motion carried. So ordered.)

Any other matters, Mr. President?

There being nothing further along that line, the
Chairman retired and President O’Hair resumed the chair.

President O’Hair: Gentlemen, in behalf of the State

134 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION ~

Dairymen’s Association I want to thank personally every
speaker that has been on our program. I have said for a
month and I am still saying that there will not be an-
other convention of any kind, any place, with the talent
that we have had here. I know it is true, and people that
have not attended have just missed it.

You know, people don’t like to go to Sunday School
or attend dairy meetings. A boy going to school and
studying English literature when he got home said to his
very prim and old-fashioned aunt, “Aunt Mary, did you
ever see Oliver Twist?’’ And she said, “Johnny, you shut
up. You know I! never attend any of those kind of dances.”
(Laughter.) And they don’t like to attend these kind of
meetings.

We are going to call on Professor Fraser for thirty
minutes, then we are going to call him down. We have
got a man here that has froze his toes getting here—he
said he did (laughter). I know we will all enjoy Professor
Fraser.

X

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 135

MOST MILK PER ACRE ON FARM FEEDS ALONE ©

Professor W. J. Fraser, University of Illinois

Mr. President, gentlemen: Now if we may have the ©
lights out and the slides, please, we will run them through
as rapidly as possible.

The thing we talked about yesterday afternoon was
feeding cows alfalfa and corn silage, on the Dairy Demon-
stration at the University. Here of course the cows were
fed the year around, but on farms such feeding should be
for only the winter six months and not for the summer.

We have a much better and cheaper way of feeding
cows during the summer six months, and that is run them
on sweet clover pasture, and that is what I want to talk
about this morning.

(The lights were turned off and the lecture continued
with the use of slides shown on the screen.)

SWEET CLOVER, THE SIX MONTHS’ PASTURE,
INCREASES PROFIT

Professor Wilber J. Fraser, University of Illinois

A good productive pasture will supply the feed for a
dairy herd for practically one-half the year, and so is en-
titled to as much consideration as all the other crops com-
bined that make up the winter half of the ration. How-
ever, the real value of a good pasture; the land and labor
it will save, the production it will provide for and stimu-
late, and the conditioning effect it has, particularly on milk
cows in getting them in shape for the winter’s production
on barn feeding, is so little realized that on only a few
farms does the pasture really play an important part in
providing the year’s feed for the stock.

136 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

_ Bluegrass is the pasture commonly used and realizing
that it was not productive, we desired to get some data
upon this point and so conducted a pasture experiment at
the University of Illinois in which was determined the
actual amount of digestible feed which the bluegrass pro-
duced during each of four consecutive years. The results
showed that, as a pasture, bluegrass was fully as non-
productive as we had surmised, if not more so, because it
actually produced only about one-seventh as much feed
per year as the same area of corn and alfalfa would pro-
duce, and only about one-half as much as oats, and one-
fourth as much as clover.

The first year there was a fairly regular yield but it
would have required four acres of bluegrass pasture per
cow to supply sufficient feed for good cows. The third
year, after June 1, 914 acres per cow would have been
required.

Bluegrass Worthless for Long Periods

"The second year and the fourth year there were pe-
riods of three and a half to four months when bluegrass
pasture was worthless as feed—30 or more acres per cow
affording barely sufficient feed. Now it is easily seen that
when pasture is this poor, it ceases to be a pasture and
becomes merely an exercising ground because to maintain
her milk flow when 380 acres are required, a cow would
have to be endowed with certain characteristics as yet un-
known in the dairy breeds. Granting her a muzzle 18
inches wide, she would have to walk 24 miles a day, crop-
ping the grass clean as she went like a lawn-mower run
with a gas engine, in order to get her full feed, thus re-
quiring not only a new departure in facial anatomy, but
phenomenal speed and endurance in addition. Absurd as
may be the mental picture of such a gaunt, broad-visaged
animal, zealously forging ahead to cover her mileage of
bare pasture during the daylight hours, one should not let
his hilarity dull the point of the fact that she is just the
ideal type of cow for our bluegrass pastures in the Middle
West where summer droughts are so frequent and severe.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 137

For this reason, dairymen must set to work to breed this
kind of cow—or find other more productive and depend-
able pasture than bluegrass. Obviously, the latter is the
more practicable. |

This test, and common experience show that bluegrass
fails more than half the season and fails at any period of
drought. The most certain thing about it is its uncertainty
and the loss that comes to the whole herd from lack of
supplying a sufficient pasture or ration during the hot,
dry weather of summer is almost beyond comprehension,
and may easily amount to the difference between success
and failure to the dairy farmer.

Need Much Supplementary Feed With Bluegrass

According to the four years’ test of bluegrass, and
allowing one and a half acres of bluegrass per cow, a good
cow would require to properly and adequately supplement
pasture, an average of 30 pounds of silage, eight pounds
of hay, and ten pounds of grain per day for five out of the
six Summer months and it would require one and a half
acres of land per cow to produce this supplementary feed.
Thus for a herd of twenty cows, it would take, besides the
30 acres of bluegrass pasture, 30 acres of other crops and
all the labor of raising them; threshing the oats, making
the hay, filling the silo, husking the corn and grinding the
grain, besides the labor involved in feeding in the barn
the year around. In other words, one acre of cultivated
crops would be required for every acre of bluegrass pas-
ture, and much labor in addition. This is expensive sum-
mer feeding and makes the profits lean indeed, but the
loss is much worse with the many herds that are not given
this extra feed because they go hungry, lose flesh, and fall
off in their milk flow, thus cutting off all chance of profit.

Because sweet clover gave promise of being such a
reliable pasture, I began raising it on my farm in northern
Illinois twelve years ago. The results were so excellent
that I have spent considerable time during the last few
years studying this crop wherever possible.

To continue this study and to get a broader view of

138 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

the suitability of sweet clover as a pasture crop, question-
naires were sent to a large number of dairy farmers in
different parts of Illinois who had pastured dairy cows on
sweet clover and as an average on the 81 farms from which
reports were received it took only three-fourths of an acre
of sweet clover pasture to adequately support a cow. That
is the average efficiency of sweet clover as a pasture; not
a few exceptional cases but the common experience in all
sections of the state and under all the varying conditions
on these farms.

In the northern part of Illinois, farmers can usually
turn out about April 25 and can keep the cows on the
sweet clover pasture until approximately October 25—six
months—while in the southern part of the state, the sea-
son is usually about two weeks longer. Six full months or
more of good pasture, capable of supporting well over a
cow to the acre, is a tremendous item in the cost of the
year’s feed and the resulting economy in milk production.

Best to Seed in Spring in Small Grains

The most successful management of sweet clover pas-
ture requires seeding each year in the small grain. The
cattle begin in the spring on the second year’s crop which
comes on early. They graze on this until the middle or
last of August, when they are turned on the new clover
in the grain stubble, and use it until] the latter part of
October. The old clover and the new seeding are growing
on the farm each year, and the six months’ pasture is
partly from the one and partly from the other. The pas-
ture requires but one year’s use of the land, however, be-
cause a crop of small grain is cut from the same land on
which the clover grows the first year. The expense of the
ground is chargeable to the clover for only one year—the
second year of its growth.

The established fact from this farm experience and
the four years’ bluegrass pasture test at the University of
Illinois is that sweet clover has a six months’ pasture sea-
son and a carrying capacity of a cow to three-fourths of
an acre, while bluegrass furnishes pasture for only about

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 139

two months and requires from two to three acres per cow.
The principal reason for this advantage is that sweet
clover is so deep rooting that it does not fail in time of
dry weather.

Stays Green and Fresh Throughout Summer

The cow’s requirement for feed is continuous through-
out the summer, and the greatest need is for an abundant
_ pasture in the trying time of flies and excessive heat, which
igs just the time when bluegrass so miserably fails to sup-
ply sufficient feed. In order to solve the pasture problem
economically, we must have an ample and continuous sup-
ply of feed for the six months of summer, and the 81 an-
swers made it clear and positive that the sweet clover
stayed green and fresh throughout the hot and dry weather
of July and August when bluegrass pastures were burned
up.

All of the farmers were highly pleased with the pro-
duction of their cows and several reported better produc-
tion on sweet clover pasture without grain than on such
an excellent winter ration as corn silage, legume hay, and
a good grain ration.

One cow on my farm produced 56 pounds of milk
per day on sweet clover pasture without grain, and I have
seen several other cows in different parts of the state that
produced this amount or more on sweet clover pasture
without grain. One of these cows, belonging to Mr. Ren-
schen of Clinton County, produced 75 pounds of milk on
three milkings per day without grain. Here is strong evi-
dence of the high feeding value of sweet clover for dairy
COWS. Sia

Saves Land, Labor and the Cow’s Energy

In addition to the fact that sweet clover pasture saves
land and labor on the dairy farm and provides for such a
good production of milk, it aids the cow in producing this
milk by conserving her energy in that it permits her to fill
up on feed quickly and then lie down and contentedly
chew her cud, instead of having to eat all day, as she does

140 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

on bluegrass during dry weather, in vain attempt to get
sufficient feed.

Can Be Disked Into Bluegrass

There is much untillable land here in the middle west
which is kept in grass pasture. Sweet clover seed worked
into this bluegrass will—provided the land is not acid, and
a good stand is secured—increase the yield of pasture two
or three times. Maes Brothers, Jackson County, Illinois,
have had remarkable success with this practice. - At the
time I visited their farm, one pasture was still producing
a good amount of sweet clover after having reseeded it-
self for seven years. If a good stand of clover is secured
in the bluegrass, one and one-half acres of this pasture
should support a cow for six months.

Not Difficult to Grow with Proper Methcds

Troubles have been found and failures have occurred
in growing sweet clover and, for this reason, many imagine
that sweet clover is a difficult and uncertain crov to pro-
duce.

Sweet clover has two requirements that are absolutely
essential to its growth, namely: soil that is not acid and
inoculation. Complying with these requirements makes
the difference between success and failure in raising the
crop. Experienced growers, almost without exception, re-
port no trouble in securing a stand after the soil has been
limed and inoculated where needed. This is a new crop
and it is not strange that many growers should at first
overlook or ignore this preparation.

Sweet clover often grows along the fence row:or road-
sides, and people make the mistake of concluding from
this that their soil is not acid. The fence row has not been
cultivated and hence has not lost its lime, while the tilled
field adjacent has been worked for many years and is
quite likely to be deficient in lime. The ground limestone
should be applied and mixed into the soil three or four
inches deep, at least six months before seeding. From
two to four tons per acre is the usual requirement.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 141

Lime Will Last a Dozen Years

It has been found by many actual tests, as well as by
the luxuriant growth of the sweet clover, that one appli-
cation of ground limestone will keep the soil sweet for ten
to fifteen years. Sweet clover seeded on acid soil will fre-
quently make a start and cause the farmer to think he is
going to get a stand, but later in the season it turns yellow
and dies.

Inoculation may be accomplished by buying the pure
culture and following the directions that come with it.
Another method is to get some soil from a field where
sweet clover has grown successfully and mix a quart of
this soil with a quart of water, shake thoroughly, and let
stand a few minutes. Then pour off a pint of the top
muddy water and apply this to a bushel of seed and mix
well. |

“Biennial White” Best Variety

“Biennial white’ sweet clover is the kind recom-
mended for dairy pastures. It will frequently grow suc-
cessfully where alfalfa and other clovers will not grow
at all. It is a sure “catch” when sown on sweet and inocu-
lated soil. With ten consecutive years’ seeding here at the
University, a stand was obtained every year, while in the
same ten years only five stands of red clover were secured.
This variety of. sweet clover develops such large, deep
roots that it withstands the drought, withstands heaving in
the spring if allowed a fair growth the summer before,
makes the most pasture, and is most beneficial to the crops
that follow. Care should be taken in buying seed to get
this variety rather than some smaller strain or the annual
Hubam.

Thus the more important points to be remembered
under the successful culture and management of sweet
clover for pasture may be summarized as follows:

1. If the soil is acid—apply lime. This is very im-
portant as it is a waste of seed and time to attempt to
grow it on acid soil.

142 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

2. If the land is not already inoculated the seed
must be.

3. Either for pasture or to plow under to improve the
soil, the “‘biennial white” variety will give the best results
and should be seeded in small grain in the spring.

4. The crop should be permitted to make a good
growth the first fall. It should reach a height of 12 to 15
inches before turning the stock on so the plants can de-
velop a deep root system.

ee |
el.

Common Objections Not Serious

The three objections often mentioned in connection
with sweet clover are that the cows will not eat it readily,
that it sometimes causes bloat, and that it occasionally
taints the milk. I spent one entire summer visiting dairy-
men who had their cows on sweet clover pasture and yet I
have never seen anyone who put his cows on the sweet
clover when it was young and tender who experienced any
difficulty, after the first day or two, in getting his cows to
eat it.

Tainted milk can be avoided by having a little dry
roughage available to the cows to keep their bowels in
good condition. This is especially important when cows
are first turned onto sweet clever pasture. Many dairy-
men in Illinois are pasturing their cows on sweet clover
and are shipping milk to cities and have no objections
whatever because of a sweet clover flavor in the milk.

When sweet clover has not been frosted, I have never
heard of a serious case of bloat if the cows are kept con-
tinuously on it, night and day, and are given access to a
little dry straw in the pasture.

Thus the three common objections to sweet clover as
a pasture come to naught when put to the test in intelli-
gent farm practice while its advantages, in that it saves
land, labor and the cow’s energy, and thus produces more
milk and profit per cow, per acre, and per man, make it
a most valuable crop to the dairy farmer.

z
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 143

Liberal Feeding Important to Profit

| In debating whether or not sweet clover will prove
valuable to him, the dairyman should not lose sight of the
fact that the kind and amount of feed which good cows
get, largely determines their production, and also that feed
is about 60 per cent of the cost of production. One of the
high points to be remembered in dairying, is that the top
of the ration makes the milk and the top of the milk makes
the profit. Thus a crop which comes so near to completely
solving the feeding problem for six months is surely worthy
of first consideration in planning for the feed production
of future years.

Question: If you turn cows out on siveet clover pas-
ture in the spring you are apt to have trouble with bloat.
How would you avoid that?

Prof. Fraser: If you turn them out when the cow is
full of her ordinary feed, wait until the dew is off, and
keep a little dry straw on the pasture, you will have no
trouble at all with bloat. The cows will eat some of this
dry straw. The same thing will prevent taint of milk.
Whenever you keep a cow’s bowels in the right condition
you are not apt to have any trouble with tainted milk.

When you once get them on the sweet clover pasture
you want to keep them on. If you keep them off over
night and turn them on again hungry next morning, you
are apt to have trouble. The only time I have ever known
them to have trouble with bloat was once in the middle of
May, when we had three frosts in central Illinois. They
ate that frosted alfalfa and it did make some of them bloat.

Question: How about in the fall?

Answer: It doesn’t seem to be so bad in the fall. You
see, it is exceedingly green and succulent the middle of
May. By the time we get frost in the fall it is cooler and
it doesn’t grow so fast.

If your cows are giving over twenty-five pounds in
milk, you ought to feed grain.

144 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Productive Pasture for Good Cows Boosts Dairy Profits

Cow Comfort After a Big Meal on Sweet Clover Pasture

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 145

A Perfect Stand of Sweet Clover After Lime on the Acid Soil of

Southern Illinois

Question: What kind would you advise?

Prof. Fraser: Just farm grown grain; you don’t need
high protein feeds. (Applause.)

President O’Hair: Down in the hills of Tennessee a
colored preacher was holding a meeting. They had got
things warmed up pretty well, he asked for testimonials,
and there was a lot of them got up and testified, and after
that he said he wanted testimonials on heaven, and they
all said they knew heaven was their home and hoped the
Lord would come and get them. And then the preacher
said, “Brother Smith, haven’t you got a testimonial?” He
said, ‘““Yes, yes, I testified too. I know Liza has gone on
over and Lizzie is there, and the children is there, and I
know heaven is my home, it is a beautiful home, but I want
you to know I ain’t a darn bit homesick.” (Laughter.) I
hope you are not homesick, as we have got three of the
best men yet.

146 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

This afternoon we will move back to the rear of the
room where it is warmer and we can be more comfortable.
Mr. Caldwell will speak to us this afternoon. Mr. Barney
will tell you that the Holstein cow is better than a Jersey
and I want you to hear him. That is this afternoon, and
if you come back don’t think you are going to get too cold.

And now I am going to introduce to you the giant of
the dairy business, the man that is known from coast to
coast as an authority on the subject—Hugh Van Pelt.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 147

SELECTING DAIRY COWS

By Hugh G. Van Pelt

Starting in the dairy business is based upon the selec-
tion of good cows. The question of starting in the dairy
business is a question of the advisability of starting in the
dairy business and starting right. I would like to say just
one word upon that, because I believe that if every farmer
in this county or in this section of the state could only be
here and take home with him this particular portion of
the message I would like to leave with you, it would have
a great bearing on the prosperity of this part of the state.

It seems to me there has not been a time when it was
more advisable to go into the dairy business with good
cows and provide feed for them in the manner in which
it has been outlined here, than at the present time.

I heard Doctor Larson of the Bureau of Dairying,
‘Department of Agriculture, speak the other day, and I was
absolutely surprised to learn what the situation pertaining
to dairying is in the United States at the present time; to
think in advance far enough for the calf of today to be
the cow of tomorrow; to think what the dairy situation is
going to be.

During the six years following 1918, the per capita
consumption of milk in all its products increased from 834
pounds te 1020 pounds. Now to supply this amount of
increase would require over six million cows more than
we had in 1918. To take care of the increase together
with our increase of population—you know it requires an
increase of three hundred and seventy-five thousand cows
per year for us to take care of the per capita consumption
of our increased population—over six million cows would
be required, providing our coWS were giving no more milk
than they were six years ago, but the average production
yer cow has increased about five hundred pounds per year.

During that time we have had an increase of a trifle

148 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION.

over two million cows, so that at the present time we are
four million cows behind what we were six years ago,
from the standpoint of cows per capita of population, and
we are not now increasing very rapidly in cows.

I spoke a week ago yesterday at Hartford, Connecti-
cut, to the Connecticut State Dairy Convention, and I wish
you people could have been there. Conditions there are
much more exacting than here, where farmers buy corn
and oats and protein feeds. They ship feed half way
across the nation, and it is a problem how to make money,
and they have figured their problem down to where they
do not believe they can afford to raise calves. I think they
are wrong because they are already buying good grade
cows in all of the eastern states and paying from one hun-
dred dollars up. They cannot buy a good grade cow short
of one hundred dollars and in some sections, especially
good grade cows are selling for one hundred and twenty-
five dollars to one hundred and fifty dollars, some of them
one hundred and seventy-five dollars. It looks to. me that
one of the very best businesses we could have in this coun-
try is to do as they are doing up in Wisconsin—raise good
cows for the people down east.

In the convention hall was a big sign, ‘‘Connecticut
imports 12,000 cows a year.’’ All the eastern states are
doing likewise, and so when I say to you that we are four
million cows behind right now, in the United States, and
that we are increasing to the extent that we need three
hundred and seventy-five thousand cows a year, you can
see we are going to have to do something before we begin
catching up with our quota.

I think the next problem we are going to have in this
country is lack of milk supply. As was brought out here
yesterday, when we get to the point where the demand
exceeds the supply sufficiently, then we will have a con-
dition where oleo creeps in to take the place of our but-
ter. That is really a danger which confronts the industry.

In addition to that, already we are facing foreign but-
ter leaping over our tariff wall to supply the butter which
we are not producing for ourselves; and I would deviate

‘FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 149

a moment here to say that whenever foreign nations, some
of them buying our feeds, paying freight on them across
the nation and over the ocean, feeding them to good cows, »
converting them into butter, shipping the butter back across
the ocean, leaping over our tariff wall and competing with
us, whenever that situation begins to take place there can
be no doubt but what there should be profit in milking
good cows properly cared for in this country.

Now I don’t believe that there is any profit in milking
poor cows improperly fed and improperly cared for, and
I believe there has never been a time when good cows,
properly fed, have not represented a profitable type of
agriculture. I don’t believe the time will ever come when
it will be unprofitable to properly feed and care for good
cows. Good care and feed, and good cows go hand in
hand. There is no use knowing what a good cow is unless
you are going to properly feed and care for that cow if
you have her, and on the other hand it is just as true that
there is no opportunity of making a profit out of a poor
cow, no matter how well you feed and care for her. These
things dovetail, and in starting in the dairying business it
seems to me there is just one way to do it economically,
safely, and on the basis of making a profit.

Successful and profitable dairying is not at all diffi-
cult. There is not a farmer in this country, in fact there
is not a boy in this country but whom you can start in the
dairy business and do so economically and in a manner
which will result in profit and pleasure to him, providing
he starts rightly.

The man who is farming should not be kept away
from good dairying because of any great investment re-
quired. My observation has indicated to me that success-
ful and profitable dairying results from starting in a very
small manner, investing a small amount of money, rather
than starting in a good way and investing a lot of money.
A man who has in his mind that one good cow properly
fed and cared for is more to he desired than a herd of
poor cows improperly fed and cared for, has the secret of
starting in the dairy business. My experience, extending

150 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

over a good many years in the breeding business, has

demonstrated a very peculiar attitude of mind possessed by |

men who desire to start in the dairy business. That man

who is starting in the dairy business invariably knows

apout how much money he can spare. Then he decides
how many cows he desires. His next step is to make that

amount of money spread over that number of cows. He |

probably has ten stalls in his barn, and so he decides that |
he must fill every stall. He takes the amount of money —
which he has and goes forth with the determination of |
securing ten cows for that money. Invariably he should |
secure one cow and one sire with his money, instead of |

ten cows. That has been brought out very fully, however,
and I do not need to discuss it.

There is no doubt whatever that a man can make —
more money with one good cow properly cared for than
he can with ten poor cows improperly cared for, so if I,
were advising one about starting in the dairy business to- |
day, I would suggest that he take just the equipment which
he has and start with one or two or three just as good cows |
as he can buy, and then have as good a sire, at least as.
good a sire as the cows he has, and then feed them abund- .
antly and take care of them, never allowing his herd to |
get so large but what he can give each cow the individual |

attention that she should have.

Until one fully realizes that dairying is a business of i
recognizing cows as individuals, feeding and caring for.
them as individuals, it is difficult to succeed with dairying, |

but just as soon as we realize that every cow is just as
much an individual as we ourselves are, that she must be
eared for as an individual, fed as an individual, then dairy-
ing is certain to be profitable. When we have reached that
stage, then, and then only is it advisable to decide what a
good cow is.

We are milking twenty-six million cows or thereabouts,
in the United States, and I wonder if the men who own
and feed and care for these cows have ever stopped to
consider what the characteristics of a good cow really are.
I have given much thought to this, and ] have asked thou-

_FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 151

sands of people to give me an additional point to those
which have so long seemed to me to be the really essential
points to be observed in selecting dairy cows—and I have
never learned of a sixth essential point! As long as there
are only five of these essential points, I am advising you
that when we point them out on the good cow which is
before you, that you remember them, take them home with
you and put them into practice, and remember this: all
these five points dovetail together just like that (indicat-
ing) and it makes no difference how well developed a cow
may be in any four of these points, if she is seriously lack-
ing in a fifth point she is not going to be a highly produc-
tive, economical, profitable cow, because she is not a whole
cow, she is only a part of a cow, and to be profitable under
agricultural conditions as they always exist, a cow must be
a whole cow.

She must be well developed in these five essential
points. I hope when we have shown these five essential
points you will realize that it makes no difference whether
you are milking grade cows or pure-bred cows, whether
you have Guernseys, Jerseys, Holsteins or Ayreshires or
any other breed, the five essential points obtain just the
same. When you have come to realize this, I hope you
will forget the little details which so many attempt to put
into practice when we go out to select cows, and especially
when we go out to select sires.

It is amazing to know how many people interested in
Jerseys, for instance, will not buy a cow if she has a white
spot on her in some place, because they think she must be
a scrub. Many men are so peculiar that they look in a
cow’s mouth to see what color her tongue is, and if it is
white they think there is something wrong, and if she is
a black Jersey they positively would not have her. They
do not realize that the highest-producing Jersey cows we
have are black cows. I could tell you the reason, but that
would take too long a time, but I will just leave it with
you to look from now on and see if vou ever see a bad
black Jersey.

I was down in Louisiana a couple of years, where

152 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

some colored boys were milking the cows, and one of them
would seemingly always get a pail of milk from his cow.
I went over to him and said, ‘““You always seem to get a
pail of milk from your cow, how does that come?” He
looked up at me and rolled his eyes and said, ‘Boss, I
always picks the black one.’ So many people are select-
ing cows on color. If a Guernsey and her face is black
they won’t have her. If she has got white spots and is a
Jersey they won’t have her, and if she is a Holstein and
isn’t black and white they won’t have her. If she is a
Jersey and she is black they won’t have her.

Let me send this message home with you, if I don’t

leave anything else today: those things are details and
amount to nothing except as they please one’s personal

vanity and personal pride. I know a lot of millionaires ©

that can afford to do that way, but personally I have never
gotten rich enough to be able to select cows on the ques-
tion of whether they have white tongues or black and white
switches. Just remember that whatever breed you have,
the fundamental basis of a good cow is the five essential
points, which are:

1. Constitution.

2. Capacity.

3. Dairy temperament.
A, Blood circulation.

5. Ability.

I have mentioned constitution first, not because it is
any more important than the other four points, but you will
agree with me that constitution is essential because of all
of the animals that we have on the farm the cow is the
hardest-worked animal we have. We expect that she will
work twenty-four huurs a day, three hundred and sixty-
fixe days in the year. When she has finished her year we
expect that she will do another year’s work and keep this
up twelve or fifteen years, in the dairy, if she is a good
cow. In order to work as the cow is expected to work and
as she must work if she is going to be highly productive
and economically profitable, she must have a strong con-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 153

stitution. Her constitution must be doubly strong, because
we of the north, when the cold weather of late fall comes,
put our cows in the barn and keep them there until along
in the spring, the latter part of March or April, and there
is not one man out of a hundred, and possibly one out of
a thousand, that ever stops to think whether his cow has
fresh or pure air to breathe, because we have not yet fig-
ured that fresh air and sunshine are just as essential to
large and profitable milk production ag feed and water are.

There are only two things I know of, that cost no more
now than they did before the war—sunshine and fresh air.
They are the only two things that I know of which we strive
so hard to keep out of our barns and away from our cows
in the winter time—sunshine and fresh air. If we would
just-go home now and make some openings in our barn and
let in sufficient fresh air and sunshine for our cows, we
would not only increase the productivity of them but we
would add greatly to their healthfulness. Many of our
barns are veritable incubators for disease germs which are
the cause of tuberculosis, contagious abortions, cow pneu-
monia, calf scours, and such diseases. If we would just
give the cows the fresh air and sunshine which they need,
which would cost us nothing, we would get away from a
good many of these diseases and produce milk and butter
fat at a much greater profit.

The indication of constitution is, first the large nos-
tril. The only thing that purifies blood is oxygen and the
only available oxygen is in fresh air, therefore the only
oxygen that gets into a cow’s lungs to purify her blood
must pass through the nostrils. I know of no reason why
a fast horse should have a large nostril any more than the
dairy cow, because the dairy cow not only works as hard
as the horse, but she works twenty-four hours a day.

In order for the cow to have a strong constitution she
must breathe large volumes of fresh air containing oxygen.
The cow with a large nostril, other things being equal, has
a better constitution than the cow with a small nostril.
This cow’s nostril is not at all large, making it necessary
that she breathe much more rapidly than a cow with a

154 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

i
large nostril or she does not get the fresh air into her |
lungs to purify her blood. There is no doubt that the cow |
with the large nostril gets more oxygen to purify her blood |
than the cow with the small nostril. |
We ask that the top of the cow be deep from the top
of the shoulder to the floor of the chest, and well sprung
in the front rib, allowing plenty of room for the respiratory |
organs, the heart and lungs. That cow which is shallow
from the top of the shoulder to the floor of the chest may
give a lot of milk when she freshens and for thirty or sixty
or ninety days, but gradually she decreases in milk flow
and becomes unprofitable. After six or seven months she
goes dry and shows a loss rather than a profit until she
freshens again. So if our cows are to be profitable, live .
long and be healthful, they should have nostrils that are |
large, and chests that are deep and well sprung ribs. |
The second point is capacity. A lot of people opject |
to having their cow called a machine, and I realize that a .
cow is much more than a machine. She is a living, animate
object. She responds to kindness, good care, feed and love,
more than a machine. Nevertheless, when we get right
down to the basic facts, your cows are machines that are ©
placed on your farms—in your factory, if you please—for :
identically the same purpose that machines are placed in |
the factory under the big smokestacks in the cities; for «
converting promptly, economically and profitably the raw ;
materials you grow in your fields, the grains and grasses, —
into the finished commodities, milk and butter fat, and that
cow which can eat the most feed in a given specified time
and manufacture it economically and profitably into milk
and butter fat is the most profitable cow for you to have.
And then, when you have such a cow the most pro-
fitable way to utilize her is to give her every bit of the
right kind of raw material that she possibly will utilize
economically and profitably without interfering with her
usefulness and health.
The indications of capacity are, first, the large mouth.
Any animal with a large mouth is a good feeder. Any ani-
mal with a small mouth is a poor feeder. The man who

Dy =e

| z= FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 155
feeds beef cattle for the market learned this long, long
ago and avoids the steers which have small pointed mouths.
The beef man knows that a steer with a small mouth will
not eat enough feed to get fat. Such a steer will never be
profitable. The same is true of the cow. The cow with a
small mouth will eat enough feed to maintain her body but
not enough to produce largely and profitably, milk and
mutter fat.

It has been said that cows which can drink out of a
tincup will give a tincup full of milk, but a cow which re-
quires a washtub out of which to eat and drink will give
a washtub full of milk.

We ask that the cow be long from the shoulder to the
hip and beyond, well sprung in the rib and deep in the
body. There is where she stores her feed.

If the cow is short from the shoulder and doesn’t have
the spring of rib she is short and shallow in the body, she
will not store up the amount of feed to make butter fat
required for a profit. Cows short from the shoulder to
the hip and beyond, slab-sided in the rib and shallow in
the body, do not eat enough feed to be profitable; they eat
enough feed to take care of themselves but not enough to
make any profit for their owner.

The size of the barrel is merely indicative of the
amount a cow can eat at one time. The question of how
she handles her feed depends on the character, strength
and power of her digestive apparatus, which in turn is
determined by the condition and appearance of the hide
and hair. This cow is covered with a hide soft and pliable
and elastic, although she has not been blanketed, probably
given no special care. If you were to run your hands
through her hair you would see it is soft and silky. The
hide and hair are merely a continuation outward of the
vital organs of digestion. Soft and silky hair is indicative
of a strong, powerful digestive apparatus. She will eat
her feed, as much as she can, then she will lie down. She
regurgitates her feed, masticates it, mixes it with saliva,
starts the first processes of digestion, gets rid of that feed
promptly and is ready for more. That cow which has a

156 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

hide and hair resistant to the touch, a hide which clings
to the ribs and is covered with stiff, coarse hair, has a di-
gestive apparatus that there is something wrong with,
either temporarily or permanently. She may eat a lot of
feed at one time, but she does not digest it sufficiently;
there is a large portion passes on undigested and wasted.
She is not an economical cow and certainly not a high-pro-
ducing cow, because she wastes her feed.

The third essential point is nervous temperament or
we might call it dairy temperament. The question is
whether the cow is a worker or a loafer. A loafer is not
profitable in any family or in any class of animals. Our
cows must be workers if they are going to be high pro-
ducers. The cow that stands in the shade of the tree and
in the pool of water, fighting flies while the other cows |
graze back and forth across the pasture, gathering green
food and nutrients, is a loafer and is not a profitable cow.

The indication of nervous temperament is first, the
head. This cow is broad between the eyes, well dished in
the face. She has large, bright, prominent eyes. Those
are the first indications of dairy temperament or the in-
herent power and ability to work. Then as we pass on
back we ask that the cow be free from beefiness over the
top of the back. Along this cow’s back is an absence of
beef and fat over her backbone. The spinal vertebrae are
very prominent. There is her hip, there is her rib, not an
ounce of beef on the cow’s body. She has converted it into
milk and butter fat.

Whenever I reach this point I always stop just long
enough to say that this absence of flesh should not be an
evidence that the cow has not had enough to eat. A good
dairy cow properly developed in nervous temperament will
be free from beefiness over the top line and over the hips
and ribs, even though she has eaten enough feed in a year
to feed two or three steers.

The dairy cow has been bred for generations for the
purpose of manufacturing her feed into milk and butter
fat, and milk and butter fat are not made over the top line
or over the ribs; they are made in the udder, so that the

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 157

good dairy cow properly bred takes her feed and places it
in the udder where milk and butter fat are made. This
absence of beefiness over the top line and over the hips
and ribs is the evidence, providing the cow has been well
fed, that she is utilizing her feed for manufacturing but-
ter fat worth fifty cents a pound instead of beef fat worth
ten or fifteen cents a pound. Cows covered with a lot of
beef over the top and over the ribs are loafers, because
they have converted their feed into beef instead of butter.

The only way to get back the money invested in this
beef the cow has manufactured out of her feed, is to kill
the cow, and that spoils the game.

The fourth point—blood circulation—is the question
of what the cow does with the nutrients she has taken from
her feed when it has entered the digestive apparatus. If
you stop to think how one cow takes feed and manufac-
tures it into beef and another cow takes the same feed and
manufactures it into milk and butter fat, then you will be-
gin to realize that the character of the blood flow of a cow,
and the direction in which it flows, are very important fac-
tors. Books and volumes have been written upon this, but
briefly, the beef cow eats her feed, and when she gets time
she lies down, regurgitates, masticates it, mixes the saliva
with it; it then goes into the second stomach, passes to the
third and fourth and as it passes along in the processes of
digestion the digestive fluids take from it the digestible nu-
trients. Then the blood is pumped out from the heart and
passes along the digestive system, picks up or absorbs these
nutrients and, in the case of a beef cow, puts them on the
top of the shoulder, on the back, loins and hip, and rump,
and in the hind quarters; the beef cow places her feed
above that line there (indicating on cow). You must bear
in mind that the high-priced cuts is above that line, and if
| your cattle are to sell for ten or eleven cents instead of
three or four or five cents a pound, you must put your feed
into cattle that will have porterhouse steaks and rib roasts.
So, the reason we have beef cattle is because they have
been bred for the purpose of manufacturing their feed into
beef and putting their feed over the high-priced cuts of
the animal.

158 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

While our beef breeders have been striving to breed
animals that will so convert their feed, there have been
intelligent men over in Holland and Scotland and on the
Jersey and Guernsey Isles and here in America, striving
to breed a cow that will eat feed in the same manner as
the beef cow, digest it in the same way, have the nutrients
absorbed in the same way, and then put them down in the
udder. That is why we have dairy and beef cattle, and
that is why it is such folly for you to attempt to profit with
dairying cattle in the feed lot. It also shows the absolute
folly of using cows whose ancestors have been bred for
a hundred years or more for the purpose of making beef
on the top line and expecting them to change right around
and put their feed down in the udder. If we are going to
manufacture beef, let us do it with cattle bred for the pur-
pose, and if we wish to manufacture milk and butter fat
let us choose one of the breeds that has been bred so long
for the purpose of manufacturing milk and butter fat.
Then, when we select our breed, regardless of what that
may be, let us see to it that the individuals we select have
these characteristics which are indicative of large, eco-
nomical, profitable milk and butter fat production.

The evidence of how much blood flows past the diges-
tive apparatus, putting nutrients in the udder, is portrayed
by the veins on the udder and the veins which pass forward
from the udder. Especially good, high producing cows,
when they are in large flow of milk, have veins which are
readily seen all over the udder. 7

All cows have two large veins passing forward from
the udder. We call them milk veins. They do not have
milk in them, they have blood in them and they carry the
blood which has left the udder after depositing therein the
digested milk-making nutrients. Then when the blood
flows up to this point we find an opening in the cow’s abdo-
men, large enough to insert the thumb. Through these
openings the blood passes back to the lungs. The blood
is continuously pumped out and goes into the udder, leav-
ing’ nutrients to be made into milk and butter fat, and then
hastens back to the lungs to be purified and to the heart

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 159

to be pumped on its journey again. Throughout the life
of the cow that process continues. All cows have two of
these veins, one on each side. All cows have at least two
milk wells. Some cows have little short, straight veins the
size of your little finger, and little milk wells in which you
can just about insert the little finger. Especially good cows
have large milk veins the size of your wrist, and they are
crooked, passing back and forth across the abdomen of
the cow. The milk wells are large, in which you can insert
your thumb, showing that there is a large flow of the fluid
carrying an enormous amount of nutrient for the manufac-
ture of large quantities of milk.

I said all cows have two of these milk wells. Some
cows have three or four or five. I have counted as high
as thirteen of these milk wells on one cow’s abdomen, which
was absolutely covered with a network of veins varying in
size from the size of your thumb to the size of your wrist.

Someone spoke here yesterday of a cow giving thirty-
six thousand pounds of milk in a year. In order for her to
give that amount of milk there is required a tremendous
constitution, a tremendous capacity for handling feed, a
wonderfully developed nervous temperament employed in
gathering and digesting and assimilating this tremendous
amount of feed, and then there must be a very remarkable
flow of blood, carrying the nutrients from the digestive
apparatus and placing them in the udder. Were you to
look under such a cow, you would find that she hag her
abdomen absolutely covered with veins to take care of
this tremendous flow of blood. You would probably count
on her abdomen, if you were careful, ten to fifteen of these
milk wells provided by nature for the purpose of permit-
ting the blood to get back to the lungs and heart for puri-
fication, to be pumped back again.

I have never seen a good cow with little, short,
straight veins and two little milk wells. I have never seen
a poor cow with great large milk veins and large numerous
milk wells, so if these indications are present and associ-
ated with the other essential points, you can depend upon
it that productivity of your cows is quite certain.

160 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

The fifth point I mentioned was ability. That is the
evidence of what the cow does with the digested nutrients
after they are placed in the udder. We realize that a cow
must have a large udder in order to be a cow of ability.
The dimensions are size, length, breadth and depth. We
do not desire that the cow’s udder be very deep, because
such udders are troublesome. In the summer time when
they are on pasture they may run coming to the barn or
going from, and when they do, the udder flops back and
forth, hits against the legs or against some foreign object,
and little blood vessels are broken in it and the cow gives
bloody milk. Until this condition is corrected the cow is
not profitable. And then, in late fall or early spring, the
cow lies down on a cold surface and catches cold in the
udder, garget results and she probably loses a quarter or
half of her udder. Invariably cows with deep udders are
troublesome cows to have.

We ask that the cow’s udder therefore be set well up
against the body, and because we sacrifice a portion of the
size and capacity in decreased depth, it is all the more
necessary that our cows have udders that are broad and
long. In order for a cow to have a broad udder she must
be thin in the thigh, well arched out, giving room for the
wide udder. You will notice this cow’s udder sets way up
there (indicating), she is thin in the thigh, and when she
is fresh and the udder is full, her udder would hang up
there (indicating on cow). Cows should be well arched
out in the thighs, giving room there for broad, highly at-
tached udders. We wish the udder to extend far forward,
because the measurement of length is from the attachment
behind to the attachment in front (indicating). That gives
length and breadth of udder. You have all seen cows with
large udders that were not large producing cows. The
reason for this is that some udders are just as large after
milking as before, and the reason for this is that they are
made up of beed and fat instead of milk-making glands.
made up of beef and fat instead of milk-making glands.
is filled with milk-making glands are the handling qualities
of the udder; it is soft and elastic. This cow’s udder is

GUERNSEY COW
Beauty of Ore Hill 93905. Will produce about 650 Ibs. fat this year.
Owned by H. C. Horneman, Danville, III.

GUERNSEY HEIFER

Pergue’s Gloria Crescent 247257. Record at 2 years—13120.3 lbs.
milk and 666.4 lbs. fat. State Champion Guernsey in Class G and GG.
Ranks eighth for the entire breed in Class GG. Owned by H. C. Horne-

man, Danville, IIl.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 161

soft and elastic and covered with soft, silky hair. The ud-
der as the cow feeds gradually expands, and as we milk
her it collapses. As she feeds again it expands; twice a
day during the milking period that process takes place,
and when cows have udders that are long and broad, at-
tached up well against the body and have proper texture
and quality as is evidenced here, they will be large pro-
ducers, providing their ability is reinforced with the right
kind of constitution, capacity, dairy temperament and
blood circulation.

Now these five points we must have. After that, then
it is well to please our vanity, if we may call it that, by
looking for the color of cows we wish, the size of cows we
wish, and the other details, which are absolutely personal
with us and have little if anything to do with the produc-
tivity or the capacity of cows.

Just one more point and I am through. That is the
question of where to secure these cows. I mentioned be-
fore that in starting in dairying one should not only have

good cows, but a good sire. We should bear in mind that

cows are nothing more nor less than the reflection of the
sires that have been used in generations preceding them.
Our cows of the future are going to be identically the kind
of cows that the sires we use will breed for us. The
strangest thing that I know about in all agriculture is the
carelessness with which sires are used on the American
farm. It is something that is absolutely impossible to
understand. Any good farmer realizes that if he is going
to raise good corn or wheat or oats or alfalfa or sweet
clover or anything else, he must use good seed. He seems
to recognize this same factor in connection with his pigs
and chickens and beef animals, but when it comes to
breeding dairy cows he seems to think it makes no differ-
ence what kind of a sire he uses, he can have good cows.

Now there is no class of animals on earth that I know
about, that will respond so quickly to the use of either
good sires or poor sires. This is based upon the law that

like begets like or the likeness of an ancestor. That is as

true today as it ever has been, and we have known of that

162 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

law being in operation for the last two thousand years.
Interpreted into every-day language it means, use good
sires and you will have good cows; use common no-account
sires and you will have common no-account cows. So
again I would say in starting in the dairy business, I have
never greatly favored going out and buying a lot of good
cows. I have always believed we could take the cows we
have on our own farms, at least select the better of them
by the use of scales and the Babcock test, and then mate
them with good sires, knowing that each generation we
will have better cows providing each generation we use
better sires than we used the generation preceding. It is
absolutely a certainty that if you will use a good sire that
is strongly bred and therefore pure-sired, that you can
have any kind of cows that you desire. And take this
home with you: if you use just a common old cheap bull
without any breeding behind him, without any individ-
uality, you are going to breed that kind of cows. If you
will use a good sire, strongly built along lines of milk pro-
duction, mate him with your cows and raise heifer calves,
you will raise good cattle.

The kind of a sire that we use is one that inherently
possesses exactly the points we desire in our cows, there-
fore we wish sires that have large nostrils, clean-cut faces,
broad between the eyes, large, bright prominent eyes. In
the sire we wish that the neck not only be fairly long but
well crested, clean-cut over the shoulder, especially deep
from the top of the shoulders and down to the chest, and
well sprung in the ribs. He should be straight and strong
of back, because we must realize that the proper build
depends as much on the cow extending upward as extend-
ing downward. If your cow has a back that falls from
four to six inches, then there must be that much fall down
here (illustrating), therefore we desire straight and strong
backs on our sires so that they will transmit that charac-
teristic to their offspring. He must be well sprung in the
rib and deep in the body, long from the shoulder back to
the hip bone, hide soft and covered with hair that is soft
and silky, because we must have that combination and that

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 163

condition existing with our cows, and if: that condition
exists in our sires and they are pre-potent, then regardless
to an extent of what kind of cows we mate them with, they
will transmit those characteristics through the cows to their
daughters. Then, gradually, we will be breeding the kind
of cows we desire.

We need not think that we are going to do it one
hundred per cent in one generation, but we must have the
patience of the breeders of other countries; we may expect
to make large improvement the first generation, improve-
ment almost as large as the second, and show a like im-
provement the third generation, and thus continue to im-
prove. We should remember that our lifetime, although too
short to breed the perfect cow, nevertheless is long enough
for us to breed as good cattle as can be bred, providing we
use the right kind ‘of sires.

When we think in these terms, let us also call to mind
that as long as life is, from the cradle to the grave, it is
too short for us to fool it away monkeying around with
scrub cows and not properly feeding them, and especially
is it too short for us to take the trip accompanied by a
scrub or a no-account sire which breeds cows down instead
of upward. I think that ninety per cent of the dairymen of
this country are using sires which are breeding downward
their cows instead of breeding them upward. We know
that we want to breed them upward, and whether we do or
not depends absolutely on the kind of sires that we use.

And then in selecting sires we wish that they be long
and straight from the hip bone back to the pinbone. When
we drop a plumb bob down in front of the cow’s hip it falls
just in front of the udder, and a line dropped down from
the pinbone drops just behind’ the udder of the fresh cow
when it is full. A cow that drops from hip bone to pin-
bone has an udder which cuts up in front, and whenever
we cut away any portion of a cow’s udder we reduce the
capacity. Now if we use prepotent sires that are long from
the hip to the pinbone, and straight, they will transmit
through the cows we are milking today to the cows which
we will be milking in the future, this characteristic of

164 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

length and straightness. Then the heifer calves will be
long from the hip to the pinbone and they will grow into
cows with udders that will distinguish the profitable cow
from the unprofitable one.

Especially do we desire that our sires be well arched
out between the thighs and thin there, because they will
then sire heifer calves that are well arched out with thin
thighs, and when the calves grow up there will be plenty
of room for a broad, long udder.

Every one within reach of my voice knows very well
that success in breeding any class of livestock depends
upon the use of good sires. You can breed your cattle
upward or you can breed them downward. Whichever
way you go depends absolutely upon the kind of sires you
use and the manner in which you raise and grow and de-
velop your heifer calves.

I want to thank you very much for the kind attention
you have given me. If there are any questions I can answer
for you, I will be glad to do so. Has anyone a question?

President O’Hair: Professor, you are invited out for
dinner, and they are waiting for you.

Mr. Van Pelt: All right. Let’s go.
Whereupon the meeting adjourned till 1:40 P. M.

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FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 165

THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

January 28, 1926—1:30 P. M.

President O’Hair: The meeting will please come to.

order.

It is just. too bad to bring a man four hundred miles,
that absolutely knows what he is talking about, and not
have a thousand people here to hear him. Professor Cald-
well talked over in our home community last year, at the
farmers’ institute, and they are still talking about it over
there, men and women. I don’t think any man ever talked
in our county, who made a bigger hit, if you will excuse
the expression, with the people, than Professor Caldwell.
Now he is here and going to talk to you folks. There
are only a few here, but I am sure he will feel repaid by
the good-looking folks that are here.

Now we have two more men to talk to you this after-
noon; and this program we have had puts me in mind of
two boys, a town boy and a country boy, the town boy a
well-dressed little chap who always got good marks in
school, and the country boy a freckle-faced, tow-headed,
bare-footed nimble youngster. The country boy had a
stone-bruise on his heel and the town boy went out to see
him. They went out through an old field and in an apple
orchard. There was one apple in that old orchard. They
knocked it off, it went in the rag-weeds, the country boy
was after it, picked it up and began to eat it. The other
little fellow sat there watching him every time he took a
bite. Finally he said, wistfully, “Give me the core.” And
the other boy stuffed it all in his mouth and said, “‘There
ain’t goin’ to be no core.” (Laughter.) This is the best
program we have ever had, and I will just say without any
fear of contradiction that this has been the best array of
speakers that has been or will be in Illinois this year at
any meeting. (Applause.) We have brought them here,
and as I said this morning, the three or four boys that were

166 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

in here, about fourteen or fifteen years old, who were pay-
ing strict attention to what was being said, would get
enough to in years pay big for what they had heard here.

This afternoon closes our program as you know. I
want you to get all we have to say. Now we will begin
by introducing Professor R. EK. Caldwell, the man that is
second to nobody in the dairy business—Professor Cald-
well. (Applause.)

DAIRY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

Professor R. E. Caldwell, Waukegan

Mr. O’Hair, ladies and gentlemen: We have such a
scattering audience here that it makes it very, very diffi-
cult indeed, to speak, and if those few of you who are
present would assist me a little I believe I could perform
for you much better. There are three of you over there;
come right on down, boys, because I certainly like to be
more intimate with my crowd than I can be with ninety
per cent empty seats.

Your President has just stated that you have had
quite an extensive array of speakers. I think the pro-
gram of yesterday was one of the most unusual dairy pro-
grams that was ever staged any place, considering the
type of topics that was presented, and I believe just for
the few minutes that I want to take your time, that I
would best just review some of the various points that have
been stressed here at this convention, and pick out if I
can, or renew and emphasize in your mind some of the
points that should be ne uppermost from a practical
standpoint.

Take the dairy industry in the first place; what has
been the cause of its development? There is only one
thing that is back of the dairy industry, and that is the
need of a good type of human food. When our forefathers
settled in New England, what did they do? They began

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 167

to grow grain, and wherever they grew grain, grain crops,
the grain crops depleted the soils of those bleak New Eng-
land hills, until finally no more grain could be grown and
they had to move west in vegetation soils, which they did;
and in their place came the beef cattle man, and the grain
farmer moved farther west and farther west until he came
to New York, across Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and today he
is making his last stand in western Kansas, Nebraska,
Oklahoma, North and South Dakota. Now across this en-
tire process you find a few of the grain farmers still staying
put. You have in this locality a very, very rich soil, a soil
that is very hard to deplete, very hard to starve out the
exclusive grain man, unfortunately so from the standpoint
of the most successful agricultural program.

However, gradually the beef man and the hog man
has come in and now as the population becomes heavier,
more dense, as large cities grow closer, you are going to
the more intensive types of production, which is the dairy
and the old hen. I may have a good part to say this after-
noon in regard to poultry as a subsidiary line to dairying,
because I think, analyzing it more closely, that the dairy
industry in its program causes the most intensive type of
dairy business to be located near our large cities. This is
gradually moving farther and farther out into the country.

We have heard a great deal in the last ten years in
Illinois, regarding the dairy business. It is a prosperous
industry in the state; taking during the past six years, I
suppose the dairyman has been the most prosperous of all
classes of farmers. I do not believe there is a single gen-
eral class in that general line of products that has been
more prosperous, better fed, less prone to complain, than
has the dairyman. Now it all must be based upon some
very sound thing, which is the use of good cows, intelligent
feeding, and intelligent marketing.

Many people, especially in new countries—just a point
that I wish to make, and I will speak very much at ran-
dom this afternoon—after hearing a program such as you
have had here this week are apt to become over-enthusias-
tic on the dairy business. If I offer one word of caution,

168 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

it is not to become over-enthusiastic. Don’t go into the
dairy business; grow into the dairy business. Remember
that the farm as a farm must always be major. No mat-
ter how extensive a dairy industry you develop on your
farm, make it always a subordinated part of the farm and
the farm a unit in the support of that industry so far as
the feeds are concerned chiefly.

The next point to keep clear in the mind is the mat-
ter of using good cattle. Now we have four or five great
breeds of dairy cattle. You will find one man very much
enthused as regards one breed and another man enthusias-
tic in regard to another. There is no really superior breed
of dairy cattle. They are all good. You remember there
is greater variations between individuals within a breed
than there is between the average of breeds, so the mere
selection of a breed does not guarantee you salvation in
the development of your dairy business. Select the breed
that most nearly fits into the type of dairy industry you
want to carry on. If you are selling cream for the making
of butter or for the making of ice cream, naturally a breed
of cattle that will produce butter fat and cream most eco-
nomically should be selected. If you are producing whole
milk and desire volume, if your proposition is a matter of
volume and you must naturally supply milk of standard
nutrients, use breeds of cows bred and developed for cen-
turies for that purpose.

Do not fuse one with another breed of cattle. That
is not the point at all. Make use of the breed that most
nearly fits the business in which you are entering, then
select the breed you like best personally, then select the
breed you can most economically make use of in getting |
into the business, then go into the business very slowly, not
necessarily with pure-bred cattle. Always keep a pure-
bred sire, a sire of proven worth from the standpoint of
production, and gradually increase the performance of the
offspring through the use of this sire and add more indi-
viduals to your herd as your farm produces, as your mar-
ket develops, as your understanding of dairying increases;
and if you do that you are building slowly, conservatively,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 169

firmly, but successfully, because you can attend these sort
of conventions which are right at your doors today, and
there is only one way you will ever know anything about
the dairy industry in its details, and that is the actual ex-
periencing of it as you operate it day by day. So go into
the dairy business slowly. Make use of the good breeds,
increasing and improving as you can. Eventually, natur-
ally, you will get into the use of pure-bred animals and so
you will go along in a good, conservative way. There is
no particular magic avout it. There is no panacea that any
one can pass out to you. The development of the business
on the farm must be exactly the same as the development
of a business in a factory. You see a manufacturer run-
ning a factory that spends millions in advertising, in sales
force, millions in buildings, and you soon find an outfit that
is bankrupt. Seldom if ever do you find them jumping
_ from nothing to an enormous size and find them perma-
nent. It takes the slow-growing tree to make the hard
wood, and a slow-growing business to make a permanent
business, whether your business as a dairyman or my busi-
-ness in running a factory, we have got to make a slow, con-
servative start, and only in that way will it be a permanent
industry, and a successful thing to you.

Now we have gradually grown into the dairy business.
We have understood the value of the breeds, of improve-
ment, then by the use of pure-bred sires. We come now
to the problem of feeding. Feed is only one of the wheels.
On this fourth wheel we go, that carries our load of the
dairy industry to success. If you take any one of these
wheels away, this thing is a wreck. You will not progress.
That wheel may be the production of cattle, it may be your
abominable housing of your cattle, it may be the feeding
of them, or it may be neglect in regard to disease. Any
one of those points will cause your industry to be a wreck,
so you may have the best cattle in the world and if you
neglect any one of the other three, your business will be a
failure. I speak in that way simply, that you will always
visualize this business, remembering that no one point is
superior to any other point. One is related to the other,

170 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

that is true, but you must keep them all functioning, all
the same size and turning the same way, fastened on to
your vehicle, and in that way if you continuously keep after
it you will gradually grow up the hill toward success.

I am going to take up just briefly the subject of feed-
ing. After what you heard from Professor Morrison, Pro-
fessor Fraser, Mr. Foss and others, it seems almost foolish
that I should say anything, and what I am saying has al-
ready been said and I am simply merely trying to boil it
down and get together a few threads as I see it, that should
be learned from this convention.

First of all the dairy cow is kept because she can con-
vert things that we can’t eat into a product that we can.
If we could eat corn silage and fodder and alfalfa hay
and all these things, perhaps we might be just as well off
without the dairy cow, but she is constructed to use those
things and convert them into one of the most wonderful
products that we have, and so we use her for that pur-
pose, therefore we must primarily look upon the dairy cow
as an animal or a machine to convert the farm-grown feeds
into these things, chiefly those farm-grown feeds that are
not marketable, such as corn, fodder, hays, straws, and the
general type of farm products that are not naturally of the
highest market value. Therefore I want to build up just
some rations, a ration, for you, really, analyzing it as prac-
tically as I can from the standpoint of the feeder.

You have heard a great deal in regard to sweet clover
and alfalfa hay, and of course we usually consider a le-
gume, soy beans, cowpeas, clover, and all of these things
as one of the most fundamental foundation stones in the
building up of a ration for a dairy cow, and you can’t al-
ways have those, although not many successful dairymen
are succeeding without an abundance of these. Usually
the fellow who uses them most abundantly is the most suc-
cessful, so have that as your guide; start first on your feed-
ing proposition with getting some sort of a legum2.

The next thing a cow must have some sort of succu-
lence in the winter. When does the cow give the most
milk? When are they the most content and in the best
physical condition? Let me paint you just a little picture.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION alb7ial

We have here a bluegrass, side-hill pasture in the
month of June. The bluegrass is knee high; upon the side
of the hill is the big maple tree, and under that maple tree
stands a well bred, high producing dairy cow. Down at
the bottom of the hill runs the sparkling brook, and under
that tree the old cow lies chewing her cud. When you
drive her home at night to milk her, you usually get the
most milk you get any time during the year.

Let us analyze conditions surrounding that cow out
there, and try to reproduce them in the barn in the win-
ter time, and see if we can get the same results. First of
all she has had out in that pasture the most unusual thing
for a dairy cow to have. What is that? That is all she
can eat. The most unusual thing there is on the dairy farm
or on the average farm is to find a dairy cow really full
fed. Professor Van Pelt several years ago went to, I be-
lieve, Arkansas, wasn’t it? and got a bunch of Arkansas
calves and brought them up to an Iowa state county, and
they ran a test to determine something as to the effect of
_under-feeding and full feeding, on a number of ordinary
cattle, a number of ordinary stock such as these, which
is extremely ordinary, also the effect of pure-bred breed-
ing, and they found that you can practically double the
production of ordinary farm cows or of cows of that cali-
ber, by a proper feeding and full feeding. So the first
point to keep in mind in keeping dairy cattle is to feed
them all they will eat.

That is what this old cow had. Her belly was full
of lucious bluegrass. What was the next point? She had
water at proper temperature, and convenient. Next point,
the water was neither too hot nor too cold. She wasn’t
bothered with flies, she had shade, a soft place to be down,
and she was at peace with the world in general.

Let us reproduce that in the barn, on a day like to-
day. All right. We must first of all give her a barn that
is comfortable and has plenty of straw on the floor, so she
can lie down and be comfortable. We must keep her clean
and not put stuff all over her hips as you find so many dairy
cows. You know there is really no crime against currying

12 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

a cow. Many people think they can curry a horse but
that it is sacrilege to curry a cow. It isn’t. You can curry
a cow with perfect peace of mind. She will appreciate it.
And you can save many, many pounds of cream by currying
her and keeping her clean.

What else must you do? Give her water, easily and
frequently available, not too cold. It doesn’t need to be
warm water, but she shouldn’t have to poke her nose
through a six-inch layer of ice like thousands of cows are
doing in this country today. She ought to be able to drink
volumes of it, one hundred pounds a day anyway. Let her
fill herself full of water, because milk is 88 per cent water.
Give her all the water she can drink, and in a way that she
will use large quantities of it.

The next thing is bluegrass, juicy and palatable, so
we have got to make a feed that is palatable, juicy and
rich, so we make up aration. In order to get the nutrients,
we use alfalfa hay and grains. In order to get something
that is soft and juicy, we usually have to use root crops or
silage, and as a result if you surround the cow with those
things, pure air in the barn, with good ventilation in the
barn, lots of straw on the floor, water, plenty of succulent
feed, plenty nutrition, protein-carrying feed, the old cow
will give from ten to twenty-five per cent more milk a day
than she will the fifteenth of June out there in the pasture,
simply because you have the climatic conditions at this
season of the year that stimulate a much more extensive
maximum appetite, so they will eat more at this season of *.
the year than they will in the spring or summer.

Now how could you make up that ration? Just a lit-
tle simple ration. I would use alfalfa, clover, cowpeas,
first, and then add—I would use corn silage. That is the
other part of the roughage. I would not take corn fodder,
turn her outside like you did last fall, and expect her to
produce. She won’t. I wouldn’t turn her outdoors today
and let her run in a stock field and expect her to produce.
I would give her silage and alfalfa, then make up a green
mixture. I will give you a suggested one:

400 pounds ground corn, leaving the cob all out of it

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 173

and when you grind that corn grind it down to the finest
sort of a meal.

200 pounds of wheat bran.

Pour on top of that 100 pounds of cottonseed meal,
then put the whole thing together. Then take that mix-
ture and feed one pound of it for each three to four pounds
of milk the cow gives in a day, give her all the hay and sil-
age she will eat and this grain mixture I have just sug-
gested, make her comfortable in the barn, curry her, keep
her clean, make her at peace and happy in the world,
plenty of water, treat her kindly, milk her regularly, and
if you started out with a good cow you will have a profit-
able cow, there is no doubt about that. :

There is just one other phase of feeding I want to
mention then I am going to give way to Mr. Barney. That
is in regard to what is known as the vitamine D in the feed-
ing of dairy cows. Now vitamine D, as you heard yester-
day from Professor Morrison, is really a point of new dis-
covery, a point that has not been definitely determined. I
will mention a point that has not been definitely proven,
but I am giving it to you for what it is worth as a sug-
gestion.

You take up in northern Illinois and southern Wiscon-
sin, there you will find most dairymen put their cows in
the barn as soon as the weather begins to get cool in the
fall, put drinking fountains in front of the cows, and do
all these things in quite a thorough way, as I have sug-
gested, then along about this season of the year or a little
later they begin to lose lots of calves through abortion.
Lots and lots of farmers lose their calves from what they
term contagious abortion. Investigators on this subject are
beginning to tell us more and more that it may be caused
due to the method of feeding, and I am giving you this not
as a final statement on it but for consideration, and in order
for me to prove this point or to present it before you in the
best way, I must go back and bring up a little more evi-
dence on another line, and that is at the University of
Wisconsin they took chickens and put six birds and a
cockerel in a coop, and they reproduced that experiment

174 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

time after time in a half dozen tests, all running at once.
They put these coops on a table down in the basement in
the agricultural] chemistry building at Madison, with not
very much light coming in through the windows. These
chickens were all related, fed alike, of the same age; in
every regard they were nearly alike one with the other.
Three hens in each coop had red neckbands, and three of
them had white neckbands. Only one point was altered.
Every day the hens with the red neckbands were picked
out, put in a little cage a foot square covered with ordinary
chicken net, taken outside and left out for ten minutes.
They were then brought back and the chickens turned in
the coop with the rest of them. Along one side of this
coop was a string of nests. These hens would go in these
nests and lay their eggs. They were trap nests, so each
egg was marked showing the ken that produced it. They
put those eggs in an incubator and allowed them to incu-
bate, and not yet have they been able to grow a chicken
to the age of eight weeks from the hens that remained in
that pen continuously, and they can take the chicks
hatched from the other group and they have no difficulty
at all in growing them. They seem to have the constitu-
tional vigor and ability to grow. The feeding was alike,
environment alike, breeding was alike, everything was
alike except each day the three with the red neckbands
were taken out and allowed the sun to shine on their backs
for ten minutes, if there was any sunshine.

What has that to do with the dairy business? Jusv
this. The dairyman who builds his beautiful barns, puts
lots of windows along the walls, installs a good ventilating
system, drinking fountains along the stanchions, and keeps
his cows in there continuously, the dairy cow gradually
starves her body, gradually starves for the minerals needed
in making milk. Those minerals go out in the form of milk,
and she robs her body and robs it more and more and more,
and after she is pregnant she finds that she has not con-
structive material enough to build a foetus, and nature en-
ables her to lose her load by eliminating that, and she
aborts.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 175

I am not saying that there is not infectious abortion
because there is, and it is very prevalent, but it is at least
an assisting cause in bringing that condition about.

Now why has the sunlight any relation there? Why
not feed more minerals? Simply for this reason: you can
take a dairy cow and feed her all the mineral in the world.
You can take your own children and feed them all the
mineral feeds in the world, such as the girls here this week
_have been telling you about, spinach and carrots and eggs
and milk and everything in the world that you want to
feed that child, and keep her inside, and that child will
have ricketts. That child will become bowlegged, have
large joints, be stunted, undersize, undeveloped. Why?
simply because the human system has not the ability to
assimilate minerals without the presence of an activating
agent. What is that activating agent? It is known tech-
nically as the ultra-violet ray of sunlight; so all you need
to do to make your children grow is to fill them full of
mineral-carrying feed, then take that child out in God’s free
sunlight and let the sunlight shine upon that child’s body.
The bloodstream being loaded with minerals, it activates
that in the same way and causes those minerals to be de-
posited upon the skeleton of the body. Asa result, a good,
big, strong, straight skeleton is built and constitutional
vigor is carried on through life.

Now with the dairy cow you keep her inside and de-
prive her of the activating agent of sunlight, I care not
what you feed, that cow will gradually rob her skeleton in
the making of the product that nature has bred her to pro-
duce and as a result she will break down frequently, either
in low milk production, the elimination of the foetus or the
general breaking down in the skeleton, as you see in older
cows so often, which is the by-product of poor management
ninety-nine times out of a hundred. What are you going
to do? |

Build more windows along the barn so that your cow
can get that sunlight. If you do, remember this one thing:
ordinary window glass is made from silica, and whenever
sunlight passes through glass it filters out that wave known

176 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

as the ultra-violet wave. And so you can take the dairy
cow or take your own children, for example, and build a
beautiful sun parlor of solid glass, give the child playthings
and allow that child to play in that room and the child will
have ricketts, because there is not one particle of the ultra-
violet ray that has ever been able to go through that glass
into that child’s system to activate the development and
digestion and assimilation of minerals. So the building of
windows in your barn will not do the trick. It will be nec-
essary for you to get these cows out in the open ten or
fifteen or twenty or thirty minutes a day at least, three or
four times a week, and allow the unfiltered sunlight to
strike upon the backs and to activate the minerals in the
food which you have given her, and as a result you will
guard against and ward off many ills. You will increase
your production, your build, constitution, and especially is
this true in the handling of your breeding stock. How
many of you put the sire back in an old box-stall in the
northeast corner of a barn, and you keep him there month
after month, month after month, and then you wonder why
he is not profitable. It is simply because you have robbed
him of one of the elements necessary to vitalize him and
enable him to reproduce. So if you are breeding stock, if
you are growing stock, that producing stock must all in
some way be activated by the freest thing in the world—
sunlight, plus good common sense in feeding, which is one
of the important drive wheels in carrying forward this
wagon which is loaded with your ambitions to become
more successful in the dairying business.

Now I beg your pardon for giving you such a rambling
talk on the subject of material. It is a pleasure for me to
be with you here this afternoon. I am an old friend of
the Dairy Association of Illinois, having worked with it
for years, and trust it may be my pleasure as years go on
to still continue working with you.

I wish to thank you very cordially for the splendid
attention that you have given me. (Applause.)

President O’Hair: Everybody likes to hear Professor

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION LG

Caldwell talk, and I am sure the next time we come back
here you folks will give him a bigger crowd.

Now we have probably the best known man in the
Holstein world, known as a judge of dairy cattle. I don’t
know just what his official job is now, but he is now with
the Holstein folks: Mr. Barney. I want him to talk to
you at this time.

178 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

DAIRY LEGISLATION

Mr. W. B. Barney, Holstein-Friesian Association of America

Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen: I want to
assure you that I am greatly pleased to be with you today,
and truthfully say, that in an experience of about fifty
years in attending conventions, I have never visited one
that had the array of talent on its program up to this time,
that you have had here in Illinois.

Now I want to say that I was president of the State.
Dairymen’s Association of Iowa for three years, and I was
never able to get out a bunch of men such as you have here.

I am going to be much like the last speaker—I may
have a sort of a rambling talk for you this afternoon.
There has been so many good things said during these
meetings, that it doesn’t seem to me that there is a great
deal left for me to say this afternoon.

There is one feature, though, which seems to me
hasn’t been touched on. Perhaps many of you will not
agree with me on what I have to say on this matter. I
think it has a great deal to do with the dairy industry;
I think it has a greater deal to do with the pure-bred live-
stock industry, and what I mean by that is the condition
of the farmers in this country today.

It just happened that I heard President Coolidge when
he was in Chicago, just a little later I went out to my home
state, Iowa, and I was at the meeting that was held at
Des Moines. Now naturally I should be pretty strong for
Coolidge, due to the fact that I was born in his state, or
he born in mine. We are natives of Vermont, both of us,
and I liked his principles of economy. I have always been
a pretty good Republican, therefore we shouldn’t disagree,
but I do wish to call your attention to a few of the things
this afternoon that I believe are important.

I have said for a long time that the pure-bred indus-
try—and when I say the pure-bred industry I mean cat-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 179

tle, hogs, and all the pure-bred breeds—would come back
when agriculture came back. I do not know of anything that
has suffered more through the depression period than agri-
culture, and I want to call your attention to a few things
this afternoon that seem to me have been done for the
railroads and for the industries, which put us on a dif-
ferent basis from what they are at this time.

Now when I pick up a time table, perhaps wanting to
go to New York, I look it over, pick up the Pennsylvania
time table or the New York Central, what do I find? In-
stead of a charge of two cents a mile as we formerly had
before the war, I find a charge of three-sixty a mile, and
then I find besides that out of about eleven trains running
over each of those roads an extra charge for extra fare,
for anywhere around three to eight dollars, is made. Then
besides that, when you buy your Pullman, sleeper, what
do you find there’? Still an extra charge. And now why?
Because legislation Has) permitted these people to put
that on. |

Now take up for instance the man who sells me my
‘shoes or my clothes or anything of that kind. What do I
find? I find that extra price. All of this is brought about
by legislation. Labor, that is the average laboring man of
the country is getting pretty near double what he was
before the war. What is the man on the farm getting?

You know I am reminded of a story, sometimes, when
I think of the condition of the railroads and the industries
as compared with the farmer. I don’t know just what can
be done to help in this fight that we are in. I want to say
in the beginning I have got to a point when I am willing to
almost try anything to help out the farmer and the dairy-
men of this country, and the story that I wish to mention
is this:

It was said that a negro made up his mind that he
would go bear hunting, so he fixed up his gun in fine shape
and started out. It was along about four or five o’clock
in the evening, and he went down the road a ways. He
didn’t see a bear for a considerable time. It got along to-
ward dusk and he looked down the road a little ways and

180 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

saw a big black bear coming down the road. He was para-
lyzed with fright. He dropped his gun, stood there for a
moment, and he made up his mind that about the best thing
he could do was to turn tail and go back. Well, he turned
around, and after he went down the road a ways he could
hear the bear’s feet coming nearer and nearer all the time.
He concluded that his time had come. He thought he bet-
ter offer prayer. He started out about this way: ‘Oh,
Lord A’mighty, for God’s sake help his here nigger dis
time. I can hear dat bear gettin’ nearer and nearer all de
time. Now then, if he should catch me, for God’s sake if
you can’t help me don’t help de bear.” (Laughter.)

I think that is just the condition we are in now. If
they can’t help the farmer and the dairyman, for God’s
sake don’t help the railroads and the industries quite so
much. I think this has a close relationship to our pros-
verity. I have maintained for the last three or four years
that when agriculture was prosperous the dairy industry
would be prosperous. The dairy industry has been more
prosperous than most any other branch of agriculture all
through the depreciation period, but I want to say the
time has come or I feel that it has, when we need a little
help, if they are going to help the industries and the rail-
roads in the manner they are doing. :

I want to say in considering the entire matter, I think
well of the Dickinson Bill, I wouldn’t be surprised if with
modifications it would be put through, and I think it should
be put through, and I hope it may be.

I am not going to speak at any great length this after-
noon. I didn’t notice the time when I started, but I want
to say a few things about legislation. I presume that some
of you heard what was said the other night at the banquet,
but I will have to repeat part of it. I have been employed
for the last three years by the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion, looking after general legislation and extension work.
Now it just happened that while I was dairy and food com-
missioner of Iowa, that I saw the necessity of having a law
put through there, and I want to tell you how I came to see
the need of that law. About twenty-five years ago I began

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 181

showing cattle and I was fortunate enough to own a cow
that was a prize-winner at our State Fair and at some of
the other fairs, and at the National Dairy Show two years.
That was before I became commissioner of Iowa. After I
became commissioner I discontinued showing. One day
Mr. H. R. Wright, my predecessor, came to me and said,
“Barney, did you ever see this circular?” ‘What circu-
lar?” I asked him. ‘This one.’’ He handed me out a cir-
cular gotten out by Mr. Jelke up there at Elgin, and lo and
behold, there was the picture of a head of Holsteins, and
right in the foreground of that picture was my cow! What
had happened? He had had the photograph taken at his
barnyard, then he got a small picture of my cow and pasted
on to that photograph and re-photographed it, and under-
neath the picture it read: ‘‘This is the celebrated herd of
Holstein-Friesian from which Good Luck Oleo is made.’
Well, I didn’t feel that that cow was in very good com-
pany. He didn’t put a cotton plant in his barnyard, or a
hog or a steer. Those were the products at that time that
oleo was made from. That is not true at this time. I put
a stop to that, and finally about that time I had become
commissioner of Iowa, and ! went to the Attorney-General
and I said to him, “Isn’t there something we can do to do
away with that sort of thing?” “It is unfair to the public,
it is unfair to the breeders of cattle, it is unfair to every-
body to use that sort of advertising.” He said, “Well, what
would you want to do?” I said, “I would like to have a
law drawn that would prohibit the use of the pictures of
dairy animals or the use of dairy terms in advertising oleo.”’
“Well,” he said, ‘draw up something of that kind and I
will look it over.” ‘I think we can get by with it.’’ ‘“‘Have
it enacted.” Idid. I drew up a law and he 'ooked it over
and fixed it up.a little, and I went to the legislature with it.
I didn’t advertise the fact that I was going to do that, and
it passed almost before the oleo people knew about it.
Later on Governor Lowden was elected governor of IIli-
nois and still later on he was made president of our Asso-
ciation. He thought very well of that measure. It is just
as helpful to the Jersey, the Guernsey or the man who
owns a red cow, as it is for the man who owns our breed,

182 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

but he thought we would come in for part of the benefit
by the enactment of a law of that kind, and he took up the
matter of my going out to the farmers of the state and hav-
ing that and the filled milk bill put through, and I want
to say that for the last three years I have been working on
things of that kind, and at this time have been successful
in having that law enacted in twenty-four states and have
been instrumental in the way of helping to have the filled
milk bill enacted in twenty-seven states.

I think they have done a lot of good. If I hadn’t made
a case in lowa against the Jelke people, the people that
used my cow, I wouldn’t have known whether the law had
done any good or not, but I made a very careful survey in
the department when, just before I made this case, they
had come to Des Moines and engaged half-page space in
three daily papers, advertising this product. I didn’t notify
them, I simply made the case against them, and when this
advertising was at its height I sent an inspector out over
Des Moines and had him find out how much oleo was being
sold there, then after the case had been made and they had
pleaded guilty and paid their fine, I sent an inspector out
again, two or three weeks later with this result, that there
was a falling off of about twenty or twenty-five per cent
in the amount of oleo sold in the City of Des Moines and
an increase of approximately the same amount of butter
sold. That showed me it was really worth while.

We have had a lot of trouble in this respect: when we
would go into a state having in mind the enactment of this
law, the cottonseed people, that is the oleo people would
come in and say, “If you enact that law, especially as you
get further south, what are you going to do? You are
going to cripple the cottonseed industries. Why? Because
of the fact that they use so much cottonseed oil in the
manufacture of oleo.’”’ I want to say that I have looked
into this matter carefully, and I find this, that there are
about three hundred million pounds of the different oils
that are produced and used yearly in the manufacture of
oleo. Now after all the story of the amount of cottonseed
oil that is used I find this, that there is only about ten per

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 183

cent of all that, that is cottonseed oil. Part is cocoanut Olly? +
and yet the oleo people pass out this stuff, that we are ruin-
ing the cottonseed industry in the south, and they have
been getting by with it.

I think that the time has come perhaps, when it will
be very well to retaliate. There are other things that we
can use in the way of protein feeds for our cattle up in
this country, and I think they should be used. Why not
use corn gluten? That is produced here in Illinois, and
it is produced all over the central west, and in a general
way we can say that we do want to make those people
come across. I think it would be fair to remember that
there are other proteins that can be used besides those
that we find in cottonseed oil.

Now I am wondering if a lot of people here aren’t
asking themselves this question, ‘““Aren’t we going to overdo
the dairy industry?”’ I remember when I was down in
southwestern Missouri about a year and a half ago, I talked
to quite a good sized crowd there. When I had finished a
gentleman in the back, by the door, got up and said, ‘“‘Mr.
Barney, aren’t we going to overdo the dairy industry?” I
said I will have to answer that by telling you a short story.
I am old enough so that I remember the time over fifty
years ago, that my father owned a farm in southern Wis-
consin, and we had four or five cows on the farm. We
had a spring house and we sat our milk in pans, in crocks,
and we raised the water around it as we needed to by the
use of a stone in the outlet, had a flagstone floor in the
' spring house, and we skimmed the milk with a hand skim-
mer. It was my part of the job to do the churning with a
dash churn, and I can well remember the days that I
wanted to go fishing the butter was always very much
longer in coming. (Laughter.) We didn’t have ther-
mometers then to tell whether the temperature of the
cream was right or not, and we didn’t have many of the
things that we have today.

I recall that just a little later my father came to me
one day and he said—we were getting about six to eight

184 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

cents a pound for that butter delivered at the country
store. Now remember, this was about fifty years ago, and
it was good butter, too. It was all right. And he said to
me, “I understand that some of our neighbors here are
getting in cows, and I am wondering whether we are going
to have a market for our butter very much longer at six
or eight cents a pound. Won’t we have to take less?”
What was on his mind? Wasn’t it this overproduction
proposition? Wasn’t he thinking of that? I have thought
of it since that, and I believe he was thinking of over-
production then. There isn’t a man in this audience, I
have put this proposition up from California to Maine, and
I have asked somebody in these audiences to answer me
this question, is there another product that you can think
of, another agricultural product, in which the price has
been more stable than it has on dairy products in the last
fifty years? No. I don’t know, we may have over-pro-
duction in time, but I believe that if we make a good, clean,
wholesome product and go on with the work such as the
National Dairy Council is doing, that we are not going to
be troubled by over-production in the lives of almost any
of us here in this room. You know there have a lot of us
been asleep at the switch, the dairymen have, in the past,
up to about four or five years ago. What has happened,
so far as soft drinks are concerned? You go to the south
especially, and you see there and all over this country,
advertising, advertising everwhere, millions of dollars spent
in the advertising of Coca Cola. What has the dairyman
done as compared with that? Very little. When you see
this wonderful advertisement that they put up of the fine
looking young lady with the blush on her cheek, passing
out a glass of Coca Cola you want to remember that Coca
Cola never put that blush there. Never in the world. It
was milk. She must have been a milk-drinker, because
Coca Cola would never do it, but yet we kind of sit around
and don’t advertise our product as we should, or anything
like the way we should.

Of course I will admit that the profits on our products
are not as great as on some of the products like oleo. I
know what oleo costs. It costs about twelve cents a pound

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 186

and we have got that to compete with. Of course they
have an advantage over the butter people, from the fact
that they have the biggest margin of profit, and yet at the
same time the dairy industry is so large that if the dairy
people would get in, just in a small way, there wouldn’t
be any trouble about putting this thing over. I said last
night I was very grateful to the people in Illinois, to your
Commissioner of Agriculture, your present Commissioner
of Agriculture and President O’Hair, for the service ren-
deed in getting this law through in Illinois. I have spent
quite a little time in Springfield, three years ago this win-
ter, in having the law enacted. One of the reasons that I
tackled Illinois among the first states was on this account,
the very fact that there was so much oleo made’ here, I
knew we would have a lot of opposition and I felt that if
we could get the law enacted here in Illinois, that I could
go out and say, ““Well, we got by in Illinois, and if we can
there, there is every reason to believe we should enact it
in this state,” and it has been a wonderful help as I have
-gone from one place to another.

What happened over in Indiana? I went over there
two years ago and through some miscue the bill was not
introduced. Last winter I was west, in Idaho, through the
entire west, and I didn’t get down there, but the bill was
introduced. I went down and we had a Jersey association,
the Holstein people, and the general dairy crowd down
there, and I gave them what information I could as to what
to do to get by with it, and they did. But what happened
later? The speaker of the house signed the bill and it went
over to the president of the senate. He signed it, and what
happened then? It disappeared before it got to the gov-
ernor. Well, I don’t believe any of the dairymen stole it,
but I do think I know who had something to do with its
disappearing.

Now, gentlemen, I speak of that only to show the
importance of this measure, and why it should be enacted
in many of the states all over the country. Now it is get-
ting late and I have talked quite a little, and I want to
thank you very much to have had the opportunity of
speaking to you this afternoon. (Applause.)

186 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

ECONOMICAL MILK PRODUCTION

Charles Foss, Freeport, linois

Any one engaged in milking cows on a commercial
scale does so with the intention of making money at the
dairy business. No one wants to keep cows at a loss or
for pleasure. It is true, however, that not every one en-
gaged in dairying is making money at it.

There are two ways in which the farmer can market
the crops he grows on his farm. One way is to sell them
for cash and the other way is to feed them to livestock.
To the man who is engaged in dairying, the cow is the°
market to which he sells his crops.

The price he will receive for his crops he grows on
his farm will depend on the price he will receive for his
milk or butter fat, and upon the ability of the cow to con-
vert the feed he grows on his farm into milk and butter
fat economically. The efficient cow is an important factor
in economical milk production. There are two ways to
increase the profits in the dairy business. One is to get
an increased price for our dairy products and the other
is to decrease the cost of production. Generally speaking,
dairymen do not control the price they get for their milk
and butter fat, but they can control the cost of production
so far as feed and care and efficiency of the dairy cow
is concerned.

The Department of Dairy Husbandry of the Univer-
sity of Illinois has found from data secured from cost ac-
counting records kept on farms in the Chicago milk dis-
trict, that 44 pounds of grain, 188 pounds of silage, 50
pounds of hay, 39 pounds of bedding and 2.42 hours of
man labor enter into the average cost of producing one
hundred pounds of milk. The cost accounting records
from which this data was secured represented approxi-
mately one thousand cows and is the average cost of pro-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 137

ducing one hundred pounds of milk by.these cows. If this
was the average cost of producing one hundred pounds of
milk, there were approximately 500 cows, or one-half of
them, that produced one hundred pounds of milk for less
feed than the average and about 500 cows that required
more than this average to produce one hundred pounds of
milk. Ifa dairyman, by weighing the milk from each indi-
vidual cow, would sell all the low producing cows in the
herd and keep only the best ones, he could reduce the cost
of producing milk materially and thereby increase the pro-
fits. Generally speaking, the cow that will produce the
largest fiow of milk in a year will return the largest returns
above the cost of feed.

In one particular cow testing association, the best cows
in the association returned seven times as much net profits
in a year as did the poorest cows in the association. In
another association, the best herd of ten cows returned
51,475.20 above the cost of the feed they consumed, while
the poorest two herds in the association, comprising thirty-
six cows, only returned $1,213.95 above feed cost. In this
association, the ten best cows returned $265.25 more net
profit than did the thirty-six poorest cows. The average
production of the thirty-six poorest cows in this particular
cow-testing association is over fifty per cent higher than
the average production of all the cows in the state.

The average of all cow-test associations will show
practically the same degree of difference in the production
of the best and poorest cows.

There are two essentials that are necessary for eco-
nomical milk production. The first one is good cows and
the second is to feed the good dairy cow the proper feed
and give her the proper care that she needs to produce
milk. There is only one way by which you can determine
the good cow from the poor one in a herd, and that is by
weighing the milk and testing it for its butter fat content,
by which the average production can be determined for the
year and the poor cows eliminated from the herd.

The testing can be done either by the dairyman him-
self or he can join a cow test association, if there is one in

188 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

his county, and have a tester do the testing. Where the
testing is done by the dairymen, it does not necessarily
require much time. A milk scales should be procured
which are so arranged that when the pail of milk is hung
upon the scales it will record the net weight of the milk
in pounds and tenths of pounds. A lead pencil and milk
sheet should be placed at a convenient place and the
pounds and tenth pounds recorded on the scales placed on
the milk sheet. After the weight of the milk has been
recorded on the milk sheet, the milk in the pail is thor-
oughly stirred and a small sample taken to be tested. The
milk should be weighed and a sample taken of each milk-
ing for the two milkings in one day. The pounds of milk
and butter fat produced by each cow should be multiplied
by the number of days in that particular month.

The milk must be weighed one day in each month and
at the end of the year you have an approximate record of
the production of each cow in the herd. Each cow in the
herd should have a name or number. The testing can be
done by any ordinary dairyman provided he has a Bab-
cock tester, or usually his buttermaker or creameryman will
do the testing for him. Wherever it can be done, it is bet-
ter to join a cow test association and have the testing done
by a tester who runs the association.

If you are a member of a cow-test association, you will
not only have the average milk and butter fat production
of each cow but you will also have the amount of feed
consumed by each cow in a year as well as the returns
above feed cost. These records will show whether a cow
is making a profit or losing money for you.

It is not only essential to have good cows to make a
profit, but it is just as necessary to feed the good cow the
right kind of feed and all she will consume at a profit.

About fifty or sixty per cent of the feed the cow eats
goes for body maintenance and energy used in milk pro-
- duction. Whatever a cow consumes over this amount goes
for milk production. If she is fed only enough to furnish
what is required for maintenance and energy, she can pro-
duce very little milk.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 189

When cows are on good pasture during the month of
June, conditions are ideal for economical milk production.
Grass is the natural food for the cow. It not only contains
all the necessary nutriment the cow needs for maintenance
and milk production, but it also furnishes succulence with-
out which no cow can produce very much milk. Another
important factor in milk production is contentment and
comfort of the cow. To secure the largest production it
is necessary to provide the ideal conditions, that the cow
enjoys when on good pasture during the month of June,
the year around as nearly as we can. Succulence for the
ration can be supplied either in silage or roots. The barn
during the winter must be comfortable. It must have
plenty of sunlight, fresh air and must neither be too hot
nor too cold.

The feed the cow gets must have the required nutri-
ents in the right proportions. It must have milk, be diges-
tible and palatable so that the cow will consume a large
amount of food.

It is just as necessary that a cow drink a large amount
of water in a day as it is that she consume a large amount
of feed, if she is to produce economically. Eighty-seven
per cent of milk is water. A cow that produces a large
amount of milk necessarily needs to drink a large amount
of water. Limit the water supply and the cow will drop
in milk production in the same proportion.

During the summer months it is not difficult to get
the cow to drink all the water she needs. All that is nec-
essary is to give her free access to clean water. It is dur-
ing cold weather when she is compelled to drink out of a
tank that is frozen with ice that she refuses to drink all
that she needs. The water for the cow should be warmed
to about fifty degrees Fahrenheit during cold weather.

The cow should be milked quietly and quickly. A
cow is largely a creature of habit. If usually fed at the
time of her milking, she cannot be milked satisfactorily
until she has her feed. Special care should be taken to
get all of the strippings. The first milk drawn may con-

190 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

tain as little as one per cent of fat, while the last drawn
may run from five to ten per cent.

Under ordinary conditions, the usual practice of milk-
ing twice daily is sufficient. The intervals should be as
nearly equal as possible. By milking cows that are heavy
producers three times a day the yield can be materially
increased, depending upon the amount of milk they pro-
duce. Three times milking will increase the production
about ten per cent for cows giving from forty to fifty
pounds of milk, while those giving sixty pounds, the in-
crease is about twenty per cent. Ordinarily the increase
in production of the average cow by milking three times
does not pay for the extra time and labor required to do
the extra milking.

Buildmg Up an Efficient Dairy Herd

One of the essentials to economical milk production
and profits in the dairy business is good cows, that can
convert the feed we grow on our farms into milk and but-
ter fat at a profit. Naturally the question arises, where
can we get good cows?

There are two ways to get good cows. One way is
to go out and buy them from dairymen and breeders who
have been in the breeding game for a long time and the
other way is to raise them. While the first method is the
quickest way to get an efficient herd of dairy cows, it is
not the cheapest way. It is also true that when you de-
pend on buying your cows, there is more danger of getting
contagious abortion and tuberculosis into your herd. It is
also true that most good dairymen and breeders know
which are their best cows and it is usually the rule that
they sell the poorest cows in the herd. While it is true
that some of the best cows in a herd can be bought, you
will be required to pay a premium to get them. Then, if
every one would want to buy good cows, there would not
be enough to go around.

The best way to get an efficient herd is to raise your
cows. Keep a record of the production of each cow and
then raise the heifer calves from the best cows. After

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION OE

these heifers come fresh, sell off the lowest producers.
Where this method of improving a herd is followed, a very
efficient herd can be built up in a few years. I have fol-
lowed this method of improvement for nearly twenty-one
years. Some of the cows raised in this way have averaged
nearly 3,000 pounds of milk, more than their dams have
produced.

The herd from which we built our herd averaged only
3,900 pounds of milk and 190 pounds of butter fat. In
three years’ time, the average production of the herd was
increased to 8,000 pounds of milk and 307 pounds of but-
ter fat.

In building up a good dairy herd, the first essential
is to decide which one of the dairy breeds you want to
keep and then put a sire of exceptionally good breeding at
the head of the herd. This is very important, since the
sire) is more than one-half of the herd. Whatever improve-
ment is made in milk and butter fat production of the
daughters over their dams must come from the sire. Im-
provement cannot come from any other source except from
the sire.

In selecting a sire, attention should be given not only
to the individuality of the bull, but his dams should have
very good milk and butter fat records for four or five
generations back of him if you expect to make very much
improvement in the herd.

There are five leading dairy breeds and they are all
good. If a record of production of each individual cow is
kept and only the best cows retained in the herd, it will
make very little difference which breed you have.

* Some of the factors to be taken into consideration in
deciding which particular dairy breed you want, are:

1. Breed of cattle most common in the community.
2. Form in which product is to be marketed.

3. Average production of milk and fat.

4, Original cost and probable demand for surplus

5. Preference of the breeder.

192 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

It is generally always better to have a breed of dairy
cows which are common in your community, because any
surplus stock you may have for sale can be disposed of to
much better advantage than would be the case if the
breed you have were not common in your community. An-
other advantage is that when you once have had a good
sire and can no longer use him, you can dispose of him to
your neighbors. In-many cases neighbors can exchange
sires or where the herd is too small to have a good sire,
two or three neighbors can club together and purchase a
much better sire than one with a small herd can afford
to buy.

If one is selling butter fat only and the skim milk is
fed to young stock, it will not make very much difference
which one of the dairy breeds you have. Generally speak-
ing, Guernseys or Jerseys are a little more economical pro-
ducers of butter fat than the other breeds. In part this is
offset, however, by the fact that the other breeds will pro-
duce more skim milk, which is a very valuable feed for
growing stock.

Wherever whole milk is sold either to cheese factories,
condenseries or for city milk trade, the Holstein cow pre-
dominates on account of the large flow of milk she pro-
duces. While Holstein milk tests are lowest in butter fat
of all dairy breeds, the Holstein cow will produce enough
milk in a year to equal and, in many cases, to exceed the
butter fat production of the other breeds.

It costs more to produce one hundred pounds of high-
testing milk than it does to produce one hundred pounds of
low-testing milk and, until the consuming public will be
educated to be willing to pay for this difference in produc-
tion cost, the Holstein cow will predominate where whole
milk is sold for city consumption. So far as the average
yearly production of butter fat is concerned, the differ-
ence is not so great between the different breeds. Of the
average of all the official records of each breed up to sev-
eral years ago, the Holstein led in both milk and butter
fat production, averaging 14,974 pounds of milk and 505
pounds of butter fat with an average test of 3.42 per cent

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 193

fat. The Guernsey breed averaged 9,030 pounds of milk
and 453 pounds of fat with an average of a little over five
per cent fat.

The Jersey breed averaged 7,931 pounds of milk and
424 pounds of butter fat with an average of 5.35 per cent

fat.
| The Brown Swiss averaged 10,931 pounds of milk and
437 pounds of fat with an average of about four per cent
fat.

The Ayrshire breed averaged 9,621 pounds of milk
and 381 pounds of fat with an average of nearly four per
cent fat. |

To successfully,raise a good dairy calf, it is essential
to keep the calf growing from the time it is born until it
becomes a mature cow.

Feed and Care of the Dairy Calf

Allow the new-born calf to be with its mother for the
first four days, or until the mother’s milk has become nor-
mal. After the fourth day remove the calf from its mother,
giving it a clean, dry and well-lighted box stall. Feed the
calf six pounds of the mother’s milk, both morning and
evening, in a clean pail. The temperature of the milk
must be no lower than ninety degrees Fahrenheit. Feed
this ration until the calf is a month old.

On farms where skim milk is available, the whole
milk can gradually be changed to skim milk after the calf
is a month old. On farms where whole milk is sold and no
skim milk is available, the whole milk can be gradually
substituted with commercial calf meals that are sold on
the market, or a home mixed milk supplement may be fed,
consisting of equal parts of oil meal, blood meal, hominy
and flour. Make a gruel of this mixture, feeding about
one-fourth pound of the dry meal daily at the beginning,
the. amount being increased one-fourth of a pound daily
each week for four weeks.

As a rule, the use of milk should be continued until
the calf is sixty days old.

Calf meals alone, or calf meals, hay and grain, do not

194 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

form a complete ration for the young calf, since they do
not supply the necessary nutrients in a form readily di-
gested and assimilated.

To produce satisfactory growth when feeding a calf
meal, it is best to use the meal as a supplement to milk,
rather than a complete substitute for it. It is doubtful if,
under average conditions, good gains will be made unless
some milk is fed until the calf is about sixty days old.

When the calf is about four weeks old, it will begin
to nibble at hay and grain. A good quality of clover or
alfalfa hay should be placed in easy reach of the calf at
this age.

As soon as the calf begins to eat grain, it should have
free access to the following mixtures:

30 pounds ground corn or hominy,
30 pounds ground oats,

30 pounds wheat bran,

10 pounds oil meal.

Corn silage can be fed as soon as the calf will eat it.
Silage will not be consumed to any great extent until the
calf is two months old. It is important that the silage is of
a good quality.

The calf must also have free access to clean water
after it is a few weeks old. This is very necessary, since
water is just as essential an element entering into the feed
of the calf as any other feed.

In order that the heifer calf will develop into a good
cow, it must be kept growing from birth to maturity.

The age at which a heifer should be bred will vary
somewhat in the different breeds. The smaller breeds can
be bred a little younger than the larger breeds. The state
of development must also be taken into consideration.

Heifers that have been slow in developing should not
be bred as soon as those that have developed more rapidly.
Normally developed animals should be bred at the follow-
ing ages:

Holsteins at the age of 19-21 months.
Aqrshires at the age of 18-20 months.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 195

Guernseys at the age of 17-19 months.
Jerseys at the age of 15-17 months.

Value of a Good Sire

The question of getting for immediate use a herd that
may be kept at a profit is a question of the selection of the
individual cow.

It is generally conceded that, taking all dairy cattle
into account, about one-third of those raised are unsatis-
factory and have to be culled out as unprofitable where
records are kept. This results in an enormous loss of food
in the aggregate, not only in raising unprofitable animals
but in keeping them until their worthlessness is proven.

In this connection one of the first questions to arise
is whether these inferior animals which must be culled are
the result of inheritance or of environment. In other words
is a good or an inferior cow born what she is, or is she
made what she is by feed and management when young?
The results of experiments of our Experiment Stations along
this line lead to the conclusion that the ability of the cow
to produce milk—the dairy temperament as it is some-
times called—is almost entirely a matter of inheritance.
The high class or the inferior cow are born that way and
not made so by special treatment when young. In fact,
within the limits of ordinary practice the manner of feed-
ing and management of the growing heifer has little if any
relation to the efficiency of the mature cow as a milk pro-
ducer. In other words, if a heifer that is well bred does
not receive the proper and the right amount of feed needed
for the proper development, she will be slow in maturing,
but after she is fully matured she will have the capacity
to produce milk as efficiently as she would if she had been
fed to mature more rapidly. On the other hand, a heifer
born of low producing parents cannot be made to produce
a large flow of milk no matter how well she has been fed
or how rapidly she has matured.

If the difference between a cow having a capacity
of 10,000 pounds of milk a year and another that will pro-
duce only 3,000 pounds is a question of parents, it certainly

196 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

becomes a matter of no small importance to see that the
proper parents are provided.

We must depend on the selection of good cows to
insure a satisfactory herd and the problem of getting a
better herd for the future is a question of having good
young stock coming on and is a matter of breeding.

The selection of breeding is primarily that of the se-
lection of the right sire, because it has been a long-recog-
nized fact that the sire is half the herd, since practically
all the improvement must come from the sire. One of the
most striking demonstrations regarding the value of a good
bull as a means of improving the productive capacity of a
dairy herd is shown by results obtained at the Iowa Experi-

ment Station. A group of typical native cows was brought '
from an isolated locality in the Ozark regions in Arizona. |

After reaching the experiment station these cows received
the same treatment as that given the regular dairy herd.

The cows were divided into three groups for breeding pur- :
poses. The original cows in group one and their descend- |
ants were bred to Holstein bulls, another group to Guenr- |

seys and the third to Jerseys.

The thirteen original cows with a total of 74 lactation |
periods averaging 3,991 pounds of milk and 187 pounds of ||
fat. Thirteen daughters of these cows by pure-bred bulls :
representing the three breeds for a total of 40 lactation «
periods averaged 5,556 pounds of milk and 253 pounds of |
fat, an increase in milk of 39 per cent. Five cows of the |
second generation of grades carrying 75 per cent of im- |
proved blood, including a total of six lactation periods, —
averaged 8,401 pounds of milk and 358 pounds of fat, an |
increase of 130 per cent in milk yield and 109 per cent in |
fat production. The improved blood resulted in a decided

increase in persistency of milk flow.

A member in one of the Illinois Cow Test Associations

increased the average production of the herd from 5,760 _
pounds of milk and 193 pounds butter fat to 11,195 pounds |
of milk and 377 pounds of butter fat in eight years. This.
improvement was made possible by the use of well-bred
bulls and by keeping a record of production of each cow 1

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 197

in the herd and then eliminating the low-producing cows
and raising the heifer calves from the best cows.

The value of a good bull to increase the profits in a
herd during the lifetime of his daughters is not given the
consideration it should receive. The fact is that most
farmers give this question very little consideration. If
this question would receive the consideration it deserves,
the practice of using scrub bulls would soon go out of
existence.

A good illustration in the use of a good pure-bred bull
to grade up a herd of low producing cows is in the record
of the Sub-Station Herd of Minnesota . In 1915 a group of
cows of native and mixed blood was purchased as a foun-
dation for a herd. The purpose was to demonstrate the
possibility and the methods of building up a grade herd
under practical farm conditions.

Complete milk and fat records were kept from the
beginning. The average production of the original herd
was 196 pounds of fat and 4,666 pounds of milk per cow.
Only pure-bred bulls were used in this herd. Thirteen
years later the herd averaged 7,184 pounds of milk and
358 pounds of fat, an increase of 2,518 pounds of milk and
162 pounds of fat. Assuming these cows were milked six
years each, the total increase in production per cow for
those having the improved blood would be 15,108 pounds
of milk and 972 pounds of fat over the average of the
original herd. At $2.50 per hundred pounds the additional
milk would be worth $377.70. If the 972 pounds of fat
were sold at 45 cents a pound the increased income would
be $437.40. The additional feed that these improved cows
consumed was $95.00 a cow, leaving a net gain of $272.70
if the milk was sold at $2.50 per hundred pounds, or
$342.40 if the fat was sold at 45 cents a pound. The use
of pure-bred bulls in this herd made possible an annual
income of $57.06 more per cow for each cow in the herd
than would have been realized from the original stock.

The improvement in this herd has been duplicated
wherever a real effort has been made to grade up a herd
by the use of good pure-bred sires, both by our Experiment
Stations and on practical dairy farms.

198 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

which one of the dairy breeds is best suited for the kind
of a market we have for our dairy products and then stick.
to this particular breed. Changing from one eee to an-
other will get us nowhere.

While it is true that in selecting a sire some considera.
tion should be given to type and appearance, it is of more
importance to carefully consider the milk and fat records
of his ancestors. This is especially true of the dam of the
bull we expect to buy. A sire that has had high-producing;
ancestors for four or five generations back of him is most
likely to make the largest improvement in the production,
of his daughters over their dams and will increase the ng
profits in the business.

The surest way to get a sire that will increase the.
production of his daughters over their dams is to buy a
proven sire, one that is old enough to have daughters in
milk and which are good producers. Many of our best
sires in all the dairy breeds were sold over the block before
their value as good breeders was known.

The bull calf designed for breeding purposes shoul
be well fed during the growing period in order that he
may develop to the full limits of his inheritance. If he 1s
poorly fed during the growing period he may fail to reack
his full size. His offspring may be smaller on account 0}
the sire being undersize.

Until he is five months old he can be with heifer
calves and receive the usual ration of the calves in the
herd. He should receive skim milk until he is six months
old and a liberal allowance of grain composed of a mixture
of thirty pounds of corn or barley, thirty pounds of ground
oats, thirty pounds of wheat bran and ten pounds of oil
meal. He should have free access to good legume hay.

At six months the skim milk can be discontinued, or
if more skim milk is available it can be fed at a profit un-
til the calf is a year old. After six months old he should be
separated from the other calves and placed in clean quar:
ters where he can get sunlight and exercise. At the age ol
twelve to fifteen months he can be used for light service.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 19%

| The sire should never be allowed to run with the herd.
He should be broke to lead and should always be handled
with a staff.

All good dairy animals have a highly developed nerv-
ous system which has the tendency to make the bulls cogs.
'The practice of letting the sire run with the herd is dzn-
es on this account.

It is a common occurrence that people get hurt o1
killed by a cross bull. To be on the safe side, the bull
must always be handled as a dangerous animal.

President O’Hair: Now, folks, this closes our Fifty-
Second Anniversary. I want to just say to you that if you
i let your minds go back to the time when you were a
boy, as the girl said today at the table, and think along the
line of what has been done by the men who have given
their time, without pay, to keep this State Dairymen’s
otis going, they have been a lot of mighty good
men, but very few of those men that made it possible have
lived to see the results of their efforts today. I have been
in it since my twenties, and this is the fifty-second season.
It won’t be long till somebody else, maybe some of the
boys who sit here today, will be the officers of this Asso-
ciation, but I do hope, whether it is next year or five years
from now, that when we give this over that it will be bet-
ter than it is today, better every year.

| We are going to try to make it the best convention
in the state, and we just have. There is no use talking,

shere is no convention, it would be impossible for any con-
tion to have better talent than we have had here, not
poly in this state but any place in the world as far as that
‘Ss concerned. We have had the best and the biggest, and
aundreds and hundreds of farmers that are in this country
around here should have been here. I don’t care if they
feed mules or horses or pigs, whatever it is they would
aave got their money’s worth to come here and listen to
chese men.

| Next year we will have the convention some place
else in Illinois, probably in the southern part of the state,
and you are all invited to come and attend our banquet,

|
|

200 TILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

and if you don’t get the worth of your money it will be
because the chair isn’t strong enough to take you. I think
anybody who missed that banquet last night missed a year’s
fun anyway. |

I especially want to say to the folks in Galesburg that
never in my life have I been so royally entertained. I have
rever come up against men like there are in Galesburg.
And I want to especially thank Mr. Christy for his co-
operation. He has worked with me every time I have
come into this county to make every success possible. I
can seé a great improvement over two years ago in the
dairy business, and I am sure it is going to grow, because
you have men here, you have a market here, the best
market in the United States; the milk supply is right here
in this state. I only wish I lived within twenty miles of
this town, believe me Henry Hawkinson would get my
milk. You have got the market here. Mr. Estcremer (?)
the man that makes butter, nobody gets a corner on him
because he is on the market every day.

The dairy cow is the backbone of the finances of the
State of Illinois today, and it is going to be bigger and
better in the future than it is today. I want to thank one
and all of you folks and invite you to come wherever we
have it next year. When you get these programs, there
will be just a program sent out. We have always had
more than we need. Next year you will have the report ©
of this convention that this lady has taken, and every word ©
about it she has put down, questions and discussions and
addresses, and we will send every person who is a member
of this Association a copy. You will get one, and we-will
try to get it to you early in the spring, then we will write
you and invite you to take another membership next year,
because every one who gets this report will attend this
meeting—for a dollar. If you have only got one cow, three
cows or a bunch of cows, it will be worth ten to fifty dol-
lars to you to come. You can’t afford to miss it.

Now we again invite you to come next year, and if
,this is all we stand adjourned.

(The meeting adjourned.)

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 201

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY COWS

By T. E. Woodward, Dairy Husbandman, and J. R. Dawson,
Dairy Husbandman, Bureau of Dairying, U. S.

Department of Agriculture

There are two methods of obtaining a high-producing
herd of dairy cows. One method is to buy them, the other
is to breed them. There are comparatively few men starting
in the dairy business who can afford to purchase outright a
high-producing herd. Although it is possible to buy good
cows at reasonable prices in sections where there is a sur-
plus of purebred or high-grade cattle for sale, it is only
in exceptional cases that it is good business for a beginner
to purchase a large number. As a rule the beginner is
limited in funds, he does not understand the fundamentals
of breeding and feeding, and in a majority of cases does not
realize that high-producing cows must have better care and
management than ordinary cattle.

It is usually better practice to start with a smaller num-
ber of cows and use a desirable purebred bull. These cows
must be handled properly and the heifers selected from the
best cows to build up the herd. After a time, when finances
permit, one or two purebred females can be purchased as a
foundation for a purebred herd. In the meantime consider-
able knowledge will have been gained in the care and man-
agement of dairy cattle, and the chance for financial loss
will have been reduced to a minimum. This may seem like
a slow method, but it is sure. It takes several years of in-
telligent effort and thought to build up and maintain a good
herd of cows—either purebreds or grades—and the busi-
ness can not be learned in a few months.

Several breeds of dairy cattle are being used in the
United States and have proved satisfactory. There are good
cows and poor cows in all breeds. For this reason, individual
selection should receive as much attention as the breed.

202 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Breeds of dairy cattle should never be crossed. The
present breeds of dairy cattle are the result of many years
of intelligent breeding along definite lines. By this method
breeders have developed certain valuable characteristics
which are transmitted when animals of the same breed are
mated. When two animals of different breeds are crossed,
the characteristics of both breeds are so mixed that they
are not passed on to future generations with any degree of
certainty.

_ A purebred sire should always be used. The bull is
the sire of all the calves in a herd, therefore his influence
will be multiplied a great many times faster than that of
any one cow. The better the bull, the better the future herd
will be.

Purebred cattle on the average produce more than ;
grades. A tabulation of 17,405 yearly records of cow-test- |
ing association cows, made by the Bureau of Dairying of )

the United States Department of Agriculture, shows the

relative production of purebreds and grades. Table 1 gives |

the results of this study.

Table 1.—Comparative Production of Purebred and Grade Cows

Purebreds Grades ,
ET a ig abl i. or 2,919 14,486 ©
Average pounds. of milk) 23 2) 2) ee 7,182 6,261 |
Averagve pounds of puttertats. 2-9) 8s.) eee 288 258 |

Number of records

The purebred cattle excelled the grades by almost |

1,000 pounds of milk and 30 pounds of butterfat. All these
COWS were in cowtesting associations and probably received
much the same care and management. However, purity of
breeding does not always insure greater or more economical
production. There are many herds of carefully selected
grade cows that produce as well as or better than many
purebreds of the same breed. Over 90 per cent of the
dairy products of this country are produced by grade cows,
and this will continue to be the case for many years to
come. However, it is the blood of the purebred in our
grade cows that makes them the high producers they are.

|
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FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 203

THE DRY COW

It is generally considered that a cow should be dry for
a period before calving, for four principal reasons: (1) To
‘give the organs concerned in milk secretion a rest; (2) to
permit the nutrients of the feed ta be used for the develop-
‘ment of the fetus instead of for the production of milk; (3)
| to enable the cow to replenish any stores of minerals which
may have become depleted through the production of milk;
and (4) to permit the cow to build up a reserve of body
tissue before calving.

Length of Dry Period

That a cow should be dry for a certain period has been
demonstrated to be sound economic practice. The proper
length of the dry period seems to depend on the quantity of
milk which the cow has produced and her condition as re-
gards flesh. It is probable that the greater the yield of
milk the greater is the depletion of the stores of nutrients
used in the secretion of milk and the longer the dry period
required. Cows of low or medium production are not
thought to require so long a dry period as high producers.
Such cows should be dry a month or six weeks, provided
they are in a good state of flesh. Thin cows may need a
somewhat longer period. High producers may require two
months or more to permit them to get in proper condition
for calving.

Feeding the Dry Cow

Cows normally lose flesh for three or four weeks after
calving because they can not consume sufficient feed to pro-
vide adequately for both the milk flow and the maintenance
of body weight. In order, therefore, that the cow may not
become too thin after calving, it is necessary that she carry
considerable flesh at time of parturition. It is well known
also that cows in good condition at time of calving will start
off the lactation period at a higher level of production than
thin cows; this results in a larger yield of milk for the year.
There is no economy in having a cow thin at calving time.

204 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

The feed during the dry period should be high in min-
erals, especially calcium (lime), since it has been shown by
investigations at several experiment stations that this is the
element most likely to be depleted. Good pasture in the
summer and properly cured leguminous hay in the winter
will supply this calcium. Considerable protein is required
for the development of the fetus. For this reason and be-
cause most of the high-protein feeds such as the oil meals
are likewise rich in phosphorus, which is used along with
the calcium in storing up minerals in the animal body, the
ration should contain considerable protein. The quantity
of feed supplied should be sufficient to bring the cow to a
proper state of flesh at calving time.

Drying Off

Most cows can be dried off by merely lessening grad-
ually the frequency of milking. That is, first miss one milk-
ing, then miss two, then three, etc. When the daily produc-
tion is only 6 or 8 pounds milking may be stopped entirely.
The udder of the cow should then be let alone and nothing
done to stimulate the secretion of milk. It is probably best
after several days to draw out the milk that has accum-
ulated, though the necessity for this has never been proved,
as this milk will be absorbed in a short time. With persistent
producers it is often necessary to reduce the allowance of
feed, especially grain. With any cow the time required for
drying off may be shortened by withholding a portion of
the feed.

THE FRESH COW
Care at Calving Time

In handling dry cows that are heavy with calf care
should be taken to prevent injury by slipping on stable
f.oors or ice, by two or more cows crowding through door-
ways, and by pregnant cows mounting other cows that may
be in heat. All cows in heat should be confined, or at least
separated from the cows that are heavily pregnant. In other
particulars the pregnant cow can be handled like the rest
of the herd.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 205

A week or two before the cow is due to calve she
should be kept under rather close observation, as she may
need special attention when calving occurs. If the cow has
been running on pasture, she may continue to do so; but her
condition should be observed at least twice daily. If calving
occurs during the winter, the cow should be placed in a
clean, roomy, well-bedded box stall. Sometimes the udder
becomes so large and swollen that it appears desirable to
draw out some of the milk previous to calving; however,
this is seldom necessary and should be avoided if possible,
because it stimulates further secretion and because the first
milk or colostrum is beneficial to the calf. The cow should
be kept as quiet as possible and fed a laxative ration, wheat
bran and linseed oil meal being especially desirable. The
ration should not contain too much roughage, which on ac-
count of its bulk adds to the discomfort of the cow.

Immediately after the cow has calved it is a good prac-
tice to give her warm water to drink, and follow this with a
warm bran mash, the idea being that if the cow becomes
chilled at such a time the afterbirth may not be passed so
readily, and the animal may be predisposed to other ail-
ments. It is also thought best not to draw all the milk from
the udder for a day or two after calving. This may help in
the prevention of milk fever. After a couple of days, pro-
vided everything is proceeding normally, the calf may be re-.
moved and the cow placed in the stable with the milking
herd. As much roughage may be allowed as the cow will
consume, but the concentrates should be fed sparingly at
first and gradually increased. With good producers not less
than three weeks should be taken to get them up to full
feed. The grain fed to poor or medium producers may
reach the full quantity a little earlier. Too much concen-
trated feed at. this time is likely to cause digestive disturb-
ances and hinder the reduction of swelling in the udder. In
general, it is better to err in not giving sufficient concen-
trates than in giving too much. The quantity to be given
just after calving will depend upon the size of the cow, her
production, and the condition of her udder; and will usually
be from 4 to 7 pounds per day.

206 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Cows should always be treated with kindness. No per-
son fit to be a dairyman will treat them otherwise. The
character of a person is shown by the way he handles cows
and other livestock. Kindness pays in dollars and cents, but
such incentive should not be necessary to obtain for the cow
the treatment that is justly due her.

Season of Year for Freshening

The influence of the season of freshening on the pro-
duction of dairy cows has been the basis of considerable in-
vestigation. The Bureau of Dairying has compiled some
facts in regard to the most profitable season for cows to
freshen, and these are published in Department Bulletin
1071. The conclusions are based on a study of 10,870 year-
ly records in 64 cow-testing associations, and are summar-
ized in Table 2.

Table 2.—Date of freshening, by seasons, with average yearly feed and
production records, per cow

|
4) eae
& 38 2)
Season g : SUM Sy) 38 S Gr a a
po 28 22 22 ee
=I Z
7, oa CSE ca oe 5 Om ans
Pounds Pounds
Spring (March, April,
and May) (is5 20s) 3,196 5,842 2386 $37.51 $19.22 $56.73 $70.73
Summer (June, July,
and August)... ilysyye) Age) 236 37.62 22.48 60.10 66.59

Fall (September, Oct-

ober, and November) 2,862 6,689 268 38.94 28.45 67.89 76.65
Winter (December, Jan-

uary, and February) 3,484 6,439 258 37.65 25.51 63.16 75.66

Total and averages._.10,870 6,269 252 37.95 24.06 62.01 73.36

Cows that freshened in the fall months ranked highest
in average yearly production of milk and butterfat, in cost
of feed, and in income over cost of feed; the cows that fresh-
ened in the winter months ranked second in these respects;
on the average, those that calved in the spring and summer
produced the least milk and butterfat and returned the
smallest income over cost of feed.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 207

The cost of feed was considerably higher for the win-
ter-freshening cows than for the cows freshening in the sum-
mer months. This is no doubt owing to the fact that the
former produced the most milk and therefore required the
heaviest ration when the cost of feed was highest. However,
in the feed cost per unit of milk there was little difference
between the cows freshening in the different seasons.

The cost of roughage was found to be practically the
same per cow for all seasons of freshening; but the grain
cost was $9.23 more for those freshening in the fall than for
those which freshened in the spring. However, this in-
creased feed cost was more than offset by the 32 pounds
more butterfat produced by the fall-freshening cows.

Cows that calve in the spring usually give a big flow of
milk during the summer months when feed is cheap. But-
terfat is also usually low in price at that season. Then, too,
the spring-freshening cow is very likely to receive a severe
setback in milk production when the heat, flies, and short
pasture appear. It is difficult to get her back to high pro-
duction during the fall and winter; consequently she must

- be carried through the winter on expensive feeds with a

very small margin of profit.

There are several advantages in having cows freshen
in the fall. Butterfat usually brings a higher price during
the fall and winter months. Labor is easier to ebtain then,
and there is more time to care for the calves and a large

_ supply of milk. The fall-freshening cow, if properly fed

and handled, will, as a rule, produce well during the winter
months, falling off as spring opens. At this time the spring
pasture grass will act as a stimulus and cause increased pro-
duction during the spring and early summer. The period of
low production will come during July and August, when
conditions are extremely unfavorable for high production.
It is undesirable to have cows freshen during the hot sum-
mer months, because of hos weather, flies, and dried-up
pastures. Fall-dropped calves are easier to raise and usu-
ally less subject to diseases.

The dairyman who sells his milk to a city retail trade
should have his cows freshen at all seasons of the year in

208 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

order to keep up a steady, constant flow of milk. However,
this point is not so important for dairymen who seperate the
milk, sell cream, and use the skim milk for feeding pur-
poses.

MILKING

Regularity

Of all dairy operations, milking on most farms takes
the most time and to many persons is the most irksome. It
has commonly been assumed that cows should not only be
milked regularly but that they should also be milked each
time by the same man. Doubtless this has had much to do
with many persons’ distaste for dairy work.

Experiments at the Bureau of Dairying experimental
farm at Beltsville, Md., show that with cows that are aver-
age to good, milking may take place at irregular hours
without any marked effect upon production. Whether very
high producers would show similar results has not been
determined. It was also found that when irregular milking
was accompanied by irregular feeding the production was
lessened about 5 per cent. Apparently cows are more
sensitive to changes in the feeding routine than to variation
in the hours of milking. The conclusion is not to be drawn
from these experiments that regularity in doing the dairy
work is a matter of little importance, but rather that cows
can occasionally be milked earlier or later than usual if
there is something else to which the dairyman desires to
give his time.

Though it is generally believed that a cow will produce
more when milked always by the same person, the practice
in many large dairies where there are several milkers is to
milk the cows as they come, rather than to reserve certain
cows for each man. At the Beltsville station, 12 cows were
divided into three groups of four cows each, and each group
was milked regularly by the same man for 40 days. The
12 cows were then milked by the same three men in such a
way that no cow was milked twice in succession by the same
man. After 40 days the cows were changed to regular milk-
ing again for 40 days. The results show an increase of about

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 209

0.05 per cent in the milk and fat through steady milking by
the same man. This is so little as to be almost negligible.

Frequency

The oftener a cow is milked, within certain limits, the
greater the production. This accounts for the fact that
many cows on test for the advanced registry or register of
merit are milked oftener than is the practice with the or-
dinary herd. The increase that may be expected by milking
three times a day instead of twice has not yet been definitely
determined. - While some estimate the increase as high as
25 per cent, experiments at Beltsville show the average in-
crease in the yield of good cows for short periods (40 days)
to be about 12 per cent. Preliminary figures also show the
increase for long periods (one year) to be about 18 per
cent. The cows milked three times a day were more per-
sistent in their yield of milk than those milked twice a day.

The amount of increase due to more frequent milking
seems to be dependent upon the quantity of production and
the capacity of the udder. When the udder becomes much

distended, milk secretion is checked, and if the production

and udder capacity are such that this occurs on twice a day
milking, a greater percentage increase may be obtained
by milking three times than would be obtained by an extra
milking of cows with larger udders. Similar experiments
comparing three and four times a day milking for short
periods show an increase of slightly over 6 per cent by milk-
ing four times.

In a few dairies all the cows are milked three times a
day; in a few others only some of the higher producers are
milked three times a day. The economy of milking more
than twice a day is a matter which must be figured out by
the individual dairyman from the actual cost of the extra
milking and the value of the product, bearing in mind that
approximately 1 pound more of concentrated feed will be
required for each 2 or 3 pounds of extra milk produced.
In the absence of more extended experimental data, one can
safely estimate the increase in production for short periods,
from milking three times a day, as 12 per cent more than

210 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

the production from milking twice a day; and the increase
by milking four times, as 6 or 7 per cent over milking three
times a day. One can also estimate the increase from milk-
ing three times instead of twice, for long periods, at 18 per
cent.

Milking By Hand

Proper hand milking should have for its objects, aside
from sanitation, to draw the milk with the least discomfort
to the cow, to draw it as quickly as possible, and to get all
the milk. Some milkers, through unnecessary roughness,
an unusually strong grip, or long finger nails, keep the cow
uneasy during milking. This may lead to kicking. There is
no advantage in slow milking, and experiments at the Wis-
consin station showed that the percentage of fat may be
lowered by prolonging the milking operation.

Unless all the milk is removed from the udder, it is
thought that the milk remaining will interfere with the
functioning of the gland and result in a diminished produc-
tion. When the calf runs with the cow, probably this is the
way in which nature adjusts the supply ’to meet the de-
mand. In order to get all the milk certain manipulations
of the udder have been practiced. These manipulations ap-
parently increase the production slightly, but they have
never come into general use, although an abbreviated mod-
ification of the method is practical. An upward pressure
on each quarter of the udder for a few times when milking
is nearly completed will help to bring the miJk into the teats
where it can be drawn.

The Mechanical Milker

The mechanical milker is a success on many dairy
farms. It saves labor, is easier, and to many persons its
proper sanitary condition make them impractical if the
operation is more agreeable than hand milking. The cost
of installation and the labor of keeping the machines in
herds are very small.

It is possible to have milk with a low bacteria count
when machine drawn by giving proper attention to cleans-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 211

ing and sterilizing. In many instances, however, just as
with cream separators, this matter has been neglected or
carelessly done. Theoretically, machine-drawn milk should
be cleaner than that drawn by hand, because it is better
protected from contamination by the cow, the milker, and
the stable air.

So far as quantity of production is concerned, the
mechanical milker seems to give as good results as ordinary
hand milking. It is the general practice for a hand milker
to follow the machine to see that the milking is completely
done and to draw any milk that is left.
| It has been claimed that machine milking causes udder
troubles, and with the earlier models there was doubtless
some ground for such a claim, especially if they were left
on the teats too long. More recent makes and styles, which
are constructed so as not to interfere with the circulation
of blood through the teats, are thought to lessen the likeli-
hood of such trouble. Failures with the mechanical milker
can usually be traced to a lack of mechanical knowledge
on the part of the operator, carelessness of operation, or
lack of attention to proper cleaning of the machine. The
increased use of the milking machine indicates its practic-
ability.

Keeping Records

In order properly to manage a herd of dairy cows, it
is necessary to keep records. The system need not be elab-
orate, but should be sufficient to furnish accurate informa-
tion on milk and butterfat production of individual animals
and quantity of feed consumed. In addition, breeding dates
should be recorded and a plan of identification and registra-
tion of the purebred animals should be followed. One
should not rely on memory for such records, but should put
every item down in writing in such a manner that it can
be easily referred to when need arises. Whatever system
is adopted should be continued. The records should not be
allowed to lapse.

212 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION
Production Records

The principal reason for keeping milk-production rec-
ords is to show definitely which cows are profitable and
which are not. The inferior cows can then be disposed of
and the better ones kept for production and breeding pur-
poses.

Another important reason for keeping daily records is
that they furnish information which is used as a basis for
feeding. Cows should be fed according to the quantity of
milk or butterfat produced, and the daily production must
be known. Sickness or other abnormal conditions are gen-
erally accompanied and often preceded by a decline in milk
production. This decline can easily be noticed if the prac-
tice of weighing and recording the milk daily is followed.

A spring-balance scales is necessary. These scales are
equipped with adjustable hands, one of which is set at zero
when an empty pail is hung on the scale. The quantity of
milk then may be read without subtracting the weight of
the bucket. The milk scales should be graduated to tenths
of a pound. If milk pails of different sizes are used by the
milkers, it is a good idea to keep a weight pail at the scales
to avoid confusion. The scales should be hung in a con-
venient place in the barn or milk room.

A suitable sheet for recording the daily weight should
be placed in a clean, protected place near the scales. These
sheets may be so arranged that spaces are provided for
writing the name or number of the cow and spaces for rec-
ording the weights of the milk both morning and evening.
Some use sheets with spaces for seven days only, but the
more common way is to have spaces for the entire month.
Scales and milk sheets can be obtained from dairy supply
houses. Many publishers of dairy periodicals also distribute
milk sheets for a nominal price.

At regular intervals samples of milk from individual
animals should be tested for butterfat. A common practice
is to take a composite sample of milk from each cow for
three consecutive days, about the middle of each month,
and test this for butterfat. The butterfat percentage thus

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 213

obtained is used as the average test for the month and the
monthly butterfat production is computed from this.

There are other methods that can be used, such as
weighing and testing the milk for one day during the
month. The total yearly production for each cow, as shown
by such tests, will be close enough to actual production for
practical purposes. In some cases the milk is weighed and
tested one day every two or three months. This method is
~ not so accurate, but it is better than no test at all.

In many sections of the country cow-testing associa-
tions are in operation. If a dairyman is a member of a cow-
testing association the detailed production records of his
cows are kept by the tester, who is hired by the association.
The tester visits each member’s herd one day out of each
month, weighs and tests the milk of individual cows for
that day, weighs the feed, and figures the total quantity of
milk and butterfat given and the feed consumed for the
month. This system has proved to be an inexpensive and
reliable method of keeping herd-production records for a
number of dairymen in a community.

Breeding Records

A record should be made of date of breeding, the bull
to which bred, and date of expected calving. The gesta-
tion period for cows is approximately 280 days. For con-
venience it is well to have a gestation table handy for ref-
erence in estimating date of calving. If a gestation table is
not available, count back three months from date of breed-
ing and add 10 days. For example, if a cow is bred on
March 10, by counting back three months and adding 10
days, the probable date of calving is found to be December
20. Itis well to have this record in a small pocket-size note-
book that can be carried in the work clothes. Most of the
national dairy-breed associations distribute record books
and blanks of this kind. Such books are especially helpful
where the herd includes purebreds.

214 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Registration and Identification

A good plan is to assign a number and name to each
animal in the herd. If a calf is dropped, or a new animal
is added to the herd, it should likewise be assigned a num-
ber. Many breeders use fiber-disk ear tags on which the
herd number is stamped. These tags are about the size of
a quarter and are durable. They are attached to the ear
with an ordinary hog ringer, and if put on properly are not
easily torn out. Then, too, they are not easily confused with
the small metal tag that is placed in the ears for identifica- ©
tion in tuberculin testing.

A strap around the neck, to which is attached a metal
tag with a number on it, is also used. The strap will last
for several years and there is little likelihood of its being
lost. However, straps are somewhat more expensive than
fiber ear tags. The practice of slitting the ears for identifi-
cation is not recommended. It is not only a cruel practice
but also gives the animal a bad appearance.

Tattooing numbers in the ears is practiced by some
breeders and is required by some breed associations for
identification purposes in connection with advanced register
testing. There are tattooing outfits on the market for doing
this work. If the tattooing is properly done, it is reliable
and will last for the lifetime of the animal. However, the
tattoo marks do not show up distinctly on animals having
dark skins. _Even on light skins the tattoo numbers are
often difficult to make out, and it becomes necessary to
catch and hold the animal in order to see the numbers.

A diagram of each animal can be drawn on loose-leaf
forms provided by the various breed associations. On the
opposite side of this sheet is usually a three or four genera-
tion blank pedigree. Forms of this kind filled out for each
animal in the herd and kept in a holder will be of great help
to the owner, especially if he has purebreds.

Registration papers on all purebred animals should
be on hand. Calves should be registered as soon as prac-
ticable. The various national dairy-breed associations fur-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 215

nish directions and advice for registration. Their names
and addresses are as follows:

American Guernsey Cattle Club, Peterboro, N. H.

American Jersey Cattle Club, 324 West Twenty-third Street, New
Yorks Ns Y-.

Ayrshire Breeders’ Association, Brandon, Vt.

Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders’ Association, Beloit, Wis.

Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America, Rockville, Conn.

Holstein-Friesian Association of America, Brattleboro, Vt.

{n addition to the dairy-cattle names above, some
breeds primarily developed for beef production are occa-
sionally bred and used as dairy cattle. Their associations
are as follows:

American Devon Cattle Club, 51 Cornhill, Boston, Mass.

American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, 13 Dexter Park Ave-
nue, Stock Yards, Chicago, III.

Milking Shorthorn Society, Independence, Iowa.

Red Polled Cattle Club of America, Richland Center, Wis.

Advanced Register Testing

The various national breed associations for dairy cat-
tle have established advanced-register classes for purebred
cows. Animals are entitled to entry in these classes when
their production has reached a certain standard set by the
association. Such tests are usually conducted by represen-
tatives of the State agricultural colleges or experiment sta-
tions. Rules and regulations for conducting these tests
differ according to the breed and the kind of test under-
taken. Information can be obtained by writing the breed
association or the State agricultural experiment stations.

STABLE AND YARD

The main essentials in housing dairy cows in the winter
seem to be to keep them dry and out of the wind and drafts
and to provide plenty of fresh air and sunlight. Apparently
the matter of temperature in itself is not a vital considera-
tion, except perhaps in the most severe portions of. the
United States. It has been noted at the Beltsville station
(in Maryland) that cows do their best in the coldest weather

216 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

and their poorest during the hot summer months. Probably
there is no advantage in keeping the stable temperature
much above freezing, and there may be a disadvantage if
the temperature rises above 60° F.

Types of Barn

Types of barns which can be made suitable for dairy
cows are the basement barn, one-story stable, two-story
barn, round barn, and open shed or covered barnyard.

In the basement barn the cows usually are h6used on
the lower floor. Owing to the greater protection from the
weather afforded by such a barn, it is likely to be warmer
than other types in the winter, and it is probably for this
reason that more such barns are to be found in the North
than in the South. Many basement barns may be criticized
for lack of sufficient light and for being so low that the
slope away from the stable is not enough to afford proper
drainage of the cow yards. The ventilation and lighting of
such barns is generally poorer than that of other types, but
they can be remodeled so as to be satisfactory in these
respects.

The one-story and two-story barns can be well lighted
and ventilated and can be kept in a sanitary condition more
easily than a basement barn. However, with a one-story
barn other facilities must be provided for the storage of
hay. For this reason the expense of housing both cows and
feed will in most cases be greater with the one-story than
with the two-story barn in which the same roof covers both
the cows and the feed. The fire hazard is usually greater in
the two-story barn.

In the round barn more space can be inclosed with the
same amount of building material than in other types, and
it appears that this is the chief advantage which may be
claimed for it. The practice of locating the silo in the cen-
ter of the barn may put the silage in the most convenient
place for feeding, but it is likely to fill the stable with
odors which may taint the milk; and certainly a silo so
located is not so easily filled as one outside the barn.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 217

Open Shed or Covered Barnyard

The open shed or covered barnyard is a_ practical
method of housing dairy cows. It provides the best known
method of saving and preserving all the fertilizing consti-
tuents of the manure; it permits the feeding under shelter
of rough materials such as cornstalks and makes possible

their utilization for bedding; when there is plenty of bed-
_ ding, cows so housed keep cleaner than those confined in
stanchions. These are the principal points in favor of the
open-shed system.

In an experiment at the Beltsville station it was found
that the cows in the open shed produced.:<a little more milk,
but at a greater cost for feed, than the cows in the closed
barn. The more timid cows were fought away from the
teed racks in the,shed, which resulted in a much lower pro-
duction from such cows. Probably it would be' a matter
ot economy to confine the cows at feeding time. Cows so
housed should be dehorned.

The labor required under the two systems was slightly
greater with the open shed. Had the cows been milked in
the open shed this would not have been the case, but since
this practice is not reeommended in the production of mar-
ket milk, the cows in this experiment were taken to a sep-
arate stable for milking. Sixty-eight per cent more bed-
ding was used in the cpen shed.

Stall Equipment

Of the various methods of confining cows, the swing-
ing stanchion which allows considerable freedom, has met
with the greatest popular approval. The old-fashioned
rigid stanchion is being replaced with this more humane de-
vice. But even the swinging stanchion fails to allow. enough
freedom to meet the desires of many dairymen who are
trying to get maximum production regardless of expense.
These dairymen use box stalls.

By confining in stanchions less space is required, the
labor of feeding, milking, and cleaning the stable is mater-
ially lessened, and the bedding needed: is only one-fourth

218 ILLINOIS STATE. DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

to one-third as much as box stalls require. However, cows
so confined are more liable to have their teats injured by
being stepped on, either by themselves or by other cows. In
experiments at the Beltsville station in which 12 cows were
kept in box stalls and stanchions in alternate periods, it
was found that the cows in boxistalls produced less than 4
per cent more milk than those kept in stanchions. The in-
crease was not enough to pay for the extra labor and bed-
ding required.

Dirt floors should not be used in a dairy stable. They
are insanitary, they can not be flushed, and holes soon ap-
pear. A stable floor should be durable and easy to keep
clean. Concrete should be neither so smooth as to be slip-
pery nor so rough as to make thorough cleaning difficult.

Paint and Whitewash

If the inside of the cow stable is to be painted, the
woodwork or plastering should be as smooth as possible
to avoid the use of excessive quantities of paint. If it is to
be whitewashed a rough surface is preferable, as white-
wash will not adhere so: well to smooth surfaces. White
paint made of white lead and linseed oil when used in the
cow stable will turn yellow. If the cow stable is to be
painted white, therefore, it is better to use some kind of
paint which does not contain linseed oil. If the stable is
painted gray or some color other than white, the change in
color will not be so noticeable. In such cases linseed-oil
paint can be used more advantageously.

Cow stables are usually whitewashed once or twice a
year. There are many whitewash formulas which call for
the addition to the lime and water of other substances, such
as salt or skim milk. Just how much advantage there is in
adding such materials is a matter of conjecture. Satisfac-
tory whitewash can be made by the use of only lime and
water. The ordinary hydrated lime when mixed with water
makes a good whitewash; or the quicklime ordinarly called
lump lime may be slacked with a minimum quantity of
water and this used in place of the commercially prepared
hydrate of lime. Only freshly burned lump lime should be

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION | 219

used, and any that is air-slacked should be discarded, as
whitewash made from such lime will not stick.

Whitewash may be applied with a brush or with a
spray pump. It can be applied more heavily with a brush,
and sometimes one coat will give as good results as two
with the sprayer. Spraying, of course, is quicker, but
smears up the floor and equipment more than the brush
method. But no matter what method of application is used,
it will save time in cleaning; if the equipment is covered
with old bags or similar material. If the floor is kept wet
while the whitewashing is in progress, the whitewash that
is dropped will not stick so tight but that it can be dislodged
readily with water and a brush or broom.

Exercise

Exercising cows by making them walk 3 miles a day
was found at the Beltsville station to cause a greater feed
consumption and a slightly higher percentage of fat in the
milk, but the quantity of milk remained about the same.
The extra feed consumed: cost more than the increased
quantity of fat was worth. So far as production is con-
cerned, a cow needs no more exercise than she will get by
walking at will about a small yard. The writers know of
no experiment on the influence of exercise upon the health
that has been conducted over a long enough period to war-
rant any conclusions regarding it.

It is thought good practice to let the cows out of the
stable at least once a day, even if this is not necessary for
the purpose of watering. The stables are more easily
cleaned and bedded when the cows are out, and opportunity
is afforded for convenient observation of any cows that may
be in heat.

CLEANLINESS

Grooming

No dairyman should permit his cows to remain in a
dirty condition. Pride in his stock and stable should be
sufficient incentive to keep his cows and stable clean.

220 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Manure or litter should not be! allowed to remain on the
cows, and for this reason grooming should be a part of the
regular dairy work. Grooming not only adds to the ap-
pearance of cows by keeping them clean and improving the
condition of their coats, but also makes possible the produc-
tion of cleaner milk. Washing and carding the tails oc-
casionally adds much to the appearance of the herd.

Bedding

Bedding is used for three reasons: (1) To provide a
comfortable bed, (2) to keep the cow clean, and (3) to
absorb the liquid manure. The common bedding materials
are wheat straw, oat straw, corn stover, shavings, and saw-
dust. The desirable qualities of a bedding material are bulk-
iness, large water-holding capacity, high content of fertiliz-
ing constituents, and freedom from dust which would con-
taminate the milk. As regards bulkiness, the straws and
shredded corn stover are superior to shavings or saw-
dust. Experiments at the Illinois station show that 40 per
cent more shavings than oat straw are required to keep the
animals bedded.

The water-holding capacity of various materials was
determined at the Illinois station and verified by work at
the Beltsville station. With dry materials they rank as
follows: Shredded or cut corn stover, straw, with little
choice between shavings and sawdust for last place.

The fertilizing value is greatest with the corn stover.
This is followed by oat straw and wheat straw in the order
named. Sawdust and shavings have only a slight fertilizing
value.

Shavings are superior to other forms of bedding as re-
gards cleanliness and for this reason are much used in dair-
ies where very clean milk is produced. In daries where
this extra sanitation is not a matter of great importance, it
appears that pound for pound shredded stover or straw is
worth at least 50 per cent more than sawdust or shavings.
Records at the Beltsville station show that when wheat
straw is used as the bedding material, about 4 pounds per
cow per day will be used by cows‘ confined in stanchions,

|

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 221

and about 14 pounds will be used by cows in box stalls. Al-
though 4 pounds a day will provide a suitable bed and keep
_ the cows clean when confined in stanchions, this quantity

is not sufficient to absorb all the liquid manure; to do this,
_ about 8 pounds per cow would be poe for an average
- producing herd.

Manure Disposal

The advice generally given for har jling manure on the
dairy farm is to spread it on the land as soon as possible
after it is made. With certain reservations this seems to
be sound advice. It is questionable whether one obtains
greater returns from the manure handled in this way dur-
ing the winter than by proper storage, but it does give bet-
ter distribution to farm labor and obviates the necessity of a
building to hold large quantities of manure. Spreading
manure on snow, though often advised, is a questionable
practice on account of washing, especially if the land is
rolling. Probably it is also inadvisable to haul manure on
the fields when the ground is so soft that the wagon makes
deep ruts.

At certain other seasons, when farm work is pressing,
manure hauling must be delayed. It appears, therefore,
that storage of manure can not well be entirely avoided, and
a suitable storage place should be provided to prevent ex-
cessive loss of fertilizing ingredients through leaching. In
storing manure plenty of moisture and thorough packing
are the main things to consider. Where bedding is cheap,
sufficient can be used to absorb the liquid manure; where is
is scarce and high in price, the liquid can be drained into
a cistern, or by using a water-tight manure pit the liquid
can be stored with the solid manure. All manure should be
removed from the stable at least once a day.

The equipment used in removing manure ranges from
a wheelbarrow to a power conveyor running in the gutter
behind the cows. In dairies of medium to large size the
most popular method of removing manure is the litter car-
rier with overhead track, such as is manufactured by sev:
eral barn-equipment firms. The carrier may discharge di-

222 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

rectly into a manure spreader or wagon or may go to a
manure pit. Inclosing or screening the manure pit will help
in controlling the fly nuisance.

FEEDING
Method and Order of Feeding

The quantities of grain to be fed should be determined
for each individual cow wherever possible. A general herd
mixture can be made up and proper quantities weighed out
to each cow. A number of methods for feeding the grain
are in use, but the most practical is to place a sufficient
quantity in a truck or cart that is pushed through the feed-
ing alley, where the quantity for each animal is weighed or
measured out. If this method is used, there may be certain
cows that will need some feed not in the general herd mix-
ture, and these can easily be fed later. There should be a
feeding card or sheet available showing the quantity of
feed each cow is to get. A small blackboard can be attached
to the feed cart and the figures placed on this board with
chalk every two or three days. A spring balance scale
suspended above the cart on an arm will be of great help.

Silage can be fed from the same or a similar cart. If
a scoopful of silage is weighed occasionally as a check, the
quantity can be measured with a fair degree of accuracy.

Baled hay is convenient for feeding. If loose hay is
fed, the hay chutes should be conveniently placed so as to
require as little work as possible. The allowance of hay
should also be weighed occasionally.

Feeding should be done regularly, because, as has al-
ready been pointed out, cows are probably more sensitive
to change in the feeding routine than to variation in the
hours of milking. Grain is usually fed first, leaving the
roughage until after milking. This practice wll tend to keep
down the dust and dirt during milking. Silage and other
feeds that might taint the milk should be fed after milking.
About half the grain and roughage should be fed in the
morning and half in the evening. If cows are milked of-
tener than twice a day, the grain feedings should corres-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 223

pond, but the roughage can be fed twice a day. Some dairy-
men feed grain on the silage.

Water

A plentiful supply of fresh, clean water is essential on
the dairy farm. The demand for water by the dairy cow
depends mainly upon the air temperature, the quantity of
milk produced and of succulent feed in the ration. The
quantity of water drunk in cold weather is about the same
as in moderate weather, but is much less than in hot weath-
er. If large quantities of such feeds as beets or mangels

are fed, very little water is required.

In experiments at the Beltsville station cows were
watered once, twice and at will from watering cups. Cows
watered once a day drank less and produced less than
when watered twice a day or at will. Cows watered twice
a day drank as much but produced less than when watered
at will. The cows used were average producers and the
maximum difference found in production, between watering

once a day and at will, was only about 5 per cent. The

higher the production the greater the benefit to be derived
from frequent watering. Some low-producing cows fed
silage, hay, and grain refused to drink more than once a
day in cold weather. With cows similar in production and
receiving the same kind of feed, water consumption was 80
per cent greater in hot summer than in cold winter weather.
The demand for water was greatest after eating hay. In
cold weather cows prefer water than has been warmed and
will drink more of it, though experiments at several stations
show that the amount of production is influenced but little
by warming the drinking water.

Salt

Dairy cows should have all the salt they want. The
quantity consumed will vary with the kind of feed and size
of the animal. hxperiments have shown that ordinary cows
in milk will require about 1 ounce of salt a day. Heavy
producers should get more. Many dairymen mix salt with

224 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

the grain mixture, incorporating from 1 to 2 pounds of salt
with each 100 pounds of concentrates. In addition, salt is
provided so that the cows can have access to it and take
more if they desire. Stock salt can be purchased in several
forms. In cake form, salt may be kept in each feed box
in the barn where the animal can lick it, or it may be placed
in convenient places in the lot or pasture. It should be in
some sheltered place, to prevent the rain from dissolving it.

FITTING FOR SHOW

The showing of dairy cattle is very common and serves
many useful purposes. It is a guide to more constructive
breeding and helps to familiarize breeders with the better
type of dairy cattle. Probably the most important reason
for showing is the advertising that it brings. To exhibit
widely is expensive and one should consider fully the ben-
efits as compared with the cost and effort. However, the
owner of a few cattle can exhibit at local shows and fairs
to advantage without much trouble and expense. The fol-
lowing suggestions are made for his guidance.

1. Fitting cows for show should begin a year before the
exhibition, for only in that way can they be made to show
most advantageously. The cows can then be selected and
bred so as to calve a short time before the first showing. By
this plan each cow is at her best, has a large udder, and has
had a few weeks in which to recover from freshening.

2. With bulls and young heifers early preparation is
unnecessary. When animals are to be shown in classes —
under 1 year of age, it is well to choose calves that were
born just after the date used in figuring age (usually Aug-
ust 1 and February 1) so that they may have the greatest
development. Large, growthy young animals always ap-
pear to better advantage in the show ring than smaller ones.

3. Animals to be shown should be in good flesh, not
fat, but smoothly covered over all parts. Thin animals in
poor condition will be discriminated against in the ring.
No particular system of feeding is necessary for dairy an-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 225

_imals, but the feed should be somewhat laxative and should
be fed in abundance. The teaching or training of animals
_to walk, stand, and act so as to appear to the best advan-
tage, is a very essential part of fitting for show. They
should be taught to walk in an elert, active manner, and,
above all, they must be trained to stand erect for long per-
—iods without slouching. The training should be so thorough
that practically nothing will excite the animals and make
them hard to manage. ;

4. Kor a month or two before the show the animals
should be kept in the barn. After being thoroughly washed
and scrubbed with soap and thoroughly rinsed, they should
be blanketed with light burlap blankets. From that time
on the animals should not be allowed to remain out of doors
in’ the sun without blankets, if their hides are to be kept
mellow and soft. Clipping is an important operation, and
there are many different methods. The extent of clipping
depends upon the conformation of the animal and its quali-
ty of hide and hair. In any case, the face, ears, udder,
milk veins, and tail should be clipped, the switch, of course,
being left. Clipping gives an appearance of trimness and
quality to the animal] that is difficult to obtain in any other
manner. Clipping several weeks before the show allows the
hair to grow out somewhat and makes the coat look softer.
Much time should be spent daily in brushing, first with a
stiff, coarse brush, then with a lighter, softer one, and final-
ly rubbing with a woolen cloth moistened with linseed oil.
Such treatment will bring a gloss and softness even to the
coarsest hair. If the hide is thick and tight or has a tend-
ency to be coarse, occasional scrubbings with hot suds made
from green soap, followed by a heavy blanketing and
sweating, will aid greatly in producing a loose, pliable skin.

5. Hoofs must be trimmed so as to be symmetrical.
This can easily be done with a hoof knife, pincers, rasp,
wood chisel, and mallet. After trimming, the hoofs should
be rasped smooth. Care should be exercised in all this work
not to cut or rasp the hoofs too thin. If the hoof is so hard
that a hoof knife can not be used, the animal may be placed

226 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

on a wooden floor and the hoof trimmed by means of a
chisel and mallet. The hoof should be oiled and rubbed
to a gloss after final smoothing.

6. If animals have horns, these should be scraped with
a steel scraper or glass lengthwise until nearly smooth and
_then finished off with fine sandpaper or emery cloth. When
as smooth as they can be made, the horns should be pol-
ished frequently before the show with powdered pumice
stone and sweet oil. It is very common to make leather,
chamois, or flannel horn coverings to protect the polished
horns.

7. The tail should be washed several times. The day
before showing it can be bleached with blueing, if light in
color, and then braided into three or four small braids and
left overnight. When ready to show, open the braids and
brush out the tail, thus giving it a clean, fluffy appearance.

DISEASES AND COMMON AILMENTS
Tuberculosis

In most cases this infectious disease is of a chronic
nature, taking a number of years to run its course, often
with no visable symptoms. Consequently the more chronic
its character the more dangerous as spreaders of the dis-
ease are animals affected with tuberculosis.

The disease may be introduced into a herd by bringing
in diseased animals, by feeding calves milk from tubercu-
lous cows (this may happen by using unpasteurized skim
milk from a creamery), by showing cattle at fairs, by ship-
ping cattle in infected cars, and by pasturing with other
cattle that have the disease. The most reliable way to tell
whether living cows have tuberculosis is to have them tuber-
culin tested by a competent veterinarian.

Of all the plans tried out for the eradication of tuber-
culosis, the accredited-herd plan and the accredited-area
plan offer the most promise and are accomplishing the best
results.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 227

Infectious Abortion

Infectious abortion is a disease very prevalent in dairy

_herds and causes excessive losses to dairymen each year.

The symptoms which denote its presence in a herd are

| rather indefinite and inconstant. The act of abortion is
| probably the symptom which is most widely known and

readily observed, but may easily be misinterpreted, since

not all cows which abort are affected with the infectious
disease. Its prompt recognition in diseased herds is ren-

dered difficult by the fact that many animals which ac-

‘quire the disease may never abort.

Cows that abort as a result of the disease often retain
their afterbirths.

It has been observed that barrenness is usually a
troublesome factor in herds in which the disease has gained
entrance. Often cows that have aborted conceive promptly,
but it is not infrequently necessary to breed an aborter five
or six times before conception takes place.

The presence of the disease in herds not only causes
loss of calves but may seriously interfere with milk produc-
tion as well.

At the present time no specific cure for infectious ab-
ortion is known. The propér course to pursue is dependent
in a measure upon how extensively the disease has spread.
The disposal of aborters may afford but slight relief, since
their elimination from the herd usually means that only a
portion of the affected animals have been removed.

Abortion losses in infected herds may be prevented to
no small degree by appropriate sanitary measures, such as
(1) isolation of aborting animals or those about to abort, as
long as they continue to have uterine discharges; (2) dis-
posal of fetuses, afterbirths, and bedding contaminated
with uterine discharges in such a manner that they will be
inaccessible to the rest of the herd; (3) precautions against
tracking discharges about premises; and (4) liberal use
of disinfectants about stables.

Maternity stalls should be provided for all cows in the
herd at time of calving, in which they should be confined

228 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

following calving as long as they have uterine discharges.
_ The infected cow which produces a seemingly normal calf
may be as great a source of danger to healthy stock at time
of calving as though she had aborted.

Experimental studies have indicated that animals ac-
quire the disease mainly through the mouth by consuming
feed or water that has been contaminated with material
from the generative organs of infected animals either at or
near times of calving or aborting. It is at these times, there-
fore, that extreme precautions should be taken in so hand-
ling the animals that their discharges may be confined to
as small an area as possible, where they may be gathered
up and proper disposition made of them.

Difficult Calving

Usually a cow will calve without assistance if kept
quiet and not excited. Strangers, children, and particularly
dogs, should be kept away from the cow. The stall or other
place where the calf is to be born should be clean. Before
labor has progressed to any great extent it is well to see that
the presentation is normal; that is, that the front feet and
nose are first to appear. Sometimes one or both feet or the
head is doubled back. When this occurs, calving without
assistance is difficult or impossible. The calf should be
placed in proper position for it to be born, and this usually
means pushing the calf back into the uterus, whieh is some-
times rather difficult to do. Unless a person is skilled in such
work it is better to call a veterinarian. A bungled job may
mean serious laceration of the uterus, a loss of the cow, or
the death of the calf. Calves can also be born hind feet
first. When this occurs, some one should be on hand to
see that delivery is hastened at the critical moment; that is,
when it has so progressed that the blood supply to the calf
through the naval cord is shut off. The calf must then be
able to start breathing or it will smother.

Sometimes assistance is needed, especially with the
* young cows, even when the presentation is normal. Hence
the cow should be watched rather closely, but no help
should be given unless it is necessary. Time must be al-

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 229

lowed for the relaxation of the openings from the uterus
and vagina. In general, labor should continue for two hours
or more before any help is given, although the condition
of the cow should be taken into consideration. She should
not be allowed to become too much exhausted before help
is given.

The way to help is to take hold of the calf’s feet, if
they protrude, otherwise pass cotton ropes around them,
and pull hard every time the cow strains. Do not pull at

-any other time and do not be in a hurry about getting the

calf. Too much haste or excessive pulling may injure both
cow and calf.

As soon as the calf is born, the navel cord should be
clipped about an inch from the belly, the few drops of
blood squeezed out, and tincture of iodine or full-strength
compound solution of cresol or other coal-tar preparation
applied.

The afterbirth is usually passed in a few hours, but if
not expelled naturally within two days it is thought best by

most veterinarians to remove it by hand. This should not

be attempted by an unskilled person, as care must be taken
to avoid injury in disengaging the cotyledons which attach
the afterbirth to the uterus, and special effort must be made
to get all the afterbirth. It is also necessary to avoid intro-
ducing infection into the uterus by dirty hands or irrigating
tube. The irrigating tube should be sterilized by boiling
before and after use. Very mild antiseptic solutions, in
large quantities, or salt solution (1 tablespoonful to a gallon
of boiled water), are then used to flush out the uterus. If
the cow does not expel all the liquid herself, it should be
siphoned out. Flushing of the uterus should take plaze
daily as long as a sterilized rubber tube can be inserted into
uterus. When the opening closes, so that a tube can not
be inserted, the vagina should be flushed every day or so
until all discharges cease.

Milk Fever

This is a disease that generally attacks mature cows
from the fourth to the sixth calf. High producers are more

230 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

subject to it than low producers, and fat cows are more sub-
ject to it than thin cows. It nearly always occurs within two
days after calving, and seems to be caused by an overfed
condition of the animal. Plenty of water and salt and a
minimum quantity of concentrated feed for several days
before and after calving will help to prevent this disease.

The disease may be recognized by a staggering gait
and lack of control of the hind legs. As the disease pro-
gresses the cow goes down in a stupor, lying in a normal
position, except that her head is usually turned to her flank.
Later, paralysis may become general and then the cow lies
on her side. |

The treatment consists of inflating each quarter of the
udder with air filtered through a liquid or cotton. Almost
any sort of air pump will serve to force the air into the
udder. Satisfactory milk-fever outfits are on the market,
or can be made up at little expense, using a bicycle pump,
rubber tubing, a piece of large glass tubing in which to
place the cotton, and a milk tube. Care must be exercised
to have the milk tube sterile and the ends of the teats should
be cleansed with a disinfecting solution. After inflation
the teats should be tied with tape in order to prevent escape
of the air. Ordinarily one inflation is sufficient, but in case
the cow shows ne improvement in two hours the inflation
should be repeated. Every dairyman should keep a milk-
fever outfit on hand for quick use.

Garget

‘“Garget,” ‘mastitis,’ and “mammitis’”’ are terms which
denote inflammation of the udder. One or more quarters
may become swollen, hard, hot, and tender. The milk is
reduced in quantity and may be of watery consistency or
contain clots or strings of curd. In severe cases the contents
of the udder may become foulsmelling. Cows with large
udders are more susceptible than those with small udders.
Some of the conditions which seem to cause or at least
predispose the animal to garget are (1) exposure to drafts
or cold weather, (2) bruises of the udder, (8) injuries to
the teats, (4) the use of a milk tube, and (5) excessive feed-

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Wy
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FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 231

ing on rich feeds. Sometimes garget seems to develop with-
out any apparent cause. Very often a sore on the end of
the teat will lead to udder infection and garget.

Treatment consists of giving a dose of Epsom salt or
other purgative, and putting hot applications on the af-
fected parts several times a day for at least 30 minutes at a
time. The Epsom salt should be given as a drench. (Page
230.) After these applications the udder should be wiped

dry, and camphorated oil applied and rubbed in thoroughly.

Cowpox

This is an infectious disease which causes character-
istic sores on the udder and teats. Tenderness and redness
of the teats are first noticed, which is followed by eruption
of grayish-red nodules. A vesicle or blister forms in the
center of the nodule in about 10 days and in another 3 days
the blister breaks, discharges a yellowish serum, and then
a scab forms.

Treatment consists of healing the sores left by the
blisters. Zinc ointment is a very good remedy, acting not
only as a disinfectant but also keeping the affected parts
soft, thus preventing cracking and bleeding. Since this
disease is commonly carried from one cow to another by the
milkers, the affected animal or animals should be milked
last; and, as a further safeguard, the hands should be dis-
infected after milking each cow in the herd.

Foul Foot

This trouble is experienced in many herds. It is thought
to be most frequently caused by infections from stable filth
while standing in wet, dirty places, or from foreign matter
becoming wedged between the claws. The hind feet are
most likely to be affected. The animal seems to suffer when
walking on the sore foot, and the region of the foot is in-
flamed and swollen. When the soreness has advanced, there
may be sloughing off of the membrane between the claws,
which has an offensive odor. The foot should be thoroughly
cleaned, and if only slightly inflamed can be washed in a

292 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

solution of carbolic acid, 1 part: of pure acid to 20 parts of
water. Cresol compound liquor cresolis compositus U. S.
P.), undiluted, is also good. The animal should be kept in
a clean, dry place. In persistent or aggravated cases, the
foot should be washed well with the solution and a wad of
absorbent cotton smeared with pine tar placed in the cleft.
This can be held in place by taking a strip of strong cloth,
2 inches wide, passing the middle between the claws, and
then tying the ends after winding them above the hoof. The
corner of a grain sack with strips left attached for tying
makes a good outside bandage.

Choke

Choking is usually caused by a cow trying to swallow
too large an object, like an apple, potato, or turnip. It may
occasionally result from the collecting of soft feed into a
ball. It is most likely to occur in cows that are greedy
feeders.

The animal stops eating, coughs, and saliva runs from
the mouth. When attempting to drink, water runs from
the mouth. If the choke is high in the throat it may be felt
as a lump on the left side of the neck. When the cause
of the choke can be located in the throat it may be forced
up into the mouth or crushed by pressing with the hand. A
pint of raw linseed oil or olive oil will aid by acting as a
lubricant. In severe cases a competent veterinarian should
be called.

Bloat

Bloat may be caused by any kind of feed which pro-
duces indigestion and forms gas in the paunch. It can be
caused by pasturing on young clover or alfalfa, especially
with the dew on, or by feeding spoiled silage, roots, etc.
The paunch is inflated most noticeably on the left side. In
severe cases this distention may extend above the back.
When tapped with the fingers the paunch gives a drum-like
sound. When bloat is pronounced, difficulty in breathing
is noticed.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 233

Exercise the animal by walking. If this does not help,
give 2 tablespoonfuls of liquor cresolis compositus (U. S.
P.), mixed with 2 quarts of warm water as a drench. After
bloating has subsided, give 1 pound of Epsom salt in 3 pints
of warm water as a drench. If these remedies are not ef-
fective, and in urgent cases where the gas must be allowed
to escape without delay, it may be necessary to puncture the
paunch. This is best done with a trocar and canula. The
trocar is a sharp-pointed instrument which fits smoothly
into a hollow tube called the canula, leaving the sharp
point exposed. After inserting the trocar and canula, by
a quick, firm thrust inward, downward, and forward, the
trocar is pulled out and the canula left in the opening. This
will allow the gas to escape. The paunch is punctured on
the left side with the trocar at the center of a triangle
formed by the last rib, the hip bone, and the loin.

The animal should be fed sparingly on easily digested
feed for several days after bloating has stopped, so that all
fermenting material may pass out of the stomach.

Drenching

Medicine is usually given to cattle by “drenching.”
This is commonly done by mixing the medicine with water
and giving this by the aid of a long-necked bottle or drench-
ing horn through the mouth. The medicine should be given
slowly, to prevent choking. A simple drenching tube can
be made by using an ordinary tin funnel with a piece of
rubber hose.

Care must be used in drenching to prevent the medi-
cine from passing down the animal’s windpipe to the lungs,
causing pneumonia. In giving a drench the head of the
animal should be held in an elevated position. The mouth
of the bottle is inserted at the side of the mouth in front of
the jaw teeth and on top of the tongue. If the animal
coughs, the head should be immediately lowered, to pre-
vent the liquid from passing to the lungs. Care should also
be taken in holding the animal, to avoid stopping breathing
through the nose. Unless one has had considerable ex-

234 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

perience in this practice it is best to call a veterinarian, es:
pecially if other than ordinary medicines are to be given.

Nails or Wire in the Stomach

On farms where much baled hay or mill feed is used
many cows are killed as a result of sharp-pointed wires or
nails puncturing the wall of the stomach, piercing the heart,
or setting up infection. There is one compartment of the
stomach in which such material is collected and held. Most
of it usually does no harm, but occasionally a sharp-pointed
object reaches a vital organ with fatal results. :

Some farms have provided magnets over which ali
ground feed is passed. Pliers are used for cutting the wire
on the baled hay instead of a hatchet or ax. Since the
pliers sever the wire at one cut there is less danger of short
pieces of wire being broken off and mixed with the hay. If
the hatchet always severed the wire at the first stroke it
would be as good an instrument as any for cutting the
wire, but usually more than one stroke is used.

When a cow is suffering from a nail or wire coming in
contact with the heart, breathing becomes short and is ac-
companied usually by a gentle grunt at each respiration.
The appetite and general health are also affected, and in
severe cases the brisket may become swollen. The trouble
is usually first noticed by general depression and refusal
of feed.

Operations to remove the foreign objects have been
successfully performed by skilled veterinarians. The usual
treatment consists in keeping the cow as quiet as possible
and avoiding the feeding of excessive quantities of rough-
age. Violent exercise or a greatly distended paunch may
push the wire into the heart and cause death.

W arbles

Warbles or grubs are the larval stage of the heel fly.
The larva is about one-half to 1 inch in length and is whit-
ish or brown in color. The grubs weaken cattle, causing
them to fall off in flesh and milk, and also lower the value
of the hide because of the holes they make in it.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 235

Application of fly repellents during the summer is
probably of little value in keeping off warble flies. When the
grubs appear they cause lumps beneath the skin of the
back. They should be forced out by pressure beneath the
lump, or may be killed by forcing a little ointment, con-
sisting of 1 part of iodoform to 5 parts of vaseline, into the
opening of the lump. The former method is preferable, be-
cause it does not leave the dead grub beneath the skin.

Lice

The effects of lice are usually first noticed by patches
of hair falling out around the tail-head or the withers. Care-
ful examination will reveal the presence of lice. Unless
the lice are Pilea, the animal will become thin and lose
much of its hair. Young calves are especially affected. Lice
are easily destroyed by a solution of standard coal-tar creo-
sote stock dips. The strength of the solution as indicated
on the container may be followed with safety. The dipping
vat is the most effective means of applying the solution, but
is not recommended to be used in cold weather. Lice can
be destroyed on valuable or high-producing cows by hand
treatment, without resorting to the dipping vat. It is no
great job to go over the herd with a brush and disinfecting
solution. A warm day should be selected for the work. A
compressed-air or other type of sprayer can be used suc-
cessfully in applying the solution.

Flies

Flies are one of the greatest nuisances around a dairy;
house flies because they contaminate the milk, and stable
flies because they torment the cattle. Both are objection-
able in that they soil the walls and equipment. House flies
are not provided with biting mouth parts, but they may
annoy cattle by feeding on eye and other body secretions.
Their food is milk, soiled feed, etc. Stable flies have pierc-
ing mouth parts; their food is blood, and for this reason
they are not attracted by milk. These two kinds of flies
look much alike. In addition to these, there are the small

236 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

black horn flies, which are especially bothersome on ac-
count of their great numbers.

Flies breed in filth or decomposing matter of various
kinds, horse manure appearing to be the most favorable
material for house flies, wet and rotting straw or other vege-
tation for stable flies, and cow manure for horn flies. Clean-
ing up, treating, or screening their breeding places is an ef-
fective method of combating flies. This is especially true
if a large area is covered, such as a whole community. The
individual farmer can do much to lessen the number of flies
on his farm, as the major part of them, under usual farm
conditions, are produced there. Since flies will travel for
miles, however, the effectiveness of this method depends to
some extent on the distance from other favorable breeding
places.

One of the most effective methods of decreasing the
trouble from house flies is to keep all food away from them.
See that there is no spilled milk for them to feed on; also
that all soiled mangers that attract flies are cleaned. If
there is nothing for a house fly to eat it will not stay around.
Fly traps will catch a great number if properly baited. They
will also attract flies into the barn, and for this reason it is
better to set the traps outside rather than inside the build-
ings. Poison made by using a solution of formalin and milk
in the proportion of 3 teaspoonfuls of commercial 40 per
cent formalin to 1 pint of sweetened milk gives good re-
sults. In using this poison, blotting paper may be placed
in the bottom of shallow pans and the paper barely covered
with liquid. As the liquid dries out it should be renewed.

Since stable flies are not attracted by bait of any kind,
the method of combating them is to keep them away from
the stock by darkening the stable, blanketing the cattle, or
using some sort of fly repellent on the animals. No repellent
has yet been devised that will protect the animals for more
than a few hours. A repellent composed of the following
is probably as effective as any: Oil of tar, 10 parts; cotton-
seed oil, 10 parts; and paraffin oil, 80 parts. Although flies
worry cows considerably, the presence of limited numbers
does not materially effect milk production.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 237

Warts on the Teats

Sometimes warts attain sufficient size to interfere with
milking. One method of removing them is to apply castor
— oil or pure olive oil after each milking for a week. If this
treatment fails, the warts can be touched with a stick of
lunar caustic and the oil applied after that. Iong warts
that are not too large at the base may be removed by tying a
silk thread tightly around the wart near the teat and allow-
ing it to remain until the wart drops off.

Cracked Teats

Sometimes a cow’s teats will chap in the winter. The
cause is exposure to cold when the teats are still moist.
The remedy is to milk with dry hands and to see that the
teats are dry when the cows are turned out in the cold. Wet
milking and the sucking of calves make the teats more
liable to chap. In case cracking occurs, the main treat-
ment consists in keeping the teats soft with applications of
oil or salve. This will help to protect the teats from ex-
cessive drying and continued cracking.

Kicking

Kicking during milking is largely due to poor manage-
ment. Many cows will kick when they are being broken
to milk, and they must be carefully handled so that they will
not form the habit. Sore or cracked teats will also cause
cows to kick. One should never strike a cow for kicking.
Such practice will get her excited and make her worse.
Some animals must be restrained while being milked. This
is best accomplished by placing a heavy strap or rope |
around the rear legs just above the hocks. Pass this strap
around one leg, cross between the legs, and then around the
other, drawing them close together. Unless crossed in the
middle the strap will slip down when the cow struggles.

Self-Sucking

Every dairyman has had experience with cows that
suck themselves. There seems to be no satisfactory ex-

238 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

planation as to why they do this. To prevent the habit many
devices and methods have been tried with varying degrees
of success. One device may work successfully on one cow
and fail on another. One method that has been used suc-
cessfully is to fasten one end of a strong stick about 3 feet
long to the ring of the halter, passing the stick between the
front legs and fastening the other end to a ring in a strap
that extends around the cow’s body. This device allows
the cow to raise and lower her head but prevents turning
her head toward the body. Muzzles placed over the ani-
mals’ noses, cradles around their necks, bits in the mouth,
and various other methods have been used. Applications
such as quinine or red pepper have been placed on the teats.
If a cow is a confirmed self-sucker, she should be sent to
the butcher unless she is especially valuable as a breeding
animal.

Dehorning

Horns are of no use to the animal. It is no longer nec-
cessary for the cow to fight for self-protection or for the
protection of her young. Cows with horns oftentimes injure
one another in the stable or lot, and they sometimes acci-
dentally injure the attendants. Bulls with horns are de-
cidedly more dangerous than those without horns. There
is only one excuse for allowing animals to retain horns, and
that ig for the sake of appearances; and it is very question-
able whether a large proportion of horns as found really
add to an animal’s appearance. Still they do sometimes
increase the selling price of an animal and may increase its
chances in the show ring, and so long as these conditions
exist it is advisable to let the horns remain on at least some
of the purebred animals.

The main thing to consider in dehorning or in preven-
tion of horn growth is to destroy or remove the skin from
which the horn grows. In the calf this skin covers the horn ©
button and can be destroyed by treatment with caustic soda
or potash. In a few weeks thereafter this skin lies at the
base of the horn and entirely surrounds it. Proper dehorn-
ing therefore includes the removal of this skin, which is

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 239

accomplished by sawing or clipping the horns close to the
_head. Unless this skin is removed the horns will grow

again and produce what are known as scurs.
The substance usually applied after removal of the

horns is pine tar. This helps to keep away flies and prob-
| ably assists in checking the bleeding. If bleeding persists,
it can be stopped by passing a string around the horn
_ stubs and twisting tightly over the poll. This string should

be removed as soon as danger of bleeding ceases, or in
about 12 hours. To avoid any trouble from flies it igs best
to dehorn during the late fall, winter, or early spring. Ex-
periments indicate that the milk flow of dairy cows is not
seriously affected by dehorning.

240 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

SECRETARY’S REPORT

Receipts

Balance aa Sa ee ho ee ee 2 a Oe
WS. Oth air: = eee ee 150.00
Ill. Butter Mfgrs. Improvement Association _____ 650.00
Advertising 22 2 eels eS 117.00
Memberships 205 co 2UL Vis) Wt 884.00
$1,858.07
Disbursements

Treas Poss 220d ee a Ge a on $1,356.50
Bigin, Trips (8) 228215 22 oe ee 26.85
SUAMDPS 25 Seb Be ee ee i ee 41.11
Committees Expenses 22222000122. ee 18.70
Express, Telephone, Telegrams _______________ 3.87
Si Vier Cui hE ee ey 20.00
Henry Hawkinson 22.22 428.) 22 100.00
Cash ‘Prizes to boys 2.220 ee ee 25.00
WS. (OU airy: cee ae ee ea 20.00
Stenographer at Galesburg s22201 2200) es ee 15.00
Miscellaneous’ 202. veo Jee ae 4.25
Nhneraving Prize Cup 2 iss Oe ee 8.18
Chicavo to Harrisbure and reunion 35.86
12 61040 05) 0g On aCe Big Maen RSS 9.00
$1,684.32

Balance 2c 3s aes Be a $ 173.75
TREASURER’S REPORT FOR YEAR ENDING JULY 1,

1926 |
Receipts

July de 1925. Balance on Hand acta aeae eee > 21 om
Dec. 29, 1925, Received from Geo. Caven _____-_ 650.00
Feb. 6, 1926, Received from Geo. Caven _______ 487.50
Mar. 4, 1926, Received from Geo. Caven .______ 109.00
July 1, 1926, Received from Geo. Caven _______ 110.00

Total Receipts ct mare se eee $1,628.47

Oct.
Oct.
Jan,
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Feb.
Feb.

Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Feb.
Feb.

Mar.

Mar.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 241
Disbursements
Voucher
No. Amt.
July 18, 1925, Chicago Produce Co., Printing _603 $ 12.05
18, 1925, State Supervisor, Expense State
Judging Team at Indianapolis __________ 604 25.00
21, 1925, Ley-Cross Printing Co., Envelopes
amamibeuven Ileads: = 605 19.50
7, 1926, Barnard & Miller, 4500 Posters
Menipership Contest ~~. 22.2 605 58.00
18, 1926, Hugh-Curtis Given, Postage,
MAMI pPLOCKAMS, etc, ~22 2 ee 607 20.00
8, 1926, T. P. Smith, Expense John Matt-
hews Calf Contest Winner _____________ 608 35.18
4, 1926, M. D. Munn, National Dairy Coun-
CulmPPOeMNSe \2 2202 LL ee 609 200.00
8, 1926, Harlan See, Three Calves given in
COMORES ee Sree ein 610 375.00
8, 1926, T. P. Smith, Expense Calf Contest 611 17.57
10, 1926, Dick Siems, Brown Swiss Heifer-
Min OONVOSti so 612 87.50
11, 1926, Ollie Thornsbrough, transporta-
tion Calf to Alvin from Danville ________ 613 4.00
11, 1926, L. H. Brauer, Transporting Calf
aicnvon Wamivaille: 2. 0 a ee 614 4.00
11, 1926, Sugar Creek Creamery Co., Re-
bate on 227 Memberships at 15% _~______ 615 34.05
11, 1926, Floyd C. Weakley, Rebate on
POMVCIMOeKSMIPS: 220. 2 616 4.85
23, 1926, Chicago Produce Co., Telegrams,
Ealtevone tor report: 20 ee ee 618 9.51
23, 1926, T. P. Smith, Calf contest expense 619 11.60
23, 1926, Hugh-Curtis Given, Stamps and
MIS REPO: 222. 3) ee ee ee 620 20.00
4, 1926, F. B. Morrison, Services Gales-
RorUnTgour © Ona MMT @ Wie eke are er ace 621 50.00
5, 1926, Henry Hawkinson, Collected on
Banquet: Mickets: Galesburg 2222 see" 622 20.00

242 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Mar. 5, 1926, Hugh G. Van Pelt, Services Gales-

bune Convention 00. Tae ee ee 623 100.00
Mairi, 1926) Expense 2) eee 624 50.00
Mar. 15, 1926, Chicago Produce Co., Phone,

Telegrams, Calf contest)... 304. c4 uaa 625 4.65
Mar. 16, 1926, W. S. O’Hair, Calf contest ex-

DONS) fru aie ot A eee Ne ee 626 18.00
Mar. 16, 1926, Harlan See, Calf contest ex-

D@TISE feet 0 eee Be 627 17.50
Mar. 16, 1926, Paul Benthall, Commission on

Memberships: sold (720i te es 628 2.00
Mar. 16, 1926, Hugh C. Given, Mailing Reports

and: *Proorams; Sivan eis ane ee ee 629 12.40
Apr. 6, 1926, F. A. Jorgensen, Galesburg Ex-

WETISG bole oil ok aye Ree 2) ee en eee ee 630 6.384
Apr. 7, 1926, Kressmann & Co., 2 M. Letter

Heads): (8 :chanswes)i pi Sane) ane inte ae 631 18.75
May 21, 1926, Blanche Boring, Stenographic

Nepon Gales purnomComemiieo i = === maaan Nyy) b72,-(0).0)
June 7, 1926, Stanton Bean, Commission on

Memberships soldie tse 2a ass See 2 1.00
July 1, 1926, Pioneer Creamery Co., Calf --_2 37 105,00

Fotal Disbursements 2-50 a2 aie SleoGone
Total Cash received for the year to July 1, 1926 __$1,628.47
Total Disbursements for year to July 1, 1926 ____$1,565.45
Balance on Hand July i, 1926 232222 Sy koe) 02

Respectfully submitted,
CHAS. FOSS,
Treasurer

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

243

MEMBERSHIP LIST

Life Members

ARBUCKLE, ROSCOE, Paris, Ill.

-BOLAND, CHESTER, Paris, Ill.

BEN REA ee i, wsheller, Ill.,
Route No. 1.

FRAZIER, EDGAR J.,
Crawford, Paris, Ill.

FRAZIER, BOYES, Paris, Ill.

REDMAN, JOHNNIE, Paris, Ill.
Route 5.

‘ROLL, GEO., Paris, Ill.

SHR LAR EAM Paris, Ill. R. F.
D5:

JORGENSON, F. A., Champaign,
ON,

III sy,

CAVEN, GEO., Chicago, IIl.

O’HAIR, W. S., Paris, Ill.

STANARD, S. J., Springfield, Ill.

FILSON, C. M., Salem, III.

MILES, LESLIE, Lawrenceville,
Ill.

PHILLIPS, J. R., Sesser, Ill.

FOSS, CHAS., Freeport, Ill. R-6.

BLUE VALLEY CREAMERY CO.,
Chicago, IIl.

DE LAVAL SEPARATOR CO.,
Chicago, Ill.

SMITH, T. P., Danville, III.

GAL 1 DAILY BOOK NAMES

Members for Year

ARMS, C. C., Knoxville.

ALEXANDER, ROBERT 6G., R. 7,
Wataga.

ANDERSON, CARL, Knoxville.

ALEDO FARMERS GRAIN &
COAL CO., Aledo.

AVON FARMERS ELEVATOR
CO., Avon.

ANDERSON, ELMER, R. 6, Gales-

burg.

ADCOCK, C. L., Galesburg.

ARMSTRONG, J. E., Seymour,
Reo): :

ASTROTH, FRANK B., University
Farm, Dairy Div. St. Paul, Minn.

ALLISON, HOWARD, Alvin.

ALLISON, A. T., Alvin.

AUSTIN, W. W., Decatur.

ADAMS, C. W., Cerro Gordo.
ARSNEAU, THOMAS, Beaverville.
ARNOLD, G. E., Watseka.
ALBRIGHT, GEORGE, Martinton.
ANDERSON, F. M., Danville, R. 6.
ATWOOD, J. C., Collision, R. 1.
ALBERT, ROY, Collison, R. 7.
ALLEN, W. A., Oakwood, R. R.
ANDERSON, F. M., Danville, R. 6.
AMBROSE, A. S., Dairy Dept. of
We Ox Ie, Wirloeiney

ADAMS, ROY, Danville, R. 38.

ARNOLD, A. H., 718 Randolph St.
Chicago.

ASQUITH, EDGAR, Aron, R. 3.

AVERY, G. G., Barton Salt Co.
Hutchinson, Kans.

244

BERGSTROM, AUGUST, Gales-
loner, Jey. Jk
BULLMAN, J. J., Alexis.
BENSON, OLAF, 1169 Lombard
St., Galesburg.
BURNSIDE, CARL, Galesburg.
BUCKLEY, DEAN, Galesburg,
5 Ba
BUCKLEY, LOUIS,
Remon
VAN BUSKIRK, M. GUY, Onieda.
BUTLER, PAUL, Urbana, R. 3.
BONEFELD, HARRY, 122 N. Lo-
gan, Ave., Danville.
BINGHAM, ALFRED, Alvin.
BROWN, C. C., Alvin.
BORDERS, O. P., Rossville.

Galesburg,

BUSHNELL FEED CoO., East
North St., Danville.

BOND, I. F., Rossville.

BROWN, MR. GEO., 806 W.

Green St., Urbana.

BUSSING, MR. E. H., Burrows
Adding Mch. Co., Bismark.
BELTON CANDY, COR 217) i:

NORTH ST., Danville.
BOYER’S ICE CREAM & DAIRY
CO... Baris.
RIDA, Os; Jelgy es. ise, 44,
BRENNEMAN, W. W.,
Gordo. .
BOWDLE ACCOUNTING SYS-
TEM. Cerro Gordo.
BOWNEY, ELMER, Cerro Gordo.
BLAKENEY, L. H., 326 N. Water
St., Decatur.
BINKLEY, HAL, Paris.
BALES, GEO., Paris, R. 3.
BAUMAN, H. B., Milmine.
BEMENT GRAIN CO., Bement.

Cerro

CARLSON, J. E., Knoxville.

COURTEA, D. K., Knoxville.

CAMPBELL, GEORGE H., 538 N.
Kellogg Street, Galesburg.

CARLSON BROTHERS, Gales-
burg.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

BEMENT LUMBER CO., Bement.

E. B. BOOHN SONS, Cerro Gordo.

BURDICK, ARTHUR, Sugar Creek
Creamery Co., Watseka.

BARON, J. J., Martinton.

F. H. BARNUM & SONS, Watseka.

BRUMIGA, B., Cresent City.

BROSNAHAN, M. F., Gilman.

BENTLY, FRANCIS, Longview.

BROWN, THOMAS, Mansfield, R.
R.

BALBUCK, O. E., Oakwood, R. R.

BEISELY, THOS., Tuscola, R. R.

BULLARD, W. H., Fairmount, R.
Ey

BARKMAN, ROY, Collision, R. 1.

BUY, WM., Danville, R. 2.

BIGGS, MRS. JOS., East Lynn,
RORY

BAILESCHKI,
OGWS hve Ee

BRANNAN, J. M., Dairy Dept. U.
Ole Wrbanar

BOSCH, A., Broadland, R. R.

BAKER, WALTER, Fairland, R. R.

BLOOMSTRAND, H. J., Rankin,
RR

BARNHART, C. C., Tolono, R. R.

BROWN, C. N., Danville, c. o.
Illinois Ice Co.

BEARD, CARL, Collison, R. R.

C. W. BRIDGEFORTH & SON,
Jiay.

BOYD, ALBERT, DuQuoin.

BJORLING, GUS, Altona.

CLINE, HAROLD V., Abingdon.

BRACKEN; E. M. D., 214 Hill
Arcade, Galesburg.

BRUMGTON, EARL, Cameron.

HERBERT, Sad-

CLEARWATER, J. J., Onieda.

CRISSEY, N. O., 1039 N. Prairie
Street, Galesburg.

CAULKINS, CHAS. W., Abingdon.

CHAMBER & McCONNELL,
Galesburg.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

CARR, FRANK, Avon.

COOPER, K. G., 57 E. Water
Street, Galesburg.

CARNES, F. L., Urbana, R. 3.

COLEE, HENRY, Urbana, R. 38.

CLARBORNE, D. F., c. 0. Pioneer
Cmy. Co., Champaign.

CARTER, HOMER, Alvin.

COLBURG, WM., Alvin.

CRAGS, GEO., Rossville.

CRANE, WALTER 6&., Rossville.

CORNELL, THOS., Rossville.

CREIGHTON, MASTER LEWIS,
Alvin.

CRANE, G. C., Pence, Ind., R. 1.

CAMPBELL, L. R., Bismark.

COX, HARRY, Cerro Gordo.

CROWE, M. F., Cerro Gordo.

CERRO GORDO LUMBER CO.,
Cerro Gordo.

CARMICHALL, C. V., Paris, R.
Tal

CLINE, FRED, Paris, R. 4.

CHRISMEN, LOYD, Horace.

CERRO GORDO CO-OP GRAIN
CO., Cerro Gordo.

CONSOLIDATED DAIRY CO.,
Watseka.

CREPPS, DAN, Martinton.

COPE, BOYD, Westville, R. R.

DALTON, FRED, Gilson.

DREDGE, FRED M., Knoxville,
Re.

DILLON, M. D., Galesburg, R. 5.

DIEHL, STUART, Victoria.

DeMARR, WALTER, 74 N. Cham-
bers Street, Galesburg.

PREMIER DAIRY CO., Galesburg.

DOLLISON, WILSON, Dahinda.

DUNN, HARRY L., Galesburg,
R. 6.

DUNN, A. E., Galesburg, R. 5.

DAVIS, A. H., 203 N. Walnut,
Champaign.

DONALDSON, V. E., Champaign.

DORNFIELD, FRANK, Hoopeston.

DONOVAN, DR., Rossville.

e

D

245

CARPENTER, CARL, Muncie, R.
R.

CASE, WM., Ogdon, R. R.

CHERRY, M., St. Joseph, R. R.

CONNORS, M. F., Sadorus, R. R.

CARTER, LESLIE, Alvin, R. R.

CLEVER, R. A., Georgetown,
Jee. Jee

COGGESHULL, L. B., Indianola,
Feels

CRAMER, W. A., Collison, R. R.

CRAWFORD, J. J., Danville, R. 8.

CUNNUNGHAM, T. F., Bismarck,
46. dk

CARLSON, HENRY, Grape Creek,
R. R.

CHRISMAN, GEO., Bismarck, R.
Re

COLLEY, JAS., Collison, R. R.

CRAWFORD, LEWIS, Danville,
eae

CIRCLER, O. H., Penfield, R. R.

CROW, CLARENCE, Chrisman,
184) 182.

CHENOWETH, FRANK, Alvin,
R. R.

COLNVAUN SS Gere
Bldg., Chicago.

COLWELL, C. E., Knoxville.

CALDWELL, R. E., Waukegan.

1442 Conway

DUTOUR, R. J., c. 0. Sugar Creek
Crmy. Co., Pana.
DANVILLE MORNING PRESS,
Danville.
DUNCAN, FRED, Potomac.
DAVISON, JOHN, Rossville.
DANVILLE WHOLESALE GRO.,
Danville.
DEPEW, J. J., Cerro Gordo.
DEPEW, C. L., Cerro Gordo.
DILLOW, C. A., Cerro Gordo.
DOBSON, CHAS. L., Cerro Gordo.
DENNIS! Wiki, Paris) (Rett
DOSS, W. A., Monticello.
DAVIDSON, M. R., County Judge,
Monticello, Ill., Piatt Co.
DAVIS, W. W., Bement.

246

DOBSON, MRS. GEO. E., Cerro
Gordo.

DIONNE, J. P., Martinton.

DIONNE, M. I., Beaverville.

DIONNE, M. P., Beaverville.

DAVIS, SARAH, Oakwood, R. R.

DANIELS, HAROLD, Catlin, R. R.

DICKSON, ERNEST, Fairmount,
Rags:

DICKSON, ROY, Fairmount, R. R.

DAILY, MRS. MARY, Allerton,
18g, 1%

IDGNGial, AY 1d, IDeayanviile, 1. 4h,

EULER, WM. B., 1021 S. Hender-
son Street, Galesburg.

EMSTROM, CARL, Galesburg,
Ii B),

HIKER, JOHN A., Knoxville, R. 1.

ENGLE, KEITH A., Dahinda.

ERICKSON, SAM, Onieda.

ELLIOTT, R. E., Hoopeston.

ELLIOTT BROTHERS, Hoopes-
ton.

EDWORTHY, FRED, Rossville.

FOSTER, NORMAN, Knoxville,
lige 2p

FAULKNER, HENRY, Wataga.

FARMERS ELEVATOR, Strong-
hurst.

FARMERS CO-OP COMPANY,
Onieda.

L. & G. FEED COMPANY, Gales-
burg.

FAIRBANKS MORSE & CoO., Chi-
cago.

FISHER, SCOTT, Urbana, R. 38.

FISHER, WALTER, Urbana, R. 38.

FISHER, CLYDE E., Sovay.

FRAME, J. W., c. o. Sugar Creek
Creamery Co., Danville.

FISCHER & McKEE, Danville.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

DEVORE, FRANK, Georgetown,
es, Je,

DUNOVAN, FRED, Danville, R. 6.

DARR, HOWARD, Fairmount, R.
R:

DUNN, ALFRED, Fithian, R. R.

DAVIS, JOE, Cedar Radips, Iowa,
c. o. J. G. Cherry Co.

DICKSON, S. H., Chrisman, R. 1.

DRAKE, W. H., Perryville, Ind.

DE LAVAL SEPARATOR CO.,
600 Jackson Blvd., Chicago. _

DILLON, H. P., 121 Hazel Street,
Oshkosh, Wis.

ETNOYER, RUSSELL, Cerro Gor-
do.

EAST, O. N., Cerro Gordo.

ELLEDGE, FERN, Paris, R. 4.

ELLEDGE, RUSSELL, Paris, R. 3.

EDIE, A. C., Monticello.

EUCHNER, J. F., Martinton.

EDWARDS, J. W., Georgetown,
Ragekve

EATON, GEO., Catlin, R. R.

EARL, J. W., Danville, R. 6.

FRIED, CHARLIE, c. o. Sugar
Creek Creamery Co., Danville.
FILSON, GLEN G., Farm Des-
patcher, C. & I. M. RuyRay fay-

lorville.

FAHLMAN, DUNCAN J., c¢. o.
Buhl Stamping Co., Detroit,
Mich.

FIDLER, FRANK, Dudley, R. R.

FRAIZER, J. B., 111 E. Crawford,
Paris.

FULK, J. G., Cerro Gordo.

FOLRATH, D. B., 211 N. Water
Street, Decatur.

ERAZIER, Je By, Parisysaeee

FIDLER, A. D., Paris.

FAY, HARVEY, Monticello.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

247

FIRST NATIONAL BANK, Mont- FINLEY, G., Danville, R. 2.

icello.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK, Bem-
ent.
FIELD, J. P. O., Cerro Gordo.
FURGESON, JOHN, Cerro Gordo.
FLESHER, ETHEL, Watseka,
Sugar Creek Cmy. Co.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK, Wat-
seka.
FAY DRUG COMPANY, Watseka.
FARBES, M. S8S., Watseka.
FRANCIS, M. T., Fithian, R. R.
FAIRCHILD, ROBT., Danville,
Jii5. Like

GALESBURG NATIONAL BANK,
Galesburg.

TOWNSEND, GRANT, 1142 N.
Broad Street, Galesburg.

GEHRING, HARRY, Altona.

GALESBURG MOLASSES &
FEED CO., Galesburg.

GARDNER, B. F., 1021 S. Hend-
erson Street, Galesburg.

GARVER, HUGH C., 926 N.
Prairie Street, Galesburg.

GEHRING BROTHERS,
Jawan. Jats Jase

GRIFFITH, DALE, Oneida.

GUNTHERS, IRENE, Knoxville.

GUNTHERS, LOWELL, Knoxville.

GIBBS, REED, Victoria.

GUSCETTI, B. J., Pioneer Cmy.
Co., Champaign.

GREEN, CHAS., Rossville.

GEZEL, F. A., 807% West 4th
Street, Sterling.

GUBBINS, JOS. X., c. 0. Paterson
Parchment Paper Co., Chicago,
1144-46 Conway Bldg.

GORDON, ALLAN T., Chamber of
Commerce, Danville.

Gales-

FREDERICKSON, FRANK, Clar-
ence, R. R.

FRANSWORTH, J. W., Danville,
Ji ete

FINLEY, ELMORE, Fairmount,
Jie 18%.

FRANCIS, GLEN, Ogden, R. R.

FINLEY, J. M., Fairmount, R. R.

FREEZE, O., Plymouth, Ind.

FITZPATRICK, W. W., Clemson
College, S. Carolina.

FRAZER, W. J., Champaign.

FINLEY, J. O., Oneida.

FABERMAN, F. A., Harrisburg.

GILLILAND, C. E., Weltenville.
GLEHMAN, R., 224 E. Wood St.,
Paris.
GRIFIN, JOE, Paris, R. 4.
GUMM, FRED, Paris, R. 7.
GUNNER, FRED, Paris, R. 7.
GUNNER, ZIESS, Paris.
GLECKER, S. E., Paris.
GRIMES Mo sugar
Creamery Co., Watseka.
GILBERT, H. L., Beaverville.
GRAHAM, FRANK, Penfield, R. R.
GREEN, R. E., Fithian, R. R.
GURBER, MARY, Pesotum, R. R.
GOODNER, C. B., Danville, R. 4.

Creek

GORDON, EUGENE, Danville,
1a Oa
GALEAGHEN, J. iG: Sadorus,
R. R.

GAINES, F. L., Sidell, R. R.
GAINES, W. E., Danville, R. 2.

GUTHRIE, FRANK,
Jog lite

GOODALL, :W. M., Allerton, R. R.

GRAY, R. E., Peoria Creamery
Co., Peoria.

Allerton,

248

HUGGINS & BROWN, Knoxville.

HENDERSON, A. M., Galesburg,
JR) Bs

HOLLEMAN, W. M., Champaign,
asd. dhe

HANSEN, CARL N., 1309 N. Neil,
Champaign.

HOY, OLAF, Lombard.

HOUGH, WM. F., 208 W. Penn,
Urbana.

HILDEBRANN, L. J., Pioneer
Creamery Co., Champaign.

HORNEMAN, H. C., 123 Wash-
ington Ave., Danville.

HORNEMAN & COSSEY CO.,
Danville.

HUSHAW, EDWARD, Rossville.

HANNAH, KENT, Alvin.

HIGHT, VIRGEL, Alvin.

HANSON, FRANK, Rossville.

HARDY, M. J., Hoopeston.

HUGHS, BURT, Hoopeston.

HARRIS Jade e0s de bamord (Cos
Wyandotte, Mich.

HOFF, GEO. S., 119 Franklin St.,
Danville.

HOLMES HDW. & SUPPLY CO.,
Danville.

HOSHAVER, FRANK, Rossville.

HEWITT, W. L., Mattoon.

HESLER, ALFRED J.,
Agt., Covington, Ind.

HAYWOOD, GEO. P., c. o. Hay-
wood Tag Co., LaFayette, Ind.

HECKMAN, W. T., Cerro Gordo.

HENNEYBERRY, T. J., Cerro
Gordo.

HUFFORD, FRANK, Cerro Gordo.

County

INTER COUNTY TELEPHONE
CO., Cerro Gordo.

IROQUOIS HOTEL, Watseka.

IRVIN, JESSE, Muncie, R. R.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

HICKMAN, I. D., Cerro Gordo.

HYBURGER, FRANK, Paris.

HICK, J. L., Monticello.

HURD, W. S., Cerro Gordo.

HAUBECKER, J. E., Monticello.

HOBSON, E. L., Clifton.

HOLM, DANIEL, Ogden, R. R.

HAMMOND, M. H., Danville, R. 6.

HARRISON, ARTHUR, Danville,
I, 4b

HASKINS, MRS. GEO.,
Creek, R. R.

HUMRICHOUSE, J. C., George-
WOM Jee let,

HASKINS, FRED, Danville, R. 6.

HAWKINS, GEO., Danville, R. 1.

HOCH, HARRY, Homer, R. R.

HERTLINE, FRED, Westville,
Ree

HATHAWAY, R., Danville, R. 6.

HOWARD, FRED, Grape Creek.
Rook:

HACKETT, JOS. E., Tuscola: hak.

HIRES, ALVA, Catlin, R. R.

HALL, CHAS., Georgetown, R. R.

HOOPER, J. J:, Lexingetony skye
ec. o. University.

Grape

HARRIER, CHAS., Westville,
Rise
HAZLETT, LOUIS E., 1814 S.

13th St., Springfield.

HEPBURN, MR. N. P., Peoria
Creamery Co., Peoria.

HEPBURN, MR. N., Peoria Cream-
ery Co., Peoria.

HENDERSON, W., Galesburg,
Reve
INGRAM, MR. WM., Oakwood,

Inge ae

INGALSBE, 0. 0.,; Danville; Rake

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 249

JAGGARD, T. J., Knoxville.

JUDSON, O. L., Galesburg.

JORDAN, T. N. SR., Urbana, R. 3.

JORDAN, F. W., Urbana, R. 3.

JUTKINS, L. F., Champaign, R. 1.

JORGENSEN, B. C., Naperville.

Tavis. W., N. Y. Desp. Ref.
Line, 166 W. Jackson Blvd.,
Chicago.

JONES, E. E., Paris.

JONES, JONNIE, Cerro Gordo.

KINNEY, EMORY, Knoxviile.

KRAFT, C. W., Galesburg.

KERCHER, OTIS, Ver. Co. Farm
Bureau, Danville.

KRUKEWITT, W. F., Alvin.

KOELLING, C. F., 218 Mascoutah
Ave., Belleville.

KENNARD, J. L., Sugar Creek
Cmy. Co., Evansville, Ind.

KOKEN, R. B., Scharff & Koken,
7900 Michigan Ave., St. Louis,
Mo.

KEHTNER, L. O., Bismark.

KERRICK, RALPH, Paris, R. 2.

KELLARMS, CLAUDE, Newman,
Jee Jae

KIESER, WM., West Ridge, R. R.

LARSON, R. S., Galesburg, R. 4.
LARSON, LESTER, Galesburg,
Vee il
LAWRENCE, L. E., 1021 S. Hen-
derson Street, Galesburg.
LARSEN, CARL, 609 E. Fremont
Street, Galesburg.
LEASENBY, O. E., Knoxville.
LAMB, G. L., Galva.
L. & G. FEED CO., Galesburg.
LUNGREN, ALBERT, Knoxville.
MESLIn, J, W., Tolono, R. 2.
ery Co., Danville.
LEWIS, DAN JRK.,
Street, Danville.

I223> Grant

JUMPS,
RecR:
JINKS, CLAUDE, Homer, R. R.
JOHNSON, ELLIS, Gossett, R. R.
JORDAN, S. O., Georgetown, R. R.
JAMISON, H. E., Dairy Dept. U.
of I., Urbana.
JACKSON, W. C., Henning,. R R.
JONES, ED, Oakwood, R. R.
JUMPS, WM., Danville, R. 4.

HUGH, Grape Creek,

KEMP, GAIL, 306 Reiker
Danville.
KEES, GUS, Fairmount, R. R.
KELLY, ERNEST, OGDEN, R. 1.
Knee RONG srovonlac anak
KELLY, ANDY, Danville, R. 8.
KERRICK, CARL, Sidell, R. R.
KNIGHT, TINA, Georgetown,
Jaa) dass
KELLY, MR. WALTER, Welling-
BOM, les, Jes,

TKONTGHay Rey Wee Damnwalllesriu 2.

KETTERING, GLENN, Mon-
mouth.

KLOSE, A. P., 105 Arthur Ave,
Peoria.

Ci,

LOVE, C. S., Sugar Crek Cream-

LENEVE, SAMUEL, Rossville.

LAMB, C. H., Paris.

LEONARD, MR. STANLEY, Ross-
ville, R. R.

LEVINGS, CHAS., Paris.

LUTHER, KENNETH,
Miss.

LOGAN, W. S., Paris.

LEEDY, IRA G., Cerro Gordo.

LUKKEN, HARTWIG, Farm Bu-

reau Office, Paris.

LARSON, FRED,
Stores, Galesburg.

LE CLAIR, PETER, Martinton.

Macon,

Community

250

LINDSLEY, GEO. A., Monticello. |

LESCO, JULES, Martinton.
LYKINS, T. E., Mansfield, R. R.

LUMBAUGH, E. R.,
to. 24g

LANE, A. W., Henning, R. R.

LAMSDON, WM., Danville, R. 2.

LEWIS, WM., Fairmont, R. R.

LOHMEYER, LEWIS, Rossville,
Re, 8%

OWA rahe Sidney. ukver kc.

LUDWICH, M. E., Fithian, R. R.

LiGHE OO (G. De Stonekornt
sky:

Rossville,

MADDEN, CLARENCE, Fithian,
Jie, 1k

MACHA IK: Bey Eenminiors i. sh.
MARTIN, A. C., Georgetown, R. R.
MARTIN, O. L., Georgetown, R. R.
McCUHE, R. W., Danville, R. 2.
McIRVIN, GEO., Danville, R. 3.
McINTOSH, W. E., Danville, R. 4.
McMASTERS, CARL, Westville,
hv) Je,

MICHAELS, VAN, Oakwood, R. R.
MILES, C. W., Collison, R. R.
MILLS, FRED, Collison, R. R.
MILLER, DELMER, Sidell.
MOLER, ROY, Armstrong, R. R.
MOORE, A. S., Danville, R. 3.
MORGAN, A. H., Georgetown,
Je, 88

MORGAN, WALTER, Alvin, R. 1.

MARMAN, C. C., Danville, R. 1.

MORRIS, ED, Danville, R. 2.

MOSS, RAY, Danville, R. 7.

MINOR, L. H., Dairy Dept. U. of
I., Urbana.

McDONALD, MARY, Fairmount,
18%. dats,

MAYHEU, S. V., Fithian, R. R.

MAHLE, G., Sugar Creek Cmy.
Co., Danville.

MILLER, C. M., J. G. Cherry Co.,
Cedar Rapids, Mich.

MITCHELL, N. W., Oneida.

MUNSON, CARL, Galesburg, R. 4.

MUCKLEROY, R. E., Carbondale.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

LUDWICH, S. L., Muncie, R. R.
LEE, GEO. W., Collison, R. R.
LANE, W. V., Henning, R. R.
LYKINS, JAS. G., Mansfield, R. R.

LANE, C. J., Henning, R. R.
LIGGETT, ROSS H., Muncie, R. R.
LINCOLN, HARRY, Westville.
LOGAN, W. J., Catlin, R. R.

LONG, ALBERT, Villa Grove,
Inte -J8¢

LEE, GEO. E., Galesburg.

LALLY, W. A., 166 Jackson Blvd.,
Chicago.

MELIN, BERT, Galesburg, R. 2.

MOFFITT; MRS. = Rea Y¥orelozs
Grant St., Danville.

MILLES, W. M., McLean.

MOUNT, C. M., McLean. |

MARKLEY, ROLLAND, Fulton
Co., Avon.

MOORE, G. L., Abingdon.

MILLER, DR. W. E., Abingdon.

McFARLAND, GEO. A., Avon.

MITCHELL, CHAS., Oneida.

CHAMBER & McCONNELL,
Galesburg.

MOBERG, ED, Monmouth.

McDOWELL, KIRK, Victoria.

MEYER, CHARLES JR., Appleton.

McTIERNAN, JOHN, Galesburg,
1B Abs

MOON, SEATON, Hermon.

MALCOM, CLAUS, Galesburg,
ReGe

MURRAY, MIKE, Galesburg, R. 2.

MATHER. W. E., Galesburg, R. 1.

MATTHEWS, CHAS. W., Ross-
willex iam:

MATTHEWS, T. E., Albin, R. R:

MATTHEWS, J. L., Rossville.

MATTHEWS, EVA F., Rossville,
ity ae

MATTHEWS, J. A., Bismark.

McFERREN, WM., Hoopeston.

MATTHEWS, ELWOOD, Ross-
ville.

MILLARD. F. H., 225 N. Michigan
Ave., Chicago.

|

MATTHEWS,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

MASTER HOW-
ARDS co. C. W. Matthews,

Rossville.

MAGUIRE, W. R., 1118 Marquette

Bldg., 140 S. Dearborn Street,
Chicago.

MADSEN, A. W., National Carton
Co., Joliet.

MORGAN, CLARENCE, Rossville.

MILLER, S. J., Rossville, R. R.
MATTHEWS, QUAY, Bismark.
MONRAD, K. J., Chr. Hansen Lab.
Little Falls, New York.
MILLER, H. L., Danville.
MEEKS, JAMES 4A., c. 0. Rearick
& Meeks, First National Bank
Bldg., Danville.
MATTHEWS, MR.
Rossville.
McCORMICK, J. H., c. 0. Commer-
cial Trust & Savings Bank,
Danville.
McCORMICK, JAMES, Alvin.
MAANUM MFRG. CO., 2600 27th
St., Minneapolis, Minn.

STANLEY,

NIELSON, LOUIS, 1231 N. Sem-
inary Street, Galesburg.
NEWCOMER, C. D., Galesburg.
NELSON, OLIVER, Altona.
NELSON, HIRAM, Knoxville.
NELSON, J. J., Henderson.
NEWKIRK, J. A., Galesburg, R. 5.
NELSON, PETER, Galesburg.
EOUIS. F. NAFIS, INC., 23 N.
Desplaines Street, Chicago.
NELSON, C. P., First National
Bank, Danville.
NOBKES, C. T., c. 0. Sugar Creek
Cmy. Co., Pana.
NEWELL, W. R., Platsonville.
NEWSTEADS & SONS, Decatur.

OBERG, STANLEY, Galesburg.
OLSON, NELS, Galesburg, R. 4.
O’CONNOR, WM., Galesburg.
OLSON, CHESTER, Woodhull.

251

M

MASON, J. P., Elgin.
McGILL, HOWARD, Paris, R. 4.
McCORD, R. K., Paris.
MOLHER, HERBERT, Cerro Gor-
do.
McLAUGHLIN, FF.
Gordo.
MICKLES, M. N., Cerro Gordo.
MOORE, C. E., Cerro Gordo.
MILLER, EARL, Oakley.
MecVITTY, ELBERT, Oakley.
MIOIM MONIT. af; Sh, Jeeweis, Jk,
MILLER, CHAS., Paris, R. 4.
MYERS, JESSE, Paris.
MOSS, FRANK, Paris, R. 1.
McMAKINEY, W. C., Cerro Gordo.
MILMINE STATE BANK, Mil-
mine.
MILMINE GRAIN CO., Milmine.
THE MOORE STATE BANK,
Monticello.
H. P. MARTIN CO., Monticello.
MOORE, C. E., Cerro Gordo.

McINTASH, CHAS., Monticello.

R., Cerro

THE NATIONAL BANK OF DE-
CATUR, Decatur.

NICHOLAS, J. H., Paris.

NELSON, LEONARD, Knoxville,
Box 5738.

NEMITZ,: FRED H., Pioneer
Creamery Co., Galesvureg.

NOURIE, A. I., Martinton.

NIPPER, J. R., Sugar Creek Cmy

Co., Watseka.

NEWGENT, JOS., Fairmont, R. R.

NESBITT, CHAS., Westville, R. R.

NEVINS, W. B., Dairy Dept. U. of
iy Urbanar

NESBITT, ALFRED, Catlin, R. R.

OLSON, AUGUST, Woodhull.
OLSON, ARNOLD, Woodhull.
OLSON, HARTINK, Rio.
OFARRAL, HENRY, Alvin.

252

O’FARRELL, FOREST, 1112 N.
Gilbert Street, Danville.

OURATR Jobe wraris.

O’HAIR, ZOLLIE, Paris, R. R.

OAKWOOD, C. H., Oakwood, R. R.

ORENY, HENRY, OGDEN, R. R.

PEAKE, LESTER, St. Augustine.

PETERSON, ED, Galesburg, R. R.

PREMIER DAIRY CO., Galesburg.

PACKINGTON, F. F., Galesburg,
Rare.

PERRY, W. D., Hermon.

PADEN, A. F., Galesburg.

PUTNAM, B. D., Maquon.

PUTNAM, K. T., Wataga.

PEOPLES TRUST & SAVINGS
BANK, Galesburg.

PITTARD, F. C., Oneida.

POLK, MRS. THERESA,
mourn. Re 2:

PRICE, ROBERT, 403 N. Vermil-
ion Street, Danville.

PRATHER, C. R., Rossville.

PRILLAMAN, G. H., Rossville.

PAULSON, J. E., Rossville.

PRINDLE, J. H., 4301 Southwest-
ern Blvd., Chicago.

PUAUT, M.S: ¢. of Mike Plant
Co.. Danville.

PEORIA CREAMERY CO., Peoria.

Sey-

QUINN, BRUCE, Oliver.

RYAN, LELAND, Abingdon.

RHYKERD, ALTON, Cameron,
Rix.

RHYKERD, W. J., Cameron, R. 2.

ROUTH, CHAS. G., Hermon.

ROWAN, CHAS., Galesburg.

REIFSTICK, GEO. SR., Urbana,
Res:

REIPSTICM Hh. Urbanayiks 3:

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

OLSON, CHAS., Grape Creek,
Rue

OSTEREUR, H. L., Ogden, R. 1.

ODELL, WM., Sadorus, R. R.

O’HAIR, N. F., Paris.

OLSON, H., Reo.

PASLEY, SHERMAN, Rossville,
Rae
PASLEY,
Rey2:
POLLARD, J. M., Cerro Gordo.
PHILIPS, H. C., Cerro Gordo.

PIPER, D. F., Cerro Gordo.

PARIS STATE BANK, Paris.

PERISHO, ELBERT, Paris.

PILOTTE, EDWARD A., Martin-
ton.

PINZLY, JOS., Sidell, R. R.

PLOSNER, W. E., Muncie.

PETTIGREE, MARION, Grape
Creek, R. R.

PARKS, ROY, Stoneport, R. R.

PRIOR, E. J., Sidney, R. R.

PURDUE, K. H., Grape Creek;
Raga

PRUCHA, M. J., Dairy Dept. U. of
I., Urbana.

PASLEY, DON, Rossville, R. 38.

PETERSON. ALEX, 108 Madison
Street, Galesburg.

DONALD, Rossville,

REIFSTICK, CLARENCE, Urba-
Maseee los

RESLER; ES Bs
Rai dk

RODERS, J., Champaign, R. 1.
Reale

RAY, BEN, Rossville.

REECE, DR. D. E., Rossville.

RAY, G. AS; Rossville:

Champaign,

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION

ROSSVILLE CREAMERY CO.,
Rossville.

RIMBOLD, F. C., Rossville.

ROBERTS, W. E., Alvin.

RHODE, PROF. C. S., Div. of
Dairy Husbandry, U. of L,
Urbana.

RICHARDSON, R. R., 44338 Ogden
Avenue, Chicago.

ROBBY, F. P., 416 W. North St.,
Danville.

RED SPOT PAINT & GLASS CO.,
Danville.

RAHEL, EARL, 328 E. Madison,
Paris.

RADER, U. M., Cerro Gordo.

RITCHIE, J. L., Cerro Gordo.

ROBINSON, HARRY, Paris, R. 9.

REDMAN, SHELVY, Marshall,
1h US

RIGGS, JOHN, Paris, R. 5.

RAGAINS, R. E., Paris.

RITCHIE, H. L., Cerro Gordo.

RAGLAND, HUGH, Cerro Gordo.

REGINER, LAWRENCE, Pitt-
wood.

ROACH, JOHN, Martinton.

ROACH, W. W., Martinton.

ROACH, JOSEPH, Martinton.

RABIDEAU, C., Danforth.

SHEPPARD, ALBERT, Fithian,
R .R.

SHANNON, WM., Danville, R. 6.

SEYFEIT, S. S., Danville, R. 7.

SEHLORFF, CHAS., Danville,
Re 4s

SCHNEIDER, WM., Danville, R. 2.

SELMEYER, HENRY, Philo, R. R.

STEVENS, E. M., General Frt.
Agent, C. & E. I. R. R., Chicago.

SAILOR, W. J., Oakwood, R. R.

STYAN, EDWARD, Sadorus, R. R.

STIRITZ, B. A., Pioneer Cmy. Co.,
Champaign.

STRUCK, HERMAN, Broadland,
RoR.

STUTTZ, J. D., Muncie, R. R,

STEWART, J. P., Sidell, R. R.

253

RICHARDSON, L., Westville, R. R.

RICHARDS, L. L., Georgetown,
Jeg. Bes

ROCKER, CHRIST, Penfield, R. R.

REDDEN, GEO., Rossville, R. 2.

REITMEIR, MIKE, Armstrong,
Reals

RICHARDS,
Creek, R. R.

REIFSTICK, HERMAN, Sadorus,
Re OR,

REIFSTICK, FRANK,
JR Lis,

RHODE, C.'8S., Dairy Dept. U. of
I., Urbana.

RUEHE, H. A., Dairy Dept. U. of
I., Urbana.

RODGERS, CHAS. E.,
R. 3.

ROSENBECK, GEO., St. Joseph,
Jess Less

RUTAN, A. Li, Fairmount, R. BR.

ROTHEMUL, J. J., Broadland,
Vitis,» 185

RUTESHAMER, D., 1442 Conway
Bldg., Chicago.

ROSENBECK, S., St. Joseph, R. R.

REESER, GEO., Rio.

RAY, W. R., Galesburg, R. 4.

MARTIN, Grape

Sadorus,

Homer,

SHOEMAKER, J. F.,
lesey Less

STALLING, LEE, Fairmount, R.
R.

STALLING, JAMES, Fairmount,
Red;

SIMPSON, STUART, Altona.

SIKES, LOIS, 514 N. Griffen St.,
Danville.

SZERLONG, FRANK, 1231 N.
Beecher Ave., Galesburg.

SCHISLER, MARTIN V., St. Aug-

~ ustine.

STAGGS, J. RLAINE, Avon.

SWANSON, C E., Galesburg.

SWANSON, ERNEST A., Altona.

SWANSON, EARL, Galesburg,
Re,

Bismark,

254

SWANSON & VEDELL, Gilbert
Ave., Galesburg.

SMITH, H. B., Bardolph.

STUCKY, S. V., Pres. Farmers &
Merchants Bank, Galesburg.

SWEDLUND, RALPH, Galesburg.

SEIBOLT, HOWARD, Victoria.

SIEBOLDT, ALICE, Victoria.

SIMMONS, HOWARD, Prairie
City.
SIMMONS, MARTHA, Prairie
City.

SMITH, MR. JOHN T., Urbana,
18, Be

SMITH, MR. G. A., Seymour, R. 2.

SUNDBERG, MR. PAUL, Cham-
paign.

SOMORS, J. B., Urbana.

SMITH, T. P., 213 Orchard Ave.,
Danville.

SAFFORD, M. C., Sugar Creek
Cmy. Co., Danville.

STRAUS, RIES, Danville.

SATTERUKITE, M. B., Rossville.

SELLARS, WM., Rossville, R. 2.

SIMS, J. B., Hoopeston.

SASS, E. W., Hoopeston.

SMITH, E. C., Rossville.

SMITH, W. G., Albin.

SNOW, CHAS. H., Snow & Pal-
mer, Bloomington.

SCHARFF, E. E., Scharff & Kok-
en, 7900 Michigan Ave., St.
Louis, Mo.

SMITH, MR. WARREN, 61 W.
Kinzie St., Chicago.

SONGER, MRS. LILLIAN, Alvin.

SHEETS, JESS, Bismark.

TOWNSEND, GRANT, 1142 N.
Broad Street, Galesburg.

TOWNE, GEORGE, Cameron,
Ip 0

TANNY, P. H., Galesburg, R. 5.

TERPENING, E. E., Monmouth,
R. 6.

THRASHER, E. E., Altona.

ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

SMITH, EVERETT, Danville, R. 5.
SMITH, H. P., Buhl Stamping Co.,
Detroit, Mich.
IGANTZ SCHULZ CO., 5201 In-
gleside Ave., Chicago.
SHARKEY, WILL TE, Paris; Kea.
SMITTKAMP, FRED, Paris, R. 3.
SHIELDS, JAMES, Paris, R. 4.
STATE BANK, Cerro Gordo.
SWANDER, W. D., Cerro Gordo.
STUTSMAN, G. O., Cerro Gordo.
SACWRITER, W. H., Cerro Gor-
do.
SHOAFF, W. P., Paris.
SWANGO, JESSE H., Paris, R. 8.
STEPHENS, RUSSELL, Paris,
ig, 4b
STROEL, DR2 Balas eartice
SHONKNELY, F. M., Monticello.
STATE BANK, Bement.
SONCIE, S. W., Beaverville.
SPOLDING, R. E., Sugar Creek
Creamery Co., Martinton.
SEGER, L. B., Watseka.
SANITARY DAIRY CO., Watseka.
SWEENEY, MARK M., Watseka,
Res
STRICKLET, A. A., Danville, R. 6.
STOREY, Al 2) Danivalle near
STICKLER, CHAS, “Beye alvin
its 18%

STEWART, M. C., Ogdenwkt ek:

STARR, HH: 2., Danville kaa

SOWER, MARGARET, Fairmount,
lity 185,

SINMODINR, Jal, ID.,
Ry eke

Georgetown,

TEEGARDEN, MRS. MAY, 102
Rossford Ave., Ft. Thomas, Ky.

THORNSBORO, OLLIE, Alvin.

TIFLINGER, RAY, 226 W. Court,
Paris.

TRIMMER, O. A., Cerro Gordo.

TURNEY, O. R., Cerro Gordo.

TUCKER, WALTER, Horace.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 255

Dee DOM AS, & SONS,
Clinton, R. 7.

THOMAS, JENNIE, Oliver.

TATRO, LeROY, Martinton.

TATRO, JOHN, Martinton.

TALBOT, VICTORIA, Danville,
Re 2.

TAYLOR, WM., Danville, R. 3.

UNGHR, W. E., Knoxville.

VERENE, C.J. 18) W. Main St.,
(yalesburg.

VAN BUSKIRK, M. GUY, Oneida.

VAN KUREN, S. J., J. G. Cherry
Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

VOELCKER, ADAM, Cerro Gor-

do.

VICE, GEO., Paris, R. 3.

WwW

WENZELMAN, G., Galesburg.
WAGONER PRINTING CO.,
Galesburg.
WEAVER, H. D., Galesburg, R. 2.
WEST, ALVA, Knoxville.
WETMORE, F. J., Oneida.
WILSON,L. D., Urbana, Box 464.
WALTER, C. E., 604 Sherman St.,
Danville.
WILLIAMSON, H. B., Alvin.
WILBUR, E. D., Waukegan.
WARNER, P. M., Rossville.
WINKLER, W. E., J. B. Ford Co.,
Chem. Ry. Exchange Bldg., St.
Louis, Mo.
WALKER, J. T., Sheller.
THE WADLEY COMPANY, Paris.
WILLIAMS, R. Y., Cerro Gordo.
WHITE, ELBON, Paris, R. 11.
WILLIAMS, VOLLUIE, Paris.
WATERS, ENOS, Farm Bureau
Office, Paris.
WRIGHT", JOS., Paris, R. 4.
WRIGHT, DR. C. J., Bement.
WEAKLEY, I. L., Cerro Gordo.
WILKINS BROTHERS, Danforth.

TRING Ne Rea Elena 0
Dept., Urbana.
TATE, H. A., Mt. Vernon, R. 10.
TRIMMILL, KELLY, Oakwood,

Fvep ees
TAYLOR, C. A., Harrisburg.
FROHMADER, H. L., 1606 Ridge
Ave., Rockford.

oie J, IDEbAy

VAN HOOK BROTHERS, Dan-
ville, R. 3.

VAUGHAN, J. L., Wataga.

VAN PELT, HUGH G., Waterloo,
Iowa.

VEACH, EVERETT M., Norris
City.

WAGNER, J. A., Oakwood, R. 1.

WALKER, C. A., Danville, R. 2.

WHEATLEY, SARAH, Danville,
186 dk

WOLF, HOWARD, Catlin, R. R.

WYMAN, A. J., Danville, R. 7.

WOOD, ROY, Sadorus, R. R.

WOLEVER, JOHN E., West
Ridge, R. R.

WHITESIDE, COY V., Vienna,
JS dS.

WHITESIDE, CHAS. A., Vienna,
185 18

WHITE, J. R., Fairmount, R. 3.

WHITE, D. W., Collison, R. 1.

WALLAN, W. R., Oakwood, R. 1.

WOULIB IS, IDs dla, aly 1B. Jetoneel cy (Cos;
427 Vine St., Springfield.

WRIGHT, K. E., Dairy Dept. U. of
I., Urbana.

WILLIAMS, HUGH, Fithian, R. R.

WEBORG, C. G., 54 Madison St.,
Galesburg.

WOOD, F. S., Sharples Separator
Co. Gen’] Del., West Chester, Pa.

206 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION

Y
YEAZEL, ELLEN, Alvin. YOUNT, ROY, Fairmount, R. R.
YEAZEL, T. E., Alvin. YAPP, W. W., Dairy Dept. U. of
YEOMANS & SHEDD HDW. CoO., I., Urbana.

28-30 W. Main St., Danville. YOUNG, J. W., Bismark, R. R.

Armel Dionne
Martinton, III.

Geo. Riefsteck, Jr.
Urbana, III.
R. 10.

Two of the winners of calves in the Association, 1926

Ae el

=
a

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL CONVENTION 257

WINNERS OF CALVES

Winners of heifer full bred calves in the membership

contest of 1925:

John M. Matthews, Rossville.

Armel! Dionne, Martinton.

Geo. Reefsteck, Champaign.

Roscoe Arbuckle, Paris.

Harrison T. Depew, Cerro Gordo.

Plans are being made for a similar contest for 1926,
to start the middle or latter part of October.

John M. Matthews,

Rossville

ra
Be

Teese

en

THE LIBRARY OF

INDEX SEP 2 0 192

UNIVERSITY OF IL
eer emONmelbaISTMNbGAl se 3
PONS QE ONDER STARS SL Sa ee ce nn ea ce eee 4
Cimamicmimonseamdy toy laws. oo ee 5)
Convention——auesday, January '26, 1926 11
Local Entertainment, Galesburg High School —------------ 12
Catnemoudaine- prizes: Awarded 202 Ue e 14
mConvention——\Wednesday, January 27... 16
Address, The Dairy Industry, A. J. Glover, Ft. Atkinson, Wis. 13
Vermilion Co. (Ill.), Average Cream Production ——---_- 31
Address, Practical Rations for Dairy Cows, Prof. F. B. Morri-
SOMME VACHS OMe mW lSen cine ete Leu ee ee 33
OR SMNIMOMNVION Me IZeS: coi 48

Address, Some Lessons as Beginner in Dairying, Prof. R. E.
Muckelroy, Southern Illinois State Normal University,

CG ean OTNG eal Creme lull Maemcuwitiis enn ae ens Pic Ele lo 50
Address, Mineral Requirements for Cows, Prof. F. B. Morri
SOMM MN NACHSOMEO WW IS6 2 lus ba ee 61
Address, Tuberculin Testing in Illinois, R. J. Stanard, Director
OMmenctmeultunes opringhelds Tl, coe ee 74
The Banquet, N. W. Hepburn, Peoria, Toastmaster 8&
Poem ainwvwiemory of W. W. Marple 00 Pras 124
Poem, The Dairy Association, by N. W. Hepburn se 126
Conwention——lrursday,-Jianuary 28 2 129
Necro MMmONmmONICeRS pel T ay et 130
{SES OI AGO RDS 9) EE ln ee 131
Address, Sweet Clover, the Six Months Pasture, Increases
Profit, Prof. Wilbur J. Fraser, University of Illinois. 135
Address, Selecting Dairy Cows, Hugh G. Van Pelt 147
Address, Dairy Industry Developments, Prof. R. E. Caldwell,
Wey NORRIE A 166
Address, Dairy Legislation, W. B. Barney, Holstein-Friesian
SCOCIanOn Ot wAIMeriCa 2 a 178
Address, Economical Milk Production, Charles Foss, Freeport
tI) anemone ne LU OG aa NS a oR 186
Closing wkemarrks. by President O’ Hair 2.0 199

Bulletin, Care and Management of Dairy Cows, T. E. Woodward
and J. R. Dawson of Bureau of Dairying, U. S. Dept. of

Jo\ GAC COUR GOS aay eeu ce EF a Ie Ua eae ee PaSSNe eng? 201
Secreraast AMmMUah muepOnt 2. ee. 240
Meas MGekseAMIMU le INEM OI see se ee Me 240
VIETIUIO ClGS INO MME S timer Rican nO NS Sa Mae As A ema 243

WitimmnlensnoteCalwecr i ice lon te oe i ney an alte Tonka an 257

THE

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