THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT VOLUME 34 FIELD MUSEUM LIBRARY THE FIELD MUSEUM LIBRARY ini THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2001 VOLUME 34 } Hh) | han I / y FIELD MUSEUM LIBRy MUSEUM LIBRARY Officers for 2001 President Hans Bertsch First Vice President Christopher L. Kitting Second Vice President Angel Valdés Secretary Terry S. Arnold Treasurer Cynthia D. Trowbridge Members at Large George L. Kennedy Edna Naranjo-Garcia Immediate Past Presidents Roger R. Seapy Sandra Millen Committees and Appointments for 2001 Nominating Committee Roger R. Seapy, Chair Sandra Millen Henry W. Chaney Student Grants Committee* Henry W. Chaney, Chair Paul Valentich Scott Eugene V. Coan Lindsey T. Groves F. G. Hochberg James W. Nybakken Auditing Committee Kenneth Lindahl, Chair David K. Mulliner Editorial Board Douglas J. Eernisse & Roger R. Seapy, Editors Paul Valentich-Scott, Production Editor Historian Linda Hutsell *The WSM Student Grant is given annually in competition open to graduate students working on Mollusca. The student grant fund is maintained through donations and the annual auction and reprint sale proceeds. Send requests for information to: Dr. Henry W. Chaney, Chair, Student Grants Committee, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol, Santa Barbara, CA 93105. PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY Annual Report The Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacologists is based on its yearly meeting. Distribution of the Annual Report is free to Members who are in good standing at the time of the issue. Membership dues are $15.00 for Individuals, $17.00 for Families, $17.00 for Organizations, and $6.00 for Students. Occasional Papers No. 1 A. Myra Keen & Eugene V. Coan. 1975. “Sea Shells of Tropical West America”: Additions and Corrections to 1975. 66 pp. $5.00 No. 2 George E. Radwin & Eugene V. Coan. 1976. A catalogue of collations of works of malacological importance. 34 pp. $5.00 No. 3 Hans Bertsch. 1993. Twenty-five year index to publications of the Western Society of Malacologists: Author, taxonomic, geograhic and subject indices. 68 pp. $15.00 Correspondence regarding membership and orders for additional or back issues or runs of the Annual Report or Occasional Papers should be addressed to the WSM Treasurer, Dr. Cynthia D. Trowbridge, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365 iii WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGISTS ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2001, VOLUME 34 Abstracts and Papers from the 34" Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists held 20-24 June 2001 at the Ramada Inn and Conference Center, San Diego TABLE OF CONTENTS The secret lives of sea slugs IY aria ETRYS YANG ETINS) - Gocaoncccedeecacice6ha+0300866000000500055 co ASEESoCEASEEDEcESHOBS oibaoSoaEodb sBseLaJaGubec80co cose esenacesdosceassosD60c0 1 Grazing rates and growth of postlarval abalone (Haliotis spp.) Ricardo Searcy Bernal and Casandra Anguiano Beltran ............cceecceseeescessceseeeseeseeseeeseeesseeaeeees 1 A brief description of the life and scientific contributions of Dr. Frank Mace MacFarland (1869-1951) anSi Bertsch ce rscssccescesrecstcestcteeetet tee ce rte cena eet ton tas teere ds cota ttacrtoccssu user sisevs cose ceceisnar serine tena 2 Parasites and diseases of molluscs in Latin America Nongel@aceres-ManbiMezieceescecceesesacescesmeccsecentee tonne teecestoscnenssnssecoueeaceancenssoceneesnecaconer seesnesmee neta 9 Opisthobranch molluscs from Baja California Sur Orso Angulo Campillo and Hans Bertsch .0.......cccscecceseessessesscesseseceeceesssesecssessecaeeneesseeseeseeesennees 10 Preliminary results on temporal and spatial variations of the opisthobranch fauna near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico Orso Angulo Campillo and Juan Félix Elorduy Garay .............cccceesceescceseesseeeseeseeeseeeaeeeaeeeaeeeseees 10 The eastern Pacific Recent species of Corbulidae (Bivalvia) JERLEZS OI) W/o (CLOT egoscecocenedeeoeaecea 268de650035d0500665076005505500500000005000005 500605 34560053000 on TOSDOEODOGOTEETSSAITIOGIOGGS 11 Morphological analysis of the blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalone populations in the central peninsula of Baja California Iliana Espinosa-Rodriguez and Miguel A. Del Rio-Portilla 0.0... eee eescesseeseeeeeeeeeeeseeseeteeeeeees 12 Comparative and evolutionary aspects of the biosynthesis of defensive metabolites in the dorid nudibranch genera Dendrodoris and Doriopsilla Michael T. Ghiselin, Margherita Gavagnin and Guido Cimino ...........:eecceecceeeeeceeeceeeceeeeeeeeeeneees 13 Patterns of larval development in opisthobranch molluscs from the northeastern Pacific Ocean CLIT Brey taal c Wl seg (06 (0 F2] (0 Uereeetetrr areeeece tener ner os arc ascot eScee ere ca er reccerieeecet Period c-cocn ee etecerc occ borer rococsecece 14 The systematic status of MacFarland’s genus Hopkinsia and its relationship to Okenia (Doridina: Goniodorididae) dierrence!M:'Goslinenesee ee ete eines |e cree see ewe Wea ol i eecase 15 Nudibranchs in action Allan Granth ee a a Eee ae USO a a Ae SE a a ee Cee EE Nee 15 Fecundidad de abulon azul (Haliotis fulgens) en Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur, en El Nino de 1997 Sergio A. Guzman del Pr6o, Jorge Carrillo-Laguna, Jorge Belmar-Pérez WaElizabethyMartinez=Villedayrte i208 2.5 Foie 0c el cess eaee eee eM ens art atie Mes car eens er eaters 16 Modes of formation of gastropod operculum concentrations Garole:S:sHickim amy ices cs.cestaccsccscceseceash cescecenecaccu sacs seces cee ou sbbe eas cece PRED Seen lees yout esasteeereice ig) Sea hare defensive secretions function differently against fish, crustacean and cnidarian predators PSIMERT OHS OM cscesscascceascsnsccsceceececeseeses fcusunseVecseu soe cote dot vane oenuot tesa veeua savas eats aha i ea ae 18 A preliminary phylogeny of the genus Cadlina (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) Rebecca Johnsons Oecicccces.-csssevscevnccsealssGred creeag wok sha he Secu oc sete cans rch a BUM RS JSAM nara Dc e eens 19 Marsh conditions associated with high population densities of unusual snails appearing in certain restored marshes of San Francisco Bay Estuary (Olay Koy0) nei ES TUTTO Ge¢36.34050050000000000000000003006000500- 5 0c TEE AE SO FEO FTC EROSC05005G80555555503511000000000 50S GOSCHSSECE 20 Pulmonate Mollusca persisting in California Delta marshes with high tidal and physical/chemical extremes (Caras ro} a) aver Up CITI pcpadgnoccaqnecteon9:00s00530800000c0280 oR cRO snob nan DAN SosoGna cE Haadacbdbso0 bodHsocooodsacoogedoquacbacaod 28 High population densities of patchy snails and associated habitat conditions in restored marshes of San Francisco Bay Estuary Christopher L. Kitting and Sara Webster .............cccsssecessessesecsecesceseeseeseesecneceseesecsecaeenseesecseensenee 30 Developmental dimorphism in the specialist herbivore, Alderia modesta: Consequences for dispersal and larval settlement behavior A survey of Panamic Sacoglossa (Opisthobranchia: Gastropoda) VETTES TR TLE TIES) 5 aocossoseeconsoconspouosdanscdacsso0se6adcacgnseacasN6=dpacdonoocsoseasn.i0a3630000q99¢ecaGaE0d09TR500520cq059oq009co000¢0039 32 Revision of Liotiinae (Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae) of the world TETRIS TBE IMI6] LSE: oh coacecococdosoccoodocu00oGo0ceodesqa6nseacrcogscioo955000900c550 Hood 760K4600.4¢000a00ocosopouaccadsdacs2deGaed00060 32 Gymnodorid nudibranchs from the eastern Pacific: a preliminary taxonomic revision of the genera Tambja, Roboastra, and Nembrotha Monica Medina, Yolanda Camacho-Garcia, Yvonne Vallés, and Angell Valdés‘and Terrence Goslinen encore ee Seasonal occurrence patterns of opisthobranchs in the Northeastern Pacific RSYELOGI TINY Hl es vara en ceo Reese react toch Reeere tery error Pain rrr Gace reeee Beyond the tub: An underwater slide presentation of various nudibranch behaviors noted in a May 2001 Philippines field trip VTi Lae SID SIN Aal ery eek -oetececseeesce socees scseceesess noecsscucctesc hese tenet eee o eee eee ee ee Some land molluscs from Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, Mexico EdnayNaranyo—Garciaiia eee iccwssscevsse. slecesuccvestyasseucseessace sessvesnels Aeeet ee ack Poot ee EER een Seetee ae Effects of “El Nitto” 1997-1998 on the benthic malacofauna on rocky substrates in the islands of Callao, Peru AnayRenzaibaolavAleaneyNonzalecser re seccsescrescte ese ence eae ce eee eee eee ee Population genetics of the blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalones at Cedros and San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico Miguel A. del Rio-Portilla and José G. Gonzalez-AVil€s .......ceeeeceecceceeseesceeeeeceeceseeseeeeeeseeneeseeaee A highly diverse invertebrate fauna from the Upper Pleistocene Palos Verdes Sand, Costa Mesa, Orange County, California ScotiRughiandl Carols tadumaescerceeeeesccecesseecececerect orc eece eee ee Clam-ring time-series: A new method for high-resolution environmental reconstruction BerndiRS Schone aise Sees aeaee le ass Haas ee EL EE te Paleontology field trip to Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico (along the coast between Tijuana and Ensenada) IY Gag Ted AN DS a 00d IS) (S22 occa cenaoaceeeooarcccodecoccecadsbahocraaooreaccooeoouaaodSeocRoaNicAo sees docadcoanobae0e cuocecoosuOReCoE Some observations on shell middens from the Colorado River Delta area Miguel Agustin Tellez, Guillermo Avila Serrano and Karl W. Flessa .............:ccccccsccesseesseeseeeseens Emerging associations: Evaluation of the “host-specificity paradigm” for sacoglossan opisthobranchs associated with introduced macroalgae Cynthia. Tro w brid Sey es hey IN RN Yau oA NAGS SNE SRE nee Depth-related adaptations, speciation processes and evolution of color in the genus Phyllidiopsis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) Aripe ll Waldeai kaate rite ee Seether Dis ution i st ck OU 1 ae Lc se a a vi Preliminary phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of the genus Kaloplocamus Bergh, 1892 Yvonne Vallés, Terrence Gosliner, and Angel AVEC (0 Lepore AL oA Ln A 50 Mussel fishery and culture in Baja California, Mexico INE DECANVIASGUE ZV COMAM Speseceecerer ances csncee cece ee eee ence a een eee 50 Genetic variation in stenophagous sacoglossan herbivores on native vs. introduced algal hosts Elizabeth J. Walsh and Cynthia D. Trowbridge ............ccccccccscesccesccesscssccssccssccsscesscssscessenseesense 51 ADDENDUM Field trip: Paleontology in northwestern Baja California Misnel(ASmellez, DuartelandirlansiB entschyesece reste retreat e ae e 53 REPORTS OF SOCIETY BUSINESS Minutes of the Executive Board Meeting ............cccccscccsscssccesscesecesecessccsecessecseecsscesscessceseessseseesees 67 Minutes of the Annual Business Meeting ...........ccccccccsscssssssccssccesecssccessesscesecesssesscessccsssesssenseeseees 68 MEE ASUTET//S MRE PONE ees ctccecee see see cecr sas tcee cc oes as) cause eae ates asreuiredcaduateaZsticaeaienacevatceec cutee euatan eet terres 69 StudemtsGrant:A wand ss pore esc esses seen crea ase cae nna sta hang LPs Unee gh tay uae gnceaaes eee e Gece TA Ee eee Ta EEE 71 GrouprPhoto era pln ts aveceleseeetat ese cccecet caved ecsncueaeect tants sues tvaseiaandscreclesso0tseeu. deuheens SM en CONST TORE PEPER CEOS 72 Individual) Memberships eeeeteceeseceetceterercreeaeeae cena tase ee aetna ner aned vent ose eee te aeee ne aera nee 73 ImstitutionallMem Pers hips yccscc veces ceacecctee cso caees see ree ce sean enya nana nectar n oaaee eens eee eee Tee 76 Vil ‘i ii ware Pr, athe vi sity 4 =e c 7 ne “ tata Viva vith seins By de ts) i t hi otity or i Sin Wiew a wi : vr iis ey i e ihr Kuan aigegy) Aighitnnin? nie Pane re ma) ‘ i SA vod y oder’ 4 c sa y syne wh er Phy is i aay tah on Abstracts and Papers The secret lives of sea slugs Mary Jane Adams 2116 Canyon Road, Arcadia, California 91006 divepng@yahoo.com I have been diving and photographing marine life in the tropical Indo-Pacific for the past 25 years. Opisthobranchs are my favorite invertebrate group. By observing and photographing them in their natural surroundings, I have discovered some of the secrets of their lives. Grazing rates and growth of postlarval abalone (Haliotis spp.) Ricardo Searcy Bernal and Casandra Anguiano Beltran Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanoldgicas Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Apartado Postal 453, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Grazing and growth rates of Haliotis fulgens and H. rufescens postlarvae feeding on the benthic diatom Navicula incerta were studied experimentally. Postlarvae of different ages (2-60 days) were introduced in 10-ml sterile plastic dishes previously inoculated with the diatom. After 2-3 hours, video recordings were taken to estimate postlarval size and grazing rates by digital image analysis. Seawater was changed every other day and postlarvae were measured again after 6-8 days to estimate growth. Grazing rates were affected by several factors, including postlarval age, diatom density and starvation. The relationship between grazing and growth rates is discussed and preliminary efforts to model the postlarvae-diatom system are presented. Annual Report, Volume 34 1 A brief description of the life and scientific contributions of Dr. Frank Mace MacFarland (1869-1951) Hans Bertsch Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 hansmarvida@aol.com Today we are honoring Frank Mace MacFarland 50 years after his death. It is only fitting that a few historical comments be made about the life and times of this man. He had a wide knowledge of history. With modern studies attempting to reconstruct the phylogenies and evolutionary histories of various opisthobranch lineages, he would be especially pleased and recognize the significance correlating the lives of those doing science and the lives scientists are studying. On a Wednesday afternoon some sixty years ago, an announcement was made concerning a talk given in the Simson African Hall of the California Academy of Sciences. It reads, “Gold, gambling, and gaiety were only part of the San Francisco scene in 1853. It was in that year that a society for the promotion of science was organized by some of the leading citizens. Dr. MacFarland has made a special study of these historic days, and speaks with authority on the men who founded the Academy, and about the early history of the oldest scientific institution in the West”. His life tied together the major centers of marine biology in central California: Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, and California Academy of Sciences. But we get a bit ahead of ourselves in our biography of the man once called an “extraordinary raconteur”. A week ago, prior to these meetings, I spent several days looking through the archives of the library of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) for information on the life of Frank MacFarland. There was a curious paucity of information. | wanted to find a list of when, where and whats, collecting trips, vacations, photographs, etc. These were not there. However, the MacFarland papers at Standford contain correspondence with various individuals, sketch books of Olive, and MacFarland’s log of bicycle trips around Stanford, San Jose, the Monterey Peninsula, and the California coast. They may have more. In the CAS archives I found ten photographs of Dr. MacFarland. The best biography is still represented by the pages written by Robert C. Miller and printed in MacFarland’s posthumously published “Studies of Opisthobranchiate Mollusks of the Pacific Coast of North America”. Among the material were sheaths 2 Western Society of Malacologists of old bills. Some were mundane such as a night gown for $1.35, andirons for $6.75, Sanitol powder (tooth) for 15 cents, Mrs. Huttermann $1.65, chocolate 10 cents, one loaf of bread five cents, and three pounds of coffee one dollar. Others were lists of books bought from a European firm. Among the papers in the CAS archives were numerous letters to Dr. MacFarland. Most impressive was a collection of the original water colors that Olive had completed for the 1966 manuscript and also original drawings for other publications by MacFarland. Terry Gosliner and I perused these exquisite drawings — pausing over the page of Dendronotus species, and aweing at the incredible blue tints she painted for Plate 24 of Chromodoris californiensis and Chromodoris porterae (respectively placed today in the genera Hypselodoris and Mexichromis). Several huge rolled documents were also intriguing — the original diplomas of Frank MacFarland. They were huge, and of course in Latin. It took a few minutes to find De Pauw among the elegant 1889 script. Biography of Frank MacFarland: Frank Mace MacFarland was born on 10 June 1869 in Centralia, Illinois. His parents were Dr. Parker M. MacFarland and Sarah Mace MacFarland. He received his bachelor’s degree from De Pauw University in 1889, and was shortly afterwards appointed professor of biology and geology at Olivet College in Michigan. Some of the photographs extant in the Academy’s archives date from this period. He was invited to Stanford University as an instructor in histology in 1892, just one year after it was founded. He received his master’s degree in 1893; his diploma is signed by David Starr Jordan (who had actually originally asked him to come to Stanford). He then left for Germany for his doctorate. He studied at the Universities of Wiirzberg, Freiberg, and Zurich, with his Ph.D. being earned at Wiirzberg in 1896. I suspect that his publication “Cellulare Studien an Mollusken-Eiern” in the Zoologischen Jahrbuchern, was based on his doctoral work. The material for his study on eggs and chromosomes had been collected during the summers of 1893 and 1894, and then histologically studied in the winter months of 1894-1895 and 1895-1896 in Germany. There is a bit of confusion as to when he met Olive Knowles Hornbrook, who would become his wife. The published version of Miller’s biography says “while visiting in Indiana”, but in an original typed version on file in the archives, that part has been corrected in pencil to read, “while visiting relatives in West Virginia.” Well, the states are close! Regardless, they married in 1902. Annual Report, Volume 34 3 MacFarland became Professor of Histology in 1909, a position that he held until his retirement in 1934. He helped establish the Hopkins Marine Station at Pacific Grove, and was its Co-Director from 1915 to 1917. An obscure publication in the Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods by MacFarland described the planning phases, structures, amenities, courses and professors at the Station, with photographs of the original buildings and coastal scenes. In the session of 1901, his friend George Price taught general zoology and embryology; MacFarland taught Comparative Morphology and Histology of the Nervous System and Sense Organs, and Advanced Invertebrate Zoology, and J. Grinnell taught General Ornithology. Upon retirement from Stanford, MacFarland moved into the Presidency of the CAS, serving in this role until his announced retirement in 1946. There are dozens of congratulatory letters to MacFarland on this event. Perhaps most appropriate was the paragraph in the Academy News Letter of March 1946: “Many men have retired to go big game hunting. Nothing so commonplace can satisfy Dr. MacFarland. He has retired to hunt opisthobranchs, a group of delicately beautiful and inadequately known Mollusca, on which he is writing a monograph. By the time this appears in print, he and Mrs. MacFarland will be somewhere along the coast of southern California, hunting their elusive prey at each low tide”. MacFarland’s association with the CAS continued after his retirement, serving as a sort of elder statesman. One morning he came to the Academy after having been absent for a while due to an illness. He walked over to the new building he had been instrumental in helping plan. Robert Miller states that he viewed the new exhibit halls and planetarium, talked with the preparators installing exhibits, and then went to the library to look up nudibranch references. Later in the day, he walked across the courtyard with Earle G. Linsley to attend the 97th Annual Meeting of the Academy, and collapsed and died at the entrance of the new building. In the introductory paragraph to “A new west American nudibranch mollusk”, in which was described Platydoris macfarlandi, G. Dallas Hanna wrote, “A few minutes before Dr. F. M. MacFarland collapsed on February 21, 1951, he discussed with me the generic position of a rather remarkable species of nudibranch which had been collected a few weeks previously. He unquestionably would have described this animal in his very thorough manner had fate permitted. As a poor substitute, I will endeavor to place it on record and it seems fitting that it be named for him”. Bibliography of Frank Mace MacFarland: Between 1897 and 1931, Frank MacFarland published nine papers on opisthobranch molluscs. A good 20 4 Western Society of Malacologists years passed between his last publication and his death. His monograph on opisthobranch molluscs of the Pacific coast of America was published posthumously under the guidance of his wife Olive. There is a lengthy correspondence in the archival papers between Olive and various individuals regarding the writing of this work. She consulted specialists in Europe on taxonomic questions, and had significant help from Rolf Bolin and G. Dallas Hanna. Contrary to Frank’s correspondence, copies of Olive’s letters are maintained, in addition to the responses from the people whom she wrote. Frank MacFarland also published several other papers: the description of Hopkins Seaside Laboratory (mentioned above), two papers on histology and microscopical technique in the Journal of Applied Microscopy and Science, respectively, and an obituary notice regarding Edwin Chapin Starks which was published in Science. The latter publication is especially poignant in view of that magazine’s refusal to publish an extended notice of MacFarland’s death. A copy of the letter from the Chairman of the Editorial Board of Science is in the Academy archives, and it reads, in part, “I am sorry to report that my colleagues [on the editorial board] are opposed to the publication of an extended notice under the conditions with which we are confronted. We are receiving more than twice as much material as we can print and are compelled to reject some of the manuscripts that we would like to include in Science. You may have noticed that during the past year we have published a diminishing number of obituaries, and during the past months we have tended to limit it to foreign scientists who are not known to American scientists as are people like Dr. MacFarland”. Letters in the Archives: There are numerous handwritten or typed letters in the CAS archives from people such as W. H. Dall, Pilsbry, Odhner, O’ Donoghue, William Ritter, and Cockerell. There is also lengthy corespondence from Barton W. Evermann of the Bureau of Fisheries in Washington D.C., regarding the publication of MacFarland’s manuscript of the dorids of Monterey Bay. The latter paper was actually published twice; first, as a preliminary report naming the species, and second in full text with exquisite color plates and detailed anatomical drawings. MacFarland had been in correspondence with Cockerell and knew about the imminent publication of the Cockerell and Eliot manuscript “Notes on a collection of California nudibranchs”. MacFarland wanted his manuscript published more quickly than the Bureau of Fisheries could do so, and Evermann guided him through the process of having the Biological Society of Washington publish a preliminary manuscript, prior to the full paper. Evermann detailed how to apply for membership in the society, and kept Frank appraised of when his membership application would be accepted and when the publication process could begin. These letters certainly make interesting reading, and I will highlight four of these below. Annual Report, Volume 34 5 On 26 September 1901, T.D.A. Cockerell wrote MacFarland from East Las Vegas, New Mexico: “I am sending in the Chromodoris paper, following your kind suggestion. I have taken the great liberty of changing C. angelicus to C. macfarlandi, which | hope you will forgive. It is a very pretty species, and may be allowed to commemorate your work. Also, since one species is dedicated to U. of Cal, another may as well be connected with Stanford”. The only personal connection I know of between MacFarland and a member of the Western Society of Malacologists is in a letter dated 30 January 1946, from 2435 Bancroft St., San Diego. William K. Emerson writes MacFarland, “I have an unidentified nudibranch which neither Dr. M. E. Johnson nor I have ever seen before...All of them were found on a hydrozoan along with what appears to be their egg masses in Mission Bay. Would you care to identify them for us? I would be glad to send all or part of them to you. However, I am anxious to retain some of them for my personal collection. To introduce myself, I am a Junior at San Diego State College, majoring in invertebrate Zoology. My special interests are Mollusca and Echinodermata”. Recall that thirty-four years ago Bill Emerson was one of the Charter Members of the Western Society of Malacologists. In late July 1945 MacFarland wrote two European colleagues, whose responding letters are on file in the CAS archives. Both detail wartime conditions, from a slightly bourgeoisie perspective. Alice Pruvot-Fol wrote: “My family and myself have not too much suffered by this war; but of course many things are changed, and life has become difficult. Many of our friends have suffered from losses: an only son, 19 years old, shot by Germans; others come home with complexion so much changed that you could not know them by sight — an old friend of mine, suffocated to death in a waggon holding 200 men — meant for Germany, only because he was once Professor in Strasburg — and so forth. My sons are married. My daughter shall marry soon. We have now enough bread and vegetables, no tea, no coffee, no chocolate and very, very little meat. And we can buy no clothes and no shoes without great difficulties. I am not altogether stopped in my studies, but I am obliged to do all the housework and cooking etc., because very little people can afford keeping and especially nourishing servants”. Photographs on opposing page (clockwise from upper left): (1) portrait by Boye,1935; (2) in the intertidal zone at Chinatown Point, Monterey Peninsula near Hopkins Marine Station; (3) George Price and MacFarland (on right) in Palo Alto rooming house, late 1890s; and, (4) portrait, June 1898. 6 Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Volume 34 A lengthy letter from H. Engel on 24 August 1945, states in part, “My wife died, alas, in the second year of the war, but she was ill when it began. Perhaps you remember the bombardments of the Fokker Manufacturies. These were only 500 m from our home, but we got no damage, the nearest bomb was about 200 m and demolished some houses but we got through safely. The last months were the worst. Yet the Museums and Libraries were on the whole left untroubled. The Huns had the bad taste to make their headquarters in our most beautiful buildings. So the Colonial Institute and Museum was headquarters to the S. S. and if there had been fighting here in Amsterdam it would all have been burned down and bombarded — but happily the Allies tactfully knew to avoid war in the thickly populated western part of Holland. How thankful we all are for this, is not easily said!”. Letters of Condolence: There were only a few letters of condolence in the archives to Olive MacFarland upon the death of her husband. Two were from the European friends with whom Frank had corresponded at the end of World War IJ, Alice Pruvot-Fol and H. Engel. The letter from Alice of 23 April 1951, reads, “Dear Mrs. MacFarland, How very sorry I am to hear the bad news your letter brought me! Last summer I had a letter from your husband, who told me he was on the shore and collecting nudibranchs and I admired his strength and good health. For a long time ago, I am not able to do such a thing myself. And I was glad to be soon able to send him a few papers now under press — they will be sent to you all the same. If I may possibly be of any aid to you about the subject, I should be glad to do so. I fear I can do little, at such a distance”. Engel wrote: “Believe, dear Madam, that all my sympathy goes to you, with my personal regrets. Twice I lost my wife and hence I know what it will be for you to bear this great change in your life, but I also know that after the first time of greatest grief a great peace may come with the assured feeling that the deceased is living on in your heart. Nothing can give a better relief than to continue a work which he himself would have enjoyed to finish. Please believe me. Yours sincerely, H. Engel.” Acknowledgements This paper was supported by the National Science Foundation through a PEET grant (DEB-9978155) “Phylogenetic systematics of dorid nudibranchs,” to Terrence M. Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences. 8 Western Society of Malacologists Parasites and diseases of molluscs in Latin America Jorge Caceres-Martinez Laboratorio de Biologia y Patologia de Moluscos, Departamento de Acuicultura Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y Educacion Superior de Ensenada A.P. 2732, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 22800 jcaceres@cicese.mx The aquaculture of molluscs in Latin America is an increasing economic activity. The culture of Argopecten purpuratus in Chile is a consolidated industry. In other countries such as Mexico, the culture of abalone (Haliotis rufescens), pectinids (Argopecten purpuratus), oysters (Crassostrea gigas and C. virginica) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) is gaining importance. Oysters and mussels cultured in Baja California are sold in the United States market, while abalone from Mexico and Chile are sold in the Asiatic market. However, parasites and some epibionts may produce negative effects in natural and cultured mollusc populations. Although the literature on parasites and diseases of molluscs at the international level has increased in the recent years, this kind of study in Latin America is scarce. The available information is spotty, and many times it was produced by Licenciatura or postgraduate theses, or from technical reports which are of limited accessibility. In this presentation, Latin American studies are described that were carried out on parasites, diseases and other epibionts of molluscs which have a negative effect on their development or commercial development. Among the important parasites are the nematode worm Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus, which parasitizes Argopecten ventricosus and Nodipecten subnodosus; larval cestodes; boring worms from the genus Polydora, which produce important economic losses in the culture of Argopecten purpuratus, Crassostrea gigas and Haliotis spp. Moreover, there is information on the copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus, living between the mantle and gill branchia and inside the digestive tract of several molluscan species, where tissue damage is produced. Turbellarians such as Urastoma cyprinae have been found infecting the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and M. californianus. It is important to increase and diversify the studies on parasites and epibionts of pectinids, in order to protect and increase the culture and natural populations of these clams. Annual Report, Volume 34 9 Opisthobranch molluscs from Baja California Sur Orso Angulo Campillo' and Hans Bertsch” ‘Departamento de Biologia Marina Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. I.P.N. s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, C.P. 23096, A.P. 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico mol@lapaz.cromwell.com.mx "Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 hansmarvida@aol.com The study of opisthobranchs in the Gulf of California began at the end of the 19" century, with the first works being those done by Bergh (1894). Since then a great number of authors have worked in and published on the opisthobranch fauna of the northern part of the Gulf of California, including but not limited to Lance, Marcus & Marcus, Bertsch, and Gosliner. In contrast the southern part of the Gulf of California (especially the state of Baja California Sur) has been little studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the species of opisthobranchs that occur in three regions of Baja California Sur: Punta Eugenia-Vizcaino, Bahia La Paz, and Cabo San Lucas. Repeated excursions sampled both the inter- and subtidal regions. During the study, 26 localities were sampled, in which were measured and observed a total of 1247 specimens, grouped into 67 species. Preliminary results on temporal and spatial variations of the opisthobranch fauna near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico Orso Angulo Campillo and Juan Félix Elorduy Garay Departamento de Biologia Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. I.P.N. s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita C.P. 23096, A.P. 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico Ecological study of opisthobranch mollucs is relatively recent. This is due in part to the small size of the organisms, but especially because of their rarity and/or scarcity, which have often excluded them from quantitative studies of the marine fauna. There is almost no research on this subject in the Gulf of California; the studies of Bertsch at Bahia de los Angeles are unique. 10 Western Society of Malacologists A one-year study was carried out in the La Paz area. We made monthly samplings at three localities in both the intertidal and subtidal environments. This is the first attempt at a systematic study in the southern region of the Gulf of California. The main goal of the study was to obtain a better representation of the species in the area. Preliminary results include the first six months of sampling. We identified and measured 813 specimens belonging to 62 species. The dominant orders in the intertidal environment were Cephalaspidea (primarily represented by Navanax inermis), and Nudibranchia (represented by Conualevia alba). In the subtidal region, the dominant orders were Nudibranchia (represented by Chromodoris norrisi and Hypselodoris californiensis) and Anaspidea (Dolabella auricularia). The most common and abundant species was N. inermis, followed by Berthellina ilisima. The eastern Pacific Recent species of Corbulidae (Bivalvia) Eugene V. Coan Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118-4599 gene.coan@sierraclub.org There are 18 Recent species of the Corbulidae in the eastern Pacific, of which one has been introduced from the northwestern Pacific. Division of Corbula into additional genera is premature without new characters and a formal cladistic analysis. Six subgenera are utilized, with six species remaining in Corbula, s.1. Three new species will be described: C. (Caryocorbula) new species 1, C. (Varocorbula) new species 2, and Corbula (s.l.) new species 3. One neotype and 14 lectotypes will be designated. The distributions and habitats of the species are documented, along with their fossil occurrences and the relationships to other Recent and fossil species. Annual Report, Volume 34 11 Morphological analysis of the blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalone populations in the central peninsula of Baja California (POSTER) Iliana Espinosa-Rodriguez and Miguel A. Del Rio-Portilla Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Acuicultura Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada Km 107, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada, A.P. 2732, Ensenada, Baja California, México 22800 midelrio@cicese.mx Abalone species have been described morphologically. However, to our knowledge there are no studies on the morphological variation along the peninsula of Baja California of the blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalones. These are the most important species in the Mexican abalone fishery. The main goal of this work was to morphologically compare abalones belonging to these species from different localities. Abalone morphological data (shell length, height, number of respiratory pores and weight) from the islands of Natividad, Cedros and San Benito and from Punta Eugenia were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance and a canonical centroid plots. There were significant differences between both species, but the blue abalone localities were clustered together while the yellow abalone data showed significant differences between localities. If the morphological variation in abalone is positively related with its genetic variation, then these results agree with reports indicating that the blue abalone has lower genetic variability while the yellow abalone has higher genetic variability and separated populations around Cedros and San Benito Islands. 12 Western Society of Malacologists Comparative and evolutionary aspects of the biosynthesis of defensive metabolites in the dorid nudibranch genera Dendrodoris and Doriopsilla Michael T. Ghiselin', Margherita Gavagnin? and Guido Cimino’ ‘California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 mghiselin@calacademy.org **Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interese Biologico, CNR, Via Toiano 6 80072 Arco Felice (Napoli), Italy 2 . . . . . . . . . * mgavagnin@icmib.na.cnr.it and *gcimino@icmib.na.cnr.it Comparative studies have suggested possible evolutionary pathways whereby nudibranchs have become able to synthesize de novo metabolites that were initially obtained from food. Three nudibranchs, Dendrodoris krebsii, Doriopsilla albopunctata and Doriopsilla areolata (Doridacea: Cryptobranchia: Porostomata: Dendrodorididae) have been investigated from this point of view. The presence of sesquiterpenes similar to some that are also found in sponges of the genus Dysidea has been corroborated. These metabolites are shown experimentally to be synthesized by the nudibranchs, using the same starting compounds but following two different pathways and leading to skeletons with opposite absolute stereochemistry. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ability to biosynthesize these metabolites has evolved in the “retrosynthetic mode” with the later stages evolving before the earlier ones. This would be the opposite of what generally has happened and is in fact well documented in sponges and other organisms. A plausible beginning for such a scenario would be the enzymatic modification of toxic metabolites that are derived from food, thereby setting the stage for the evolution of other enzymes that can catalyze earlier steps in biosynthesis. Annual Report, Volume 34 13 Patterns of larval development in opisthobranch molluscs from the northeastern Pacific Ocean Jeffrey H. R. Goddard Marine Science Institute University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 goddard@lifesci.ucsb.edu Early life histories, like other biological traits, are shaped by adaptations to environment. To test the hypothesis that regional differences in factors such as planktonic food supply and current speed have selected for predictable patterns in the early life history of shallow-water, benthic marine invertebrates, I have undertaken a global comparison of egg size and larval developmental mode in benthic opisthobranchs. This paper summarizes my findings for the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Based on a survey of the published literature and my own observations, mode of development is known or inferred for 132 species from the Pacific coast of North America, 116 that range north of Point Conception, California, and 16 whose ranges are restricted to the south. Ninety-one percent of the northern species have planktotrophic development, compared to 56% from the south. Of the 11 northern species with non-feeding development, seven are restricted to bays and estuaries, two are cold water, circumboreal species, and two are from the outer coast. In contrast, all seven of the southern species with non-feeding development are from outer coast habitats, including the Gulf of California. Bay and estuarine habitats are sparsely distributed on the Pacific coast of North America, and non-feeding development in their inhabitants may have been selected for as an adaptation for retention of offspring near limited adult habitat. In contrast, planktotrophic development appears to have been maintained in the outer coast species (at least those from north of Point Conception) by an environment characterized by slow-moving currents, high primary production, and geographically extensive adult habitat. 14 Western Society of Malacologists The systematic status of MacFarland’s genus Hopkinsia and its relationship to Okenia (Doridina: Goniodorididae) Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 tgosline@calacademy.org The anatomy of ten undescribed species of Okenia was examined from several Indo-Pacific localities. The external morphology, coloration, radular tooth structure and arrangement of reproductive organs differ markedly between different species. Of particular note is the arrangement of notal and marginal papillae, the position of the anus and the relationship of the recaptaculum seminis and bursa copulatrix. Various anatomical characters have been used to separate the goniodorid genera Okenia Menke, 1830, and Hopkinsia MacFarland, 1905. Species of goniodorids with an indistinct mantle margin have recently been placed in Hopkinsia, while species with a distinct lateral side of the body have been included in Okenia. Other characteristics of the radular teeth and reproductive system are suggestive that these genera are in fact distinct, but that the monophyletic units that are contained within these genera are presently poorly circumscribed. The presence of elongate, recurved inner lateral teeth appears to be a characteristic unique to Hopkinsia rosacea, the type species of the genus and an undescribed species from the central and western Pacific. A species-level review is necessary to provide primary data to permit the phylogenetic reconstruction of relationships within these taxa. Nudibranchs in action Alan Grant 592 High Drive, Laguna Beach, California 92651 dentadive@home.com A video presentation illustrates action clips of the incredibly slow, sluggish movements of nudibranchs and their slime trails. Nudibranchs often seem to just sit there, quite boringly, but are truly engaged in a variety of different activities. Video scenes include feeding by Roboastra; copulation and agonistic behavior by Phidiana hiltoni; standard morphology shots of nudibranchs, including pulsing and Annual Report, Volume 34 15 chemosensory rhinophores protruded into the current; use of radar-like rhinophores in search of sex or food by Triopha catalinae; and, withdrawing of the rhinophores into the body and wiggling/vibrating the gills in Risbecia tryoni. Fecundidad de abulon azul (Haliotis fulgens) en Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur, en El Nifio de 1997 Sergio A. Guzman del Proo, Jorge Carrillo-Laguna, Jorge Belmar-Pérez y Elizabeth Martinez-Villeda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Bioldgicas, I.P.N. Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México, D.F. 11340 En 1997 ocurrié el evento de El Nifio mas intenso del siglo XX y durante ese afio las poblaciones bentdnicas caracteristicas de la costa rocosa de Baja California fueron severamente afectadas. Entre éstas, los mantos de sargazo gigante (Macrocystis pyrifera) y las poblaciones de abul6n (Haliotis sp.) mostraron un descenso inmediato en las densidades de sus elementos adultos y juveniles. Aprovechando la presencia de este evento se hizo una estimacion de la fecundidad de abulon azul Haliotis fulgens en la zona de Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur. Se analiz6 una muestra de 35 especimenes adultos maduros cuya talla fluctia entre 115 y 199 mm de longitud de concha. Se estim6 el indice gonadica para obtener la fecundidad absoluta. Los valores encontrados fluctuaron entre 0.99 x 106 ovocitos para especimenes de 115 mm y 22.3 x 10.6 para abulones de 198 mm. La relacién entre fecundidad y longitud fué potencial (r° = 0.5267). La ecuacién obtenida fué F = 4 x 10° L4.07. El didmetro promedio de los ovocitos fué de 219 mm - 1.9 lo que coincide con ovocitos listos para su expulsién. 16 Western Society of Malacologists Modes of formation of gastropod operculum concentrations Carole S. Hickman Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140 caroleh@socrates.berkeley.edu Operculum-rich bioclastic accumulations, although rare, are particularly intriguing taphonomic puzzles. They provide especially valuable insight into taphonomic processes in which there is a strong biological overprint on the physical and sedimentological signatures that normally dominate shell beds. Gastropods with calcified opercula have bipartite skeletons in which the two elements differ markedly in size and shape. The two elements may differ as well in density and microstructure. As a consequence, shells and opercula have different taphonomic properties and the strong potential for different modes of post-mortem transport, accumulation, and preservation. Because the operculum is attached to the gastropod foot, it separates from the shell either (a) at death, if the animal is consumed by a predator, or (b) shortly after death with disintegration of the soft parts. In the fossil record, calcareous opercula have attracted attention primarily in the rare instances in which an operculum is preserved in place within the shell aperture. There are very few reports of bioclastic deposits containing large numbers of opercula and even fewer reports documenting separate taphonomic concentrations of shells and opercula at contemporaneous sites. Biostratinomic reconstructions of three turbinid gastropod operculum accumulations illustrate different causative mechanisms and the interplay of sedimentological, taphonomic, and biological processes. These examples include a dense lag concentration of opercula formed predominantly by winnowing in a modern eolian deposit, a Holocene operculum concentration with strong evidence of ecological control by a predator, and a series of Neogene operculum concentrations dominated by storm events and hydrodynamic control. Annual Report, Volume 34 17 Sea hare defensive secretions function differently against fish, crustacean and cnidarian predators P. M. Johnson Department of Zoology, University of Washington and Department of Biology, Georgia State University P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010 pmj@u.washington.edu Though sea hares face few threats from specialist predators, they do occasionally fall prey to generalists such as fish, crustaceans, and sea anemones. To determine how secretions from sea hare ink and opaline glands may affect predators we conducted feeding assays with sympatric species reported to feed on sea hares in the field. In field assays with live Aplysia parvula and Stylocheilus longicauda, reef fish were not deterred by ink/opaline secretions. We offered fish individual sea hares with either full or depleted glands. All of the S. longicauda were eaten regardless of gland fullness while most of the A. parvula were rejected regardless of gland fullness. Many fish, however, appeared to show a startle response after ink release that significantly delayed further attacks. We tested spiny and slipper lobsters and portunid crabs with live sea hares and pure secretions of Aplysia californica, S. longicauda, and Dolabella auricularia. Live sea hares were readily attacked and eaten but were often dropped if ink/opaline was released. Both isolated secretions proved highly stimulatory to feeding and may function as a feeding distractant that allows the sea hare to escape. Aplysia ink causes a “vomiting” response and tentacle shriveling in sea anemones. Ink from several sea hares is known to contain an antibacterial/cytotoxic protein that we hypothesize may be involved in this response. We isolated such a protein from A. californica. Pilot studies show that ink samples heated to 90° F (to denature proteins) no longer cause such negative effects in sea anemones. 18 Western Society of Malacologists A preliminary phylogeny of the genus Cadlina (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) Rebecca Johnson Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, EXMS A316 University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 rjohnson@calacademy.org Chromodorid nudibranchs are usually brightly colored animals, mostly found on tropical coral reefs. In contrast, members of the most basal group in the family Chromodorididae, the genus Cadlina, are either white or drably colored and are primarily found in cool temperate waters with a few species known from the adjacent subtropics. Cadlina species also differ from many other chromodorids in the texture of the mantle, the shape of the radular teeth and the arrangement of the reproductive organs. Although Cadlina and all of the other chromodorids are united by the presence of defensive mantle glands, some authors have suggested that Cadlina species are different enough to be placed in their own family. There are at least 24 species in the genus Cadlina, with representatives found in the southern ocean, the eastern Pacific, the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and South Africa. The cadlinid fauna in many of these different regions has been reviewed, but a hypothesis of relationship of all of the species of Cadlina has never been presented. An understanding of how species of Cadlina are related will help us understand the biogeographic patterns we see today. It will also give us insight into the evolution of the Chromodorididae. Annual Report, Volume 34 19 Marsh conditions associated with high population densities of unusual snails appearing in certain restored marshes of San Francisco Bay Estuary Christopher L. Kitting Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Hayward, California 94542 ckitting@csuhayward.edu Introduction Most marsh restorations have prepared for water flow and some plants, but rarely for native aquatic animals. Marshes on various shores are known to provide productive nursery areas for valuable fisheries and shellfisheries, and possibly other native animals. In this multi-disciplinary project, I sought factors that account for restorations that attract many aquatic animals. This non-destructive sampling of fishes and macroinvertebrates, while comparatively monitoring their possibly limiting physical factors, was intensive for >2.5 yrs at an array of marshes in the northern San Francisco Bay Region (Fig. 1). Over four of these marshes were restored recently to increased tidal action, and three historic marshes nearby were used as reference sites. More than three other marshes were added for supplemental sampling and more replicated comparisons. Hypothetically, the age of a marsh and other attributes are related to aquatic animal abundances, especially for native animals. Methods Kitting (2001) presented summaries of year-round biological and physical factors at each marsh, located at ~10-km intervals in the upper San Francisco Bay Estuary. Major sites in this study were centered at 38° 2.5'N, 122° 4.4" W. Underwater in the marshes, physical factors were sampled almost continuously with YSI 600XLM data loggers (Yellow Springs Instruments, Ohio) having temperature, conductivity, salinity, and oxygen electrodes. The most versatile, replicated biological methods were virtually continuous, flexible plastic mesh “minnow-trap” refugia with a ~4 cm funnel at both ends, 0.5 m? area inside and out, totaling 1 m? (imported by Nichols Net, Illinois), and with 0.1 m? of additional mesh inside. The additional mesh provided additional refugia for animals inside, minimizing predation by 20 Western Society of Malacologists Figure 1. Aerial photograph of northern San Francisco Bay Estuary, labeling major study marshes restored to tidal action. North is up. Sacramento and San Joaquin River Deltas are to the right. animals within the “trap”. Mesh openings were 2 - 4 mm wide. At each site, two to five modified traps were left on the bottom for at least two weeks between counting the macroinvertebrates and fishes contained within them. Animals stocked into these refugia were seen to come and go during such periods, implying a roughly steady state of most populations after weeks. This approach was analogous to smaller “basket traps” described by Levings (1976). Upon ~monthly sampling at each site, virtually all animals in refugia were recorded and released immediately back into the marsh. Annual Report, Volume 34 21 Results One set of marshes (Tubbs Island) at the northernmost edge of San Francisco Bay displayed salinities of 7 to ~25 ppt, with common bay molluscs distinct from the other sites. Eastward (upstream ~20 km of Tubbs Island), at other study marshes (in Suisun Bay), ranges of physical factors were comparable among the historic reference marshes and most of the restored marshes. These marshes spanned salinities of 2 to ~10 ppt (4 to ~30% seawater), with salinity at each site fluctuating ~50 % throughout the year. Channel depths were 1~2 m at high tide, with 0.5 to ~2m tidal amplitude. Refugia trap and other monthly sampling failed to detect much fish or invertebrate usage of the historic reference marshes, with total macroinvertebrates (mainly gammarid amphipods) averaging <<5 per m* refugium, with virtually no snails or fishes. Less frequent sampling of several other such marshes confirmed low abundances of aquatic animals there as well. These reference marshes appeared quite pristine, but had virtually no common macroinvertebrates or fishes. Furthermore, about half of our restored marshes had few aquatic invertebrates and fishes. In contrast, two of our systematically sampled marshes restored to moderate tidal action (Tubbs Muted Marsh and Waterfront Rd.) and another (Shell/McNabney Marsh) that had been restored to minor tidal action, yielded relatively high population densities of diverse invertebrates and fishes. After gammarid amphipods, insects, and isopods, the most common macroinvertebrate taxa were both pulmonate and prosobranch gastropod snails, generally less than 1 cm in shell length. The only feature these rich sites shared was the unusual presence of marsh “ponds” (permanently inundated marsh) on the intertidal channels of the marshes. Subjectively and statistically, despite seasonal fluctuations, marshes without ponds had fewer snails (averaged monthly and year round) than did marshes with connected ponds (Mann-Whitney U'= 921, corrected for ties, P = 0.04). Overall, most aquatic macroinvertebrates sampled (>64% of mean abundances in refugia traps among sites) were apparently native gammarids, insects, and snails. The most common snail species found at low salinities was Physella heterostropha, which occurred at shell lengths of <1 cm (Kitting 2001). This species is reported over a wide geographic range. Here, it was concentrated near the water’s surface, averaging].5 — 2.5 snails per 1 m* refugium. Its highest population densities were recorded among Lemna duckweed nearby, with over 120 macroscopic snails 22 Western Society of Malacologists per 0.05 m? sample (= 2400 per m’). Among widespread, emergent Distichlis saltgrass, P. heterostropha reached 40 per 0.05 m’ sample (= 800 per m’). Another snail species was found at slightly higher salinities and appeared suddenly, reaching population densities in excess of 20 per m* on submerged minnow traps coated with algal growth and on shaded algae. This newly colonized species is an unidentified hydrobiid (Prosobranchia) up to 4.5 mm long (Fig. 2). It appears to be closely related to the only snail from California on the endangered species list, the ”California brackish water snail”, Tryonia imitator. Taylor (1966) provides a taxonomic summary of this species and several relatives. After no record of snails for >two years in these recently restored marshes (Kitting, 2001), this species became concentrated on shaded surfaces, hidden among algal growth. Other sites within a 5-km radius (including more than five restored and historical marshes) had similar conditions but essentially no snails or other macroinvertebrates unless ponds and algae were present (in three restored marshes). In the laboratory this snail devoured filamentous algae, including cyanobacteria and diatom chains. Water conditions corresponded to the recruitment and then decline of the hydrobiid snail (Fig. 3). Conditions fluctuated somewhat with tidal state and daylight, and largely with season. During colonization, tidal amplitudes = ~1 m, salinities = 2.4 -11.1 ppt (mean = 6.4ppt, or ~20% seawater), femiperanires = 5.0 -11.3C (mean = 8.7 C), and oxygen near saturation (well mixed). Other sites within a 5 km radius had similar conditions, but essentially no snails or other macroinvertebrates (in more than five restored and historical marshes) unless ponds and algae were present (in three restored marshes). All sites had silt bottoms <2 m deep, emergent marsh vegetation, and moderately low water clarity (~30 cm secchi depth). The water conditions several months later, during the snail’s initial decline, exhibited rapid changes in conditions, with the salinity averaging 7.1 ppt (ranging from 4.3 -11.9 ppt) the temperature averaging 21 C (ranging from 7.2 - 29.1 C). The population later recovered and persisted through July, 2001. Annual Report, Volume 34 23 Figure 2. Ventral view of unidentified hydrobiid snails (4 mm in length). Brackish Waterfront Road Marsh, June, 2001. Discussion The results of this study clearly reject the hypothesis that historic marshes possess higher population densities of aquatic animals than recent restorations. Even at higher salinities (Kitting 2001), diversity of marsh animals appears to be positively correlated with the presence of marsh ponds. Our historical marshes nearby do not possess such ponds and yielded few aquatic animals. This finding is consistent with West and Zedler (2000), whose sites near San Diego that I observed in June 2001 had rich marsh ponds like those of the present study. Sommer et al. (2001) showed the importance of larger-scale, seasonal ponding to foster native fishes and their foods upstream in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. James McLean and others are assisting with identifying and classifying this newly discovered hydrobiid snail. It does not appear to be described from elsewhere in the world, except possibly as a fossil from the 24 Western Society of Malacologists WATERFRONT RD MARSH WATERFRONT RD MARSH DURING PROSOBRANCH COLONIZATION DURING PROSOBRANCH DECLINE 5 0} ares Se | 5.0:— nnnqe ESE = SES 4230 19:36 08:46 = 23:55 15:05 06:15 21: 20:48 14:19 07:51 01:22 8 =©18:53 12: - 13.0) 110 : | ae 9.01, i Rew y (fi0/s) uo ral 5.0 Salinity (ppt) 16.0 6.0 or r - =| 3. Se ro =F J 08:46 23:55 15:05 06:15 21:24 18:48 14:19 07:51 01:22 12:24 Salinity (ppt) 01/22/01 01/26/01 01/29/01 02/02/01 02/06/01 02/09/04 05/30/01 06/02/01 06/05/01 06/08/01 06/10/01 06/13/01 DateTime (M/D/Y) DateTime (M/D/Y) Figure 3. Virtually continuous physical factors (every 12 minutes) over a one-month period at Waterfront Rd. Marsh site during colonization by the hydrobiid snail, then several months later during an initial decline. Thinned traces correspond to the right-hand axes. ancient San Joaquin River Basin in the San Joaquin Valley of California (McLean, pers. comm.). Almost all other hydrobiids are freshwater rather than brackish. Unlike many curious appearances of unknown species, this region seems somewhat less likely than other areas to be subject to species introductions. The entire region is protected by the US military as a buffer for a weapons depot >5 km away on open water. Since colonization did not occur for >2 years, if one is patient these particular conditions with ponds may Annual Report, Volume 34 25 prove to favor this unusual snail and other invertebrates, mainly natives. Furthermore, these invertebrates all were abundant even when and where fishes and predatory crustaceans were most common (Kitting 2001). Fluctuating, low salinities and permanent but tidally circulated ponds may be crucial for dense aquatic animal populations to colonize and persist in such marshes, restored or historic. Microhabitats of this unusual, but recently common, snail were among dense algae, especially in dim light. These results are analogous to previous findings on other shores, where small algae attracted small aquatic animals (van Montfrans et al., 1982), especially at night (Kitting, 1984). Morse et al. (1984) demonstrated an apparently widespread mechanism of molluscan (and other) recruitment to various algae, inducing metamorphosis from larvae. However, such marsh sites are particularly difficult to sample non- destructively for animals among algae. Further progress with restoration and monitoring of these largely lost habitats (Onuf et al. 1978) may produce additional animal and algae populations that otherwise may be lost. Acknowledgements Early in the project, K. Malamud-Roam (with Contra Costa Mosquito and Vector Control), S. Webster, C. L. Hamer, A. Gaos, A. Wellington, R. Dillon, and others assisted in this work. Mount View Sanitary District, East Bay Regional Parks, Weapons Detachment Concord, and San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge kindly provided access to their marshes. I also am indebted to C. Davis, A. Sigears, T. Smith’s Media Lab, and J. McLean, and R. Seapy for their assistance with this paper. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and CALFED Bay-Delta Program provided partial funding for this work with marsh restoration. Literature Cited Kitting, C. L. 1984. Selectivity by dense populations of small invertebrates foraging among seagrass blade surfaces. Estuaries 7: 276-288. Kitting, C. L. 2001. Pulmonate Mollusca persisting in California Delta marshes with high tidal and physical/chemical extremes. Western Soc. Malacol. Ann. Rept. 34: 22. Levings, C. D. 1976. Basket traps for surveys of gammarid amphipod, Anisogammarus confervicolus (Simpson), at two British Columbia estuaries. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 33: 2066-2069. Morse, A. N. C., C. Froyd, & D. E. Morse. 1984. Molecules from cyanobacteria and red algae that induce larval settlement and metamorphosis in the mollusc Haliotis rufescens. Mar. Biol. 81: 293-298 26 Western Society of Malacologists Onuf, C. P., M. L. Quammen, G. P. Shaffer, C. H. Peterson, J. W. Chapman, J. Cermak, & R. W. Holmes. 1978. An analysis of the values of central and southern California coastal wetlands. Pp. 186-199, in P. E. Greeson & J. E. Clark (eds.), Wetland Functions and Values: The State of our Understanding. American Water Resources Association, Minneapolis, MN. Sommer, T., B. Harrell, M. Nobriga, R. Brown, P. Moyle, W. Kimmerer, and L. Schemel. 2001. California’s Yolo bypass: evidence that flood control can be compatible with fisheries, wetlands, wildlife, and agriculture. Fisheries 26: 6-16. Taylor, D. W. 1966. A remarkable snail fauna from Coahila, Mexico. Veliger 9: 152-225. van Montfrans, J., R. J. Orth, & S.A. Vay. 1982. Preliminary studies on grazing by Bittium varium on eelgrass periphyton. Aq. Bot. 14: 75-89. West, J. M. & J. B. Zedler. 2000. Marsh-creek connectivity: fish use of a tidal salt marsh in Southern California. Estuaries 23: 699-710. Annual Report, Volume 34 27 Pulmonate Mollusca persisting in California Delta marshes with high tidal and physical/chemical extremes Christopher L. Kitting Department of Biological Sciences and Shore Institute California State University, Hayward 94542 ckitting@csuhay ward.edu Several marshes located along the outer San Joaquin /Sacramento River Delta have been restored to higher tidal action following the removal of levies and tide gates and are presently being monitored. Prior to their removal, these levies and tide gates had largely isolated the marshes from San Francisco Bay and the outer River Delta. As a result of the increased tidal flow, salinities and other environmental parameters have become more variable, with tidal cycles up to 2 m in amplitude. Among restored and reference sites and at the nearby saline and freshwater reference sites, estuarine winter salinities ranged from 0.5 to ~ 10 ppt (2 to ~30% seawater) and estuarine summer salinities ranged from 1.0 to ~20 ppt (3 to ~60% seawater). Temperatures in these shallow waters were moderate and ranged from 10 to ~25 C near the bay and 5 to ~30 C further (~20 km) from the bay. Particle loads in the water were almost always high, with various sites averaging 10 to ~ 50 cm water clarity (as secchi depth). A variety of non-destructive sampling methods have been used to monitor these marshes for 1.5 yr. Epibenthic sampling with replicate thrown cages yielded live bivalves and pulmonate gastropods, with almost no other live molluscs at estuarine sites. The most common mollusc at estuarine sites has been a freshwater pulmonate snail, Physella heterostropha, which was abundant (year-round) only at the two sites fed by an adjacent reclaimed water marsh. Other invertebrates and fishes also were most abundant there, where salinities were low, ranging 0.7 to ~2.2 ppt (up to brackish) but particle loads were highest (down to 10 cm water clarity), and temperature ranges were extreme. The other low-salinity estuarine site had more variable (usually higher) salinity, low pulmonate population densities, but high abundances of Macoma balthica bivalves (commonly up to ~3 cm long) near the sediment surface. Curiously, pulmonate slugs were detected in even saltier marshes (2 to ~5 ppt) with high temperature extremes. The highest salinity among these estuarine sites, in north San Pablo Bay, had the second highest molluscan population abundances (Table 1). 28 Western Society of Malacologists ysieyy sjauUeYO 9 JA €"L ‘pasojsas Ayjeme paynw sqqny, spuod ‘wuad sok esseueAj] UOWWOO~ WNIpaw wnipew OZ~G Sz~O} wnipew G aseoJ0U] 6664 ysuew sjauueyo 2 (uo1jes0}seJ-31d) painw sqqn, spuod ‘wad sof @uouU UOWWOO~ WNIpew wnipew QzZ~OL Sz~O} wmnipew v a@seesU| 666}-90 jeuueyo jepwezul (Moy [EPH PEeSeaoUy 0}) UyIpS deep w-z ou uouVy oles MO} MO| G~2 = S2~St yBbiy 9 (jus991) uOT}e10)SEy B66} USJEW I1I9US (Mou jepn soul) /Keugenow dn sjauueyo yspuod seh eyashyq uowwoo~ ybiy ybiy c~l St~OL wnipew 79 UOHONSUOD OG6L ysueyy 84S — sjauueyo g spuod (moy |epy o1pouied) /KeugeNnow yno ul ySu UeHAxO sok eyashyq uowwoo~ wnipsew ybiy Z~Z'0 GtL~OL wmnipew y'0-1'°0 uONnINASUCD OG6L jauueyo jepHajul (Moy [BPH peseasou! 0}) Anen Sn daap w-Z ou auou aed MO} Mo} ~Z Gz~St = ubly 9 (pio) uonesoysay L661) TSUOHeIOJSOY OULeN|sS4 soyussew eyasAyd 2 yeaig Big 31} eyap sef = ejynaiqiod:«s wnipew wnipaw =— MO} €0~0 06~02 ybiy S YSJEW] BQUBIBJOY JEPlL YSas4 jauueyo (peyipow you~) oo9uded deep w-z ‘wed ou ewooeyw wnipsew Mo} MO} 9~Z SE€~0% wnipow l UINOW Y8asD soUdIEJeY jeuueyo (poayipow you) IS@M UIpy =—- dap w-z ‘uwad ou @uou eyed MO} MO} 9~€ 0S~0Z wnipew L eouasajay SuUeN}sy jauueypd jepiyayul (pay!pow jou) spue| 3}e}s doep w-z ou euou aes wnipew Mo| Ol~p 09~02 ubiy L aouasejoy UEN|sSy soysuew ewooey 9 (pay!pow you) Aeq jequoo auljasoys seA esseuedj} wnipew wnipew Mo} GZ~OL 06~0Z wnipew 8 aoussejoy Aeg 19}NO uoneoynuep] SUONIPUOD ESPudg SYSNIIOW Seysi4 soyjUeq UO}Ue| abuey fT) Moy |eph aS soley po}oou sofew sofey -d3 -007 Ayuiyjes Auejg ‘dwa, ebuey PaseaJoul JO JOpJO Ul) -U0D sofew “‘xouddy EPL ‘SuOneIO}Soy YSIeWy Table 1. Comparisons of north San Francisco estuary marshes (eight estuarine marshes plus seaward and landward tidal marshes), restored to different degrees of tidal action through time. 29 Annual Report, Volume 34 These distributions of mollusks, abundant at only three of the eight estuarine marshes, reflected distributions of other invertebrates and fishes (Table 1). The pattern did not reflect merely salinity gradients, but rather the occurrence of shallow ponds along tidal creeks. Both estuarine reference marshes and the three other restored sites, each without ponds connected by tidal creeks, yielded very few molluscs, very few other invertebrates, and few fishes (Table 1). Living on nearby sediments near each site, bivalves, including the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis, recently had been common. Thus, the above mentioned molluscs persist among extreme conditions in these brackish tidal marshes with ponds on tidal creeks, while prosobranch gastropods and other molluscs are virtually absent at nearby marshes without ponds. However, the prosobranch Jlyanassa obsoleta and other molluscs are abundant only seaward in San Francisco Bay, and numerous Corbicula fluminea (bivalves) are only recorded up river, in the nearby freshwater Delta (Table 1). Acknowledgements Gratitude is extended to C. L Hamer and others for assistance, A. Wellington and R. Dillon for Physella taxonomic information, and CALFED/US Fish and Wildlife Service for partial funding. High population densities of patchy snails and associated habitat conditions in restored marshes of San Francisco Bay Estuary Christopher L. Kitting and Sara Webster Department of Biological Sciences and Statistics Department California State University, Hayward, California 94542 ckitting@csuhayward.edu Marshes are being restored to higher tidal action in northern San Francisco Bay Estuary. For over two years, we have monitored more than ten restored and reference marshes, which span salinities of 2 - 15 ppt (3 - 40% seawater), in northern San Pablo and southern Suisun Bays. Our approximately monthly marsh sampling with non-destructive replicated methods showed snails and other aquatic invertebrates and fishes to be rare in our two historic reference marshes. However, various taxa were much more common periodically in several of our marshes experimentally restored to increased tidal action. Historic 30 Western Society of Malacologists and restored marshes without ponds or channels yielded very low animal population densities. Mobile aquatic taxa tended to be similar among other sites, but each gastropod species appeared generally in patches, each near population densities of about 10 - 50 snails/m?. Snail and egg distributions often corresponded to solid surfaces in these muddy marshes, such as on submerged vegetation or on our sampling devices underwater. Paired YSI 600XLM data loggers continuously monitored water chemistry over >24 hour periods where each snail species appeared. Water conditions fluctuated somewhat with the tide and daylight, with conditions similar between each upper (shoreward) and lower (seaward) marsh region. Those particular marsh conditions may favor each of these less mobile aquatic animals. These snails were abundant even when and where fishes and predatory crustacea were most common. Developmental dimorphism in the specialist herbivore, Alderia modesta: Consequences for dispersal and larval settlement behavior Pat Krug Department of Biology, Box 951606 University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606 pkrug@protos.lifesci.ucla.edu The mollusc Alderia modesta produces both long-lived feeding larvae and short-lived non-feeding larvae, allowing the intra-specific comparison of alternative larval morphs. Development mode varied seasonally in the field population; adults produced only lecithotrophic larvae during summer months, but roughly half the population shifted to planktotrophy in the winter. Lecithotrophic individuals exhibited a bet- hedging dispersal strategy, producing 0-90% larvae that spontaneously metamorphosed within a day of hatching, while sibling larvae delayed metamorphosis indefinitely until encountering the obligate adult host alga Vaucheria longicaulis. Metamorphosis was induced by dissolved, as well as surface-associated, carbohydrates produced specifically by V. longicaulis. The water-soluble cue accumulated within algal patches in the field, and was naturally released into the surrounding sea water on each flood tide. Both lecithotrophic and competent plankotrophic larvae immediately responded to waterborne cues from the algae by increasing their turning rate, changing swimming speed, and sampling the bottom. Annual Report, Volume 34 31 Larvae were behaviorally entrained where the dissolved cue was perceived, and prolonged exposure increased the percentage of larvae that metamorphosed. Lecithotrophic larvae had greater swimming speeds and vertical transport rates, but competent planktotrophic larvae responded more strongly to chemical settlement cues and completed metamorphosis at a faster rate. Larval behavior may thus function as trade-offs against the costs of different life-history strategies in marine invertebrates. A survey of Panamic Sacoglossa (Opisthobranchia: Gastropoda) James R. Lance 746 Agate Street, San Diego, California 92109 Some 25 species of sacoglossan Opisthobranchiata from inshore eastern Pacific warm waters (Panamic Faunal Province) are currently identifiable. Of these, at least ten are undescribed and have aided in increasing our understanding of inter- and intra-Province sacoglossan relationships. New observational and photographic examples of direct development, extrazygotic yolk strings, tight aggregate feeding, endemism within a single bay, and old and new recruit records from other seas are presented. Revision of Liotiinae (Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae) of the world James H. McLean Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007 jmclean@nhm.org Liotiinae are small-shelled marine gastropods of nearly worldwide distribution, characterized by their nacreous interiors, fine lamellar sculpture and thickened terminal lips. In addition, an important diagnostic character is the circular aperture, which accommodates a multispiral operculum with a long growing edge and detachable calcareous beads. A monograph of Recent and fossil taxa is in preparation, in which three subgroups have now been recognized: 32 Western Society of Malacologists Dichostasiinae, with 8 extinct genera and 11 known species, occurring in the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene, of which one Eocene genus is undescribed. These are the pre- liotiines, lacking stellae of clumped lamellae connecting the early whorls, but having the circular aperture and thickened lip that is indicative of the entire group. Liotiinae, s.s., with 41 genera (of which 28 are new) and 164 living species (of which 111 are new), known first from the late Cretaceous (based on a species described by Sohl, 1998). Twenty- three fossil species are known. Stellae of clumped lamellae connect the early whorls in apical view and the umbilical wall is spinose; the shell is white and strong axial sculpture is dominant. Generic characters are based on structure of the final lip, and other features of mature sculpture, which may be highly intricate. Some genera have a spur that fortifies the final lip, an emergent ridge derived from the coalescence of umbilical spines. Areneinae, with 18 genera (of which 14 are new) and 91 living species (of which 53 are new), known first from the late Cretaceous (based on two species described by Sohl, 1998). Twenty- four fossil species are known. Apical stellae are reduced, but the umbilical wall is spinose. The shell has a color pattern; spiral sculpture is dominant. Generic characters are based on differences in early teleoconch sculpture as well as differences in the mature lip. Turbiniform to discoidal genera are known in each subgroup. Radulae are generally uniform in living groups, and hardly differ from those of other primitive turbinids. Annual Report, Volume 34 33 Gymnodorid nudibranchs from the eastern Pacific: a preliminary taxonomic revision of the genera Tambja, Roboastra, and Nembrotha (POSTER) Monica Medina’, Yolanda Camacho-Garcia, Yvonne Vallés, Angel Valdés and Terrence Gosliner California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 'DOE Joint Genome Institute 2800 Mitchell Drive B100, Walnut Creek, California 94598 The Gymnodorididae are nonsuctorian phanerobranch dorids that are overdue for taxonomic revision by modern phylogenetic methods. We have initially focused on the eastern Pacific species because of the availability of fresh material for DNA work. For the morphological analysis we have examined both the radula and the reproductive system from several species. As a molecular marker, we have sequenced a 700 bp fragment from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene from four Tambja, one Roboastra and two Nembrotha species (the latter from the Indo-Pacific). A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data set indicates that CO1 will help elucidate relationships within this dorid family. For instance, two new Tambja spp. from Costa Rica were identified as T. eliora and T. abdere based on the genetic data, even though they are very different in their external morphology. Seasonal occurrence patterns of opisthobranchs in the Northeastern Pacific Sandra Millen Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 millen@zoology.ubc.ca Since 1971, I have listed opisthobranch sightings in my diving logs, including spawning records. I have also collected similar data during numerous intertidal trips. To help establish the optimal time to search for particular species, I have compiled all my logs into a database. The results, summarized here, give a portrait of seasonal occurrence and spawning patterns in the waters of southern British Columbia. 34 Western Society of Malacologists Beyond the tub: An underwater slide presentation of various nudibranch behaviors noted in a May 2001 Philippines field trip Michael D. Miller 4777 Ladner Street, San Diego, California 92113 mdmiller@cts.com Selected slides will be shown exhibiting certain nudibranch behaviors in conjunction with new and unusual specimens observed during the trip to the Batangas and Palawan regions of the Philippines in May of this year. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between the animal and the substratum Y) and the audience is challenged to validate this relationship in a meaningful way. Some land molluscs from Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, Mexico Edna Naranjo—Garcia Laboratorio de Malacologia, Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Apartado Postal 70-153, Mexico, D.F. 04510 naranjo@servidor.unam.mx Terrestrial molluscs from 11 sites around Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, were collected between June 1994 to August 1996. Santiago Papasquiaro lies in central Durango (west-central Mexico); vegetation in the area goes from Chihuahuan desert in the lowlands to pine-oak forest in the higher zones. Samples were taken by looking at suitable snail habitats, such as: under logs, leaf litter, crevices in rock or bark. The molluscs were then picked by hand or samples of leaf litter or humus were taken. These samples were taken in zip-loc bags to the laboratory for processing. A total of 26 species were identified. Three records appear to be new for Mexico: Punctum randolphi (Dall, 1895), Gastrocopta pilsbryana amissidens Pilsbry, 1934, and Columella alticola (Ingersoll, 1895). Interestingly, six species (P. randolphi, G. pilsbryana amissidens, C. alticola, Cionella lubrica morseana Doherty, 1878, G. oligobasodon (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1910), and G. dalliana media Pilsbry) increased their range from New Mexico and/or Arizona or states further north, or from Mexico proper, to this area in western central Mexico. Annual Report, Volume 34 35 Effects of “El Nifio” 1997-1998 on the benthic malacofauna on rocky substrates in the islands of Callao, Peru Ana Renza Paola Alegre Norza Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Proyecto OEA/CONCYTEC “Cooperacién Regional para el Manejo del Efecto de los Eventos El Nifio sobre la Biodiversidad y el Uso Sostenible de sus Recursos” , Lima, Pert anaalegre@uole.com The object of this investigation is to determine the effect of temperature variation during “El Nifio 1997- 98" on the abundance and biomass of the principal species of molluscs in the rocky subtidal zone. Two study sites were chosen, the first on Isla Palomino (12° 12' 35" S; 77° 23' 10" W) and the second on Isla San Lorenzo (12° 08' 55" S; 77° 23' 30" W). The methodology used was simple random sampling, establishing a station in each study area. A total of 12 samples were done during a period of 18 months. At each station 6 replicate samples were collected by a scientific diver, using as a unit of sampling a designated area of 0.25 m’. In the laboratory the specimens were separated and identified. Finally, they were numbered, weighed, and grouped to lowest taxon. Nine species of molluscs were analyzed. In the case of Semimytilus algosus, the decrease is total beginning with the month of January 1998. For Thais haemastoma there is a negative tendency in abundance and biomass with regards to temperature increase. For Thais chocolata, there is a light fall during the first temperature peak; during the second temperature peak, the abundance diminishes constantly in the area of Palomino. Crassilabrum crassilabrum and Xantochorus buxea present two peaks, which are observed after the cold months. Nassarius gayi and Mitrella buccinoides also show a similar tendency. The abundances of Tegula euryomphalus and Crepipatella dilatata tend to decrease gradually. In all the cases, it was observed that after the second temperature peak, in January and February 1998, the abundance and biomass dropped notably; some species were not able to survive the conditions and disappeared competely. 36 Western Society of Malacologists Population genetics of the blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalones at Cedros and San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico (POSTER) Miguel A. del Rio-Portilla' and José G. Gonzalez-Avilés” 'Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Acuicultura, CICESE Km 107, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada, A.P. 2732, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 22800 midelrio@cicese.mx *S.C.P.P. Pescadores Nacionales de Abulon, S.C. de R.L. Ryerson 117 Col. Centro, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 22800 cedmex(@telnor.net The blue, Haliotis fulgens, and yellow, Haliotis corrugata, abalones are the most commercially important species caught in central Baja California. Around Cedros and San Benito Islands, abalones are mainly distributed in three zones: the north (Punta Norte), south (San Agustin) of Cedro Island, and around the small islands of San Benito. The main goal of this work was to characterize genetically populations of the blue and yellow abalones in these three zones. Allozyme electrophoresis at eight loci was carried out with 13 samples overall from two years in the three localities. The yellow abalone had higher number of alleles per locus, mean unbiased and observed heterozygosities and polymorphism than the blue abalone. Agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in most of the cases, but in both species their respective Fs; values showed population differentiation between localities. These results do not agree with other genetic reports on H. fulgens populations along the peninsula of Baja California, and we suggest that fishing pressure, genetic drift, or the lack of migration among fishing areas could account for the population structure found in the islands. These results may help in fishery management of the species. Annual Report, Volume 34 37 A highly diverse invertebrate fauna from the Upper Pleistocene Palos Verdes Sand, Costa Mesa, Orange County, California Scott Rugh and Carol J. Stadum Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112 srugh@sdnhm.org Abundant marine fossils from the first terrace sands of the Palos Verdes Sand were exposed during the extension of State Route 55 in 1989. Although collecting was limited by construction activities, a large mixed death assemblage was recovered seven meters below the surface and has been placed in the collection of the San Diego Natural History Museum as Locality 4447. This fauna represents the most inland occurrence of Palos Verdes Sand fossils in Costa Mesa. Specimens recovered from this site include the remains of molluscs, barnacles, crabs, a coral, an echinoderm, and marine vertebrates. The invertebrate fauna consists mostly of subtropical species encountered along the coast of southern California today that inhabit sandy bottoms from low intertidal to subtidal depths (e.g., Olivella biplicata and Sisula dolabriformis). A few of the species are tropical, such as Muricanthus nigritus, Chione gnidia, and Thais biserialis. A relatively large number of species that live on a hard substrate (e.g., Hinnites giganteus and Megathura crenulata) are uncommon and tend to be worn, suggesting post-mortem transport. This hard substrate was possibly an exposure of the Capistrano Formation and was bored by clams (e.g., Platyodon cancellatus and Zirfaea pilsbryi). Exposed sandy shore species (e.g., Tivela stultorum and Amiantis callosa) are common and well preserved, suggesting the site was near a surf zone on an exposed shore. Several estuarine species, including Melampus olivaceus and Cerithidea californica are present but not common, and were probably transported from a nearby bay. 38 Western Society of Malacologists Clam-ring time-series: A new method for high-resolution environmental reconstruction Bernd R. Schéne Institute for Geology and Paleontology, Increments Group J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 32-34 60325 Frankfurt / Main, GERMANY B.R.Schoene@em.uni-frankfurt.de Introduction Reconstruction and modeling of the Holocene environmental and climate history is based on proxy data. Tree-ring width and tree-ring density chronologies have been used extensively for the reconstruction of the year-to-year environmental and climate variability in boreal, terrestrial latitudes (Fritts, 1976; Schweingruber et al., 1983). Other proxi data were obtained, for instance, from ice cores, lake sediments and coral-ring chronologies. Our models, however, are incomplete, because no high-resolution datasets exist for the marine, extra-tropical realm. Mollusks provide the unique opportunity to fill this gap for the following reasons: (1) high-resolution archiving — mollusks grow by periodic accretion of shelly material producing distinct annual, fortnightly and even daily growth increments and growth lines; (2) the growth rate of mollusks is controlled by environmental parameters — favorable environmental conditions can increase growth rates resulting in wider growth increments and can also control anatomical microstructures and the geochemical properties of the growth increments; and (3) broad biogeographic distribution — mollusks inhabit almost every environment; living on the land, in lakes, in the deep sea, and in tropical, boreal and polar regions. Although some bivalve mollusks live for up to 250 years, most species are shorter-lived and the time period of environmental reconstruction using these species would be short as well. How can we use short- lived bivalves for continuous long-term environmental and climate prediction? What kind of environmental information can be reconstructed from intertidal bivalves in the northern Gulf of California? Annual Report, Volume 34 39 Material and Methods I The study area is located in Colorado River Delta in the northern Gulf of California. Summer temperatures exceed 35°C; winter temperatures can drop below 5°C. The tidal regime is semidiurnal with a mean tidal range of about 5m. Average salinity of open gulf water is approx. 38%o +/- 2%o in this area. We collected bivalve mollusks in the mid-intertidal zone: Chione cortezi, Chione fluctifraga and Chione californiensis. The average ontogenetic age of specimens of these species is between 6 and 10 years (Schone et al., 2001). Growth controls: Annual growth lines are clearly visible on the external shell surface. Their formation results from growth retardation during the cold season of the year. In radial cross-sections, intra-annual growth lines are developed. These were shown (Schone et al., 2001) by experiments to form fortnightly and daily. Previous studies also demonstrated that environmental parameters control growth rates. Growth in Chione spp. is mainly controlled by variation in temperature and salinity. Growth starts when temperatures reach about 17°C in spring. Maximum shell production occurs in early summer at 25°C. Growth ceases as temperatures continue to rise above 29°C. After hot summer growth resumes and reaches another growth rate peak at 25°C in fall. As it cools down in late fall and winter, growth rate decreases and finally halts. Growth is clearly reduced during major river water discharge events in spring (lowered salinity). Knowing how intra-annual growth rates of a species in a given habitat are controlled by environmental parameters is the precondition for interpreting the variability of annual growth rates. We measured annual growth increment widths of 67 live-collected specimens and 7 shells found dead and gaping. Relative growth rates: Annual increment width chronologies exhibit characteristic growth trends. As the mollusk shell grows, the shell production rate decreases, resulting in smaller annual increments. A second observation is that the variance of growth rates decreases with maturity. In order to compare growth rates of different specimens, age-related growth trends must be removed from the chronologies by mathematical modeling. 40 Western Society of Malacologists The general growth trend can be approximated with an exponential model as follows: L(p), = L(p)..(1—exp™“), where L(p), is the predicted shell length at time ¢, L(p),. the predicted, asymptotic shell length and k a growth constant. Further calculations require determination of the first derivative of the observed (0) and predicted (p) growth data, i.e., the change in the relative growth rate from one year to the next. This is accomplished by calculating the slopes (m) between the shell lengths of successive years for both the observed o and the predicted p data: AYO) BOs SO. a gy, OD _ en BO) as t arlse At earl =a Detrending/Indexing: Indexing removes the age-related growth trend from the measured growth data by dividing measured growth o by predicted growth p. This routine method is known as detrending in dendrochronology: oy, =O. mp), Standardizaton: The residuals (GI) of the integrated exponential fit were then standardized. Standardization removes the high correlation between mean and variance: mG x, = a ; SGI The standardized growth index (SG/ = relative growth rates) is a dimensionless measure of how growth deviates from the average trend, i.e. the predicted growth. Now we can directly compare growth rates of different specimens with each other and between old and young specimens. Master chronology: A master chronology or composite chronology of all specimens was established (Sch6ne, 2003). SGI time-series, chronologies of relative growth rates of all live-collected specimens were strung together. At each year the arithmetic mean and the 95% confidence level were calculated. The new time-series represents the mean relative growth rates of 67 specimens. Most specimens of our collection were alive during the 1990s. Due to low sample sizes in the 1980s, only the last 12 years show Annual Report, Volume 34 41 relatively narrow confidence bands. For this reason, we compared (regression analysis) only the relative growth values of last 12 years with environmental parameters. SGI values of the period 1988-1999 were plotted versus summer temperatures (i.e., average temperatures of the months of June through September). As mentioned above, summer temperatures play a crucial role in annual increment width formation. If summer temperatures are low, annual increment widths are large; if summer temperatures are high, annual increment widths are smaller. The residuals of this plot were correlated with river water discharge volumes. Results & Discussion I Growth and temperature were negatively correlated. Especially, summer temperatures control annual increment width. A highly significant correlation was also found between freshwater influx and growth. Little freshwater flow reduces the salinity slightly and increases growth rates. In turn, we can use SGI values to reconstruct summer temperatures and salinity. Approximately 35% of the variability in growth rate is significantly (p<0.05) explained by summer temperature variability; 26 % by salinity fluctuation. A multiple regression of growth, water temperature and freshwater influx gave the best results: 71% of the variability in annual growth rates is significantly explained by a combination of both environmental parameters. Methods II In a further step, we used the detrended and standardized growth increment width time-series of dead- collected specimens (i.e., of specimens without known dates of death) and cross-dated them with the existing master chronology. Here, the use of gaping shells facilitates the cross-dating, because valves usually disarticulate within a few years of death. A series of different cross-dating techniques was employed to approach this goal. Visual comparison (Pointer-year method; Schweingruber et al., 1990) analyzes distinct growth patterns in two chronologies. Other tests compare, e.g., running similarity between two chronologies (Huber, 1943; Eckstein & Bauch, 1969). If, at a given year, growth increases in one chronology and decreases in the other one, then there is no similarity and vice versa. The combination of a series of different cross-dating tests is recommended when the chronologies are short. Regression analyses were conducted (SGI, summer temperatures and salinity). 42 Western Society of Malacologists Results and Discussion II When compared to temperature and freshwater influx, the new chronology including the dead-collected ones indeed reveals slightly better results: now, 76% of the variability in growth rates is explained by water temperature and salinity. Cross-dating shells with overlapping life spans allows the extension of the master chronology further back in time, to reconstruct the year of death and hatching of shells without known dates of death, and to improve the explained variability in growth rates. Conclusions Building master chronologies from relative growth rates of many organisms with overlapping life spans allows continuous long-term reconstruction of environmental conditions. The precondition for this is that in any given year most specimens in similar habitats exhibit roughly similar growth responses (narrow 95% confidence bands of the SG/ mean values). The common annual growth response of the intertidal bivalve mollusk Chione is controlled by summer water temperature and salinity (freshwater influx). Growth rates increase as temperature rises or/and more freshwater reaches the habitat and lowers the salinity slightly. In order to know which factors control the annual increment widths, intra-annual growth patterns must be known: growth temperature range, which months are most important for annual increment width formation. When is the growth rate at maximum? In the future, shells from museum collections could be used to extend the length of the master chronology. Dead shells without exact sample dates could be pre-dated by independent age determination techniques. Absolute dating techniques provide an approximate time window and serve to eliminate shells that will not fit in the master chronology. Cross-dating shells with overlapping life spans allows the extension of the master chronology further back in time. Establishing master chronologies opens up new possibilities to reconstruct the environmental and climate history over time periods much longer than individual life spans. Annual Report, Volume 34 43 Acknowledgements This study was made possible by a postdoctoral scholarship from the Lynen Program of the Alexander- von-Humboldt Foundation and NSF Grant EAR 9805165. Literature Cited Eckstein, D. & J. Bauch. 1969 Beitrag zur Rationalisierung eines dendrochronologischen Verfahrens und zur Analyse seiner Aussagesicherheit. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 88: 230-250. Fritts, H. C. 1976. Tree rings and climate. Academic Press, London. 567 pp. Huber, B. 1943. Uber die Sicherheit jahrringchronologischer Datierung. Holz 10/12: 263-268. Schone, B. R. 2003. A “clam-ring” master-chronology constructed from a short-lived bivalve mollusc from the northern Gulf of California, USA. Holocene 13:39-49. Schone, B. R., K. W. Flessa, D. L. Dettman, D. H. Goodwin, and P. D. Roopnarine. 2002. Sclerochronology and growth of the bivalve mollusks Chione (Chionista) fluctifraga and C. (Chionista) cortezi in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Veliger 45: 45-54. Schweingruber, F. H., D. Eckstein, F. Serre-Bachet, and O. U. Braker. 1990. Identification, presentation and interpretation of event years and pointer years in Dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 8: 9-38. 44 Western Society of Malacologists Paleontology field trip to Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico (along the coast between Tijuana and Ensenada) Miguel Agustin Tellez Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Apartado Postal 453,Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico mtellez@faro.ens.uabe.mx Most of the Baja California peninsula is almost uninhabited rugged terrain. This makes it difficult to access its natural wonders without a 4x4 vehicle and appropriate field equipment. However, even near the urban zones, it is possible to enjoy beautiful landscapes almost untouched by humans. The aim of this field trip is to show some of the most accessible paleontological sites in northwestern Baja California following the main coastal road. We will stop in some Cretaceous to Pleistocene localities to take a look at the characteristics of the rocks and to explain the paleoecological significance of the fossils in the peninsula’s history. At the same time, we will see and comment about spectacular landscapes, pristine vegetation and Indian shell middens. At the end of our journey, a delicious dinner is waiting for us at Haliotis Restaurant, with the warm hospitality of the Mexican people. Some observations on shell middens from the Colorado River Delta area Miguel Agustin Tellez', Guillermo Avila Serrano! and Karl W. Flessa” "Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Auténoma de Baja California Apartado Postal 453, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico mtellez@faro.ens.uabe.mx University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ The Colorado River Delta is an economically attractive environment, with an abundance of fisheries, natural landscapes and endemic species occurring in the area. Like elsewhere in the Gulf of California coastal zone, shell middens are the evidence of earlier marine resource exploitation by aboriginal groups living in the delta area, which could be added as another attraction for educational purposes in the Biosphere Reserve. Around the Ciénega de Santa Clara there are some thin, scattered shell middens. One Annual Report, Volume 34 45 of them was dated to 975 - 40 years B.P. Pottery and midden surface characteristics appear associated to the Hakataya, and more specifically to the Patayan branch (Schroeder, 1960). The most abundant species in the molluscan assemblage, Chione cortezi, indicates local gathering, because this species is restricted to the northern Gulf of California. In contrast with another shell midden located at Campo Cristina, south of San Felipe along the Baja California Gulf coast, radiocarbon dated 1269 - 45 years B.P., the surface archaeological traits are different, suggesting a different aboriginal group. Some recommendations are given in order to preserve these fragile archaeological sites. Emerging associations: Evaluation of the “host-specificity paradigm” for sacoglossan opisthobranchs associated with introduced macroalgae Cynthia D. Trowbridge Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 97365 trowbric@ucs.orst.edu On temperate European shores, the native stenophagous marine herbivore Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843) associates with the green macroalga Codium fragile introduced from north Pacific shores. On Scottish coasts, adult specimens of P. dendritica collected from introduced hosts prefer to associate with and consume the introduced C. fragile ssp. atlanticum and ssp. tomentosoides to the native C. tomentosum, comparable to my previous reports on the sympatric slug Elysia viridis (Montague, 1804). On Irish west-coast shores, where the native algal hosts are common, significantly more P. dendritica on the shore associate with the native C. tomentosum than with the introduced hosts. Elysia viridis, however, disproportionately attacks the exotics, especially C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides. On temperate Australian shores, the native stenophagous marine herbivore Placida aoteana (Powell, 1937) associates with the introduced green macroalga C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides as well as with native congeners and conspecifics. Placida aoteana is common and its herbivory evident in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, and on both sides of Bass Strait. Slugs collected from native C. fragile exhibit no preference between algal subspecies in Victoria but a strong preference for introduced ssp. tomentosoides in Tasmania. Seasonal slug recruitment to available hosts coupled with an apparent flexibility in host use indicates that stenophagous marine herbivores can rapidly respond to introduced hosts on ecological time scales. Thus, the implicit peril of the host-specificity paradigm-—that specialists could change their association—does occur in these stenophagous sacoglossan herbivores. 46 Western Society of Malacologists Depth-related adaptations, speciation processes and evolution of color in the genus Phyllidiopsis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) Angel Valdés Department of Malacology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 avaldes@nhm.org The nudibranch genus Phyllidiopsis (Phyllidiidae) contains 30 currently recognized species, all of them distributed throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, eastern Pacific, northwest Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (Gosliner & Behrens, 1988; Brunkhorst, 1993; Valdés & Ortea, 1996; Valdés, 2001). Half of the known species of Phyllidiopsis inhabit deep waters, and most of the deep-sea species of the Phyllidiidae belong to this genus. There is not a definitive explanation for the high diversity of Phyllidiopsis in the deep-sea, and whether this could be related to particular adaptations of this group or to historical reasons. In light of phylogenetic analysis, several cases of vicariance are detected in this genus. Apparently two major vicariant events occurred between the tropical Indo-Pacific region and the Atlantic - eastern Pacific area first and subsequently between the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic. Vicariant events could also be involved in producing vertical distributional patterns in a few species of Phyllidiopsis. The scarcity of phyllidiids in the Atlantic Ocean may be explained by historical events, including isolation and subsequent extinction in shallow waters. There is a mimicry species complex in Phyllidiopsis, including species with a bluish background color and several longitudinal black lines. Several members of a clade probably acquired this coloration through common ancestry, but P. gemata is a similarly colored unrelated species, that probably acquired this coloration through convergent or parallel evolution. There is also a group of white species, lacking any other contrasting colors, that inhabit deep- waters. This coloration could constitute an adaptation to the deep-sea environment and not a mimicry complex. In this case, all species acquired this coloration through common ancestry. Annual Report, Volume 34 47 P. blanca : j “> Atlantic clade . P. vanuatuensis ‘\ Z LN ANS P. neocaledonica Figure 1. Vicariant events in Phyllidiopsis. Black dots mark the center of the geographic range of each species. Black lines join the center of the range of sister pairs of species. Figure 2. Phyllidiopsis striata from the Philippines, a species with a bluish background color with longitudinal black lines. 48 Western Society of Malacologists —_ ——=——4 white species 3s w 3 =e o 8 = [s) 2 2 Bg 8 £5 §8|-2 BBs os a2) % 29 2s 8 9 Se 2 ~ 58 GSS oe Sos BS S62, 5 8S q 2 218 le Ges! g eB saOQc 8 Se a SS a3) Se yr} 2 TS SSSSSEFESSSSESSESECSESRRSSESLS Ssgggg 5 2 oe D So SS 9 SQ = Ris eosg oeervese SBSESAHSSSERGGHRaATPELeESYS scoff G = & 3°90 £ 2 c 3S 3S Ay 4 SRBABSSHTPSGSSLSGSSLHLESQVSSERERFSSSRTSLS EVE) SC OYE CCE CELE CE GE LRE CECE CE ECE GE AE PE GE CRE REe GE PO he Gl Ce Ce me GE EE aL Figure 3. Strict consensus tree of Phyllidiopsis, after removing color characters. Species with a pattern of longitudinal black lines and their sister species are illustrated on the tree. Also, species with a white color background are marked. Literature Cited Brunckhorst, D. J. 1993. The systematics and phylogeny of phyllidiid nudibranchs (Doridoidea). Rec. Aust. Mus., Suppl. 16: 1-107. Gosliner, T. M. & D. W. Behrens. 1988. A review of the generic divisions within the Phyllidiidae with the description of a new species of Phyllidiopsis (Nudibranchia: Phyllidiidae) from the Pacific coast of North America. Veliger 30: 305-314. Valdés, A. 2001. Phyllidiid nudibranchs (Mollusca) from the deep southwestern Pacific Ocean. Pp. 331- 369, in P. Bouchet & B. A. Marshall (eds.), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos, Vol. 22. Mémoires du Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturalle, No. 185. Valdés A. & J. Ortea. 1996. Review of the family Phyllidiidae in the Atlantic Ocean (Nudibranchia, Doridoidea). Amer. Malacol. Bull. 13: 1-9. NOTE: The full version of this paper has been electronically published in Marine Biology, where it will appear in hard copy - http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00227/contents/01/00596/ Annual Report, Volume 34 49 Preliminary phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of the genus Kaloplocamus Bergh, 1892 Yvonne Vallés, Terrence Gosliner, and Angel Valdés Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 Described as Euplocamus by Philippi (1836), the genus was renamed as Kaloplocamus by Bergh in 1892. This genus is composed of 16 described species. These species are characterized by the presence of frontal and lateral ramified appendages, strong jaws with rods, presence (in most) of a rachidian plate and a feminine gland that envelopes the gametolytic gland. Three new species of Kaloplocamus from the Indo-Pacific (Papua, Palau, and the Philippines) are described as well as one new species from the deep sea. No parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis had been conducted to date for this group. Therefore, in this study we intend to examine the relationships between the different species in this genus by using a cladistic approach. Morphological and anatomical data from Kaloplocamus species were gathered both from direct observation and from the literature. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the monophyly of the genus Kaloplocamus. Mussel fishery and culture in Baja California, Mexico Rebeca Vasquez- Yeomans Laboratorio de Biologia y Patologia de Moluscos, Departamento de Acuicultura Centro de Investigacion y Educacion Superior de Ensenada A.P. 2732, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 22800 rvasquez@cicese.mx The native mussel, Mytilus californianus, has been gathered for human consumption for centuries. Middens as old as 8,890 years have shells comprised of mussels, abalone, limpets, and snails. Fishermen have harvested M. californianus from rocky shores using simple tools. Landings reached a peak between 1968 and 1981, when average annual production was 430 metric tons. Most mussels were processed in 50 Western Society of Malacologists canneries. Two mussel species, M. californianus and the exotic M. galloprovincialis, now have good potential to be cultured in Baja California. The first attempts to culture both species were made in the 1970s. A company is now culturing M. galloprovincialis, using longlines 200 m long. Seed is collected on rope collectors, then attached to ropes at a rate of 2 kg per m, and hung on longlines. The seed is thinned after 1-2 months and is harvested for market at a length of 6-7 cm at 7-8 months. The culture has been fairly successful, but will require further development because of the exposed condition on the bays in Baja California. A recovery of M. californianus beds, an appropriate technology for M. galloprovincialis (using specific machinery), and the possibility of using Modiolus capax in the Gulf of California suggest a promising future for the mussel fishery. Genetic variation in stenophagous sacoglossan herbivores on native vs. introduced algal hosts Elizabeth J. Walsh' and Cynthia D. Trowbridge” 'Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 79968 ewalsh@utep.edu *Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon 97365 trowbric@ucs.orst.edu Coastal marine communities are being homogenized and degraded by introduced species such as the widely distributed, macroalgal pests Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides and Caulerpa taxifolia. We are investigating genetic variation of the common sacoglossan sea slugs associated with native and introduced Codium fragile: Placida dendritica (Alder and Hancock, 1843). This species has been considered a single phenotypically variable species on temperate to boreal shores throughout the world, despite considerable evidence that it may be a complex of sibling species. This uncertainly has hindered the understanding of marine specialist herbivores and the ecological and evolutionary processes driving their host-plant use. We are investigating three major ecological questions: (1) Are sympatric conspecific slugs from different green algal host species genetically differentiated? (2) Do “conspecific” populations of P. dendritica from Pacific and Atlantic shores in the northern and southern hemispheres form a single widely distributed species or a complex of sibling species? (3) Are slugs feeding on the native, non-weedy subspecies of C. Annual Report, Volume 34 51 52 fragile genetically differentiated from conspecifics on introduced conspecific hosts? We are using AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and mitochondrial sequencing techniques to quantify genetic diversity among sympatric and allopatric slugs on the same vs. different algal hosts. Using AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance), we will determine the spatial scale at which most genetic variation occurs: locally between host species, regionally across ocean basins and/or hemispheres, or globally between oceans. Western Society of Malacologists ADDENDUM Field trip: Paleontoloty in northwestern Baja California Miguel A. Tellez Duarte and Hans Bertsch Introduction The peninsula of Baja California is primarily formed of sedimentary rocks, many of which are fossil bearing. In Baja California (the official name for the northern state in the peninsula is Baja California, not Baja California Norte) the following strata stand out for their importance: El Rosario, with its Cretaceous fauna of dinosaurs and gigantic ammonites; the marine mammals and sharks of the Miocene of La Mision; and the beautifully preserved molluscs of the Paleocene of San Carlos. There are also numerous other localities along both the Pacific and Gulf of California coasts. The geological age of these rocks spans from the Ordovician (between 438-505 million years ago) to the Pleistocene (2 million to 10,000 years ago). This large geologic history, as well as its main events, are summarized in Table 1. Paleontological investigations in Baja California have been quite diverse, from taxonomic descriptions to paleoecological interpretations. Among the first published scientific works on the fossils of Baja California is the paper by White (1885), where a Cretaceous molluscan locality is described from Punta Banda. This locality is one of the sites that we will have the opportunity to visit in our field trip. Here we will be able to closely examine the excellently preserved Coralliochama orcutti, a rudistid bivalve whose strange shape adapted it to the reef environment. It can be said that the pioneering work of White formally initiated the study of paleontology on the peninsula. The fossiliferous rocks with the oldest known ages date from the Ordovician (Miller, 1992). Nevertheless, rocks of the Paleozoic are quite rare, having been destroyed during the intrusion of the peninsular batholith, which are today visible as the granite mountain chains comprising the Sierras Juarez and San Pedro Martir. Because of this event, the best-preserved records of fossiliferous rocks date from after the intrusion of the batholith at the end of the Cretaceous, and younger (less than 70 million years of age). The fossils which have been encountered are quite diverse, comprising a range from microscopic and macroscopic marine invertebrates, marine and continental vertebrates, and plants (Tellez, 1992). Annual Report, Volume 34 53 IMPORTANT EVENTS IN BAJA CALIFORNIA Man arrives to Baja California. Pleistocene megafauna extinction. Coastal shell indian middens. Mammoths, camels, horses and other continental mammals in the Colorado River Delta and Pacific coast. EPOCHS Holocene es Cenozoic Quaternary 0.01 my Pleistocene 1.6 my Pectinids very common with other molusks. Marine mammals abundant. Gulf of 5.3m California opening. Miocene Protogulf of California diatomites. Extensive volcanism. La Mision fauna 11 23.7 m flowering. Oligocene Abundant marine mammals, sharks and bony fishes. Rivers flowing from Sonora at Valle 36.6 my de Las Palmas. Eocene Giant foraminifera in south & peninsula. Mollusks very 57.8 my Paleocene Abundant mollusks and sharks. Early horse Hyracotherium and some other terrestrial mammals common. Tropical conditions. Mesozoic Cretaceous Ammonoids and other mollusks Jurasic ; Triassic * 230m in shallow seas. Early Paleozoic Cretaceous rudists reefs. Dinosaurs at El Rosario. Pennsylvanian Radiolarian rich rocks in Peninsula de Vizcaino Mississippian Subduction zone in western paleo-Baja California. Shallow seas with conodonts , fussulins and the ammonite Meekoceras. Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 65 my Few evidences of Paleozoic rocks. Probably shallow seas with crinoids, brachiopos and corals Oldest known fossils in Baja California. Conodonts. 54 Western Society of Malacologists Table 1. Geologic time scale with the main events in the history of Baja California. Of the macrofossils, the invertebrates are the most common, especially the molluscs. Among the Cretaceous fossils, the most spectacular are the ammonites, of which on this trip we will be able to observe a gigantic mold of Pachydiscus catarinae. The large size of this species makes up for the tremendous plundering and destruction of other fossil species of smaller sizes, but no less important, in various localities of the state of Baja California. We will also have the opportunity to examine other types of associated fossils named ichnofossils, of which only the footprints of their passing on the surface of wet sediments have been preserved. The tourist corridor between Tijuana and Ensenada, in addition to its spectacular landscape, extensive areas of natural vegetation, interesting geology and fossiliferous deposits, presents along nearly the entire coastline numerous pre-Hispanic midden mounds. These are accumulations of molluscan shells that had been collected by the indigenous peoples primarily as food. Although the majority of them have still not been studied, the scarce information that has been obtained from them has demonstrated the importance that molluscs had as part of the diet and for the elaboration of artifacts in the daily lives of these people. During this excursion we will be able to observe some midden mounds, which can be confused with paleontological deposits of the Pleistocene. Finally, it must be clearly noted that the Mexican laws prohibit the removal, collection and alteration of archaeological and paleontological sites without the express permission of the Instituto Nacional de de Antropologia e Historia (INAH). Therefore, while enjoying the natural scenery of this trip we ask your help in respecting the actual condition of the sites we will visit today. Itinerary Kilometer: 0 International Border, Mexico-United States. Immediately upon crossing the international border we are in the valley of the Tijuana River. The flat plane contrasts with the hills which surround the river bed, and which we observe on the sides of the road heading toward the Playas de Tijuana. The hills are deltaic sediments composed of sands and conglomerates of the San Diego Formation. These were deposited in the ancestral Tijuana River during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Annual Report, Volume 34 55 9 Playas de Tijuana. To the west of the hills, in the direction of the sea, the Bullring and the Coronados Islands can be viewed. The flat plane is due to a Pleistocene sea terrace formed approximately 55,000 years ago. 10 Caseta de Cobro (Toll Plaza). This is one of three toll booths that we will encounter on the journey to Ensenada. There is also an alternative free highway, which has slower traffic. 15 First Stop: La Joya. The rocks exposed in this site correspond to the Miocene Rosarito Beach Formation and the Pliocene San Diego Formation. The Rosarito Beach Formation consists of volcanic tufa, overlain with basalts. The contact between them is separated by a reddish surface originally baked by a flow of basalts at a very high temperature. Overlying the basalts are the sands and conglomerates of the San Diego Formation. At certain places basally appear lenses extremely fossiliferous, mainly of coastal molluscs characteristic of sandy and rocky substrates. Also common are the bones of marine mammals and fishes, especially shark teeth. Ashby & Minch (1984) interpreted a paleoenvironment of littoral to sublittoral, based on the molluscan fauna. There exist two important components: an epifauna of the genera Acanthina, Calliostoma, Cantharus, Olivella, Polinices, Tegula, Thais and Turritella. The second is an infauna, characterized by Acila, Anadara, Calyptraea, Chione, Chlamys, Dosinia, Protothaca, Siliqua, Spisula and Patinopecten. This last genus is that which dominates the aggregate. The faunistic components indicate a dominant presence of cold waters, with some elements of hot waters such as Calyptraea. The vertebrates are represented by the great white shark, Carcharodon megalodon, as well as other sharks such as Jsurus, Carcharinus and rays. In association have been found whale, dolphin, and sea lion bones. The presence of C. megalodon is the first published report of this extinct shark in the late Pliocene, related to the extant great white shark C. carcharias (Ashby & Minch, 1984). 19 San Antonio del Mar. The Pleistocene terrace at this site shows fossil molluscs overlain with indigenous shell middens. The molluscs are the most common fossils in this terrace, comparable to numerous sites along the entire Pacific coast. San Antonio del Mar is one of the few coastal sites where continental mammal fossils have been found. Especially interesting was the discovery of the remains of a mastodon skeleton, probably belonging to a new species of Stegamastodon. Zyl} Rosarito. A small tourist village, recently converted into the fifth “municipio” of Baja California. 56 Western Society of Malacologists 35 Toll Booth. Second toll booth. 39 Volcanic Peak. The small and prominent hill to the east of the road is composed of columnar basalts. These were formed upon cooling of material found in the interior of the volcano, forming a plug, which became exposed upon the erosion of the softer volcanic material that it contained. 54 Medano Sand Dunes. This is the only field of sand dunes located along the highway to Ensenada. 69 Second Stop: La Mision. In this site it is possible to see how the Guadalupe Arroyo forms an estuary where its mouth empties into the sea. The canyon formed along its length cuts upon rocks of the Lower Cretaceous of the Alisitos Formation, Upper Cretaceous of the Rosario Formation, and Miocene of the Rosarito Beach Formation. The rocks of the Rosario Formation contain isolated fossiliferous lenses in which are spiral ammonites such as Pachydiscus, and straight-shelled forms such as Baculites, and bivalves such as Acila. The rocks of the Rosario Formation underlie the basalts of the La Mision Member of the Rosarito Beach Formation, which in turn underlie the tufas and diatomaceous sediments of the Los Indios Member of the same Formation. The Los Indios Member has been very prolific in Middle Miocene fossil molluscs, among which are Anadara topagensis, Chione temblorensis, and beautiful silicified samples of Turritella ocoyana. Nevertheless, the vertebrate fauna is most notable, containing marine mammals, birds, reptiles, body fishes, and elasmobranchs, among which are more than 30 species of sharks and rays. The Museo de las Californias del Centro Cultural Tijuana exhibits a replica of the skeleton of a new species of manatee which was found among these deposits. Another notable find is a new species of Demostylus, a strange amphibious mammal similar to the hippopotamus, which went extinct near the end of the Miocene. The heterogeneity of the faunistic components suggest the mixing of organisms of distinct environments, from near the coast to the ancient terrace. Particularly interesting is the finding of a fossil camel. Because of the paleontological importance of these deposits, access to this area is very restricted. 78 Jatay. This tourist complex is situated on top of one of the few indigenous midden mounds that have been studied in Baja California. Jatay means in the native language “Agua Grande,” or “Big Water.” The site yielded a notable collection of hundreds of pieces of lithic instruments, ornaments of shell and stone, as well as a female skeleton. Based on the evidence of the projectile points, apparently the site has an age of over 2000 years. Annual Report, Volume 34 57 84 E] Mirador. This is the best panoramic view of Bahia de Todos Santos and its two islands. From this point, the highway begins to descend from the basalts of the La Mision member of the Rosarito Beach Formation to the clastic (=fragmented) sediments of the Rosario Formation of the Cretaceous. 91 Outcroppings of the Rosario Formation. The sediments along the highway until Ensenada correspond to deposits of submarine fans and terrace. In some concretions it is possible to encounter molluscan fossils, wood fragments, and carbonized leaves of Araucaria. The irregularities and bad conditions along this portion of the highway is due to slippage of the hillsides. 98 San Miguel. This is the last toll booth on the scenic highway. In this site one can appreciate the impact of the landslides by the destroyed buildings on top of the hill to the left of the highway. 102 El Sauzal. This fishing port is situated upon Cretaceous rocks. 105 Third Stop: CETMAR. Behind the school one can find coastal outcroppings of the Rosario Formation. Along the length of the highway, we have observed facies of relatively deep waters. In this site, the sands and conglomerates correspond to coastal waters in which are found molluscan fossils such as Glycymeris and Ostrea, as well as echinoderm spines. The enormous mold of the ammonite Pachydiscus catarinae found here was most likely carried from more open waters. The most notable feature of this location is the abundance of features of bioturbance in the sandstones, which is common in very shallow waters. 110 Ensenada. The city is located inside Bahia de Todos Santos, discovered by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in explorations of California in 1542. Since then only a few communities of indigenous Kumeya’ay (the Pa-Tai) live in the region. The majority of the vestiges of the Pa-Tai have been destroyed by the growth of the city. There only remain some midden mounds along the coast, and some remnants in the building foundations of various constructions in the center of the city. After 1804, the permanent European settlements began with the cattle ranch of José Manuel Ruiz. 116 Transpeninsular Highway. The hills to the east consist of metavolcanic rocks of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, which also form the basement of the rocks of the Rosario Formation observed in Stop Three. 58 Western Society of Malacologists 126 Valley of Maneadero. This fertile valley is surrounded by a Pleistocene terrace. In the surrounding regions are hot springs formed by the presence of the Agua Blanca Fault. The superficial trace of this fault can be observed along the southern side of the spine of the Punta Banda peninsula. 146 Fourth Stop: El Rincon. In this site we observe the excellent fossil outcroppings of the rudistid bivalve Coralliochama orcutti. The Cretaceous rocks where they are found are exposed along the coastal cliffs in rocks that have been deformed by the presence of the Agua Blanca Fault. Nevertheless, the fossils found are quite well conserved, and some of them have their valves joined. The rudistids are the dominant faunal element. They are characterized by being an extinct group of bivalves with one of the valves being conical as an adaptation to reef life. Associated with them are found the gastropods Tympanotonos totiumsanctorum, Bennoistia pillingi, Nerita californiensis, Potamides sp. and Ampullina sp, cf. A. concipio. In its totality, this fauna indicates a shallow hot water reef environment (Saul, 1970). In the same area occurs another more diverse fauna of molluscs from a shallow sudtidal sandy bottom habitat along an exposed coast. The common species of bivalves are Acila sp., Glycymeris veatchii, Ostrea sp., Meekia daileyi, Tellina sp., and Calva varians. Among the more abundant gastropods are Lysis sp., Euspira sp., Gyrodes sp., Lispodesthes rotundus, Biplica obliqua and Nonacteonina sp. (Fairbanks, 1893). At the top of the stratigraphic section on the edge of the cliff, one can appreciate an indigenous midden mound most probably from the La Joya cultural complex. Fifth Stop: Restaurant Haliotis. We return to the city of Ensenada and have dinner at one of the best, although not most expensive, fish and seafood restaurants in Ensenada. Enjoy your meal and have a safe trip back to San Diego! Annual Report, Volume 34 59 INTRODUCCION La peninsula de Baja California en buena parte se conforma de rocas sedimentarias, muchas de las cuales son fosiliferas. En particular para el estado de Baja California (el nombre oficial del estado norte es Baja California, no Baja California Norte) destacan por su importancia las de El Rosario, por su fauna de dinosaurios y las gigantescas amonitas del Cretacico; los mamiferos marinos y tiburones del Mioceno de La Mision, y los bellamente preservados moluscos del Paleoceno de San Carlos, entre otras numerosas localidades tanto en la costa del Pacifico como del Golfo de California. La edad geoldgica de estas rocas comprende desde el Ordovicico (entre 438 y 505 millones de afios) hasta el Pleistoceno (2 millones a 10, 000 afios). Esta larga historia geologica, asi como sus eventos principales se sintetizan en la Tabla 1. Las investigaciones paleontologicas en Baja California han sido muy diversas, desde descripciones taxonomicas hasta interpretaciones paleoecoldgicas. De los primeros trabajos cientificos publicados sobre sus fésiles se encuentra el de White (1885), donde se describe una localidad de moluscos del Cretacico en Punta Banda. Esta localidad sera una de las que tendremos la oportunidad de visitar en este viaje de campo, y donde podremos examinar de cerca el excelente estado de conservacion de Coralliochama orcutti, un bivalvo rudista de extrafio aspecto adaptado a la vida arrecifal. Se puede decir que del trabajo pionero de White se inicid formalmente el estudio de la paleontologia de la peninsula. Se ha encontrado que las rocas fosiliferas mas antiguas fechadas datan del Ordovicico (Miller, 1992). Sin embargo, rocas del Paleozoico son muy poco comunes por haber sido destruidas durante la intrusion del batolito peninsular, cuya expresiOn son las cadenas montafiosas graniticas de las Sierras de Juarez y San Pedro Martir. Por este evento, los registros mejor preservados de rocas fosiliferas datan después de la intrusion del batolito a finales del Cretacico y mas jévenes (menores a los 70 millones de afios). Los fosiles que se han encontrado son muy diversos, comprendiendo desde invertebrados marinos microscOpicos, macroscopicos y vertebrados tanto marinos como continentales, asi como plantas (Téllez, 1992). De los macrofoésiles los invertebrados son los mas comunes, particularmente los moluscos. Entre los fésiles del Cretacico los mas espectaculares son las amonitas, de las cuales en este viaje podremos observar un molde gigantesco de Pachydiscus catarinae. El gran tamafio de esta especie a propiciado un tremendo saqueo y destruccion de otras especies de fosiles de tamafio mas pequefio, pero no menos importantes, en varias localidades del estado de Baja California. También tendremos oportunidad de examinar otros tipos de fésiles asociados denominados icnofésiles, de los cuales solo se han conservado las huellas del transito de los organismos por la superficie de sedimentos himedos. 60 Western Society of Malacologists El corredor turistico Tijuana-Ensenada, ademas de su espectacular paisaje, extensas zonas con su vegetacion natural, interesante geologia y depositos fosiliferos, presenta en practicamente toda la zona costera numerosos concheros prehispanicos. Estos son acumulaciones de conchas de moluscos colectados por los indigenas principalmente como alimento. Aunque la mayoria de ellos aun no han sido estudiados, la escasa informacion que de ellos se ha obtenido ha mostrado la importancia que los moluscos tuvieron como parte de la dieta y para la elaboracion de artefactos de la vida cotidiana. Durante este recorrido tendremos oportunidad de observar algunos concheros, los cuales pueden ser confundidos con depésitos paleontoldgicos del Pleistoceno. Finalmente, hay que advertir que las leyes mexicanas prohiben la remocion, colecta y alteracién de sitios arqueoldgicos y paleontoldgicos sin contar con permiso del Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. Por ello, suplicamos su colaboracion para disfrutar en este viaje los escenarios naturales y respetar su estado actual. Itinerario Kilometro: 0 Linea Internacional México-EEUU. Justo al cruzar la linea Internacional nos encontramos en el valle del Rio Tijuana. El escenario plano contrasta con las colinas que rodean su cauce y las cuales observaremos a los lados del camino en el trayecto a Playas de Tijuana. Las colinas son sedimentos deltaicos compuestos de areniscas y conglomerados de la Formacion San Diego. Estos fueron depositadas en el Rio Tijuana ancestral durante el Plioceno y Pleistoceno. 9 Playas de Tijuana. Al oeste de las colinas en direccion al mar se puede apreciar la Plaza de Toros y las Islas Coronado. El paisaje plano en direcciOn al mar se debe a una terraza del Pleistoceno de aproximadamente 55 000 ajfios. 10 Caseta de Cobro. Esta es una de las tres casetas de cobro que encontraremos en el trayecto a Ensenada. Existe una ruta alterna libre con mayor carga de trafico. 15 Parada 1 La Joya. Las rocas aflorantes en este sitio corresponden a la Formaci6n Rosarito Beach del Mioceno y la Formaci6n San Diego del Plioceno. La Formacién Rosarito Beach consiste de tobas Annual Report, Volume 34 61 volcanicas a las que sobreyacen basaltos. El contacto entre ambas se destaca por una superficie cocida de color rojizo originada por el flujo de los basaltos a muy alta temperatura. Sobreyaciendo los basaltos se encuentran areniscas y conglomerados de la Formacion San Diego. En su parte basal localmente aparecen lentes extremadamente fosiliferos, principalmente de moluscos costeros tanto de sustratos arenosos como rocosos. También son comunes huesos de mamiferos marinos y peces, especialmente dientes de tiburén. Ashby y Minch (1984) interpretaron un paleoambiente litoral a sublitoral con base a la fauna de moluscos. Existen dos componentes faunisticos importantes: uno epifaunal por los géneros Acanthina, Calliostoma, Cantharus, Olivella, Polinices, Tegula, Thais y Turritella. El segundo infaunal caracterizado por Acilia, Anadara, Calyptraea, Chione, Chlamys, Dosinia, Protothaca, Siliqua, Spisula y Patinopecten. Este ultimo género es el que domina el conjunto. Los componentes faunisticos indican dominantemente la presencia de aguas frias, con algunos elementos de aguas calidas como Calyptraea. Los vertebrados estan representados por el gran tiburon blanco, Carcharodon megalodon, asi como otros tiburones como Isurus y Carcharinus ademas de rayas. Asociados se han encontrado huesos de ballenas, delfines y leones marinos. La presencia de C. megalodon es el primer registro publicado de la presencia en el Plioceno Tardio de este tiburon extinto, emparentado con el actual gran tibur6n blanco Charcharodon carcharias (Ashby y Minch, 1984). 19 San Antonio del Mar. La terraza del Pleistoceno visible en este sitio presenta fosiles de moluscos a los que sobreyacen concheros indigenas. Los moluscos son los foésiles mas comunes en esta terraza correlacionable en numerosos sitios a todo lo largo de la costa del Pacifico. San Antonio del Mar es uno de los pocos sitios costeros donde se han encontrado fosiles de mamiferos continentales. Particularmente interesante fue el hallazgo de los restos de un esqueleto de mastodonte Stegamastodon, el cual probablemente pertenezca a una especie nueva. Zail Rosarito. Pequefio poblado turistico recientemente convertido en el quinto municipio de Baja California. 35 Caseta de cobro. Segunda caseta de cobro. 39 Cuello volcanico. La pequefia y prominente colina al oeste del camino se compone de basaltos columnares. Estos se formaron al enfriarse el material fundido en el interior del cuello del volcan formando un tapon. Al erosionarse los materiales volcanicos mas blandos que los contenian quedaron expuestos como se aprecia en la actualidad. 62 Western Society of Malacologists 54 Dunas de El Médano. El unico campo de dunas localizado a lo largo de la carretera hasta Ensenada. 69 Parada 2 La Mision. En este sitio es posible ver como el Arroyo Guadalupe forma un estuario al desembocar en el océano Pacifico. El cafion formado a lo largo de su recorrido corta sobre rocas del Cretacico inferior de la Formacion Alisitos, Cretacico Superior de la Formacion Rosario y Mioceno de la Formacion Rosarito Beach. Las rocas de la Formaci6n Rosario contienen en lentes aislados fésiles de amonoideos espiralados como Pachydiscus y de concha recta como Baculites, ademas del bivalvo Acila. Las rocas de la Formacién Rosario subyacen los basaltos del Miembro La Mision de la Formacion Rosarito Beach, los que a su vez subyacen las tobas y sedimentos diatomaceos del Miembro Los Indios de la misma Formacion. El Miembro Los Indios ha sido muy prolifico en fosiles de moluscos del Mioceno Medio, entre los que destacan Anadara topagensis, Chione temblorensis, y hermosos ejemplares silicificados de Turritella ocoyana. Sin embargo, la fauna mas notable es la de vertebrados constituida de mamiferos marinos, aves, reptiles, peces 6seos, y elasmobranquios, dentro de los cuales incluye mas de 30 especies de tiburones y rayas. En el Museo de las Californias del Centro Cultural Tijuana se encuentra en exhibicién una réplica del esqueleto de una nueva especie de manati obtenido de estos depdsitos. Otro hallazgo notable es una nueva especie de Demostylus, un extrafio mamifero anfibio semejante a los hipopotamos extinguido a finales del Mioceno. La heterogeneidad de los componentes faunisticos sugiere la mezcla de organismos de distintos ambientes, desde proximos a la costa hasta plataforma. Particularmente interesante es el hallazgo de un fdsil de camello. Dada la importancia paleontolégica de estos depdsitos el acceso a la zona se encuentra restringida. 78 Jatay. Complejo turistico asentado en uno de los pocos concheros indigenas que se han estudiado en Baja California. Jatay significa en lengua indigena “Agua Grande”. El sitio proporcion6 una notable coleccion de cientos de piezas de instrumentos liticos, ornamentos de concha y piedra asi como un esqueleto femenino. Basados en la evidencia de las puntas de proyectil aparentemente el sitio tiene mas de 2000 ajios de antigiiedad. 84 El Mirador. La mejor panoraémica de la Bahia de Todos Santos y sus dos islas. A partir de este punto el camino comienza a descender de los basaltos del Miembro La Misién de la Formaci6n Rosarito Beach a los sedimentos clasticos de la Formacion Rosario del Cretacico. 91 Afloramientos de la Formacién Rosario. Los sedimentos a lo largo de la carretera hasta Ensenada corresponden a depésitos de abanicos submarinos y de plataforma. En algunas concreciones es posible Annual Report, Volume 34 63 encontrar fésiles de moluscos, fragmentos de madera y hojas carbonizadas de Araucaria. En todo este tramo lo irregular de la carretera se debe al continuo deslizamiento del terreno. 98 San Miguel. Ultima caseta de cobro de la carretera escénica. En este sitio se puede apreciar el impacto de los deslizamientos de terreno por las construcciones destruidas en lo alto de la colina al este. 102 El Sauzal. Puerto pesquero asentado sobre rocas del Cretacico. 105 Parada 3 CETMAR. AI fondo de la Escuela se encuentran afloramientos costeros de la Formacion Rosario. A lo largo de la carretera observamos facies de aguas relativamente profundas. En este sitio las areniscas y conglomerados corresponden a aguas costeras en las cuales se encuentran fosiles de moluscos como Glycymeris y Ostrea, asi como espinas de equinodermos. El enorme molde de la amonita Pachydiscus catarinae que se encuentra en este sitio debid haber sido transportado de aguas mas abiertas. Lo mas notable de esta localidad es la abundancia de estructuras de bioturbacion en las areniscas, lo cual es comun en aguas muy someras. 110 Ensenada. La ciudad se encuentra asentada dentro de la Bahia de Todos Santos, descubierta por Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo en sus exploraciones de California en 1542. Desde entonces solo algunas comunidades de indigenas Kumiai denominados Pa-tai habitaban la region. La mayoria de los vestigios de los Pa-tai han sido destruidos por el crecimiento de la ciudad. Sdlo queda algunos concheros en la costa, y algunos remanentes en los cimientos de varias construcciones en el centro de la ciudad. Desde 1804 se iniciaron los asentamientos permanentes con el Rancho ganadero de José Manuel Ruiz. 116 Carretera transpeninsular. Las colinas al oeste consisten de rocas metavolcanicas del Jurasico tardio al Cretacico temprano, las cuales forman el basamento de las rocas de la Formacién Rosario observadas en la Parada 3. 126 Valle de Maneadero. Fértil valle rodeado por una terraza del Pleistoceno. En los alrededores existen aguas termales originadas por la presencia de la Falla de Agua Blanca, de la cual puede observarse su traza superficial a lo largo del espinazo de la peninsula de Punta Banda al sur. 146 Parada 4 El Rincon. En este sitio se observaremos excelentes afloramientos fosiliferos del bivalvo rudista Coralliochama orcutti. Las rocas del Cretacico donde se encuentran estan expuestas a lo largo de los cantiles costeros en rocas deformadas por la presencia de la Falla de Agua Blanca. Sin embargo, los 64 Western Society of Malacologists fdsiles se encuentran muy bien conservados y varios de ellos atin con las valvas unidas. Los rudistas son el elemento faunistico mas sobresaliente. Se caracterizan por ser un grupo extinto de bivalvos con una de sus valvas cOnica como una adaptacion a la vida arrecifal. Asociados a ellos se encuentran los gasteropodos Tympanotonos totiumsanctorum, Benoistia pillingi, Nerita californiensis, Potamides sp. y Ampullina sp. cf. A. concipio. En su conjunto esta fauna indica aguas someras calidas arrecifales (Saul, 1970). En la misma area ocurre otra fauna mas diversa de moluscos de un ambiente submareal somero de fondo arenoso en una costa abierta. Las especies de bivalvos mas comunes son: Acila sp., Glycymeris veatchii, Ostrea sp., Meekia daileyi, Tellina sp., y Calva varians. Entre los gaster6podos algunos de los mas abundantes son: Lysis sp., Euspira sp., Gyrodes sp., Lispodesthes rotundus, Biplica obliqua y Nonacteonina sp. (Fairbanks, 1893). En el tope de la secci6n estratigrafica al borde del cantil, se puede apreciar un conchero indigena muy probablemente del Complejo cultural La Joya. Parada 5 Restaurant Haliotis. Regreso a la ciudad de Ensenada y comer en uno de los mejores, pero no el mas caro, restaurant de pescados y mariscos en Ensenada. Buen provecho y feliz regreso a San Diego! LITERATURE CITED Ashby, J. & J. Minch. 1984. The Upper Pliocene San Diego Formation and the occurrence of Carcharodon megalodon at La Joya, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Pp. 19-27, in J. Minch & J. Ashby (eds.), Miocene and Cretaceous Depositional Environments, Northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Vol. 54. Démeré, T. A., M. Roeder, M. Chandler, M. Robert, & J. Minch. 1984. Paleontology of the Middle Miocene Los Indios, Member of the Rosarito Beach Formation of Northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Pp. 1-18, in J. Minch & J. Ashby (eds.), Miocene and Cretaceous Depositional Environments, Northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Vol. 54. Fairbanks, H. W. 1893. The validity of the so-called beds as a division of the California Cretaceous. Amer. J. Sci., Ser. 3, 45: 473-478. Annual Report, Volume 34 65 Miller, R. H. & R. G. Gastil. 1993. Lower Ordovician (Arenigian) conodonts from Baja California, Mexico. Geologic Investigations in Baja California, Mexico. Pp. 181-187, in Annual Field Trip Guide Book No. 21, South Coast Geological Society, Inc. Saul, Lou Ella. 1970. Upper Cretaceous faunas of Punta Banda. in Pacific Slope Geology of Northern Baja California and adjacent Alta California. Téllez-Duarte, M. A. 1992. Los sitios mas antiguos de la Bahia de Ensenada. Pp. 36-39 in Noticia de la California, No. 1, oct. - dic. White, C. A. 1885. On new Cretaceous fossils from California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 22: 355-373. 66 Western Society of Malacologists Executive Board Meeting Meeting of the Executive Board was held in the Balboa Room at the Ramada Inn and Conference Center, San Diego on 20 June 2001. Meeting was called to order by President Hans Bertsch at 5:00 PM. Attending: Hans Bertsch, Terry Arnold, Douglas Eernisse. George Metz, Sandra Millen, and Roger Seapy. Secretary Report - presented by Terry Arnold. Minutes were unanimously accepted. Treasurer Report — presented by Cynthia Trowbridge (included herein). Brief discussion of report was followed by unanimous approval as presented. Nominating Committee Report — slate of nominees for 2002 presented by Roger Seapy, Committee Chair: President - Christopher Kitting: First Vice President - Angel Valdés; Second Vice President - Jorge Caceres-Martinez; Secretary - Terry Arnold; Treasurer - Cynthia Trowbridge; Members at Large - Terry Gosliner and George Kennedy. The slate of nominees was approved unanimously for recommendation at the Business Meeting. Student Grant Committee — committee report transmitted by Hank Chaney, Chair and presented by Hans Bertsch: a total of four student grant awards are recommended for 2001 ‘ (details given elsewhere in this report): Isabel Hyman ($750); Joanna Joyner ($500); Brian Ort ($1,000); and Amy Wethington ($1,000). The award recommendations were approved unanimously and recommended for presentation at the Business Meeting. 2002 Meeting — Chris Kitting summarized plans for the 2002 meeting to be held at the Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, including location, dates, and tentative symposia topics. 2003 Meeting — Angel Valdés summarized preliminary plans for the 2003 meeting to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, inluding preliminary ideas for symposia topics. Meeting adjourned at 6:15 PM Respectfully submitted, Terry Arnold (Secretary) Annual Report, Volume 34 67 Annual Business Meeting The Annual Business Meeting was held in the Balboa Room, Ramada Inn and Conference Center, San Diego on 23 June 2001. Meeting was called to order by President Hans Bertsch at 4:15 PM. Secretary Report — presented by Terry Arnold, Secretary. Following the presentation (see Treasurers Report herein), Bertsch asked for and received unanimous approval. Treasury Report — presented by Cynthia Trowbridge, Treasurer. Trowbridge reviewed the previous year’s financial activities and answered several questions. Bertsch called for and received unanimous approval of the Treasurer’s report as presented. Report of Nominating Committee — Roger Seapy, Chair of the Nominating Committee presented the slate of nominees for 2002: President - Christopher Kitting; First VP - Angel Valdés; Second VP - Jorge Caceres-Martinez; Secretary - Terry Arnold; Treasurer - Cynthia Trowbridge; Members at Large - Terry Gosliner and George Kennedy. Bertsch asked if there were any additional nominees. None were offered and Bertsch called for a vote of approval for the slate of nominees. Approval was unanimous. Student Grant Committee — Bertsch read the report prepared by Hank Chaney that included the names, titles and amount of the awards recommended by the Student Grant Committee for funding. (This information is included elsewhere in this report.) Bertsch called for approval of the Student Grant Committee report. Approval was unanimous. 2002 Annual Meeting — Chris Kitting, First Vice-President, presented an overview of plans for the 2002 meeting to be held 20-24 July at the Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove. Kitting described the facilities, housing and dining options at the Asilomar Conference Center, and preliminary symposium convenors and topics. 2003 Annual Meeting — Angel Valdés, Second Vice President, briefly presented his tentative plans for the 2003 meeting to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles in early June, including early ideas for symposium topics. New Business: Bertsch opened for discussion three topics - membership of the society in UNITAS, the question of “gratis memberships”, and the problem of “dues in arrears”. A lively discussion ensued, but no motions for action on these issues were raised. There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 5:20 PM. Respectfully submitted, Terry Arnold (Secretary) 68 Western Society of Malacologists TREASURER’S REPORT 5 December 2000 — 30 September 2001 Membership Dues * Dues 1999 Dues 2000 Dues 2001 Dues 2002 Dues 2003 Total Student Grant Donations * WSM Auction/Reprints AMS/WSM Auction Santa Barbara Malacological Soc. Southwestern Malacological Soc. San Diego Shell Club Northern California Malacol Soc. WSM Members Total Symposium Fund Donations Royalties Meeting Income Interest Income Total Income Administrative Costs Bank Charge Mailing/Photocopying Total Administrative 2002 Student Grants Annual Report 2000 Printing Costs Mailing Costs Total Report Costs Meeting Expenses * Total Expenses INCOME $15.00 111.00 1625.17 21.00 6.00 1294.75 745.50 500.00 500.00 300.00 150.00 283.00 EXPENSES $55.39 92.79 $1443.73 163.25 Annual Report, Volume 34 $1778.17 $3773.25 179.00 77.63 6404.80 13.55 $12226.40 $148.18 3250.00 1606.98 6754.90 $11760.06 69 Net change Current Balance (10/1/01) ASSETS Savings (does not include all of current interest) CD 28667-10492 (matures 12/05/01) CD 28667-10389 (matures 7/01/02) Total Assets 466.34 $7155.48 3128.52 11227.50 $21511.50 * Some dues for 2001, donations for 2001 student grant, and expenses for 2001 occurred after 30 September 2001. 70 Western Society of Malacologists Student Grant Activities The following students are the recipients of the 2001 WSM Student Grant Awards: Isabel Hyman, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia “Evolution of the semi-slug in Helicarionidae. 1. Is Helicoarionidae a monophyletic group?” - $750 Joanna Lea Joyner, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pulman, WA “Role of sulfur-containing amino acids in sulfide detoxification by marine mollusks” - $500 Brian S. Ort, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA “A genetic approach to the study of the reproductive ecology of the California sea mussel, Mytilus californianus” - $1,000 Amy R. Wethington, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL “Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of reproductive isolation in Physa” - $1,000 The Student Grants were made possible by the generous contributions of the following: Individual donations from members of WSM Northern California Malacological Club San Diego Shell Club Santa Barbara Malacological Society Southwest Shell Club Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, Volume 34 71 “ty Western Sucier 0F Mnacowosists Rows are irregular and names are listed from left to right: Row 1 (kneeling): Hans Bertsch, Chris Kitting, Angel Valdés, Roger Seapy, Yolanda Camacho, Rebecca Johnson, Kirstie Kaiser Row 2: Barbara Chaney, Miguel Tellez, Jorge Caceres-Martinez, Liz Hawkes, Ricardo Searcy, Miguel Angel del Rio, Terry Gosliner, Jules Hertz, Mary Jane Adams, Gene Coan, Carole Hertz, Sandra Millen, Margaret Mulliner, Mike Ghiselin, Charlotte Norris, Jim McLean, Clay Carlson, Lance Gilbertson, Edna Naranjo Garcia Row 3: Hank Chaney, Jeff Goddard, Marisela Aguilar Juarez, Iliana Espinosa Rodriguez, Rebeca Vasquez Yeomans, Sergio Guzman del Proo, Yvonne Valles, P.M. Johnson, Carole Hickman, Cynthia Trowbridge, Alice Monroe 72 Western Society of Malacologists Individual Memberships ALLMON, Dr. Warren D., Paleontological Research Institute, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 ANDERSON, Roland C., Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Seattle, WA 98101 ARNOLD, Terry S., 2975 B Street, San Diego, CA 92102 BABA, Dr. Kikutaro, Shigigaoka 1-11-12, Nara-ken, Sango-cho, Ikoma-gun, 636, Japan BARTON, Bax R., P.O. Box 278, Seahurst, WA 98062 BERTSCH, Dr. Hans, 192 Imperial Beach Blvd, #A, Imperial Beach CA 91932 BURCH, Dr. Thomas A. and Beatrice L., 236 Kuuhoa PI., P.O. Box 309 Kailua, Oahu, HI 96734 BYERS, Dr. James, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, WA 98250 CARLTON, Dr. James T., Maritime Studies Program, Mystic Seaport, Mystic, CT 06355 CARR, Dr. Walter E., 2043 Mohawk Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 CATE, Jean M., P.O. Drawer 3049, Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067 CHANEY, Barbara K., 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 CHANEY, Dr. Henry W., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 COAN, Dr. Eugene V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306 COCKBURN, Tom, 7683 Colin Place, Saanichton, BC, Canada V8M 1N6 CORDEIRO, James R., Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79" Street, New York, NY 10024 COWIE, Dr. Robert, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817 D'ASARO, Dr. Charles N., Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751 DEMARTINI, Dr. John D. 1111 Birch Ave., McKinleyville, CA 95521 DOBRAN, Dr. John, P.O. Box 99923, Pacific Beach, CA 92109-9998 DuSHANE, Helen, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Whittier, CA 90605 EERNISSE, Dr. Douglas J., Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 EMERSON, Dr. William K., American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York City, NY 10024 FAHEY, Shireen, 170 Taringa Parade, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia FAHY, Neil E., 1425 South Mayfair Ave., Daly City, CA 94015 FARMER, Dr. Wesley M., 3591 Ruffin Road, #336, San Diego, CA 92123-2561 FERGUSON, Ralph E., 617 North Fries Ave., Wilmington, CA 90744 FLENTZ, John and Mary, 4541 Lambeth Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008-6407 FORK, Susanne K., 1056 West Cliff Dr., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 FOSTER, Nora R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99775-1200 FOWLER, Bruce H., 1074 Dempsey Rd., Milpitas, CA 95035 FREST, Dr. Terrence J., 2517 NE 65th St., Seattle WA 98115-7125 FUKUYAMA, Allan, 7019 157th SW, Edmonds, WA 98026 GHISELIN, Dr. Michael T., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 GILBERTSON, Lance, Orange Coast College, P.O. Box 5005, Costa Mesa, CA, 92628 GODDARD, Dr. Jeffery, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 GOODWIN, Daniel R., P. O. Box 6432, Honolulu, HI 96818 GROVES, Lindsey T., Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 HABE, Dr. Tadashige, National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160 Japan Annual Report, Volume 34 73 HERTZ, Carole and Jules, 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave, San Diego, CA 92111 HICKMAN, Dr. Carole S., Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 HOCHBERG, Dr. F. G., Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 HUTSALL, Linda & Kim, 5804 Lauretta St. # 2, San Diego, CA 92110 JACKSON, John D., 11558 Rolling Hills Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020 JOFFE, Anne, 1163 Kittiwake Circle, Sanibel Island, FL 33957 JOHANNES, Edward J., 13717 Linden Ave. N, Apt. 108, Seattle, WA 98133-6952 JOHNSON, P. M., Dept. Biology, Georgia State Univ., Box 4010, Atlanta GA 30303-4010 JOHNSON, Rebecca, 1763 Chestnut Street, San Francisco, CA 94123 KAISER, Kirstie L., Paseo de las Conchas Chinas #115, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco 48300, MEXICO KENNEDY, Dr. George L., Pacific Paleontological Consultants, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941 KITTING, Dr. Christopher L., Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, CA 94552 KNOWLTON, Ann L., P.O. Box 82297, Fairbanks, AK 99708 KOCH, Wendy, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021 KOOL, Dr. Silvard P., Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 LANCE, James R., 746 Agate Street, San Diego, CA 92109 LANDYE, J. Jerry, P.O. Box 851, Mescalero, NM 88349-0851 LEE, Jacquie, 1175 Chapman St., Victoria, British Columbia, V8V 2Y5, Canada LONHART, Steve, 122 Lance Ct., Santa Cruz, CA 95065 MARELLI, Dr. Dan C., Florida Department of Natural Resources, 100 8th Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701-5095 McLEAN, Dr. James H., Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 9007 METCALF, Dr. Artie L., Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968-0519 METZ, Dr. George, 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947 MIKKELSEN, Dr. Paula M., Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York NY 10024-5192. MILLEN, Sandra, 619 East 30th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada MILLER, Michael D., 4777 Ladner St., San Diego, CA 92113-3544 MONROE, Alice, 2468 Timbercrest Circle West, Clearwater, FL33763-1626 MOORE, Dr. Ellen J., 3324 SW Chintimini Ave., Corvalis, OR 97333 MULLINER, David K. and Margaret, 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109 MURRAY, Dr. Harold D., 247 Pinewood Ln., San Antonio, TX 78216 NARANJO-GARCIA, Dr. Edna, Calle Estio No. 2, Mexico, D.F. 01600, Mexico. NOBUHARA, Takami, Science Education, Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan NYBAKKEN, Dr. James, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0223 OSBORNE, Michael A., P.O. Box 929, Cannon Beach, OR 97110 PEARCE, Dr. Timothy, Curator of Mollusks, Delaware Museum of Natural History, Box 3937, 4840 Kennett Pike, Wilmington, DE 19807-0937 PERRONE, Antonio, via Palermo 7, 73014 Gallipoli, Italy PETIT, Richard E., P.O. Box 30, North Myrtle Beach, SC 29597-0030 PITT, William D. and Lois, 2444 38th Ave., Sacramento, CA 95822 RICE, Thomas C., P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364 RICKNOVSZKY, Dr. Andor, Eotvos Jozsel Pedagigional Academy, Postafiok 62, 6500 Baja, Hungary (deceased) 74 Western Society of Malacologists RUNDELL, Rebecca J., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Zoology, 2538 The Mall, HI 96822 RUSSELL, Dr. Michael, Biology Dept., 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova University, Villanova PA 19085-1699 SAUL, Dr. LouElla and Richard, 14713 Cumpston St., Van Nuys, CA 91411 SCHROEDER-CLAYTON, Julie, 2582 28th Ave. West, Seattle, WA 98199 SCHROEDER, Walter D., 8101 La Palma Circle, Huntington Beach, CA 92646 SCOTT, Paul H. Valentich, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 SEAPY, Dr. Roger R., Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 SHARPE, Saxon E., Desert Research Institute, P.O. Box 60220, Reno NV 89506 SHIMEK, Dr. Ronald L., P.O. Box 4, Wilsall, MT 59086 SKOGLUND, Carol, 3846 East Highland Ave., Phoenix AZ 85018 SMITH, Dr. Judith Terry, P.O. Box 10284, Arlington, VA 22210-1284 SQUIRES, Dr. Richard L., Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, 1811Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330-8266 STANSBERY, Dr. David H., Museum of Zoology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1394 STEWART, Katherine, 19 La Rancheria, Carmel Valley, CA 93924 STURM, Dr. Charles F. Jr., 5024 Beech Road, Murraysville, PA 15668 TROWBRIDGE, Dr. Cynthia D., Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR 97365 VELARDE, Ronald G., Marine Biology Lab, 4918 North Harbor Dr., Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92106 VENDRASCO, Michael, Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences, 595 Charles Young Drive, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567 VOIGHT, Dr. Janet, Dept. of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 WOOLSEY, Jody, 3717 Bagley Ave. #206, Los Angeles, CA 90034 WU, Dr. Shi-Kuei, Campus 315 Building, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 YANCEY, Dr. Thomas E., Dept. of Geology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-3115 YOUNG, H. D. and Wilma G., 14550 Stone Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98133 Annual Report, Volume 34 75 Institutional Memberships ABT. SCHRIFTENTAUSCH, Senckenbergfische Naturforschende, Senckenberg-Anlage 25, D-6 Frankfurt A.M. 1, Germany ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Serials Librarian, Nineteentnth and Parkway, Philidelphia, PA 19103 ACQUISITION SECTIONS, Department of Library Services, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England AFDELING SYSTEMATISCHES DIERKUNDE, Rijksmuseum van Naturlike Historie, Ramsteeg 2, Leiden, Netherlands ALLAN HANCOCK LIBRARY OF BIOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 AMERICAN CONCHOLOGIST, Lynne Scheu, Editor, 1222 Holworth Lane, Louisville, KY 40222-6616 AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, The Library, 4220 King St., Alexandria , VA 22302 AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY INC., c/o Eugene Keferl, Coastal Georgia Community College, 3700 Altama Ave. Brunswick, GA 31520-3644 BIBIOTECA, Inst. de Ciencias del Mar y Limnol, AP Postal 70-305 Cuidad Universit Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F. 4150, Mexico BISHOP MUSEUM LIBRARY, 1525 Bernice St., FMLY P.O. Box 19000A, Honolulu, HI 96817-2704 BOEKHANDEL JUSTUS LIPSIUS BVBA, Belgicalaan 35, B-1080 Brussel, Belgium BRITISH LIBRARY (SRIS), Boston Spa, Chancery Lane, West Yorkshire, Wetherby, LS 237BQ, England CALIFORNIA MALACOLOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, c/o 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato CA 94947-3615 C.N.R.S. URA 699, Biologie Marins et Malacologie, 55 Rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, c/o Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90007 DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 DR. H. K. MIENIS, PUBL. EDITOR, Israel Malacological Society, Kibbutz Netzer Sereni 70395, Israel EARTH SCIENCES INFORMATION CENTRE, 350-601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada EXCHANGE AND GIFT DIVISION, Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Library-Subscriptions, Roosevelt Rd. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60616 FISHERIES AND OCEANS LIBRARY, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, VOR 5K6, Canada FORSCHUNGSTELLE, Staatlishces Museum fur Tierkunde, Augustusstrasse 2, 8010 Dresden, Germany FUNDACAO UNIV RIO GRANDE, Biblioteca, Av. Italia, Km 08, 96201-900 Rio Grande RS, Brazil HOPKINS MARINE STATION, Miller Library, Pacific Grove CA 93950 INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL & NUCLEAR SCIENCES, Librarian, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY, The Library, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan INSTITUT ROYAL DES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE, Rue Vautier 31, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgiuim INSTITUTO DI ZOOLOGIA DE UNIVERSITA, Societa Siciliana di Scienze Natur, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy LIBRARY, CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE, P. O. Box 3443, Station D. Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4, Canada LIBRARY, SAN DIEGO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA 92112 LIBRARY, MS-955, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025 76 Western Society of Malacologists LIBRARY FM-25, SERIALS DIVISION, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Seattle WA, 98195 LIBRARY SERIALS, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, 2550 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 LITERATURE RESOURCES DEPARTMENT, BIOSCIENCE INFORMATION SERVICE, 2100 Arch St., Philadelphia PA 19103 MAIN LIBRARY (SERIALS), UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, CA 94720 MALACOLOGICAL COMMITTEE, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaja I, St. Petersburg B-164, Russia MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA, P.O. Box 34-35, Taipei, Taiwan MARINE SCIENCE LIBRARY, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365 MATRA MUSEUM, P.O. Box 103, H-3201 Gyongyos, Hungary MILLIKAN LIBRARY, ACQUISITIONS, 1-32, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 1201 E. California Blvd., Pasadena CA 91109 MOLLUSK DIVISION, MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor MI, 48104 MUSEUM DER NATURKUNDE, The Library, Invalidenstrasse 43, 1041 Berlin 4, Germany MUSEUM D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Bibliotheque, Case Postale #434, CH -1211 Geneve 6, Switzerland NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Hector Library-Librarian, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND, The Library, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, Scotland NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA, 285-321 Russell Street, Melbourne, 03000 Australia NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, Rutjmeyer-Bibliothek, CLH-4001 Basel, Switzerland NETHERLANDS MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ZOOLOGISCH MUSEUM, UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM, c/o Robert G. Moolenbeek, Dept. of Malacology, P.O. Box 94766 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands PACIFIC NORTHWEST SHELL CLUB, c/o Ann Smiley, 2405 NE 279th St., Richfield, WA 98642 RESEARCH LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES COUNTY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 900 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Library, Profsayuznaya ul., 113, Moscow 117321, Russia SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Library, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 SERIALS DEPARTMENT, LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, Tucson, AZ 85721 SERIALS UNIT, LIBRARY, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Central Park West at 79th St., New York NY 10024 SIO LIBRARY (SERIALS), SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, P.O. Box 174141X, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0175 SMITHSONIAN LIBRARY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Library Acquisitions, Washington DC 20560 SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE MALACOLOGIA, Instituto de Biosciencias - USP, CXP. 11.461, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, The Library, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000 SA, Australia THE LIBRARY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 THE LIBRARY, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Golden Gate Part, San Francisco CA 94118 THE LIBRARY, FRIDAY HARBOR LABORATORY, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 THE LIBRARY, MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, Woods Hole MA 02543 THE LIBRARY, MOSS LANDING MARINE LABORATORIES, P.O. Box 450, Moss Landing CA 95039 THE LIBRARY, OHIO STATE MUSEUM, 1813 North High Street, Columbus OH 43210 Annual Report, Volume 34 77 THE LIBRARY, PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca NY 14850 UCLA SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LIBRARY, EBCO, 8251 Boelter HL/GEO, P.O. Box 9511598, Los Angeles CA 90095-1598 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY/SERIALS RECEIVING, VPI & STATE UNIVERSITY, P.O. Box 90001, Blacksburg VA 24062 UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA, Library Serials. 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola FL 32514 78 Western Society of Malacologists