A Seas i ee {Xs A Wien biecnte mith <<, ) y= NZNV2 New York State Education Department New York State Museum 63 ANNUAL REPORT Le In 4 volumes VOLUME 4 APPENDIX 6 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE FEBRUARY a1, 1g10 ALBANY _——— Yr UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK IQII STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor - - - - ~- New York tg917 St Cuarr McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor - - - ~- Brooklyn org DANIEL, BEACH Ph.D. WILLD. 2 2% = 9 0 ee ee clas rov4 PrIny, D. SEXTON WEB. WUD = = i ul oni 1912 T. GuirFoRD Smuira M.A. CE. LLAD. - = = = eee Bitttalo 1918 WiLLiaM NottincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - - =- =| ~- Syracuse 1922, CHESTER’ S. Lorp M/Ay LLAD. - =) = = - Newanvionk 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Pe a = ZUlloniony Iort EDWARD WAUTERBACH MA] WL2Ds 9-92) 7) 72 eee ea Onk 1920 EuGENE A. PuivBin LL.B. LL.D. eee Ss SINGH SOG 1916) WucrAN) Ly SHEDDEN) El. Bo Le.) ye) o GESIT, 1921) FRANCIS M: CARPENTER) |= 00-3 20050) 02) 12 ee Oct Ke SCO Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Avueustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant CuHarRLes F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. WyeErR, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum JOHN IME CrARKE Phy Dis D.s Calla: Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorGcE M. Witey M.A. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, W1iLL1amM R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, Hartran H. Horner B.A. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. GILBERT B.A. School Libraries, CHARLES E. Fircu L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ArtHurR D. Dean B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrRams Ph.B. ¢ @RARY BTRCONG sai DEC 1 2938 | DUPLIGK EXCHAREL SIA OnwNaw. YORK No. 45 IN ASSEMBLY FEBRUARY 21, IgI0 63d ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM VOLUME 4 To the Legislature of the State of New York We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 63d Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of the Director, including the reports of the State Geologist and State Paleontologist, and the reports of the State Entomologist and the State Botanist, with appendixes. ST CraiR McKetway Vice Chancellor of the University ANDREW,9. DRAPER Commissioner of Education . b La mH te ¥ % nt \ ‘ ’ + a vate New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Criarke, Director Memoir 13 CALCITES OF NEW YORK BY HERBERT P. WHITLOCK Introduction - - - - - 5 | Methods of representation - - Previous work - - - ° 7 | Descriptions of occurrences - - Bibliography - - - - - 10 | Theoretical conclusions - - - Mathematical relations and formulas 20 | Description of plates - - - - Symbols” - - - - - =a e20n| index == - - - - - ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1910 PAGE 54 59 [27 137 187 STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPART ViE Nd: Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Reto M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor - New York 1917 oT Crarr McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor - Brooklyn 1919 Dante, Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - Watkins nish Inia I, Siemon IuIL, 18}, IL JL..J0). - - - - Palmyra none Ui Canute Suvari IMA, (C518, JIL ID), = - - Buffalo 1918. Wititam. Norrincnam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D, - - Syracuse i@am Cresson S, Jor ILA, JLIE ID) - - New York 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER MED) MEAS Ph: Di: D. - Albany Igit Enwarp LautersacH M.A. LL.D. - - - New York Tozo BuGENE AG Prmpsin gE lea Das - - - New York feyWlo) JLciewy Ibs Syeunoina IL )L gts}, sl JL. Ib), : - - Plattsburg 1921 I’raAncts M. CARPENTER = - - - - Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education NGNioRUa YS, o/Dievaienam IE JL 3 18} ILJE IBY Assistant Commissioners Aucusrus S. Downine M.A: Pd. D. LL.D. First Asszstané CuHaruLes F. Weeetock B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finegan M.A. Pd.D. Third Asszstant Director of State Library Janes Wives | VRIES: Director of Science and State Museum Oro WE Cine, PinJD; Se,|Ds ILIL.J0), Chiefs of Divisions Administration Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WiLtLiam R. Eastman M.A. M.L:S. Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. Girpert B.A. School Mibraries Cmarces Esher Wan D: Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ArtHur D, Drawn B.S Visual Instruction, ALFrep W. Arrams Ph.B. New York State Education Department Science Division, May 10, 1909 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commussioner of Education My DEAR sir: The accompanying manuscript is a treatise on the Calcites of New York which I have the honor to recommend for publication as a memoir of the State Museum. This work has been skilfully executed by Herbert RP Whitlock, Mimeralogist; and its excellence entitles it to publication. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER’S ROOM Approved for publication this 13th day of May 1909 Commissioner of Education New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Crarkeg, Director Memoir 13 CALCITES OF NEW YORK BY HERBERT P. WHITLOCK INTRODUCTION Among the great number of crystallized mineral species there is no single mineral which presents such remarkable variety of crystallographic forms and combinations of forms, as calcite. When in addition to the fore- going fact we consider the no less important one that no mineral is of such universal occurrence or is produced under such varying conditions, it would seem that here, if anywhere, lay the key to the great problem of the influence of genetic conditions upon the crystal habit of minerals. In the present monograph the writer has aimed to bring to the aid of the study of this problem, crystallographic notes on a number of calcite occurrences within the limits of New York State. Such a work must of necessity retain the incompleteness devolving upon the limitations of present knowledge as to undeveloped localities. It is, therefore, hoped that with progress in the exploration and study of new localities the present volume will be supple- mented by further work on this very interesting mineral. The writer has drawn freely upon his previously published notes both for descriptive matter in the text and for illustrations of the crystallographic combinations shown in the plates. Much of the previously described material has, however, been restudied and in most instances the figures redrawn, 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The writer is under obligations to the following gentlemen for valuable type material and for many courtesies extended to him in the furtherance of his work: Messrs John M. Clarke, State Geologist; D. H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist; C. A. Hartnagel; H. H. Hindshaw; Thomas Cameron: IRS. Hodge; Pies (Clark | Pe Wrekclley. = Ga biea@hadimicks heCe Wardell: Cy Wait. wise Cseceke PREVIOUS WORK During the last century comparatively little work was done on New York calcites, the interest of mineralogists being centered almost entirely upon one occurrence, that at Rossie, St Lawrence co. Cleaveland, writing in 1822, mentions seven New York localities for calcite, viz: Dutchess county, Catskill, Bethlehem, Diamond island and Rogers rock (Lake George), Ticonderoga, and Niagara Falls. His notes on these localities are limited to such crystallographic identification as could be made by the unaided eye and, with the exception of the Niagara Falls locality where he identified the cuboid of Haty (—3R), may be passed without comment. In 1825 Robinson, in his Catalogue of American Mineral Localities, notes 25 localities for calcite in New York. His notes, however, contain little infor- mation as to the occurring crystal forms other than that previously given by Cleaveland. C. U. Shepard, in the first volume of his treatise published in 1835, illustrates a calcite crystal from Leyden, Lewis co. This is the common prismatic habit terminated by —$R. J. D. Dana, in the first edition of his System of Mineralogy (1837), illus- trates a combination from Rossie showing the common forms R3 and R. He also mentions in the text the localities at Oxbow, St Lawrence co. and Lockport, Niagara co. The latter locality was previously mentioned in Robinson’s list. . . In 1842 Dr L. C. Beck published his Mzneralogy of New York in which 14 pages are devoted to calcite localities and 45 figures in the text illustrate the simpler crystallographic combinations. The following forms are shown singly or in combination: »R, 16R(?), 4R, R, OR, —}R, —{R(?), —2R, —5R, $R3 and R38. Of the 33 localities mentioned by Beck those at Tompkins Cove, Rockland co. and Rossie, St Lawrence co. are described at length and the crystals figured in detail. The calcite crystals from Rossie are illustrated in five figures showing combinations of the forms OR, R and R3, twinned parallel to OR, the twinned crystal being shown in 7 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM various positions. Figure 93 of Beck is identical with that previously mentioned in Dana’s first edition. In the fifth edition of Philip’s Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy, edited by Francis Alger and published in 1844, a twinned crystal from Rossie is illustrated which differs somewhat from those of Beck, but shows only the forms OR and R. In a review of Beck’s Mineralogy of New York by J. D. Dana, pub- lished in the American Journal of Science 1844, the latter writer adds two figures illustrating the calcite from Rossie, the first of which is of special interest as showing several modifying planes. It is unfortunately impossible positively to identify these forms as no crystallographic description is given in the text and the lettering of the figure could not be traced. Leonhard, in the Jahrbuch jur Mineralogie 1849, notes eight New York localities for calcite all of which were described by Beck. In a report embodying additional notes on the mineralogy of New York, published in the Third Annual Report of the State Cabinet of Natural H1s- tory 1850, Beck republishes the illustration from Alger noted above and adds a cut of a crystal of prismatic habit from Tompkins Cove twinned parallel to— $R. Two woodcuts which accompany this paper show cal- cite from Anthony’s Nose, Westchester co. of prismatic habit, tabular parallel to the basal plane. In the Fourth Annual Report of the State Cabinet of Natural History 1851, Franklin B. Hough figures several simple combinations of the forms OR, R and R3 from Wegatchie, St Lawrence co. as well as a complex twin crystal from Gouverneur in the same county. The latter shows no lettering by which the forms can be identified but is apparently a combination similar to those previously noted from Rossie. Zippe, in a monograph published in 1852, notes in figure 10, plate I a crystal of calcite from Rossie in K.K. Hof-Mineral-Cabinet an inch in size. On this crystal he observed the forms R, 4R and 4R2 and also notes on small drusy crystals from the same specimen the forms —2R and #R2. CALICITES OF NEW YORK 0 In 1860 Hessenberg published in the third instalment of his Mineralogi- cal Notes, a short paper on “‘Some Rossie Calcite Crystals.’’ He notes two new positive scalenohedrons 2R1;° (15.7.22.4) and 32?R'/¢ (60.38.88.35) both of which are advanced by him with some misgivings as to their true indexes and the latter of which was measured on only two of the three edges and to the nearest even degree, showing considerable uncertainty in determination due probably to poor reflections. In 1878 Irby! published a Monograph on the Crystallization of Calcite in which he classes the two scalenohedrons 2R7/° and 3?R+4; of Hessen- berg in the list of doubtful forms. In 1888 Nason published a bulletin on Some New York Minerals and their Localities, which includes a short paper on the calcite crystals collected by Professor Emmons from the Rossie lead mines. Mr Nason states in his introduction that he has not attempted a technical description and consequently we find in his work no references to the previous work of Zippe, Hessenberg and Dana, and his crystallographic description is con- fined to the recognition of the forms OR, R and R3 and to the republica- tion of Beck’s figures. ; J. F. Kemp, in his Notes on the Minerals. Occurring near Port Henry: (1890) mentions some calcite crystals showing the forms R, 4R, ?R% and iiR#, the two latter in oscillatory combination. His accompanying figure is republished in the sixth edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy. Penfield and Ford in 1900 described the calcite crystals from Union Springs, Cayuga co. and noted. several rare forms in addition to a rare twinning habit. *Irby, J.R.McD. Inaug. Diss. Bonn. 1878. Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM BIBLIOGRAPHY The following bibliography includes the foregoing literature and the subsequent publications of the writer on New York calcite. Cleaveland, P. Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology. Boston 1822. p. 152 Robinson, S. Catalogue of American Minerals with their Localities. Boston 1825 Shepard, C. U. Treatise on Mineralogy. New Haven 1835. 1:95 Dana, J.D. System of Mineralogy. New Haven 1837. p. 193 Beck, L.C. Mineralogy-of New York. Albany 1842. p. 214-29 Philips, J. D. Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. London 1844. p. 265 Dana, J.D. 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F68T ‘Ttuosues 96ST “1OZo]O 9681 “19Z9T9 TN PSST “UorLOT| O06T “9Yyourled 2681 ‘“pteuu0r) 68ST ‘“o1esog SO6T “9T[BY9S 9681. “ttouyos QOL8T “YyeyYy woA LUST ‘UyveY WoA 1681 ~“preuu0s) I6S8T ‘Uossitg 606L “ASOT M OO6L “eYoxrled OO6L “94yorTed OO6T ‘“94yorleg LOGT “ASOT AM, PSST ‘wWosures O06T “eYyorTeg LEST “Aag’ys GSST “surly, ( Sc ytad suse ee ee jnopuoy | 08060 0 O85 ssutidg uoIUy, rete ese O][LATOUUIOS O80" 6, 60 Or oedeb.-D Oo Dac S1oqioly 0 O'AO Ot Din 0-0 ysodepng stielteniaciceviomenteiivinehi) @ ysodepng Hreeeeese sess sorureg Hiss esse sgoqrodng ae] AP oe eee wozn05 A ARN Ciro SOUSsII Bee tres Sere age MON Sree eeeeeees Sy rptumany ql “omg SOOO E Oe oyenfeuensy GOO OdoO6 {f N ‘ployureyg a ie tae ro1medng oe] “1oLledng oye] SS MEATS jonedng ox] " uosieyegq ISO Soon OO GD G5 Sioqseoipuy eu birelte: lel lellelie ‘tolzodng ayer] 1s q u p ie p 41 xP 3P Ay Py 6 ¢P ¥P 74 @P xP eae Pp 48) 4 DspP oe q ve P eG Pp oC at p ir 8) Ukg Cox Pp on Pp e111» Ptarp ut q 4 p ae Pp neu Psp or] yP4rP rue | 4pyP 41 1p eP sq yDuP 1 tp EP #1 iP «P 41a Dar Pp nl qui p ul p 6 ¢Ppyrp #7 ¢PyP #4 ¢P eP ia) I IN IS IS 0 IS I KN YD It KN XD iD} Iie | kD RO 9S8 SIS s "AL IE AE Alea oil ea “61 91'€ 1626 WL Cray. Crag “GS OF GI “GL°6¢ OT ‘£9 19° {SL OWS ‘08 $9 GTI ‘L9°6P ST SI LY CS CI OM ABE 6°84 0Z'8 Sr OIE IL te eh iG AN LL tees Sy GIL WE IL (OYE HAL IL ¢ OL 8 Z@ 1°06 F1 9 Hy Sila Alans, ALS NAL os i i 01 Sirus L&y7,0@_ roadie $ (Se Lt 06 y ¢ aye aly €y7 f§ __ iy v ort cPealign = 9 Pre rom G g pees LI Gg ANG oi 9 g 9 g rol Ip Ner igh as g ) oxy kh g 8 i y 6 c] iat Pyyt L Cha ({ q 2 39 a [x] & i A Date OM QHR 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LIST OF DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN FORMS NAUMANN BRAVAIS-MILLER SYMBOL SYMBOL ay oRYI SAO ON Caan ieucay 7 Rie Sh ements Ly Mascots ih ar oan Pe ep meer 4 P2 5.5.10.9 +e DOOD ie sete ein heer seo alone castes Nae weorcat Hepes eae +44R IAs ASTANA aa Gee os Sey ca eh cet ed la oer ere eee +42R SLs OL eLTESAS Sy ie liane tee ia Adc 2 ee A en se ee A ee ae alse 8083 UnionkS pringcens ee eee stil Be OBS Am wpb tReet ater dcaa static Sys gen Ua tecwan tay araaeae IR OIE San ea apa en aa eee —f£R 0667 Bletberg ais. aaa) ou aera —12R OR OR MORs DETCIS AUN ees ee reas — FR 0774 Canary dislands. yee eee —6R 0661 Rodetiordsiicelandas sea en aes —10R OPO nNO est Andneasbeno ye Rian. naar mnetaes —25R On2om Zor RehaS esis ee ieceeea re ten ett cea —40R 0-40, 40.1 Rinses oiahraits ciecennee emer Ome —~;R% Pa heno ee Nard eGR pein AI SBIR Otc ecg 6X6. cy +1iR15 13.2.15.17 +R 18) 215.11 + R24 1D. Z.6 Hii gist Guida eer esac ee +R15 SO, Fo UB. 1 RAIS TIES IS Te in eG Lene hae +R33 U7 16.83. 1 Rhode island ee a ween aE aR 9.72.81. 49 2R4¢ Ole 22a6 Ap ohceNarainee eter ren, OUR, Maan: yea! As —2R#i 4.10.14.3 Blatomt ei Wee sie ea yaa 72k 3.7 10.2 — 2R1$ 183, WG) 4B Gestrikland ee reine —2R1) ) IG) 5 4 Gestriklandig asec ata nee 4IRE 11.8.19.15 41R23 TORN ER Wate MCLs wer ey locus c, 3: +4Rit 10.7 i. ae ZANE On2i 430 Bort sblemiy:s eget is acne +2R5 6.4.10.5 +2R19 20 £8058 5 eli a teele = Rana ae ae a 4iRis B15. 13960 or a eae eae erie +4$R1! NO Pie diene RAISES Oe aa cea eer ree +}'Rit 14) 3, 7.20 RhISnes. 42 cee ccs, para Pe eace +44R12 98.56. 154.81 VakerSupenionsee erie teat +1°R35 PAD UR) SHO | Carnainr ISleacls. .os55cececses +£R3 WA Oe 1S. 7 Bergen: Halle se eee as +48R3 28. 12-40 1% Blatoiee iin: pete ney ee at ae eee aR 64.40.104.21 Ruhisnesie eae pre ak edie eo ee +43R44 DG Nak 200 WP Revise stiraeennae wees sho eee +13R% 104.13. 117.187 Ponrt(renty-cs utp oe AUTHOR Bournon Zippe Des Cloizeaux Dana Penfield and Ford Zippe Hausmann Brunlechner Websky Hessenberg Hessenberg Sansoni Cesaro Cesaro Hatiy Cesaro Cesaro Schaller Cesaro Sansoni Sjogren Sjogren Des Cloizeaux Kemp Des Cloizeaux Zippe Cesaro Cesaro Hessenberg Hessenberg vom Rath Sansoni Cesaro Cesaro Kemp CALCITES OF NEW YORK 49 LIST OF DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN FORMS (continued) NAUMANN | BRAVAIS-MILLER Bra, pana LOCALITY AUTHOR +31R$¢ 65.34.99. 25 RniGnesmrrwmcrate ber. ae: + | CESATO 414R24 34.20.54.11 IR GHS TESS ae cite Al ae gee Sere oe Cesaro +4R1it 28.16.44.9 | cRlauRssaVelShes 3 Est ares Sie wana wees | Cesaro +4+R33 of 1625815 IMIGHES MIA R yyet ne Site cistern Sele oe | Cesaro +419°Rig 22.12.34.7 IRUGHISS TCE eG IE. eis eel beet Cesaro +13 R43 ZR NG Aaa | SJRUSUGSaVES card ath RAM cas cries mae | Cesaro +£R3 16.8.24.5 PPIISMESH EA Re ck cia sc ke ses Cesaro + 2R4) Go 2234 | PISNORISICS cd hac eis Heo tetattd tears tines Hessenberg +1tR3t 2 MOB 8 IBRinicnest pn eaatc ee At S028 f | Cesaro + §R2 2, GEER SB oP UN als NS ee Re er a ea Des Cloizeaux . +23R34 37.14.51.8 nisneste ay hee in mete ate well CESATO +42R3 20.5.25.4 ISERHOIGE, (ole, Sana ena ee ae cutee Sansoni +12R23 19.6.25.4 ReniSHESe Mee 2k tet sachet Cesaro + RSS 42.13.58.8 Bletbenoey tanta se a catys ste Irby substitutes + 4,1R44 PAD Be Ag Ph ll Meee aa ee ube MEY Rae a so er Zippe +10R++ SO eS te Meri NE es ee hgee eee wt ore a Zippe +10R4$ EASE NIGre wane ee ee eater 8 he, ache ns Des Cloizeaux +12R1t 40.4.44.3 TRETIS MES Mes on enee ace eee ees Bo see ae Cesaro + 28R4% 3S). 5.81e 1 IRIE el peeloe i tab a eae ee | Cesaro —+14R13 Oooo | —+R15 7.8.15.4 Nindireas beret rant cts tists ste Sansoni = Que SB Wats): «tie 5 Se ee ea Ae eee | Zippe —4tRt DSB.) 42 VN Sa ABIR eS eee eels Sie nee ene Zippe maT ts 5 SAG) |S ee eee Zippe — Ril Gc UIs WM AVE Beaks Ghee ce ieee een eee Des Cloizeaux — 22R4o 29.51.80.41 WalkkesSuperiotemsriae manne sic Irby —3RiD Ge We) Balke SupenOtan res anti e Irby — #R10 14.26.40.21 Waker OupetiOtewawas 2c 25 acl Irby — 3R3 3695 Waker Supenotaenc. oa csae 2ae Hessenberg — {;R3 8.16.24.3 WakeySpenOr st sme wee ee Irby —2Rii Gali iiad Bilao me sas semana are arin coriva Sansoni — $Rit SS. Il 7 RUnISTICG Rpg erry ese aici} ee, Cesaro —#R2 2685 AsaChCANOENS ¢ doco aoe te one ss Sansoni —3R% 2796 JNSOXGHREVNS OES ool Gyo ro Old Grae Sansoni —tR ASCP ONS meer then tame eo SS ee see —i2R$ Sells), WG. il Malkketo (penton a. , (ISO YO) COSMOS Oe SO COs nS 0) ne) toe De Sinn S0 = Z) pie 2 cos = (180 — X) Sim = (SO — Z) sec Si USO pam) Sia 2 80 =D) = Orcas PAS __ gaily (USO = ®) nV 3 —cos— m=—cot — + 2.0274 For the calculation of the coordinate angles employed in measurement with the two circle goniometer, as well as in the construction of the various spherical projections, the following formulas, adopted from Moses and Rogers! give the values of g and ¢ ‘Moses, A. J. & Rogers, A. F. Formulae and Graphic Methods for Determining Crystals in Terms of Coordinate Angles and Miller Indices. Sch. of Mines Quar. 1902. 290A 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1 Dihexagonal prisms (h k i 0) il = la CATO allege arn ars 90 2 Pyramids of the second order (h. h. 2h. 1) 9 —— 30% h raneon—— be 3 Rhombohedrons (h o h 1) ae tan 9 = 1.1547 re 4 Scalenohedrons (k k i 1) a es tan peo ae la 1 “cos (30 — ¢) In many instances it will be found that the above formulas do not lend themselves to logarithmic solution. For such cases the following multi- plication table of constants will be found useful. Caine =i—elevaoe, Cc 2c 2c? 4c? V3 |1.1547Xe} 2.0274 5.9193 1 . 8543 1.7086 1.4597 2.9193 1.7321 . 9865 2.0274 5.9193 2 | 1.7086 3.4172 2.9193 0.8386 3.4641 1.9730 4.0548 | 11.8386 3 | 2.5629 59.1258 4.3790 8.7580 | 5.1962 2.9594 6.0822 | 17.7579 4 | 3.4172 6.8344 5.8386 | 11.6773 6.9282 3.9459 8.1096 | 23.6772 5 | 4.2715 | 8.5430 7.2983 | 14.5966 | 8.6603 4.9323 | 10.1370 | 29.5965 6/5) 12589| 10" 25116 8.7580 | 17.5159 | 10.3923 5.9188 | 12.1644 | 35.5158 7 | 5.9801 | 11.9602 | 10.2176 | 20.4352 | 12.1244 6.9053 | 14.1918 | 41.4351 8 | 6.8344 | 13.6688 | 11.6773 | 23.3546 | 13.8564 7.8917 | 16.2192 | 47.3544 9 | 7.6887 | 15.3774 | 13.1369 | 26.2739 | 15.5885 8.8781 | 18.2466 | 53.2737 log.| 1.93161 . 23264 . 16426 46528 . 23856) 1.99408 . 30694 11227 METHODS OF REPRESENTATION The various methods employed for presenting to the eye the relations between the faces developed on a given crystal may be included under three heads: t Spherical projections, which are purely diagrammatic and which represent by means of groups of points projected upon a plane the relative CALCITES OF NEW YORK 55 position of the crystal faces in space without regard to their relative develop- ment or crystal habit. 2 Linear projections, which are, in a measure, diagramatic and which show by a system of intersecting lines, the intersection of the crystal faces with some assumed plane or with one another as projected on some assumed plane. The latter type of projection shows the relative development of the forms present and presents to the eye an idealized picture of the crystal combination. 3. Models, which, constructed of paper, cardboard or of some easily workable material, present in three dimensions the idealized representation of the forms in relative development. SPHERICAL PROJECTIONS The method of spherical projection was introduced by F. E. Neumann! and later adopted by Miller. Stereographic projection. To develop the principles of this method assume the crystal of calcite shown in figure 25 to be placed with the center of its crystallographic axes coincident with the center of a circumscribed sphere of any convenient radius. From the common center assume radii normal to the faces of the upper half of the crystal. The points where these normals intersect: the surface of the sphere are known as the poles of the corresponding faces and accurately represent the relative position of the crystallo- graphic planes, inasmuch as they provide a means of measuring the angles between the normals, which is the supplement of the inter- facial angles, between any two planes. To reduce the above system of poles distributed over a spherical surface to a flat projection assume for the plane of projection the plane of the hori- *Neumann, F, E. Beitrage zur Kristallonomie, Berlin 1823. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM zontal axes which is indicated in figure 25 by the shaded portion. This plane intersects the surface of the sphere in a horizontal circle known as the fundamental circle (German, grundkreis) which passes through the poles of all prismatic planes. Connect the poles by a system of radiating a lines with the lower pole of the vertical axis; the points at which this system of lines intersects the plane of projection is shown in figure 26 which is known as a stereographic y projection of the planes of the calcite crystal co shown in figure 25. It is evident from / figures 25 and 26: 1 That the basal pinacoid will be pro- jected at the center of the fundamental — circle. Fig, 25 2 That the poles of all planes lying in the same zone will fall on the same great circle of the sphere. 3 That the projections of the poles of planes lying in zones which include the basal pinacoid will he on radu of the fundamental circle. This applies to rhombohedrons and pyramids of the second order. In order to determine the relative positions of the pole of any plane such as K:-in spherical projections [fig. 26] it is sufficient to record the angular distance from a fixed point on the fundamental circle to the vertical great circle through the pole, and the angular distance measured on this great circle from the vertical pole (for hexagonal forms that of the basal pinacoid) to the pole of the given form. The first of these angles is known as ¢ and the second as e; they correspond respectively to geographic longitude and latitude, the fundamental circle corresponding to the geographic equator. The stereographic projection greatly facilitates the recognition of zonal relations and provides a graphic method of solution for many of the crystallographic problems.! ‘The solution of problems in stereographic projection have been much simplified by the introduction of a set of stereographic protractors devised by 8. L. Penfield. Am. Joe, Sei, WYO, 278 Paracel 1111), CALCITES OF NEW YORK 57 Gnomonic projection. The gnomonic projection, which has come into considerable use in recent years, usually assumes the plane of projection tangent to the circumscribed sphere at the upper vertical pole, figure 27. The projection of the pole of any face is situated at the mtersection of the extended normal of the face with this tangent plane. All zones are projected in gnomonic projection as Plane of Gnomonic. Projection straight lines. The poles of the Psmaniemzonerdo MOU appeakaiml | 78-4) ea projection since their normals are parallel to the gnomonic projection plane. Plate l[see pocket] is a gno- monic projection of the established ~ Plane of Stereograiohic E Projection } i forms of calcite constructed on the basis of a sphere of 7 centimeters radius. LINEAR PROJECTIONS For purposes of description and illustration it is necessary to repre- Bese sent the crystallographic combination bya drawing of its intersecting edges. This is accomplished by viewing the crystal in various positions the point of vision in every case being assumed at an infinite distance. Two such parallel projections are in general employed for this purpose. They assume: 1 The plane of projection perpendicular to the vertical axis. This is known as the orthographic projection. 2 The vertical plane of projection as revolved to the right with respect to the horizontal axis II [fig. 15] and slightly inclined toward the upper prolongation of the vertical axis. This is known as the clinographic projection. The orthographic projection which is essentially a plan of the crystal observed from above, is closely related to the stereographic spherical pro- jection and can be readily constructed from it.! 1 Story-Maskelyne, N. Treatise on the Morphology of Crystals. Oxford 1895. p. 476. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The clinographic projection represents the crystal in parallel perspective and is specially valuable as presenting the aspect which shows it to the best advantage. Both orthographic and clinographic projections are used throughout this work, the orthographic projection, where used, being represented as revolved horizontally to correspond with the corresponding clinographic projection, as in figures 3, 4 and 5. MODELS Models of the simple forms of calcite may be constructed from paper or cardboard by the use of the diagram given in plate 2. This diagram is based upon the triangle of the horizontal diagonals of figure 7. To construct the face rhomb of any rhombohedron measure with a pair of dividers the distance from the point a to the point on the line C corresponding to the coefficient of R in the Naumann symbol, and lay off the distance from aon the line Z. Connect the point thus obtained with points bb’ and complete the parallelogram which will be the desired rhomb. To construct the triangular face of a second order pyramid, multiply the coefficient m of the Naumann symbol mP2 by 3, measure the distance from the point d to the corresponding number on the line C, lay off this distance on the line Y, and connect the point obtained with the points f {’; the resulting isosceles triangle will be the face of the desired pyramid. To construct the scalene triangle of a scalenohedron, the problem resolves itself into finding the lengths of the three edges of the triangle which may then be plotted in the ordinary way by means of arcs of circles. The edge Z which is that of the rhombohedron of the middle edges is obtained by the process described for rhombohedrons using the coefficient min the Naumann symbol mRn. The two polar edges are obtained in the following way: Lay off to the left of point O on the line Y a distance cor- responding to m measured on C’ and from the point thus obtained lay off in the directions X and Y a distance corresponding to the product of m and n in the symbol mRn measured on the base line at the bottom of Memoir 13. } ~ Plate 2 M ior MODELS GFACALCIVE N Memoir 13. N. Y. State Museum CALCITES - Plate 2 DIAGRAM FOR ThE CONSTRUCTION OF MODEES OF THE CRYSTAL FORMS OF CALCITE H. P. W. del. Pace! pees CALCITES OF NEW YORK 59 the plate, connect the two points thus obtained with point b and the resulting lines will be the edges X and Y required. Several of the important points are indicated on the plate which is of simple construction and can be easily duplicated since the sides of the triangle are twice the length of the horizontal axis, the base line scale proportional to the vertical axis, the scale C proportional to # and the scale C’ proportional to 4 the vertical axis. A cardboard model of the crystal habit of any combination can readily be reproduced in plaster of paris or paraffine, furnishing blocks upon which the modifications may be cut with a knife blade, file or emery paper scraper. DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCURRENCES ROSSIE, ST LAWRENCE CO. Plates 3-5 The calcite crystals from Rossie have long been known to mineral collectors, and handsome specimens of the large and perfect combinations from this locality are to be found in every important mineral collection. This locality is situated 2 miles southwest of the village of Rossie where between the years 1835 and 1840 several openings were made in a vein of galena which were after this period abandoned. During the time of opera- tion, however, a mass of material of remarkable mineralogic interest was brought to light including specimens of galena, pyrite, calcite and celestite of special quality, as well as associated fluorite, chalcopyrite, anglesite, hematite and rare cerussite. Beck mentions the calcite as occurring in water-filled cavities of the mine, associated with crystallized galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite. To this association should be added fluorite and marca- site which latter mineral was noted by the writer on a fine specimen in the Bement collection. é The material is of exceptional quality, the smaller crystals which afforded the material for goniometer study being remarkably free from distortion and conforming closely to the idealized representations given in the figures. Type I [pl. 3, fig. 1, 2]. The crystals included under this type repre- 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sent the simplest combinations of this occurrence. They are in general considerably larger than individuals of the succeeding types. A number of crystals of this habit which were collected by the late Professor Emmons are in the collection of the New York State Museum and measure 10 cen- timeters in diameter. Many of these are faintly lilac in color, resembling in this respect the recent find of calcite at Sterlingbush, Lewis co. On two crystals from the collection of the American Museum of Natural History,' the scalenohedral faces (6281) were covered with minute crystallizations of chalcopyrite and marcasite. This type is unquestionably identical with that first described by Zippe,’ figure 1, and later figured by Hessenberg.* The positive rhombohedron q. (7071) noted in this paper was not observed by these writers while, on the other hand, a flat scalenohedron of the zone [1011.1120], w: (3145) given by Zippe was not found by the writer on the material available, although this latter form is well defined on the crystals of type IV. Pinacoid. The planes of the basal pinacoid o (0001) are in many instances conspicuously developed, the faces being universally roughened by etch pits. Prisms. The prism a(1120) is present as a series of very narrow but fairly brilliant planes beveling the basal edges of 3: (6281). Rhombohedrons. The unit rhombohedron p. (1011) is present as a dominant form throughout the four types to be described under the occur- rence. The planes are somewhat dull but smooth and yield fair reflections. The rhombohedron mm. (4041) is present in all the crystals measured, as a series of brilliant triangular planes yielding fine reflections. A narrow rhombohedron q. (7071) beveling the obtuse polar edges of the scaleno- hedron {%: (6281) is present on one of the crystals measured. A small 1 The writer is indebted to Prof. L. P. Gratacap for the privilege of studying these interesting specimens. > Zippe, F. X. M. Denkschr. der Akad. d. Wiss. Wien. Math Naturwiss. 1852. Class III, fig. 10. ’ Hessenberg, F. Min. Notizen III. 1860. pl. 2, fig. 23. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 61 development of the negative rhombohedron 9¢.(0221) was noted several times in the measurement of this zone. Scalenohedrons. The positive scalenohedron 3: (6281) which with the rhombohedrons p. and m. is characteristic of the occurrence is here developed to the extent of a dominant form. On the whole crystals of this type are characterized by a rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit and are closely allied crystallographically to types III and IV. Figure 2 represents a character- istic combination of this type. Type II [pl. 3, fig. 3]. The crystals referable to this type were obtained from a specimen loaned for study through the courtesy of Mr D. H. Newland, Assistant State Geologist. These vary in size from 50 millimeters to 5 millimeters in diameter and occur closely associated with light green fluorite of octahedral habit and small isolated crystals of chal- copyrite. The type was measured from three of the smallest crystals which were notably brighter and sharper than those of larger size. The crystals are notably more rhombohedral in habit than those of type I, the modify- ing planes for the most part beveling the edges of the primary rhombohe- dron. The figure’ given by J. D. Dana in his review of Beck’s Mineralogy of New York strongly suggests this type. The basal and prismatic planes of type I are entirely absent from crystals of this habit. Rhombohedrons. Besides the rhombohedrons p.(1011) and m. (4041) common to the occurrence, the negative rhombohedron (0221) noted as occasionally present on type I is here sharply developed as a characteristic form giving fair reflections from brilliant, well defined planes. , Scalenohedrons. Two positive scalenohedrons f:(7.2.9.11) and° K: (2131) in the zone [0112.1011] appear as well defined forms beveling the polar and basal edges of p. Of these £:(7.2.9.11) approaches closely in angles to the scalenohedron w: (3145) of the same zone present on crystals of type IV. It is quite evident, however, from a consideration of the angles observed in relation to these two forms that they are distinct and are both present as cited. *Dana, J.D. Am. Jour. Sci. 1844. 44:33, fig. 1. 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The common scalenohedron K:(2131) here present as a dominant form, clearly defines the type as crystallographically distinct. The scaleno- hedron 3: (6281) characteristic of the occurrence is here represented by extremely small planes, a fact which seems to additionally define the com- bination of this type from those of types I and III which latter appear to bear some crystallographic relation to one another. Two negative scalenohedrons in the zone [1011.0221] are present. Of these the new form 8: (4.6.10.1) is developed as a series of large and brilliant planes giving fine reflection and furnishing a series of measured angles which agree closely with the calculated values for this form. The scalenohedron q: (2461) which is quite common for calcite is here developed as a series of narrow planes beveling the edges between 8: and ¢9.. In habit the crystals of this type are rhombohedral, the relative development of the occurring forms being shown in figure 3. Type III [pl. 3, figs. 4, 5]. Crystals of type III were obtained from a small specimen composed of a close group of individuals averaging 20 millimeters in diameter. The type was measured from five of the smaller of these measuring 5 millimeters in diameter which were conspicuously brighter, sharper and better developed than the larger elements of the group. The type is the most complex of those studied representing no less than 17 forms in combination. In many respects it suggests the com- bination described by Hessenberg, but lacks the basal pinacoid figured by him, and combines many forms not previously noted from the locality. Crystallographically these crystals appear to be related to those of type I, the presence of three scalenohedrons in the zone [4041.0221] as compared with one of the same zone on type I suggesting this relation. It is believed by the writer that the scalenohedron 2R*/ (15.7.22.4) described by Hessenberg" as new to the species, consists of the two scalenohedrons {: (39.15.54.8) and S: (15.7.22.2). A comparison of the measured and calcu- lated angles for these. three forms will indicate the grounds upon which this contention is based. Hessenberg gives for 2R*/: —— ' Figure 5, plate 3, is copied from Hessenberg. €ALCITES OF NEW YORK 63 Edge X Edge Y Edge Z measured Ss 35. 26 Se EY calculated Si BES Ss OO a ee ee The corresponding angular values for I: (39.15.54.8) and G: (15.7.22.2) are as follows: Edge X Edge Y Edge Z 39.15.54.8 measured Sil 30 39 34 59 calculated 87 143 30 464 Bl D5 15.7.22.2 measured af 14 DS, QP calculated 83 50 SOM D5 BS From this it will be seen that the edge Y of (15.7.22.2) and the edge Z of (39.15.54.8) are respectively close to the edges Y and Z of 2R4/ of Hessenberg and that both of the former forms which were determined from the averaging of a number of readings for every angle agree closely with the theoretical values. The scalenohedron 1:.(39.15.54.8) which is new to the species lies closer to the zone [6281.1101] than 2R'?. The Naumann symbols for these substituted forms are: Prisms. The prism b (1010) occurs as a series of bright, sharply defined faces in the rhombohedral zone well developed in habit. The prism a was noted as a series of very narrow planes beveling the basal edges of 3: (6281) and principally observed in measuring the zone [2021.0221]’on crystal 10. Pyramid. The pyramid 7 (8.8.16.3) is present lying in zone between (2131) and the new negative scalenohedron (4.6.10.1). The faces are narrow but very brilliant and susceptible of exact determination. Rhombohedrons. The rhombohedral zone in this type is particularly rich in forms. The rhombohedrons p.(1011) and m. (4041), persistent throughout the occurrence, are present as well developed forms, the former 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM developed to the extent of a crystal habit. The positive rhombohedron n.(5051) occurs as a series of narrow faces beveling the obtuse polar angle of the scaienohedron ©: (14.2.16.3). Two negative rhombohedrons y (0554) and & (0443) appear as slightly developed forms lying between the negative rhombohedrons ¢: (0221) and 38.(0112) sometimes the one form being present and sometimes the other. Both of the forms were noted, however, on one of the crystals measured, indicating the presence of both forms on the type. The negative rhombohedron 9¢: (0221) is present as a well developed form, emphasizing, as in the case of type II the zone [1011.0221]. The negative rhombohedron 3: (0112) is occasionally present as a series of narrow faces. Scalenohedrons. A series of positive scalenohedrons in the zone [4041.1120] is developed as a series of large and brilliant planes constitut- ing some of the dominant forms of this habit. The scalenohedron S$: (6281) in this zone is here represented in medium development and the rare scalenohedron © (14.2.16.3) is represented by a series of narrow and somewhat roughened faces beveling the edges between (4041) and (6281). This latter form was found by Cesaro' on the calcite crystals from Rhisnes and by Palache” on those from the copper mines of Lake Superior. The new positive scalenohedron { (39.15.34.8) is found on crystals of this type developed to a considerable habit. The faces of this scaleno- hedron which are smooth and bright admitted of measurement to a con- siderable degree of accuracy and despite the somewhat complex indexes the form appears to be established beyond question. The common scalenohedron K:(2181) here appears as a form of com- paratively small development. It is, however, important as marking the intersection of the zones [4041.0221], [1011.1120] and [0441.8.8.16.3.4.6.10. 1]. The negative scalenohedron q: (2461) and 8: (4.6.10.1) noted under type II are also present on this type, though in somewhat smaller develop- ment. The combination representing this habit is shown in figure 4. 1 Cesaro; G2 S0cs Geoly Belen Anne oS OamemlOra2 9 2 Palache, C. Geol. Sur. Mich. 1900. 6: 2:168. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 65 Type IV [pl. 4, fig. 1]. Crystals of this type are, in general, larger than those of types II and III, crystal 4, which was the largest one meas- ured, being 40 millimeters in diameter. They are more scalenohedral in habit than those of the foregoing types, the scalenohedrons of the zone [1011.1120] being specially prominent. The habit is essentially different from any of those figured by Zippe, Hessenberg or Dana and appears to have escaped the notice of these writers, probably through lack of characteristic specimens. Prisms. Both prisms b (1010) anda (1120) are present as well developed forms, the latter represented by broad bright faces, much striated parallel to the zonal edges of [1011.1120]. Pyramids. The pyramid 7(8.8.16.3) noted under type III is here present as a form of more pronounced habit, from the faces of which excel- lent reflections of the goniometer signal were obtained. Rhombohedrons. The positive rhombohedron p. (1011) and m. (4041) are here developed in about equal habit, the suppression of the p. planes being specially characteristic of the type. Several planes of the positive rhombohedron c. (8081) reported by Cesaro’ from Rhisnes but included in lists of Irby? and Rogers* as doubtful, appear on crystals 6 and 8, and seem to establish the form beyond question. The positive rhombohedron t.(16.0.16.1) appeared on five of the eight crystals measured, in every case giving measured values of the angle with the cleavage planes which differed only slightly from theory. The negative rhombohedrons ¢. (0221) v- (0554) and &. (0443) observed on type III are here entirely absent but the form 3.(0112) only occa- sionally present on the crystals of the previous type is here noted as a fairly well developed series of planes. Scalenohedrons. The scalenohedrons found upon crystals of this type, for the most part lie in the zone [1011.1120], giving to this zone a prominence 1 Cesaro, G; Soc. Geol. Belg. Ann. 1889. 16:165. 2Irby, J.R. McD. On the Crystallography of Calcite. Inaug. Dissert. Bonn. 1878. 3 Rogers, A. F. List of Crystal Forms of Calcite. Sch. of Mines Quar. 1901. 22: 429. 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM quite characteristic of the type. The planes of w:(3145) which modify the vertical terminations are in most cases well developed but dull, and gave poor reflections. A positive scalenohedron in this zone was noted between (1011) and (2131). From several measurements on crystal 2, this scaleno- hedron seemed to agree closely with H:(3142) but the form could not be established to the writer’s satisfaction and is not included in-the list although, for the sake of preserving the crystal habit, it is indicated from these indexes on the figure illustrating the type. The positive scalenohedron K:(2131) is here developed as a series of broad faces of maximum brilliancy supplying excellent points of reference in this zone. The positive scalenohedron T:(4371) occurs as a series of narrow, striated and somewhat rounded faces lying between (2131) and (1120). The form is well established on four of the eight crystals measured. The positive scalenohedron $: (6281) is here developed to about the same extent asin type III. The faces are rough and although the form was well established the measurements varied rather more than in the case of the previous types. A twinned crystal of this type yielded also the negative scalenohedron x: (4.16.20.3), the positive scalenohedron 9: (19.10.29.6) and the positive rhombohedron” k: (11.0 11.1). @he latter \ two must be regarded as doubtful. Plate 4, figure 1 represents an average crystal of this habit. The stereographic projection, plate 5, figure 1, shows the interesting zonal relations between the forms occurring on the four types. The distribution of the forms is given in the following table. CALCITES OF NEW YORK SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS 67 LeTTER| NAUMANN BRAVAIS-MILLER TYPE | TYPE | TYPE | TYPE SYMBOL SYMBOL I II III IV Co) Ol - 0001 ness By oP 1120 Laer ic Seats Oka | b oR 1010 legos x x 7 16PQ 8.8.16.3 x 1B +16R 16.0.16.1 x C. +8R ; 8081 See x q. +7R 7071 | x ae n. +5R 5051 So cele beter x ee m. +4R 4041 x x x x p- R 1011 Ke x XK Ke 3. eer OD prise Xx x v. —} 0554 x E aks 0443 seg od hak el ee Q. —2R 0221 IP eX XE Ke ae Ww: +2R2 3145 oe ah x K: +R3 PNB me x x Re + R7 4371 Pe allies Ke q: —2R3 2461 x xe 8: —2R5 AR Gr Oe x x ... | New &: — 4R3 ANGE 20ES gee x ce +4R4 14.2.16.3 prety APR | occa) geet ae +4R2 6281 aes x x xe S: +4R1 We 7 leases xe [: +3R% 39.15.54.8 x new SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES Type I LETTER ANGLE Rade ae MEASURED | CALCULATED {o} / ° 7 (Ds 8 © 1011 : 0001 if 44, 35 44 364 {Oo 8 1am 1011 : 4041 5 Bil 13 31 104 p.:q. 1011 : 7071 4 oO 37 9 19s 5, OF OTe 202i 7 72 154 Me 164 ia, & san’. 4041 : 0441 2 65 434 65 50 Gj, G2 OMe ON Tile 1 62 iil 62 1 By ANE 1120 : 6281 2 17 = 454 UY 56 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES (continued) Type II NO. OF | LETTER ANGLE d MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS | | ° / ° / p.:m. 1011 : 4041 1 Bil Bil Bi. Os (Ds 3 it LOU 84.4. 9salil 6 ples ies! e283 idpacteeas IED) Ae OBIE Ts Ml 3 14 16 14 23 saa aee we Ce 2 Oat nO eolals 3 lil 80) Aloe 246 G3 ae” 2461 : 6421 4 of ll 37 30 Oe 2 ae” 2461 : 4261 2 30 9 310) i) 8: 8: AGS OMe 4 lOROm! 1 72 49 WZ 36} Bee Be AMGHilO elmce ORR Gel 3 46 22 46 ~—-30 8: : 8: ANGPMOR Ian Ona alOpat 2 18 494 18 41 jm, § IXe 4041 : 2131 tt IQ By 19 24 om, 3 Qs 4041 : 8261 1 iS BG 14 59 Type III D> 3 ia, 1011 : 4041 5 31 13 Bill 104 0. 8 m, OMI § SOR 4 33 574 Bi) DDE) p. :b 1011 : 1010 4 45 214 AB OF IDs 3 Os 1010 : 202T 3 ONO ORO De 2M 1010 : 5054 2 84 46 Sab DS Ou eee 1010 : 4043 2 83. «8 Someson I, 8G, | 1010 : 1012 it 63. «43 63 45 fm, 3 soa,” | 4041 : 0441 6 OS 58 65 50 Ma. 2G. | 4041 : 0221 6 Br Be ait meas 2 2@. | ILD OP O22 5 39 314 39 DD; @ © IKE 0221 : 2131 6 Bt oa ot At TOM, 3 (fe 4041 : 2461 5 40 it 40 1 fan, § }f 4041 : 8.8.16. 5 SOS 29. 14 Be 8G: 4h Os, WO. 2 10.6.2. 2 | oe 18 U2 3 fe eile 39.15.54.8 : 39.54.1 4 i NS) 87 143 Hepa: AUB 3 BL! 2 35 ©6295 35. Bo gq = @: 2461 : 2641 3 37—S 3 AS Ba.) 8: : 8: ANG aOR a4 ONG 1 46 11 AGO a BNO), 1, BYES 8 yeh 11 BD) tS) 3 30) 39 30 464 Bee ME DNG.3) 2 G21 2 WZ 14 We | oD Cee 6281 : 8261 2 Tis Dy Sil 6: :- ©: Be PA 8 BOND 2 3 37 14 36 5 fe 3 ihe 39.15.54.8 : 15.39.54.8 6 34 8659 SAO a 20: 1120 : 2461 12 1B Wy 1S 185 a: 8! 1120 :4.6.10.1 9 Ps ecto ral 9 204 f),.°9 (Ee PO) WL TG, 5 26 Sain 2 os a 2 Se 1120 : 6281 8 ly B® | ly BS ass | WO) 2 17 BDL 8 A 12 46 a, 2.28 — | 4041 :14.2.16.3 6 6 584 | G28 iam, 8 ye 4041 : 6281 11 15 13 14 59 m. : ©: NOLL 2 W527 22.2 iil 20 8 20 8 CALCITES OF NEW YORK 69 SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES (continued) Type IV LETTER ANGLE Beet | MEASURED | CALCULATED fo) / | ° / fy 6 iia 1011 : 4041 8 RM Oe athena Se MOF jouenaes 1011 : 8081 5 leas Seana Samia ears Saeees 0) (Ds S the NOI 1G), 0). 1063, th 10 bel 35 41 46 p.:b 1011 : 1010 7 ASS ores 45 234 lo\ak ee 1010 : 1012 2 63 41 63 45 Vf ca §.8.16.3 :8.8.16.3 3 24 Bo || 24 46 se ace SoS. IOB 2 MGS S83 2 Dota Ae 2. 58° 28 EG ea Kesr ZS te 23 5) (owe 22 (2 alge 3 4371 : 4731 1 GS SO | 68 21 Wiese 3145 : 3415 a AOR eC AG ite!| 49 224 Ket PS, 8 SD! 2 35 34 30 ~©=—30 eee te. 6281 : 8261 3 27 27 BG Bl Was enw 3145 : 4135 9 1G 0) 16 04 Vee 8 IKE PUB § IPBIL 10 47 5 47 14 Aiea kes ABIL 8 BALL 8 22 11 Pil 74 Saray 6281 : 268T 3 30 9 30 ©6— «62 falg § sam,” «| 4041 : 0441 1 65 47 65 50 fag, GIR 4041 : 2131 1 Dd 22 53) ARS am, 3} 4041 : 6281 4 14 51 | 14 59 Pee S AP NGE2OR Se 20) 6,453 3 21 38 21 30 Re Be APNG 20 non 16.4) 2003) 1 Ant yy) 42) 2 Twinning Plate 4, figures 2-6 Twinning parallel to the basal plane is characteristic of the larger crystals of the four types. In many instances, as in figures 2 and 5, the interpenetration of the two individuals results in the lateral development of one of them to the extent of forming deep reentrant angles between the planes of p. The crystal shown in figure 3 on which the basal plane of one individual is developed to a considerable habit, shows a low rim bound- ing the equilateral triangle formed by the intersection of the base. The inside faces of this rim, which is .5 millimeters high compared with a length of 14 millimeters for each side of the triangle, are formed by the planes of 6.(0112). A similar crystal from Rossie is figured by Dana.! Other expres- ‘Dana, J. D, System of Mineralogy. ed. 5, 1868. p. 676, fig. 579, 7° 7 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sions of the twinning habit are shown in figures 4 and 6; these as well as the twin crystals referred to above are figured as nearly as possible in their true proportions. Natural etch figures Plate 5, figures 2-5 Natural etch figures, in some instances of sufficient size to be visible to the naked eye, were noted on the planes of 0 (0001), p. (1011), m. (4041) S$: (6281) and & (39.15.54.8) as follows: Basal pinacoid. The basal pinacoid as developed on a twin crystal of type I is covered with well defined etch pits of the form and arrangement shown in figure 2. The largest of these is 1 millimeter in length. The triangular depressions are bounded by the forms 6.(0112) forming the base of the isosceles triangle, and w:(3145) forming the sides. The acute angle measures 27° All three orientations of the triangular pits were noted on the basal pinacoid above mentioned. Rhombohedrons. The planes of the rhombohedron p.(1011) on the above crystal were deeply etched with triangular pits of the outline shown in figure 3. These were studied in detail on some of the smaller crystals of type II which offered a much smoother surface on which to observe them. The etch pits are oriented with their straight sides parallel to the rhombo- hedral edges and are bounded on the straight sides by planes of p. The curved side is formed by the penetration of a plane or series of planes of slightly steeper inclination than p., possibly by the planes of m. or n. The apparent lack of symmetry with respect to the short diagonal of the — rhomb disappears when the etch pits b and c are compared with d, it being highly probable that the two former outlines represent the occilatory influence of one scalenohedral plane. Minute etch pits of the form shown at e, figure 4, were noted ona well developed plane of the rhombohedron m. (4041) from a small crystal of type III. They are bounded by three figure planes which outline the isosceles triangle and a bottom plane. The vertical angle of the triangular outline measures 83°. The outline suggests the possible identity of the basal figure plane, bottom plane and side planes of the etch pit with the planes of p.(1011), m. (4041) and 9%: (6281) in the order named, CALCITES OF NEW YORK 71 Scalenohedrons. The planes of 3: (6281) of the crystal of type III mentioned above are etched with several relatively large pits of the form and orientation shown at f. These are unsymmetric in outline and show a close resemblance to the etch pits noted on the plane f: (39.15.54.8) of the same crystal which are shown at g, figure 5. Considering these two forms of etch pits to be bounded by the same planes, it would seem possible that they are identical with the planes of p.(1011), 9: (2461) and 8: (4.6.10.1). It is to be regretted that the bounding planes of these etch figures were too small to admit of angular measurement with the instruments available. The etch pits figured at h and j show a different outline and orientation from the g outlines; they are undoubtedly bounded by the same planes as is also the composite pit occurring on the edge of intersection of the planes 39.15.54.8 and 15.39.54.8. ANTWERP, JEFFERSON CO. Plate 6, figures 1-6 The calcite crystals included under this occurrence were obtained from the Sterling iron mine about 2 miles north of Antwerp. They are asso- ciated with hematite, dolomite and ankerite, as well as with minute crystals of chalcopyrite and more rarely millerite. The crystals which are universally rhombohedral in habit, show three types corresponding to the calcite of three generations. Of these the posi- tive rhombohedral habit shown in figure 1 represents the earliest generation which preceded the genetic stage marked by the formation of ankerite and dolomite. An interesting demonstration of this sequence was noted: in the case of one specimen which showed several hollow spaces bounded by incrusting dolomite which correspond in outline to the positive rhombo- hedron p.(1011) and were evidently the result of the resolution of calcite of that habit. The layer of dolomite supported several calcite crystals of low rhombohedral habit, type II, having the negative rhombohedron 6.(1012) for the dominant form. Type I [fig. 1]. The positive rhombohedral habit characteristic of crystals of the first generation was noted on two specimens and is shown in 72 , NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM figure 1. In crystals of this type lateral edges of the dominant positive thombohedron p.(1011) are beveled by narrow planes of the positive scalenohedrons K:(2181) and N:(5382) in the zone [1011.1120] the latter of which is not always present. The negative scalenohedron g: (6.7.13.2), characteristic of the more complex combinations of the second generation is here present as a well developed form. The basal pinacoid 0 (0001) was noted on several crystals. A twinning tendency, expressed by striations on the rhombohedral planes parallel to the base was noted on crystals of this type although no actual twins were observed. Type II [fig. 2-4]. The simplest expression of the low rhombohedral habit combines the negative rhombohedron 8.(0112) with the prism b (1010) and is shown in figure2. These crystals occur implanted on a mass of secondary crystallized quartz and are evidently of a more advanced genetic stage than those of type I. The largest of them measures 15 milli- meters in diameter. The combination shown in figure 3 was found on the specimen described inan earlier paragraph and is represented by isolated crystals averaging 10 millimeters in diameter. The lateral edges of the dominant rhombo- hedron (0112) are beveled by narrow faces of the negative scalenohedron g: (6.7.18.2). A steep positive rhombohedron v. (9091) is present as a bright and clearly defined series of faces. The combinaticn shown in figure 4 differs from the above only in the fact that the positive rhombohedron v. is here replaced by the somewhat steeper form s. (13.0.13.1). The crystal units are almost universally parallel aggregates of two or more individuals which gives to the lateral zone a notched appearance. Type III [fig. 5, 6]. Crystals of this type were noted on two speci- mens from the collection of the late Mr Nims of Philadelphia, N. Y. They were evidently collected at a comparatively early period in the history of the mine and differ materially in habit and association from those at present obtainable from this locality. The calcite crystals in this instance line the interior of cavities in the red hematite and are either deposited directly on the latter mineral or separated from it by a thin band of limonite. The CALCITES OF NEW YORK 73 crystals average 5 millimeters in vertical length and are clustered in thick aggregates; in no instance was a doubly terminated individual noted. In habit the crystals are rhombohedral, the dominant form being the negative rhombohedron ¢. (0221) modified by a well developed series of forms lying in zone [0112.1011.1120]. Inthe combination shown in figure 5 the positive rhombohedron p. (1011) which truncates the polar edges of 9.is developed as a series of narrow planes of great briluancy. The combination is ter- minated by the positive scalenohedron e: (4156), the second order pyramid =(1123) and the negative rhombohedron 3.(0112). The planes of e: are narrow and somewhat striated parallel to the zone; those of = are brilliant and yielded fine reflections. The positive scalenohedron K: (2131) is present as a series of bright, striated planes of fair development. Small, bright planes of the positive rhombohedron m. (4041) were noted on one crystal of this habit. A variation of this type is shown in figure 6 which differs from the combination above described in the greater development of the modi- fying zone and in the absence of the negative rhombohedron ¢.. The crystals of both habits occur intimately associated on the same specimen. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE | Nee MEASURED | CALCULATED | READINGS | | ° / ° / 7 2% IIB 3 PATS) 10 28 494 28 39 18 8.98 UNDER e THOR 2 59 403 59 20 3. 25. Diy & OL We Tee 10 68 «6 68 124 Oa AVA 0112 : 0991 6 70 11 70 103 jDs 3 ial, 1011 : 4041 1 31 2, 31 104 io, 2 ink, 4041 : 4401 1 114 4 iia 1@ p. 39. 1011 : 2021 1 107 46 107 433 9. 29. 220i O22 Ht 101 5 101 9 p. ie: 1011 : 4156 5 LOM B3% Ole 24 Crazies 4156 : 5146 3 13 6 13 4 Dk: 1011 : 2131 3 29 20 29 ey, KeEaKke PUB 2 BAIL 1 35 46 35 36 p: =N: 1011 : 5382 2 34 33 34 28 gi 1 g: Giallo. 2a OSes, 3 Somes 53 584 202 es Gaielonle: (eOrlse> 3 21 4 21 1 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SOMERVILLE, ST LAWRENCE CO. Plate 7, figures 1-7 These calcite crystals were collected from the workings of the Caledonia mine about 1 mile east of Somerville, St Lawrence co. The crystals of type V occur associated with hematite on two specimens collected by Mr D. H. Newland. For a fine crystal of type II the writer is indebted to Mr Thomas Cameron. A small series furnishing types I, II, III] and IV were collected by Mr R. S. Hodge of Antwerp. Type I [fig. 1]. Crystals of type I occur deposited on a thin layer of crystallized pyrite lining cavities in the pinkish crystalline limestone of the wall rock. They are rhombohedral in habit, the dominant forms being the fundamental rhombohedron p.(1911) and the negative rhombohedron 8.(0112). Small bright planes of the prism b.(1010) are present in the rhombohedral zone. The lateral edges of p. are modified by brilliant but somewhat rounded planes of the rare second order pyramid 7(5.5.10.1), described by Rogers on the calcite from Frizington, England,’ and by extremely narrow, bright planes of the positive scalenohedrons K: (2131) and N: (5382) in the zone [1011.1120]. Type II [fig. 2]. This type was observed on a single specimen con- sisting of one large crystal which measured 45 millimeters in vertical hight, and a number of small attached crystals, and on two specimens of the series collected by Mr Hodge. These crystals are evidently of a second stage of generation derived from a previous rhombohedral type which latter appears as a phantom outlined by minute inclusions of pyrite. The presence of phantom crystals of rhombohedral habit appears to indicate the for- mation of the crystals of type II around a preexisting individual of type I. Crystals of this type show prominent development of the planes of a new pyramid of the second order ¢(8.8.16.1). This pyramid, which is the most acute yet observed for calcite, is well defined and corresponds well with previously recorded forms, supplying another member to the series 2P2(1121), 4P2(2241) and 8P2(4481). The relation of the new pyramid Rogers, A; EF. Am: Jour. Sci. 1901, yi2244; CALCITES OF NEW YORK 15 16P2=(8.8.16.1) to existing forms becomes more apparent when the two principal series of pyramids are arranged in parallel columns thus: SP2=(1 123) 2P2=(1121) =P2=(2243) 4P2=(2241) =P2=(4483) SP2=(4481) *P2-(8.8.16.3) 16P2=(8.8.16.1) The prisms b(1010) and a(1120) are present, the former developed to a considerable habit. The crystals are terminated by the planes of the negative rhombohedron 6. (0112), and the scalenohedron K: (2131). Type III [fig. 3]. Crystals of type III occur in an association similar to that of type I with the important exception that in this case the thin layer intermediate between the crystallized calcite and the hmestone country rock is composed of marcasite. The crystals which average 7 millimeters in vertical length are rhombohedral-prismatic in habit, the dominant forms being the negative rhombohedron %.(0112) and the prism b(1010). The rhombohedral zone is comparatively rich in forms; the positive rhombo- hedrons p. (1011) m. (4041) and s.(13.0.13.1) are present, the two former as small but brilliant planes and the latter as a somewhat dull and rounded series of faces. The negative rhombohedron 7. (0445) is present in fair development, represented by planes of great brilliancy. Two positive scalenohedrons E: (5164) and K: (2131) in the zone [1011.1120] are present as bright series of planes striated parallel to the zone. Type IV [fig. 4, 5]. Crystals of this type occur associated with chal- copyrite, marcasite and some crystallized quartz in cavities in the lime- stone which constitutes the country rock. They are somewhat smaller than those of preceding types averaging 5 millimeters in vertical length. In habit they are scalenohedral, the negative scalenohedron g: (6.7.13.2), previously noted under the Antwerp occurrence, constituting the dominant form of the combination shown in figure 4. This combination is terminated 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM by the negative rhombohedron %.(0112); the lateral angles of the scaleno- hedron are truncated by the prism b (1010). The combination shown in figure 5 has for its dominant form the posi- tive scalenohedron K:(2131) terminated by the rhombohedrons p. (1011), and 8.(0112) and the positive scalenohedron c:(6178) all of which lie in the zone [0112.1120) and the two latter of which are deeply striated parallel to the zone. The lateral angles of K: are modified in the negative sextants by the planes of g: (6.7.13.2) in fair development. Type V [fig. 6, 7]. The crystals of this type are found lining the interior of pockets 1n massive red hematite and incrusting a thin layer of specular hematite which latter appears to be of secondary derivation from the main body of the ore. They average 4 millimeters in vertical length and do not show in any instance a double termination. In habit the crys- tals of this type vary slightly from a distinctly scalenohedral phase [fig. 6] to a rhombohedral-scalenohedral variation [fig. 7]. The dominant scaleno- hedron K:(2131) is always present, represented by smooth, bright planes. In the rhombohedral zone, the prism b (1010) and the positive rhombohedron m. (4041): are dominant, specially in the variation represented in figure 7. On the crystals of this variation the new negative scalenohedron e(1.11.12.2) was noted. This scalenohedron is present as a series of minute faces, which, however, gave fair reflections and corresponded well with theoretical values for the measured angles. The crystals of the combination repre- sented in figure 6 show, as well as the negative rhombohedron 34. (0112), common to the type, the negative rhombohedrons 7. (0445), 9. (0221) and ©, (0.14.14.1) all of which latter are developed as subsidiary modifications. SUMMARY OF | DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS | NAUMANN | BRAVAIS-MILLER | TYPE | TYPE | TYPE TYPE | TYPE eS Ee eo 7 SYMBOL Lecce tan Il | iw oh Ap a eo P2 1120 en xe Sg eee| | b oR 1010 x xe x Bae | ea 0 10P2 5.5.10.1 Nie os tame: 9 16P2 8.8.16.1 [eee RON SOP ae Mrs oF) OGY S. 13R 13.0. 03, 1 A Sallohs ce, | Se ce ave ee 9 | CALCITES OF NEW YORK SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS (continued) 77 NAUMAN BAVAIS-MILLER TYPE | TYPE TYPE | TYPE | TYPE LETTER : ; SYMBOL SYMBOL I II IIL Iv Vv m. 4R 4041 ae Si ae x p. R 1011 Ks x Be Ride 3. —3R 0112 x x x x x 7. —tR 0445 ares K x °. —9R 0221 x Pp, —14R 0.14.14.1 xe ee +2Ri 6178 se | E: +RE 5164 oe = kK: +R3 2131 x xX x Xe xl M: +Ri 74. 11-3 x at eee Leesan R71 D = yesh e —5R# pie 2 x new SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE NO ee MEASURED CALCULATED READINGS ie} / °o / 44 5.5.10.1:5.5.10.1 6 Porat Soa ey, (QD o:9 | SSG AL oS See. 1 5 | S49 Sen 9:9 | S.S.10. 1 2 1Gs8.851 1 (x5 Ob ane 22 59-383 Deas ae | ROTOR ISM Onset a1 3 pn 32 4 274 On nage 0112 : 0441 7 | 102 11 102 2 [De § aay, 1011 : 4041 3 31 12 31 104 Ox Sie 0112 : 0445 11 12 20 12 2 Opes (eh O112 : 0221 1 36 o7 36 86052 ag GD OMT Ona 4 5) 59 ol 59 ©6365 Cae: 6178 : 6718 2 59 49 59 46 Oneace 6178 : 7168 1 9 31 9 31% JO, 3e en Oye 5164 : 5614 1 7 45 ile Oe Rea =| 5164 : 6154 2 14 234 TD ai pie E: 1011 : 5164 3 11 32 Wh a Sil IN Gd isie2 iol » 5 lesser 19 U5 Be Keak: PAB NS BSA D 35 404 EO Dae I<: ION 2 FALSE 5 | 29 12 29 2 Wile = Wyle Peat as Pol LE as 1 | 40 29 40 4 p. : M: ROMS Ae le 3 3 33 5 a2 0 g: GyisS 2 Ss eT One 2 (3 Ds BB) Bi g: 2g: Ga ION2esOsla aie 3 54 30 53 «58 ONE OME ia oe! 2 56 oe) | | 56 = 58 eoere TE See IS as Le a) 5 109 4 | 108 53 Cneae Neeitel 2 geal sales tele? 7 8 32 | Siar 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CALCITE FROM STERLINGBUSH, LEWIS CO., N. Y. Plate 8 Early in October 1906, the attention of the Assistant State Geologist was directed to several fine calcite crystals in the possession of Miss Pauline Sterling in Antwerp. These proved on investigation to have come from’ the quarry of the New Vork lime (Com mabout wa mile teasimon Sterlingbush in the town of Diana, Lewis co. The quarry was situated on the eastern slope of a ridge of dolomitic limestone extending northeast and southwest, the exposed face rising to a hight of about 35 feet. Ata hight of approximately 20 feet from the base of this exposed face, the limestone had been hollowed out to form an irregular shaped cavern, the wall, roof and floor of which were covered with calcite crystals some of which were of enormous size. At the time of the visit a portion of the walls of this cave had been removed in the operation of quarrying the limestone. Access to the cave was gained through an opening about 4 feet in diameter. Inside this opening the cavity expanded to a cross section of about 10 feet in width by 5 feet in hight, running back for a distance of some 20 feet when it suddenly contracted to a small passage about 4 feet in cross section, rather winding, but extending downward in a general direction for a distance of about 20 feet, gradually narrowing to a size which rendered it impossible of access. Many of the largest crystals were found in the outer portion of the cave, the roof and walls of which were thickly covered with calcite crystals of all sizes. Fewer and smaller crystals were encountered in the inner cave where they were found mostly attached to the roof and sides. The crystals are of unsual size, the largest taken out measuring 3 feet 7 inches by 3 feet 14 inches by 1 foot 6 inches and weighing approximately 1000 pounds.’ A number of smaller crystals ranging in weight from 100 to 500 pounds were obtained besides several large slabs covered with smaller crystals and a vast amount of smaller specimens representing single crystals 1The largest calcite crystal of which a record is accessible is one from Eskifjordhr, Iceland, at present in the British Museum. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 79 and groups. In all about 6 tons of material of exceptional beauty and interest were taken from this locality. In habit the calcite crystals resemble those from Rossie, St Lawrence co., a locality situated about 20 miles northwest of Sterlingbush and in a limestone area similar in character, age and general trend. The basal pinacoid 0 (0001), which is universally present, is strikingly developed on all the larger crystals. The planes of this form are smooth, of medium brilliancy and covered, in many instances, by triangular pits produced by a tendency to form parallel grouping. The rhombohedron ‘p.(1011) is also universally present but unequally developed. In some instances, as in the case of the larger crystals, it becomes the dominant form producing a distinctly rhombohedral type. A series of scalenohedrons in the zone [1011:0112] bevels the lateral edges of the primative rhombohedron. This series in the above mentioned zone tends to reflect the goniometer signal as a broad band, some 9° in width, from which specially luminous points were selected and the readings repeated on 17 of the most brilliant of the smaller crystals. These luminous points correspond to the scaleno- hedrons K:(2131), H:(9.5.14.4), N:(6382) and P:(8251). Considerable vicinal development mars the sharpness of these forms and gives to the zone between these limits a somewhat rounded aspect. On one crystal two faces of the scalenohedron T (4261) were found, developed to considerable brilliancy and sharpness. This crystal is shown in figure 1, and may be taken as an average expression of the habit of the larger crystals. Figure 2 shows:a crystal of scalenohedral habit typical of the calcite incrusting the roof and walls of the outer cavern. These average from 1 to 4 centimeters in vertical length and show in addition to the forms already mentioned the negative rhombohedron ¢.(0221) developed as a series of small brilliant planes. The large crystals show a strong tendency toward the formation of penetration twins parallel to a composition face 0. This twinning habit finds expression in deep reentrant angles or “ channels,’ well shown in figure 4, and produced by-corresponding planes of p.(1011) in twinned position. 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On a number of crystals repeated twinning according to this law was noted, in one instance as many as four repetitions of the twinning habit being observed [fig. 5]. The abnormal development of the basal plane pro- duces a tabular aspect quite characteristic of the occurrence. Some expres- sions of the twinning habit are shown in figures 3, 4, 5 and 6. Many of the crystals which were found lying loose on the floor of the innermost portion of the cavern were completely developed on all sides, showing no point of attachment. This fact which is sufficiently remarkable in crystals of this size may lead to some interesting speculations as to the manner of their production and the character of the crystallizing solution. Many of the largest crystals obtained from the outer cave were attached to the wall by a relatively small portion of their total surface so that it was possible to detach them by very little effort. One of the most striking characters of these crystals is a delicate amethystine to pink color shown on a large percentage of the specimens and which renders them singularly beautiful. The color appears to be irregularly distributed throughout the mass and shows deeper in the outer portions of the crystals. A tendency toward the concentration of color parallel to definite planes, notably the planes of cleavage, was noted. Cal- cite crystals similar in color have recently been found in the Maybell mine at North Empire, Kansas, and have been described by Sterrett,’ who notes a similar lack of uniformity in the distribution of color. A dendritic deposit of pyrolusite observed on the termination of some of the small crystals from the outer cave indicates the derivation of the color from a minute percent- age of manganese. Secondary aragonite occurs as an incrustation of minute acicular crystals on some of the calcite representing an early generation. Some quartz was noted associated with the calcite of this stage. Although con- siderable stalactitic calcite was observed coating the surface of the large crystals, very little evidence of true stalactitic formation was to be found 1Sterrett, D.B. A new Type of Calcite from the Joplin Mining District. Am. Jour. Sci. 1904. 18: 73. CALCITES OF NEW YORK SI on the roof, walls and floor of the cavern. One slender stalactite which measured 12.8 centimeters in length and .5 centimeters in diameter was hollow for about one third of its length and was lined with crystallized calcite. This, together with the remarkable size of the calcite crystalliza- tion, points to a condition of extremely slow deposition of lime carbonate from a solution which must have remained undisturbed during the entire process of crystal deposition. The secondary twinning parallel to a hypothetic plane (0112) which has been noted in connection with the calcite from Crown Point,' is developed to a marked degree on the Sterlingbush crystals where it takes the form of parallel systems of sharp ridges protruding from the surfaces of the planes of both p. and o. [Fig. 5]. On one crystal, the basal plane of which measures 15.6 centimeters on the bounding edges, one of these projections measures 4 centimeters in length and .5 centimeters in hight. The significance of the presence of two twinning habits developed to such a degree in calcite crystals from localities so far removed as Sterlingbush and Crown Point, gains added force from the fact that both localities occur in bodies of crystal- Jine limestone of the Grenville series. Much praise is due Mr C. A. Hartnagel, assistant in geology, for his energy and enthusiasm shown in the collection of this valuable accession to the museum collections. LYON MOUNTAIN, CLINTON CO. Plates 9-12 These calcite crystals were collected from the Chateaugay mines situ- ated at Lyon Mountain in Clinton county, about 23 miles west of Platts- burg and near the northern boundary of the area of Adirondack gneiss which forms the main outlying mass of the Adirondacks. The workings consist of a series of inclined shafts which in some instances extend to a vertical depth of 800 feet. It was for the most part in the deeper levels of the mine that the openings or “ vugs’”’ were encountered which furnished the greater mass of the material collected. 1 See page 97. 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Most of the calcite specimens of types III, IV and V were obtained from a still larger vug which formerly extended across the ore body and was excavated previous to the writer’s visit. Much of the material collected from the dump heaps also showed evidence of the same vug formation. The several phases which mark the deposition of secondary calcite are characterized by calcite crystals of definite habit. Of these crystal types, the first two stand distinctly apart from a genetic point of view, whereas the last three are more or less closely related both from the standpoint of crystal genesis and habit. Type I [pl. 9, fig. 1-3]. Crystals of this type are found directly associated with the corroded quartz orthoclase and amphibole, in most instances deposited as a crust upon a highly corroded surface. They are distinctly scalenohedral in habit, the steep scalenohedron U:(5491) pre- dominating, modified in termination by the rhombohedrons m. (4041) and J.(0.13.13.4). Figures 1, 2 and 3 show this habit. The rhombohedron m. is present in a bright series of planes which furnished excellent points of reference. The rhombohedron J., on the other hand, gave faint but distinct reflections from a series of dull and somewhat rounded surfaces. On several specimens the rhombohedron p. (1011) is prominent in crystals of this habit. Several times during the measurement of crystals of this type, a narrow plane beveling the acute polar edges of U: (5491) was observed. A rhombo- hedron in this zone would have the indexes (0.13.13.2), a form which seems doubly probable in consideration of the fact that the presence of (0.13.13.4) has already been noted with reference to this type. No satisfactory reading could, however, be obtained. Crystals which measure from 3 millimeters to 25 millimeters in length are, in some instances filled with microscopic inclusions of quartz, hematite and matted byssolite, the latter forming a central nucleus of irregular shape, while the hematite, which was connected with a later stage of the crystal growth, appears in the outer layers in dendritic bunches. Regarding the generation of calcite of this type it must unquestionably be placed at the base of the calcite series as shown at Lyon Mountain. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 83 The marked absence of pyramidal forms in the crystal habit and the presence of two modifying rhombohedra, entirely absent from the varied types found in the later calcite deposition, set it distinctly apart as marking a separate genetic phase. At the same time the close association with primary minerals which show evidences of corrosion, points to the origin of this type from a highly corrosive crystallizing solution, rich in carbonate of lime but still far from saturated with silica and iron. Type II [pl. 9, fig. 4]. Calcite crystallizing in the forms of type II occurs incrusting the surface of joints in the ore body, in’a confused aggre- gate of translucent, milky white crystals which exhibit none of the tendency toward parallel grouping of separate individuals noticeable in other types from this locality. The manner of the crystal massing suggests rapid deposition from a solution whose condition of concentration had been influ- enced by a sudden cooling, change of pressure or some allied cause. Such a change of condition of concentration seems highly probable in the case of an open joint filled or partly filled with the crystallizing solution which from the nature of the case would be far more sensitive to the influence of currents. The crystals of this type which average 7 millimeters in diameter, are rhombohedral in habit and composed of “ built up ”’ forms, the predominat- ing negative rhombohedron being deeply grooved by incipient modifications parallel to (0001) and (0112). The rhombohedron Y. (0.19.19.13) is present as a series of moderately brilliant but somewhat rounded faces; the form was determined by averaging the readings taken on 20 of the best crystals available. . The scalenohedron q: (2461) is present, beveling the basal edges of the predominating rhombohedron. Indications pointed to a second scalenohedron in this zone giving the indexes (10.16.26.3) and beveling the basal edges of q: as thin lines from which measurements were obtained with great difficulty. The form must be regarded as doubtful. Type III [pl. 9, fig. 5; pl. 10]. Calcite crystallizing in forms of this type differs from those previously described both in mode of occur- rence and habit. They occur for the most part embedded in masses of bys- 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM solite and are often free or so loosely attached that doubly terminated individuals are readily obtained. They are of a later generation than those of type I. In habit they are essentially pyramidal, the simpler development showing the predominance of two pyramids in the same series, 7 (8.8.16.3) and 4(2243) [plate 9, figure 5]. More complex variations of this habit [pl. 10, fig. 1, 2] are found associated with these secondary minerals and, indeed, the remaining types to be discussed may be said to represent phases of the same conditions of deposition, as they are, at the same time, modified expressions of the same crystal habit. The combination shown in plate 9, figure 5 represents this habit in its simplest development and is found in crystals varying from 2 to 5 millimeters in vertical length. The pyramid 7 (8.8.16.3) occurs as a series of bright, sharp faces. The faces of the pyramid (2243) and of the rhombohedron Y. (0.19.19.13) are of fair brilliancy but frequently roughened by natural etchings. The planes of K:(2131) are often present on this combination but of relatively small development. On two crystals a terminating scalenohedron in the zone [0.19.19.13.19.19.0.13] gave measurements roughly corresponding to (7.2.9.11) but on account of the imperfect nature of the reflections the form must be regarded as doubtful. The combinations shown in plate 10, figures 1 and 2 are variations of the above habit, observed on different specimens. Of these the combination shown in figure 1 is characterized by the development of small but brilliant planes of the negative scalenohedron 8: (4.6.10.1). This scalenohedron was first observed on the calcite from Rossie.' The combination illustrated in figure 2 differs from figure 1 in the relatively large development of the planes in the zone of the negative rhombohedrons. The negative rhombo- hedrons s.(0.11.11.7) and¥.(0.11.11.1) are present as deeply etched planes giving relatively poor reflections. The combination shown in figure 3 repre- sents a modification of this habit in which the planes of the scalenohedron K:(2131) partly replace those of 4, and a second negative rhombohedron ».(0445) terminates the crystal partly replacing the planes of Y. The alternate polar edges of 7 are beveled by the scalenohedron U(14.12.26.5) 1 See pages 62 and 64. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 85 in the zone [8.8.16.3.16.8.8.3]. This combination which seems to indi-— cate a slower and more perfect stage of crystallization occurs in larger crystals than those previously described under this type, detached crystals measuring from 4 millimeters to 30 millimeters in vertical length. A varia- tion of this combination which tends to connect the pyramidal habit of this type with type V is shown in figure 4. Here the negative rhombohedron ¢. (0.11.11.7) of figure 2 is present, as well as the much commoner form 9. (0221), the latter developed to much the same habit as in type V, where its occurrence is repeated. A series of well developed planes of the prism b (1010) is also present in this combination, lying in zone with ;and the new negative scalenohedron t' (8.14.22.3), which latter form falls well at the intersection of the zones [8.8.16.3.0110] and [0221.1120]. In the zone of the second order pyramids, besides the pyramids 4(2243) and ¥(8.8.16.3), common to the type, the rare pyramid v(1121) occurred on one crystal represented by two small but relatively bright planes. This pyramid was first noted by Palache' on the calcite crystals from Lake Superior; its presence on a crystal of this type seems somewhat anomalous inasmuch as the dominant pyramid series for the occurrence consists of $P2, 3P2, 3P2 and +°P2. It is, however, notable in this connection that the 2P2 pyramid in question is situated not only in the zone of the second order pyramids but also in the zone [0221.3121] both of which are extremely well defined in crystals of this combination. . A new negative scalenohedron t: (8.14.22.3) in the zone [0221.1120] is here present as a series of well developed but relatively dull planes. The form was established by its presence in the above mentioned zone and by its measured angular distance from 9. (0221), an excellent reference point in the zone. The dihexagonal prism 9(2130) is present as a series of very narrow but brilliant faces in zone with the planes of a(1120), the latter form being also represented by very narrow faces. A combination shown in figure 5 was present on one specimen. This 1 Palache, C. Geol. Sur. Mich. 1900. 6:167. 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM differs from those preceding in the much greater development of the planes of the negative rhombohedron ¢.(0221), which here amounts to almost a rhombohedral habit, and in the presence of the negative rhombohedron y. (0554), a form hitherto unnoted in the occurrence. The scalenohedron K: (2131) common to the majority of the other crystals of this type is absent from this combination. Type IV [pl. 11, fig. 1-3]. Figure 1 shows a combination resulting from the development of the negative rhombohedron &. (0443) which here replaces the planes of the pyramids 1 and ; to the extent of giving to crystals of this phase a rhombohedral aspect. The pyramids ; (8.8.16.3) and i (2243) which connect this combination with type III are present as faces of great brilliancy, as are also the planes of K:(2131). The rhombohedron §. (0443) here replaces Y. as a series of brilliant planes which yield excellent reflections. Genetically this type corresponds closely with type III, the crystals occurring with considerable secondary quartz embedded in chlorite also of the second generation. The crystals are clear and faintly yellow in color and measure from 6 to 10 millimeters on the vertical axis. A curious variation of this type was noted on a large mass of horn- blende which was thickly imcrusted with albite crystals.1 These calcite crystals were symmetrically disposed in parallel position on the six basal angles of a positive rhombohedron p. (1011), the latter evidently of a pre- vious growth and considerably etched and roughened on the surface. One of these composite crystals is shown in figure 3 and an enlargement of one of the superposed secondary crystals in figure 2. The secondary crystals of this phase bear a general resemblance to the modified combination of type III [pl. 10, fig. 3] in that they show the scalenohedron U(14.12.26.5) beveling the alternate polar edges of the prevailing pyramid ;(8.8.16.3). The pyramid (1123) in the same series with those previously noted appears as a terminal modification consisting of deeply striated faces. The scaleno- hedron U: (5491) of type I here reappears for the first time as a series of small 1 The writer is indebted to Mr H.H. Hindshaw for the loan of this handsome specimea as well as for material taken from it for study. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 87 but brilliant faces. The negative scalenohedron 4q: (2461) characteristic of type II is here represented by small brilliant faces; from both of these latter forms excellent reflections were obtained. The two pyramids i (2243) and 7(8.8.16.3) are developed as large faces, the former giving fair reflections from somewhat dull surfaces, and the latter bright and sharp reflections. The three pyramids lie well in zone and agree closely as to measured and calculated angles. The composite crystals as shown in figure 3 vary in size from 4 millimeters to 30 millimeters in diameter measured on a basal axis. The superposed crystals frequently unite to form a band encircling the primitive rhombohedron, which latter in many instances shows incipient forms of this habit irregularly disposed on the rhombohedral planes in parallel position; these latter, however, are microscopic and only serve to accentuate the characteristic grouping habit. 3 Type V [pl. 11, fig. 4]. Crystals of this type were noted on a single specimen, which differed little, with respect to the association and general deposition of the secondary minerals, from the specimens producing types III and IV, but which showed a much lower percentage of secondary quartz crystals than these latter. Several small crystals of transparent apatite were noted on this specimen. In habit thesecrystals are far more complex than any hitherto described from this locality, the combination shown in figure 4 consisting of no less than 11 forms. In size and brilliancy they also exceed the previously described types averaging 12 millimeters in vertical length and beautifully developed in clear and sharp faces, all of which, with the exception of .(0445), gave fine reflections of the goniometer signal. In general, indications seem to connect this type with a slower action of the crystallizing solution producing more perfect and highly modified individuals. A clearly marked rhombohedral zone consisting of 4. (0445), & (0443), 7022) An(Oni2): and) >. (OIE) “characterizes the erystals of this type, the faces of which are small but clearly defined. 7(8.8.16.3), the predominating pyramid of types III and IV, is wholly lacking from this 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM combination, its place being taken by «(4483) a form not hitherto noted from this locality but which completes the series of pyramids by supplying a logical link in the sequence between (2243) and (8.8.16.3) the former of which is present as a highly developed series of planes giving very fair reflections. Two negative scalenohedrons, q: (2461), which was also noted in types II and IV, and c: (3472), are present as large and well developed forms. The positive scalenohedrons K: (2131) and 8: (8.4.12.1) are present as well developed forms. A regular and symmetrical roughening was noted on the obtuse polar edges of K:(2131) as shown in figure 4 which was probably due to some twinning tendency,’ although no twins were observed in connection with this type. 7 The complex zonal relations between the various forms occurring on the calcite from Lyon Mountain are shown in the stereographic projection, plate 12, and are particularly well illustrated in the combinations of type V which includes 11 of the 27 forms observed for the locality. Assuming the principle announced by Cesaro”? “that when a crystal of calcite is formed around a preexisting crystal, in general the edges of the first crystal tend to be replaced by faces which are parallel to them; i.e. a face of the new crystal is in zone with two faces of the original one.”” The superposed groups of type IV present a striking instance of harmony in zonal relations, and indeed the gradual increase in the numbers of forms from type I through types III, IV and V shows a close coincidence with Cesaro’s principle. 1 Tn this connection it is interesting to note that the calculated values of ¢ for (2131) and (4261) are the same and that consequently a penetration twin parallel to (0001) would bring the superposed planes of these two forms in close orientation and might result in a vicinal roughening similar to that observed. 2Cesaro, G. Les formes crystallines de la Calcite de Rhisnes. Ann. de la Soc. Géol. de Belgique. 1889. 16:167. LETTER | . | 0 PS ag IAM. g hve sUB Re pa eoe CALCITES OF NEW YORK SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS 89 NAUMANN | SYMBOL 2) bo 8 8 < laoligelnciiaeliaci°072)laxe} bo bh lb bo Wb Belo IND el ovleo ie ae a Plone \ | ai paife jee AADAAAADA a | 1 wa} bO | BRAVAIS-MILLER SYMBOL 1120 1010 2130 1123 2243 eat 4483 8.8.16.3 4041 1011 0445 0554 0443 0.19.19.13 Oia mie 0221 Ontsn Ise! 0772 | | TYPE | ye | TYPE | TYPE | TYPE 1 PS Peaar ll TV ese: | x x ae x x x x ae x pees || x | x x se eh ee x Sets Ee. feiss x [ett gs re, =e ose x x x x bedi x x x Ste x 5 AS x a x x x x pe x a x Ae x Beata xc x x ams x x ree x x new new SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES | a Be a : | LETTER SYMBOL | TYPE ANGLE NOs 22 aye ee | CALCULATED | ee | ° / ° / 2130 | IIL} 1120 : 2130 4 KOM SONNE Ones eas SPIO is rs 6 he US I WS 123). 8.8.16. 1 ae SNe Le 9043 | TIL 2243 : 4223 Z 44 2 | 44 IV 2243 : 4223 1 44 12 | 44 8k V 2943 > 4993 _ 2 44 103 | 44 8k III 2243 : 8.8.16. 6 De Ase | 285) 5A IV DIB 818.16 3 HS Epa GIS ahh go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES (continued) NO. OF LETTER SYMBOL TYPE ANGLE MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS ie} / fe} , y 1121 III 1121 :8.8.16.3 2 17 Se SSaNe air 57 x 4483 V 4483 : 8443 1 My OR | RA 30 V 4483 : 2131 2 10 26 | 10 27 % | 8.8.1.3 | We | 8.9.715.9 216.8.8.2 3 58 28 | 58 28 INA | B.0.10.8 2 18.5.5.8 1 58 33 | 58 28 Ot || 8.9.6.3 2 8.8.16.3 4 24 37 | 24 46 iy | 8.8.18.3 28.98.18, 9 24 40 | 24 46 m 4041 ie 4041 : 0111 5 Slee Ge vie ol 104 0. 0445 V 0445 : 0111 2 96. 46 | 97 7 h Osea ||| tom | 0554 : O11T 1 83.54 | 84 26 gE. 0443 IV 0443 : 4043 015 a7 1) By 10 IV 0443 : 0111 1 82 47 | 82 383 V 0443 : O11I 3 82 414 | 82 384 Y. |0.19.19.13| 11 10.19.19.13 :19.0.19.13] 10 90 45 | 90 44 Ill (0.19.19.13 :19.0.19.13) 9 OO SE | OO 44 II (0.19.19.13 : OT11 10 99 414 | 99 514 TIT :!0.19.19.13 : 0111 9 99 491 | 99 514 (O.tne7) mur | Ou m7 2 om bo tok 9 | hon AT 9. (7A nO 0221 : 2021 3 79 29 | 79 51 III 0221 : O1IT 2 7 1B | 72 17 V 0221 : O1IT 3 iP Oo M7 Ie | O.1308.4 ie | ©, 1858.4 2 CHAN A | a3 oe | as 28 A. 0772 V 0772 : 0111 1 nS BA || ies 74 (Oe 1} wv | Otl.ime.L > Om 2 50 42 | 50 39} K: 2131 ii 2131 : 2311 1 5 8. lens 29 V 131 : 2311 1 iS eel 7S 22 III 2131 - 3121 3 AR AR | Oe 39 V 9131 : 3121 1 35 AQ | BS 39 I 9131 : 1231 1 ee tgae 7 es *Measurement made with contact goniometer. CAL CITES’ OF NEW YORK oI SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES (conttuued) LETTER SYMBOL TYPE ANGLE Ne: Le MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS ° , ° c U: 5491 | I 5491 : BOT 7 66 464 | 66 422 I 5491 : 9451 10 mm Sh Be in IV 5491 : 9451 1 a OR | 6 in I 5491 : 4591 [ese 16-29. 1G. 80 ale Wn 0231 :8.14.29.3| 6 7 |) Be ar [PEL | Sele 3) 148.223 | 2 As OR OR ae q 2461 | IL 2461 : 2641 3 Sm | eo i Il 2461 : 6421 5 a7 Bl VY By. BO IV 2461 : 6421 1 27 98 | Sr gO V 2461 : 6421 3 a7 OG | Sy a, 20 II 2461 : 426T 9 30 49 | 3) so IV 2461 : 4261 2 20 dik | aD a0 Vv 4261 : 2131 1 md I Sl | # | 2670 1 i |) 2.6 TO eG Za 4 46 29 | 46 30 | tat | 4.6410. orga 2 2 | Oy 0 WU (14.12.36.5) IIT |14.12.96.5:14.26.13.5| 2 a | GS) IIT |14.12.26.5:26.12.14.5) 4 53 384 | 53 34 IID |14.12.56.5:12.14.36.5) 5 98 Gli 93 ae IV |14.12.96.5:12.14.20.5, 1 95 48 | 25 46 Ge | Go| Ae) ez eim at sibs 1 sai ge 2 Vv | 8.4 1s eau 1 DA lp | OR OF W | 6.418.113 2iem 1 1 B70 | 1B. BO c EO 3472 : 3742 2 65 03a) 65 12k Vv 3472 : 4372 2 a G3 dip | Ae. ARNOLD HILL, CLINTON CO Plate 13, figures 1-4 A few specimens of crystallized calcite were obtained from the Arnold Hill mines. At this locality the calcite occurs in veins traversing the syenitic gneiss which constitutes the country rock and is commonly associated with pyrite in small crystals and with red jasper, which latter mineral marks an earlier stage of vein deposition. Small brilliant scales 93 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of specular hematite occur on one specimen associated with and evidently of the same generation as the calcite crystals of type I. Type I [fig. 1, 2]. Crystals of this type are characterized by a pris- matic habit developed to the extent shown in figure 1, terminated by the common negative rhombohedron 3%. (0112). A positive scalenohedron of the zone [1011.1120] modifies the solid angles in the positive sextants. The measured angles of this scalenohedron differ shghtly from those of the common form P:(3251). This difference, although small, is sufficiently con- stant and consistent as to indicate a new scalenohedron in this zone having the symbols R®4 = (29.19.48.10). The presence of a scalenohedron so near R5 appears so irrational that the series of measurements upon which this contention is based is herewith appended for comparison together with the calculated angles for the assumed form and for those nearest to it in zone poms ala ke i leak ih Il MEASURED CALCULATED R24 = (29.19.48.10) IRS) == (BZ) R14 (17.11.28.6) (e)} ? ) / fo) 7 ° /? 44 50 44 55 45 32 44 28 AAG 44 52 Anigler 1/7 lawicatl ental 0 ie BW) 14 58 14 59 IS I @ 15 13 14 38 17 30 IS) 13 15 14 1h) = ll 5), Bae 13 36 CALCITES OF NEW YORK 93 A variation of the type differing somewhat from the combination shown in figure 1 appears on extremely minute crystals which constitute a druse lining the walls of a thin seam on one specimen. These crystals, which average .5 millimeter in diameter are shown in figure 2. They are distinctly rhombohedral in habit, the prism a(1120) is reduced to a series of narrow planes and the prism b(1010) is entirely ‘lacking. The new ‘scalenohedron r: (29.19.48.10) is considerably more prominent than in the former combination. A negative scalenohedron, the planes of which bevel the acute polar edges of (29.19.48.10) and which lies nearly but not quite in zone with the planes of the latter form,-gave measurements which corresponded to p: (1341). This relation adds weight to the contention that the positive scalenohedron in question differs slightly in position from R5. which latter form would lie exactly in the above zone. The letter r: has been assigned to this form. Type II [fig. 3]. Crystals of this type appear on one specimen fur- nished by Mr Hindshaw. They form a close aggregate deposited on a thin layer of pyrite and average 13 millimeters in diameter. The crystal units are apparently compound parallel groupings which take the general form shown in figure 3. This type is rhombohedral in habit, the prevailing rhombohedron being 4. (0112). The middle edges of this rhombohedron are replaced by the faces of the negative scalenohedron e: (9.11.20.4) and ‘the prism a (1120) and the lateral solid angles by the prism b(1010). The faces of the rhombohedron in many instances are entirely composed of minute steep scalenohedral crystals having e: for the dominant form, and clearly marking the compound character of the crystal units. Drusy surfaces of the specimen furnished minute single individuals showing the scalenohedral habit illustrated in figure 3a. Type III [fig. 4]. Crystals of this type were noted on a single specimen collected by the writer in 1906. They occur in thick aggregates deposited directly on the syenitic gneiss of the country rock. The crystals average 3 millimeters in vertical length and in many instances are doubly terminated. In habit they are scalenohedral, the dominant form being the positive 04 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM scalenohedron T:(4371) in the zone [1011.1120]. This scalenohedron is terminated by the basal plane o (0001) and is modified on the basal edges by planes of the prism a (1120). Both of the latter forms are well developed; all the faces of this combination gave fair reflections of the goniometer signal. The forms noted on the three types of the occurrence are: a (1120), b (1010), 8. (0112), r: (29.19.48.10), new, T: (4371), p: (1341) and e: (9.11.20.4). SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE Neen: MEASURED | CALCULATED : READINGS fo) / 10} / riir 29.19.48.10 : 48.19.29.10 3 AA 38 al Ad 55 rita 29.19.48.10 : 1120 10 15 83 | 15 13 ee A 4371 : 4731 4 B04 | GS 21 aes oa 4371 : 7341 5 MO AGE | 26) 50 pry 1341 : 1431 1 WOE 23 444 pia 1341 : 1120 5 DO aaa gel eo? 21 e: :e 9.11.20.4 :9.20.17.4 1 Pinas 230u dl ceil 33 e: 28 9.11.20.4 : 0112 6 1. FO. BB 55 MINEVILLE, ESSEX CO. ~ Plate 13, figures 5, 6 Small crystals of calcite occur on several specimens from the Cook shaft, Fischer hill, Mineville, which were collected by Dr John C. Smock and which form part of a large series illustrating New York iron ores. The crystals which average 8 millimeters in vertical length form a secondary deposit in veins in gneiss, the latter more or less thickly impregnated with magnetite. As in the case of the Arnold Hill calcite veins the primary vein filling consists of cryptocrystalline quartz of a jasper phase which hes in immediate contact with the walls of the veins. In most instances the secondary calcite completely fills the remaining space, the crystals inter- locking in the center. Crystals suitable for determination were obtained from the thick aggregates which protrude into the open spaces formed by the widening of the veins. In no instance were doubly terminated indi- viduals obtainable. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 95 The crystals are scalenohedral in habit strongly suggesting type I of Lyon Mountain. The dominant form is the positive scalenohedron V:(6.5.11.1) in the zone [1011.1120], a form which approaches closely to U: (5491) of type I Lyon Mountain.1 The shorter polar edges of V:are truncated by the planes of the negative rhombohedron II. (0881) present as a series of somewhat rounded but readily distinguishable faces. The planes of the negative rhombohedron ¢. (0221), which forms the termination of this habit, are roughened by vicinal planes in the rhombo- hedral zone and gave rather poor reflections of the goniometer signal. Con- sistent readings were obtained, however, which taken in conjunction with the fact that the faces of this form le in zone with those of the positive rhombohedron p. (1011) establishes its identity. The planes of p. (1011) although minute are extremely brilliant and furnished excellent points of reference. Figures 5 and 6 show crystals of this occurrence. Figure 5 represents a phase common to the larger and figure 6 to the smaller crystals. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES . NOZTOX) LETTER ANGLE READINGS MEASURED CALCULATED ° / | ° / B, £ ML. 0111 : OS81 8 12h aye. ose Ae @ OT11 : 0231 2 107 544 | 107 434 9: 9. 0221 : 2021 3 101 14 101 9 Wee We G.Bollll eC. lls. l 4 65 91 | 65 354 Vee Ge sede dieile Sent 4 ie) 32 | 53 40 CHILSON LAKE, ESSEX CO. Plate 14, figures 1-4 The material from which this occurrence was studied was obtained in June 1907 from the mine of the Crown Point Graphite Co. which is situated 4 mile north of Chilson Lake. The calcite is, in general, asso- ciated with pyrite and graphite, the latter minerals lining the walls of the seams in parallel bands interspaced with the calcite which formed the 1 See page 82. 96 NEW YORK: STATE MUSEUM ultimate vein filling. On one specimen calcite crystals of the tabular rhombohedral habit were associated with compact druses of natrolite in small but determinable crystals. Type I. Crystals of this type are rhombohedral in habit and present two phases which are frequently present together superposed in parallel position. Of these, the first phase consists of the negative rhombohedron e. (0332) which, when present alone, is terminated by the pinacoid o (0001) as shown in figure 1. The crystals average 5 millimeters in diameter and are colorless, milky white or light yellow in color. The crystals of the second phase are tabular parallel to the Seasoie O which is bounded by the planes of the negative rhombohedron ¢. (0221). These average 20 millimeters in diameter, measured on the basal plane, by 2 millimeters in vertical thickness. The combination of a crystal of the second phase surmounted by one or more crystals of the first phase in par- allel position is quite common and is shown in figure 2. In the composite crystals the rhombohedron ¢. is never terminated, the transparent, colorless individual protruding from the basal plane of the milky white crystal of the second phase. On one large specimen, crystals averaging 15 milli- meters in diameter were noted which exhibit the habit shown in figure 3. These are thickly incrusted on the basal plane with small individuals of the first phase. They are translucent and lhght yellow in color. Type II. Crystals of type II which are semitransparent and average 5 millimeters in diameter apparently represent a later genetic stage. They are rhombohedral in habit the dominant form being the negative rhombo- hedron x. (0111). The planes of this rhombohedron are much roughened by vicinal prominences. The prism b(1010) is present as a well developed series of bright planes and the prism a (1120) as a series of bright planes of small development. The negative rhombohedron ¢. (0221) of type I is occasionally present. The positive scalenohedrons N:(5382) in the zone [1011.1120] and the negative scalenohedron 0: (2.8.10.3) in the zone [0221.1120] are present as well developed forms giving fair reflections. Figure 4 shows a combination of this type. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 97 SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES NO. OF LETTER ANGLE MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS ° / fo} / O20: 0001 : 0332 4 56 1 59 57 0.” = 0, 3302 ; 0332 2 87 Be 18 0:9. 0001 : 0221 4 62 564 | 63 7 aea®: 1120 : 0221 y, 39 4 39 264 ees Ke. ROO Ie il 74 40 74 55 De D 1011 : 1010 3 45 36 45 234 NINE 5382 : 5832 i! 12 59 12 544 ING oN: 5882 : 8352 2 41 20 Tal 46 N: 2a 5382 : 1120 4 18 48 18 + M2 SW: 8) MO 88 Bo NOssa33 1 20 50 20 40 0: :a Qe SelOnSel2 0) 2 26 2 26 15 CROWN POINT, ESSEX CO. Plate 14, figure 5 Large rhombohedral crystals of calcite were obtained from the locality formerly worked for eupyrchroite which is situated ~ of a mile southeast of Crown Point. These crystals are bounded by the unmodified planes of the fundamental rhombohedron p. (1011) twinned parallel to the basal plane. They average 12 centimeters in diameter, the surfaces being dull and for the most part covered with a thin stalactitic deposit of calcite, specially on the edges. They resemble the crystals from Sterlingbush in their strong twinning tendency and are furthermore, in many instances, covered with low pro- jecting planes of p. twinned parallel to the negative rhombohedron 6. (0112). SMITH’S BASIN, WASHINGTON CO. Plates 15, 16 These calcite crystals were collected from the quarries of the Keenan Lime Co. situated about 4 mile east of Smith’s Basin. The calcite occurs in veins traversing the Trenton limestone in the southern quarry which lat- ” ter shows numerous “slickenslides’’ and other evidences of faulting. The material available for study consists of a suite of 18 specimens from which a series of 31 crystals illustrating the three types was selected. hype Tip 15) te, I) The crystals: of this type are extremely 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM minute, averaging 2 millimeters in vertical length. They are scalenohedral in habit, the dominant form being the positive scalenohedron ¢: (17.15.32.2) im the! zone (10I121120]5 > Whis) is). aayaaaennny, instances, terminated by the planes of the negative rhombohedron &. (1012) in relatively small develop- ment. The scalenohedral faces are smooth and brilliant, yielding good reflections of the goniometer signal. Type I evidently marks an early stage of crystal deposition and corresponds genetically with the prismatic habit to be discussed under type II. The crystals occur in narrow seams in the limestone and are deposited directly on the wall rock. No instance of double termination was noted. Type II [pl. 15, fig. 2, 3]. Crystals presenting the two combinations of this type were noted on the same specimen which furnished type I. The combination shown in figure 2 is represented by small brilliant crystals of prismatic habit averaging 2 millimeters in vertical length. In the pris- matic zone the new dihexagonal prism v (5380) is present, developed to a considerable habit, the axial edges being beveled by narrow planes of the prism a(1120). All the planes in this zone are sharp and brilliant giving good reflections. In the rhombohedral zone the negative rhombohedron 9. (0221) is a conspicuous form of this habit, the negative rhombohedrons ¥. (0552) and &. (0551) are present in comparatively small development. Narrow planes of the positive rhombohedron p. (1011) truncate the polar edges of 9. furnishing excellent points of reference in the zone. The posi- tive scalenohedron :(15.13.28.2) in the zone [1011.1120] and close to t:(17.15.382.2) of type I is present as a series of well developed planes. The separate identity of these two forms which was at first a subject of doubt was satisfactorily established by a series of careful measurements of the polar angles for both forms, the measurements showing but little variation in either form. The rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit shown in figure 3 is referable to this type mainly on genetic grounds, the habit occurring in close asso- ciation with prismatic combination described above. The dominant form of this habit is the positive scalenohedron 0: (9.7.16.2) in the zone [1011.1120], CALCITES OF NEW YORK 99 a form related in series to +: of type I, which is present as a series of bright, well developed planes giving good reflections. In the rhombohedral zone the rhombohedrons ¢.(0221), ¥. (0552) and p. (1011) noted on the pris- matic habit are present, the two latter developed to a rather more consider- able habit. The positive rhombohedron m. (4041) is here present as a series of small bright faces. Small, well developed planes of the negative scalenohedron 1: (3581) in the zone [1120.0221] are present, modifying the acute polar edges of 9:. On the whole the combinations of types I and II appear to be more closely interrelated than those of the succeeding types and may almost be considered as representing a single genetic phase. Type III [pl. 15, fig. 4]. The crystals of type III are in general larger than those of the preceding types, averaging 15 millimeters in vertical length, and occur in close parallel aggregates. They are characterized by a decided tendency to formation of vicinal planes specially in the rhombo- hedral zone where a vicinal series of planes marks the passage from the negative rhombohedron ¢.(0221) to the prism b(1010). Both of these forms are somewhat ill defined and were noted in the limits of the above series. The positive scalenohedron 8: (8.4.12.1) is present as a series of well developed planes of fair brilliancy. The positive scalenohedron P: (3251) in the zone [1011.1120] and the negative scalenohedron tr: (3581) in the zone [1120.0221] are present as well developed forms giving fair reflections. Crystals of this type although of a later generation than those of type II retain the steep rhombohedral habit entirely lacking in type IV and appear in a measure to link together the two generations of calcite crystals of this occurrence. Type IV [pl. 15, fig. 5,6]. The crystals of this type are in size and number by far the most prominent of the occurrence, particularly with respect to the rhombohedral habit shown in figure 6. Crystals of this latter habit occur on all the specimens comprising the suite and in some instances attain a diameter of 8 centimeters. In general the type is distinguished by the prominence of the negative rhombohedron 3. (0112), a form absent from the three preceding types, and by the presence of the prisms a (1120) and b(1010) in considerable development. IO0o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the rhombohedral ‘zone the negative rhombohedrons 3. (0112), g. (0221) and &.(0.11.11.1) are present, the latter only on crystals of the rhombohedral habit. Two positive scalenohedrons of the zone [1011.1120], M: (7.4.11.3) and P:(3251) are present on crystals of the rhombohedral habit, the former of which is also present in larger development on the prismatic-rhombohedral crystals [fig. 5]. The planes of these forms are striated parallel to the zone yielding only fair reflections. The positive scalenohedron 8: (8.4.12.1) and the negative scalenohedron }: (1341) are present as modifying planes of comparatively small development on crystals of the prismatic-rhombohedral type. The faces are of moderate brilliancy and yield fair reflections. Crystals of this type evidently represent an advanced stage of crystal deposition and may be regarded as the latter end of the genetic series. The zonal relations of occurring forms is shown in the stereographic projection, plate 16. The distribution of forms with respect to the four types is given in the following table: SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS NAUMANN BRAVAIS-MILLER TYPE | TYPE | TYPE | TYPE LETTER SYMBOL SYMBOL I II II IV 2). coo P2 1120 soles xe aes x b. oR 1010 Lesh GARE RS eco x x U. woR4 5380 aiiaye 5 Feat beeeenod et ey, m. 4R 4041 feaeae x iD R 1011 Syne x Bate Ss a0 . iQ 0112 pene: Wise at! Pek ges all Se Q. —2R 0221 Vahae x aK x Uv. —3R 0552 bNee x sow ‘al —5R 0551 Shoe x Bay ANSE. 2, —11R 0), ak, TI, ih PP Ne ee eeas, 3 xe M: Rit G4. Ul 3 me x IPs R5 3251 i x x Q: RS 9-7.16.2 ae x oO: R14 1513.33, 2 ay eee x ae te R16 17 SY 2 Bx Se p: —2R2 1341 x t: —2R4 3581 x x se8 R: 4R3 Saal x x CALCITES OF NEW YORK SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES Iot ANGLE NOS oe MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS (0) / fo} / aes 1120 : 5380 14 7 58 8 13 [ob 9 tage 1011 : 4041 2 31 @ dl 114 oh 8 19 0112 : 0110 3 64 35 | 63 45 8.2 9. 0112 : 0221 6 36 554i | 36 52 p.:¥. OT11 : 0552 4 1D AO. 4 nD 324 @: 2h. O22 sOboit 1 15 36 16) 25 OL Bea OTA ¢ Os ihe TEST 4 NS), Ale} 58 29 M: : M: Peas FY el Ze} 2 73 56 73 40 M:: M: eee ties earn S 4 MD 1 | a0 4 a, 2 IMEe iti 2ORa seals 4 19 a } NY) 304 Pee Rs SIL S BsyAll 3 70 47% | 70 59 Po pales SPRL seul 2 45 Hal |) A 52 By weelere MZOR S251 4 14 24 14 Bi Ge 30s Nahe MOE Ole Ge 7642 5 67 4 67 264 De 2 i)s OF Ge Zeon mone 5 51 Del 51 gt We 6 19, 7 WG. PF 2 OIL 1 43 15 43 163 OF OE IDEA Se oa Salsa 6 64 23 64 28 W220: 1B NB See US. Wey 5 55 134 55 4 poeeP a 1G Wd 82.2 2 U7. 3B. 15.2 3 63 55 63 565 Yee ue U7 15.8259 2 BB 1D. U7. 3 55 40 55 424 a i): 1120 = 1341 5 22 344 DP 21 Git: 3581 : 3851 4 75 8 75 30 555 0S Ie 3581 : 8531 3 44 46 45 6 RELk: Seamless Seal. eal) 1 80 57 sl 20 Ae BANE SHA el eer. 8 38 224 38 2 2, 8 \Ne Sete latt20) 5 12 8 12 104 GLENS FALLS, WARREN CO. Plate 17, figures 1, 2 Several specimens of crystallized calcite were collected from a lime- stone quarry $ mile southwest of Glens Falls. The calcite here occurs in thin veins in compact Trenton limestone associated with some crystallized quartz which latter mineral is found embedded in the vein calcite. The crystals which vary in size from 2 millimeters to 12 millimeters in diameter are in the case of the smaller individuals colorless and transparent and in that of the larger milky white. They are rhombohedral in habit, but one ‘type being noted. 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the rhombohedral zone the dominant form is the positive rhombo- hedron p. (1011) developed as a series of dull planes. The negative rhombo- hedron . (0112) is present in considerable development, the planes being somewhat rounded and striated in the zone [1011.1120]. The positive rhombohedron m. (4041) is present in very small development but yielding good reflections. A vicinal rounding was noted between the planes of s. (13.0.13.1) and b (1010) the latter of which is often ill defined, the form being mainly identified by its position in the prismatic zone. On one crystal a single plane of the negative rhombohedron 7. (0445) was noted; the occur- rence of the form must, however, be classed as doubtful. In the prismatic zone the persistent and symmetric occurrence of a series of planes between b (1010) and a(1120) was noted, the measurements corresponding fairly closely to the dihexagonal prism <¢ (3140). The form, however, is in no case very well defined and must be regarded as doubtful. The positive scalenohedron N: (5382) in the zone [1011.1120] is present as a series of narrow bright planes considerably rounded in zone. This vicinal rounding interfered somewhat with the determination of the form although its presence is beyond question. A decided twinning parallel to 6. (0112) is characteristic of these crystals as shown in figure 2. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES ANGLE NO. OF : 2 READINGS MEASURED |. CALCULATED 1°) 7 te} , 3° om. 1012 : 4041 4 Ti cord se eon 58 Boe S, HOW TISHOF 13) 4 6S: 602054 GS 124 3. 24. 0112 : 0445 1 he ag AD 2 a ic 1120 : 3140 9 15° 440 16 6 N: : NY 5382 : 5832 1 Me 7 4b N: : NY 5382 : 8352 1 ete ASE hy SA 46 a::N: 1120 : 5382 10 18 6 cailuais 4 CALCITES OF NEW YORK 103 SARATOGA, SARATOGA CO. Plate 17, figures 3, 4 Crystallized calcite was obtained from a limestone quarry operated by W. H. Gailor and situated 4 mile north of Saratoga Springs. The calcite here occurs in irregular veins and cavities in a silicious, dolomitic limestone of Beekmantown formation, associated with dolomite and quartz in well developed crystals. The calcite crystals range in size from 3 to 25 millimeters in diameter. They are essentially of two crystallographic types genetically coincident with the dolomite and quartz. The genetic interrelation of the two types is not well defined although the crystals of type II appear to mark a somewhat later stage of deposition than those of yest: TypeI [fig. 3]. The crystals of this type are rhombohedral-pyramidal in habit, the dominant form in both combinations being the fundamental rhombohedron p. (1011), present as a series of rough and dull planes yielding very poor reflections. The fates in the rhombohedral zone, other than p., are sharp and well defined, specially those of the prism b (1010) which were used as reference points in this zone. The positive rhombohedron m. (4041) and the negative rhombohedrons 6.(0112) and ¢. (0221) are present, the latter as a series of sharp, brilliant but very narrow faces. The zone of the second order pyramids [0001.1120] is considerably developed in the combination shown in figure 3 and is characterized by a vicinal rounding of the pyramidal edges similar to that frequently noted in connection with the zone [1011.1120]. The bright points in this zone correspond to the second order pyramids « (4483) and 7 (8.8.16.3). The zonal relations aided in the identifying of these two forms; the polar edges of a are truncated by ¢. (0221) in the negative sextants and those of y are truncated by m. in the positive sextants, the reflections in both instances falling well in zone. : The rare positive scalenohedron x: (29.17.46.12) in the zone [1011.1120] 104. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM found by Schnorr on calcite from Neumark" is present in small development. On one crystal of the habit shown in figure 3 small modifying planes of the scalenohedron K: (2131) were noted; the form is not repeated on any of the other crystals studied. Type II [fig. 4]. Crystals of type II were noted on one specimen, superposed upon a layer of dolomite which latter mineral was assumed to be of the same generation as the calcite of type I. They are simpler in habit than those of the preceding type, the dominant forms being the rhombo- hedron 8. (0112) and the prism b (1010) both developed as smooth bright planes. In the zone [1011.1120] the planes of x: (29.17.46.12) and a (1120) are quite rough and poorly defined. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES NO. OF LETTER ANGLE READINGS MEASURED CALCULATED o) 7 fo) i? b im. 1010 ; 4041 3 13 4g | ie 13 9.2m. 0221 : 4041 1 57 De sr 5 b 8. 1010 : 1012 2 G30 6 86s | 263 45 bio.” 1010 : 202T 5 We. HO | OB 53 ala 1120 : 4483 6 Te 3 ||) BB 42 9.2 0221 : 4483 2 27 A Dy 15 a: 1120 :8.8.16.3 6 1D ae Pn 23 K::9. 2131 : 0221 2 Bee eed. Br 41 K:: kK? FSi 8 SUA 1 eR) lb Bs 36 Yu 29.17.46.12 : 46:17.29.12 3 41 9 | 40 57 al: 1120 : 29.17.46.12 6 1 83 | 7s 49 FAYETTEVILLE, ONONDAGA CO. Plate 17, figures 5, 6 Calcite crystals occur on three specimens from the collection of the late John Gebhard jr, in the New York State Museum, which are labeled from Lafayetteville and were evidently collected at Fayetteville. The calcite occurs in thin veins and pockets in Niagara limestone, in most instances nearly filling the space left by the inclosing walls. The crystals are ‘Schnorr. Wissensch. Beil. z, Programm d. Realgym. z. Zwickau. 1896. p. 16, CAL CITES OF NEW YORK TO5 colorless, transparent or semitransparent and average 15 millimeters in vertical length; they are attached and in no instance was a doubly termi- nated individual observed. The crystals are scalenohedral in habit, the dominant form being the positive scalenohedron K: (2131). The combination shown in figure 5 is found on two of the three specimens and characterizes the calcite which lines the walls of pockets or vugs. In this combination the fundamental rhombohedron p. (1011) is developed to a considerable habit, and the combination is marked by the absence of the modifying forms common to that shown in figure 6. The combination shown in figure 6 is more scalenohedral than the preceding habit and shows a notable development of the positive rhombo- hedron m. (4041) as well as in some instances of the prism a(1120). The acute polar edges of K: are beveled by extremely narrow planes of the negative scalenohedron %: (2.9.11.5). Small, roughened planes of the second order pyramids ; (8.8.16.3) were present on all the crystals measured, the polar edges of this latter form being beveled in the negative sextant by a negative scalenohedron. This latter form could not be well established owing to the imperfect character of the reflections but from two fairly con- sistent measurements of the edge the indexes (4.10.14.3) are suggested for it as the nearest hypothetic scalenohedron of rational intercepts; the form must be considered as doubtful. The forms present are a(1120), 7 (8.8.16.3), p.(1011), m. (4041), Ke (GB) eiaGl Sse (CAs UNION SPRINGS, CAYUGA CO. Plates 18-20 The calcite from this locality was first described by Penfield and Ford' in 1900 from material furnished by Dr John M. Clarke, then State Paleontologist, and was further studied in a subsequent note by the writer.’ *Pentields sl, S& Ford, W. E. Am. Jour: Sci. 1900: 10:237—41. 2 Winttloc ros No Yo state Mus: Bul 98; 1905. p. 10: 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The calcite crystals under consideration occur in vein material in the Onondaga limestone associated with saddle-shaped aggregates of dolomite and more rarely with crystallized quartz. They represent two generations, separated by a period in which dolomite was deposited, of which the older consists of brilliant individuals of extremely varied habit which are for the most part small, varying from 3 to 10 millimeters in length. One type of these crystals of the first generation is represented in figure 1, of the article by Penfield and Ford, above cited. . The crystals of the second or younger generation are generally larger in size than those of older deposition and are largely of scalenohedral type, showing a marked tendency to twinning according to several laws. They are frequently of a dull surface and black or dark gray in color as the result of bituminous inclusions. It is these latter which have been described at length by Penfield and Ford. The small brilliant crystals of the first generation contain frequent inclusions of pyrite, chalcopyrite and marcasite 1n microscopic individuals, the latter mineral in beautiful doubly terminated twin crystals, specially prevalent in forms of the rhombohedral type. Frequent zones of deposition of these inclusions occur which render their aspect almost that of a phantom within the crystal. First generation Type I [pl. 18, fig. 1] Crystals of this’ type which occur im’ the lining of a thin seam are characterized by the second order pyramid 1 (8.8.16.3) developed to a considerable habit. This pyramid is terminated by the rhombohedrons p. (1011) and 8. (0112) all of which forms give excel- lent reflections. The basal edges of the pyramid are in some instances truncated by narrow planes of the prism a (1120), the type gradually merg- ing into the combination of type II shown in figure 2. The crystals, which are for the most part colorless, transparent and brilliant, are very small, the largest not exceeding 4 millimeters in length. Type II [pl. 18, fig. 2-4]. Crystals of type II are larger than those of the preceding type, averaging 10 millimeters in vertical length. They CALCITES OF NEW YORK 107? are pyramidal-scalenohedral in habit. The combination shown in figure 2 is essentially the same as that figured by Penfield and Ford in figure 1 of their paper. This combination is characterized by the pyramid y (8.8.16.3) and the positive scalenohedrons K: (2131) and M:(7.4.11.3) developed to the extent of dominant forms. The prisms b(1010) and a(1120) are present as relatively small planes. The polar edges of y are truncated in the positive sextants by narrow, brilliant planes of m. (4041), and the polar edges of M:are beveled in the negative sextants by narrow, somewhat roughened planes of tho negative scalenohedron 9 (1231). The two beveling planes of this latter form were apparently assumed by Penfield and Ford to correspond to the single plane of the rhombohedron (0.12.12.5) from which, however, they were unable to obtain satisfactory reflections. The combination shown in figure 3 differs mainly from the preceding habit in the absence of the scalenohedron M: and in the presence of the rhombohedrons p. (1011) and 8. (0112) in termination. A small but distinct plane of the positive rhombohedron s. (13.0.13.1) was noted on one crystal. In the combination shown in figure 4 the scalenohedron M: is present as a dominant form and K: is reduced to a series of small faces modifying the termination between M: and p. The polar edges of K: are here trun- cated in the negative sextants by narrow bright planes of the negative rhombohedron ¢. (0221). Type III [pl. 18, fig. 5; 6]. Crystals of this type occur in a loosely compacted mass deposited on a layer of crypto-crystalline carbonate of lime occupying the space between the crystallized calcite and the limestone wall of the cavity or vug to the depth of about 5 millimeters. The calcite crystals are piled upon this crystalline layer to the depth of from 10 to 15 millimeters, the largest individuals lying in the top layers. The order and manner of deposition suggest the possible derivation from a solution which originally completely filled the space and deposited its dissolved carbonate of lime first from a rapidly then from a slowly crystallizing medium. The 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM crystals of this type which are remarkably clear, brilliant and well developed, range in size from 5 to 20 millimeters in diameter. All the faces give excellent reflections. The middle edges of the rhombohedron p. (1011) are beveled by the scalenohedron K:(2131). The combination shown in figure 5 is characterized by the presence of the positive scalenohedron c: (6178) in the zone [1011.0112]. The prism a (1120) is present as a small face in this zone. In the zone of the pyramidal faces [16.8.8.3.8.8.16.3] occur the forms m. (4041) and ¥Y: (19.10.29.6) both lying well within the zone and agreeing as to measured angles well within the limits of accuracy. Second generation Type IV [pl. 18, fig. 7]. The crystals of this type which are pris- matic in habit are considerably larger than those generally noted from this locality, individuals 30 millimeters in length being not uncommon. Inclu- sions of marcasite in microscopic crystals are so plentiful as to render the calcite, which would otherwise be transparent, quite translucent. These inclusions are distributed along planes parallel to the rhombohedron p. (1011). The planes of a (1120) and y (8.8.16.3) are both sharp and brill- iant as are, to a somewhat less degree, those of b(1010). A new negative scalenohedron is present in relatively small development. The measured angles of this form conform closely to those calculated for the mdexes (3.15.18.2) which give the Naumann symbol—6R%. This scalenohedron to which the letter r has been assigned falls close to (3.16.19.2)—=143R14 described by Melczer' on the calcite from Budapest, and in the former paper cited on page 105 was assumed to be the latter form. The negative rhombohedron 3. (0112) is here present as a dominant form developed as a series of smooth dull planes. Type V [pl. 19, fig. 1-4]. The crystals of this type have been amply described by Penfield and Ford as above cited. They differ essentially from all previously described in size, color and in their strong twinning tendency. In many instances single crystals of this type attain a length 1Melczer, G. Foldtani Kozlong 1896, 26:79. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 10g of 50 millimeters measured on the composition plane. The faces are dull and the crystals are black or dark gray in color as the result of bituminous inclusions. In general habit they are similar to those described under type II, the following forms being noted :-—M: (7.4.11.3), vy (8.8.16.3) and b (1010), the latter only occasionally present. Twin crystals of this type, according to three of the four laws known to calcite, are very common, viz: Parallel to the basal plane o (0001) Parallel to the rhombohedron 3. (0112) Parallel to the rhombohedron ¢. (0221) The latter of these laws is rare for calcite. Figure 1 shows an untwinned scalenohedral crystal on which the position of the three twinning planes is indicated. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show crystals of type V twinned according to the above laws.‘ The twin crystal habits shown in figures 3 and 4 are invariably distorted to the extension of one set of axially opposite scaleno- hedral planes; this distortion operates in the case of the crystals twinned parallel to ¢.[fig. 4] to the suppression of the reentrant angles ordinarily characteristic of twinning. Type VI [pl. 19, fig. 5,6]. This type is found in crystals of the sec- ond generation which occur deposited on a thin layer of first generation calcite of rhombohedral habit (type III). They differ from all which have been previously described in two essential characteristics: they are opaque and milky white in color and show a complete absence of all marcasite or pyrite inclusions. The crystals are scalenohedral in habit, having for dominant forms the scalenohedrons M: (7.4.11.3) and 9: (19.10.29.6). The latter form which is in the zone [4041.8.8.16.3] is also present on crystals of type III. The rhombohedrons p. (1011), m. (4041) and 8. (0112) and the ‘In figures 3 and 4 the writer has followed the excellent method inaugurated by Messrs Penfield and Ford, of projecting the twin crystal with its twinning plane vertical and parallel to a hypothetical plane 1210 of the ordinary projection. IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pyramid y (8.8.16.3) are present in relatively small development. Twinning parallel to the basal plane 0 (0001) is fairly common [fig. 6]. Type VII [pl. 19, fig. 7]. Rhombohedral crystals of this type occur on several specimens in milky white individuals of about 20 millimeters diameter. They are frequently twinned parallel to the basal plane o (0001) and suggest in their development those described under Rossie, Sterlingbush and Crown Point. The forms noted are: o (0001), a (1120), m. (4041), p. (1011) and 3. (0112). The zonal relations of the forms occurring on the seven types are shown on the stereographic projection, plate 20. SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS - FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION & | NAUMANN | BRAVAIS-MILLER | . | e SYMBOL SYMBOL DYPE | TYPE | TYPE | TYPE | IVE | pv eE |r wPE I II mee ff IY Vv VI VII ) oP 0001 ae ae Al x a co P2 1120 Ss x x x a b oR 1010 5 x xe i 1 /P2 8.8.16.3 Ke x cx xe x Ss. 13R 13.0; 133. 41 xx page Ape m. AR 4041 x x xg xx p. R 1011 x Ke x Ke x 3. —t 0112 x x aK x x Q. —2R 0221 x mets Ce +3Rt 6178 a x k: +R3 2131 5 x M: + R41 eA olelegs x aK xR Y): +3R22 19.10.29.6 x oc 6) —R3 1231 pe r —6R3 3.5, 19,2 ais x CALCITES OF NEW YORK Tit i SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES | LETTER ANGLE NO. OF | MeasURED | CALCULATED READINGS | | aes G2 ORS Se lbss id 12 WA 12 23 a, 5 If 4041 :8.8.16.3 6 29 1S th “WE 14 Pecrss HOM 2B Oewsieal 2 4] 8 ; 40 56 Dae im. 1011 : 4041 + 31 1 ers 104 isa. § inal. 4041 : 4401 2 114 14 | 114 10 p. 23. 1011 : 0112 2 70) 2k One Dp. 29. 1011 : 0221 1 Or 80. | soy 434 Denes 1011 : 6178 5 i 37 7 434 Kee: ZASileea2 oie 5) 79 2A | 15 22 K:: K: M131 : 3121 4 3 41 | 35 36 M:: M: 74.1 oat = Yl as 2 73 544 | 73 40 NES 3 AEE Teele Sashes 1 40 te -4O 4 M::M: CoA UGS Sho WLR 3 39 3 | Be) ill m. : 9): 4041 :19.10.29.6 8 19 214 | 19 17 Y): : Y: 19-105 29.6 = 19229. 10-6 1 77 GM Ee 44 Byte 3): 1120 : 19.10.29.6 2 16 364 | 16 44 0:0 123 3 S2T I 1 75 34 | 15 22 0:0 U2 3 Wael + 39) 5) 35 36 BE HE Sel ISe2 sal Seiler 2 101 40) 101 4 ipa Seelam Gee romltoe Loree 6 il, Oyama manly 46 alee Lt ZOE or lomtse2 6 21 o4 | 22 7 HOWES CAVE, SCHOHARIE CO. Plates 21, 22 Calcite occurs at Howes Cave in brilliant transparent crystals filling or partly filling the veins in the Rondout limestone. The speci- mens which form the basis for the following notes were collected through the courtesy of the Helderberg Cement Co., from the mine in the Rondout limestone’ which formerly furnished natural cement rock to this company. The crystals which vary in size from 60 millimeters in diameter to microscopic individuals are of more or less uniform habit and are invari- ably characterized by a marked twinning parallel to 8.(0112). They are frequently associated with tufted aggregates of acicular aragonite which appears, in one instance at least, to have been derived from the re-solution of the calcite. In the instance noted a geodic mass almost completely filled with crystallized calcite yielded on fracture several fine tufts of arago- LEZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nite deposited on calcite crystals of the prevailing habit which latter were found to be deeply pitted with natural etchings. Type I [pl. 21, fig. 1]. Small crystals of this habit were noted on one specimen occurring in a thin layer partly covered by the larger individuals of type II to which they stand in close crystallographic relation. They evidently mark an earlier generation of calcite deposition than these latter. In habit they are quite steeply scalenohedral, the dominant forms being K: (2131) and 3: (6281). The polar edges of 3: are truncated in the positive sextants by narrow planes of the positive rhombohedron q. (7071). The combination is terminated by the negative rhombohedron 6. (0112). The positive rhombohedron p.(1011) is occasionally present as a series of minute planes. Type II [pl. 21, fig. 2-5]. Crystals of this type which are by far the most common to the occurrence are characterized by considerable complexity as well as by a strong twinning tendency which latter finds expression in nearly all of the crystals studied. The crystals are scalenohedral in habit with a somewhat rhombohedral aspect due to the dominance of the scalenohedron b: (7189) which lies very close to the fundamental rhombohedron. In the rhombohedral zone the rhombohedron p. (1011) is frequently present alternating with the low scalenohedron b: (7189) which latter, although clearly defined, is without question a built-up form more or less vicinal in character. The planes of p. are smooth but rather duil. The rhombohedrons m. (4041) and q. (7071) occur as narrow but extremely brilliant faces, giving excellent reflections and beveling the edges of U: (10.4.14.3) and 3: (6281) respectively. Small brill- iant planes of the prism b (1010) are present and the negative rhombohedron b, (0.14.14.1) was noted in relatively small development on several crystals. The rhombohedron 6. (0112) is universally present as brilliant faces which make excellent points of reference in this zone. The scalenohedron K: (2181) which is a dominant form of type I is present as a series of brilliant, well defined planes. The scalenohedrons U: (10.4.14.3) and $: (6281) are universally present. A new positive scale- CALCITES OF NEW YORK I13 nohedron, having the indexes (9.4.13.2) was noted in most of the crystals measured. This scalenohedron, to which the letter has been assigned is present in best development on the combination shown in figure 2. A more complex combination which is shown in figure 3 yielded in addition to the above forms the positive scalenohedron 8: (8.4.12.1) in the zone [4041.1120], present as a series of bright well developed faces, and the posi- tive scalenohedron T (4261). The latter form which was noted on but one crystal was mainly identified by zonal relations. On one crystal presenting the combination shown in figure 4 two faces of the negative scalenohedron p: (1341) were noted; the form, however, was not repeated in any of the crystals subsequently measured. A negative scalenohedron having indexes closely approaching (6.21.27.5) was found repeatedly throughout the type. The planes of this form although bright are somewhat rounded giving poor reflections of the goniometer signal, and no consistent readings could be obtained. The form must therefore be classed as doubtful. A very marked tendency toward twinning parallel to the plane 6. (0112) results in the production of thin flat extensions of one individual of the pair and the formation of a deep reentering angle as shown in figure 5. So common is this form of twinning that it is rarely absent from crystals of this occurrence to which it gives a distinct character. Twinning according to this law is common in calcite crystals and examples of it may be found in almost every important occurrence. The abnormal extension of one mem- ber of the twin above noted is, however, unique and seems to indicate a metagenic rather than a paragenic mode of twinning. Type III [pl. 21, fig. 6.] Small calcite crystals of this type occur lining the fossil remains of Rh ynchonella wilsoni which thickly stud portions of the Helderbergian limestone, overlying the Rondout. The crystals though small are remarkably brilliant and give excellent reflections in all zones. Of the observed forms, m. (4041), 6. (0112), p- (1011) and K:(2131) are common to the crystals previously described from the underlying beds of the Rondout limestone. The scalenohedrons are all of the zone [0112.1011]. The scalenohedron e: (4156) here replaces I14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM b:of the principal type. This form appears as a series of well developed planes having none of the vicinal characters which mark the development of b:of the principal type. The scalenohedron H: (3142) occurs as a series of narrow faces between K:andp. Traces of the characteristic twinning which mark the crystals of the principal type are here noted; the twinning tendency is, however, very weak and only finds expression in an occasional shallow reentering “ gash.” The interesting zonal relations of the occurring forms are shown in the stereographic projection [plate 22]. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES NO. OF LETTER ANGLE Be ae MEASURED | CALCULATED ° , | co} / OQ, 8 tam, 1012 : 4041 3 77 584 | 77 58 3 iq. 1012 : 7071 2 72 On ee a Os 210 1012 : 1010 2 64 12 63 45 O 3 @, IE 2 O44 Wh. 1 59 46 59 36 es 4156 : 4516 i 54 9 54 i e:ie: 4156 : 5146 1 13 IPA) ils} 5 loseanlor: 7189 = 7819 1 61 34 61 BD ioe 8 log 7189 : 8179 2 8 32 8 23 joe 210% 7189 : 1789 1 rial 34 71 37 lake eke BAD 2 Dwr 3 9 22 9 Oil Keke DBL -g DRI 2%, UD 7 75 Do Keele PAB 2 Biwi 1 35 42 35 36 Ke IK PBL 2 WABI iL 46 Si 47 14 p: : p: 1341: 1431 1 26 Hil 26 444 We 3 WE 1@,4), 1.3 2 1 210.3 2 31 13 31 16 Us 2.12 NO) 28, MES 3 4b, 1); 12.8 1 38 35 38 49 AyearR 4261 : 6241 1 38 Ne 37 30 Th os 4261 : 6281 2 6 23 5 54 9: 9.4.13.2 :13.4.9.2 3 34) 20 Fok 25 9:8 9.4.13.2:4.9.13.2 1 Seo oy MH Sn 55 Oy 3 AR @).4, 13,2 9 8,44, 19.1 1 4 43 4 47 ) 3 S36 ©) 4 13,2 2 GBS 3 3 59 4 6 S: +. 6281 : 7071 6 Ne AG Te 453 yee Gye 6281 : 268T 1 35 53 35 52 Sy 2 saa, 6281 : 4041 2 15 S) 14 59 (ae Sk Q 4b Wi 2 iD.4.8. 1 2 37 o7s | 38 2 (ie 3 soa 8.4.12.1 : 4041 2 20 43 20 444 CALCITES OF NEW YORK its SOUTH BETHLEHEM, ALBANY CO. Plate 23, figures 1-4 ! Crystallized calcite occurs in veins and pockets in Cobleskill lime © stone at the road metal quarry of the Callanan Road Improvement Co. at South Bethlehem. The calcite crystals, which vary in size from 25 milli- meters in diameter to semimicroscopic individuals are associated with crystallized barite and with occasional needlelike tufts of aragonite, the lat- ter mineral being evidently of a later generation. The barite is, for the most part, associated with the calcite crystals of type I and is undoubtedly representative of the same stage of crystal genesis. Type I [fig. 1, 2]. The crystals of this type, which are notably larger than those of types II and III, are translucent and milky white in color. They contain frequent inclusions of graphite in thin plates errati- cally disposed throughout the crystals and bearing no relation to the crystal- lographic symmetry. The crystals are rhombohedral in habit having for the dominant planes the rhombohedrons p.(1011) and 3(0112). The combination shown in figure 1, which represents some of the larger indi- viduals is characterized by dominant planes of p. deeply pitted by natural etchings. The positive rhombohedrons m. (4041) and q. (7071) are present, the former as a series of small bright planes and the latter as a somewhat indefinite series of dull, rounded planes beveling the polar edges of 3: (6281) in the positive sextants and identified chiefly by its presence in this zone. The positive scalenohedrons K: (2131) and 3: (6281) are present, the latter in considerable development. The combination shown in figure 2 differs from the above chiefly in the more considerable development of 6. (0112) and in the presence of the positive rhombohedron s. (13.0.13.1) which here replaces q. to the extent of a considerable development. The faces of s. are rounded and ill defined owing to the presence of vicinal forms. In one instance a crystal of the combination shown in figure 1 was noted twinned parallel to the basal plane 0 (0001). Type II [fig. 3]. Crystals of this type which are colorless, transparent and average 3 millimeters in diameter are characterized by the presence 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of forms in the zone [1102.1011.1120]. In this zone are present the following forms) o(Oll2) x3(4337210)), =p: (LOD RNG(@7295) ewan een (21) en polar termination consisting of the planes of 6. and x: is much rounded and striated by vicinal planes and the faces of the scalenohedron though well defined are dull. The positive rhombohedron m. (4041) and the positive scalenohedron 3: are present in small development. Type III [fig. 4]. Minute crystals of this type were noted in one specimen. They form a thin druse deposited directly upon the surface of the limestone. They differ chiefly in habit from the preceding types in the dominance of the scalenohedron x: (4.3.7.10) and in the presence of the negative rhombohedrons 4. (0445) and 8. (0778), both of which latter forms are represented by planes of fine brilliancy. The prominent planes of the prism b (1010) are rounded and uneven. The faces of the zone [1102 OMT 120i) wlnich heres "consists of rors: oe (ONG) eax Cleon) p. 1011) and K:(2181) are considerably striated, particularly in the larger of the crystals which measure 2 millimeters in diameter. The general aspect of the combination of this type is low scalenohedral. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE ee ce MEASURED | CALCULATED READINGS io} / o} as 2S. HOLD 2 1350. UB. 1 14a 41 Hill 474 [Ds 3 aa, Oil = 4041 3 Sl 174 Bll 103 oa, © 0M, 4041 : 0441 a 65 40 65 50 Os $70 ONeill iy 70 48s 70 513 3, 3 ld 0112 : 0110 5 63 24 63 45 O> 8 0112 : 0445 5 12 4 2 14 a. 2 W, 0112 : 0778 4 14 463 14 33 Oe Ree Ou 2 4h 3.7/1 8 16 584 17 2 xe 3 5x! AB, 70) 97/8. 5.10 3 D5 OO 234 oO. 3 Gs OI 295 6 16 254 16 36 Keke: PBL 2 DBRT 3 0D 18 US 2? Ike 8 IKs DNAs SABI 3 36 5 35 36 fam, 9 IK§ 2131 : 4041 4 19 324 19 24 Sie 2 Sk 6281 : 682 4 91 2 91 3 Sige Sie 6281 : 8261 2 27 254 Ze 31 CALCITES OF NEW YORK HY NEW BALTIMORE, GREENE CO. Plate 28, figures 5, 6 Crystallized calcite from the quarry of A. C.-Driscoll located at New Baltimore was obtained through the kindness of Mr H. S. Peck by whom it was collected in 1901 and who furnished several specimens for study. The crystals which measure in some instances 60 millimeters in diameter, are translucent and milky white in color. They represent two generations of crystal formation well defined and, from the simplicity of the combinations involved, easily interpreted. Calcite of the first genera- tion is crystallized in unmodified primary rhombohedrons p. (1011), the individuals averaging 15 millimeters in diameter. The crystals which represent the second generation of calcite are shown in figure 5. They are rhombohedral-scalenohedral in habit and present a combination of the negative rhombohedron 3. (0112) with the scalenohedron K: (2131), the forms being present in about equal developments. Included graphite in thin plates forms phantom crystals outlning the primitive rhombohedron of the first generation and in some instances imparting a dark gray color to this combination. On several specimens the superposition of the two generations shown in figure 6 was noted. In these instances the growth of the elements of the second generation are clearly defined by the graphite inclusions, entirely absent in the rhombohedron of the first generation. CATSKILL, GREENE CO. Plate 24, figures 1-5 The types of calcite crystals from several localities in the vicinity of Catskill present such similarity of habit that it has been deemed advisable to here group them in order that they may be compared somewhat in detail. The writer is indebted to Mr George H. Chadwick for an excellent study series of crystals from Austin’s glen, 14 miles northwest of Catskill. Suites of calcite specimens were obtained for study from the quarry of the Alsen Cement Co., situated 6 miles south of Catskill and from the quarry of the Catskill Cement Co., situated at West Camp, about 7 miles south of Catskill, 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUD The calcite occurs in seams in the Rondout limestone and is in some instances associated with crystallized quartz. Type I [fig. 1, 2]. Crystals of this type are rhombohedral-scaleno- hedral in habit combining the negative rhombohedron &. (0112) with a steep positive scalenohedron. On the crystals from Austin’s glen, which are all of this type, the measured angles of this scalenohedron corresponded to » (10.3.13.2), a form first noted by Sansoni' on calcite from Freiberg The combination from Austin’s glen is shown in figure 1. A combination of striking similarity from Alsen is shown in figure 2. In this occurrence the dominant scalenohedron differs slightly from that of the Austin’s glen combination, the measured angles corresponding closely to the theoretical values of a new positive scalenohedron in the zone [4041.1120] having the indexes (11.3.14.2) —=4R{. The letter 3: has been assigned to this form. The prism b (1010) is present in small development on the crystals of this type. In both combinations the planes of the dominant scalenohedron are well developed, sharp and quite bright and the difference in measured angles although small is constant and consistent, permitting no doubt as to the identity of the two forms in question. Type II [fig. 3, 4]. The crystals of this type which are milky white in color are more rhombohedral in habit than those of type I. They also differ from these latter in the greater development of the prism b (1010). A well developed series of forms in the zone [1011.1120] characterize the combinations of this type. The combination shown in figure 3 which occurs at Alsen presents three positive scalenohedrons in this zone, viz: H: (3142), N: (5382) and P: (3251) the last of which is only occasionally present in small development. The combination shown in figure 4 occurs at West Camp and is characteristic of that locality. The scalenohedron N: (5382) of the Alsen combination is here present in somewhat greater development and the prism a (1120), absent from the former combination, is represented by well developed planes. As is common with forms in this zone, the planes of H:, N:, P: and a 1Sansoni, F. Jiorn. Min. 1894. 5:72. CALCITES OF NEW YORK I1Q are considerably striated parallel to the zone axis, producing multiple images of the goniometer signal and rendering the measurement of the interfacial angles somewhat difficult. The forms are, however, sufficiently rational and well established to admit of no doubt as to their true indexes. Type III [fig. 5]. The crystals of this type which were noted only on the specimens from Alsen, are colorless, transparent and covered with a light, yellow, iridescent film probably due to iron. They are scalenohedral in habit, presenting three scalenohedrons of the zone [1102.1011.1120], viz: v:(7.4.11.15), G: (7295) and P: (3251) the last of which is also occa- sionally present on the crystals of type II from this locality. The negative rhombohedron 6. (0112), which is a dominant form on the crystals of types I and II, is here present in relatively small development. Small planes of the prism b (1010) are present on combinations of this type. As in the case of the crystals of type II the scalenohedral zone is much striated. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE : NC: a | MEASURED ! CALCULATED READINGS | ° Vise ° , Dela LOM ez: le NS 5 fe Lie PS oy! 47 pasGe 1011 : 7295 8 16 15 16 36 joe ele 1011 2 SE 3 19 4) 19 25 DeseN: 1011 : 5382 6 34 41 34 28 NEESINE 5382 : 5832 3) Te, 49 UP 54 pee: 1OTT = 3251 9 37 34 37 595 bi) SND LORS See Ope 3 92 ys) 92 46 uy ely HORS MIB: Qe ses. Oe a 2D) 3 25 5 i) By fORseBe Zao LO aise? 6 39 24 39 13 NM: : Me: We OSTA 2 Whe a 5 94 D4 94 56 NN: : Mt: ThibeSxe IAL es Ta le 8 22 41 23 ii M:N: tie Oia i ate 40 3721 “40 36 HUDSON, COLUMBIA CO. Plate 24, figure 6 Small crystals of calcite occur in veins in the Becraft limestone of the Helderberg series at the Hudson City quarry sittated a mile southeast of Hudson. 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The crystals which average 5 millimeters in diameter are colorless and transparent. They are rhombohedral in habit, having for dominant form the fundamental rhombohedron p.(1011). The rare scalenohedron M: (16.4.20.3) in the zone [4041.1120] is present as a series of small bright planes giving good reflections. This scalenohedron which was first noted by Sachs' on the calcite from Tharandt lies close to the scalenohedrons v (10.3.13.2) from Austin’s glen and %: (11.3.14.2) from Alsen, the former of which forms also occurs on the calcite crystals from the Helderberg limestone at localities not widely separated from Hudson. The prism a (1120) is present in relatively small development. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER ANGLE RCE MEASUR ALCUL RB AMENES EASURED | CALCULATED (eo) / fo) 7 Me: + Me: 16.4.20.3 :16.20.4.3 i 96 15 S6 264 Me: : Me: 16.4.20.3 e 20) 46. 16.83 6 Pall 31 Pall 30 Mi: : Me: GHA ONS eal Gm Oe 3 42 24 42 27 RONDOUT, ULSTER CO. Plates 25-27 The vein calcite of Rondout occurs, for the most part, as a secondary deposit on dolomite and presents types of crystallization of marked variety and unique development. The associated pyrite which is here present in extremely minute crystals, occurs in many cases included in the larger calcite individuals arranged along the crystallogenetic lines of the latter mineral in distinct bands on the surface of, or as phantoms within, the crystals of the calcite. These structure lines as outlined by the pyrite inclusions are of notable interest in their relation to the development of the calcite. Somewhat similar inclusions have been noted in the calcite from Phoenixville, Pa. Sachs, A. Zeitschr £ Kryst. 1902) 36:449: CALCITES OF NEW YORK 2a Type I [pl. 25, fig. 1]. Crystals of this type are simple combina- tions of the negative rhombohedron 8. (0112) and the prism b (1010), the latter form being developed through a wide range of habit from a series of narrow triangular faces to a dominance which produces crystal individuals having a relative length of two or three times their diameter. The pris- matic faces are invariably striated vertically. Type II [pl. 25, fig. 2-6]. Crystals of this type are characterized by the presence of the steep positive scalenohedron © (15.4.19.3). In the combination shown in figure 2 the dominance of this scalenohedron produces long slender crystals, terminated by the negative rhombohedron 6. (0112). Crystals of this combination, which are of frequent occurrence, reach a maximum length of 25 millimeters. Inclusions of pyrite were noted in several instances, outlining the faces of a steep positive scalenohedron, possibly ). A more rhombohedral variation of this type is shown in figure 3 and was noted on a number of specimens. In this instance the prism a (1120) is present truncating the middle edges of the scalenohedron. The basal plane o (0001) and the positive rhombohedron m. (4041) are occa- sionally present in crystals of this habit. The combination shown in figure 4 is of more uncommon occurrence in crystals of this type than either of the two preceding habits. The crystals are characterized by the equal development of the rhombohedrons 3. (0112) and A. (0772), the scaleno- hedron D being reduced to comparatively small development. The prism a is sometimes present in this combination. Twinning parallel to the basal plane o and the negative rhombohedron 3. is frequent with crystals of this type the resulting combinations being shown in figures 5 and 6. dy perllien| plea 2ontiow ll —olannCuysrals of type Wil are- prismatic i habit and are chiefly characterized by the dominance of the prism a (1120) and the negative rhombohedron 3.(0112). The combination shown in figure 1 which was noted on several specimens, presents in addition to the two forms characteristic of the type the positive scalenohedron © (15.4.19.3) of type II and the negative scalenohedron ¢(3.15.18.2). The latter form which was previously noted under Union Springs is present as a series of 122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM well developed planes of fair brilliancy. The faces of the prism a are striated parallel to the middle edges of D. The combination shown in figure 2 which occurred on only one specimen differs from the preceding one in the indexes of the negative scalenohedron which in this case are (3.16.19.2) =». This scalenohedron was first noted by Melczer'! on the calcite from Budapest. The prism a which in the preceding combination is deeply striated is represented in this combination by smooth planes of maximum brilliancy. The combination shown in figure 3 which was noted on one specimen differs from the two former in the absence of the scaleno- hedron D as well as the negative scalenohedrons previously noted. The positive rhombohedron p. (1011) and the scalenohedron K: (21381) are present in relatively small development. The planes of the prism a are striated parallel to the zone [1011.1120]. Type IV [pl. 26, fig. 4, 5]. Crystals referable to this type are quite common, being noted in as many as eight specimens. They are of rhombo- hedral habit, the preponderance of the rhombohedron c. (0.13.13.1) giving to them an aspect almost prismatic. The rhombohedron 4. (0445), which with 8. (0112) terminates the type is of variable development from a face equal to 8. (0112) in habit to a mere line, as in figure 4. Vicinal planes are frequent in crystals of this type and are often present to such an extent as to modify the basal edges to curved lines and give to the crystal the aspect shown in figure 5. Twinning parallel to the basal plane o was noted. Type V [pl. 26, fig. 6,7]. A combination of rhombohedral habit refer- able to this type is shown in figure 6, the dominant forms being the nega- tive rhombohedrons 3. (0112) and a new negative rhombohedron (0771) to which the letter Q. has been assigned. The negative rhombohedron 9. (0221) is present in small development as well as the prism a (1120) and the negative scalenohedron Y (12.32.44.13). The latter form was noted by vom Rath? on the calcite from Bergen Hill, N. J. A more complex combi- nation of this type, shown in figure 7, is of rhombohedral-scalenohedral 1Melczer, G. Fdéldtani Kézlony 1896, 26:79. vom Rath,G. Zeitschr.f. Kryst. 1877. 1:604. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 123 habit. The rhombohedral zone in this instance is composed of the nega- tive rhombohedrons 6. (0112), 9. (0221), ®.(0.14.141) and T. (0.28.28.1) developed to about equal habit. The positive scalenohedron K: (2131) is present, developed to a considerable habit; the planes of this scaleno- hedron are striated parallel to the zone [1011.1120]. The negative scaleno- hedron Y noted in the preceding combination is here present in small development, the planes in both instances giving good reflections. The dihexagonal prism ¢ (3140) is also present in planes of relative small develop- ment which yield fair reflections. type Vie |ple27, ue. 2) A combination of this type, represented by small, yellowish, rhombohedral crystals, is shown, in figure 1. These crystals, which were in few instances observed to be doubly terminated, have for the dominant form the negative rhombohedron F. (0.12.12.5) present as a series of roughened and somewhat rounded planes. The prism b(1010), also represented by rounded planes marked by vicinal prominences, merges into F. with no sharply marked edge. Small bright planes of the rhombohedron p. (1011) modify the polar edges of F. The combination which is shown in figure 2 and which is evidently of a built-up character was observed on several specimens in individuals averaging 5 millimeters in length. These are rhombohedral in habit the compound individual consisting of a steep rhombohedral element combining the nega- tive rhombohedrons ¢. (0221), F. (0.12.12.5) and o.(0.11.11.4) developed to about equal habit; this middle section is terminated by a superposed element in parallel position combining the negative rhombohedrons 6. (0112) and W. (0.17.17.1). Reentering angles mark the juncture of the superposed elements as shown in figure 2a which represents a section normal to the rhombohedral zone. Type VII [pl. 27, fig. 3, 4]. Crystals of this type are notably larger than those heretofore described and are characterized by rather dull faces. The combination shown in figure 3 consists of the positive scalenohedrons H: (3142) and »(10.3.13.2) terminated with the rhombohedron (0112). Of these the scalenohedron H: (3142) is represented by dull and roughened I24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM faces and the scalenohedron N: (5382) is frequently absent from crystals of this type. Pyrite inclusions are present on, or just below, the surface 8. (0112), as distinct bands outlining the symmetry along the edges of p. (1011) and often terminating in brushes; in some cases noted, these bands were connected by lateral extensions along the basal edges of p. (1011). Phantoms of opaque white calcite which are shown on the cleavage and take the form of the rhombohedron p. (1011) suggest the secondary deri- vation of this type from a simpler primitive crystal. Another combination clearly referable to this type is shown in figure 4. Crystals of this phase are rhombohedral-scalenohedral in habit, having for dominant forms the negative rhombohedron 38. (0112), the positive rhombohedron z. (28.0.28.1) and the positive scalenohedron » (10.3.13.2). Striated planes of the posi- tive scalenohedron L: (17.9.26.8) are present in small development. The presence of the scalenohedron » seems to connect this type with the combi- nations previously noted from the vicinity of Catskill, an analogy which is borne out by the presence of the scalenohedron H: of the zone [1011.1120] in both occurrences. Type VIII [pl. 27, fig. 5]. Crystals of this type are scalenohedral in habit, of rhombohedral aspect and combine forms of the zone [0112.1011.1120]. Of these the faces composing the middle band are those of the scalenohedron D: (6175) while those which, with the negative rhombo- hedron 8. (0112), form the termination are built-up faces composed of the rhombohedron p. (1011) and the scalenohedron f:(7.2.9.11) though the presence of vicinal planes and striations render the measurements obtained from these faces vague and the scalenohedral form uncertain. The zonal edges of D: are beveled by narrow bright planes of the scalenohedron G:(7295). The presence of pyrite inclusions arranged on the phantom faces of the rhombohedron p. (1011) suggests that crystals of this type were produced by a “building-up”’ process from secondary calcareous solutions upon primitive, rhombohedral crystals. Small amounts of galena and sphalerite were found associated with this phase of the Rondout calcite. Type IX [pl. 27, fig. 6]. The rhombohedron p. (1011) which gives CALCITES OF NEW YORK 125 to crystals of this type a distinct rhombohedral habit, is represented 8. (0112) which modifies the terminal edges and the prism a (1120) which modifies the basal edges of p. (1011) are present as narrow bright faces. The scalenohedron 9 (15.4.19.3) is occasionally present as a modification represented by small faces of by large dull faces. medium brilliancy. The rhombohedron DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS 4 Specs BRAYVAIS- re at arpeamiben ee MILLER a SEO) SYMBOL Hy oO OP 0001 2) oo P2 1120 b oR 1010 : xR 3140 Te 28R 28 .0.28.1 m. 4R 4041 p. R 1011 Speier 0112 sneer 0445 Ge aOR 0221 ny aan 0.12.12.5 One eR Oe nee ja\ —}3 0772 G.|) ige 0771 (CG —13R 0), 133, 133, 1 ®. | —14R 0.14.14.1 Y, —17R O17 .U7 1 (ibe —28R 0.28.28.1 f: ER? 72) O11 D: a 6175 G: 4 7295 Jake R2 3142 Ke R3 2131 L: Rees eet 709.2608 D GREE | 410),2. 13.2 = ee es oa SEND iB oes g y | —R28) 3.16.19.2 z | —ORE | 3.15.18.2 APNEIPND, |) ANE, | ADNCILNT, || IDWI2D) |} ADVIS, |) ADNWAILID, || JUNIE, || ADNIeAD, |) ADNAIDa, I II Ill IV Vv V1 VII VIII Ix fod x x x 60% x x Doc D090 x x oO co 0 | 500 x x x x x x x x x x x x coc x x o00 x isis x Soro x x co° x x DO x 5 O0 300 x x x ood x x x no x o 016 x x x 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ANGLES LETTER <4 NM ND TIQOOUOUtTSGEGOOPE Iss Nn <4 ~ < < wm pee OGM c ce eRe By COU GG wo oo oO & 9 7 9 & 9 Ooo Sey ala Le nth RS So Inet S| INI Ww bw ANGLE Wl- WTA ae - RPrPnNnrtonNnre Ocoee ox: NI > HI <1 - AANA AeH Woe ee = CONT 09 2 OV Ot Ov oy oro: 5S rary = bo Leas Seno lO ecAaleeodooeens ee - On pan ele Wo} Ww OA) eRe | eI bo bl H OUI Ne ee OTB! “I bol - aa — -~] AO Ol bd) — ww ) - ee] | WWWwWNnnwnom | O) OW HI C9) S| CS C2] MII me] | - — ee. SO = Wl: Ww) bl - 3.19. CHICD CO SON eee . re Ou: . philic oc OA) Er C5} CO} Dr} C9) CS) NNWONNWW: Ee] | - jt Oo OW NO. OF READINGS MEASURED — SHOWHOHMWONRUNWKR EH ONE E RWOOWNWNODMDMNMDNDONWINNON — [o} / ire! 65 56 12 3 36m Des AQ Ay 105 43 MB NG de wah Sons 61 584 59 0 59 = 48 60 24 Bl aye! ml | cyt 14 4 78 1 1D Bp aR Die 787 a1 21 5 1 Be yy 13 66 39 ar BA Bh B8 37 556 68 24 a as OB ave a9 10 95 3 DY AB Asi. BS Car ees 29 3 TOW RS 16 45 oc Ot os Ws. 198 DD Dil CALCULATED ° / 27 48 65 49 12 2 36 52 40 46 105 50 43 31 A7 36 55 30} 62 1 59 174 59 364 60 20 61 41 51 59 14 23 an 39 1D 0 85 59 78 3 20 44 16 32 24 10 66 154 37 41 35 36 37 294 68 7 92 46 25 5 39 13 95 2 22 AI 41 54 83 41 28 58k 102 6 16 AT 22 29 | 101 44 17 46 22 7 | | | CALCITES OF NEW YORK 27 THEORETICAL CONCLUSIONS An examination of the geologic map of New York with relation to the foregoing localities will show that these occurrences are geologically sus- ceptible of division into the following groups: I Occurrences in the crystalline limestones of the Grenville series in Jefferson, Lewis and St Lawrence counties. These occurrences are: Rossie, Antwerp, Somerville and Sterlingbush. II Occurrences in veins traversing Adirondack gneiss and in most instances associated with ore bodies of magnetite. These occurrences are: Lyon Mountain, Arnold hill, Mineville and Chilson lake. III Occurrences in the Trenton limestone of the Champlain-Hudson valley. These occurrences are: Smith’s Basin, Glens Falls and Saratoga. IV Occurrences in locally disturbed Upper Siluric limestone forma- tions of central New York. These occurrences are: Fayetteville and Union Springs. V Occurrences in the Upper Siluric limestones of the Mohawk-Hudson valley. These occurrences are: Howes Cave, South Bethlehem, New Balti- more, Catskill, Hudson and Rondout. The following synoptic table gives the distribution of the forms for the 20 occurrences hitherto discussed. 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SYNOPTIC TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS OF NEW YORK CALCITE e E oO oO si si ~noanou | ww KM: ag M ME Ms 3 NoSanaH | 4 ae oe : 5M : TIIMSLVO | rd oA Boe : : Zaeeine é FUOWILIVA MAN seen : : 5M Me : WAHATHLAG HLAOS 2 fe eSas y YW om we Mes AAVO SAMOH var jee Hook we : SONIYdS NOINOD | 4 9 tea ie rv) bd bd hd : ATTIAALLAAVA - 4 gan ve VOOLVUYS | 2 Sig Ms Ml STIVd SNETD | : x uw K : v4 MM os NISV@ S HLINS | od 4 renee INIOd NMOUO | : “WM GMW1T NOST1HO | rod pe Gogo) a fy aTIAANIN | : a TIIH GIONUV | od oh NIVINOOW NOAT s MM oo p4 MMMM = rd pds te HSNAONITUaLS | vw - od ATIIAUAWOS | > id 2 ex o A AUAMOUNY || 4) = 54 bd 4 o 4 od od aIssou | ~ oo v4 4 Mh MMM OM ! Oo mo ial ved a FEES HSSSOSS manmeSsp Re Sananananwond SS) SISK IRIN iS BOIS IS ISIS RIS Zee SaaMN GNGHonw CSCSSCRSROGTaSSCSOSES mo SINAC) WS Se Z 2 +H ANNAANAN Z N N OD N ae Mate ey BAAMAAh Meee MMe ee = Ss oO 88 888 cxf t}2 CNY A 9 S < mo a O> OC 10 sH ree stiae-fso | aS aN eo ae 2B ap Ee Zz, UALLAT RA 2 8 Ss NHdpdddgdess® YORK NEW CALCITES OF Mou "1 MH K ‘hex TSE OL 8h 61° 66 G8EG GI OV LI 66 cs UML PZ i Wb @ 8 96 6 LT TE1G GLIe S662 vOtg GLT9 - 6STZ SLT9 oat id peat ot put “N geet % fra ar ‘W Teak : erat all ea -M oat -H eat £9) eat ac | Tat :d rade t 7q Tae+ 70 fui+ |: $e + :J Stace | 348 iaplicae || SA US Eieaie pees WSGen al RSA ai UrI— | ‘ow Sie) SUS ok WSS it SS CG NGS 8 se Shes AY Sige Th Shae @ wi— | 9 ge— | wl Nig ‘o nee fe ites les Mie HUN Sse 8} Nia cs SYNOPTIC TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS OF NEW YORK CALCITE (continued) LAOGNOU | Bc ok : rome | ee cece 3 TIIMSLVO | ape Sohtas Warnes Ba Sine - : | awonmiva man | ve 5 Or ae | WAHAIH LAG HLNOS : : Peer - Bs ai : c AAVO SAMOH : oh y i. ae . SONTWaS NOINA aoe asain ' d ie | ATIIAALLAAVA j y | VOOLVUVS oe . : “giiva SNAT9 , © Ries NIsva S,HLINS : 4 a “x -y : no) LNIOd NMOWO : AMVI NOSTIHO od i ATVIIAGNIW 4 y ; : ; IIH GTO NAY a es :: - : eae. ~ wivunaonw noat | * : x me she bi : 4 HSNAONITAALS } ATIAXAWOS . a : 5 2 : ; Sue | ek ae. 2 : aissou | see ie 2 9 oo oA = z Nn OO BOO ERS COy ans Mesa SNe 28S SEGERE Eaelge SEAR El ere gee ee SHIN 1519 SANT © Tae S aay a a eo oon A og + Sere Sey S28 S A ty © & Si S = wi CD Te Yon) chars 1a Tis shoe) TH eg cf 0 |BRRRRA BRRMRR BR M Ree ens oo Oe] Sean eater app a) Seater siete raat ig ab AALLAT Ree es O SoG > Sime eS ok > MAR AOS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CALCITES OF NEW YORK Smear a Be: aren = THEE a ee es gel oa ses a ok ope a “i os - “i x 1231 4.8 10.3.13. 2 15.4.19.3 4261 9.4.13.2 39.15.5 oD ANAAN Ft > IN 60 St i NO e419 Ones NX OO mo me Shane esas ae | | by Se Fv 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Examination of the table on pages 128-31, with reference to the geologic grouping of the localities under consideration reveals, in addition to the preponderance of forms frequent in calcite combinations, such as the prisms a (1120)and b (1010), the rhombohedrons m. (4041), p. (1011), @. (0112) and 9. (0221), and the scalenohedron K: (21381), a coincidence of certain zones with respect to the geologic groupings of occurrences suggestive of the influ- ence of genetic conditions upon the crystal habit of these calcite occurrences. Discussing these in order we have: Zone of the second order pyramids. The second order pyramids have hitherto been considered as of rare occurrence in calcite combinations; the pyramid y (8.8.16.3), which has been most frequently noted in the literature of calcite, is recorded from some 12 localities.’ This pyramid which marks the intersection of three prominent zones is also a member of the most frequently occurring series of pyramids, including = (1123), 4 (2243), « (4483) and y (8.8.16.3). It occurs in 5 of the 20 occurrences under discussion, viz: Rossie, Lyon Mountain, Saratoga, Fayetteville and Union Springs, and in two of these, viz: Lyon Mountain and Union Springs, is developed to the extent of a dominant form. At Union Springs the pyramidal habit is specially characteristic of calcite 1 The second order pyramid (8.8.16.3) has been recorded from: Andreasberg. vom Rath,G. Pogg. Ann. 1867. 132:521. Agaete. Hessenberg, F. Min. Notizen. 1870. 9:9) Bamle. Morton, C. Kongl. Sc. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1884. 8:65. Arlberg. von Foullon, H. Jahrb. geol. Reichsanst. Wien. 1885. 35:47. Rhisnes. vom Rath, G. Sitz. Niederrhein. Ges. 1886. Villers en Fagne. Cesaro,G. Soc. Géol. Belg. Ann. 1887. Kongsberg. Sansoni, F. Giorn. d. Min. 1890. 1:129. Seilles. Cesaro, G. Soc. Géol. Belg. Ann. 1892. 19:267. Wisbey. Hamberg, A. Geol. Foren. Forh. 1894. 16:709. Bad Lands, S: D. Penfield, S. L. & Bord, We EH. Amr Jour ser) 19005) 9352: Grasberg. Weibull, M. Geol. Foren. Férh. 1900. 22:19. Upper Missouri. Rogers, A. F. Am. Jour. Sci. 1901. 12:42. Bellevue, Ohio. Farrington, O.C. Field Col. Mus. 1908. 3:144. CALCITES OF NEW YORK 133 crystals of the first generation, the highest development of the pyramid being found on crystals of type I. Comparing the occurring forms of the first generation of Union Springs calcite with the forms recorded by Cesaro' from Rhisnes, the striking fact is brought out that 12 of the 14 forms occurring at Union Springs also occur at Rhisnes, one of which, Y): (19.10.29.6), has been observed only at these two localities. It is apparent, from the position occupied by crystals of type I from Union Springs, which is always that of close proximity to the walls of the seam, that the pyramidal type here occupies the lowest place in the crystal development, representing the oldest generation of calcite. It is equally certain that the scalenohedral type is predominant in crystals of the second generation which might possibly have been, in a measure, derived from the re-solution of the first generation of calcite. Cesaro finds evidence that many of the crystals from Rhisnes of the first generation have been formed around a parent crystal having y (8.8.16.3) as the dominant form. He announces a theory of genesis of these crystals as follows: The examination of these crystals has. led us to the conclusion that they have been formed encircling a preexisting second order pyramid and were deposited by the action of three successive mediums: the first producing pyramidal types, the second forming around the first a com- bination, the faces of which are truncations of the lateral edges of y, the third depositing around the second stage a crystal having for fundamental forms scalenohedrons of the zone [1011.1120]. This sequence of crystal formation is in accord with that stated above - with reference to the Union Springs calcites, the analogy being further emphasized by a comparison of figures 1 and 2 of plate 18 and figure 5 of plate 19. Cesaro also points out the fact that the pyramid y occurs also on the calcite crystals from Andreasberg as first noted by vom Rath in 1867;’ he compares the forms of the Rhisnes calcites with those found by Sansont at Andreasberg and points out several similarities. ‘Cesaro, G. Les Formes Cristallines de la Calcite de Rhisnes. Soc. Géol. Belg. Ann. LSSOm OES Pe OGuGtt, 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Both Rhisnes and Andreasberg lie in the horizon of the Devonic and Upper Carbonic rocks and present the phase of subordinate beds of lime- stone overlaid by graywacke, clay slate, silicious slate and quartzite. In the vicinity of Andreasberg, these strata are frequently broken through by granite masses.’ These conditions show a marked analogy to those existing at Union Springs and at Fayetteville, where the limestone beds are overlaid by the shale and silicious slate of the Marcellus and Hamilton groups and show evidences of considerable local disturbance. The limestone on which the Union Springs pyramidal calcite crystals are deposited is unique in that the silicious residue obtained from its solution consists of minute but perfectly formed quartz crystals. As pointed out by Penfield and Ford? pyramidal crystals of calcite, of the form (8.8.16.3) and containing nearly 50 % quartz sand, have been found in the Bad Lands of South Dakota. It would therefore appear that in at least two localities producing the pyramid y asacrystal habit, the occurrence is marked by the presence of silica under rather unusual circumstances. When we add to this fact the equally sig- nificant one that the formation at Union Springs and Fayetteville and at the Belgium and Hartz localities show in each instance disturbed limestone beds overlaid by strata rich in silica, we would seem to have reason for con- necting the pyramidal habit of calcite with a crystallizing solution carrying silica in quantities approaching saturation. Applying this theory to the occurrence at Lyon Mountain, the con- clusions drawn from the Union Springs occurrence, where a single pyramid 7 (8.8.16.3) was used as a basis of comparison between the Union Springs calcite and that from Rhisnes and Andreasberg, gain added force in the case of Lyon Mountain, where a series of five pyramids occur in the various types, four of which pyramids are found on the Rhisnes calcites and three of which also occur on the Andreasberg crystals. The dominant 1 Phillips, J. A. & Louis, Henry. A Treatise on Ore Deposits. 1896. p. 384. ? Penfield, S. L. & Ford, W. E. Silicious Calcites from the Bad Lands, Washington Countyson Dee eats) Otte OCl pL O00 me Qeaoz: CALCITES OF NEW YORE 135 form of a combination illustrated by Luedecke' under type VIII from Jacobsgltick vein, Andreasberg, U: (5491), is identical with the dominant form of type I from Lyon Mountain. He notes this type as occurring sparingly with quartz, which latter mineral has a “‘hacked, corroded appear- ance.” The mine waters from this immediate locality carry considerable gypsum, epsomite, limonite and hematite in solution and give evidence of having been strongly corrosive. These facts are in perfect accord with the conditions noted in connection with type I from Lyon Moun- tain [p. 82, 83], and it seems highly probable that in the case of the Jacobs- gluck vein, Andreasberg and the Lyon Mountain localities, the first stage of calcite deposition took place from a highly corrosive solution which was taking up silica while depositing crystals of the steep scalenohedral habit of calcite. The absence of all secondary quartz in connection with this habit in both localities, points to the fact that the primary quartz in both cases was still being dissolved, and its subsequent appearance with calcite crystals of a later generation, which latter are characterized by an unusual series of second order pyramids, seems to connect beyond question, the pyramidal habit of calcite with a crystallizing solution saturated or nearly saturated with silica. Pyramids of the second order occur in combination on the calcite from all the localities of group I with the exception of Sterlingbush. With regard to this latter occurrence, the conditions of calcite formation appear to vary widely from those prevailing in the other localities of the group and the enormous crystals which characterize it may be said to represent an advanced stage of calcite deposition absent from these latter. The crystal- line limestone which furnished the calcite crystals of Rossie, Antwerp and Somerville lie in close proximity to the Potsdam sandstone which may fairly be supposed to have furnished considerable silica to the crystallizing solutions producing the calcite of these occurrences. Passing to the occurrence at Saratoga the coincidence of dissolved silica with the presence of the pyramidal zone is much more obvious. Not 1 Luedecke, Otto, Die Minerale des Harzes. Berlin 1896. pl. 20, fig. 1. 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM only does the overlying strata of liméstone contain numerous included flint nodules, but the limestone in immediate association with the calcite crystals gives on solution a residue of minute quartz crystals similar to the residue from the Union Springs limestone. The presence of crystallized quartz in connection with the occurrence gives additional cvidence of a crystallizing solution highly charged with silica. Zone [4041.1120]. Forms in this zone although to an extent distributed throughout the 20 localities discussed appear to be quite consistently present on the crystals from the localities of group V, the only notable exception being that of Rondout. With respect to this latter occur- rence, it is interesting to note in this connection that the scalenohedron ® (15.4.19.3), particularly characteristic of the Rondout calcite, lies close to the zone under consideration, and that its presence might well be due to some local influence operating to disturb the equilibrium of the crystallizing forces. The fact that the occurrences of group V, so closely related with respect to geologic conditions, are characterized by a series of scalenohe- drons closely related crystallographically is at least suggestive. Zone [o112.1120]. The negative scalenohedrons of this zone occur on calcite crystals from four localities, viz: Antwerp, Somerville, Lyon Moun- tain and Arnold Hill. With the single exception of Mineville, where the type studied was obviously representative of an early generation of calcite . formation, these four localities represent all the occurrences of calcite asso- ciated with iron ore included in this work. The coincidence of this set of conditions with the production of crystal forms closely related in zone is again suggestive. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES PLATE 3 137 Calcite from Rossie, St Lawrence co. Page 5) 1 Dype 1 after Zippes, 852a Forms.) 2 — on GION) a a—raann CLUS) anidive—-) (2510) 2 Type I, orthographic and clinographic projections. Forms: o (0001), a. (1120) ses (LOM) mn (4ZOAD) en (iOWA) ron (O2 210 earicies (628i) 3 Type II, orthographic and clinographic projections. Forms: p. (OT1), m. 4041), eo (0221), £2(7.2,9:11)) K-31), 4: C461), 3: omlom) and 3: (6281) A Type III. Forms: b (1010), 7 (8.8.16.3), p. 1011 9. (0221), 3. (0112), K: (2131), q; (2461), 8: (4.6.10.1), =: GS: (15.7.22.2) and &: (39.15.54.8) Sa ype) iy vattemm ilessenlberos al Sb0 Sm boradsH mm Oke om OOO): R—p.(1011), 4R—m. (4041), 4R2—% (281), 2R2{ ==(15.7.22.4) ayel BRIRSE == (G0.28,83,35) 1), m. (4041), n. (5051) (4 2516.3)) 33 (628i0F 138 Plate 3 eu pe ae uk iy 139 PLATE 4 Calcite from Rossie, St Lawrence co. Page 65 t ype lVer Morms 3s a (al20) Fein 00) erat Selions) pam oee el ONGINy m. (4041), © (0S) ta GIG OG) os (OM) avy. Giles) aie msi) meal eran) and $: (6281) 2 Twin of type I) Korms; py doll), im G0) 1 Cilsl) eeand $: (6281) 38 Twin of type I. Worms: o(O0001)> p. Coll), a G04); a C07) KOZ) vandesnG2Si) 4 Twin of type III. Forms: 0(0001), p. (1011), m. (4041), 8. (0112), §: (6281) and 1: (39.15.54.8) 5 Twin of type III. Forms: 0 (0001), p. (1011), m. (4041), 9. (0221), 5. (O12) Poke QU3) parc esa (6O28i)) 6 Twin ot type VIVE orms 3 ya(S.85lG23))y ae O20 ake CeO mieten) w: (3145), K: (2181), and 9: (19.10.29.6)? I40 CALCITES useum Lo Jet aes ] hit I4t PLATE 5 Calcite from Rossie, St Lawrence co. Page 66 1 Stereographic projection of the occurring forms 2 Natural etch figures on basal pinacoid o (0001) 3 Natural etch figures on plane of p. (1011) 4 Natural etch figures on planes of m. (4041) and 3: (6281) 5 Natural etch figures on planes of f: (39.15.54.8) 142 CALCITES * KY it PLATE 6 143 Calcite from Antwerp, Jefferson co. Page 71 1 Dype -L) Rormss ForO0o) Ae 5 ClO10) aoa COMM) Kents) mere g: (6.73.2) 2 Type II. Forms: b (1010) and 8. (0112) 3 Type Il. Forms? bi(1020); v. 9091), 3 (1M) and g: (6 71312) 4 Type Wl. “Forms (010) ese (stOs3 prc: (Olsi2) ancaesn(Graaltan) 5 Type III. Forms: = (1128), p. (1011), m. (4041), ¢. (0221), e: (4156) and K: (2181) GF Dy per cae Borns: K: (2131) m (1123), p. (1011), 9. (0221), e:(4156) and 144 CALCITES m Plate 6 Memoir 13. N. Y. State Museu ae = PLATE 7 “145 Calcite from Somerville, St Lawrence co. Page 74 ype d © Pormes-iion ONO) anor OM) pron CONGO Maaco (al) 2) My pe Wh Horns: a (il20))aio(VOMO) sor (SSG) pumccan (Osa) eareaatcl K: (2131) | 3 ype Wilk | Rormse to CEOMO) ae sxc CLO pmeeraen LOAD hemncen cleeyn Oak 10) SOW) ie (0245) hana 6 49) carlo Calais) A Dy pe WWey) Forts.) by GION) Fos (Ols2) Mande Gaallae2) S ype LV. = Horms-, jp. COMI) ss. (Ole) Pe 1 (Gili S) ake Carey mecratal g Gres) 6 Type V. Scalenohedral habit. Forms: b (1010), m. (4041), 8. (0112), n. (0445), 9. (0221), ©. (0.14.14.1) and K: (2131) 7 Type V. Rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit. Forms: b (1010), sas (AOZD) 5 By (Ol), Ke Csi) aacl-e (il. 1 2,2) 146 CALCITES : te Museum Calcite from Sterlingbush, Lewis co. Page 78 1 Average habit of the larger crystals. Orthographic and clinographic projections: “Horms: o (001)) po, (OM) Kelsi) Na 6382) bee2 ay) and T (4261) 2 Scalenohedral habit common to the smaller crystals. Orthographic and clinographic projections. Forms: o(@001); p. GOL1), (221) Kis INE (6282) Rance oi) 3 Twin crystal of scalenohedral habit. Forms: 0 (0001) and K: (2131) 4-6 Twin types of larger crystals. Forms: 0(0001), p.(1011) and N: (5382) 148 CALCITES Plate 8 3 Oy eN SS “ ‘TN MT , Calcite from Lyon Mountain, Clinton co. Page 81 Type I. Forms: m. (4041) and U: (5491) Type I. Forms: p. (1011), m. (4041) and U: (5491) Type I. Forms: m. (4041), J. (0.13.13.4) and U: (5491) Type II. Forms: Y. (0.19.19.13) and 4q; (2461) Type III. Pyramidal habit. Forms: 4 (2243), y(8.8.16.3) and Y. (0.19.19.3) Ee WwW Ww = Or 150 a ian Calcite from Lyon Mountain, Clinton co. Page 83 1 Type III. Pyramidal habit. Orthographic and clinographic pro- jections. Forms: (2248), y (8.8.16.3), Y.(0.19.19.13), K:(@131) and é: (4.6.10.1) 2 Type III. Pyramidal habit. Orthographic and clinographic pro- jections. “Forms: (2243) 7 (S:8alG.3) a) ca (Ontle lila) pee 1(Onleledalint)mrcaacl K: (2131) 3 Type III. Pyramidal-scalenohedral habit. Orthographic and clinographic projections. Forms: (2243), y(8.8.16.3), 9. (0445), Y. (0.19.19.13), K: (2131) and w (14.12.26.5) 4 Type III. Pyramidal-scalenohedral habit. Orthographic and clino- graphic projections. Forms: b(1010), (2248), v(1121), 7 (8.8.16.3), n. (0445), ¢. (0.11.11.7), 9. (0221), K: (2131) and ti (8.14.22.3) 5 Type III. Rhombohedral-pyramidal habit. Forms: 4 (2243), 7 (8.8.16.3), v. (0554) and 9. (0221) 152 Yee! VE Aan NVA | ee 7 NS es (Se) HS Calcite from Lyon Mountain, Clinton co. Page 83 Type IV. Rhombohedral habit. Orthographic and clinographic prc jections. Forms: 4 (2243), + (8.8.16.3), &. (0443) and K: (2131) Type IV. Rhombohedral-pyramidal habit. Individual crystal of com- posite group shown in figure 3. Forms: = (1123), 4 (2243), y (8.8.16.3), &. (0443), U: (5491), q: (2461) and U (14.12.26.5) Type IV. Composite crystal showing individuals of figure 2, superposed in parallel position upon p.(1011). Orthographic and clinographic projections Type V. Orthographic and clinographic projections. Forms: 4 (2243), x (4483), n. (0445), §. (0443), 9. (0221), A. (0772), 5. (0.11.11.1), K:(2131), G2 246i), (C4 IDaiieande:(8472)) 154 CALCITES Memoir 13. N. Y. State Museum Plate 11 PUNE po ete i Sree iee8 Sogn tees nace Stereographic projection of forms occurring on calcite from Lyon Mountain, Clinton co. 156 CALCITES useum eo : , av Stereographic projection of forms occurring on calcite from Smith's Basin, Washington co. 164 dnd i i (tae Al 1 Calcite from Glens Falls, Warren co. Crystal of rhombohedral habit. Page 101 p. ClO). my 4041) +s: GsON3: 1) so) Oli) and eNei 352) The crystal is Crystal shown in figure 1 twinned parallel to 5. (0112). Forms: a(1120), b(1010), s (3140), projected with its composition plane vertical and perpendicular to axis I]. Forms as above Calcite from Saratoga, Saratoga co. Page 103 Type I. Rhombohedral-pyramidal habit. « (4483), 7 (8.8.16.3), p. (1011), m. (4041), 3. (0112), 9. (0221), K: (2131) and y: (29.17.46.12) Type II. Forms: a (1120), b (1010), 6. (0112) and y: (29.17.46.12) Calcite from Fayetteville, Onondaga co. Page 104 Rormss sp. (Oil) yand kes Que) Monash yas Cel 0): 8: 2:9. 11.5) + (8.8.16.3), p. (1011), 166 Forms: a(1120), b (1010), m. (4041), K: (2181) and CALCITES Memoir 13. N. Y. State Museum Plate Calcite from Union Springs, Cayuga co. Page 105 1 Type I. First generation. Forms: y (8.8.16.3), p. (011) and 3. (0112) Type II. First generation. Forms: a(1120), b(1010), ¥ (8.8.16.3), m. (4041), K: (131), M:(7.4.11.3) and © (4231) 3 Type II. First generation. Forms: b (1010), y(8.8.16.3), p. (1011), ray (AOLD)y sh SOS sD) wamelnkes alten) 4 Type II. First generation. Forms: b(010), y (8.8.16.3), p: (10M1); m. (4041), 8. 112), 9. (0221), K: (2131) and M:(7.4.11.3) Type III. First generation. Rhombohedral-pyramidal habit. Forms: a (1120), b (1010), 7 (8.8.16.3), p. (1011), m. (4041), 8. (0112), c: (6178) aac) 1X2 (UB) Type III. First generation. Rhombohedral habit. Forms: a (1120), 1 (8.8.16.3), p. (1011), m. (4041), K: (2131) and 9: (19.10.29.6) Type IV. Second generation. Forms: a(1120), b(1010), y (8.8.16.3), Dy Ot?) Rance Griese) bo OU o> ~I 168 e he x a Stat ia PLATE 19 Calcite from Union Springs, Cayuga co. Page 108 1 Scalenohedron of the form M: (7.4.11.3) showing the position of the twin- ning planes of the twin crystals of type V 2 Type V. Second generation. Crystal twinned parallel to o (0001). Horms. biol) (S.8aliGr3) amd Wiese) 3 Lype V. Second generation. Crystal twinned parallel to 5, (112). The crystal is projected with its composition plane vertical and per- pendicular to: thes axis wah orms qn io ClO) hea (oe Salone) merenael WEE (AE) 3a Position of the cleavage plane p. on the above twin crystal 4 Type V. Second generation. Crystal twinned parallel to 9. (0221). The crystal is projected with its composition plane vertical and per- pendicular to theaxissi | Boral= sie 3) 4a Position of the cleavage plane p. on the above crystal 5 Dype VI. Second generation. Fomns: pb (0N0), y(S:8i16.3)) p, (Oum: m. (4041), 3. (0112), M:(7.4.11.3) and Y: (19.10.29.6) 6 Dype! Vi- Second 7) seneration (Combination Sor snetine: lon nomic! parallel to o (0001) 7 Type VII. Second generation. Penetration twin. Forms: a (1120), p-. (1011), m. (4041) and 38. (0112) 170 : : lel ya ‘ + P) es as : ae ‘s Find + is ; ; F ey 4 “ ‘ ie ‘ r “od z 5 x ; : 5 i ‘\ PLATE 20 17 Stereographic projection of forms occurring on calcite from Union Springs, Cayuga co. | 172 Calcite from Howes Cave, Schoharie co. Page 111 1 Type 1. Forms: ps Gn), aq. ChOm) aoa (O12) Rake. ( Qi) rance Sa Go2s) 2 Type Il. Forms: m. (4041), g. (7071), 58. U: (10.4.14.3), 3: (6281) and § (9.4.13.2) 3 Type IJ. Forms: b (1010), m. (4041), a oe ©, (0.14.14.1), biG@l89)2 Ke Orsi) We ClO Aa Sr S(O 2 Sil (Sx4el lb) alin la) and © (9.4.13.2). An undetermined Se is indicated by ? 4 Type II. Forms: m. (4041), q. (7071), 5. (0112), ®. (0.14.14.1), b: (7189), K: (2131), p: (1341) and 9: (6281). An undetermined negative scaleno- (OND). (7189), Ke Orsi: hedron is indicated by? 5 Type ll Penetration twin. forms. p. COM pn Gn CnOml) aoa guao)s K: (2131) and 3: (6281) 6 Type III. Forms: a(1120), p. (091), m. 4041), 6. (0112), e: (4156), H: (3142) and K: (2131) 174 CALCITES Stereographic projection of forms occurring on calcite from Howes Cave, Schoharie co. 176 CALCITES m LS Ze wn UK 6 1010 Calcite from South Bethlehem, Albany co. Page 115 1 Type I) Forms: b 010); °p, QOD). mm, (4041), gq. (707) ie CaS reamnd 3: (6281) 2 Type 1) Porms:b (010); ms G04 is. (3.0)13 1) 1c. (OND) ee aiy and 3: (6281) 3 Dype Tl, Forms: p. GliOnl)) m. (40a) o(OM2) x: 3710)) Genoa) and K: (2131) 4 Type III. Forms: b(1010), p. (i011), 2. (0112), 1. (0445), 9. (0778), (ALSO) aia 1K: Qus) 3 Calcite from New Baltimore, Greene co. Page 117 5 Crystal of second generation showing phantom of graphite inclusions outlining a crystal of the first generation. Forms: 6.(0112) and Ke Osis) 6 Crystal of the first generation showing superposed growths of the second generation, the latter containing graphite inclusions. Forms: p. (1011), 0 (Ol) Parmele ia) 178 CALCITES Plate 23 Memoir 13. N. Y. State Museum H. P. W. del. H CO WO Or Calcite from the vicinity of Catskill, Greene co. Page 117 Dype 1, trom, Austines glen) Catsially = ghionms. sp: lOO): b (10.3.13.2) Dy pe trom Alseny = Pormceno. (Ole aimee Te ae 14.2) Type Il, from Alsen. Forms: bb (1010),5. (0112), H- (8142 ype Wy irom Westy Camara sonansen van cll20) reson GlOMO)p N: (5382) 8. (0112) and )and N: (5382) §. (0112) and Type IM, trom Alsen) “Rorms: ‘bilo. v.74 i) Ge 295) anneal 122 (251) Calcite from Hudson, Columbia co. Page 119 Forms: a (1120), p. (011) and M: (16.4.20.3) ISo CALCITTES M i SCuin ee Pe ar A) Plate:24 Se zp WZ S Qin oo FNS eer rer ithe? oan Calcite from Rondout, Ulster co. Page 120 l Type 1) horms. b Ul) tamdiee (Om) ; 2 Type I]. Scalenohedral habit. Forms: 2. (0112) and D (15.4.19.3) 3 ne IT. Rhombohedral-sealenohedral habit.” Forms: oe a (1120), 3. (0112) and D (15.4 19.3) 4 Type II. Rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit. Forms: 8. (0112), As (0772) and D (15.4.19.3) Type II. Scalenohedral habit twinned parallel to o (0001). Forms: 3) O12) yand > @a& 79.3) 6 Type II. Scalenohedral habit twinned parallel to 8. (0112). - The crystal is projected with its composition plane vertical and perpendicular to the axis II. Forms: 8. (0112) and D (15.4.19.3). 182 (or CALCITES useu te ew bw eR ep) Calcite from Rondout, Ulster co. Page 121 ype Mle VE ormas= vay Cl 20) hon (OMI) Oi Gine4a19h3) wancden(Gallamlice2) Type LNs) Forms: a) C20), 0, (OM) FD) Cis e) Raacey GalowlOe2)) My joe Ale rE ora wae C12 0) irom GONG) acer (OnnIED) i anarelaelkeea (Zale 315) Type IV. Forms: 8. (0112), ». (0445) and c. (0.13.13.1) Type IV. Curved phase of figure 4 resulting from the development of vicinal planes Type V. Rhombohedral habit. Forms: 8. (0112), 9. (0221), O. (0771) and Y (12.32.44.13) Yype V. Rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit. Forms: ¢< (3140), 3. (0112), 9.(0221), %.(0.14.14.1), T. (0.28.28.1), K:(2131) and Y (12.32.44.13) 184 me esi x 5 L ae PLATO fed . > Lone ot ate Calcite from Rondout, Ulster co. Page 123 1 Type VI. Forms: b (1010), p(10T1) and F. (0.12.12.5) 2 Type VI. Built-up crystal. Forms: 3. (0112), ¢. (0221), F. (0. 1202.5), w.(0.11.11.4) and ¥.(0.17.17.1) 2a Section of the above normal to the rhombohedral zone 3 Type VII. Crystal of rhombohedral-scalenohedral habit showing sym- metrical disposition of pyrite inclusions. Forms: 3. (0112), H: (3142) and » (10.3.13.2) 4 Type VII. Rhombohedrallscalenchiedsal habit. Forms: z. (28.0.28.1), 3.(0172), L: (17.9.26.8) and » (10.3.18.2) 5 Type VIII. Forms: 2. (0112), £:(7.2.9.11), D: (6175) and G: (729 93) 6 Type IX. Forms: a (i120), p. (10T1), 3. (112) and D (15.4. 19. 3) 186 iN IB Bes Adirondack gneiss, occurrences in veins traversing, 127. Alger, Francis, mentioned, 8. Alsen Cement Co., 117. Andreasberg, 133, 134, 135. Angles, formulas for calculating, 51-54. Anthony’s Nose, 8. Antwerp, Jefferson co., 71-73, 127, 128- 31, 135, 136; desctiption of plate, 144. Arnold Hill, Clinton co., 91-94, 127, 128-31, 136; description of plate, 158. Artini, E., cited, 16, 18. Austin’s glen, 117. Bachmann, J., cited, 13. Barbour, E. H., cited, 18. Base, 20-21. Baumhauer, H., cited, 13. Beck, L. C., cited, 7, 8, Io. Benko, cited, 14. Bethlehem, 7. Beykirch, J., cited, 18. Bibliography, 1ro-10. Blumrich, J., cited, 15. Bégeild, O. B., cited, 18. Bombicci, L., cited, 13. Bournon, C. de, cited, 11. Bowman, H. S., cited, 18. Braum, M., cited, 11. Bravais-Miller system of symbols, 28-29. Breithaupt, A., cited, 11. Brezing. A, cited, 13. Brumlechner, A., cited, 16. Busz, K., cited, 17. Buttgenbach, H., cited, 17, 18. Cameron, Thomas, acknowledgments to, 6, 74. Cathrein, A., cited, 14. Catskill, Greene co., 7, 117=19, 127, 128= 31; description of plate, 180. Cesaro, G., cited, 14, 15, 16, 64, 65, 88, 132), Lae: Chadwick, G. H., acknowledgments to, O}a nly. Chilson Lake, Essex co., 95-97, 127, 128— 31; description of plate, 16o. Clark, P. E., acknowiedgments to, 6. Clarke, J. M., acknowledgments to, 6; mentioned, 105. CGleaveland) 5 citeds7,) 10: Clinographic projection, 57. Crown Point, Essex co., 97, 128-31; de- scription of plate, 160. Crystalline limestones, zap occurrences in, d’Achiardi, A., cited, 13. d’Achiardi, G., cited, 17. Daina, jj. ID. emec. y, EL uo), me, (ne Ge} system of nomenclature, 27. Delisle, Romé, cited, 11. Deve Cloizeatscw ans clued m2) 13) Descriptions of occurrences, 59+126. Diamond island, 7. Driscoll yA] Gay quarry. ot, 117; Dufrenoy, A., cited, 12. Dutchess county, 7. Eakle, A. S., cited, 19. Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 9. Farrington, O. C., cited, 17, I9, 132. Fayetteville, Onondaga co., 104-5, 127, 128-31, 132, 134; description of plate, 166. 187 188 Blink, (G:, cited, 17. Fond We ecited mom OmlS | On smc 2's 134. Forms of calcite, list. of, 38-47; doubt- ful or uncertain, list of, 48-50. Formulas ‘for calculating angles, 51-54. Pranckes Ei cireds 10s" es ‘Franzenau, -A., ‘cited, 16, Frenzel, A., cited, 12. Friedel; G., cited, 16. Fromme) 4) cited eos Gailor, W. H.,.mentioneéd, 103. Gebhard, John’ jr, mentioned, 104. -- Geritel,” i; cited, 16. Gerstendoniere |eecited male Gissinger, T., cited, 16. Glens Falls, Warren co., 101-2, 127, ~* 728-31; description of plate, 166. Gnomonic projection, -57. ; Goldschmidt, -V., cited, 11, 15, 36; sys- tem of symbols, 29-30. Gonnand ie, civedsr7e Gouverneur, 8. Gratacap, L. P., cited, 17; acknowledg- --ments to, . 60. Grenville series, 127. Groddeck, A. von, cited, 12. Haidinger, \V., cited, IT. Helalliiaim cite dames lamb egos oe cieeds) omiazen Islebre, IN, 1B, ClreGl, 1B, s Hartmann, C. F. A., cited, rtf. Hartnagel, C. A., acknowledgments to, 6, 81. Ps Hausmann, qk Wenetteds1 2: elattivem @ecite danas Hessenberg, .F., cited, 9, 10, 12, 60, 132. Hindshaw, H. H.,.acknowledgments. to, 6, 86. Spee Hobbs, W. H., cited, 16. Hochstetter, F., cited, 12. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hodge, R. S., acknowledgments to, 6; mentioned, 74. laloier, Isl, Gtieal, 13, Elough hs Bemcited 6s, sO: Hoveyast.|Opnciteds mt. Howes Cave, Schoharie-co.,: 1r1—-14, 127, 128-31; description of plates, 174, 176. Hudson, Columbia I1g-20, 127, 128-31; description of -plate, 180. GOe lish, Ia 1 WMIGID),, cited, oO, 12, Os, - Jameson, R., cited, 11. Jefferson county, 127. Jimbo, K., cited, 10. Johansson, K., cited, 16. Katzen ae hermeinc demi. Kelley, F. W., acknowledgments .to, 6. Keni prea cemcited sono: ; Leonhard, G., cited, 8, Io. : Lettering forms, system of, 36-37. ILGtVZe, AN GWG 1A, WA, we. WO: Lévy, A., cited, 11; system of symbols, 31-32. Lewis county, 127. Leyden, 7. Binckss Gece dhagite ens Linear projections, 55, 57-58. Linth, Escher von der, cited, 11. Lockport, 7. Ra Louis, Henry, cited, 134. Luedecke, Otto, cited, 16, 135. Lyon Mountain, Clinton co., 81-91, 127, 128-31, 132, 134, 135,-136; description of plates, 150, 152, 154, 156. Magpnetite! 127000 es Mathematical relations and formulas, 20=50!2 ag ' Melezer, G., cited, 16, 108, 122. Mises, Tel, No, Steck, 15. INDEX.TQ .CALCITES OF Miller, W. H., cited, system, 30-31. - Mineville, Essex co., 04-95, 127, 128-31, 136; description of ae 158. Moberg, J.C., cited, Models, 55, 58-59. | iMigesz. G cited, 17: Mohs, F., cited, 11, Morton, Cy cited 14,132: Migsesu en cited, 153. Miiccew Or mcitedsuis. 67: Minster, T., cited, 14. 34; 32. GiredsO! LO: Nason, F. L., ; cited, 11; system of Naumann, C. F., symbols, 26-27. Neumann, F. E., ri : New Baltimore, Greene co., 117, 128-31; description of plate, .178.. Newland, D. H., acknowledgments to, 6; mentioned, 74. Niagara Falls, 7. eiteds 155. 127, Orthographic projection, 57. Oxbow, 7 Palache, C., cited, 16, 17, 19, 64, 85. Peck, H. C., acknowledgments to, 6, 7 Penfield, S. L., cited, 9, 10, 18, 56, 105, DA TAAL. Retens 1G eb rcived 12. iitipse eo. cired,, 3, LO: Phillips, J. A., cited, 134. etkssOme Us ave cited, 15: Plates, description of, 137-86. Polak, ji2 M.\"cited, 17. Pres Ke. cited, 13. Prisms, 21-22; dihexagonal, 22, 38. Pyramids of the second order, 22-23, 38; occurrence of, 132. Renault, E., Representation, cited, 16. methods of, 54-59. rhombohedral . NEW. YORK 189 Rhisnes, 133,:134- Rhombohedral system of Miller,.. 30-31. cited, 7, Io. Rogers rock, 7. Rondout, Ulster co., 186. OSes Gj cited,. 12: Rossi, St Lawrence co., 7, 8, 59-71, ‘Rhombohedrons, 23-24; positive, 38-29; . _negative, 39-41. Robinson, S., ‘Rockland contin, : en Rogers, A. F., ace 18,0535 & Gaby Thee. - ee 127, 128-31, | 136; description of plates, 182,. 184, . 127,- 128-31, 132, 135; description of plates, - 1S, T4042. Sachs, A., cited, 18, 120. St Lawrence county; 127. Sandberger, F., cited, 14. Sansoni, F., elie TA, TiAl, WE, WG, WIS), 138, 133- Saratoga, 103-4, 127, 128-31, 132, 135; description of plate, 166. 5 Scalenohedrons, 24-26, 41-47. Schaller, W. T., cited, 19. Schatshined ss citeds 13 Schmidt, ©: cited; 18. Schnoor, cited, 12, 16, 104. Schrauf, A., cited, 13. Selia@z Bind a TD, Senarmont, H. de, cited, 11. Shiepands Ga Use cited. 7. 10: Sillem, cited, 12. SjOsGenwEterctted si: Smith’s Basin, Washington co., 97-101, 127, 128-31; 164. Smock, J. C., mentioned, 94. Somerville, St Lawrence co., 128-31, 135, 136; description of plate, 146. South Bethlehem, Albany co., 115-16, 128-31; description of plate, 178. W277. description of plates, 162, A717, 127, 199 Spherical projections, 54-57. Stereographic projection, 55-56. Sterling, Miss Pauline, mentioned, 78. Sterlingbush, Lewis co., 78-81, 127, 128- 31, 135; description of plate, 148. Sterrett, D. B., cited, 18, 80. Stober, F., cited, 16. Story-Maskelyne, N., cited, 57. Streng, A., cited, 15. Symbols, 26-37. Thiirling, G., cited, 14. Ticonderoga, 7. Tompkins Cove, 7, 8. rauibemire. cited arcs Trenton limestone, occurrences in, 127. Twinning, 50-51. Types of forms, 20-26. Union Springs, Cayuga co., 9, 105-11, 127, 128-31, 132, 133, 134; description Ot plates, 168) N701 Ji72: Upper Siluric limestone, occurrences in, L277, VOMpiathinG Cited a2 eae Apel o mel oes Re2yelee. NEW YORK. STATE | von | von Foullon, Hi, -cited, 14, 15, 132: MUSEUM Etterlein, A., cited, 15. von Jieremejett, P., cited, 15. von Kokscharow, N., cited, 13. von Lasaulx, A., cited, 13. von Zepharovich, V: R., cited, 12, 13. Virba, Kj verted) 13) : Wait, C., acknowledgments to, 6. Wardell, H. C., acknowledgments to, 6. Websky, M., cited, 12. Wegatchie, 8. Weibull, M., cited, 18, 132. Weinschenk, E., cited, 16. Weiss, C. S., cited, 11, 28. Whitlock, Hue vciredy 1a) ,16) 205. Wimmer, W., cited, 12. Winge, K., cited, 16. Wiser, D. F., cited, 11. Zambonini, F., cited, 19. Zemjatschensky, P., cited, 18. Zimanyi, K., cited, 16, 18, 10. Zippe, Fix. M.; citedi 78> 10; err i2yeco! Zonal relations, 33-35. nny NAM te alt iat All AA AGHN Nest i Nh ; i ; i : We v Neat Lory OF THE CRYSTAL FORMS OF CALCITE WITH A SPHERICAL RADIUS OF 7 CENTIMETERS Scale of tangents of Pp ied os t ~ ~ =— Law FORMS OUTSIDE THE LIMips OF THE PROJECTION neni Pyramid Rhombshedrons Scalenchtedrons a. ooP2 (1170) @ 16P2 (8 &To.1) ZR got) rio (10: WE Riz (is: naa2) B-8RF (1.4701) b @R (1010) 3 +258 (50 b+aR (qoal) MRI (76-1) S+4R (saan YOR (010) 724K (a4. B--4R (099) w®: +Ri4 (1513-282) A +4R3 (a 1) GoR2 (3140) ZrxR (yor) B-uR Conia) RIG CIT IsSz2y FT +4RF (7q262) DeoR3 (2130) 2 +20R (200701) C-=13R (ors +R17(4-3-T11) H@Rs (5380) uw +19R (90141) P-14R (ot Dt RIA(i0 Joris (76.150) V- +18R (ipo 1) W-ITR (ort YE + Rao (2119 40.2) T+ 16R G6 0161) 2 -20R (020 261) $+ 135K (30 3) ‘T-268 028.781) Ker UR Qvom 1), U -36R (036361) = y Mena m sooP ever 3 a7 2 sa fe 3658 ren a a YY Ye ey a ee ars pene a> Tansasts sis = \ 3188 <0? sr ra ‘Winn