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State of New York — Department of Agriculture.
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL ReEpoRT
OF THE
BOARD OF CONTROL
OF THE LIBRARY
The Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for 1898, consists of
three volumes, as follows:
Volume I. Sixth Annual Report of the regular work of the Department
of Agriculture, as required by section 5 of chapter 338 of the Laws of 1893.
Volume II. Tenth Annual Report of the State Weather Bureau, and Eleventh Annual Report of the Cornell University Agricultural Experi- ment Station, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture in compliance with
the provisions of section 87 of chapter 338 of the Laws of 1898.
Volume III. Seventeenth Annual Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, made to the Commissioner of Agriculture in accord- ance with the provisions of section 85 of chapter 338 of the Laws of 1893.
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE APRIL 28, 1899.
WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS, NEW YORK AND ALBANY. 1899.
State of New York — Department of Agriculture.
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL ReEportT OF THE
BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE LIBRARY
NEW YORK BOTANICAL
NEW YORK GARDEN
Agricultural Experiment Station
(GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY)
FOR THE YEAR 1898,
WITH REPORTS OF DIRECTOR AND OTHER OFFICERS.
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE APRIL 28, 1899.
WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS, NEW YORK AND ALBANY. 1899.
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SrAme OF NEw YORK.
No. 77.
IN ASSEMBLY,
Aprit 28, 1899.
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL Report
OF THE
Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station.
STATE OF NEW YORK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
AuBany, April 28, 1899.
To the Assembly of the State of New York:
I have the honor to herewith submit the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law.
I am, respectfully yours, CHARLES A. WIETING,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
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LIBRARY NEW YORI BOTANICA 1898. GARDEN
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION.
BOARD OF CONTROL.
GOVERNOR BiLAck, Albany.
WILLIAM C. BARRY, Rochester, Monroe Co.
S. H. Hammonp, Geneva, Ontario Co.
Martin V. B. Ives, Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co. A. C. CHASE, Syracuse, Onondaga Co.
F. O. CHAMBERLAIN, Canandaigua, Ontario Co. F. C. ScHrAus, Lowville, Lewis Co.
NICHOLAS HALLOCK, Queens, Queens Co. LyMAN P. HAviILAND, Camden, Oneida Co.
G. Howarp Davison, Millbrook, Dutchess Co.
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.
Martin V. B. IvEs, W. O’HANLON, President. Secretary and Treasurer.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
8. H. Hammonp, F. O. CHAMBERLAIN, LyMAN P. HAVILAND, W. C. Barry, F. C. ScHRAUB, G. Howarp Davison.
STATION STAFF. W. H. Jorpan, Sc. D., Director.
Gro. W. CHURCHILL, Gro. A. SMITH, Agriculturist and Superintendent Dairy Expert. of Labor. Frank H. HAtt, B. S., Wo. P. WHEELER, Editor and Librarian. First Assistant (Animal In- Victor H. Lows8, M. S., dustry). 7F. A. Srerine, M. S., ¥. C. Stewart, M. S., Entomologists. ; Botanist. S. A. Bracu, M. &., L. L. VAN SLYKE, Ph. D., Horticulturist. Chemist. WENDELL PAppock, B. &., C. G. JENTER, Ph. C., C. P. Crosz, M. S., *W. H. ANDREWS, B. S., Assistant Horticulturists. J. A. LECtERr¢, B. S., Frank E. NEwTon, SAY Ds Cook, PhsiCs JENNIE TERWILLIGER, Frep D. FULLER, B. S., Clerks and Stenographers. hes EPART. Boise, A. H. Horton, #, THomeson, B. S., Computer.
Assistant Chemists.
Address all correspondence, not to individual members of the staff, but to <4 the NEw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. Y. = The Bulletins published by the Station will be sent free to any farmer ap- — plying for them.
~ * Connected with Fertilizer Control. “ ¥Connected with Second Judicial Department Branch Station.
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PAGE
PRE AEECTS! LODGED iia pe 3 ot ko gos a anys wind Jicigrpeiy We eis dye,o's «0, Seis'o a eels ie PERE TOPOL erie sts oc ars's. <o conyite a'stc ores eo siele ences via ace Braeray aheiepiaraisheleioiece 6 Report of the Department of Animal Husbandry:
The economy of using animal food in poultry feeding................ 45 Report of the Botanical Department:
Spraying cucumbers in the season of 1898...........00:20-.00 wecece 67 Report of the Chemical Department:
Analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring of 1898..... ataisretstarats 93
Analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1898....... ........ 276 Report of the Department of Entomology :
BE eOLLONW OOM 16al-DECLIEL! forces osc actoee ele aetscvdseceueweess 823
Reg RU BOTUUGE 3 csbire sates casters “art eie\ops- ince y's sels a giacah 2 Sivas, U0) a, ere’! /epa/ayotnrardse 840
PEM ERTAS DOGUEY SSA Well yoerraciey et cri a; cesetcioreleveravere sie) oleieyolesaveleie'enaie:osoter erate avons 845
Preliminary notes on the grape-vine nen beetle ..... hye Wate sslepaebes er oc 859
Pueapple tres Conb CAlOrpUlans..« ois os ainc Fe scp aGiae ve oc da:0ia.6 bviiee ohee 365
Spraying experiments against the spring canker worm............... 885
A spraying mixture for cauliflower and cabbage worms.............. 889 Report of the Department of Field Crops:
Gasamorcialifertilezers for POtAtOOS« «6 cco. uc ecw cis viele esee's eee seree 417
Saeah DESb MiVesEAnIONS IH ISOS IR: cnet oc ole cdulsed « \dbwielce ae ee 430 Report of the Horticultural Department :
A comparison of soil mixtures for forcing head lettuce....... ....... 461
Experiments with commercial fertilizers in forcing head lettuce.. ... 488
Variety tests of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries............ 492
Experiments in ringing grape-vines............. CORIO COORD DE CEE 510
PRM RECT EASY OL DNC EGS giarcxi as 3.x vtaibin mip ei fiol's oa ela Upc oe 6 2aio a Ne sb, eie 00 518
Cherries : Lutovka and Brusseler Braun..............seecceeeeeeeees 564 Meteorological record for 1898............ sate teeroteiololeceievsis ele; Siders tlstereete-0evo 567
MEE OX are Peele M EC UNL 5 sor ecstalavateneNe Sl ce te See isaleiblaisietwes ob we ee vs 585
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SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL ReEportT OF THE
Board of Control of the New York State Agri- cultural Experiment Station.
TREASURER’S REPORT.
. Geneva, N. Y., October 1, 1898.
To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station:
As Treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the following report for the fiscal year ending September 80, 1898:
MatntEenancre Account.
Receipts. 1897. Oct. i. Nosbalanee-om Wand. “aici geass he $678 41 To amount received for produce sold. . 2,221 18
To amount received from Comptroller, 52,500 00
$55,399 59
Expenditures. By building and repairs...... ae $6,729 85 by chenncalsnppligs sii...) < o's 'ee es os 746 57 By contingent expenses............ 550 52
By reeriner Stutis:.! £tueiasines 5 fg ie aoe 380 35
Revort oF THE TREASURER OF THE
By. fertilizerssc aite.nip tee een. ee oe by freight andexpréss'.<. Ps. sae: By furniture-and fixtures. ere By heat, light and water........... Bylebor.0h 3.24 Bis’ Fa G cil X Poth By Wbrary. 2c. aeeee eter ek eee: By livestocku seh s.i.25. eee ee By postage and stationery... ....... By publications.) 0s. were erie sae Wy ‘salaries :\., 5.2 atin seeded eee ie ee By scientific apparatus waace sce. aoe By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. . By tools, implements and machinery. . By traveling expenses......... ac ces Dy balance 224° SPAS 2 a seem
$55,399
00 17
3 86
07 43 53 88 18 12 58 55 49 79 88
Tham
59
EXPENSE oF BuLLETINS AND Enrororine Provisions or CHAPTER
1897. Oct.
955, Laws 1896. Receipts.
To amount received from Comptroller,
Hapenditures.
1. By: setount overdrawn... cee. fas
By chemical supplies. .°.2. 0.5’. . « By cotitingent; expenses... 3... ... By freight andiexpressnec\. ...... css By heat, light and water..:... :..<iie os By postage and stationery. . ........ By publiestiongs.. ...):scaacmuete ae mass
By salartess vccac.:.' «| «<0,
$12,500
00
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. . $7
By tools, implements and machinery. .
By traveling expenses.............. 1,193
Byabalance scwieatetisn ith 1,954 $12,500
Postacr Account, Sprctat APPROPRIATION. 1897. Oct. doe lo bala MeesOM WANG 4 os. st.4 23, ok sock $282
Expenditures. MMR TW OSLABE: 165 se -ne se arth ~ wits wh os wos $282
Reparrs To Burtprnes, SpectaL APPROPRIATION. 1897.
Oct. it, Le balance:on Wanda .2°, tas ase cs 6s $1 Expenditures. By repeims to-buildings 2c. a2c26. ... $1
Srconp Jupicrat Department, Cuarrer 675, Laws 1894.
Receipts. 1897. Oct. ilo palaneeonslandss 13-21... 5. eae os $46 To amount received from Comptroller, 6,142 $6,188 Expenditures. By chémical supplies... .......... $50
By contingent expenses... ........ 14
00
00
54
54
34 12
46
15 58
4 Report oF THE TREASURER OF THE
By: rents; (land) BA. c2 e-S0Re 150 Se, $1,222 00 By fertilizers,: 5 Din. sce aa. acu 161 63 By freight and express...2. 8.02403. 34 95 By furniture and fixtures... 2200... 1 50 By heat, light and water........... 29 99 By laboniacs pice Sas ee eee 321 95 By postage and stationery... ...... 38 07 By salaries: i).0 meee ee Soa 3,168 96 By scientific apparatus’. 202: 2 oe on 6 86 By seeds, plants and sundry sean : 358 37 By tools, implements and machinery. . 123 31 By traveling expenses... .......... 609 80 By sbalance:? sa. ceeie a wine ae ieee 46 34
$6,188 46
Spectra, APPROPRIATION FOR Brotogicat anD Datry Burtprne, Cuapter 315, Laws 1897.
Receipts. To amount received from Comptroller, $31,865 09
Expenditures. By constriction 2%). 22. Ge amie seine $26,488 71
By-equipment.. s'....3 Panee erst soos 5,376 38
$31,865 09
All expenditures are supported by vouchers, approved by the auditing committee of the Board of Control, and have been fur- nished the Comptroller of the State of New York.
New York AGRICULTURAL Exprrivent STATION.
5
Unirep States Appropriation Unprer Act or Conaress Ap-
PROVED Marcu 2, 1887.
To receipts from the Treasurer of United States as per appropriation for fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, as per act of Congress, approved Mame ADU SS tas ue skiers a> ews
Hapenditures.
By chemical suppliesta. eo so syee Byeteeding stuiis:s 26.05.66 seb Bl eg MVD OIN: cr trees ois eieheue eee ace Byslive Stocks: 28:3 cis amish opts iens Nyy Sa lamte syst s tea pc race lana oe stare ke as
$1,500
WILLIAM O'HANLON,
Treasurer.
00
89 00 61 00 50
00
DIRECTOR'S REPORT.*
To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural — Experiment Station: ,
Gentlemen.—I have the honor to present herewith the report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898.
The past year has been characterized especially by the comple- tion of plans which for some time you have had under considera- tion and development.
Notable additions have been made to the building and appa- ratus equipment; the scientific staff has been enlarged, and the” scope and efficiency of the Station facilities for studying prob- lems important to agricultural practice have been much increased thereby.
It is very gratifying to be able to report, also, that all this has been accomplished, at the same time that the usual activities of the Station have been fully maintained, with the most harmonious thought and action on the part of all concerned. Neither inter-_ nally nor externally has the work of the Station suffered from dissensions or unpleasant criticism, a condition of things for which
your director desires to make profound acknowledgment.
THE STATION STAFF.
In my report for 1897, mention was made of the election of Mr. H. A. Harding as Dairy Bacteriologist and Mr. G. A. Smith as Dairy Expert. Both of these gentlemen now have entered upon their duties, their work being located in the dairy section of the new building. Mr. Harding spent about six months of the year in very useful observation and study at the‘laboratories of
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 153.
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FIG. 1.—BASEMENT PLAN OF BIOLOGICAL AND DAIRY BUILDING.
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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. t
Europe, in order to become familiar with current subjects and methods of European research.
At the time of my last report, the election of a botanist was in contemplation. After looking the field over thoroughly, it was decided not to go outside of the Station staff in order to fill this position. The work of Mr. F. C. Stewart, who was located at - Jamaica, L. I., pursuing investigations immediately related to the interests of Eastern New York, had been so satisfactory and pro- motive of practical benefit, that your committee having the mat- ter in charge concluded to transfer him to the main Station, where he could have larger and more efficient facilities for the investiga- tion of plant diseases. His work will now have a relation no less important to the agriculture of the Second Judicial Department than was the case under the former arrangement. Mr. Stewart has spent several months of the past year in Europe pursuing studies in plant pathology, returning to his work in August.
THE NEW BIOLOGICAL AND DAIRY BUILDING.
The most important accession to the Station buildings so far secured is the new laboratory which is designed to accommodate the departments of investigation along biological and dairy lines. Its erection was begun in September, 1897, and completed in September, 1898.
The accompanying description and cuts show as clearly as pos- sible its appearance, construction and apparatus equipment. —
The historical facts relating to the action of the Board of Con- trol, legislation and the work of construction can best be presented by an extract from the report of the chairman of the building committee, Hon. A. C. Chase.
“On October 6, 1896, the Board of Control of this Station re- quested the director of the Station to prepare such plans as he might deem necessary for the erection of a building to accom- modate the biological and dairy departments of this institution. At a subsequent meeting of the Board held in Albany on Janu-
8 Drrector’s REeport oF THE
ary 19, 1897, plans presented by the director were approved and it was unanimously voted to ask the Legislature then in session for | $41,000, with which to erect the proposed building.
“This action was due to a clear recognition of the necessity for providing larger and more efficient quarters in which to locate the existing departments of dairy investigation, horticulture and entomology and the departments of botany and bacteriology to be created. The sum of money named was the estimate of the State Architect based upon preliminary plans which had been submitted to him.
“A bill framed in accordance with the action of the Board was introduced into the Senate by the Hon. John Raines and into the Assembly by the Hon. Murray Benham, gentlemen who ably rep- resented this section of New York in the Legislature then in session, and who faithfully proseeuted and defended the interests of the measure which was placed in their charge.
“ The bill was favorably reported from both the Ways and Means and Finance committees and received unanimous passage in both the Senate and Assembly. It was sent to the Governor about the middle of April and was approved by him on April 21, 1897. This act now constitutes Chapter 315 of the Laws of 1897.
“The unobstructed passage of this measure in a year when economy was the watchword and its signing by the Governor when it was entirely clear that many other requests must be de- nied are sufficiently noteworthy to call for some explanation. There was, first of all, a widespread and earnest representation to the members of the Legislature by many of their prominent agricultural constituents of the desirability of the proposed en- largement of facilities for investigation at the State Experiment Station. The State Grange, the State Dairymen’s Association and several other prominent agricultural organizations passed resolu- tions favoring the erection of the proposed building.
“Tn the second place, those leaders in the Legislature who were in the position to exert a large influence upon legislation were
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Nzw Yorxk AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2
favorable to the measure. It is but just also to remark that the President of the Board of Control, occupying as he did a seat in the Assembly, was able to carefully guard the interests of the Station, and he was faithful to his opportunities.
“A committee consisting of A. C. Chase, S. H. Hammond, F. O. Chamberlain and W.H. Jordan was appointed by the Board to take charge of the construction of the building, and was author- ized to make and execute all necessary contracts. Notwithstand-
ing the fact that steps were taken on April 22d to secure plans and specifications from the State Architect’s office, they were not placed in the hands of the building committee until nearly the middle of August, thus rendering it necessary to proceed with construction during cold weather. The committee promptly ad- vertised for proposals for the erection of the building. Twelve were received which were opened on September 8th, the sums mentioned varying from $23,689 to $34,088.
“A. B. Morrison, of Geneva, was the lowest bidder and the contract was awarded to him at $24,214, this being an increase of $525 over the proposal on account of extras which were added to the original specifications. Later, proposals were received for installing the heating apparatus, the plumbing and drainage, the refrigerating plant, the temperature control system, the elevators, wiring the building and the lighting fixtures.
“The awards were as follows:
“ Heating, Herendeen Mfg. Co., Geneva.......... $2,185 00 “ Plumbing and drainage, Emig & Hatmaker, Geneva 3,475 00 “Refrigerating plant, A. H. Barber Co., Chicago.... 2,000 00 “ Temperature control system, Electric Service Co., of
Be ele Nene PRE ni nce Sad 0. okies ota, coe oh cigce aro & te 1,145 00 “ Elevators, The Houser Elevator Co., Syracuse..... 350 00 “ Wiring buildings, Geneva Power and Electric Light
PE AA hE ae ae witli ne x 3, c° oa baited as Ss 425 00
“Lighting fixtures, Oxley & Enos Mfg. Oo., New Wieere Cis ty alg rs ee Ba cite ahs wok a SEG sealer he we 467 00
10 Drirecror’s Rrrort oF THE
“Ground was broken for the foundations of the building in September, 1897, and the work proceeded as expeditiously as the conditions would allow.
“The style of the structure is certainly in keeping with its purpose, and must be commended for its quiet and simple dignity. The quality of the construction has been most thorotgh and satis- factory. This has not been due so much to the faithful and un- relenting inspection of the supervising architect, Mr. Charles F. Crandall, of Rochester, as to the ability and business integrity of the contractors. No matter how keensighted and insistent an architect may be, he is often unable to secure desirable results at the hands of irresponsible builders. This institution is fortunate in having entered into contracts with men whose honorable pur- poses rendered their bonds a superfluous legal form. The build- ing committee takes this occasion to express its appreciation of the most excellent plans and specifications furnished by Hon. I. G. Perry, State Architect, of the faithful and efficient services of Mr. Charles F. Crandall, of Rochester, supervising architect, of the most thorough and elegant plumbing and drainage work in- stalled after the plans and under the direction of Henri D. Dickin- son, of New York city, and of the thorough and honorable execu- tion of their contracts by the several contractors mentioned above.”
General construction.— This new laboratory stands about 300 feet east of the Director’s office, facing north and fronting upon North Street. It consists of a main building, 88 by 38 feet, and two wings extending 30 feet to the rear, between which is an open court at the rear 16 feet in width, insuring ample light and venti- lation to all working parts of the building. The front is in three sections, of which the central one of 46 feet projects 4 feet. In front of this is a porch 9 feet wide and 41 feet long, with a veranda upon which doors open from the second story. The two stories, 11 and 10 feet in height, respectively, of both main build- ing and wings are made of the best quality of cream-colored pressed brick, and trimmed with Medina stone. The basement extends under all parts of the building and is 11 feet clear, the con-
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crete floor being at grade in the rear, where doors into each wing, and into the main building from the court, give easy access. The elevators, one in front to the first story and one in the rear to both first and second stories, make the delivery of supplies and the handling of the dairy products very convenient. The basement and foundation walls are faced at all exposed points with Medina stone, giving a pleasing contrast with the lighter-colored brick. The roof is of slate, with galvanized iron cornices, and is so shaped that the attic rooms are large and high. Abundance of light is given these rooms through six double dormer windows at the sides, a round window in front and a skylight above.
The interior is finished in quartered oak; hard plaster is used throughout; and the floors are southern pine except in the vaults and four dairy rooms, where vitrified tile is used.
Heat, gas and water.—The building is heated by steam from two 30-horse power boilers in the basement, the radiators in each room being controlled by automatic valves connected with ther- . mostats and operated by compressed air by the Johnson system. Steam from the boilers, compressed air and hot water from the compressor and heater (both also in the basement), and cold water and gas from the city systems are supplied at the laboratory tables and other convenient points. Constant pressure upon the water systems is maintained by connection with a 1,000 gallon tank in the attic.
Refrigeration.— For maintaining constant temperatures in the cheese-curing rooms and bacteriological culture rooms and a low temperature in the dairy and cold-storage rooms a supply of cold air is necessary. To secure this an extensive refrigerating plant has been installed. This operates upon the ammonia-expansion principle and consists of a compressor, oil-removing cylinder and condenser located in the basement; and expansion coils in one cheese room in the basement, butter room, pasteurizing room, cold- storage room and large insulated rooms in the attic. Part of these coils are immersed in brine tanks so that a low temperature, secured during the day, can be maintained during the night with-
12 Drrector’s Report oF THE
out running the machinery. The power for the compressor and other machinery is furnished by a Straight Line, high speed, cen- . ter crank horizontal engine which, at a steam pressure of 70 pounds and speed of 260 revolutions, gives about 25-horse power.
In refrigeration the gaseous ammonia is drawn from the expan- sion coils and passes through the water-jacketed compression cylin- der where it is liquefied by a pressure of from 150 to 200 pounds. On its way to the cooling coils and tank the liquefied ammonia ~ passes through a long, slender cylinder where by the action of gravity, it is freed from the oil used in lubricating the compressor. In the coils of the condenser the heat is drawn from the ammonia until the latter reaches the temperature of the city water sur- rounding the coils. From the cooling tank the liquid passes to the expansion coils as required, and by its rapid evaporation, con- trolled by expansion valves, withdraws the heat from the air or the brine surrounding the coils. The temperature can be reduced to a point far below freezing.
Departments and their equipment.— Handsome oak and glass doors lead into the entry from the front and from the entry into a central hall and staircase. Occupying the left side of the main building and the east wing are the five rooms devoted to horticul- ture. These consist, in succession from the entrance and all com- municating, of the horticulturist’s office, 18 by 15 feet, with a large dark closet attached; horticulturist’s laboratory, 20 by 14 feet; assistant horticulturists’ office, 20 by 174 feet; assistant hor- ticulturists’ laboratory, 832 by 141-8 feet; and museum, 32 by 142-3 feet. The offices here, as throughout the building, are provided with large roll-top desks, revolving bookcases, specially planned and commodious wall cases and comfortable desk and office chairs, all the furniture being of oak. The laboratories each have a large work-table, with Alberene stone top and sink, fitted with the conveniences previously mentioned. The win- dows are provided with wide microscope tables or shelves, and these as well as the projecting ledges of the microscope and
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New York AGRICULTURAL ExpPErRIMENT StrarTIon. 13
reagent cases are fitted with removable glass tops to prevent
staining. Adjustable spring-back chairs are also provided for the
microscopists. |
_ Facing the door of the horticultural museum and just across a narrow hall is one of the fire-proof vaults for the preservation of
records, the other vault being upon the second floor, just above
this one. The museums, also, are practically fire-proof.
The narrow hall referred to above is at right angles to the central hall but does not extend across it to the right. From this hall, upon the same side as the vault, lead the door and stair- way to the basement.
At the right of the main entrance is the office of the dairy expert, which opens into another hall at right angles to the main one and leading to the butter room. This butter room is 32 by 20 feet in size and, like the milk-receiving room, pasteurizing room and cheese-room, is finished entirely in white. The floors of these rooms are of vitrified tile, with pitch sufficient to give ready drainage; and the sides have a wainscoting of enameled brick. The apparatus is also finished in white enamel, so that all the surroundings are conducive to neatness. In the south end of the butter room, next the milk-receiving room, are the four sepa- rators, a United States steam turbine, a United States belt power with intermediate connection, a DeLaval steam turbine and an Empire direct-connection belt power. Near the middle of the room is the box churn, which contains four compartments so that four samples of cream may be handled at once under uniform conditions. At the north end of the room are the hand and power butter workers with expansion coils above to secure proper tem- perature. This portion of the room can be shut off from the rest by a curtain when necessary. Opening from this room are an elevator to the basement, a large closet and the cold-storage room. The milk-receiving room has an outer door leading to steps ex- tending along the side of the wing and contains a large vat and steam pump to receive the milk and distribute it to separators,
pasteurizer or cheese vats.
14 Drrector’s Report oF THE |
In the pasteurizing room are the steam pasteurizer, milk cooler and Babcock tester. The upper coils over which the milk flows . in the cooler circulate cold water and the lower ones ammonia, so that economical and rapid cooling is secured. The cheese room communicates by an elevator with the basement and with — the second story near the cheese-curing rooms, and contains one large and two small cheese vats, one large constant pressure press and one small one.
Upon the second floor are found a central hall and staircase as below and the arrangement of rooms in the east half does not differ from that of the first story. These rooms are, in succession as before, the botanist’s office, botanist’s laboratory, entomolo- gist’s office, entomologist’s laboratory and botanist’s museum. The hall between the museum and vault, however, extends entirely across the building to the west wall and forms part of the insulation of the block of cheese-curing rooms. ‘These cheese rooms occupy the west wing and are separated from its outer wall on all sides by a 4-foot passage-way. They are further insulated by double walls and air spaces on the outside and between the separate rooms. These rooms are six in number, each 9 by 10 feet, and each provided over the entire,wall space with shelves 14 inches wide and 12 inches apart. It is expected to control the temperature in each of these rooms within 2 degrees, running each room independently and at any degree between 30 and 90. ’ A hot-air flue from below and cold-air flue, from the chamber in the attic containing the expansion coils and brine tanks, lead into each room. These flues are closed by dampers operated by com- pressed air and controlled by thermostats. When the tempera- ture falls one degree from the point fixed upon, the thermostat turns a valve and the compressed air opens the hot-air damper near the floor. Should the temperature rise, the cold-air flue in the ceiling is opened. So delicate is the operation of this system that breathing upon the thermostat will open the cold-air flue; fanning it, the hot-air damper.
In front of this second story and to the right of the center are
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New Yorx AgricutturaL Experiment Srartion. 15
the bacteriologist’s laboratory, bacteriological culture and incuba- tor room and a storage and work room. A portion of the incubator and culture room is to be shut off from the rest by a glass partition and its temperature held where desired by a cold- air flue and radiator automatically controlled, as a convenience for summer work with gelatin cultures:
The attic has been finished off only in the east half and here are located the rooms devoted to photography. These consist of a gallery 36 by 34 feet, lighted by an 8 by 10 foot skylight and a large double dormer window; a dark room; and a finishing room.
In the west half of the attic is the chamber containing the large ammonia expansion coils and brine tanks. This chamber is insulated with great care by air spaces on all sides and by thick double-air-spaced walls, so that very little heat from without can enter.
In the basement are the machinery and boiler rooms, several large coal and storage rooms and one large room for curing Brie, cream, and similar cheeses which require moisture and darkness. This room is also provided with cooling apparatus. .
_ USES OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND DAIRY BUILDING.
In order that the people of the State may be reminded of the real relation this new structure bears to agriculture as an art, I take the liberty of reproducing here remarks that I offered at the dedicatory exercises which occurred on September 21, 1898.
“Tt is not necessary to state what all clearly understand, that this building has not been erected simply for the sake of adding one more structure to those previously possessed by this Experi- ment Station. A larger and more useful purpose has been in view. What this is, doubtless many have asked to-day, in thought if not in word. It will aid in answering this very pertinent question if we refer to certain statements, contained in the report of the director of this Station for 1896. In discussing the proper work of this institution it was declared that ‘ horticulture and dairying occupy a commanding position in New York agriculture’ and it
16 Drreotor’s Report OF THE
was subsequently stated that ‘ everything points, therefore, to the conclusion that the experiment stations of this State should give prominent consideration to whatever will promote these two lines of practice.’
“This building is one step in the pursuance of the policy thus enunciated. It is to harbor, as the report of the building com- mittee states, the departments of dairying and horticulture, with those of botany, bacteriology and entomology, the three latter - being really largely adjuncts of the two former. Dairying is an art, but it is one that is being materially modified by the results reached through chemical and bacteriological research. Horti- culture is also an art, a many-sided one, and it is each year be- coming more and more dependent upon the information supplied by the botanist and entomologist.
“Another statement was made in the director’s report for 1896, which is also pertinent to this occasion, and which is quoted at length: ‘If we base the reply to this question (How can the farmer’s interests best be served?) upon experience, the answer must be that the farmer will best be served even from a business” point of view by a rigid inquiry into the facts and principles which underlie his practice. The knowledge which, in its application to agriculture, has been in the past fruitful of the best results, is that which has come from investigations in the field of pure science, and this will undoubtedly be true in the future. Tests of theories and illustrative experiments in matters pertaining to the business of farming are useful and even necessary, but all safe and per- manent advance must proceed primarily from a study of funda- mentals. Judged in the light of these statements, then, the real function of the Experiment Station is to conduct severe scientific inquiry in those lines related to the practice of agriculture and, therefore, the controlling policy of this Station should be to strengthen and develop its facilities for making such researeh exhaustive and conclusive.’ In providing these laboratories this
Experiment Station is trying to live up to its declaration of prin-
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ciples. What is to be the work of the horticulturists? Certainly not merely to study the cultural side of the fruit-grower’s business, but to discover and formulate those laws of plant life which con- trol all the practice of the garden and field. Prof. Beach will use the implements of research more than he will the pruning knife, however essential the latter may be.
“Tt is not expected that the botanist, Mr. Stewart, will devote himself wholly to naming new or unusual plants or to explaining how to eradicate weeds, but much of his time will be spent in searching out the hidden processes which have their course within the tissues of plants. The microscope, the sterilizer and the in- cubator will be his tools. The bacteriologist will also be a student of those minute organisms which seem to have so profound a relation to man’s welfare, and this member of the Station’s staff will be most useful when he is most scientific. Possibly he may spend days or months hunting for a single fact in the life history of one of these germs. The entomological laboratory is not built simply to contain a collection of ‘ bugs’ although it is very im- portant to have such a collection for reference purposes. Mr. Lowe will seek first for the life history of these little animals, both troublesome and useful, and when he is successful he will se- cure the data that are most valuable.
“We shall come nearest to the practice of an art in the dairy department, but the practical operations of the butter and cheese room will not be of a commercial character. Our dairy apparatus and our unique cheese-curing rooms are put into the hands of our dairy expert simply that he may co-operate with the chemist and bacteriologist in discovering the facts and principles fundamental to a proper control of manufacturing processes. Unusually fine equipment exists not to admire but to use in learning the effects of temperature and other conditions upon the compounds and organisms of our dairy products.
“Ts any one skeptical about all this effort being of use to agriculture? He may quiet his fears, for the history of the past shows that the tiller of the soil will ultimately reap a benefit.
2
18 Direotor’s Rerort oF THE
This building is also to have, we trust, an important relation to the higher range of human knowledge. No facts that pertain to the universe of matter and of life are useful to one art alone. The science which the farmer uses is science for the whole world, and is essential to every man who must both master and obey physical forces in the practice of an art or profession.” :
THE DEDICATION OF THE NEW BUILDING.
It would be a serious omission if the history of the Station for the past year was reviewed without mention of the dedication of the new building which occurred at the Station on September 21st. The circumstances attending that occasion were auspicious. The day was fine and the distinguished visitors who were expected to participate in the exercises were, in nearly all cases, Providen- tially able to be present. The attendance both local and from distant parts of the State was very gratifying. Probably not less than 3,000 people visited the Station grounds during the day. It was a collection of men and women representative of the best thought and effort in New York agriculture and their presence on that day in an attitude of sympathy towards the Station and its work was an encouragement and an inspiration.
In order to accommodate this large number of people, a tent with a seating capacity of 2,000 was erected adjacent to the Station grounds and it proved to be a very pleasant and convenient auditorium.
Addresses of a high order of merit were delivered here during both forenoon and afternoon. Good music was very kindly fur- nished by the Willard State Hospital band, for which favor I desire to make most appreciative acknowledgment.
The Station was especially favored on that day by the presence of Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, who, notwith- standing the severe pressure of great responsibilities, found time to personally express his interest in New York agriculture.
Among other distinguished gentlemen present were Congress- men 8. E. Payne and James W, Wadsworth, Maj. H. E. Alvord
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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19
of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex--Gov. W. D. Hoard of Wisconsin, Hon. Charles W. Garfield of Grand Rapids, Mich., Senator John Raines, Hon. F. E. Dawley, Hon. S. B. Richardson of the State Department of Agriculture, Hon. A. R. Eastman, President of the State Dairymen’s Association, Profs. I. P. Roberts, L. H. Bailey and H. H. Wing of Cornell University, Dr. R. E. Jones, President of Hobart College, Hon. Geo. E. Powell, and many other prominent agriculturists.
Special mention should be made of the presence of Prof. S. W. Clark and Hon. J. 8S. Woodward who were honored members of the first Board of Control of the Station when it was inaugurated - some eighteen years ago.
Formal addresses were made by Secretary Wilson, ex-Governor Hoard and Mr. Garfield, President Jones, Prof. Roberts and Mr. . Schraub, and remarks were offered by Congressman Payne and Senator Raines, to all of which the large audience listened with evident approval. The exercises of the day were highly compli- mented on all sides.
Outside of the speaking the new building was the center of attraction, although an elaborate display of fruit and the other buildings and equipment of the Station proved to be objects of general interest. .
In the evening the reception given by the Board of Control was very largely attended, the rooms of the new building being crowded until a late hour. :
A most excellent and comprehensive report of the entire pro- ceedings of the day was made by an enterprising local paper, the Geneva Courier.
THE NEW POULTRY-HOUSE.
The new poultry-house is located where the only dry site was available, some distance from most of the other Station build- ings. The size and general arrangement of this building are shown in the accompanying plan-drawing.
The central portion of the building is higher than the wings and has a basement, part of which is used for an incubator room and
20 Drreoctor’s Report oF THE
part occupied by a hot-water heater and coal. From the incubator room two eight-inch ventilating pipes run to the loft. The first floor is used for a work room and one part as a sleeping room for the poultry man. The loft is used for storage.
Towards the end of the brooder wing are four pens in which can be used separate lamp brooders. <A row of eight brooders is heated by pipes of hot water. Back of these brooders is a sunken passage-way connected with the heater room of the basement. This is covered by a trap floor which may be hooked back when desired. When working in this passage-way the brooders are at the height of an ordinary work bench. Four of the brooding ‘chambers are 2 ft. by 3 ft. and four are 2 ft. by 4 ft. on the floor. Four flow pipes of hot water run through the brooders imme- diately over the chicks and two larger return pipes run underneath the tight floor. The brooders are separated by air chambers or — boxes from which fresh air is admitted at each end of the brooder chamber through screened covered openings. Doors from the air box open into the passage-way so that pans of hot water to supply moisture may be placed on the return pipes.
These air boxes are not separated from the long inclosed space under the brooders through which the return pipe runs. A dam- per admits fresh air from the passage-way to the space under each brooder so that a current of air may pass under the floor of the brooder over the return pipes, then into the air box over the moisture pans and enter the brooding chamber near the flow pipes. - The front of the brooding chamber is open, the floor being level with the floor of the pen, but can be closed when desired by a door of wire netting. The rear wall, partly of glass, is securely attached to the cover which is hinged and lifts against the parti- tion. The brooder covers are strong so that collectively they form a raised walk. Wire netting doors open into each brooder peu.
The wing at the left contains a feed room and four pens for breeding stock. This wing has a tight-board ceiling. Trap doors open into.the loft and ventilator pipes extend through the roof. A pipe connected with the water heater runs through this wing
LENBECK CRAWFORDCO
PLATE VIII.—AMMONIA COILS AND BRINE TANKS,
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\
New York AgricutturaL Exprrment Srarion. 21
along the floor under the water dishes and nests, so it is possible to warm the room slightly if desired during very cold weather. The sides at the rear and the outer ends of both wings are double, inclosing an air space. The windows in each wing are of one sash and hinged at the, side so that they serve as doors to the open runs. Storm windows are fitted to button on outside for use during cold weather.
OTHER BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS.
Some years ago a large water-tight manure platform, about 100 by 40 ft., constructed of grouting and cement, was built just south of the cattle barn. Under this platform water-tight cisterns were located to catch all drainage from the manure. As this platform had no covering, and as the records of sixteen years show the rainfall of this region to vary from twenty-two to thirty-six inches annually, it is plain that approximately from 230 to 375 tons of water would fall annually on this platform, a large part of which would run into the cisterns. In order to make available the plant food taken into solution, all this rain water must be pumped into earts and distributed on the land, thus incurring an expense much greater than the value of the plant food leached from the heap of manure. In view of these facts, a manure shed has been built over this platform. The wisest method of saving manure is to use sufficient absorbents behind the cattle, and then if the manure is stored, to keep it sufficiently moist and compact to prevent ex- cessive fermentations. ;
This shed is so placed with relation to the new piggery men- tioned later, that if it seems wise, the swine will be given access - to the manure, thus securing the desired compactness.
A new piggery, designed to accommodate twenty or thirty swine, has been erected adjacent to the manure shed. This was made necessary by the need of proper and convenient storage space for farm machinery which can now be found in the base- ment of a barn formerly used for swine. This basement is to be renovated and finished with a grout and cement floor and used for storing the smaller implements and machinery when not in use.
sp} Drrector’s Report oF THE
An important change has been made in the basement of the cattle barn by doubling the window space and by substituting a wooden wall for the stone masonry in the south end. With the increased light and dryness thus secured this basement appears to furnish comfortable and healthful quarters for live stock.
In view of the need for much more milk to be used in the new dairy building, it will be necessary to enlarge the stock capacity of the cattle barn. This can only be done by building a wing, one story probably, and most conveniently on the east side, that will accommodate twenty or thirty animals. JI recommend that $1,500 be secured for that purpose. I also recommend that $1,000 be secured for the maintenance of general repairs to the Station buildings. The general funds appropriated for the use of the Station should be wholly applied to the maintenance of its various departments and must be if it is conducted along the varied lines that are now undertaken.
THE STATION PUBLICATIONS.
A recent count of the names on our mailing list shows that the popular bulletins are being distributed as follows:
Popular Bulletin List.
Residents of the State of New York ................ 29,697 Residents of other States. 'v jocscs 4 wcnen seniee Seen 716 INGWSPaDOrs.s a. seist «cae etewee cates oe eee 732 Experiment Stations and Experiment Station staffs.... 814 Miscellaneous. 3 0 ou ststmcce me antte Ret eteaeteete eee 131
Total . daticd:livgde baees at gin isas San aaeaee 32,090
The complete bulletin list is comparatively small.
Complete Bulletin List.
Experiment Stations and officers it064 6 1e os ne eee 752 Libraries, scientists, .eb@..:).:/.<:-.: sont. Siero ae ee 136 ~ Moreign ‘Listy oi. .svans we pc kiea ae eee ie eee 52
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New York AGRiIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23
2 ENCES Sg Pe oe Seep Aa ae tak De re ee as age 290 SST SAYS OTIS cnn or one Ra eC SS a 131 NOI eae 2s RS OS Ne Sa IN RON Ae RE i a 1,361
It has now been nearly two years since the Station began the publication of the so-called popular bulletins. So far experience seems to justify the decision to issue this form of publication. A few criticisms have been met, but as a rule the opinions expressed have been those of approval. The relative appreciation of the complete and popular bulletins may be judged by the requests for the former which are sent to the Station. Every copy of a popular bulletin contains a statement that if the recipient prefers the complete bulletins they will be sent to him regularly. Notwith- standing this offer, less than 300 such requests have come from more than 30,000 persons.
The Station mailing list is steadily growing. During the last five months it has increased over 800 names, mostly in response to requests sent to this office.
RELATION OF THE STATION STAFF TO FARMERS’ INSTITUTE WORK.
There are various instructional and research efforts now main- tained in the interests of farmers, whose lines more or less inter- sect. The teachers in our agricultural colleges are to some extent investigators and they are found often on the institute platform. ‘The experiment station worker, whose chief function is to in- vestigate, is frequently taxed severely by requests to serve as an institute speaker, as well as to give class room instruction, when the experiment station is a department of a college. This inter- relation of these distinct but at the same time closely related lines of effort is often the occasion of more or less perplexity.
- The State of New York is maintaining an extensive system of farmers’ institutes, requiring the services constantly during the winter months of a large number of speakers. The persons who
24 Drrecior’s Report oF THE
are qualified to act in this capacity are in the main only those who can speak attractively with authority concerning some special subject important to agriculture. Such popular teachers are not abundant. For this reason, the members of this station staff are constantly sought, not only by the officials who have the institutes in charge, but by the farmers themselves, to appear on institute programs, a condition of affairs which looked at from one point of view is a proper cause of gratification. It is an omen of good that the agricultural masses have come to regard the truths of science as useful te them and their art. It is fortunate, also, that the scientists at an experiment station have the opportunity to come into sympathetic contact with those in whose interests they are working. A personal relation is thus established which is pro- motive of mutual confidence and understanding. Besides, while the farmers may learn much from the student of science, the latter may in return gain from the practitioner new views of the rela- tions of truth to the art he is seeking to benefit, and thus be guided in giving to his researches the direction of greatest useful- ness.
It is necessary, however, in order to understand the situation to view this matter from another standpoint. ;
The primary function of an experiment station is investigation, not instruction. This statement may disagree with popular opin- ion, but it is nevertheless correct. This being true, there are two facts which it is important to consider:
1. Frequent calls, at intervals more or less distant, for service as speakers at institutes, is a serious encroachment upon the - mental status and consecutive effort of the investigator. This is true both with reference to laboratory study and to the discussion of results.
The chemist, the botanist or the bacteriologist, when once he has entered upon a series of observations is seldom able to turn aside to other matters without serious loss, and when in the midst of the discussion of results, with his mind saturated with the data he is to present, he cannot temporarily transfer his mental
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activity to another subject without seriously checking his momen- tum along the main line of thought.
2. The teaching habit, especially in a Aopeiee way, cannot be considered as an aid, and may easily be a hindrance, to the close analytical mental processes along technical lines which are essen- tial to success in scientific studies. This may explain why the platform efforts of many of our ablest men of science, who seldom attempt popular discussions, are characterized as “dry,” while on the other hand the scientist who gives himself over to culti- vating popular ways of speech and thought often finds himself drifting away from a love and aptitude for severe research. It is not impossible, nor perhaps very unusual, for men of scientific attainments to be efficient public speakers, but nevertheless we cannot ignore the essential difference between the mental status . required for popular instruction and that necessary to rigid scien- tific inquiry.
Certainly that statement so often heard that contact with the people is necessary to the investigator is not substantiated either by theory or observation. Some of the most profound and useful discoveries in science have been reached by men who seldom emerged from their laboratories, and certain American experi- menters whose efforts have been fruitful of important results are those who are seldom heard in public.
The situation in New York is such as to require a careful adjustment between the experiment station and the institutes in order to best promote the success of both. On the one hand farmers should not assume that the members of the station staff are most useful to them when they speak from the platform, because this is seldom true. They should not be too insistent in
their demands for platform effort. On the other hand some sys- tematic and well understood arrangement should be made so that the station workers can anticipate interruptions and thus make such plans as are necessary to an economical use of time. If one of the station staff is to address ten institutes he should be allowed
26 Drrector’s Report or THE -
to do this as nearly consecutively as possible. It is easily pos- sible to spoil a month’s time for this amount of speaking where only one or two days are used in a week. The above statements are made with a full recognition of the strong sympathy which | exists between this station and the institute effort, and of the greatly increased strength and influence this institution has gained from the opportunities which are made possible through the help- _ ful attitude of the Director of Farm Institutes.
WORK IN THE SECOND JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
This work, during the year 1898, was directed chiefly towards the care and production of three crops, potatoes, cucumbers and onions, which are very important ones in Eastern New York. The experiments conducted have involved during 1898 the use of approximately 20 acres of land located at various points in the Second Judicial Department. It is seldom that experimental work is productive of results more highly and immediately useful than has been the case with those relative to the use of fertilizers on potatoes and of fungicides and insecticides on potatoes and cucumbers. These results as related to potato growing and cucumber blight are fully presented in the Station bulletins and are to some extent reviewed on subsequent pages. Experiments on the prevention of onion smut have been in progress two years and will be continued longer before an attempt is made to formu- late conclusions. Experiments in the production of chestnuts were also begun two years ago, concerning which nothing will be published at present.
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.
Fertilizer inspection.— In my report for 1897, attention was called to the unsatisfactory condition of the sale and inspection of commercial fertilizers. It was stated that the brands of ferti- lizers have increased to an absurd number without thereby sery- ing any good purpose but rather causing confusion and unneces- sary expense. The situation has grown worse rather than better.
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In 1898, 1,900 brands were registered in this office and the Station actually collected for analysis 1,427 samples repre- senting 901 brands, at an expense greatly above the money appro- priated by the State for this purpose. No such burden is laid upon an experiment station in any other State simply because in all other States the fertilizer trade, either through a license fee, analysis fee or a ton tax, pays the expenses of inspection. In New York the State is assessed, and manufacturers, without additional expense to themselves, may add a new brand, even if not more than a carload is sold. If the creation of the new names had any significance or value whatever, there would be less cause for criticism. As it is, hundreds of the brands sold in New York are essentially alike in the plant food which they furnish, nearly all of the so-called special fertilizers having no scientific or practical justification. It is not necessary to create a new brand every time a farmer or body of farmers wishes for a particular mixture of plant food, neither is it necessary to humor the desire of every local trader for a brand in his name, thereby causing large expense to the State.
In view of this situation I recommend that the Legislature of 1899 be asked to require the payment of a license fee for each brand of fertilizer put upon the market. Out of twenty-nine States which require fertilizer inspection New York is the only one which pays the expense from.the State treasury.
I desire in this connection to call especial attention to certain facts presented by Dr. Van Slyke in Bulletins 145 and 148, rela- tive to the fertilizer trade.
Few matters are more important to agriculture at the present time than is the extensive traffic in plant food. It is estimated by the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture that in 1896 there was sold in the State 150,000 tons of fertilizers at a cost to the farmers of $4,621,500. But one other State is a larger consumer of these goods than is New York, due in part to her extensive market gardening interests. Without discussing the question whether so large a purchase of plant food is wise or even necessary, it is
-—
28 Drreotor’s Report oF THE
safe to affirm, on the basis of the facts contained in the above-men- tioned bulletin, that this expenditure might be materially reduced by improved methods of buying, methods which require no un- usual knowledge or intelligence.
Dr. Van Slyke shows that the fertilizers sampled in the spring had an average selling price $9.18 in excess of the commercial valuation, the excess in the case of the fall goods being $5.28. This was nearly 50 per cent of the commercial valuation of the spring goods and 33 per cent the fall goods. Now it is an actual fact that farmers’ clubs, or even individual farmers in New York not too remote from railroads, can purchase nitrogen, phos- phoric acid and potash delivered at their farms, for not more and often for less than the prices named in the schedule of valuation. In the case of phosphoric acid in acid phosphates it can now be bought at a price below the valuation named, viz., 44 cents per pound. Very recently phosphoric acid has been delivered to buy- ers in Central New York through an agent of the manufacturers at less than 4 cents per pound. As a matter of fact thousands of tons of fertilizers are now purchased annually in this State greatly under the usual retail cost of similar goods. Farmers often write to the Station, naming sums at which they can buy certain mix- tures of local agents, prices which are positively extortionate, and | the remedy lies either with the club system or in the purchase of unmixed materials to be mixed on the farm. Many of the 195 individuals and firms who register as manufacturers are not really such; they are only mixers; that is, they buy acid phosphate, potash salts and nitrogenous materials and mix them together in various proportions, give names to the different combinations and then retail them to the farmers. All this is unnecessary. Farm- ers can do their own mixing, and the interposition of the so- called manufacturer adds nothing to the value of the plant food purchased. Many of the real manufacturers stand ready to sell the chemicals and raw materials separately or compounded in any proportions desired, and hundreds of farmers are now taking ad- vantage of this opportunity.
PLATE XII.—NEW PIGGERY.
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New York AaricuLTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29
Sugar beets.— During the past season, much attention has been given to the sugar beet crop. Besides somewhat elaborate experi- ments on the Station farm, we have co-operated with 18 farmers growing half acres of beets in eleven counties in Central New York, and have distributed small quantities of seed to a large number of other farmers. In all, 343 samples of beets have been analyzed, including those from the Station experiments and those grown from seed distributed by the Commissioner of Agriculture in Eastern New York. The observations of 1898 are in line with all previous records. In quantity and quality New York beets appear to compare very favorably with those produced in other parts of the world.
Composition oF SucAR Brrts Grown rn 1898.
Total of season’s results, 343 samples:
Sugar Sugar Purity in beet. in juice. of juice. POR bce ayia ceaiesle es cia cecris, Ma tdcad ores 7.4 7.8 64.1 LE JUG 12S] OR Mee ae Ga ane ea 20.2 21.2 90.0 LSU ETT 72 a a er 14.2 15.0 85.2
The yields reported from the plats grown by farmers in co- operation with the Station varied from 8,670 to 58,990 lbs. per acre, the lowest yield being .on plats receiving no fertilizer and the highest occurring on muck land, the average being 26,720 Ibs. In these experiments the average per cent of sugar was 15.5 per cent, which is over 1 per cent higher than the general average for 33 counties, which is probably due not so much to location as to better conditions of growth and culture. { The figures given as the cost’ of growing these beets are chiefly valuable as showing the distribution of time, the expensiveness of neglect in one or two cases and of a general unpreparedness for the work. Should the growing of sugar beets become generally . established, experience and the possession of better machinery would certainly considerably reduce the labor cost of the crop, - especially with large areas.
30 Drreotor’s REPoRT OF THE
It is fair to remark, also, that if a careful record were kept of the labor expended in growing other crops, long established, the relation of cost to production might in many cases appear to be unfavorable to profit. We are applying to the sugar beet crop a record and analysis of cost in a way not generally attempted with general farm crops, which is somewhat unfair in an effort to judge of relative profits.
It is somewhat doubtful whether widespread experiments on limited areas, such as have been conducted for two years, can be continued profitably. Such experiments will hardly furnish reliable evidence concerning anything more than the quantity and quality of beets produced, and with regard to these two points we are now warranted in reaching conclusions. The work of the experiment station in the future should be confined to a study of certain problems of production as affecting quality and yield.
For instance, we have been taught that farm manures should not be applied to land in the spring prior to growing a crop of sugar beets, and that the use of large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers is antagonistic to high quality.
Experiments on the Station farm and on that of Mr. Dave do not support these conclusions. On the Station farm, beets grown on land to which was applied in the spring 10 cords per acre of barn manure were as a whole richer than those with or without commercial fertilizers, were healthier and in appearance were a more satisfactory crop. Large additions of nitrogen as nitrate of soda and dried blood did not appear to depress the pro- portion of sugar. ‘These observations should be continued in order to establish the facts, and other problems of equal interest wait for solution.
The difficult questions which confront the beet sugar industry in this country are now those of a commercial character which relate to production and manufacture. To be sure farmers need to be educated in methods, but nothing will accomplish this so effectually as actual experience in growing beets in a commercial
New York AcrRIcuLTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 31
way. Manufacturers will find, too, that the real conditions. of
_ their business are different from those previously displayed on
paper. Moreover, the relations between the farmer and the manufacturing plant are likely to be for some time the occasion of wide differences of opinion before a generally recognized business basis is reached.
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. _
Tests of varieties from foreign sources.— In the spring of 1898 at the request of Mr. D. G. Fairchild, special agent for plant and seed introduction for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., the Station undertook to test a large number of melons and a few other vegetables, seeds of which had been im- ported through Prof. N. E. Hansen who visited East Europe, Siberia and Northwest China in 1897 for the purpose of collecting for the Department seeds and plants. which seemed likely to be valuable in the semi-arid regions of this country.
In the collection of seeds which were sent to this Station there were about ninety varieties of Russian muskmelons and water- melons, besides a number of kinds from Asia. Seeds of pumpkin, sweet corn, turnip and six varieties of cabbage were also received.
_Arrangements were made to test these vegetables at Geneva and to duplicate the tests on Long Island. The cabbage and turnip were tested under the direction of Mr. C. L. Allen of Floral Park, to whom we are indebted for many courtesies. Mr. Allen is well known as an authority on Brassicas. The other vegetables were tested at Southampton under the direction of
“Mr. F. L. Greene, a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural
_ College.
¥ S-ae se7) ere
In every instance the crops were grown on soil naturally well adapted to their culture. and the ground was carefully prepared,
- fertilized sufficiently to provide for a vigorous growth and given
good cultivation. -At Geneva the melons were started on inverted sod under glass and not transferred to the field till warm weather
32 Drreoror’s Report oF THE
was established. On Long Island, where the season is longer, the seeds were planted in the field. |
As a result of the season’s work it must be said that but one variety in the whole list proved to be really promising, and that was one of the cabbages. Mr. Allen reports that it is a variety of the Flat Dutch or Drumhead type, producing a very deep and solid head, a strong grower, and after a few generations grown in this country would probably develop a very useful variety, particularly for the South and West. The other cabbages were some of them mixed, others were inferior strains of varieties already known here, and the rest were not at all promising. The turnip was an inferior type of ruta baga.
Of the Russian melons which were successfully fruited one ranked good in quality, eleven ranked fair to good, fifteen were only fair, twenty-four were poor and thirteen ranked from poor to fair or good with different specimens. Twenty-four were selected as possibly worthy of further testing. Ten kinds of seed gave mixed variety of melons. The record of the Asiatic melons was even more discouraging than that of the Russians. They seemed to be especially subject to disease, and the fruit, when any was obtained, ranked far below that of American kinds which were grown beside them for comparison. The Russian melons also appeared to be more subject to disease than the American sorts. Notwithstanding several treatments with Bordeaux mixture the anthracnose did much damage, and together with the bacterial disease injured many kinds so seriously as to prevent the develop- ment of perfect fruit.
Fertility of grapes.— It has been found that many varieties of cultivated grapes are self-sterile; others are imperfectly self- sterile, that is to say when cross pollination is prevented they form clusters which are more or less imperfect; others are fully self-fertile. The last class includes nearly all the varieties which have proved satisfactory in commercial vineyards.
Investigations concerning the self-sterility of grapes have been
New York Aaricurruran Exprrtment Station. 33
conducted at this Station since 1892, and in 1897 the tests were repeated with several varieties in two localities in the vineyard region of Western New York.
One hundred and sixty-nine cultivated varieties have been in- cluded in these tests together with a few vines representing uncul- tivated native species. Eleven species have been under investiga- tion.
Different kinds of flowers are found with the grape, Vitis, but
each vine normally bears only one kind. The so-called male
vines produce no fruit for they bear staminate flowers only, having no pistils or, at most, rudimentary pistils. These flowers have long stamens. All fruitful vines bear perfect flowers, having both stamens and pistil. These may be separated according to the struc-
ture of their flowers into three classes, those with short, recurved
stamens, those with long, upright stamens, and those with stamens intermediate between long and recurved. “Flowers with long stamens are structurally adapted to insure
self-pollination. The short, recurved stamens do not favor close
pollination.
Forty-seven varieties having short stamens were tested for self- fertility. When cross-pollination was prevented only eight set any fruit, and none of these formed perfect clusters. In many cases varieties having long stamens were self-sterile, the pollen being self-impotent. Short stamens are, so far as known, a relia- ble indication of partial or complete self-sterility. It cannot be said that long stamens are a sure indication of self-fertility.
Lists of self-sterile, partly self-fertile and self-fertile varieties based on the experiments referred to are published in a bulletin. When self-sterile or partly self-fertile varieties are cultivated they should be mingled with other varieties so as to favor cross- pollination.
Tables have been prepared from the records of the Station vine- yards whereby the date of blooming of the different varieties may be compared. This will assist those who wish to grow any of the
3
834 Drrecror’s Rerorr oF THE
self-sterile varieties in deciding what varieties may be mingled
with them to provide for cross-pollination.
Ringing grapevines.— Conclusions drawn from results of ex- periments are as follows: |
Vines should be vigorous and not be ringed too severely.
A ringed vine cannot carry as large a crop of fruit to maturity as an ungirdled vine.
Vines grown on renewal system should have all arms ringed and all fruit back of the ring should be removed. fruit on unringed arm is inferior, while fruit back of a girdle is worthless.
With many varieties, when properly done, ringing does not seriously injure the quality of the fruit.
Not all varieties should be ringed..
Too severe ringing will kill the vines.
With some varieties and in some seasons girdling will hasten time of ripening 8 or 10 days and in some cases increase size of
bunch and berry at least a half. ;
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY.
Spraying experiments on cucumbers.— During the season of 1898 co-operative spraying experiments on late cucumbers were conducted in four different localities on Long Island: Green Lawn, one and one-half acres; Smithtown Branch, two acres; Deer Park, two acres; and Mattituck, two acres. Owing to lack of fertility in the soil, the experiment at Mattituck was a failure. At the other three places the sprayed fields remained practically free from the downy mildew or “ blight” and gave an average yield of 86,000 marketable cucumbers per acre, while unsprayed fields in the same localities and under approximately parallel conditions yielded on the average about 35,000 per acre.
From the results of experiments made during the past three seasons we are convinced that the spraying of late cucumbers on
Long Island is a highly profitable practice.
New York AaqricutturaAL ExprrRimMEent STATION. 35
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.
The collection of insects.— This collection, which is steadily growing, has been reclassified under the direction of the Entomolo- gist, by Miss Alice M. Beach, whose work deserves special mention as it was exceptionally well done. The block system is used. Supplementary to this collection a collection of plants and por- tions of plants is being made showing the in yuay to the plants caused by noxious insects.
Experiments to determine the effects of hydrocyanice acid gas upon the eggs of wnsects.— These experiments have not been com- pleted. A large number of eggs, especially of certain common species of plant lice, have been fumigated, however, the time of exposure to the gas varying from ten minutes to one hour. The results so far indicate that the eggs of such insects as plant lice ean be destroyed by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, a matter of importance to the nurserymen.
The grapevine flea beetle.— Investigations into the life history and habits of this insect have been begun with the result that new facts relating to its life history have been ascertained. Preparations have been made for more extended experiments another season than there was opportunity for during the past summer.
Spraying experiments with arsenite of lime against the canker worm.— These are a continuation of the experiments of last year. Excellent results were obtained with the arsenite of lime made after the Kedzie formula. The experiments were made in an apple orchard at Rushville owned by Mr. O. L. Jackson. Three applications of the poison were made with the result that the infested trees were practically freed from the canker worms.
The apple-tree tent-caterpillar.— The life history of this insect has been studied during the past season and observations made as to its natural enemies. Nearly 80 per cent of a large number of cocoons collected were parasitized. Six species. of parasites
were reared in the laboratory from these cocoons.
-
36 Drirecror’s Reporr oF THE
The raspberry saw-fly.— The life history of this insect has been studied and experiments made to ascertain a remedy. Good re- sults were obtained with hellebore. Original observations have been made upon the various stages of the insect’s life, especially the larva, pupa and the adult male.
The San José scale.-— Extensive experiments against this insect — have been begun. The experiments include tests with pure kerosene oil and kerosene oil mechanically mixed with water in the proportions of 20 per cent and 40 per cent oil, also whale oil soap solution and a solution of caustic potash at various strengths. In the experiments with kerosene oil, a large number of healthy nursery and orchard trees of various varieties have been sprayed
to ascertain the effect of the kerosene oil upon healthy trees.
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
T'he economy of using animal food for poultry.— A number of feeding experiments have shown almost invariably an advantage in the use of rations containing animal food over rations con- sisting entirely or largely of vegetable food. The data from some of the experiments made to determine the relative efficiency of vegetable and animal food have been published. The points brought out by these data are indicated in the following summary.
A ration in which about two-fifths of the protein was supplied by animal food was much more profitably fed to chicks than another ration supplying an equal amount of protein mostly from vegetable sources but supplemented by skim-milk curd.
When the two rations were fed to cockerels also, the results were favorable to the animal food, but the difference was not so pronounced as with the chicks.
Pullets fed the ration containing the large proportion of animal food attained ultimately somewhat the larger average size, but the chief advantage over those fed the contrasted ration was in the more rapid growth and earlier maturity.
With ducklings much the better results accompanied the feed- ing of a ration in which about half the protein was supplied by
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 37
animal food. The growth was over three times as rapid as under another ration in which most of the protein was of vegetable origin with enough skim-milk curd added to supply about one- fourth of the total protein.
In the general vigor and health of the chicks there was some difference in favor of the animal food ration. ‘This difference was very pronounced with the ducklings.
PRODUCTION OF FIELD CROPS.
The experiments on Long Island in the use of commercial fer- tilizers on potatoes have been continued with some enlargement. Three acres of land are now in use on each of four farms. A fer- tilizer experiment with onions was also carried on in 1898. Twelve acres of land on the Station farm are now devoted to a somewhat elaborate study of methods of maintaining fertility, and although two years’ results are already in hand, nothing will be published for some time, perhaps not for several years.
BULLETINS PUBLISHED IN 1898.
The following is a list of the bulletins issued by the Station for the year 1898:
No. 143 — April.— Cottonwoou leaf beetle. Green arsenite. V. H. Lowe. Pages 24, plates 6.
No. 144 — September.— A spraying mixture for cauliflower and cabbage worms. F. A. Sirrine. Pages 23, plates 6.
No. 145— September.— Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring of 1898. L. L. Van Slyke. Pages 101.
No. 146 — November.— Some experiments in forcing head lettuce. S. A. Beach. Pages 29, plates 4.
No. 147 — December.— V ariety tests of strawberries, raspberries and
a er he
blackberries. Wendell Paddock. Pages 18. No. 148 — December.— Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for~ the fall of 1898. L. L. Van Slyke. Pages 27. No. 149— December.— The economy. of using animal food in poultry feeding. W. P. Wheeler. Pages 20.
Fs No. 150 — December.— I. The raspberry saw-fly. II. Preliminary notes
on grape-vine flea-béetle. V. H. Lowe. Pages 17, plates 7.
No.
Drreoctor’s Rerorr or THE
. 151 — December.— Experiments in ringing grape-vines. Wendell
Paddock. Pages 12, plates 2, fig. 1.
. 152 — December.— Two destructive orchard insects. V. H. Lowe.
Pages 25, plates 4, figs. 2.
. 153. — December.— Director’s report for 1898. W. H. Jordan. Pages
32, plates 12, figs. 4.
. 154 — December.— Commercial fertilizers for potatoes. W. H. Jor-
dan. Pages 12.
. 155 — December.— Sugar beet investigation in 1898. lL. L. Van
Slyke. Pages 28.
. 156 — December.— Spraying cucumbers in the season of 1898. IF.
A. Sirrine and F. C. Stewart. Pages 28, plates 5. 157 — December.— Self-fertility of the grape. S. A. Beach. Pages
°
40, plates 5, figs. 3.
W. H. JORDAN, Director.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1898.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PRESENTED TO
THE STATION.
\cker & Gartenbau Zeitung, Milwaukee, Wis.
Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. - Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S. W. Agricultural Student, Columbus, Ohio.
Agricultural Students’ Gazette, Cirencester, Eng.
Albany Weekly Journal, Albany, N. Y. Allegan Gazette, Allegan, Mich. American Agriculturist, New York, N. Y.
American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.
American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
American Philosophical Society, Proceedings, Philadelphia, ~
Penn.
American Stock Keeper, Boston, Mass. Angelica Every Week, Angelica, N. Y. Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md. Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, Canada.
New York AGRIcuLTURAL ExpPpERIMENT STATION. 39
Chicago Dairy Produce, Chicago, IIl.. Church and Farm, Salt Lake City, Utah. Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Commercial Gazette, New York, N. Y. Cotton Planters’ Journal, Memphis, Tenn. Dairy World, London,, Eng.
Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. DeRuyter Gleaner, DeRuyter, N. Y. Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin, Ill.
Farm and Fireside, Philadelphia, Pa. Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass.
Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.
Farm Poultry Semi-Monthly, Boston, Mass. Farm, Stock and Home, Minneapolis, Minn. Farmers’ Advocate, London, Canada. Farmers’ Guide, Huntington, Ind. Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio.
Farmers’ Magazine, Springfield, Ill. _Farmers’ Voice, Chicago, III.
Geneva Gazette, Geneva, N. Y. Gentleman Farmer, Chicago, Il.
_ Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio. Green’s Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y. Herd Register, Peterboro, N. H.
Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis.
Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa.
Horticultural Gleaner, Austin, Tex.
Indiana Farmer, Indianapolis, Ind.
Industrial American, Lexington, Ky.
Industrie Laitiére, Paris, France.
Iowa Weather and Crop Service Review, Des Moines, Iowa. Irrigation Age, Chicago, Il.
Ithaca Democrat, Ithaca, N. Y.
40
Drrecror’s Report OF THE
Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind.
Long Island Farmer, Jamaica, REX:
Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, New Orleans, lea; Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn.
Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Mohawk Valley Democrat, Fonda, N. Y. Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont. Monthly Weather Review, Washington, Dee: National Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. National Stockman and Farmer, Buffalo, N. Y. Nebraska Farmer, Lincoln, Neb.
New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.
New England Florist, Boston, Mass.
New York Farm and Fireside, Springfield, Hl. New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. Northwest Pacific Farmer, Portland, Or.
Olean Herald, Olean, N. Y.
Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Or.
Pacific Coast Dairyman, Tacoma, Wash. v Pomona Herald, Pascoag and Providence, R. I. Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Il.
Prattsburgh News, Prattsburgh, N. Y.
Queensland Agricultural Journal, Brisbane, Queensland. Salt Lake Herald, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Sanitary Inspector, Augusta, Me.
Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.
Southern Farm Magazine, Baltimore, Md.
State Board of Health Bulletin, Memphis, ‘Tenn. Strawberry Specialist, Kittrell, N. C.
Suffolk Bulletin, Huntington, N. Y.
Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa.
Texas Stockman and Farmer, San Antonio, Tex.
Vermont Farmers’ Advocate, Burlington, Vt.
New York AcricutturaAL Experiment Station.
Wallace’s Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa. Watkins Review, Watkins, N. Y.
West Virginia Farm Reporter.
Western Fruit Grower, St. Joseph, Mo. Western Plowman, Chicago, III.
Woman’s Home Companion, Philadelphia, Pa.
Wool Record, New York, N. Y.
41
¥ me
(Hpi eal ree 2
REPORT
OF THE
Department of Animal Husbandry.
W. H. Jorpan, Director. Wittiam P. Wueeter, Furst Assistant.
C. G. Junter, Assistant Chemist.
TasLeE oF ConrtTENTS.
-I. The economy of using animal food in poultry feeding.
4
KEPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
I.THE ECONOMY OF USING ANIMAL FOOD = IN’ POULTRY. FEEDING.*
W. P. WHEELER.
SUMMARY.
A ration in which about two-fifths of the protei was suppled by animal food was much more profitably fed to chicks than an- other ration supplying an equal amount of protein mostly from vegetable sources but supplemented by skim-milk curd.
When the two rations were fed to cockerels also, the results were favorable to the animal food, but the difference was not so pronounced as with the chicks.
Pullets fed the ration containing the large proportion of animal food attained ultimately somewhat the larger average size, but the chief advantage over those fed the vegetable ration was in the more rapid growth and earlier maturity.
With ducklings much the better results accompanied the feed- ing of a ration in which about half the protem was supplied by
animal food. The growth was over three times as rapid as under
another ration in which most of the protein was of vegetable origin with enough of skim-milk curd added to supply about one- fourth of the total protein.
In the general vigor and health of the birds there was some dif-
_ ference in favor of the animal food ration. This difference was _ very pronounced with the ducklings.
* Reprintjof Bulletin No. 149.
46 QRerort or tHe Drrarrment or AnrmMau*Huspanpry or THE
INTRODUCTION.
One of the most important questions to consider in the feeding of poultry is the relative efficiency of the protein or nitrogenous matter in different foods and the economy of their use. While the several principal constituents of foods may all be sources of energy and of material for the large amount of fat stored in the egg and in the body, nothing except the protein, or several nitro- genous constituents, can supply the necessary nitrogen. Inas- much as the more common and cheaper foods all contain heat and fat producing constituents in abundance, the source of the nitro- gen naturally receives first consideration.
As a rule some forms of protein can be abeenied at much less cost in grain foods and various by-products derived from grains and seeds than other forms of protein from animal foods. It is therefore of immediate practical importance to know whether the cheaper rations, consisting entirely or largely of vegetable foods, are efficient enough to be economical, or whether a large propor- tion of animal food is essential. The amount of protein that can be obtained by the common fowl from the coarser vegetable foods such as clover, is relatively small, although it is important to utilize these foods as far as possible.
The natural animal foods eaten by fowls contain usually a high percentage of nitrogenous matter and not a large proportion of fat. Many of the artificial foods, except such as dried blood and skimn-milk, contain usually, besides the nitrogenous matter, a high percentage of fat, which often is not especially desired in com- pounding the ration. For instance, both earth worms and grass- hoppers contain nearly ten times as much protein as fat, while
ordinary fresh-cut bone contains about equal amounts of protein
and fat. CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT. During two years a number of feeding experiments have been made in growing fowls on rations containing greater or less pro-
portions of animal foods. Those experiments in which rations
New York AGricutturaAL ExrreriMent Srarion. A
consisting wholly of vegetable foods were used in contrast to those containing animal foods will be reported later. In the feeding experiment whose results are herein published, some skim-milk or curd was added to the rations which contained otherwise only vegetable food. This was to increase the palatability, to insure a fair proportion of nitrogen and to ascertain whether the moderate use of skim-milk curd would compensate for the lack of other animal food.
The animal food mostly used was the ground, dried “ animal meal.” This has generally proved more palatable than dried blood, and was found more convenient for daily use during warm weather than cut bone, which contained also a relatively larger percentage of fat.
Experiments made some years before (see Bulletin No. 39) had shown skim milk to be a profitable addition to ordinary rations while other experiments (see Bulletin No. 126) had shown no dis- advantage in the use of ground grain instead of whole grain, and these facts were considered in arranging the ration.
In this experiment two lots of chicks were fed for about four and one-half months and two lots for four months. The pullets from the corresponding lots were fed together for a month and a half longer. Two lots of cockerels were fed for three months and two lots of ducklings for four months. About one-quarter of the chicks in each lot were Brahmas and Wyandottes and about three-quarters of them were Leghorns. The eockerels used were mostly Wyandottes with a few Brahmas and Cochins. The ducklings were Pekins. All the chicks and ducklings used were hatched in incubators and reared in outdoor brooders. They were allowed the run of small separate yards. The cockerels were removed when about twelve weeks old and the feeding continuec with the pullets. Occasionally a chick eseaped through the net- ting into outside flocks where it could not be identified and was dropped from the lot. The weight of any that died was counted
as loss in live weight.
48 Report oF tHE Department or ANIMAL HuspanpRY OF THE
THE RATIONS.
One ration consisted of wheat, corn; animal meal, fresh bone and a grain mixture, «No. 1,” composed of twelve parts by, weight of corn meal, four parts wheat flour, two parts ground oats and one part each of wheat bran, wheat middlings, pea meal and old process linseed meal. One lot of chicks having this ration had also for the first. few weeks a little oat meal and some skim milk and curd. The contrasted ration consisted of wheat, corn, skim milk or curd and a grain mixture “ No. 2,” composed of six parts pea meal, four parts old process linseed meal, two parts each of wheat bran, ground oats and high grade gluten meal, and one part each of wheat middlings and corn meal. One lot having this ration also had at the start a little oat meal. Another mixture, “No. 3,” which it was necessary to substitute for “No. 2” mixture near the end of one feeding trial, consisted of two parts each of old process linseed meal, wheat bran, ground oats and gluten meal, and one part each of wheat middlings and corn meal. To about every 100 pounds of each grain mixture one ounce of salt was added. Green alfalfa was fed to each lot... The dry matter of the green food eaten by chicks has usually been so small in amount that its consideration did not affect the averages of total food for short periods. The cost also of the green food was so small as not to appear in average estimates but only in aggregates for the longer periods. For this reason account of the green food does not reguarly appear in all the tabulated data which follow.
VALUATION OF FOODS.
In estimating the cost of food, corn meal, wheat bran and wheat middlings were rated at $13.00 per ton, ground oats at $16.00, lin- seed meal at $20.00, coarse flour at $26.00, gluten meal at $23.00 and pea meal at $13.50 per ton. Wheat was rated at 80 cents per bushel and corn at 38 cents per bushel. Animal meal and dried blood were rated at $40.00 per ton, fresh bone -at 80 cents per 100 pounds and green fodder at $2.00 per ton.
The grain mixtures and other foods averaged in composition as
follows :
years
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 49
TasiE I.—Composirion or Materiats Fep to Pouttry.
Nitrogen FOOD. Water. Ash. Protein. Fibre. free Fat. extract.
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Ferct. Per ct.
Grain mixture, No. 1... 12.3 2.0 inl Sré 2.9 67.9 Soa Grain mixture, No. 2.. AO 3.0 22.3 6.5 53.9 Biois Grain mixture, No. 3... 12.9 Byers 16.4 6.1 58.4 3.0 Sh} er 13.3 12, 9.6 1.6 70.6 Sen eal POLAT so 255. 2 ot oe 12.6 4.9 14.8 7.5 55.8 4.4 CLOWN: OATS) Hehe ace 0 10.6 Bis Vee gen ee, 10.3 59.7 4.2 Oat meal (granulated).. Let Bei) 13.0 2.0 66.7 4.7 Cracked corn ..8.%...2 1325 Ae aL 9.4 iNee: (G05) 3.2 SPV HELE its s te ares Siavelee aoe, 0 me 13.6 1.8 ga 3 2.2 69.1 2.0 AMT MCA St. es oe vs 6.3 32.8 et healt 6 1.8 6.6 14.8 eT LOOM = cites share exe = 8.6 Prod 86.4 4 1.5 a “CUR #2 Saree ace eee eee 67.3 ateal 24.8 4.3 Peel SV idga Te 001 ee 90.5 ATi pee eal =) MATES OME <i sfore-esaile aap laie 34.2 22.8 20.6 19 20ers Autalta (P1een) |. 5.5... 78.1 1.9 4.2 5.8 9 9 PMMA PEEL gL, ofa oleic. sleseccoee
i er) oO (Je) H = for) OO b bo Oo i) (vu) bo ol Ls) ee)
|
FIRST FEEDING TRIAL WITH CHICKS. The feeding trial with the first two lots of chicks began when
they were one-half week old and continued until the pullets were
nearly full grown and some had commenced laying. . The records
_. of feeding and the results follow in tabulated form, averaged most
of the time for periods of two weeks. As the chicks approached maturity and the growth was slow the feeding periods were longer.
Lot I had the ration which contained animal meal and Lot IT the
contrasted ration. While about the same amount of protein was supplied per fowl in the two rations, that containing the animal meal had somewhat the wider nutritive ratio.
+
50 Reprorr or tHe Department or AnrmaL Husspanpry oF THE °
Tas_Ee II.— Foop Given anp Gain Propucep spy Cuioxs Frp AnimAL MEAL.
(Lor I.)
|
“qUSIoOM UL URS punod yore 10; peums -u00 pooy UL 1a,}euL Aud
“‘4uSioM ul ules punod yows I10J pooy Jo 4sop
“4 SIOM QAIT punod yovo a0y ABp ted pooy ut Jajyeur Arg
‘posed Zutinp yoryo 13d ZUSIOM UL UIes VSBIDAV
“Orel eAl}LIgnu = eyvuTts01ddy
*Aep aed poojy jo 4sop
“ep s9d aad pooy ul uleyorg
*Aep 19d poojy ur 1099eur Ag
*Avp 19d pooy [vyoy,
*yTTUL WHS
*[Boul [VULIT
*[BoUIyBO
Average per fowl during period.
‘W109 poyovay
“QVoUM
‘TL ‘ON UlBis poxIy{
*SHOIO JO aquinN
‘poimed jo pus ye SYOIYD JO I FIOM VSBAIVAY
porsed Jo Zurmurseq 4B SYOIYO JO 98B VSV.IGAY
“‘pood ur skep jo dequinn
Oran I 6 <H 6
Oo) CO OD 4 OO <H LO =H
HWA odoinn
ANADA 1 6 10) OD
5 5 2
Fresh
1D CO 10 12) CO S23 Sd
HATO | >) I eo)
Sr Conan Sexe Ann
SCNANN NANA
10.6
.30
.T4
8.5 4.6 4.1
bone
28.0
9
Slot mans }(ois “als:
oy ee SS SS Se ae ee a ee Se OE—E eee SS
22
* Some pullets from Lot I and some from Lot III 1ed together during these pericds.
Taste ILI].—Foop Given anp Gain Propucrep sy Catoxs Frp VEGETABLE Foops.
~
e
(Lor II.)
|
New York AqricutturaL ExrertMEentT STATION.
*JUSIOM UL UBS punod yove 10j peuins -u0d pooj ul 1eq3euL Aid
“‘qVYUSIoM ul ules punod yovs 10fJ pooy Jo ysog
“pos JUSTOM gal] punod yore 10; Avp aed pooy ul aa}3vur Aig
‘poled SuLinp yoyo 10d WSIOM Ul URS IsvIBAV
‘014 “BI 9AIJLIJNU oyeVUTxOIdy
*Avp zed pooj Jo4sop
“£ep aed pooy UL Ule}01g
‘Aep asd pooj ur seqjeu Arq
*Avp ied pooj [¥4OL
yTTU-WES
2 ee ee ee Se ee ee eee
* [Boll YVO
Average per fowl during period.
—_——
*U109 peyoRiy
UCLA
2 ‘ON UlBIS PoxI]
“SOMO JO taquinyN
‘potted jo pus 4B SYSIYO JO JYUSIOMlVSBIIAY
‘potted jo Zuruurseq 4B SYOIYO JO o8B VSBIIAV
‘potied ursfep*yo zaquin
eeee .
AA StH
Weeks. Lbs. 5 a2 PaaS oc
14 14
.4 ( )
3 3.9 4 4.0
“Onan
HOS
eAOn
HOOD morn
A HON orn Lon!
ANS ©
co HONS
14 16.5
nm ie 6)
on) o>
nm Lan!
13.0
3.0
3.6
12.6
35 20.5
51
* Some pullets from Lot II and some from Lot IV fed together during these periods.
52 Reporr or tHe Department or Animat Huspanpry OF THE
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THF RATIONS.
More food was at all times eaten by the chicks having the ani- mal meal ration. During the first twelve weeks the dry matter in the food consumed by Lot I was 36 per cent greater than in that consumed by Lot II and the gain in weight was 56 per cent greater. Lot I gained one pound in weight for every 3.3 Ibs. of water-free food and Lot IT gained one pound for every 3.8 lbs. of water-free food.
During the next eight weeks after the cockerels were removed the dry matter in the food was nearly 37 per cent the greater for Lot I and the gain in weight was 66 per cent greater than that of Lot If. One pound gain was made by Lot I for every 6.1 lbs. of water-free food and one pound gain by Lot II for every 7.5 lbs. of water-free bik
The next five weeks showed the same relative consumption of food, although growth was much slower and about the same for each lot, slightly favoring Lot I. The dry matter in the food for Lot I was about 36 per cent more than for Lot II. One pound gain was made for every 10.6 lbs. of water free food by Lot I and one pound gain for every 8.1 lbs. of water free food by Lot II.
For the last six weeks the food consumption was nearly 18 per cent greater for Lot I. The gain in weight was almost identical for both lots, but three pullets began laying in Lot I nearly a
month before any commenced to lay in Lot II.
RELATIVE ECONOMY OF THE RATIONS.
The cost of food per pound gain in weight during the first twelve weeks was 4.25 cents for Lot I and 5.19 cents for Lot II, an excess of 22 per cent. During the next eight weeks the cost was about 50 per cent greater for Lot II, the cost per pound of gain being 7.5 cents and 11.2 cents, respectively. After this when the growth was much slower the food cost of the gain made was much
greater for both lots. The difference was in favor of Lot II for
wie: sea
New York AgcricutturaL Exprrtment Station. 53
five weeks, and afterward was again in favor of Lot I, especially
when allowance was made for the weight of the few eggs laid.
At twelve weeks of age the average weight for the chicks in Lot I was 2 lbs. and for those in Lot IT about 1.3 lbs. ‘The average weight of one-half pound was reached by Lot I over a week sooner than by Lot II, the average weight of 1 lb. two and one-half weeks sooner, the average weight of 1.5 lbs. three and one-half weeks sooner, the average weight of 2 lbs. over five weeks sooner. The average weight of 3 lbs. was attained over eight weeks sooner
by Lot I than by Lot II.
SECOND FEEDING TRIAL WITH CHICKS. The feeding trial with the chicks of Lots III and IV began
when they were six weeks old and was continued for fourteen weeks, the pullets from Lot III being afterward included in Lot Land those from Lot IV in Lot II. Some of the chicks from each lot were also fed the contrasted rations for three weeks before the main trial began. The records for this time precede in the follow- ing tables those for the main trial, which latter are averaged for periods of two weeks each. ‘The rations were similar to those fed to Lots IT and II. Lot III had the ration containing animal meal.
As with the first two lots more food was eaten under the ration containing the most animal food. The nutritive ratio of this ration was somewhat the wider, although the amount of protein
supplied per fowl was about the same under both rations.
1 e 54. Report or tHe Department oF ANIMAL HusBANDRY OF TITE
TasLeE 1V.—Foop Given AND GAIN PRopucED By Cuicks Frp Anima MRat.
(Lor III.)
“QULSTOM Ul UTES punod yore 1oJ peuins -u0d poo} ur aeqqyeut Aad
‘qySI0M Ul ules punod qove 10J pooy Jo 4sop
‘poy JystIoM AIT punod qove 10j Avp aed pooy ur 1aqjyeur Ad
‘potted Sutimp yoryo z0d qyUSIOM Ul Ules VSBIOAV
-O1yea
SATHIAQNU eqeurxo1ddy
if | ‘£ep iad pooy jo ysoy
‘kep aed pooy Ul ule4o1g
‘ep r0d. pooy ur 10}3eur AIG
‘ep iad pooy [eqoy,
a
“90g Ysa.
*[eour [BULIU Wy
Average per fowl during period.
“U109 payoVig
“Jeo M
‘TL ‘ON Uleas poxI
oe a er
‘SyOIO Jo zaquinyy
*polied Jo pus 4ev SOO JO JYSIOM OSBIDAV
‘potted yo surmurseq ye SYOIGO JO o8¥ oBRIDAV
‘poised ur sep Jo 19quiMn yy
IWODAS HI ASo Hees
SAMWOMSS ad t= HHO ODA OO
CHMAANINS ee Lh i a Om Bf |
COnHOKrD IG +H 1G 4 0910
D690 SH 19
SHH HHH aod
C&O M1910 0 deannnan
TADNARWN BHAA
HAS HSH N16 HIS OO
Hid op © ri rio oo HH Ht oH
2 HOD CO. AI CY) rt OHNO
IN AA AL 6D © sH
Hos ric A oH So hn OO oe |
New York
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
qYBIOM Ul ULB
| panod yoRe aoz peutns 0) pooy ul 130yvur AAG
“qq 310M Ul UIes punod yova I0J pooz jo ysop
qys1oM
| | | |
(Lor IV.)
Ss
'
Average per fowl during period.
—
TasLe V.—Foop Given anv Gain Propvuorp sy Cxicks Fup VEGETABLE Foops.
eATy anu
“poy JusIOM
dAlT punod yove 10jz Avp ted pooy ul 1043vUuT Arg
*potsod Surinp yore 10d
Ul UlVS ISBIGAY
‘O17 B1 eyeunxoiddy
Aep dad poojy jo ysog
“ABp
dod pooy ul uleqo1g
*£ep rsd
pooj Ul 10}}8uT Ag
‘ep aod pooj [vjoy
“pany
*m109 peyoBin
“Veo MM
*Z “ON UIeIZ poxIyT
“SHOIYO Jo JequinN
*polzed jo puso 4B
SHOIYO JO JU SIOM OSBIDAV
‘potted Jo Surmuyseq }8 SyOIyO Jo ose osvIIAV
‘poried ut sdep Jo requinyy
1:4.2
Cr°w°arnNert- HOD cot 69
DAMON H I ID1G SMNIG DH
ID AD AiG HAUT Seas SSieie
SHAGCAMA MWHHACMIO
HID 1910
68 69 OF 64 99 09 09 nmonnnnie
So SH o> non li
OT
.16 .16
9 >
20 Di Pil 9° on 43 44 52
PS SIDR BO
TH OO NI OD CD SH © HAHA
1 HO 9) GO AVG Coo lsh
THOOAr AT 6d 69 HIG
HASHHaAL 09 HOD 09 O15
Or
5G Report or THE Department or AntimAL HusBaANnDRY OF THE
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY OF THE RATIONS.
In the food eaten by Lot III there was about 37 per cent more dry matter than in that eaten by Lot IV and the gain in weight was about 54 per cent greater. One pound gain was made by Lot III for every 4.6 lbs. water-free food and one pound gain by Lot IV for every 5.2 lbs. of water-free food. The food cost of growth was nearly 27 per cent greater for Lot IV, the cost of food per pound gain in weight during the fourteen weeks being 5.6 cents for Lot III and 7.1 cents for Lot IV.
During the preliminary period of three weeks with part of the chicks, those having the animal meal ration gained 13.5 per cent more in weight and consumed 17 per cent more food. The water- free food required was 3.6 lbs. by Lot III for each pound gain in weight and 3.4 lbs. by Lot IV. The food cost per pound gain was about 4.1 cents for Lot III and about 4.7 cents for Lot LV.
The average weight of 1 lb. was reached by Lot III three and one-half weeks sooner than by Lot IV and the average weight of 2 lbs. over four weeks sooner. When the chicks in Lot III had attained the average weight of 3 lbs. those in Lot IV averaged less than 2.2 lbs.
THE FEEDING TRIAL WITH COCKERELS.
The feeding trial with the two lots of cockerels began in Sep- tember when they were about three months old. The two lots were alike at the start and averaged almost exactly the same in weight. As in the other feeding trials the amount of protein sup- plied per fowl was about the same for the two lots, but the nutri-
tive ratio was somewhat wider with the animal meal ration.
New York AaricurruraL ExpermMent Station.
Tape VI.—Foop Given anp Garin Propvorp By Cooxsrets Fep Antmat MEAL.
(Lor A.)
“qUS1OM Ul UIeS
| punod yove 10oy peuns
-a0d pooy ut 1939801 Aq
“qy.310M Ut ules punod yova 10y pooz Jo 4sop
"pag IUSIoM eal, punod yore 10 Avp aed pooy ur 10q3eul AIg
‘posed Suranp [Moj zed
ysIomM Ul ules odBIOAV
‘ome
Eywavechunes oyeulrxo1ddy
Ves ied pooj jo SO
‘“£Vp aed pooj url uleyoig
‘ABp aed pooj ur 190yjyeur AId
‘Awp 19d pooj [BO],
“BSTVITV
“auod Ysa
‘Teo [BUI
Average per fowl during period.
<—aoOC—OoOoe— oo — _——_ - COs
“W109 payoviy
“‘qeouM
‘T (ON UIBIS pexIy
“"S[MOJ JO IoquINN
‘polled JO pus qv [Moj 10d JYUSTOM V5v10AV
*potsed ursA¥p Jo 1aQuinN
yon «+H Zac -19 Hon:
Wri «+H Hoa: tie
ZAAHO
Sdn
00 > 62 +H Won Ope rr
Oo SH HN don
13.6
ap) Ye)
44
1.06
wall ats)
45.9 19.9
86.0
18
28
8.0
41 1:4.5 39.5
1.08
184.2 57.7 33.0 56.6
6.6
56
The lower line gives the condensed data for the first eight weeks above.
58 Report or tHe Deparrment or ANIMAL Huspanpry OF THE
"4U.S310M UL ules a neo = Ow punod yova 10J pourns rey Sarto Ml0D -u00 pooy ur az99y7eU AIg ‘dd ine) © “qYS19M Ul ules punod bk: ED 23 Woke yove s0y pooy jo ysop| CO 7% cles babe a) *pey IySIoM pO eledicse roe. nea Qa eal] punod yove 10s Aep Sie Te Se 4 ° S ied pooj ul aoqyeur Arq] O “4 = = ‘poliod SuLinp [Mog zed N SS kek ea) WFem ul ues esvreay| OTCOM OS A || a | ct MIDS HN 2 OryBa eae Be all ke eATyLNU «=: a} BUUTxGAddy BEMIS ESE © SE Dog io mond ba Hage } a 2 <=] 3S f SS.2Q4 S S = ‘kepaad pooyjoyson | 2HAH H a mM (S} ° . . . . . oO =i = fs | : ey ie.6) Ql a e “ep alesse 2 ais i=) ied pooj Ul ulej0Ig| © ° ak : 2 S | 3 ; @ 3 q be “ep aed BONO Oo eae a = pm pooy ur 1oqygeut Aq] OSMWIOH SH xo & A ne J g a = a So = 3 CD02 SO & zc ey als & | ‘Aep zed pooj je}0, 56 : = Q = = NwWOr~rse © © ® io} g | a — o ay 5 | 3 es DID DB.» iO 8 z, E “eV ITPILV Ss aris ee DoS e q oi ONAAATA LS A a = : Cire egies SiCuren ee: = 2 DINO!) Umicuieses coe ves | ba 4 : on = 2% |g eo |= Z 2 githio 1 AN |e . NHNGDS O x E S | ur09 peyowiIn | SINSS a: B 5 - |i 2 <1 | & a | “qVou ROOM OH GY & | nN 190 ot = oesan wb | "| | . | | 4 “MrOco OO od = | g ON Uleis pexiyy Nagod ue > : CONHHH Ke l Sa 2 a “STMOJ JO raquiny AAND B | 1} — H | ) || *potied Jo pues 4e ZoOownno - wo || [Moj aod JY SIEM OSBIBAV iS i ag) tee rao a ‘poled ur sAvp Jo aoquinn Snes = =
New York AGricutturRAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 59
The gain in weight was not very regular nor very great for either lot, although for short periods some rapid gains were made. Those birds (Lot A) having the animal meal ration gained in weight during the trial about 20 per cent more than the others.
During the first eight weeks the consumption of food by Lot A was about 28 per cent greater than that of Lot B and the gain in weight was about 40 per cent greater. One pound gain in weight was made by Lot A for every 8 lbs. of water-free food consumed and one pound gain by Lot B for every 8.8 lbs. of water-free food. During the last four weeks more food was still eaten by Lot A, but the gain made was considerably in favor of Lot B as well as the cost of the gain. The gain in weight for this period, however, was not economically made by either lot.
FEEDING TRIAL WITH DUCKLINGS.
The feeding trial with the two lots of ducklings began as soon as they had learned to eat and was continued until growth had become very slow. The ration for Lot A, beside the grain mix- -ture No. described on page 48, consisted of corn meal, ground oats and animal meal besides a little skim milk, curd and dried blood. Lot B, besides the mixed grain No. 2, was fed wheat bran, corn meal, ground oats and skim milk or milk curd. Both lots were fed green alfalfa from the start. Sand and coarse grit were freely supplied. The ration containing the animal meal had generally somewhat the wider nutritive ratio and for the same live weight fed supplied much less protein, although on account of the much greater consumption of food the amount of protein per fowl was considerably larger under this ration.
The data follow in tabulated form, averaged in periods of one
* week during the time of most rapid growth.
60 Reporr or tHe Department or AntmaL Husspanpry OF TIE
Tasie VIII.—Foop Given anp Gain Propocep sy Duckiines Fep AnimAL MBAL.
(Lor A.)
*VUSIOM Ul UBS punod yove 10; poums -uod pooy ul av}}vU AIG
“4yS310M Ul UIvS punod yore 10f pooy jo 4sop
“poz JUSIOM dal] punod yore aoz Aep ded poosy ul a93}Bur AI
‘poised Satanp [Moy az0d
JYSsIOM Ul UBS ISBIJAV “O1jed dATQIAQNU eyeurxo1ddy
( ‘Avp tad poog jo ysop | ‘Aep aad pooy ul ula}01g
‘Aep aod pooy ul 19}3eur Arg
‘ep aad pooj [v0], “BITPITV “ya Was
“poolq poid
*‘[BOUL [BUI
Se ee ee eee ee eee,
\verage per fowl during period.
[Boul T.10—
*s7Bo puno.1sy
T ‘ON UlRIs poxIT
“S| MOJ JO 19quInN
‘poised Jo pus 4e [M0J tod JYsIom OFRIDAV
‘poised jo Surauis -3q 48 SsuITyoONp jo osy
‘porsed ut sAvp Jo rsquiuyy
BO
Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. ; Rese 3 il 5 :
Ozs.
TH 09 GO SH 6 1 ANAAIBATS
WO HAVA OD t= Aas oaK
bh 1919 D 69 09 10 CNNddnd
HOWANODH DD 41 6919 oH
19 © 1 10 0) ©
Deora
~ereoocom ns
10.
= =) So
7 1 8
al -e:fe 6
OD CY 1 1 GO 1S b= 3 Oo Hr es ir |
CD CD = 69 Od 60 69 nna
Did OOO od SO ri N19 09 2 6 MANNA A OD
ins
9 32 1.5 32 3.1 32 8.5 32 4.4 32 4.8 32
ae) NN ia
ARAADAAD AHS Sew
ee ee ee
12.4
Oetker
14.8
Tae ean ae!
5.6 32 125.1 4.1
9.9
Taste 1X.—Foop Given anp Gain Propvucep sy Duoxiines Fep VreautaniE Foon.
(Lor B.)
“FUSloOM UL UIBs punod yove 10j pourns -u0d pooj UL zazVBUE AIC |
“qyS19M Ul ures punod yovs s0J pooy Jo 4soO
“pes USIOM aAl[ punod yoo 10; AVp aod poojy ut a9}}¥uT AIg
*potied Sutimp [Moj z0d QWSIOM UL UIVS VSBIOAV
‘onwd
SAT}IIJNU eyeurxoiddy
Aep iad pooj Jo sop
dod pooj ul ule ,01g
f | “Aep |
*£ep red pooy ut 10}}38u AIG
‘Avp ated poog [eyo
is)
°
>
oO
im
op
z=
=| “BITRILV
a)
4
= |
baal
5 yar WAS
A |
o
a0
=
2 “780 punoip
<q | *[BOUl W.10D | ‘UBIq FBO AL | | *g ON UIBIZ PoXT \
"S[MOj JO JoquINN
*polied jo pus 4B [Moy sod 4y 310m oSea0ay
*poriod jo suluus -3q 4B sSulpyonp Jo o3V
eee ul sABp jo 1equInN
1G rt itso © oo ed eo eo HH
Hida NO © Prlicg five volte aie
hm AMm 19M O19 CHAANHA
NO 2 sH SH © 10 NOAH
IDI DOM OS
HH AAA A o9 donde
ADOOANAN = HANA
69 Oo rt 1d t= 4 ~ OTH HO
Ree ANH 1010 mn AAAN vet ret
OW -NiwwOD
MmOOnMOAN : MmMonnne: SAMrDNHMO todd a nN
"OM 0000 OH SHANA
.
IO AA IAM ASA
> SO? OD HD DO) Od A O90 H 10 © b=
Eee reheree
34
3.9 1.03
6.8
ONO Ol eas ld Ola ese Oe Die oo Sei a loa No.1. 20eelsaes
9.9
35
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION.
82.4
0
1:4
47
Gag. ial
9.2
Sites OAS Tes sons ee Gein
ceee
5.0
14.9
28
62. Report or tHE Deparrment or Anrmat HuspanpRY OF THE
°
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY OF THE RATIONS.
From the first the ration containing the large proportion of ani- mal food gave much the better results, although during the first week not so much difference was manifest. The grain mixture No. 2, of the contrasted ration, appeared to be much less palatable to the ducklings than to the chicks, and to lessen this disadvantage corn meal was quite freely used at the beginning with the skim milk and curd.
During the first ten weeks two and one-third times as much food was eaten by Lot A as by Lot B and the total increase in live weight was about four times as great. One pound gain was made by Lot A for every 3.1 lbs. of water-free food consumed and one pound gain by Lot B for every 5.2 lbs. of water-free food. The cost of food for each pound gain was about 3.7 cents for Lot A and i. of Lot A. The use of the animal meal increased the cost of the
% cents for Lot B, a difference not far from 95 per cent in favor
one ration, for while it constituted less than one-fifth the cost of totai fcod beside the alfalfa it represented considerably over one- third of the total cost of the ration.
While the ducklings in Lot A were thrifty from the start, at all tumes free from disease and made an even flock, those in Lot B made an uneven growth and several died. The unevenness of size in the flock was very noticeable. At ten weeks of age the birds in Lot A seemed to have reached the limit of most profitable growth, for during the next five weeks the growth was slow and growth at the same rate could not generally show a profit over the cost of food. The dry matter in the food eaten was about one ounce per day for each pound live weight fed, a much lower rate than before. The dry matter in the food eaten by Lot B during this time was 1.67 ozs. per pound live weight fed, although the amount per fowl was, as before, less than for Lot A. The gain in weight made by Lot 1} was somewhat the greater and was made at less cost for food.
The slow growth made by Lot B for so long a time (during 15 weeks) did not prevent a more rapid gain being made when the ration was more favorable. ‘This is shown by the results of feed-
eS OehltC<C
New York AGRICULTURAL HiXPERIMENT STATION. 63
ing Lot FB for four weeks on the animal meal ration after the con- trasted feeding was finished. The growth made by this lot was then rapid and the gain in weight nearly as great as that which had been made by Lot A two months earlier when the average size was about the same as that of the older birds from Lot B during this later period. The disadvantage of living on the inferior ration was, however, never entirely overcome, and the birds failed to reach the size ultimately attained by the birds having from the start the animal meal ration.
The average weight of 1 lb. was reached by Lot A three weeks sooner than by Lot B, the average weight of 2 lbs. over five weeks sooner and the average weight of 3 lbs. over eight weeks sooner. At seven weeks of age the average weight for Lot A was over 3 Ibs. and for Lot B less than 1 lb. At nine weeks of age the average weight for Lot A was about 4.5 lbs. and for Lot B about 1.5. At eleven weeks of age the average weight for Lot A was 5 Ibs. and for Lot B it was 2 lbs.
IN CONCLUSION. - The rations in which from 40 to 50 per cent of the protein was supplied by animal food gave in every trial more economical re- sults than the contrasted rations in which most of the protein came from vegetable sources.
The chief advantage of the one ration over the other was in the
_ much more rapid growth induced by it, although the cost for each
pound gain in weight was also in its favor. The inefficiency of the one ration was probably in part due to its inferior palatability. This was not very noticeable with the chicks or cockerels, but it
_ was quite apparent with the ducklings, especially at the start when
_ slight modifications in the ration were continually made.
The results of this feeding experiment do not alone warrant final conclusions as to the necessity for animal food. But con- sidering with them the results of other feeding experiments not
yet reported, which all point in the same direction, there appears
_ justification for the belief that the superiority of the one ration . was due to the presence in it of the animal food.
~ ate
to ee le
REEOR TD
OF THE
Botanical: Department.
F. C. Srewart, Botamst.
TasLe oF ConrtTENTS.
I. Spraying cucumbers in the season of 1898. D
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.
SeEAvING “CUCUMBERS. IN. LHE, SEASON OF -1898.*
F. A. Srrrine anp F. C. Stewart.
SUMMARY.
Downy mildew is the chief cause of the recent poor crops of late cucumbers in southeastern New York. Anthracnose has also been destructive in some seasons.
In 1896 the Station made an experiment which showed that the greater part of the damage from downy mildew can be prevented by spraying seven times with Bordeaux mixture.
An experiment made in 1897 showed that when an entire field is sprayed the downy mildew can be wholly prevented. In this experiment a yield of 101,960 merchantable pickles per acre was obtained.
In a second experiment in 1897, on early cucumbers, the yield was increased at the rate of 30,450 fruits per acre, having a weight of 12,405 pounds.
During the season of 1898 codperative spraying experiments on late cucumbers were conducted in four different localities on Long Island; viz.: at Greenlawn, Deer Park, Smithtown Branch and Mattituck. In each case an entire field was sprayed. At Green- lawn the sprayed field contained 1.5 acres sprayed seven times with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8 formula); at Deer Park, 2 acres sprayed eight times; at Smithtown Branch, 2.15 acres sprayed seven times; and at Mattituck, 2 acres sprayed five times.
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 156.
68 Report oF THE BoranisT OF THE
Owing to late planting and lack of fertility the crop at Mattituck was a failure. At the other three places the yields of the sprayed fields over unsprayed fields in the same localities were as follows: . At Greenlawn, 80,917 per acre; at Deer Park, 40,675; and at Smithtown Branch, 43,226. At Greenlawn the total yield of merchantable pickles per acre was 120,917.
The cost of spraying per acre for each application was as fol- lows: At Greenlawn, $3.39; Deer Park, $2.76; Mattituck, $3.20; and Smithtown Branch, $2.43.
The value per acre of the increased yield above the cost of spraying was as follows: At Greenlawn, $73.74; Deer Park, $22.51; Smithtown Branch, $37.00.
The crop on these three experiment fields was profitable; that is, after deducting the total cost of growing, gathering and spraying from the value of the crop there was left, in each case, a net profit. At Greenlawn the net profit was $67.13 per acre; at Deer Park, $13.35 per acre; and at Smithtown Branch, $6.74 per acre.
At $1.25 per thousand, pickles can probably be profitably grown on Long Island if spraying is practiced and the crop given proper care. .
In practice, the cost of spraying can be made considerably smaller than it was in these experiments — it can probably be re- duced one-half.
According to our estimate, the average yield of unsprayed fields of late cucumbers on Long Island in 1898 did not exceed 34,000 per acre.
On Long Island, cucumbers should be sprayed as follows: Com- mencing some time between July 15 and August 1, spray thor- oughly with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8 formula) once every eight or ten days until frost.
INTRODUCTION.
During the past six or seven years late cucumbers in south- eastern New York have suffered severely from disease. On Long Island and in Westchester County where cucumbers are grown extensively for pickling the losses from “ blight” have been so
OUTFIT USED AT DEER PARK.
XIII.—THE
PLATE
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69
great as to cause many growers to abandon the crop. Anthrac- nose and the bacterial or wilt disease have been responsible for a part of the damage, but the greater part of it has been caused by the downy mildew, Plasmopara cubensis (B. & C.) Humph. The latter fungus made its first appearance’ in the United States in 1889, since which time it has spread so rapidly that it has become one of the most destructive diseases of late cucumbers. It now occurs quite generally throughout the northeastern United States as far west as Ohio, where it has been very destructive,® and ap- pears to be spreading westward. No special effort has been made to determine its distribution in New York, but reports indicate that it is in nearly all parts of the State, although there are still a few localities where it is unknown. Besides the previously men- tioned localities in southeastern New York we have, during the past season, personally observed it at Albany and Geneva, where it was destructive. There are no indications of its abatement; on the contrary, it seems to be steadily advancing. In localities where it has previously occurred it may be expected to reappear to a destructive extent the coming season, and localities in which it has not yet occurred cannot reasonably expect to remain much longer exempt from its ravages. However, the amount of dam- age which it does depends very largely upon the temperature be- tween July 15 and August 15. A high temperature and frequent light rains during this period furnish ideal conditions for the propagation of the fungus.
PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS.
In 1896.— In 1896 the Station made an experiment® in which it was shown that this downy mildew can be prevented by spray- ing the plants with Bordeaux mixture.
1 Halsted, B. D. Some Notes upon Economic Peronosporee for 1889, in New Jersey. Journal of Mycology, 5: 201.
2Selby, A. D. Prevalent Diseases of Cucumbers, Melons and Tomatoes. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 89. D. 1897.
3 The details of this experiment are reported in Bulletin 119. The Downy Mildew of the Cucumber: What It Is and How to Prevent It.
70 Report oF THE Boranist OF THE
A field of late cucumbers containing one and three-fourths acres was divided into five plats, three of which were sprayed and the other two unsprayed, the sprayed plats alternating with the un- sprayed. Spraying was commenced when the plants were quite small and repeated at intervals of from six to eleven days until frost. In all, seven applications were made.
The plants on the unsprayed plats were so violently attacked by downy mildew that they ceased to produce any merchantable fruit after August 21. The sprayed plants produced, after this date, cucumbers which were sold for $260, which is at the rate of $173 per acre. There was, however, toward the close of the season, considerable disease on the sprayed plats, enough to materially re- duce the yield. This was due to the proximity of the diseased plants on the unsprayed plats. It was believed that if no un- sprayed plants had been left to furnish a breeding place for the fungus the sprayed plants might have been kept practically free from disease up to the close of the season.
In 1897.— Jn order to determine what may be accomplished when no unsprayed plants are left, another spraying experiment* on late cucumbers was made in 1897.
An exact acre of late cucumbers was sprayed eight times. There were no unsprayed plants in the immediate vicinity, the nearest source of infection being an unsprayed muskmelon patch about thirty rods distant. When frost came the plants were en- tirely free from downy mildew and anthracnose, although both of these diseases were abundant in most of the cucumber fields in the vicinity. The acre yielded 101,960 merchantable cucum- bers while the average yield of unsprayed fields was probably less than 20,000 per acre.
A second experiment® was made in 1897. Two hundred hills were planted in May. One-half of these were thoroughly sprayed throughout the season — in all, fourteen times. The other half were not sprayed.
4 Reported in Bul. 138: 641-643. 5 Reported in Bul. 138: 636-639.
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New Yorx AqricutturaL Exprriment StatTIon. Y (ae
The yield® per acre for the sprayed plants was at the rate of 71,000 fruits, weighing 25,265 pounds; for the unsprayed plants at the rate of 40,650 fruits, weighing 12,860 pounds. Hence, the increase in the number of fruits per acre due to spraying was 30,450 and the increase in weight 12,405 pounds. The sprayed plants suffered considerably from anthracnose, but not at all from downy mildew.
EXPERIMENTS IN 1898. | INTRODUCTORY.
During the season of 1898 codperative spraying experiments on late cucumbers were conducted in four different localities on Long Island; viz.: at Greenlawn, Deer Park, Mattituck and Smithtown Branch. In each case an entire field was sprayed. At Greenlawn the sprayed field contained one and one-half acres, sprayed seven times; at Deer Park, two acres, sprayed eight times; at Mattituck, two acres, sprayed five times; and at Smithtown Branch, 2.15 acres, sprayed seven times.
THE TERMS OF COOPERATION.
The Station bore all expense of spraying and directed how and when it should be done. The owners of the fields experimented upon performed all of the operations connected with growing, gathering and marketing the crop according to their own judgment and at their own expense, and carried out the spraying under the direction of a representative of the Station.
Therefore, the Station is responsible for the spraying only, and does not commit itself to the recommendation of any of the cul- tural methods employed on these experiment fields.
THE SPRAYING OUTFIT. The spraying outfit used consisted essentially of a two wheeled cart which carried a spray pump mounted in a 50-gallon barrel and fitted with two leads of hose twenty feet long. Three men
6 These yields are not comparable with the yields in the preceding experi+ ment because the fruits were allowed to attain greater size.
\*
72 Report or THE BoTANIST OF THE
were required to operate the outfit, one to drive and pump and the two others to manage the nozzles. An idea of the general style of the outfit may be obtained from Plates XIII and XIV.
The outfits used at the different places differed only in the character of the cart. The pump, barrel and fittings were the same in each case and cost $27.46. The items are as follows:
1.“ Hclipse ”* spray. PUMptr = 2 crn. sawecio cls Slerreisc isle aiecae eer $10 00
40 ft. “‘ Maltese Cross’’ hose ...........0.5. Penerrcheveing Salons, Sic wee reenererene 10 00 2. BEOD-COCKS) 4.55.4 cis sk eb hes 0s Winks Meu seta ETO tone eon Reece 1 50 Kreightage on spray PUmMpy snes reese Sous ee ate elalelc ie siereroeare 65
4 MROZZICS 5-4 aj le B55 wee needa: ond tos aie te tere ease tole ete eke MB eatale ce nae etait 2 40
P barrell $s 6 oP Se eae ARS Sie ot ware eae ts et Oe enemies 65
4.5 Tt. ‘brass: tubing: cdo. ogysde ceo binerecs cmrasieln erika emia 56 3 strap-lrons:and poltse cise os athveie ke os wyslegniee cee emeisiclel es xo ee 45
MAUI OL 5 ea breve ce erone eee oltre he ene eietceele eRe ERE ETO Cp Serene ne 50
Tabor. sc iicie s daleeye. ates state come rae Ee “Eucla 0. « Haney eee rotor nicks 15
Total io ects Cetensts ees ores ee rieyesee ie ete = ere ic orebere ieteans eraueeteunnses $27 46
The pump was fastened into the barrel by means of a detacha- ble head? which was secured to the barrel by three strap-bolts. This method of attaching the pump has been found not only more convenient but stronger than simply fastening it to the head which comes with the barrel.
The hose used was what is known to the trade as “ Maltese Cross,” warranted not to rot and to stand a pressure of 600 pounds of steam to the square inch. A three foot one-fourth inch brass tube, furnished with a stop cock and bent at one end was used to connect the same with the nozzles.
At the end of each lead of hose a single nozzle was used in the first two sprayings, but when the vines covered the ground two nozzles were used. ‘The two nozzles were attached to the three foot brass tube by means of a short brass T. The bend in the three foot tube was made at an angle of from 35 to 40 degrees. Each arm of the T was about nine inches long and bent at about the same angle as the main tube, the object being to bring the
7 Manufactured by Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich. 8 Described and illustrated by W. P[addock]. Rural New Yorker, 57: 29. 23 Apr., 1898.
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New York AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 3
_ orifices of the two nozzles about eighteen inches apart. ‘‘ Deming Vermorel” nozzles were used and found very satisfactory for such work.
The twenty feet of heavy half-inch hose was somewhat un- wieldy and awkward to handle. In fact, it was impossible to pre- vent dragging the vines unless the workman took a half twist of the hose around his body and over his shoulder. Hence we would recommend the use of a lighter hose because it would be more easily handled and also cheaper.
THE EXPERIMENT AT GREENLAWN.
(1) Preparation and planting—The field, which contained one and one-half acres, scant, was plowed twice about six inches deep, after which one-half ton of “Great Eastern ” fertilizer was applied broadcast and the field harrowed. The seed (Early Clus- ter) was planted June 20 in raised hills four feet apart each way. Eight loads® of well rotted stable manure were applied in the hills,
(2) Cultivation and spraying — The field was cultivated twice each way with an ordinary moldboard plow, a hoe being used around the hills. The vines were sprayed seven times with Bor- deaux mixture” as follows: July 20 and 30; August 9, 18 and 21; and September 2 and 13.
(3) Yield and value of the crop—tThe first picking was made August 6. The total yield of first class pickles’ from the one - and one-half acres was 179,375, or 119,583 per acre; there were also sold from the field 2,000 nubs” which brings the total yield’ of merchantable pickles up to 120,917 per acre.
® A load is usually estimated as a ton.
10In all of the experiments in 1898 the Bordeaux mixture was made ac- cording to the 1-to-8 formula.
11 The small cucumbers used for pickling are universally called “ pickles.”
12 Deformed fruits are called “ nubs ” or “ crooks.”
13 There were thrown away 9,000 culls and it was estimated that 21,000 nubs and spoiled pickles were left on the field. The excessively hot weather at the close of August caused pickles to turn yellow very rapidly. Such pickles were pulled from the vines and left on the field. Dry weather in September favored the growth of nubs.
“WA. Report oF THE BorTanisT OF THE
Of the first class pickles, 13,400 were sold at $0.75 per M., and the balance at $1.25 per M. The nubs brought $0.50 per M. The total value of the crop was $218.51, or $145.67 per acre. |
Unsprayed fields in the vicinity of Greenlawn did not average more than 40,000 per acre. Therefore, the increase in yield due
to spraying was 80,917 per acre.
YIELD OF CUCUMBERS ON THE SPRAYED FIELD AT GREENLAWN.
(One and one-half acres.)
Date. Paes Total. Price received. Aug. 6.. 2,100 8.. 5,800 One 8,400 —— 16,300 SoldinN. Y. City at $1.25 (net) per M. $20 37 13.. 6,425 15... 5,375 alec 7,125 19.. 10,625 7AVG 6 7,700 Ppijhe 9,200 oer 9,050 Delo 00 265 9,650 Acre 2,700 29 re Gls 220 Sika 9,375 Sept. 3.. 16,850 Bae 8,200 se 7,500 10.. 10,000 Ii. 6,375 « —— 149,675 Sold at salting house at $1.25 per M.. 187 09 16.. 9,100 19.. 4,300 2 13,400 Sold in N. Y. City at $0.75 (net) per M. 10 05 2,000 Nubs sold at $0.50 per M.........--.-. 1 00 "Potala. eect 181,375 Total, ValuelOL GLOP) telecasts - $218 51
Yield per acre, 120,917. Value of crop per acre, $145.67.
°27 ‘“LdaS GAHHAVUDNOLOHG “MUVd WAAC LV AIGIY GHAVYdS AHL—ITAX ALVId
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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5
(4) Cost of spraying one and one-half acres at Greenlawn.
(a) Cost of materials for spraying.............+2. $5 90 COPPELY SUlPW ATE G sie che.’ rolstis sere are ciel atelaieveleretave $3 60 One: HaArrelSlime) sites sere chat aisie wise lavotav ele level <r el Sieleeele 1 50 XP LEOSSAS Cua a uheleisrolsicie creievarciele epeietvus ol susioteretonetes 80 / ALOR aie arg 2 Diana toe kee Maa re re ra hed tech teal Cues a 27 25 (ec) Allowance for wear of spraying outfit.................. 2 46 NOt Ae Sree o cesar ates Best aveel oreie: cotiaioiakeetsbavateomiorena valet czesors $35 61 CORE DEPTH CEC Worcs cleie ctersteloteretascrecavezerstenstancad ckeiore dots vers overe 23 74 ——— eed
(5) Cost of growing and gathering one and one-half acres at Greenlawn.
Hight loads of stable manure .................. $18 00 One thousand pounds of fertilizer ........ aids o aeve - 1600 ERED ALALL OMe O feel AM gereiae etal clsicieretciale eisvelcrerelelaisierecere 5 00 SOG Si. te creraptenerencpotel atenece a tonclotersioietelsheiets sietowicrereieis 1 20 JEG NaR 8 tok Awe GiSitHer OcD.O ODID UO DOD Co GUMOoACmOGaOe 2 00 Oyltivationgs:<, ts state «:cfoilsle/ersve/alcvototel ole oidygtiete oba bideatehe 7 00 UCT ti. Oe [AN Ome ysesar cisions efx audi sieiaiasavene eialar aval Gerster ele, eye be 6 00 Gatherin ss Crops ees ns eters ce toeea oie icicle Siskae wares Seyret 36 00 $91 20 Credit to value of stable manure for the following crop... 9 00 INCE COSG Sorrtenceicrersteve ala ceal ove raisl svetolate late alelane cteusvele Ger saelelevers $82 20 COStpDERUACLO ca etc crete elcits core ce ciate Sate iano asialersts aieiers 54 80 (6) Profit. Total value of crop on one and one-half acres............ $218 51 Cost of spraying one and one-half acres.......... $35 61 Cost of growing and gathering one and one-half ACESS onesie otetetothers elelsieti a cromterarchar oisher cate sisteieic eNO 82 20 Cost of growing, gathering and spraying one and one-half BOLO Pare Aenea aes ore EE a eae Oe eee ee eit ae ‘117 81 Net profit on one and one-half acres ...........-008- $100 70 Net profit! Per: ACK i se acinciert cis cicid-cie: b crctene diclel Blade tovere eee 67 13
14Labor is estimated at $1.50 per day for a man and $3.00 per day for a team. One-half day allowed for each spraying. 15 Estimated by D. R. Smith, the owner.
76 Report oF THE BorTaNIsT OF THE
(7) Notes on experiment at Greenlawn.— The experiment field was situated on the farm of David R. Smith. It was trian- gular in shape and contained nearly one and one-half acres. For ; a time the stand was perfect and the plants healthy, but later in the season the bacterial or wilt disease caused some unevenness. This is shown in the photograph of the field (Plate XV). After September 13 the yield was light and the pickles had a tendency - to be “nubby.” This was apparently due to exhaustion of the vines and dry weather. There was very little downy mildew. On September 29 the owner pulled the vines in order to prepare the land for winter wheat. The vines were at that time still green, free from disease and bearing a few pickles. A few “‘withy” pickles were found where the vines were injured by the wilt disease, but no gummy pickles were found during the entire season.
THE EXPERIMENT AT DEER PARK.
(1) Preparation and planting.—The field, which contained two acres, was plowed once, then thirty-one tons of well rotted stable manure applied broadcast, after which the field was plowed twice more, each plowing being from five to six inches deep. The ground was thoroughly harrowed just before planting.
At the time of planting 400 pounds of fertilizer were applied in the hills. The seed’® (Early Prolific)-was planted July 1 in level hills four feet apart in the row, the rows being four feet six inches apart.
(2) Cultivation and spraying.—The field was cultivated with a cultivator, three times each way, and hoed once around the hills. The vines were sprayed eight times with Bordeaux mix- ture on the following dates: July 22 and 29; August 8, 17 and 22; and September 1, 9 and 19.
16 The seed was purchased in Iowa for Early Prolific, but on account of the rank growth of vines and large size of the fruits the owner is of the opinion that the seed was not true to name and that the variety was in reality Long Green, or some similar variety. It is possible, however, that the rank growth of vines and fruit was due to an excess of fertility.
Ldas daddy YOLO uU t G Wet Alot ¢ Vi S 7— 1 LV Mo YUOOLOH > I 1 c MUVd Wad « ITAL oT TOT A {td { X AL c
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New York Acricutturat Exprerment Station. 17
(3) Yield and value of the crop.—tThe first picking was made August 19. The total yield” of first class pickles from the two acres was 151,350, or 75,675 per acre.
The crop, not being grown under contract, was sold at prices varying from $1 to $1.50 per thousand, the total receipts being } $166.48, or $83.24 per acre. The average yield of three typical unsprayed fields in the vicinity of Deer Park was 35,000 per acre. The increase in yield due to spraying was, therefore, 40,675 per
acre. YIELD OF CUCUMBERS ON THE SPRAYED FIELD AT DEER PARK. (Two acres.) Date. aber August OTe stabs 2,150 DOE seit 4,950 DA ee 5,800 PAs eater er 5,050 DIRE oss 7,750 September 1...... 8,050 Be he sezcvens 14,400 By heat paises 14,800 Gate 3,600 i states is 5,350 tap atest 3,600 12 se, 3,300 LOR 5,850 1D fete coils 6,800 eae 3,000 AD eer. 11,100 AG vie 5,600 bh inate 6,600 ZO icin: 5,400 DB scicusies 8,500 71% ea 6,500 DO eek 5,500 October Drecoraierate 4,500 12 ese 3,000 1 ee 200 eR oy Gea rere tages anni 151,350 First-class pickles sold for $166.48.
Yield per acre, 75,675. Value of crop per acre, $83.24.
.
17 In addition to the yield given, it is estimated that 25,000 nubs and yellow pickles were either culled out or left on the field.
78 Report oF THE Boranist OF THE
(4) Cost of spraying two acres at Deer Park.
(a) Cost,of materials»for spraying .)2i ie licerss clslels b orartiete $11 75 CopperxSulphate .) evctreikreicioniarere auereievan Biswas Seve $8 75 TDM yes 5 ak Side erate eherabie et one sts Torelencoltolers tel iats 2 50 Hrelghta gwen: oo we) as oh sasiare wis sreue arsvarereiole iaeiaue eis 50
(b) Labor (same rates as at Greenlawn).............0eeeees 30 00
(c) Allowance for wear of spraying outfit....... fie siviaeiste shee 2 46
EDO Gee eo ts Sirsa asi he eltaie atartat e Cae ahotaharte elie popeeevenelahe te Lonskeuatrerere $44 21
Cost per acre. ....... siisratey eua)ede. gape (allah alaiepaeeanay ete uate es rrr 22 10
(5) Cost'® of growing and gathering two acres at Deer Park.
Thirty-one tons stable manure. ................. $46 50 Four hundred pounds fertilizer .................. 7 00 Rout ssa watts es tea ee eee 5 00 LEAK bales (abesley HUMES! 5 5 GbagoouoOdOUS OU dooodd DU OD 9 00 Preparing ang pla mien) saeteikels te) elec fens blctolelstehalell= 6 00 ACOipiahienprakedrpavel Iie + SeSehoacooonucoduoDGKdG 6 00 Seed ta ete wrenstecieres La Marerec esate ornlals fale aketo enebotehceeterenepene 2 00 Gathering crop at $0.25 per M..........0...5... 37 33 $118 83 Credit to value of stable manure for the following crop.... 23 25 Net DORE a 50 ose Saud I ee $95 58 (Dlofie NS MEKOR A Rb edo OD OOOO CAG GUONOOHOOORD HO OOD tho 47 79 (6) Profit. Total value of Crop ON tWO ACTES ....... cece sec cseeceeees $166 48 ,, Cost of spraying two AGES! .).2)...00. ccs eee we $44 21 Cost of growing and gathering two acres......... 95 58 Cost of growing, gathering and spraying two acres...... $1389 79 Net profit on two acres. ..... four ooospdondLdcobudc $26 69 Net profit per ACTe . .....seeeeeenee SoodouuouUedc mene 13 35
18 Estimated by C. W. Conklin, the owner. s
New Yorx Acricurturat Experiment Station. "9
(7) Notes on experiment at Deer Park.— The experiment field at Deer Park was on C. W. Conklin’s farm. It was nearly square in form and contained two acres. No disease of any kind affected the vines and none of the pickles were gummy or withy. It was rumored that Mr. Conklin intended to pick pickles all winter. The vines were slightly injured by a light frost which occurred September 29, but were not finally killed by frost until October 17.
r
THE EXPERIMENT AT MATTITUCK.
(1) Preparation and planting.— This field, which contained two acres, scant, was on clover sod plowed June 9. On June 28 it was harrowed twice with a spading harrow and once more with a smoothing harrow just before planting.
The seed (Early Cluster) was planted July 8 in level hills four feet apart in the row, the rows being five feet apart. A good many hills failed to come up. These were replanted July 16. One-half ton of fertilizer was applied in the hills at the time of planting.
(2) Cultivation and spraying.— The field was cultivated three times each way with an ordinary cultivator. The vines were sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture as follows: July 22; August 1, 9 and 17; and September 1.
(38) Yveld and value of the crop.— The first picking was made August 26. The yield from the two acres was 41,875 large pickles, 7,080 small ones and 8,525 nubs, making a total yield of 57,480 merchantable pickles,’ which is at the rate of 28,470 per acre. ‘The large ones were sold under contract at $1.25 per M..,. the smaller ones at $0.60 per M. and the nubs at $0.50 per barrel (775 nubs made a barrel). The total value of the crop was $60.44.
The foreman of the salting house at Mattituck estimated that the average yield of unsprayed fields in that section was 40,000 per acre. Hence, the sprayed field yielded 11,260 per acre less.
wo
- than unsprayed fields in the same locality.
19 Besides 35,000 (estimated) nubs and yellow pickles left on the field.
Report or THE Boranist OF THE
YIELD OF CUCUMBERS ON THE SPRAYED FIELD AT MATTITUCK.
(Two acres.)
Date. Large. Small. Nubs.
August DOW ete csi cosa Vora axetn, store e Ete eielttereke ake 3,925 225 wars OPE tid Bie ide tense ns 3,900 | SEO Fah bees
DO oa ee he NG cy oe way ota Paley taal eeeane a 2,550 300s enettoite
SONTEMDET Alot ace ater aie Reta eit ecapa ecekea lane 5,950 L100 Ts ue otters Sr ASEM Ua dnd laete steal otets MpOOON Rae rose ae 175
By aiau onctiniaseeer stare Wo versreiohers rola ae aren oleae 3,200 300 2,325
(Ree et HIP IN CAC OTG Oe 2,300 250 775
OM a aia dregeana ayestele chenreb betes 3,300 800 eee
DD ESE BE cc absloon 6 OIA ehodemetate Cbatatararars 2,100 650 775
ES rece ieee seis teuits “clepete abate SVaeareta, esis 2,225 900 1,550
NG aerate 8 hohe aa cbattote die epaiatensions ie 2,100 600 1,550
IQ Sa KS CEE NAO eo mad pectaee 1,100 650 775
DOS aor darseicuace tebe vance elie VR TaaS 950 HBO Lk 4 esas
De See rere ote enstaie aust cererarera 925 BID 2-0 ieee
MOtal- shares nchees C cecihee oe eelryeeenrann 41,875 7,080 8,525
VALUE OF CROP.
40,000 large, sold at salting house at $1.25 per M......... $50 00 6,235 small, sold at salting house at $0.60 per AEect lacs), 3 74 8,525 nubs (11 bbls.), sold at salting house at $0.50 per bbl. 5 50 1,875 large,
845 small, sold in New YOrks City; wie crcecieie wrererenetoters siete 1 20 otal: VALUE =OL = CLOP ics are octane ictclere elo ole tolelavercrele Succ $60 44 Wield tper Caceres iii. eye talake retell enoloharnteteteoceferwlenoie ie slots 28,740 Value of crop per acre ........2+.0000- PPI A TERT $30 22
(4) Cost of spraying two acres at Mattituck.
(a) Cost of materials for spraying .......-..sseseeseecees $5 45 Copper sulphate piciecicte ie eit eboteletenateler tee aero $3 60 One™ Harrel Wm were ces e oiels torent concrete onaVoretarcpers 1 50 GX PLESSA LS sia. oe he eters otasete nae te:le otonate icqenetancteleye 25 (b) Labor (same rates as at Greenlawn) ..........++.+e8- 23 40 (ec) Allowance for wear of spraying outfit .............+.-- 2 46 MOtad cs sake eaten She ee bck 0 at oruna Gre tente nua a TAs ote eaten Meee $31 21
New York AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 81
(5) Cost® of growing and gathering two acres at Mattituck.
TL OOORMOUNES HermGUIZer yy 71 ceca alarcverare’s creleielslclole eletsrereinielerera’e $12 42
SRSA GST Bee eee are ae 10 00
Gathering Crops precios eit ok acres o cisieiieners Oe w)alele's cielele es 15 00
SRT OM SES ait Se oto ence O Gn OC bicto mon clans ser cho accor és)
Preparation, planting and cultivation ................... 20 50 ETUC LMM sr tape tere he orator atake at cval eter ata sie, aVet ate! orccatici syey ntecsraeietsrei $58 67 WOSGD CL BACLE! Theol nietonesoretoelsy viet of stevens vshol ocala talnteras'elalievatet otal er 29 33
(6) Loss.
Total value. of Crop ON twWO ACTES: . 6.2.6. cece ce scene $60 44
Cost of spraying two acres .........0.ccceieeees $31 21
Cost of growing and gathering two acres ........ 58 67
Cost of growing, gathering and spraying two acres....... 89 88 otal TOSS LOM UW.OL CLES cickersrerateiie. ete occjeye slefep oie Viele Ga a0 $29 44 TOtAU OSS: DECITEA GEO Wate ehetcle aie eter ciclefale: «forete)aresoteiec, alleiee)<\e 14 72
(7) Notes on the experiment at Mattituck.— The field at Mat- tituck was on the farm of A. L. Downs. It was rectangular and contained nearly two acres. At the time of the first spraying (July 23) the stand was very uneven. Many of the hills were not yet up.
The small yield of this field was not due to disease. Downy mildew appeared only in traces and there was very little wilt dis- ease. No gummy pickles were observed. Probably, the causes of the small yield were: Late planting, poor stand and lack of fertility. As late as September 9 the plants did not cover the ground.
20 Estimated by A. L. Downs, the owner. 6
82 Report oF THE Boranist OF THE
THE EXPERIMENT AT SMITHTOWN BRANCH.
(1) Preparation and planting.— The field, which contained 2.15 acres, was prepared as follows: First, a heavy coating of manure was plowed under; then the ground was harrowed four . times with an “ Acme ” harrow, after which one-half ton of fertil- izer (Quinnipiac Market Garden) per acre was applied broadcast.
The seed (Early Prolific) was planted June 23 in level hills four feet apart each way. Missing hills were replanted June 29.
(2) Cultivation and spraying.— After the plants were well started they were thinned to three in a hill. The field was culti- vated three times each way and hoed once. ;
The vines were sprayed seven times, as follows: July 20 and 28; August 5, 13, 20 and 27; and September 9.
(3) Yield and value of the crop.— The first picking was made August 11. The total yield’ of first class pickles from the 2.15 acres was 148,600 or 66,790 per acre. These pickles were put into a codperative pickle house; hence the prices will depend upon the selling price of the pickled goods. Estimating their value at $1.25 per M., the price paid at other salting houses, the value of the crop would be $179.50 or $83.49 per acre.
The average yield of unsprayed fields in the vicinity of South- town Branch was 23,564 per acre, this being the average yield of the only four unsprayed fields, the product of which was delivered at the Smithtown salting house.
Therefore, the increase in yield due to spraying was 43,226 per
acre.
®aDuring the hot weather about September 1, 4,000 pickles turned yellow and had to be thrown away. It was estimated that 10,000 yellow pickles and nubs were left on the field.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83
YIELD OF CUCUMBERS ON THE SPRAYED FIELD AT SMITHTOWN BRANCH.
(Two and fifteen one-hundredths acres. )
Number Date. picked,
August 11.. 240
1B} 600 Ge. 2,300 if( oe 2,000 19; 6,875 PAV 8,765 22.. 8,675 24: 1,000 25.. 7,350 26.. 8,885 27.. 7,145 29.. 4,625 30.. 7,950 Sf. 4,950 Sept. ile 7,5
3.. 14,995 5 2,750 {ke 5,505 Soe 4,725 On 4,035 IPAS e 8,000 °13.. 4,050 16.. 10,350 19. . 6,250 26.. 4,600
Total... 143,600 First class pickles. Value, at $1.25 per M., $179.50.
Yield per acre, 66,790. Value of crop per acre, $83.49.
————<—_———. - a
(4) Cost of spraying 2.15 acres at Smithtown Branch.
(a= Costrot materialsprorcSpLayiN es. <2... %-c.chasjarele chore 6 ele ce 6 5 $7 90 Coppers sulphatere sy sot..ss se eee A eas $5 70 OneHbarvel sot sine ae Heel yets tee deracsle sa) Stole Si erela 1 50 Wreightages es srotispers pir tote bles eed aialete depetetaee le ete 70
(b) Labor (same rate as at Greenlawn) .................. 26 25
(c) Allowance for wear of spraying outfit ................ 2 46 pei Ah ene en el Ree tk”, oeAe ae a $36 61
84 Report oF THE Boranist OF THE
(5) Cost? of growing and gathering 2.15 acres at Smithtown Branch.
Thirty loads of stable manure ................. $45 00 Oneston= of fertilizers see wceeetelerieietcetedeiarieivie rs 32 00 Preparing and) Planting ecm cieet< a iele oer pce ~ 11600 Cultivatiomi inc tects cicig bicio oats oi cietene ureretayexeteloveleretenetena 9 00 Three POUNGS OL SCCM ii oe elearctats ole oss) = cuetatare te deren 90 Gatherinevand marketing oa. ccm cele stele clersictscoletste 43 00 REN GOL MIAN veeieccistetetotelscotele eich stores ioletteisiekeeetetoroe ele 10 00 ; $150 90 Credit to value of stable manure for the following crop.. 22 50 INC £2 COSTA oie! oie har shetel a terere ls eis ievetetarolstelonataiinrelc slereeteetah sy stctete tts $128 40 COSE. DOP ACTOR oresd creo areteie nie or Srevenelces ORL ohare terete here epee 59 72 (6) Profit. Total value of crop on 2.15 Acres ..........ceeeeeeeeees $179 50 Cost of spraying 2.15 acres ............++-+ee8- $36 61 Cost of growing and gathering 2.15 acres ...... 128 40 Cost of growing, gathering and spraying 2.15 acres....... 165 O1 Net profitzon: 215s aA Cres) cpclericleieisi-veuetleic = ieveieereteneiat-tate $14 49 Nets profit Per ACLC tat cris ite oe remiseree etree nator iers 4 6 74
(7) Notes on the experiment at Smithtown Branch.— The field at Smithtown Branch was on the farm of G. W. Hallock and . Son and contained 2.15 acres. Over most of the field the vines | covered the ground. A little injury resulted from the wilt dis- ease, and consequently there were a few withy pickles. No gummy pickles were found. On September 7 it was discovered that downy mildew had become established in a few spots; it did not, however, cause more than a slight amount of damage. About this time a good many pickles turned yellow on account of the excessively hot weather.
21 Estimated by G. W. Hallock, the owner.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85
THE PROFIT FROM SPRAYING.
In three of the above experiments — at Greenlawn, Deer Park and Smithtown Branch, spraying was certainly profitable; that is, the value of the extra yield due to spraying was considerably greater than the cost of spraying. At Greenlawn, the owner of the sprayed field received $97.48 per acre more than his neighbors who did not spray. To get this $97.48 per acre it cost only $23.74, leaving a balance of $73.74 per acre, which is net” profit from spraying. At Deer Park the net profit was $22.51 per acre and at Smithtown Branch $37.00 per acre. The experiment at Matti- tuck should be left out of consideration because it is perfectly plain that the crop was not properly managed. Spraying cannot supply fertility nor counteract the ill effects of late planting.
From the accompanying table it will be seen that the yield per acre at Greenlawn was nearly twice as great as at Smithtown Branch,” although the two fields were treated practically alike so far as spraying is concerned, each being sprayed seven times. We will not attempt an explanation of this, because it is partly a ques- tion of cultural methods, which is a subject foreign to the present discussion, but we mention it to impress the idea that spraying does not produce pickles; its purpose is to protect the vines from disease, thereby ‘giving them a chance to produce all of the pickles of which they are capable under the conditions fur- nished by the farmer. With this fact in mind, it is plain that the farmer, himself, is an important factor in determining the amount of profit to be derived from spraying. In other words, the farmer who gives his crop the best care will get the most profit from spraying. é
Another factor is the cost of spraying. The lower the cost of spraying the greater will be the profit, assuming, of course, that the spraying is properly done. The cost of spraying in these ex- periments is undoubtedly greater than it would be.on larger fields
22 This does not take into consideration the expense of gathering the increase. 28 Probably due in part to difference in variety grown.
86 Report oF THE BoTANIST OF THE
in ordinary farm practice. The cost of spraying also depends to a large extent upon the way it is managed.
Still another factor is the severity of the diseases, downy mildew and anthracnose. When the diseases do not appear until the lat- ter part of August and are mild in their attacks the profit from spraying will not be nearly so great as when the diseases appear during the first week in August and are very virulent: However, so far as Long Island is concerned, it is safe to say that the diseases will be sufficiently destructiye in any season to justify the ex- pense of spraying.
TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN YIELD AND THE PROFIT FROM SPRAYING
CUCUMBERS.
AS> 49 + bo iF Yield per acre. S ze = ae OAS 38 to , ‘ —-———* —— oo & 05 bE a8 Location of experiment. ac re Sea 2a Jai 2 Sprayed. spmyed. Gage 48% S28 9346
iS > ‘S) Ay Greenlawn ........ 120,917 40,000 80,917 $97 48 $28 74 $73 74 Deer-Parkiiypve.aes 75,675 35,000 40,675 44 61 22 10 22 51 Mattituck ......... 28,740 40,000 —11,260 ...... les) wes Gadas
Smithtown Branch. 66,790 23,564 43,226 54 03 17 03 37 00
—
THE PROFIT IN GROWING PICKLES.
Since the yield of the late cucumbers has become so discour- .agingly small a great many farmers have been in doubt as to whether the crop is any longer a profitable one on Long Island. The very small crops in 1896 and 1897 caused a good many to give up pickle growing. There were many others who decided to try one more season. ‘These have been somewhat encouraged, because the crop of 1898 was considerably better than those of the preceding two years. Our estimate of the average yield of unsprayed fields on Long Island in 1898 is 84,000 per acre. The weather conditions in 1898 were fairly good for pickles, especially the months of July and August, and since the downy mildew did not appear until about August 20, early planted fields produced a
New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERTMENT STATION. 87
fair yield before the vines were killed by disease. It is probable that there were a good many unsprayed fields which paid expenses and some which returned a small profit. However, it is our be- lief that a majority of the unsprayed fields failed to pay expenses.
Tn this connection it is interesting to observe how the sprayed fields came out financially. The following table shows the cost. of growing and gathering, cost of spraying, value of crop and the net profit on the four experiment fields:
Tur Cost or GrowiNGc, GATHERING AND SPRAYING AND THE PROFIT ON THE EXPERIMENT FIELDS.
Bad fe Betas og a Ses Bk Do Few k AR) ; ; m5 OO, Sarey real a=) a5 Location of experiment. 25, of oien' Pais Sei a SuEn gu S8ese% 228 B 2Oa5 isis amas Bos $n '@) iS) B : > a Greenlawn.......... $54 80 $23 74 $78 54 $145 67 $67 13 WeerILark «wise 47 79 22 10 69 89 83 24 13 35 ESE CKEY. Hilsaetel ei 29 33 15 60 44 93 80 22 *14 71 Smithtown Branch.. 59 72 alte (Os 76 75 83 49 6 T4 * Loss.
In each case, except on the field at Mattituck (which does not count), there was a profit over and above all expenses of growing, gathering and spraying.
From observations made on cucumber spraying experiments during the past three years we believe we are safe in saying that there is considerable profit in growing pickles on Long Island at $1.25 per thousand provided spraying is practiced and the crop is given proper care.
COMMENTS ON THE COST OF SPRAYING.
Although the spraying outfits used in the four experiments were essentially identical and the fields sprayed of approximately the same size, the cost of spraying varied considerably, as may be seen from the following table:
88 Report oF THE BoOranist OF THE
TABLE SHOWING CosT oF SPRAYING CUCUMBERS.
Location of experiment. res Sprayed, spraying ‘per ms annie prelate
acr tions. cation. Greenla wil) c.ccnts.ciset oe es cine £.5 $23 74 7 $3 39 DMCOr GPa kata cists seeiectetere erocete 2 22 10 8 2 76 Mathitoek.- casei aawiiecinetern 2 15 60 5 3 20 Smithtown Branch ........... 2.15 17 03 4 2 43
The differences may be due in part to variation in thoroughness of spraying. The more thorough the spraying the greater the amount of labor. The facilities for obtaining water also have a bearing on the cost of spraying.
Spraying was most expensive at Greenlawn, where each appl- cation cost $3.39 per acre, and least expensive at Smithtown Branch, where it cost $2.43 per acre. The greater expense at Greenlawn is explained in part by the following: Both at Green- lawn and Smithtown Branch each application spoiled a half day, and consequently a half day’s labor was charged, although the acreage at Smithtown Branch was more than one-fourth greater than at Greenlawn.
In all of these experiments one-half day was allowed for éach spraying, while in no case was a full half day required to do the work. Sometimes the work was completed within two hours. Consequently, the actual cost of spraying was less than it is given in the table.
The cost might also have been lessened if the fields had been planted in such a way that a one-horse cart could have been used to haul the outfit. Such an outfit can be easily handled by one horse provided the field is not hilly, but there is a difficulty to overcome — either the cart must have a tread of sufficient width to cover two rows (which requires the wheels to be nine or ten feet apart) or else special roadways must be prepared for the passage of the cart. Ina former bulletin’ we suggested that the cucum-
24 N. Y. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bul. 119: 180.
New York AcricutturaL Experiment STATION. 89
bers be planted in strips of about seven rows each, leaving between the strips open spaces twelve feet in width. In the center of each open space two rows of some low growing plant, like late cabbage or cauliflower, could be planted. In fields so planted, a one-horse cart could could be used without injury to the cucumber vines.
The figures given in the above table represent the maximum cost of spraying. In practice, they can probably be reduced one- half, and, on large fields, perhaps more. For small fields of from one to two acres, knapsack sprayers do very well, but it is hard, disagreeable work to operate them.
BRIEF DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING CUCUMBERS ON LONG ISLAND.
Commencing some time between July 15 and August 1”, spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture (1-to-8 formula) once every eight or ten days until frost. When heavy rains occur it may be necessary to spray oftener. The leaves should be kept con- stantly covered with Bordeaux mixture.
25 Regardless of the age of the plants.
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REPORT
OF THE
Chemical Department,
L. L. Van Styxe, Px. D., Chemist.
Assistant Chemists. ¢..-G7 Jayne, Pas C: W. H. Anprews,* B. S. J. As be.Crerc, B.S: Ax Dy Cook, Pas: C. oP ULE,” B.S: | eed BE Sl seas © F. Tuompsoyn, B. S.
Taste Or CONTENTS.
I. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring of 1898.
II. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1898.
* Connected with Fertilizer-Control.
ot
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REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
I. REPORT OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR THE SPRING. OF 1808.*
L. L. Van SLYKE.
SUMMARY.
(1) Samples Collected. During the spring of 1898, the Sta- tion collected 1183 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 739 different brands. Of these different brands, 578 were com- plete fertilizers; of the others, 55 contained phosphoric acid and potash without nitrogen; 47 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid without potash; 8 contained nitrogen only; 44 contained phos- phoric acid alone, and 7 contained potash salts only.
(2) Nitrogen. The 578 brands of complete fertilizers con- tained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.12 to 8.21 per cent, and averaging 2.20 percent. The average amount of nitrogen found | by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.14 per cent, the guaranteed average being 2.06 per cent and the average found being 2.20 per cent.
In 395 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen ‘found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess
varying from 0.01 to 3.27 per cent, and averaging 0.28 per cent.
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 145.
94 REporT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
In 168 brands the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.64 per cent and averaging 0.21 per cent. In 156 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per cent.
The amount of water soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 5.03 per cent and averaged 0.94 per cent.
(3) Available Phosphoric Acid. The 578 brands of complete fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount from 3.69 to 14.28 per cent and averaging 8.65 per cent. The average amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 1 per cent, the guaranteed average being 7.65 per cent and the average found being 8.65 per cent.
In 468 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of available phosphoric acid found was above the amount guaranteed, the ex- cess varying from 0.03 to 6.52 per cent and averaging 1.23 per cent.
In 89 brands, the available phosphoric acid was below the guar- anteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 2.13 per cent and averaging 0.43 per cent. In 63 cases the deficiency was below 0.5 per cent.
The amount of water soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0.10 to 11.11 per cent and averaged 5.08 per cent.
(4) Potash. The complete fertilizers contained potash varying in amount from 0.22 to 15.22 per cent. and averaging 4.91 per cent. The average amount of potash found by the Station analy- sis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.24 per cent, the guaranteed average being 4.67 per cent and the average found being 4.91 per cent.
In 426 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash found was above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 3.15 per cent and averaging 0.55 per cent.
In 140 brands, the potash was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 4.48 per cent and averaging
New Yorx AaGricutturaAL Exprriment StatTIon. 95
0.50 per cent. In 121 of these cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per cent.
In 110 cases among the 578 brands of complete fertilizers the potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess of chlorides.
(5) The retail selling price of the complete fertilizers varied from $15 to $45 a ton and averaged $27.65. The retail cost of the separate ingredients unmixed averaged $18.52, or $9.13 less than the selling price.
INTRODUCTION.
NUMBER AND KINDS OF FERTILIZERS.
During the spring of 1898, the Station’s collecting agents
- visited 206 towns between March 23 and June 8, obtaining 1,183
samples of commercial fertilizers. These samples represent 739
different brands, the product of 123 different manufacturers, each manufacturer being represented by from 1 to 49 brands.
The subjoined tabulated statement indicates the different.
/ classes included in the collection.
CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.
{
ea pee ae 1 gos eevee i a iS 2 N i Sed 8a § we Blears or gf BOS aM ee ae : Om Ons on Saye Seas SH ne nos n? nae, ora mre Ea) wo ae we celia is} Le mo Mrs 7 bo reiee) A wo a&e a eG aautss BST Le don SF oo 2A 8, Sag Sas Saas Sd a u i H. 8 A a ex [aa} jaa) Q {ea} faa) fa 8 44 7 47 55 578
From these figures it can be seen that 78 per cent of the com- mercial fertilizers offered for sale during the spring consisted of complete fertilizers. The remaining 22 per cent was distributed in nearly equal proportions between acid phosphates, bone and mixtures containing acid phosphate and potash.
96 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.
The following tabulated statements show the average composi- tion of the fertilizers collected during the spring, together with a comparison of the guaranteed composition and that found by analysis.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.
Per cent guaranteed. , Per cont found. Se & jee pe re] = gobs Low- High- Aver- § Low- High- Aver- § as est. est. age. - est. est. age. a Oa Nitrogen’ vic. caiscee 0.40 8.78 2.06 0.12 8.21 2 20m ons Available phosphoric Fes (6 (ee ae Rete reece ROE: 3.00 14.00 (AS) 3.69 14.28 8.65 1.00 Insoluble phosphoric CIOS. ta cters eins elaceees tae Depa hers eet OF OOP OL Oe eal 90 tree Potash: 2x25. si eee 0.50 15.00 4.67 0.22 15.22 4.91 0.24 Water-soluble nitro- POWYS csisctaine otieeris ere suits aceon 0.00: ~ 5.03. 90.94 shee Water-soluble phos- phorie acid) 277-0 3) des buakes wot anO Oy ade. 25.08
The following statements, applying to the complete fertilizers,
are of interest in connection with this table:
(1) The nitrogen was above the guarantee in 70 per cent of the samples and in 2 per cent it was below the guarantee by one- half of one per cent or more.
(2) The available phosphoric acid exceeded the guarantee in 81 per cent of the samples, and in 4.5 per cent it was one and one- half per cent or more below the guarantee.
(3) The potash was above the guarantee in 74 per cent of the samples, and in 3.3 per cent it was one-half of one per cent or more below the guarantee.
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 97
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICALS AND INCOMPLETE FERTILIZERS.
Per cent guaranteed. Per cent found. ae b
as 5
———————————————_ —_—_ ee, of aL : w Og Low- High- Aver- lLow- High- Aver- £ 352 est. est. age. est. est. age 2 gaR
Nitrogen in
Nitrate of soda.... 14.76 15.50 15.16 14.80 15.61 15.42 0.26 Sulphate of ammo- EULA eee ssc. Sew" wae oh clas ele siorei nm sate) 20 AGcG0> odds 20! 0.34
Dissolve phosphates
EATON OLICHACIG. : scl! 5 viele eeicisinicc Serco ea Mavala ates eal ateie: Bi ates etetats Fe ie POVALL ADC. Fiestas. <0 10 30 L5.D0e 05 “oae2n - 14236 0.86 Water-SOlUble! csc no ese jooon -ogo0rno meaUasts boas. Reo) RUSTE Sate eas lsicislen oie sistas w'a alee (oak sors ORIG! S38 ess
Potash in GAEL E erererstelsicbareiien al oe 40a tora uel AQ, il O46 17 3G. IOUT 0.35 IMITATE Hapied'. hohe. s 50 50.40 50.20 49.74 50.20 50 STUN ALe we aeias ae ice yh ts oe Oe Seis ete Oe meyer erate § tisteer 4 URAGO
Fish scrap NTU OSETIA 5 s.cleye'e oi coe 5 Sea. Mule Sista 8) 7.68 0.51
- Phosphoric acid.... 4 6 9.04 3.84 7.23 5.20
Bone meal
NTE OSE sc cici he siereree 1 4 DOO: deObn WA a) wooo) 0.45
Phosphoric acid.... -9 26.67 19.10 10.93 28.838 21.32 2.22
Mixture containing
ET POSIDINIWE-AGIO! EG oh adob ce Bdb0ds) “OSboG me OO DUCEMODLms sRenemae Pr Atvailablesos!.:< <6 0s 8 13 10 7.46 13.46 10.80 0.80 MeN EA G.a52 2 ce see eects es. teks oe Gps ve LM st ea nee
BPOSURTICas acs melee viele: ic 10 3:60; 20284 1 9.85. (S272 2) O12
TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT—FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.
The trade-values in the following schedule have been agreed upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a result of study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of
these states. >
98 ReEporT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
These trade values represent, as nearly as can be estimated, the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March, the respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These prices also correspond (except in case of available phosphoric acid) to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March plus about 20 per cent in case of goods for which there are
wholesale quotations.
TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-Foop ELEMENTS IN RAw MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.
1898. Cts. per pound. Nitrogen in ammonia SaltS ..... 2. cece cs ce ccc cce cc cseseccrnsons 14 INTEPOGEN! aM MGA TCS a ctnesreta ie nctete eter ede ev ebeyo ale reise eye) aie SS ee he aes é 13 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood,
TURE CU KETTLES, ve ctsceee eet ore see pat cia onal siodalehclodsteUolencpellhcwepelet tarsitsgsbatars ahs 14 Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and castor-pomace ........ 12 Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage .............. 13% Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage .............+-. aa 10 Phosphoric acid, water-soluble ......... atdcerarekerohetenle SiO sRegortavs Pe CERe 4%, Phosphorie acid, citrate-soluble .............0.se esse ee eee eens oe 4 Phosphorie acid in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage ..... serene 4 Phosphoric acid in coarse fish, bone and tankage .../........ ak 314 Phosphoric acid in cotton-seed meal, castor-pomace and wood
FIT 11 Ee nee i nee he An Re Tc OT OO cd ONO Ome eSo c “4 Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium
Cnc gh mes eee Ae ee hace Gaal nie bd 6 cana ahamotho od. ooo. : 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates
(chlorides), in ashes, ete ..... Bee shave a cua tePevers Halerstone wc ec e ne wale 5 TOCA LNs SINMITUA Ley, eects cierers revere eke te a hetarepevene tel Ware’ mists Pole rave tolofeke folate tarenaiane 41%
COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION.
Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the schedule for mixed fertilizers, 14 cents a pound for nitrogen, 4 1-2 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid, 4 cents a pound for citrate soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound for insoluble phosphoric acid, and 4 1-4 cents a pound for potash, we can caleu- late the commercial valuation, or the price, at which the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertilizer, baving the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be purchased
for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail prices at
New York AaricurturaL’ Experiment Station. 99
which these goods were offered for sale, we can also readily esti- mate the difference between the actual selling price of the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the unmixed materials; the differ- ence covers the cost of mixing, freight, profits, etc. We present these data in the following tables:
COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS.
Commercial valuation of com-_ Selling price of one tonof complete Averaged increased plete fertilizer. fertilizer. cost of mixed ma- terials over un-
ee =a mixed material Average. Lowest. Highest. Average. for one ton. $18 52 $15 00 $45 00 $27 65 $9 13
COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF CHEMICALS AND INCOMPLETE
b: FERTILIZERS. Commercial valuation. Selling price. ci oa Sones Low- High- Aver- Low- High- Aver- © 4 gS est. est. age est. est. age. 5 Pigions Nitrate of soda ..... $38 48 $4040 $3944 $3875 $4000 $3938 *$006 Sulphate of ammonia. ...... ...... HO Gonmecaar Gre state GOL00 3 05 Dissolved phosphate. 1025 2665 1297 1100 2600 1590 2 93 PECETIITNT Geranetctaeitesce weieceles cee ove eral lecetacebare HOSA isterersne scores ¢ 15 00 416 Muriate of potash... sak ince. ome A! Gilets tener Pomcptetensieys 40 00 *2 67 Fish-scrap.......... 1805 38014 2567 1400 2600 2167 *4 00 Bone-meal.......... 1194 3041 2532 2000 3800 2770 238 Mixture containing phosphoric acid and WOOLASHY 2 s.sie siete 6 ene 893 1838 1270 1600 3000 2066 796 Wood-ashes ..... tele 3 03 8 37 577 900 1200 1080 453
* Commercial valuation greater than selling price.
COST OF ONE POUND OF PLANT FOOD IN FERTILIZERS AS PURCHASED BY CONSUMERS.
In the table below we present figures showing the lowest, highest and average cost to the purchaser of one pound of plant-
food in different forms.
100 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Ay Cost or ONE PoUND or PLANT-Foop To CONSUMERS.
Lowest. Highest. Average
B : Cents. Cents. Cent:. Nitrogen in
Complete fertilizers ..... ratio @ceiaivater coarevane at cuate s ii her 38.2 21 18.0) 0(c5) t0\ sy: ) eee ea Ee ren ett Ae WW tone 10.6 2675 14.7 ISH=SCLAp: «\-icteeie ls sarevs SII oO RICO OF 10.9 12 11.8 NTtTATE (OE SOMA as cieteve ieee orerstenet etere sae tene overs 12.9 1352 13 Sulphate Of ammonmian ces seme cle testes “Siar ee oteteite 14.7 Phosphoric acid in Complete fertilizers (available) :........... 3.6 1156 6.5 Dissolved phosphates (available) ........... 3.8 10 4.9 HISh-SCrapm (tOtal)is. atic scmisecine © eeteneiomen aval 3 At55 33° ABone-mea] (total) sey. Pasa lave cpus ye shsuclone) oteleccleyare 3 7.6 4.2 Phosphorie acid and potash mixtures (avail- BIDS) 2eshe2 5 tateriava ctlansistttacsteresoyareco tiejeeeieions sieie ce 5.3 12.6 ies NWVOOG-aAshes (total) cio croverercvene clersielersices’ clots aiete 4.3 13.9 T.2 Potash in : Complete fertilizers. a4. se s-ieere > cere Orson 8.75 12.3 6.78 LES ee a te Ey tie oe AAS Sree ad (OES EOE 5.9 Muriate Of) POtASINe a. 2/ts crocs wie eis eteiare ete ole oheteere) ememtetarni che Sretehe 4 WVOOU-ASHeS' 21-1, eatadereteres aisreatiores te oe enone oe 5.4 17.4 9 Potash and phosphoric acid mixtures....... 5 19 6:9
PURCHASE OF PLANT—FOOD.
The data contained in some of the preceding tables afford a good basis for calling the attention of farmers to certain facts and for making suggestions connected with the purchase of plant-food-
(1) Farmers are advised, before purchasing, to obtain for them- selves prices at which they can actually buy plant-food. It should be kept in mind that the prices given as trade values in Station bulletins are only averages and do not represent accurately all conditions of the market without regard to time or place. Actual trade values necessarily vary with localities and with different times of the year. The true values to use in making a commer- cial valuation of plant-food are those figures which represent the actual prices at which the farmer can purchase the elements of plant-food at a given time. Quotations should be obtained by making inquiries of several manufacturers, asking at what prices
they will furnish the specific forms of plant-food that one wishes
.
New Yorx AaricutturaL Exprrmment Sration. (101
_touse. The prices thus found enable the farmer to make out his own schedule of valuations and they apply accurately to his special conditions.
Attention is here called to a serious abuse of the schedule of valuations published by the Station. In some instances fertilizer manufacturers have used in their printed circulars schedule prices which had been published some years previous, when the prices were considerably higher, and they have quoted these as being authorized by the Station. Using these old figures as a basis for making a commercial valuation of their goods, they have obtained figures which represented their fertilizers as selling for less than they were actually worth, Whenever our attention has been called to this form of imposition, we have stopped it. It has also been reported that some agents use the same means in selling goods to farmers, showing one of the Station bulletins and quoting its figures. If farmers will keep themselves informed either by consulting our latest bulletins or by ascertaining for themselves,
as suggested above, the latest prices direct from large dealers, they need not be the victims of overzealous agents.
(2) Shall farmers purchase mixed fertilizers or unmixed materials?
It has been represented to farmers that peculiar virtues are imparted to the elements of plant-food by proper mixing and that this proper mixing can be accomplished only by means not at the command of farmers. Such statements are misrepresentations, -
- based either upon the ignorance of the person who makes them or
‘ upon his anxiety to sell mixed goods. Nitrate of soda, for illus- tration, does its work in plant nutrition in exactly the same man- ner whether it is added to the soil as part of # mixture or whether the ingredients of the mixture are applied separately. The avail- ability of plant-food is not usually affected by mixing. Other conditions determine whether a fertilizer shall be applied in mixed form or in separate materials.
As to the ability of farmers to mix their own fertilizers, no
doubt exists except in the minds of those who desire to sell goods
102 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
ready mixed. The main consideration that presents itself as be- tween purchasing mixed and unmixed forms of plant-food is the question of economy. What do the gl published above show on this point ?
(a) Each pound of nitrogen in mixed fertilizers costs the farmer in this State this year 21 cents, on an average, while the schedule price is 14 cents. Hence, on an average, farmers paid for their nitrogen in mixed goods, at least one and one-half times as much as it would have cost them in unmixed forms.
(b) Each pound of available phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers costs the farmer 6 1-2 cents and in dissolved phosphate, pur- chased from retail dealers, it costs not quite 5 cents; while, pur- chased at schedule prices, it would be 4 1-2 cents; but as a matter of fact farmers were able to purchase available phosphoric acid in the form of dissolved rock for 3 1-2 cents and even less, or at about one-half the price which they paid for it in mixed fertilizers.
In this connection, it may be well to state that soluble phos- phoric acid has the same value, pound for pound, whatever its source. At present dissolved rock is the cheapest source and this is the form in which farmers should buy phosphoric acid, if they desire to receive the largest amount of actual plant-food for their money.
(c) Each pound of potash, mostly in form of muriate, costs the farmer 63-4 cents in mixed fertilizers, while in one sample of muriate purchased the cost was 4 cents.
It can readily be seen that, in point of economy, under the con- ditions actually prevailing at present, farmers can buy their plant- food at much lower prices in unmixed forms than in mixed goods, even when purchasing from retail agents. F
(3) How can plant-food be purchased most cheaply?
If each farmer by himself buys plant-food, he can undoubtedly secure most economical results by getting unmixed materials. Still better prices can be realized by codperation. Attention was called in Bulletin No. 94 to the Riverhead Town Agricultural
New York AcricuttruraL Exprrtment STarion. 103
Society of Long Island, which has for years successfully followed the plan of codperation. This year its members bought, in the form of a mixed fertilizer made according to contract, nitrogen for 11.7 cents a pound, available phosphoric acid for 3.6 cents a- pound and potash as muriate for 3.75 cents a pound. It will be noticed that these prices are a little more than one-half those paid for plant-food by the average farmer purchasing mixed fertilizers in the ordinary way. The members of this club paid $24.45 for each ton of fertilizer, which would have cost farmers, buying at the average prices paid for plant-food, $44.67. .
(4) It is a matter of interest to notice that farmers who pur- chase mixtures containing only phosphoric acid and potash are compelled to pay even higher prices for each pound of plant-food than in complete fertilizers. Thus, each pound of available phos- phoric acid costs 7.3 cents and each pound of potash 6.9 cents. These goods are often put on the market under fanciful names and sold at prices varying from $16 to $30 a ton and averaging nearly $21.
(5) Manufacturers of fertilizers, whose goods are sold in New York State, put out, at least on paper, 1900 different brands. Many of these are not on sale in this State, but the number of different brands actually in the market of the State is very large. These are mixtures made mostly from a few materials, most of which are in open market and accessible to: farmers. The needs of all our different crops could be quite adequately met by less than a dozen different mixtures and yet there are in the market more than a hundred times this number. In other words, the thousand or two brands of commercial fertilizers could be reduced to a dozen or less and the needs of the farmers more effectually supplied. This absurd multiplicity of brands is in itself a strong reason why the farmer should bestow some independent study upon the plant-food requirements of crops and should exercise intelligence in purchasing his supplies of plant-food.
104 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
LIST OF MANUFACTURERS WHO HAVE FILED STATEMENTS REQUIRED BY LAW.
Manufacturers to the number of 193 have filed with this Station the statement required by law. Of these there are 62 whose fac- tories are located outside of New York State. These 193 manu- facturers put on the market 1,900 different brands. Many of these brands are manufactured for special parties in other states, so that the number of different brands actually sold in this State is short of the total given above. Within the past three years it has become very common to have special goods made for local dealers which have a limited sale in the dealer’s immediate locality. This method is becoming more and more common, and, of course, increases largely the number of brands made and sold.
No. of
Names and Addresses of Manufacturers. brands
reported
Cai. Ackerman: "lacona.. Nv Y.2 oe ooo eee ee nielaceleielelareterarclere 2 Acme Fertilizer Co., 62 William street, New York Cliteyevs tater. chertonens 7 Allentown Manufacturing Co., Allentown, Pa. ...........-ceeceee. 1 American Cotton Oil Co., 47 Cedar street, New York Clty). eee 1 American Reduction Co., 1516 Second avenue, Rittsbure eae: 4 Armour Fertilizer Works, 205 La Salle street, Chicago, Ill......... 13 Edward J. Attwood, Andover, ON. -Yo.. es a ee ee ee eee 7 Bachman’ &‘Co., Chester, Orange county; N. Vo. o.ec2 eee ee 2 ACE Me Bakersd i SOM Mie MOLTIGs NEI carina ean anne 20 .H. J. Baker & Bro., 93 William street, New York city.............. PA Berkshire .Mills Co.,. Bridgeport, Conn... o.2..2. 7. oe ee eee | Geo.) Ws Berry; Poolville;.Ny Ys oS. 5 ao eee ee eee 1 22 W,.. Bingham, Marlboroligh«Ns, Voces clan een eee eee 6 Hdwin, Blakely, Otego; JN. Yigsscst oe os ck ce nee ee ee 5 Bowker Fertilizer Co., 48 Chatham street, Boston, Mass............ 98 Bradley Fertilizer Co., 92 State street, Boston, Mass.............. 84 The Bradley Fertilizer Co., of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa...... 9 AGM. Breed,. Big’ Wats) Ni oan enc aes ocean, Meee eee al W. AS Brown, ‘Preston, (Neu¥. iiiecd eee. ee eee 3 Brumield& Noster Colora, Maya. seach eee oe eee i Jeadea butts, Oneonta, UNw No, croc cee tyes ok oh aa ee ene 1 Campbell’ &FPulver italy EMIS NGoye eae ae een ne 9 Cuyler E:. Carr, /MilfordscN. 7 Vgeecs ae eles ete en ee ae 3 vA. 'Cheesbro; Penfield Ni a Yo Sree ais a siclereae ie a ee 1 Chemical"Co., of ‘Canton, Baltimore, Made... eee nee eee eee ili Chicopee Guano Co., 88 Wall street, New York city...............0- 6 Clarks & Powers; “Ma bilis: Np... i. ave ctevsiciat stole ieteeuinreetetrers alecatavete ciersiee 1
\
New York AaricutturaL Experiment StTatIon. 105_
No. of
Names and Addresses of Manufacturers. brands
reported
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer ene 40 Exchange place, New York city.... 16 Cleveland Dryer Co., 92 State street, Boston, Mass............... - 12 hubacs Grance Hertilizers Cont Syracuse, IN. Voile % sic ciccc.cioe vee ore » 5 H. Frank Coe Co., 185 Front street, New York city............ i oleks 43 CE COME Tee MT OETISA IN tk fara efeusle. si] sross lope eile! scatlepaice ies share ehcushel'aieve shextveno\e 1 Peter Cooper’s Glue Factory, 13 Burling slip, New York city..... 4 1 A. S. Core Fertilizer Works, White Plains, N. Y........ Pan OO Ee 13 Pe OO WIN) Gop SOD we MATa CHOON, IN) JN oe/5 overs «ici esos! scores. o/ejeinTeunasinyarsayeies + SSUES IM OTT Lye ue eT T LOTSA Nett OY) 375527 <2 oatertns vila) chia, drs eltsve cejet'ever oie veveiveiele et ecena ekaleye ail Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y...........-cecee 123 PAGO TOSS MET ILOIMS CIN eps Ms ste ciejerrsre aloversise savers cio) ererrerehors\ eye, suayd (oi cusifai@ieyeisias.svete 3 Guba wertilizer Cor (Cuba, Ne Yor cs «ccc 00 0:2 .cye CPCS OEE 8 Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Portland, Me................... 23 iiward Cutclifte, Hast Bethany, N. Yc......cc00c+s00reaccneccnee 1 Prom aring Meriihzer Co. Pa wuleket, (Ril. <5 0c iclsicia sis 0,0 selec (oie 10 Detrick Fertilizer & Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. .............. : Pati NLS eee) Tel CK E> LL DLTIVOTE, | MC) es ver eye te ov el corey oflotwietel soma) eisiele ay c/oleysolskaieNs 6 ee) (MA Tied GPT OT Os MVE ers: cte cf otes sietsicl oielesisieiel st e/sy sievojoiololeiie ieee shayetore 6 eNO PUTIN AT PAL UL GAs oINGrNGcnalaisss: Sielets ai cusresie cleioie ele) otaveinie:cyis) ays/ose-s\-e\6i a ej 1
Edward Dwyer, Livonia, N. : eee anehaparadevene
Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J............... s 10 BRIS Der tele Maton HNO Wily Nop Vac ste-osveleiese a s¥evereos0% oysilaheyereyorsie eyejacsehnye((s 15 Hlixir Fertilizer Co., 107 W. Fourteenth street, New York city...... il PMID eR ISOH eEOCHESteES IN mYee < ctciare!alejeisteys)sioic. «le'sls) ojesele dich cuelestele 2D BIER O lye MeLLUZCE WW OLKS, SHTIG EAciclare ol cleie <fejs\s) 01m s10 101010101 oleyei, oehele : 5 Farmers and Builders’ Supply Co., Owego, N. Y............--2008 : 6 Farmers’ Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Syracuse, N. Y.............. 18 Farmers’ Union Fertilizer Works, Buffalo, Nu Y...........%....0. 6 MISE CHULCE MLAS tee Es UT ALO ae Nim Y4aeteteteteiersis) cisesie s}si versie oli si are clelote ctor 1 STATES COL MMV OLE SUNGY 1 clrere. oclie' of olsacl cliele. vials) mtel/ole) sia ioleieja sole in 'offe) sliehelaiousiole 1 Henny sMitchard, Minetto, No Msc ce sls o clepeterere c1ccejere.« #1n.0\s\ 9.0)e:0\0)« wlsisie 1 Geo. B. Forrester, 159 Front street, New York city..... wee eee eens 25 SHV AR OODIM OO GeNGVas Nee Yoricrclsics tepals 0K) slotelaieeusse) ever ele layne) =ieisle) oy ciple 12 A. GC. Geslain, 131 Rytledge street, Brooklyn, N. Y..............4- 2 PGP HeEtINZer) CO NC Wa YOLK © ClGYs «cave core: efereisysieisie)«.sle\0) »\s oleic ious © ein 13 reat ePastern Merulizen .Co., Rutland, Vib). 6 cee ccs vieicivin ce sce 15 Griffith & Boyd, 9 South Gay street, Baltimore, Md................ 15 John Haefele, Delaware avenue, Albany, N. Y......-.eeeceecevvee 1 Meee ae EN op ATTN OR yo Mie ts erato/ sie rerelciese tolls (o/faleierelelele s\n, .e1a\e) ») 0(¢)s/»\e.s eisivi0 8 Hammond’s Slug-Shot Works, Fishkill Latiding, ING Vi coi on She: spelen ayshorene 1 Hanlon ESTOS pedi aew NiawNec ci taret ofeloteteya lolol el elefaleselorohsiele'charele\si sicicisiere)e(cls 5 fonn Hatdiman, New Hartford, N. Y......0005s0s0cce0 seers ERY Ph 2 Dem rtar dine) Bing HamtOns, No! Nee scisevae: sain, 9'8:0:6 00-015 pie) t18 nie nae ae i PAV ELATTISs WEDStEL, Nit Yoctenisje.-selers sore) ejvieve wieisieioie)s oeleis ole\s 06a /slsjeisie eS Hathaway & Reynolds, Oriskany Falls, N. Y.........esseeeeeeee 5 1
Isaae C. Hendrickson, Jamaica, N. Y...... a aielavave <b a) orelio whoveiare ele Bood
106 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Names and Addresses of Manufacturers. : pA reported. S. M. Hess & Bro., Fourth and Chestnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 14 Eewitt Bros:Wocke! Nj Noe. cies aeicteties PPI SAP A ARCO Oc A 4 C2 CBicks;SPenn Yan. NoYes peste enee oe ene Fas SR TS Stetts re @lark -e seorton, Afton, (N. Ys..ce1. 1a eee Secs Se ~ 4 Hubbard & Co; 10 Light street, Baltimore, Mide-cmicccia scieeies acters 10 Humphrey. & Holdridge, Honeoye Mallst Ne) Yaersivsieiciele ciatlcls tenes ates 6 Imperial Fertilizer Co., 5 Hanover street, New York city.......... 2 Ingersoll’ Packing \Co;- Ingersoll, sOmts4@ amiaacre iste cislerasiolere eeveneneicle 4 International Seed Co., Rochester, N. Y........-cccserssees 6 ee era aite 5 4 BUNS sham: SA vViomevN a 2c sles s cles adeveeaite et rielicts alencyelatateng elakeverreuesmenete 1 Jamestown Fertilizer Co., Jamestown, N. Yi......22-00-sessees 4 itheywarecki ChemicaleCo Sandirslaye Ohio seer cere terstek eleteienseaceaneiate fe 10 The Jones Fertilizing Co., Union Stock Yards, Cincinnati, Ohio.... 8 EB W2 JONES) = JONES DUT E, ING Ne nave eueys ouetel shansvevsucroueieteMeeelens teleiniat octane Raine 4 Lackawanna Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Moosic, Pa.............. 6 Hk Laloncbunnvilles Ont Canes vanes msticsetelete ciate iscercean ore niersieinenshe 1 KaAZarettolGuano!-Co: {Dbaleimorey Widens ais ete eiehereio is els ete edeueieierlcnensione 41 Liebig- Manufacturing Co., 26 Broadway, New York city.......... : 10 Lister’s Agricultura] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.............. 34 Joseph Lister, 1158 Elston avenue, Chicago, Ill..................008 u Wocke: Hertilizer: Come WocGkes wNeaVaececicastevene ste ctoueiaiotererenarnione wate nates ‘ 8 Bonercan= &! Wivingsstonm, Aull ariypcN cw Xo cere: cious rel clersievsveuslotele ehetencie erete 5 Ps Long Island Agricultural Chemical Co., Long Island City, N. Y.... 4 Bowell -Hertilizenrt©or, Meo welly « NUASS cre terrs eek ercltere cteVeletele vel eter staucteraters 2 13 Irred’k Ludlam, 108 Water street, New York city...............:2- 8 Zephe WS Mialeills “roy aNsiye ive cocsts eee) oat lalajs staan oat easie teks lanedetelcresparens ois 1 Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., 148 Liberty street, New ORK MGltiy scree archers Ne Eee a ICH DIS ODED EDO Oc 24
Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Co., 30 So. Holliday street,
Baltimore; “MLE Fs acoi eves ve ot av iatie share tote aie ste sia a eralieens cuore haus) Seen eminent 19 Maxson *é Starin, “Cortland, sNe& Voss cistevee «eve tes mc alc os sreierelicr sionals etomeiete 19 Elen i, Mie yver~ Mid die CoiwilseINi a Nace ae rie rover scepetar ey eliovoicetalis renee mete wanet otette toms ch aes 1 Michican Carbon *WVorlks;, WD euro, Mil Ciiiit ccs. cm cetolerelcysictel stetel-tteteverenate 12 Miller Fertilizer Co., 411 East Pratt street. Baltimore, Md......... 9 Milson Rendering and Fertilizer Co., East Buffalo, N@Y............ 40 Minotuc: Decker, Brockport Newgvier cys cietsuste sisi ericletar piisvtves 3 <uer tne oaniccerees 2 Le trenmMaler +aca SOs VOI AN se \onregeropeneisust te lsteuetevenaietel el okeu etait enetatee 4 Moller& (Cor NiaspethizsN eee atc tcieuvierstenoicivee okeponeye coterie naiatancietenelouenetsisite 2 VEO lao. MUNTOC, (OSWER Os IN sowX c sertots re eiclecchore obeke clone cusuensteyenelettalehet teens 1 National Merwluzer Co: briGlepOnt, COMM ce csricte cialcieieectenetenerteetarene 4 Vewburgh. Renderings Co; Newburg ay Nes Vocus orectonsieielneieteryeeiieiarate 1 Niagara Fertilizer Works, Buffalo, N. Y............ Me he SE OR 28 Northwestern! Mertilizer2Co:, ‘Chicago, DU y. rr cetvocnsienalcneisicier tone tenons 14 Oaktield Fertilizer Co., Swan and Washington streets, Buffalo, N. Y. 9 Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.............. 18
Overton & Co. Reading, CemtersiN, Nir secre oi etetedokeleta svareteloerane Sure re 1
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
107
Names and Addresses of Manufacturers. SE
reported.
Pacific Guano Co., 27 William street, New York city..... taistalceleeye 29 Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., New York city.........-.++. she aierererare 8 Patapseco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md..........--. se eeceecvececccce 16 (eA Pearsall. Williamson, UN: 2Y.5;<», evreis scl <10 < siels cele ele wie 0,010 0 00elee + mew Perkins -d&~Co.2> Rutland: Vt... oc odicic wince wis ois oracle sian 20 1 W. P. Perkins, 366 Ninth street, Brooklyn, N. Y..............+e+- 1 Ee CLCTSOMs— PENTCIOS ON, Nocis cc cells’ stele. viata cle) oie clsisinlelcisiesile» wieuwieie 3 ape ehelps, samaica,, Ney Wisc. orci s: ele ewe olen wie ov igicje.s ois 0\0\0]0hole wie sinle ° 7 Bhelpsenenrtilizer Cos Phelps, Nei Misr a sccrcieiologeatese 21 e¥ «1 le, sie¥eints)sele)ele> 2, Moro Phillips Chemical Co., 131 So. Third street, Philadelphia, Pa. iNet SEITEN ol ok EXIT TOS. ALOT OM, IN ON. cere) susha''oy 4, wiclieiciwisiereieie ele oie) olspivis) o1njaleesialo\mle te PiewAG Pieree a OO: ATMO, IN« Nets oieceisis ase s exc.oiolel scale o:ereeilescIsiexels.s\e. 6 eho 5 ee ene WAST, VWALLISTOMS IN: (Ys yore ccs sievssetars ois «js 2's ce oe enelale-nislsie sjeielely 2 BEE SECIS eS IGOLEAING «Nas Ns cic. e =) oat ciclo “aist.o-c Tavsgejeteleyore iale:aveleie leis «feel sia ole 1 Potomac Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md......... 2. .cceccccscccccoee 47 Preston Fertilizer Co., Long Island city, N. Y..........--.eeseees 14 Queen City Fertilizer Co., 564 Washington street, Buffalo, N. Y.... 15 Quinnipiac Co., 83 Fulton street, New York city.............+.+-- 42 Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.............. E cuatave Nace ahereteeae 10 Read Fertilizer Co., 88 Wall street, New York city............... 54 John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md... 2.05. ccc ccc cc ccienccceves 19 J. i. Richer, New Berlin, N.-Y... <2... cc cccccc cc cece vccvevsccccccce 3 Miverside Acid Works, Warren, Pa... 2.2... ss cccccc cco ccccvcns 2 4 Rochester Fertilizer Works, Rochester, N. Y............2+2ceeceee 14 Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn..............++.+eeeee 9 Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn... ..........0..sccccccccsecs 2 The Scientific Fertilizer Co., Pittsburg, Pa..............cs.cecseoe 6 SERIO Sic WeONALG se Aly At IN 5 Mire cree Sioteassjeiaeesj0 ole o/che) delet ele) sieilereie's 2 Sharpless & Carpenter, 24 So. Delaware avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.. 14 Meniiaashocmaker& Co:, Philadelphia, Pace. ccc... sce. ol cherie s ojo are 3 Wiasor Aes Sickler a5) SEO: 7 VV ILKESDATIC, GPAs irc aye oem sisiete ofc abe 5 oheisteleicie 6 Meera GSM Gh SOOM DIA VILLE) Na Mi a cvaters/alsiete) ewhers «cic 'e «ss shells -) s wlviejelele 1) Ne SL TIN ID VV LT SEU Wier Nice Noro, vi'ora] vloteral'a naka oie eierais eres > 30 shee s\eree isle 6 Sandard: Hertilizer ©o> poston, Mass) 2).1.'..2%i-.. clei sects oles oe sic els Pati Se Stappenbeck, Utica, Nii Yi.w ccc scan tcc ese awecerc rveensie 3 Sterling Oil Co., Greenport, N. Y......... cece ccscccccececcencene 1 igeco Stevens, eterporoueh, Ont: Callas tos ccc sce cc sews clele cise 2 Wea Stewart. Sout Elymomthe No Yo .7. cise c.ccusye pievensie © ic a1eris ele sielele Ay SiR Ae Oleee Cliehe DA Blle se usicotbpesosode bo cn Ud dGp ODES OO COORe 10 REE eS WOTES, WUMGECT ING Ves crete. sie cyereic clove cpclarole «'=.e'slc|<icicle sicieieie clea) s 3 HMO Ma ASC) SAV ilLlTIN SOMME Nabe Ycrel-t lave 62 cteue’arctciers ci ovleicuitialets the levelelo 2 J. P. Thomas & Son Co., 2 So. Delaware avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.. 14 RTGS ER OCHESCOIS Na mN. «i ale) oles otaiersisicl eis oleic steveie + ee) seleie wo oie 0'o eleleiaie 1 Ay TOMES eA CGA eIN: ON) opeustatlc)ssislere c/els o.erelelclevele eit oe lea einis m1 Henry F. Tucker & Co., Boston, M@SS.......ceeceeecccccccccccvcs 24 on 0: P. Turner, Churchville, N. Yoscsccccsccccsecesecesccecsec 8
108 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
: ®
No. of
Names and Addresses of Manufacturers. brands ‘ reported. Me Duthil we 2Cors Promised’ Wands. Nex. cic cicles sieleiels a Sie clavoletotoreinte 12 Geo He eainchill & sor Greenporits Nien Woe srcls atstenel = ielata eiele) eterete olelereieiietelie 1 J. B. Tygert & Co., 42 So. Delaware avenue, Philadelphia, Pa...... 9 Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., 2 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Paces 20 Ee GemUnderwOods Oneic any Nax ial oie crates arevelersnotetetsieleyattsieters) efaleretalet ; 4 J. Va Benthnysen, “lishaskillN: t¥o>. 55. t en epee stot tie ete ere 3 JEVViGeVia NCO Ct de SOM UMA AMINE Yo tetelstatetors) sraretieneiepensticieietetensters 3 Walker Fertilizer Co., Clifton Springs, N. Y..........c+---sseeees 16 Walkers (Stratman & o:, Pittsburg Pa. coc cere pemicle leclotens = eleleleisiaye ff RODEEEMVVIESE, ss UIL a lOss Ne) Neer ciceteke ere voncroletelotene oistoleleteleleleietaRatetetetereiteterens 2 We. EL wWhann, ‘William! Penn/“Pas. 2s sase k eee ose tee eae 4 9 Wa VWViheeler) 67 (CO aRUtIANG tiVibs -sastetcrei cisrelcislersteleieietatnistotele eten=ietelets 11 The Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Conn...................e« 5 3 Willoughby & Fletcher, Oxford, N. Y............ ao ats aves acsyoieilerse 3 Wilkinson & Co., 29 So. William street, New York city........... 5 2
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 27 William street, New York city. 48
MG ALAN AOO en LOH XO INS Goes oinido-o suc Oana onmanD dolcdodadobomDo0S il WOOSTER a MLO LEO MLOMmEM meen Naererera ereioiereloleie elarerevere/oneistareislarereteneverets 3 6 VOLK © hemi Gal WViOLkS 2 VO Ke sa crecteterayeye siecle cieloleielaretsjoleraisisve/-iviereilats 4 Zell Guano Co., Baltimore, Md............. ec areiastaral erat tete sete eusterenereneuste 49
——_—_—
TERMS USED IN STATING RESULTS OF ANALYSIS.
Tn the tables following, the terms used to express the results of analysis are self-explanatory for the most part. Attention is called, however, to ‘‘ water-soluble ” phosphoric acid and nitrogen.
While manufacturers are required to guarantee only the amount of available phosphoric acid (water-soluble plus reverted or citrate-soluble), yet it seems desirable that consumers should know what proportion of the available is water-soluble. The amounts of available phosphoric acid being equal, one would choose by preference a fertilizer containing the larger amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid.
The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0.1 to 11.11 per cent and averaged 5.08 per cent. This constituted nearly 60 per cent of the available phosphoric acid present.
The water-soluble nitrogen includes nitrogen present in the form of ammonia salts and nitrogen together with that present in small amounts of soluble organic matter. The amount of water-
New York AGRrRIcuLTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 109
- soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 5.03 per cent and averaged
0.94 percent. This constituted 43.2 per cent of the total nitrogen present. It should not be inferred that water-soluble nitrogen is of more value than the rest. It is, of course, more readily available, so far as it consists of nitrates, but it must be remem- bered that nitrogen in this form leaches and is lost to plants more readily than nitrogen in other forms.
110 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
s, oO Locality where = MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. cog le was 5 aken. é ES, a n Acme Fertilizer Co., Acme fertilizer| Jamaica. 4074 Maspeth, N. Y.! No. 1. Acme Fertilizer Co., Aeme § fertilizer| Jamaica. 4075 Maspeth, N. Y.| No. 2. Acme Fertilizer Co., High-grade spe-|Jamaica. 4076 : Maspeth, N. Y.| cial. Acme Fertilizer Co., Potato special. Bridgehamp- Maspeth, N. Y. ton. 4169 Acme Fertilizer Co., Superior super-|Bridgehamp- Maspeth, N. Y.| phosphate. ton. 4170
American Reduction Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Powter brand. North Collins.|5049
The Armour Fertilizer Works, ‘|All soluble. Binghamton. |4345 Chicago, Ill. Middletown. |4987
Ammoniated bone|Middletown. |4986 with potash.
The Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago, Il.
The Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago, Ill.
Bone, blood and|Livonia Sta-
potash. tion. 4607 Middletown. |4989 Bliss. 5109
111
New York AGricuLtTtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
D IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Es 4
LECT]
In 100 PouNDS OF FERTILIZER.
a.
prov o10yd | -soyd o9q -N[OS8-10}8M Rae) spunog
| -N][O S-19jVM
yo spunog ‘ysejod e1q deal -N[TOSa9jeM | yo spuno 4 see ‘prov o11oyd |
-soyd 8309
jo spunog
prow |
od 11 o0ydsoyqd ITC Bl[lVae
yo spunog “me 80.1710 f
Bae) spunog |
Guaranteed Found
= id sal ap) Lg ta o © nN io) 10 oO 19 19 19 en on u ee EE ee ee ae ee on = H © nN s (ea) Ye) ~ sH cor) on ~ = So S a ¢ Re) Re) _ OD o Seen hoe lh ea ee meee be ° > +H HoH a O HH aA HO 4 “i ro) ea) nN + nN re = ed i of fer) cr) or) nt or) S op | tt nN ‘a 3S ay 3 nm (° 4) Lal rollers mie 10 OO oo |r 20 0 Sp elpe ies oo H ox na 8 Sh ort Nr [oS i ted Do His eae on 00 qa do ior) o 2 2 | er ~ | =| 3 a > ~ i) co] 3 ir] i) i] 5 | 3 3 3 3 Soe ee ae &0 2 £ 2 £ 2 bp £ =| leer =| =| | A > sv iS) iS) ac sU fF sD ES Ss c= =! as islet fal a5 Do 5 oO Elo) 50 5B Oo 25O @ ae | ea O fe oe Paro CO Oe a Fy
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
hi ‘ ) Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. A =| © = at Lh n The Armour Fertilizer Works, |Bone meal. Binghamton. |4345 Chicago, I. The Armour Fertilizer Works, Grain grower. Binghamton. |4844 Chicago, Il. Avon. 4591 Gowanda. 4985 Edward J. Attwood, New York stand-|Andover. 4762 Andover, N. Y.| ard No. 2. Bachman & Co., Successor. Chester. 4975 Chester, N. Y. A. M. Baker & Son, Market garden|Moscow. 4633 Mt. Morris, N. Y.} special. A. M. Baker & Son, Onion and celery|Mt. Morris. |4627 Mt. Morris, N. Y.| fertilizer. A. M. Baker & Son, Ontario. Mt.-Morris. |4634 Mt. Morris, N. ¥.} A. M. Baker & Son, Ten and ten phos-|Mt. Morris. |4628 Mt. Morris, N. Y.| phate. H. J. Baker & Bro., A A ammoniated|Mineola. 4117
New York City.| superphosphate.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
113
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZ
ER.
HOO Gah ew I es: Ghee, alc eest! “2s Weed aan | ee o ao As os 990 oa 80 =2 ° ee ae pe) Se | gaf3 | S38 | 388 | 35a | 3875 Ba | sese | gfe | See ee Geog ae Band B2'R 5 Fa 5 Fa 5 Fae a Be pr Bir fe |e Ee es ee Guaranteed 2.47 10 24 —_ | Found 2.89 10.82 26.14 | OP2 | | Guaranteed 1.64 8 Q* | ——_ | Found 1.91 8.61 11.34 | 2.49 | 0.60 | 0.90 | | Guaranteed 129 Ol. 10 3 Found 133 pelea Er 11.04 3.25 0.42 6.36 Below guarantee 0.83 | | Guaranteed 1.028 + 1.14 | | - Found 0.19 Pants) || aka) 0 = z Below guarantee 0.83 alaPeal : | | Guaranteed 3.10 8 8 | Found 3.52 8.40 11.07 10.92 0295 wall ose: Guaranteed 2.87 8 2 aa Found 13.92 8.58 11.55 11.80 0.68 5.48 | | | : Guaranteed | 1.038 10 | Found | 1.39 1270 13.38 4.41 02535 i a9.09 Guaranteed | ——— | 10 10 Found | a fals 12st) 9.85" || 8.90 | | | Reva | | Guaranteed [t- -2.47. | 10 2 a Found ooh oP 10.82 | 11.80 2.80 1.62 7.98 | | * Potash present in form of sulphate.
114
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
H. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
H. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
& Bro., New York City.
. Baker
. Baker & Bro., New York City.
. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
. J. Baker & Bro.,
New York City.
| |
.
Station number.
Locality where Trade name or brand. sample was taken. Cabbage manure. |Jamaica.
Complete manure.
Complete cucum-| Viola. ber manure.
Complete manure|White Plains. for general use. |Albany.
Complete nitrogen-|Jamaica. ized manure.
Complete potato|Jamaica.
manure,
Damaraland ano.
gu-|Jamaica.
Harvest home. Mineola.
Kainit. Riverhead.
cor n|Poughkeepsie|4240
4972
4206 4488
rr
115
In 100 PounDs OF FERTILIZER.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
“pro or) Je) a We) er) Ne) fer) oF wont aa fone aie rR < RS e <. = be -N[ OS-19JBM Yer) ice) Ve) Ye) sH Yer) Lad N yo spunog | | | =) ap) H oD H *mueS30141U OQ Oo aA) or - a) Ne) -N1[OS-199BM 5 ; Jo spunog a ot on aa or) a ar) ° | ES ie Pe ad MY Si eae ata ee he sejod 9 | 8 enjosaowa | r Be We ieee, vay idl aac Saas eli $ | Sf | 3 Be) spunod hb ~~ ae) olive) of of | mA | oO an an i es so seal UP pp I Ne gk ep i oe lanes Bae ; | a ‘prov ooyd | 19 om D> 10 er) es Re) oD = Boyd 1409 = is eA 7 a i 3 z 8 Pe) spunog de) é We) ° ~ ~ H >) = o sal a 4 Laat “poe H - We) S om >= oy a0udsoud ui aa i3 3 nN ce Jo) nN 3 eTqB[IVaw } E + 4 ‘ , : aye 4 : Jo spanod | Ne jive) or Yejive) cO 00 Neyive) Neve) an 00 O 5 le lea et ice ESE Oe ERTS UE) ras LR e= es COIS (Ibe We Nace co ; do ee) qo 1010 8 ger: 23 W318 rs +e nN mS Pes as 2 I paned | HoH Hod | © st H NA 20 00 a of MOH | a | do Ay * ro) o | £ 2 =| =| 3 ins} =) Lo) m uo) be] bo) 173 eo) u >) Lo] rh) 1) 8 ro) o rr) co) 3 ® ® a vee I= ® D ®o D ® =) ® ® a = = q a a = = a a a at at > aU ie! gto aU at S aU ie) aS as 2 ao a5 qs 35 as 2 ao ao Pie) 30 © 56 | 36 | 56 36 536 @® 30 50 Om om Om Oe. Ok Ok Ook Oe Ce
116 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
4
H oO Locality where ir MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. =| A < 3 Wasa mM H. J. Baker & Bro., Lawn dressing. White Plains.|4207 New York City. H. J. Baker & Bro., Standard : Poughkeepsie|4241
New York City.| UNXLD.
Vegetable, vine H. J. Baker & Bro., and tobacco|Poughkeepsie|4242 New York City.| manure.
H. J. Baker & Bro., Victor. Cutchogue. |4160 New York City.
Berkshire Mills Fertilizer Co., Root fertilizer. Mineola. 4114 Bridgeport, Conn.
Edwin Blakely, Buckwheat and,Otego. 4528 Otego, N. Y.; oat special.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. |Southampton.|4192 Boston, Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis-|Southampton./4190 Boston, Mass.| solved bone. Syracuse. 4287
Waverly. 5032
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash. |Warsaw. 4706
Boston, Mass.
| Bowker Fertilizer Co., Bone and wood-|Southampton/4187 Boston, Mass.| ash. Soa
ga,
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898. In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
‘plow o10yd 1D isp) oO H ian ro We) oO (Ss) -soyd oq ACs op Se) 68 i ES a < ce) -N[OS 1098 se) Yer) sH ie 6) 1 ie.) No} Ne) ae) jo spunog | fi oa) md oe) ef on H for) “me8O.1}1U 9[q Ne a) = (o-4) oe) Ye) rs -T1] OS-10}AN ol a S a i S 3 yo spunog | eS ee See a eed A aed pa es Bes *ysejod 9[q | 12 D od on A tH S o.0) a -NLOS19}EM © NO 10 ee Ne) or) i ee oD oO xo ae bt 00 an aN 00 00 elie) Ar NAN om oD an “poe o11ogd | SA) Sd aa oD fon) oe) ~ xt xt -suyd 18304 = = 2 = cs “ Es oo ae yo spunog 10 S K a sal A) Vo) al On NI ri mr re rt rr re rm =| Neate ee ee ee ee eee eee “pros | : 1010 (We) OD t ve) S oa) (oa) oyroyqdsoyd 10 Je) 19 Je) ~ © A Ne) fo} nN O[qelIeae é A sae ya ; ; 5 yo spunod | HH 00 00 Yer) ee} 0S on 7.09 2S 00 00 Co os ees Se eet Ne ae aes es ee | ee ee ee ee ee (oa) 1d 19 00 al on AK cpeetoe | BS OO Welle) & 93 Bo BM my Epo” | oo =H Han do 60 09 Oo ala ig tea us} Oo yo) ho] os] bo} Lo) ho] Lo} bo} ® o o ® ro) cH) ® ® o o rT) o o o o o ra) o 0) o 5 r r a rs Pe ie rs r rs aU ou oO ie) ie) at Cie} aU Cie! ie) HA Ha Hd Ha ua | ua | HA qa | oo Cs ao os as | So Ss ons =) io) RO =e) xe) “pO =e) =o) =e) =i) Ok O O Om Ok Om Ok Ok Ok Oe
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
118
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Locality where sample was taken.
Trade name or brand.
Station number.
Middletown. |4990
Celery special.
Corn phosphate. |Brewster. 4214 Dissolved bone. Mt. Morris. |4639 Collins. 5074
Empire State bone|Almond. 4749 and potash. Collins. 5073 Farm and garden|Syracuse. 4277 phosphate. Albany. 4481 Food for flowers. |Watertown. |4892 Fresh ground|Binghamton. |4352 bone. Watertown. |4893 Geneseo special. |Geneseo. 4645 Grape-belt an d|Milton. 4254
fruit special.
119
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
‘pioe o11oyd Ne) $0 oa) tH H t =) ar) -soyd aq S S i ° S 10 D Os -N[OS-109BM a Ney} Ne) nm sH Re) on) We) yo BpunOd| | H en Ne) oO 19 Ne) "U930.1410 9[q N oa “tH S oF or) -N[OS-1OJVM a oO oOo 10 oO Oo yo spunog "ysejod 9[q | cael aa Wo) | o!|°o 3A) -njos-saqea | 9 9 o re) Pa poe vet 3O spunod 199 aan Aline) AA No Ont | 1019 ‘plow o1n10yd | fo) oa Ne) sH H sH ve) fon) ne) -soyd [e039 | | 7 i @ ay = a = oe jo ate | QQ rc We sy) al fon) oo) Je) So on rr = sal al mA al = sRIOB | H sH Ne} nN eu on We) xd oraoydsoyd ; + a a) Ne} fon) - H We} oq Blea f - : 5 é . é are Jo spunog OM oO ea) SNe) 00 00 [eae a) ares eel ey | S) Be ~-@ > fen) ¢ tt 19 219 *mues80141U | ee AQ Is om We} oe NA nN aa res yo a oo | o de rir ans aa oo o o ® ® » ~ q a oO = bo] uo) re bo] ko) uo} uo} & yo) o ios} ® ® o d o o o ics) o ® 5 ® ® o ® a a ® = ® Semana ce : 3 5 : z Se ee aU E =) fe) ie) ue) aU i) ae) cs ie) | | | | | | | | | Susie as os | as as i! tei ee) as SiS fo) =i) =e) =i) =I) =o) =) =i) Cb) =) Ok Ok O O Om Oe OR om A Om
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
120 ReEportT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
u oO Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was g taken. A | iS ~~ a n Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Syracuse. 4278
Boston, Mass. Geneseo. 4646 Monticello. 4994
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hop and_ potato] Milton. 4255 Boston, Mass.| phosphate with|Hamilton. 4537 extra potash. Fulton. 4934 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Humphrey & Hol-|Honeoye Boston, Mass.} dridge best grain} Falls. 4549 phosphate. Lima. 4552 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Humphrey & Hol-|Honeoye Boston, Mass.| dridge cabbage] Falls. 4551 manure. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Humphrey & Hol-}Honeoye , Boston, Mass.| dridge imp. cab-| Falls. 4550 bage manure. Lima. 4553 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Humphrey & Hol-|Honeoye Boston, Mass.| dridge onion] Falls. 4557 manure. Lima. 4559 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Humphrey & Hol-|Honeoye Boston, Mass.| dridge standard] Falls. 4589 phosphate.
e
Lawn and garden|Binghamton. |4355
Bowker Fertilizer Co., . Boston, Mass.} dressing.
a od
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Lowe’s bone and|Leroy. 4673 Boston, Mass.| potash.
121
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
: é Ne) Saal on on oD nN ae Be ake % 8 S al % % © a a -N[ OS-19}eM Yer) Jo) (o4) Ld sH Ye) Ld (=>) N yo spunog on (oa) aol al ora) Ql sH tr | 1930.1410 9Tq nN AF) H © 10 ea) =) ica) - 1 [OS-1998M Sl ran) ro) co) co) co) co) on | jo spunog | *qsejod oe fer} id Ne} sa we) N rm | (oa) 10 £ ink ease So es ror) al orl wt = 1 nN 4 A | jo spunog ANN 1d © © 10 (eae 2) i sy oo MA | © 1010 AN = Sede} mr — | I — —_—— — _— | rn Lon) “prov onmoyd t ide) oO tt “ Q 10 ro) t ° -soyd 1v)04 Ne © ~ or ia N NA nN an q (a) spuano oO sal Oo ron) A H 3 P ad io a a re 4 ar = 3 iS | 3 = abies ° =) on ° oO ° r=) co | = orroydsoyd v7) ora) fon oa) ora) sn) a oO ow | © 3 eh Lee & 00 00 oO On Koa oe oer) on or oaleo ® yO spunodg aro mr m4 5, ee eS = ee Se eS eee 4 r 10 Nel bed en) 1a AI 1d 10 O ) sH 8 ues0.1110 nN iS i) N oo OH =S a —) > yo spunog : ae Heao ; ens] Cn do AA AA On do of sH Ay * o rob) ® ® ~ ~ q =| Ss S io) ke] us| ko} Lo} Ls) bo) tan yo) re H coB) o ® (oO) rob) ® o os) co) e 8 roB) (cB) ® ® o o o =} o o =) :I = = = a a a tea = a a a) gud ie) ie) ad =) ie! e ae) ie e Ha | | | =| | ey S| rete | | es os a5 oii) =! ci) SiS as cs tein oS =o a) =o =) Ee) =e) =o co) =o) =e) ao O Oo re Oo De Oe O Fe =e eee
122
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
towker Fertilizer Co., ; Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Trade name or brand.
Locality where
sample was
Station number.
taken. - {Market garden. Orient. Mass. Potash bone. Milton. Mass. Potash or staple Hamilton. Mass.|} phosphate. Leroy. Chester. Potato and vege- |Mt. Morris. Mass.| table manure. Nichols. Potato and vege- |Syracuse. Mass.| table phosphate. |Binghamton. Brewster. Soluble bone. Warsaw. Mass. Almond. Penn Yan.
Square brand bone|Albany.
Mass.} and potash.
Special formula. Mass.
Fenton.
Special grain fer-|Penn Yan.
Mass.| tilizer.
123
New York AGricuLtturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
‘plow o110yd -soyd o9q -N[ OS-109BM
JO spunog
"M9S0.141U 9[Q, -N[OS-199BM
yo spunog
“qsejod 9[q -N[OS-190}BM
JO spemnog
“plow olmoyd -soyd [8303
JO spunog
“poe o110ydsoyd eLAVIIBVAB
JO spunog
‘aes01}1U
JO spunog
Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
Ue7Al
Below guarantee
Guaranteed - Found
Guaranteed Found
6.81
0.79
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
124
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
3owker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
3owker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Locality where le was
Trade name or brand. sam
taken.
Special grain fer-|Halls. tilizer,
Special fertilizer.
Special sugar-beet|Binghamton.
fertilizer.
Stockbridge cab-|Syracuse. bage manure.
Stockbridge celery|Oswego. manure.
Stockbridge com-|Syracuse.
Mass. Mass, Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
plete manure for
vines.
Stockbridge corn}|Albany. and grain ma- nure.
Stockbridge pea|Syracuse. and bean ma- nure.
Stockbridge potato|Southampton.
and vegetable|Syracuse. manure. Binghamton.
Stockbridge root|/Albany. manure.
potato Southampton.
| Station number.
4358
4191 4281 4356
4483
New York AGricuttuRAL Exprertmment STATION.
125
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed > Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
———
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Pounds of
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
nitrogen.
HOS ox ee Ol
of
Pounds
available phosphoric
acid.
of phos- phoric acid.
Pounds total
11.36
Pounds of water-solu- ble potash.
He ye lee) w
10.07
4* 6.37
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
oa8 SAadg 8 S28 bi £ AO goa | 38 % geo geeg SES 5Eo'A
Ra ay 0.42 | 4.70
|
0.48 6.62 = 0.29 4.19 2.96 5.06 jeseaa es Pe (a 4.64 2.50 4.66 ee 1.14 | 6.60 0.85 4.22 1.51 4.63 2.63 G45)
126
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
MANUFACTURER.
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., / Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Locality where Trade name or brand. Sauipe was taken. Superphosphate. |Binghamton. Superphosphate Syracuse. with potash. Leroy. Ellicottville. Sure crop. Syracuse. Mt. Morris. Warsaw. S. W. & C. grain|Geneseo. special. Tillotson & How-|Cazenovia. son’s special. Tobacco grower. |Syracuse. Top dressing. ‘Southampton. Wilson’s special. /Rushville. Alkaline bone!Wainscott. with potash. Leroy. Lowville. Ammoniated dis-|Tully.
solved bone. Lowville.
COL
| Station number. |
4353
5213
4172 4681 4871
——
4289 4873
127
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
‘prow oneud -soqda oq -N][ O8-19jBM yo spunog
‘me30141U 91 -N[Os-10}BM yo spunog
‘ysejod e[q -N [OS-19}BM yo spunog
‘plow o1oyd -soyd [803 yo spunog
“prose otroydsoyd OTC Bl[IBAB yo spunog
09301710 yo spunog
15.90
13 14.87
Guaranteed
Found
I on ve N =) bo s bol o>
(or)
re
SI (=)
on od ae) N =) SiN odo dro eRe) m We} Ye) bX = =
Is ar) ap) a | rm N for) ar) | (o“4) aA)
Se OO on
| |
Nein | Ge)
een) sH
oo nro o>) uo) uo}
® ® o
(0) ® ®
a a P=
aU ie) ad
HA Ha Ha
a5 S5 C5
INS) =e) a)
Ok OR Or
0.77
Below guarantee
Sal <>) lor) CO
un N is a} = | ey Ne) Ne) 10 ~ H | ~ We} S do) —) H oD We) - ora) Ne} (=) =) NA —) i)
a ee (era) ora) sH H on of nN oa) rhe ~ N sH CO N No HH Coed of oD AA nro =) os oO (=) v0) (ora) a Yer) Ae) Yer) S Ye) “ f=) [e‘a) i fees _ ~ te rc al rr A i] ve) fer) H (o‘a) - © N So = S 00 CO ~- oO ter on do eo rior rer ri
on 1010 10 b= NY 1D NS co By Sole nao AA tH tH nao nmr
—— —_—— _——_—
'
be) “re bes) Ss a] bo)
® ® ® ® cob) ®
® ® ® ® ) ®
= = a a= = = oe) ie) ie) rie) re) aU Ha Ha ua | as! ad Ss SS S56 S5 s5 =| sa) = Iao) =m) zo =e) ate) Ok O O& Ok O Om
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
128
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
MANUFACTURER.
Bradley Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Locality where
Trade name or brand sample was
taken.
Bean and potato|Tully. fertilizer. Unadilla. Leroy.
Complete manure|Jamaica. for potatoes and/|Halls. vegetables.
Dissolved bone —|Almond. Justice brand. |Lowville.
Dissolved bone|Dansville. with potash. Leroy.
English lawn fer-|Penn Yan. tilizer.
Extra fine ground|Albany. bone with pot-|Bliss.
ash. Fruit and _ vine|Halls. fertilizer.
Grain fertilizer. Leroy.
Farmers’ new/Tully.
method fertilizer.|White Plains.
Peoria.
ots =3'3 | Station number. mo
4684
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
129
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
q Bp mS 4 xa [e) ay Guaranteed 0.82 Found 1.47 | Guaranteed 3.30 Found 3.28 Below guarantee Guaranteed Found | Guaranteed 0.82 Found 0.97 * Guaranteed 4.95 Found 5.35 Guaranteed 1.85 Found 1.99 Guaranteed 2 Found 2.18 Below guarantee as. Guaranteed 2.06 Found 2.34 Below Guarantee —S Guaranteed 0.82 Found 1.22
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
9
of available phosphoric
Pounds acid.
of
of of
a3 | O84 ag. fied ae 22 Uae oom s3h | 385 Ay Au 3.25 10.57 | 3.74 7 9.91 6.66 0.34 14.34 15 10.28 | 2.30 2.50* 6.13 3.22 2 15.48 | 2.09 ake | 5.40 11.60 | 4.11 1.29 1.08 15274 “ly 1220 2.15 10.32 .| 2.36
— | | | |! Lt
a8 3 oni ge oa8 ale EO ee | 28.3 SES BESS Ay Ay 0.45 2.99 3.07 4.56 7.97 0.30 5.70 5.27 0.79 0.56 0.79 5.46 0 2.65 0.42 6.76
!
130 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H oO lccaey where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand,| sample was | 5 taken. A a & »~ 8 m Bradley Fertilizer Co., Tully. 4290 Boston, Mass.|Niagara. Dansville. 4619 Haverstraw. |4965 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Patent superphos-|Oneonta. 4503 Boston, Mass.| phate of lime. White Plains.|4211 - Leroy. 4682 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Potato fertilizer. |Tully. 4291 Boston, Mass. Albany. 4486 Gainesville. |4734 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Sea-fowl guano. |Dansville. |4620 Boston, Mass. Leroy. 4685 Lowville. 4870 Bradley Fertilizer Co., Extra high-grade/Hyde Park. |4125 of Philadelphia, Pa.}| potato guano. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Market garden. Hyde Park. |41/22 of Philadelphia, Pa. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Potato guano No.|Hyde Park. |4124 of Philadelphia, Pa.} 1. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Special for peas. |Hyde Park. |4123 of Philadelphia, Pa. Brumfield & Foster, Ammoniated bone|]Sherburne. 4403 Colora, Md.| phosphate. | Brumfield & Foster, Hard times ammo-|Sherburne. 4405
Colora, Md.| niated phosphate.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In f00 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
HOO Hh: aH! aw! d Sires °. ons ooy oF g oFo onus Ha tees a3 $2 | 32 | 323 Sf | gs% | S32 | $88 | 38a | 2872 = a, o-5 mn} q a on gees | ges | ses | Bea | ssa ai Ay | Ay Ay a Ay Guaranteed 0.82 fh 1.08 Found 1.08 7.48 10.01 1.24 0.41 35741 a Pecans eee SS ee Guaranteed 2.06 8 1.50 Found Hal? 9.17% Pag 1.66 0.73 Bete Se |e ee Guaranteed 2.06 9 ot) Found 1.94 9.73 10.39 3.25 0.67 sere | ——— as eee eae Guaranteed 2.06 8 1.50 | ——— Found 1.94 9.43 13.25 1.70 0.76 3.96 AS tee eer ee | Guaranteed 8.25 6 9 == SSS Found 3.42 8.56 9.61 9.84 1.64 3.68 ; ‘caiieel ace meee eae — Guaranteed 3°25 8 6 Found 3.78 9.27 10.42 6.22 1.85 | 3.87 8 Guaranteed 2.50 T: i | | Found 2.80 9.21 10.47 7.28 1.05 4.72. = = ee ; Guaranteed 1.85 9 2.50 Found 2.06 9.58 11.34 3.08 0.79 2 Guaranteed 1.50 9 2 Found 1.39 9.58 11.99 2.07 0.48 | 0.35 (ERS: cea oe I ear aes Guaranteed 0.80 | 10 een | | Found 0.82 10.27 A2° 80 | st12 | 0.46 | 0.47
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
132 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
.
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. coupe was taken. eae. DULts, Hustler. |Oneonta. Oneonta, N. Y. J. P. Butts, Potato manure No.|Oneonta.
Oneonta, N. Y.| 1.
J. P. Butts, Standard No. 1. |Oneonta. Oneonta, N. Y.
Campbell & Pulver, Dissolved bone. Italy Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.
Campbell & Pulver, Free-silyer -phos-/Italy Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.| phate.
Campbell & Pulver, Gold standardlItaly Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.) phosphate.
Campbell & Pulver, N. Y.standard|Italy Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.| phosphate.
Campbell & Pulver, Prattsburg special.|Italy Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.
Campbell & Pulver, Thirteen andl{taly Hill.
Italy Hill, N. Y.| three.
Chemical Co., of Canton, Ontario brand. Penn Yan.
Baltimore, Md.
| Station number.
4502
/
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
° of of of of
(0) Shans ' ey Sra. a ac Bs me onac qd OH go tol} = & Ol ) ao 28 os 990 9qg8 0 a ° nis D hy a ° no ne. Qo no mh ah A. Oh OSA OBR mTOR oq ao » ov ie) » =) ¥,o0 == Op _ ars O30 Ag oO Aaeog 3a BF a9 Re) SEs 2) Ss BES 5 oS AS or me ora OFA oFom Ay Au Ay Ay oH Ay
1.65 9 2 1.51 9.58 12.83 2.41 0.67 4.69 | | |} | HA - | |
Below guarantee | 0.34
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
0.82 14 1.138 : I | — 0.82 8 4 0.81 8.40 9.93 4.57 0.44 4.77 2.47 7 8 — 2.13 8.25 9.81 7.95 0.98 5.24 | | —— |__| 0.82 10 ; 8 0.92 10.43 11.60 8.07 0.42 7.75 —— | 13 3 13.17 13.99 3.54 10.13 (ee | SSS —_—————|\———q| mem /ccxqcr 0.80 8 4 0.81 8.47 10.95 3.30 0.23 2.14 0.70
134 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
u
oO
Locality where ir
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5
taken. A
8
Po}
S
nM Chemical Co., of Canton, Potato manure. Oneida. 4425
Baltimore, M. D. Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Atlas bone phos-|South Lima. |4604 New York City.} phate. Clinton. 4855 Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Bay State fertil-|North Boston.|4840 New York City.| izer.
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Defiance complete|/East Avon. |4555 New York City.| manure. Clinton. 4852
Spring Valley. |4970
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Great planet ‘A’’|Flatlands. 4200 New York City.} brand.
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Great planet “‘ B’’|Flatlands. 4201 New York City.| brand.
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., King Philip alka-|Hast Avon. |4554 New York City.| line guano, Pulaski. 4922 Spring Valley.|4971
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Muriate of potash.|South Lima. |4605 New York City.
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Nitrate of soda. |South Lima. |4606 New York City.
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Potato and _ hop/Clinton. 4854 New York City.|. grower. Pulaski. 4921
i”
New York AaricutturaL Exprrtment STaTIon. 135
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
of nitrogen.
Pounds
15.40 15.61
of available phosphoric
Pounds acid,
of phos- phoric acid.
Pounds total
of of of
phoric acid,
ae 34 ae g2 | 38 | 32 gga | 33 | gs” aa apa | Bes Ay Ay Ay 2.43 .o6 0.17 3.36 SS | 10:71 210 | 0.94 5.48 2 2.28 0.50 4.26 ¢ (AZ) 2.01 3.61 ZA 6.88 2.00 2.94 3 2.97 0.62 4.40 50.40 Ste 49.74 0.66 15.61 5 5.04
136 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke oO Locality where e MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. r=] =| AS) ee) 8 mM Cleveland Dryer Co., Dissolved bone|Jamestown. |5096 Cleveland, Ohio.| phosphate. Cleveland Dryer Co., For all crops. Sherburne. |4396 Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland Dryer Co., High-grade corn/Sherburne. 4395 Cleveland, Ohio.} manure. Cleveland Dryer Co., Ohio seed maker|North Collins.|5046 Cleveland, Ohio.| with potash. Jamestown. |5095 Cleveland Dryer Co., Phospho bone. Jamestown. 5097 Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland Dryer Co., ~ Pioneer. Sherburne. 4394 Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland Dryer Co., Potato phosphate. |Sherburne. 4397 Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland Dryer Co., Square bone. Hamburg. 4845 Cleveland, Ohio. : Cleveland Dryer Co., Superior bone. Hamburg. 4846
Cleveland, Ohio. North Collins.|5044
——
New York AGricuLtuRAL ExPpERIMENT STATION. ney
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
“i WUoo Gt. ws Sig Sur. oar ont 033 Fg | O58 ones i eae ae ag g2 gas
no nea | ns no ake mo & AS Be ob eee ness lc eee P gas ool eee Bat oes Son | 23 SEs SEa'a = ea | a SREY ae == I, I eee Pe Pee
Guaranteed —— | 10 —_— _ | ———- | ————
Found 9.89 14.03 6
Below guarantee
Guaranteed 103 8 2 —_____
Found 1.06 8.09 10.20 2.34 0.34 5.80
Guaranteed 3.12 8 | q pe Ub Eta tah
Found 3.30 8.60 10.51 6.96 1.23 5.61
Guaranteed 23 10. 2.14
Found 1.14 9.98 14.60 PARAUT( 0.74 4.41
Guaranteed 2.60 10 1.08*
Found 0.96 9.42 13.61 0.59 0.22 a) 4)
Below guarantee 1.64 0.58 0.49
Guaranteed. 0.82 7 1 —_—__
Found 1.08 art 10.21 alsa t7 0.40 2.97
Guaranteed 2.05 8
Yound 2.08 8.18 Way 3.18 0.64 4.40
Guaranteed 2.05 —— 20 —_—_ | ——_—_—- | —_——
Found 2.70 —_—— 16.46 1.82
Below guarantee 3.54
‘Guaranteed 3.39 oe 29 |e
Found oolt Dileae 0.78
Below guarantee 0.68
| |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
138 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
=
ry
oO
Locality where a
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5
taken. a
q
=
~~
$
mn E. Frank Coe Co., |Alkaline bone. Orient. 4152 ss New York City. Mt. Morris. /|4635
Ellicottville. |5102
E. Frank Coe Co., Celebrated special! Portchester. 4213 New York City.| potato fertilizer.
E. Frank Coe Co., Columbian brand|Liberty. 4998 New York City.| ammoniated bone|Rushville. 5208 superphosphate. Columbian ecorn| Wayland. 4614 E. Frank Coe Co., fertilizer. Parish. 4916 New York City. Monticello. 4996 E. Frank Coe Co., — Columbian potato] Parish. 4917 New York City.| fertilizer. Hllicottville. |5104 E. Frank Coe Co., New York City.;Dissolved bone|/Homer. 4300 and potash. Castile. 4725 E. Frank Coe Co., Excelsior guano. |Jamaica. 4071 New York City. B. Frank Coe Co., ~ |Exeelsior potato. |Hollis. 4082 New York City. East Avon. {4653 Prattsburg. |5204 BH. Frank Coe Co., Gold brand ex-|Bast Aor 4652
New York City.! celsior guano.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139
‘
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
, [ese | stg | cag | c28 | Sees e 2 8 ae 3 g 3 o oad no mo wn ie. to nhs nh AS ee | ees | $28 | Bas | Bee | Bees _ b> —_ ~~ a 2 2@ 2" pene p28 BES ers BPae Guaranteed =| 120 | 9 1 S0R|. es Found 1.46 9.97 12.89 1.79 0.75 Riso2 —EE—————E———E—————————E— Guaranteed 1.65 8 _ 4% Found 1.79 8.45 11.58 3.74 1.09 6.80 Below guarantee 0.26 = See ee ee eee Guaranteed 1 9 1.85* Found 1.36 9.63 13.01 eal 0.80 7.05 $$} J J J Guaranteed- 1.20 9 : 1.85* Found 1.45 10.04 ome Pes Bie) 0.71 7.38 Guaranteed 1.20 9 1.85* Found 1.51 9.57 13.20 D5 0.64 (Pas Guaranteed Se LE ar a3) bs Found 12.79 | 14.04 | 2a 8.22 Guaranteed 9 3.40* Found 8.84 11.10 8.94 1.25 6.92 ecb | Se as a | re a es er —_———— |-——— Guaranteed 8 —— 8* Found 7.56 9.41 8.44 1.91 5.86 Below guarantee 0.44 pL Ne ee eS ——_|—_———_ Guaranteed 2.50 8 6* — | Found 2.62 8.60 ILE 5.19 1.62 6.58 Below guarantee 0.81 |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
140 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
u oO Locality where y=] MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was : ‘ en. a g Po} s a BE. Frank Coe Co., Grain and grass|Castile. 4723 New York City.| fertilizer. West Almond|4748 BH. Frank Coe Co., Ground bone and/White Plains.|4205 New York City.} potash. Hast Avon. |4656 BH. Frank Coe Co., High-grade ammo-|Hast Avon. |4651 New York City.| niated bone. B. Frank Coe Co., High-grade solu-|Wayland. [4615 New York City.| ble bone. West Almond|4747 Friend. 5148 BE. Frank Coe Co., High-grade special|Newburg. 4245 New York City.) corn fertilizer. BE. Frank Coe Co., Kainit. - Castile. 4727 New York City. BH. Frank Coe Co., Long Islander|Jamaica. 4106 New York City.| market garden special. B. Frank Coe Co., Matchless grain|Rushvyille. 5209 New York City.| fertilizer. BE. Frank Coe Co., New HEnglander|Gainesville. |4737
Fé New York City.| special potato.
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL ExpPERIMENT STATION. 141
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
etal (ee ee en eee ee ee hag bgt a8 | 32 eer [hogs no nme, n = nhe nh mh m2 o& a a2 Ome gue o2q oO & a-= a,o aSg Heo Hao Agog 5" gens 528 ize BFS Aa Guaranteed 0.40 10.50 125% Found 0.50 10.54 14.62 1.68 0 6.17 Guaranteed 2.05 a 14 Pepa) —_—_ Found DOS 19.74 2.64 1.09 Guaranteed 2 9 1.85* | ————— Found 2.20 9.59 12508 Pipa 1.07 7.39 Guaranteed —— | 13 ae (ee Found 1B 5355) 15.97 10.27 Guaranteed LETS 9 3* eee eee Found 1.85 8.68 11.72 3.54 0.97 6.90 Below guarantee 0.22 Guaranteed —_ | ——- | ————- Se Ei, yl ie cee Ste Found 11.94 Guaranteed 3.50 9 6* ae ers Found 3.16 8.66 10.04 7.29 1.93 6.96 Below guarantee 0.34 0.34 Guaranteed 0.65 it 1* Found 1.12 10.95 13.56 1.76 0.38 7.42 Guaranteed 0.80 | 9 2.17* Found 1°07 © (10250 13.68 1.97 0.53 7.20 | * Potash present in form of sulphate.
142
K.
KH.
KH.
MANUFACTURER.
. Frank Coe Co.,
. Frank Coe Co.,
Frank Coe Co.,
. Frank Coe Co.,
. Frank Coe Co.,
. Frank Coe Co.,
. Frank Coe Co.,
Krank Coe Co.,
Frank Coe Co.,
New York City.
New York City.
New York City.
New York City.
New York City.
New York City.
New York City.
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Trade name or brand.
Locality where
sample was taken.
‘Original ammoni-|Dresden.
ated dissolved bone.
jPrize brand grain|Dresden. New York City.| fertilizer.
Pure ground bone.|Hast Avon.
Red brand excel-|Jamaica.
sior guano.
Special cabbage|Hollis. New York City.| manure.
Special celery|/Middletown.
manure,
Standard ammo-|Portchester. niated bone su-|EKast Avon.
perphosphate.
Port Jervis.
Sulphate of pot-|Castile.
ash.
Tobacco and onion|Bast Avon.
fertilizer.
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Station number.
4991
4212
4650
4992
New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Sok eter | die eee eae eee FS On ies} or Catan Oe; os ia gai aa |) Gs ee | gas ge | gay | S38 | 388 | 358 | g8°5 = o.n ° » Pr) = a5 | B5ay | Sea | 288 | #82 | S888 a a Ay ey: ow om Guaranteed 2b 10 2.25* Found 1.56 9.97 12.38 2.49 0.99 Wao | | ewes —— Guaranteed 0.40 10.50 1.25* | —————_ Found = 0.60 in syré 15.09 1.14 0.10 6.18 Se) oe Guaranteed 2.50 _———— 18.40 —— | ————— | ———_- Found 3.05 18.72 0.06 a a ee Guaranteed 3.50 9 6* —_—_ Found 3.0D 8.86 10.13 6.83 2.08 6.81 oS SS eS Guaranteed 3.50 9 6* —_—_ Found 3.41 8.75 10.27 6.68 Dols 6.76 Below guarantee 0225 + |} | ——] | —___ | —_—_ Guaranteed 3.29 8 15* or Found . 3.41 (oe tke) 8.45 14.86 Paeir(at 5.07 Below guarantee 0.90 | Guaranteed eri) 8 1.35* | ————— Found 7.82 9.34 12.45 1.93 1.03 7.04 Guaranteed — | ——-— ——<—— ff ———— | | ——__—_ Found 30.44* Guaranteed 3.29 6 8* — Found 3.82 7.98 10.05 6.22 2722 6.43 Below guarantee 1.78
* Potash present in form of sulphate. .
144 Report or THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
hi
oO
Locality where =
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5
taken. A
, =
ot
~~
=
nm BE. Frank Coe Co., Vegetable and|East Avon. |4649 New York City.| vine fertilizer. Castile. 4724
Rushville. 5207
a
E. Frank Coe Co., XXV ammoniated|Mt. Morris. |4636 New York City.| bone superphos-|Liberty. 4997 |
phate. Rushville. 5206
Peter Cooper Glue Factory, Pure bone _ dust/Arlington. 4238
New York City.| No. 2.
T. L. Corwin & Son, A 1 potato special.|Marathon. 4319 Marathon, N. Y.
T. L. Corwin & Son, No. 2 grain and|Marathon. 4321 Marathon, N. Y.| vine.
T. L. Corwin & Son, No. 3 leader brand.|Marathon. 4322 Marathon, N. Y.
T. L. Corwin & Son, No. 4 imperial fer-|Marathon. 4320 Marathon, N. Y.| tilizer.
John Conklin & Son, Yates grain spec-|Penn Yan. 5156 Penn Yan, N. Y.| ial.
New York AqGricuttuRAL ExprrRIMEentT STATION. 145
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
3, |cs2 | sts | Se, | Sad | Sees Sf |S285 | sf | 82 | S88 | g5°% = a, oR £ AG © ao Ago os p88 p28 pF srs Bese Guaranteed 2 8 6* Found 2.31 8.67 10.81 5.66 alee 6.53 Below guarantee 0.34 [aoa EOS CORP “A wes amie ee So Guaranteed 0.80 8 1.50* | ————— Found 1.26 10.99 13.88 1.50 0.26 7.27 . | a Guaranteed 0.87 a 26.67 — | ———__ || ————_ Found 1.52 28.83 0.38 —— Guaranteed 2.46 7 8 plat eee Found 2.41 8.65 10.67 {haat 0.23 7.10 Below guarantee 0.29 = ] | | — J] ]—_<—_ Guaranteed 1.85 9 4 Found 1.57 | 10.03 10.97 4.88 0.14 6.99 Below guarantee 0.28 | ‘ Guaranteed 1.20 10 8 | Eee | Found 1522 11.24 12.45 2299) | 0.30 | 7.54 Guaranteed 0.82 9 2 | Found 0.82 9.56 10.69 2.30 0.16 5.66 Guaranteed 1.25 10 8 | Found 1.03 9.30 12.27 8.20 0.49 3.18 Below. guarantee 0.70
Potash present in form of sulphate.
146 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
u oO Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was g taken. a 8 ~~ = na Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Acid fertilizer. Perry. 4718 Buffalo, N. Y. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Ammoniated bone|Clinton. 4542 Buffalo, N. Y.| superphosphate. |Holland. 4808 Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |A mmo niated/Norwich. 4379 Buffalo, N. Y.| wheat and corn|/Holland. 4809 phosphate. Brocton. 5133 Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Bone and potash|Perry. 4719
Buffalo, N. Y.| No. 1.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Brainerd & Beau-|Gainesville. {4738 Buffalo, N. Y.|. mont’s special.
os
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co..,
Complete manure.|Perry. 4720 Buffalo, N. Y.
—————__SSSSS SS
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Conklin’s soluble Penn Yan. 5158 Buffalo, N. Y.| bone.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,
Dissolved bonejGainesville. |4736 Buffalo, N. Y.
phosphate. Gowanda. 5086 Prattsburg. [5203
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,
Erie phosphate. Caledonia. 4662 Buffalo, N. Y.
Machias Junction. 4796 Oswego Cent.|4927
New York AGrRIcuLTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION.
=
147
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of nitrogen. of available phosphoric acid.
Pounds Pounds
ery bo
bo bo e fo)
30 10.27
— | 10 10.12
ee
.26
of phos- phorie acid.
Pounds total
=
~) wo) i)
11.96
of
water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
(| fy
=o
bt -] ie)
of
Pounds
ae | ones 99 9g 8 Poe eeifene) so | eee Bes BEa'e Ay
| 8.07
0.35 6.50 |—_———
0.68 7.50 6.95
0.05 1.54 0.29 5.20 9.08
7.83
148 REpoRT OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
ee @ Locality where q Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. A =| 3 > i 2
General crop phos-|Norwich. 4377
phate. Caledonia. 4661 Owego. 5009
Grenell’s ¢ orn|Pierrepont grower. Manor. 4904
Grenell’s special. {Pierrepont
Manor. 4903
Ground bone meal.|Rushville. 5215
High-grade cereal|Gowanda. 5085 guano.
Johnson’s special.|Geneseo. 4647
Market garden|Bay Side. 4102 special.
New rival ammo-|Jamaica. 4063 niated super-|Norwich. 4378 phosphate. Perry. 4721
5205
New York special.|Kanona.
New Yorx Aqricuttural Experrment Station. 149
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THH SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of
of of
aq Bog ee gag ake nh AO wae ® 3246 BES Eon a 4 0.14 Sarath 0.06 6.72 0.12 8.48 0.60 0.48 4.63 6.95 0.92 5.02 | 0.41 | 6.95 6.45
oS ee eee gi proves 22: | ates ns ae cia | Bes ae ap o-= Age ago 5° E os | Be Bes Guaranteed 0.82 7 1.08 Found Ina us 7.48 9.40 dealey Sees Se Guaranteed ORS2E I 0 2.16 Yound 1 10.03 10.69 2.26 ———— SS ee Guaranteed 0.82 10 3* Found 1.06 11.99 12.70 3.38 | Se ee Guaranteed 2 — 25 ~ Found = Zo hole > Se ee Guaranteed 0.82 8 2 Found 1 8.03 8.33 2222, Guaranteed —_ | 10 7 Found 10 10.70 ay ( Below guarantee 1.43 Guaranteed 3.70 8 8 Found 4 7.95 10.18 9.14 Guaranteed 2s 10 1.60 Found as 10.39 11.86 1.83 Guaranteed —— | 10 8 Found ) 11.19 12.93 7.06 Below guarantee 0.94
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
150 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
ee (0€0—0— DOO Dee
u
oO
Locality where F
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sam Paes A
8
»_
s
a
eS ee eee eee St hgh) ee ee Poh | Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., | Penfield Milling | Delhi. 5005 Buffalo, N. Y.| Co’s corn and oats.
na!
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |potato, hop and/Fayetteville. |4406 Buffalo, N. Y.| tobacco phos-|Owego. 5012 phate. Brocton. 15134
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., | practical ammo-|Cazenovia. [4412
Buffalo, N. Y.| niated super-|Gainesville. |4735
phosphate. Pheenix. 4938
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |pure ground wone.|Holland. 4811 Buffalo, N. ¥. Rushville. 5214
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Royal phosphate. |Clinton. 4540
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |South Lima onion|South Lima. |4586 Buffalo, N. Y.| and celery grow- er.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Special cabbage|Homer. 4298 Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Special potato|Holland. 4810 Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. Oswego Cent.|4928
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Superior rye and|Sharon Stat’n/4221 Buffalo, N. Y.| oats Lishaskill. 4476
New York AgricutturAL Experiment Station. 151
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of of
Ooo n = ' ' d #08 a ; Ae oe Ea at Eon & 2s ne og 3° ons no eve! Sees ane nhs nh HL fe, ences lage bees be age lcaame ae eens ee BFS era Bree Guaranteed 1.64 9 Be Found 1.59 11.44 11.92 2512 0.20 7.69 SS ee ee |————— Guaranteed 2 10 5 PAD ————e Found 2.45 10.35 11.02 2298 0.90 7.05 Below guarantee 0.27 | | |] -_] —__} Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.08 —_——— Found 1.08 8.07 APE gal 1.50 0.46 ayaa lak Guaranteed a ad eee i BD eT eee oe Found Pay (el 24.63 0.38 | aS eee ——— Guaranteed 2 10 2 ————— Found 1.93 12.76 13.47 1.81 0.23 9.18 | | Guaranteed 2.87 8 lz ————— Found Bye ls: 8.38 10.66 12.45 0.34 5.43 Guaranteed 2.46 8 6 —_——_— Found 3 8.25 9.55 6.61 0.84 4.70 | Guaranteed 3.70 8 5.40 | Found 4 9.18 10.86 6.04 | 0.89 6.21 | | S|] SK] —_ Guaranteed 0.82 8 —_—__ 2 Found 0.99 8.11 8.76 2.12 0.47 5.26 |
1352 Report or THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. A , =| 2 »_ 8 oa) Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Oo., |Thompson’s am-|Boonville. 4860
Buffalo, N. Y.|-moniated dis- solved bone phos-
phate. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Thompson’s high-|Boonville. 4861
Buffalo, N. Y.| grade fertilizer.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Thompson’s' spec-|Boonville. 4858 Buffalo, N. Y.| ial potato ma- nure. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Thompson’s stand-| Boonville. 4859
Buffalo, N. Y.| ard fertilizer.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Tripp’s celery and|Lima. 4560 Buffalo, N-Y.| onion _ special No. 1. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Tripp’s celery and|Avon. 4580 Buffalo, N. Y.| onion _ special | No. 2. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Tripp’s celery and|Lima. 4559 Buffalo, N. Y.| onion _ special|Avon. 4599 No. 3. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Tripp’s celery and|Avon. 4600 Buffalo, N. Y.| onion _ special No. 4.
——— eee
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.. | Universal grain|Adams. 4902 Buffalo, N. Y.| grower.» Owego. 5010 Brocton. 5135
New Yorx Aericutrurat Experiment Srarion. 153
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
pee Sue eh, |. ee See suede?) de spt ca [ae |. eae no ak, wn Ao} ne nee nh AS eo | yess | pas] Eee | gaa | Bees 9g aes) =) Bo 2 ae) ee ps88 p28 prs ers BF ae Guaranteed 2 9 —_— 2.50 —— Found 8.90 9.84 2.35 0.52 6 | Guaranteed 2.46 10 10 Found 2.91 10.07 10.42 9.07 ibatay 7.73 Below guarantee 0.93 | Guaranteed 1.64 8 4 Found 2.15 7.97 8.93 3.90 0.63 6.02 Guaranteed ‘% 0.82 8 2 Found 1.37 8.30 8.81 2.96 0.36 5.20 Guaranteed 0.82 Ki i? eae eee ; Found 0.98 8.84 O22-94|>1 2249 0.19 6.16 Guaranteed 0.82 i 15 eras Found i 9.63 9.96 12.08 0.12 6.77 Below guarantee 2292)7 Guaranteed 1.64 Cf 15 SDs fo tees Found 1.81 8.81 9.15 dye 22 0.60 6.14 Guaranteed 1523) 8 12 ol Found 1.81 8.91 9.31 12.66 0.19 6.94 | ; SS) SS SSS SS ee Guaranteed 0.82 1 2.70 Soe ese F Found 1.15 aoe 9.47 2.98 0.51 4.63
154 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
—
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand one was aken.
| Station number.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Vegetable bonejCazenoyia. |4411 Buffalo, N. Y.| superphosphate.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Vegetable and po-|Mineola. 4115 Buffalo, N. Y.| tato special.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |Vernon’s onion|Florida. 4980 Buffalo, N. Y.| special.
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., |W. & H. special|Riverhead. 4128 Buffalo, N. Y.| potato manure.
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Buckwheat spec-| Almond. 4758 Cuba, N. Y.| ial. - |\Cuba. A772
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Cereal special. Cuba. ~ 4773 Cuba, N. Y¥.
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Competition. Fredonia. 5127 Cuba, N. Y. Corning. 5184
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Genesee Valley|Cuba. A771 Cuba, N. Y. special.
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Hustler. Cuba. 4775 Cuba, N. Y. Fredonia. 5126
New York Aqricutturat Exprrmment Station.
155
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 PounDs oF FERTILIZER.
’ Guaranteed Found
. Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
_ Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
of
nitrogen.
Pounds
bo bo
61
bo bo
2.46 2.64
eA |
of available phosphoric
Pounds acid.
of total phos- phorie acid.
Pounds
8.68
11.08
8.06
15.94
_ 3 [it
of
water-solu- ble potash.
4-1
oo OO et j=)
2g | See oe eae aa mh 2 i 3250 Ss BEDE Ay 1.56 3.94 R74 4.49 0.93 6.40 | 0.14 | 3.49 {i Ee ey | 10.81 | | 10.34 | 0.39 6.43 8.06 | 0.38 4.83
156 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was taken. Cuba Fertilizer Co., Potato and corn|Almond. Cuba, N. Y.] manure. Cuba. Cuba Fertilizer Co., Standard. Almond. Cuba, N. Y. e Cuba Fertilizer Co., Standard potato|Corning.
Cuba, N. Y.) manure.
Cuba Fertilizer Co., Sure crop. Cuba. Cuba, N. Y. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Bone and potash.|Rome. Portland, Me. Schenectady. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Concentrated fer-|Franklin Iron Portland, Me.| tilizer. Works. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Corn feftilizer. Rome.
Portland, Me.
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Dissolved bone/Sherburne. Portland, Me.| phosphate. Schenectady. Big Tree. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Fruit and vine. Whitney Pt. Portland, Me. Schenectady.
COL
4757
4851
4329 4470
a
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
ow eS a se ey Hg A eee A oe ons oss ond | ofS onan > poe read eee © ge | ga8 no n= By Tse! ne nh nk Aw gi | ese | B88 | Bee | Ese | Bees Ae le wes aon | 26s SEs BESS. SLES (ee Oe al ieee I GL See [0a Dene ea AS Guaranteed 2.47 7 8 Found 2EOe 7.85 O53 7.73 1.03 4.70 Below guarantee 0.27 | Guaranteed 23 10 3 ee Found 1.34 9.22 11.51 2.80 0.49 6.21 Below guarantee 0.78 Guaranteed 2.47 ie 8 ———— Found 2.69 (aon 8.72 8.73 0.77 Fyn | | Guaranteed 0.88 8 lige ee eae Found 0.88 9.33 10.92 | 2.22 0.54 5.96 Guaranteed a 8 2.50 ae Found 8.92 in ePal 2.64 Guaranteed 3.30 8 [ee Found 8.25 8.36 10.68 7.29 1.74 8.26 Guaranteed 1.65 8 2 Found Teateal 8.91 11.18 Dey 0.55 Deal Guaranteed 10 —_—_— | ——__—_- Found 11.05 12.59 7.99 Guaranteed 0.82 4 8 |
Found 1.28 4.81 9.97 8.85 0.41 | 2.55
158 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was taken. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Guano. Whitney P&E Portland, Me. Pulaski. Monticello. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Kainit. Big Tree. Portland, Me. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Potato fertilizer. |Whitney Pt. - Portland, Me. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Prepared blood. |Big Tree. Portland, Me. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Seeding down fer-|Whitney Pt. Portland, Me.|_ tilizer. Monticello. Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Superphosphate. |Rome. Portland, Me. Schenectady. L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., “A” brand. Greenport. Pawtucket, R. I. L. B. Darling Fertilizer @., =, brand: Greenport Pawtucket, R. I. : L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., Blood, bone and|Greenport. Pawtucket, R. I.| potash.
| Station number.
4440 4471
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
° oo ike OF 3 ong ‘onus d Qh qd ad Oe a OF °'5 bo Sg ne as Ze gas no ns, n iS nue nes mt &uS ea, | ese (See | ae | Sen | saee Jeo Bae sea | 28s sea SExe Ags hres hese a a uy a Guaranteed = 1.03 8 2 Found 1.19 9.12 10.76 Zoe 0.13 7.06 Guaranteed ——— | —— | —— | 12.40 —_— | ———_- Found 17.36 Guaranteed 2 9 3 Found 2.16 8.94 12.05 2.95 0.58 5.17 Guaranteed 8.20 |. —— en ee E lround 7.32 2.18 Below guarantee 0.88 pal en 5 TR a le eee Ey Guaranteed 0.82 ti ik Found 0.838 (at 10°.06 1.30 0.47 3.18 Guaranteed 2.06 8 D) SE Fite ater ) Found 2.18 9.60 12.01 2.07 0.93 5.10 zuaranteed 2.88 9 th Found 3.83 9.34 10.90 7.44 1.69 4.09 Guaranteed 337 6 5 Found 4.32 8.80 10.34 5.75 1.96 3.59 Guaranteed 4.12 v6 C Found 3.88 8.95 9.40 Gao 2.15 5.52 Below guarantee | 0.24
160 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
u ) Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was g taken. A i] g » st a L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., SO vepranide ws Greenport. 4142 Pawtucket, R. I. ee ————— aie Detrick Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,,W. E. Lowe’s spe- Geneseo. 4643 Baltimore, Md.) cial. pt DN Apa Oe BOO Dane peel ere eee Louis F. Detrick, Bone and potash/Brocton. 5139 Baltimore, Md.| mixture. pemme eer) MR ee es es aes Louis F. Detrick, “K.K.K.” Kanga-|Brocton. 51388 Baltimore, Md.| roo Komplete Kompound. ee eS fee Louis F. Detrick, ‘Wooldridge’s extra| Brocton. 5140 Baltimore, Md.| acid phosphate. O. A. Dryer, G. A. D,. special|South Lima. |4585 South Lima, N. Y.| No. 4. Edward Dwyer, (‘SA prands Livonia. 4578 Livonia, N. Y. Edward Dwyer, Black diamond. _|Livonia. 4579 Livonia, N. Y. R. D. Eaton, Ammoniated bone|Norwich. 4874
Norwich, N. Y.| phosphate.
eg | eee
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Below guarantee 0.24
3, [eee | tig | 22g | SHE | tke + | gee es tase ge) gas no na. na nie? ake nk &S as goss BEs B20 335 B30 Be | gaat |) Soe |) ees ses | SEsa a ow a ov om rm Guaranteed Pee | 6 10 Found 4.39 7.49 8.76 10.10 2.01 2.84 — erreeeey Guaranteed 10 6 ee Found 10.02 13.38 5.15 3.0) Below guarantee 0.85 OY rr | ee | Guaranteed —— | 10 2.25 —__—__—_ x Found 10.96 12.79 2.38 ee Guaranteed 1.65 8 8 Found 1.70 9.47 11.75 3.09 0.75 6.91 Guaranteed ———_ | 14 ——_ Found 15.33 15.90 12.41 Guaranteed 1 8 12 —_—_ Found 0.92 8.54 tate TS 0.24 5.94 | Below guarantee 0.28 Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 ——— : Found - 0.75 8.61 9.61 4.53 0.48 4.97 | Guaranteed 1.65 10 5 | —-_—— | Found 1.47 | 9.56 10.78 5.97 | 0.38 6.86 Below guarantee 0.44 Guaranteed 2.06 8 5 | Found 1.82 7.85 9.02 3.68 0.94 6.09
162 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke
oO
Locality where q
MANUFACTURER Trade name or brand. camp was 3
aken.
q
2
ee}
&
n
R. D. Eaton, Corn, oats and|Norwich. 4376
Norwich, N. Y.| grass special. Harlville. 4382
R. D. Eaton, Special hop and|Norwich. 4373 Norwich, N. Y.| potato.
R. D. Eaton, Special potato ma-|Norwich. 4375
Norwich, N. Y.| nure. Harlville. 4381
Eureka Fertilizer Co., Hureka. Ayon. 4597 Avon, N. Y.
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Fair and square. |Franklinville.|4793 Syracuse, N. Y.
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Phoenix. Syracuse. 4310
Syracuse, N. Y. Earlville. 4380
Franklinville. 4.04
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone. Leroy. 4677 Syracuse, N. Y. Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard bone|Syracuse. 4311
Syracuse, N. Y.! phosphate.
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard bone/South Lima. |4598 Syracuse, N. Y.| phosphate, spe-|Jamestown. |5094 cial formula.
| le
New York AaricuttuRAL ExpPERIMENT STATION. 163
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
_ |s82 | vee | cag | seg | cess i ul bagi 2a) | ete iGEM || Soe See \isgeee|| Ger. | sees || sea | eeee ga | Bee | #22 | 2e2 | $22 | Fest & & | eo £ Kod Bie Guaranteed 1.03 8 3 | Found 1.10 9.15 10.42 3.40 0.27 4.88 a Es 8 OE | See (2 ee |_——— Guaranteed 0.82 8 6 Found 0.63 7.95 9.59 5.82 0.29 4.84 | bel ee ae Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 | Found 0.82 8.58 10.02 4.42 0.34 5.30 Guaranteed —— | 10 Bhs Found 11.26 12.88 4.96 7.39 | Guaranteed 2.47 (6 0.54 Found 2 Mott il fa 0.44 0.29 2.48 Below guarantee 0.47 | ef | S| , es Guaranteed 123 5 1.60 Found 0.83 5.45 1 ePATE eal 0.11 3.10 Below guarantee 0.40 | Guaranteed —_——-— 8 2.16 Found 7.46 8.45 2.63 1.64 Below guarantee 0.54 | SSS SS SSS Guaranteed 0.82, 9 3.24 Found 0.62 10.78 12.10 3.74 | 0 6.44 te Guaranteed 0.82 8 Found 0.88 he
Below guarantee 0.43
164 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
K 3) Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A | & + iS na Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard special|Franklinville.|4792
Syracuse, N. Y.! formula. |
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Club and grange East Aurora. lasae Syracuse, N. Y.| formula. |
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard phos-|Hast Aurora. |4836 Syracuse, N. Y.| phate.
John Finster, Home trade bone|Rome. la488 Rome, N. Y.| eagle phosphate.
H. Fitchard, Minetto fertilizer. |Oswego Cent./4926 Minetto, N. Y. Oswego. 4933 Geo. B. Forrester, Cabbage manure. |Flatlands. 4195
New York City.
Geo. B. Forrester, Complete manure|Jamaica. 4064 New York City.| for the potato.
Corn manure. Flatlands. 4196 New York City.
Geo. B. Forrester,
Geo. B. Forrester, Muriate of potash.|Flatlands, 4198 New York City.
ss ese
New York AacricutturaAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 165
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER,
2 pecan | Sear fee, Ib eee |: ee Fe Creie es on Cie OS ors Salles ae Pee ee gee no nt ey, mes no nee nt &2 cs HS She Sao res ofA eee oe | eee| sea] Zee) | gee |) Beas rm om om a Ay av Guaranteed ——- 6 2.16 ———_ Found 7.95 10.39 2.83 4.42 Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.08 ———— Found 2 9.46 10.19 1.08 0.21 5.71 | Guaranteed R23 9 2ey Found 1 atl 10.28 11.87 2.14 0.31 6.60 Guaranteed 1 8 2 | Found 0.75 7.13 9.68 il. iul 0.35 1.8% | Below guarantee O225% |RORSh 0.49 —— a ees | een | a Guaranteed 3 5.50 Os Found Oe ani 8.25 10.41 call 1.09 PANT Below guarantee 0.49 | Guaranteed 4.73 5 7 Found 5.19 6.97 6.97 9.89 4.75 6.385 | | Guaranteed 3.70 5.50 10 | Found ATT 7 a 9.62 4.58 6.82 Below guarantee | | 0.38 be AK lie deensvsgs | Comma | Guaranteed 3.91 6.50 8 pee See Found 4.31 6.35 6.35 10.30 4.02 5.93 Guaranteed — | ——_ —— | 50 Found 50.20 |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
166 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
K oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was = taken. =| =| aS) »_ 8 nm Geo. B. Forrester, Nitrate of soda. Flatlands. 4197 New York City. Geo. B. Forrester, Sulphate of am-)|Flatlands. 4199 New York City.) monia. Geneva Coal Company, Early trucker. Geneva. 5244 Geneva, N. Y. Geneva Coal Company, Oats and barley;Geneva. 5242 Geneva, N. Y.| special. Geneva Coal Company, Ten and ten. Geneva. 5245 Geneva, N. Y. | i Geneva Coal Company, Standard corn and ,Genevya. 5243 Geneva, N. Y.| potato manure. Globe Fertilizer Co., Banner fertilizer. |Worthville. |4900 New York City. Pierrepont Manor. 4906 Globe Fertilizer Co., Dauntless. Worthville. {4899 New York City. Pierrepont Manor. 4905 Globe Fertilizer Co., Prolific. Pierrepont
New York see Manor. 4907
New York AgricutturaL Experiment Station. 167
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Pie inceewr| Re | edn | eed 2 as AS as ee aas no ma , mos ne nue nt &2 ES cps BES gee 335 B30 ae Bans 2°83 BES ZED 2ED's ay ou a ay Ay om Guaranteed 15 —— |] Td Mm ——_ Found 15.54 15.54 |} | —] A] —__—_ ]|__ Guaranteed 20 — —— 1 | —— _ | ———__ | —— Found 20.34 20.34 ee eee eS ee Sons eae Guaranteed 3.30 7 8 Found 3.06 8.29 9.64 TAM 0.92 5.97 Below guarantee 022455] | ae Ta ea Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 Found 0.93 8.46 10.05 4.22 0.49 5.17 —_—} | A] ] — Guaranteed ————_ | 10 10 ound 10.92 11.48 11.39 7..96 Guaranteed 2.47 7 8 Yound 2.69 nas Sale 8.73 0.77 5.12
Found
Guaranteed Found
1.19 | 10.38 | 13.14 | 3.86
Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed 0.75 8 10 6 cela ee a 2 9.06 SZ 7.49 0.83 6.64
168 REPORT OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Hastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Trade name or brand.
Locality where sample was taken.
| Station number.
English wheat{Gardnertown.|4249 Voorheesville|4493 Pearl Creek. |4700
grower.
Garden special.
Jamaica. Orient. Stanley.
General dissolved|/Penn Yan.
bone.
General fertilizer.
Grain and grass.
Half and half.
Northern corn spe- cial.
Oats, and down.
4096 4148 5226
5144
=
Pearl Creek. |4701
Gainesville. Dresden.
Camden.
|
Sagaponack. |4174
Orient. Gardnertown. Adams.
buckwheat| Wellsville. seeding|Adams.
4149 4250 4898
4765 4897
ee ee
New York AGricutturRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 PouNDS OF FERTILIZER.
of of of of of
Se gg | Sa, ag 3 tad a eee Be | 33 $2 | gas ge |ase; | Sse | 58 | 82 | 35°E Ba | dees | sea | gee | see | sees iS eas Bele Shae ae baidtaila Guaranteed 0.83 8 2 Found 0.87 8.75 10.66 1.94 0.68 4.01 Guaranteed 3.30 6 8 es Found 3.44 6.93 8.30 7.85 0.51 4.79 | : | Guaranteed 14 (SS Wee Found 15.10 15.55 10.56 Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 a Found 1.09 8.54 9.67 3.98 0.04 5.07 |
Below guarantee 0.61
Found 0.21 5.61
Guaranteed 2.47 8 2 ——_——_ Found 2.30 7.90 8.56 1.95 1.03 5.28 Guaranteed a2 9 1 a
6 : Below guarantee
Found 9.74 19.25 123 | Guaranteed 2.88 8 2 SS Found 2.95 8.51 9.91 2.39 0.85 6.31
Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.03
170 Report OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
MANUFACTUBER.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., | Rutland, Vt.'!
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt.
Griffith & Boyd, Baltimore, Md.
Griffith & Boyd, Baltimore, Md.
Griffith & Boyd,
Baltimore, Md.!
Griffith & Boyd, Baltimore, Md.
Griffith & Boyd, |
Baltimore, Md.
Locality where sample was taken.
Trade name or brand
Schodack special. |Stanley.
Soluble bone and|Dansville. potash. Gainesville. Remsen. Vegetable, vin e|Gardnertown. and tobacco fer-| Wellsville. tilizer. Camden. Wheat special. Stanley.
Cereal bone plant-|Franklin Iron food. Works.
im-| Dundee. phos-
Farmers’ proved phate.
Farmers’ manure.
potato;Gorham.
Garden guano. Gorham.
General crop. Dundee.
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
| Station number.
5225
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
eo ees Tes ke ee Fi 2k 23 =4 = be SA 0% e S32 Ais as ee gas no ne. n = nHo nee me eS we Tee TRB5 OOP ota Wee are Spas aires 839 a2 Agfa 5 Sand ae BBS 5Eo 5 Fo'A om fu aw a om iw Guaranteed 0.80 8 8 Found feet 10.16 1-20 7.60 0.48 5.24 Below guarantee 0.40 Guaranteed —— | il 2 Found 2, 12.08 | 1.85 2.55 | | |} | A] J] —_—_ Guaranteed 2.06 8 31 As Found 2.06 8.38 10.14 3.46 0.67 5.60 | i Guaranteed 1.60 8 Pe — Found 1.92 9.15 10.80 2.28 0.41 0.30 eS | a | [ Guaranteed 0.82 8 2 Found 0.88 8.44 10.28 Zo 0.36 5.66 BE Sep ea CE | ee =i ior ae Guaranteed 0.82 7 1.50 | | Found 0.76 TGPAE 10.21 2.05 0.24 | Sedat $$$ | Guaranteed 0.82 8 9 Found Ont 7.95 10.01 10.46 0.27 3.66 a Guaranteed 1.65 6.50 4.50 Found 1.52 7.59 10.14 3.96 4.72 Below guarantee 0.54 | | Guaranteed 0.82 8 | 4 Found 0.69 7.24 8.90 4.84 (Healey 5.05 Below guarantee 0.76 | | |
12 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
Q iS) oa
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
b oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER Trade name or brand. ee was 5 taken. € [=| © » 8 nm Griffith & Boyd, Grain grower spe-|Dundee. 5167
Baltimore, Md.| cial.
Griffith & Boyd, Original super-| Dundee. 5168 Baltimore, Md.| phosphate.
John Haefele, Ground steamed|Amsterdam. |4463 Albany, N. Y.| bone, H brand. |Albany. 4484
Hammond’s Slug-Shot Works, Sward food. Fishkill Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Landing. 4243 G. L. Harding, Up-to-date general|Binghamton. |4338
Binghamton, N. Y.| fertilizer.
Isaac C. Hendrickson, Long Island fertil-|Jamaica. 4063 Jamaica, N. Y.| izer.
S. M. Hess & Bro., Keystone bone|Mattituck. 4138 Philadelphia, Pa.| phosphate.
—— eee
S. M. Hess & Bro., Potato and truck|Mattituck. 4137 Philadelphia, Pa.| manure.
+ ace ee
S. M. Hess & Bro., Special potato ma-! Woodhaven.
4093 Philadelphia, eral nure.
New York AGricutturaAL ExpErRIMENT STATION.
173
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of total phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
—_—— | eee | | ————
Hw! Hig oH 7 : oF 4 o58 onze goa | 253 | g8°5 Ago AaSo ASS Ze5 | BEE | AEDS Oy am Ay : 2 2.08 4.29 _——— =| | | 9.02 ——_ |_| ——— 1.66 q | Aue |e fe 4.37 1.74 cies Gai 4.50* | ———_—_ 4.83 0.45 | 3.96 | 4 ee 6.29 0.25 | | | | il aba 0.56 0.58 6 TEA 1.47 iL 7 6.82 ar 4.01
poe 8 | 23 ge | Sea 5 a Be s 3 fe) Ootas aa 4 Guaranteed —— | 10 Found 10.38 Guaranteed —— | 14 Found 13255 Below guarantee 0.45 Guaranteed Pi PuR —— Found 3.23 Below guarantee Guaranteed Zao Found 2.08 0.80 Below guarantee 0.27 Guaranteed ayes) 6.25 Found 3.80 8.07 Guaranteed 2 6 Found 03 5.48 Below guarantee 0.97 0.52 Guaranteed 0.80 9 Found 1.02 10.53 Guaranteed 2.50 8 Found 2.60 8.06 Guaranteed 3.25 8 Found 3.51 9.33
10.52
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
174 ’ Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
re o Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. A =] & »~ S n C. C. Hicks, Animal bone. Penn Yan. (5153 Penn Yan, N. Y. CC: Hicks; Prolific. Penn Yan. 5155 Penn Yan, N. Y. C. C. Hicks, Soluble bone. Penn Yan. 5154 Penn) Yan Ne Ye Hubbard & Co., Farmers IXL su-|Franklinville.|/4778 Baltimore, Md.| perphosphate. Hubbard & Co., Oriental phosphate|Franklinville.|4777 Baltimore, Md.| for wheat and grass. Hubbard & Co., Warranted pure|Iranklinville.|/4779 P Baltimore, Md.} raw bone. Imperial Fertilizer Co., L. I. special for|Hollis, Pes New York City.| potatoes and | truck.
-_-------- |
Imperial Fertilizer Co., Imperial ten per|Hollis. 4090 New York City.) cent. guano. Ingersoll Packing Co., Bone. South Lima. lange Ontario, Can. |
Sn
New York AaqricuttruraAL Exprrmment Station.
175
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found:
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Yound
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of
of
etesee pace femea) [meee S| 38 as | 33 32 | gee ge |aa%3 | S38 | $22 | Sea | 2372 = =| = asc Aaco Bo Aso ao g258 poe gFs | gra gre 1.85 9 finn Al 2.04 9.56 13.85 4.20 0.83 7.20 ee eS | s/s |——__ 0.82 10 8 | 0.95 10.70 11.47 8.13 0.65- 8.21 | —— | 14 oo sail) paetsin iret tb 13.69 16.80 9.41 0.31 1.64 9 t5 bata: 10.75 11.96 1.62 0.64 7.39 0.82 8 1.50 thea i 9.92 MRD 159 0.16 6.88 | | | 3.29 ——— 23 — ———— 3.29 26.50 0.50 | Me B67 7 3.40 9.28 11.41 Ufc 2.13 3.64 0.31 | 8.78 6 3 —_ — | 7.14 (ook 9.73 3.35 4.18 |} 2.80 1.64 | 4 —_ 16 —- — 4.77 18.51 0.47
176
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Ingersoll Packing Co.,
Ontario, Can.
Ingersoll Packing Co.,
Locality where Trade name or brand. sample-was taken. Brand B. South Lima. Flesh. South Lima.
Ontario, Can.
Ingersoll Packing Co.,
Flesh and potash. |South Lima.
Ontario, Can.
International Seed Co.,
Rochester,
International Seed Co.,
Rochester,
International Seed Co.,
Rochester,
International Seed Co.,
Rochester,
Geo. A. Ives,
Bainbridge,
Jamestown Fertilizer Co.,
Jamestown,
A-1-special Queens. N. Y.| manure. Horseheads. Hlectrie guano. Holland. ING Y- Grain and grass. |Canaseraga. INN: Remsen.
Potato and truck|Oxford.
N. Y.| manure. So. Livonia. Remsen. Corn and _ oats|Bainbridge. N. Y.| special.
Grain and seeding|Jamestown. N. Y.| brand.
kK © 2 | 3 a i=] = te 3 c=) nm
New York AGricutturRAL Experiment STATION.
177
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of
water-solu-
p hos- phorie acid.
Pounds ble
we oz z oss Er °2 5 bo 2g ale a3 ras no hon n = wn pane) nee ge | ces | eae°| See | (eee aq Lond [ml i = 8 2ae | pe roy 8 za | g Bo i | Guaranteed 10 —- 2 ——_ | = Found TOS Dee | 0.138 | Guaranteed 7 a 5 — Found TERS 10.76 0.29 ioe | Guaranteed 6 — 4 1* Found Wadd. 8.31 THe lle 0.54 ee | | a ha Guaranteed 2.40 6 10 Found 2.69 6.87 9.51 10.31 0-79 Guaranteed 0.82 8 Pe Found 2.14 8.62 9.84 2.18 1.46 | Guaranteed 1.65 10 2 Found 1.5 10.11 12 St 2016 0.52 | | Guaranteed ee, 8 Tz Found 1.29 10.05 ol OS 7.60 0.14 Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 Found 0.90 8.72 10.19 4.08 0.51 Guaranteed 0.82 7 2 Found ib 6.65 8.19 2.59 0.11 Below guarantee 0.35
| * Potash present in form of sulphate.
12
178 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
—
Ke oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was 5 taken. A c= 2 ~~ 8 nm Jamestown Fertilizer Co., Oats and buck-|Jamestown. |5099 Jamestown, N. Y.| wheat special. | Jamestown Fertilizer Co., Potato, grain and|Jamestown. |5100 Jamestown, N. Y.! grass. Jarecki Chemical Co., Bone and _ phos-|Bath. 5190 Sandusky, Ohio.| phate mixture. Jarecki Chemical Co., Double fish guano.|Bath. 5189 Sandusky, Ohio. Jarecki Chemical Co., Fish and potash|Bath. 5191 Sandusky, Ohio.| potato and _ to- bacco food. Jarecki Chemical Co., Fish and potash|Machias. 4799 Sandusky, Ohio.| grain special. | Jarecki Chemical Co., Lake Erie fish|Machias. 14800 Sandusky, Ohio.) guano. Gowanda. |5087 Jarecki Chemical Co., No. 1 fish guano. |Machias. |4798 Sandusky, Ohio. Gowanda. |5084
Jones Fertilizer Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Bone and potash.
North Collins.|5064
|
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 179
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of
20 bj AG a | eee liseoed|| ee) aeamhantee: | tees es aes a Fe ga2
no aA Teese nh? n he wh AS aS | aoés BES Eee Bee Be08 iG | peas | 288 | 282 25 2Esa ay ow Ay or Ay 4 Guaranteed ——_ | 10 2 Found 11.14 11.52 2.49 8.01 | | | Poi ie Guaranteed 0.82 8 | 4 | Found 0.64 8.41 10.88 2.83 | Orit 5.81 Below guarantee 1.17 | | | | Guaranteed 2.10 | —— | 15 0.50* | Found 3.11 16.72 0.55 0.73 | 4.63 | | | Guaranteed 2.47 12 1 ———= | Found 2.34 11.838 13.01 1.58 Lie | 8.36 | Se Guaranteed 0.86 9 af Found 0.83 11.91 13.12 1.91 0.42 8.05 Below guarantee 2.09 | | Guaranteed 1.20 9 4 Found 0.97 10.11 11.97 2.20 0.45 6.53 Below guarantee 0.23 1.80 | \ Eris camer | Roa a RO Guaranteed 1.75 10 omeli® | Found 1.82 10.79 12.15 | 1.4501] 0.51 6.17 | | Guaranteed 0.85 10 i —- Found 0.82 | 11.30 12.06 1.22 0.53 | 6.95 | | ee ee | Guaranteed 1.95 8 4* | | Found 2.04 6.77 9.82 3.98 0.17 | 1.04 l
Below guarantee 1.23 |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
180
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Jones Fertilizer Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Jones Fertilizer Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Jones Fertilizer Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Jones Fertilizer Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Jones Fertilizer Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Lackawanna Fertilizer Co.,
Moosic, Pa.
Lackawanna Fertilizer Co.,
Moosic, Pa.
Lackawanna Fertilizer. Co., Moosic,
Lackawanna Fertilizer Co., Moosic,
Lackawanna Fertilizer Co.,
Moosic, Pa.
Pa.
Pa.
where e@ was en.
Localit
Trade name or brand. sam
orth Collins.
Jewel phosphate.
Jones’ reliable. North Collins.
Miami Valley/|North Collins. phosphate.
Special tobacco. |North Collins.
Tobacco and_ po-|North Collins. tato grower.
Acid phosphate. |Southport.
Alkaline bone. Southport.
Bone phate.
superphos-|Southport.
Moosic phosphate. |Southport.
Special manure. (Southport.
Station number.
5067
ooo
5068
5065
New Yorx AGriIcuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 181
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
>, | os | cay | cag | Sad | aes ei iras ae | ga | $8 | ga8 38 Baas Ss 258. 23% cA eas = ad, Cs as ato Ago Aes Bf Baas | Ae ges BES A Guaranteed 1.25 9 ———— Found 1.05 8.92 STi, 0.08 1.19 | et eat ai Guaranteed 2.05 7.50 ery — Found 2.62 8.47 Toes 181. 0.70 3.54 | eet | Guaranteed Pate 9 2 ee ed ayy; € Found 3.02 | 8.15 | 12.44 | 3.67 | 0.78 2.06 Below guarantee 0.85 | | | | | | Guaranteed 2.47 9 2.50* | Found Po, Ef 10.96 15.80 AP OTs” 164 | Guaranteed 4.20 8.25 6* | Found 4 8.62 11.26 7.40 Oss || Biola | | re a a oe Guaranteed ——_ | 14 a Found 16.40 17.28 11.94 wid! cae —_}—_}—_|— Guaranteed a 8 1.62* Found 7.94 9.98 Pei Pae 2.98 | ela || Ee ee ee eee ee Guaranteed 1.65 | 10 2 | Found 1.66 10.06 11.66 1.89 0.82 | 6.64 SS ee eee Guaranteed Ls) v6 1.50* Found 1.55 (eon 9.23 Delite 0.78 4.97 | Guaranteed 2.50 10 6.50* Found 2.42 10.48 12.18 6.32 1.47 Teer?
* Potash present in form of sulphate. |
18% REporT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was taken. F. R. Lalor, Canada hard-wood|Milton. Dunnville, Ont., Can.| ashes. Rome. Lazaretto Guano Co., Ammoniated bone/Rome.
Baltimore, Md.| phosphate.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Extra ammoniated|Marathon. Baltimore, Md.| bone. Rome.
Caledonia.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Extra hop and po-|Hamilton.
Baltimore, Md.| tato manure.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Fruit and vine. Marathon. Baltimore, Md. \Caledonia.
Watertown.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Gaines’ bone and/Sherburne.
Baltimore, Md.| potash.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Gaines’ corn and|Sherburne. Baltimore, Md.) oat special.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Gaines’ grain and|Sherburne. Baltimore, Md.| grass.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Gaines’ hop and/Sherburne. Baltimore, Md.; potato.
| Station number.
New York AaricutturaAL ExpermmMENtT STATION. 183
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
In 100 Pounnps oF FERTILIZER.
Hw Hoo @< ons din |e ae ie Bg | ESs 3 F2As
a Ay 0.82 9 0.86 8.96 0.82 8 0.78 8.20 0.82 10 0.91 10.65
0.82 0.89 10.77
10
12.58 1.038 8 0.91 8.12
of of
See Se aa ae | ae ne Bee. | eee Bie, aEo | am ow 1 4.50* 1.97 Dane | 2 10.69 Zod | ——— 4 9.65 4.46 : 8 11.65 7.81 { & 11.72 7.69 0.31 | | 2 13.67 | 2.14 | | |————_ | | | 3 9.53 | 3.85 pees hese 4 9:97 4.47 | -_———— | | 8 11.63 7 1
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
o28 | osag $e oa8 gee | 9672 ae aaa Aes Sead Ay Ay |———— | 0.46 6 0.34 4.72 ——— | 0.39 | 8.10 | 0.34 8.50 | | 9.27 | 0.23 | 4.79 | 0.48 | 6.09 | —_———_ 0.11 Salt
184 ReEporT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
oy oO Locality where| ‘¢ MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A &§ ~~ f m Lazaretto Guano Co., Landers’ corn,|Whitney Pt. |4327 Baltimore, Md.} oats and _ buck- wheat. Lazaretto Guano Co., Landers’ special}Whitney Pt. |4328 Baltimore, Md.| potato manure. Lazaretto Guano Co., Leathersich’s bone|Caledonia. 4664 Baltimore, Md.| and potash. Lazaretto Guano Co., N. Y. standard No.|Caledonia. 4665 Baltimore, Md.} 2. Lazaretto Guano Co., N. Y. standard po-|Marathon. 4325 Baltimore, Md.| tato manure. Watertown. |4883 Lazaretto Guano Co., Retriever animal|Binghamton. |4854 Baltimore, Md.| bone. Lazaretto Guano Co., Special onion and|Watertown. |4886 Baltimore, Md.| cabbage. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Iruit and vine. Marlborough. |4960
Carteret, N. J.
Liebig Manufacturing Co., Peach tree No. 1. Carteret, N. J.
Marlborough.|4959
New York AGricuLtTtTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 185
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
o, | sae | cae | Se, | Sed | Sees : ae = ra OF OD Ce ae % | 2s Ag 33 32 S28 no nm es Sas nhs nh aS oO 8 kom. TRH mo UP oq oO & =e} a, om a 8.9 Ago Hao Ago ge | 3en8 | Be Bes BFS A Guaranteed 1 PR 3 re Found 1.08 9.29 10.57 3.05 0.25 Dene | | S|] |} HA | Guaranteed 0.82 - 8 4 See Found 0.80 8.05 9.77 4.40 0.38 4.91 | | | Guaranteed — | 10 5 —_———— Found 10.26 10.98 ye 1 anol | __ ee ee —}—_|_— ieee Guaranteed 10 3 | ————— Found 1.40 9.60 11.67 Sala.) | 0.54 6.50 Below guarantee 0.40 | Guaranteed 2.47 Ti ars Found PN tae 7.80 9.39 8 1.528 5.62 | — Guaranteed iba {Sis 9 4 or EL Ls Found 1.95 9.20 13.52 4.20 0.60 6.30 Guaranteed 3.29 a 8 Found 3.29 7.20 10.04 8 1.07 4.74 |} |__| —__ Guaranteed 1.60 8 a Found L582 9.56 10.44 6.92 0.50 1.60 | | | S|] A] A] Guaranteed 1.60 6 10* Found 1.72 8.66 9.42 10.74 | 0.38 ites}
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
186 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H o Locality where 3 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. A 8 ~ & op) Liebig Manufacturing Co., Potato and corn. |Marlborough.|4956 Carteret, N. J. | 5 Liebig Manufacturing Co., Soluble bone and)|Marlborough.|4957 Carteret, N. J.| potash, No. 2. | 2 |—— Liebig Manufacturing Co., Standard ammo-}Marlborough.|4958 ’ Carteret, N. J.| niated superphos- phate. Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Ammoniated dis-|Syracuse. 4276 Newark, N. J.| solved bone. Utica. 4452 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Animal bone and|Utiea. |4450 Newark, N. J.| potash, No. 1. Gainesville. {473 Boonville. 4857 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Animal bone and|Gainesville. |4740 Newark, N. J.| potash, No. 2. . . . } Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Cauliflower and Jamaica. 40738 Newark, N. J.| cabbage _ fertil- | izer. Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Celebrated ground New Suffolk. |4162 Newark, N. J. bone. | Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Corn fertilizer No. Orient. 4150 Newark, N. J.| 2. Otego. 4530 Chatham. 4225
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LS.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
S, [ee | tle | See | tHe | tee ad gee aia beac: fe) 848 no me . ns nH ne ne 2 Be Veeeedal “as (| Mees || vase ||\<ee ae aa 3 ons 328, BES 255 Beas iz [LS aR 8 (Pe 2 9 eV eR ls Guaranteed PATS) 6 6 ——_—— Found 3.03 6.96 9.19 6.04 1.05 3.36 Sr ere ee eer errr] Guaranteed —— | 12 | 2 | | Found 12.40 14.69 | 22s | | 5.67 a Guaranteed 2.25 10 1.50 | ———— | Found Dh Parl 10.08 145) 1.83 0.45 aL Sy ole PY ET Guaranteed 1.81 9 | 1.50 | Found 1.95 10.58 12212 2.39 0.77 | Te23 seman gnats email aes Guaranteed —— |. 9 5 | | Found 9.68 10.10 5.20 4.82 | exc | Guaranteed —— | 10 3 Found 9.63 10.36 2.98 4.75 | | | Below guarantee 0.37 | | | Fig RO ee | acegeiys ote ree Guaranteed 3.70 Toa 7 | Found 3.60 8.99 9.72 Det Sel eli 6.97 | | | bees ane: sails Maan SS ae Guaranteed 2.70 | ——— | 12 —=—— | | ——— Found 2.79 12.78 | 0.86 | bein dete ellen BLS Ss | Guaranteed 1.81 9.25 4 | Found 1.97 10.45 22; 4.35 O2807 8.74 | | |
188 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
i oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was =} taken. A =| & Pe} gS n Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Corn and potato|Wayland. 4611 Newark, N. J.| fertilizer. ; Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, Crescent bone|Southampton./4194 Newark, N. J.| dust. Wayland. 4617 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Fruit and _ vine/Thiells. 4964 Newark, N. J.| fertilizer. Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, G. brand. Cortland. 4312 Newark, N. J. Leroy. 4678 Walton. 5002 . Lister’s Agri’]1 Chemical Works, Harvest Queen|Amsterdam. |4465 Newark, N. J.| phosphate. Williamst’wn/4911 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Lawn fertilizer. Himira. 5175 Newark, N. J. Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Oneida special. Earlville. 4884 Newark, N. J. Cazenovia. 4413 Nichols. 5029 Lister’s Agri’]1 Chemical Works, Perfect fertilizer. |Geneseo. 4648 Newark, N. J. Holland. 4815 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Potato manure. Jamaica. 4072 Newark, N. J. Bridgehamp- ton. 4167 Fulton. 4937
SL
New Yorx AqricutTroraL Exrrrment Station.
189
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
i
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER,
— bal Hoo Ho: qt a. ie 3 So Bisblumcunen| | Ss || 28H 2) ac As os of | ond gil Maps — . is] 3H OG Lol og e on aes Ap O-n ASS Ago sa =e) sod 5eo ° ota orm ofa Ay Ay Ay Au
of
water-solu- ble nitrogen.
Pounds
of ble phos- phoric acid.
Pounds water-so lu-
——qée le — | q§— |—_— [ml |__ _
|
1 ee POLED 2 Wa5 | | To. 1/918 21°41" 10 | -——— 1.65 | 8 | 3.50 £246 8297 9.21 | 3.99 | | 0.62 | 10 | 1* DSO Me ki 12e aa tO el aa | 124: V9. 50 | 2 180 lis 18 e(12826= 06 |__| 3.70 | 7.50 3.64 | 8.41 9.51 | 7.55
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
190 REPORT OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES
MANUFACTURER.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’l1 Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.
CHEMIST OF THE
OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Localit Trade name or brand. taken.
Potato manure No.|Thiells.
Px Collins. Pure raw _ bone|Utica. meal. Collins. Nichols. Special beet fer-| Utica. tilizer.
Special corn fertil-|Cortland.
izer. Otego. Walton. Special crop| Wayland. grower.
Special potato] Utica.
fertilizer. East Aurora. Collins. Special ten per/Southold.
cent potato. Utica.
Special fertilizer.
tobacco] Fulton.
where sample was
COL
| Station number.
New York AGricuLtuRAL ExprrRIMENtT STATION. 191
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
of of of of of of
a2 2 oo 5 aq 5 ag ht ithe ae $3 $3 See | BE | gees | Sh | S22 | 388 | 28°¢ 3S q om me) fas} Bay lige |) sea, |) Bee | 253 | Bea, iam ra | Ay a aw uy Guaranteed 1.81 9.25 4 —_—_—_—_——. Found 1.86 10.69 1 Bul 4,28 0.79 7.83 | Guaranteed 2.67 |:.—— | 23 —— | ———__ | ———— Found 2.74 24.31 0.64 | p | | Guaranteed 1.65 8 3 — Found Weds 8.52 TL TL) Boer 0.68 5.17 | i} | | Guaranteed 165%, (78 Pes ~ Found iL 7s 8.84 11.30 3.02 0.60 5.54 | | | | | | ! ] Guaranteed 0.83 8 1* | ————— Found 0.83 (28 9.56 1.40 0.07 2.41 Below guarantee 0.72 | “Teel oeaga') dimes eee | aaa | Guaranteed 1.65 8 [haus | Found ONC 8.59 dla ra ae a) Salas. | 0.69 4.88 | | | | | | | | | eae Guaranteed 1.85 8.50 10* es Found 1678} 10.21 11.60 10.09 0.58 7.98 | | : | | | | Guaranteed 1.65 8.50 4 | Found 2.07 9.42 11.58 3), 1006 0.88 6.37 Below guarantee 0.23
* Potash present in form of sulphate,
192 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
be
o
Locality where q
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5
taken. A
i=]
2
~~
$
nm
Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, Spe ¢ i ail wheat Livonia
Newark, N. J.| fertilizer. Station. 4564
Mt. Morris. |4625 Rushville. 5212
Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, Standard pure|Bridgehamp- Newark, N. J.| bone superphos-| ton. 4168 phate of lime. Schenectady. |4475 Mt. Morris. (|4624
Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, Success fertilizer. |New Suffolk. |4161 Newark, N. J. Syracuse. 4275 Wayland. 4612
Lister’s Agri’1 Chemical Works, U. S. superphos-|Wayland. 4613 Newark, N. J.| phate. Nichols. 5030 Lister’s Agri’] Chemical Works, |Vegetable com-|} Walton. - 5002
Newark, N. J.| pound.
Lonergan & Livingston, L. & L. Albany. 4479 Albany, N. Y.
Lowell, Mass.
Lowell Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. |Cortland. Iss
Lowell Fertilizer Co., Animal brand. E. Williston. |4110 Lowell, Mass. Carthage. Hee Lowell Fertilizer Co., Bone fertilizer for|Greenport. 4145
Lowell, Mass.| corn and grain. |Cortland. 4309
Fonda. 4457
193
New York AgqricutturAL Experiment STartrion.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
| ‘plow olzoyqd DQ SH 16 -soyd o2q ae = va -T [08-107 BAL Ne) - oo yO spunog
ior) ie 4) or) ‘meS30.1310 oq 10 © ie -N][OS-1038 M oS ro) ro) JO spunog “ysejod o[q o.a) So 00 -N[ OS-19]78M 6) me ree yo spunog of oD rN ANN “pioe olmoyd sH S -soqd [890} Oe) & Se JO spunog ua N oN eet nM “plo
dt 10ydsoyd 5 B B 8
OTQABl[IBAB : = S yo spunog ecic iS} SS *me30.1410 ny 2 % ES a 8 Joa Pilig halt no an caine
3 3 3
® ® ®
a q q ke) y=} bo) ae oa at 50 =e) =I) O & O Or
Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed Found
6.39
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
* Potash present in form of sulphate,
13
194 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
re o Locality where| ‘3 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was g taken. A 8 3 a Lowell Fertilizer Co., Cereal brand. Cortland. 4306 Lowell, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Complete manure|Fonda. 4458 Lowell, Mass.| for vegetables. I Lowell Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone|Oneonta. 4507 Lowell, Mass.| and potash. Lowell Fertilizer Co., [Empire brand. |Cortland. [4807 Lowell, Mass. Oneonta. 4506
Waverly. 5083
Lowell Fertilizer Co., Fruit and vine for|Greenport. |4144 Lowell, Mass.| strawberries.
Lowell Fertilizer Co., Potato phosphate. |E. Williston. |4169 Lowell, Mass. Cortland. 4805
Ey =
Lowell Fertilizer Co., Tobacco manure. |Corning. 5183
Lowell, Mass. |
Fred’k Ludlam, Ac Bian. Wyoming. 4690 New York City. New City. 4966 Fred’k Ludlam, Cereal brand. Marathon. 4318 New York City. Wyoming. 4691
New City. 4967
New York AgGriouttuRAL ExpPERIMENT STATION.
195
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Found
Guaranteed
-|
|
: Guaranteed | |
-7—_____
|
Found | |
-|
|
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee |
Guaranteed
Found | |
Guaranteed | Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of
nitrogen.
Pounds
bo bo
1.98
Lo we) Go 9)
er
| | | | | | | | |
of
Pounds
a4
“10
available phosphoric
acid.
04
ol
.ol
of phos- phorie acid.
total
Pounds
11.49
9.81
10.98
7.61
11.44
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
of
water-sol u- ble potash.
Pounds
of water-sol u - ble nitrogen.
Pounds
0.64
0.48
1.94
1.35
3.51
0.53
0.24
of water-solu- ble phos phorie acid.
Pounds
196 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
be
oO
Locality, where|
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was g
taken. A
|
iE
as
o
nD Fred’k Ludlam, |Dragon’s toot h| Bayside. |4105 New York City./ brand. E. Williston. |4112
Fred’k Ludlam, Fresh ground|Riverhead. 4133
New York City.| bone.
Fred’k Ludlam, Nitrate of soda, |Riverhead. [4134 New York City.
Fred’k Ludlam, Special fertilizer. |Riverhead. [4126 New York City. |
Z. F. Magill, Crematory ashes, |Fonda. 4456 Troy, ON. YX:
|
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano|“ A” brand ma-|Little Neck. |4101
Co., New York City.} nure. Binghamton. |4349
Collins. 5072
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano|Bone. Bedford Sta. |4220 Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Cabbage and eauli-|Little Neck. |4099 Co., New York City.| flower manure.
—
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano|Cereal brand. Bedford Sta. |4219 Co., New York City. 4351
New YorxK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 197
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
ew Hoos He. Hw Gites CER ee eo ee B (Poee Beil ee ee ga5 no n= , as n tO nme n be PZ Be (eee tl eee i eee ll eee tae | a | Zane 226. SES BES BESS py a Ay ov om Ay Guaranteed 3 a fi Found Spal 8.58 9.73 7.66 1.61 6. Al | | | ar i cies | Sa | OG | aE ae Guaranteed PPS) 5 18 - 0 -- —--- Found 3.05 12.61 24.80 1.14 | | | Se Teal ae clas - Guaranteed 1 | Found 14.80 14.80 | | | [aS Guaranteed 4 8 | 10 ——— Found 4.34 9.34 10.09 10.26 2.30 eae | | : Guaranteed 0.56 3.91 Dials —__—__ | —____ Found 0.12 0.14 0.35 0.22 0 Below guarantee 0.44 3.56 93 | | | [eo Guaranteed 2.47 10 ZO Found 2.84 148 ga 2 oe ree 1.93 4.47 | | | ' Guaranteed 3.29 ——— | 24 | ——— | ———— | —— Found 3.60 21.24 0.20 Below guarantee ZG |] |’ J] —_] | | | | | Guaranteed 4.12 6 6 | Found 4.32 6.59 8.59 6.73 2.98 2.39 | \ ee ees | | Se ee ee Guaranteed 1.65 6 3 Found 2.03 7.39 9.64 3.57 0.08 4.60
198 REporRT OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
CHEMIST OF THE
MANUFACTURER.
Legally where e
Trade name or brand. sample was taken.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano}\’omplete manure Cazenovia.
Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano
Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano
Co., New York City.
for general use.
Complete manure|Newburg. for light soils.
Corn manure. Little Neck.
Economical potato|Bedford Sta. manure. Binghamton.
COL
Station number.
ns ts — Ci |
Fruit and vine. Poughkeepsie|/4234
Clinton.
Grain brand. Binghamton. Clinton.
Grass and grain|Schenectady. spring top-dress- ake
Lawn top dressing|Bedford Sta.
L. I. special potato Little Neck. manure.
4544
4216
4098
New York AGricuttuRAL ExprrRIMENT STATION.
199
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
{ Guaranteed Found | |
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Wound
Below guarantee
yuaranteed ound
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
Sea Gees g | 733 ge | e385 sa | 5b33 } os Aas
AY A 3.29 8 3.23 Cals) 0.85 | A948 6 5.19 5.96 | | | Past 8 2.65 9.76 es 3.29 cs 3.54 4.54 |--——— | 1.65 5 2.26 5.68 | ie 0.82 8 1.10 8.30 | 4.84 4) A SES a Se | maa 2.02 3.99 0.45 3.29 4 3.58 6
of of
phoric acid.
7 oeed (bee: [ite g3 a4 aw | “se ae as 22 aa eat | ees |) ae |e y (>) o Boa | 2&5 355 BE Ay AY Ay Ay 4 11.52 | 6.14 1.44 2.48 | | | 6 8.96 | 5.96 1.44 2.09 — | —_|__ | | 6 AL AGH ly 6S 1.24 4.19 |———— S* 6.45 | 7.71 1.80 2.07 0.29 10* 7.69 | 12.77 1.06 3.66 | |—_——— 4 9.56 | 4.83 0.11 5.83 —— . | ( 7.25 | 8.04 za | 1.35 | Gaius aki, ie eanreas are 3.50 | 2.50 4.43 | 4,44 1.84 0.94 | faerie ned 7* | 8.62 | 8.24 1.50 2.76
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
200 Report oF tue CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H
@o
Locality where :
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3
taken. A
=|
2
re)
&
n Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guans'Potato manure. Bedford Sta. |4218 Co., New York City. Jamestown. |5090
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano}Root and_ fruit|/Binghamton |4850
Co., New York City.| brand. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano|Special mixture. |Dundee. 5163 Co., New York City.
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano|Vegetable manure.|Binghamton. |43848
Co., New York City. ; Jamestown. |5091
Maryland Fertilizing Co., Alkaline bone. Mt. Morris. {4623 Baltimore, Md.
Maryland Fertilizing Co., Linden superphos-|Mt. Morris. |4622
Baltimore, Md.| phate.
Maxson & Starin, Complete manure|Homer. 4302 Homer, N. Y.| for fruit and vines. Maxson & Starin, Excelsior brand. |Homer. 4304
Homer, N. Y.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
201
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
of water-solu- phos-
» phoric acid.
Pounds ble
a ee S23 wis =n 2 ce Ss ; 3) a an 43 oa Se se .|aae: || ace | 252 | 333 as Bees gee a5 ABSo eo" p283 B28 ges BF5 eraiv ims 6* 3.90 | 6.89 9.49 7.94 1.50 hea lah 0.82 8 9 if 7.86 9.12 9.18 0.05 8.50 6.50 12.50* 3.84 9.09 9.97 12.51 1.97 4.94 6 6 4.76 7.76 9.41 5.81 1.44 —— | 11.75 at 3.50 10.63 Bi tape 1.12 0.98 estat 2-50 1a Bal SON .18 0.32 ile 7 9 Zee 9 10.10 7.66 1.78 1.24 0.82 6 3 ———_——_. 0.83 Toe 10.21 Se: 0.36
202 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
MANUFACTURER.
Maxson & Starin,
Homer, N. Y.
Maxson & Starin,
Homer, N. Y.
Maxson & Starin,
Homer, N. Y.
Maxson & Starin,
Homer, N. Y.
Maxson & Starin,
Homer, N. Y.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Trade name or brand.
Potato and _ cab- bage special.
Fruit and vine No. P2
Locality where
sample was taken.
Homer.
Cortland.
Standard potato|Cortland.
and corn grower.
Three X guano.
Vegetable and onion special.
Acid phosphate.
Banner dissolved bone.
Desiceated bone.
lHLalf desiccated bone and _ half dissolved bone mixed.
Homer,
\Cortland.
East Aurora. Ellicottville.
‘Livonia Sta. East Aurora.
Holland. Hast Aurora.
|Holland.
CoOL
| Station number.
4303
4316
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
203
LECTED IN NEW YORKS STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
we HOO oO. Onn eh eee ae aa ==) a | OS s# | gens io Ay Guaranteed 0.82 10 Yound 0.88 9.78 Below guarantee OR22. Guaranteed 3.70 8 Found Bo ll'f Tati Below guarantee | 0.53 0.27 | | Guaranteed 2.47 { Found 2.40 7.58 | Guaranteed 0.82 8 Found 80 8.66 | can | | Guaranteed 4.95 8 Found 4.24 as | Below guarantee Ona | 0.67 || | Guaranteed —— | 13 Found 153 57433 | — | Guaranteed — | 30 Found SoReal | : | Guaranteed 1.25 ———e Found .45 | | Guaranteed 0.60 | ii Found 0.97 | 8.44 | |
Hy: He | Wares ook ofd ore oFoe As oa go Qaa (3) Je) Tet) : fez | #22 | Hf: | ia: se @ gee | 333 | sea | Bese an Ay Au Ay 8 10279" |\eH28 0.26 5.54 6 ————— 9.64 | 7.08 0.94 5.69 | | 8 leer | S201 Hees: helio 23) 0 | Bsa | |————- 4 ee 9.76 | 4.20 0.62 5.01 | Senn 6 S| 8:03 | 8.45 1.75) Ml) ode _—=—= = 14.74 | 3.87 | 36.48 | | Sa | 25 — ae: 31.29 fee Sues | 20 — ae 23.15 | 0.36
|
204 ReEpoRT OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
MANUFACTURER.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit, Mich.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit, Mich.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit, Mich.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit, Mich.
Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit, Mich.
Michigan Carbon Works,
Detroit, Mich.)
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Locality where Trade name or brand sample was taken.
Homestead A'Seneca. boneblack. |
Homestead potato|Hast Aurora. grower. Brocton. Cassadaga.
Jarves drill phos-|Holland. phate. North Collins.
Red line ammoni-|Hast Aurora. ated phosphate. | Ellicottville.
Red line complete|Hast Aurora. manure. North Collins.
ted line phosphate|/Hast Aurora. with potash. Brocton.
\Acidulated bone] York. and potash. Castile. Penn Yan.
Ammoniated bone}|Halls. and potash.
Machias. Campville.
Buckwheat special) Whitney Pt.
COL
4337 4803 5022
New York AGRICULTURAL ExprrRImMENT STATION. 205
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Buel catia (Se | edcbssbe| 22es Eo dept, a as Ze nae os ee Sue gs8 Be oe = pes ase? = AG AROS a5 | gaae | |28e | Zhe | sa: |) Beas is Ee eee ereey (ae Ec Re, eed ee A ees Guaranteed 2.25 9 TS Found 2.06 11.02 11.54 2.12* 0.75 8.40 | presse! : Guaranteed 1.94 §.50 5 ———— Found 1.82 12.14 12.42 5.64 0.98 ae Cera ba | | | [ane aceaer alee eres ——— Guaranteed | 1.03 8 0.75 | ———— | Found 0) 8.67 9.31 1.32 | 0.56 | 5.90 pe Oe eye fae Rae ome Guaranteed 1.65 8 —— | Found 2 9.56 10.93 0.13 | 5.48 Hor ate ee nee, Guaranteed 1.05 8 1.50 | | Found 115 8.74 10.20 1.51 0.19 | 5538 SS | eee Guaranteed —— | 10 3 Found 11.80 12.60 2.96 2.34 | | J | —____ | ____ Guaranteed —— | 10 6 ———— Found 11.01 11.34 5.53 6.91 Below guarantee 0.47 Guaranteed 2.46 8 i Found 2.22 7.88 9.21 Toile 0.67 5.98 | Below guarantee | 0.24 | Guaranteed 0.80 ik 1 + Found 0.86 7.69 9.46 1.08 0.42 4.31
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
206
Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Milsom Co.,
Milsom Co.,
Milsom Co.,
Milsom Co.,
Milsom Co.,
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was taken. Rendering and Fertilizing Buffalo fertilizer. ,Tully. Buffalo, N. Y. Perry. Campville. Rendering and Fertilizing|Buffalo guano. Sidney. Buffalo, N. Y. Castile. Campville. Rendering and Fertilizing;\Cabbage special. |Gorham. Buffalo, N. Y. Halls. Rendering and Fertilizing Celery special. East Avon. Buffalo, N. Y. Rendering and Fertilizing,Celery special No.|South Lima. Buffalo, N. Y.| 6. Rendering and Fertilizing Corn fertilizer. Cincinnatus. Buffalo, N. Y. Franklinville. Rendering and FertilizingiC yclone _ bone|Perry. Buffalo, N. Y.| meal. Franklinville. Milton. Rendering and Fertilizing|Dissolved bone. Livonia Sta. Buffalo, N. Y. Boonville.
[yar
COL
Station number.
4335 4785
New York AqricutruraALt Experiment Sration. 207
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Sel peso see, woes [hee Paes or Cae ook ora G2 2 OFoe 50 2g As gs ge oak ge | as@5 | $38 | $82 | 38a | 3872 aa | Shag | Seq | g88 | geo | dees 2 Ss BAe | & Pp e = Q £ Q 2 fomoy Guaranteed 1.85 8 1350 Found 1.82 7.84 10.48 1053 0.92 5.03 Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 | SS Found 0.80 9.06 10.57 4.09 0.47 | 6.88 ———— | SSS SS 3 Guaranteed 1.65 7 9 SS = | Found 1.66 6.85 9.22 9.06 0.86 | 5.23 | SS Guaranteed 4,12 8 12 Found 4.34 Oe 12, 10.34 12.07 0.09 Soi Se ee Guaranteed 3 8 12* Found 3.20 10.18 10.32 11.21 0.73 9.27 Below guarantee | 0.79 Guaranteed 2.50 8 2 —_——_. ; Found 2.10 S22n 9.73 2.24 0.28 5.83 Below guarantee | 0.40 Guaranteed 2 AT —— | 22 —_ sas Found Baral Poco 1.55 Guaranteed 11 —_— Found 13.05 13.29 5.37
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
208 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was en e
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing|Dissolved bone- Livonia Sta.
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.; black.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Dissolved bone McDonough. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| and potash. ‘Machias. Milton. Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Hrie king. Syracuse. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Tyner. Castile.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Fourteen per cent |Penn Yan. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| acid phosphate.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing,Grain special No.|Livonia Sta. ie
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Lima special for South Lima. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| celery.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing|Milsom No. 2. Sidney. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing|Potato, hop and Syracuse. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| tobacco phos-|Calverton.
| Station number.
4571
4587
4360
4273 4132
phate. Franklinville.|4788
New Yorx AgricutturAL Exprriment STATION. 209
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
f of of of of of
. | fe gg | Ss, na | Sheu Hm) (2) Uae Ap ic! ‘ ge | gees | S38 | $28 | S88 | gay ote | gacee| [acer eee bape | seed ace: | eee é ca Guaranteed —— | 16 a Found 15.80 16.u3 13.68 | i= nec! eos shun apes ir Guaranteed a= 9 1.65 —_——_—_ Found 10.70 11.26 1.50 5.91 ae eas eas a Guaranteed 0.80 £4 2 oe Found 0.78 7.49 {ES70) 2. Ut 0.45 4.72 —— Guaranteed —— | 14 ————s Found 13.99 15.89 10.51 | | | | | Guaranteed al 10 6 ———— | Found 0.88 9.71 11.43 6.94 0.40 6.48 Below guarantee 0.29 igen pe fee ie Guaranteed 1 7 15 Ba henoens 2 Found 0.83 6.91 8.81 IPI PAL 0.54 4.51 Below guarantee 2.79 Guaranteed 0.82 8 2 fei oRe Be Found 0.83 8.05 9.42 iLaral 0.44 Toe Below guarantee 0.29 Fh lf each stn | veh ere pach gabe ne — Guaranteed 2.06 8 4 Found 1.97 8.85 9.36 4
| scores .02 0.47 | 6.31
14
210 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke
oO
Locality where ¢
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5
taken. a:
a
2
BE
mM Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Special bean fertil-|Livonia Sta. |4572 Co., Buffalo, N. Y., izer. York. 4631 Perry. 471é
aie | Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Special cabbage| Halls. |5230 Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| and tobacco ma- nure.
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing|Special potato. Calverton. 4131 Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Perry. 4714 Gorham. 5218
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing;)Vegetable bone|Livonia Sta. |4569 Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. Fenton. 5062 Southport. 5176
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing)\Wheat, oats and/Syracuse., 4122 Co., Buftalo, N. Y.| barley phosphate|South Lima. |4601 Campville. [5025
Mittenmaier & Son, Hop and potato. |Rome. Pree Rome, N. Y. | Mittenmaier & Son, Pride of America.|Rome. 14435 Rome, N. Y. Mittenmaier & Son, Superphosphate. |Rome. 4436
Rome, N. Y.
New York AaricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. FAL
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 PounpDs oF FERTILIZER.
Ee ae | See | See | eas Se Nees | oe) aoe | Sea lage He | gaz | #2s | Sse | Bee | Beek £5 gana 228 BPs gra Brae Po Fa i | Guaranteed 0.82 | 10 4 | | Found 0.80 1OE2T 11.49 4.28 0.52 GaP ia Ses nee eer Guaranteed 4 Tf 9 — Found 3.86 8.81 10.43 9.22 Cesta 6.85 Guaranteed 1.64 8 8 ———_ | Found 1.59 9.45 10.31 8.54 0.40 5.29 SS | | | Guaranteed 4,12 8 5 rr Found 3.90 8.42 10.49 brils 1.40 5.46 Below guarantee Or22 | | Guaranteed 1.23 8 2 nl Found 15 8.48 9.61 1.97 0.63 6.48 | | Guaranteed 1 6.50 3* ~ -—-- Found eae 6.56 133 31a 0.48 2.44 Guaranteed al 6 2 | Found 1.56 5.69 gf 13 aL 2.18 0.65 PaO Below guarantee 0.31 Guaranteed 2 8 3* —_—-- Found 1.91 8.34 14.68 4.18 0.80 4.04
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
919 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
!
FA Locality where rs MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. qa q 8 3 n Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. ;Woodhaven. |4091 Maspeth, N. Y. Moller & Co., Champion No. 2. |Woodhaven. |4092 Maspeth, N. Y. | | Frank Muckle, [Not given.] Albany. [4478 Albany, N. Y. | | George L. Munroe, Canada hardwood Moscow. [4632 Oswego, N. Y.| ashes. | National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s uni-! Utica. 4446 Bridgeport, Conn.| versal phosphate. ; National Fertilizer Co., Complete fertilizer|Queens. 4088 Bridgeport, Conn.| for potatoes and onions, National Fertilizer Co., Fish and potash. |Mattituck. |4166 Bridgeport, Conn. | National Fertilizer Co., Market garden|Mattituck. 4165 Bridgeport, Conn.| fertilizer. Newburg Rendering Co., Pure meat and|Newburg. 4248
Newburg, N. Y.| bone.
~
New York AGRICULTURAL ExprERIMENT STATION. 213
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of of
oe ean 3 328 Bag 2 | =3 ae 33 32 e283 uo n= Pe eS ee Sao S” B88 | B55 igs BPs aa Guaranteed 3.30 6 6* Found 2.96 7.47 ae leas 6.76 2.06 3.54 Below guarantee 0.34 , | | seen a ee ——— Guaranteed 4.12 6 a 5* —_—_ Found 3.05 7.81 GL ri Grid Pei lr, 3.50 Below guarantee 1.07 | ieee Guaranteed — | ———_ Found 3.68 3.70 1.18 0.81 00 | Ss Guaranteed —_ | ——_ 1 4 ——_—_ | —— Found isa lye 5.83 | ae Guaranteed 0.82 9 1 Found 0.90 12.93 14.03 0.92 0.45 0.15 Guaranteed 3.30 8 6 found 3.68 8.93 10.60 6.34 1.60 4.45 | | Guaranteed 3 6 | 4* | | z Found 2.93 eta 0) 9.73 | 4.55 | 0.40 2251 | | Se (| Ry ae a AG Guaranteed 2.50 ve 6 Found eile Wane 9.40 6.11 1.02 3.89 Se ee SS Guaranteed 4 —— 20 pre | ee eee | a ieee Found 4.94 18.84 Loe Below guarantee 1.16 | |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
914 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
bh o Locality where E MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. a =| 2 s n Niagara Fertilizer Works, Grain and _ grass|Cobleskill. |4499 Buffalo. N. Y.| grower. North Boston|4843 Nichols. 5028 | — Niagara Fertilizer Works, Irvin & Tugwell’s|Sinelairville. |5238 Buffalo. N. Y.} bone black fer- tilizer. Niagara Fertilizer Works, Potato, tobacco|Cobleskill. 4497 Buffalo. N. Y.} and hop fertilizer.|Lowville. 4874 Nichols. 5027 — Niagara Fertilizer Works, Queen City phos-|Almond. 4752 Buffalo. N. Y.| phate. No. Boston. |4842 Niagara Fertilizer Works, Wheat and corn|Sherburne. 4404 Buffalo. N. Y.| producer. Pearl Creek. |4694 Dunkirk. [5122 | = = Niagara Fertilizer Works, Wheat and grass.|Pearl Creek. |4695 Buffalo. N. Y. | Northwestern Fertilizer Co., ‘Dissolved bone|North Collins./5050 Chicago, Ill.| phosphate. | — —= Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Garden City su-|Westfield. 5141 Chicago, Ill.) perphosphate. Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Potato grower. Westfield. 5237
Chicago, Ill. |
New York AGricutturRAL ExprerIMENT STATION.
215
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
of phos- phorie acid.
Pounds total
9.39
2.70
u HOo oa CAT o oo) ae | 338 fa | segs O° oS as
a Au 0.82 7 1.08 7.66 1.85 8 alee 8.95 .02 | 11.76 1.23 8 1.30 8.27 0.82 7 1 8.04 1.23 ise 1.65 12.82 2.05 8 2.57 8.12 2.46
9.22
10.42
of
water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
1) Hw i 085 | oF es — oe =—=00 ge ga% Sea || ae ges | BEee Ay Ay 0.12 Sante —___|-—— | 0.74 6.59 a | 0.338 Tek) | 8.43 |- | 0.60 : 5.0: | | 0.48 | DEA, —— | 0.54 | or | 1.01 | 5.02 | 1.74 Me
216 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
ui oO Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A g g »_ By MD Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Prairie phosphate. Westfield. 5142 Chicago, Il. Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Pure ground bone.|North Collins.|5051 Chicago, I. Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic. Conesus. 4610 Oakfield, N. Y. Geneseo. 4641 Oakfield Fertilizer Co. Genesee county |Caledonia. 4660
Oakfield, N. Y.| wheat grower. |Franklinville.|4784
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden sheaf. Conesus. 4609 Oakfield, N. Y. North Collins.|/5047
Gorham. 5220
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great value. Caledonia. 4659 Oakfield, N. Y. Conesus. 4608
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High-farming fer- Geneseo. 4642
Oakfield, N. Y.| tilizer. |
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Milton’s special. |Seneca, 4941 Oakfield, N. Y.
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., \Potato and_ to-\Leroy. 4667 Oakfield, N. “4 bacco fertilizer.
|
New Yorx AqricutturaL Experiment Station. OTe LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
we HOO qe) . ea Gy § 3 Se uh UL ° one 03g Care | O88 ogee ed ec Sees | ae | eee no ni, mies neo nee mf uS Bo gece | eee cee. | eee | gees Be Bene Boe, BES ZES BESS ow ow ow ow am oY Guaranteed 1.64 6 —— Found 40) 7.9" 9.68 1.04 | 5.10 | | Guaranteed 2.46 a 18 —_—_ en Found Byaey 22.04 0.36 | EE EEE SS SE Guaranteed 1.64 8 1.08 Found 1.78 9.65 10.55 1.43 0.05 4,92 | rere — Guaranteed 1 10 5 wees Leta Found | 0.84 9.94 10.34 4.93 0.04 6.02 | | | | ——s Guaranteed ee i 1.90 ———— Found AO 8 8.73 DOT 0.03 4.42 | | | | | | | heen Guaranteed .82 6 1.08 Found 0.87 6.43 6.76 1.06 0 3.34 | | | | \- Guaranteed 1.85 8 2.43 —_—__— Found 1.95 8.13 9.13 2.86 0.05 5.16 | — Guaranteed 4 7 | 9 —_—— Found 8.41 4.87 (a2 8.84 1.19 Os | Below guarantee 0.59 2.13 | Ee SES a ee Pee or Gare Guaranteed 2.47 6 A 32 —_—_ Found PA ARIS, 4.06 6.80 4.19 0.16 1.54 Below guarantee | ijeatlees:
918 Report OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,!Buckwheat fertil-|Oneonta.
Oneonta, N. Y.
and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer
and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer
and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer
and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,
Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Oneonta, N. Y.
. o Locality where q Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. a i=} 2 ~~ S mM 4511 izer. Complete corn ma-|Oneonta. 4526 nure. == Complete manure|Oneonta. lane AA brand. | Complete manure|Oneonta. 45138 for cabbage and cauliflower. | Complete manure|Oneonta. 4522 for hops. Complete manure|Oneonta. 4521 for vegetables. Complete potato/Oneonta. 4525 manure. i Corn fertilizer. Cobleskill. 4496 Oneonta. 4519 Eeonomical ma-|Oneonta. 4512 nure.
New Yors AGrritcurturRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
219
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed found
Fuaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Potnps or FERTILIZER,
Cs Hmantale Ha. oe one ogy oa he ae ae ns Oy os ae aess Bee Sa | Baas BOS. Ay ie Ay 1.65 5 2.20 5.87 6.81 3.70 3.97 cea 8.47 2.50 | 10 2.66 | 10.58 11.82 | | 4.10 6 4.01 5.97 TAG 5 6 4.80 | 10.32 11.03 | | 5 6 4.88 6.46 Tals 3.70 7.50 3.62 8.20 8.87 ee deel op | 2.50 6 | 2.68 5.80 6.64 | ees! | 1.65 5 2.10 5.58 6.16
|
of water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
00 00 £ DH
of
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
28 | Behe 00 Lae) o°0 fa ns n
= wm AS Bee Beso Zs BES. aM am 0.94 | 2.27 | |-————
1.82 | aes: |-———— |
1.09 | 5.42 |—_———
0.86 | 2.02 |-————— |
Daee 4.47 |-————— |
Dee | 4.38 |————
G2 5.99 |
0.98 | 2.84
0.81 1.82
220 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
5
Locality where =e
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5
taken. a
&
2
~~
&
n i ———— Ss OO eee Ee Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,'Fruit and vine fer-|Oneonta. 4527
Oneonta, N. Y.|_ tilizer.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,;Hop phosphate. Cobleskill. 4494 Oneonta, N. Y. Oneonta. 4516
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,;Lawn and garden|Oneonta. 4514 Oneonta, N. Y.| enricher.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,)/Potato fertilizer. |Cobleskill. 4495 Oneonta, N. Y. Oneonta. 4518
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,|Standard super-|Oneonta. 4524 Oneonta, N. Y.| phosphate.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,|Superphosphate —|Oneonta. 4517 Oneonta, N. Y.| apex brand.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,|Superphosphate —|Oneonta. 4520 Oneonta, N. Y.| Success brand.
Oneonta Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,|Superphosphate Oneonta. 4515 Oneonta, N. Y.| with potash.
Pacific Guano Co., Ammoniated dis-|/Oneida. 4429 Boston, Mass.| solved bone. Livonia Sta. |4566 Pavilion. 5119
|
New York AcricutturaL ExPERIMENT STATION. 994
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
ee, (reesei) osep ()aees |) seer | Seem Fi 2k 28 =4 = & Pn 0% o a 23 og o°0 Og 8 o0 “2 ° eso o & PS) ge |daagy | dae | ¢88 | 3535 | 355 SI oe os Ss Pe) =» ~ fo) Be” |eoee' |) seae|| fea |) see | seed ay au ow ay ow ow Guaranteed 1265 5.50 10* Found Testi Gis 6.92 10.36 0.51 3.59 EE | a | eee |e Guaranteed 1.65 9 4* Found 1.93 10.10 10.85 4.24 0.57 7.06 Guaranteed 1.65 3 1.50 Found A531! 3.99 5.20 2.05 TOT 1.03 | | ae | Guaranteed 1.85 6 Beas Found 2.09 6.32 6.74 5.33 | 1.06 2.66 | | | | SS SS SS ES Guaranteed 1.65 if 3 Found 2.09 7.54 7.95 3558 1 kop) 3.78 | | | | ———— Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.50 a Found 1.01 8.56 9.14 1.88 0.39 4.12 | | a Guaranteed al 8 Peta 0) —_--—— Found 1.42 7.99 9.35 3.43 0.52 2.94 2 | eae — Guaranteed === 8 + Found 10.03 10.32 3.74 7.34 Below guarantee 0.26 | | Se “Pane Tay Gas Fe cama Ra Guaranteed 1.64 9 2 Sa Found 1.78 9.65 PAPA 1397 0.80 2.16
* Potash present in form of sulphate,
222 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H [-?) Locality where - MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A 8 = nM Pacific Guano Co., A No. 1 phosphate.|Sherburne. — [4398 Boston, Mass. Livonia Sta. |4565 Pavilion. 5120 Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone/|Oneida. 4423 Boston, Mass.} phosphate. Amsterdam. |4459 i— Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bonejEHllicottville. |5108 Boston, Mass.| and potash. Pacific Guano Co., Fine ground bone.|Kast Aurora. 4906 Boston, Mass. | Pacific Guano Co., Lowe’s ammoni-|Leroy. 4670 Boston, Mass.) ated bone. | Pacific Guano Co., Lowe’s bone and|Leroy. lse72 Boston, Mass.|} potash. | SS a ee |— Pacific Guano Co., Lowe’s bone and|Leroy. 4673
Boston, Mass.} potash for grain.
ae
Pacific Guano Co., Nobsque guano. Amsterdam. |4460 Boston, Mass. Scottsburg. |4629
Leroy. 4671 4399
4461
Pacific Guano Co., Potato phosphate.|Sherburne. Boston, Mass. Amsterdam.
New York AacricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
223
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed ound
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
—
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
nitrogen.
: Pounds of
of available phosphoric
Pounds
of phos- phoric acid.
Pounds total
12.93
11.41
9.58
of
water-solu-
Pounds
ble potash.
bo bo
oe)
.25
.09
of
Pounds
cella al |
eg ie =o oes ee a8 sa | Seon qd ea | geen Ay 0.70 4.12 | 12.05 6.78 |———— | 0.62 0.39 aOZ, 6.99 |-————— 2.93 | 0.73 3.35 0.83 1.86
2294 Report OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Pacific Guano Co., Boston, Mass.
Pacific Guano Co., Boston, Mass.
Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union
Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union
Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union
—_——-
Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Packers’ Union
H ao Becnliy. where e Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A 25 g = wn Potato, tobacco|Sherburne. 4401 and hop fertil-|Oneida. 4424 izer. — Soluble Pacific|/Sherburne. 4400
guano.
American wheat|Poughkeepsie|4235 and rye grower.
4973
Animal corn fer-|/Tallmans. tilizer. Gardener’s com-|Poughkeepsie|4239
plete manure.
High-grade Ameri-|Pearl Creek. |4692 can wheat and rye grower. High-grade potato|Southold. 4157 manure. Universal _ fertil-| Hudson. 42382 izer. Ephratah. 4455 Pearl Creek. |4693 Mei A Wheat, oats and|Poughkeepsie|4236 clover.
New York AGricutturaL Exprriment Srarion.
225
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
| Pounds
of
water-solu- ble nitrogen.
0.57
of
water-sol u-
phos- phoric acid.
Pounds ble
om “woo Soe ws SE one oo8 oad fp Cr ae as SE | Saas | Soe | 388 oa | eae | 88a | Bee S poe oe e Q 2.06 8 3 2.44 7.83 12.63 3.84 2.05 8 1.50 2.08 8.47 11.82 1.68 0.82 8 2 1.19 8.79 10.04 2.47 2.47 8 2 2.31 7.90 9.26 2.36 SK | Kj Kg | _}-—___ 2.47 8 10* 2.41 8.35 9.98 9.93 0.82 8 2 1.14 8.22 9.50 4.06 2.06 8 6 2.14 8.85 10.29 6.45 0.82 8 5 1.16 8.21 9.63 4.95 es ee we | a lal or ie 22 12.86 1.86
* Potash present in form of sulphate,
15
226 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF ;COMMHECESD FERTILIZERS COL
— —— —
§ Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was g taken. a a gs 8 m J. E. Phelps, |\Cabbage, potato|Aquebogue. |4134 Jamaica, N. Y.| and vegetable} fertilizer. J. EH. Phelps, Standard potato|Aquebogue. |4135 Jamaica, N. Y.| and vegetable fertilizer. |—— Moro Phillips’ Chemical Co., Acid phosphate. |Oneida. 4420 Philadelphia, Pa. | E |—— Moro 2 EIips’ Chemical Co., Farmers’ phos-|Corning. 5186 Philadelphia, Pa.} phate. | Moro Phillips’ Chemical Co., Nitrate of soda. Oneida. 4421 Philadelphia, Pa. —_ B. J. Pine, No. 1 star raw/jH. Williston. 1407 East Williston, N. Y.| bone superphos: | phate. | | B. J. Pine, No. 2 star raw/|W. Williston. |4108 East Williston, N. Y.| bone superphos- | phate. | lies L. 8. Pitkin, Northern corn|Lorraine. \4901 Lorraine, N. Y.| grower. SS Potomae Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone. |Delhi. pean
Baltimore, Md. | |
New York AacricutturRaAL ExprRImMEent STATION.
227
LECTED -IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
ou HOO Gis. qt ° one oss ond | og gc ara) ae no na. me nO OH OS Ley iste soe Eps Aras pee geo a4 Saas ee Sea a a iam ey Guaranteed 4.10 6 8 Found 455 feZs 8.59 7.40 Below guarantee 0.60 | oie ee Guaranteed | 3 28 5 | 10 Found | B24 7.45 8.33 10.47 | | es ea Guaranteed —— | 14 ee Found 13.89 15.43 | oe | Guaranteed 0.80 7 al: Found 1.03 8.92 9.65 1.07 | | | : | . | Guaranteed aa — | —— Found | 13.47 | ore | | Guaranteed QeAT, 6 Ul Found | 2.29 7.04 9.19 aoe | | | | Guaranteed P 6 3 Found 2.46 6.54 9.37 4.09 | | | | | Guaranteed |. 0.82 8 + Found iby Ps 7.80 9.12 4.51 | | | ‘oe Somes Guaranteed | 0.82 | 9 2 | Found a as Ks) 8.90 10.59 2.49 |
* Pctash present in form of sulphate.
of water-sol u - ble nitrogen.
Pounds
1.26
0.49
13.47
0.95
0.44
of
water-solu- ble phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
228 Report? oF THE (HEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke ) Locality where q MANUFACTURER Trade name or brand. eaves was 5 ak . ‘=| taken = & 7 g 179) Potomac Fertilizer Co., |Barley and oats. |Peoria. 4703 Baltimore, Md. Potomac Fertilizer Co., Corn and oats. Sherburne. 4387 Baltimore, Md. Delhi. 5001 * —— Potomac Fertilizer Co., Corn special. Oxford. 4370 Baltimore, Md. Potomac Fertilizer Co., Eureka. Peoria. 5115 Baltimore, Md. | Potomac Fertilizer Co., Extra ammoniated| Peoria. |5117 Baltimore, Md.} bone. | | | eee | Potomac Fertilizer Co., Nitrate of soda. Sherburne. 4389 Baltimore, Md. Potomac Fertilizer Co., Potato and bean) Peoria. 5116 Baltimore, Md.} special. — Potomac Fertilizer Co., Potato, grain and'/Delhi. 4388 Baltimore, Md.| grass. Sherburne. 4851 Potomac Fertilizer Co., Wheat and barley|Peoria. 4702
Baltimore, Md.| special.
New York AGricutturRaL. ExpreriIMENT STATION.
229
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
oe ik Saar Fr ee gofoo BS aa POogs ae one n = 22.8 38 8 Bey Oe mo eS Hie Om aASo AGO 3° gana 288 ge —— | 10 3* 9.97 aces 3.10 | — |—_———_- a 1.03 8 0.99 7.96 9.82 | | 0.82 8 4 1.06 8.33 9.93 4.02 ——. | 12 4* 5 eg (a | 17.28 4.08 0.82 8 4* 0.65 8.06 13.58 4.30 15.50 — —— | —— 15.74 | | ae eS ae ; eae 0.82 10 | 1 10.53 1525-28209 | | (J) eS eS ee ee PM aloo 0.82 8 4 0.96 fered UI 9.56 ale 0.27 | ro | ee le 1.03 10 4* 1.01 ia a 15.85 3.67 0.33
Below guarantee
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
of water-sol u-
ble nitrogen.
Pounds
of
water-solu-
phos- phorice acid.
Pounds ble
0.138
230 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
oO Locality where} ‘g MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. saniys was 5 s | 2 eS) § nm Preston Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone Milton. 4954 Brooklyn, N. Y.| superphosphate. Preston Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash. | Voorheesville|4492 Brooklyn, N. Y. Preston Fertilizer Co., Cabbage and|Jamaica. 4066 Brooklyn, N. Y.| cauliflower fer- tilizer. ] Preston Fertilizer Co., Fruit and vine. Milton. 4953 Brooklyn, N. Y. Preston Fertilizer Co., Pioneer. Pine Island. |4983 Brooklyn, N. Y. Preston Fertilizer Co., Potato fertilizer. |Jamaica. 4065 Brooklyn, N. Y. Preston Fertilizer Co., Potato and onion. |Florida. 4978 Brooklyn, N. Y. Preston Fertilizer Co., Special for potato|Milton. 4955 Brooklyn, N. Y.| and general garden use. Pritchard & Cobbs, Buckwheat fertil-|Fredonia. 5123
Fredonia, N. Y.} izer.
New York AqgricutturaAL Exprertment Station.
231
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed - Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
HO00 Cee i qs ape nee one | iteg oO ee) As os teY) aad (3) ns ao m= Oy nos nh oh O82 oa H Bon acs a, os Aa Azo Se Bane - 52’ BES Ay Au Ay Ay 2.50 8 2* 2.43 8.44 14.37 2.08 ( 2.88 —— 20 5* 2.45 25.038 1.48 0.43 3.52
Gi 1.68 8.02 11°45 10.93
: ile .69 HOP aL 14.81 2.76
te
AGG ond 12.55
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
2.25 6 2.62 of 3.25 5 | OF | 3.05 6.74 9.58 ON a | . | apereaen amas Parnect| 0.82 Of 1.08 1.20 8.06 10.05 1.10
als | ate me
ea) 0 os erie o5 8 ose ge | gas ase -| See Ago Ag os BBO 5 Ea. Ay Oy 0.72 4.38 |—_ 1.50 2.03 4.72 | 0.35 | 4.87 | 0.76 5.89 2.07 | 4.79 | | 0.98 | 172 | 1.42 2.74 0.20 3.30
“ Potash present in form of sulphate.
232 Report or THE CHEMIST OF THE
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
The Quinnipiac Co.,
taken.
'Ammoniated dis- Oswego Cen-
New York City. solved bone. ter.
Climax phosphate.|Canaseraga. New York City. Canisteo. Rushville.
New York City.
New York City.) ash.
Dissolved bone}|Walton. New York City.| and potash.
Fish bone and pot-|Machias. New York City.| ash.
Market garden. Hyde Park.
New York City. Oswego Cen- ter. Mohawk. Canisteo. New York City. Andover. Walton.
Plain superphos-|Canisteo. New York City.} phate.
RESULIS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
| Station number.
1999 |
A7TA1 4744 5210
\Corn and grain. |Southampton.|4193
‘Cross fish and pot-|Hast Marion. |4153
5006
[4801
4121 l4930
233
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
‘plo’ o110oqd -soyd oq -N [08-1098 yo spunog
-N [OS-de]8 M
10 "mes0.1410 91q a i)
+ yo spunog
‘ysejod 9Tq ) -N]| OS-10}BM 1 JO spunog| ao
‘prow oroyd -soyd [¥90} yo spunog
“ploe +H dt a10ydsoyd AN OL[ABIL BAB eS yo spunog
“weS017}10 =
pe) spunodg se a
Guaranteed Found
4.49
0.34
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
0.25
Guaranteed Found
io 6) 10 (==) Yes) x + 4 x (=) ve) Yer) ie“) j=) rr 10 i o> mr oO Nr rn oe) Yer) ~ ive) E E E ine} oD bal re bal rm sH for) N S 10 AI ©1.0 © md oo NI nr OD oD cI = D sf > £ £ £ ag a0 an as as a8 55 55 55 Ok fy 05
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
234 ReEportT OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
The Quinnipiac Co., New York City.
Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.
Rasin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.
Read Fertilizer Co., New York City.
Locality where
Trade name or brand. sample was
taken.
Potato manure. Hyde Park.
Potato phosphate. |Machias.
Oswego Cen-
ter.
Soluble dissolved|Machias.
bone. Walton. Special formula. |Bayside. Special formula. |Hyde Park.
Uneas bone meal.|Big Tree. Penn Yan.
Acid phosphate.
Sulphate of pot-|Penn Yan. ash.
Acid phosphate. Syracuse.
Station number.
Tx aa _ co
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
235
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
in 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
‘Guaranteed Tound
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
ee te a lel ay
H Hoo a S'S na . Be | apes Sak Faas ae a 2.47 6 2.61 6.86 2.06 8 2.12 9.48 —- | 18 15 3.70 8 3.55 9.42 3 0 3.90 8.89 | 1.65 —- 1.86 | ——_ | 14 alayPAl —— | 10 14.98
of phos- phorie acid.
Pounds total
8.44
11.80
15.29
of water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
a4
of
Pounds
Biel | 2 Saad Me onon oe One Lo a Le nk RS ge | 3805 ES Bene. Ay 1.35 | Pe bP — 0.41 3.08 10.58 | 1.88 3.39 |————_ | 2.44 3.86 | 0.24 | | 11.11
2936 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was taken. Read Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash. Syracuse. New York City. Carthage. Read Fertilizer Co., Cabbage special. /|Stanley.
New York City.
Read Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone|Syracuse. New York City.| phosphate.
Read Fertilizer Co., Warmers’ friend|Syracuse. New York City.| superphosphate. |Oneida. Brant. Read Fertilizer Co., ish, bone and|Syracuse.
New York City.| potash.
Read Fertilizer Co., High-grade Syracuse. New York City.| farmer’s friend. |Carthage.
Read Fertilizer Co., High-grade Mattituck.
New York City.| farmer’s friend for Long Island.
Read Fertilizer Co., High-grade spe-|Stanley. New York City.} cial.
Read Fertilizer Co., Leader guano. Syracuse. New York City. Wyoming.
East Aurora.
Station number.
4942
4835
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 937
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 PounDs OF FERTILIZER.
of of of of
ge | ec85 | 38 | $828 | Sse | 3572
= a, os qi Ago geo sian
ov gees | Boe ers | gra Brae
Guaranteed oe 8 4
Found 7.99 9.26 4.31 3.89
| | |
ae See ee ee
Guaranteed Deal 6 8
Found 2.34 6 7.69 Tastes 1.02 4.65
Guaranteed —— | 12 — |
Found 14.38 15) el 8.87 | ra) eS ao:
{
Guaranteed 2 9 2 ———_ |
Found 2.21 9.80 11.07 2.34 0.44 | 7.74 | |
Guaranteed 2.50
Found 2.69
Guaranteed B74)
Found Beet
Guaranteed 3.30
Found 8.41
Guaranteed Dean
Found Pe Pps
Below guarantee 0.25
a
Guaranteed 0.83 Found 1.06
938 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
i=] oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. A A — ee 8 na Read Fertilizer Co., IN. Y. State super-|Syracuse. 4267
New York City.. phosphate.
Read Fertilizer Co., Original alkaline|Syracuse. 4270 New York City.} bone. Holland. 4823
Brant. 5059
Read Fertilizer Co., Potato special ma-|Syracuse. 4257 New York City.| mnure. Carthage. 4879
Brant. 5057
Read Fertilizer Co., Practical potato|Syracuse. 4256 New York City.| special. Holland. 4821
Gowanda. 5082
Read Fertilizer Co., Prime wheat and|Syracuse. 4266 New York City.| rye. Wyoming. 4688 Rushville. 5211
Read Fertilizer Co., Pure ground bone. |Syracuse. 4271 New York City. Holland. 4824 Read Fertilizer Co., Samson fertilizer. |Syracuse. 4259 New York City. Holland. 4822 Read Fertilizer Co., Standard super-|Syracuse. 4269 New York City.| phosphate. Oneida. 4428
Wyoming. 4689
Read Fertilizer Co., Strawberry spe-|Brant. 5058 New York City.| cial.
New Yorkx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
239
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteéd Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
Hw HOO 25 RE, $0 aa oe S3hy ==] ie Some 3° | 3 ame a ou | 1.20 9 1.45 9.94 | | —— | 10 10.46 2.47 i 2.56 7.81 0.83 4 1.07 5.09 it 64: 8 1.86 8.17 | ] : 2.50 ——— 2.51 1.65 6 1.94 7.12 | 0.83 8 1.04 8.84 | oma | | 3.30 5 2.81 5.29
Below guarantee 0.49
of phos- phorie acid.
Pounds total
of water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
of water-solu- ble nitrogen.
Pounds
of water-solu- ble phos phoric acid.
Pounds
240 Report OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FHRTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
tead Fertilizer Co., New York City.
John §. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
John 8. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
John 8. Reese & To., Baltimore, Md.
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
————
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md.
KH oO Locality where| ‘gc Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. A g & 3 a \Vegetable and Syracuse. 4265 vine fertilizer. \Carthage. 4876 Ammoniated bone|Penn Yan. 5152 phosphate mix- ture. Challenge corn|Binghamton. |4341 grower. Owego. 5018 - | Dissolved phos-|Owego. 5014 phate of lime. | Elm phosphate. Tully. 4294 Franklinville.|4791 Half and half. Penn Yan. 5150 Pilgrim fertilizer.|Tully. 4296 New City. 4968 |_— Potato phosphate. |New City. 4969 Owego. 5015 Potato special. Tully. [4295 Owego. 5016
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
241
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of
water-solu- ble phos- phoric acid,
Pounds
ee Sad barre be El . rere (oye ° ; ° o 8 | @s 23 af | $3 = 2 we 3 ae Bane B25, eES | BES | Pu im at om a | 1.65 | 6 8 | 1.95 6.34 8.13 8.38 0.48 | | | we 0.82 10 3 0.80 ila) (0B: 11.96 2.86 0.44 | | | 0.82 8.50 2s 0.90 abut 113) 28) 1.82 0.45 | 15.59 15.90 | 14.16 14.59 ee a Se | 2 ee | | 0.82 8 1 iL 12.82 14.07 0.42 OR22 0.58 | ———_—_—_ !|—____—_ | | | e238 6.50 3 | Le 9.28 aeRO 2.82 0.38 | | | | | 2.06 8.50 6 2.47 8.48 9.73 6.61 0.80 | | | 2.88 6.50 Tp” || 1.26 9.48 10.83 5.98 0.39 1.62 1.52
242 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
my {-)) Locality where g MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. a [=| & ~~ & n Rochester Fertilizer Works, Blood and boneLivonia Sta. |4575 Rochester, N. Y.| guano. | | Rochester Fertilizer Works, Genesee guano. Livonia Sta. |4573 Rochester, N. Y. Rochester Fertilizer Works, Pure ground bone.|Livonia Sta. |4574 Rochester, N. Y. Rochester Fertilizer Works, Vegetable phos-|Livonia Sta. |4576 Rochester, N. Y.| phate. Rogers & Hubbard Co., Raw knuckle bone Orient. 4155 Middletown, Conn.| flour. Rogers & Hubbard Co., Soluble potato ma-|Orient. 4154 Middletown, Conn.| nure. Lucien Sanderson, Harly cabbage ma-|Jamaica. 4069 New Haven, Conn.| nure. Lucien Sanderson, Formula A, Jamaica. 4068
New Haven, Conn.
New York AqricutturaAL Experiment STATION.
243
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of
of of
ad sag —= 00 = ClO ge ga 235 | 38°3 sea | gbae (ele [} Ay Ay 0.26 | 5.12 | 1.01 | 6.45 | ————___—— | ——— | sare : —_———_—_ | ———_- | 0.31 6.76 0.14 | 2.20 TAS 2.46 4.86 ‘Seana mera A at | | 1.89 5.98
HO HH: qt NY 4 on ook oer ay ees ai ee: ae, sitees i asan tl soe b= a, os ao ato 5 Baaa aoe Ee) om WF om a Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.62* Found 0.90 9.81 10.69 eros ga re | ee Guaranteed 1.65 8 iy ees Found TS) 10.28 12-530) ghwss97 Guaranteed 3.69 ee 24 ———- Found 3.38 26.07 Below guarantee 0.31 | Guaranteed 0.41 8 8* Found 0.74 9.71 10.09 Tall Below guarantee 0.73 | | | Guaranteed 3.50 a 24.50 — Found 3.52 25.54 | ba ie pea ae Guaranteed 5 7 5* Found 4.58 5.84 9.79 6.22 Below guarantee 0.42 VG aa ek Guaranteed 4.10 5 5 Found 4.15 7.98 10.07 4.94 oe ee Guaranteed 3.29 "7 6* Found 3.44 8.89 10.01 5.63 Below guarantee 0.37
|
| * Potash present in form of sulphate,
244 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Ke o Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. a q 2 » s mn Lucien Sanderson, Potato fertilizer. |H. Williston. |4111 New Haven, Conn. ; | Scheid & Fechter, Hast star ferti-|N. Boston. 4841 Buffalo, N. Y.| lizer. Scientific Fertilizer Co., Corn and_ grain Big Flats. 5187 Pittsburg, Pa.| fertilizer. H. C. Sherman, Dissolved bone/Penn Yan. 5145 Penn Yan, N. Y.| fertilizer. | M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Swift sure bone|Southampton.|4185 Philadelphia, Pa.) meal. |—— M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Swift sure super-|Southampton.|4186 Philadelphia, Pa.| phosphate for potatoes. Isaac Smith, Eureka. Columbiaville|4229 Columbiaville, N. Y. Isaae Smith, Excelsior. Columbiaville|4230 Columbiaville, N. Y Isaae Smith, Potato fertilizer. 'Columbiaville|4231
Columbiaville, N. Y.
New York AagricutturAL Exprriment Station. 945
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
3, |c22 | cae | Sag | cad | Sees Nd igo as | 38 get | Saag = 3) oe ch te d $2 | 283 | des | 228 | B82 | 28-5 rot Pas ce cs} o ® 5" gana | Bee es BPs Bean Guaranteed 3.29 a 6 Found ie 5) 7.92 11.58 6.16 Teal 3.81 a eee | ae es Guaranteed taeBie) 4.15 ibseal oe Found 5.55 7.16 Wit a 0.73 2.35 Below guarantee 0.58 | | ear orm iok = a IRI lus cea Ses Guaranteed 1.50 fh 2 | Found 2.15 6.46 8.53-—|-2.55-| 0.45 | 2.10 Below guarantee 1.29 | | | ami aa Eee er Guaranteed 14 ————— Found 13.98 16.28 Tobie | | og Pee | oes Guaranteed 4 ——__— _| 20 ——. a Found 5.93 21.95 eS ! ! a ee Guaranteed 2.50 | 8 6 gee Bea Found DAP aY( 9.25 13.49 nO: au! 7.10 | | | | | | ae Guaranteed One 5 2 ———. Found 0.96 10.02 12.60 2.64 0.38 6.92 | | | | oe Guaranteed 1 {i 2 —_—_——_—. Found 0.97 8.64 | 18.85 2.48 0.57 2.92 | | | | ie ——= | ! | : : Guaranteed 4 oo Found 6 1.85 1.84 |
4 67 5.78 9.96
bo bo
246 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. a was taken.
| Station number.
Isaac Smith, Special grade. Columbiaville|4228
Columbiaville, N. Y.
Isaac Smith, Superphosphate. - |Columbiaville|4227
Columbiaville, N. Y.
Standard Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass.
Ammoniated dis-|Nelson. 4417 solved bone. Jamestown. [5093
Standard Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass.
A brand. Nelson. 4416 Voorheesville|4491 Jamestown. ie
Standard Fertilizer Co.., Bone and potash.|Nelson. 4418
Boston, Mass.
Standard Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass.
Complete manure.|Bridgehamp- ton. 4171
ee ee
Standard Fertilizer Co.. Boston, Mass.
Dissolved bone. Voorheesville|/4490
_—<<M—_ i i i /..._
Standard Fertilizer Co..
Extra fine ground North Collins.|5069 Boston, Mass.
bone.
Standard Fertilizer Co.. Boston, Mass.
Guano. Scott. -
Standard Fertilizer Co..
Lawn dressing. Albany. |4489 Boston, Mass.
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
247
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
1.64 9 1.67 8. | 0.82 7 1.02 9 |
= 8
9
|
3.30 8 3.25 8 == | 10
1
[
1.65 14 2.28 14 1.03 8 1.16 8 4.95 5 4.84 5.
of of
nitrogen.
Pounds Pounds
*Potash present in form of sulphate.
available phosphoric
acid.
.19
.06
48
88
of total phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
~) — We)
10.46
14.05
7.50
of
Pounds
4-1
water-solu-
ble potash.
50 .00
of
Pounds
Mic
water-sol u- ble nitrogen.
04
-99
of
water-solu- ble phos- phorie acid.
Pounds
248 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
ro oO Locality where a MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was g taken. a A g ~~ £ n Standard Fertilizer Co., L. I. club formula.|Riverhead. 4127 Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., i\Potato and to-|\Camden. 4914 Boston, Mass.| bacco fertilizer. Standard Fertilizer Co., ‘Special for pota-|Gorham. 5221 Boston, Mass.) toes. H. Stappenbeck, Bone meal. Utica. 4445 Witica;. News H. Stappenbeck, Tlome-trade bone}|Utica. |4443 Utica, N. Y.} superphosphate. |Glinton. 4541 H. Stappenbeck, Hop, fruit and!/Utica. 4444 Utica, N. Y.| vegetable spec-|Remsen. 4868 ial. Geo. Stevens, Canada unleached Hast Marion. |4146 Peterborough, Ont., Can.| hardwood ashes.|Horseheads. |5174
Swift & Co., Bone and potash. |Guba. 4770 Chicago, Ill.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF
249
1898.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
In 110 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
Pounds
of
nitrogen.
of available phosphoric acid.
of phos-
phoric acid. of
of water-solu- ble potash. water-solu-
Pounds Pounds total Pounds Pounds
= OS
@ +]
GO GO
> Oo fuk oO OO ~]
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
bo bo
ble nitrogen.
0.49
0.84
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
——-.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
bob
et bo
bo bo
.53
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
1.93
of
water-so lu- ble phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
4.86
aN igo) bo
0.76
250
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
Swift & Co.,
C. R. Sworts,
Chicago,
Chicago,
Chicago,
Chicago,
Chicago,
Chicago,
Chicago,
‘Bone, tankage and, Wellsville.
Ill.
Il.
Ill.
Ill.
Ill.|
Ill.
Til.
Dundee, N. Y.
Trade name or brand.
potash.
sround steamed bone.
Now 2) eosin tankage.
Potato and _ to- bacco grower.
Pure bone = and potash.
Pure bone super- phosphate.
Raw bone meal.
Alkaline dissolved bone.
Locality where sample was
taken.
Oneonta.
Oneonta.
Oneonta. 'Cuba.
\Oneonta.
Oneonta.
Dundee.
Fredonia.
Fredonia.
Station number.
4767
ia
|4510
L
Nir!
New. Y
ork AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 951
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Ble eee 8s foo One Fag 5 | 3 ae )|2ag8 ge | 38 no nn, ees ane nee ne a2 ge | 283 | a5 | S22 | 285 | 2808 I el" sodq os Se £ 8* peed | pee SF ers Brae 5 test | 17 Be |} ——s 4.39 18.58 | 2.69 2.16 | 0.61 0.31 | | | | a | - — | | | | 2.90 —_ 26 a en 2.89 26.80 0.39 | | | jailer FAR 8 is : | yn (1) 10 ne Ae 5.72) 5.74. i) 12.93. | 0.94 | |- | | 3.30 10 5* = Bin Tl 9.17 noe 4.65 0.51 5.95 0.83 0.35 | | 2 pose NAO) 3* eee Se 24.81 3.02 | 0.42 | heeded | ae a No 0uallae® 2 | 2.64 8.57 13.08 1.53/55 (0) el 0.87 | SS as (CD) —_ 23) —— ere 3.87 23.85 0.37 | | : ——- — iS = 13.44 14.28 ee 10.39 | |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
252 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
i Locality where : MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was = taken. = & co) @ n C. R. Sworts, Dissolved bone. j|Dundee. 5169 Dundee, N. Y. C. R. Sworts, Special guano. Dundee. 5171 Dundee, N. Y. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Improved super-/East Avon. |4594 Philadelphia, Pa.) phosphate. ‘Binghamton. |4339 Florida. 4982 I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Normal bone. Hast Avon. [4596 Philadelphia, Pa. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Onion manure. Florida. 4981 Philadelphia, Pa. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Potato fertilizer. |Calverton. 4130 Philadelphia, Pa. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Potato manure. /Hast Avon. Mens Philadelphia, Pa. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Special corn. Hast Avon. - Philadelphia, Pa. I. P. Thomas & Son Oo., Special onion ma-'Hast Avon. 14595
Philadelphia, Pa.| nure.
aa
New York AscricutturaAL ExprrimEnt StTatTIon.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
253
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of nitrogen.
Pounds
1.50
of available phosphoric
Pounds acid.
—
of phos- phoric acid.
total
Pounds
of water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
6.60
7.07
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
of
Pounds
' qd Sa) bs BO op ad 3B ace 22 aos Sa | 38°% = pa | Bead Ay
9.96
} 0.28 4.69 ——__—_—_|—— 0.40 1.36 —_————— | 0.58 7.14 —_—_—_——_—— |
| 1.02 | 7.13
| if | 7.65 1.01 | 9.28
|
| | 9.41
| |-————
| {gee 0.80 TEE
254 REpoRT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H oO Locality where 4 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was g taken. a =| 2) > fe nm I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Special potato fer-|/Binghamton. |4342 Philadelphia, Pa. tilizer. I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Tip top raw bone|Binghamton. |4340 Philadelphia, Pa.| superphosphate. Henry F. Tucker & Co., High-grade potato,| Billsborough. |5234 Boston, Mass.} tobacco and veg- etable manure. 3 - Henry F. Tucker & Co., Imperial bone su-'Salamanea. [5101 Boston, Mass.! perphosphate. Dunkirk. 5121 Billsborough.|5236 Bae ae By oe at Remores | Henry F. Tucker & Co., Original Bay State) Billsborough. |5235 Boston, Mass.} bone superphos- | phate. | B. Tuthill & Co., ' [Acid fish. Promised Promised Land, N. Y. Land. 4185 | = B. Tuthill & Co., Acid phosphate. |Promised Promised Land, N. Y. | Land. 4184 BH. Tuthill & Co., Corn fertilizer. Promised Promised Land, N. Y. Land. 4181 — EB. Tuthill & Co., Fish serap. New Suffolk. Nae
Pirom:sed Land, N. Y.
New York AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 255
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Se a eee ee oe A OH S3 a4 ah onoe bo £8 oe as ae ace nO nt, n = mo nee ne AL eae | ete |fi eee! peee |. see. | eee He} ~ a = sca oe gene | pee Ses prs Bae Guaranteed 3 9 6 —_—___—_. Found axe (0L 8.81 10.16 feo 0.97 6.17 | | | eeren earn | epremes recor Peres Guaranteed 2.47 10 Pier As) Found 3.16 9.81 12.41 3.68 0.83 6.97 taal | Silay alias ee ee Guaranteed 2.06 9 3 Found 2.08 10.19 11.91 8.14 0.89 6.46 | | ———— $< | —_—q]— | —]—_—_——|\— Guaranteed 1.03 8 76 bis) —— Found a CG} 8.48 10.29 2.20 0.42 Tae | eS SS | ee ———— el Guaranteed . 1.64 9 2 Found 1.67 9.70 11.01 2.06 0.56 6.23 | SS ee eee Guaranteed 5 4 ——_ Found Tt Sabin 3.84 0.95 0.97 Below guarantee 0.43 Guaranteed | LS) Sees Found 20.64 20.84 15H a | ——|— | Guaranteed 5 8 5 Found 4.89 6.94 9.19 6.63 0.89 3.82 Below guarantee 1.06 pO ANT CUT DAVENAGY | ( he Ne area gaa Guaranteed 8 | Found 8.69 4.66 (2s
256 REporT OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
BE. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
E. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
E. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
EB. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
EB. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
. Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
ii.
Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, N. Y.
u oO Locality where E Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. =| i=] iS 2 a Jones’ fertilizer. |Promised Land. 4179 Northport e¢lub/Promised fertilizer. Land. |4180 No. 1. Promised Land. 4175 No. 2. Promised Land. 4176 No. 3. Promised Land. |4177 | No. 4. Promised Land. 4178 Riverhead Town|Riverhead. 4126 elub fertilizer. Southold Town/|Southold. |4158
club fertilizer.
Special potato fer-|H. Williston. 4143 tilizer. | |
New Yorx AGRIcuLtuRAL ExrrrRImMEent STATION. 257 LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
S, [se | te | ey | cee | ees ® a 8 os oe Sas ge | Sae, | sgt | o88:| 28 | 29ee ~ Le 4 5 ~ Se wes 3 sa | Seee | $58 | S22 | B82 | Bese rm eu a rv oy a Guaranteed 4 8 | 10 Found 3.81 8.74 9.04 LAO? a erat 7.14 Guaranteed a ea: | 8 10 Found | 4 9.02 9553 10.49 1.90 6.72 | | ed SEE eee ae Guaranteed 4 8 —— | 10 Found 4.83 Coley 9.37 0.65 4.75 Below guarantee 0.83 0.63 | Guaranteed 4 5 iG a Found 4.32 4.95 6.76 OC 0.14 2.89 SS | Guaranteed 3 {é 9 ee Found 3.71 7.45 8.47 8.43 0.37 5.12 Below guarantee 0.5% Bae | Guaranteed 3 t¢ 7 = Found 3.40 6.80 7.87 Tiagul 4.50 Guaranteed 4 Sree: 10 —_—_—_——_ Found 4.06 8.65 9.23 10.54 2.34 7 Guaranteed 4 8 10 ne Found 3.90 8.40 9.55 10.39 0.22 5.32 Guaranteed 4 8 10 —_— Found 4.18 8.89 9.24 9.99 0.58 © 5.38
258 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
re oO Locality where E MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was S E taken. a § 3 om BH. Tuthill & Co., Webb’s fertilizer. |New Suffolk. |4164 Promised Land, N. Y. EB. Tuthill & Co., Wines & Lupton|Promised Promised Land, N. Y.| fertilizer. Land. 14182 J. E. Tygert Co., Cabbage manure. Jamaica, 4095 Philadelphia, Pa. J. E. Tygert Co., Potato guano. Mineola. 4116 Philadelphia, Pa. ; J. EH. Tygert Co., Truckers’ potato|Jamaica. 4094 Philadelphia, Pa.| guano. | Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Potato manure. (|Sagaponack. |4173. Philadelphia, Pa. Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Prairie bone. Fredonia. 5132 Philadelphia, Pa. . Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Star. bone phos-| Fredonia. 5129
Philadelphia, Pa.| phate. |
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
259
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
of water-solu- ble potash.
Pounds
of water-solu- ble nitrogen.
Pounds
of
wacer-so lu- ble phos phorie acid.
Pounds
alieer oss ® me) ‘a3 ae) lege. | 23e 2 ue) os EF ae BSE Ay Au Ay ag Pe ai ie | S.85. 5 TEL! “v8.80 4 3.90 9.31 2.50 2.21 9.40 0.29 (f 8.64 | 10.04 8.31.0 Pug Glo eet ql Wee 0.70 3.30 | 6 3 6.16 | 7.78 0.30 2.49 |= | 18 3.09 18.08 1.85 50 2.03
|
|
260 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
H o j Locality where < MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. a S AS. 3 a Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Star guano. Fredonia. |5128. Philadelphia, Pa. | Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Standard bone ; Philadelphia, Pa.} phosphate. Fredonia. 5131 Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Tankage. Italy Hill. 5202 Philadelphia, Pa. Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Truckers’ triumph|Fredonia. 5130 Philadelphia, Pa.| potato guano. F. G. Underwood, Bone meal. Oneida. 4430 Oneida, N. Y. wet ee ee eee F. G. Underwood, High grade ferti-|Oneida. 4419 Oneida, N. Y.} lizer. F. G. Underwood, Tankage. Oneida. 4431 Oneida, N. Y. SE a ed eee J. W. Van Cott & Son, Corn special. Unadilla. 4532
’ Unadilla, N. Y.
261
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER,
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
‘prow o110yd -soyqd aq -N[ OS-199BAt Bae) spunog
*J930.191U 91q -N[Os-19}BM yo spunog
“yseiod 9[q S14t}t OS-1T907BM yo spunog
*ploe o1mogd -soyd [803 yo spunog
‘plow otroydsoyd OTC Bl[IvVAB yo spunog
"090301310 jo spunog
9
t~
5.
1.04
Guaranteed ‘Found
: ne
Below guarantee Guaranteed Found Guaranteed
. Found Below guarantee Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Below guarantee Guaranteed Found
- Below guarantee Found
Guaranteed - Guaranteed Found
262 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
5 y Locality where re MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 ‘ taken. A 8 S n , J. W. Van Cott & Son, _ [Oats and buck- Unadilla. 4533 Unadilla, N. Y.| wheat standard.| ~ Walker Fertilizer Co., Chemung Valley Horseheads. |5173 Clifton Springs, N. Y.} special. Walker Fertilizer Co., Clifton. Reeds | Clifton Springs, N. Y. Corners. lace Walker Fertilizer Co., Onion special. Florida. . |4977 Clifton Springs, N. Y. Walker Fertilizer Co., Potato and vegeta-|Reeds Clifton Springs, N. Y.| ble grower. Corners. 4944 — Walker Fertilizer Co., Wheat _ special |Dresden. 5162 Clifton Springs, N. Y.| No. 2. W. E. Whann, Chester Valley|B. Corning. |5182
William Penn, Pa.| special.
| | Te poly | |
peat.
*
M. E. Wheeler & Co., Corn fertilizer. Oxford. 4372 Rutland, Vt. Haverstraw. |4962
Pavilion. 5114
M. E. Wheeler & Co., Electrical dic ieeraw. 4675 Rutland, Vt./ solved bone. Pearl Creek. |4696
5188
265
New York AGRIcuLtTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
‘ploe o110yd -soyd oq -N[OS-199BM
yo spunog
“TesO.14IU 9Tq -N [OS-197¥ AA
JO _spunog
a
Oot
‘ysBjod 31q -N] OS-.19}BM
yo spunog
| ‘prow o1royd |-soyd [R}0} ame) spunog
“ple dLaroydsoyd OTABIL Bae
Bae) spunog
‘ueso1}I0
|yoO spunog
Below guarantee Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found Guaranteed Found Found
—
Guaranteed
Guaranteed - Found
Guaranteed Found
264 REPORT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
he o Locality where = MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. a =| = ~~ 3 n M. BE. Wheeler & Co., Grass and oats. Vanhorns-
Rutland, Vt. ville. 4454 Haverstraw. |4961
' es So
M. E. Wheeler & Co., High grade fruit!Tallmans. 4974 Rutland, Vt.| fertilizer. North Collins. |5052
M. E. Wheeler & Co., High-grade O r-|Pearl Creek. |4697 Rutland, Vt.) leans Co. bean|Pavilion. 5114 manure. : | ee M. BE. Wheeler & Co., High-grade royal|Pavilion. |5113 Rutland, Vt.| sweet potato ma- = | nure. i | | Oxford. |4371 M. KH. Wheeler & Co., Potato manure. Vanhorns- Rutland, Vt. 5 ville. 4453 Pavilion. 5112 | M. E. Wheeler & Co., Royal wheat|Leroy. 4674 Rutland, Vt.) grower. Pearl Creek. |4699 = Pa Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Dry ground fish|Orient. 4147
Mystic, Conn.| guano.
-| -—_—_————_-_ |- xq ——|—_
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Acorn acid phos-|Amsterdam. |4467 New York City.| phate. Brant. |5054
| Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone, White Plains./4204
New York City.| superphosphate.
265
New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
“plow o11oyd -soyd o2q -N | OS-107eM
yo spunog
"01930.1310 91q -N][OS-19qBM
jo spunog
ysejod eq -N [OS-19jVM
yo spunog
‘plow ol10ogd -soyd [Bj03
JO spunog
“plow o1aoyqdsoyd O[QCBlIvae
JO spunog
‘ues0.1}1U
JO spunog
0.93
Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
5.47
0.53
9.07
3.41
Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
266 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. emple was taken.
| Station number. |
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis-|Whitney Pt. |4334
New York City.) solved bone. Franklin Iron Works. 4849 | Collins. 5076 |
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., ‘Carteret ground Brant. ips New York City.) bone.
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., ‘Dissolved bone|Franklin Iron New York City.. and potash. Works. 4540
Williamst’wn|4910
Cassadaga. |5240
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Good grower po-|Amsterdam,. |4469 New York City.| tato phosphate. |Andover. 4759 Williamst’ wn|4908
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., ‘High-grade spec-| White wea New York City.| ial.
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., ‘Potato, hop and/Franklin Iron New York City.) tobacco. Works. 4850
| -| —. |_| — Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co.,. Potato phosphate.|Jamaica. 4077
New York City. Franklinville.|4783 | . Cassadaga. |5241
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Prolific crop pro-|Hudson. 4233 New York City.) ducer. Andover. 4760 Williamst’wn|4909
267
In 100 PouxDs OF FERTILIZER.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
‘plow ols0yd > baal S @ S =) ie.) -soyd oq Se Re ae oe S re) 10 qd -N [OS-19JeM ~ - no nN N Sr jo spunog
' ' ' ' ' ' ; = ror) a] t aa ron) re ‘mesO017IU 8Tq 12 ~ = Ne} soa oo Yer) - 1 [OS-197B M o oO Oo | = a a yo spunog
‘ysejod 9[q Nn S 10 (=) iS) (o°a) aA) -N | OS-19}7B M = mi oe) ror) ao) a) ea) | JO spunog ANN Ar 10H hh of oD 10 10 no
| ‘plow o1moyd © ve ON On ioe 00 Ne) ie.) -soyd 830} = ua ae 2A 2 ot oe . jo spunog Ge) +H oO i] fon) ro of oa) =) aan nro al Sal mn a % | prow | or aoydsoyd eS Ss % % 5 3 ip & eae ae ee o 4 , Ta) 0 or) : © yo spunog| ® +H os Je) ron) S Or ) —————————————— pay Ast hg ay aleees TS es ons 7 bo =) oD OD (SHS) ie.) os lS Ese) ee eS SS ag m3 8 a Bi BS dr mA dre or oD AA Ss | on be) Ss uo) bo) Lo} lio) ; lo) o o o o d ® (0) o o a ® ov rob) (0) o oa A a = q a a q a ae! at at ot ie) a) ae) a Hd qa H¢a Ha Ha 4a | | Ss asd aos os gs =} as aS = Ko) =e) =e) =) =o) =o) =e) =e) Ok O O Ok Oe Oe Oe O &
’ e
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
268 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
. o Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. a i=} 2 g ADDS MQ Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., \Royal bone phos-|Jamaica. 4078 New York City., phate. Whitney Pt. |4833 | Franklinville.|4780 Willoughby & Fletcher, Grain and grass. |Oxford. 4363 Oxford, N. Y. ; | Willoughby & Fletcher, Grain and grass. |Oxford. 4364 - OxfordsN. Y: Willoughby & Fletcher, High-grade guano|Oxford. 4362 Oxford, N. Y.| for potatoes and vegetables. | oe Zell Guano Co., Ammoniated bone|Carthage. |4881 Baltimore, Md.| superphosphate. |Waverly. 5037 Gorham. 5223 Zell Guano Co., Calvert guano. Carthage. 4882 Baltimore, Md. Watertown. /|4895 Zell Guano Co., Corn and potato|Newark Val-| Baltimore, Md| manure. ~ ley. her Zell Guano Co., Dissolved bone/Warsaw. 4707 Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. Waverly. 5038
Prattsburg. |5193
Zell Guano Co., Dissolved S. C./Warsaw. 4709 Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. Hamburg. 4847 Prattsburg. |5192
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 269
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
In 100 PounpDs OF FERTILIZER.
| |
oc | eee | -*8s-| eee | oak | ozze = 22 Bs Be 6s | gas ha mon | gee | 252 1369 Ba | ess | §82 | 832 Bae zeeg & eae oe e ge | re gaia 1.08 | 7 oe 0 E50 9.43 10.90 Paar Ht 0.62 5.94 0.82 9 yd 0.81 9.12 10.79 2.38 0.38 5.83 a ee 1203 8 2 1.15 9.20 10.79 228 | SOLOS ff ao eae cena ati ore
| 0.60 9 1.50 0.80 | 10.84 11.73 2.18 0 9.23 1.65 6 4 2.03 7.22 9.33 4.06 1.08 3.06 14. 14.62 16.58
11.86 13 estate | vemene Nets 13:87 116,41— 1)" 11.78 |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
270 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where a
MANUFAC! URER. Trade name or brand. | | sample was 5
taken, a
S
~
3
=
D Zell Guano Co., Heonomizer. Warsaw. 4711 Baltimore, Md. Waverly. 50386
Prattsburg. |5195 |
Zell Guano Co., Electric phos-|Summer Hill.|4817 Baltimore, Md.| phate. Carthage. 4880
Dayton. 5089
Zell Guano Co., _ Fruit tree invigo-|Warsaw. 4710 Baltimore, Md.) rator. Hamburg. |5039
Prattsburg. |5194
Zell Guano Co., Genesee. Warsaw. 4708 Baltimore, Md. Watertown. |4890
Zell Guano Co., High grade cab-|Watertown. |4894
Baltimore, Md.| bage manure.
Zell Guano Co., Pure ground raw|/Hamburg. 4848 Baltimore, Md.| bone.
‘
Zell Guano Co., Special ammoni-|Newark Val- Baltimore, M¢ | ated bone. ley. 5018 Zell Guano Co., Special compound/|Lima. 4561
Baltimore, Md.| for onions.
Zell Guano Co., Special compound|Warsaw. 4712 Baltimore, Md.| for potatoes and|Watertown. [4891 vegetables.
271
New Yorx AgricutturaL Experiment Station. ' LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
‘prow o1oyd ae cy = I eS 2 = -soyd aq . : ; Fs : é ° -N[OS-19yBM for] - for) (ea) 10 : bo) = Oo Jo spunog
wy sH Ql 1O t~ 5) io 4) ‘ueS0.141U 9]q mo TS oe) “A © © N -N [OS-19]BM oO (=) NN (=) | (on) rm jo spunog
‘yseiod 3 Ne} Lol sH o> for) on oO;n —
| - a Ricavo “ o> 12 bal So 1% 00 2 |S o ie 9) easel AN ar (eaten) i | Welle) So ih ol ecyac) han! Host | “prov ortoyd on ae} 1d aa ie‘a) c | xs io) Ye) re eon fees = oY SS re NY eal Me a a se yo spunodg is A Ol = iea) oo} é- o N ial me ol eal ar a ~ | Biope Beret = = = “por ty o11oydsoyd S SB 4 EA Ns B & cs See es os On OO Toa 10 16 ro Or JO spunog! ~~ 4 eo a : aa 7 ot 10 4 S) Ye) 10 4 oo Ne) waso1qiu oo on = 8 OSs 3 ite) OH ar jo spunog Gee A Ae, sie ake came BNE oo AN sts OD <H mn oo NAN —— —__—__—_»_ — = aoe eee —————$ ee o o i<b) o ~ ~ i = a ios} os} oS so) so} Lo} =} rm es ro ro o i} ® do od ® rob) ® 5 o rob) 5 ® ® ro) o i) ® ® ® ® ® » » ~ » ~ » tt) ~ » on ~ | =| =| =| | | 4 A A oS o's aS so so SU aS so a's as a aS a as as 3° ae ae © as 30 =i) 506 is) =e) i fe) Ps) 1S) Bio oe =I) Ok O& Or Om Oe Om Ok Om
re’) Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
K oO Locality where E MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. a =| 2 3 io] Zell Guano Co., Special fertilizer. |Marathon. 4323 Baltimore, Md. | —[_IeejG0GuQ037V9——V<VX— eee oT a Sel ee a el See Zell Guano Co., Special high-grade|Lima. 4556 Baltimore, Md.| onion manure. | peecward —— Zell Guano Co., Special high-grade|Watertown. |4887 Baltimore, Md.| potato manure. Zell Guano Co., Special high-grade|Dayton. |5088 Baltimore, Md.| wheat manure. |Gorham. 5222 Zell Guano Co., Tobacco fertilizer.|Waverly. 50384 Baltimore, Md. 5 | tee ey | Not given. Garbage. White Plains.|4208 Not given. Cabbage fertilizer.|Jamaica. |4086 |
| Not given. High-grade ferti-| Jamaica. Be lizer.
New York AaricutturaL Expertmment Station. 273
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of
©» (Esler ‘ COT eo OS a Bh os ae ong | ofes S | 33 ae | 93 | os See o5 | dee; | Sap | $82 | 283 | es"2 a= Ap o-= as AZO ago Hao? be | pees B28 ae ide Bese Guaranteed 2.45 ‘< 8 Found 2.44 9.26 10.33 8.24 0 7.62 pea oot ec eee Guaranteed 3.25 6 8 | Found 3.40 8.23 10.09 Se2n | 0.31 | 5.93 Se Ls Guaranteed 3.25 | 6 8 | Found Ps Sisady |e Tsk 9.83 8.22 0.21 6.62 | | Guaranteed 1.60 10 5 Found 1.67 11.06 12.41 5.04 0.19 9.49 Se | | Guaranteed 2.45 8 4. | Found Doc allied: 12.97 3.65 1.14 9.09 Below guarantee 0.22 0.35 Guaranteed —— | —— Found 5.01 1 aL 0.13 1.70 | a ee Guaranteed 4,12 6 8 ——_— Found 3.21 10.01 14.29 5.76 1.88 3.12 Below guarantee 0.91 2.24 | apa 1 ee Guaranteed : 3.29 8 | 7 Found 3.24 9.90 14.26 5.06 1.85 She Below guarantee | | 1.94 |
274 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
== Saeed = a
5 Locality where iF MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was = taken. a a Ae r 8 n Not given. Newbold’s sum- Southold. 4159 mer king. Not given. Peach tree ferti-| Gardnertown|4246 lizer.
|
Not given. | Potato special. Jamaica. 4085
|
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 275
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1898.
In 100 PounDs OF FERTILIZER.
f of of of of of
oo age i a Up Le : ees os Ba 20 aug I celia 0 An = & aos a ce ahs 28 ge ga8 ge | Sae5 | Sep | S22 | 88a | e873 aa | Sees | 86a | S22 | B82 | S884 D 2 3 as} 2 e Ee} iS are) oe rFQm Guaranteed 3.25 f¢ Found 3.04 8.46 7 9.87 7.64 1.43 6.30 Below guarantee 0.21 | SS SS SS eS Guaranteed 2.67 12 1.36* | ————— Found 2.66 5.69 12.18 1.94 0.71 2.69 Guaranteed 3.29 10 Found 3.08 9.73 14.76 aga 1.74 3.44 Below guarantee 0.21 4.88
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
II. REPORT OF ANALYSES OF COMMER aes FERTILIZERS FOR THE GALT) OF rngccas
Le Le Var Sie:
SUMMARY.
(1) Samples Collected. During the fall of 1898, the Station collected 244 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 162 different brands. Of these different brands 111 were complete fertilizers; of the others, 23 contained phosphoric acid and potash without nitrogen; 5 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid without potash; 12 contained phosphoric acid alone; 5 con- tained potash salts only, and 6 contained nitrogen only.
(2) Nitrogen. The 111 brands of complete fertilizers ‘con- tained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.46 to 4.69 per cent and averaging 1.67 per cent. The average amount of nitrogen found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.16 per cent, the guaranteed average being 1.51 per cent and the average found being 1.67 per cent.
In 84 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 1.29 per cent and averaging 0.30 per cent.
In 26 brands, the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.02 to 0.77 per cent and averaging 0.20 per cent. In 24 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per cent. | ;
The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 3.02 per cent and averaged 0.54 per cent. :
(3) Available Phosphoric Acid. The 111 brands of complete fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 148.
New Yorx AgricutturaL ExprertmMent S?Pation. EG
from 4.77 to 13.45 per cent and averaging 9.27 per cent. The average amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.96 per cent, the guaranteed average being 8.31 per cent and the average found being 9.27 per cent.
In 93 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of available phosphoric acid found was above the amount guaranteed, the ex- cess varying from 0.09 to 4.62 per cent and averaging 1.24 per cent.
In 18 brands, the available phosphoric acid was below the guar- anteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.03 to 1.61 per cent and averaging 0.48 per cent. In 11 cases the deficiency was below
0.5 per cent. -. The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0.62 per cent to 9.78 per cent, and averaged 5.72 per cent.
(4) Potash. The complete fertilizers contained potash varying in amount from 0.36 to 10.43 per cent and averaging 4.36 per cent. The average amount of potash found by the Station analy- ‘sis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.26 per cent, the guaranteed average being 4.10 per cent and the average found being 4.36 per cent.
In 79 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash found was above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 2.87 per cent and averaging 0.57 per cent.
In 31 brands, the potash was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.05 to 2.29 per cent and averaging 0.54 per cent. In 18 of these cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 | per cent.
In 11 cases among the 111 brands of complete fertilizers the potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess _ of chlorides.
(5) The retail selling prices of the complete fertilizers varied from $14.25 to $35 a ton and averaged $23.16. The retail cost of the separate ingredients unmixed averaged $17.34, or $5.82 less than the selling price.
278 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
INTRODUCTION.
NUMBER AND KINDS OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. During the entire year of 1898, we collected 1,427 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 901 different brands. It is a matter of interest to notice to what extent dealers offer for sale complete fertilizers (those containing nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash), compared with those containing only one or two of these ingredients. It is also of interest to consider the different forms in which incomplete fertilizers are offered for sale. The following tabulated statement indicates the different kinds of com-
plete and incomplete fertilizers collected during the year.
CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED IN 1898.
id
oe wo oo wos. wn 2 a Ae q A o's. aoa go. = 8 13 sAOd gs oou Aaa a ee a8 qa Sak =O om od seit! © gs mag oO Sw eA, BA S ws S44 oO SN
roy Pn 2S ti) 2'OS tp on aa Ao ae a5 oe aaoe Uom 1898. oe og 6° On Oy Oseare o°S o5 o'6, om open lg oF 3 a wD Db no Ro Cait DoH ro Oho bole! grea owS55 Loy ae e390 a6 gfon oes Ags so Soa ES Ss 'Ae SAn0 ens)
isa) Q is) Q ioe) isa)
ae Spring collection. 8 44 7 47 5D 578 Fall collection. . 6 12 5 23 ahtal Total for year. 14 56 12 52 78 689
In the spring collection 78 per cent of the brands offered for sale consisted of complete fertilizers; in the fall, 68.5 per cent, and during the year an average of 76.5 per cent. Of unmixed materials, phosphoric acid was offered much more largely than nitrogen or potash, the average for the year being about 8 per cent of all brands offered. A smaller number containing phos- phoric acid and nitrogen was found. It will be seen that the mixture of phosphoric acid and potash was quite largely used, averaging for the year over 11 per cent of all the brands collected.
- COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED In 1898.
The tabulated statement below shows the average composition of the complete fertilizers collected during the year, together with a comparison of the guaranteed composition and that found: by analysis.
New York Agricutturat Exprriment Station. 279 AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED.
‘Per Cent GUARANTEED. Per Cent FounD < ade) acs
= . : 5 a E = S E = Sine eels 4] ea] <{ 4H ee) 4 < Spring. INTtLOS ET. tee. tele Snes 0:40 8:78 '°2:06 0.12 8.21 .20 0.14 Available phos- s phorie acid <.... 3.00 14:00 - 7.65 3.69 14.28 . 65 1.00 Insoluble phos- phorie acid .).*.. Dicia sraroien erate c Wolo OOO MAOATS, .90 ars Se ZO BAIS Wiis tee teyes wheter O50 SLa.00) 46% 0522) 515.22 .91 0.24 Water-soluble phos- MHOME Cid Gsc whe BT Mer. OV 10) 10a .08 Water-soluble nitro- : ECT ereh eho teehee ee Ganon | ewierers .0 5.03 94 Fall. Nitrogen: hs. vec. 0.41 5.88 1.51 0.46 4.69 .67 0.16 Available phos- phorie acid ..... 4.00 21.00 8.381 4.77 18.45 soi 0.96 Insoluble phos- phorie acid ..... Sse Wee. sae O821, »--4-.50 .89 sale NOUS yee ston nts aoe o's 1.00 19.00 4.10 0.86 10.438 .36 0.26 Water-soluble phos- DHOKICYACIAE Seer tee ers) Fore A « 0.62 9.78 12 Water-soluble nitro- SPOT eels vomater herb eeauelay lm seitel s we .0 3.02 .b4 Average for year. INDERO LCI ea rs ek GR Ma liad e es es OT cae = zara ates an 0.15 Available phos- POUCH ACC yale caligs enter aca toderalater cash GEA AG): antes eee ETN 75 0.99 ' Insoluble phos- phoricxacid)). 2.4 F ERMA EEA A ei bE Ns hey .90 Sisnrs J EXOUETES) Oy BE ghcepid Opie Caer gO eae ETE 4-8) ven Oca eee .82 0.24 Water-soluble phos- PN OMCE Clee shi beth g olsun legsialore Ape) farets. oj 439% Sees up ces pers .04 Water-soluble nitro- EXES AY GES GSS ACES SPREE di OSORIO Oe eer em neta nie .88
280 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICALS AND INCOMPLETE FERTILIZERS.
PER CENT GUARANTEED.
r & M Dee g 3 zy > = dy < Nitrogen in Nitrate of soda.... 14.76 16.00 15.16 Sulphate of ammo- MITER cps Merce Sako cierto ee pene 20. Dried plood <.-... 9.75 10.50 10-10 Dissolved phosphates, Phosphoric acid Available ....... 10.00 30.00 13.64 Water-soluble: ia.) ope tae ees eee Insoluble ss. cee Caer cea Potash in TCaIMIGS so:chean ice 5 12.40 12.48 12.44 Miuniaite s.r, .askie.-. 50. 50.40 50.20 Sulphate tics sccet scm oe ee oe i eOU, Fish scrap INDERO SOM oor eia choles 500) (87508 elt Phosphoric acid.... 4.00 6.00 5.84 Bone meal INTETOP EN Sacee secs 1.00 4.00 .2.50 Phosphoric acid.... 9.00 . 26.67 19.10 Mixtures containing Phosphorie acid : Available . 8.00 13.00 10.25 EnsOlublesl sheets tao ee ee POTASH Geers eels 1200102003 3260
ee ed
Per Cent Founp.
eeeee
0.84
—_ + *-_ -
———e
Average per cent found above guarantee
TRADE VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND
CHEMICALS.
The trade values in the following schedule have been agreed
upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a result of
study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of
these states.
These trade values represent, as nearly as can be estimated, the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March,
* Below guarantee.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 281
the respective ingredients, a the form of unmixed raw materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These prices also correspond (except in case of available phosphoric acid) to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March plus about 20 per cent in case of goods for which there are wholesale quotations,
TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.
1898. Cts. per pound Nitrogen in ammonia salts...............ccsees ot sid ahomsfaseradece aes ai oahaP tetas 14 fs Ae TAULALCS Rae erie teresa chivetel to yep Mee chet ne Mele ee as Bets ati 13 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and binad; and MUNI XEALONUUIZELST Macc s sels secs eye Gage ih eie elo metas 14 * in cotton-seed meal and Fg a a aise oere yee 12 Be in fine- ground bone and tankage .. .. . ... ...... 134 ee im coarse bone and -tankage...........0.0ee.eees08 10 Phosphoric acid, WUREORE-SOMMDIE es wht ci fans oncbe nee a gagioeies Fa ya atone ule oe 4} PMbE RLS -ROl aE Ns, dicted ot nyse incerta prele,s dead tesa oslo nig tie 4 as in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage ............... 4 UY in coarse fish, bone and tankage ............. ....e. 34 ee in cotton-seed meal, castor-pomace and wood ashes.. 4 Ae in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium citrate. 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlorides), PHBAU MOR WCRE Ey 726 des cit ee as a Soe eh ewe aes «one sibel ie Map a 5 PEM Rrintce tcc ae Rtas moe iret oo iskiauaneee og at 44
COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION.
Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the schedule for mixed fertilizers, 14 cents a pound for nitrogen, 4 1-2 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid, 4 cents a pound for citrate soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound for insoluble phosphoric acid, and 4 1-4 cents a pound for potash, we can calcu- late the commercial valuation, or the price at which the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertilizer, having the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be purchased for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail prices at which these goods were offered for sale, we can also readily esti- mate the difference between the actual selling price or the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the unmixed materials; the differ- ence covers the cost of mixing, freight, profits, ete. We present these data in the following table, including only complete fer- tilizers.
282 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS.
S302
CoMMERCIAL Sue R
SeLLiIne PRICE oF ONE TON OF ono
Youbet CoMPLETE FERTILIZER. g& 8
1898. FERTILIZERS. ORT PION is) - 4 z ome a a 5 © ‘EH ? Highest ceee3 Average. Lowest. ighest. Average. E S | ES SOWIE! Acne Poa Toe a5 o $18 52 $15 00 $45 00 $27 65 $9 13 DBS erste catenicueitavavenescie oeveue tes 17 34 14 25 35 00 23 16 5 82 Average for year ........ LS RpoAv Toscan mc kesiete 26 93 8 59
—.
COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF CHEMICALS AND INCOMPLETE
FERTILIZERS. = 23a oe BLE AOR: i. Fes ENS p ee a5 2 a) a 3 o ? 3 D a5 cipal: eae erie eee Nitrate of soda...... $88 48 $4040 $3944 $3875 $4000 $3988 *$006 Sulphate of ammonia. ...... :..:.. Bio Cae eaing oiled oF atc 60 00 3 05 Dissolved phosphate. 1025 2665 1310 1100 2600 1553 243 FRAIMIGs eee Sei PERS ie es eta 1OVS4i?. Hae che Sale ely 100 416 MinriaterotepOtas iis triecrsysjeeu teen lee ADiIGT 90.2 aiitaeen ns were 40 00 *2 67 EQISN=SETAD wie ss.0 6 eves > 1805 3014 2567 1400 2600 2167 *4 00 Bone-meal ... 3. ..+ 1 1194 3041 2532 2000 3800 2770 238 Mixtures containing phosphoric acid and WOtash incerta so 893 1838 13806 1500 3000 2000 6 94 Wood-ashes ......... 3 03 8 37 517 900 1200 1030 453
* Commercial valuation greater than selling price.
COST OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-FOOD IN FERTILIZERS AS PURCHASED BY CONSUMERS.
In the table below we present figures showing the lowest, highest
and average cost to the purchaser of one pound of plant-food in
different forms. Cost OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-Foop TO CONSUMERS,
Lowest. Highest. Average
Cents. Cents. Cents. Nitrogen in
Complete fertilizersis fae isi tr. ak). ae eee 11.7 382.00 20.3 Bone-méaly oes o36. So tee ae bes ee ee 10.6 26.7 14.7 MISh-SCrapy frcieccuss cic teistniets orks BOS FN ioc3-0 SRN 10.9 aI 11.8
Nitrateof soda Yri42 Te. aol eaicreaeine ere 12:39 13.1 13. Sulphate of ‘ammonia. ccc 3 << coos eters a lesstoleys anne Tadeo ome teee 14.7
| New York AGRricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 283
Cost OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-FOOD TO CONSUMERS.— Concluded.
Lowest. Highest. Average.
Cents. Cents. Cents. Phosphoric acid in Complete fertilizers (available) .............. 3.6 116.00 6.5 Dissolved phosphates (available) ............ 3.8 10 5.3 Hish=scrapy, (otal) Fock te <lretele soles osete cele es ingl 2365) ide) OME =TM EA (TOLAL soe cae. cae ghee dreeve eee attrac b'eters 3 7.6 4,2 Phosphoric acid and potash mixtures (avyail- DIG) RPh aon RE SEALE siete ots deo 12.6 6.9 VOUOU ASICS Saye siahetersis steisiap se cle aes stone tote ve tera ove te 4.3 13.9 7.2 Potash in WOMPIETS METULZELS) S siecepctecsrsse sre lsicvs Gee ois ove eee 6 Sto «12e3 6.5 ERTL AMR ita, cactes SUM ec eiba te OE) aad co ot ROR 5.9 IMIR OTAPOTAS Tes tieteietsists, sitters cre siavp ede oh esc ce? tn eiels oreo, “elaiaiere 4 NViGOUEA SOS rere lat sielctsrstous sacseapered chone't ecole chess) «ie 5.4 17.4 9 Potash and phosphoric acid mixtures ........ 5 11.9 6.9
TERMS USED IN STATING RESULTS OF ANALYSIS.
In the tables following, the terms used to express the results of analysis are self-explanatory for the most part.’ Attention is
“water-soluble” phosphoric acid and nitrogen.
called, however, to
While manufacturers are required to guarantee only the amount of available phosphoric acid (water-soluble plus reverted or citrate-soluble), yet it seems desirable that consumers should know what proportion of the available is water-soluble. The amounts of available phosphoric acid being equal, one would choose by preference a. fertilizer containing the larger amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid.
The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0.62 to 9.78 per cent and averaged 5.72 per cent. This constituted nearly 62 per cent of the available phosphoric acid present.
The water-soluble nitrogen includes nitrogen present in the form of ammonia salts and nitrates together with that present in small amounts of soluble organic matter. The amount of water- soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 3.02 per cent and averaged 0.54 percent. This constituted 32.3 per cent of the total nitrogen present. It should not be inferred that water-soluble nitrogen is of more value than the rest. It is, of course, more readily _ available, so far as it consists of nitrates, but it must be remem- bered that nitrogen in this form leaches and is lost to plants more readily than nitrogen in other forms.
*
284
ReEportT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS OOL
MANUFACTURER,
Baker & Engert,
Lincoln,
No
Baker & Engert,
Lincoln,
NZ Xe
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Mass.
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Boston,
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Pa o Locality where q Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. a a eS E nM Alkaline bone. Rochester. {5411 stiant king. Rochester. 5406 A. Baldridge’s Sen- |Macdougall. |5290 eca Co. special. | Re A. Baldridge’s Sen- |Macdougall. |5292 eca queen. lies Alkaline bone. Newark. ee | Brisbin & Doug-|Clyde. 5486 lass grain spe- cial. ean ae | Brisbin & Doug-|Clyde. beer lass special wheat fertilizer. | Chappius XX X|Dryden. 5352 phosphate. | Dried blood. Rochester. |5429 : |
Hopkins’ fertilizer.
special, Canandaigua. |5398 | |
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 985
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of of |
|
. | 332 as | SA, | cee | Saeg 8 36 Be 3 a 3 oS S28 oe els) n ES nee nh AO ge [gees | eas | sao | ses | Bees 8° BeBe pe Ses gFs eFse Guaranteed ae 4 Found 14.81 14.81 4.03* Paya | | —— ] — | —___—__|—_—_ Guaranteed 1.65 8 4 Found 1.57" 9.10 10.86 4.22 0.49 4,24 ey EE Guaranteed 0.75 | 10 os. Found 0.92 11.37 15.15 4.85 (ealys 8.81 ee Guaranteed ———_ | 14 — | ———. Found 16.76 17.28 11.35 ca SERED | Ee REE (aS Eee Ses Guaranteed —— | 11 al Found 13.80 17.79 1.05 10.34 Guaranteed 0.75 8 4 Found 1.06 9.82 Aiteoal7, 3.80 0.31 6.55 ee weer Guaranteed 1.50 | 10 5 soles Found a ey dr 10.61 USA E 4.95 0.42 6.07 Pex aoa st a PK Guaranteed 1 8 1 wa Found 1.21 10.57 12.50 1.438 0.61 OL Guaranteed 9.75 —_ —— ——- Found 9.59 4.80 2253 Guaranteed 1 10 4 Sa Found 1.18 10.51 14.56 4.45 0.39 3.03
“ Potash present in form of sulphate.
286 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Fy Locality where re MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand, sample was s taken. A [=| & 3 n Bowker Fertilizer Co., Kinne’s _ selected| Ovid. |5313 Boston, Mass.| fertilizer. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Muriate of potash.| Penfield. 5417 Boston, Mass. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Onion special. North Rose. |5487 Boston, Mass. Bowker Fertilizer Oo., Special grain. Willow Boston, Mass. Creek. 5317 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Wilson’s golden| Rochester. 5430 Boston, Mass.| sheaf. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Grape fertilizer. | Rochester. 5409 Boston, Mass. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Muriate of potash.|Newark. 5365 Boston, Mass. H. B. Chapin, Standard. Rochester. 5418 Rochester, N. Y. Cleveland Dryer Co., Forest City am-|Cato. 5339
Cleveland, Ohio.| moniated super- phosphate.
New York AqricuttuRAL ExpErRImMEent STATION. 287
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE'FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pouxps oF FERTILIZER.
Se eae eee} ada Ge cae | Sees no n= & Fe ee ne ne AO ee corny "eae Noe iis "aes aa ere sae 5” eeea | pee BFS | prs | pFae Guaranteed 1 9 2.50 _ Found 5 liar 10.77 13.42 2.89 0.25 6.59 eee ace otc ac ae ara ie Guaranteed —_—— | —— —— | 50 | — Found 52.36 es eet es | ee ee eee eee Guaranteed 0.75 6 5 —_—__—_ Found 0.99 9.35 10.56 5.29 0.27 6.50 Guaranteed 0.75 8 4 —_—_—_—_— Found PG 9.23 12.52 4.91 0.45 4.12 Guaranteed — 0.75 10 6 — Found tsar 10.97 12.98 6.16 0.57 7.65 Guaranteed 0.82 4 8 a ee Found 0.88 5.50 eltire 8.23 0.27 122 Guaranteed —_——- |--——— —— | 50 ae | Found 50.48 Guaranteed 1.65 ii 3 —— Found 1.34 6.45 8.42 5.87 0.33 2.50
Below guarantee 0.31 0.55
eS ee en | te ee | ee | eee
Guaranteed 1.65 {f Found ale
288 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
— - = ~ —_——.
k Oo Locality where I . MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was 5 taken. A i] = S +e 8 nD BE. Frank Coe Co., Ralston’s Knicker- Aurora. 5326 New York City.| bocker phos- phate. | eae H. Frank Coe Co., & G. Lyon’s am-|/Aurora. 5325 New York City.| moniated bone superphosphate. EH. Frank Coe Co., Wonder super- Geneva. 5271 New York City.| phosphate. | Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,_|Alkaline bone and|Holley. 5480 Buffalo, N. Y.| potash. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,_ |Buddington’s corn|Holley. 5479 Buffalo, N. Y.| and wheat grower. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Cabbage, onion|Canan- Buffalo, N. Y.| and celery ma-| daigua. 5394 nure. . Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Chappius special}Dryden. 5354 Buffalo, N. Y.| corn phosphate. Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Chappius X X V'Dryden. 5353
Buffalo, N. Y.| phosphate.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Gonklin’s dis-|Penn Yan. 5385 Buffalo, N. Y.| solved bone.
EN
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Crocker’s phos-| Hilton. 5462
Buffalo, N. Y¥-| phate.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YO
RK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 PounDs oF FERTILIZER.
°.
Guaranteed Found
of of
phos-
phoric acid. of
Pounds nitrogen. Pounds of available phosphoric acid. Pounds total Pounds water-solu- ble potash.
ee 8 ot
Guaranteed —
Found
Guaranteed ound
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
—_ | ———__—.
of
water-sol u- ble nitrogen.
Pounds
ee ——— | | |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
of
water-solu- ble phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
290
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoOL
MANUFACTURER.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co.,
EK. A. Cross,
EK. A. Cross,
BH. A. Cross,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Hilton, N. Y
Hilton, N. Y.
Hilton, N. Y.
Locality where Trade name or brand. sample was
taken.
Dissolved bon e|Canan- black. daigua.
General p hos- phate. Seneca.
Hanlon Bros. spe-|Medina. cial.
Harvest jewel. Seneca.
High-grade cereal|Romulus.
guano.
Market garden|Seneca. special.
Potash galts. Canan-
daigua.
King superphos-)Hilton. phate. -
Parma superphos-|Hilton. phate.
Queen superphos-|Hilton.
phate.
Station number.
New York AacricutturaL Experiment STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
.| -N][ O8-1978M
*proe o10yd -soqd 9q
Jo spunog
‘ua30.1410 91q -N[OS-19JBM 3640) spunog
*yseyjod 31q -N[OS-1e}B aM Bao) spunog
‘plow olmogd -soyd [8303 ame) spunog
“pre o1areydsoyd eT[QBl[IvBAB yo spunog |
|
‘ueso.1j1u yo spunog
i “I a D bX ~ H ae) a =) o f=) T ain oso bX o | © mH — or~}]o 2 aN A § E E | S Ye) on x x ro) mi mi mi oD = | = | 10 ran) oa) oo Keon) | Or | oa) miro ri Ad Ql o> 19 6 GO oD ON > o> On oun do —) ® ® ~~ q s =| S ko} c=} S 3 d D ® ® o 5) = 2 a = = gC pf ac at 3 =| | =| H ss as as 3 52Oo ® ae | =o) 53 Om fA Ok Oe o
Guaranteed Found
[ea]
i}
Found
Guaranteed Found
6.20
os
1.19
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
292 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
ui o Locality where 5 MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. A =| “| »~ = nM Seneca Detrick Fertilizer & Chemical Co., |Potash and bone.| Castle. 5275. Baltimore, Md. Detrick Fertilizer & Chemical Co., Wheat mixture. |Seneca Baltimore, Md. Castle. 5274 Louis F. Detrick, er Xue eee PAG Baltimore, Md.} acid phosphate. |Groton. 5350 | J. W. Dunbar, Grass and grain|Attica. 5441 Attica, N. Y.| grower. J. W. Dunbar, Special wheat fer-| Attica. 5442 Attica, N. Y.| tilizer. Farmers’ Union Fertilizer Works, Dissolved bone Eagle Buffalo, N. Y.}| and potash. Harbor. 5472 Farmers’ Union Fertilizer Works, Potato, tobacco, Buffalo, N. Y.| and truck ma-/Alexander. - |54388 nure. Farmers’ Union Fertilizer Works, Standard phos-|Hagle Buffalo, N. Y.| phate. Harbor. 5AT3 Louis Fechter, East star fertil-|East Buffalo. |5450
East Buffalo, N. Y.| izer.
293
New York AqGricuLtTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THB FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps, oF FERTILIZER.
‘plow o110yd -soyd o91q | -n[Os-199 eM jo spunog
“MasOIpIU 9[q, -1. [OS-197B M yo spunog
“ysejod 9[q we) -N | OS-19}BM oo yo spun0g! co
‘plow o110yd -soyd [8 30} yo spunog
“poe | oo d1.10ydsoyd roa) OTUB[IIVAB ° jo spunog, SO
*ues0.1}10 yo spunog
Guaranteed Found
6.12 —
0.35
N ar) e & S Oo 00 00 HO wr 1 SS mr ic?) o ~_— q z s 3 3 Fru lias calcere = ss Ss oa =o) a) pA O Fe ©
Guaranteed Found
5.88
0.36
Guaranteed Found
3.98
6.65
Ye) 3 & Or o> o> 10 10 oaony dH ~ = I sie) ie! | ae aos os =e) =e) O & Ok
10
Se ee aS bu (er) ¢f) 00 83 28 So 12 <H S S ® ® me) ie) qd aa os . as =i) =e) Ok Ok
0.72
Below guarantee
s Ye) % | 1 =H Sal is) [o'a) (=) al ive) ro oS oY =H NAAN Se) E | e i | Oo re
294
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva Coal Co.,
Geneva, N. Y.
Geneva, N. Y.
Geneva, N. Y.
Griffith & Boyd,
Griffith & Boyd,
Griffith & Boyd,
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.
Griffith & Boyd,
Griffith & Boyd,
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.
Griffith & Boyd,
Baltimore, Md.
Locality where
Trade name or brand. sample was
taken.
Harvest king. Geneva.
York stand- wheat/Geneya.
New Bye! grower.
Reclaimer animal]Geneva.
bone.
A. Baldridge special
N. Y. phosphate.|Macdougall.
Farmers’ potato|Dryden. manure. Fayette special| Macdougall.
bone and potash.
General crop com-|Kendaia. plete fertilizer.
Original phosphate.
super-| Kendaia.
Seneca special.
County
Macdougall.
Ol me | Station number. pra)
ol 1) cae =]
(2) | iw) sg ive}
a ae ed oe ks Se
ol i) ie) wo
Or (Je) S)
pea
ol bo ie) Ro)
& mK
|
Ot Ww Ss to
oO ™) © re
a ————.- —-$—— ———— eet
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
‘—
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Ix, 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
2 | a) et [Ss bo Ss zs as 22 Sas Se | ees | gas | SSR | Behe || Same ra[pe P| oz afo wy Soar = ° Pee Ge Sees. | Lees cea eee Ay Au AY Ay AY o 0.82 | 9 ~2 | 0.96 10.29 11.83 Peet 0.50 7.85 ET a eal ee ee a al eas 1.65 | 9 2 Ee 1.75 10.27 12.05 P Aer AL 0.89 7.78 | : : 1. 85 S12'9 | 4 [pees 2.141 10713 14.40 | 4.06" | 2.05 6.76 | | | | | cana 0.82 | 8 2 1.02°| 8.62 9.97 | 2.36 0.38 6.07 | ERE I ee Ke ae Sie ee 0.85 | 8 9 | 0.83 8.57 10.16 7.70 | 0.13 5.30 1.30 | | | — a | | —— | 12 5 ala laa lz 14.46 | 3.74 7.84 0.88 1.26 | | | iad pl dow? See oS ee Sa | | 0.82 | 8 4 | 0.92 8.87 11.06 4.45* 0.32 | 5.67 l herteg | | | |_|. | ——__|—_ ee | | ——_ | 14 —- 15.10 16.59 ja LOST. | | | \ IF | | | 0.82. 10 4 | 1.06 9.43 aa a 3.64 0 5.89 0.57 0.36 - |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
296 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoOL
Locality where
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was
Griffith & Boyd,
Griffith & Boyd,
Griffith & Boyd,
Hanlon Bros.,
Hanlon Bros.,
Hanlon Bros.,
Hanlon Bros.,
taken.
Seneca queen. Macdougall. Baltimore, Md.
Thirteen and|Mapleton. Baltimore, Md.) three.
XX potash ma-|Mapleton. Baltimore, Md.| nure.
Complete manure.|Medina. Medina, N. Y.
High-grade bone|Medina. Medina, N. Y.} and potash.
Special for pota- Medina, N. Y.} toes and _ cab-|Medina. bage.
Wheat, corn and|Medina. Medina, N. Y.| oats.
J. S. Hewitt & Sons,
J. 8. Hewitt & Sons,
Bone and_ potash|Locke. Locke, N. Y.| superphosphate.
Cayuga County Locke. Locke, N. Y.| pride.
Station number.
5293
1 Oo ee) 4]
New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps OF FERTILIZER.
of
of
22 Drs d Be Ais % | #8 = ge | eae; | S38 Be | 5223 | 258 & AY | ee | l Guaranteed 14 Found 13.85 15.67 Guaranteed 13 Found 11.59 Sever Below guarantee 1.41 | Guaranteed —— | 10 Found 9.80 11.96 Guaranteed 0.82 8 Found 1.87 10.02 12.04 Below guarantee Guaranteed —— | 13 Found 13.93 14.32 Yi ot ame Maat Guaranteed 3.29 Th Found 3.De 7.29 8.87 | 22 ya ash Ye DEEN op Perae| Guaranteed 1.85 9 Found 1.94 9.75 11.03 Guaranteed 10 Found 10.07 ile | Guaranteed 2.06 8 Found 1.73 8.19 10.47 Below guarantee 0.33
of
eS
bo bo
water-so lu-
Pounds
.03
.10
ble potash.
of
a8 OB arg nes nt 22 oq cod & | Eee | Seog ora ofan ay im | | 10.25 | | | | 7.94 | | een en | 6.65 |-_——— | 0.84 | 2.92 ee | | | | 9.83 | |—— | | | 1.94 4.36 _ Mea Fs! | | 0.57 7.29 | 6.91 —_—_—_—__|—_——_ | | 0.1 5.63 | |
298 Report OF THE
CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER.
J. S. Hewitt & Sons, Locke, N. Y.
Cc. C. Hicks, Penn Yan, N. Y.
Humphrey & Holdridge. Honeoye Falls, N. Y.
Humphrey & Holdridge, Honeoye Falls, N. Y.
‘Humphrey & Holdridge, Honeoye Falls, N. Y.
Lazaretto Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.
Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J.
Liebig Manufacturing Co., Carteret, N. J.
Locality where sample was taken.
Trade name or brand.
Special grain and)|Locke.
grass. Ontario wheat|Seneca
special. Castle.
Best grain. Honeoye Falls.
Dissolved bone. Honeoye Falls.
Standard phos-|Honeoye phate. Falls.
Pure ground bone.|Attica.
Special mixture. }|Moravia.
Van Duyne &|Moravia. O’Hara’s high- grade bone and potash.
—
| Station number.
5346
5278
5284
New York AGricutruraAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 299
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
|
eH Hoe iia A Ne Pee ee | Bef ane Aa ee no ns Proeee nwo fe | gees | $25 | 288 Ee | sane | 22a | 253 oy | AL | Ay ia | 3 0.82 8 4 0.97 8.29 10.37 3.94 ones | ie 1.64 10 5 1.47 11 eS Ug 12.93 4.04 | | 0.96 | | | eae 1.23 - | 10 ek: | 1.70 10.41 12.48 DST) O21, | | a } 13.80 15.25 po Ae eat 1 2 : | | | | | 1.238 10 1.30 12.30 13.70 2.87 | ie sai | —_——_ ae eS | | | 3.70 —— 20 == 4.61 18.70 1.30 | 3 8 7 9.42 9.84 7.82* nae gees | 10 5
ca
of
10.88 13.62 4.85
of
of
a8 sag ge a8 gon) |ooee sea | 3824 Ay a liza | 7.33 | 0.13 Sekt |-——_—— ©: 80) | 9802 | | 5.58 | |-———— | 0.05 | 9.78 | 0.31 | 3702 7.50 | 6.43
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
500 Report or tor CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
fa o Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 : taken. A i= — s op) ! Liebig Manufacturing Co., Van Duyne & : Carteret, N. J.| O’Hara’s stand-|/Moravia. 53843 ard phosphate. Liebig Manufacturing Co., Van Duyne &|Moravia. 5345 Carteret, N. J.| O’Hara’s T. & F. bone. Lister’s Agr’] Chemical Works, Crop grower. Lodi. 5316 Newark, N. J. Minot & Decker’s|Newark. |5485 Lister’s Agr’] Chemical Works, ammoniated dis- Newark, N. J.| solved bone and potash. Fred@’k Ludlam, Sickle brand. Magee.. |5252 New York City. | Maryland Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated fer-| Holley. 5482 Baltimore, Md.| tilizer O. K. Maryland Fertilizer Co., Bone superphos-|Magee. 5257 Baltimore, Md.| phate. Holley. 5481 Maryland Fertilizer Co., : Tornado fertilizer.|F airport. 5362 Baltimore, Md. Miller Wertilizer Co., Harvest queen. Kendall. 5357
Baltimore, Md.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
301
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
— ae
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
= pee ma bee Aga | ese Boalt @S a ( (Hovgguelsiivige. | age Se | Saes||- oge:| a8). 3s | sae oc) co] 3 ~ =e sh Sy ve Ay | Ay a4 a Ay aaa 10 2.50 ———_ 10.10 11.94 1.45 0.43 0.62 1.05 ees) AS 5 13.99 14.39 4.88 en ly | | eet, a ee 0.83 8 | 1.06 8.39 9.21 ieiral 0 4.10 esis aera |_|; 0; 82—|-<8 | 4 | 0.95 8.37 10.21 4* | 0.13 4.43 | | | | | | AO a! 9.88 13.10 1.20 3.69 | 0.82 8 | 2 | 1.06 8.87 11.58 | 2.64 | 0.35 4.58 =p Serr ae ae MEE akg ue ee 10 3° 11.45 12.15 2.55 8.89 | 0.41 | 11 3.25 | 0.46 13.45 14.36 . 2.86 0.25 9.44 0.39 | | 1 10 2.25 1.57 9.97 11.34 2.35 0.28 6.58
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
302 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Locality where
MANUFAOTURER. Trade name or brand sample was taken. Miller Fertilizer Co., Hustler phos-|Stanley. Baltimore, Md.| phate. Kendall. Miller Fertilizer Co., Special cabbage. |Stanley.
Baltimore, Md.
Miller Fertilizer Co., Special wheat/Kendall. Baltimore, Md.) grower.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., |Acidulated bone|Penn Yan.
Buffalo, N. Y.| and potash.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., |Attica special. Attica. Buffalo, N. Y.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., |Ballsmith & Mor-| Attica. Buffalo, N. Y.| itz’s special.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., |Dried blood. Canan- Buffalo, N. Y. daigua.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., |Fourteen per cent.|Penn Yan.
Buffalo, N. Y.| acid phosphate.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., | General crop No. 2.|Kendaia. Buffalo, N. Y.
Station number.
\5264 5358
15263
5383
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
‘
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
i: a
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
STATION. 303 LECTED IN NEW YORK STATBH DURING THE FALL OF 1898. In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. s [82 | cig | cee | ted | ee © 32 AS o8 ge oak we Beats n a mio ny we ne Ae SS | 348s | fas | G25 |. S88. | Bees SB sl Palade 222 | 225 25 2ES6 Ay Au AY Ay Ay Ay 0.82 9 2.25 | 0.91 9.40 LOGS 3.02 0.14 |e. 6.62 | | | | [amas | | | 3.30 7 7 | | 3.47 7.36 9.09 lig 2s 0.20 520 | | Pa | heer ee jee | 1.65. | 8 (2 1.59 8.51 QE Pet ee) ee 0.16 5.86 J | ! | | | | —— | 10 [aS | | 10.59 10.99 8.22 | | 7.09 | | | | erecarams | | 0.85 8 4 1.04 TOA 10.49 4.44 0.54 neta | ee ao weregres pear aoc 1.85 8 4 baked | 8.51 9.98 3.18 0.67 6.20 0.82 | | | |] | SJ | 10.52 ——- —— | —— | ——— 9.27 1.25 | | 1.27 | | | | mer Ce ee Bae a Ms | eee Se,
16.64 | 16.98 | 13.01 | | | | iT Ma aa aa | | |
0.82 9 ¢ 1.02 9.28 11.18 5.99 0.52 7.38 1.01
Below guarantee
304 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
t
MANUFACTURER Trade name or brand.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., [Morgan Buffalo, N. Y.
& — Lin- son’s high-grade.
Milsom Rendering & Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
Tankage.
Minot & Decker, Soluble bone.
Brockport, N. Y
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo,
Great value fertil-
N. Y.| izer.
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo,
Potato and tobac-
N. Y.| co fertilizer.
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo,
Special corn and N. Y.; wheat manure.
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Standard
izer.
fertil-
Buffalo, N. Y.
Pacific Guano Co., Alkaline bone.
Boston, Mass. |
Locality where sample was taken.
Canan- daigua.
Brockport.
Oakfield.
Oakfield.
Oakfield.
Oakfield.
Fairport.
Station number.
5399
5359
5454
5361
New York AcricutturRaAL Exprriment STarion. 305
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
os In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
of of of
, | 342 a3 | ca, | sae | Sées Seeee se | San of eee |) Sea. lee He | BeSe | #88 | Bee | Bee Ere iS) OS AS 52m ora ofa Oo Fae Ay Ay - | AY uy | Ay Ay Guaranteed. 1.64 8 | 4 Found 1.54 6.70 9.37 3.02 0.66 4.08 Below guarantee 1.30 0.68 | | | | |] |] | | ___—_ Guaranteed - 6.15 —_ _ | —_—_——_ | —_——— Found 7.16 7.90 12.27 1.30 Guaranteed —— | 14 — Found 16.86 17.08 11.81 | | | | | Guaranteed _ 0.82 6 | 1o3\ Ue || Found 0.83 6.43 6.78 1.18 0.01 3.30 | Guaranteed 2.47 6 4.32 —_—_—— Found 2.28 4.77 7.29 3.81% . 0.06 2.60 Below guarantee i) 28? ; 0.51 | | : | Guaranteed 8.70 8 6 Found 2.93 6.39 8.95 5b 0.73 3.70 Below guarantee Ona 1.61 0.49 [ Guaranteed 2.47 10 1.62 —_—_—_—- Found 2.09 8.40 ; 10.63 eas 0.43 5.51 | Below guarantee 0.38 1.60 | Guaranteed — | 10 4 | Found a ba Upsa U5 13.30 3.83 4.83
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
20
306 Report OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
be @o Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was 5 taken. a | & 8 aed Patapsco Guano Co., Alkaline — soluble|Albion. 5476 Baltimore, Md.| bone. Patapseo Guano Co., Soluble bone and|Albion. 5477 Baltimore, Md.| potash. G. A. Pearsall, : Bean special. Williamson. |53870 Williamson, N. Y. | , G. A. Pearsall, Dissolved phos-|Williamson. |5371 Williamson, N. Y.} phate. | { G. A. Pearsall, Potato and onion|Williamson. |5369 Williamson, N. Y.| fertilizer. | Lae A. Peterson, High-grade potato|Penfield. 5414 Penfield, N. Y.| phosphate. A. Peterson, Farmers’ benefit. |Penfield. |5416 Penfield, N. Y. | A. Peterson, Penfield standard.|Penfield. 5415 Penfield, N. Y. | W: W. Phipps, Ammoniated dis-! Eagle Albion, N. Y.| solved bone with| Harbor. 5474 potash. | W. W. Phipps, Eagle brand _ su-|Hagle
Albion, N. Y.| perphosphate| Harbor. 5471 and potash.
\
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 307
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 PounpDs OF FERTILIZER.
of
we oo eal , ° er eo! oe an ‘ eae =n ood oF 3 o38 oa, g | @s ae | 33 Se ine ge |gefs | S92 | S28 | 883 | 3872 = q.°o-= gs ABO ASo see 3" Bane | Boh ges BES A Guaranteed ——_ | 13 3 Found 14.22 14.46 Bolle 10.91 | | | | er re | tea | | | ; Guaranteed — | 10 2 Found i LAers 13.61 2 8.58 | | | | | Seo Ge cde ees ae Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 | ——— Found 1.30 8.22 11.09 4,21 0.24 5 | <@ | | es Guaranteed : ——— | 14 —_ _ Found 14:11 15 9.82 | | | ay eaeq co ae Guaranteed 4.10 8 5 Found Ais 1K} 10.38 10.99 4.43 1.18 BGM Below guarantee 0.97 0.57 | | Guaranteed Ae | HeOcOOrs 9 ———- | Found ia A i La ob 1 55 10.43 ete, 3.40 | ee ae I— Guaranteed 1.25 6 a Found 2.54 10.62 14.12 2.19 1.20 | °4.45 | | | | Guaranteed eae 8 4 | Found 3.13 | 10.28 13.60 5.70 1.82 4.19 | | | | giomeed Wbatioie Werner Si) eA | | Guaranteed LGtie Hole Iv 2 Found iairis: 13.05 15.338 | 4.45 0. 8.82 | | | | | | pend 2 he 5 | ——— | | Guaranteed 13 2 | Found 12.98 15.85 2.49 | rete dee al | |
308 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
Fs Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. i= 2 =e nN H. A. Pierce & Co., \Bone and meat. |Armor. 5449 Armor, N. Y. | H. A. Pierce & Co., Pure bone. Armor. 5448 Armor, N. Y.| ~ | Potomac Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash. |Fleming. 53841 Boston, Mass. Potomac Fertilizer Co., Special fertilizer. |Fleming. 5340 Boston, Mass. Queen City Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone.|Lockport. 5468 Buffalo, N. Y. , Queen City Fertilizer Co., Wheat, corn and|Lockport. 5467 Buffalo, N. Y.| seeding-down. Quinnipiac Co., Anscomb’s special|/Rochester. 5407
New York City.| wheat.
Bachman’s special|Macdougall. | |5295 Quinnipiac Co., complete ma- New York City.} nure.
Quinnipiac Co., Bone meal. Rochester. 5413 New York City.
Quinnipiac Co., Grain and_ seed-|Oakwood. 5323 New York City.| ing.
309
New York AgcricutruraLt Exprriment Srarion. LECTED IN-NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
‘prow o1oyd -soyqd oq -N[ OS-d9}zBM yo spunog
7.08
§ i=) m980.1410 9Tq > Se - 1 [O0S-19}BM — Oo jo spunog
6 3.67
“ysejod eq © -N[OS-10JBA SHC jo spunog|] oo ‘plow o1mogd 10 1010 o> -soyd 1309 eS Ee Fed yo spunog| on HO nN Sal AA 4 “plow o1roydsoyd ca Oe[AUBILBAB ° JO spunog Se pe hes Shion ‘aaSoaqu ae a jo spunog cat eee jolie) AN i | Lo} bo} Lo) rt) ® ®D o ) o o a q a ie) ie) re) oq Ha Had =) 35 Bs =i) =o) eS) O & yes AE Std) [ee
2.33
Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
~
Guaranteed Found
0.33
Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
310 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
r= o Locality where ir MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 5 taken. a 5 iS ~ & mn Quinnipiac Co., Potash and bone. |Oakwood. 5324 . New York City. Read Fertilizer Co., Corn, wheat and| Webster. |5376 New York City.| rye. Read Fertilizer Co., Dried blood. Phelps. |5386 New York City. | | 3 ——— | Read Fertilizer Co., Muriate of potash.|Phelps. 53887 New York City. | | pe ha Read Fertilizer Co., Nitrate of soda. |Phelps. |53888 New York City. | | | Read Fertilizer Co., Seneca special. Romulus. |5314 New York City. | Rochester Fertilizer Works, Blood and bone|Rochester. |5419 Rochester, N. Y.| guano XX. eben Rochester Fertilizer Works, Perfection brand. ,Rochester. 5420 Rochester, N. Y. | age | Rochester Fertilizer Works, Potato manure. Rochester. 5423
Rochester, N. Y.
New York Acrictrturat ExprermmMent Sratron.
dll
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Below guarantee
IM
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
Br qeec 24 Bee dear ee eee So oa ee gs 2° 2.48 no nem 2 n & nko nae nt &L es ae6s 3s 336 ge3 Be08 3° ce Bans ae SEs ZES 2ES6 Ay ou Ay a Ay Ay 10 6 | 11 14.35 | 5.95 | 3.57 | | | | = aRtan eel ke ee | = | | 65 8 ee 90 9.58 10.09 | 4.84 | 0.19 6.39 ose | | NE rn ee Ss | | | 10 EAS | | SENS pe Pa ee 10.55 | | [rehic Oath : | | | | | SS | | ——— | ——__ | —_—_ | 50 — | 53.20 ! | ie | | | 16 = ||) SR ee ee 15.76 15.76 | | 0.24 | | | | : eee pees | | | 1.23 9 2 ae 1.54 | 10.98 11.68 2.28 0.28 7.08 | | | : 0.82 8 4 0.28 0.97 8.96 9.87 4.28* 0.49 5.60 | | | | | | | | | 2.46 8 | 3 sores 2.96 9.89 11.08 3.75* 1.80 7.10 | | | | ae | | | | 2.87 8 5.40 | | .10 | 10.28 11.86 4.48* 1.64 7.55 | 0.92 | |
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
312 ReEporT OF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
BH o Locality where FI MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand.| sample was F taken. a =] & 3 D Rochester Fertilizer Works, Tankage. Rochester. |5424 Rochester, N. Y. Z | Sessions & Leonard, Guano ammoni-|Palmyra. 5377 Palmyra, N. Y.| ated bone. Sessions & Leonard, Wayne County|Palmyra. |5864 Palmyra, N. Y.| special. Sheldon & Co., Pure ground bone.|Brockport. 5360 Buffalo, N. Y. | Spaulding & Conde, : High-grade fertil-|Lyndonville. |5463 Lyndonville.) izer. Standard Fertilizer Co., Empire State. Rochester. 5408 Boston, Mass. Standard Fertilizer Co., Hop special. Rochester. 5410 Boston, Mass. i. W. Tassell, |Wheat special. Williamson. |53872 Williamson, N. Y. ¥’. W. Tassell, Williamson stand-|Williamson. |5373
Williamson, N. Y.| ard.
313
New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
‘plow o1uoyqd -soyad oq -N[OS-197BM
yo spunog
“me80.141U 981q -N[OS-19y8M yo spunog
‘ysejod 31q -N[ OS-19J OM Bae) spunog
‘prow o110yd -soyd ]®)}0} yo spunog
*ploe o110ydsoyd OTQUV[TBARB yo spunog |
‘ues0.1110 yo spunog
es
i on) e
Guaranteed Found
a H é Nel o : x is on Ké H oD
en — : al fer) =) fo) fon) a = 5 a © ° So =) ° oO (5A) (ea) We) 8 c! Si z 10 HH omer) Or bt 1 1g | 10 er ore % = “H | as tS % am rc an lo a) .| mo = AN No) Yer) a) x We) bt S o | © 6 a 00 00 onan) ora Neve) te a dine Je see: Ad 10S O10 Neyice) a On ow =o eo eo) orn nao Ao on on co) 5) ~ q x bo) ke} ko) a uo} ko} 3 g Oc. aaa 2 £ = Scena Meet: = i) at ot atu aU E Ha Ha Ag & aa! Ha 35 =) C=) Ss BS - 35 56 Ion 5 o6 he) Ok & Ook Ok Ok
Guaranteed Found
bs
Guaranteed Found
1
0.84
Guaranteed Found
* Potash present in form of sulphate.
314 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
i oO Locality where] ‘a MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was z taken. a =] - i) s n I. P. Thomas, S. C. phosphate. |Penn Yan. |53884 Philadelphia, Pa. | a E. D. Tolles, : Animal bone. Attica. 5446 Attica, UNE eye E. D. Tolles, Barnyard manure.|Attica. |5445 Attica, IN. Yi)" 4 | E. D. Tolles, Tolles’ guano. Attica. [5444 Attica, N. Y. | Henry F. Tucker Co., Special potato fer-| Brighton. 5403 Boston, Mass.|_ tilizer. hee Go O; 2. Tarner Grain special. Churchville. |5434 Churehville, N. Y. | G. O. P. Turner, High-grade guano.|/Churehville. |5433 Churchville, N. Y. GO; Pe; Murer: None such’ fertil-|Cburehville. {54382
| Churchville, N. Y.| izer. |
Walker Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. |Phelps Clifton Springs, N. Y. Junction. {5392
New York AGricutrurAL ExprrimMent STATION.
315
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 PounpDs oF FERTILIZER.
oH Hoo ak a te Se tas ge | ga8s ore =| — Aimee tee Ay Ay Guaranteed ——— | 14 Found 14.39 | | j | | Guaranteed 1.85 8 Found 2.29 10.45 | |_——_—___ Guaranteed 0.82 8 Found 0.97 9.16 | | | | | Guaranteed 1.85 9 Found Ile 10.33 | | Bose Guaranteed 2.06 8 Found PART HE 9.89 Guaranteed 1.65 8 Found ilsiss’ 8.18 | = | | | Guaranteed - 2.50 9 Found Preiley 10.07 a Below guarantee 0.38 | | — Guaranteed ARDS 10 Found 1.79 10.67 Below, guarantee | ! | | Guaranteed 14 Found 14.10 |
of
total phos- phoric acid.
Pounds
18.61
14.22
10.48 |
St 29
10.83
10.76
#4, 485)
12.13
cima O52 oa | $2 | gas 58 | 383 | o3°2 G22 gs geog BES 5 FS 5 Fae a cy & | | 3.13 | | |- = | | 4 | 4.01 1.38 | 6.60 | | |————— | 4 | 4.20 0.46 | 5.97 | x l 4.09 0.49 7.74 4 | 4.09 0.25 | 5.53 |-———— | 3 3.22 |. - 0.92 6.28 | apo coc 4.75 | 6.39 0.79 Hoa il if 4.71 OL2 5.75 29
316 Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
New York City. fertilizer.
i oO Locality where q MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. sample was 3 taken. A & é) ~ tas} n Walker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated phos-]Phelps Clifton Springs, N. Y.| phate. Junction. |5390 Walker Fertilizer Co., Ontario brand. Phelps Clifton Springs, N. Y. Junction. |5389 u 1 Walker Fertilizer Co., Special mixture. |Phelps | Clifton Springs, N. Y. Junction. ee BS Walker Fertilizer Co., Victoria bone. Albion. 5475 Clifton Springs, N. Y. Walker Fertilizer Co., Wheat special No. Phelps Clifton Springs, N. Y.| 1. Junction. [5393 | | | Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Goodrich grain|Lima. Pree New York City.) fertilizer. | ae Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Kainit. Rochester. ee: New York City. | Le | | Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Royal grain phos-|Middleport. |5469 New York City.| phate. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Standard grainj|Holley. |5484
New York AGricutturaAL Experiment Sration. SET
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
In 100 Potnps oF FERTILIZER.
ie oe ope aS Be $3 oe ga8 De asec |S Sate arma. |e meee eine x — = gS ° Ps) » Ps) 2° | 2285 | sea | 223 | 282 | 258 a ot ay ow oy om Guaranteed 1.65 8 1 Found Me Dey 9.16 9.41 0.77 0.11 4.06 Below guarantee 0.40 0.23 | | 2 ee | ee SS eee ee ——$——|—_—_——— —EE Guaranteed ———— tty - 4 Found 10.58 1.09 3.46 5.75 Below guarantee 0.54 ae Se ee eS) eee | ge Guaranteed 0.82 10 5 | Found 0.79 9.95 13.19 5 Sil 0.16 4.41 | | Guaranteed 0.82 8 1.50 Found 0.95 8.19 10.18 1.85 0 4.55 Guaranteed 0.82 8 5 Found 0.62 8.36 8.57 4.12 0.12 4.89 Below guarantee 0.88 | Guaranteed 2 10 5 Found 2.20 9.84 12.49 4.92 0.22 TEER | Guaranteed —— | ———-_ | ——— | 12.48 ee | Found 14.20 Guaranteed 0.82 8 4 Found 1.06 7.87 11.09 3.90 0.23 3.16 Guaranteed 1.03 8 4 Found 1.34 8.06 11.38 4.33 0.68 3.53
318
Report oF THE CHEMIST OF THE
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand sample was
es & Clark Fertilizer Co., and vegetable} Holley.
Locality where
taken.
Standard grain
or ha | Station number. )
New York City.| fertilizer.
Wooster & Mott,
Wooster & Mott,
Zell Guano Co.,
Zell Guano Co.,
Zell Guano Co.,
Alkaline bone. Union Hill. |5374 Union Hill, N. Y. \
Special manure for potatoes and Union Hill. |5375
Union Hill, N. Y.| onions.
Hoster’s high- grade wheat fer-|Canoga. 5308 Baltimore, Md.|_ tilizer.
Potato and cab-|Lyons. |5368 Baltimore, Md.} bage special.
Special grain. Romulus. 5315 Baltimore, Md.
oe YE
319
New York AGRIcuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATH DURING THE FALL OF 1898.
‘plow o10yd -soyd o2q -N][ OS-109BM yo spunog
SP) : Led re oD o | ee |
‘mUeSO0141U 9[q -N[OS-19jBM jo spunog
*qsejod eq -N[OS-19geM jo spunog
‘prow oltoyd -soyd [¥}0} yo spunog
0.53 : ; 0.78 oe 0.12 0.23 0.12
“pls an) o1roydsoyd me) O[ATBIIBare . JO spunog a
*0930.1}1U S yo spunog
Below guarantee Guaranteed
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Guaranteed Found
Found
-
ReErok EF
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Entomologists.
Victor H. Lows, B. S. F, A. Srrzinz, M. 8.*
SE ABEE OR © ONTENTS:
PP Sere Ve El owe,
(1) The cottonwood leaf beetle.
(II) Green arsenite.
(III) The raspberry saw-fly.
(IV) Preliminary notes on the grapevine flea beetle. (V) Two destructive orchard insects.
Part II.— F. A. Srrrine.
(1) A spraying mixture for cauliflower and cabbage worms.
* At the Branch Station in Second Judicial Department. 21
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS.
PART I.
I. THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE.*
Lina seripta Fab.
5 : Vi. howe:
SUMMARY.
During-the past four years the growers of basket willows in central New York have suffered serious loss from the depreda- tions of the cottonwood leaf beetle.
Tn both the larval and the mature stages, the insect attacks the ' willows, feeding upon the young leaves and tender bark near the tips. This injury to the tips causes the willow “whips” to branch, thus rendering them worthless for basket making pur- ‘poses.
Tt lives above ground during all of its transformations. The eggs are laid upon the leaves and the larve feed upon the more tender tissues. The pup are attached to the under sides of the leaves or to the bark. The mature insects, beetles, are active and fly readily from one field to anothers The winter is passed in the adult stage, the beetles seeking shelter under stones, logs or any convenient rubbish.
On the experimental field the willows were successfully pro- tected by three applications of green arsenite, 1 pound to 100 gal- lons of water.
*Reprint from Bulletin No. 145.
824 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
INTRODUCTION.
The industry of growing basket willows in central New York has been seriously handicapped by an insect known among willow growers as the “ willow beetle,” but among writers on economic entomology as the cottonwood leaf beetle. It is a species which, previous to 1894, attracted but little attention in the east, although it has long been known as a serious pest to cottonwood in the mid- dle and western states. Since the winter of 1893-94 this insect has been very abundant in this State, especially in Onondaga County, doing great damage in the willow fields about Syracuse and Liverpool.
The investigations and experiments reported in this Bulletin were undertaken at the urgent request of some of the leading wil- low growers of the State. The life history and habits of the in- sect were studied only during the several visits made to the in-- fested fields, as no suitable place for breeding the beetles at or near the Station was available. The experiments cover a period of two years, and were undertaken with a view to determining, if possible, a satisfactory method of protecting the willows from serious in- jury by this insect. :
GENERAL NOTES UPON THE BEETLE. CLASSIFICATION AND NAME.
This species is classified with the large and economically import- ant group of beetles scientifically known as the Chrysomelidae. This group includes the leaf-eating beetles and among them are found some of the most pernicious of the insect pests. ;
Probably because this insect first attracted most attention as an enemy to the cottonwood, it was given the name of “Cottonwood Leaf Beetle” or the “Streaked Cottonwood Leaf Beetle.” In this State, however, it is little known excepting as a pest to basket willows and hence is known among willow growers as the “ Willow Beetle ” or incorrectly “The Willow Bug.” The scientific name, “ Tana scripta”’! was given the species by Fabricius.
1 Identified by Mr. E. A. Schwarz.
New York AgericunruraLt Experiment Station. 325
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. 7
Fortunately this insect does not have a wide range of food plants or it would doubtless have become of much more economic importance than it is. Where cottonwoods, poplars or willows are extensively grown, however, it may become a very serious pest. In the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, the in- sects appear in great numbers, stripping the leaves from large areas of these trees, thus causing serious injury throughout the districts where trees of this kind are valued for timber.
In this State the insect is a serious pest to one of the small, but important industries. Probably the greatest injury was during 1894 and 1895. In Onondaga County, where basket willows are extensively grown, from half to three-fourths of the crop was rendered worthless. In the vicinity of Liverpool alone, the crop was estimated to be about 1,200 tons less in 1895 than in 1894, the shortage being caused by the beetles. As a further example one farmer near Liverpool who grows 20 acres of willows, which yield under ordinary circumstances about five tons per acre, bring- ing from $16.00 to $40.00 per ton, harvested in 1894 only about $200 worth of marketable willows, and the following year his re- turns were but little better. This is but one of many cases of the kind that might be mentioned to show the serious injury which this insect is capable of doing. Fortunately the beetles were somewhat less abundant during 1896 and 1897.
IMPORTANCE AS A PEST TO NURSERY STOCK.
As a rule the cottonwood leaf beetle does but little injury in the nursery, especially in the east. There have been a few instances, however, where the beetles have appeared in eastern nurseries in sufficient numbers to do serious injury. One of the most important
of these is recorded in Insect Life? by Mr. Thos. B. Meehan, whe
21: 51.
326 REporRT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
states that the “ willow beetle” did serious injury in his nursery at Germantown, during the spring of 1887, to Carolina poplars and Kilmarnock and New American willows.
In this State, the only instance of injury to nursery stock by this insect, which has come under the writer’s notice, was in the nurseries of the Smiths & Powell Co. of Syracuse. In 1895 and 1896 the beetles did serious injury in a few blocks of Carolina and Norway poplars. They were especially injurious during the spring of 1896, threatening to ruin all of the Norway and Caro-
lina poplars in this nursery.
HISTORY AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION.
The original home of the cottonwood leaf beetle is not posi- tively known.
In this country, it did not attract much attention until about 1876. In 1877 and 1878 the beetles did serious injury to cotton- wood in the prairie states, especially Dakota, Kansas and Ne- braska, where the cottonwood is valued for both ornamental and commercial purposes. In 1884 the cottonwoods in these sections were again seriously injured by the beetles which, it is said, ap- peared in swarms, quickly stripping the trees of their leaves.
On the authority of Dr. C. V. Riley* the habit of feeding on cot- tonwood was acquired long after the species was known as 4 pest to willows, and he suggests that “a special cottonwood feeding race of the species has of late years been developed.” |
The cottonwood leaf beetle occurs throughout the United States, and, according to Mr. E. A. Schwarz, in a recent letter to the writer, is found as far south as the City of Mexico. It is best known as an injurious species along the Mississippi Valley.
In this State it is little known outside the willow-growing dis-
tricts. It first attracted the attention of the willow growers in
3U. S. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1884: 337¢ reprint from article in N. Y. Tribune, Oct. 9, 1878.
New York AaricutturaL ExprrRIMENT STATION. 327
1875, when more than 50 acres of willows in Onondaga County were practically destroyed. From that time until 1893 the beetles did not appear in sufficient numbers to do serious injury. In the spring of 1894 the beetles appeared in swarms throughout the willow growing sections of the central part of the State, greatly reducing the yield of marketable willows. During 1895 and 1896 there was no apparent decrease in the number of beetles and the injury to the willows was not lessened. In 1897 the beetles were somewhat less numerous, but still sufficiently abundant to do great injury to the willows.
Although widely distributed throughout the State, the dis- tribution of the species as a seriously injurious pest is practically limited by Oneida, Madison, Onondaga and Cayuga Counties. “Although basket willows are grown commercially in at least eight counties west of Cayuga, the beetles have not been found in suff-
cient numbers to do serious injury.
FOOD PLANTS. The principal food plants of this species are willow and cotton-
wood. It has also been found upon the box-elder.
HOW THE WILLOWS ARE INJURED.
The nature of the injury caused by the beetles will doubtless
be better understood after a brief explanation of the method of
- growing basket willows. The principal species cultivated is the European osier, Salix viminalis. As previously stated by Dr.
Hintner* the willows are propagated by cuttings. These cut-
tings are nine inches in length and are set six inches into the
ground, and about fourteen or fifteen inches apart in rows about
three feet apart. The young willows grow rapidly, a good growth
averaging from five to six and one-half feet in a season. They
are large enough to cut the second year, but produce only about
_4New York State Entomologist Rept., 1895: 185.
328 - Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
two tons per acre, and may continue to yield good erops for from ten to fifteen years. By November the willow whips are ready to cut, the old stubs being left to produce the next year’s crop.
It is the object of the grower to produce a tall, straight but flexible growth about one-eighth of an inch in diameter at base and measuring from five to nine feet in height. The injury caused by the beetles is not so much the weakening of the plant by loss of foliage as by the branching of the willow whips which results from the injury to the rapidly growing tips. The beetles which have lived over winter are astir early in May and feed for two or three weeks. They attack the young willows vigorously, feeding largely on the new growth, thus causing the tips to wilt and die: Frequently the entire tip is eaten off. In this manner irreparable injury is caused at the beginning of the season. Plate XVIII is from a photograph showing a bunch of young willows with injured tips. Plate XIX is from a photograph of a normal willow whip, and one which was injured early in the season in a manner similar to those shown at Plate XVIII. At a the willow was eaten off or sufficiently to stop the growth, thus resulting in the sprouts and consequent worthless willows, as these sprouts never become long enough for basket-making purposes. The un- injured willow is shown on the left.
The injurious work begun by the beetles is continued by. the larve and adults of the next brood, and as these are much more numerous and appear at a time when the willows are growing at their best, the injury is much greater.
DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS.
DESCRIPTIONS AND LIFE HISTORY.
Appearance in the spring.— The beetles which have lived over- winter come forth from their retreats during the latter part of April or early in May. In the vicinity of Syracuse they are usually first seen from the ist to the 10th of May. As pre-
PLATE XVIII.
ap oy ese: 1) ; 5, got ie) UN
1 1? (are vif ars, i nak
me Cae ae! rh Oe is
~
Dinh a Nea
New Yorx AcricurruraL Exprertmment Sration. 329
viously stated the beetles feed voraciously on the new growth, pre- ferring the tender bark, but also feeding upon the leaves, and frequently devouring the young shoots before they have fairly etarted.
The egg.— Egg-laying begins about the 10th to the 15th of May and may continue for a week or more. The eggs are deposited in groups, usually on the under surface of the willow leaves, but they were frequently found upon blades of grass or leaves of weeds growing in the willow rows. Each egg is firmly fastened on end to the leaf and usually in a slightly slanting position as shown at Plate XX, on the left of Figure 1. These groups vary in the number of eggs contained. In about 15 examined the num- ber varied from 25 to 52. The average number is about 45.
The eggs are light lemon-yellow in color, turning to a deep salmon just before hatching. They are elongate-oval in outline and vary in size from 1.85 mm. by 0.63 mm. to 1.47 mm. by 0.84 mm. ‘The shell is-smooth, thick and leathery.
Period of incubation.— The period of incubation is usually from 10 days to 2 weeks. This was the period for 1894, 1895 and 1896. Last spring was an exception, as few of the eggs hatched within 20 days.
The larva.— When first hatched the larvee measure from 1.05 mm. to 1.11 mm. in length. The diameter of the head is 0.6 mm. and that of the body 0.54 mm. on the anterior half, tapering to 0.21 mm. at the last abdominal segment. The entire body is black or very dark brown. When full grown they measure, on an ~ average, about 8 mm. in length. The width of the head is 0.75 mm. and of the body, on the anterior half, 2.5 mm. tapering to about 0.6 mm. on the last abdominal segment. The body is of a dirty yellowish color, the head a dark brown and the legs black. A double row of dark brown spots, two on each segment, extends along the upper surface of the abdomen. In a line with these is a row of black tubercles on each side which, when the insect is disturbed, emit drops of white milky fluid, of a strong pungent
‘odor, which may be drawn back when the threatened danger is
330 Rerort oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
past. Two tubercles, nearly white with dark colored tips, are conspicuous on the lateral margins of the first two abdominal seg- ments. At the tip of the abdomen is a dise covered with a sticky substance which is used both as an aid in crawling about and to hold to the support when necessary. This is especially true with the newly-hatched larve. Its chief office, however, appears to be as a means of attaching the larve to the leaf when about to pupate and to hold the suspended pupa until the beetle emerges. The larve are mature in about two weeks.
Habits of the larva.— The newly-hatched larve remain for a few hours crawling about over the empty ege shells, but soon settle down in the immediate vicinity and begin gnawing through the epidermis to feed on the soft tissues beneath. They feed side by side for three or four days, finally separating to feed independ- ently on different parts of the leaf. As they grow older and stronger they devour the entire leaf with the exception of the midrib and larger veins. (Plate XX, Figure 1.)
In several cases under observation the eggs had been placed on old leaves and the young larve, not finding tender food, migrated to the tips of the shoots to feed on the tender leaves and bark thus causing the same injury as the beetles.
The larve are full grown in from 10 to 15 days and, after re- maining comparatively inactive for a day or two, prepare for pupa- tion. Plate XX, Figure 2, is from a Bboieeranh of a larva, natural size, and enlarged.’
Pupation.— Pupation takes place above ground. When about to pupate, the larva attaches itself to the leaf by means of the sticky dise at the tip of the abdomen and allows its body to hang down. The head is gradually bent forward and the legs drawn up to the body. The transformation from the larva to the pupa takes place in a few hours. The pupa is retained in the larva skin.
The pupa.— The pupe are familiarly known among the willow pupated growers as “hangers.” Usually all of the first brood pupate by June 10. The pup are attached promiscuously to the
PLATE XIX.
New York Agricunrurat ExprrrMent Srarion. 331
under surface of the leaves, usually upon the upper half of the willow or upon blades of grass or weeds growing in the willow rows. The are shining black on the anterior half and dark brown on the posterior. They vary in length but measure on the aver- age, when first formed, about 9 mm. and are about one-third as broad on the anterior half, tapering from the middle to the pos- terior extremity. (Plate XX, Figures 3 and 4.)
As the time approaches for the mature insect to come forth, the outline of the pupa becomes more distinct. The posterior half which becomes an empty skin, shrivels and the true pupa stands out prominently. It is oval in outline, more or less obtusely rounded at each end, and measures about 6 mm. by 3.5mm. The pupa stage lasts from 10 days to 2 weeks.
The mature insect.— The mature insects, beetles, vary in length from 5 mm. to 8 mm. and are a little more than half as broad as long. The general color is black and gold above and dark metallic green beneath. The head and thorax are black, the latter having broad lateral margins of brick-red partially interrupted at the middle by a more or less distinct black mark. The elytra are marked with black and gold, the black being in three interrupted longitudinal lines on each elytron. The lateral and posterior margins are brick-red. The inner margins are black and when the elytra are at rest form a broad, median line of black. The other markings on the elytra vary. In some individuals the gold predominates, while in others the black is more prominent.
The legs are brick-red and black, the former color usually pre- vailing on the posterior third of the femur and the anterior two- thirds of the tibia. The tarsi are marked more or less regularly with brick-red and black. Plate XX, Figure 5, is from a photo- graph showing the mature insect natural size and enlarged.
The beetles or “hard shells” as they are commonly known among willow-growers, are most numerous on the willows, about Syracuse, from the middle or latter part of June until the second or third week in July. During this time the willows grow rapidly,
about three feet being a fair growth, and as the beetles feed vora-
~
332 Rerorr or tur ENroMOLOGISTS OF THE
ciously on the tender leaves and bark at the tips of the willow- whips, irreparable injury is done by causing them to branch as previously explained.
Hibernation.— By the 1st of August nearly all the beetles have left the willows and sought shelter in any convenient place. In the fields about Syracuse they could occasionally be found under stones but were more numerous under logs, under bark on trees and in the crevices in fence rails. In willow fields which have not been kept free from weeds and grass, the beetles find shelter down close to the roots or in the stools of grass. In these retreats they remain until the following spring.
NUMBER OF BROODS.
There are probably two broods and possibly three, but this point has not been satisfactorily settled. The writer failed to find eggs later than June 24th, and as the beetles retreat to winter quarters early in August, there is hardly time for more than two broods under the most favorable circumstances.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
Several species of Coccinellidaé, lady-bird beetles, and Cara- bidaé, ground beetles, are said to attack this insect in the un- developed state. The eggs especially are devoured by the lady- bird beetles. Dr. Riley® states that he has observed a species of Coccinellidac, Megilla maculata, feeding upon larve and pupe of this insect. Doubtless these natural enemies have been more or less active in the willow fields about Syracuse, but the writer did not observe an instance of this kind on any of the visits to the fields, and of several growers questioned, none had seen the pre- daceous insects.
METHODS OF COMBATING.
The principal methods employed by the willow-growers of this State in combating the cottonwood leaf beetle may be classified under two heads.
SInsect Life, 3:43.
PLATE XX.
New York AaricutruraL Exprerment Sration. 333
(1) The application of poison or repellants to the willows, either dry or mixed with water.— The poisons most commonly used are Paris green and London purple, applied either in water or mixed with lime or land plaster. Paris green and land plaster, about 1 part of the poison to 40 parts of land plaster, is considered an effectual remedy if applied when the willows are wet with dew or rain. A solution of copper sulphate without lime, 1 pound to from 7 to 12 gallons of water, has been tried by several growers about Liverpool, one of the willow-growing centres near Syracuse, but without much success. If applied strong enought to materi- ally check the insect, it injures the willows.
None of the above compounds have proven uniformly satisfae- tory in the hands of the willow-growers.
(2) By using machines for catching the beetles— These ma- chines are made for use with either horse or hand-power. The two forms are illustrated at Plates XXJI, XXII and XXIII which are from photographs taken by Mr. Rogers of Liverpool, at the writer’s request. The dimensions of the body of the horse-power machines are as follows: Length 5 feet, width of rear end 2 feet, front end 1 foot 8 inches, depth 6 inches. The body thus forms a shallow tank which may be lined with zinc or tin and in which kero- sene oil or kerosene oil and water, the oil forming a thin film on the surface of the water, should be kept while the machine is in use. A number of narrow strips are placed longitudinally over the top in the manner shown in Plate XXI to keep the willows from touching the oil. Two stout runners fastened to the under side support the tanks. Plate XXII shows the machine in posi- tion ready for use. As will be observed, it is made to run between the rows; the long arms which extend obliquely from either side, cause the willows to bend over as the machine moves along and at the same time rub off the beetles and many of the larve and pupx which drop into the tank and are quickly killed by the oil. A lighter machine for hand-power is shown at Plate X XITZ.
334 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
Of the two classes of methods used in combating this insect, the latter has proven much more satisfactory; but unfortunately owing to the small size of the willows, the machines cannot be used to advantage early enough in the season to prevent serious injury by the beetles which first appear in the spring and also by the young larve as they are not as readily dislodged.
In order to ascertain if possible whether the insect could be satisfactorily held in check by the application of an arsenical poison, thus providing a way to stop the injury to the willows early in the spring before the machines can be used to advantage,
the following experiments were undertaken.
EXPERIMENTS.
The experiments were continued through two seasons, beginning in the spring of 1896. Through the kindness of Mr. Joseph Kennedy, of Liverpool, N. Y., a field of about an acre of willows on his farm was reserved for the experiments. Green arsenite and arsenate of lead were the poisons selected the first year as being most likely to prove satisfactory.
The green arsenite was used at the strength of 1 pound to 150 gallons of hme water and the arsenate of lead, 1 pound to 45 gallons. For the first spraying on two of the plats, 2 quarts of glucose was added to each 45 gallons of the mixtures and for the second spraying the same amount of thin glue.
The treatment which each plat received the first year is shown in the following diagram:
DIAGRAM OF PLATS IN 1896.
| Dates of , sprayings. Plat I | Plat II. Plat III. Plat IV.
June 5. iki arsenite. ; Green arsenite , Untreated. ; Arsenate of lead and glucose. and glucose,
19. | Green arsenite. | Green arsenite | Untreated. | Arsenate of lead and thin glue. and thin glue.
IXX divtd
New York Agricurturat ExperrmMent Station. B05
Hxperiments in 1896.— As shown in the table, the plats were sprayed but twice in 1896. Unfavorable weather prevented a third spraying until too late to be practicable and the machines for catching the beetles were used twice, about seven days apart, after the last spraying. For these experiments a knapsack sprayer was used to apply the poison. When lime was used, enough of the freshly-slaked lime was added to make the mixture slightly milky in appearance. 3
Results in 1896.— It was difficult to obtain exact results in this case. Swarms of beetles came from other fields to the sprayed plats. The general indications were that the plats sprayed with green arsenite mixed with lime water and glue and with arsenate of lead and glue were less injured after the second spraying than the other plats. About 80 per cent of the willows on these plats were uninjured by the beetles, while on Plat ITI, the.check plat, at least 50 per cent were damaged. Glucose did not prove as successful in making the mixture adhere to the leaves as thin glue, but glue was found to be impractical for this purpose because of sticking in the pump and clogging the nozzle.
Haperiments in 1897.— The plan of the experimental field was changed for these experiments and a Peppler horse power sprayer _ used in place of a knapsack. As shown by the diagram the acre was divided into two equal plats and both plats sprayed on June 3.° The machine for catching the insects was not used on either plat. Plat II received but one application of the poison while Plat I was sprayed as shown in the following diagram. :
The green arsenite was used at the strength of 1 pound to 100 gallons of lime water. Whale oil soap, 1 pound to 20 gallons of the mixture, was added to make it spread upon the leaves. Whale oil soap also doubtless acts as a repellant to the insects and may be used much stronger.
8 The original plan was to leave Plat II unsprayed but through a misunder- standing it received one application of the poison.
336 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
DIAGRAM OF PLATS IN 1897.
Dates of spraying. Plat I. Plat II.
June 3. | Green arsenite and whale oil , Green arsenite and whale oil
soap. soap. TBS |e Same ce ee wae Meee eeta Untreated. Bypass: 11 Saar e aig OS ic Zit toate Untreated. Results ...| Marketable willows, 2 tons. | Marketable willows. 1 ton.
== - = — |
Results in 1897.— Comparatively few beetles came from neigh- boring fields and hence the results were more satisfactory than in 1896. As shown in the diagram the yield of the half acre which was sprayed three times was twice that of the half acre sprayed but once.
The results of spraying alone as a means of combating the- beetles, compared with depending entirely upon the machines for catching the insects, may be shown by comparing Plat I to a near-by field upon which the machines alone were used. The conditions were practically the same in both cases and the yield was about the same but there was a decided difference in the cost of treatment. In the field referred to, a machine was kept running a part of every day for nearly three weeks, which is not exceptional, at a cost of $4.05 per acre for labor while the cost of spraying, with a power sprayer covering six rows, was but $2.58 per acre for labor and materials for the three applications. Thus the expense of spraying was but little compared to the yield and. much less than the cost of running the machines long enough to. produce the same results.’
7In the field referred to the machines were used but once a day through- out the entire three weeks. Usually it is necessary to go over the fields twice a day for a week or ten days, thus increasing the expense.
TIXX AL
a
met Shes See
og
ae
New York AgricuuturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 337
SHOULD SPRAYING ALONE BE DEPENDED UPON IN COMBATING THIS. INSECT ?
_ Although the results in the above experiments are very gratify- ing in favor of spraying, in many seasons it will be found imprac- tical to depend upon this means alone in combating this insect. Usually the willows are too large before time for the third treat- ment to spray to the best advantage and hence the machine should be brought into use for a short time if necessary. On newly- planted fields, however, spraying will be found of special ad- vantage in keeping off the insects while the willows are getting a. start and before they are high enough for the machines.
IMPORTANCE OF A UNITED EFFORT OF THE WILLOW GROWERS.
Insects which migrate as readily as the cottonwood leaf beetle will quickly spread over a community where their food plant is. extensively grown. The adults of this species fly readily and probably for quite long distances. In the fields about Syracuse, they literally swarm upon the willows, coming from all directions, especially from neglected fields, which of late years are becoming common in this community. A neglected field of willows means. that the beetles will breed there unmolested and as food becomes short or as migratory instincts dictate, will seek other fields in the vicinity. Several illustrations of this kind came to the writer’s notice at Liverpool. Willow growers whose fields were in the vicinity of neglected fields suffered greater loss from injury to the willows, or were put to greater expense in combating the insect than were those whose neighbors united with them in an effort to check the pest.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Begin spraying early in the season. Make the first application before the beetles become numerous and follow it by one or two. more a week or 10 days apart.
22
- .
38 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
ee)
Use green arsenite or other equally good arsenical, 1 pound to 100 gallons of water, with the addition of enough freshly-slaked lime to make the mixture slightly milky in appearance. One pound of whale oil soap to about 20 gallons of the mixture may be added with good results. It will do no harm to use the soap stronger.
Spray newly-planted fields with the poison until the willows are large enough for the machines. :
After the willows are too high to spray thoroughly fe ordinary means, use the machines for catching the insects if necessary.
Urge the importance of a united effort on the part of all inter-
ested in willow growing.
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
1884. Riley, C. V.. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rept. 1884: 336-340. Refers to damage done in 1884, food plants and former injuries; life history; rem- edies, arsenicals, London purple and Paris green, and descriptions of type and variations.
1888. MacMillan, Conway. Nebr. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 2: 50-54, Life history; remedies. Illustrated.
Meehan, Thos. B. Insect Life, 1: 51. Letter from, stating in- juries caused by the willow beetle in 1887 to Carolina poplar, Kilmarnock and New American willows growing in his nursery at Germantown, Pa.
1889. Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 9: 58-55. Life history and brief descriptions of larva and imago; remedies, arsenicals; natural enemies. Llustrated.
Orcutt, I. H. Dak. Agr]. Exp. Sta. Bul. 18: 14-15. Brief descrip- tions of larya and imago; remedies, arsenicals; ‘natural enemies. Illus- trated.
1890. Kent, Geo. H. Insect Life, 3: 338. Quite numerous and destruc- tive on cottonwood in Franklin county, Miss.
1891.. Bruner, L. Nebr. Agr]. Exp. Sta. Bul. 14: 84-91. Descriptions of larya and imago; life history; remarks on causes of increase; geo- graphical distribution; natural enemies, several species of Carabidse and Coccinellidz; remedies, arsenicals.
1891. Orcutt, I. H. S. Dak. Agr]. Exp. Sta. Bul. 22: 98-101. Life history; brief description of larva and imago. Illustrated. \
Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 3: 430, in report of Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington; larve: and pup of Lina scripta eaten by Megilla maculata.
Aldrich, J. M. Insect Life, 4: 67. Abundant in South Dakota, seems to prefer New Russian poplars; can be controlled by arsenicals.
- ha at, “ee ica ¥ oad a me ace eee Sean ene a : an na hey cam
New York AgcricuururaAL ExpEriMENnT Starron. 399
Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Entomologist, Rept. 1891: 219. Quite abundant in Adirondack region in vicinity of Keene Valley.
1893. Williams, Thos. A. S. Dak. Agrl. Exp. Sta, Bul. 35: 85-86. (L. lapponica and L. scripta, brief notes.
1894. Lintner, J. A. Insect Life, 7: 53. Noté on appearance of willow beetle in Onondaga, Oswego and Cayuga counties, N. Y., attacking osier willows.
1895. Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Entomologist Rept. 1895: 500. Brief outline of article on the ‘“ willow beetle”’ in Syracuse Union for May 6, 1894.
Ibid., pp. 5, 7. Mentioned.
N. Y. State Entomologist Rept. 1895: 181-189. General account, notes on insect’s destructiveness; descriptions of larva and imago; note on the willow-basket-making industry in New York. ILlustrated.
Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1895: 554-558. Brief general account; notes on remedial measures. Illustrated.
1896. Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1896: 543-544. Experi- ments against the cottonwood leaf-beetle.
Il. GREEN ARSENITE-*
V... “ee owas
SUMMARY.
Green arsenite is a simple arsenite of copper similar in texture and chemical composition to Scheele’s green. It is as poisonous as Paris green, is cheaper to manufacture, and is an impalpable powder instead of crystalline, hence it will remain suspended in water longer than ordinary Paris green thus insuring a more even application to the foliage. It should be used with lime in the
same manner as Paris green.
INTRODUCTION.
Under the name green arsenite the Adler Color and Chemical Works have placed upon the market an arsenical which may be used in place of ordinary Paris green. As stated in the Fifteenth Annual Report of this Stattion, pages 536-539, samples were sent to the Station in 1896 for experiment. ‘During 1897, two other samples were sent for the same purpose. In addition to the ex- periments the poison has been extensively used in place of Paris green in the Station orchard during the past two seasons with excellent results.
QUALITIES AND USE.OF GREEN ARSENITE. NATURE AND COMPOSITION.
In general appearance green arsenite resembles ordinary Paris
green. It differs chemically from this poison in being a simple
*Reprint from Bulletin No. 143.
New York AgricurtruraAt Exprrmment Station. 341
arsenite instead of an aceto-arsenite of copper, and physically in being an impalpable powder while Paris green is crystalline.
Green arsenite is said to be similar to if not identical with Scheele’s green, but according to samples sent by the manu- facturers to the Station the percentage of arsenious oxide may vary from 41.04 to 62 per cent, while Scheele’s green contains, theoretically, 52.94 per cent.
WHEN FIRST USED AS AN INSECTICIDE.
Mr. C. L. Marlatt of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, Division of Entomology, was probably the first to use green arsenite in place of Paris ereen, Mr. Marlatt® states that copper arsenite (green arsenite) was especially made for him in 1894, by a prominent manufacturer of Paris green and that it is in reality Paris green, without the addition of acetic acid which is added to produce a more or less coarsely crystalline product.
In a publication of the Department of Agriculture, Mr. Mar- latt® gives the results of experiments with this insecticide. He found that the action of the simple arsenite of copper on the foli- age of various plants used in the experiments was practically the same as Paris green. Again in a subsequent bulletin’? Mr. Mar- latt gives results of experiments with this and other arsenicals.
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN ARSENITE OVER PARIS GREEN.
In addition to the comparatively low cost of manufacture the principal advantage of green arsenite over Paris green is that, as it is so much more finely divided, it remains in suspension in water much longer. From experiments in the laboratory the writer found that the ordinary crystalline Paris green, when mixed with water at the rate of 1 pound to 150 gallons, would sink to the bottom of the jar in about five minutes, leaving the
8 Insect Life, 7: 408-411].
9 U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 2, n. ser. 10 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 6, n. ser.
342 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
water clear, while the green arsenite remained in suspension for over two hours.
It is because the green arsenite stays suspended in water so much longer than Paris green, that it is more valuable as an in- secticide. Without doubt much of the failure to get good results from Paris green is because of the difficulty of keeping it evenly distributed through the tank. Unless the mixture is almost con- stantly agitated, the Paris green sinks to the bottom and is quickly drawn out by the pump, so that before the tank is half empty most of the poison is gone and the remainder of the water contains so little Paris green as to be hardly worth applying.
HOW TO USE GREEN ARSENITE.
Green arsenite should be used the same as Paris green. For ordinary purposes use 1 pound to from 100 to 150 gallons of water with the addition of enough freshly-slaked lime to make the mixture slightly “milky ” in appearance. Time should always be added, for, in addition to other uses, it prevents injury to the foliage. It may be used with Bordeaux mixture in the same man-
ner as Paris green.
PRICE PER POUND AND WHERE OBTAINED.
Green arsenite can be obtained from the Adler Color and Chem- ical Works, New York, and probably from other leading dealers
in similar products for 15 cents per pound.
EXPERIMENTS WITH GREEN ARSENITE.
No strictly comparative experiments with this insecticide have been made here at the Station. Comparative tests’ by C. L. Marlatt, however, indicate that green arsenite and Paris green are equally effective as insecticides.
Experiments with green arsenite made by the writer are re- corded on pages 600-601 of Bulletin 136 of this Station and on
11 U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul. 6, n. ser.: 30-35.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 343
previous pages of this Report. In the former instance the in- secticide was successfully used against a flea beetle, Systena hudsonias Forst. attacking young apple grafts, and in the latter with equal success against the cottonwood leaf beetle, Lina scripta Fab.
Tn the spring of 1896, and again in 1897, the writer used green arsenite against the spring canker worm in an orchard near the Station.. Fourteen large bearing apple trees were used in the experiments. Both seasons the trees were sprayed three times, the first being about the middle of May and the remaining two from a week to ten days apart. In 1896 the remainder of the infested orchard was sprayed with ordinary Paris green, and in 1897 the green arsenite alone was used. In 1896, the trees sprayed with green arsenite were more uniformly free from canker worms than those sprayed with Paris green, while in 1897, the sprayed trees were practically free from canker worms after the second application, which was made May 22, while the un- sprayed trees were nearly stripped of their foliage.
In addition to the above experiments the writer has used green arsenite upon young pear trees against the fruit worm and upon potatoes against the Colorado potato beetle. In both instances the poison was used at the rate of 1 pound to 150 gallons of water with the addition of enough freshly-slaked lime to make the mixture slightly milky in appearance, and gave every indication of being equally as efficient as Paris green.
344 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS. Pe Se LEN
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Pratt XVIII.— Young willow whips injured by the cotton- avood leaf-beetle. \
Prats X1TX.— Uninjured willow whip and one which was in- yured at a early in season causing it to branch.
Pratt XX.—1. Willow leaves showing eggs attached and m- jury by young larvae. 2. Larva natural sve and enlarged. 8. Pupae attached to willow leaf, natural size. 4. Pupa en- larged. 5. Beetles natural size and enlarged. |
Prats XXI.— Machine for catching the beetles.
Prats XXII.— Machine in position ready for use. _ Prats XXITI.— Hand power machine.
ye
Il. THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY.*
Monophadnus (Monophadnoides Ashm.) rubi Harr.
Order Hymenoptera; family TenrHREDINIDZ.
V. H. Lowe.
SUMMARY.
During the past two years the raspberry saw-fly has done serious injury in certain localities in the State. The adult insects appear at about the time the leaves begin to expand. The eggs are placed just beneath the under cuticle of the leaf by means of the saw-like ovipositor with which the female is provided. The leaf tissue above the eggs becomes lighter in color, so that a leaf in which several eggs have been deposited has a spotted appearance. The larvee are green in color and are covered with spine-bearing tuber- cles. They feed voraciously upon the leaves and may occasion- ally attack the tender bark of the new growth, the flower buds and the young fruit. Pupation takes place under ground, the larve forming oblong cocoons of a few coarse strands of silk together with a glue-like secretion mixed with particles of earth. The larvee remain all summer and until the following spring in the cocoons, slowly changing to the pupa state. There is but one brood annually.
Experiments showed that the larve can be successfully checked either by brushing them off from the bushes to the loose soil be- tween the rows or by spraying with hellebore, 1 ounce to the gallon of water. The latter method was found to be most prac- tical especially in large fields.
* Reprint from Bulletin No. 150.
346 REPoRT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
INTRODUCTION.
In some sections of the State the raspberry saw-fly is at times one of the most troublesome insects with which the grower of rasp- berries and blackberries has to deal. Few if any of the numerous species of insects known to this State which attack these import- ant crops are capable of doing more serious injury in a single season. Tortunately it is not a difficult insect to control and hence it is chiefly important that the farmers should learn the nature of the insect, how the presence of a brood can be detected while yet in the egg stage and the measures necessary to take in destroying the larve.
The investigations and experiments herein recorded were largely made on the farm of Mr. J. F. Mikelson of Oaks Corners, N. Y., to whom the writer is indebted for many courtesies shown.
1 4
GENERAL NOTES UPON THE INSECT. CLASSIFICATION AND NAME.
As indicated by its name this insect belongs to the group of hymenopterous insects popularly known as the saw-flies, which in number of species and economic importance form the princi- . pal members of the group T'enthredinidae. The raspberry saw- fly was first described by Harris in 1850, who gave it the scien- tific name of Selandria rubi. It has recently been included by Ashmead in his new genus, Monophadnoides.'
The insects of this group are most destructive to garden and field crops of any of the Hymenoptera. They are, therefore, of much importance to the agriculturist, and hence it may not be out of place to review briefly the principal characteristics by means of which the more common saw-flies can be recognized in their various stages of development.
The egg.— The eggs should be looked for on the under surface of the leaf, usually near the midrib and larger veins. Sometimes
1 Canadian Entomologist, 30:253.
New York AGrIcuLTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 347
they are placed in rows on the midrib and larger veins as in the ease of the currant saw-fly, but more often the female makes a slit through the cuticle of the leaf and deposits her egg under- neath. The eggs are usually quite small at first but it has been observed that they gradually enlarge, probably by the absorption of moisture from the leaf tissue.
The larva.— The larve of saw-flies resemble caterpillars in gen- eral appearance, but can usually be distinguished from them by the number of prolegs, which in most cases is from 12 to 16, while true caterpillars, with one exception, have but 10.7 Also a common habit among saw-fly larve consists in curling the pos- terior segments of the body about the stem or edge of the leaf upon which they are feeding. Other species are slug-like in ap- pearance. <A familiar example is the cherry slug which attacks the leaves of both cherry and pear trees. In still other species the larvee are smooth and free from slime or covered with spine-- bearing tubercles.
The pupa.— The pupa is enclosed in a parchment-like cocoon. Some species form them 2 or 3 inches under ground, while others prefer the surface of the ground or some point on the food plant a short distance above it.
The adult—The adult insect may be readily distinguished from other H ymenoptera by the broad head and thorax and the abdomen which broadly joins the thorax at its base. Other char- acteristics are found in the wings and the peculiar saw-like oviposi-
tor of the female.
HISTORY AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION.
But comparatively little is said about this species by the early writers on economic entomology. So far as the writer has been able to learn it is not mentioned as a European species. Among the earliest references to it is one by Harris in his “‘ Entomologi-
2 Comstock’s Manual for the Study of Insects, p. 612.
348 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
cal Correspondence,” published in 1846,-where Saunders? states that Darling, in a letter to Harris, “ gives a correct account of the manner in which the egg is deposited.” In 1850, in the New England Farmer, Harris published an account of the habits and ravages of this insect and the means to be used against it. From this time until 1869 there appears to have been nothing of importance published about it. In July of that year Walsh and Riley* published notes upon the life history of the insect, and gave an account of its ravages in Illinois. Since this time occasional references have been made, but little added to our knowledge of its fe history and distribution. The most notable exception which the writer has been able to find is in a paper on “ Insects In- jurious to the Raspberry,” by W. Saunders, published in the An- nual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1873, pp. 11-12. In this paper Mr. Saunders gives a detailed description of the insect in all its stages except the pupa; but does not describe the adult male. Full notes are also given upon its life history.
The species probably has a wide distribution throughout the Eastern and Central States. It is known to oceur in southeastern Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. It is widely distributed in this State, being found on Long Island and at vari- ous points west along the central and southern part of the State nearly to the western boundary.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.
Although this insect is capable of doing serious injury, often occurring in sufficient numbers to nearly ruin an entire crop of fruit, it is not difficuit to check, and hence it is of less economic importance than many species more difficult to control. It should be borne in mind, however, that it is of especial importance to recognize the discolorations of the leaf caused by the presence of
3 Ont. Ent. Soc. Ann. Rpt. 1873: 11. 4 American Entomologist, 1: 224.
New York AGricutturaL Experiment Station. 349
the eggs or the young larve when they first appear, so that the necessary steps can be taken to check the insect before serious in- jury is done.
Importance in the nursery.— This saw-fly is occasionally found in the nursery, where it may do much injury to the young black- berries and raspberries. The larve feed upon the new growth of the young tips after first devouring the leaves, and hence may do serious injury by checking the early growth of the plant.
FOOD PLANTS.
As its name indicates, this species feeds principally upon the raspberry. In a large field of raspberries near the Station where several varieties are under cultivation, and where the insect has been very abundant for nearly four years, the Shaffer bushes have suffered most injury each season. In addition to the raspberry, the blackberry and dewberry are subject to attack.
INJURY TO THE PLANT. The first injury is caused by the female, which, as stated in detail on another page, deposits her eggs on the under side of the leaf, just beneath the cuticle. At first no apparent injury results, but within a few days the upper surface of the leaf immediately over the egg turns light green, and finally a light yellow color, the tissue becoming dry and somewhat withered. Thus a leaf in which a number of eggs have been placed soon becomes distinctly spotted and hence is easily detected. (Plate XXVI, Fig. 4.) Where a large number of eggs have been deposited on a single leaf nearly the whole leaf becomes lighter in color and appears some- what wilted. This is a matter of importance to the grower, for by the spotted leaves one may be made aware of the presence of the immature brood before the more serious injury caused by the young larvee takes place. Injury to the leaves and new canes.— The first evidence of the work of the larve upon the leaves is the small irregular holes
350 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
which they make. All of the soft-parts of the leaves are finally devoured, leaving only the midrib and larger veins. (Plate XXIV.)
When the bushes are badly infested the new canes also suffer severe injury. The young expanding leaves are first devoured and finally in some instances the bark and succulent wood of the new growth is injured. (Plate XXV.)
Injury to the buds and young fruwit.— The injury to the buds and fruit is much less extensive than to the leaves. On the Shaffer raspberries, in the field previously referred to, small percentages of the buds and fruits were injured. In every instance the buds and fruits were only partially devoured, the larve usually eating
away a portion from the side as shown at Plate XXVI, Fig. 1.
DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS.
DESCRIPTIONS AND LIFE HISTORY.
’
First appearance in the spring.— The time when the adults come out of the ground in the spring undoubtedly varies accord- ing to the season. During the past 2 years the adults were not ob- served in the vicinity of Geneva before May 10. Last spring they were very common by May 25.
The egg.— Egg laying begins soon after the adults appear. Last spring a few eges had been laid by Mav 18. May 27 the eggs were abundant. ‘They are deposited from the under surface of the leaf. The female makes a slight incision with her saw- hike ovipositor (Plate XXVIII, to the right of Fig. 2) and forces the egg under the cuticle and close up to the leaf vein near which the incision is made. Plate XX VI, Fig. 2, is from a photograph of the under surface of a raspberry leaf showing the eggs, nearly ready to hatch, natural size. Fig. 3 is enlarged from a portion of the same leaf. (The engraver has made the eggs in this figure show more distinctly than natural.)
When first deposited the eggs measure about 0.8 mm. in length.
Tm about 48 hours thev have increased slightly in size and eon-
/
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 351
tinue to grow, evidently by the absorption of moisture from the leaf tissue, until fully developed. As the egg increases in size the tissue about it gradually turns lighter in color, finally becoming yellow. Thus, as previously stated, the infested leaves soon be~ come spotted on the upper surface. (Plate XXVI, Fig. 4.)
The egg when first removed from the body of the female has been described by Saunders® as approaching a “ long oval in form, rather obtuse at the ends and attaining its greatest diameter a little before the middle. Color white, with a faint yellow tinge and a smooth, glossy surface, semi-transparent.”
The fully developed egg, as it appears when removed from the leaf, is white or slightly tinged with yellow and nearly pear-shaped. The average measurement is 1.2 mm. by 0.6 mm. at the widest point. As with the newly deposited egg the enveloping mem- brane is smooth and semi-transparent, plainly showing the move- ments of the embryo within. The number of eggs deposited on a single leaflet may reach as high as 24.
Period of incubation.— The period of incubation may vary from 7 to about 10 days. Some of the specimens under observa- tion hatched in about 7 days, but most of them were 10 or 11 days old before hatching. The eggs from which the larve have escaped are plainly indicated by the irregular hole in. the side of the swelling.
The larva.— The larve measure, soon after hatching, 2 mm. to 2.3 mm. on an average in length. The body is nearly cylin- drical, yellowish white or very pale yellowish green and well cov-. ered with spine-bearing tubercles. The spines are at first white, but gradually change to dark brown. Before the first molt the head is slightly darker and about one-fourth broader than the body. The dark brown eye-like spots just above each antenna are very conspicuous. With the increase in size and the succeed- ing molts the color of the body becomes a pale green and finally a decided green color; the dorsal spines turn darker brown. The.
,
5 Rpt. Ont. Ent. Soc., 1873, p. 11.
352 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE _
body gradually assumes the characteristic wedge shape, but to a less degre than with many species of saw-flies.
The full-grown larva.— Length about 18 mm.; body tapering, broadest on anterior third where it measures 2.1 mm. Color light yellowish green to darker shades, usually imitating the color of the leaf upon which it is feeding. Head darker with distinct nearly round eye-like spot on either side and sparsely covered with long white hair. Mandibles black at tips; prolegs on joints 6-13. Body covered with spine-bearing tubercles arranged in double transverse rows. In each double row the anterior dorsal tubercles bear two spines and the posterior three.* Two dorsal tubercles on the first segment of the thorax bear 5; all the lateral tuber- cles bear 1 and 2 spines. Dorsal spines very dark or black, lateral spines pale green or white. The anal plate bears six simple and two bifid spines. (Plates XX VII, Figs. 1, 2 and 3.)
Habits of the larva.— The newly-hatched larvee feed on the soft parts of the leaf but are soon large enough to eat oblong or ir- regular holes through the leaf. Finally, as previously stated, the entire leaf is devoured with the exception of the midrib and larger veins. When at rest upon the upper surface of the leaf they are quite inconspicuous owing to the similarity of color of the body and leaf. They continue feeding for 10 days or more, finally going into the ground to pupate.
Pupation.— Pupation takes place during the latter, part of June. Last year nearly all of the larye in a badly infested field of rasp-
_berries near the Station had gone into the ground by June 29. When ready to pupate the larve crawl down the canes and wan- der about for a time, apparently seeking a suitable place to enter the ground. Some of them enter the ground close to the canes but large numbers were observed to go 2 or 3 feet from
6 From other descriptions principally by Saunders (Ont. Ent. Soc. Ann. Rpt., 1873, p. 12) it appears that there may be exceptions to this arrange- ment, but in nearly 30 specimens examined by the writer no exceptions were observed.
PLATE XXIV,
PLATE XXV.
yo eg Piicee
PLATE XXVI.
‘J Le | wyy
3
XXVIII.
PLATE
he
Ww. WU. NTN e ‘ 2
PLATE XXVIII.
i ¢ * f a P mt) 4 Mg ‘ | ve ‘ ay , ? ~ an ¢ ‘, »j Wf ¥ Y rts < ns é ’ ’ ~ ‘ i *
nies
2 it . ; ae | ae
*
New York AcricutturaL Exprerrment Station. 353
the base of the bushes before going into the ground. Also later in the season more of the cocoons were found about 2 feet from the bushes than close to the base. The cocoons are formed from 2 to 3 inches below the surface of the ground.
The cocoon.— The cocoons are not easily recognized owing to their close resemblance to the surrounding earth. They resemble an oblong, nearly cylindrical pellet of earth rounded at both ends and about 7 mm. long and half as broad. (Plate XX VII, Fig. 4, natural size, Fig. 5 enlarged.) One cocoon is broken at one end, showing the head of the imprisoned larva. The cocoons are largely composed of a dark-brown, mucilaginous substance to which the surrounding particles of earth adhere and which upon hardening becomes brittle and shining. It is insoluble in water, weak acid or alkali. Running through this substance and some- times within the cell are occasional strands of coarse, brown silk. Thus it appears that the larva first spins a coarse network of silk to partially support the sticky mucilage in process of harden- ing. Although none of the larvee under observation were noticed to molt or otherwise shed their spines before entering the ground, no trace of the spines could be found in the cocoons.
_ Within this tight, almost waterproof cocoon, the transforma- tion to the pupa state slowly takes place. At first there is but little change in the appearance of the imprisoned larva, except that it is not covered with spines as formerly, but within 2 or 3 days has shrunken somewhat and become rigid and motion- less. It remains in this condition all summer and all the follow- ing winter, slowly assuming the shape of the pupa. The trans- formation is finally completed during the latter part of March or in April. Specimens kept in moist earth in the laboratory pu- pated early in April.
The pupa.— The true pupa stage lasts but a few days. The pupa is pale green in color, becoming darker a few days before the mature insect emerges.
23
354 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
The manner in which the pupa escapes from the cocoon was not satisfactorily observed. It was noticed, however, that old cocoons, which had remained in the ground over winter, became soft and spongy and hence easily broken. Also that from the cocoons from which the adult insects had emerged a large irregu- lar piece had been partially cut, as if by the jaws of the insect, and broken off from the end.
The adults.— As previously stated the adult insects appear about May 10. They fly actively about during the heat of the day, but in the early morning and toward evening or during un- usually cool days they seek shelter on the under side of the leaves, remaining sluggish until warmed by the rays of the sun.
The female.— The following technical description is taken from Mr. Edward Norton’s monograph’ of the Tenthredinidae:
“Color black, head rather rugose, nasus somewhat incurved; head pubescent except about ocelli; mandibles with 2 stout inner teeth; tegule, most of anterior angle, the third, fourth, fifth and part of sixth seguments of tergum yellowish white, venter ferruginous; legs paler, their coxe and basal half of femora and tips of posterior tibiz blackish; inner claw tooth large. Wings smoky, hyaline, nervures brownish; marginal cross nervure curved and received near apex of third cell.”
Four specimens examined by the writer corresponded to his description except in the color of the seguments of the tergum. In each of these specimens the second joint, as well as the third, fourth, fifth and part of the sixth seguments, is yellowish white. There is, however, slight variation in the markings which indi- cates that the difference in the markings of these specimens and those described by Mr. Norton is probably one of variation. The four specimens varied from 5 mm. to 6 mm. in length. (Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2.) |
The male.— Length 4.5 mm.; black, tegule and dorso-lateral margins of collar yellowish white; middle and posterior legs
7 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1: 250.
New York Aqgricutturat Exprrrment Station. 355
darker than female, posterior femora black except at tips, wings somewhat clearer; abdomen more slender than female and wholly black. (Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1.)
NUMRER OF BROODS AND PERIOD OF ACTIVITY.
By noting the life history as previously given it will be ob- served that, in western New York, this species has but one brood annually. As the adult insects do not come out of the ground until the latter part of April or early in May and they and their progeny have disappeared by the first of July, the active life of the insect is at most of only about two and a half months dura- tion, the remainder of the time being spent in the snug retreats under ground.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
This species seems to be peculiarly free from parasitic or pre- daceous insect enemies. In none of the literature relating to the insect is there an instance given of the presence of a parasite or the work of a predaceous species. Although a large field of rasp- berries badly infested with this insect was carefully watched last season, and several hundred of the larvee brought to the insectary and confined in breeding cages, but one case of parasitism was found. Yet it is true that this insect sometimes suddenly disap- pears, after doing serious injury in a community for 3 or 4 consecutive seasons, as if suddenly checked by some parasite in- sect or other enemy.
METHODS OF COMBATING.
There are three principal methods of combating this insect, as follows: Jarring or brushing from the bushes, fall cultivating and the application of an insecticide either dry or as a spray.
Jarring or brushing from the brushes.— While studying this in- sect in the field it was noticed that the larve could be easily shaken from the bushes either by a sudden blow to the canes or by otherwise jarring the leaves. A heavy branch from which the leaves and twigs have not been removed or a pine switch with 4
356 Report or tHE EnroMoLoaists OF THE
large tuft of needles at the end are convenient instruments for jarring or brushing the bushes. To make this work more effectual the soil between the rows should be kept well cultivated and free from weeds. ‘The work should be done during the heat of the day when the soil is dry and crumbles easily. It should be the aim of the operator to brush the larve so that they will fall be- tween the rows as far from the bushes as possible, the object being to make them fall on the loose earth where many of them will die from exhaustion in an attempt to return to the vines. Mr. Mikelson, who has tried this method, says that he met with good success. His soil is a light, sandy loam. Where children ‘or other cheap help can be employed, this method is probably cheaper than spraying. If only a few bushes are infested it is a quick and easy method of checking the pest.
Fall cultivating.— The object is to bring the cocoons to the sur- face of the ground where they will be exposed to the weather. As a fair percentage of the cocoons are found from a foot to two feet from the bushes, some good could probably be done in this way, but the method needs further testing.
Spraying.— Two kinds of insecticides may be used in a spray against this insect, namely, arsenical compounds and hellebore. Both are efficacious, but hellebore is usually preferred, because of the prejudice against the use of arsenicals on rapidly developing small fruits and because hellebore does not disfigure either fruit or leaves.
EHaperiments.— A large field of raspberries belonging to Mr. Mikelson, which was badly infested with this insect, was divided into three plats for the purpose of the experiments. Plat I was sprayed June 4 with arsenite of lime, 1 pt. of the stock solution to 40 gallons of lime water; Plat II with hellebore, 1 oz. to 1 gallon of water; Plat III was left unsprayed.
Results.— On the second day after this application practically all the larvee were dead on the sprayed plats. On Plat I the leaves were seriously injured, but as subsequent experiments with
“XIXX FLW Id
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 357
this arsenical showed no injury to the leaves it is possible that the compound was not properly prepared. Further experiments with this compound are needed. No more larve appeared on the sprayed bushes so that a second application was unnecessary.
Plat IIT, which was unsprayed, was nearly stripped of its leaves before the season was over, so that but little first-class fruit was developed. Plate X XIX is from a photograph taken in the field. The bushes on the left were sprayed with hellebore, those on the right were unsprayed.
Dry application of hellebore.— Powdered hellebore may be ap- plied pure or mixed with twice its weight of cheap flour or land plaster. It should be dusted on early in the morning or in the evening while the leaves are moist with dew. ‘The principal ob- jection to this method is the difficulty of applying to the under surface and in making it adhere to the leaves.
_ RECOMMENDATIONS.
The treatment for this insect and insects of this class is usually a very simple matter. As indicated by the above experiments the prompt application of hellebore will check them, and in the case of this species, brushing the larve off from the bushes can be made effective. Where a spraying machine can be had it will be found that a more thorough application can be made with the spray. Make the applications thorough, drenching both upper and under surfaces of the leaf.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
1846. Harris, T. W. Entomological Correspondence. Saunders states (Ann. Rept. Ont. Ent. Soc., 1873, p. 11), that a letter written by Darling to Harris in 1846, as published therein, gives a “ very correct account of the manner in which the egg is deposited.”
1867. Norton, Edward. Trans. Am. Ent Soc., I, pp. 249-250. Tech- nical description of larva and female, with brief notes on life history.
1869. Walsh, B. D., and Riley, C. V. Amer. Ent., July, I, 1, p. 224. Description of larva and account of ravages.
1870. Riley, C. V. Amer. Ent., August, I, 2, p. 276. Description of larva. Notes on remedies.
358 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS.
1872. Packard, A. S. 19 Ann. Rept. Mass. Bd. Agr. (Packard’s Second Ann. Rept., Injurious Insects of Mass.), pp. 343-344. Brief description of larva and adult. Mentions shaking off larva as a means of combating the insect. Illustrated. >
1873. Saunders, W. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1873, pp. 11-12. Descriptions of egg, larva and adult female, with very full notes on life history.
Ibid, Can. Ent., June, I, 5, pp. 101-108.
1876. Thomas, C. Trans. Dept. Agr., Ill., 1876, p. 61. Appeared in in- jurious numbers in northern and western Illinois in 1876; suggests helle- bore as remedy. ‘
1877. Perkins, G. H. Fourth Rept. Vt. Bd. Agr., p. 151. Brief account of life history, with brief popular descriptions of larva and adult female. Suggests Paris green and hellebore as remedies.
1878. Heffmeister, A. W. Ann. Rept. Iowa State Hort. Soc., 1877-1878, pp. 248-246. Briefly mentioned.
1882. Lintner, J. A. First Report, p. 42. Mentioned.
1883. Goding, F. W. Rept. Iowa State Bd. Agr., 1882-8, p. 322.
1885. Saunders, W. Fifteenth Ann. Rept. Ont. Ent. Soc., p. 18. Briefly mentioned. Abundant near Drummondsville and vicinity.
Harrington, W. H. Ibid, p. 70. Brief notes on life history; abundant during the season of 1884.
1886. Saunders, W. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. Ont. Ent. Soc., pp. 14-15. Descriptions of egg, larva and adult female. Hellebore and Paris green recommended as remedies.
1887. Webster, F. M. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc., p. 107. Briefly men- tioned. ,
Weed, C. M. Ann. Rept. Ohio Agrl. Exp. Sta., pp. 155-156. Brief notes; remedy, hellebore.
1889. Weed, C. M. Bul. Ohio Agrl. Exp. Sta., Vol. II, No. 1 (2d series), p. 5. Brief notes.
Townsend, Tyler. Insect Life, II, 2, p. 42.. Mentions Selandria (Monophadnus) rubi as being abundant in the vicinity of Constantine, St. Joseph Co., Mich., from 1881-1886.
1891. Weed, C. M. Ann. Rept. Columbus Hort. Soc. for 1890.
1892. Smith, J. B. Insect Life, V, 2, p. 96. Injuriously abundant in some sections of New Jersey in 1892, although not common the year previous.
Ibid, Ann. Rept. N. J. Agrl. Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 459-461.
Webster, F. M. Bul. 45, Ohio Agrl. Exp. Sta., pp. 154-155. Brief review of early literature; notes on life history and habits.
Kellogg, V. L. Common Injurious Insects of Kansas, pp. 93-94. Describes larya and adult and gives life history. Remedies, hand picking, white hellebore applied dry or in a spray.
1895. Davis, G. C. Bul. 121, Mich. Agrl. Exp. Sta., p. 56. Brief notes. Sometimes quite destructive in Michigan. Remedies, hellebore and ar- senites.
IV. PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE GRAPE VINE FLEA BEETLE.*
V. H. Lowe.
SUMMARY.
The grape vine flea beetle has been unusually abundant during the past season. The adults feed on the swelling buds, and to a cer- tain extent upon the leaves. The principal injury to the leaves is by the larvee. Experiments with this insect are not yet completed. The adults have been checked, however, with Paris green, at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons of water, with the addition of enough freshly slaked lime to make the mixture milky in appearance. This mixture should be applied to the vines in a fine spray as soon as the adults appear. Later applications against the larvee may be made with Paris green, 1 pound to 150 gallons of lime water.
INTRODUCTION.
This insect was unusually abundant in the grape growing sec- ticns of the State last year. In the Keuka Lake region it was estimated by an extensive shipper that at least 10 per cent of the crop was destroyed last season. Some of the large vineyards in the vicinity of Bluff Point were entirely stripped of their foliage, with the result that no grapes were produced and the vines were much weakened.
As a result of this unusual injury numerous requests have come to the Station asking for information concerning the life history of the insect, and what should be done to prevent serious injury another year. Although the investigations and experi- ments in this direction are not yet completed, it seems advisable
* Reprint from Bulletin No. 150.
360 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
under the circumstances to review briefly the life history of this insect, and state the methods of combating it which have thus far been found successful.
LIFE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIONS.
The adults.— The adult insects are shining steel blue flea beetles measuring about one-fifth of an inch in length. (Plate XXX, Fig. 3, a.) They jump quickly upon being disturbed. This flea-like habit has given them theirname. They live during the winter in rubbish about the field or under the loose bark of the old vines. Last year they were active before the middle of April, and soon began feeding voraciously on the buds. So severe was this at- tack in some of the Keuka Lake vineyards that nearly all of the first and second buds were destroyed.
The egg.— Eggs are laid during the latter part of April or early in May. It is the commonly accepted statement that the eggs are placed in clusters on the under side of the leaves. From the writer’s observations there appear to be many exceptions to this, if indeed it is usually the case. A number of beetles which were kept in a breeding cage in the insectary deposited all of their eggs near or upon the buds or in the angles at the base of the leaf stem as shown at Plate XXX, Figs. 1 and 2. The eggs were not de- posited in clusters but singly. Although it was late in the season before field observations were made the eggs then found had been placed singly, either at the base of the buds or, occasionally, upon the upper or under surface of the leaves. Most of the eggs proba- bly hatch early in May.
The larva.— The young larve are dark brown in color. At first they devour only the soft parts of the leaf, but finally eat clear through the tissue, making irregular holes. They are full grown in about four weeks.. The full grown larva measures nearly one-fourth of an inch in length and is lighter brown than when first hatched. The head is black and each segment of the body is distinctly marked with shining black dots and patches from
FieGs. 1 AND 2 OF PLATE XXX.
PLATE XXX.—(LOWER FIGURE.)
a
cal is r) pees
New York AqricutrurAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 361
each of which one or more brown hairs arise. By the middle of May they have attained full size.
Pupation.— When ready to pupate the larve leave the vines and enter the ground to a depth of 2 or 3 inches to trans- form to the pupa state. The adults appear during the latter part of June or early in July. :
The adults.— The adults feed all summer, finally seeking a _refuge in which to pass the winter and coming forth in the spring in time to attack the buds as previously indicated. Proba- bly some of the adults lay a few eggs during the summer for both larvee and eggs were occasionally found last season as late as July 14. The larvee varied in size from newly hatched to nearly full
grown.
METHODS OF COMBATING.
Numerous remedial measures have been suggested and some of them tried. They include scattering air slaked lime or unleached ashes about the base of the vine to kill the larvee as they attempt to enter the ground, spreading sheets of cloth saturated with kerosene oil on the ground under the vines and jarring the beetles upon them, and spraying the vines with kerosene emulsion or an arsenical poison to kill the larve.
Spraying with an arsenical poison.— The prompt and thorough application of an arsenical poison is probably the most effectual and practical method of controlling this insect, especially in large vineyards. Paris green is usually used. It is not improbable that arsenite of lime would be equally effectual and cheaper. If Paris green is to be applied, use 1 pound to 50 gallons of water with the addition of enough freshly slaked lime to make the mix- ture milky in appearance. Make the first application a short time before the buds begin to swell or as soon as the beetles are found on the vines. The object of this first application is to cover the buds with poison so that the beetles whick eat into them will be poisoned by the Paris green. It will usually be found necessary
362 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
to make a second application against the larvee when they first appear on the leaves. In this case use the Paris green at the usual strength, 1 pound to 150 gallons. If Bordeaux mixture is to be applied the Paris green or other arsenical may be mixed with it in the same proportion as with water.
In combating this insect it should be remembered that prompt and thorough work is absolutely necessary to ensure success. The spray should be fine enough and so directed as to cover as many of the buds as possible and when applied to the leaves both upper and under surfaces should be wet.
IMPORTANCE OF UNITED. EFFORT.
The grape vine flea beetle is one of the species which migrates readily from one field to another. A neglected vineyard may serve as a breeding place for large numbers of the beetles which will in time infest other vineyards in the vicinity. This was well illustrated last season in several Keuka Lake vineyards which came under the writer’s observation. Some of the vineyardists who were in the habit of carefully spraying their vines had much of their good work undone by the large numbers of beetles which came from neglected vineyards nearby where food had become scarce. From this it is evident that if this insect is to be checked in communities where they have become abundant, every vine- yard should be carefully watched and the vines promptly sprayed
when the invaders appear.
New York AGricutturat Exprrment Sration. 363
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Pirate XXIV. Leaves showing injury by young and adult larvae. roma photograph. (Original.)
Pratt XXV. New canes of Shaffer raspberry nearly denuded of foliage by the saw-fly larvae. From a photograph. (Original. )
Prater XXVI. 1. Buds and flowers eaten by larvae. 2. Eggs just under the cuticle of under surface of the leaf. 3. A portion of the leaf enlarged. 4. Blotches on upper surface of leaf caused by eggs. From a photograph. (Original. )
Puare XXVII. 1 and 2. Larvae natural size and enlarged. 3. Shows arrangement and nature of spines. 4 and 5. Cocoons natural size and enlarged. From photograph and drawing. (Original. ) hee
Puate XXVIII. 1. Male. 2. Female. The saw-like ovipo- sitor is shown at the right of Fig. 2. (Original. )
Prats XXIX. Haperimental plats. The sprayed bushes are shown on the left, unsprayed on the right. -
Prate XXX. 1 and 2. Hggs of grapevine flea-beetle (Haltica a. Beetle.
chalybea) natural size and enlarged. (Original.) 3. b. Larva. ec. Larvae and beetles on foliage. d. Injury to buds. e. Beetle killed by fungus. Figures a and b much enlarged, rest natural size. From U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1895, p. 895; by C. L. Marlatt.
Ne TWO DESTRUCTIVE ORCHARD [NSE CES=
V.- H. Lower.
= SUMMARY.
The apple tree tent caterpillar has been unusually abundant throughout the State during the past season. Although it feeds readily upon a variety of fruit and other trees it has been espe- cially injurious to the apple.
The eggs are laid in July in conspicuous brown rings or masses about the smaller twigs. The caterpillars are formed in the eggs by fall, but do not leave them until early the following spring. They feed upon the leaves. The caterpillars from each egg mass unite in spinning a tent among the smaller branches in which they remain except while feeding. They are full grown in about five or six weeks and spin their cocoons in any convenient place. The adults are brown moths conspicuously marked with two parallel oblique lines of white on the fore wings.
The egg masses may be easily gathered and destroyed during the winter. The caterpillars may also be destroyed while congre- gated in the nests or by an arsenical spray.
The spraying experimhents with Paris green, green arsenite and arsenite of lime indicate that the two last named are equally ef- fective, when properly applied, as a poison for the apple tree tent caterpillar and canker worms. ‘Their principal advantages over Paris green lie in their cheapness and the fact that they will re-
main suspended in water much longer.
“Reprint of Bulletin No. 152.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 365
INTRODUCTION.
The two species of insects discussed in this bulletin are among the most common of the apple orchard. Both are found every vear throughout the State in varying abundance. They have simi- lar habits in their methods of feeding in that both consume the leaves and will quickly defoliate a tree if left undisturbed. They pass through similar transformations and the adults of both are moths. Of the orchard fruits both insects are usually most de- structive to the apple, although other fruit trees are not exempt from their attack.
The apple tree tent caterpillar, although an insect very easy to control, was probably never more abundant throughout the State than during the past season. The unsightly nests of the cater- pillars were much too conspicuous along the roadsides of other- wise well-kept farms, while comparatively few uninfested apple orchards could be found. The spring canker worm also, although probably not so evenly distributed over the State, has been very abundant in certain localities. From this is seems evident that these insects should receive more careful consideration than here- tofore in order to prevent their still further increase in numbers and the consequent injury to the orchards. Every farmer should be on the watch for them and take prompt measures for getting rid of them when they appear on the trees, whether by the road- side, in the dooryard or in the orchard.
THE APPLE TREE TENT CATERPILLAR, |= Clisiocampa americana Harr.
Order LeprrpoPTERA; Family LastocaMpPipz. CLASSIFICATION AND NAME.
Classification.— As indicated in the heading of this section the apple tree tent caterpillar belongs to the order LerrpoprEra. This order includes the moths and butterflies, among which, especially
366 _ Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
in the former group, are found some of the most destructive in- sects of the orehard. The family Lasiocampide, into which this species is further classified, includes according, to Comstock,’ less than 30 deseribed North American species well distributed throughout the United States. Thus the family may be con- sidered a comparatively small one but, because of the serious injury which its members are capable of doing, of much economic im- portance. The more common eastern species of this family repre- sent three genera, namely, Clisiocampa which includes the tent caterpillars, Phylloderma and Tolype which include the lappet caterpillars, so-called because they have on each side of each seg- ment a small lappet or lobe. From an economic standpoint the genus Clisiocampa is the most important.
Scientific name.— The scientific name, Clisiocampa americana, was first proposed by Harris” in 1852, but only a brief description was then given.
Popular names.— No less than 9 popular names have been applied to this insect by writers on economic entomology as fol- lows: “ The American Lackey Moth,” “The American Lackey Worm,” “ American Lackey Caterpillar,” “The Apple Tree Caterpillar,” “ The Apple Web Worm,” “ The Tent Caterpillar,” “The American Tent Caterpillar,” “The Orchard Tent Cater- pillar ” and “ The Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar.” The last name has been generally adopted by more recent writers.
HISTORY AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION.
This species is a native of North America. The earliest records which we have of it show that it was a troublesome species to the early settlers of Massachusetts. Fitch® states that it did much harm in Massachusetts in 1646 and 1649, so that these years were
1 Manual for the Study of Insects, p. 360.
2 Harris’ Treatise on Insects, p. 289. 3 Noxious Insects of New York. Rpts. 1 and 2, p. 185.
*.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 367
¢
termed by the settlers “ caterpillar years.” Again in 1658, ac- cording to Flint,* they were unusually abundant in Massachusetts.
The early writers on economic entomology of the present cen- tury also frequently refer to this insect as a serious pest. W. Gaylord,® writing in 1843, considered it at that time one of the most important insects of the orchard. In 1855 the caterpillars were again unusually numerous. Fitch states that he had not krown them to be as abundant for the previous 25 years.
There appears to be no evidence that the caterpillars were again unusually numerous over a very wide area until 1883. In refer- ring to this outbreak Dr. Lintner® states: “ There is no record of its ever having appeared before in such enormous numbers over as extended a territory.” The year following, according to the same author, the caterpillars were somewhat less abundant and until the past 3 or 4 years they appear to have been on the decrease. During the past 2 years they have again appeared in unusual numbers. 7
The species is now widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada. It is especially abundant throughout the Eastern and Central States. It also occurs in abundance in the South and is common in the Western States. It is probably safe to say that the insect is found in varying abundance practically wherever apples are grown in North America.
MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION.
According to some of the earlier entomologists, notably Fitch,’ the apple tree tent caterpillar has been widely distributed on nursery stock by means of the egg masses on the young trees. Fortunately more pains is now taken to produce stock entirely free from insect pests of all kinds so that it is not probable that an insect so conspicuous as this in all its stages of development is
4 Agriculture of Mass., 2d Rpt., p. 33; as quoted by Fitch, Rpts., 1 and 2, p- 185. :
5Trans. N. Y. State Agrl. Soc., 1843, p. 152.
6 Fifth Report, p. 152.
7 Noxious Insects of New York, Rpts. 1 and 2, pp. 197-198.
368 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
distributed to any appreciable extent in this manner. Locally it is readily disseminated by the female moth which flies with com-
parative ease even when burdened with eggs.
NATURE OF THE INJURY CAUSED BY THE APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR.
The nature of the injury caused by this insect is readily appar- _ ent. In addition to the unsightly nests which mar the beauty of the tree, the caterpillars devour the foliage, often completely strip- ping the limbs. Thus the vitality of the tree is greatly impaired,
resulting in materially weakening it if the evil is not checked.
FOOD PLANTS.
The caterpillars manifest a decided preference for the wild cherry and hence it is probable that this is their native food plant. Next to the wild cherry the apple seems to be preferred. From time to time, however, they have been found feeding upon appar- ently new food plants as if extending their bill of fare until now the following may be included in the list: Cherry, apple, plum, peach, rose and other members of the rose family, witch hazel, beech, barberry, various species of oaks, willows and poplars. In addition to some of these Weed* reports finding them upon a species of birch.
DESCRIPTIONS AND LIFE HISTORY.
The egg.— The eggs are a dull or dirty gray color. They vary slightly in size andshape. They average about 1.3 mm. long by a little more than half the length at the top and tapering slightly to the base. The upper end is quite uniformly circular and has a dark shadowy spot in the center. There may be a decided dent in the base of the egg when removed from the egg mass and the
sides be pressed out of shape. The eggs have been aptly compared
8N. H. Coll. Agr]. Expt, Sta. Bul., 38, p. 53.
PLATE XXXI.—EGG MASSES; BEFORE (2) AND AFTER (3) HATCHING.
(ORIGINAL.)
New York AGricuttuRAL ExprRIMENT STATION. 369
to minute buckets with the covers on and without handles. The shell is smooth and tough and the inside has a bluish tinge.
The eggs are usually laid before the middle of July. It is not unusual to find them about Geneva before the tenth. Each fe- male deposits all of her eggs in one mass on any of the smaller twigs, forming a thimble which may or may not reach clear around the twig. The eggs are placed on end close together, cemented and covered to the depth of about one-sixteenth of an inch by a thin frothy glue of a light brown color. This glue soon hardens into a tough but somewhat brittle covering, which has a brilliant surface. ‘The whole mass is somewhat oval, partly‘due to the fact that the eggs on the margins of the mass are placed in an in- clined position.
The number of eggs in a single mass or thimble varies. The number is usually placed at from 150 to 250. A number of egg masses on peach and apple twigs examined by the writer contained on the average about 223 eggs each. At Plate XX XI, Fig. 1, two egg masses are shown natural size. Fig. 2 shows one of the masses enlarged with the frothy covering removed to show arrange- ment of the eggs. Fig. 3 shows an old egg mass enlarged from which the caterpillars have escaped.
Period of incubation.— As above stated the eggs are usually laid before the middle of July. The larve are fully formed within the eggs before or during the fall. The exact time was not observed but eggs examined early in November contained fully developed larve. The larve come forth early in the spring. In 1897 and again in 1898 eges under the writer’s observation hatched about the middle of April. The period of incubation then, counting the time that the developed larvee remain in the egg, is between 8 and 9 months.
The larva.— Last year in orchards about Geneva the young larvee were hatching April 18. They were quite common and building nests 5 days later. The newly hatched larvee measured 1.7 mm, in length. They are dull black in color and are sparsely
24
S ~ Brenner ae , =
370 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
covered with long gray hairs. When first hatched they swarm upon the egg mass. If other food is not plenty they will eat the glue that covers the eggs. About 100 caterpillars hatched in a cage in the laboratory subsisted for 6 days upon no other food than the frothy glue that protected the eggs from which they hatched.
The caterpillars spread a thread of silk wherever they go. ‘The young when. disturbed will drop suddenly, suspending themselves by means of a silken thread in much the same manner as the canker worm. ‘This habit of the young is not common with the mature caterpillars.
Soon after hatching, if food is plenty, they select a place to build a nest. Usually the nest is built by only one colony of cater- pillars, but if two masses of eggs are placed near together the caterpillars from both masses may unite in building a single nest.
From observations on several nests it appears that if the weather - is favorable and food plenty the caterpillars are ready to begin building the nest within about two days after hatching. ‘The place selected is usually the angle formed by some branching limb near the egg mass. The larve are social, living together within the nest and feeding together upon the leaves.
The number of molts.— Some of the caterpillars kept in breed- ing cages molted 5 and a few 6 times. The first 2 molts take place within 7 or 8 days after hatching and the third about a week from the second. The fourth and fifth take place within the next 2 or 8 weeks and the sixth, when it occurs, 4 or 5 days later. The color markings begin to show prominently after the first molt.
Growth and feeding habits.— Most of the caterpillars under observations were fully grown and ready to pupate about 6 weeks after hatching. They were extremely voracious especially when about two-thirds grown. It has been estimated that when at this age a single caterpillar will eat two fair-sized apple leaves in a single day. A nest of 200 caterpillars all eating at this
PLATE XXXII.—TENT OF APPLE-TREE TENT-CATERPILLAR WITH CATERPILLARS. (ORIGINAL.)
Pe)
FIG. 5.—CATERPILLARS UPON A PEACH Twic, ABOUT TO BEGIN FEEDING. (ORIGINAL. )
New York AGRICULTURAL ExpEeRIMENT STATION. 371
rate would consume 400 leaves per day. While no very extensive data bearing on this point were obtained from the cater- pillars kept in the insectary, it was observed that in one instance a single caterpillar, nearly full grown, devoured one large sized peach leaf during the day, and several instances were noted where an entire apple leaf, not exceeding 2 inches in length, was con- sumed during the forenoon.
During favorable weather the caterpillars feed at quite regular intervals. Their favorite time is during the middle of the day. When not feeding they stay in or upon the nest and also retreat to it during cold or stormy weather. In going to and from the nest the caterpillars follow the same path, usually preferring the upper side of the limb and always spinning a thread of silk as they pass along. ‘Thus the branches in the vicinity of the nest over which the caterpillars have frequently passed become covered with silk on the upper surface. :
Plate XXXII is from a photograph of a nest full of caterpillars with some on the outside. The photograph was taken about 4 o’clock in the afternoon, just before a severe thunderstorm. Half an hour before this the caterpillars were scattered about the neighboring branches. As a rule they seem to prefer not to wan- der far from the nest, but as long as food is plenty will feed near by. They also seem to prefer to go toward the top of the tree for their food rather than toward lower branches. In going to and from the nest they follow each other closely; sometimes in single file or two or more together. Figure 5 is from a photograph of some caterpillars on a peach twig about to begin feeding on the leaves.
The full grown caterpillars measure nearly two inches in length. The body is sparsely covered with long yellowish hairs. The gen- eral color is black. A prominent white stripe extends the entire length of the back. Numerous shorter irregular lines extend along the sides. A row of oval, pale blue spots, one upon the mid- dle of each segment, extends along the sides. The under side of
372 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
the body is black. Plate XX XIII, Figs. 1 and 2 are from photo- graphs of the caterpillars, natural size.
The following descriptions of the larva in its various stages of growth were written by Dr. Asa Fitch,® the first State Entomolo- gist of New York. No more complete descriptions are necessary and hence they are appended here:
Larva.—'The larvee, when they first come from the eggs, are 0.08 in. long, slightly tapering, of a black color, the under side and legs pallid, and they are slightly clothed with soft gray hairs. After they commence feeding, they show a pale ring at each of the joints, and a faint pale stripe lengthwise along the back upon each side of its middle, and another low down upon each side. The head is deep black and some deep black dots may be discovered upon the body, from which the hairs arise. When they are a few days old and before the first moulting, they have increased to double their original size, and show some ash-gray or whitish lines more or less distinctly, running lengthwise upon the back and sides.
After the first molt it is 0.20 in. in length, of a dark gray color, with two ashy-white lines along the back, and two along each side, the space above the upper lateral line having a large blackish spot on each seg- ment. The hind edges of the segments and the under side of the body is also pale ash-gray, the head velvety black, and the body is clothed with numerous ash-gray hairs of different lengths.
After the second molt it is half an inch in length, and nearly cylin- dric, the head being scarcely any broader than the body. It is now black and hairy, the neck with numerous long hairs directed forward and overhanging the head, which is velvety black. A broad dull stripe ex- tends along the back and a narrower wavy brighter blue one along each side, and several short curved blue lines between them.
After the third molt it has reached three-fourths of an inch in length, with yellowish white hairs, and stripes, etc., much the same as before.
After the fourth molt it is about an inch long, of a velvety black color, with numerous yellowish or fox-colored hairs, with a white stripe down the back, and numerous short, crinkled white lines on the back and sides; a large black spot on each side of each segment, in the hind part of which spot is a transverse oval pale blue spot, having an impressed line across it; a second pale blue spot in the crinkled white lines below the black spot.
The full-grown caterpillar is about two inches long and over a quarter of an inch thick, cylindrical, sixteen-footed and thinly clothed with fine, soft, yellowish or fox-colored hairs of different lengths, the longest ones measuring a quarter of an inch. These hairs are rather more numerous upon the back, where they project obliquely forwards, shielding in some measure the head, which is black and furnished with shortish black hairs. The body is of a deep black color. The white stripe extends along
9 Second Rpt., 1856, pp. 193, 194.
hi oe
x
ak se an 7 fy < a
s ;
PLATE XXXIII.—Fics. 1 AND 2. DORSAL AND LATERAL VIEWS OF AN APPLE-TREE MALE AND FEMALE. ALL NATURAL
TENT-CATERPILLAR; 3. Pimpla conquisitor, SIZE. (ORIGINAL.)
’ | ‘ . a ‘ 1 f ‘ ih t if t < w ’ Z r . i ' .
New York AgricutruraL Experiment Sratton. 373
the back its entire length, and commencing upon the second or the base of the first segment back of the head. In this stripe are numerous minute black dots. On each side of it are a number of short, crinkled, irregular longitudinal lines, of a yellow color, which become paler down upon the sides. Above the lowermost series of these lines is a row of transverse oval pale blue spots, one upon the middle of each segment. On the an- terior side of each of these spots is a broader deep velvety black spot,
as it appears to the naked eye, forward of which is a rather faint pale.
blue oblong spot or short stripe, reaching to the anterior margin of the segment. Lower down, the sides are mottled with the same tint of pale blue coloring, interspersed with short, crinkled pale yellow or whitish lines. The under sides of the body and legs are black, the soles of the prolegs white. The neck or anterior edge of the segment next to the head is also white, with two small, somewhat square, yellow spots above.
The tent.— The tent or nest (Plate XXXII) is built in any convenient angle of the limbs. It is composed of successive sheets of silk stretched across from limb to limb and is enlarged from time to time to suit the needs of the growing occupants. Access is had to the interior by irregular openings in the silk. The silk is coarse and sufficiently strong to resist even severe wind and rain storms. As previously stated only the caterpillars from a single egg-cluster usually build and occupy the same nest. There are undoubtedly exceptions to this rule. The writer observed a case last season where two colonies of caterpillars, the egg-clusters from which they hatched being near together on the same twig, built and occupied one nest together.
Pupation.— Toward the latter part of May the caterpillars are ready to pupate. At this time they may be found crawling down the trunks of the trees or wandering about on the ground in search of places to spin their cocoons. ‘The cocoons average about an inch in length and are oval in shape. They are com- posed of strands of course white silk woven loosely and intermixed
with a saffron yellow powder. Some of the hair from the cater- .
pillar’s body may sometimes be found interwoven with the silk. Some of the cocoons are thin and flimsy, while others are more closely woven.
The cocoons are placed in any convenient location, sometimes singly or together in numbers. They may be found upon the
a
74 Rerort or THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
(ed)
trunks of the trees partially protected by the loose bark, in the grass under the trees, in protected places in and about the fences and‘in the angles about the eaves and window casings and along the sides of outbuildings. Not unfrequently the outbuildings seem to be the favorite place for pupation. In several badly in- fested orchards under observation last year it was found that when ready to pupate most of the caterpillars deserted the orchards and spun their cocoons upon nearby buildings. The cocoons spun in the grass were usually in a nearly upright position, and were sup- ported by numerous threads of silk leading to neighboring blades of grass.
Figure 6 is from a photograph of a bunch of cocoons taken from a building upon which the caterpillars congregated in large num- bers to pupate.
The length of time required for the pupa stage varies. Fitch cites instances where the pupa stage lasted from 14 to 26 days, and from observations upon 9 caterpillars kept in confinement he found the average time required about 3 weeks. About 100 caterpillars under the writer’s observation last year pupated during the first week in June, and those that matured emerged between June 27 aand July 1. A few did not emerge until July 8.
The adults.— The adults are reddish-brown moths of the size sown in Plate XXXIV, Figs 1 to 4. The marks by which they are most readily distinguished are two nearly parallel white lines which extend obliquely across the fore wings.
The following detailed description is from one of Dr. Fitch’s’® reports:
The winged moths are of a dull reddish or fox color, different individ- uals varying in the depth of their coloring, the females being often paler, approaching to grayish, and the males often darker, sometimes brown, with scarcely any tinge of red. The mark by which this species is most readily distinguished is two straight, white stripes which extend obliquely across the fore wings, parallel to each other, and to the hind
margin, dividing the wing into three nearly equal portions. The anterior stripe is often slightly broader than the posterior one, especially towards
10 Second Rpt., pp. 196, 197.
PLATE XXXIV.—MALE (2 AND 4) AND FEMALE (1 AND 3) MOTHS. NATURAL SIZE. (ORIGINAL.)
(IVNIDIUO) ‘AZIS IVUNLVN ‘MVITIGUALVO-LNGL GDAUL-AlddyY AHL AO SNOODOD—'9 “DI
A vere ' f e < . ‘on ts ~ t } 4 roa - 5
¢
*
eee a! ar i eas ie
New York AqgricutturaL ExrrrRtMENT STATION. 375
the outer margin of the wing. In some females these stripes are placed nearer to each other; and though commonly parallel, in some instances from the middle of the wing to the outer margin, or even through their entire length, they diverge from each other. In the males they are less varfable, but the space between them in this sex is frequently pale gray and there are also numerous gray hairs on the basal portion, and a few toward the apical margin also. The hind wings are of the same color as the anterior ones, but without any pale marks. On their under sides the wings are the same color as above, and commonly a white band ex- tends across both pairs near their middle, that on the fore wings being straight and widened at the outer end, that on the hind wings broader and curved. The fringe on the fore wings has a white alternation near the outer angle and another broader one on the middle; along the inner angle and on the hind wings it is white, slightly varied in places with dull reddish. These-colors of the fringe are much more distinct in the darker colored varieties of the male. The hairs with which the thorax is densely coated are often grayish. The stalk on the antenna is dull white and its branches are dark, dusky red, sometimes with a whitish line on their outer side. The feet are white or yellowish white, particularly in the males. The wings, when spread, measure from 1.20 to 1.30 inches in the males, and in the females 1.40 to 2 inches.
During the first week or ten days of July most of these adults have emerged and hence it is during this time that they are most numerous. They are not usually seen, however, as their habits are nocturnal. The eggs are deposited very soon after the moths take flight. Plate XXXIV, Figs 1 and 2, show the moths with
wings at rest, Figs. 3 and 4 with wings spread, all natural size.
SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY.
There is but one brood annually. The eggs are laid early in July. The caterpillars are fully formed in the eggs by early November. ‘They leave the eggs about the middle of the follow- ing April. Soon after hatching the caterpillars from each mass of eggs begin to build a silken tent, usually in the forks of some of the smaller limbs, in which they remain except while feeding. They feed upon the leaves and are full grown and ready to pupate late in May or early in June. The moths emerge during June or early in July. The time for these changes varies according to the season.
376 Report oF THE EnroMOLOGISTs OF THE
NATURAL CHECKS.
Insects that live so much exposed while in the caterpillar stage
as does the apple tree tent caterpillar fall an easy prey to many natural enemies which greatly lessen their numbers. The natural checks upon this insect may be classified under 5 heads, as follows: Climatic changes, birds, predaceous insects, parasitic insects and parasitic diseases. - Climatic changes—— The caterpillars are most susceptible to these changes just after hatching or before they have become well established in the nest. - A cold wind and rain storm at this time may kill great numbers of them.
Birds.— Birds form one of the most important natural checks to many species of noxious insects. But unfortunately many of the birds which depend largely upon insects for food are being rapidly killed off, thus depriving the farmer of some of his most valuable allies in his conflict with his numerous insect enemies.
The following birds are known to feed upon the apple tree tent caterpillar: The yellow-billed and the black-billed cuckoos, black- capped chicadee, Baltimore oriole, red-eyed vireo and wren. Nearly all of these have been observed in and about Geneva. Of these the yellow-billed and the black-billed euckoos and black- capped chickadee are probably the most important. The former feeds readily upon the caterpillars, while the latter feeds upon the eggs and young caterpillars. According to Forbush, as quoted by Weed," the crow, chipping sparrow and yellow warbler also feed upon the caterpillars. It is probable that the warbling vireo may also be added to this list as Mr. W. P. Wheeler states that he re- cently saw one enter a nest of the caterpillars, remain for several minutes and give other evidence of feeding upon the young cater- pillars. Further observation will undoubtedly add many species to this list. The writer will be especially glad of any informa-
tion relating to the birds which prey upon noxious insects.
11 N. H. Coll. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul. 38, p. 55.
New York AGRriIcuLttTuRAL ExprrIMent STATION. 3T7
‘Predaceous insects.— Several species of predaceous insects feed upon the caterpillars, usually attacking them when crawling down the trunk of the tree or upon the ground in search of a suitable place to spin their cocoons. Among the most important in this State are the large ground beetles, Calosoma scrutator Fab. and Calosoma calidum Fab., and the spiny soldier bug, Podisus spino- sus Dallas. Although these insects are very voracious and feed readily upon the caterpillars they are not usually sufficiently abundant to materially lessen their numbers.
Parasitic insects.— Of much more importance than the preda- ceous insects as a check to the apple-tree tent caterpillar are the parasitic insects which prey upon it. Both the eggs and cater- pillars are attacked, as at least one species, T’elenomus clistocampae Riley,” is known to prey upon the eggs.
Parasites attacking the caterpillars usually occur in sufficient numbers to, be of some real value in checking the increase of the species. These useful little insects were evidently very abundant last summer. Out of 559 cocoons collected by the writer and brought into the laboratory, only about 20 per cent produced moths leaving 80 per cent victims of the parasites. The following species were bred from the cocoons, Pumpla conquisitor Say (Plate XXXITI, Fig. 3, male and female natural size)’ Pimpla con- quisitor var., Pimpla pedalis Cr.,"* Theronia fulvescens Cr.,™ Spilocryptus (Cryptus) extrematis Cr., Mesotenus sp.,\* Dibrachys baucheanus Ratz., was also reared in small numbers but this is a secondary parasite. In addition to the above Pimpla annulipes Brullé, Theronia melanocephala Brullé, and according to Felt,” Apanteles congregatus var. rufocoxalis Riley and the parasitic fly, Frontina frenchit Williston, are known to prey upon this insect.
Diseases.— At least one well-marked disease sometimes reduces the number of these tent caterpillars. It is bacterial in its nature
12U. 8. Natl. Museum Bul., 15, p. 450.
13 Determined by Miss A. M. Beach.
14 Determined by Mr. W. H. Ashmead through courtesy of Dr. L. 0. Howard. 15N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 23, vol. 5, p. 183.
378 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
and is most prevalent during warm, moist weather. ‘The affected caterpillars at first become sluggish in their movements, finally cease to eat and die soon after.
When the disease is prevalent it is not unusual to find large numbers of the dead and dying caterpillars congregated in the nests. .
Value of natural checks.—While it is evident that these natural — agencies do much toward checking the increase of this and many other species of noxious insects, so much dependence should not be put upon them as to lead to delay in promptly applying preven- tive and remedial measures. But such friends as the birds should be protected and encouraged whenever possible. If let alone, or better, if encouraged to visit the orchard, they will do much toward ridding it of many of the noxious insects which annually exact a
heavy tax from the farmer.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES.
Probably the most important preventive measures consists of keeping the roadsides and farms free from wild cherry trees and neglected apple trees and brush. The insect prefers the wild cherry, and where these trees are allowed to grow the usual result is that neighboring orchards soon become infested.
REMEDIAL MEASURES.
Collecting the eggs.— Very much can be done toward checking - this insect by collecting the egg masses during the winter. The exact time and methods for doing this work can best be decided by the individual. A very good time is while pruning the trees. If a sharp lookout is kept it will not be difficult to detect them. Whenever found they should be burned or otherwise destroyed. It is not safe to leave them on the ground.
In some places encouraging the destruction of the egg masses by offering a reasonable bounty has been tried with good results. As an illustration, the following is quoted from a paper by Dr. C.
New York AGricutturRAL ExprrmmMent Sration. 379
M. Weed:"* “ In the village of Newfields, N. H., the improvement society offered the school children 10° cents a hundred for all the egg masses, or caterpillar belts, as they are locally called, that they would bring in. Many of the children worked faithfully, and when in February I was called to point the moral of the process I found that 8,250 egg masses had been obtained.” Allowing 150 eggs to each egg mass, there were 1,237,500 eggs destroyed for an expenditure of $8.25. ‘Taking into consideration the injury which the caterpillars from so many eggs are capable of doing it will be seen that the investment was a mere trifle compared with the good accomplished.
Destroying the caterpillars— The methods of destroying the caterpillars may be grouped under two heads, as follows: Spray- ing the infested trees with an arsenical poison and destroying the caterpillars in any convenient way while in the nests.
Spraying.— Like other caterpillars which devour the leaves this species is susceptible to arsenical poison. Orchards that are sys- tematically sprayed with pure Paris green or other arsenical sel- dom suffer serious injury from the attacks of this insect.
Experiments.— In connection with the spraying experiments against the canker worm as shown on page 385 of this Report, the effect of the poison was observed on the caterpillars from a num- ber of nests. The experiments were conducted in an apple orchard at Rushville, N. Y., owned by Mr. O. L. Jackson.
Objects of the experiments.— Many requests have come to us for information concerning the effects of arsenical poisons upon the tent caterpillar. While it is usually more practical to destroy the caterpillars in the nests it is sometimes desirable to know whether spraying with arsenical poisons will check them. It was the object of these experiments to throw some light upon the subject.
Experiments in 1897. Green arsenite.— The green arsenite was used at the rate of 1 pound to 150 gallons of lime water.
16 Notes on The Tent Caterpillar, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bul., 17 n. ser., pp. 76-78. ;
380 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
About 300 caterpillars included in 3 nests were used in these ex- periments. The first application was made May 22, the second 4 days later and the third 7 days from the time of the second appli- cation. At the time of the first application the caterpillars were less than half grown.
Paris green.— Similar experiments were made with Paris green. It was applied in the same proportion and at the same time as the green arsenite.
Results.— Four days after the first application nearly all of the caterpillars were sluggish. Within 3 days after the second application only a few live worms could be found. The third application was hardly needed. Where the Paris green was evenly applied there was no apparent difference between its effects and that of the green arsenite.
Experiments in 1898. Green arsenite—— About 200 worms, from 2 nests, were used and ‘the green arsenite applied twice in May at intervals of ten days. The green arsenite was mixed with lime water in the same proportion as in 1897. No Paris green was used.
Arsenite of lime.— (For formula see page 388 of this report.) Similar experiments were conducted with arsenite of lime, the applications being made at the same time.
Results.— The effects were practically the same in both in- stances as with the poisons used the year previous.
Conclusions.— The above indicates that the 3 arsenicals used may be depended upon to kill the caterpillars if applied early enough. ‘The first application should be made before the cater- pillars are half grown.
Destroying the caterpillars in the nests.— This is done in a variety of ways. Any way that is thorough and convenient and does not result in injury to the tree will answer. It is only neces- sary to be prompt and thorough. A common practice is to pull out the nest with the gloved hands and destroy the caterpillars. Others practice burning the nests with a torch or pouring kerosene upon them.
New York AaricutturaL Exprrment Srarion. 381
TWO OTHER TENT CATERPILLARS.
As previously stated on page 365 there are two other species of tent caterpillars common in the east; these are the forest tent caterpillar, Clistocampa disstria Hubn., and the fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea Dr.
THE FOREST-TENT CATERPILLAR
This species is closely related to the apple tree tent caterpillar and is undoubtedly often confounded with it. As its name indi- cates, however, it feeds principally upon the leaves of forest trees of which the maple seems to be its favorite. But it also feeds readily upon various species of fruit trees, aud was quite common in the apple orchards last year, often feeding in company with the apple tree tent caterpillar.
The habits of the two species are faite similar. The egg masses of the forest tent caterpillar are placed in a similar man- ner, but can be readily distinguished, as they are of nearly uni- form diameter and are cut off more abruptly at the ends. The young caterpillars appear at about the same time in the spring and at first resemble their near relatives quite closely. But they soon begin to show a difference in markings, and when full grown can be readily distinguished by the dorsal row of white diamond shaped spots in place of the unbroken white line characteristic of the other species.
The web of this species is delicate and inconspicuous. In many cases there appears to be no web at all. The adults are easily distinguished by the oblique lines on the fore wings which are dark in color instead of light, as with the foregoing species. The space between the lines is also usually darker.
THE FALL WEB WORM. The webs of this species are frequently conspicuous in the fall upon forest and fruit trees. Of the fruit trees it seems to prefer the apple. The eggs are placed upon the leaves and the cater-
382 Rerort oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
pillars spin a rather delicate web over the leaves upon which they are feeding. As the caterpillars live in colonies these webs some- times become quite large and unsightly. The insect passes the winter in the pupa stage, the moths emerging in the spring. The adults are white or slightly flecked with color.
While this species seldom becomes so abundant in the orchard as the apple tree tent caterpillar, it not infrequently does serious injury when not promptly checked.
@
BIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
The following list is intended to contain only the more impor- tant papers relating to the apple tree tent caterpillar. A large number of compiled and popular articles are purposely omitted.
1826. Harris, T. W. N. Eng. Farmer, 4: 354. Treats of orchard tent- eaterpillars.
1830. Harris, T. W. N. Eng. Farmer, 9: 1, 2.
1848. Gaylord, W. Trans. N. Y. State Agrl. Soc., 3: 127-174. Consid- ered one of the most important of orchard insects; life history briefly given. Remedies destroying nests and caterpillars with lye, whitewash, poles with bushes or cobs attached, whale oil, soap suds, burning off the nests with gunpowder, crushing the worms while in the nest. The last-named method especially recommended.
1852. Harris, T. W. Harris’ Treatise on Insects, pp. 285-291. Life his- tory and habits, with remedial measures. Proposes specific name.
1856. Fitch, Asa. Noxious Insects of N. Y. Repts. 1 and 2, pp. 181-197. Classification and history, detailed description of various stages, full notes on life history, together with remedies.
1860. Fitch, Asa. Trans. N. Y. State Agrl. Soc., 19: 595. Briefly men- tioned in a popular address.
1865. Packard, A. S. Prac. Ent. 1: 14-15. Notes on an egg parasite of C. americana.
1866. Walsh, B. D. Prac. Ent., 1: 46. Food plants of C. americana.
Ibid, p. 78. Hemitcles sp., Mesiagastes sp., bred from cocoons attached to eggs of C. americana.
1867. Walsh, B. D. Prac. Ent., 2: 72. Egg mass described and food plants of C. americana, and C. sylvatica given.
Ibid, p. 117, mentions scarcity of C. americana in 1867 and at- tributes it to egg parasites.
Ibid, p. 119, records finding eggs of C. americana on sugar maple.
Ibid, p. 121, records injury to pear tree by O. americana.
1869. Walsh and Riley. Amer. Ent., 1: 208. Describes early stages and adult and discusses remedial measures.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383
1869. Ibid, 2: 39. Life history, habits, description and food plants of C. americana.
1870. Riley, C. V. Amer. Ent., 2: p. 245. Records ravages of C. syl- vatica (disstria) and C. americana. E
Ibid. Third Missouri Report, pp. 117-120. Gives life history, with descriptions of various stages and remedial measures.
1871. Glover, T. Ann. Rept. U. S. Com. Agr., 1871, pp. 65-91. Records unusual destructiveness in certain localities in 1870; observations upon the eggs and life history. Remedy, destroying egg nests.
Bethune, C. J. S. Report Fruit Growers’ Assoc. Ent., 1870-1871, pp. 68-93. Characters, habits, injury, means against C. americana.
1872. Saunders, W. Can. Ent., 4: 133-136. Life history and habits.
1873. Bessey, C. E. Ann. Rept. Iowa State Agrl. Soc., 1873, pp. 230-282. Life history and habits, with description of various stages given. Rem- edies, collecting the eggs and destroying the nests, suggests planting wild cherry trees in the orchard as traps.
1874. Cook, A. J. Twelfth Annual Rept. Sec. Mich. Bd. Agr., 1873-1874, pp. 106-115. Account of life history. Remedies, destroying young larve by hand, crushing in the nests, shooting with gunpowder, burning, ap- plication of strong soapsuds; refer to Fitch’s suggestion to plant wild cherry trees in orchard for traps.
1875. Saunders, W. Ann. Rept. Ont. Soc. Ent., 1875, pp. 29-31. Habits and ravages of C. americana.
1876. Fernald, C. H. Ann. Rept. Sec. Maine State Pom. Soc., 1875-1876, p. 17. Brief notes on life history.
1877. Gott, B. Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc., Ont., 1877, pp. 41-42. Referred to as American lackey-worm. Brief notes on life history and methods of combating.
Kridelbaugh, S. H. Ann. Rept. Iowa State Hort. Soc. Brief account of ravages in Iowa and life history. :
Packard, A. S. Report on the Rocky Mountain locusts and other insects, pp. 793-794. Brief notes on life history and remedies.
1878. Saunders, W. Can. Ent., 10: 21-23. Observations on the eggs of Clisiocampa americana, C. disstria; and eggs contrasted.
1879. Osborn, H. Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soc., 1879, vol. XIII, pp. 368-402. Brief notes on C. americana.
1881. Lintner, J. A. Cult. and Country Gent., 46: 455. Treats briefly of habits and ravages of “the orchard tent caterpillar.”
1887. Fletcher, J.- Annual Rept. of Entomologist and Botanist of Canada, p. 29. Brief reference; unusually abundant throughout Canada the past season.
1888. Perkins, G. H. Vt. State Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 11, pp. 4-7. Notes on life history; increasing in numbers in Vermont during past few years.
Bethune, C. J. S. Nineteenth Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., pp. 71-73. Popular account of life history, principal remedy destroying caterpillars in their tents.
Harvey, F. L. Ann. Rept. Maine Agrl. Exp. Sta., pp. 159-164. Life history and descriptions of different stages and parasitic insects, remedies destroying eggs and nests.
384 Report OF THE En roMoLoaisrs OF THE
1888. MacMillan, C. Nebr.-Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 2, pp. 59-63. Life his- tory and descriptions of different stages, remedies gathering egg clusters in winter, destroying caterpillars in their tents, gathering cocoons and trapping moths in lantern traps. Considers planting wild cherry tree in orchard (as first recommended by Fitch) desirable.
Atkinson, G. I. First Ann. Rept. S. C. Agrl. Exp. Sta., p. 31. Brief account of life history and remedies.
Lintner, J. A. Country Gent., July, 1888, p. 11. Notes abundance in this State.
1889. Comstock, J. H. Cornell Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 15, pp. 199-202. Life history, with brief descriptions of different stages, remedies destroy- ing nests and early spraying with Paris green. Illustrated.
1890. Bruner, L. Nebr. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 14, pp. 24-82. Life his- tory, detailed descriptions of eggs, larvee and adults, food plants, natural enemies and remedies. Illustrated.
1891. Weed, C.M. N. H. Agri. Exp. Sta., Third and Fourth Ann. Repts., Part II, pp. 255-257. Brief account of life history, remedies destroying nests and spraying with Paris green.
Fernald, C. H. Hatch Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. 12, pp. 22-24. Brief account of life history, remedy Paris green. Illustrated.
Townsend, C. H. T. N. M. Agri. Exp. Sta., Bul. 3. Brief account of life history, with remedies. Illustrated.
Bruner, L. Rept. Neb. State Hort. Soc., for 1891, pp. 195-266. .
- McCarthy, G. N. C. Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. 92, p. 92. Brief popular account. Illustrated.
Weed, C. M. Ann. Rept. Columbus Hort. Soc., p. 166. Illustrated.
1892. Garman, H. Ky. Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. 40, pp. 36-39. Brief account of life history. Widespread and destructive pest in Kentucky.
Lintner, J..A. Country Gent., 23 June, 1892, p. 492.
1893. Fernald, C. H. Hatch Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. 20. Brief account of life history, remedies. Illustrated.
Weed, C. M. Ann. Rept. N. H. Agrl. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 170-172. Brief descriptions and life history.
Chambers. Tenn. Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. No. 1, vol. IV, pp. 138-14. Life history, habits, natural enemies food plants and remedies. Illus- trated.
Osborn, H. Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soe. for 1892.
Slingerland, M. V. Can. Ent. 25: 81. Tabular statement of C. americana.
Treat, M. Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1893, pp. 16-20.
Webster, F. M. Ann. Rept. Ohio State Hort. Soc., 1898, pp. 63-70.
1894. Jack, J. G. Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc., 1894, pp. 183-150.
1895. Slingerland, M. V. R.N. Y¥., 11 May, 1895, p. 329.
1896. Lintner, J. A. Country Gent., 22 July, 1896, p. 571.
Weed, C. M. N. H. Agrl. Exp. Sta., Bul. 38. Life history and descriptions, notes on food plants, natural enemies and remedies. Illus-
trated.
New York AGrRIcuLTuRAL ExpEeRIMENT STATION. 385
SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SPRING CANKER WORM.
There are two principal methods of combating this insect in general use. The first is directed against the insect in the adult stage and consists of placing mechanical obstructions or traps about the trunks of the trees to prevent the females, which are wingless, from ascending the tree to deposit their eggs upon the twigs. The second is directed against the larve and consists of spraying with an arsenical poison. Although good results have been obtained by the former method it has been pretty clearly demonstrated that it cannot be depended upon to entirely rid an orchard of this pest. Spraying is, therefore, of much importance as the other principal method of checking the insect.
EXPERIMENTS.
Objects of the experiments.— The principal objects of the ex- periments were to compare green arsenite and arsenite of lime with Paris green as poisons for the canker worm, and incidentally to again demonstrate that pure Paris green itself, properly handled, can be depended upon as a remedy. It is important to know definitely whether these newer poisons can be depended upon to act as pr.mptly as Paris green, as they are cheaper (page 388) and can be applied more evenly, and hence, if equally efficacious, are more se isfactory.
These experiments were conducted in the orchard of Mr. O. L. Jackson of Rushville, N. Y., to whom the writer is indebted for much assistance in the work of spraying the trees. The orchard is a large one, thrifty, and consists principally of Baldwin apple trees from 25 to 30 years old.
Experiments in 1897.— About one-third of the orchard was badly infested. Only the worst infested trees were selected for the experiments, which were as follows:
25
386 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
Plat I consisted of about 100 trees. Paris green was applied 3 times at the strength of 1 pound to 150 gallons of lime water. The first application was made as soon as the young caterpillars ap- peared, which was about May 6. The second application was made a week later-and the third about 4 days from that, time.
Plat I consisted of 14 trees and was sprayed with green arsenite, 1 pound to 150 gallons of lime water. The first application was made May 18, the second May 22 and the third June 1.
Plat III consisted of 3 badly infested trees and was left untouched as a check. The lime was not measured in any of the experiments, but enough freshly slaked lime was used to make the mixtures slightly milky in appearance.
Results.— No very decided results were noticeable on either plat until after the second application, except in the case of the smaller caterpillars, those about one-fourth of an inch long, which suc- cumbed readily. Four days after the second application but very few live caterpillars could be found. The results were practically the same on the two plats. Probably the third application was hardly necessary. On Plat III the trees were nearly stripped of their foliage by June 1.
Experiments in 1898.— This year the orchard was not as badly infested as in 1897. As in the year previous the worst infested trees were selected and divided into plats.
Plat I, consisting of about 40 trees, had two applications of green arsenite at the same strength as in 1897. The caterpillars did not appear as early as the year previous, and hence the first application was not made until about the middle of May and the second about a week later. .
Plat IL was sprayed 3 times with arsenite of lime made after the Kedzie formula.” The first application was made May 27, the second May 31, and the third June 10. Plat III con- sisted of 2 trees, which were left. unsprayed as a check.
17 See note at the foot of page 388.
New York AcricutturaL Exprriment Srarion. 387
Results.— The results were practically uniform on the two plats. Decided results were apparent after the second application. The treated trees were practically freed from caterpillars by the 2 applications. The third application only ensured a little more thorough work. As in the previous year the check trees were stripped of their foliage.
DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS AND THE ARSENICALS USED.
The results indicate that any one of the three insecticides can be depended upon to kill canker worms if properly handled, and that green arsenite and arsenite of lime are equally efficacious with Paris green as poisons for this insect. In these experiments much pains was taken to keep the mixtures well agitated, in order to keep the poison well distributed in the tank and to make the ap- plications thorough. Keeping the mixture well agitated is of especial importance when Paris green is used, as it settles quickly.
As the arsenicals give practically even results and the foliage was not injured in any case, the principal points to be considered are the ease of application and the cost per pound of the poison. These points may be brought out more clearly by a brief discus- sion of each arsenical. .
Paris green.— The retail price of Paris green is usually from 25 to 80 cents per pound. It can be bought in wholesale lots, 50 pounds or more, for about 18 cents per pound. The prin- cipal difficulty in using Paris green lies in the fact that it settles so quickly to the bottom of the tank and is so heavy that it is difficult to keep it evenly distributed throughout the tank while spraying. The usual result is that most of the poison is pumped out before the water is half gone.. Thus the poison is applied very unevenly. :
Green arsenite.— This arsenical has been previously discussed.* It costs, retail, 15 cents per pound and can be obtained cheaper in wholesale lots. It is manufactured by the Adler Color and Chemi-
18 Page 340 of this Report.
9
388 Report or THE Entromoxoaists.
cal Works, New York city. In addition to its cheaper price, it | has the advantage of being much more finely divided than Paris green, and hence stays suspended in water for a considerably longer time. It is, therefore, less difficult to keep well distributed in the tank, thereby ensuring a more even application to the foliage.
Arsenite of lime.— This arsenical will remain suspended in the tank as long as green arsenite, and has the additional advantage of being still cheaper and also of being conveniently made at home, thus ensuring freedom from adulteration.
According to estimates by Dr. Kedzie it costs but 70 cents per 00 gallons when ready to use or but 3-4 of a cent per barrel, while Paris green costs, when used at the rate of 1 pound to 150 gallons of water, about 10 cents per barrel (retail price) and green arsenite 5 cents per barrel.
19 Directions for making and handlingearsenite of lime are given in the M. A. C. Record, March 9, 1897, as follows: ‘“ Dissolve the arsenic by boiling with carbonate of soda, and thus insure complete solution; which solution can be kept ready to make a spraying solution when wanted. To make material for 800 gallons of spraying mixture boil 2 pounds of white arsenic with 8 pounds of sal soda (erystals of carbonate of soda, ‘ washing soda,’ found in every grocery and drug shop) in 2 gallons of water. Boil these materials in any iron pot not used for other purposes. Boil for 15 min- utes or till the arsenic dissolves, leaving only a small muddy sediment. Put this solution into a two-gallon jug and label ‘ Poison, stock material for spraying mixture.’
“The spraying mixture can be prepared whenever required, and in the quantity needed at the time, by slaking 2 pounds of lime, adding this to 40 gallons of water, and pouring into this a pint of the stock arsenic solution. Mix by stirring thoroughly, and the spraying mixture is ready for use. The arsenic in this mixture is equivalent to 4 ounces of Paris green.”
Another method of preparing a white arsenic and lime mixture is given by L. R. Taft in Mich. State Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat. Bul., 155, p. 294, as follows:
Wihite arsenic’ sy eymielerte iaiete stleieetslsteretelel lal =iele/-1 2) sehelleteiexel= 1 pound. 1B: ed SPR Re ane ree a LT ek, ore oie mb ooge 10 pounds. Water’ 6). aii ee eit eral eet eee Sie atr mee hare 400 gallons.
In preparing the lime and arsenic mixture, add 2 pounds of lime and 1 pound of white arsenic, to 2 gallons of hot water, and boil for at least 30 minutes. This should be added to 400 gallons of water, and 8 pounds of lime additional used. Care should be taken to have the lime freshly slaked.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS.
Gh ca) ao Ua Us Bs
yA SPRAYING MIXTURE’ FOR CAULI FLOWER AND CABBAGE WORMS.*
F. A. Srrrine.
SUMMARY.
This mixture should be called resin-lime mixture.
The tests made with resin-lime mixture and Paris green show that late cabbage and cauliflower can be protected from the at- tacks of the cabbage worm and the cabbage looper by two spray- ings.
The tests also show that in the case of cabbage the yield can be increased 60 per cent to 100 per cent.
The cost per acre will depend upon the number of acres sprayed, the cost of spraying 10 acres twice being about $20.00.
A power sprayer cannot be used to apply the above mixture to cabbage and cauliflower.
Only skilled workmen should be trusted with the spraying of cauliflower. 3
The resin-lime mixture with an arsenite added must not be ap- plied to cabbage after the heads are two-thirds formed nor to cauliflower after the “ flower ” is exposed.
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 144,
390 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
RESIN-LIME MIXTURE.
A formula for making a spraying mixture to be used on cab- bage was given in Bulletin No. 120 of this Station. Notes on the use of the same mixture were also given in the Fifteenth Annual Report under the heading “ Notes on Cabbage Plusia and Reme- dies for the Same.” Tests of this mixture are now complete, hence all previously published tests are repeated at the present time. In the published notes above referred to, this mixture is called a “ Poisoned resin-lime mixture.” This name is appropriate only when the mixture contains Paris green or other arsenites and is used against leaf-eating insects. As the mixture is likely to be of value in other ways than as a carrier of insecticides a more ap- propriate name will be simply resin-lime mixture. The name can- not be shortened more than this for the reason that we already have a resin mixture which is used against scale insects and a dis- tinction must be made between the two.
PREPARATION.
The resin-lime mixture is prepared as follows:
Stock Solutton.— Pulverized pregin pie 5< 3a. a Geet oe 5 pounds. Concentrated veut os tnueh Meyeeicien Reape aly ato hovel.
Fish oil or any cheap animal oil except tallow 1 pint. BE cl eae eA Pe Ne ePIC Detar IIE ers (ORB er ~ 5 gallons.
It takes about 2 hours to prepare this mixture. The oil, 4 more gallons of hot water’ should be placed in iron kettle and heated until the resin is softened, after which the solution of concentrated lye,” or potash, should be carefully added and the
1Jn the bulletin and report above referred to it was recommended that the oil and resin be placed in the kettle and heated before adding the water. The resin is softened most readily by this method but the oil and resin get so hot, that, when water is added, the latter is converted into steam and the whole mass is liable to be thrown out of the kettle.
2 The solution of lye should be prepared according to the formula for mak- ing hard soap, which is always given on the can.
\ .
New Yorre AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391
mixture thoroughly stirred. After the lye has been added, add 4 more gallons of hot water and allow the whole mass to boil until the mixture will unite with cold water, making a clear, amber colored liquid.? When through boiling if there is not five gallons of the mixture add water enough to make that quantity.
Solution for use.—
Resin mixture (stock solution)........... 1 gallon. AI A SHS See es WEN PRES ARNON Oe LRN CAA Ea 16 gallons. Uc OM RUATIes) F LES Figh catty CMs, pte nar Ai ed ata aye 3 gallons. Aris) SREeTM PE. ie cet. ide: oe duad ois Wt . 1-4 pound.
To 1 part of the resin mixture add 16 parts of water and 3* parts milk-of-lime® or whitewash, after which add Paris green, or other arsenites, at the rate of 1 pond to every 30 gallons of the resin lime mixture. Resin lime mixture should only be prepared as used. If allowed to stand any length of time it will settle. The resin mixture is in reality a liquid soap, and when milk of lime is added to the diluted resin mixture the lime flocculates, or forms a hard soap of the saponified resin, which floats in the water. .When Paris green is added the particles of the latter adhere to the flocculated resin and the mixture remains suspended in the water nearly as well as does Bordeaux mixture. If the milk-of-lime is added to the undiluted resin mixture a: avy precipitate is formed. This not only settles rapidly, but it also gums up the valves and plunger of the pump and clogs the nozzles of the spraying outfit.
3 If the mixture is added to cold water before all the resin has been sponified it will form a stringy mass in the water.
4In previous report it was recommended that 4 gallons of miik-of-lime be used. This quantity of lime flocculates nearly all the resin soap in the mixture. It has been found best to have an excess of the resin mixture, hence less milk-of-lime should be used.
5 Milk-of-lime is made by slaking a quantity of stone lime of the best quality and adding enough water to make a thin whitewash.
392 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
TESTS.
This resin lime mixture with Paris green added was first tested in 1895 on elm trees for the elm leaf beetle. The mixture was applied but once, about June 10, both sides of the leaves being thoroughly sprayed. On August 1 the leaves of the sprayed trees were nearly perfect, while those on adjoining unsprayed trees consisted principally of veins and midribs to indicate what had once been leaves.
September 13, 1895, the resin lime mixture, with Paris green added, was used to spray a patch of rutabagas (smooth leaved, or Swedish, turnips). This patch was badly infested with the cab- bage worm.® Three days after treatment not a living worm could be found on the patch. Although heavy rains followed the spray- ing, enough of the mixture adhered to the leaves so that no later broods of the worms succeeded in getting a foothold on the sprayed
plants. ON CABBAGE.
In 1896 two separate tests of the resin lime mixture with Paris green were made on cabbage against the cabbage looper and the cabbage worm. ‘These tests were carried out on separate farms.
First test— Whe first test was made on medium late cabbage, a mixture of Savoy, Flat Dutch, and Red Dutch varieties, part of which had commenced to head. For the sake of comparison Bor- deaux mixture was used on part of the plats. On August 26 the plats were treated as follows:
Plat 1. Six rows, sprayed with resin lime mixture and Paris green. Six rows, check. Plat 2. Six rows, sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.‘
Six rows, check.
6 Throughout this bulletin the term “cabbage worm” is used for “ im- ported, or European, cabbage worm” (Pieris rapae) also “ cabbage-looper ”* or simply “looper” is used instead of “ cabbage Plusia” (Plusia brassicae).
7 Bordeaux mixture used alone adhered only in the folds of the Savoy
varieties, but where resin mixture was added it adhered as well as did the resin lime mixture.
New York AgqricutturAL ExpPrrimMent STATION. 393
Plat 3. Six rows, sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. Six rows, check. Plat 4. Two rows, sprayed with resin mixture and Paris green, no hme. Two rows, check. . Plat 5. Two rows, sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, resin mixture and Paris green combined. Two rows, check.
The cabbages were examined on September 4. Plats 1 and 5 were found to have nearly perfect foliage, with no living cabbage worms and but few loopers; the inner leaves of the cabbages on Plats 2 and 3 were badly riddled by worms of both species. Plat 4 was practically free of the cabbage worms, but showed many loopers.* The plats were resprayed on the day of examination, no change being made in applications. Upon subsequent exam- ination, September 21, the results of the different treatments were about the same as at the first examination. The work of the worms on Plats 2 and 3 was more marked, the cabbages on these, as well as on the check plats, being worthless. Many worms were also found on Plat 4, but none on Plats 1 and 5.
Salt.— On August 31st the owner of the field treated an acre of cabbage adjoining the sprayed plats with salt. When inspected on September 4 not a dead cabbage worm could be found on the whole acre; instead, plenty of living specimens were found with salt adhering to them and apparently not injured in the least.®
8 The condition of Plat 4 indicates that the resin mixture used alone does not carry enough Paris green to kill the cabbage looper. So many of the cabbage worms were pupating at the time that accurate conclusions. as to results could be drawn.
9This brood of the cabbage worm commenced to pupate or enter the chrysalid stage a few days after treatment with the salt. As the worms com- menced to disappear soon after the salt treatment the owner of the crop decided that salt had laid them out, while in reality the worms were simply crawling away to hiding places to transform into the chrysalid stage. Too many such tests of salt, flour, road-dust, fertilizers, and similar nostrums seem to yield good results when used against caterpillars or worms, if used
394 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
This salted acre never developed nor yielded any better than the checks of the sprayed portions of the field.
Second test.— The second test was made on the farm of F. P. Baylis, Floral Park, N. Y. The field contained 5 acres of very — late cabbage; only one-half acre was sprayed, the remainder of the field being treated with dry Paris green and flour by the owner. The majority of the plants had only 5 or 6 leaves at the time the first treatment was made, August 29.
Plat 1. Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, sprayed with
resin lime mixture and Paris green. : Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, check.
Plat 2. Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.
Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, check.
Plat 83. Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, resin mixture, and Paris green com- bined.
Two rows each of Savoy and Flat Dutch, check.
These plats were examined August 31; plenty of dead, and very few living, worms of either the cabbage looper or the cabbage worm were to be found on either variety of cabbage on Plats 1 and 3; plenty of living, and no dead, worms were found on Plat 2. On September 4, after heavy rains, the plats were re-examined. To all appearances there was little if any difference in the ad- hesive qualities of the Bordeaux mixture and the resin lime mix- ture when used separately, but the latter mixture was more evenly distributed over the leaves than was the Bordeaux mixture. The
Bordeaux mixture adhered simply in the folds of the leaves.
under the same conditions as the above test of salt. The caterpillars or worms are not noticed until they are nearly full grown, and then the tester salts, with the result that the worms are disturbed and crawl away to pupate instead of dying. Most kinds of caterpillars if irritated or disturbed when nearly full grown will stop, feeding and crawl away to pupate. The butter- flies and moths resulting from such caterpillars are not always perfect speci- mens but they are capable of reproducing themselves.
New York AaGricutturaAL Exprrtment STration. 395
A second application was made September 17. At this time Paris green was added to. the Bordeaux mixture used on Plat 2. No attempt was made to respray the lower outside leaves as they were still protected by the material applied the first time. Exam- ination of the work on September 21 showed that on Plats 1 and 8 all the cabbage worms, as well as the loopers, had disappeared. Many dead specimens of each were found. Many of the cabbage worms had disappeared from Plat 2, but no dead specimens were found here. They had apparently crawled away to pupate. Plenty of living loopers were found on Plat 2.
After two heavy rains the plats were re-examined September 29. Very little, if any, difference could be seen in the amount of material still adhering to the plants of Plat 2, as compared with Plats 1 and 3; but a marked difference could be seen in the plants themselves.1° The leaves of the plants’ on Plats 1 and 3 were nearly perfect, while those on Plat 2 were completely riddled, as were also those of the checks.
Paris green and flour.— On September 1st the owner treated 4 1-2 acres of the field with a mixture of dry Paris green and flour. When examined, September 4, no dead cabbage loopers could be found, but the treatment had disposed of a large number of the cabbage worms."
A final comparison of the tests was made October 19. On. Plats 1 and 3 the cabbage had formed marketable heads, while that of Plat 2 had made no better growth than the checks; in
10 This indicates one of two conditions; either there must be enough of the resin lime mixture adhering to the under surface of leaves to kill the worms, or there is an invisible film of the mixture on the upper surface holding Paris green enough to do the required work.
11 The cabbage looper is an active caterpillar and at the same time sensitive about what it eats. If any foreign substance occurs on a leaf and the looper can possibly find leaves that are clean it will not touch those that are cov- ered with foreign substance. This habit probably accounts for the fact that the looper was not killed by the treatment with Paris green and flour. Such a mixture only adheres to the upper surface and in the folds of the leaves at best, hence the looper is able to find food without feeding upon the treated areas.
396 Report or THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
fact, it was worthless. The difference between Plats 1 and 3, as compared with Plat 2 and checks, was so marked that it could be seen from a distance without going into the field. The difference between Plats 1 and 3, and the portion of the field treated with dry Paris green and flour was not marked until after the second spraying. At the time the last examination was made a few loopers had found their way from the checks to the heads on Plats 1 and 3, but all the cabbage worms had disappeared.
The following letter from Mr. F. P. Baylis gives the estimated condition of the crop at time of gathering and shows the value of spraying with the resin lime mixture fairly well:
“ Frorat Park, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1897.
“Dear Sir: In reply to yours of the 19th inst., the white cab- bage sprayed in fall of 1896 was fully 100 per cent better than where not sprayed at all, and at least 60 per cent better than where Paris green and flour were used. There was not so much difference when used on Savoy cabbage. The sprayed was better than where ‘Green’ was used, but only about 30 per cent. I think this is owing to the nature of the Savoy, which will make quite some growth after cold weather sets in and the worms are destroyed. Yours very truly,
FE Py iB Aa Sey
ON CAULIFLOWER AND BRUSSELS SPROUTS.
In 1897 further tests of the resin lime mixture combined with Paris green were made on cauliflower and Brussels sprouts at Baiting Hollow, N. Y.
The first test was made May 26. A field of cauliflower, the plants of which had only 3 or 4 leaves was sprayed with the resin lime mixture. At the same time seedbeds of later cauli-
12 Only the cabbage worm was attacking the plants at this time.
New York AgricurturaLt Exprrment Sration. 397
flower were sprayed with the same mixture, as was also a trap- crop’® of rutabagas which had been set on the border of the field.
When the plants were examined, June 2, a few dead worms were found. The plants had been so severely attacked by the cabbage root maggot that the field had to be reset. This was done on June 5, the.plants being dipped, roots and all, into the resin lime mixture before setting. This treatment was too severe for the plants.
A third attempt was made to get a stand of medium early cauli- flower, but the plants were obtained from a seed bed infested with club-root, hence the crop proved a failure.
Very few worms were to be found throughout the summer on the trap-crop.
Another attempt was made to test resin lime mixture on cauli- flower, also on Brussels sprouts. In a field of nearly 10 acres about 1-2 acre of cauliflower and 1-4 acre of Brussels sprouts were sprayed with the mixture’* on August 31. Inspec- tion of the work on September 8 showed that many of the cabbage worms, also caterpillars of the cabbage Plutella, or diamond backed moth, had been killed. No dead loopers were found. The field was resprayed September 29. Many of the cauliflower plants were heading and could not be sprayed at time of the second application. When examined, October 15, the sprayed
13 Rutabagas were set on the margins ‘of the field, the object being to furnish plants at which all the butterflies of the cabbage worm in that vicinity could collect and deposit their eggs, and by keeping these plants sprayed througlf- out the summer with the resin lime mixture and Paris green, to minimize the number of worms. The rutabagas were set several weeks before the cauli- flowers were put out. This method is of little value on Long Island, for the simple reason that Siberian kale, and frequently Brussels sprouts and cabbage stumps are left on the fields over the winter and during the spring. These to- gether with wild radish which grows plentifully along fences and in neglected fields furnish abundant places for the butterflies to deposit their eggs.
14 An attempt was made to spray cauliflowers with Paris green and Bor- deaux mixture combined; such a small amount of this adhered to the leaves that the test was abandoned. Most of the loopers were found spinning cocoons at the time of spraying, August 31. The resin lime mixture was applied with a knapsack sprayer.
398 ' Report or THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
plants were found to be practically free, not only from the cab- bage worm, but also from the looper. Worms from a late brood of the latter were abundant on the unsprayed portions of the field.
As a whole, the tests on cauliflower were not as thorough nor results as marked as on cabbage sprayed in the fall of 1896. This was partially due to the size of the plants at time of first spraying, but more to the position in which the leaves of the cauliflower grow, it frequently being impossible to get the mixture on the upper and inner surface of the leaves. Hence cauliflower cannot be protected as well as can cabbage. Plates I to V give some idea of the difference between the sprayed and the unsprayed cauli- flowers, and the following letter from Mr. B. E. Goodale, on whose farm the spraying was done, gives his opinion of the value of spraying cauliflower:
“ Batina Hotxiow, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1897. “Dear Sir: In reply will say that the last spraying did the work well. JI am satisfied that it would have paid me to have sprayed the entire field. The worms are raising the mischief this year. I do not see but very little of the mixture at this time ad- hering to the leaves that I leave as a protection. You might de- tect a little on the outside row of leaves. “T do not think it would be of any practical use to spray later than we made the last spraying. “ Yours truly, B. E. GOODALE.”
ON LETTUCE.
During the fall and winter of 1897 and 1898 the following tests of resin lime mixture combined with Paris green were made on lettuce in forcing house:
On October 27 lettuce’ in flats was sprayed with resin lime mixture and Paris green, using same strength as used on cabbage and cauliflower. Cabbage loopers were collected from cabbage in
15 This lettuce had from 3 to 4 leaves at time of spraying.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399
field and placed upon the sprayed lettuce. The next day very few of the worms were found dead. Most of them had crawled away and were spinning cocoons. Wherever the resin lime mix- ture caused the leaves to stick, together the plants were injured.
A second lot of lettuce was sprayed with resin lime mixture and Paris green on November 3, using same strength as before. Smaller specimens of the looper were placed upon the sprayed plants. Fifteen out of the 17 placed upon the plants were found dead the next day. The leaves of the plants were injured quite badly by the mixture.
On December 14, two varieties of lettuce (Rawson Hothouse and White Cos), plants 1-3 grown, were sprayed with the resin lime mixture, using resin mixture at the rate of 1 gallon, water 32 gallons, bulk of lime 6 gallons and. Paris green 1-4 pound. This treatment destroyed all the loopers'® on treated plants; but at the same time it slightly injured the plants where the leaves were gummed together.
February 24, 1898, two varieties of lettuce were sprayed with the resin lime mixture, the following proportions being used: Resin mixture 1 gallon, water 64 gallons, milk of lime 8 gallons, Paris green 1-2 pound. On March 2; this lettuce was found not in- jured in the least by the mixture, and no live loopers were found
on the sprayed plants.
COST OF SPRAYING..
From the tests made in 1896 on cabbage it was estimated that 1 man could prepare the resin lime mixture and spray 2 acres a day with a knapsack sprayer. It was also estimated that 40 gallons would spray 1 acre. The above estimate is based on the assumption that a good supply of the stock solution of the resin mixture is prepared beforehand, and that the cabbage is two- thirds grown. Nearly double this amount of small cabbage can be
16 At the time of spraying, December 14 and eee | 24, the loopers were breeding in the forcing house.
400 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
sprayed in 1 day. Not much over 2 acres of cauliflower, large or small, could be sprayed in 1 day, as more care must be used in doing the work. At least 2 applications should be made on late cabbage and cauliflower. This would require 1 pound of Paris green to each acre. ‘The entire cost of materials used would not exceed 50 cents per acre for 2 sprayings. Hence the principal cost of spraying would be the labor required to pre- pare and apply the mixture. One man could prepare enough of the stock solution of resin mixture in one-half day to last the whole season. From the foregoing estimates the whole cost of spraying a given number of acres can be easily caleulated. For 10 acres, the cost of materials would be $5.00; allowing $1.50 per day for labor, the cost of preparing the stock solution of resin mixture would be 75 cents and the cost of making 2 applications to 10 acres would be $15.00, making a total of $20.75.
REASONS WHY RESIN LIME MIXTURE IS PREFER- ABLE TO OTHER SUBSTANCES.
Ever since the introduction of the European cabbage butterfly into this country, growers of cabbage have been using various materials and measures in an endeavor to prevent its ravages. Some of these means have yielded fair results, but more have proven worse than useless when carefully tested.
There are several reasons why better success has not followed the use of a few of the most reasonable measures that have been adopted. Chief among these is the fact that it is a difficult mat- ter to make any of the substances that have been used adhere to the foliage of the plants on which the cabbage worm feeds. As a general rule growers of cabbage have only used insecticide in the dry or powder form. These were easily removed by the first light rain. Furthermore, the method of growth and the smooth- ness of the leaves of cabbage are such that not more than one- tenth of the leaf surface is protected by such remedies. Another factor has been that usually no effort is made to prevent the work
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 401
of the worms until considerable damage has been done. In other words, no insecticide is applied until fall, and then not until after the worms are nearly one-half grown, with the result that never more than one-half of them are destroyed. A third reason, and one on which the preceding partially depends, lies in the habits of the cabbage worm and its butterfly and of the cabbage looper and its moth. To show these the life history of each must be briefly
reviewed.
CABBAGE WORM. (Pieris rapae.) LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.
Worms of the last fall brood pass the winter in the chrysalid or pupal form. ‘These chrysalids are attached to the under side of rails, sticks and dry weeds, and also to the sides of buildings or any place where they can obtain some protection from excessive moisture.
The white butterflies issue from the chrysalids the latter part of April and during May. They sometimes appear.early in April, if the weather is warm for several days. After pairing, the female butterflies lay their eggs on whatever suitable plants can be found at that season of the year, on old stumps of cabbage grow- ing in neglected fields, cabbage set out for seed purposes, Early Wakefield cabbage, Siberian kale (“ sprouts”) and on such weeds as wild radish, mustard and cresses. Probably, on Long Island, ‘the latter plants, especially wild radish, are the principal ones on which the worms of the first spring brood exist. The eggs of the butterflies are usually deposited singly on the lower and outer surface of the leaf, each female butterfly laying from 100 to 300 eggs. The egg laying of the first brood ex- tends over a period of about 3 weeks. From 5 to 10 days are required for the eggs to hatch. After hatching from the egg the worms feed for a period of about 10 or 12 days.
26
402 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
They usually feed upon the under side of the leaves until half grown. When through feeding they crawl away and change to chrysalids, in which condition they remain for about 12 days, then issue as adult butterflies. ‘The worms from the first eggs to hatch are nearly through feeding by the time the parent butterfly is through laying eggs. Hence butterflies of the third brood often appear before those of the second brood have disappeared. This makes it impossible to say definitely how many broods occur on Long Island. Undoubtedly there are more broods one year than another, depending on an early spring and a late fall.
In spite of weather conditions, parasites and enemies, there are generally myriads of these pests the latter part of September and during October. In addition to the plants named as furnishing food for the first brood of worms, the broods appearing the last half of the summer feed upon cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, ruta- “ bagas, mignonette, nasturtiums and a few other plants. The dis- tribution of the spring food plants combined with the work of the enemies and parasites of the cabbage worm often produces local distribution of the spring brood of worms. Frequently in the spring the butterflies will be seen very thick over a section vary- ing from a few miles to 10 miles square; while a mile from this section only occasionally a lone specimen will be seen flying. This local distribution often extends well into the fall. As a re- sult the farmers in some sections see very little of their work and adopt no means of fighting them. At the same time farmers in other sections may be doing their best to get rid of them, with the final outcome that enough survive each year, if evenly dis-. tributed, to stock the whole country.
CABBAGE LOOPER. (Plusia brassicae. )
In Bulletin No. 83 (December, 1894,) it was stated that with- out exception the cabbage worm was the worst cabbage pest that market gardeners have to contend with. This statement must at
New York AgqricuttuRAL Experiment Sration. 403
the present time be modified, for the cabbage looper is not only as numerous, but it is more difficult to combat than is the cabbage worm. It is also amore general feeder, hence more plants must be protected from its ravages. Writers on entomology have al- ways given the cabbage looper credit for doing more damage in the South than in the North. Whether the marked increase in the amount of damage done the past few years on Long Island is due to the fact that this section furnishes favorable southern con- ditions, or whether the looper is gradually migrating north, is not known.
DESCRIPTION.
As the cabbage looper is not generally as well known as the cabbage worm a short popular description is given.
Adult or moth.— The male is distinguished from the female moth or miller by having a distinct tuft of reddish-brown hairs on each side of the abdomen near the cauda, or tail; the cauda itself being covered with a short tuft of dark drown hairs. Both male and female moths have the fore wings mottled with dark brown, brown and white; so that, when resting on the ground, they re- semble the soil. On the upper surface near the center of each forewing there is a silvery white mark, which in most cases resem- bles the figure 8; occasionally it is simply a dot-and-dash-like mark. ‘The head and fore-body (thorax) are dark, ashy grey, mot- tled with brown. The abdomen, or hind-body, and hind-wings are fawn color, varying to a dark brown near the outer margin, the latter bordered with white. See Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XLII. When spread the wings measure from one to one and one one-half inches.
Egg.— The egg is about as large as a black mustard seed, and shaped somewhat like a turnip. It is ribbed, and in color is nearly pure white. (Plate XLII, Fig. 3.)
Larva or caterpillar— When about one-fourth grown the cater- pillar, or looper, is nearly as dark green as the cabbage worm: and is distinctly marked on the sides of the body with longitudinal
404 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
white lines. By the time they are one-half grown they change to a pale green color and the white lines on the sides of the body become indistinct. These: white lines usually disappear by the time the caterpillar is full grown. The looper does not have as many prolegs as most of the caterpillars, to which they are closely related, hence they loop the body when traveling. There are a few solitary hairs on the body. The head is small. When full grown they are about one to one and one-fourth inches long. Pupa or chrysalis—— When first formed the pupa is light green in color, but soon changes to a dark brown and sometimes black. It can be found enclosed in a thin, white, transparent cocoon, which is spun by the caterpillar, usually in the fold of the leaf.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.
The life history of the looper is somewhat similar to that of the cabbage worm, but in habits it differs considerably. This makes it a more difficult pest to handle. It is known that part of the last brood of loopers pass the winter in the chrysalis stage, but it is quite probable that many of them live over winter as moths or millers. The moths have been taken around the flowers of chick- weed on warm days in December and also in March. About the same length of time is required for the hatching of the eggs and the growth of the caterpillars as for the cabbage worm. All the stages except the chrysalid are shown on Plate XLII. The differ- ent broods of the cabbage looper overlap and are mixed worse than in the case of the cabbage worm. Undoubtedly the number of broods each year exceeds that of the cabbage worm, as indicated by the moths and loopers being found at work earlier in the — spring and later in the fall. When full grown the loopers crawl to the under side of a leaf of the plant on which they are feeding and spin a loose silken cocoon around themselves, then change to chrysalids. Ry’
Moth.— In habits the moths differ considerably from the cab- bage butterfly. ‘They are rarely seen on the wing except during
New York AgricurturaAL Experiment STATION. 405
cloudy days, or late in the afternoon and early evening. Some-. times they will be seen at flowers, but usually these are male moths. If the female moth is noticed on the wing, she is usually darting rapidly from one plant to another hiding under the leaves to deposit her eggs. The eggs are usually deposited singly, but occasionally 8 or 4 eggs will be found in close proximity on the same leaf. Each moth lays about the same number of eggs as does the cabbage butterfly. _ On Long Island the first eggs are deposited on the same plants as are those of the cabbage butterfly, and on chickweed and spinach in addition. Later in the season they apparently are not confined to any particular plants while depositing their eggs. The fact that they are swift flyers and are dusky colored probably accounts for their not being seen during the day. Some writers claim that the moths of the cabbage looper are night flyers. They surely do considerable flying dur- ing the day, and I have been unable to capture them at light- traps. This would indicate that they are no more night flyers than is the moth of the corn worm.
Feeding habits.— The loopers will feed on almost any plant that is succulent and tender, showing very little choice while food is plentiful. After midsummer when food becomes scarce they do their principal feeding upon cauliflower, lettuce and cabbage, but they are not averse to feeding upon any of the following eco- nomic plants: Siberian kale (“‘ sprouts”), kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, rape, spinach, celery, tomatoes, cannas, chrysanthemums, carnations, smilax, heliotrope, pelargoniums and various other forcing house plants. They are especially destructive to lettuce in forcing houses, where they will feed and breed all winter. Although they will fced upon almost anything that is green they always show a dislike for old, tough leaves and for leaves that have any foreign substance on the surface. In fact they will not feed upon such leaves unless starved to do so. In cases where cabbage is treated with a dry insecticide it is an easy matter for them to find portions of the plant that are not covered with
406 Report oF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
the insecticide, and thus escape being killed. Where headed cabbage, which throws out no new leaves, is left standing on the field they eat into the solid heads. During the day they usually feed from the tinder or lower surface of a leaf, but probably they do the most of their feeding at night. The habit of feeding from the under side of a leaf gives them a chance to hide and at the same time be protected from the sun. When feeding upon such plants as carnations they hide during the day. in a position to resemble a leaf or branch of the plant. They are sure to find the most tender portion of a plant such as the buds and growing tips. They like nothing better than to feed upon the flower of a cauliflower after it has been tied. ‘Their appetites are gener- ally good. A medium-sized looper will devour a lettuce plant having 4 or 5 leaves in one night. They can travel quite rapidly and easily pass from one plant to another.
CONCLUSIONS.
Cabbage worm.— The fact that the eggs are deposited on the under or outer side of the leaf, and, that the worms do their first feeding on that part of the leaf, in fact in most cases feeding upon the under or lower surface of the leaves until nearly half grown, makes it essential that any poisonous insecticide should be on that part of the leaf to give complete results. The habit of feeding from the lower side of the leaves makes the use of all insecticides which kill by contact more or less impractical, at least until after the worms have done a large amount of dam- age. This habit is also often the cause of delay in treatment as they are not noticed until many of the worms are through feed- ing and ready to pupate.
The fact that the broods overlap so that eggs and full grown worms occur on the plants at the same time, assuming all other conditions to be favorable, makes it impossible to destroy them all with one treatment with any of the measures that have been
New Yorrx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407
in use. In fact the combination of all conditions makes it im- possible to destroy them all with two or three treatments by any of the measures previously used.
The numerous spring food plants to be found in this section make the use of trap-crops, or even the systematic spraying of early cabbage, impractical and more expensive than results war- rant.
Many growers of cabbage never attempt to use remedies until after they see the ravages of the worms or the worms themselves. In such cases part of the worms are nearly through feeding, hence the treatment is far from complete in its results.
The numerous food plants, the varying habits of the worms and butterflies in adapting themselves to conditions, their feeding out of sight until quite large, combined with carelessness in the methods of combating them, all aid in making, in nine cases out of ten, the final results from the methods used almost nil.
Cabbage looper.— Undoubtedly the wariness of the looper with regard to feeding on foliage that has any foreign substance on its surface, combined with its activity, makes it one of the hardest to combat of the leaf-eating caterpillars. In all my work I have failed to find a dead looper on plants treated with remedies of any form used as dry powders. Possibly a few are killed by the use of dry Paris green and flour on cabbage, but they are very few. Light traps have been used in forcing houses but without success. The use of mosquito netting on the ventilators of forcing houses has been recommended but growers think this would not only be too expensive but also inconvenient and impracticable. Further- more, in transplanting the first crop of lettuce from beds out of doors to forcing house, the eggs of the moths and of the worms themselves are carried in on the plants. If a half ‘dozen perfect female moths get into a forcing house containing 2,000 square feet of bench room, they are able to deposit eggs on most of the plants. Hand picking is generally practiced for this pest on lettuce, but usually the rascal has a plant destroyed before he is picked.
408 Report or THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
It was with the intention of combating the looper that an effort was made to find a substance that could be made to adhere uni- formly to the surface of the leaves of cauliflower and cabbage. Most of the tests given were made, and effects on cabbage looper noted, for this purpose. The results obtained on the cabbage worm were of secondary importance as compared with results sought on the cabbage looper. The tests have proven as satisfac- tory as could be expected.
The letters from Mr. Baylis and from Mr. Goodale show that the results were worth far more than the cost of treatment, although they considered the results obtained from the treat- ment of the cabbage worm as well as the looper. The results obtained from the treatment of cauliflower were not as satisfac- tory as those from the treatment of cabbage, but when we con- sider the character of the plant combined with the habits of the pests to be treated the results were better than should be expected. For the most part the leaves of cauliflower grow in a vertical position; hence it would be not only a waste of material but also of time to attempt to treat them with a dry insecticide. Fair results might be obtained on cauliflower by the use of insecti- cides which kill by contact, but these would only be practical while the plants are small and would need to be applied every week, as eges and full grown caterpillars are liable to occur on the plants at the same time. As already stated the use of trap- crops is of doubtful value for the cabbage worn. They are surely of no value for the looper, even though combined with the removal of old cabbage stumps from the field and the destruction of weeds along roadsides and borders of fields, for, as has been shown, the looper has no fixed food plant. (It is not the inten- tion to discourage the destruction, of weeds on the borders of fields, or the clearing up of old cabbage fields) This should be done on general principles.) The capturing of the moth of the cabbage looper by any means is also impractical. Hence for this pest, as far as tested, we have no alternative but to use an
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 409
insecticide that will stay where it is put, and at the same time we must use some material that will carry enough poison to kall the loopers even though they eat but a small portion of the in- secticide.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The foregoing conditions show some of the reasons why better success is not obtained by the use of most of the numerous meas- ures that are in vogue with the growers of cabbage against the cabbage worm. ‘They also show how impractical the use of any of these measures will be when used for the looper. The results obtained in 1896 by the use of resin lime mixture and Paris green for the cabbage worm showed conclusively that the two applica- tions, one made while the plants are small, and the second after they had commenced to head, yielded results at least 50 or 60 per cent better than did the use of Paris green and flour, although the latter is one of the surest of the old methods of treating the cabbage worm. ‘The above results taken in combination with all the conditions that must be met leads us to recommend the spray- ing of late cabbage twice for the looper, at least once for the cab- bage worm, with the resin lime mixture. (The term late cabbage is so variable on Long Island that no exact dates for spraying can be given.) If the applications are made with care all the leaves will be fairly well protected on both sides as the mixture stays where applied. It is not claimed that it will pay to apply the resin lime mixture except in the fall of the year. The results obtained from the use of resin-lime mixture on cabbage in 1896, and on cauliflower in 1897 against the cabbage looper, were just as marked; at least when we consider the amount of damage done by this pest, and, at the same time take into consideration its habits and the range of its food plants. Only two applications of the resin lime mixture are recommended for the cabbage looper, but these two applications must be thoroughly made and at the right time. In all cases the best results will be obtained if the first application is made on both cabbage and cauliflower when
410 Report OF THE ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
the plants have about a dozen leaves, the second being made just before the plants commence to head, even though but few or no worms are to be seen at the time. _
' Usually for lettuce only one application of the resin lime mix- ture will be required, at least if combined with hand picking. For lettuce the following proportions must be used:
FVESUUNMILIREUEO: ote ee re eet eon curate pet 1 gallon. Weather Sgn G ey Sk bee Ne A it Ar Melhores Minlie Of iaie ORIG, VDI OA Sint dee ee: 8 gallons. Paris oreo (ith: Ok Ee aie Rae See tei $ pound.
This is not recommended as one of the best measures to be used for the protection of lettuce. We still believe that the proper use of mosquito netting would prove the most satisfactory even if a trifle the most expensive. The use of resin lime mixture is sim- ply offered as a substitute that has been tried; a substitute to be used after a house has become infested.
When the fact is taken into consideration that with one appli- cation of resin lime mixture on cabbage and cauliflower two pests are disposed of, the expense of using it even as a preventive measure is slight. Probably the cost of spraying cannot be reduced much below the estimated amount, viz., about $1 per acre for each application even with added improvements, for the following reasons: First, a knapsack, or a barrel sprayer must be used. No power sprayer will do the work thoroughly on either cabbage or cauliflower. Furthermore, cauliflower heads so unevenly it would not only be impossible but unsafe to spray it with a power sprayer. Second, only intelligent and skillful labor should be employed to do the work. It is essential, for both the cabbage worm and for the looper, to get the mixture on the outer and under surface of the leaves, as well as on the upper surface. Furthermore, the workman must be familiar with the habits of cauliflower, able to tell at glance whether the whorl of leaves at the center is opening so as to expose the flower. Such plants must not be sprayed.
New York AgricurturaL Exprriment STATION. Any
No man who stands 10 feet from a plant for fear of getting the mixture on his clothes, and who only sprays one side of a plant, should be employed. Neither is an awkward, stiff-wristed man of any use for this work. The work requires a man who is not afraid to get near enough to the plant to spray it from all sides by a simple turn of the wrist.
If a knapsack is employed for applying the resin lime mixture, a strongly-made machine must be used. We have found the “ Gar- field” quite satisfactory for this purpose. Such frail machines as the ‘“ Eclipse” knapsack sprayer have proven worthless for applying this mixture. The resin lime mixture gums the valves — to such an extent that a frail machine is wrenched to pieces in a short time. The gumming of the valves by the resin lime mix- ture is the only disadvantage found in the use of the mixture, but no other mixture has been found that will adhere to the smooth leaves of cabbage and cauliflower, or plants related to them. Soapsuds can be flocculated with lime the same as the resin mix- ture, but it will not adhere as well. Where strong machines were used the only drawback from gumming was the requirement of a little more force in pumping, thus adding to the heaviness of the work.
DANGER FROM USE OF MIXTURE.
The question of danger from the use of an arsenite on such plants as cabbage, cauliflower and lettuce is important. It must be admitted in the case of cauliflower and lettuce that there is a point beyond which the use of an arsenite is dangerous. With cabbage there is no danger except in cases of gross ignorance, not only on the part of the grower, but also on the part of the ‘consumer. The consumer would have to eat the outside leaves of cabbage in order to get any of the arsenite, besides the grower would have to be guilty of using the arsenite after the heads were completely formed in order that the consumer get the arsenite on the few leaves that are left on the outside as a protection to the head. Arsenites have long been used on cabbage in one form or another with no known ill effects.
412 Report or THE EnTOMOLOGISTS OF THE
If directions are carefully followed no ill effects will result from the use of arsenites on cauliflower and lettuce. We assume that men who can read are capable of using some judgment in the use of the resin lime mixture and Paris green. It has been explicitly stated that this mixture should not be used on cabbage after the heads are two-thirds formed; that only skillful and intelligent laborers should be trusted with the application of it on cauli- flowers; that it should never be applied after the “ flower” has commenced to form.
For the varieties of lettuce which form heads, it can be safely used until the plants are one-third grown. It must never be used on other varieties of lettuce.
“a1019 YWAMOTAITOVO GHANINY—AXXX BALVId
‘SNHOM Ad GaATGGIY SANYvadVO—IAXXX ALVId
‘SUAMOTHITAVO (LHDIY) GHAVUdMSNN ANV (LAG) GHAVUdS JO MAIA ACIS—TIAXXX WLV1d
‘LAMUVI YOU AGVAY SUAMOTAITAVO (UALINO) GAHAVUMSNN ANY (UALNAD) AAKVUdS—ITIAXXX ALW1d
PLATE XXXIX.—CAULIFLOWER SPRAYED WITH RESIN-LIME MIXTURE.
ne cis > py ; . cD ig tal ae a
XL.—AN UNSPRAYED CAULIFLOWER.
PLATE
PLATE XLI.—CAULIFLOWER TOO FAR ADVANCED TO BE SAFELY SPRAYED.
PLATE XLII.—FEMALE AND MALE MOTHS, EGG AND CATERPILLARS OF CABBAGE LOOPERS.
New York AcricuttruraL Exprrtment Sration. 413
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prate XXXV.— Ruined cauliflower field.
Puate XXXVI.— Cabbages riddled by worms. *
Prats XXXVII.— (Left) Side view of cauliflower that has been sprayed with resin lime mixture. Leaves cut away to show the “ flower.”
(Right) Side view of cauliflower that was not sprayed. Leaves cut away to show excreta of worms on “ flower” and in axils of the leaves.
Pruate XXXVITI— Front view of sprayed and unsprayed cauliflowers trummed ready for crating.
(Center) Sprayed; (outer) not sprayed.. The spots on (cen- ter) are due to bruises from crating. -Those on (outer) are due to the feeding of the worms and to their filth.
Puate XXXIX.—A cauliflower plant that was sprayed with the resin lume mixture. ’
Prats XL.— An unsprayed cauliflower plant.
Pratt XLI.— A cauliflower with leaves cut away to show that the “ flower” is too far advanced to be safely sprayed. Note filth of worms in the axils of the leaves.
Prats XLIL— The looper. Fig. 1, female moth; 2, male moth; 8, egg; 4 and 5, caterpillars. Figs. 1 and 2 enlarged one- fourth ; Fig. 3, twenty times natural size; Fig. 4, twice natural
size.
All illustrations except Plate XLII, Fig. 5, photographed by L. V. Hallock under directions of the author.
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7
REPORT
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS.
W. H. Jorpan, Sc. D., Director. G. W. Cuurcuitt, Agriculturist. L. L. Van Styxez, Chemist.
TasLe or Contents.
(1) Commercial fertilizers for potatoes.
(II) Sugar beet investigations in 1898.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS.
I. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR eo ALORS.
W. H. Jorpan.
SUMMARY.
The work described in this bulletin is a continuation of tests made in 1897, with added investigations. Unlike the results in 1897, when 1,000 pounds proved the limit of profitable applica- tion, 1,500 pounds gave most profit in 1898.
The Long Island formula (4, 8 and 10 mixture) gave better results than the fertilizer based on the composition of the potato, although the difference was less marked than in 1897.
The new tests included 64 eighth-acre plats on four farms and "were planned to ascertain the effect of a full amount of potash as compared with two-thirds as much, one-third as much and none at all. The fertilizer without potash was as efficient as those containing it; so the variations in amount showed no influence.
INTRODUCTION. Bulletin No. 137 of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station gives the results of the first year’s effort at studying the economical use of commercial fertilizers in potato growing on
Long Island.
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 154. 27
418 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FreLtpD Crops OF THE
A detailed statement may be found in that bulletin of the rea- sons for taking up that line of work, the conditions involved and the arrangement of the experiments as planned and executed in 1897. The situation, briefly summarized, was as follows:
(1) Farmers on Long Island were found to be quite generally using 2,000 pounds of high grade commercial fertilizers per acre in growing potatoes, an amount largely in excess of the needs of a single crop. <
(2) Experiments for two years by Dr. Van Slyke indicated that 1,000 pounds per acre was the maximum profitable quantity, but his experiments did not show what would follow during a series of years.
(3) A general opinion appeared to prevail thatthe sulphate of potash was preferable to the muriate in potato growing chiefly on * account of the effect of the latter on the quality of the product.
(4) A fertilizer formula based on the composition of the crop is urged by some. On the other hand the farmers of Long Island had very generally come to adopt what is known as the 4, 8 and 10 formula, the economy of which seemed to have no general sup- port except the somewhat inconclusive approval of common prac- tice.
The experiments as conducted in 1897 were planned, therefore, with reference to answering the following questions:
(1) What is the profitable quantity of commercial fertilizer to use in growing potatoes on Long Island?
(2) Is the 4, 8 and 10 formula better than one which recognizes only the composition of the crop?
(3) Is the sulphate of potash better than the muriate for potato _ growing, quantity~and quality both considered? :
The results for a single season (1897) taken by themselves without reference to the influence of continued practice gave the following indications, viz. :
(1) That more than 1,000 pounds of fertilizer was used at a loss.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 419
(2) That the 4, 8 and 10 formula is somewhat more efficient than the “ potato formula.”
(3) That muriate of potash produced no definite deleterious influence on the quality of potatoes.
EXPERIMENTS IN 1898.
The experiments of 1897 have been repeated in 1898, in accordance with the plan to continue them for a series of years.
The work has been enlarged, however, by the addition of four more formulas or mixtures of fertilizing ingredients designed to test the use of such large quantities of potash salts as appears to be the custom on Long Island and in other localities.
The 4, 8 and 10 formula, to which reference has been made, calls for the application of more potash than of either nitrogen or phosphoric acid. Certain observations in connection with former experiments led the writer to doubt the wisdom of this practice, though not to deny it, consequently an additional acre was se- cured on each of the four farms where potato experiments are in progress, to be devoted to experiments with varying amounts of
potash salts. THE FERTILIZERS USED.
The purposes of these experiments as now arranged require the use of eight different mixtures of fertilizing materials, the in- gredients and composition of which are given below.
POTATO FORMULA. This formula is supposed to contain plant foods in nearly the proportions used by the entire potato plant excepting that the phosphoric acid is in considerable excess. Two mixtures were
used : Mixture No. 1. Ingredients. Composition. Nitente of BOGA.........: LUZ S. MNIGOLER one eb cae evens 7.0 per ct. High grade dried blood.. 900 lbs. Available phos. acid.... 4.0 per ct. Acid phosphate ......... HOSwilbse ek ObASM rec. oisie ape ere tie oa oe 10.0 per ct. Muriate of potash ...... 400 Ibs.
2,000
420 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT oF Firitp Crops oF THE
MIXTURE No. 2.
This mixture contains the same percentages of the three ingre- dients as Mixture No. 1, the only difference being that the potash is supplied as the sulphate instead of the muriate.
Ingredients. Nitrate of soda.......... 192 Ibs. High grade dried blood.. 900 Ibs. Acid phosphate ......... 508 Ibs. Sulphate of potash...... 400 lbs.
2,000
Nitrogen Availabl Potash
L. I. FORMULA.
Composition, AMO ECGS CLL 7.0 per ct. e phos. acid.... 4.0 per ct. Va ciekarena a ialaperet oxen 10.0 per ct.
This formula is an imitation of the one so commonly followed ~
by clubs of farmers on Long Island who purchase their fertilizers
on the cooperative plan.
MIxTuRE No. 3.
Ingredients. Nitrate of'soda ......--.- 127 lbs High grade dried blood.. 500 lbs Acid phosphate ......... 973 lbs. Muriate of potash ...... 400 Ibs. 2,000
Nitrogen Availabl Potash
MIXTURE No. 4.
Composition. Ze a ela tenaleyesevorel apes 4.0 per ct. e phos. acid... S.0spenicts Sidlateta, soa einen secant 10.0 per ct.
This mixture is similar to No. 38, except that the potash is
supplied as the sulphate instead of the muriate.
Ingredients. Nitrate of soda iin... 127 Ibs. High grade dried blood.. 500 lbs. ACI Gp HOSPHA tC yer ons creas 973 lbs. Sulphate of potash...... 400 Ibs.
2,000
Composition. 4.0 per ct.
8.0 per ct.° 10.0 per ct.
« de) apple pies) aia ors pile a
New York AaqricutturaL Experiment Station, 421
POTASH FORMULAS.
PotasuH Test Formuta No. 1.
In gredients. Composition. Nitrate of soda ......... L2helbsy ANitrogen’ sisccise ls steer 4.0 per ct. 100 ia be) 0) Coyoyt | Seen Eee 500 Ibs. Available phos. acid.... 8.0 perct. Acid phosphate ....:.... 1,000 lbs. g Tana “plaster ss. <i siec we. 373 lbs. 2,000
This formula furnished no potash, but the same amounts of nitrogen and phosphoric acid as the L. I. Formula.
PotasH Test Formuta No. 2.
Ingredients. Composition. INUERALE OF SOA, cfiejeusjsuals onc gee led. TDSi PNITOZeM) cbc ie0 cctetis's ome 4.0 per ct. Drmedeblood) 5... . ee 500 Ibs. Available phos. acid.... 8.0 perct. Acidsphosphater .-ccmce 1,000 Ibsh Potash. Soturtcaceccos ses 3.5 per ct. Sulphate of potash ..... 140 Ibs. WANG PIASter® 2... 2 sis cers. 233 Ibs. 2,000
This formula furnished approximately one-third the potash contained in the L. I. Formula, and the same nitrogen and phos- phoric acid.
PoTASH TrEest Formuta No. 3.
Ingredients. Composition. Nitrate of soda ......... 2 DS INIrOSEMT At ieee se caters =e 4.0 per ct. OTIS CS DIOGUI, : carctovereversis at's 500 Ibs. Available phos. acid.... 8.0 perct. AICOnPHOSpPHAtey ts sess 1 OO0RIDS: . Potash estas. ews ean es: 7.0 per ct. Sulphate of potash...... 280 Ibs. Wand plaster’ « . i. % s. c'= e016 93 Ibs. 2,000
This formula furnishes approximately two-thirds the potash contained in the L. I. Formula and the same amounts of nitrogen and phosphoric acid.
422 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT oF FIELD Crops OF THE
PotasH Test FormuLa No. 4.
This formula is identical with the L. I. Formula and need not
be restated. The ingredients and composition of the mixture are similar to No. 4 under the head of L. I. Formula.
GENERAL COMPOSITION.
It was intended that approximately one-fourth of the nitrogen furnished by these mixtures should be nitric, and three-fourths organic nitrogen. The manufacturers who mixed the fertilizer were also instructed that the phosphoric acid should be as largely soluble as possible. The analyses of the four mixtures showed that these conditions were secured.
THE AREA AND ARRANGEMENT OF PLATS.
The total area under experimental treatment is twelve acres, divided into 120 plats of one-tenth acre in size.
This area is distributed equally on four farms, the arrangement of the plats and amounts and kinds of fertilizers being the same in each case.
FERTILIZERS APPLIED ON PLATS.
Potato Formula. L. I. Formula. Plat No. 1, no fertilizer. Plat No. 11, no fertilizer. Plat No. 2, 500lbs., Mixture No.1. Plat No.12, 500 lbs., Mixture No. 3. Plat No. 3, 1,000 lbs., Mixture No.1. Plat No. 18, 1,000 lbs., Mixture No. 3. Plat No. 4, 1,500 lbs., Mixture No.1. Plat No. 14, 1,500 lbs., Mixture No. 3. Plat No. 5, 2,000 Ibs., Mixture No. 1. - Plat No. 15, 2,000 Ibs., Mixture No. 3. Plat No. 6, no fertilizer. Plat No. 16, no fertilizer. Plat No. 7, 500 1bs., Mixture No.2. Plat No.17, 5001bs., Mixture No. 4. Plat No. 8, 1,000 lbs., Mixture No.2. Plat No. 18, 1,000 lbs., Mixture No. 4. Plat No. 9, 1,500 lbs., Mixture No.2. Plat No. 19, 1,500 lbs., Mixture No. 4. Plat No. 10, 2,000 lbs., Mixture No.2. Plat No. 20, 2,000 lbs., Mixture No. 4.
Potash Test Formulas.
Plats 21 and 26. No fertilizer.
Plats 22 and 27. Formula No. 1. Plats 23 and 28. Formula No. 2. Plats 24 and 29. Formula No. 3. Plats 25 and 30. Formula No. 4.
423
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
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424 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF Fietp Crors OF THE
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4926 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD Crops OF THE
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
Those who read this bulletin should bear in mind that these yearly records of field experiments are really reports of progress. Anything in the nature of conclusions will scarcely be more than a statement of what is the outcome of a single year’s observa- tions. After several years general deductions will have greater value, especially if evidence is cumulative in particular directions.
EFFECT OF QUANTITY OF FERTILIZER UPON YIELD AND PROFIT.
In 1897 the application of 1,000 lbs. of fertilizers per acre proved to be more profitable than quanties either less or more, although in both years the yield has increased with the amount of fertilizer even up to 2,000 lbs. per acre. In 1898 the profit was greatest with 1,500 lbs. of fertilizer per acre, diminishing when more than this quantity was used. (See Tables V & VI). This lack of uniformity in results demonstrates the necessity of several years of observation before reliable conclusions can be drawn. Just what will happen after several rotations of crops have been grown is not yet clear. |
TABLE V.— INCREASE OF YIELD OF POTATOES FROM DIFFERENT QUANTITIES i OF FERTILIZER.
uae amber Of offerte teen m8 Siciaeec
both years. as, Large. > apetat Large. = Total. Large. = Total. Lbs. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu
DA ees Fa 8 Subhas 500 34.1 31.6 33.2 33.4 33.6 32.5
EDT « xe So pey faye 1,000 69.1 62.3 61.8 60.7 65.4 61.5
DAB oi. tis Biot maege 1,500 kee 65.1 85.8 84.8 81.6 75.0
DAT Piast: 2,000 (esr 71.3 89.9 89.7 84.3
80.5
* Average of Fleet and Hallock plats.
427
New Yorx Aaricurtura, Experiment Station.
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428 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT oF FIELD CROPS OF THE
THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE POTATO FORMULA AND THE L, I. FORMULA.
The proportions of plant food in these formulas are quite differ- ent, the phosphoric acid being only one-half in the former that it is in the latter. In both seasons the L. I. Formula has returned the larger yields, the superiority in 1898 not being so evident as in 1897. (See Table VII.)
TaBLE VII.— SUMMARY OF YIELDS OF POTATOES WITH “ PoTATO” FoRMULA AND L. I. FoRMULA.
1897.* 1898.
Amount of 2: wreince OG "Fixes ave ~ Excess fertilizer per acre. Potato Ips alls from Potato Gael from
formu- formu- 1 ae formu- formu- i
la. la. formu- lay la. formu-
las _la.
INONES eiere welatene trace ililejoal 107.4
BOOMIDS) eer 125.5 163.8 38.3 138.0 143.5 5.5 OOO IDS eresere sleve 166.2 184.7 18.5 167.7 168.4 Ong 1,500 Ibs. is i5%% 166.8 189.5 PPI 188.2 196.2 8.0 0.9
2,000 IDS. "cic: ses 178.4 190.4 12.0 19127 202.6 10.
THE INFLUENCE OF POTASH IN THE FERTILIZERS.
A popular notion widely prevails that potash manures are espe- cially required by the potato crop. ‘This view is probably based upon the fact that the potato plant takes more potash than some others grown agriculturally. Doubtless the marked effect of ashes in some instances has led to the belief that potash is often seriously deficient in ordinary soils, when as a matter of fact ashes modify fertility in ways not wholly attributable to the potash they contain.
It is widely noticeable that the most popular fertilizer mixture in use on Long Island contains more potash than nitrogen or phosphoric acid. This may be in accordance with the real de- mands of Long Island soils, but in view of the preponderant in- fluence of phosphoric acid as often observed in so many localities, the economy of such an abundant use of potash is certainly open to question. Because of the doubt, it was decided to test the
*Wrom Fleet and Hallock plats.
New York Aaricurrurat ExprermMent Station. 429
effect of varying quantities of this ingredient on the productive- ness of the potato crop.
Four formulas were used on four acres of land, one on each of four farms. The percentages of nitrogen and phosphoric acid were the same in each formula, the: proportion of potash being respectively 0 per cent, 3.5 per cent, 7.0 per cent and 10 per cent. On all fertilized plats the fertilizer was applied at the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre, so that the amount of potash per acre varied from none to 100 lbs.
TABLE VIII.— RESULTS FROM PoTASH TEST FORMULAS.
ll
No. of Yield. Gain.
plats aver- Plant food applied per acre. - ~ A “~ A aged. Large. Total. Large. Total. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu, Ser g8c ce Norfertihizer) ccstssGoreus be ste eeee ADS. Ow AOKOO Gy Lata Sas
Siraicitece: 40 lbs. nitrogen, 80 lbs. phos. acid AM GENO NOUS otrejeta sensei cs eters 179.9 204.0 56.9 54.1
Shabvalte «:.- 40 Ibs. nitrogen, 80 lbs. phos. acid and) 3sbslbs, potash. c.7.¢. 6... 177.3 208.7 54.3 53.8
Shs ars ie 40 lbs. nitrogen, 80 lbs. phos. acid hatsl TO Moh soos a ao aganee ace 178.4 202.6 55.4 52.7 Secreta 40 lbs. nitrogen, 80 Ibs. phos. acid and= 100) Tbs: potash <5 ses... = 180.8 208.5 57.8 53.6
Table VIII shows that the fertilizer without potash was as efficient as those containing this ingredient, and of course under these conditions the variation in the amount of potash was without influence. Such a result was a surprise, and emphasizes the need of further inquiry into the use of commercial plant-food.
Il. SUGAR BEET INVESTIGATION IN 1898.*
5 at by GMs hsheparat
SUMMARY. I. COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS IN GROWING SUGAR BEETS.
Experiments were undertaken'in cooperation with farmers in _ ten different counties to study the yield, composition and cost of sugar beets, with and without fertilizers. Seventeen different sets | of results were reported.
(1) Yield. The yield of sugar beets, trimmed and washed, varied from 8,670 lbs. to 58,990 lbs. an acre and averaged 26,720 lbs. ;
_ (2) Percentage of sugar. The percentage of sugar in beets varied from 10.1 to 18.5 and averaged 15.5 per cent.
(3) Coefficient of purity varied from 72.5 to 87.3 and averaged 82.3. .
(4) Size. The weight of beets analyzed varied from 5 to 27 and averaged 15.7 ozs.
(5) Cost of growing beets. The results presented show in many cases what beets cost when grown under favorable condi- tions. According to the results reported, the cost of growing one acre of sugar beets varied from $33.34 to $108.86 and averaged $59.87. This made the cost of one ton of sugar beets vary from $2.60 to $10 and average $4.50.
(6) Money value of crop. The amount of money that would be received for the beets grown on one acre according to factory prices without bounty would vary from $18.42 to $95.86 and would average $63.46.
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 155. bis SS eee eae
New York AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 431
(7) Effect of fertilizers in growing sugar beets. A complete fertilizer was prepared and distributed by the Station and was used at the rate of 500 lbs. and 750 lbs. an acre.
(a) The application of fertilizer increased the yield in all but two cases. With 500 lbs. the crop increased an average of 3,874 lbs.; with 750 lbs., the yield increased 5,264 lbs. an acre.
(b) The application of 500 lbs. of fertilizer did not affect the average percentage of sugar in beets. With the larger applica- tion the sugar increased in 4 cases and decreased in 13 cases, the average decrease being 0.5 per cent.
(c) The coefficient of purity was affected little by fertilizers.
(d) The use of 500 lbs. of fertilizer increased cost of beets about $6 an acre; of 750 lbs., about $9 an acre. The use of 500 lbs. de- creased the cost of beets 22 cents a ton, which was not farther de- creased by increased amounts of fertilizer.
(e) The use of 500 lbs. of fertilizer an acre proved more eco-
nomical than the use of larger amounts.
Il. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF ALL ANALYSES OF SUGAR BEETS MADE
in 1898.
The Station analyzed 343 samples.of sugar beets which gave an average percentage of 14.2 of sugar, with a purity coefficient of 85. Results from 33 counties are given.
Ill. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO SUGAR BEETS.
Experiments were carried out on the Station farm and also on the farm of Mr. F. E. Dawley at Fayetteville to study (1) the effect of using different amounts of commercial fertilizers varying from 500 lbs. to 2,000 lbs.; (2) the effect of using 20 tons of stable manure per acre; and (8) the effect of growing beets at different distances in the row.
(1) The effect of using different quantities of commercial fer- tilizer is discussed under six headings:
(a) Increased yields of beets were given by applying 500 lbs., 1,000 Ibs. and 1,500 lbs. of fertilizer, but the use of 2,000 lbs. gave less yield than did the use of 1,000 lbs.
432 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE ‘om
(b) The percentage of sugar remained the same with 500 lbs., 1,000 lbs. and 1,500 lbs. of fertilizer, which was 1 per cent less than when beets were grown without fertilizer.
(c) The coefficient of purity was slightly decreased by the use of commercial fertilizers.
(d) The size of beets was increased.
(e) The use of 500 lbs. of fertilizer was attended with profit of . nearly five dollars an acre, but the profit decreased when more was used. When 1,500 lbs. and more were used, there was an actual loss.
(f) The cost of growing one acre of sugar beets at Fayetteville was $28.20, not including cost of seed, fertilizer and marketing.
(2) The effect of stable manure upon yield and quality of beets was shown in the following ways: |
(a) The yield was increased in every case, the average increase being 8,720 lbs. an acre.
(b) The percentage of sugar was increased an average of 1.5 per cent. ) |
(c) The coefficient of purity was increased an average of 1.6.
(d) The size of beets was decreased an average of 2 3-4 ounces.
(e) The use of 20 tons of stable manure per acre furnishes very much more plant food than do 500 lbs. of the commercial fertilizer used, but it is not all available at once.
(3) In growing beets at different distances apart in the rows, the nearer the beets were in the row the smaller they grew in size, and the smaller yield they gave per acre.
I. COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS IN GROWING SUGAR BEETS.
INTRODUCTION.
In 1897 this Station undertook no experiments in the growing of sugar beets except those carried out on the Station farm. Some analyses of miscellaneous samples grown by various farmers in different parts of the State were made and published in Bulletin
New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 433
No. 135, but the data obtained from such analyses possessed small value, owing to the fact that little was known about the detailed conditions under which the beets were grown.
It was decided to undertake during the season of 1898 a num- ber of experiments in cooperation with carefully selected, repre- sentative farmers in several different counties. It has been the object of these cooperative experiments to study with- care the following points:
(1) The yield, composition and cost of sugar beets grown in various parts of the State under known conditions.
(2) The effect of the use of commercial plant-foods upon the _ yield of beets, their composition, size, cost, ete.
We publish separately a summary of the analyses of a large number of samples of beets that have been sent us for analysis, about which we have little or no knowlege in regard to the con- ditions of growth.
The Station has carried on a special line of investigation on the Station farm, the detailed results of which will be presented and discussed by themselves.
The cooperative work was carried on at one or more places, in ten different counties as follows: Three places in Oneida county; two places each in Madison, Onondaga, Wayne and Cayuga counties; and one place in Oswego, Schuyler, Ontario, Seneca and Cortland counties. All the work is not reported here, because some crops were failures and some of those co- operating failed to carry out instructions in keeping records that could be used. The size of plats used varied from one-tenth to _ one-fifth of an acre. The beet seed and the fertilizer were fur- nished by the Station. Immediate direction of the work was exercised as far as possible through the personal supervision given by Mr. Geo. A. Smith on the part of the Station.
In making analysis of the beets, 20 or more beets were used in securing a sample, as the analysis of this number was found much
28
434 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF Fretp Crops OF THE
more nearly to represent the average than did the analysis of only two beets. . ; The results of our cooperative work will be presented in the following order: I. Tabulated statement of general results. If. Explanatory notes. Ill. Yield of beets. IV. Percentage of sugar in beets. V. Coefficient of purity. VI. Size of beets. VII. Cost of growing sugar beets. VIII. Money value of crop. IX. Profit and loss in growing sugar beets. X. The influence of fertilizers in growing sugar beets.
I. GENERAL RESULTS.
TABLE [.— STATEMENT OF GENERAL RESULTS.
Beets
SS trimmed Fe s go 3
Name and address =US and Costof Costof Sugar 37S 22m
of grower. £2% washed Deeks 4 ere hone e225 Smee
5 = 3 orn per acre per ton. eets. 335 o car
Lbs. — Lbs. $ $ Per ct. Ounces. 1, elu Brides c.e. 0 19,820 99.86 10.00 15.6 87.38 12
Solsville ..-...... 500 22,1380 105.86 9.56 15.6 86.1 12%
Madison Co. . -... 750 26,535 108.86 8.22 14.8 86.2 12%
2 ISAAC Je nOlark) 35, of 0 30,400 45.14 . 2.97 18.8 81.5 14% Waterville....... 500 26,695 51.14 38.84 14.4 82.2 18 Oneida Co... .... %50 28,050 54.14 3.86 15.2 88.2 19
3: erry. W., Clark... 0 382,280 89292> "5257 1659 ene eml ae Marcellus ....:... 500 33,000 95:92 B80! 15. 0b S2e2 aay Onondaga Co..... 750 385,820 98.92 5.52 14.7 84.3 18 Ae Sor El. AVIS fesre ai 0 12,350 57.44 9.30 14.6 80:0 i838 Cazenovia ....... 500 16,530 63.44 7.67 16.0 84.2 12 Madison Co; = =2..- 750) 17,530 66.44 7.58 15.4 84.0 11 5. Walter Elden .... 0 14,440 45.40 6.29. 17.2 82.4 23 Camden, 20-2 ces 500 18,060 ay hee: Opera gos while Th: ets ate 247/ Oneida. Cox sews 750 16,230 54.40) 627 0N 15-7 80.83 222 6. Geo. P. Elliott ... 0 19,100 31.445 5°3592 = 1478 S0MekeS Central Square... 500 17,430 43.44 5.00 14.7 79.2. 15
Oswego Co....... 750 19,810 46.44 4.69 18.6 78.1 20
New York AGRICULTURAL Exprrmment STATION.
Taare I — Continued.
435
g 2 trimmed Bes go 9 Name and address 299 and Cost of Costof Sugar 3Es SEeN of grower. gS" washed — per'acre, perton. beets, Gar Saez fi © per acre. pecs) eet Lbs. Lbs. $ $ Per ct. Ounces eich MKINS! cer... 6 O 15,200 SO DOE moa2Os ela Si Soi 1 SOUS jae vast 500 15,340 45.50 5.98 14.3 79.9 17% Wayne Co. . 750 20,3830 48.50 4.77 15:1 82.5 18 8. Cyrus E. Fitch ... O 14,190 SiO eae: 17.1 84.5 10% Wolcott .. 500 22,380 43.20 3.86 16.9 86.0 15 Wayne Co. . 750 238,510 46.20 3.93 fle 86cm leg 9. A. H. Goodrich Nye 0 19,110 59.96 5.47 17:6 85.0) 12; Oakwood . ee 2 DOO 27,930 58.26 °° 4.17 “1734 “84-1 (16 Cayuga Co. 760 29,640 61.26 4.14 16.3 85.9 16 10. Chas. W. Ingalls .. 0 52,920 hoe OO 206) ae LOD sa 2h heal Wiatkinse? 322.2... 500 55,820 78.96 2.88 10.8 73.4 19 Schuyler Co...... 750 58,990 SOG Ze 2 Aes |. G0) eG 11. Chas. W. Ingalls ... Ome a 220 (AZOSE 2G well 8 4 Ore IVE EKATTS big aiveteustecses 500 53,910 (WMeOS. 42786. 212.4 5°75. 5 aS Schuyler Co. ..... 750 56,410 80208", 2284 F100 7272.5. 16 12. W. S. Parrish . : 0 389,160 72200) 3368) 144 80.27.2056 Canandaigua ..... 500 40,010 TS200e. 83290" (1523. (82.47 119 Ontario Co... 750 39,730 81,00! 4.08 15.0) 82).2 — 19 18. Alfred Rapplye .. 0 25,480 Soot e621 6s4 ee SO Le sal WaARIMCRY coors ts ak 500 31,290 Donoso OOM Lb eA St Gea Seneca Co... 750 31,780 42.34 2.66 16.0 83.9 18% 14. D. B. Satterly .... O 16,640 58.56 7.04 14.7 81.9 13% WOCKetesies eee 500 — 15.8 84.4 14 Cayuga Co....... 750 25,640 67.56 5.27 14.5 86.6 18 lye Grae pauree S00 0 8,670 89.20 9.05 13.8 85.6- 11 Marathon ...... 500 138,000 45.20 7.00 14.38 85.6 14% Cortland Co. .... 750 138,540 48.20 7.10 18.38- 82:9 12% AG GsIStook i546 0 15,740 34,420 '3,88— ibnG, (Sond mile WETONG sec eeicl. « DOOL 2055 40.42 3.98) 14.9 -83:0 16 Oneida Co....... 750 21,475 43.42) 4504 1471 84.3 AG Neer Gas Ol! yi.ecetieis.s 0 15,680 47.04 6.00 15.5 86.4 5 Baldwinsville . . 500 26,690 58.04 3.98 14.9 85.5 8 Onondaga Co. . 750 26,9380 56.04 4.16 18.8 85.5 8%
II. EXPLANATORY NOTES.
(1) L. R. Bridge.
The high cost was due to the fact that the weeding was not done soon enough and this needlessly added
to the cost over $20 an acre.
growing hops.
The crop was healthy.
The soil was previouly used for
436 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF Fietp CROPS OF THE
(2) Isaac J. Clark. Corn was grown on soil previous year. The crop was well cared for and was healthy.
(3) Perry W. Clark. The soil was rich, having been used previously for growing teazels. The crop was well cared for and free from disease.
(4) S. H. Davis. In some spaces there were no beets and the crop was somewhat affected by the hot, dry weather; hence, the low yield. The crop received good care and clean culture.
- (5) Walter Elden. The land was stony and the soil firm. The culture was good. The low yield on the plat received 750 pounds fertilizer was due to the fact that the ground in this place was wet. Took out every other row on other plats. This ac- counts for large size of beets.
(6) Geo. P. Elliott. Soil occupied by corn previous year. Beet crop healthy, and well cared for, but there were many spaces not occupied by beets.
(7) W. F. Filkins. Soil was a peculiar sandy loam, oceupied by oats previous year. The crop was healthy and received good care, but was not uniform.
(8) Cyrus E. Fitch. Soil was a good sandy loam, previously used for raspberries. The first sowing was a failure, owing to sowing too deep. The second sowing pierces an wneven crop. The crop received excellent care.
(9) A. H. Goodrich. Soil was a sandy loam, previously oc- cupied by corn. The first sowing on the unfertilized plat did not come up and a second sowing had to be made. The crop received good culture and was healthy.
(10) Chas. W. Ingalls. The soil was muck, previously used in growing cabbage, and had never been fertilized. Crop re- ceived good culture and was healthy. The soil was probably over- rich in nitrogen and so produced beets with low sugar content and purity.
(11) Chas. W. Ingalls. The soil was alluvial clay, previously occupied by corn, and had never been fertilized. Crop received good culture, but was more or less blighted. The leaves dried
New York AcricutruraL Experiment Srarion. 437
and then started to grow again, which probably accounts for the low sugar content and purity coefficient.
(12) W. S. Parrish. The soil was clay loam, occupied by corn previous year and manured previous fall with stable manure. Beet crop was healthy, well cared for and uniformly fine in ap- pearance.
(13) Alfred Rapplye. The soil was clay loam, occupied by oats previous year and seeded. The crop received good culture, was healthy and uniform.
(14) D. B. Satterly. The soil was gravelly loam, previously used for potatoes. The crop started well and was then partially washed out in places by heavy rains. The plat which received 500 pounds fertilizer was ruined by being washed out.
(15) G. P. Squires & Son. The soil was clay loam, occupied by corn in previous year. Beets came up very unevenly. The crop received good culture and was healthy.
(16) L. G. Stock. The soil was a gravelly loam, used for potatoes preceding year. The stand of beets was fairly good, but - the crop was affected by leaf spot.
(17) A. C. Toll: The soil was good, sandy loam, used for tobacco the previous year. The crop was healthy and the culture excellent.
III. YIELD OF BEETS.
The yield of beets, trimmed and washed, varied from 8,670 pounds to 58,990 pounds an acre and averaged 26,720 pounds. In several cases the low yield was due to an uneven stand of beets; in one case, to leaf spot; and in one case, to heavy rains. Under the conditions, taking all the results, we may regard the yield of over 13 tons of trimmed and washed beets per acre as a very good average.
IV. PERCENTAGE OF SUGAR IN BEETS.
The percentage of sugar in beets varied from 10.1 to 18.5 per cent and averaged 15.5 per cent. The lowest percentages were
438 Report or THE DEePARTMENT OF FIELD Crops OF THE ;
given in one case by beets grown on muck soil, and in another case by beets that put out a second growth of leaves.
V. COEFFICIENT OF PURITY.
The “ coefficient of purity” is the proportion or percentage which the sugar forms of the total solids in the juice. The non- --sugar solids prevent crystallization of sugar to some extent. Therefore, the larger the amount of sugar in comparison with the other solids, the larger will be the proportion of sugar in the beet that will crystallize out and be obtained in manufacture. The higher the coefficient of purity, the more valuable the beet for economical sugar production. For a more detailed explanation, the reader is referred to Bulletin No. 135, pp. 556-557. —
In the various beets examined in our cooperative work the co- efficient of purity varied from 72.5 to 87.3 and averaged 82.3. The lowest degree of purity accompanied the lowest content of sugar and was due to the same causes.
VI. SIZE OF BEETS.
The weight of beets analyzed and varied from 5 to 27 ounces and averaged 15.7 ounces. Within these limits, the increase of size did not apparently exercise any marked or definite influence
upon either the percentage or purity of sugar.
Vil. THE COST OF GROWING SUGAR BEETS.
Each farmer cooperating in the work was furnished with necessary blanks and was requested to keep an accurate account of all labor of different kinds expended upon the plats of sugar beets and also to state the value of the labor. In all cases ex- cept one this was done, the total labor cost alone without items being reported in this single instance.
In considering the results presented below, the following state- ments should be kept in mind:
(1) The amount, kind and cost of labor employed differed very widely, as reported by different experimenters.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 439
(2) The highest reported cost was due to neglect in not weed- ing the beets in time. This ought to afford a good object lesson as to the necessity of prompt and sufficient culture of the crop.
(3) In most cases, the work was carried on with whatever ap- pliances happened to be on hand and in few cases was any special form of machine or tool used to save hand labor.
(4) The cost of growing beets on quarter-acre plats 1s neces- sarily more expensive in proportion than in case of beets grown - onacommercial scale. The larger the acreage, the smaller should be the cost per acre.
(5) If farmers were to charge against any farm crop in the
same detailed way the various items of cost in growing, the re- sults would undoubtedly show quite as much to their disadvan- tage as to that of sugar beets. _ (6) While the figures presented below are of service in show- ing what the cost of sugar beets may be when the work is car- ried on without special appliances and without previous experi- ence, and while they show what this crop is apt to cost farmers when they first undertake to grow it, the figures do not repre- sent the cost of sugar beets grown under favorable conditions, where labor-saving appliances are used and where the grower has acquired experience in growing beets most economically and in telligently.
According to the returns made by those raising beets, it may be seen that the cost of growing one acre of sugar beets varied from $33.34 to $108.86 and averaged $59.87. This made the cost of one ton of sugar beets, trimmed and washed, vary from $2.60 to $10 and average $4.50. A careful analysis of the de- tailed data upon which these results are based shows that the amount and cost of labor varied greatly with different individuals.
(1) The number of hours of team labor employed per acre - varied from 5 to 44 and averaged 304. The estimated cost of team labor per hour varied from 15 to 30 cents and averaged 234 cents. The total cost of team labor employed varied from $2 to $13.40 an acre and averaged $7.
440 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD Crops OF THE
(2) In 8 cases the use of one horse is reported, varying in time from 63 to 70 hours an acre and averaging 21 hours, the estimated cost of which varied from 74 to 124 cents an ‘hour and averaged 103. The total cost for use of single horse varied from $0.60 to $7 and averaged $2.20 an acre.
(3) The number of hours of hand labor reported varied from 250 to 852 hours an acre and averaged 400 hours. The price of | hand labor varied from 3 cents to 124 cents an hour and averaged 102 cents. The total cost of hand labor varied from $25 to $92.06 and averaged $43.40. \
(4) The total cost of all kinds of labor employed varied from $33.34 to $108.86 and averaged $59.87 an acre. ;
VIII. MONEY VALUE OF CROP. ‘
The amount of money has been calculated that would be re ceived from an acre of beets, trimmed and washed, delivered at the factory, allowing $4 a ton for beets containing 12 per cent of sugar and having a purity coefficient of 7 9, and 25 cents a ton, more or less, for each per cent of sugar above or below 12. The amount of money thus received would vary from $18.42 to $95.86 and would average $63.46.
IX. PROFIT AND LOSS IN GROWING SUGAR BEETS.
In 26 cases the amount of money received from beets exceeded the cost of growing the crop by amounts varying from $1.19 to $37.11 an acre. In 25 cases there was a loss varying from 5 cents to $53.80 an acre. Averaging all the work done by the different experimenters on the different plats, the receipts exceeded the cost of growing the crop $4.04 an acre. In this connection the statements made above under cost of growing sugar beets must
be kept in mind.
X. THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS IN GROWING SUGAR BEETS. A fertilizer containing the following constituents was distributed among those taking part in the cooperative work: 1,000 pounds
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 444
of acid rock, 350 pounds of sulphate of potash, 450 pounds of dried blood, 200 pounds of nitrate of soda. ‘This mixture was applied at the rates of 500 pounds and 750 pounds an acre. The approxi- mate cost of this mixture was $24 a ton, which would make the cost of the fertilizer applied equal to $6 in one case and $9 in the other.
(1) Effect of fertilizers on yreld.— When 500 pounds of fertili- tilizer per acre were applied, the yield of beets, trimmed and washed, increased in 15 out of 17 cases. The increase of yield varied from 140 pounds to 9,010 pounds an acre. The average increase in all cases amounted to 3,874 pounds an acre.
The application of 750 pounds of fertilizer was accompanied by an increased yield in every case but one, as compared with the use ef no fertilizer. The increase of yield varied from 570 pounds to 11,790 pounds and averaged 5,264 pounds an acre.
As compared with the application of 500 pounds of fertilizer an acre, the application of 750 pounds was attended by an increase except in two cases. The increased yield varied from 240 pounds to 8,170 pounds and averaged 1,390 pounds an acre.
TABLE IJ.-—- EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD OF BEETS PER ACRE.
Fertilizer used. uae erie Bee Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Qe tees eee. et ys oe a eS 8,670 52,920 23,674 LUD tS 6 ee cn eeeaere ee nee ete aie: A ee Ve 13,000 55,820 27,548 TED cehtieeer taco ORES EERO CR aa ae 13,540 58,990 28,938
(2) Effect of fertilizers on percentage of sugar.— When 500 pounds of fertilizer an acre were applied, the sugar content of _ the beets increased in 9 cases and decreased in 8 cases, the general average remaining unchanged. With the application of 750 pounds an acre, the sugar increased in 4 cases and decreased in 13 cases, the average decrease being one-half of 1 per cent.
442 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF Fretp CRopPs OF THE
TABLE II].— EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON PERCENTAGE OF SUGAR IN BEETS,
Amount of sugar in beets. “~
Fertilizer used per acre. ——- onl
Lowest. . Highest. Average.
Lbs. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. QURRRNSHA Sichoce Giadieukuar'e ates ae retienielemes 10.1 18.5 15.7 BOO ReN Pas aus, «, cpbieet sic oie eve uars ttesercie to alee 10.8 1833 15.7
OO tatenoverayspetes lah steleisievs sopeuere Sto eee ta tote 10.7 18.0 15.2
(8) Effect of fertilizers on coefficient of purity — When 500 pounds of fertilizer an acre were used, the coefficient of purity increased in 8 acres and decreased in 9 cases, there being an average decrease of one-tenth. With 750 pounds of fertilizer, the coefficient of purity increased in 8 cases and decreased in 9 cases, there being an average increase of four-tenths.
TABLE IV.— EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON COEFFICIENT OF PURITY.
Coefficient of purity. Fertilizer used per acre.
Lowest Q Highest A Average.
Lbs. RISER e Rantice ancatiene ararcadne eietece cosa ege eae 72.5 87.3 82.2 BOOS ca ee: ir ronsyetevetete ete. ener vletenee nenelieucua oie 73.4 86.1 82.1 WO ahve sy kshece tints Ra Sioks econo em aeiers (2.5 86.6 82.6
The cost of beets per ton was increased in 8 cases and decreased in 9 cases by. the use of 500 pounds of fertilizer, there being an average decrease amounting to 22 cents a ton. The use of 750 pounds of fertilizer increased the cost in 8 cases and decreased it in 9 cases, the average cost being about the same as with 500 pounds. |
TABLE V.— EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON COST OF BEETS PER ACRE.
————
Cost of beets. Fertilizer used per acre. —-——
Lowest. Highest. Average.
Lbs. Ora Ta ee AoA SS eS ee $33 34 $99 86 $54 87 BOOM Sch eG Melba octacehe sateen tees 89 34 105 86 60 87
BLEND asa'o Ante ION. w oduct SOs «haath tant age panes take 42 34 108 86 63 87
\
New York AgqricutturaL ExprrimEent STATION. 443
(4) Effect of fertilizers on cost of beets— The use of 500 pounds of fertilizer increased the cost of beets about $6 an acre; and the use of 750 pounds, about $9.
TABLE VI.— EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON TONNAGE Cost OF BEETS.
Tonnage cost.
Fertilizer used per acre. ; re Lowest. Highest. Average,
Lbs. (0) Sob Ree eile bree heraciors wireetrt eeroeeere $2 62 $10 00 $4 64 BAC) (Derr ce ay -tsikeecchat eds lai waive tale tay crooner oi steees 2 60 9 56 4 42 eS rer eta et SMe By: efap peters ei ees se eysnaiaje ee tbe es 2 66 8 22 4 41
(5) Effect of fertilizers on money value of crop.— With the use of 500 pounds of fertilizer the money value of the crop in- creased in 14 out of 17 cases, the increase varying from 32 cents to $23.15 an acre and averaging $7.26. The use of 750 pounds, as compared with 500 pounds of fertilizer, increased the money value of the crop in 11 out of 17 cases, the amount of increase varying from 30 cents to $13.76 and averaging $2.61. The use of 750 pounds of fertilizer, as compared with no fertilizer, in- creased the value of the crop in 15 out of 17 cases, the increase varying from 65 cents to $23.94 and averaging $9.87.
The use of 500 pounds of fertilizer increased the average value of the crop enough to pay for the fertilizer used and leave $1.26 over. The use of 750 pounds of fertilizer increased the average value of the crop $9.87 or enough to pay for the fertilizer used and 87 cents mhore. Hence, the use of 750 pounds of fertilizer was attended with less profit than the use of 500 pounds.
TABLE VII.— EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON MONEY VALUE OF CROP.
Value of beets per acre.
Fertilizer used per acre. eS Meee =a Lowest. Highest. Average.
Lbs. MERE i oie ciao 000 <8 o-oo, dw uw pe emapeiehebes $18 42 $83 23 $44 39 IU ON eeetems rete ainumeveva:', ».0is.« scsjatata. «she metals 29 25 94 34 51 65
DD veo oc lk DR OCC SDD SIR BOISE ao acute 28 17 95 86 54 26
444 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE
Il. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF ALL ANALYSES OF SUGAR BEETS MADE DURING THE SEASON OF 1898.
There were analyzed at this Station, during the fall of 1898, 243 samples of sugar beets. The average percentage of sugar in the beets is 14.2, with a coefficient of purity of 85.
The results are given by counties, thirty-three of which are represented.
TABLE VIII.— COMPOSITION OF SUGAR BEETS GROWN IN 1898.
E ood D 22 . oy g 23 gs 888 8 County. a 2 3 Ti 2 A5 ga om g & Guys ge Per ct Per ct. Ozs
AIDAINY: picveiticces & ove 9 Lowest... 11.9 125 ROeZ Highest... 16.3 a2 83.3 24 Average.. 13.8 14.5 80.7 16 PANIES ANY. £ FP). .cte ie: 6 1 ee PPS Pad eer 1s) 16.1 83.9 18 CAVULA 2.0 hoe e oer 15 Lowest... 12e ieje 78.4 9 Highest... fale 18.5 88.8 31 Average... 15.2 16.0 84.8 ile Chautauqua ...:.. 9 Lowest... IES 12.4 79.8 a lik Highest... 16.00, 16.86) 38577 30 Average... 14.1 14.8 83.0 ie Ghemungii.,. atic sie Tha ee tet 16.1 16.9 82.0 30 Chenango) Gecce ssc 4 Lowest... 11.0 LG (a3 12 Highest... 14.2 14.9 83.5 16 Average... 12.9 13.6 81.6 13 COMMIS provers cress 3 Lowest... 7.4 7.8 64.1 7 Highest... ae 15.8 83.8 14 Average.. 12.0 26 77.0 10 Cortland’. cjicjaeiece 7 Lowest... 13.0 ISIS 78.5 10 Highest... 14.3 ia} 85.6 16 Avyerage.. 13.4 14.1 83.1 13
New York AGRICULTURAL ExprrIMENT STATION. 445
t
TABLE VIII — Continued.
E § a8. Bash Oe
4 ae ano County. ae Zo 7A SBA 33 oR, 3 S c=) or) : So had |) Se ean eae LA Ra) RN Bey AMY ee Per ct Per ct. Z Ozs. PD ITECHES Saetene crass Aes cycpch tevacere 9.4 9. 70.1 20 “GPCCNE™ Scio sas oa 2 Lowest... 1220 12.6 75.0 17 Highest... 16.1 16.9 81.7 23 Average.. 14.1 14.8 78.3 20 Perkimel 2. fo. vee 4 Lowest... i boa GEE 80.6 7 Highest... 17.4 18.3 86.0 25 Average.. af ab 14.8 83.8 15 EMETANOM Yitaders oe 54 Lowest... 8.5 8.9 69.5 8 Highest... 19.0 20.0 89.0 32 Average.. 13.6 14.3 83.5 20 AGG WAS ic sts. ass Edens 13 Lowest... 10.4 iO (Gigi 8 Highest... 15.0 15.8 Sinn 23 Average... 1353 14.0 80.4 17 MAGISON 504 coves 9 Lowest... 14.3 15. 84.1 12 Highest... 15.6: 16.4 90.0 2 Average.. 15.0 15.8 86.3 15 NFONTOC! Seite cs ie se Dns vouste rete teher cies 12.8 13.5 80.1 23 Montgomery ...... 3 Lowest... 13.2 1SE9 79.1 27 : Highest... 14.2 14.9 81.4 33 Average... 12.6 14.3 80.3 30 MUTICIGA Ae packets ianans 18 Lowest... 12.8 14.5 80.3 14 Highest... a hy dea | 18.0 89.1 24 Average.. 15.4 16.2 84.3 19 @nondaed 5. e..e'. 386 Lowest... 11.4 12.0 76.7 4 Highest... 19.6 20.6 STE 31 Average.. 15.0 15.8 §2.4 14 OULATIONS ct ccaces 3 58 Lowest... 10.4 10.9 11.4 10 Highest... 18.5 19.5 89.8 31 Average.. 14.7 15.5 84.1 17
446 Report oF THE DrraRTMENT OF FIELD CROPS OF THE
TABLE VIII — Continued.
' 35 a (ede) ce a8 oak. BES County. 2 ig sea ae ra oS o € : BY Curae whee A i) wn iS) 3 : Per ct. Per ct. OS WEZO Braseieusteteceters re 6 Lowest... et, 13.4 als} Highest... 14.8 15.6 82.5 Average.. 14.0 14.7 Ts OTSCL Olas ee cain tone 5 Lowest... 18.5 14.2 82.2 Highest... 16.9 17.8 84.9 Average.. 15.0 15.8 83.4 Schenectady ...... 4 Lowest... 11.3 iakes) 81.3 Highest... 1323 14.0 86.4 Average.. 127.5 Lone 83.8 Schoharie: 222... 12 Lowest... 16 122 78.3 Highest... 20.2 Pilea 85.8 Average.. 15.9 16.7 82.5 SChwmyleni sites sete sis 14 Lowest... 9.5 10. (20 Highest... 12.8 13.5 78.6 Average... alge 11.8 75.6 SENECA We 2 tierce clos one 6 Lowest... 14.7 15.5 80.1 Highest... 16.4 ayes eam 3 GES Average... 15.4 16.2 84.0 St. Lawrence ..... 2 Lowest... 15.6 16.4 85.1 Highest... 16.4 ie 86.6 Average... Gal! 16.9 85.9. Buttolk ccna wees 2 Lowest... 1352 13.9 87.4 Highest... 14.3 15.0 89.7 Average.. 13.8 14.5 ~ 88.5 EDO Gee Naloregehavelstelorone De aratheree miei 12.6 13.3 82.7 OSTEO wrens eieners es 4 Lowest... 14.6 15.4 80.1 Highest... Way Gr 16.0 85.4 Average.. 14.9 ibys T¢ 83.1 Washington ...... 5 Lowest... 14.8 EO) 85.4 Highest... 16.2 WA) 86.9
Average... 14.8 15.6 86.2
Weight of one beet.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 447
TABLE VIII — Concluded.
beet. OL,
: g 28g *s Xp A 5 Qos para) County. rt a P ag z oF ie a 2 2 Bp SoC og
a n D 'S) i=
Pe ct Per ct. WVIVATOS. De ciecipte en aie 24 Lowest... 11.6 AED 79.9 8 Highest... IFA 18.2 89.3 24 Average... 14.7 15.5 84.7 16 WOU). sys 6 Si 5 Lowest... 123 12.9 80.0 11 Highest... AeA 18.0 86.0 20 Average.. 14.1 14.8 84.0 1y/ TRESS Soeidiaaso goede 6 Lowest... 13.4 14.1 82.2 9 Highest... 16.2 TiO 87.0 17 A Average.. 15.0 15.8 84.5 13 Total of season’s
results ....... 343 Lowest... 7.4 7.8 64.1 4 Highest... 20.2 21.2 90.0 54 Average.. 14.2 15.0 85.2 17
III. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO SUGAR BEETS.
A series of experiments was planned to be carried out on the Station farm for testing certain questions relating to sugar beets, and the cooperation of Mr. F. EK. Dawley was secured in dupli- cating the work on his farm at Fayetteville. These experiments were designed to study the following points:
(1) Effect of different quantities of commercial plant-foods upon yield and quality of sugar beets.
(2) Effect of stable manure upon the yield and quality of sugar beets.
(3) Effect of growing sugar beets at different distances apart in the row upon their yield and quality.
In addition to this work, the Station raised beets from special varieties of seeds at the request of, and in cooperation with, Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief of Division of Chemistry, United States De- partment of Agriculture.
\
448 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD Crops OF THE
I. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF COMMERCIAL PLANT- FOODS UPON YIELDS AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS.
The plats used in the experiments occupied about one-twelfth of an acre at the Station and about one-sixteenth of an acre at Mr. Dawley’s farm. All figures given in the tables, and all discus- sions are based upon the results calculated to one acre.
The following mixture of plant-food materials was employed in these experiments: Two hundred pounds of nitrate of soda, 200 pounds of dried blood, 450 pounds of acid rock, and 150 pounds of sulphate of potash. This was applied at the rate of 500 pounds, 1,000 pounds, 1,500 pounds, and 2,000 pounds an acre at the Station and in the same quantities, except that of 2,000 pounds, at Fayetteville. In each place two sets of experiments were car- ried on. /
TABLE [X.— RESULTS oF APPLYING COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN GROWING Suaar BEETS.
S28 =e zs B25 Z eee Se Hee 2 a> Ba Amount of fer- a 5.2 s 20 © . Place of experi- tilizer used. vals iy ies es ment. og 5 Ge 3-N sag ae o5 Fa fe) a om >Os val 16) < Lbs. Lbs. Per ct. Ozs. A eteeicustet ate eieie 20,425 Leyes 85.2 16% Station. EO aotartet lesete tare 21,375 15.6 85.7 16% Station. DOOM Asie 27,140 14.5 86.0 15 Station. OOO str eterereve ators 26,928 14.4 83.6 20 Station. AE ODO istayareacrc ete icuses 26,250 14.7 85.4 16 Station. ZEON Sein toiskareadere 23,822 14.3 84.5 17 Station. TP OO OMe eel actsiee 27,920 14.9 85.8 15% Station. PHOOO eet ecereio's 22,0%3 15.0 85.6 16% _ Station. PAQOOIE. 5 here sateen © 27,875 17.0 Sie 13% _ Station. Oe ecieie cack 18,585 15.4 81.6 121%, Fayetteville. Queene ese 17,740 ICG 85.0 9 Fayetteville. BO OE. cera 23,373 1522 Coreen 141% Fayetteville. HOD cA. a-<,ctess oes 24,075 14.3 79.8 164% Fayetteville. ROOD cia Sieesh stcse tse 24,220 14.5 78.3 13144 Fayetteville. NOOO wae care h eines 24,220 1529 81.3 10 Fayetteville. AP HOO ni at aivis eth cre 26,890 15.3 80.1 18% Fayetteville. MPO Catsianspevetegers > 26,330 ye 19.7
13% Fayetteville.
New York AgqricutturaL Experiment STarion. 449
(1) Effect of fertilizers on yield.— The use of commercial fer- tilizer increased thie yield of beets in every instance. In the Sta- tion experiments, it is noticeable that the same amount of fertilizer on different plats gave widely varying results. Thus, with 500 pounds of fertilizer, we obtained in one case 21,375 pounds of beets and in the other case over 27,000 pounds. In the Fayette- ville work, the agreement in results on duplicate plats was much closer. In the Station work the highest average yield from du- plicate plats was given when 1,000 pounds of fertilizer were ‘used. In the Fayetteville work the largest yield. was given with 1,500 pounds of fertilizer, the yield increasing with increased application of fertilizer.
Averaging all the results, we can make the following statements:
(a) When 500 pounds of fertilizer per acre were used, the in- creased yield of beets, trimmed and washed, varied from 950 pounds to 6,715 pounds and averaged 4,700 pounds.
(b) When 1,000 pounds of fertilizer per acre were used, the in- creased yield of beets, as compared with the use of no fertilizer, varied from 5,825 pounds to 6,500 pounds and averaged 6,110 pounds.. As compared with the yield obtained by use of 500 pounds of fertilizer, the use of 1,000 pounds gave an average in- erease of 1,400 pounds. |
(c) When 1,500 pounds of fertilizer were used, the increased yield of beets, as compared with the use of no fertilizer, varied from 3,400 pounds to 8,730 pounds and averaged 6,950 pounds. As compared with 500 pounds of fertilizer, there was an increased yield of 2,250 pounds; and as compared with 1,000 pounds of fer- tilizer, an increased yield of 835 pounds.
(d) When 2,000 pounds of fertilizer were used, the increased yield of beets varied from 1,648 pounds to 7,450 pounds and aver- aged 5,680 pounds. ‘The increased yield of beets was about 1,000 pounds more than when 500 pounds of fertilizer were used; but
29
450 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF FIELD Crops OF THE
the use of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer gave a smaller actual yield of beets than did the use of 1,000 pounds and 1,500 pounds of fer- iilizer. It is possible that the use of so large quantities of fertilizer may have affected the seed.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD OF BEETS.
NGM bee Yield per acre. Fertilizer used per acre. HLrveExperi-- ao Ieee ee ra a ments. Lowest. Highest. Average. net
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Oe veiaieicy cccietes loro e cp site 3 17,740 20,425 = or) 1OF294 se aieteeneieh= BOO Marsiaevelsic stesso revere sie 4 21,375 27,140 23,990 4,696 TOO Fa aitackts Se aes eke 4 24,220 26,928 25,405 6,111 ISO) Os peocts citcdontc 4 23,822 27,920 26,240 6,946 PUM Se Gabo oudodo sic ox 2 22,0738 27,875 24,974 5,680
(2) Effect of fertilizers on percentage of sugar.— The general effect of applying fertilizers was to decrease slightly the percent- age of sugar in beets. As between the application of 500 pounds, 1,000 pounds and 1,500 pounds of fertilizer, the average percent- age of sugar remained the same. With 2,000 pounds there was an
increased percentage of sugar.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS UPON PERCENTAGE OF | SuGAR IN BEETS.
Number Amount of sugar in beets. Fertilizer used per acre. of experi- — — -— + —_— - oat ments. Lowest. Highest. Average. Lbs. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Onaaiene ole clone rol sicistostesectateher Sofageretetene 3 15.2 17.2 15.9 HOM See com ctameSoucen add ocoraode S 4 14.3 15.6 14.9 MOODS BE cate ctatouas arels Oreretetketeietererete 4 14.4 15.9 14.9 ELIAS (DO) so cere sey Site, cte sa oun al sitialloaetsi@) erento matenets 4 14.3 15.3 14.9 PEDO Orapretare aicne rar eno verte Carers: suena ole tele ioreh 2 15.0 a (L 16.0
(3) Effect of fertilizers on coefficient of purity.— The influ- ence of fertilizers upon the coefficient of purity showed a slight decrease up to and including 1,500 pounds of fertilizer. The use of 2,000 pounds was attended with an increase in the coefficient
New York AgqricurturaALt Experiment Sration. A451
of purity. In the Station experiments the coefficient of purity was .little affected; in the Fayetteville experiments, the co- efficient of purity was lowered by using fertilizers.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS UPON COEFFICIENT OF
PURITY.
Number Coefficient of purity. Fertilizer used per acre. of experi- —. a —-— FF ments. Lowest. Highest. Average.
Lbs.
OMe ye atehcca ictal via¥oue wvayerars Since seve sietelae 3 81.6 85.2 83.9 BLO) « cosgicnciuo oe Srrekinks epic eaite weantC ‘ 4 Teak 86.0 82.1 HU (NO aa aD ef ecticecite er sue Scyersie we ieee sees 4 78.3 85.4 82.1 MRRP ctemnt scr chrd. ory. csK es csc a's eiu'e nie anes 4 19.7 {oa ee Be oe tea OUND * cag caag ere OCR NOIA AAC Cee RCE TERRES 2 85.6 87.1 86.3
(4) Hffect of fertilizers on cost of crop.— 'The.use of 500 pounds of fertilizer increased the cost of beets $6.50 an acre; 1,000 pounds, $18 an acre; 1,500 pounds, $19.50 an acre; and 2,000 pounds, $26 an acre.
(5) Hffect of fertuizers upon money value of crop.— Averag- ing our results we find that the use of 500 pounds of commercial fertilizer increased the yield of beets enough to pay for the fer- tilizer used and leave $4.65 over. With larger amounts of fertili- zer there was less profit, and above 1,000 pounds there was an
actual loss. ~
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT oF FERTILIZERS UPON MonEY VALUE OF CROP.
Fertilizer used per ooo S$ —-—— acre. Profit
Lowest. Highest. Average. Increase. fromuseof fertilizer.
Lbs. ieereievcrel cuore celcos seve $42 138 $48 50 pila SPS. 5 Gieio Bice ca tac OO pee oe i Gicica sie 50 76 64 46 56 98 $11 16 $4 66 OMe eee seca sss BT 52 63 95° 60 33 14 51 151 LOG OO Ma iterateleteheve: Sb.eis ers 56 58 66 31 62 32 16 50 *3 00 POO UO rretreieisisie. aise 52 42 66 20 59 31 13 49 *12 51
* Loss.
452 Report or tHe DEPARTMENT oF FrELp Crops OF THE
(6) Cost of growing sugar beets.— Mr. Dawley reports the cost of growing one acre of sugar beets as $28.20, not including cost of fertilizer. His items are as follows:
Hitting PSTOUNG os ears see 'e cia © « eieiels. wise e's/.mteje= eioie =/9) 6 siatets iasn sUnisinie $5 20 ambi ove -sche RECS. PASS Ree, Ce cedatcvcte e) sie atevetene ole tavenonelereMavetehsteheley= 1b 765) Applying fertilizer 0... ci ewes cine ce econ caes nan eens ces 1 00 Ten times over with weeder ........--.2-ssccsccsscescsccnsas 4 50 OU Paria Bre SHS fog igrss tain cg wi oakac of rate Sta = =| = alana ores ey ere volar ef osavaaniis ae 5 25 Ona lois GogousooneoeenoDepGancnoooDoDcogns Matlin n Rani 3 00 Digging and topping ......... cece cee ee cece ccc eceee seer eeeces 7 50 $28 20
Die hyavaes iwe) iswihtORNOl Wadioagonnonn aboocoUbuD OOD ONoDOodOD USO DD 4 50 FUG EN) Reale AC nA SIRR ao Gmc oe donne GOL Go Doc oobabubigie.pibno'c $32 70
[The cost of 500 Ibs. of fertilizer would increase the cost to $384.70 or, including delivery at railroad, $39.20.]
II. EFFECT OF STABLE MANURE UPON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS.
This work was carried on at the Station and in duplicate at Fayetteville. Stable manure was applied at the rate of 20 tons . an acre. The different amounts of plant-food applied in this form would approximately equal 200 pounds of nitrogen, 100 pounds of phosphoric acid and 200 pounds of potash.
The stable manure was applied to the land in the spring. This method is commonly reported to increase the size of the beets at the expense of the percentage of sugar and purity coefficient. But in the work done both at the Station and at Fayetteville, the
very opposite effects were found.
New Yorx AgricurturaL Exrrerment Sration. 453
TABLE X.— RESULTS oF APPLYING STABLE MANURE IN GRowiINna SuGAR BEETS.
3: : O92 aa 8 ES 3 iene LA Te a er » 2S) 4 rates Peta : ‘ ; = = Q = ois e S Place zOf CES i- per acre. On 2 P ge 2.2 @ aa ga8 a Say Montes goreas H we é) < am Lbs. Per ct. Ozs. Ins 0)25 Coe ORrIOENe 20,425 15.2 85.2 16% 8 Station. 20 tons ...... 25,360 18.5 85.2 12 6 Station. POTCONS: ote... 29,340 WT EZ 86.2 13 8 Station. ZO) TONS hss. 28,690 16.4 86.7 15 10 Station. DOMCONS es escsxe © 27,100 ilsy7/ 85.2 11 6 Station. 20) tONS 2.205 28,354 1652, 85.7 12% 8 Station. Z20F CONS (001s e105 28,630 1.2 87.4 18 10 Station. ZOUTOMS, -e)s snc: 29,656 17.8 86.4 ila 6 Station. DO eTONS*/. 2.0412 29,533 17.9 87.7 14 8 Station. ZA OECODS ats -c rcv 31,944 he {6 87.8 12 10 Station. Oiab trois. a eoaieets 16,050 14.4 17.8 13% 8 Fayetteville. Ops Sere tals oi ss 18,022 15.5 82.0 16 8 Fayetteville. ZOMCONS eave 3 23,514 18.2 81.3 84% 8 Fayetteville. AAD LOLI eee 25,625 15.7 78.8 114% 8 Fayetteville. ZOMtONS) .. 5 6s 24,780 iso 1 78.0° 14% 8 Fayetteville. BOQ MUONS ie cscs 25,485 14535 ©" 79.0 11% 8 Fayetteville. 20 tons .«..... 27,034 1D .2 80.3 15% 8 Fayetteville. 17.9 8 Fayetteville.
AOMCONS erica < « 26,750 87.5 12%
(1) Effect of stable manure upon the yield of beets—— At the Station the application of 20 tons of stable manure per acre in- creased the yield 4,935 pounds to 11,520 pounds with an average increase of 8,310 pounds. At Fayetteville, the stable manure in- creased the yield of beets 6,480 to 10,000 pounds an acre with an average increase of 8,495 pounds. Taking an average of all the results, the yield increased 4,784 pounds to 13,214 pounds per acre, the average increase being 8,723 pounds.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT oF STABLE MANURE ON YIELD OF
BEETS. Amount of stable manure UNDE ppd Aid pth Sl cat el ee used per acre. 2 epee 4 Tien d - Lowest. Highest. Average. a ae Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. (Exe rctetrcugsc nce tis & f 3 16,050 20,425 LS TSOP ae eeteee
SAO MEUMASD oo, ae S's a as ois 15 23,514 31,944 27,450 8,720
454. Report or THE DEPARTMENT oF Firetp Crops OF THE
(2) Hffect of stable manure on percentage of sugar in beets.— At the Station the percentage of sugar was increased 0.5 to 3.2 per cent with an average increase of 2 per cent. At Fayetteville the use of stable manure increased the percentage of sugar in four cases and decreased it in two cases, there being an average increase of 0.7 per cent. Taking all the work at both places, there was an
average increase of 1.5 per cent of sugar.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFectT oF STABLE MANURE ON PERCENTAGE oF SUGAR IN BEETS.
Amount of stable manure used Pees Bie Onin praca meee ai iMelsv eX see ments. Lowest. Highest. Average.
Per ct. Per ct. Per cts
OO" 6 Seca bob odo tot co aoRAoo Reo CEO 3 14.4 15.5 gts | AY MOMS! Senco dane ddsod do0co0n 15 13.1 18.5 16.6
(83) Effect of stable manure on coefficient of purity.— In the Station experiments the coefficient of purity increased in every case except one when stable manure was used, the increase varying 0 to 2.6 and averaging 1.3. At Fayetteville, the coefficient of purity increased in three cases and decreased in three cases, there being an average increase of 0.9. Taking the work in both places, there was an average increase of 1.6.
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF STABLE MANURE UPON COEFFICIENT
oF PuRITY. Coefficient of purity. Amount of stable manure used per acre. - — x Lowest. Highest. Average. Ore ecrctoy cteaeretefenarelin ene interes em tacrote neeetons 77.8 85.2 82.6 ZO IOMS a)? sense taiceropseczenatsv one wocetoks lateretens tog 78.0 87.8 84.2
(4) Effect of stable manure on cost of crop.— It would be a conservative estimate to place the cost of stable manure at $2 a ton, including costs of drawing to field and applying. ‘The ap- plication of 20 tons would, therefore, cost $40 an acre.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 455
(5) Effect of stable manure upon money value of crop.— The use of 20 tons of stable manure per acre increased the money value of the crops $12 to $33.03, with an average increase of $21.80. In no instance was the increase of crop equal to the cost of manure applied. In this connection, however, ought to be con- sidered the fact that the plant-food in the stable manure would not be completely used in one season. If its effects were continued through two or three seasons, there would be some profit from its
use.
III. COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND STABLE MANURE IN THE GROWING OF SUGAR BEETS.
It will be a matter of interest to consider briefly side by side some of the average results obtained in growing beets with the use of commercial fertilizers and stable manure. For this pur- pose we will use only the results obtained with 500 pounds of commercial fertilizer.
AMOUNTS OF PLANT-FooD APPLIED IN THE COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER AND IN THE STABLE MANURE USED.
oS as q be og 258 ro eae S29 p==t= 30 3 Ee “ss qoH qua Le | Ll Lbs. Lbs INSIDE OFXEIG pales Cin: he Senin Oto DUR Gea kea ro bing SOMOS 21 200 IBHOSDNOTI Cs ACIGE™ ara. eterae gas sas /sia,5 wipteeleiees vie es 36 100
ERO teUS paranoia se. che: ARE o os Gik, ohahe SaNeMeaa tS acai sore 38 200
It will be seen that the stable manure applied to one acre con- tained about ten times as much nitrogen, three times as much phosphoric acid, and five times as much potash, as did the 500 pounds of commercial fertilizer used. . It is safe to assume that one-third of the stable manure was irailable for the crop’s use, which would furnish the crop three times as much nitrogen, the same amount of phosphoric acid, and twice as much potash as was furnished by 500 pounds of the commercial fertilizer.
456 Rerorr of tHE Department oF Fretp Crops or THE
TABULATED STATEMENT SHOWING SUMMARY OF COMPARISON OF RESULTS OB- TAINED WITH STABLE MANURE AND COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
2 a BE
oe) ° 36 e 2p Fertilizer used per acre. aS a oe 38 P =i
cigs s 3
val a is)
Lbs, Per ct.
INOMGUS: aoe rec ote OE ee Macho ore oie ve 18,060 15.5 82.3 500 lbs. commercial fertilizer ...... 23,990 14.9 82.1 84.2
20 tons stable manure .-2.5........ 27,450 16.6
IV. EFFECT OF GROWING BEETS AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES APART . IN-THE ROW.
The Station carried on three parallel sets of experiments to study the effect of growing beets at different distances apart in the row. The detailed data are given in the table on page 369. We summarize these results as follows:
TABULATED SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT oF GROWING BEETS AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES APART IN Row.
i] w ys A a 3 ous & 3 n ~ se) Oo $ 3 aS ae Distance between beets Ss = me . 2 3 in rows. oe ma a So be sey a7 8 TH 3) s On Su ae 3 s os -OSs a n oP < Inches. Lbs. Per ct. Ozs. Gia sieves eho leisve, haocteleie (a sestye 27,372 Wis3 85.6 114% SMES eee e alcfenteabave: momen tenets 29,076 ale(pal 86.5 13 A heviste cb arotosece:atatete oreo sia 29,756 alfieal ; 87.3 13%
With increase in distance between beets in the row notice an increase in yield, coefficient of purity and size of be:‘s, with little change in the percentage of sugar.
e Vv. TEST OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUGAR BEETS.
The United States Department of Agriculture furnished the Station with several varieties of beet seed with the request that
New York AcricutturaL Exrrertment Station. 457
these be grown on the Station farm. The results are given in the table below:
TABLE XI.— RESULTS OBTAINED AT STATION FARM IN GROWING DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUGAR BEETS.
3 =§ Eos ro) Aas ores gue 3 i eee BS5 Rs) ® ban Name of variety. 5 ae 9.0 Sh So Weave ise Se | GB oft hs es
Per ct Ozs. Lbs Kleinwanzlebener (Baumeier’s) .... 14.5 83.0 2014 24,620 Kleinwanzlebener (Schlitte Co.).... 13.8 79.7 17 23,890 Kleinwanzlebener (Vilmorin) ...... 11.6 81.5 17% 42,486 Kleinwanzlebener* (Rice) ......... 1 AT 81.9 16 27,190 TPZSCHKES~ Mii t@ way. ' sicssicvs seis = Srerstovens 14.2 84.1 19% 43,736 Vilmorin’s French Very Rich....... 14.7 84.6 19 27,120 Vilmorin’s Improved (Schlitte Co.).. 14.7 Som 16 26,136 Vilmorin’s White (Russian grown).. 12.0 79.8 17% 22,050 ACTANFEN (StADACS) x <.5.0 2.0 s sje) 'ets)s vies 14.3 81.2 16 25,256
* American grown seed from Jerome B. Rice, Cambridge, N. Y.
Ree PO RT
OF THE
HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
S. A. Bracn, M. S., Horticulturist. WenbDELL Pappock, B. S., First Assistant.
OC. P. Cross, B. &., ‘Assistant.
TasBLE oF CoNTENTS.
(1) A comparison of soil mixtures for forcing head lettuce.
(1I)-Experiments with commercial fertilizers in forcing head lettuce.
(III) Variety tests of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries. (IV) Experiments in ringing grape vines. ' (V) Self-fertility of the grape. -(VI) Cherries: Lutovka and Bruesseler Braun.
OY =) PERSE
5 ahs
REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
I. A COMPARISON OF SOIL MIXTURES Por FORCING BAD EETLUeH*
S. A. Bracu.
SUMMARY.
Tests of different soil mixtures for forcing head lettuce have been continued for three winters. A medium clay loam with various proportions of stable manure and sand, pure sand with manure, and a very light sandy loam with manure have been tried.
The clay loam with a heavy application of stable manure gave the best results. :
The light sandy loam with heavy application of stable manure was least satisfactory.
On pure sand with a good dressing of stable manure the lettuce made a vigorous growth, but the heads were less firm and the _ texture more delicate than with the lettuce which was grown on the clay loam.
INTRODUCTION.
Some investigations were begun at this Station in the autumn of 1895 for the purpose of observing the influence of different soil mixtures on the earliness, texture, shape and size of lettuce grown under glass. The tests have been continued for three winters and four crops have been grown.
* Reprint from Bulletin No. 146,
462 Report oF THE HorrTIcULTURIST OF THE
_ A soil mixture which had been used for forcing lettuce with good results, composed of 3 parts rotted sod from a clay loam, 1 part sand and 1 part stable manure, was at first compared with the other mixtures which were made from it by adding different amounts of sand. Insome later tests the amount of sand was still further varied or omitted entirely. In one case sand and stable manure alone were used without any loam. In another case a very light sandy loam was compared with the clay loam as a basis for the soil mixtures. Commercial fertilizers were also tried on some of the soils, both in combination with stable manure and alone.
DESCRIPTION OF FORCING HOUSE.
The experiments were conducted in an even-span, iron-frame structure 20 feet by 44 feet with sash bars 14 inches apart. The house extends east and west and has sash ventilators along the en- tire length of each side under the eaves and on either side of the ridge.
With Crop I the benches were 6 inches deep, outside measure- ment; with Crops Il, III and IV they were 12 inches deep. Crops I, II and III were watered entirely on the surface. Crop IV was principally subwatered through tile lying on the cemented — bottom of the bench.
The house is heated by 2 hot-water coils of 34-inch pipe ex- tending around it next to the wall. In the first experiment the side-benches were 34 inches wide with a space of about 2 inches between the benches and the wall, while 2 benches, each 38 inches wide, occupied the center of the house. All benches were 5 inches deep, inside measurements. The shade of the south purlin plate © interfered with a uniform exposure of the south side-bench to the light, and the heated air rising between the sides of the house and the side-benches made the soil dryer towards the wall than it was in those parts of the bench nearer the walk. For these rea- sons the house was fitted for Crop IV with center benches only. There were 2 of these each 6 feet 7 inches wide, separated trom
New York AGRICULTURAL ExprrRIMENT Srarion. 463
each other and from the sides of the house by walks. With this arrangement there were no pipes beneath or above any of the benches and the circulation of air and the exposure of all portions of the benches. to the light were more nearly uniform than they were with the former arrangement. Plate XLIII shows the in- terior arrangement for Crops II and III, and Plate XLIV shows the north bench as arranged for Crop IV.
The benches were divided into plats large enough to hold from 20 to 32 plants each, the plants being set 8 inches by 8 inches or eight inches by 9 inches apart. In each test three plats were com- monly assigned to each soil mixture. These were separated as widely as possible so that the different soils might be alike subject to any inequalities arising from varying conditions of light, heat and moisture in the different portions of the house.
GENERAL TREATMENT.
All plats under experiment were treated alike in all respects. The day temperature during the winter was commonly kept at from 55° to 60° F. and the night temperature from 45° to 50° F.
None but head lettuce was used. Salamander was selected for Crop I, the seed being purchased from a seed firm; for all sub- sequent tests Rawson’s New Hothouse was used, the seeds being purchased from the introducer of that variety. An account will be given hereafter of the various precautions which were taken to securing seedlings uniform in size and vigor. For some crops the seedlings were transplanted, but for others the seed was planted where the plant was to stand till it reached marketable condition. In every instance the seed was planted in the same soil and usually in the same plat in which the plant was to be matured. Repeated measurements of the plants were taken at different periods of growth so that the rate of growth on the different soils might be compared. When the plants reached prime marketable condition each one was weighed and with the later crop each plant was also rated according to its form, solidity, texture and general
464. REPoRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF TIIE
appearance and notes were made on the prevalence of tip burn and injury from diseases.
CROP I. WINTER 1895-6.
During the winter of 1895-1896 a soil mixture which had given good results in forcing lettuce at this Station, and which in this report will be called Soil 1, was compared with other soil mixtures which differed from it only in the increased amounts of sand which were added to them. Soil 1 was made of 1 part sand, by bulk, 1 part stable manure and 8 parts rotted sod from a clay loam found on the Station farm. The percentage, by weight, of the in- gredients of the different soil mixtures is shown in Table I.
’
TABLE I.— INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOIL USED FoR Lettuce Forcine.
(CROP I.) ae Chemical constituents. Ingredients. (Water-free samples.) Soil. ———_— —— st ——
Total Loam. Sand. Manue. Nitrogen. yal oes Potash. acid.
Per ct.» Per'ct. “Per ct- Pur ct. Per ct. Per ct.
iss ((orthte) “gocescouer 60. 20. VA MM OEe Me odor Po igococ eel (WVEIE INL) gel ot oirsintencto= 63.0 ° 26.3 UD St 0.181 0.161 0.222 27 (weight) <2... <0. 49.1 42.4 8.5 0.161 0.109 Omi Sh (Qld tte) canidiadows 41.3 eT 7.0 0.121 0.085 0.090
The loam was prepared by piling sod in alternate layers with stable manure and allowing it to become pretty well rotted so that it was rich, friable and filled with “ fibre.” The sand was clean and sharp. The manure was fairly well rotted horse manure.
Sample of these soils were given to Mr. W. H. Andrews, assist-_ ant chemist, for analysis. His report of the percentages of nitro- gen, phosphoric acid and potash, as determined by official methods of analysis, is given in Table F.
In these important elements of plant-food the analyses show that Soil 1 was richest and Soil 8 poorest. This was to be expected
because, as Table I shows, the percentage of manure was greatest
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New York AGricutturaL ExprErmmEent Sration. 465
in Soil 1, and it decreased in the other soils in proportion as the amount of sand was increased, but, as will be shown later, it is safe to assume that the soils were on equal footing so far as a sufficient supply of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash is con- cerned, because even Soil 3 had a supply far exceeding the require- ments of the crop. The plats in which these soil mixtures were tested were arranged on the south middle-bench and south side-bench of the lettuce house as shown in the diagram. Each plat in the side-bench con- tained 20 plants. The plats in the middle-bench each contained 32 plants. There were no pipes under the middle-bench, but the side-
SouTH MIDDLE-BENCH.
Soil 1. Soil 3. Soil 2. Plat 18 14 15 16 17 18 WALK. | | | Soil 3. | Soil 2. | Soil 1 | | | Soil 3. | Soil 2. | Soil 1. | Plat12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Be:
SouTH SIDE-BENCH.
bench had two coils of 34-inch hot-water pipes underneath. A thin layer of sphagnum was spread over the perforated tile bottom to help retain the moisture and the benches were filled with 54 inches of soil. In order to prevent any modifications of the re- sults of the test which might arise from checking the growth un- equally in transplanting, the seeds were planted where the plants were to stand till they reached marketable condition. Selected seeds of Salamander lettuce from Peter Henderson & Co., New York, each weighing 1.5 milligrams were planted 2 of an inch deep and 8 inches apart in the row, in rows 8 inches apart, each seed being planted opposite the middle of the space between the seeds in the adjacent rows. This gave a distance of almost 9 30
466 Report oF THE HorrTIcuLTuRIST OF THE
inches to the nearest seeds in the adjoining rows. ‘The soil was then watered to compact it around the seeds.
A few of the plants damped off or were excluded from the experiment from some other disqualifying cause. All others formed marketable heads with the exception of one plant on Soil 3 which did not form a good head. The averages of the records which are given in Table IV, page 476, show that there was no marked difference in the lettuce on the different soils, but it was very slightly earlier on Soil 2. It has already been stated that the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which these soils con- tained in every case far exceeded the amount taken up by an ordinary crop of lettuce. Even in Soil 8 which stood lowest in the analyses there were found about 26 times as much nitrogen, 7 times as much potash and 61 times as much phosphoric acid as are found in head lettuce, and an important part of these con- stitutents was supplied in the humus of the rotted sod and in the stable manure. It is safe to assume that Soils 1, 2 and 3 were practically on the same footing so far as the character and needed amount of these food materials are concerned, and are, therefore, comparable as to the influence on the crop of loosening the texture © of the soil by adding sand. In this test the loosening of the texture of the soil by increasing the proportion of sand from 26 ~ per cent in Soil 1 to 52 per cent in Soil 3 had no marked influence on the growth of the lettuce.
CROP II. FALL AND WINTER 1896-7.
Crop II was started in the fall of 1896 for the purpose of ob- serving the effect on lettuce of including in the soil still greater proportions of sand than were used with Soils 1, 2 and 3. The lettuce in Crop I matured very slightly earlier on Soil 2 than it did on either Soil 1 or Soil 3, so a mixture having approximately the same proportions of loam, manure and sand as Soil 2 was pre- pared for Crop IT and called Soil 4. Soil 5 was given twice as much sand as Soil 4, and Soil 6 was made entirely of sand and
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 467
manure. The percentage of manure in this test was kept the same for all the soils as the following table shows:
TABLE II.— INGREDIENTS OF Sorts USED FoR LETTUCE FORCING.
(CROP II.) Ingredients.
Soil. eo Se ee Loam. Sand. Manure. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct.
PP MUTY UK) oe wearer aoeiw Gans, oak ovec elotel o's elas fs 50 25 25 PPA WGI EE) rete 2. fac! se: c/a) c' sieis sa at's) Sie caaite 2m Syee3 15.5 EASE (WiETEEUL eta ohessialo c wicks Shere ar cic evcisw siete 19.9 64.6 15.5
GO AWLEIE TE) iiicrancychevetele sleSere nic ele 6, seuezeye ky aor 84.5 15.5
The ingredients which were used for these soils differed slightly from those which were used for Crop I. The manure was horse manure with the long straw and the dry rough portions removed. It had been turned several time and was partly rotted. The sand was much like that used for Crop I, but the loam was com- posed’ of rotted sod from a medium clay loam’ which had some- what more sand and gravel than that which was used for the pre- ceding crop and it also differed from it in that it was not piled in alternate layers with manure. 7
In order to insure for Soil 6 a superabundance of available nitro- gen, phosphoric acid and potash, it was given a liberal application of commercial fertilizers in addition to the manure. This made it necessary to extend the same treatment to Soils 4 and 5. High- grade sulphate of potash, 50 per cent actual potash, was applied to each at the rate of 400 pounds per acre; and acid phosphate con- taining about 15 per cent available phosphoric acid, at the rate of 600 pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda containing 15.7 per cent nitrogen, was applied to the growing crop at the rate of 133 1/3 pounds per acre in two applications.
The 8 soils were arranged in 9 plats on the north and south side benches of the lettuce-house as shown in the accompanying
1 The mechanical analysis of this soil is given on page 479, and the chem- ical analysis on page 487.
468 Report or THE HorticuLtTurRiIst OF THE
diagram. Plate I shows the interior of the lettuce-house as ar- ranged for Crops II and ILI.
NORTH BENCH.
Soil 5. Soil 4. | Soil 6. Soil 5. Plat “1! 2 38 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Soil 4. | Soil 5. | Soil 6. | Soil 4. | Soil 6. Plat 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 18 12 11
SouTtH BENCH.
For Crop I each seed was weighed and only seeds of a uniform weight, 1.5 milligrams, were planted. This plan was afterward abandoned because it did not insure as uniform seedlings as were desired for the test.”
plat in furrows exactly one-half inch deep, no attempt being made
For Crop II the seeds were sown in each
. to select seeds of uniform weight. They were then covered with ? The time required with Crop I for the germination of the seeds is shown for each plat in the following table, together with the measurements of the plants fifty-four days after seed-planting and the percentage of seeds which
germinated. It should be compared with Table B, page 470. TABLE A. GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF LETTUCE SEEDS. (CROP I.)
; “ i Spread of plants pon fine Teaulred. for 54 days after seed ao Soil. Plat 8 : planting. Om , me A~A— aaa cam, | oO Se ae BS A
Average. Variation. Average. Variation. 9,
Days Days Ins. Ins.
1. Loam 38 parts...... Jagnodoos 1 11.67 8 to 18 Bald 38° to8 90 SANG PALE ccs.» niatepincoleserejiai ct 8.05 7 to 13 7.74 6 to 9.75 100 Manure 1 part...ccccccces 13 9.97 6 to 20 7.45 4.5 to9 97
2. Same weight of loam and 2 9.53 7 to 14 7.25 5 to 9.50 95
manure as Soil 1 with §8 9.11 7 to 14 7.38 2.75 to 9 95 twice as much sand ...... ile 9.13 7% to 40 7.69 2 to 9.50 94 3. Same weight of loam and 3 10.17 6 to 33 7.53 2 to 9.%5 95 manure as Soil 1 with 9 8 63 6 to 14 7.37 3.75 to 9.75 85 three timesasmuch sand. 15 7.67 6 to 11 7.65 5 to 9 87
A study of the later records of those plants which germinated most slowly shows that, as a rule, they did not equal plants from earlier germinations either in size or in earliness of reaching marketable maturity.
New York AgricutturaAL Experiment Sration. 469
fine soil and watered so as to compact the soil around the seed. When the seedlings began to appear those germinating each day were marked with small wooden pegs indicating the day on which the germination occurred. The seed was sown October 27, 1896. It germinated quite evenly on November 1 ‘and 2, and only plants which germinated on these dates were allowed to grow. They were thinned November 2 and again November 4, so that vigorous plants, uniform in size, with fully expanded cotyledons stood about one inch apart in the row. From these seedlings the final selection of plants for the test was made November 20.
The plan was to set each plat with seedlings which had germi- nated in that plat and at the same time use plants of uniform size for transplanting in all plats. It was found that this could not be done because in Plats 10 of Soil 5, 12 of Soil 6 and 13 of Soil 4, which were located in the end of the house farthest from the boiler, the growth was slower so that smaller plants had to be used in setting those plats than were used in the rest of the house. Notwithstanding this the original plan of setting each plat with seedlings from that plat was followed. The height of each seed- ling when it was transplanted was 13 inches for all plats except 10, 12 and 18. For Plat 10 plants 12 inches and for Plats 12 and 13 14 inches in height were used.
Some plants did not form marketable heads. ‘These were cut and weighed when the last of the marketable heads were cut. The results as set forth in Table 4, page 476, show that there was but a difference of one day at the most in the average time re- quired for maturing the plants on the different soils. The percent- age of marketable heads was the same for all soils, being 96 per cent. The average weight of the mature plants was about alike on Soils 4 and 5, but noticeably greater on Soil 6. The heads which grew on Soil 6 were looser and the lettuce was more delicate in texture and would not be expected to stand handling as well as that which was grown on Soils 4 and 5. Soil 6, as has been stated, contained no loam but was made of sand and manure, while Soils ©
4 and 5 contained different proportions of clay loam.
470 Rerort oF THE HorvrIcULTURIST OF THE
CROP III. WINTER AND SPRING OF 1897.
As soon as Crop Il was removed, the soil in each plat was turned several times and given another application of acid phos- phate and sulphate of potash at the same rate as before, making the total application amount to 1,200 pounds of acid phosphate and 800 pounds of sulphate of potash per acre, including what had been applied for the previous crop. Soil 4 was thus changed to 4a, 5 was changed to 5a and 6 was changed to 6a.
Again the effort was made to avoid any differences in the growth of the plants which might come from unequal check to the growth in transplanting by planting several seeds in each place where a plant was to stand permanently, and afterwards removing all but one plant. February 18 about 10 seeds were planted in a place, covered with one-half inch of soil and lightly watered. Only plump, healthy looking seeds were planted. They were taken from the same packet which furnished the seeds for Crop II. March 15 the plants were thinned leaving one plant in each place.*
3 The size of the first leaf on March 15 was used as a guide in selecting the seedlings which were to remain so as to have them as nearly uniform in size as possible. The average measurements and the variation in size are shown for each plat in Table B. A comparison of this table with Table A, page 468, shows that greater uniformity in the seedlings was secured in this way than by the method of planting seeds of uniform weight which was followed for Crop I.
TaBLe B. AVERAGE Size OF LETTUCE SEEDLINGS TWENTY-FIVE Days AFTER SEED PLANTING.
(CROP III.)
Average Variation
Soil. Plat No. lengthof first in size of first > leaves leaves. ‘Ins. Ins.
4a. Amount of sand about like Soil 2 .....-..008 6 1.30 1.125 to 1.5 13 1.23 1 to 1.875
19 1.28 1 to 1.5
5a. About twice as much sand as Soil 4......... 4 1.33 Jeger tomes
10 1 25 1 to 1.5 18 1.20 0.75 to 1.375
6a. Sand and manure; no 1oamM........svoeseeee ff 1.33 1 to 1.5 12_ 1.10 0.75 to 1.875
17 1.20 1 to 1.5
Aste aiatoielaly tig at TAvis\aialelevaieleietstas 6 ieie’alctalate'e Siaseisjwiintelet tele Three p'ats. 1.27 1 to 1.5
Ba. seoce ais Iufule eieiein-eiuie's a/aia sie(elaloleie's aiecoin/siaisinielelsiejejaieve aici Three plats. 1.26 0.75 to 1.5
IG Ehia) farsi s/nlejele! ejetaiele’s s\n o'eisie eiajoleiniaiate' elena saisiernisiviale vias siniela's Three plats. 1.19 0.7%5 to 1.5
New York AgricurturaL Experiment Station. 471
Forty-three days after seed planting, when the plants were well established and making good growth, the first application of nitrate of soda was made at the rate of 331-3 pounds per acre. It was applied in solution to the soil around each plant. Two other ap- plications were made at intervals of 10 days. When the time came for the fourth application it was not given because the plants were nearly mature. ‘The results as set forth in Table 4, page 166, confirm the results which were obtained on the same soils with the preceding crop. The length of time required to mature the erop was shorter because Crop II matured in midwinter while Crop III matured in May and had the advantage of the increasing light and heat as the season advanced.
Considering the results with both crops it is seen that the average weight was lightly greater with Soils 5 and 5a than with 4 and 4a. On Soils 6 and 6a the lettuce was noticeably larger and heavier although the texture was not so good and the heads not so firm as they were on Soils 4, 4a, 5 and 5a. On Soils 4 and 4a which contained the most loam and which, it will be remembered, were much like Soil 2, the lettuce was best in firmness of head, texture
and general appearance.
CROP IV. FALL AND WINTER 1897-8.
The arrangement of the benches was changed for Crop 1V by taking out the side-benches and having walks next the wall on.all _ sides of the house for the reasons set forth on page 462. The rest of the floor space was occupied by two wide benches, separated by a walk passing lengthwise through the middle of the house. ‘The heating pipes were placed next to the outside walls. By this ar- rangement the conditions of light, heat and the circulation of air were made more uniform throughout the area occupied by the benches. The depth of the benches was 11 inches inside. The plats were separated from each other by board partitions cemented at the joints and over the bottom to provide for sub-watering and to pre- vent the passage of soil water from one plat to another, as illus-
472 Report oF tHE Horticutturist OF THE
trated in Plate XLIV. The soils were arranged, as shown by the diagram, in plats each having an area 15 1-4 sq. ft. inside measure- ment. A line of tile extended along the middle of the bottom of each plat with an upright tile at one end leading to the sur- face through which the plats were watered.
The soils were arranged in plats on the two benches as shown in the accompanying diagram. The figures designate the numbers of the soil mixtures.
473
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
‘I19YB] PatoepIsuoo oq [[LAA Tors ‘qs0} IOZI[IJ10J OY} UL POPN[OUT e19M LT PUB OT ‘GT SOG 480} SIT} UI popNfOUT o1OM OAISNIOUL TT OF J SLOG x
“UBM
‘qoueq qqnog
“TBM
at ct oT 8 4 8 & II 8 at oT 2 OF 6 or It
i~-
*qoueq WHION
“XTBAL : (‘AI dowo)
x STIOG JO NOILVOOT DSNIMOHYG WveovIC
‘
474 Report oF THE HoRTIcULTURIST OF THE
A medium clay soil furnished the loam for all soil mixtures of Crops I, II and III except 6 and 6a which contained no loam. With Crop IV the clay loam was compared with a very light sandy loam as a basis for soil mixtures for forcing lettuce.
Nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash were applied equally to all the soils and in quantities sufficient to insure a superabundant supply of these elements of plant food. This was done so that the influence of the other factors in the adaptability of soil mix- tures to forcing lettuce might be brought out more clearly. Each plat was given an application of high grade sulphate of potash, about 50 per cent actual potash, at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre, and acid phosphate, about 15 per cent available phosphoric acid, at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre. About 5 weeks after the seed was planted nitrate of soda was applied to each plat at the rate of 33 1-3 lbs. per acre. This was repeated weekly till 11 applica- tions were given, making a total amount of 366 lbs. per acre. The nitrate of soda was applied in solution around each plant in uniform amounts till the plants became so large that they crowded each other, after which the total amount for each plat was applied through the tiles in subwatering.
In the soil mixture which was tested with Crop IV wherever stable manure was used it constituted one-third of the soil. In one case a mixture was made which contained one-third manure, one-half sand and one-sixth clay loam. In addition to this the clay loam and the sandy loam were tried with and without stable manure. ll these soils were given commercial fertilizers in equal amounts.
The clay loam was composed of pretty well rotted sod of the same character as that used for Crops II and III. The sand was sharp and unscreened, from the shore of Seneca Lake. The sandy loam was from the side of a field formerly occupied by a vineyard but now planted to raspberries. It was composed chiefly of soil which had been blown from the field and lodged on the sod at the side of the field. The manure was from the city stables. It was thoroughly mixed and pretty well rotted.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 475
The following statement shows the percentage of the ingredi- ents of each of the soils which were tested with Crop IV.
TABLE III.— INGREDIENTS oF Sorts USED For LETTUCE FORCING.
(CROP Iv.) In gredients :
Soil. SERS MOAES Te Nee oor, Seer eee Fe
1 Cay, Sandy, Sand. Manure.
Per ct Per ct. Per ct Per ct
letra biercte:s) tia tesecc ciate af OO 2 Novis ae aha rt ctevte hs was! Atte oneah Pt eretetes otate et tote lalene scaanoaclis (eV. eh eaceimlarcsana 6 MOOR ssripep ares Wace bes Vik Wie atera eee Do otro b OE OGRE ee amma mick (0) AEBS Son cocos 33 1-3 OP atest: eh akese GG Poco tae sinel tote ete? ce ostie store 33 1-3 eA DPer pong) speliss aval ean ete Tau's GPO arimei tends aioe 50 33 1-3
Before planting the seed it was dropped into water and the light seeds were skimmed off. The seed was then sown on each plat in furrows 2 of an inch deep following the plan which was used with Crop II as stated on page 468. The seed was sown November 23, 1897, and the first germinations occurred November 29. On Soils 9 and 11 the germination was less rapid and not so uniform as on the other soils. The seedlings which appeared on the first day of germination were comparatively few and hence were discarded; those which appeared on the second and third days were allowed to grow. In the case of Soils 9 and 11 it was found necessary to keep those which appeared on the fourth day also in order to have enough seedlings from which to select plants for the experiment. All other seedlings were promptly cut out. The seedlings were thinned December 9. As soon as they had devel- oped sufficiently to show which were most vigorous they were transplanted to permanent places in the same plat in which they were growing and set 84 by 9 inches apart. This was done De- cember 24. All seedlings were measured and those which were selected for transplanting were nearly uniform in size, varying no more than 1-4-inch in the plat and in the average not more than 1-3-inch between different plats. A few of the plants, about 1 per cent, afterwards damped off or were discarded for some other disqualifying reason; all others reached marketable size
*The mechanical analyses of the clay loam and of the sandy loam are given on page 479. The chemical analyses may be found on page 487. .
4'76 Report or true Horrrcuitrurist OF THE
although some could not be marketed on account of injury from tip-burn and rot. A portion of the crop was shipped to a com- mission man at Rochester, N. Y., who pronounced it equal to the best grades from Boston houses.
There was a marked difference in the firmness, size and appear- ance of the lettuce on different soils as may be seen by referring to the averages of the records for Crop IV which are given in the following table. There was considerable difference too, in the lettuce on different soils as to its susceptibility to rot and tip-burn.
In order that the results with Crops I, II, III and IV may be more readily compared the averages of their records are presented together in Table 4.
TABLE [V.— AVERAGE TIME OF GRrowTH, WEIGHT PER HEAD, ETC., OF FoRCED LETTUCE. (CROPS I, II, III AND IV.)
Soil ingredients. Fe BS E 8 I e eg ene ee ee (ORG Z nm 5 BF eink 5 q go cam bss feu |s as oe § SS aoe ae eee sepa eh et Ra ie cbr eed penn og Bi sit Po an ue pees nei PSH. 28. Bee n 6) oD =| 6) A < < isa) i= = Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Ozs. Per ct. 1895. i CA Eee es 0 63 26.3 10.7+ I Oct. 26 102.9. 6.25 100 ee. Q.» 49,1 49,4 85 26, 101.7) 6.275 100) a Suastiey OAS UIs ae ee 26 102.38 6.28 983 & 4 1896. ro Aven kt.s 0, °, 5252. 82:3. 15:58", Tl Oct..27 197. Bt 5186. eG meus 2 fener 0 19.9 64.6. 15.58 II oy * 96.9t''5.49 96 7S Sama, Geral ny 0597/8455 15,55. ok 27 OTE, CTO ng 96.5 aye iz ie} 1897 8 Le eee 0. 52.2 32.3 16.55 Ill Feb. 18 764 651 100 Boe es Base 0 19.9 646 15.58 IIL 18 77.6 6.84 100 50° & Baste ich 0.7.10, “8435. 15:5S) 111 18° °%6,7 . 7270).100 || Sao ee eae 0 100 0 0 8 IV*= Nov. 23. 95.9. 7.50. 100.- 76 0 See 100" 0 0 0§ IV 23 92.9t 7.94 97.2 95 Of Dist msc. BC w 0 0 334§ IV 23 89.4t 7.49 97.1 59 8.07 11 eee sea 0 667." 0 3375 “TV. 23 83.2t 8.63 98.5 97 6.2 De es 0+. 162: 50) ~882-6 SEV: 23 86.38 8.23 100 85 21
*In estimating the injury from tip-burn, 100 indicates greatest injury.
+ No commercial fertilizers were added to these soils.
§ These soils were given N P2 05 and K2 O in commercial fertilizers in lib- eral quantities.
£ Not including plants which failed to reach marketable condition.
~
New Yorx AgqricutturaAt Experiment STarion. 477
The sandy loam, Soil 8, gave earlier, slightly heavier and much better lettuce than the clay loam, Soil 7; but when manure was added to each at the rate of 33 1-3 per cent quite different results followed, the clay loam and manure, Soil 10, yielding much earlier, healthier and heavier lettuce than the sandy loam and manure, Soil 9. In fact Soil 10 proved to be the best mixture which was tried with Crop IV, the lettuce which was grown on it being from 3 to 13 days earlier, as well as heavier and better than that which was grown on the other soils.
On comparing the records of the two soils which contained the sandy loam, namely Soils 8 and 9, it is seen that in firmness, texture and general appearance the crop on Soil 8 which had no stable manure, ranked far above that on Soil 9, one-third of which was composed of stable manure. Moreover, it was practically free from tip-burn while the lettuce on Soil 9 suffered seriously from this trouble. The mixing of partly rotted manure with the very light sandy loam gave a soil so loose in texture that capillary action was too much interfered with to get the best results in plant growth.. This is the only apparent explanation of the fact that Soil 9 did not grow as good lettuce as Soil 8 although it was much richer in plant food. Fada
That the clay loam should give better results in forcing head lettuce than the sandy loam is especially significant, because in many instances commercial growers seem to prefer a sandy soil for forcing lettuce. Mr. F. L. Marsh, of the Michigan Fruit Grower, has very kindly furnished for publication here a statement of the way in which the forcing of lettuce* has become localized in a certain section of Grand Rapids, Michigan, because of the character of the soil which is found there. He says, “ Lettuce growers at Grand Rapids are agreed that sand, light but fine, is the most suitable soil for culture of that plant. Its porosity seems
#It should be remarked that the kind of lettuce grown at Grand Rapids is not a head lettuce but an earlier maturing loose lettuce known by the name “Grand Rapids,” while in the experiments at this Station only varieties of head lettuce were tried.
478 _ Report or tHE HorticuLTURIST OF THE
to be adapted to lettuce; yet the extreme coarseness of loose sand is not desired. Radishes thrive in this soil, and cucumbers also do well, but for the latter a little heavier soil is preferred. ‘Those who grow carnations have found a clay loam most suitable, while. rose culturists select the heaviest clay. On account of this pecul- iarity of soil adaptation there may be seen on one side of this city, the soil being sandy, a village of greenhouses devoted to vege- table growing, while upon another border, whose soil is clay, flower culture is equally the specialty.”
It is well known that head lettuce from Boston forcing houses maintains a reputation for a high degree of excellence. Galloway? gives the mechanical analysis of a type of lettuce soil from Boston, showing that it contains a relatively large amount of organic mat- ter and of medium, fine and very fine sand, while there is a rela- tively small amount of fine silt and clay. In the place cited Gal- loway says: | i
By certain processes, which it is not necessary to describe here, any soil may be separated mechanically into parts, which have received certain conventional names. In the mechanical analyses of soils, eight of these parts are recognized as follows:
1. Fine gravel. 5. Very fine sand. 2. Coarse sand. 6. Silt.
8. Medium sand. 7. Fine silt.
4, Fine sand. 8. Clay.
Taking any ordinary soil, for example, it may be divided into the fore- going constituents, the identity of each being determined by the size. of the grains composing it. Thus fine gravel has a diameter of 1 to 2 mil- limeters,* coarse sand, %4 to 1 millimeter, and so on, clay being the smallest, the size of the grains in this case being only 1-10000 to 5-1000 of a millimeter in diameter. The analysis, in brief, is simply the mechanical separation of a soil into eight conventional parts, the parts themselves being fixed by the size of the grains composing them. If we make such an analysis of a soil best adapted to the growth of lettuce, the Boston soil, for example, we find the amounts of the various constituents as follows:
5 American Gardening, 16: 135, Apr. 13, 1895. * A millimeter is approximately 1-25 of an inch.
New York AGricutturRAL ExpErRIMENT STATION. 479
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF TYPE Sort ADAPTED TO THE GROWTH OF LETTUCE.
( AtR-DRIED. ) ize of grains i P t of Saatiieeterd. Name of parts. Sacre DM a ee Shalavaug seis Sem HIM GM OTAVEl s coths etene snetsiove tre erese,cnepate oem 3.89 feet ete ceaetera: «ater are CWOATSCLS AMG Cage sisters sic oft a: s'sle Siler cue sire aiere 5.39 si =oP Sei See AVC SAN Gee street 2 cweeictciekore ets. 10.50 My eM a ete aie scale ws) 6 AMINE HN SAMO 1 reeset ciate eels eidsom ela tae sale 17.18 51 USS aieterctoree ViGTEYe ATIC SATO le wos) ayeyt soars < oysv'a:<) aye. e aesiate 32.08 BOs Oa ee ase eat SUE Br eases oral rota ray otek La tena avsversie) clover & 15.13: Ol= NOOSE Sato ste ITE N SIGE tt ehalde Gc Seles ae ake ore, Seale oe 1.19 BOOS -O0O0D Fi asaes J CT yest ey. Bre Shanon sie) sara, letahanctsust exeteie ofa apes 3.10 LV EAIMNIOT ANE TIN ECOTE ee area cae telat: tere ei ptaieie ee reraries ciate e's 88.46 IVAN ES GUISES aaiercrer once cet fae rotates Parada eared ONO See acdc eee ah sane BYE hab one o be 2518 NOS ATRL A INNA EECTG vrciee cote ese ane sethe ya epee ee oracle chore: gisiel ap aegerove, aha 12.72 103.96
The mechanical analysis of the Geneva clay loam and the sandy loam which were used in the soil mixtures for Crop IV, made by Mr. E. B. Hart, assistant chemist, from samples which were taken before any manure or commercial fertilizers had been added - to them, gave the following results. The difference between the weight of the original sample and the sum of the weights of the gravel, sand, silt, clay and organic matter is here classed as un- settled clay and added to the weight of the clay.
TABLE V.— MecHANICAL ANALYSES oF Sorts Usep ror Lerruce Forcina.
(CROP Iv.)
Geneva Sandy
clay loam. loam.
Per ct Per ct.
I MNES fen e IS Se Araiop aco OLE EE OBO OO GOS CoCo ae 3.32 0.51 COALESCE SAT ( cusrerarere miele ere seeicheie Siete ey cle. ciel sueietecsiae 5.20 0.69 MUGGING SAIC: car sictore alekejercis.e eleteleqael over ola else cadets eid 20.71 9.49 Fine sand .......... cece eee eee eee ence cence 43.45 77.50 REVAL SELIG: (5) 5 Srore wcratieveratene iepaiefeusiaveveier <td Stats sso oo .94 2.44 VIL beeen cette nt casa aioe = al kbc atthe Wate lohe alt eine ech ble si catehs 7.96 1.60 PEST CUPS Ee stecavclc a patcre od acana.s she wth e aua’el Ca etsyePa creseis, ais, 5.6 1.64 1.23 RB TFs eetret fear acetnc Arcus lave Vern. 6 tates Sevens vousvecevavenmle scacare aac *9 .86 73.79 OR UTR MINT LET ee rafel ove d-ate aleceiele aileteie. alata telcle: oe eve Soelors 7.02 2.75
* Including 1.39 unsettled clay.
+ Including 1.03 unsettled clay.
480 Report or tHE HorticuLtTuRist OF THE
These analyses show that the percentage of organic matter is considerably higher in the Boston soil than in the Geneva clay loam and more than four times as great as in the sandy loam, but in this respect the soils are not comparable, for Mr. Galloway in- forms me that the analysis of the Boston soil was made after a liberal amount of manure had been added to it, while the Geneva clay loam and the sandy loam were analyzed before any manure had been added to them. These analyses may be compared more readily by means of graphic representations. See Plate XLV.
There is about the same amount of fine gravel and coarse sand in the Boston soil as in the Geneva clay loam, but the latter has twice as much medium sand and two and one-half times as much fine silt as the Boston soil. It has practically none of the very fine sand while the Boston soil has 32 per cent. Of silt, very fine silt and clay combined, the two soils have about the same amounts, but the Boston soil has twice as much silt as the Geneva clay loam and the latter has almost three times the amount of clay that is found in the Boston soil.
The sandy loam shows a very small percentage of clay and of organic matter while it contains over 90 per cent of sand and gravel.
The clay loam was used as an ingredient of three mixtures in Crop IV, namely, Soils 7, 10 and 11. On Soil 7, which was com- posed wholly of the clay loam, the crop was not nearly as good as it was on either Soil 10 or Soil 11, each of which contained one- third manure. The use of the manure improved the mechanical eondiiion of the clay loam and gave results quite the opposite of those which followed its use on the sandy loam. ‘The best crop was grown on Soil 10, composed of two-thirds clay loam and one- third manure. In making Soil 11, which contained one-sixth clay loam, one-third manure and one-half sand, this soil mixture was changed by substituting sand for much of the clay loam; but the change was not beneficial, for the lettuce crop was not so gocd on Soil 11 as it was on Soil 10. It should be remembered that on all soil mixtures of Crop IV which have been considered
FINE Coarse MEDION FINE ae Su ANS CLAY | F s GAEL SAND SAND «SAND FINE A
9.89: 5-39 )0.50 - 3718 32.08 (5.13 -).19 PER CENT.
Boston Sot,
PER CEN].
Geneva (JAY Lonny
23 3.79 PER CENT.
| GENEVA CANDY loan
OO
25-| .1-,05 .05-01 .ol-003 “ ” PIAMETER oF THE CRAINS Mae IN: MILLIMETERS
MECHANICAL ANALYSES OF Sols
PLATE XLV.
New Yor AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 481
above, acid phosphate, sulphate of potash and nitrate of soda were applied equally and in liberal quantities.
Taking the whole series of experiments into consideration it appears that the soils have been varied from pure sand and manure on the one hand to medium clay loam and manure on the other. A very light sandy loam also has been tried and the texture of the clay loam has been lightened by adding sand in various pre- portions. There is nothing in the results to show that a light sandy soil is essential to securing the best results in forcing head lettuce. In fact, in these tests the best lettuce has been grown on the clay loam where its texture has been loosened by mixing lib- eral quantities of stable manure with the rotted sod. This pro- duces a soil full of “ fibre” with a great capability for conserving moisture and with a superabundance of available plant food.
With 50 per cent of sand added to the clay loam and manure, see Soil 11, Crop IV, the crop was three days later, the heads averaged slightly less in weight, the texture, firmness and general appearance were not so good and the tip-burn decidedly increased. When the texture of the clay loam was loosened by increasing the sand 16 per cent and 26 per cent with Crop I and 32 per cent with Crops IT and III, the only noticeable advantage was a very slight tendency to earlier maturity where the larger percentages of sand were used.
A comparison of the records of the four crops, as set forth in Table 4, might at first give the impression that the different crops do not agree very closely as to their results, but a more careful study will show that in reality they conflict with each other but very little, if at all. With the first crop there was no marked » difference in the weight of the lettuce on the different soils. With the second crop the sand and manure, Soil 6, gave decidedly heavier plants than did the soils which contained clay loam, but the latter really gave superior lettuce, for the plants on Soil 6 formed rather loose heads, actually less valuable for market than the more compact though somewhat smaller lettuce which was
31
482 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST.
grown on the clay loam soils. With the third crop the results were quite similar to those which were found with the second crop. With the fourth crop the evidence was stronger than before in favor of the medium heavy clay loam lightened with fairly well rotted stable manure, as the best of the soil mixtures which were tried for forcing lettuce. The lettuce which it produced was not only superior to that which was grown on the sandy soil, in tex- ture of leaf, firmness of head and general appearance, but it was also heavier. In the last-named particular the results differed from those which were obtained with Crops IT and III but other- wise they do not conflict with them.
Il. EXPERIMENTS WITH COMMERCIAL FER- TILIZERS IN FORCING HEAD LETTUCE.*
S. A. Bracz.
SUMMARY.
Stable manure with and without commercial fertilizers was tried in clay loam mixtures and in sandy loam mixtures for forcing head lettuce. Nitrate of soda was also used in varying quantities in connection with stable manure, acid phosphate and sulphate of potash.
On clay loam mixed with 15.5 per cent stable manure by weight , a slight increase in growth followed the use of nitrate of soda but with double this application of manure practically no advantage followed the use of nitrate of soda, either on the clay loam or on the sandy loam.
No advantage was gained either on the clay loam or the sandy loam from the addition of sulphate of potash and acid phosphate when the soils had already received a heavy application of stable manure.
Excellent lettuce was produced on the sandy loam by using com- mercial fertilizers with no stable manure.
A heavy application of stable manure to the sandy loam put the soil in poor mechanical condition and a crop of inferior lettuce resulted.
The mechanical condition of the clay loam was improved by a heavy application of stable manure. This mixture produced much better lettuce than was grown on the clay loam where commercial fertilizers were used instead of stable manure.
* Reprint from Bulletin No. 146.
484 Report oF THE HorricuLtuRIst OF THE
INTRODUCTION.
Some experiments with the use of commercial fertilizers im forcing lettuce were started in the fall of 1896 in connection with the tests of soil mixtures which have been discussed on preceding pages. Four soil mixtures were tried at this time, three of which received acid phosphate, sulphate of potash and stable manure liberally, and in ' equal quantities, and differed from each other _ only in the amounts of nitrate of soda which were applied to them. The fourth mixture, Soil 12, received the same amount of stable manure as the others but none of commercial fertilizers, as is shown in the following table:
TABLE VI.— INGREDIENTS OF Soins USED AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN LETTUCE
FORCING. ae, Ingredients (by weight). Fertilizers applied per acre. Soi (Gauss SSS SSS eS == —— — mixture. Clay Sand Stable Acid Sulphate Nitrate loam. : .Manure. phosphate. of potash. of soda. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Lbs. J bs. Lbs. 2 Oe eS By 47"4 SaaS 15so 600 400 133 1-38 Ne ra poheustiiece 52.2 32.3 15.5 sets ors 8 gS PSI Oe TY 7674 B20 15.5 600 400 eee 1s Oa aR eet 52.2 By4gc Lo 600 400 266 2-3
A head lettuce, Rawson’s New Hothouse, grown from purchased seed, was used for these tests.
After this crop was removed, acid phosphate and sulphate of potash were applied to the soils which had received them before and at the same rate as formerly. All soils were then turned and prepared for another crop. The method of planting the seeds and selecting and managing the plants was the same for all soils as for Soil 4a, Crop III, which have been described on page 470. ~
Six weeks after seed planting, when the plants had become well established, nitrate of soda was first applied at the rate of 33 1-3 pounds per acre for Soil 4a and 66 2-3 pounds for Soil 14a. Two similar applications followed at intervals of 10 days, making the
New York AcricutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 485
total application at the rate of 100 pounds per acre for Soil 4a and 200 pounds per acre for Soil 14a, which was somewhat less than the rate of the application of the preceding crop. The average of the records of the two crops which have thus far been considered are presented in Table 7.
Soil 4 is identical with Soil 4 of the soil mixture tests. See page 466. It was made by one part manure by bulk, one part sand and two parts clay loam, the percentage by weight being 15.5 per cent manure, 32.3 per cent sand and 52.2 per cent loam. When the soils were mixed, all except No. 12 received acid phos- phate, containing about 15 per cent available phosphoric acid, at the rate of 600 pounds per acre, and sulphate of potash, contain- ing about 50 per cent actual potash, at the rate of 400 pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda was applied in solution to Soil 4 at the rate of 133 1-3 pounds per acre and double that amount was given to Soil 14. These amounts ‘were given in two applications, the first being made about a month after the plants were transplanted to permanent places and the second about three weeks later.® The nitrate of soda’ contained about 153 per cent of nitrogen. It was given in solution to each plant at the rate of 0.491 grams on Soil 4 and 0.982 grams on Soil 14.
The selection and management of the plants and the treatment, of the plats were alike in all respects and have been described for Soil 4. See page 467.
6It was intended to apply the nitrate of soda in three applications so as to make the total amount at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre for Soil 4, and 400 Ibs. per acre for Soil 14, but when the time came for the third application it was decided to omit it because the plants had nearly reached marketable con- dition.
486 Report oF THE HorTICULTURIST OF THE
TABLE VII.— AVERAGE TIME OF GROWTH, WEIGHT PER HEAD, ETC., OF LETTUCE Forcep WITH AND WITHOUT COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
(FALL AND WINTER, 1896-7, TWO CROPS.)
}
* =~ he nm oO geeeciubere per acre i 3 Bg S : | : f j a ye! 4 op ee do a. 3 3 5 Ey es cr a PEE r cis o os = of soil. = Bs 3e Sab Be aol wae ) Ay w © PE ne. Ae o ern Cee een mein ee MRE 4 Ne Noogu ln okey 0s SS kay St a & iS A 4 4 ed eS Ibs. *Lbs.. Lbs. 1896.
Ai te 600 400 1831-8 Oct. 27. 97.3 5.36 95.6 Ao 2 AA Bots eaten Mikenatetatee Oct. 27. 97. 5.04 96.7 nietets AS Oe 600 BOO} Aca eeale Oct. 27. 96.8 4.97 95.6 wiser 5 ie ie aes 600 400 2662-3 Oct. 27. 96.6 5.72 97.8 ae
1897.
4a ... *600 7400 100 Feb. 18. 76.4 6.51 100 52.7 Te Via aitave Se CAE Feb. 18. 74.8 6.67 100 Saar ¢ int Hee ah *600 7400 ...... Feb. 18. 76.1 6.88 100 59.2 14a ... *600 +400 200 Feb. 18. 76.9 5.89 100 52.3
Nitrate of soda with stable manure.— In the first test the growth was somewhat more vigorous on Soil 14 which received the greater amount of the nitrate than on either Soil 4 which received the lesser amount or on Soil 13 which received none. Similar results were obtained in the next test where Soil 14a gave slightly larger and better lettuce than did either Soil 4a which received half as much nitrate of soda or Soil 18a which received none. In neither test did the use of nitrate of soda on the soils already well supplied with the stable manure result in sufficient improvement of the lettuce to encourage its use in this way.
Acid phosphate and sulphate of potash with stable manure.— The use of the acid phosphate at the rate of 600 pounds per acre and sulphate of potash at the rate of 400 pounds per acre made practically no difference with the lettuce in the first test as may be seen by comparing Soils 12 and 138. (See Table 7.) But with the second test, the application of these fertilizers having been repeated on Soil 13 at the same rate as before, the lettuce headed
* The total amount including what was applied to this soil for the preceding crop was 1,200 lbs. per acre.
{ The total amount including what was applied to this soil for the preceding crop was 800 lbs. per acre.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 487
slightly later on Soil 13a and the heads were slightly heavier than they were on Soil 12a where no commercial fertilizers were used.
Further trials of the commercial fertilizers, both with and with- out stable manure, were started in the fall of 1897. A medium clay loam was taken as a basis for part of the soil mixtures and a very light sandy loam was used for the rest. Samples of the clay loam and the sandy loam taken before any fertilizers were added to them were given to the chemist for analysis. He re- ports the following analyses of the air-dried samples,’ determined by official methods:
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CLAY Loam AND SANDy LOAM. (CROP OF 1897-8.)
. . Phos. - * . Moisture. Nitrogen. : Potash. Lime. Organic pail: (H20.)' (N) gh) (K20.) CaO.) matter.
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Perct Per ct. _
CLR V NOD ce see's, vs) 2s 0 = 13.3 PBS OG ap eolon 2.022 7.81 Clay loam, water-free.. 0 . 263 O77 .068 1.179 9.01 PROV OMIM. ic o/e,'0 ¢ sens 14.0 .075 sigh .083 .043 2.68
Sandy loam, water-free. 0 087 129 097 099 3.12
The following statement shows the percentage by weight of the ingredients of the different soils:
TABLE VIII. INGREDIENTS OF Sorts USED AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN LETTUCE FORCING. (FALL, 1897.)
Fertilizers
Ingredients (by weight.) applied per acre.
ic ’ g pes Boe Re
Soil. g G P a-Bs aoe 88 = ba : iS AS, S3 © Se N EB § @. GRES BEke Beis
1) op) op) = 4 D Z
Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Rete wiae eifetesevels NOON Kine eeeens ay eretate 600 400 366 See nalayiae sitet oy ais te Bite axl ares DOO ete ects Mubvatlacete 600 400 366 Siricversrebsis:s, e¥s,0) ole sie'sie'e 66 2-3 33 1-3 600 400 366 1D) S668 Soa 662-3)’ sineyeeene sverehe 33 1-3 600 400 366 Meas Pose cisieis aie ve G22. hiteleisiters 50 331-3 600 400 366 WM Citmeevnre Myetaiee are vihenaeicte 6 66 2-3 331-3 © - RA Dn Ea 662-3 ...... Dh phi cs | sn a Aas tite sclers etetare NG rele osc oboe 50 §=6381-3 aerate a Bias 500
7 For mechanical analyses of these soils see page 479.
488 Report OF THE HoRTICULTURIST OF THE a The commercial fertilizers were used on the clay loam without
manure, Soil 7; with manure, Soil 10; and with manure and sand, Soil 11. The manure was used with the clay loam, but without commercial fertilizers in the case of Soil 16, and with the clay loam and sand but without commercial fertilizers in the case of Soil 17.
The commercial fertilizers were used on the sandy loam without manure, Soil 8, and with manure, Soil 9. The manure was used with the sandy loam but without commercial fertilizers in the case of Soil 15.
The selection and planting of the seeds and the selection and management of the plants were the same for all the soils as for Soils 7 to 11 an account of which may be found on pages 475 and 476. The manner of preparing these soils and the character of their ingredients are given on pages 472-474. The acid phos- phate and sulphate of potash were applied when the soils were mixed. The nitrate of soda was first applied in solution around each plant at the rate of 33 1-3 pounds per acre about 5 weeks after the seed was planted. Similar applications were made each week for 11 weeks, making the total nitrate of. soda which was used amount to 366 pounds per acre. After the plants had grown sufficiently to cover the ground the nitrate of soda was no longer applied to each plant, but the required amount for each plat was supplied through the tiles which were used for subwatering.
Stable manure or commercial fertilizers.— The records of the soils which received commercial fertilizers, instead of stable ma- nure, may be compared in the following table with the records of the corresponding soils which received stable manure instead of commercial fertilizers.
‘SUAZITILUDAYA LNAUAATIGQ HLIM GNV SITIOS INAUAAAIG NO GHoOuOH GOALLaAT AO SAVEHH AIANVS—IAIX ALVId
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 489
TABLE IX.— COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS VS. STABLE MANURE FOR LETTUCE FORCING.
Per ct. of ingredients.
— ——— —_—_
'
, appearance firmness. —
No. of soil.
marketable,
planting till ma- head in ounces.
turity. Scale of 109.
Date of seed plant- ing. Average days from
and
Sandy loam.
Clay loam.
Commercial fertili- zers
Average weight per
Per cent of heads
-| Texture
Tip: burn.— Seale of
100,
Be = oc a2 jt 00 Do or >
oo
— (=) S °o Pay a IO wo GH
*
334 + Nov. 23 89.3 * +
Excellent lettuce was produced on the sandy loam with com- mercial fertilizers instead of stable manure. See Soil 8. In firm- ness, texture and general appearance it surpassed the lettuce which was grown on the sandy loam with stable manure instead of the commercial fertilizers. See Soil 15. Plate XLVI shows an average head of lettuce from each of these soils. On Soil 15 the lettuce was badly injured by tip-burn, while on Soil 8 it was practically free from the tip-burn, but it suffered somewhat from rot (Botrytis), more so, in fact, than did the lettuce on Soil 15.°
With the clay loam the results were quite the opposite of those which were obtained with the sandy loam. On Soil 16, where stable manure was used. instead of commercial fertiizers, the let- tuce was larger, firmer, much better in appearance and about 13
days earlier than it was on Soil 7, which received commercial
* Acid phosphate 600 Ibs. per acre, sulphate of potash 400 lbs. per acre, and nitrate of soda 366 Ibs. per acre.
' +No commercifil fertilizers used.
8 Mr. Wright Rives, who forces lettuce extensively near Washington, D. C., states in a letter to the writer, “I have tried nitrate of soda several times and it has always produced bad results, as it keeps the ground on top and under the lettuce damp, which is fatal, as it produces rot. For lettuce the soil must be such that it will dry quickly on top but keep moist below. I make my soil of 2% to 3 parts of sod to 1 of manure and to this I add about one-third of bank sand.”
490 REporT OF THE HorTICULTURIST OF THE
fertilizers instead of stable manure. The difference in the me- chanical conditions of these soils is the apparent reason for the marked difference in the prevalence of tip-burn, the mechanical condition of the clay loam being much improved by the addition of the manure, while on the contrary, the liberal use of manure with the very sandy soil made a soil mixture which was so loose in texture that it did not produce good lettuce.
Stable manure with commercial fertilizers.—The results which were obtained when commercial fertilizers were used instead of stable manure, having been set forth, the use of commercial ferti- lizers in addition to stable manure will now be considered. Soils 9, 10, 11, 15, 16 and 17 each contained 33 1-3 per cent of stable manure. In addition to the manure, Soils 9, 10 and 11 received phosphoric acid, 600 pounds per acre, sulphate of potash, 400 pounds per acre, and nitrate of soda, 366 pounds per acre. The average of the records for each of these soils are shown in the following table:
TABLE X.— STABLE MANURE WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
Per cent of ingredients.
3 Bay loiter 8 3 A ME GR Te oS Patients ne
=n @ 4 qa: oO Ve" : ops. gg 48. #2 Sap Fo Ge. le = 3 o A Ba oe ow oO a =) fa 5 | * sos 3 5,2 5 Bat k jl Boe od) lod beaks, been ae ote St) AG A Midian VN & 1897.
9....... 662 0 0 88 * Nov. 23 89.4 17.49 58.6 170.8 ee 66; O O 83 + Nov. 23 89.3 7.42 66.4 69.8 DO seine 0 66 O 38 * Nov. 28 88.2 8.63 96.6 6.2 ABE iis 0 663 O 388 + Nov. 23> 82.5 8.57 97.5 7.2 Oe eR 0 16: 50 83: * Nov. 23 86.8 8.238 84.6 21.0
50 334 HP Nov. 23 87.2 8.45 84.2 82.4
DEA ah 0 163
Soil 9 received commercial fertilizers while Soil 15 did not; otherwise these two soils were alike. The only difference which
* These soils received acid phosphate, 600 lbs. per acre, sulphate potash, 400 lbs. per acre, and nitrate of soda 366 lbs. per acre. + No commercial fertilizers were used.
New York AgGricutturaLt EXPERIMENT STATION. 491
could be detected in the lettuce on these two soils was that the general appearance, firmness and texture were a little better where no commercial fertilizers were used.
Soils 10 and 16 were alike except that 10 received commercial fertilizers while 16 did not. Practically no difference could be detected in the lettuce on these two soils.
Soils 11 and 17 were alike except that 11 received commercial fertilizers while 17 did not. Practically no difference could be found in the earliness, weight or appearance of the lettuce on these two soils but the tip-burn was a little less injurious on the soil which received the commercial fertilizers. Figure 17, Plate XLVI, shows an average specimen of lettuce on Soil 17.
In the two crops of the previous season on soils which contained about one-sixth stable manure by weight (15.5 per cent) a slight increase in growth followed the use of nitrate of soda. See Table 7, page 486. But with the crop which has just been under con- sideration, where the manure constituted one-third of the weight of the soil, practically no advantage resulted from the addition of the commercial fertilizers either to the light sandy loam or to the heavy clay loam.
Wt VARIETY TESTS OF STRAW BER EEE. RASPBERRIES AND BLACK BERRIES.*
WeENDELL Pappock.
SUMMARY.
STRAWBERRIES.
Anlo was the most productive strawberry that fruited this season. It is a good size, midseason berry, firm and attractive. Stahelin produced the largest amount of early fruit and takes second rank as to productiveness among all varieties fruited. Of the late varie- ties, Rural Gem, Oswego Queen and Michigan are all recommended for trial.
BLACK RASPBERRIES.
Pioneer was the. most productive black raspberry and takes second rank in the amount of early fruit produced. Palmer pro- duced the largest amount of early fruit. Both are worthy of a trial. Mills yielded the largest amount of late fruit. It has been quite satisfactory on our grounds. Black Diamond produced a good crop of fruit, but the berries are not as large or perfect as is desirable. Mohler and Eureka are very similar as grown
on our grounds this season.
RED RASPBERRIES.
Loudon was the most productive red raspberry this season. This variety is rapidly coming into general favor. Cline pro- duced the largest per cent of its crop early in the season but the total amount was comparatively small. Pomona gave a large
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 147.
9°
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 493
amount of early yield and ranks second in total yield; it very closely resembles Marlboro, but it has always been more productive on our soil. Of the late red raspberries Talbot alone is worthy
of mention.
BLACKBERRIES.
Ancient Briton and Agawam have been fairly satisfactory on our grounds, but are not as good as some of the less hardy sorts. Min- newaski, New Rochelle and Dorchester are some of the best varie- ties but they have not always been hardy here at Geneva. Success and Mersereau are promising new sorts.
INTRODUCTION.
In the following pages a brief account is given of the straw- berries, raspberries and blackberries that fruited on the Station grounds during the season of 1898. Descriptive notes are given of the strawberries, since many of the varieties fruited on our grounds for the first time this season. The raspberries and black- berries are but briefly discussed, as nearly all of the varieties have been described in former publications of this Station.
It has been our custom to issue a bulletin on small fruits each season; but since new varieties are being introduced so rapidly the burden of testing all newcomers has become too great to warrant the undertaking each year. It has therefore been thought best to discontinue the yearly small fruit bulletin, but to issue
an occasional bulletin at such times as may seem best.
STRAWBERRIES.
The plants of all varieties of strawberries mentioned in this bulletin were planted in the spring of. 1897. All runners were kept off of the plants till the first day of July. New plants were then allowed to form and an effort was made to restrict the rows to 18 inches in width and to place the plants about 6 inches apart in the row. The plants were cultivated throughout the’ season and when the ground was frozen in early winter the beds were
494 Report oF THE HorTICcULTURIST OF THE
mulched with straw. The straw was removed from over the plants in the early spring. As soon as the ground was in condi- tion to be worked the mulch was taken from between the rows and the beds were given one cultivation. The mulch was then replaced where it was left till the end of the fruiting season.
While all varieties were given an equal chance not all of them produced enough plants to make a row of the desired width. Other varieties had to be greatly restricted. In keeping the record of yield a certain length of row was measured, the same for all varieties, and the dates of picking and the weight of the fruit from the measured portion was recorded.
The soil on which the strawberries were grown is a stiff clay loam, unsuited to the best development of this fruit. Conse- quently many varieties that are valuable in other localities make a very poor showing on our grounds.
The pistillate, or imperfect flowering, varieties have the letter P following the name. Such varieties must be planted near perfect flowering sorts in order to produce fruit satisfactorily. The per- fect or staminate varieties have the letter S following the name.
Unnamed varieties and synonyms are printed in italics.
NOTES ON VARIETIES.
Anto, P. From A. D. Leffel, Springfield, Ohio. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Foliage vigorous and healthy, runners abun- dant, fruit stems medium length; fruit medium to large in size, irregular, good scarlet color, good quality, moderately firm. Ranks first in productiveness this season.
Anna Kennepy, P. From J. T. Lovett, Inttle Silver, N. J. Blossoms with Sharpless. Foliage and plants only moderately vigorous; produces a moderate amount, of plants; fruit stems short and erect. Fruit medium size, roundish, light scarlet color, firm, with light flesh, quality fair. Season early. Unproductive this year.
Atuantic, S. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Plants moderately vigorous, foliage healthy, runners moderately abun-
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495
dant, fruit stems medium length; fruit medium to large in size, scarlet color, calyx large, firm, good quality. When well grown this is one of the most attractive strawberries. However, but few growers are successful in raising this variety.
Bouncer, 8. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Plants vigorous and abundant plant makers; fruit stem long and erect. Fruit medium to very large, roundish but very irregular, dark scarlet color but with light flesh; firm, fair to good in quality. Moderately productive this season.
Bubach Seedling, 8S. From W. EH. Doxie, Wappinger Falls, N.Y. Fruit of largest size, irregular wedge shape, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems long and erect. Evidently productive. This variety is worthy of further testing on account of its large, handsome fruit and productiveness.
Caprain Jack, S. From Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y. Plants vigorous and abundant plant producers, fruit stems long and erect. Fruit medium size, roundish, good scarlet color, fair quality, firm. A fairly productive, medium-early variety.
Carrie, P. From DL. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Blossoms with Sharpless. Plants vigorous, foliage abundant, fruit stems long. Fruit large, long conic, good scarlet color, firm, fair qual- ity, moderately productive on our soil. A seedling of Haverland, which it somewhat resembles.
Crypre, 8. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Plants me- dium size, vigorous and good plant makers; fruit stems medium length. Fruit medium to large, round conic; light scarlet color, light flesh, moderately firm, fair to good in quality. Very pro- ductive. Although grown in a thin, matted row the plants set more fruit than they could properly mature.
Earuiest, 8. From Thompson's Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Plants vigorous and abundant plant makers, fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit medium size, roundish, conic, light scarlet color, moderately firm, quality good. Resembles Michel Early closely
496 Report or THE HorricvuLtTuriIst OF THE
and like that variety produces a very early but relatively small crop of fruit.
Evans, 8. From Slaymaker & Sons, Dover, Del. Fruit large, roundish, conic, light scarlet color, soft, fair quality. Plants vigorous, runners abundant. Fruit stems short and erect. Mod- erately productive. This variety and Tennyson closely resemble each other.
Ganareua, 8S. From A. A. Mitchell, Palmyra, N. Y. Plants fairly vigorous, runners moderately abundant, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit medium to large, roundish, good scarlet. color, moderately firm, quality fair. Jessie type. Moderately productive.
Garpner, 8S. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md. Fruit medium to large, irregular conic, light scarlet color, firm, quality fair, rather acid. Fruit stem short and erect; plants fairly vig- orous; runners moderately abundant. Unproductive this season.
Hatt Favorite, S. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Plants moderately vigorous and moderate plant makers. Fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit medium or above in size, roundish, good scarlet color, firm, fair quality. Not productive this season.
Henry, 8. From W. A. Baker, Wolcott, N. Y.. Fruit large, irregular conic, good scarlet color, moderately firm, good quality. Plants vigorous with abundant runners; fruit stems medium. Moderately productive this season. The name of this variety should be suppressed since another variety was first disseminated under this name and since been widely distributed.
Horuann, P. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Blossoms with Sharpless. Fruit large, roundish, good scarlet color with dark flesh, moderately firm, quality good. Plants moderately vigorous with abundant runners, fruit stems medium in length. A number of the plants failed to grow, and therefore the record of yield of this variety cannot be given.
Iprat, 8. From M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Plants
vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 497
large, round conic, dark scarlet color, firm, quality fair, very acid. Moderately productive.
IsaBELLA, 8S. From J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn. Plants vigorous, runners moderately abundant, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit medium to large, irregular, dark scarlet color, firm, quality fair, quite acid. Moderately productive this season.
McKiniry, 8. From Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Plants moderately vigorous and medium plant producers. Fruit large, conical, good scarlet color, moderately firm, quality good. Ranks seventh in productiveness this season.
Micniean, 8S. From J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, N. J. Plants moderately vigorous with abundant runners, fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit large, irregular conic, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. Recommended for trial as a productive late variety. It ranks fourth in total yield for this season and third in the amount of late fruit produced.
Minneota, 8S. From J. L. Childs, Floral Park, N. Y. Fruit very large, irregular, good scarlet. color, moderately firm, quality fair. Plants vigorous, runners abundant. Not productive this season.
More Favorite, P. From C. J. More, Jamestown, N. Y. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Fruit small to medium, roundish, good scarlet color, moderately firm, good quality. Resembles the common wild strawberry -but is somewhat larger and more pro- ductive. Plants very vigorous with abundant runners.
Morgan No.1,8. From J. A. Morgan, Scottsville, N.Y. <A seedlings of Sharpless by Triomphe de Gand. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit large to very large, irregular, good scarlet color, moderately firm, qual- ity good. Not productive this season but considered worthy of further testing on account of size and appearance.
Noxtann, 8S. From J. P. Noland, Peninsula, Ohio. Fruit large to very large, irregular in shape, good scarlet color, moder-
32
498 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE
ately firm, fair quality. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems short. Only moderately productive this season.
Ocean City, 8. . From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit large, irregular, dark scarlet color with light flesh, moderately firm, quality good. Only moderately productive this season but considered worthy of further testing on account of its fine appear- ance and good quality.
Omerea, P. From’Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Blossoms with Sharpless. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit medium to large, roundish, good searlet color, firm, quality good. Ranks third in productiveness among all the varieties fruited on the station grounds this season.
Oswreco Queen, S. From M. Stevens, Pennelville, N. Y. Fruit large, irregular conic, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems long and erect. Ranks second in productiveness among all the varieties fruited this season and second in the amount of late fruit produced. Worthy of further testing where a late variety is desirable.
Paris Queen, S. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md. Plants moderately vigorous and fair plant makers, fruit stems medium length, erect. Fruit medium to large, conical to wedge shape, good scarlet color, rather soft, quality good. Moderately produc- tive this season.
Prow Orry, 8. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Plants vigorous and produce a moderate amount of runners, fruit stems long and erect. Fruit large, irregular, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. Unproductive this season.
Premium, P. From M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohto. Blossoms with Sharpless. Fruit medium to large, roundish, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. The plants were small and weak with but few runners. The yield was necessarily low.
PRE OF CUMBERLAND, S. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Fruit medium to large, roundish conic, good scarlet color,
New York AgcricuLtturRAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 499
firm, good quality, sweet. Runners abundant, plants moderately vigorous, fruit stems medium length. Unproductive this season. A large double calyx gives the berries a handsome appearance.
Riverway, 8. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Plants very vigorous with abundant runners, fruit stems long and erect. Fruit large, roundish, dark scarlet color, firm, excellent quality. Ranks eighth in productiveness this season. Worthy of further testing on account of vigor of plants and quality of fruit.
Rurat Gem, 8. From J. H. Pease & Son, Thompsonville, Conn. Fruit medium size, roundish conic, light scarlet color, moderately firm, quality fair, runners abundant, plants moderately vigorous, fruit stems medium length, erect. Ranks sixth in pro- ductiveness among all varieties fruited this season and first in the amount of late fruit produced. Recommended for further testing as a late variety.
Samete, P. From C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass. Blossoms with Sharpless. Fruit large, conic, good scarlet color, attractive, firm, good quality. Plants strong, with abundant runners, fruit stems medium length, erect. Ranks fifth in productiveness among all varieties fruited on our grounds this season. Worthy of further trial as a midseason berry.
SearorpD, P. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Blossoms with Sharpless. Plants moderately vigorous with a fair amount of runners, fruit stems medium, prostrate. Fruit large, irregular conic, dark scarlet color, firm, fair quality.
Slaymaker No. 1, P. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Plants fairly vigorous, runners moderately abundant, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit medium to very large, varies from wedge to conic in shape, good scarlet color, moderately firm, quality fair, unproductive this season.
Slaymaker No. 9, 8S. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. Fruit large, roundish conic, light scarlet color, soft, poor quality. Plants vigorous and good plant makers, fruit stems short and erect. Unproductive this season.
500 Report oF THE HorrTicvuLTuRIst OF TLE
Sparta, 8. From J. H. Pease & Son, Thompsonville, Conn. Fruit medium to large, roundish to conical with a slight neck, dark scarlet color, firm, good quality, sweet. Plants only moder- ately vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems medium length, erect. Unproductive this season. .
Srauetin, P. From F.C. Stahelin, Bridgman, Mich. Blos- soms with Beder Wood. Plants vigorous and good plant makers, fruit stems long and erect. Fruit medium or above, roundish conic, good scarlet color, moderately firm, quality good. Ranks second in productiveness among all the varieties fruited on the Station grounds in 1898, and first in the amount of early fruit pro- duced. Recommended for trial as an early variety.
Sunrise, P. From W. F. Allen, Salisbury, Md. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Fruit medium or above in size, roundish, good scarlet color, moderately firm, quality fair. Runners moderately abundant, plants fairly vigorous, fruit stems short and erect. Unproductive this season.
Tennyson, S. From Harrison’s Nurseries, Berlin, Md. Re- sembles Evans so closely that the same description will do for both.
Vera, P. From E. B. Stevenson, Lawville, Canada. Blos- soms with Beder Wood. Runners moderately abundant, plants fairly vigorous, fruit stems short and erect. Fruit medium size, conical, good scarlet color, firm, good quality. Moderately pro- ductive this season. |
Weston, P. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. Blos- soms with Sharpless. Runners moderately abundant, plants fairly vigorous, fruit stems medium length. Fruit medium to large, irregular conic, light scarlet color, moderately firm, quality pogr. Not productive this season.
New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5OL
TaBLE I.— List OF STRAWBERRIES FRUITED IN ONE-YEAR-OLD BEDS WITH A CoMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE EARLY AND LATE YIELD OF EACH VARIETY.
Crop. Crop
Rank Yield picked picked as to yield. Name of variety. of 22 feet before after i898 of row. June June
17, 27.
Ozs. Per ct. Per ct. a es Oe eae PASTA Ole stats eratate eek a: or Roh ete ISIS ee ate She 264 2 9 Doni: TU EE OVS) HU 1 llr eo TERE OREM SET SES eS EFT Ws ERE Re SEP 250 36 3 eatin = CTE PA SERRA Ce GN Ec ie Re 227 2 7 ae VEN CHT aa ee ey esheets avers) spas eta a. oate cs 216 00 32 Tah Vals SUETTD LO! trap tewd 2.0 succor ce is ters te oral evel. 204 13 8 Gere... ; UTS GEN ote lererolartine aaah ale a ceentet 201 00 40 Mere seus): 18 ICES EST Ve A A aR a BS a po 196 10 15 Ree and) WAY: Ade oi. wicicic -) 88 ~ -attsid ages 195 4 ve DNopetet ats Gly Gee chee We. epieth os ABER ois e/ belle 194 24 00 » WES iors Caxptain: VaeKs o escent oeeheiay oe, 2 elas 189 7 12 (eee IVETE hs tape stearate ceed ales dalamueys Bere avs de ahtets 186 25 33 = Sia eae TEIGy 0h ey Gee et eee 5 cre ACER OOS 181 9 7 Mes ote tie Oswege Queen |.) ccil somiswa.s ees eye 175 00 44 MA oS) s NOLAN Gyo fares sone sida aghh ola ehbee a's Siejn e's, 4 158 16 2 1 Ae isabella, ye seen tooth Scere oe, 3 ys diss 151 20 3 AGS steers (Ores Wa Ve Orit ta ied Mem eee MeN Specie aes CO) omer a 138 10 12 Mio ctand Ss ARI Se UCCTUA gis icie <icveraieeiucie sume ol ons aiakeie 134 25 4 Nigfexsteds s\ DET Wea LS Uy sarah eves rae enone aay caplegeveactar ey cheval eceleseus 134 3 8 MSG aki s CATA OMA SS OF Ee Le eek eet ie seh 130 13 3 Oe se aze AOR Neral t. Ae, jhe ccerenes cae Cita eiete eB cians 128 20 2 |S eee PRETAM VSO Tae crane haucienegeie (ste eid ea seis ae emote 127 11 12 DIN sn she ATANIITIG Weise se nite ee Re Lane ote 125 00 19 tay Staite“ CD ATriCn seihs vey ot) Ate sve paugie echolalia na shave 122 00 19 Oe die Hall Navorites ces: ahi abit exces 122 26 4 ZOE IS [OU OICTEN Ot Os oe foc ak aoe ste ee 121 Os 7 PEE a ratsieie.a NY ES COI (5 svn. 5 oes eye eb oke biota a ele tee hebee 118 12 1 V3 See BOUNCER srevetdle, oaks eet ee etetepenn ets bee sleieis, 2 106 11 15 TOA Se Morgan No. 1..... oe A RE Ae Gk Whats ic 105 3 2 PATA ery es Manger INO eg ao Mycota bo bi cynye) se oe 99 16 5 DO ero alas Mion HAV ORILEGl .saencicte on sires o aoevereters rere 91 31 00 ZO hs Plow City: Seen se OA a Ete ee 90 00 22 11S Geer Winn COLA i ays.. Ry sist ete hee sth eeeien cra odeeaciers 82 7 5 311 SSULTIEIS Chen cperere iy Tealetilc ei bieha sesges> srctdvare oeiete 79 38 00 SE Mele a eis Clarence ste) FOS CABS SOR 78 00 24 be ovepee tr EPrigevotaCumperlandrsec. woos ocean ekr 76 00 10 Pee seis « PATING, INCMMEGVusn te ale sca peee as aia/coetale eens 67 40 00 ebateieliafs s J S10 OR eae era Hct Cis ERS ERRIG Sd 8 ST CRROM RIE 64 00 32 BON srs, cis CODTONGD G5 oc Ss ass ea erclnteh e1ard ceareceie ek oleae 63 23 00 Bs sie ars BRBEL CSC: 5420s. arora agh oo aRRE Pale! aie teens, oe 59 71 00 BSeiestel. SHES EON A0 [oe a ee 8 ato cet) 3 Hey ele Ae 46 41 00 BO ex aeyintens "S| DEE hes CONE Sa) Sees 7 Srna 39 33 00
502 Report or THE HorricuLtTurRist OF THE
EARLY VARIETIES.
June 17 has been assumed to be the beginning of midseason for this locality in 1898. By referring to Table 1 we find that eight varieties produced a fourth or more of their crops before June 17. These berries may be called early for this season. They are given below in Table 2.
TABLE IJ.— EARLY VARIETIES RANKED ACCORDING TO YIELD BEFORE JUNE 17.
, Yield e Rank as Name of variety. as ee es st pet ore Total eld, i Pa : 1898 Ozs. Ozs.
PCAMelIMR week eats cleverevotereterctale June i1 90 250 ; 2 a ePES tia. site ios cicero: > oloelene takers lets June 9 42 foal 36 EVAL AV OLIte Sees teva oie rele ‘oie June i1 32 122 20 SS UMTISG ee hs Ne Naa ee ee eH June t 30 79 29 More Favorite’ 0). 2. /.<oistson June 13 28 91. |) halls ANTI ICOM NEY; ates cles eleietetenetes June 11 26 67 33 SCATOLOM A hicks s home cattle June 15 19 46 37
Sparta see ce oe ae ea la mw: June 9 13 39 38
Judging from the results of one season’s test Stahelin can be recommended for trial not only as an early berry of merit but as a productive variety as well. Earliest and Sparta gave their first pickings two days earlier than Stahelin, but the amounts were small in each case and the rank as to total yield of both varieties is very low. Of the remaining varieties that are classed as early Hall Favorite was the most productive.
‘
LATE VARIETIES.
Assuming that June 27 was the close of the midseason we find that 4 varieties produced 30 per cent or more of their fruit after this date. These are given below in Table 3.
TABLE III.— LATE VARIETIES RANKED ACCORDING TO YIELD AFTER JUNE 27.
Date Yield Total Rank
Name of variety. of last after June yield, asto total picking. 27. 189 yield. Ozs. Ozs: PEO Gem eae eae 5 cee teiade oes July 15 80 201 6 Oswego Queen foi see es July 7 77 175 13 Michigan ..................... July 11 69 216 4 34
DCLG ere eyeveene re renah ye aleter ous fe tens evatetelte July 5 19 64
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 503
Of the above varieties Rural Gem, Oswego Queen and Michigan can be recommended for trial where late berries are desired.
BLACK RASPBERRIES.
TaBLE IV.— LIST OF BLACK RASPBERRIES FRUITED IN 1898 WITH A COMPARA- TIVE STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND LATE YIELD oF EACH VARIETY.
: Ne} Oo us) m 3 ly aie UNS na a © 8 os cs [she Sg Name of variety. When set. Bi Big as at he Ow 2 a urs rm oo zee) aS cn : PER itl ee oe py .é) 'S) oO
a IPIONCEL ).'ss\cporeis cletemeyl Soest LAIN ov). 484 34 15 5 rete EP ALIMOT os sea ashe 1895, fall..>. 454 39 12 5 Scr Enlborn 2793. 1895, fall.... 441 11 31 10 Ari povory LODIET |b sie. <releilors 1895, fall.... 440 24 15 2 Eyer ee OCOD | 6ais sic eye s/s 1895, fall.... 425 4 15 2 6.. Black Diamond.. 1896, spring. 408 5 34 10 Wie METS aes hoe 1895, fall.... 406 4 40 15 their: ELODEINS Mi hie cee, OOO taller. 392 24 18 10 9.. Onondaga ...... 1895, fall.... 340 6 8 5
10.... Lawrence ....... 1896, spring. 318 37 t 5
a3 as OHO Oster ee 6 1895, fall... . 306 4 28 2
125. Kansas)... sq. | 1895, fall... 272 19 Tie 10
eye WALTMAN Ste cieercs 1895, fall.... 266 24 16 3
14.. EVV ROS. Taree 1895, fall.... 259 6 15 5
15.. ovett! vost tegos tall: a.) 236 34 15 10
16.. Poscharsky No.9.. 1895, fall... . 217 38 7 ie
Hefpelarch2! OLOMUWeHli>. sae 1895, fall.... 210 62 00 10
Sra. ETOSTESS) i... 5... 1896, Spring. 207 27 19 5
19.... Babcock No. 3.... 1895, fall.... 183 00 26 10
20.... Babcock No.5.... 1895, fall.... 181 11 33 15
Oterrd ey RULE KA) ele cseiie ie LOGO; Taller. « 149 22 16 2
22.... Manwaring ..... 1895, fall... 121 19 8 5
4
EARLY BLACK RASPBERRIES.
Assuming that midseason began on July 6 all varieties that - bore a considerable portion of their fruit before this date may be called early for this season. Table 5 shows that 5 varieties yielded 30 per cent or more of their crop before July 6. They are given below in Table 5.
\
504 Report or THE HorricuLtTurIst OF THE
Taste V.— EARLY BLACK RASPBERRIES ARRANGED’ ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD BEFORE JuLy 17.
Date Yield Total Rankas.
Name of variety. oi eee. ; se yield. Oe
Ozs. Ozs. DiANVEN CC) tris Vis cet Aud» spetens oh sub Ace June 30 118 318 10 PINOT eit aes aed ees Meee ee a June 30 aH & ae 454 2 [ESTOS CLES IE RAE TEED COROe Pe CMTE ae June 30 165 484 1 COTIN WVU OF 6s 52. pert ace: «eps een felts June 27 130 210 17 PUSCHOTHY INOO9 SM vse e ees, SAUDE (29 82 217 16
Palmer is a well tested and standard early variety. Pioneer is a newer introduction but has been quite satisfactory on our grounds. This season it takes first rank as to total yield and stands second in the amount of early fruit produced. Cromwell is well liked in many localities as an early berry. Lawrence was mentioned in last season’s report as being worthy of farther testing. It was only moderately productive this year. Poscharsky No. 9 is no improvement over many known sorts.
LATE BLACK RASPBERRIES.
The close of midseason for black raspberries may be regarded as occurring on July 15. All varieties that bore a fourth or more of their fruit after this date may be called late. These varieties are arranged below in Table 6.
Taste VI.— LATE BLAcK RASPBERRIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD AFTER JULY 15.
2 ° 3
s = 3
) bats) 3 ° Name of variety. oe get z a oe Ee Eo a
+ © e =
3 ey + 5
A val i= ae
Ozs. Ozs
DONS ere 552 Lelcte/s\iefoushtyerske. sie tershedehe July 27 162 406 7 Black DisMONG pei etes otters eines cre July 25 139 408 6 EUED OITA suse cycle ote mire tatete rei oc rotees wuly 27 137 441 4 ORION sss. ale bee da ence isis Sees July 25 86 306 11 GRCOCI ING. Wahu leas oo Hae July 25 48 183 19
~
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 505
Of the above varieties all save Black Diamond have received favorable mention in several former bulletins. The canes of Black Diamond are very large and vigorous but the fruit is not as large and perfect as could be desired.
RED RASPBERRIES.
TABLE VII.—List oF RED RASPBERRIES FRUITED IN 1898 WITH A COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PERCENTAGE OF EARLY AND LATE YIELD OF HAcK VARIETY.
3 a3 2. oni
es ee = on Oo. Ex, © ba © Ba 2S Name of variety. When set. “2 ick Be “ =f ae Bs 8 Gule os mad a Re 3) ois 1 aera NEO WAG spleens scree 1895, fall... . 5381 2 12 ne ahs i IROMOn SEE eee 1895; tallies: 443 36 2 Bee Sar Royal Church ..... 1895; fall. .% 441 00 21 A eee. vas INCI YONE pes teats = slots 1895, fall.... 425 00 17 Iter. Me Prides ofiNent);...... 1895; falls. : 417 24 4 (Seas cee IO avid Mate oe A AIP ONS 1895, fall... . 392 8 7 Lee Marlboro: hecrce ric 1895, fall... . 388 34 2 iis eee RG IGS eee hc deed 1895, fall... . 370 30 8 Dit x baysys Malboty ace: shanaee 1895, fall.... 338 00 38 Oe rere tue MownsSends 5 342. sees 1895)fallyeee 319 19 1 1a KOCHPN OM Ua? vac 1896, spring. 290 12 12 i hve et CweEHPerteys slow a serene 1895, fall... . 288 0 26 i3y hea SUPELD\ de2): 2. 1895, fall.... 282 00 29 iS eae Wako: + 3.6 se. 1895, fall.... 282 7 10 7s ae COMMER Sr thiatae sce ds 1895 fall e. 272 60 00 MN st English Giant ...... 1895, fall... . 238 00 31 Gi sehe eo) BR MITIEGT IN heroic cease ate 1896, spring. 230 16 7 ene ade INOW RSS ens yao es 1895, fall.... 221 3 13 Penske - Miller Woodland .:. 1895, fall.... 201 2 18 UN oe 1AM ST Pe os ae et ec eR ZA -1895, fall.... 186 2 15 E20 sis, Brandywine -....... 1895, fall... 188 1 31 A egertege DVL eh seats bre eto 1896, spring. 182 15 8 7 48 AR Pride of Germany... 1896, spring. 171 00 6 ise vakersts ts EOE Ve witeteeteiotee 1896, spring. 169 2 16 7 SA Superlative ........ 1895, fall.... 98 31 6 RE ispars Crimson Beauty ... 1895, fall.... 82 2 11 0 tt)
7. (Cho iene teen eo memie ¢ 1895, fall.... 79
a a ee Mee te nt
506 Report oF THE HorricuLTuRIST OF THE
EARLY RED. RASPBERRIES.
The greater portion of the crop of red raspberries was picked between the dates of July 7 and July 22. Those varieties that ripened a large share of their crop before July 7 may be called early for this season. Table 7 shows that four varieties ripened 30 per cent or more of their crop before this date. These have been arranged below in Table 8.
TaBLE VIII.— Earty VARIETIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD BEFORE
JULY 7.
Yield Rank as
. Date of first Total Name of variety. pickin eri neti yielal oe
Ozs. Ozs. CONTEC eee ine Se enone ee June 27 163 ee 14 OTM OMAN caret xerare enolate cae horas June 30 159 443 2 MPATIDORO ne aie neces ce ee eee June 27 132 388 tf SUDELIDT VEN s cesthctecie aoe ere June 30 30 98 25
Cline yielded -a larger portion of its crop early than any other variety but its total yield is low and its fruiting season is com- paratively short. Pomona and Marlboro are very similar in many respects but the former has always given a larger yield on our grounds. Superlative yields fruit of largest size but is very un- productive on our grounds.
LATE RED RASPBERRIES.
All varieties that yield 30 per cent or more of their crops after July 22, the date assumed as the close of midseason, have been classed as late for this season. ‘They are given in Table 9.
TasBLeE I1X.— Late VARIETIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD AFTER
JULY 22. . Yield Rank as . Date of last Total Name of variety. picking sana, yield te sae Ozs. Ozs. ADU O Gi ico tet eieecils en erate oleh ret state July 29 128 338 9 Win olishaGian Girls sissies sarsis arte August 1 (4.05. ISS 15
STATA Y WANG als <eisicvelors\sieveeietels August 1 ii 183 20
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
7
507
Talbot is the only one of the above varieties that has been at all successful on our grounds and it has been only moderately
productive, BLACKBERRIES. TABLE X.— YIELD OF BLACKBERRIES IN 1897. >} S ae R80 as Name of variety. When set. ee in ere creule a” koh} : Ba Ozs. 1.... Minnewaski 1895, fall.... 637 July 20 to Aug. 2 Ancient Briton... 1895,fall.... 618 July 25 to Aug. Siete New Rochelle ... 1895,fall.... 583 July 18 to Aug. 4.. SSITCGESS( Us ieve se) aie ars 1895, fall.... 566 July 20 to Aug. Bar SUV OER ireie se. eters 1895, fall.... 507 July 20 to Aug. 6.. Stone Hardy .... 1895,fall.... 480 July 25to Aug. oe Mersereau ....... 1895, fall.... 417 July 18 to Aug. Ss: OWMeCT Ae teiecs see 1895, fall.... 388 July 20to Aug. oi Sable Queen ..... 1896,spring. 369 July 25 to Aug. AO. ..: BIE VL OTA, roca cuss e's 1895; fall... 352 July 22 to Aug. aly hes Early Mammoth... 1896, spring. 305 ~=©=—s July 20 to Aug. 12. Dorchester ...... 1895, fall.... 3834 July 20 to Aug. 13... Harly King ..... 1895, fall.... 3832 July 12 to July 4a MOVEtE deere logo, tallisns Sloat \vauly 2p to Aug, 15. HOPG NOw lau ctiaiers 1896, spring. 314 July 25to Aug. 16.. LGA eres crate 1896, spring. 298 July 25 to Aug. iti MRCYMEL | scales sess 1895, fall.... 295 July 20 to Aug. 18.. ASAWAM oi). cee). 1895, fall.... 282 July 20 to Aug. TOE WV ACHUSEEL |)... -15. 1895) fall ee we Uy) toc Ano: PVA Gis) (il OD} a ea Re re 1896, spring. 216 July 22 to Aug. 21. Wilsonkegrit so 34. 1895, fall.... 172 July 16 to Aug. 22. Black Chief ...... 1895, fall.... 169 July 25 to Aug. 23. Western Triumph. 1895, fall.... 167% July 20 to Aug. 24.. @hild Treen. 1895, fall.... 91 July 20 to Aug.
NOTES ON VARIETIES.
Canes winter killed.
Per ct.
NONSGOHOKPHPH HEHEHE NPHPHHHEHONHHD
Successful blackberry culture in New York resolves itself
largely into a question of the hardiness of varieties planted; since
508 Report oF THE HorTICULTURIST OF THE
winter protection is given the canes in a comparatively few in- stances. Last winter the canes on the Station grounds, though unprotected, were but slightly injured by cold weather and as a result some of the more tender varieties made a better showing than they have done in former seasons.
The list of varieties given in Table 10 is not materially different from the list published in 1897, therefore any extended discussion _ of the different sorts need not be entered into here. In general it may be said that Ancient Briton and Agawam have been quite satisfactory on our grounds as regards hardiness and productive- ness. Neither of them bear as large fruit, nor is it of as good quality as some of the less hardy varieties. Snyder is valuable because of its hardiness. Success and Mersereau are promising new varieties as they have been so far comparatively hardy and the fruit is of good size and quality. Early King is a satisfactory early berry. Minnewaski, New Rochelle and Dorchester are perhaps among the best of the varieties given in the table, but the plants are not always hardy in this locality.
NOVELTIES. LOGAN BERRY.
Plants of this berry were received from A. Blane, Philadel- phia, Pa., in the spring of 1896. The plants made a satisfactory growth during the season, but though well protected the canes were killed to the ground during the following winter. Last winter, perhaps because of more thorough protection, the plants were uninjured and so bore their first fruit this season. The fruit is large, some specimens being an inch and a quarter long, bright red, turning to dark red when fully ripe, grains large, attached to a large core, quality good with flavor somewhat like an acid red raspberry. The berries are borne singly and in loose clusters so the plants can never be very productive. The canes are much like the dewberries in habit and require some support.
New Yorx AgricutturaAL ExprrrmmEent STArIon. 509
Judging from our experience with this fruit we cannot expect it to be grown with profit in this State.
STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY.
These plants came from A. Blanc, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1895. Plants vigorous, about 2 feet high, spread rapidly by suckers. Fruit large, irregular in form, color red, poor quality, unproduc-
tive, entirely worthless as grown on our grounds.
IV. EXPERIMENTS IN RINGING GRAPE VINES.*
WENDELL PappooK.
SUMMARY.
Experiments in ringing grape vines were begun in 1896 and continued through two seasons. The first season the effect on the fruit of some varieties was very marked. Fruit on ringed vines of Empire State was not only larger in both bunch and berry, but began ripening 21 days before fruit of unringed vines. Other varieties did not show any gain in size or earlier maturing of the fruit when ringed.
The fruit of some varieties, as the Delaware, showed a lack of quality when ringed, while thin-skinned varieties, as the _ Worden, showed a greater tendency to crack when grown on ringed vines. _
The second season the effect of ringing was not nearly so marked thus showing that the season has something to do with results obtained.
That the effect of ringing is devitalizing to the plant there can be little doubt, but when judiciously managed the cumulative ef- fect on strong growing varieties need not result disastrously.
INTRODUCTION.
Briefly stated, the operation of girdling, or more properly speak- ing, ringing, grape vines consists in removing a ring of bark from the bearing arm about an inch wide or wide enough so that the bark will not heal over the wood that has been laid bare.
. Reprint of Bulletin No. 151.
nN
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: 511
The effect sought in ringing is to produce earlier ripening of the fruit and larger bunches and berries. The explanation of this effect on the fruit is readily found when the movement of the food within the plant is understood. The food materials taken in by the roots pass up through the outer layers of wood to the green parts of the plant. Here new material for growth is formed and the portion that is not needed by the leaves and other green parts passes downward, for the most part through the inner bark, to be be distributed wherever it is needed. ‘The wood is not disturbed in the process of ringing, therefore the upward movement of the solutions is not interfered with; but since the downward passage takes place through the inner bark the flow is arrested when it arrives at the point where the bark has been removed. Conse- quently the parts of the plants that are above the point where the ‘ring of bark has been removed receive more than a normal supply of food, which tends to produce increase in size and earlier ripening of the fruit.
It will be seen that the food that passes into the ringed arms is mostly lost so far as building up the plant itself is concerned, hence the operation must result in a drain on the plant’s vitality. However, in localities where ringing is extensively practiced, vine- yards are freqentlly pointed out that have been ringed 10 or 15 years in succession and are still yielding paying crops. Growers have learned to do the work intelligently. For instance, where the vines are grown on the two-arm Kniffin system the ring of bark is commonly taken.from both arms just beyond the fifth bud. It has been found that the ten buds that are left to the vine produce enough leaf surface to supply the food necessary to keep the vine in a vigorous condition, providing the vineyard has received proper care. Where the four-arm Kniffin system is used some growers ring the two top arms only, leaving three or four buds on each for renewal. ‘The two lower arms, it is claimed, will bear as good fruit as adjacent vines that have not been ringed. With the
542 : Report or THE HorvricuLtTuRIst OF THE
renewal system the two main arms are‘usually ringed just beyond the renewal bud. With this system of training several shoots are left in the center of the plant which supply a sufficient amount of plant food to support the vine. Some growers find it more satisfactory to ring their vines every other year, since with this method the vines are given an opportunity to recover from any loss of vigor they may have suffered.
With any system of training, in order to get the best results, the vines must not be allowed to carry too large a crop of fruit. Since each ringed arm acts independently so far as maturing its fruit 1s concerned it will be seen that there is a certain relation between the leaf surface and the amount of fruit on the ringed vine. <A large amount of fruit with insufficient leaf surface on the ringed arms results in inferior or even worthless grapes; hence the importance of an abundance of foliage free from plant disease and insect attack. It is equally important that there be an abun- dance of healthy foliage back of the rings in order to supply the plant with sufficient nourishment to keep it in a vigorous condi- tion. All fruit back of the rings should be removed, for if allowed to remain it does not properly mature and only adds a use- less drain on the plant’s vitality.
The increase in size and early maturing of the fruit is commonly thought to take place at the expense of quality and firmness. Our experience goes to show that this is true of some varieties; whether or not it is a general principle is not so clear.
Fruit from ringed Delaware vines in our experiments was found to lack much of the fine quality that is characteristic of this variety. On the other hand the loss of quality was not noticeable in some of the less delicately flavored sorts. The fruit of those varieties that crack easily, as the Worden, was found to be more marked in this characteristic when grown on ringed vines.
Growers have found that the best results with ringing are ob- tained by doing the work when the grapes are about one-third grown; the exact time depending on the season and variety. The
New York AGricuttrurRAL ExprrtmMEntT STATION. 513
operation may be performed with a knife, but where ringing is extensively engaged in a tool designed for the purpose is used.
In order to obtain some definite data on the subject of ringing erape vines experiments were begun in 1896 in two sections of the State. The results of the experiments as given in the follow- ing pages are not all conclusive, but are offered as a confirmation of some of the knowledge that the growers have gained.
EXPERIMENTS AT POUGHKEEPSIE.
Experiments in ringing grape vines were begun in the vineyard of Mr. Walter F. Taber, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1896, and con- tinued through two seasons. Different varieties were selected for the experiment and since Mr. Taber trains his vines on the two- arm Iniffin system both arms of all vines save four were ringed just beyond the fifth bud. With the remaining four vines both arms were ringed just beyond the renewal bud.
All vines were ringed June 20. Notes were taken on the condition of the fruit August 20 as follows:
Concord.— A remarkable difference in the condition of the fruit on the ringed and unringed vines. The fruit on the former vines is much farther advanced, though not yet ripe.
Delaware.— Not much difference in size or earliness but the quality of the fruit on the ringed vines is decidedly inferior to that on unringed vines.
Empire State— Fruit on “ringed vines is now about ripe. Nearly two weeks earlier in ripening than the unringed vines.
Moore’s Early.— No noticeable difference between the fruit on ringed and unringed vines, though the berries of the former are a little larger and not as good in quality.
Niagara.— Fruit on ringed vines is somewhat larger and some- what earlier, not yet ripe. .
Worden.— Fruit on ringed vines a little earlier but no larger, more inclined to crack than fruit from: unringed vines.
33
514 Report or THE HorvicuLTURIST OF THE
The following table is taken from a letter from Mr. Taber, which gives the season of ripening of the fruit on the ringed and unringed vines of the different varieties for 1896:
Maturity
Began picking. advanced
by ringing.
Days.
Concord) Tine edn. cereice ciecteweie ie ctelewnok eres September 4.... 17 Concord -unrinved see. eee ce ere eerie: September 21.... ilzy Dela wa4res. TINGE tyke srt Aether ss OR hee ects August QA Sars 9 Delaware, WMrin ged. icic ec .yers ore cele le re e September 2.... 9 Hmipine Stateymingedines..civloe tects oie ctereke August 2085.5 21 Himpires State wunrin ced se. etraacvcrslere rere eveer. September 15.... 21 MOORES Hanlyamineedan ahi cei meine About same time. 00 Moores arly, anrinoed 4s. cee cee sree About same time. 00 Niavara Tincedinasee “toe sie cine © eek cick be August PARSE 14 Niagara unrinied: s<)ted. cies thee cveem eae September 10.... 14 WiOFrGOMs TIM Ged) .ran o.ckecciats teere eeeiene ve teres enledenete About same time. 00 Worden sunringed’ 4.276 binds wae sokiee oe About same time. 00
No difference was noticed during the season between the vines that were ringed beyond the fifth bud and those that were ringed beyond the renewal bud.
In 1897 it was the intention to ring the same vines and in the same manner. ‘The result is best given by an extract from a letter from Mr. Taber under the date of November 3, 1897:
The same vines were girdled as last year excepting the two vines of Niagaras, one of which was dead and the other died soon after leafing out; these vines you will remember were girdled back to the renewal bud. This is evi- dently more than the vine can stand.
The effects this year were not as pronounced as last year. The fruit on girdled vines commenced coloring earlier than the others, but when it was fit to cut there were bunches on ungirdled vines that were just as near ripe. One kind only, the Empire State, was improved in size and hastened some- what in ripening, but changed more in size than in time of ripening.
EXPERIMENTS AT LODL
The experiments at Poughkeepsie were duplicated in the vine- yard of E. Smith and Sons, Lodi, N. Y. Mr. Smith trains his
vines on the renewal system and as there are several shoots allowed
New York AGricutturaAt EXPERIMENT STATION. 515
to grow up in the center where none grow on vines trained on the Kniffin system the ring may be made closer to the renewal bud with less danger of injuring the vine. This is due to the larger amount of leaf surface left to build up the vine when trained on the renewal system.
In these experiments the ring was made just beyond the renewal bud. All vines were ringed June 29, 1896. The following notes were taken August 29:
Concord.— Bunches are noticeably larger and more compact, with larger berries on the ringed vines; now ripe. Two Vines had but one arm ringed; the bunches on these arms are larger and com- pact while on the unringed arms on the same vine the clusters are small, loose and unripe.
Catawba.— Fruit on ringed vines will evidently be quite a little earlier.
Delaware.— Fruit quite a little larger in bunch and berry but no earlier in ripening and not as good in quality as on unringed vines.
Geneva.— Was able to pick out the ringed vines by the appear- ance of the fruit. The bunches on these vines were uniformly large and compact. Berries a little larger but much poorer in quality, quite sour as compared with fruit on unringed vines.
Niagara.— Bunch and berry on ringed vines are larger and finer in appearance; a little earlier in ripening. Not as good in quality, more acid than fruit on unringed vines.
In 1897 the ends of the ringed canes on part of the vines were cut back in order to see if this would make any difference in the quality of the fruit, the theory being that if the food required by the new growth could be made available to the fruit it would tend to produce better quality.
All vines were ringed June 29. The following notes were taken September 1:.
Champion.— Bunch and berry at least one-third larger than on unringed vines.
516 Report or THE Horricuttrurist oF THE
Catawba.— Fruit on ringed vines is at this date a half larger and well colored. On unringed vines the grapes are still green.
Geneva.— Bunches on ringed vines are at least one-fourth larger and ten days ahead in ripening, Bunches much better filled out and nicer in appearance.
Notes were again taken on September 11, and at this date there was not so much difference to be seen between: the fruit of the ringed and unringed vines. ‘The weather had been very dry and hot, which may in a measure account for such results.
Champion.— The fruit of this variety shows about the same difference on ringed and unringed vines as was noted on Sep- tember 1.
Catawba.— This variety alone shows a striking difference. Grapes on ringed vines are now nearly ripe while on the unringed
vines the berries are just beginning to turn.
Geneva.— The bunches on ringed vines are at least a third larger, more compact and better filled out. But little difference in
the period of ripening.
Niagara.— Bunches and berries on ringed vines somewhat larger than on unringed vines but not a marked difference.
The fruit on the ringed vines that were cut back seems to be somewhat better in flavor and quality than that on untrimmed vines. Fruit of Concord and Geneva, especially, on the trimmed vines does not have so much of the acid taste which is so notice-
able in fruit from untrimmed vines.
RESUME.
1. Ringing grape vines, generally speaking, produces an earlier ripening of the fruit and larger bunches and berries.
2. These results, however, depend on several factors, among which may be mentioned: Variety, season, an abundance or lack of healthy foliage, good culture or lack of it,and the amount of
fruit the vine is allowed to mature.
“968T “1 ‘DOV GHHdVYSOLOHd “OSNIY AO MOV ANIA GHONIY WOU “§ ‘ANIA GHDNIUND
WOU “6 ‘ANIA GHONIY WOUT ALVLS AUIdWY WO LINUA “T ‘SIWY—TIATX ALVId
PLATE XLVIII.—Fia. 1. FRuriT oF NIAGARA FROM RINGED VINE; 2. FROM UNRINGED VINE. PHOTOGRAPHED SEPT. 1, 1897.
. VINE SHOWING RING
SAME AT CLOSE OF SEASON.
9 a
GRAPE VINES;
TooLs USED IN RINGING
OF BARK JUST REMOVED;
3
1 AND 3.
7.—
Fia.
4.
New Yorx Agcricurrurat Exrrriment Srarton. 517T
3. That some varieties suffer a loss of quality when ringed there is little doubt; other varieties do not appear to be affected in this manner by the operation. Cutting back the new growth on ringed arms appeared to result in giving better quality to the fruit.
4. The process is more or less devitalizing in its effect on the vine, depending in part at least, on the factors mentioned in the second paragraph. It has been found in practice, however, that some varieties when judiciously managed may be ringed for a mumber of years in sucecssion with little injury to the vine.
5. Vines grown on the renewal system would seem to be better adapted to ringing than those grown on the Kniffin plan, since with the former more wood can be left to support the vine than is
possible with the latter system.
Ve SHUR-PERTIBIVY OF PEE GRAAL S. A. Bracu.
SUMMARY.
Cultivated American grapes show remarkable differences in the degree of self-fertility of different varieties. Many of them fruit perfectly of themselves. Others form no fruit when cross polli- nation from other varieties is prevented. Most varieties are found between these two extremes, being neither fully self-fertile nor completely self-sterile.
With many varieties the degree of self-fertility is not an un- changeable characteristic, even when the vines appear to be in a normally productive condition; but varies under differences of environment. Many other varieties which have been under ob- servation show practically no variation in this respect. Usually when any variation in self-fertility is observed with a variety it is confined within rather narrow limits. In exceptional cases rather wide variations are seen.
Investigations to determine the degree of self-fertility of a variety should be made with vines in a normally productive con- dition because variations in the amount of fruit which sets may be due to an unproductive condition of a portion or all of the vine. It is desirable, also, that a large number of clusters be tested for each variety and that the tests be made in more than one locality and in more than one season.
One hundred and sixty-nine cultivated varieties were included in these investigations. They are classified, according to the de-
* Reprint of Bulletin No. 157.
New York AgricutturaAL Exprriment Station. 519
gree of self-fertility which they have shown in these tests, into four lists which are given in full in the body of the report. Class 1 includes self-fertile varieties having perfect clusters or clusters ‘varying from perfect to somewhat loose. Class 2 includes self- fertile varieties having clusters loose but marketable. Class 3 in- cludes varieties which are so imperfectly self-fertile that the self- fertilized clusters are generally too loose to be marketable. Class 4 includes the self-sterile varieties. Whenever cross-pollination has been prevented these have developed no fruit.
The varieties named in Classes 1 and 2 form marketable clus- ters from self-pollinated blossoms and may be planted alone. Those which are named in Classes 3 and 4 should be planted near other varieties which bloom at the same time because when cross-polli- nation is prevented they either produce no fruit or the clusters which develop are too loose to be marketable. Lists showing the period of blooming of most of these varieties are given in this report.
The method of testing grapes as to self-fertility by covering the clusters during the blooming season to prevent cross-pollination is certainly reliable with varieties which have long stamens, and apparently so with all other varieties.
Short or recurved stamens are always found associated with complete or nearly complete self-sterility.
Long stamens are not a sure indication of self-fertility because some varieties which have long stamens are self-sterile.
The most satisfactory explanation of the self-sterility which exists among grapes appears to be that there is a lack of affinity, in the self-sterile varieties, between the pollen and the pistils of the same variety.
HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS.
Investigations concerning the self-fertility of grapes were begun at this Station in 1892 and the work has been continued till the present time. These tests have included twelve American species, together with many of their hybrids with each other and
520 Report or THE HorticuLtTurRIst OF THE
with the European species which are found among the cultivated varieties. One hundred and sixty-nine cultivated varieties have been under test. The tests have mostly been made in Station vine- yards, but vineyards in two other localities have also been under investigation. In many cases the same variety has been tested in more than one season and in two or three localities.
Reports of progress have appeared from time to time in the Station’s Annual Reports and in papers prepared by the author for horticultural or scientific societies.1 Since the circulation of the Annual Reports among’ the fruit growers is somewhat limited this account of the investigations is presented in bulletin form. It includes much that has not previously been published and is complete to date. The work has been extended year by year till all the standard amateur and commercial varieties of this State, and also many new or little known varieties, have been tested.
Previous to the undertaking of these investigations, but little was definitely known, concerning self-sterility among cultivated American grapes. The opinion had occasionally been advanced that with certain varieties, especially with some of the Rogers hy- brids, cross-pollination? was an advantage if not absolutely essential to the production of fruit. It had been observed that such varieties fruited imperfectly or were perhaps absolutely barren when standing alone, but gave much better results when they were located adja- cent to other kinds of grapes. Although these things had attracted the attention of a few careful observers they were not made the
1 Kleventh Annual Rep. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Station, 1892: 597-606.
Thirteenth Annual Rep. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Station, 1894: 636-648.
Fourteenth Annual Rep. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Station, 1895: 320-325.
Notes on Self-pollination of the Grape. Rochester Meeting A. A. A. &, 1892: Garden and Forest, 1892: 451, 452.
Fertilization of Flowers in Orchard and Vineyard. Annual Meeting On- tario Fruit-Growers’ Assn., Orillia, Canada, 1894.
Notes on Self-fertility of Cultivated Grapes. Boston Meeting 8. P. A. S., 1898: American Gardening, 19: 666 (1898).
2The term “cross pollination” is used in this report to designate the con- veying to a pistil of pollen from another variety rather than from other vines of the same variety.
New York AqricutturaL Experiment STATION. 5O1
subject of systematic investigation until the work by the writer at this Station showed that self-sterility, either absolute or to a con- siderable degree, is found with a large number of cultivated Ameri- can grapes.
«
METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONS.
THE VINES.
The vines which have been used in these investigations have been generally thrifty, vigorous and in a normally productive condition.
The Station vineyards, in which most of the work has been
done, are on a fertile clay loam which favors a strong growth of vine. Some weak kinds, like Rebecca, have not made a good growth, but most of the varieties are probably stronger growers here than they are on the average on land better suited for vine- yard purposes and especially for developing high flavor in the grape. : Although the vines in these vineyards generally make good growth, they are seldom too vigorous to yield well. Some idea of the yield that may be expected from productive varieties on this aoil may be gained from the following statement of the annual yield per vine of Worden in a Station vineyard.
Six Worden vines planted in the fall of 1892 yielded their first fruit in 1895, averaging about half a pound per vine. In 1896, the fourth season after planting, the yield was 11.63 pounds; in 1897, 23.88 pounds; and in 1898, 18.31 pounds per vine.
COVERING THE CLUSTERS.
In testing a variety for self-sterility the clusters which have been selected for the test are covered with paper bags before the blossoms open. This excludes outside pollen so that if pollina- tion takes place the pistil must either receive pollen from its own blossom or from some other blossom in the same cluster. Ordinary
manila paper bags obtained from the grocer have been used, the
522 Report oF THE HorticuLTuRIST OF THE
3-pound to 5-pound sizes being preferred. The smaller sizes may cramp the larger clusters and the larger sizes offer too much resist- ance to the wind. The shoots on which the clusters are borne being still green and tender at blooming time are more liable to be broken off in wind storms when the large bags are attached to, them than they are when the smaller sizes are used.
In preparing a bag for covering a cluster it is slit downward from the mouth for a short distance on opposite sides so that the open end may include and project beyond the shoot on which the cluster is borne as shown in Figure 1. The mouth is then closed and fastened with a wired label as shown by Figure 2. In this way a portion of the shoot is included which holds the bag more firmly than when it is fastened to the stem of the cluster only and the cluster is less apt to be broken off.
NUMBER OF VINES AND CLUSTERS TESTED.
Number of clusters.— The number of clusters tested among the cultivated grapes varies from four to seventy-one and averages about fifteen to the variety. This does not include the varieties Little Blue, Norfolk and Dlinois City. No account is taken of clusters which have been lost or destroyed by accident.
Number of vines.— No exact record has been kept of the num- ber of vines tested to the variety. It varies from one to perhaps len or more. Probably in the majority of cases at least two vines have been tested to the variety.
Tests of but few clusters.— Are tests of two or three clusters on a single vine sufficient to show the characteristic degree of self- fertility of a variety? The records of these tests give some evi- dence on this question. Nmeteen varieties were tested by cover- ing only two clusters of each in one season. The same varieties were afterwards tested by covering a larger number of clusters. The latter tests gave results practically similar to those of the first tests except in the case of three Rogers hybrids which in the first
tests gave only perfect clusters and in the later tests gave some
FIG. 8.—BAG IN POSITION—OPEN.
Fic. 9.—BAG CLOSED WITH WIRED LABEL.
: u was
New Yorx AgricutturaL Experiment Stratton. 523
perfect or nearly perfect clusters and also some that were quite imperfect. It appears therefore that while tests with one or two clusters may generally give a good indication of the condition of a variety they are not extended enough to be received as conclusive. Indeed some kinds of grapes show much variability in the charac- ter of their self-fertilized clusters on the same vine, although the average results of the variety with different vines and in different tests are quite similar. In addition to the instances of the Rogers hybrids which have just been cited, detailed results in two other eases of this kind will be given as illustrating this feature in cer- tain variable grapes. In 1897 9 clusters of Antoinette were coy- ered during the blooming season. Three produced perfect clusters of fruit, 3 were almost perfect, 2 were rather loose and 1 formed* no fruit. Had only the last-named cluster been tested Antoinette might have been listed as a self-sterile variety. Twenty-two clus- ters of Vergennes were tested at Penn Yan in 1897. Two clusters formed no fruit. The other twenty averaged about half filled, varying from the very loose and imperfect clusters shown in Plate XLIX, Figure 2, to the nearly perfect cluster which is shown in Figure 1.
Seasons and localities— From a consideration of these results and others which will be presented on following pages it is clear that not only should more than one vine be included in tests of self-fertility, but the tests should be made in more than one sea- son and under diverse conditions of soil and climate. This has not yet been done with all of the varieties which are included in these experiments.. Of the 169 cultivated varieties under investi- gation but 78 have been tested by the writer in more than one season and only 24 in more than one locality.
METHODS OF RECORDING OBSERVATIONS.
When the fruit of uncovered clusters was nearly or quite full grown each covered cluster was examined. Whenever any fruit was found a record was made of the proportion of blossoms which
524 Report or tHE HorricuLtTuRIst OF THE
had developed into fruit. If no fruit, or none but abortive fruit developed, that fact was noted. Plate L illustrates a case of a variety which produced no fruit when self-pollinated. Plate LI, Figure 1, shows the results with a nearly self-sterile variety, while Plate LII shows how perfectly the covered clusters may develop when the variety is self-fertile to a high degree,
The degree of compactness of the uncovered clusters was also recorded in many eases, but unfortunately not in all. In the case of vines located at the Station the yield of the vine was recorded. In a few instances, after the blossoms had been covered the vines appeared to be in an unsatisfactory condition for the test as mani- fested by abnormal unproductiveness, injury, weakness, disease, too rampant growth or some other disqualifying feature. The records of such vines, if presented at all, are not included in mak- ing the final estimate wpon which the classification of the variety as to its self-fertility is based. In some cases it has appeared doubtful whether the vine was in a proper condition for the test. When the final estimate is based on such tests it is marked as
questionable. ‘
RECORD OF RESULTS.
The results of the tests with each variety are set forth for each year and each locality in Table I. The number of clusters in- cluded in each test is stated and the kind of stamens is given ex- cept for a very few varieties with which no observations on this point have been made. For self-sterile varieties and for those in which the self-sterilized clusters were on the average too loose to he called marketable, the yield of the entire vine, or vines, as the ease may be, is stated to show the degree of productiveness from uncovered clusters. In many cases where covered clusters have failed to fruit, or have fruited imperfectly, the same vine has given a fair, or even a good yield, from the uncovered clusters. This is accounted for by the fact that all of the vines included in
these experiments have been located where cross-pollination could
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 525
occur. Plate LIII shows clusters of fruit thus produced by self-
sterile varieties. Compare also Figure 1 of Plate LI with Figure 2 of the same plate. Figure 1 shows the best clusters and, excepting one berry, all of the fruit which Brighton has produced on covered clusters in these experiments. Figure 2 shows a cluster of the same variety which was exposed to cross-pollination.
Whenever self-sterile or nearly self-sterile varieties have pro- duced a good yield from uncovered clusters it shows that the vine was in good condition for testing. On the other hand a s-ant yield, or even a total failure to produce fruit from uncovered clusters cannot be accepted as proof that the vine was in an abnormally unproductive condition and not suitable for testing because the prevalence during the blooming season of a damp, cold atmosphere or of other conditions unfavorable to cross-pollination would mani- festly interfere with the setting of the fruit and reduce the yield. Moreover, either the tendency to great productiveness or the op- posite tendency appears as a varietal characteristic among self- sterile as among self-fertile sorts. For example, Elvibach and Red Eagle are both self-sterile. In 1894 and again in 1895 Elvibach gave a very light crop, although located in a mixed vineyard where the clusters were exposed to cross-pollination. Red Eagle, in the same vineyard, and under similar treatment, gave a fair yield in 1894 and a very good yield in 1895. The Elvibach vines being mature and apparently in good health their failure to produce even a fair crop under the circumstances, together with the gen- eral record of the variety here, indicate that even were it not self- sterile it would be habitually a poor cropper.
_ The following table gives a list of varieties tested as to self- fertility and shows for each variety the kind of stamens, the num- ber of clusters tested, the character of the covered fruit clusters and the character of the uncovered clusters of self-sterile varieties.
Report or THE HorricuLrurRIst OF THE
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538 Report or THE HorricuLTURIST OF THE
IS THE METHOD OF TESTING FOR SELF-FERTILITY BY COVERING THE CLUSTERS A RELIABLE ONE?
The reliability of the method of testing the self-fertility of a variety by covering its blossoms during the blooming period and thus excluding pollen from other flowers, has been questioned by some on the ground that the conditions within the covering may be very different from those outside and especially that the ex- clusion of winds and insects prevents pollination.t These ob- jections will be considered here only so far as they concern the work with grapes.
Perhaps the best reply which can now be offered to these ob- jections is the statement that out of 169 cultivated varieties of the grape which have been tested here by this method 103 produce on the average marketable clusters when the blossoms are covered. As one illustration out of many that might be given on this point, the record of Diamond is presented. In 1892, 2 clusters of this variety in one of the Station vineyards were bagged during the entire blossoming period. Two perfect clusters of fruit developed. In 1897, 15 clusters of the same variety were likewise covered in a vineyard near Penn Yan and 18 clusters in a vineyard near Branch- port. Each covered cluster developed into a perfect cluster of fruit. Plate LII from a photograph of self-sterilized clusters of Duchess and Diamond, covered during the blooming period ac- cording to the method under discussion, shows how perfectly the covered clusters of self-fertile varieties may develop. Even with those varieties which show some variableness in the degree of self- fertility under differences of environment, the results with the same variety have generally been quite similar in the different tests.
Attention should be called to the fact that every one of the 103 self-fertile varieties cited above has flowers with long stamens.
If these varieties were able to become successfully self-pollinated
1 Proc. Amer. Pom. Soc., 1897: 94. See also Fletcher, S. W. Reprint from Proce. N. J. State Hort. Soc., 1899: 12-14.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 539
when the blossoms were covered, there can be no doubt that self- pollination occurs with all long-stamened varieties. Kven with short-stamened varieties it cannot be maintained that self-pollina- tion is altogether prevented by covering the blossoms by the method under consideration; for in these experiments some covered clusters of short-stamened varieties have fruited sparingly. Fur- ther discussion of pollination of the grape is reserved for a future report.
ENVIRONMENT MAY MODIFY-SELF-FERTILITY.
The influence of environment on the self-fertility of the grape has not received the attention which it deserves. In order to se- cure some data on this subject varieties which had previously been tested at the Station were tested again in other localities, 20 of them in the vineyard of Mr. E. C. Gillett, Penn Yan, N. Y., and 15 in the vineyards of Mr. George C. Snow, near Branchport, N. Y. Much credit is due these gentlemen for courtesies extended to the Station and for their cordial cooperation in the work.
Four of the varieties were tested in both these places and at the Station so that tests with them were made in 3 localities the same season. Eleven varieties were tested in 2 different localities simul- taneously. The results of the tests in the different localities are presented briefly in the following tabulation:
Report or tHE HorricuLtTuRIst OF THE
540
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New York AGRICULTURAL ExprrRimMEentT STATION. 543
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
The records of the same variety for the same season in different localities will first be considered to see what influence a difference in locality appeared to have on the degree of self-fertility.
At Penn Yan the self-fertilized Niagara clusters were nearly compact enough, on the average, to be called marketable; at Branchport they were slightly looser. At Penn Yan, Vergennes covered clusters averaged nearly half-filled, but at Branchport the covered clusters on the average were about one-fourth filled. At Penn Yan and at the Station, Worden self-fertilized gave nearly perfect clusters, but at Branchport only moderately compact clus- ters. At Penn Yan self-fertilized Diana gave perfect clusters, but at Branchport its clusters averaged but little more than half filled. At Penn Yan self-fertilized Prentiss on the other hand bore only moderately compact clusters, while at Branchport it bore nearly perfect clusters. At Penn Yan, Lindley, out of 25 covered clusters, produced fruit on but one and that bore four berries; 25 clusters covered at the Station gave no fruit. At Penn Yan 25 covered clusters of Brighton produced but one fruit; at Branchport 5 clusters were covered and 3 produced fruit (see Plate LI, Figure 1); at the Station 27 were covered but no fruit formed.
It appears from these records that some varieties show a differ- ence in the degree of self-fertility which they possess in different locations. On the other hand other varieties which were tested in the same season in the different locations gave practically simi- lar’ results in different localities. Brighton, Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Diamond and Salem gave practically similar results for the same variety at Penn Yan and at Branchport. Moore, Early and Worden gave similar results for the same variety at Penn Yan and at the Station.
Some of the varieties tested at Penn Yan and Branchport were not tested at the Station the same season, but were tested there in various other seasons. In these cases the differences in environ-
544 Report oF THE Horticutrurist OF THE
ment are greater than in the cases which have just been considered, for not only were the tests made in different locations but in dif- ferent seasons. Catawba, Concord, Creveling, Diamond, Duchess, Eldorado, Empire State, Hartford, Lady Washington, Merrimack, Pocklington, Salem and Worden gave quite similar results for each variety in the different tests, thus furnishing additional evi- dence that there are varieties which show little if any varia- bility in the degree of self-fertility under decidedly different environment.
Clinton, Delaware, Diana, Isabella, Moore LEarly, Niagara, Prentiss and Vergennes gave more or less variable results with the same variety in the different tests and different seasons.
Taking into consideration all varieties which have been tested at the Station more than one season, it is seen that in a majority of cases the same variety shows a like degree of self-fertility in different seasons. In several instances the degree of self-fertility varies somewhat with the same variety in different seasons, but very rarely is the variation decidedly marked.
But little has been done in comparing the degree of self-fer- tility of vines of the same variety located in different parts of the same vineyard. Such comparisons are not necessary to show that the degree of self-sterility may in some varieties be modified by differences in location. It has just been shown that with cer- tain grapes the degree of self-fertility varies under differences of environment. In some instances it is known to vary with the same variety in different vineyards, with the same vine in different seasons, with different clusters on the same vine and even with different blossoms in the same cluster. With such variable varie- ties it will without doubt vary the same season in different parts of the same vineyard, for so far as soil conditions are concerned different parts of the same vineyard may vary sufficiently to cause marked differences in the growth and physiological conditions of
the vines.
New York AaricutturaL Exprrtment Station. 545
MAY VARIETIES BE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF SELF-FERTILITY ?
In previous reports of this work classified lists of self-fertile, imperfectly self-fertile and self-sterile grapes have been made for the guidance of grape growers. ‘The question now arises whether the variation in the degree of self-fertility of some varieties is sufficiently great to make such a classification of them unreliable. An examination of the changes in the classification which have been brought about by extending the experiments to more than one location and into more than one season will throw some light on this question. All of these discussions refer to normally pro- ductive vines unless otherwise stated. Care must be taken to dis- tinguish between variations in yield due to an unproductive con- dition of a portion or all of the vine and that which is due to self-sterile blossoms.
Looking at the self-sterile lists it is found that Brighton, Kume lan, Lindley, Marion, Norwood and Woodruff have at one time been classified as self-sterile.’ In later tests they have produced from one to several fruits.
Similar changes have been made in the lists of perfectly self- fertile sorts. The following varieties have produced none but per- fect clusters from self-fertilized blossoms in some tests while in others a portion or even all of the clusters have been somewhat loose. Antoinette, Berckmans, Bertha, Cottage, Delaware, Diana, Early Golden, Mabel, Moore Early, Niagara, Pocklington Prentiss, Rutland, Worden.
The following varieties, so far as tested, have produced none but perfect clusters when the blossoms were covered: Ambrosia, Columbia, Croton, Diamond, Etta, Herald, Hopkins, Janesville, Lady Washington, Leavenworth, Lutie, Marvin Seedling White,
1It is doubtful whether the Hayes and Denison vines were in good con- dition at the time the first tests were made in which they were self-sterile.. In later tests they produced clusters about half filled from self-fertilized blossoms. With these exceptions the vines in the self-sterile lists have shown unvary- ing self-sterility so far as tested.
35
546 Report or THE HorricuLtTuRIst OF THE
Mary Favorite, Mathilde, Metternich, Monroe, Opal, Poughkeep- sie, Profitable, Rochester, Senasqua, Shelby, Telegraph, Winchell. In the lists of grapes which give somewhat loose though mar- ketable clusters, when self-fertilized, and of those which give clus- ters too loose to be called marketable, certain varieties have given somewhat variable results in different tests, In some instances showing as great variation as in any of the cases cited above.
It has been shown on preceding pages that in certain varieties the degree of self-fertility is not unchangeable. Its limits, there- fore, may not be defined with mathematical exactness, yet with rare exceptions its variableness in any variety is confined within rather narrow limits. Not all varieties have shown marked differ- ences in the results of different tests. In fact in the majority of cases the results have’ been practically similar with the same variety in different seasons and different locations, so far as tested. A classification based on such tests as have been reported above will show with considerable accuracy the normal degree of self-fertility of a variety, although the limits of the classes will necessarily be somewhat variable. Such a classification is given below. It is probable that slight changes may be made in it after further testing of these varieties. Other varieties may need to be trans- ferred from the lists of self-sterile to the list of imperfectly, self- fertile sorts as has already been done with Brighton, Lindley, Eumelan, Marion, Norwood and Woodruff. For all cultural pur- poses, however, such grapes may: still be considered as belonging to the category of self-fertile sorts. Changes from one class to a widely different class, as from the self-sterile class to either of the classes of grapes capable of producing marketable self-fertilized clusters, are not to be expected. In other words, it is believed that the classification as given below is on the whole sufficiently reliable to serve the purposes of grape growers who are seeking information as to which varieties are able to produce good clusters of fruit when planted alone and with which ones cross-pollination is neces-
sary to the production of good clusters.
~
New Yorx AqricutturaL Exprriment Station. 547
In the following classification the varieties are arranged in four classes according to the average character of the clusters which have developed from covered blossoms on vines in apparently nor- mal condition. In cases where there is doubt as to whether the vine was in proper condition for the test the name is followed by a question mark to indicate that the classification is doubtful.
Class 1 includes varieties which when self-fertilized have formed none but perfect clusters and those with which the clusters have varied from perfect to somewhat loose.
Class 2 includes varieties which when self-fertilized have on the average formed marketable, although not compact clusters.
Class 3 includes varieties which when self-fertilized have on the average produced clusters too loose to be marketable. This class has a wide range. It extends from the varieties in Class 2 with clusters not too loose to be marketable, to Class 4 which includes the self-sterile sorts. There are varieties in this class which have on the average produced self-fertilized clusters nearly compact enough to be marketable, some being rather compact, but others being loose. At the lower limits of the class are found varieties which usually fail to produce fruit on covered clusters but which occasionally have borne a few scattering fruits when the clusters were covered.
Class 4 includes those varieties which have not produced any fruit on covered clusters.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SELF-FERTILITY.
Class 1. Clusters Perfect or Varying from Perfect to Somewhat Loose.
Albrosia Hopkins Opal Antoinette Janesville Poughkeepsie Berckmans Lady Washington Pockington Bertha Leavenworth Profitable Columbia Lutie Prentiss Cottage Mabel Rochester Croton Marvin Seedling White Rutland Delaware Mary Favorite Senasqua Diamond Mathilde Shelby Diana Metternich Telegraph Early Golden Monroe Winchel! Ktta Moore Harly Worden
Herald Niagara
548 Report or tHE HorricuLrurist OF THE
Class 2. Clusters Marketable; Moderately Compact or Loose.
Agawam Darly Ohio Alice Early Victor Arkansaw Edmeston No. 1 Bailey Elsinburg Big B. Con. Hlvira
Big Extra Hmpire State Brilliant Hsther Brown Fern Munson Burrows No. 42¢ Glenfeld Carman Golden Grain Catawba Hartford Caywood No. 5) Highland Centennial Hopican Champion (Cortland) illinois City Chandler Jona Chautauqua Isabella Clinton ; Isabella Seedling Colerain Jefferson Concord Jessica
Dr. Collier Lady Duchess Leader Early Market Lindmar
Little Blue Livingston Marie Louise Mills Missouri Riesling Norfolk Olita Paradox Paragon Perkins Rockwood Rogers No. 13 Rogers No. 24 Rogers No. 82 Rommel Shull No. 2 Standard Triumph Ulster Victoria Wheaton Witt
Class 3. Clusters Unmarketable!l
Adirondack Dracut Amber Alexander Winter Eumelan Amber Queen Geneva Beagle Gold Dust Big Hope Hayes Brighton Lindley Canada Marion Canonicus Nectar
Daisy Noah
Denison
Class 4. WSelf-Sterile. No Fruit Develops on
Aledo Hlvibach Amber (?) Hssex America Faith (?) Aminia Geertner Barry Grein Golden Black Eagle Herbert Blanco Hercules Burnet Jewel Clevener Juno Creveling Massasoit Dr. Hexamer Maxatawney (?) Eaton (?) Merrimack Eldorado
Northern Muscadine(?) Norwood
Pearl
Roenbeck
2Ross (Gov.) Thompson No. 5 Thompson No. 7 Vergennes
W oodruff
Covered Clusters.1
Montefiore Oneida
Red Bird Red Eagle Requa Rogers No. 5 Roscoe Rustler Salem White Jewel Wilder Wyoming
VARIETIES SHOULD NOT BE PLANTED ALONE.
These investigations have a practical bearing both on the selec-
tion of varieties and on their arrangement when planted. The self-sterile kinds cannot be expected to set fruit when they stand
1In cases where the vines were not in good condition throughout the test
the classification is marked as questionable.
2 Further testing may show that Gov. Ross belongs in Class 2.
New York AgGricuttuRAL ExprErRiMENT STATION. 549
alone. Plate L shows what was left of covered Eumelan clusters at the time the fruit ripened on the uncovered clusters. It is seen that not a fruit developed when the Eumelan was compelled to depend on itself for setting fruit. Herbert and Barry likewise fail to fruit when dependent on their own blossoms for pollina- tion. Brighton does but little better. The best results which its covered clusters gave in these investigations are the three clusters shown in Plate LI, Figure 1. But self-sterile varieties may produce well formed clusters when located near enough to other kinds of grapes so that cross-pollination can occur. The clusters of Her- bert and Barry shown in Plate LILI, and that of Brighton shown in Plate LI, Figure 2, were borne on vines which were located favorably for cross-pollination.
The varieties which are named in Classes 1 and 2 produce well formed clusters of themselves. The covered clusters of Duchess and Diamond illustrated in Plate LIL show what. perfect clusters may develop on varieties in these classes when the blossoms are self-pollinated. The varieties named in Classes 1 and 2 may there- fore be planted alone without reference to cross-pollination.
DATES OF BLOOMING.
The following table is given in order to assist in determining what varieties may be used for cross-pollinating the varieties which are named in Classes 3 and 4. It shows the dates of blooming for vines in the Station vineyards only. Where but one date is given it shows when the first blossoms opened. The second of two dates shows the close of the blooming period.’
1The grape usually continues in bloom from six to ten days after the first blossom opens. The time from the opening of the first blossom till the vine comes into full bloom, that is to say, till a large proportion of the clusters are blooming, varies according to temperature conditions. If the weather be warm, it may not take more than from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. If the weather be cool, it will take a correspondingly longer time. The con- ditions of temperature, therefore, determine largely the length of the period of bloom. Millardet has shown that it is the temperature and not the degree of light which influences the rapidity of anthesis of the grape. Anthesis
550 Report or tHE HorricuLtTurIst OF THE
It is important to note that the vulpina species (riparia Mx.) is the first to come into blossom, see Clinton and the hybrids, Canada, Clevener, etc.; the sstivalis species comes next, see its hybrids, Ulster, Mills, ete.; afterwards the labrusca species comes into bloom, see Concord, Isabella, ete.
begins when the temperature rises to 15 deg. to 17 deg. C. (59 deg. to 62.6 deg. Fahr.), and at 25 deg. C. (77 deg. Fahr.), it progresses very rapidly. As the temperature falls again, anthesis is retarded till at 15 deg. C. it ceases. See Essai sur L’ Hybridation de la Vigne, 15, 16. Paris: 1891.
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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 551
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. XLIX.— Fig. 1. - Vergennes self-fertilized ; perfect clus- ter. Fig. 2. Vergennes self-fertilized; imperfect cluster. Fig. 8. Vergennes open to cross-pollination. L.— Humelan self-fertalized. LI.— Fig. 1. Brighton self-fertilized. Fig. 2. Brighton open to cross-pollination. . Reduced one-third. LIL— Fig. 1. Diamond self-fertilized. Fig. 2. Duchess self-fertilized. Reduced nearly one-third. LIW.— Fig. 1. Herbert. Big 2.m Barry.
Reduced nearly one-half.
Report oF THE HortTICcULTURIST OF THE
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‘6 CUVAGNIA
New York Acricutrurat Experiment Sration. 559
VINEYARD 11.
1897. 1898.
Black Hagle............... June,26 to July 3 June 15 to June 21 TyeeA ORO) Algdoe oer ampode pw June 26 to July 1 June 15 to June 21 IB rMianies sees wtess aes eee June 24 to July 38 #£=June 15 to June 20 (OREO WAT a pore ae Se ooo oc June 20 to July 1 £June 11 to June 16 WM LOME ets. aire sts C aereee rors June 14 to June21 June 7 to June ?
TOLRION 1S. 5. Ses SURED OCR ROREY SECO EF ONC June 24 to July 1 June 13 to June 18 IMT Sipe a cee Slen bictonooc June 19 to June26 June 10 to June 15 Ey ili yecmretaretctczysistetiis. x. a cuerelessl:s June 20 to July 1 £ June 12 to June 17 (GES RIV, re ce B ere OO CRO NCD June 24 to July 1 June 13 to June 18 OMAR. Pr sntr acct Metisse scheiebens June 24 to July 3 #£=June 16 to June 25 Isabella Seedling .......... June 24 to July 1 June 12 to June 18 INGA T OMA eae is) Sees ees ata aes June 14 to June20 June 7 to June ?
IMIS Ceqncmicieeosn 6 ogo om OIonG June 24 to July 38 June 16 to June 25 IWISCURNE og a: peaceable nion occ © June 28 to July 3 June 15 to June 21 INGHIOPS. A Gndne cormenae aso F —__—_———— June 12 to June 17 Qitstecareaicrerinsio esr sia ores June 24 to July 1 June 15 to June 23 air GOs) serafet cnet ats, cha sls oh June 24 to July 1 June 13 to June 19
HOW MAY SELF-STERILITY IN THE GRAPE BE ACCOUNTED FOR?
With nearly all of the varieties under experiment. the discharge of pollen from the anthers has been observed. In these cases it cannot be held that self-sterility is due to an insufticient supply of pollen.
Some of the self-sterile varieties have long stamens. That long: stamened varieties become self-pollinated has already been shown. The shert-stamened varieties are self-sterile or nearly so. Does self- pollination oceur with them? It certainly does in some instances; for covered clusters of certain short-stamened grapes have occasion- ally produced a little fruit. If self-pollination occurs with some short-stamened varieties it is reasonable to assume that it occurs with all such varieties. It seems impossible that al! the pollen of a covered cluster could be discharged and none of the pistils be:
come pollinated even if the stamens are short.”
1Green found that covered clusters of Lindley and Brighton set no fruit, but they set fruit perfectly when clusters of Delaware blossoms were inserted in the bags with them at the blooming period. Both Lindley and Brighton have short stamens. Cross Fertilization of Grapes. Minn. Exp. Sta. Bul. 32:229. 1893.
560 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE
Why do not the self-sterile varieties become fertilized after be- ing self-pollinated? Three explanations suggest themselves: First, the stigma may not be receptive when the pollen is dis- charged and the pollen may perish before the tubes enter the stigma; or, second, either the pollen or the pistils may be imper- fectly developed; or, third, the pollen may be incapable of fer- tilizing a pistil of its own variety, because of a lack of affinity be- tween the two.
While assisting the writer in crossing grapes in 1898 Close found that while castrating a cluster of Mills some anthers burst and allowed the pollen to escape, although the blossoms had not yet opened. After castrating several blossoms in the cluster he removed the rest and covered the cluster with a paper bag to ex- elude pollen from other flowers. The bag was not opened till the fruit on the vine was well developed. It was then found that fourteen fruits had developed. These ripened perfectly although eight of them were seedless. Fig. 10 is reproduced from a photo- graph of these fruits. Here is an instance in which self-pollina- tion was effected by hand, before the natural blossoming period arrived, with the result that the pollen retained its vitality till the pistils became receptive and then performed its function success- fully. Millardet has found that stigmas of blossoms castrated just before blooming may retain their vitality without pollination for eight or nine days and that grape pollen may retain its vitality for two weeks, at least.
The evidence which has thus far been obtained does not support the idea that the failure of self-pollinated blossoms to set fruits can be attributed to the discharge of the pollen before the stigma be- comes receptive.
In several instances pollen of self-sterile grapes has been applied to other varieties by hand and as a result perfect fruit has devel-
1 Millardet, A. L’Hybridation de la Vigne. Paris: 27, 31. 1891. Millardet quotes Castel as affirming that he had repeatedly caused the hybridization of the grape by dusting the stigmas with pollen of the preceding year. In view of the results of the test by Close, Castel’s experiments should be repeated with precaution to prevent self-pollination when the blossoms are being cas- trated.
Fic, 10.—MILLs.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 561
oped. With such varieties it cannot be maintained that self- sterility is due to imperfect development of the pollen. Most, if not all, of the grapes here listed as self-sterile have made a record. of producing well-filled clusters of fruit in favorable seasons when so located that cross-pollination from some other variety could occur. This is good evidence that the pistils are, as a rule, well developed. Plate L shows the results of preventing cross-pollina- tion with a practically self-sterile variety, the Eumelan. Not a fruit developed on all the covered clusters. At the close of the season only the stems remained, as shown in ‘the illustration. Compare this with the clusters shown in Plate LILI which formed on self-sterile vines when the blossoms were exposed to cross-pol- lination. Figure 1 shows a cluster of Herbert and Figure 2 a cluster of Barry. Compare Plate LI, Figure 1, which shows the three best, and with one exception, the only self-fertilized clusters of Brighton which have been obtained, with Figure 2, which shows a cluster of Brighton, which was open to cross-pollination. In view of these facts the second explanation for the self-sterility which is found among grapes cannot be accepted.
By an examination of the parentage of the grapes which have been included in these investigations it is found that with the exception of the Eaton’ all of the thirty-three self-sterile varieties, Class 4, are hybrids, and of the twenty varieties listed in Class 3 as perfectly self-fertile all but five are hybrids. It is well known that self-sterility is often found among plant hybrids.
_ The evidence that self-sterility in general is due neither to de- fective pollen nor to defective pistils may be summarized as fol- lows:
1. Pollen is formed abundantly.
9. Pollen retains its vitality till long after the pistil should be-
come receptive.
1 Eaton is a seedling of Concord, but whether from a seed produced from self-fertilized flower or from a flower open to cross-pollination, the records do not state. It is commonly classed as a pure labrusca variety.
36
562 Revorr oF tHe HorricuLtTurist OF THE
3. Pollen of self-sterile grapes may successfully fertilize other grapes.
4, Pistils of self-sterile grapes are usually well developed. They develop into fruit when cross-pollinated.
In view of the following considerations the most satisfactory ex- planation of self-sterility which can be presented appears to be that with self-sterile grapes there is a lack of affinity between the pollen and the pistils of the same variety.
1. Nearly all of the self-sterile list and of the list of varieties which give very imperfect self-fertilized clusters are known to he hybrids. Possibly all are hybrids.
2. Self-sterility is often found among plant hybrids.
The variability in the degree of self-fertility which has been observed with some varieties seems to be due to the production of more vigorous pollen or the development of a greater affinity between the pollen and pistils of the same variety under espe- cially favorable circumstances. Thus Brighton is generally self- sterile. Under especially favorable conditions it has overcome self-sterility to so great an extent that a few self-fertilized fruits have developed. See Plate LI, Figure 1.
LENGTH OF STAMENS AS AN INDICATION OF SELF-FERTILITY.
An examination of the list of cultivated varieties inclnded im these experiments, omitting Hopkins and Shelby, the stamens of which have not been observed, shows that only those varieties which have long stamens produce marketable clusters of fruit where the blossoms are bagged. This is certainly strong evidence that varieties having short stamens are not able of themselves to produce marketable clusters of fruit.
Twenty-six of the cultivated varieties which were tested, while not completely self-sterile, were nevertheless unable to produce marketable clusters where the blossoms were bagged. Kighteen of these have long stamens and eight have short stamens.
There were forty cultivated, varieties which, so far as tested,
New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563
proved to be utterly self-sterile. The stamens of one of this class, Oneida, have not been observed. Of the remaining thirty-nine varieties, nine have long stamens and thirty have short stamens.
~ Eleven specimen vines, representing as many native species, were under observation. Three had long stamens end were self- fertile. Of the eight kinds which had short stamens three were self-sterile and the rest were self-fertile, one kind producing clus- ters which, though loose, were sufficiently well developed to be classed as marketable. So far as known all cultivated grapes which can develop marketable clusters when self-fertilized have long stamens; nevertheless the fact that a variety has long stamens can- not be accepted as a sure indication that it is self-fertile. On the other hand the fact that a cultivated variety has short stamens may be taken as pretty sure evidence that it is self-sterile, either com- pletely or to such a degree that it cannot of itself produce marketa-
ble clusters of fruit.
ViIErOCHRR RTS: 9 UO ha AN ities SELER BRAUN.*
S. A. Braoz.
In 1895 this Station recommended a new cherry for trial as a late variety for home and market use and distributed buds under the name Lutovka to persons who applied for them.
The fruit did not answer to the descriptions of Lutovka pub- lished by Prof. Buddt, Ames, Iowa, by whom the variety was introduced into this country.
Specimens of the fruit were sent to Prof. Budd, who pronounced them true Lutovka. The stock had been obtained from John Wragg, a nurseryman at Waukee, Iowa. 5 Later, trees of several varieties of European cherries which Prof. Budd had imported were obtained from him, and among them were the Lutovka and the Brusseler Braun. When these fruited it was discovered that the variety which had previously been obtained from Mr. Wragg under the name Lutovka was not like the Lutovka which Prof. Budd sent us, but was identical with the Brusseler Braun. It answered to the published descriptions of Brusseler Braun{ and was found to be identical with that variety as grown at the Michi- gan Agricultural College and the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.
The object of this notice is to announce to those who have re- ceived cherry buds from this Station under the name Lutovka that
* Reprint of a Station Circular.
+ Iowa Agrl. Coll. Buls., 1885: 53; 1890: 7; 1893: 16. + Iowa Agrl. Coll. Buls., 1890: 7; 1892: 16.
Mich. Agr]. Exp. Sta. Bul., 123 (1895): 24.
Can. Cent. Exptl. Farm Bul., 17 (1892): 6.
New Yorx AaricutturaL Experiment Station. 565
they should change the name to Brusseler Braun. The variety still promises to be a valuable acquisition because of its extremely late season, fine appearance and good quality.
The Station does not now offer buds of Brusseler Braun for dis- tribution. Among those who secured buds of it from the Station | in 1895 were many nurserymen from whom trees may now proba-
bly be obtained.
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SUMMARY OF DIRECTION OF WIND FOR 1898.
573
ee oo Ee SF Sem acer emma By ae aes Sew a ae ae ee ee a a a n wn ical Hours. | Hours. | Hours. | Hours. | Hours. ATAU Eh Ay dh qacesenedane ApHDAGHALOSS nateisleisioiaielsleisis 27 8&3 166 317 593 February PRECODRDOOCDOO OF frase ota atevernvevelcievatalals 29 52 155 262 498 . MareRs cece ateneeiste tire fetereree siotcinloleleretereusteteieve 11 66 301 226 604 JN ofc ll eae apie Rafe capraccreraitirecer ete mYoeletelersternieraisterere 129 "9 49 317 574 Mayes sarararslesionn'es Setitactaratn Mertee Ste Ginuie Sree aiatnieve 84 63 158 227 532 UIE) Doaaee ccanarneonmeaneee eakete svar teteleferaenrorerareictat 66 48 105 296 515 DILYS ieee es BOREAS etakets Talatststeunvors ane en aletotete 56 70 68 140 225 5038 PANIPTISE Re dee nce darpodbecocenadsoece nocacnes nico 22.5 11 121 220.5 375 Septembert...ccaci seamen create saree: 25.5 20 155 289.5 490 October...... AGHCaTaRAaoCAT AHS TAB GOrTEae 18 70 227.5 240 555.5 Novemberit (iiticchecne ’SouogoDO ponoonecouS 660 17 18 182 302.5 5 9,5 MecemberF.2 i se lane casa emcee cnieamures els Sisters 38 30 135 336 539 ier 6,298
Total hours of movement .......s:ese0. 5387 608 1,894.5 | 8,258.5 oe SSS |
Per cent of time in each direction......... : 8.6 aia 30. 51.8
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577
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
SUMMARY OF Maximum, MINIMUM AND STANDARD THERMOMETERS.
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SUDLANONUAHY, TOS JO PNICVAY '
579
New York AaricutturaL Experiment Station.
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MerreoroLogicaAL Rrecorp FoR 1898 oF THE
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581
New York AGRIcUuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
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MerrrorotocicaAL Recorp For 1898 oF THE
582
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METEOROLOGICAL RecorpD For 1898.
584
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A. Page
AEM PHOSPHAtertor. LEGER LOR CIID rerveretee ellate) ev orsierereie' « eretiereiejlelcte lela») = 486 APC HELIMOMELCI. sECAGIN ES! (fe otal coh stovellel «1 sirsi'si's) «] ev aliehiainisereley suolesle wovare 575, 576 Analyses of commercial fertilizers ..............0200.. 93, 110, 276, 284 ANALYSIS OL sLELGUZeLS a tOGMS OUSEC. scieis cise) aire ie sene oc) lareiouele orevevers ects lovers 108 Armia] LOOd tonepoultiry, -CCOMOMY: OF |. -).e1cwiele cie/o crcucle «ere cuvene ave alene ore 45 DIAS CH SELON cg 6 car ols egeire ailesfaues etiogs oeyorsuelerennienerote 36
SATIN SOR DOME VAR OM: eickaerewistoiere evs, os oro sient ata 6. ene)'s 50, 54, 57, 60
INGUStE Yan CEPALCMENtMOL TEPOLG. = ccc ace scisice cor cle srereerere 43
WOT Kap aiate cece hc ls casei talicastaveyoaenetsieioeen 36
AMENrACHOSe= Of MCUuCUMbDErS, GAMALC j.5.2. 0. ace dece cosne cscs cdelece 69 Apanteles congregatus rufocoralis, enemy of tent-caterpillar.......... BY Ws Ample-treertent-caterpillaraGdults: <i iy 62 <6 ses sos sedis S aiels dese ese ele sie 374 Dibliographicaly list. sac eteieveuts cele erence 382
CLASS ULCAG ODIs aye aebateveKchor oxstonehtofovoterstovereKencnesatte 365
ER OI ck Brae ey teralas seat rchanacclos ss acere wishes 368
HOOP PIATITS YS xa cher chorctoxonsteheastevere terete ravens 368
growth and: feeding habits) 2... .aceiee cece ¢ 370
Histonys ange Gistrib ution saa... rats cies 366
haubiavid Ni touneg. Gonedd co ooOooD do oCGUD Oo adO 368
ATIVES tL LAGIOMN Ste tech tate rctotsterene tishetster tote kel otalete 35
LAVA Ae cetera cree cle sary cavalo steteravetene 369, 372
WO, 5 Gedo yooaoenbeconuanoaouscUsoCons 370
IVINS ey eos cata evetonatne stentiatiste’ stale. stohelalois sPe¥stacs 366
MATUT ALS CHECKS arta wal.tepatetalel shel aliatate! olaletenetstele 376
OAKS COE IhavERWOEHAON SG SbooopoaoccaDCKDCT 369
PLEVEN YE IMECASULES eet ciial joyetst chelate) ot oleistere 378
DMNA Go GeoooCoOObNoo aod OO OUUEUODOS 373
FEMeCIMIGMeASULES er memes tolaie a oraeleretel> 378
GOMitrewtey sti: steveyetoucrel one cteievotey cvevorenohelalecletecclertels 373
Arsenirerot lime for Canker WOLD... cece ccc ciclo ol cesis)ele)- = 35, 388
LOVIN LAY AA calcite tee icin atohel or o erate slievegerenet oe tenermar tober s uevellere 388
586 INDEX.
B. Page. Bacteriologist, dairy, appointments ctayeteceta ete # ere aicieteiereletelerelerenersierie 6 Basket willow industry in central New York .........c.ccsecccscecs 324 Willows; Notes com “CULCUEE Are terrace oie wee < oie (s/s: cues loselaterescisionciena 327
Beets. (See Sugar beets.) Biological and sdairya Dulldin es 7contra Cis Ole een clermieeierieleioietelleiareieieie 9 GeAIGAEOM) 3 eros, stoves: siohave crercreisonetasteeds 18 Gepartmvents) Ts .02. peters tele crete elec evar one 12 CQUIPMICIE <5 caceucketeiets cralee eee eee e/a eit 12 general Construction... 2. 2... csiesee ce 10 heat, gas and water ........ oiepsivsreeye ial | Suit} 0) iB) Cece eI OT HORIGICOS de O06 Go oe 7 PELLUP OTA TOM 2 5. ay ja: teiane-ciccsl e-evailer svereue scenerene ime Birdspassenemies of) tent-caterpillari emi aoeiciee oer 376 Blackberries; Motes om VATICtICSi i.e cicieietel yecccneiorel clersc nieteloloroisieas enone 507 VALICCY MLESES IS a0 enstere, chara ckoreravers reece eucus rete ole erorsieteneioneere 492 PGE, Bd o oOOIOOS ao auOD soeboo ames GonDeboonGudoc 507 Blight of cucumbers; lossurromevicec tc iterebeversecieiciel oneveioteieia rele ehetecieneteiete 68 Blooming ofsgrapes, 1 Gate: «certs crake sarenstoeue ieeeke ace ka eeieiene 549, 552 Bordeaux mixture for cucumber downy mildew .............-eeee- 69 Botanical: department, Teport (oc. cyejve -vacrlevoie «siete ete veyelelercierce eieraietetns 65 WOT saat Reeve obs os e:se te set sleds ceatistencoverotal el aula delctedsiers oxetare 34 Botanist appointment goo. sisic< cvawjeueveuencreu yes coteuale ever revo ietele «oie areretiotos: 6 12) 010) 6 Ha 0) Rely CS REM EAIy CLANS can PERN OI PCr OR I iad. crCREE IO OOO On 65 Brusseler’ Braun: cherry, Note OMe. wails cis clare cioieiel sect oie le ieieiokare ieienereiere 564 Building improvements: . FF cscs hapten speatenelelee seoee ork ws uae) cr atio eleclaeveraueneeee 21 Bulletin: No.-143, sreprimtest es icin sues cietoe aee ee aee eie cies —- 823, 340 144, Peprint: onscpe eke eal eaeeseaiom aan oloieeale a epi reretie poe 389 T4565 PEDTUME: 45 oye ve sie x win cucteheloretareheueve lotevene abetaayerenekayenerereerete 93 TAG, REDLINE s\é<.0 cs eraecpspatatereyekovevreaaraitere fave @ cist) « eveia sheers 461, 483 LAT POPLINE Se ie wees mace apsbeteratn tie Stekscoge oteue efeuslellelevekeveloneterst 492 TAS, PEPLLM Eo. icz:0ip seeais solar oct uss: oyendyaiieslsuanetaveners, obeueushate late enatorencrete 276 TAG, PEPTIDE, 65) jake eos mite ven rooney te Mane leneuese retteltheeene cette eaetone 45 150; LEPrINt fs. s6s. wicre oie tere ero devotee suns leneceelaveisiecieters 345, 389 LHL, PEPE is) sds evals Geek aes Sete aoter tuiele alate evsiie sar apolosereletetererete 510 T52; PEPTAME 6 care sas Weare eee iat ee ee oleae cree ete rare nrg 364 LBS; PODEIDG cc. ah io: 5c adater aparece Riera vets lage wee sto tarsvotereiede ote enstocaretetere 6 SY: Baas we) Opel b 1 ee mA ooo Gono monooD oa omaad © 415
VHS, LOPLINC 6... is: cpcele re Dake cen Moma heboele lore alexsuereteveteteloreveherenee 430
INDEX. 587
Bulletin No. — (Continued). Page.
LD GSeLOVEUNGE A citen eeieace s Sked 8 bas 3 ee te wee eta ois ee 67
DM ARO DLIN ta pmemaetieties ad) 43505. £5 ssa oes Ore ee ence aleie w claveneiies 518
Bilenncpublished pimel SOS ee aA scsi ssc cong tee ares sromsietetote o cinta iota staiae 37
Cc.
MMA CHIOO DEI HCUNE. ae matey renters ete-ceiece: sus !oy cv oletes oveneletoretese) ele ave. trees Gia mctens 403
ODO sion iar cn Nomen eked eletvareselapegoNetovoke 6: cher'ena elas’ eceie eUerbuevesere's 403
RUE ax hice nips odere dap evehenerenas sheave «/feichio:e,"s>s) evereielievors.0\laystel eserelle 403
LCM MISCO sO ALES ac. osus corer ous" sisieves ere: eh eleheverere/ecercleiete 404
TOU Alpers raresrcvarct es s\rohe oeoseNe, cue ed cuelcher ere) eteirars tehsier exeietore.s Gueres 404
Capbaces worm Like MiStoryean uh aAbitSasmicioe cute eclc se creisie ercie.cceelele slelers 401 Calosoma calidum, enemy of tent-caterpillar .......... sccccscscsces ST) ;
SCTULOLOT. CHEM. Ol eteMt-CATerpillate ciccles eels ele ec elere sierere 317
Canker Worm, Spraying EXPeTiIMeENtS 2... csn oc cce conse cevesves 35, 385
Carabidae, natural enemy of cottonwood leaf beetle ..............+.. 332
CatawDa Srape, Cmect OF TIMING «2's «cia scsi ele teers sce etelelee 515, 516
Cauliflower and cabbage worms, spraying mixture for ............. 389
Champion grapes eect Of iM SM oasis oho ciel aie co)lalo's'e\elini averatevolve\atielere 515, 516
Chemical department, report, Of sc cise s oe aie eicicwa.s de dole oe sais areleleves 91
ROI O hate ote kave feoxepe e's oil Sietensiafoleneve (20 elciaveiereialeiars 26
Chemicals and incomplete fertilizers, average composition ....... 97, 280
CHEMIST LENO cEOfamee cre tormeret clotensie: stemsatas rise) aire, Siete. ata 0d bs0 Wieleaminvee ar dievere 91
Cherries: |“ VArietyeaMISMAMEG so sere ors .cvere s, ee,eroleuciie: obs ertieue ave.c1 eels ose s wise 564
Chicks fedvanim alias roan: « e evscevecrevens: ovecelenchiclorersne ele o-s) wie¥evelers eeyerers 50, 54
WEZELADICELOO GMS ALIN Meare te siete is ieisisiensie (lave slelersrorwisrelsy orefaeteits 51, 55
Clava OAM AT AY SOSwealserstels ote, cece atetee ho te orate, cite rales ors Tol'u, a) bye bys) Sie! oelelel ere wrelele 487
Clisiocampa americana. (See Apple-tree tent-caterpillar.) distria. (See Forest tent-caterpillar.)
Coccinellidae, natural enemy of cottonwood leaf beetle ....... sholctereetele 332 Cockerels fed animal meal, gain ..... Pedotatchal sheyarolsisrc autre or sheistaceverssoualcherare 57 Vexetal lero: Salma cele cies eis stores evo0) «forse sus) clatersvsilayaons 58
Woe cient Ol MDUrIby, OL ISUSAT DEES! cries l= eieiere efavole rel eleliaverslleievei(e eieuere « 438 Commercial fertilizers, ANAIVSES occ cccceseesccedcens 93, 110, 276, 284 for foreing head TEthyCe rs scic1< as cise ieicicle s\civvs 483
DOLALOES eo nercies sre cieisie tel ofelevatererereieletersceye ore 387, 415
y. stable manure for lettuce forcing. ... 488, 490 sugar beets ........... 455 Comparison of soil mixtures for forcing head lettuce ...............- 461
588 INDEX.
Page.
Complete bulletin. Vist>s ><, (nce ete eo ols ecole. iareio ekpetan euch aneuotel siaiesa) eee 22 Composition of poultry stoodSeae see eer Rete ieee eee 49 AUPAT: DECES, “ie stewegepes< ofenin cies vinta! co Suede Ree velreL versiones 444
Concord grapes; eflectof, ringing eee oo. «=~ «tle tere eiekiole 5138, 514, 515 Co-operative experiments with sugar beets ...............ceeeeeeees 432 Cost of growing’ SULAT WDECUS =. ce, . dreuctetens ois crore ciel clos cereetoreustste lata hereiaere 438 spraying for ‘cottonwood Teafabeetle wir. cicrereai-iesieielehottels siete 336 Cottonwood leat" beetle,” adult®." 3. oficial cesar. 331 Diblidgraphical ViSts-- emcee eels «celal 338
classification’ an Gmemam ees err ile ehaieeneienaets 824
GESCLIPHONE So saci serserecere wiate cieiesele evetere aero 328
GiISELIO MTOM sas. varcre sostecscstera epmioneloleyete ters ateneverers 326
ECONOMIC IMIpPOLtaNnCces e+ saeco icte lection 325
CLS hr Tire. a eo leiaiior ofatevauer shore eaters ston ate enchenete ts temenerene 329
EXPCLIMENCS ALAUISE cy sce cies, == a]evayaieyo eiataraieeens 334
FOOE PIANtES Sus. aeiacc ine Greece eet alee oiereieretere 327
WIDEPMATUON oe 2% sicjs tarts or sre ws mucvaters) sissorseuctees 332
FAS tOLY: crc! oli evetercis (oi star evoiecslctevclohare laverouevsuoteteaeterer: 326
importance as nursery stock pest.......... 325
INU tOnwillOwisiescc-tec ois ee eee 32'
MAT Vide, SE seiicis ni aishensi ose) alse tore. 4 /oeroustel tie terepe terete 329
larval habits! 27, oo cciece ouatetstettedercielersusis aceite 330
Jife SHisStoOry. Fss-< 2:5 aGeueaseevepniererevaveavoprecea Re eon 328
methods ToL com atin cee rtectereitecist teres 832
natural enemies. 3:2. lesic coe rcicrersstereoroaerens 332
NuMberM OF-WLOOTs A coie caveat Vera sreystererctauctevel lever 332
period Of incubaklone- meee eee acne 329
DUDS: 6) 5..c oa. Bee Sissi ace sree etetieto earls oeneletero eter 330
PUPAtION: 3. 2 case andelsso cuercuetev oni eeieoe here eee 330
recommendations for treatment ...........- 337
SCUGY (OL 25.8. co Sire srpceane siehayenohenernereiteennierarart ne 323
treatment recommendedis cee) scien ria 337
Cucumber anthracnose; damageys cemceto aciteietelerateisiolieisierey teetetens 69 blight; JOSSPErOM % Vel wave sisie erste oeucis curioes otto iene eer 68
downy mildew, damage > < ..5.. soc oe ccie decision 69 prevention by Bordeaux mixture ........ 69
Pickles; Mrofit Ineo WANs eerie sie eieleledcieiceeteereieteters 86 SPLrayiNesOuUtHat-s wee cies cers cre etetionne cuenel a eke otevekotetennaenehetetens Tal
Wilt GisGase, Gamage iu. i.) wicutccnisie csnetroaa cistern austere 69
2 Page, WUWCUIMDETA COSC LOL SPA YR Sas cova aic. cit 3yolceie:iarreyay ares si o/c cale lee) eee ele elevele eieteve 87 CUMS wa eeteeet aie ohe loin claire. sere ensue eueho chelle Webaenoverace G3, 16, 19, 82 GITECHONS LOTS AVA Sos varareyensioter «lous shailelete sete a oveshereroel aioe PAED SV MELLOMSPLDYV MASc «5-5 -sedebepeictshtteneforejete cist dsier® 75, 78, 80, 84 SLAY ye te detete aso) a's: 0. «ciel ated cheyadsi stexogeeues chatexoiebornels, oysters: es 67 EXP SLUM SIUUG):2' ke, “Vovhore) ai alicvenrevavete ele ohetehaveval ovevarieva si «lees 34 Wield samdcvalwer iowa oe c= =~ acts Sepereveretsyore 73, 74, 77, 80, 82, 83 D. Dairy bacteriologist, appointment = F251 .c stoic vale o cleehe are pats oe ea ee 6 building. (See Biological and dairy building.)
EXPEL /APPOIUUMEME Meret secs were: «coe lasers Gal mch nie aeetera ester 6 Wedication Of piologicalsand dairy building ey < ss. sears rece eens 18 Delaware grape, CiectiOferingin gy! - eh tuueslen ccm saes tee pls, 514, 515 Wepactment-ot Animal Industry, report. 4. socscseoeses ce sce ce cee 43
WOT O Lay ty eier ysis ce Uayotars cleiete erovtae ars 36 IBOtAN VY Bre POL Giese sets voc cisions acncte doe 6 Aatels beavers wo imiehe eu 65 VOM O Lees rerapecienetns eters tec teycvesherel iorereerece a ereve a 34 OiTe THIS Gaye ODOM Guarana Mere lace ine ciel satel icle oie a) anche tar s\n 91 SWiOLE Oli .sester te tevtinys, siretayetruisicrennat suai oeraat oun eaters 26 Hntomologya LEMOLt es) see clon nei el eiseis oo lemon aes 321 iW. OLR O Leretremrep oc tapers Syaye ortye srabae aaule eictere erate 35 elds Cropsr sre pOlitergte. tere sissies tosierays cicheet ovsieusie) ot arcane 415 EVO CULCUTE x re O Geers At eteory svar ciortoier a chaiakc cansiarevovena leone 459 SW OLRM O Lee eulron ant oveices sueiaiis io 2 wakahee lovenel sete! Serene platens 31 Necondesuadicialssw orks a ercmmes selciicres erie cerca 26 Dibrachys baucheanus, enemy of tent-caterpillar ..................... 377 IEC CCLOTE Ole avy IN Cesc tra ae yess rey oie lesa) avers. nist ahr aavts en 'oJo) ever ai Sie\ora'e ay sie ce(a wat rahe 573 MIneehlons TOL Spraying, CUCUIMBDELS:., « 6) «sc cis eleie's ole «cle a elsieie sie sci o clele 83 WITS CLOT LEP OL Green cr et ever cler eccie tors! avers annie 6 ee dil oun anar aja ate! Bie alaeye'ece. oh elena lorerare 6 Distance in row, eftect/on sugar beets! .......... ccs oecceces cacacececs 456 Downy mildew, Of Cucumbers; GAMALC!. © cance cc sce esc cacce esses css 69 prevention by Bordeaux mixture ...... 69 Ducklings fedrcanimal Meal, SAIN, sic. c:scceleiessyajisies\ cs scree ere o'sc/e leans 60 VECECADIERROOG! SAAN Ceive nn cies sc rotereve(ekelerej-e-stereifor'c e1eheva) sh eves ov 61
E. Putectoretertlizers on yield of Sugar beets) <.....06.0.c0s cee cceccs see 441
Hinpiresstate: erape, effect Of TINGING’... sca. .s + cee cciecleciece sche 513, 514
590 INDEX.
Page. HMintomological department; ‘report... « aieeus x, +ssiiigcasok mare seeeneee 321 WOPEISIOL 3: 7c 5:0%..5 Se stots oatete tie ole rere cee 35 Hntomologists; report. Of. - Sememems ceed 126 ces eee 323, 389 Hxperiments, ‘spraying: on cuctimbersia-. sso eee ee eee 34 with 'green‘arsenite=73.41..<¢ 2) ee a eee See 342 SUgAT Deets: «1.5 FEES ci sd icicle ceeniee ee eae ee 29 F.
Fall cultivating for repression of raspberry saw-fly ...............-. 356 Web-WwoOrm NOtES ON... <i-.s caysttoeyeelcaiare cite roeramioerele ork mae cleereore 381 Harmers) institute work of station Staite peta ramen aoeacee cents 23 Mertility of rapes (apis th cyete seks etotessy shells Slave eiehe tesa isaaeter Then teereb tere 32 Hertilizer analysis, terms used <4). oe aoe esa eceeenit eee 108 Inspection 2.6.) FAB eaysitiee poe too by creaatobolskakate helo tac tee eee 20 MANULACturers, PISTOL 014 titeeieieicieehe neato - hoteak-Med at en chan 104 Mertilizers; commercial; analy sesiy co. acai tek eine tine cee 93, 276 for foreing head Tettutle: <.c:<1.vei<\sctelelolahelctetenatehets 488 OD POLCATOCS .cciciec siouetetalosetove lors torepavote evetoneNahetetetoner 37 complete; averaze COMPOSition: 22, oc. «<cie ce cee ce eeene 96, 279 cost of plant foodtinwton ue ee seee es «ele te one 100, 282 effect of quantity on yield of potatoes . ...............- 426 ON. SUgGAT UN DEES... 2 ouhe sieveiciaceceloolovalcueasie ereutenaeteinte 441 Vieldeof Sugar sDeets <;, c.ciace aside ewe susislence 441 fiomé mixing tAy feeder. ras ae ee ee 28, 101 incomplete, average composition .. .......scccccceees 97, 280 number and Waindseecolleetedy a c):1. <i sicis «ates a1) 0) ee elolenels 95, 278 selling price and commercial valuation ............. 98, 282 EER ATC Dn yn, 5 SER ete SNS, cele eh seed ce coved tenn eis lela elo le Meverpedelote 27 Hield:. crops, report: OM... 2iftes sera cece ioe eG eee 415 WOK OD: », «. Syreyetsn25Phisicitis © Sie%ej holes eloiecs shesetoeio euets Blecenetoiicte 37
Flea-beetle, grapevine. (See Grape-vine flea-beetle.) Food and gain of poultry on animal meal.............. 50, 54, 57, 60 vegetablemtioods tia sia ceeiccius 51, 55, 58, 61 animal; forpoultrys wey huaick-. alo.s ciorotev sl ol chancielavel er oeionn el eretereneierene 36, 45 Hoods, poultry icomposition Of s-85) 4h eer cies 49 Valuation Of ws »sk ccelct ee chet oe eee 48 Vorcing-house for lettuce, descriptions socesee ae eee 462 Foreign varieties;:testsiofs, 2 Wwasee aiecic esse ee nee 31 Horest: tent-caterpillarynotes ona. oe eee eee eee 881
Frontina frenchii, enemy of tent-caterpillar ...........ccccccccceceees alt
INDEX. 591
G. Page.
AMO poultry. On Animalefoods:.. «. . «sencenesccice# ee 50, 54, 57, 60
Vegeta ple LOOGS) .) és 5. cccwestcinc ee ee ae 51, 55, 58, 61
AT CHCVATOTANC OMeCCE: Oly LIMITE 7. oie, s oo cles aielsia sree eioeee eels oeclereiene 515, 516
Germination and growth of lettuce seed . ...........cccccscces 468, 470 Girdling grapevines. (See Ringing grapevines.)
TADS CAUSE: OLISELE-StCLIM GY: so, ¢.s.c-00re eee acres ee G.sdiale am eee oeises selon 559
SCHETELEMLES oz, crramrcprctebeless) ein. 6a) 5 sb vlaios bicsa sterciavorarciss loreve ee aves. ave 32, ol8
lengthvotestamens ani indiestore’. -s\ccc)e.0 ojos. «ale ne 562
Method: OLGCGS UN Lae 5 ch ferelt eho eiel's he) 6) ave.0/s/e oeveneia ceeicte §21
MOdifled DyxeMVATOMIMENNE. oo <2 ooo e cleisreiee ce eleie 539, 540
Grape varieties, characteristics relating to self-fertility.............. 526
classification according to self-fertility.............. 547
“rvape-vine flea-heetle; ‘adults occ s:cievs: wis, 6: 010.010.0101 4,6. ¥ cilelese orsie\eiaie'e, cies 360
CDs ere ol eo iin. Cone oar wile araverohen arate lalleiei plslece/ elas sere Sere 360
MUEVidens) perctio svete 8 or o(areTars cher etel rel avel sects) eitenerey sverelaetaretete 360
Life history: Ald GESCEIPLLONS seine 2 einisleteioieleicls 360
methods of Compbatineia. «-cicies cielc oeisietereleeielele 361
Paris Preen LOLs... 3) cw sere clos tse No oeve eels saleeiaias 361
DUDAMOMNS., neovers sere pkertcos sconces etre ee aie isi eieeine 361
SEUOVSOR, cc nacre, oleses, cio isp, cselave ele siete cio ooh era anne ee 35
ACAD VANOSs PIM SIT Oe re ca. (olay cele eco: eft ecsicast clo. G\o olee) a aleicrers ay eleie, ecayaere eens 34, 510
Teese aterO tl. DIOOLMM Oi. tes acco. e ekegouai ect store o,01e,e: eioveleiis sis teleeiegeietere © 549, 552
Green arsenite against cottonwood leaf beetle... .............e00ee- 334
SPLing) CANKET! W OPM) .yuscisis's.s;s,sierese.e co « 0s. 8isie's 387
TENT CAtenp ARS sh esc ica scr alstacaret outevereastevover ev eye siete 379
“ ; EXPErim ents) walling. ma et-cyciersleisiasisioce’e: “leone scl v.e/srele.eierers 340
QualitlestanGonser cec-ycis sckelelcrorsrorelelorencl sie asic siale,cioustel opts 340
Ground beetle, enemy of cottonwood leaf beetle ..............20000- 332
Ground beetles, enemies of tent-caterpillar. .. ...... ee cee ee eee eee 317
Growth of lettuce... .. SOOO DUO Oa POCObGL Od OC OO Coe wale ayers) s.etausiehe 476
H.
Eevebore tol raspoerryas aw tye. ici cistels ere = sieiaiclsisiclsyejsle)aiers sie ct s/t a. aie 357
2omie Tnbalty Geidealleshe oi Geos Gop caCOUDC OUD DUC COOOCODOONODODOUC 101
Eon culonral G@eparemMent, LEO... ora. <i-'-isverstatorelolaleteloleiaisicle’sle|ojsjs) slelstels 459
VWiAGE (iS ot a maodoun doo oanHOtinO OC OnOODOC 31
ont CHIEUEISE TE DOL Olan «= «ci 4 72 cise (ols clelscsielstalal ere lose) siels efele)(oisyalc sfotolskene 461
Hydrocyanic acid gas, effect on eggs of iNSeCtS......... cece ee seeeees 35
Hyphantria cunea. (See Fall web-worm.)
592 INDEX.
I. Page. Tmprovements,) OU Gin gh. to <tr ratte hl ees hieere ei a ee eee yi Infiuencevof, fertilizers On! SULAEADECUS a cone. -xo.o\oseyol reuse ora oneneye ieee tate alee 440: Insects, eggs, effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on..................... 35- Station Collections ecto cea ech: foi fae a lasebe tole dckoperletenroter stolen eines 35 Inspection; fertilizery teri. ctctc: icici tel. = ols erect nee erel ier err 26. L. Ladybird beetle, enemy of cottonwood leaf beetle ................ 332 Leaf beetle, cottonwood. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.) lettuce, commercial fertilizers) for fOrGim eer. yeiele el yerieere eee teen 483. ferglizers Apple in sLOLCINS ee pellicle elit alenetieietereeter 484, 487 forcing. acid phosphate LOLs wesw eis lewiee ise oe stee te eteterenstete 486. LVI OK(aoioi 5. seadeonuodsdsoandudoneccnpac 462 Mung COVEN TK B Adogodadoso0tGddsucads 7500007 486. USO es} ean 0) Pee mo. cim crea GoGo Unobpoacdacdanone os 486. soils, ingredients and composition...... 464, 467, 475 484, 487 stable manure y. commercial fertilizers ............ 488 STOW LA ONP LOLCINDS SOM sy au cetersterstaisisoatercieacietelelotctetteleloletelcteiatsiers 476 with and without commercial fertilizer............ 486 head, soll mixtures: for fOreimeearer. ere select ee iers ental 461 Seed.) Kermin ation) andeero wel erie etter etenetedere stare 468, 470: Rolls! mechanicalvanaly Sess. saccee cee a stretec crete stele) at -rstear etek 479 Variety for LOLCING. oc) sues s cist cee vetsronersier ein oiegercna aie ler aerate 484 lime, arsenite of, for canker WoOrEMC «76 2 cle cise oie cee enna 35 Lina scripta. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.) Loam, analyses. SAA COO AIS DIO OID OS COGS O86 487 Loganberry; Motes On. 6 oo. s -mee ore eciercicns tersd ov sueetcrereleteieh onions terse entetieneens 508 London purple for cottonwood leaf beetle ............. arose verereushstavetete 333 Lutovka cherry, VATIOtY SIMISMAMEH. acs so eeeetetousvens) sisteret nate chere ote eer rane 564 M. Machine for catching cottonwood leaf beetle...................+000- 333 NCH DL ofa bt) eM Mra a bree mnt OO SGado One vido oDhooot oor 22 Manufacturers’ of fertilizers sta 2 acc crostini cee titties 104 Manutes, farm, On SUA Deets: . occuise sce Ore cite ete erreerciiasitersren ren 30 Maximum ‘temperature, readings! >. .-. asec. eterna ceria 574 Megilla maculata, natural enemy of cottonwood leaf beetle.......... 332
Melons; ‘foreign; test of “Varieties® 2 Gece. one els see fae cieisiel cistern iets 32
INDEX. 593
Mesotenus sp., enemy of tent-caterpillar..... R ce bet Jase coe ee METEOROLOCLCA Ere COLG sweetie leis c. s+. «-cie/ale faders. Hotell eiecrc apis laKO Att es ero cc 567 MINIMUM eteMpPeralUne, TEMAUMES., 5 2s. 2+ 0je1s Secs blouerebewl weredie eels « «sc 574 Monophadnus rubi. (See Raspberry saw-fly.)
Moore Warlyserane;, emrech vOk TIN SINS | 6 4)c.2 daca so Ate MAO 513, 514
N.
Miadeara rape, effect Of TIMGIMe. .o6 2 ois ce des cicepsens, 3 eas 518, 514, 515, 516 ; Niimate ofasoda tor lettiwtee: forcing. 33.02 sees. ce ee IOI EG Oe x 486 Newspaperseand periodicals received, NSt... 0... cj. n.ncandemecc cence 38 1h Parasitic enemies of tent-caterpillar. . ..<,....2.2..e+ssse00c vepioys-egeyepaiis 317 Paris green against cottonwood leaf beetle...............-cceececees 333
SLAPe-ViNe MeA-WECUES 5, 5 cr. cis cites aie soe ee 361 SPUN SRCAMKET AW OLIM acto acters eve ayatoe cierencee crerertiece 387 HEM CHCEL PLIES vets crocns Cheese cence mice ania 379 and four asamst cabbage Worms. ..%.cc.s- cscs sue ase 395
Periodicals ANG MEM SPADES NECCLVEG ie a2 ccs spac cic.eveys s Greretnies Sievers coaieras 38
elkdes Vy CuUCHINDEL- BDLOL ole ONO Wil Orr ces es cclsts cl gia es. cisiees-« seis a averes 86
Pieris rapae. (See Cabbage worm.)
Pimplia annvulipes, enemy of tent-caterpillar...........2.....ssse0se- oth conquasitor, enemy of tent-cacverpillar. .~.......0.+-2-52-20-+06 377 NCCU RCNEINY, Of COME-CALELPULAT =, nar. aieleis ever ie elec cise clei elle sie 377
Elant-tood elements) trade-values Off (5.0.0 .00. . 2s ne ccs ene see oe 97, 280
HEE TMS “COS Ee ta voi ceuceveve ateanesebene & os wy ctoneisenissenereuane nye 100, 282 AOUIE CWA G Cvmercmilen cotcete cen et oieisel here te tensile ter eect enon vewshn xo cess auerel aliss-ousye 100, 102
PUL UN UMCHOCISUS=” CAIMAZEC.. svete a < eiols « cesisle a 6 wie) v1 eieisls Sele «sears © sielelene 69
Plusia brassicae. (See Cabbage looper.)
odisus -spinosus, enemy of tent-caterpillar.................2-ceeeoe Sirare
Poisons or repellants for cottonwood leaf beetle................00085 333
Popular bulletin CIE Se RAIS RR ONE Zc ieaetl Ss ae a geeeehe 22
Eh AS MELO MLE LGIICE LOL CMULD: «=. a e:vecele. <x eels. 1a eile) siar'e, o\ehevie\-elayo valle teveis) a°9rai ereya’ sei « 486
PETMMZCES, IMME Ce ON POLATOESS 1. oem sisle es ole asi cree evelo scien 428
MACS COMMERCIAL TErtZeErs, LOL. . cs «= ers cBiw 2 orale oe ©) c's. cree oon0r0 37, 415
effect of quantity of fertilizer on yield and profit.......... 426 yield with different amounts of fertilizer................. 424
DO aSIe \. 02,45 hel aleve sic celecotelers 425
@ifferent; fertilizer) formulas.) | i. «i = lle elelev= 6 423
38
594 INDEX.
Page.
Esultry,.animal-food.fors sent os ee, 36
feedinevanimall ood mins s se) cis 2 letter cl ete eerie arta 45
foods, composition. ........ bBoahere SAGE 9? TSG Ne Se 49
HOUSE, ME Wel rie.) ices nae ee Pe on ete elector ofa s atewena te etait tetera 19
PAGOMSAESE. 6, ctevsncecheorclakonsloneteteMeN te > chats heheh ares Hohe emia het amenete uses 48
VAD EN ADO) COVE TEOLOYOIS) HONE G6 4 Goooaoeoddnacupoos cou sUONO OOD OOS 48
Precipitation by months, since 1882................-..+.+2+2+-+-08: 569
Profit and loss in growing sugar beets: What: mesh tee eee Ee ea 440
Publications Hse 1G. PP meh aie elena oe so elio on whee le 22
Punchasetof (plant foastes eee es kates oe eee 100, 102 R.
Rainfall, by months since 1882. . . 2.1.6... 21. eee eee ee eee eee eee 569
Raspberry, injury by saw-fly. . ....-...2 2-2 ee ee eee eee eee ee ee 349
SEiiaulys CVOlbIltS hig 6 Gaon poonuoooomedadoddadacbUdagae 347, 354
lonlolbkayereeyonnGaWl IBISIESH GG Gdancseaanccudecseotanc 357
CleisRihawesyarona, Bhaxel amos 5 5 Gocoacconeocascuoccs 346
COCOOM wade re adoro eae toeis ei ol ie bokepohene ie tateie Rha anaes 353
descriptions and life history.........++++-++++- 350
EXE OINTICONO: thaMyOVONMNOKED, Gio goaacdanascscaccoogsane 348
Te Re ono HE CODED UO dG OC Coit 4 alia, pac 346, 350
TROLOYS! HIENME qo dagdedesseaodoGaccudoc ORO GdsoON oC 349
history and distribution... ................-.-. 347
ThA DAN LOhy memo ole Waco omaeo Oooo eo OE GoD omc or 349
IG Wei he Aas Cee Rr Omin aear eone cm cromaIols Proto ue chai 347, 351
Vairivcllio kvao itis seeexetanaee te cect ene to ice cuereteterenene tot tr mnene 3852
MIKETAKOYSKS) CONE (COOH MNUNE 5 5 ao bon cos Jon ODO ne DOORS 355
MUNDANE (HOKAIMIK gg a wo dlocoucdocondbacomecneco ou 355
MIP Oe YE lIROOOISh 5 5 coueanudacbooooomodnotUuooS 355
period of incubation. . . ......- sees eee eee een 351
PUES ce se ice Alle ns ete wstelane!« oe Ayeionien a Se pevon celiau ce 347, 353
DUP ALON. 2 det ere eres eho tensa olay aun age = elke ea 3852
Student ocak dons eGeOhwai sere eo 36
Raspberries, black, early... ...--22 cece eset cee ee ces eee nes cena 503
heel & aio Cree AR cho crcon SOW OOSoS dO L 504
VUGhd Ayo cities, so cele sensu a weet melas cute eae eerie 503
pedsnearly Sosethitigs2 oe «os. cue sao eee a eee 506
Chie Mee eh es Mohs ciec mir mnacs 5 CUR OORT c 506
Wield. ci hha 1s shure es eee = Gils ale eth a ren eae 505
variety teStS... Wc Ace wicca siectern wie wine © = ayaienetatnin eet ars 492
INDEX. 595
Page
PATON Soke, DOMlitiyeerwe tora ects cease sys) & aids. 's a c!ec-n acl cht Pete Gye eee EP 48 Refrigeration in biological and dairy building......................- alt mepellants) for vcottonwood Wea beetle.......0 5 .ae ees ssc ceenccvsca 300 Repo, Animal Imdustiyter.2 0.0 t.. SSS. AA UE Ie os 43 SOLAS the pena ee wie EMA az = Af ae etree chats ale aleaale eloitdle es oid ete 65
OiKes CaS ey pees Reco BNR Moe ties Ge ee co: Lake hs Bee 2 Rae 91
IEC CLOTS Wop os hSascnie oeeteremerassacoh 35s aka elforre COTTE ORR Che Tek Pe PNTEME doves ore e ones 6
FIUCOM OLOSISES sis ver avcvarerieucnss ok Uaycus; soo lee RATA TEP RUD cae 328, 389
ENC LA Gro PS.gz pegs ee sprees sicy AVRO ere Pst Ree REET OTe ole 56 415 FLOMGICULGUEISES Fo. %. 5 acces ofs. lee, HAO CLEH Bae chaee: ILA Te ere ec 461
PRCA SUMO eee, Valiavers yep enep ey yey ace) 4) tut es NARS OS TSO Ae ere ioies 1 Hesin-lime mixture: dancer sfrom) qisGexn «sisi secs « clelelaaye + ellie le 411 GISGUSSION Of. ».. :. ».cuprbaayh: eo tiel- see «eee aes o 39C
eC] 1 OER Giana (s EROET U-7c.ca 1 Gao Cia? Can eae ee RE 392
Hincines crane-Vines. experiments’ syap)i Sid bine eee A oc os clceucies 510 INVES PAtOMY fant haste? ae see Roh aaa. 8 eRe 34
II SSA MELONS test OL -VarleGules), 1 0--)-15/y-)> 4,5 © <9) eeeEaactes s chaen ert 32
S.
BOE GUNINGWSs (See BASketeswalllOw/7)iz crchelsisleleicrsie« = cc aie se «coe 6 oils 327 RAINE OSC aS CLG ces rer ten eis SIs sues PR ee CONS Teach cede ceded shelters tars Gor ereitei tia) an eo awe.foleh eye 36 Saridveloan: samaliyisesh 2... 1°. eae nine ots areishs tet srtete sia cncis.s @. suchele ayo ecete Srsrel's 487 © {LINN SL AS, MES] 0) OYE ae geen: or eckmuc er OO cree ica NCUEM ONC icy CACORE RCC RON eon 36 Yenlle,, Seine (eee aS ie Sees cia cick cs hic a clo Robo EacICS Cina Sic eich one tet 36 RECON IUGICIAl WMeparimente WORK aMle-t.mc-) esters sc cys co steve eiaveu ene) on lalelere 26 Seed lettuce, germination and growths... <6. oon oe cles o 468, 470 Self-fertility of grape, classification of varieties. . .................- DAT length of stamens dn indicator............... 562
IMEC OG OTe CESUIMS ecru orators okerseeneiel erate 521
MOdiTiEd My ENVATONMEN Geese cee) leis leye 539, 540
GUEIKG Nie Gh salon cicacrciio Soo UO DOO ODS oc aOoOo 518
VARLeHes: <CharacueLriStlesnr aa! «cei cisters olelelersie 526
SHC SrerMys Ot STAMES CAUSE iettarets sels Atss s)e 6 alicia lnelaisiel *) elelereleis. “101 sies)/* 559 Selling price and commercial valuation of fertilizers............. 98, 282 Soil mixtures, for forcing head lettuce, comparison...............-. 461 thermometers, readings. ........... 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 588, 584 Soils for lettuce forcing, ingredients and composition...... 464, 467, 475 484, 487
Spilocryptus extrematis, enemy of tent-caterpillar.................... 377
Spiny soldier bug, enemy of tent-caterpillar..........-..+++e+eeeeeee alr
596 INDEX Page.
SPrayins CucuMDPErs}\ COS, se a lop aeusvorsusy ovsnate shove.) via fouee oko MeL Rote LAO oe 87 directionsiy tint 2cas:, Lins. Lee a a es ae 89
TOSS vse ssenederetheevenns,. sititk. ARRCeRe tee Tee 67
experiments against spring canker worm............. 35, 385
OD: CUCUINID CESS Fara tio0:.0.:6.cpsneroacncuo sie. < cl tPLate tetetererore 34
for cottonwood leaf, beetles iCOSU. 5. « -<r.cicrcisse ens eicueeeietotate alone 336 LASPHEELYSAW=LMYs, oie: ches shames raver s:raxontava.couerossuawedeortteer eet ae cate 356
SAIN ONE CUGUTMLUDELSS i cepa: steweraueherscrevspovarehere Aloe eet Ree 75, 78, 80, 84
mixture for cauliflower and cabbage Worms............... 389
Proht from, on cucumbers. som ese ee ote meee eee 85
OU Eko POUCA sym Gea koobo oo eddomnuooo sb d dodaci: A Wie 71
Spring canker worm, spraying experiments.................cseee0: 385 Stable. manurestor lettuce forcings. oma ese en ete ee ceeieis eeiernienanel 486 eect: ON: SUGAF MDECSKiv. iG Aventrans Hacer oe =e caste creme elena 452
v. commercial fertilizers for lettuce forcing...... 488, 490
Stamens of grape, length an indication of self-fertility.............. 562 Station staff, CHANGES. «<4 reneresstarchateretatetenatesteene ata sion Meat ee 6 Marmers: InstiiuteswOEksoteemsase < eens eee erent 23
Strawberries; carly Varieties t.9ce- ae soe eee eee Cee 502 PATO VETICTIOS Sie si coe eeare erties sues astee oles Melee eer eee ne nee 502
TMOCES ‘OW: CUUG UTES ga pera yaisl in eue Ei ce yee Ries ee eee are eer 493
notes:on. AMO. ss. 6 6.cats coin, sea erasers teereno on ah wc pyeseee ears 494
¥ PNT IMO Gis Gonocon soo DoD UaOddSUDoDeE 494 AtIANCICS 60 gens bee Bum Sictele ele, Cee measiere eters 494
BOUN CEL, 62555 sie.cs ches 5s votetmnessee re semen oer ROMER 495
Bubach seedling its sane cats See cee oni 495
Captain: Jacks ars: ciiein ealeco peiee seen ere eieteereere 495
GArries. 5 54. stata Se auencte. Het oh eteese tone Sree ae Ro Orie 495
CTV GG. ii) rec syais. w/o oaysssiintctare Bro tomes eee ROTTS 495
APTOS Tiss). z, Sieve, aa onalersyaiey eles seca avereiete ce cononcreneaes 495
PY ViBUUSS cj civ cr's inne 5 tee ay Mahe tenes oes cerece elena) OTA arene 496
Ganareuanc cee. Sie ota Son eee ee 496
Gardners wc tune: eee cat ee Pe ORO Oco 6 496
all. Waworites 29 signs canis nee eee eee 496
1 2) 0h th Perea he PRERET eoN RONES a Eee OIE At G0 obo ail 496
1s Koy Eh aXs Roemer pA ePeOrOIs AGIA. FUNG KOO DE Os bog f 496
Teas. iste wide cuciaardietahe aueuereteueta seek mavegeanine teieoteere 496
3 Tsabellan: c/s. ch inca. aby tere iateie acaeae cea eee Rea Sener te 497
NCIS CVs cad sobs ores Baten ous See nie eee 497
INDEX. 597
Strawberries — (Continued). Page.
NOLES OM MIGHT SAM 1's, 3 belo care elle tient vale ee 497
MTeoR... os, xteacaat Magoo Sty ker ont a setels assent 497
NEOTCSMAVOLILCs, sper iepsts etayt = Rearaeicigthorsicyo Serieoterne 497
Morgan INO: Vidi vssioalg tte cle SAO er ecieins 497
INO TAME? 5s: <> B.ccus c/s olor ahora Per eters eee 497
@Oceany City:, os oc cee re eee Gat one oes oe 498
OMECA,, ..-< 5 Saesbileaoh = Bas SEO Men os. c's cS aves 498
OSWELOTO WECM xc sueresareteatet ae, Sas echo ato ie eral arerenees 498
PAarist@ Teeter .ue mere ee sinels ceil ele eratsic Geis bidevans 498
IG Wt Citiye vor acts a sora voreig aos Seat lens oye Saree ene ls 498
PE OVVAUUNET cere joey.c) «\-<escvsie ea clevoke ens’ sucisteleteraveretsiel svete tere 498
Prideson, Cumberlandura.: oe cereale 498
RIG SOW AYin: aiie socialite 2. sr oe aeteitens aischeciersiokeinte 499
EUUTE GOI: Kore aicte Wace eteleraysiereters oicte coe ae cigherenene 499
SAMPLE woe rhe esterele eee Ses Nhe. coo Daueteln ce 499
Beaton sry cya ten osacieonerersior uci ctete tharckenomeete 499
Slaymialkcer NO! He sy. pecs cedisveccustayarerais oarenerereee 499
SlayvimailkersINOmOns. Asces otis sits ot ee ee 499
3) Uf et: en ee ans Chena Site eens Bune eee MIR Sie eee Eine 500
Biaihe lini crab ae s ccicrn cievectonsis titers. aera eee 500
SUMCISC RAs Meh ys ciscse oc eae Dee adam mee 500
TOMMY SOM! ies utegsys. « egskoscur dens eta ey toners oi 500
MGI seas cpg ls souhstertics ana veteetens Ba» ote sede 500
Weston isis se neepick sheniu slice ebckies ORS 500
WATICULY “LOSUSE ns wrmtsonae evecic orene overall evens avercan excl eras & pricier arora 492
yield) onvone>yearoldebedsAe. cite stceiccie: ci cocci miele 501
SUA VEILY? LASDDELrry, MOLES OM. 5.2% << 2 te el. ve oherelatee te orelaletemiate oe 509 Streaked cottonwood leaf beetle. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.)
Sugar beets). coemicient> OL PUriby.a. cf .ctte st omen nets «ates ee cee 438
Cooperative’ ExperimientSrees acm so cver se ieee ee 432
commercial fertilizers v. stable manure ............... 455
COMAPOSLELOM a5 zfs echoes cat teres cheba eee ern re tate te os) alee 444
GOStOL SLOWNESS eee seas ae ee ee eae ae ens 438
effect of different quantities of fertilizer ............... 448
ettect of distance In’ LOW scioce ae cieeercscicnio ee screnic 456
IRN MIE SAS AHUL AF COIS HPA KAO RAG DAG dablode cdoSS doses 441
Site rai seNenlov¢ress roy api less onononsoesasocossbooncde 441
effect: Of Stable Manure \OM. cei wele sels wi els otse rene lepaiele 452
BUSAN ME Go bose boeabpooe doavas sooo ucoOOOnDuOHDOES 29
LATIN TATIUNES LOL sete s.c-«.0 dosiete cislodereuersucce) heim kGreneteleeuereners 30
598 INDEx.
Sugar beets — (Continued).
Page. investigation: <*.+a2hss2 1.3 ae, BO Base cicero 430 influence-of «fertilizersns 3. 6. cit OMe em nis oie eteniete ee 440 proht and loss sinvigrowins Ase. tele one reece ite eine 44( test of varieties : 2.5 Feist. oe ARE cocnavaeretne rater ete 456 yields", 1.043 ae8h8 Sissi ke ween AAAS is ok ae ee . 487 in-beets; factorsattectingins 41. esate Aes ee toiin ee sacle aisle meals 437 effect.-of ‘fertilizers 's;i at He Ae TAA aaa cai as ans, 5 tale ecopeen onal 441 Lb Telenonus clisiocampae, enemy of tent-caterpillar . . ............0.. 377 Temperature, monthly. iss eke eee eee eee es Sas ero om iade 577 MOMMIES spre h eres suis crest pehata seen recente chetieretene ca tore 575, 576 thermometersres dimes ioe ses cee eieie asic or cleter aeisratcrstets 574 Tent-caterpillar. (See Apple-tree tent-caterpillar.) Thermometer, ics readings. ..0.) amd esi iocina wrote ciers fe eaietaletelarens eves 575, 576 TOAGINGS): 5c scuartucts, Me areata ertiete tae ear e sis aietdts tal otitalehane 574 Thermometers, soil, reading............ 573, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 Theronia fulvescens, enemy of tent-caterpillar,..3.........-+..7-.--.«- 300 Theronia melanocephala, enemy of tent-caterpillar.................0-- Se Prades values or plant-toodselememts) i). ereierser cer cnciciele ciel erento 97, 280 We Warieties tromirorei gm Sources Le SusiOls pers -csensielstelek ecto icnetonsieirial neler tere 31 Variety tests of strawberries, raspberries and blackberries.......... 492 Vegetable foods» gain of poultrysone... sass ees one oe ee ly iy, Gis a! ‘ W. Water soluble, definition of term... .. .. cir siehists «cer teueeieie tte oie nenen tn 108 Weather report: -9 cul. fecarsie Hats Mate oS biel. detereeidny. teal 567 Willow beetle or willow bug. (See Cottonwood leaf beetle.) Willows: basket. in centralaNnew. “OLKsm ctr atu ot baer atacae trite ere 324 basket; notes; om Cwlittitetions curstueit Oitona + Reckacieicromekieeaerornieeie 327 injury by cottonwoodsleaty beetles aa. so aemiacirrerccie cl riareriels 327 Wilt disease of cucumberss damiac cue tem cick siete ae eens pene 69 7,16 OCG aK Ub 216) (01s een TEC Soc SIG pM ME este cc mats htc TOOL sel serene tee Wands records os. Yc asks sod eee bt Ben nee ee ee 570, 571, 572 Worden erapes effect of ringing ses... near ieee deteeLOLe Wi:
Yield: of sugar beets:. .\isecjauc os doce ee ase Ee eee . 487
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