Sar Sears GENET Rahs oi SAN a Seas Ae ND) uM a) j . 74 | ) ©~ = z 2 Atv +1] OF, tis EE —Y a: LIBRA ow. oe 1) 7 4 ey WY State of New York—Department of Agriculture. ‘TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE NEW YORK por: Nicat Agricultural Experiment Station (GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY). FoR THE YEAR 1901. With Reports of Director and Other Officers. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 13, 1902. ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 1902 :~ anata [Tol 7 a a fr Bia - y (Gwe Av wi aera | FPF, ic ROW TOS Oe , YOLARTA anita’ aa ViFS shah aM ie Wt ae yp ROE STATE OF NEw YORK. —$— $4 IN ASSEMBLY, JANUARY 13, 1902. TwentieEtH ANNUAL REporRT OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultura! Experiment Station. STATE OF NEW YORK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ALpBany, January 13, 1902. To the Assembly of the State of New York: . I have the honor to herewith submit the Twentieth Annta! Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law. Tam, respectfully yours, CHARLES A. WIETING, Commissioner of Agriculture. : le ‘oe ~ r. a > 9 46.5) Ce We Vee ie Oe 4 nabs a ¥ -_ 3 2 * — | Ans —_ a od i =, 2 * Cnn ms 7 ce a 2t7® bar ws J ry NA Ns bi d . » —_ = -@ - Os Ta Le oe a i - us) RE Fu ARAB . y lea -_ ae) St LA th Ls f a german L: cH- BO . Pat oer ahr 7) i 1Hiae? it bette tyra! i Serpe. fiittele AVeseratieet i" > : . aa) pcastu? VER a ; 7. Tei ad ee weaves atl eat ; aig ated es sa lie : ; 3 ‘ - n 4 é « 4 att eA ty hot, “AY yo gisergpie 5 | y . Ji ae an ae "4 & ae gv : TytAg ¥ -) aoe *: . nd a Pip: igaie si viet ee Soligthh® ra i 062 4 i 4 =, a ¢ “a (a ; ary vik i on ee te: | ioibyhd 00: 0 1G a ay u i} ool sae ow ‘ N E W V Y ibe Cei< hele OF GONTENTS. “Gasp U PAGB MAS UECT Se CED OU siciclelc/clete/elclelelefeleleleiore e/ole vistolaies Schevevaveteleiet oten cheers Erclesiate il MICH le SunLC DP Oliterelc cleleictove ole elelelerete sieves) clare c\eje's © sic ele: elaielsjele/eisjele vie Bich alt, Report of Department of Animal Husbandry: The food source of milk fat, with studies on the nutrition of milch (QO! So ac BO OIOS CO Ot Hin Subd MOOIBE Si COD EO COCO OO Ur Ere RCN 29 The immediate effect on milk production of changes in the ration. 61 Report of the Department of Botany: An epidemic of currant anthracnose... .........ceseseeses BB OIOC 123 Notes from the Botanical Department. .................-+206 Brune 274 Report of the Chemical Department: AN fay (Oe Aina wanes bay ClVeERE 46 Go ona5 CoCo DU DOUG vOUdaUOCOoOnROOr 165 Conditions affecting weight lost by cheese in curing............ >. 194 Report on Crop Production: Influence of manure upon sugar bects...... « Commercial fertilizers for onions............. sic uctereycibiarensiole cietencseus 236 Report of the Department of Hntomology: San José scale investigations, III....... wig Gers Bid ails eo eietioralepeqeswisha essere 247 Treatment for San José scale in orchards: I. Orchard fumigation. 292 Report of the Horticultural Department: Stable manure and nitrogenous commercial fertilizers for forcing IGTGS 66 noone GOnn db op aonb D CaO ObOUb bond Coco Ono Do Oo UD ban OO0bE 321 UNSER SACMEMEC srereretercierere fanaa oles aiates e aiela cvslcl er slelo'clielauctolele tela seve : 356 Report of Inspection Work: MIS PC CHO MMOt EC MUMS TS LULL a 7c10)olereie) elu o's) cle oleae) ele eiere) «) ele e1e es eichaielele ep OO So-callede-sredeAlinmmrene (a frase nc2/o:cicle = ee eicle.e cl wo ere versie stern 390 Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring and PAM Ot LOOT cieterslereys ofl 016 aparenecevnrholate Nebo aS cis Gals Restos ee cle ele rAee MOO Report of analyses of paris green and other insecticides in 1901.. 386 List of periodicals received by the Station....... Starece WIG oy ta) Koreaveail IEEE Goo coooaadencodonoooKKde bittcveretie enefeterstalerecsiofore 410 LING 695 GOGH odbc nn GOdo COUD OOOO Cte ee ee esr er os eH Oe SeHeo rer eee eHeosn 423 vil > Fos | hee v or CTA AGS aE a) veh Aa F: Z0A 5 i sd a1 aN igre | oe Pat) fel Pyahiz) Y Ly Spare Alas OR x a ae ess 7 ea aaa} iv eene : Pao ; ae. ’ 2 ieee a7 © =: ana . br in = . pager Lee RS vm ae... pene |. Lage? a , og aig La ue; ; x _ : 54 ogee lay wi bra dt 35 ta ge , : 2 aE . Loe it ger Shan are hae ie; : _ as bic Pica ak ule eetaage | & dg enmintan ‘ater co age Hi snot ae we | vont Dat a 9S, )Ib Or view ot. ave 1S et (ania ae ac a wurerpiyT tier Cue Yi = : vas ¥.-P4 4 - cn Bev oes Pee ene! A Bs + 7 = o& . < +58 yor) © mais ohare Paling if ’ — gitt+s3) te ? ts bean s-” a a *e 7 was y a wise soni: hint 26 Aamy ge ‘ ae #6 ele Pent Ee ee. j~tupe 27 ot Bl fst ibis peti = a = 4 aes,’ €68@ ,. ay Puree ee * — - . %, a, i Tre , wore) se ov, ae ts 1 ¢r + See ioe se * . - * a € * ‘ mi a A a c TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. TREASURER’S REPORT. GeEnEvA, N. Y., October 1, 1901. To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station: As Treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the following report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1901: GHNERAL ExrENsrE, APPROPRIATION 1900-1901. Receipts. 1900. Oct. b Ho-palance onstandd P5004. s bas dae oe $2,742 26 To amount received from Comp irOuer-- tne alee «are $18,750 00 Less balance due appro- priation 1899-1900....... 3,750 00 15,000 00 $17,742 26 oo 2 Report oF THE TREASURER OF THB 1900. Expenditures. Oct. 1..By building and repairs: .- cere ss eee $780 57 By chemical pupplies .....22 eeuseereeee 230 34 By contingent CXpenses.. fos. w ses oes 804 45 By ‘feeding ‘stuits... 3 c24 a needa leone 1,817 86 By fertilizers, + scivwa sotto hee. os eae 84 29 By ineight and €XpMess +... 4....4p = ous sa ah 478 65 By Shurniture and, WxXturTes:..2 ceases 1,094 63 By heat, ihehtiand water Gee. .:-< 2,033 45 By cHprary. siscis eos ooo wa ee es eee ee 668 50 By Clive stock 2acitsteake Reocerebae Heme eee 8 75 By postage-and stationery 1.0% 0s. .1e1ss 884 91 By publications 5 -\-.c15san serepysaetiass '» s ae en ‘ i ge ont . A at — % , t \ F- ’ P 2 Ut. 743 “wine a hd . pM ? ‘ } ie . “eae , : + ‘ ;. ? ; 4 : a dul} * : : a. ‘ “ x 7 ae j ; tj . 2 74 ‘ .' 3 ~ : od | © } : se ‘ , { , + t ’ : \ t “wy “ ® * : ; DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1901.* To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Laperiment Station: Gentlemen.—I have the honor to present herewith a report for the year 1901 of the institution under your charge. As in former years, this report, outside of the matter dealing with the various lines of inspection, is made up chiefly of the results of investigations and experiments of a scientific or semi-scientific character. In other words, it is mainly a presentation of the outcome of efforts to study problems or conditions important to the practice of agriculture and is not intended, for the most part, to convey information of a common or general character. This is in accordance with the well established policy of holding the Station to the work of investigation rather than of instruc- tion, a policy entirely harmonious with fundamental con- ceptions and the legal provisions applying to this institution. The contents of this report make it very evident also that, excepting the inspection work, the members of the Station staff are dealing largely with problems particularly affecting the dairy and horticultural interests, a condition of things quite consistent with the status and demands of the agricultural industries of New York. Dairying is predominant in the stock husbandry of the State and the commanding importance of our gardening and fruit interests cannot be denied by any one familiar with the facts. Moreover, in dairying and fruit grow- ing there come to the front certain questions of a chemical, botanical, bacteriological or entomological character, so specific and so well defined, that they offer promising and useful oppor- *A reprint of Bulletin No. 211. 10 Direcror’s Revort OF THE tunities for research. In addition to the above considerations, the dairymen and fruit growers are well organized for discus- sion and for the insistent presentation of their needs and so are likely to receive their full share of attention at the hands of this or any other State institution which is concerned with their interests. STATION STAFF, Several changes have occurred in the Station staff during the past year. Heinrich Hasselbring, B.S.A., Assistant in Horti- culture, was called, at an increased salary, to the position of Assistant Botanist in the agricultural department of the Uni- versity of Illinois. His place has been filled by the election of Nathaniel O. Booth, B. Agr., who previously occupied a similar position in the University of Missouri. Mr. Booth is a graduate from the University of Missouri in the course in agriculture, and before coming to New York had shown himself capable of successful work in experimental horticulture. Amasa D. Cook, Ph.C., after serving the Station for more than eight years as Assistant Chemist, resigned his place at the end of his year’s leave of absence in order to continue his studies at Cornell University. Edwin B. Hart, B.S., returned from Europe in August after a year’s study with Professor A. Kossel, Marbourg, and at Heidelberg, Germany, where he devoted his attention chiefly to the chemistry of the proteids. Harry J. Eustace, B.S., a graduate from the Michigan Agri- cultural College, was selected as student assistant in botany and will spend the larger part of 1902 at the Station, devoting some weeks to special studies at Cornell Uuniversity. It was decided by vote of your board to abolish the position of Second Assistant Horticulturist and create a new position to be known as Foreman in Horticulture. After competitive examination Orrin M. Taylor was selected for that position, and has entered upon his duties in immediate supervision of the practical execution of experiment details in the orchards, gardens and forcing houses. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 J. Arthur LeClerc, B.S., was granted one year’s leave of absence for further study, to take effect September 1, 1901. Mr. LeClere is now in Europe. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. The completion of a house for the Director of the Station marks another step in the progress of the institution. It is gratifying to note that the legislature of 1901 appropriated $8,500 for the repairs of the original Station building so long jointly occupied by the Director’s family and part of the busi- ness offices. It is expected that before another year elapses all the administrative work of the Station will be located in this building in such a way as to greatly increase convenience and efficiency. THH MAILING LIST. The mailing list has reached the highest point since the estab- lishment of the Station. Its growth is steady, and because its enlargement is not forced by any special effort, it measures in a general way the rate of development of the influence of the Station. POPULAR BULLETIN LIST. ESidentignak ING@W HYORKtits stok voto Sele stein cs acc sates erere Sersveister mae cr neta LOO Residents of other Staittes........... SF auedtars Matters aioe Crepe Ae 1,150 INGWSD AD ECRSicy.. cuccsiepevenereve teaie ayehaneteherstachopen cy teha ct aiey ore cael ofe suanaed okt ol ateist's 767 Experiment stations and ine staffs. e Uustey as. eferalate(aus.cuase 's: «ate erste 785 Nise ellamMeGUSthe: Hee aclssc a Sales so a « aioteke aheke eth o SieTO alee ora anole tele tavererete 131 UGTA Bes srotererstovers oo o-< Bi sheien ste shototehatealcls taltorsietavetercelatets eral ereterel evekom re Onitoes COMPLETE BULLETIN LIST. HRVCLINEME ShaWMOns AMG! Tei States. 22. < deletes sera qatters Fife cep dapl Onley LO 8ig OS Cow 10. Variations in Food Fat Supply. Jan. 30 to Feb. 6... Normal ration (fat fed daily, Lbs. Perct. Peret. LB D2) sdais were guid EG aeepdnpeyeve eats Mike CO ap Ee RetnG to. AS as. cad. PRation: unchanged cs. eee eee 22.8 14.20 4.74 Webs to tO cs ee Ration UuneChAN Ged. tite sevens ce ee lw Le eta es Bep:20" tO: 20. ares Ration unchanged .2.0.!.4.2.j0s «ea eae , 18.90, 4.46 Heb. 2rctow Mar 6.6 sHoodttatwnereasingee. sete amr lene 23.4 14.09 4.60 Mar. 6 to 13........ Food fat at maximum (1.4 Ibs. Gaily) to 5 Gas RES De. Shak, FASE 2307 AIAN AiG Mars a3 10°20. 3.0.42, Hood, Lat, GiMIMISHINS ere eee sete cue) eed es tee Thre is nothing in these data to warrant the conclusion that supplying more or less protein or more or less fat to a milch cow causes material changes in the milk. In the case of Cow 12 her milk suffered a gradual and quite constant increase in its proportion of solids and of fat, but this change was in no way disturbed in its progress by the fall or rise in the proportion of protein in the food. With Cow 10, the increase of the food fat to 14 lbs. daily, a most abnormal quantity, did not raise the milk fat above what appeared to be the normal proportion. These results stand in accord with the outcome of many other carefully conducted investigations. The question whether entirely normal milk fat was produced with a fat-free ration, or nearly so, is an interesting one. The New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 41 only evidence which these experiments supply along this line was obtained by the partial analysis of the milk fat from the cow which was the subject of the experiments detailed in Bul- letin 132. during a portion of the time she was under observation, so that it is possible to compare the fat produced before and after the food fat was almost entirely withdrawn. In this experiment the cow was fed a normal ration PARTIAL COMPOSITION OF MILK WITH NORMAL AND EXTRACTED FOODS. Periods represented ee eraee Bae by different ots KIND OF RATION. yield Bee :, fon of fat. April 19 to 26..... Normal food. Food fat daily .63 Ib..... .96 ° 16.3 May 3tol0..... Extracted food. Food fat daily .125 lb.... .74 18.6 May 10to17.... Extracted food. Food fat daily .125 lb.. One Ae May 17 to 24.... Extracted food. Food fat daily .125 lb.. aay paleteal May 240 31.... Extracted food. Food fat daily 125 1b.... .65 14.5 May 31to June? Extracted food. Food fat daily .125 lb.... .60 14.9 June 7to14..... Extracted food. Food fat daily .125 lb.... .60 14.9 ~The Reichert number shows the relative proportion of volatile acids in milk fat. As an unmistakable and permanent drop occurred in this number immediately following the substitution of the fat-poor ration for the normal, it is fair to attribute to the food fat some influence upon the milk fat, though a single observation of this kind should not be taken as conclusive evi- dence. At the same time, the milk fat produced while the extracted foods were being fed contained a proportion of vola- That the glycerides of these acids were formed in the cow and were tile acids larger than often found with normal rations. not derived as such from the food is so evident as to render dis- cussion unnecessary. THE SOURCE OF MILK FAT. The main question involved in this investigation is the source of milk fat. why it seemed to demand further investigation are set forth in Bulletin 182. inquiry is concerned with the relation of the several nutrients to The importance of the question and the reasons It is sufficient to state in this connection that the 42 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE milk fat secretion, whether this fat is derived wholly from fats previously formed in the plant or from protein, or whether car- bohydrates may support its formation either directly or through the previous formation of body fat. The tables which immediately follow give the daily nitr. n and fat balance for the three cows. From these tables various summaries are derived which show the bearing of the evidence secured. 43 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 0° §9S 1° OSPF 1° 9&P G°90¢ L°G6P 6° S6P L°S0& 8° S8P 9° SPS S606 HOSBHOS See ee een 2 1G SH SH 1G 6 10 10 OM ANMMOMA *SWAD) G 689 9°86 9°06 S19 0°96 Ee TI €9¢ 1°86 v FOP bv Prs9 9°16 8°9E¢S 1°09 GOL °6Ig T°Gc9 Gob 6°96GS T° rs9 P68) L° PFS 0'TT9 ¢°16 g° stg F'SL19 9°68 8° E8¢ T°899 6° FOL 3° E9gG F619 9°06 8°88¢ 1° 869 6°SOT 8°36S T°099 ¢°6L 9° 08S 1° 609 G16 G SIG §°§19 6°18 F1s¢c Dv SPS 9°€8 8° T9P §° S09 G6 COL TL’ S6r ¢°Té9 G 60T “GGG $119 T° $6 GSTS €° FF9 F 86 6° SES QLtL 6°96 G 169 6° GEL GOIl = F°ac9 & CF O°SIT €° SEG 6° 1369 GROUIE 2 A Ay G 819 8° &6 P'FsS ¢*Ts9 8°16 L°€8G 8°S0L L°00E T° §09 TOL S28 8° FI9 SULLY) “SWAY "SULY) “Te10L *s9007 AIA *033n0 4eq G'9cT 0° G 8FG b°9CT necreyre se 14 F'96L L9 T° CFS 6°LeT §=—iL'S 6° 8oG O°SctT 0°6 9°96 G'86L 16 T'°GGa v'Ser GG L096 GLE GE FGLG 8° Lor T'8 6 19G Eooak = «856 O° OLS 961 Let 9°092 L°LGr GG 0° Le 8° LET S GL L296 O°S8cT $'8 6° TL] 8°9cT Gite 0 €9¢ T'Sel 6°8T 9°9¢ 9° Ser €°St O° 9g 8° 96T o'9 €° 816 8° 96T TOG =-G"E9% T'8cL ¥'9G =6°9SS 8°9cT 0°66 TES Wa Se HORS 9° Ser 9°6 L°ELG 9°ScT LT F086 8° 96T 6°ST Z°89G 9°&eT OSS GLE [Sel Gle O° Lo¢ G°9cT LS =F Ss ‘SUL © “SUL "moo {q “Moo fq “12101 ues01410 TeF0I14;0 Jossoy youre *euIONT} LK: § "(ZT MOD) i "SULLY 6°86 1°99 §°96 PTL &°66 8°TL GOOLE 21°08 O;OIT O'LL T'86 L°9L 6°96 vs aE) eos 6° F6 F°83 G’cOE 3°98 1°68 8°66 Le GARE eo cayd, $88 0°96 L°SOT 0°98 0°18 6°16 +S a is) F'F6 Lye ee L°LOT = &°68 8°88 €°o6 €°68 F°S8 8°06 F'08 6°S0L F°36 T°SOT 9°18 <2 00 0°16 F'96 €°06 G88 G LL G86 0°F8 1°18 8°08 "SULLD "SULLY *s000,7 eulIn SSS eee ‘03}NO u9301}1N . mo ANSBHODHSONHHDHDKOOKK RHR B 00H 0 D-DODreDODDOReRREE eer eee MIDNA SNAANAAADOM AND NAHAS NMMHO HO.c2 iS io oie) ‘LV GNV NADOULIN JO LEAHY FONWIV “FSG §° E8G T'G8a TG8c 6° 086 Cc’ FSS T'G8a *‘SULLD *euIODUT WeS013}N QOQO OO» (aj - dno os 802 0g OIE Gis) steel s\ee 01 FG IRE sr yal a ea seers erae 9 22 teeeenre oq Tz tees eeTe O79 Og ree 07 01 BL tee 8 ET 01 OT rest eeor on IT teeter T 07 OT Heee OT 07 ET seee eT Of FT seer eer Oy OT sseee er 01 ZT tees eer oO. TT eee eTT 02 OT ees OT 016 eeeee 09 caren ee eeee ie) oe) tees eeer Oy “""T “Qed 0} TE rereessTe 01 Oe aALVG “QA “qo “Qu ‘Qo ‘qe ‘Qe4 mea | ‘9H ‘9° ‘qa “Qe ‘qe4 ‘G9 “Qu “Qo “9 “‘Q9. ‘qu ‘9 ‘9A “Qu “A34 ‘qo ‘qe ‘QA “qo Te LE ‘ube Report oF DEPARTMENT OF -ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE d4 ~ + Mom momAnnRHOenOoOCneT t= 09 e Je} 10 Sal w ~H Ar on =H 00 10 1D 109 ss 12 + — OnI9) or + NPWS Sart reo Ye) SS NAAHOMAIW ONG 6° L9G 6°Z8E 1368 L16E 8°G9¢ 0° F8g 9° 09¢ PSLG T's9¢ GZS F°cse F°C99 Z FEO ‘SULy “TRIOL a L'TIT T° Sop PF 9GT PCE ° F'6E g°cOr 3°69 L°19 £°86 6° SLE P'9GT c'6 PF OFG 6°86 PTL LOL o788 8°80 G 9G6T OX6G = LULTG ¢°68 & 19 6°99 P96 Vv CPP § LGE 8°8 6° CEG T ror p29 F'69 B°6L & TOP O°96GL 68G 2 Licle S FS G° Lg 6°01 <°F6 L ¥6P T Ler CTS LOubGG FP TIOL O's c*OL 8°66 6° FOS 9 Scr GO L° SEG GAO FE St} G EL 6°16 T'T6s O° Scr VP L166 FOOL $8°gg 6°OL 86 b OFF 6° FEL Gusk Farla G OOL. 1 9F ¢g° 19 &°96 9°06 8° FGI 6°9 T LTS FOOL’ GLP G69 P'S 8 °S8oF 9° Fel SOL R0le 0°S6 G LP G89 0°16 6° 6LP CG Fel FOL 0° 90¢ 1°66 vb OF ¢*99 &'¥6 6 PLY [Eel AE) TL Ole F'°S86 O° CP L799 F°96 8 LEP T Se &°6 6 L6T G°66 8° OF 9°F! 1°16 TSI Vv FGL Pale 2200G 6 F6 6° IP feiss) F'16 G9OLP t Fel EL 9° 0G 0°96 Cc’ ep ro 1°16 8° 16P FFL 8°8 0°06 T° o6 8° OF L°99 o't8 G 80S 1° Sct Packe Por v'S88 SGP 1°99 T°c6 9° 967 Patol.» S88 T L1G EO0L LLP &°69 ¥cOL F'L9F Sirah. “Gul O° FIG 0°16 S°LP G69 G60. SG PLP 6°Scl 9°OT O° 666 FoSoE, Legs 6 TL 8°06 8° 68P Lea Gar L° S66 9°16 G&G 6 FL &° 8 TL L8P 6 Fel c*0 8° LGG 8° 6 6°9¢ ToL L' 6 FLOP &°9G6T Gk FSIS 0°16 [be phi Soh 6°96 GOFF OeeGie bak 9° SES 6°cOL ¥F 9S &° §L G'&6 G O6F 8° cI arse tarrere 6° F6 6° SG O'FL paeeg ae Osan 2G 9° ¥% O FOL art i aed GC: 1° GEG ‘97 ae Sea - . 2 "SULYD “SULLY Oeeh 50. ‘SULD ee 2, O02 ee oe eee ANTAL ‘ouloouy “M00 &q “Mod £q B10] "so00q ‘oulLIg LA VarosgI Tesx0N Ta = —— SS - 0390 yRq Wu JOSsoyT jours ‘OFjNo UaF0.A}1N “panuywog—(ZI MOQ) ‘LVA GNV NUDOULIN AO LHHHY AONVIVE 8° Te? 6° GPG L°9FSG L YG 9° T¥G P'SssG 7° Carz G AGG G* T&G S° 866 O°FGG 6° 0G F'9IG 9° 606 G L0G T’°GlG 6° O1G 8°O1G 8° OIG €°S0G 8°GIG F'°S1eG f° 166 6 8GG 0°64 G° TES F'S&G 6° LES Oe Gres "SULLY ‘aulo0o nt UaSOIIN tee eeeeT 04 res ai a ‘eT 0} aiid cr On EI Paes} eee “9 0} OOS e oy “7 caRyy 0} seeeeeerae Oy “ALY 8 lo oS Or OND Hh ~ - “IVTT “Tey “IRN “Iv ‘IRIN “IVIL “IRIN “IVI “IR TT “Iv “Iv W “BIL “IRIN “ABIL “IR IB] “IR “IBIV ‘IVIN “TBIV “AVIV “IRI “IR “IR “ABI “IRIN "Qo ce 45 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. OL’ 8h O° 9GFEE “OPP “OPT “88S “LOG “8S “SEP “SGP “OLP “GSP 9&7 IgV “OST LoV “6S7 “S8P “LEV 6 6SP 9° GSP “SULLY AANA MH OO Ann wmMmoOOnK . "MOD £q yey Jo SsoT "86 ) L’ GUShP 86°63 0 LEQZs & 66 Teese aaa "SULLY “UW ee & OLS 6° 60T L°GLG T SOT 8 STs 1&8 y Geo 196 6899 G rolli! ¥ 89S 9°16 F' 8c 8 F6 P86 6°98 Gi Glo L SOT T° 98S F' Sor 8° 6Lg 6°06 TL 62g 9° 601 Vv F8S G16 T° 98S L° 46 ¢°ST9 L°<60T 8° 8S G6 O° 9T9 0°16 G' 61g 9° 6 SUL "SUL 10 so007 -o8jn0 AUeAs § *papnjou0g—CZL MOD) LO (0Ge eV 69° T LS OF ¢cO°9L GG.GEesOU GE 8'GLE6 PSO ES OFL PF SUE8ST G6 6LZL ‘L° SPSS 8 Gsrs ce OSE EVE (Orc O°'TOL. t°66 8° FL 6°ScL 9°¢S G*S8LzG Ee COL. = Oe SOs 48 Gy LLG 6Gr Pv GEG G98 0°68 6°99 OSL 9°0 6° O86 6°66 O° StE OGL GUO SIL teh L°G6G 8°60E O° SOL 6° FL G OST 9°L LLG €'00t Fr LOE 002 GOEL Ges 9°GS8G -lOk~ “Si0lh?- 8.0L 6° LGT 0°06 0°69G 6°18 r6Or 2 TL G OG T'8 F OLG 6° SOT L tor 8° OL LT’ O&L G'S F PLS 8° 90T 6°86 L°89 8S Scr 9°GS 9°SSec 8°16 0°16 8°69 9°S6L G8 G°G9G T LOT G88 G OL T Lol Po Guess Nine (ee mek) cass: TOL 0° LET @ Sl 8° 8h 6°86 LOL G S&L TL L6t LT 9 L°¥&eG GeL6 G GS G Gh 6 9cGT e°8 C* OGG 1°96 F°O8 PSL 1 9GE te GS TE 396 6°S80T ¥°08 8°GL 9°96T ae FIs GO00OET 2°08 COL "SULLY "SULLY “SULLY “SULLY "SULY "SWLYD "SULLY HOR) A cea ON eee en vu jossoyT jourey ‘08 no udS0.19IN ‘LV, GNV NIDOULIN JO LUAHG AONVIVE cs" tr 6 Ss6st 0° 686 LPS G° S86 G° 986 L' F886 6° OSG G*98G 0° 686 G°FSG 9° GS8G G'SLG L°&L6 6° 996 O° FIG 8° 096 8° 89a 8 9&6 G° GSS "SUD “QUOD TT uasv01}IN afore se ste eleke sie eee SCT ul sores ee eer Of ET terse Or 0} ZIT sera CHF reese eee TT oO] eres ee OT 0} reverse se oO] seree eee Op y seeeeee ey 049 rereeeeeg 02 @ rereeees@ 0} F rereeeese 9 G {L I 0 Dao cal teteeeesa 04 ereeeeez Oy wT Gave On! Ferree sre 04 rere es OG 01 GZ teeeees saz 01 9% terres +Q7 01 IZ “aALVd ape veces ey° Ure OT, "Id V “1dVy “Idy “Idvy “1dy “1dy “Idy “aIdyv “IdV “1dy “1dy “adv “Idy “IVIN “IBN “IVIN “IB IN “IBN REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB 46 "SULLY "MOO Aq yey gO ules 0°S8T 0°06. O°F6L S661 G 69L G LOL G S6r Pv Ol] GIGS P 91S G UST T° SsT G LIS 6° OST Vv LST 0°S9T & L0G 6° st P Lys S686 9°G8T ¥ TST L° GPS €° Sct 1° 66T 8° 1Ss L PLT 9°9FS "SULLD “moo £q 4es JO ssoT 6°08 = S69 $° ISP 6°39E 6°SSS G°cL | 2 ee a 6°98 9'SL S'FSh = 6 19E G’ 9g TALL b'S6Pr G'F9E 7’ seg 0°SL bI9r §8=6s 3 OE F'1ss SSL... 1 SSF o F9S PLS L119 L°68h Z'F9S $°S1g 1°89 9°04 6°Z98 L1°osg 089 Sa ae} co F9E 61S b'6L 6°66P 6°Z9E L LES oP PL EO CLE -B'SOe 6S 6°88 F'09F «= G98 bIss §=6F'L9 O° FITS fo F98 I‘ SPs F'69 L°SlLF 2° POS s'ocg 9°g9 L'O8r 3s ZOE © 6co-"S"sS9 0°99F o tO8 0°S9¢ GL ‘SSP L198 8° SS 6°82 6°69F 6'°Z9S ¢° O19 89 Tare 6°Z9E 1°S09 9°92 LC LEG Pes FOS G° SFG FIs I‘ t9Pr 6°Z9E $'FZS 8°92 G'Ltr 6°398 $°F09 8'TL 9°S8S L198 0° &Sh T6092 <9°6 STF) “20198 9°Z9¢ T'19 G°c6p 6'°39E G°sT9 ¢°s9 O'S L198 6°S8eG 9°99 SLY Z'F9S G*609 €°89 @ IFS 6°398 “SULLY “SULYD "SULLY "SuULp 1201 *s900q1 _ _, ‘awoouy COT MOO) Own tO Ok ee a AWMHNOOSO WO €°0 L'0 "BULD "moo {q uesz011a 9 ues04,a ———— jossoy yjouivy oe 0 re = SH {00 69 © INN OMriadm Mid co O16 Ano AONDNSO "SULLY "moo £q "SULLD yej0L, Sees Seca ic ce ain Cue ao ace ae) 6 2 st OD SERBS SEKKSSeew DDNDDDADMNNAW Hin Dion FAW ADDOADAAMDAMHWIOMDOMMADTHEON "SULLY *8000,T 8°69 SSIASBHiOH RBA RAArE tos MPEAHTSCODMHNMNWDONDADONAMOH SSBSSS6SSSSSSSSSES "'SULD ‘oulIn *O3}N0 Ud3019IN ‘LV,J GNV NADOULIN JO LHHHG AONWIVG See ee ee or ak HOk-SSanHoroaagcasconan MOM MOEMARMHODHANOMAr MOON a Ye) L°T9 €°60G °°" LS 0} 9G T'80G *°° 9G 9} GG LiTie "°° 5S 0} O°STS °°° "FS 0} &Z $606 °°° SS 9} GG 2) Pie” Se oo tOt ALG GOS °°° 1G .9} 0G O°sTs °°°°0G 9% 6T O° STS. SABE A0T SE $606: °° “SE OF ZT o VEG: oo ae OPE co Plo ~~ “SOE OF SE OSS SS AGE Oot rE 2 Ol. 2° PE OVASE LG eee GE AP aL Le ENG. Ge OF AEE: ShOlLSi= te see OE 2 TiS Fo5 70F O26 C20 HFG ES OO. 2278) Oh S606 OO Lh YOR 2 ERS SOE POF HORNS QOS: SG Ole S 60S roe ae IRS $°60G.- 8S. ONS T8006 28Se OPE L°IlS™ T ‘Ge 0} TE $°60e °°° ‘TE 9} OF "SULD Se eae ‘Qo “Qo “9H “qo “Qou “Qon “Qo “Qo “Qo “Qo “Qo “Qo “qa Oleh f “Qa “Qo “da ‘Qo “Qa “Qo “Qo “Qo “q9 “Qo. “Qo “qo ‘aep ‘uve 47 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. £6°6 CSL 10° coh 88° | Oe 62°Z ZS" Ts° @)° 29'S vee veceeeeeosrerersar UL L'PSLE 9'STSS T'0S a'ssze 6° Sect SOLE <6 wROTe Ose Pees = Gicre el Gliese ee a bee LO8P 6 698 279 G L&8 G &S8& Geo 9 PLE T’88 GdOL 6° F8) TOO See ee hee SO NO dy 9° 686 L691 4+ 6° 2 8° T9L L’O8& G'9G T'Gl6 3606S 86 €°68 9° FS O° Ont oe eee Se Tndy voor 9 TEs — 0°8 9 Sc8 — 3G 69S Gor S86 G16 L° oor $98 UP PiG Gk os net ek OP ae Tady O ctr FP Sos GL 6° CP8 FLOP O'Sh O FSG G68 @ LL &' 18 C2208 ee eS Ol re dy U2) “SUD “SUL D "SULD "SUL = *SULL SUL) SUL) "SULLY *SULD *SULLD "SUL “Moo £qQ "12101 *S20007 > 0001's : "Moo fq “MOD Aq [CIOL "s0001 "Out “HIT ; v Se of ee ‘ewulo0duy he F aumoouy go $807 *O33NO 4eT oe Sonos Tae ‘o3jno waTO.AjIN woS0d}IN aa (Z MOD) “LY GNV NODOULIN JO LAH DAONVWIVA Gi poaeie= Gert. o1)'O . Gorcy” w-Ugrap' = Ge° - wpe"s ZGORBT S LIFES seLtO ig OSSS = L0s8Ie "ee eal Gers TL St09 TL PPlLES SG GFOS G6 LOLOG S°CLOST ‘SFL L'SSE T'IP9S 6° Gece PF 1Z9G 8'S6F 8" 9F98 2 *sUIvIS UJ g'T9 GOLG &°6E 6° 90S Gils ZO $°€6L SPS F 6P 9°6S G’S6L ‘°° ST 9 ZT IBN: 9°06 9°9FS 1°69 6° OLD G LED 9°¢ LZ 9st 6°18 P cP F'6S GlZ6E o2 ok OF ben SIN: 0'8G 6° L09 PSL g’rEs 6° SE9 UP L° After 14.8 1.93 |28,885| 1:7.4 | 19.5 .86 i) uy iS) ‘2 Digest =, Approxti- Dry Dry inte dee ns mate cost | matter | matter in matter in 2 Fat in of food in food ! food for food for =H milk, for one for one one Ib each Ib aS lb. of Ib.of | of milk | Gp muk 2 Z milk, milk. solids solids. es ae Qn Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs." =r3 Before 4.4 -84 1g | 7.8 bel ae od After 4.4 -85 ite! 7.8 5.1 NUTRIENTS BUT LITTLE CHANGED AND THE PROTEIN INCREASED. The average of 44 records when, without change in the amount of nutrients, the protein was increased, shows about the normal diminution of the milk flow. There was moderate gain in weight, somewhat more rapid after the change of ration. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ck TABLE V.—LITTLE CHANGE IN THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS WITH AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Lgs, LivE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow Total 2 Digest oer. ible Fuel er Milk | Fatin ganic pee value. ratio. yield. | milk. matter. = Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. = Before 14.8 1.86 !29,927| 1:7.8 | 22.3 -95 3 a cS) After 14-7 2.16 |30,034) 1:6.8 | 21.8 .89 Sz = aay 44 rec-| 2 | Approxt. |_| Dry Dry pest r ro cow s mate cost | matter | matter in : By hg ia 5 x 5 Zo Fatin | offood | infood, food for eee averaging yrs. as milk forone | forone | one lb. caph 1b oldand5.7months| 7 & Ib. of Ib. of | of milk ofan in milk. 19 e milk. milk, solids. Satine Peco} a | Ef fe B eH 3 = Per ct. Cts. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. “rs Before 4.2 -65 -9 7.0 4.6 A. f Ba & After 4.1 -65 9 7.6 5.0 THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS BUT LITTLE CHANGED AND THE PROTEIN REDUCED. The average of 43 records when the protein was reduced with- out change in the amount of nutrients shows considerably more than the usual shrinkage in milk flow. The moderate rate of gain in live weight was considerably increased after the change in the ration. 78 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE TaBLe VI.—LITTLE CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS, WITH A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Las. LIVE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow, Total Digest- digest: | “ible | Fuel | Nutt | wn | Fat in ible or ro- value tive jeld ilk ganic eA ratio. yie m ° matter ous | A Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. + g Before | 15.5 2.33 31. 4193 1:6.6 | 21.1 .86 Ci es o §86After 15.5 Wess}, Bul 372 1:8.4 | 20.1 -83 g ] | ° 7) Average of 43 rec-| © Approxt- | Dry Dry ieee ords. from cows wx mate cost | matter | matterin | matter in averaging 5 Pm = ere of food | infood | food for faadifor idicai d 6.8 oe m for one for one one Ib. each Ib. yrs. olc 1 = lb. of lb. of of milk of milk months in milk. Ae milk. milk. |, solids. solids. 3 BS Aten as a — _ Ba Per et. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ss Before | 4.1 -70 ileal 7.9 5.2 Ba ° = g& After 4.1 -69 hel 8.0 5.5 THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS BUT LITTLE CHANGED WHEN ABOVE 15.5 LBS. By grouping without regard to the amount of protein those records in which the amount of nutrients, when above 15.5 Ibs. per 1000 Ibs. live weight, was but little changed, the following data are found. There was, in a majority of cases and on the average, considerable reduction in the amount of protein. The diminution in milk flow was at about twice the usual rate. The gain in live weight was considerably greater after the change than before. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 79 Tas_Le VII.—THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS ABOVE 15.5 LBs. BUT LITTLE CHANGED. AVERAGE PER 00 LBs. L q E, PER 1000 Les. LivE WEIGHT Dav PER COW. Total Digest- | Gee elt tole | Fuel | OEE sine | eatin ganie pro- value. | patio, | yield. | milk. matter, | tein. Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. 2.07 (31,945) 1:7.6| 23.0 .96 1:8.5 | 21.8 | .93 ge _ or ie¢) Before After | 15.6 | 1-84 [31,988 Digest- Approxi- |. Dry Dry ible dry Average of 42 ree- mate cost | matter | matter in matter in ords from cows For about 15 days before chan mI rj Fat in of food in food food for Ga 2 WES Es 5.9 s milk. for one for one one Lb. pe FOr yrs old and 6.4 = Ib. of Ib. of | of milk | oe milk months in moilk. 2 milk, milk. solids. solids. es] es a 6S | eee | —— ee) I aa Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. = Before| 4.2 -63 1.0 7.6 sal 3 After 4.2 . 66 1.0 teats 5.4 THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS BUT LITTLE CHANGED WHEN BELOW 15.5 LBS. The average for 84 records when the amount of nutrients, less than 15.5 Ibs. per day per 1000 Ibs. live weight, was but little changed, gives the data in the following table. There was no change, on the average, in the amount of protein. The shrink- age in milk flow was considerably less than usually occurs. There was the same moderate rate of gain in live weight before and after the change of ration, 80 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE TaBLE VIII.— THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS BELOW 15.5 LBs. BUT LITTLE Average of 84 rec- ords from cows averaging 4.2 yrs. old and 6.1 months in milk. CHANGED. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 LBs. LIVE WEIGHT. DAy PER Cow. Total Digest- figest | “ible | Fuel | S@! | st | Fatin ganic pro- value ratio yield milk. matter.| tein Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs & Before} 14.6] 2.05 |29,072| 1:7.0 | 20.2 -87 r=] oS : = After 14.7 | 2.04 |29,209) 1:7.0 | 1929 -83 oO = i & Digest wes Approxi- Dry Dry Bee = Fe mate cost | matter | matter in ane ery 2s Fatin | of food | in food | food for foGdtOr 23 milk for one for one one lb. aching Si lb. of lb. of of milk A ail = ca milk milk solids. solids. co} oe a a a Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. we Before Aco a3; 1.0 fe) 4.9 iS After | 4.2 "T5 | 4.0 peri 5.1 AN INCREASE IN THB AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS WITH BUT LITTLD CHANGE IN PROTEIN. The average of 73 records which cover periods when this change in the ration was made is shown in the following table. No shrinkage in milk flow followed, on the average, but instead a very slight increase. There was a little loss in live weight before the change and a good average rate of gain afterward. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 81 TaBLe IX.—THE AMOUNT OF ToTaL NUTRIENTS INCREASED, WITH LITTLE CHANGE OF PROTEIN. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 LBs. LIVE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow. Total Digest- i" digest: | “ple | Fuel | NU&l | mine | Fat in ganic pro- value. ratio yield. milk, matter. | ‘*ein- 5 Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. t) Before} 13.9 2.04 |27,985) 1:6.4 | 22.2 -91 a Gj - cy a After 15.9 2.06 |382,575) 1:7.7 | 22.3 - 90 >) = 2 Average of 73 rec- ae Approxt- | Dry Dry seat oréds from cows a mate cost | matter | matter In | J otter ne pba a8 4.7 eos Fatin | of food | infood | food for averaging 4./ yrs. ree ; food for : a 3 milk. for one for one one lb. Saat oldand4.6months | 3 5 Ib. of Ib. of | of milk | Gf miik in milk, 2 Ps milk. milk. solids. Bolt Peto} aS elec es ner | le an = ss Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. a Before 4.1 -70 8 6.5 4.3 rs) >] After 4.0 Taal, 310 7.5 4.9 AN INCRBASD IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS AND ALSO OF THE PROTEIN. The average from 132 records, each of which covers periods when this change in the ration was made, gives the data of the following table. Less than the usual diminution in milk flow followed the change. There was but a very moderate increase in live weight under either ration. 6 &2 Rerort oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THA) TABLE X.—THE AMOUNT OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS INCREASED AND ALSO THE PROTEIN, AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. Day Per Cow. Total Digest- digest | “pte | Fuer | NUYt | ine | Fatin elses pro- | value yield. | milk ganic tein. ratio. matter. & Lbs. Lbs. | Cal Lbs. Lbs. Before | 14.5 2.03 |28,633} 1:6.9 | 22.4 -90 3 , a ° After -| 16.0 2.44 |31,863| 1:7.0 | 22.1 -89 a) H = Average of 132 rec-| 3% Approxt- | Dry Dry ae cords from cows es, eae ee cpa ones matter in| ee tas . aye i atin oO oo n too 00 or averaging 4.6 ae milk. forone | forone]| one lb. see yrs. old and 4.9] $3 Ib. of Ib. of | of milk | Of milk mouths in milk, ~ oD milk. milk. solids. solids. rt & 20 SSS om 3H Per ct Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. &= Before 4.0 -70 29 Heit 4.5 Be = After 4.0 -71 1.0 | 7.8 5.1 AN INCREASB IN THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS WITH A REDUCTON OF THE PROTEIN. The average of 63 records when this change in the ration occurred shows no shrinkage in the milk flow but a very slight increase. There was an average gain in weight of about one pound per day after the change, about twice as much as pre- ceded it. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83 TABLE XI.—TuHe AMouNYT or JoTaAL NUTRIENTS INOREASED AND THE PROTEIN REDUCED. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. Diy! PeniGow: Total Digest- ¥ digest | “ibte | Fuer | NfSh | mim | Fat in ganic Bro: value. | -atio. yield. milk. matter. : oD Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. | Lbs = Before} 14.7, 2.68 |29,318) 1:5:2 | 21.1 -86 eS x= . S After 16.5 2.22 |32,882| 1:7.0 | 21.2 ESS Fa ne he fee en ee es g - eyoaee ne OF ae < aco ice sate in ible dry ordas rom cows Dees mate Co: er ae averaci es, 5 B D Fat in of food | infood | food for Ona for ES GU Gee anes 2 ASAE milk. for one for one oue lb. Aarts yrs. old and 5.9 oa Ib. of lb. of of milk Se aiilic months in milk. Dm milk. milk. solids. solids. “ oS a SE 3 a Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. <= Before 4.1 -12 1.0 7.8 5.0 aaa ai Tees Se 5 E oF After 4.2 74 1.1 8.4 55 AN INCREASE IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS TO NOT MORD THAN 15.5 LBS. The average of 111 records, in each of which there was an increase in the amount of nutrients to not exceeding 15.5 Ibs. per day per 1000 Ibs. live weight, is shown in the following table. The average increase in nutrients was slight but the usual shrinkage in milk flow did not occur. In 61 instances there was a decided increase of protein in the ration, in 24 instances a - decided reduction and in 26 instances little change. There was but slight average gain in live weight. With but litile change in amount of protein.—The average of the 26 records in which little change in the amount of protein occurred shows a trifle less than the usual diminution of milk yield expected at this stage of lactation. The average increase in amount of nutrients was but little. A slight loss in live weight occurred. See A in Table XII. With an increase in the amount of protein.—Sixty-one records show a slightly greater average yield of milk following the mod- PARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE = a) Report or Dt 84 a'c rs oT cs° a 0s* PST G°9:T 6E3‘°8S 60'S SFT G'S S's SL T8° PP cs" o’st 9°F:T S6L°9% 19°S 9°ST o's S*L OT €L° O'F 6L° L°61 6°S:T LES"6e SE"°s S8'FT eh SL OT GL° O'F Gln ¢’6r TLt 62 16 F6L 6ST ce L°9 6° oie UP 68° 9°TS 8°20 L70°SS OLE -0°RI Low ¥°9 8° 99° er 6° 0°SS 8°9:L S8IL°9S §8°T -S°eT 6'F LL OT cL* UP T3° 6°6T G°9:T 26°83 LIS SFL L’? SL O'T SL" GP $3° 6°61 Q’°O:— ss°lS 90°S LST hue “SqQT *SqT "S10 "49 dad "8qT *SQT wie) “8qT “sQT sprjos *Spr[os “ypu “UL “SUL “xan “plata ‘oneal ‘onyea “Uyo} “109980 NU JO | yyy JO‘qieuo Jo‘qreuo = uy eg Uy yee Bian ealy eng “Ord oyWES.I0 ‘Gl Gove JO"qrauo AOJpooxy soy pooy “}g0N 91a} e1at JOJ pOOJY OJ pooy Ul ae1eU «JO 4sOd -ysezIq ~sexs1p Uj} 499q38UL «Uy J0398UrL 41q eeu 18}0L AIp a1qt 41q -Fxoiddy -48051q i as = , , *sA00 sed ‘QU STOA GATT ‘SGI OOOL Jod Aep dod o8v190ay 19} V alojog IaqiV a1ojog I9IJV a10Joq IV aojog f } “HITM Uy sy}uoM gg) puev plo ‘sé gf Sar |! -BBIBAB SAOD WO 2 SP10001 FZ JO VSUIIAV “yu UL SYJUOM GG puev plo ‘sad 9° Sur -SBIVAB SMOD WOIJ SP10901 [9 JO oSvIIAY “YIU Ul SyJUOU g'g pue plo ‘sid Ge Sur -3vieaB soo wor [V¥ Sp10d001 9Z JO aSv.leAy “y[par ay Sq}UOW ¢’c pue plo ‘suf fF SUISBIBAB SMOD WOTJ SP100e1 [[[ Jo aZumay @ ‘SaT GCL NVHL GuOy{ LON OL GUSVHYONT SLINGIYLON TVLO 40 INNONY FHT—T]IX TIavigE New York AGRriIcuLTURAL EXPRRIMENT STATION. 85 erate increase of the total nutrients and more pronounced in- crease of protein. There was practically no change in live weight on the average. See B. Table XII. With reduction of the protein—tIn C, Table XII, are the data from the 24 records when with a little increase of the: total nutrients there was considerable reduction of the protein. But very slight shrinkage in the milk flow occurred. There was a moderate rate of gain in weight before the change and a more rapid one afterward. AN INCREASE OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS FROM LESS THAN 15.5 LBS. TO MORE THAN 15.5 LBS. In the following table are the average data from 116 records when this increase in the ration was made. The average milk yield suffered none of the usual diminution. There was a slight average loss in live weight before the change of ration and a gain of over one pound per day per cow afterward. With but little change in amount of protein—The average of 47 records when with the above increase of nutrients there was but little change in protein is shown in A of Table XIII. Con- siderable increase in milk yield followed. There was consider- able loss in live weight before the change and an average gain of about two pounds per day afterward. With an increase of the protein—The average data from 438 records are given in B of the same table. In each of these there was an increase in the amount of protein averaging about 20 per ct. The shrinkage in milk flow slightly exceeded the normal rate. There was a loss in live weight before the change of ration and a good rate of grain afterward. With a reduction of the protein—The average of 26 records in each of which the amount of protein was reduced is given in C of the table. While the amount of digestible protein per day was reduced about one-half pound, the average amount did not fall below 24 lbs. An increase in milk flow followed the change and but slight increase in the cost of production. There was good rate of gain in live weight. MENT Or ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE » PART = iz Report or Dt 86 f -ayrcd or sqamour J g'g $°3 ys) FL° Ee 6° FSS Quit 2FOGs FOS DLT WIV J pue Plo ‘sak Ip aut 8'F 9°L (Oyen OL* 6°S c8° 8°1G ZGQL FF8'62 TLS SFL eoJog | -Sv¥iaAv SMod WMOT] SP.1000.1 9Z Jo a8e. am "M[JUI Uy SyimoM g Gag OL OT 91 ik 96° L°S? 6S:l SbL SS LES GOT AdTV | PUB PO ‘sIA GG 3m a e'P 9°9 6° SL” OP 86° SB 6 S'9:L O9L‘Ss 90°C FFL 10jJoq | -Bviaav sod wWoIz SP1090.1 EF Jo osRIDAW le YL Ul sylUOM Fe (ans 6°L O'T GL" O'P 16° L°G OLE O8O'SS ESS OLLI JV J PUB plo ‘sid TG Sut FP G9 6° GL* EP 06° GSS ZOE G89‘SZ OL'S SFL s1ojog | -SBtgav smod mMoAZ SP1099.1 IF JO Ree “HILUI at $°¢ 6°L O'T bL° 0'r 6° 0°&% G LT L6L PS: SE°6- TE 2h » JV Bee Tg pue po ‘sat G't 8°9 6° GL° O'F 66" 0° &% ZOOL FGL‘SS ESS GE oMojog | ¢ Sulsvssav sod Mor = ae: QIL JO oSeI0aAy ‘SQT "8QT ‘8QT 810 "90 had ‘SQT *SQT 109 8QT ‘8QT Spljos “Sp110S “HITUL “y [TUL “PUL “apart "plays “OINBL “On|[BA “ufo? 19378 H[UI JO Ayjut —«JO‘qyauo Jo “q] euO Ur ye uy yeg AU aaHnN jong -ordoiq owes ‘ql yova yo‘q;auo0 OJ poof AOJZ pooy -sotiq -10 aq 10} poOyY AOJ pooy upaaqyeutr Jo ysoo -}}s03(p ap dajeur up 4a)9vu s1q oyeUul [BIOL «ap aay A1q -jxouddy ee HY —_— _ —_—_——— , —sezId *mOo 10d Aep “QU SIAM AAT] ‘SAT OOOL Jed dod a8t1say ‘Ssadq GCL NVHL GuOWl OL ‘Sa GGL NVHL ssa] NOU GHSVAYONT SLINGIYVLAN TVLOy, A E—I]IX aTagvy 87 Nr SLATION. ~ 7 RIMEI E GRICULTURAL EXP w YORK / NE &'g Nid *SqT “Spqlos TUL JO “ql youo 1OJ POOJ Uj 1oq yeu Uf 19}} BUT Arp e1at 48sec "840 f “Hiya jo ‘q{euo jo ‘q] emo 103 pooy Jo 1800 ayeut -txoiddy if yy IUI UT STOUT O'F G°O:T SeR'ce FPS SST UV J pue plo ‘sas Le oUt 9 O'OIT O86'ZE SL'S LOT MoJog | -Fvt9oav Ssoo Wor | spaoded eT Jo es BI9AV { ‘ITU UT STUOW 6'F QO: O86'ee 29'S SLT dreyV | pus PIO ‘gif 9°¢ SUI e ZO'L FSS LOT GLLU‘'TE G6L'S LG ojo | -Svstoav SMoo WoIF ; | spr0ded 9Z JO OSBIOAY “YW Ul st}aoal 00°T 9° FG L'OL FEG'Pe GP'S GLI JUV J8y_ Paes PIO ‘saf 9°¢ g°9:T POT T's : FeL‘TS 82'S O'9L BMOoJod | SuISuIoAB SMOo HOUT SPlodel [Pp JO asBIOAV *SQT *8QT 120 ‘sQqT = “80T ia gaers “prors "oTVe1 “On| vA “ayjod *19)78UL Uy Iva HIN 9Ay jong -o1d = =6oyues10 -1410N erat olay 4Se3iq -48051D 1230L i —’ *aioo 10d "QU FIOM AAT “SAT OOOT 10d fep aed o3R10aVy ‘SIT @°CL NVHL TUOJY NAHM GaSVAUONT SUNAIGLON TVLOL aHL— AIX @IavVL 88 REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE AN INCREASE OF THBP TOTAL NUTRIENTS WHEN MORE THAN 15.5 LBS. In Table XIV are the average data from 41 records when the amount of total nutrients above 15.5 lbs. was increased. There was on the average a slight increase in the amount of protein. The diminution in milk flow following the change was consider- ably less than usually occurs during the same time without change in the ration. There was a good average gain in weight before the change but not afterward. With an increase of protein.—Twenty-eight of the records in each of which there was an increase of the protein show about the same average results as all the above (B, Table XIV). There was a good gain in weight before the change but some loss after- ward. With a reduction of protein—Only 18 records show the increase of nutrients with a reduction in the amount of protein. There was but light shrinkage in the milk flow. There was a good rate of gain in weight which became much slower after the change, A REDUCTION IN THB AMOUNT OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS WITH BUT LITTLHD CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF PROTEIN. The average data from 82 records, each of which covers a period when this change in the ration was made, are given in Table XV. The average reduction of nutrients was only about one pound. The shrinkage in milk flow was a little faster than would usually occur. The moderate rate of gain in live weight was not affected, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89 TABLE XV.—THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS REDUCED WITH LITTLE CHANGE OF PROTEIN. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 LBs. LIVE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow. Total = Digest- digest | “sple | Fuel | Nt | vik | Fatin Sania DEO | value. ratio. | Yield.| milk. matter. : cP) Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. =e Before | 15.4 | 2.12 |30,628] 1:6.9 | 21.3 -93 a «After | 14.4 | 2.05 |28,530| 1:6.7| 20.6 | .90 = 5) eal Average of 82 rec-| §& Approxi- | Dry Dry eet ords from cows 2 mate cost | matter | matter in Coy) F : win Fat in of food |infood| food for ee mm averaging 4.7 Re milk. forone |for one] one ib. Aster 4 ris od and 8.2) 3 a (ce | ae || months in milk. oO @ : : : solids. aos 5 Se ei ee fe BR 5 AS Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. ee Before| 4-4 ste 1.0 Uae 5.0 = e)& | cf Ate. | ale | 74 | 1.0 | 7.3 | 4.9 A REDUCTION IN AMOUNT OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS WITH AN INCREASB OF PROTEIN. The following table shows the average from 72 records when this change in the ration occurred. The falling off in milk yield was considerably greater than is usual. The rate of gain in live weight was about three-fourths pound per day before the change and less than half as fast afterward. There was an increase in cost of milk production. 90 Report or DepARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THE TABLE XVI.—THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS REDUCED WITH AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 Las. LtvE WEIGHT. DAY PER Cow. Total Digest- 2 fiigest: | “ible | Fuet | Nutr | win | Fatin ganic pro- value. |! patio yield. milk. matter. | te!n- : on Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs Ibs. 2° Before| 1.16] 2.10 |32,494] 1:7.5 | 22.6 90 3 | 5 - o After 14.6 | 2.54 |29,023} 1:5.2 | 21.6 -88 © =| SSS S | Average of 72 rec- 2 Approxt- Dry Dry Pea ords from cows a 4 rane ee ee ee miter a atten a = a ves = tw at in of foo in foo ood for dV OT we Lies 5.2 as milk. for one for one| one lb. zoo Or, yrs. old and 5.3) 3S Ib. of ib. of | of milk ni antiiae months in milk. | 2 sage? Obras (pocuec solids. 3 Pate ace) MS = Per ct. Cts. Lbs, Lbs. Lts._ Gees Before 4.0 -70 1.0 7.8 5.2 a = After 4.1 -78 1.0 7.5 4.9 A REDUCTION IN AMOUNT OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS AND OF PROTEIN. In Table XVII are the average data from 109 records, each of which covered periods when this reduction was made. The diminution in milk yield was about twice as much as would nor- mally occur under ample unchanged rations. The rate of gain in live weight, which was over one-half pound per day, became very slow after the change of ration. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 TABLE XVIL.—THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS REDUCED AND ALSO THE PROTEIN. ns A ee eee eee AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow. Total Digest- a Aigest- | “ible | Fuet | Nutr | wink | Fatin ganic pro- value. ratio. yield. milk, matter.| ‘!2- o Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. 2 Before 16.8 | 2.41 |33,478) 1:6.6 | 22.2 -90 3 | After | 14.7| 2.03 |29,519| 1:7.2 | 20.5 85 Fs) P= ° a4 Average of 109 rec- | 3 | Approxi- | Dry Dry eee ords from cows Pain mate cost | matter | matter in | 26 Ory agi : Fat i of food | infood | food for ay OF ee TMS. 4.8 aS milk. | forone |forone| one Ib. pees Aue yrs. old and 5.9| s& Ib. of Ib.of | of milk ) CORE months in milk. b ee milk. milk. solids. solids. 3 fa) aS a 4 Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. me| Before| 4.1 -72 1.0 8.1 5.4 as & After 4.1 13 1.0 Tb 5.0 REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS WHEN LESS THAN 15.5 LBS. The average data from 127 records, each of which covers a period when the amount of total nutrients, in no case exceeding 15.5 Ibs. per day per 1000 Ibs. live weight, was reduced, are feund in Table XVIII. The average reduction was a moderate one. The milk flow diminished somewhat more rapidly than is usual under a continuously favorable ration. The rate of gain in live weight was slow. With but litile change of protein.—The average of 67 records when there was but little change of protein with the moderate reduction of the total nutrients, shows a little less than the normal shrinkage in milk flow. Little increase in live weight occurred. (A, Table XVIII.) With an inerease of protein.—There are 27 records in which there was a decided increase of protein in the ration. The aver- age shrinkage in milk was greater than normally occurs. There yas little change in live weight. (B, Table XVIII.) Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF THB 92 Ze 6°L Per ¢8° FS €°s jee GL° o's o's [i 61° oS 68 [Sele TL° 6°F S°L 0°T 9L° T'S B°L TT cL° 0°¢ 9°L 0°T 61° 3G 0's CE ti *8qQT “8QT “8QT "$10 “Sspr[os “Spy108 Alpur “AI }Un “Ua HIG JO “q] gO “qT “q[ ouo 0 “Ql yove 103 euO 1OY AOJ pooy ouUO AOJ pooj uy poojuy wuyaoyeu pooyyjo 1033801 209) 8 Ur 41¢ 4800 01vUr Sip o1ay 41g -jxoiddy “801g f “YI;ta Uy StT}UOMM gy oP Le Pony POU “Shadlaweclic wl-SE JojyJy | puv posit 9'g Sur 9 6° TL* FST Q’'GLl GIF'GZ G'S SFI eoJoq | -Sv190aAv sMod Woz SP1OI91 EE JO VSRIDAY Hee Ul Sq}JUOM 9'G I’? 621° T’6r 6 &:E O§8-16 68°24 EFL Jayyy | pue pjo ‘sik Fg Sur IF Z8° 6'6I G6'L:T 890‘'0 G8'T O'SE aa0jog }-Seraav saoo moa (4 | spa0d01 1% Jo oSvavAVy [ “Y[{UI Uy Sy}MOU gg t'F 18° 6°61 9°9:T O8Z‘LZ T0°S 6°ST 1ojJy J puv pjo ‘sas 9} Suy t' 06° £°0G L°9:T SOT‘6S 80°S LPL s10Joq | -StidaAv SMOO MoI Y | sp10d01 19 Jo aSBroAy | f ‘IJ Ul sqjuoU SF Ts’ O°6I G95 WOSelG -CleG 26. eh Jojy J19 puw plo ‘sik QP oF €8° L°6L L'9:T €68‘6Z EL'S SPL eoJog | Suiseisav sMoo LOI {spi0d0l 2ZI Jo eSuisay "40 Lad ‘SQT "8QT vie) ROT “SOT “SH; Uy “AIyUa uy pley£ ro) GUD "On[ea ‘uyoy)=—s ‘1099 Bu Vet Vey AI OAIRIINN jeng -O1d aq = Oyued Vises1q = -10 oq -sor1p 181OL Ee *MOo rod “4 319M BATT “SQT ODOT 10g £8p sod ofB.10a Vy Sa] GGT NVHL ssa] NUHM aaoOnGay SLNGIULON IVLO], 40 LNQONY AHI; —IIIAX aTavy New York AGRICULTURAL EXPRPRIMENT STATION. 93 With a reduction of protein—The average from 33 records when there was a reduction of protein as well as of total nutri- ents is shown in C of the same table. These cows were some- what younger and the stage of lactation a little later than with the others. The shrinkage in milk flow was at about twice the normal rate for this stage of lactation. There was a good gain in weight before the change but much less afterward. REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS FROM ABOVBE 15.5 LBS. TO LESS THAN THAT AMOUNT. Table XIX shows the average from 86 records when this reduction in the amount of nutrients was made. The shrinkage in milk flow was at twice the normal rate under a favorable ration. There was an average gain in weight of about three- fourths pound per day before and none after the change of ration. With an increase of protein.—In 45 of the above records there was an increase of protein. These show an average falling off in milk production slightly greater than normally occurs. The average gain in weight was at the rate of about one pound per day before the change of ration and less than half as much after- ward. (B, Table XIX.) With a reduction of protein.—In 41 records there was a reduc- tion of the protein. These show a shrinkage in milk flow at about three times the normal rate. There was a moderate gain in live weight before and considerable loss after the change of ration. (C, Table XIX.) REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS TO NOT LESS THAN 15.5 LBS. The averages from 50 records, each of which covers a period when this reduction of nutrients was made, are found in Table XX. There was, on the average, considerable reduction of pro- tein. The milk flow diminished somewhat more rapidly than usual. The rate of increase in live weight was a good one but somewhat slower after the change of ration. Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF SAD 94 4 6°9 6° c9° | 8 16° 0°%S O°g g°L oT g9° | Se GO°T 9° FSG 8’? S*L Omar 8L° TP 6° T°&% Ts OL OT oL* 6S 6° GG L’y eL 6° GL ber. €6° 9°2S ra 9°L 0°T 89° O'F 86° P'S ‘SOT “8QT “8QT “810 “10 bag 8QT 8QT “SPHOS “SPHOS AUX “AITUL Jo “a1yor “AI fta ay ileus “ploy “Mlowsioy" oie 20¥'poo ot ady OE” pooyuy; pooyuy Ujisqyeur poojz jo dejjeu =: 499), 8 UL 4£1¢ 4800 o4vuL Arp 91q 410 -[xoiddy a “s8031g "MOO Jed 2 Fat in of food | infood | food for foodie DMN la Ing 4%, ee milk, | for one | forone| onelb, | [000 4?F UR ena ce milk. | milk. | ‘solids, | of milk months in milk. te : ; : solids. m es cite ete BS 5 ~ Per ct. Cts. Lbs, Lbs. Lbs. a Before 4.2 -14 ier 8 0 peo ba &* After 4.2 ie) “aa 7.8 5.2 LITTLD CHANGB OF PROTEIN AND IN THD AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS. On the average for 49 records when there was little change in the amount of protein or of the total nutrients there followed about the normal reduction in the milk yield. The moderate rate of gain in weight was not much influenced. The following table contains the average data. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 TABLE XXIV.—LITTLE CHANGE IN PROTEIN AND AMOUNT OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER Day Pur Cow. - Pez 1000 Las, LivE WEIGHT. Total digest- Nutre ible or- ¥eei Milk | Fatin tive ganic value. | patio. | Yield. | milk. matter. (-P) Lbs, Lbs. Cal, Lbs. Lbs. Fy Before 14.3 1.84 |28,096} 1:;7.3] 19.1 -86 ‘3 After | 14.4] 1.84 |28,124] 1:7.4| 18.6 .82 ) a ae Average of 49 rec- 3 Approxi- Dry Dry eae ords from cows : mate cost | matter | matterin | otter in EG hee | BH Fatin | of food | infood | food for food for averaging 4. ae milk, | for one | forone| one Ib. cach. Ib yrs. old and 4.9) 3% Ib. of lb. of | of mile | Of milk months in milk. ek milk, | mul. | solids. solids. Tone 23 pee a rg eesti | [el ote = Mine EL | ee ae S 4 a9 Per ot, Cta, Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. a5 Before 4.5 -15 1.0 7.2 4.8 Ka * After 4.4 i Wha et Ge! 4.9 LITTLD OHANGH OF PROTEIN WITH AN INORHASHP IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS. Thirty-five records for periods when, with little change in the amount of protein, there was an increase of total nutrients show on the average a slight increase in the milk flow—without change in the cost of production. There was a slight gain in weight before the change of ration and some loss in weight afterward, 102 Rerort or DeparrmMent oF ANIMAL HvusBANDRY OF THE TABLE XXYV.—LITTLE CHANGE OF PROTEIN WITH AN INCREASE OF ToTaL NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 LBSse LIVE WEIGHT. Day Per Cow. Total Digest- digest- Nutrt- ible or- abe ics tive yield perch ganic ae VaIte=| ratio ae matter Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. © Before 14.2 2,23 |28,197| 1:5.8 | 22.4 -96 J) =| @ After | 16.8] 2,28 |35,832| 1:7.4 | 22.5 97 S) 2 — = iS) ste Average of 35 rec- = Approxi- | Dry Dry pene ords from cows 2 mate cost | matter | matter in q averaging 4.5 Bit Fat in| of food | infood | food for Ree ‘ Me, a) milk. | for one | forone | one lb. each Ib yrs. old and 5.0| ss Ib. of Ib. of | of milk of mite months in milk. ws milk. | milk. | solids.) solids. ae » 8 Ss SS SSS | 3 3 ie) Per ct Cts Lbs. Lbs Lbs ar Before} 4.3 74 =o 6.4 4.2 aye ° gp, ~ After 4.3 -74 Pet 7.8 5.1 AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WITH LITTLE CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS. The average of 65 records shows, following this change in the ration, about the normal diminution in milk flow or slightly less. There was a slight average loss in live weight before and none after the change. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103 TabLiE XXVI.—AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WITH LITTLE CHANGE or NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 Les. LivE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow. Total F Digest- : | Ae ible Fuel aa Milk | Fat in Sante ae value. | satio yield. | milk. matter.| %€!- Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. e Before | 14.3 1.91 |28,825| 1:7.2 | 21.9 -92 &D ae After |! 14.5 |} 2.28 29,167 1:6.0 | 21.4 _88 rs gz Average ef &3 rec-| & Approxi- | Dry Dry _ raed ords from eaws| 3 .- mate cost | matter / matter iN | matter it : : = ES) Fatin | of food in food | food for | ¢ooq ¢ averaging 4.5 n2 eT Be ood for 5 te) a milk, for one | for one oO each Ib yrs. old and 5.0| 2% Ib. of | Ib.of | ofmilk | Oe inik months in milk. Zn milk | milk. solids. solids, 2 3y | ——_— qr — |—— 8 = Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 3 Before 4.2 -65 “9 6.8 4.4 A 3 = ‘ After al .68 1.0 Tad 4.7 AN INCREASP OF PROTEIN AND OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. One hundred and thirty-four records, each of which covers a period when there was an increase of total nutrients with that of the protein, show, on the average, no shrinkage in the milk yield. Without change of ration, there is usually expected, dur- ing a similar period, at this stage of lactation, a diminution of about 2.5 per cent. The very slow rate of gain in live weight was moderately increased. 104 Report or Department or ANIMAL II] USBANDRY OF THE TABLE XXVII.—AN INOREASE O¥ PROTEIN AND OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. Average of 134 rec- ords from cows averaging 4.9 yrs. old and 5.0 months ip milk. PER 1000 Las. LIVE WEIGHT. Total digest- ible or ganic matter. g Ibs. fe Before| 14.5 a a ° After 16.2 f-2) ix] & o wa) D Fat in ape milk oa ~ nm > ss =| 2a Per ct. arc Before 4. we m After 4.0 AVERAGE PER Day PgR Cow. Digest- ible Fuel Milk Fat in pro- yield. milk. tein. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. 2.03 |28,734| 1;6.9 | 22.8 a3) | 2.42 32,479 1:6.5 | 22.8 -91 Approxi- Dry | Dry Se mate cost | matter matterin matter fe of food infood food for foodifur forone | for one one Ib.. aan Ib Ib. of lb. of of milk Hueitilis milk. milk, solids. Bolitk Cts Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. -69 29 hed 4.5 3183 1.0 | 7.8 edt AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WITH SOME REDUCTION OF THE TOTAL NUTRIENTS. The average data from 74 records when the change in ration was of this character are found in the following table. The milk yield diminished somewhat faster than it normally should. From nearly a pound per day the average rate of gain in live weight fell off to less than one-half pound per day. New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105 TABLE XXVIII.—AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WITH A REDUCTION OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER Day PER Cow. Per 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. Total Gigeats Mibie” | Fuel Nutr | wink | Fat in ganic pro: value. ration yield. | milk. matter. 5 cv) Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. <8 Before| 16.0 | 2.17 |32,308| 1:7.1 | 22.6 -90 3 a 4 S After 14.4 | 2.55 28,75 bee railed! .89 rs) = ee S Be ce otal approst, | Dry | OE in | tbls dry e by mate cos a rin onze j were a Q g Fat in of food in food | food for ae aVerasing 2- a3 milk. forone | forone| one lb. eachuibs yrs. old and 5.38] «6 Ib. of Ib. of | of milk | Crain mouths in milk. = 2 milk. milk. solids. solids: Ne — Lo} —_——— —-CSC—d OOO =)s |” Ba an Per et. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. ea Before 4.0 afi 1.0 7.8 5.1 w 8 fe After | 4.1 PUT |e tO) 7.5 4.9 AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WHEN LESS THAN 2 LBS. AND MORE THAN 1.6 LBs. One hundred and twenty-seven records cover periods when sucha change was made. There was also on the average a slight in- crease in the total nutrients. The average data are given in Table XXIX. The milk flow diminished scarcely any. There was a moderate loss in live weight before and a slow gain after the change of ration. With little change in amount of nutrients—When the amount of nutrients was but little changed in 53 instances there followed about the normal! falling off in milk production (A, Table X XIX). Under the rations fed there was a moderate loss in live weight. With an increase of total nutrients—When there was an in- crease of the total nutrients in 65 instances there followed an appreciable increase in the milk production, and the cost of pro- duction was somewhat higher. There was some loss in live - 106 Report or Department or ANIMAL [lUSBANDRY OF THE weight before and a gain after the change of ration (B, Table X XTX). With a reduction of nutrients—In only 9 of the records there occurred, with this same increase of protein, a reduction in the amount of total nutrients. In these few instances there was a rapid diminution of milk flow with a much greater cost of pro- duction. AN INCREASE OF THE PROTEIN WHEN ABOVE 2 LBS. AND LESS THAN 2.25 LBS. There are 56 records which cover periods when this change in the ration was made. There followed a diminution of milk flow at a little less than the normal rate. The gain in live weight, fairly good before, was very little after the change. The data are found in Table XXX. With an increase of nutrients—After an increase of protein, with an increase in the amount of nutrients, in 28 instances there followed very much less than the usual diminution in milk flow. There was a good rate of increase in live weight before but a moderate loss after the change. See B in Table XXX. With a reduction of-nutrients—W hen, with the increase of pro- tein, there was a reduction in amount of nutrients in 28 in- stances, the following decrease in milk production was at a faster rate than normal. There was a good rate of gain in weight, but slower after the change. AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WHEN BETWEEN 2.25 LBS. AND 2.5 LBS. The average data from 72 records which cover periods when this increase in protein content was made are found in Table XXXI. The milk flow diminished but very slightly. The live weight increased on the average faster after the change than before. With an inerease of total nutrients—Thirty-two records cover periods when with the increase of protein there was an increase of total nutrients. The milk yield was very slightly increased. There was a loss in live weight before the change and a con- siderable gain afterward. 107 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ve New York f ‘yur UI sqQUOU JF Lei SL Om GL° OF 6° T°&% 6°9:L FOG‘TE 22'S 9°CT AoW J pue plo ‘sad TE Sut gq 9°F Goll 6° 99° 0'r T6° ex ek6 L°LiE 133‘'SZ OSL SPL edojoy | -S¥ierwy soo wor SP10d01 G9 Jo See ay ‘YIU Ul SYZUOU ) fF VY 8°9 OT 99) GP 6° 6° GG $9:— 900 66 ST'c FFL 1391JV J PUB PO “SIA GF SUI vy ier, 9°9 6° To GP 96° 6°GG Q°LiL SoL‘So I8'L SFT a0Joq | -Svrsav smod mOIZ Spr0ded gg Jo asBIaay J IU Ur Sy} aout 8°T g°L OT OL* VP 16° SSS 9°9:'I €2L‘0S 6.2 GPL ASV J Gr DUE plo sm Te C7 OL 6° #9" oP 6° v's 9°Li'T §3S‘8SS OSL SFL eoJoq | Sulsvioav soo umory [spiode1 JZL Jo oSvaway ‘SQT “SqT ‘SQT "820 “po dad “‘SqT ‘SsQT IPO ‘SQT ‘SQT ‘s . ‘ : . "pleats ‘ones en[BA ‘a1e1 “10998 UL yi jo HIN = go%qouo jo"dqowo = UTE UUM ea Tang -oud— OF IO ‘aL yoro jyo'qrauo IOJ pOOJ JOJZ pooy “HON erat eat A0J pOOJ AOZpOOy uUpaayevur Jo ysoo -\saZIq -3se31p Ul 199)]BUL U] 10}}eU 41g ud Nas 1810.L wee ao “soo sad ‘gy 3JOM OAIT “SAT O00T Jed kep jaed asBivay ‘Sa] OT NVHL GAO AGNV “SaT Z NVHL SSH] NOHM NIGLOUd JO ASVAYONT NY— XIXX FP1avG iixpeorr oF DeparTMENT oF ANIMAL HvUsBANDRY OF THE 108 { ‘y[TT UL sq}UOUT Z’q GG 9°L OT cs* 8°¢ cs° 9°06 L'Gil 618'6S 68°S GFL Jay J puv plo ‘sis QF Sur 9 Poa 38 1 a 08° $s os" Gis O'S:T S6L‘SE FOG FOL 210Jaq | -SvtIoAv SMOdD MOI Sprl00ed 8G JO VSLIDAYV ‘ Yu Ur ee Zc 6'F 9°L OT 89° TP 6° 9°G G'9:T OG9‘ZE Sh'S FOL JV | pue po ‘sak gy Suy SF OL 6° 99° OF 16° LG L°L:T 069'6G IL'S SFL ojog ]-SureAv soo woay [ a Biba: 8G Jo asBIVAyV | “qyIur Ur sqjuoUur ES 9°L oT LL° 6°S 3 Sn 6 T°9:E FLO‘TS SF'S OST ANY Joe pues plo ‘sik TF 8'F 92 OT GL 6°¢ 98° TGS PLT FFF'IS 80'S OST OJog | SulseIOAB SMOD OAT SP1OVVI 9G Jo dsSBIDAY "SQT QT "8QT "S10 a Ee "SQT "SQT 120 *SQT ‘SQT “‘SPIOS “‘spnos “Alyur AIyor beng art be ih aerd pers *OyIeI “On| eA ‘ule «= “4199 BU NU FO “itu jo ‘ql 9uo jo ‘ql ou0 Uy aea Uy 78,7 AINA eat} jen -O1d omes10 "QU qoee §=jo “qt ou0 4OJ pooJ AOJ pooy -11j0N e1qt 9Iqt JJ pooy AJpooy Upiswvur jorso0o 4Asasiq -jsexIp Ul daseul Uy s993eUr 41q eqeur Te10L Aap 21q1 4ig -jxoiddy Pa Ry ay, 4sesiq “M00 J3d “‘VYUSTOA OAT] “SQT OOO eq sep sod e3e10ay Ba] CoS NVHL ssa@7J GNV “sary G DHAOGY NAHM NIDLOUG JO ASVAYONT NY—XXX Wiavg 109 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTION. Sh 6°9 6° wlis LP GL 6° 09 FG 0's 0°T TS* SP TL 6° T8° i es S°L Oar 11° 8 7 SL O'T gy “SQT “SqQT *SQT “810 *SpI[Os “Spr1os “HIPOn “4Ttun HIyur Jo bippaces JO ‘q,9m0 Jo ‘ql au0 ‘a1 yows JOG, ewO AOJpoozy a0J pooy dofspooy JOJpooy Uldaeqyeur Jo 4soo UlJojvBUL Ul 19}98uUr 41g. ojeu ASD P1QE Aig -Txo1ddy qs051¢ ‘SHI G3 NV C73 86° OTS O°ST 90L‘8S2 69°S SFT 16° SFG TiGiy GSUelS a lorG eS T6° $°SS 6°G:T cOL‘ee ¢9°S O'LT 68° GGG 6ST 808'6s 08'S 6° FT 88° VG eC: tor £s Olean SST 68 G&S T°9:E Sre'0S SEs TT St *SqT “sqT wile) *SQT “SQqT Binigees pleré one onjeaA "Ulo} “1oIqeUL Uy 48 XIN eat} feng oid o1uesi0 -12g0N o1at erat Asesiq -48051D ye107, *MOo Jad “QU SOM SAT] SQ] OOOT 49d sep Jod ose130ay f ‘N[IuI UT suo 6'F iiyjy | pue plo ‘si4 eg Sur alojogq, =| -SRIOAB SMOD UOJ | spro00d 9z JO OBB.IDAY { “y[1UI UT SyjUOTH 9°G injyy | pue plo ‘sik FF Sul alojogq: | -Ser9ae sMood ory [ Spl0deI FE JO aseioay | \ yen UE SypTOT Jnjy |9¢@ pue plo sif QF alojoq | Sarge: dAR SMOD UOT | sptooe1 gL jo odti0AVy NEUTMLEG NAM NIGLOYG JO ASVAMONT NW—IXXX FIAVE , 110 Report or Department or AmimaL HusBANpDRY OF THE With some reduction of nutrients—The average of 28 records which cover periods when there was a reduction of nutrients with the same increase of protein as above is shown in C of Table XXXII. There occurred a diminution in milk yield at about half the normal rate. The gain in live weight was much slower after the change than before. AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF PROTEIN ABOVE 2.5 LBS. Only 18 records cover periods when this change in the ration occurred. With half of them there was an increase of total nutrients and with half a reduction. There was a more than usually rapid falling off in milk for both groups. On the aver- age there was a slight increase in amount of nutrients. The average shrinkage in milk was twice as much as it would normally be. The gain in live weight was much slower after the change of ration. Little change in the cost of production occurred. TABLE XXXII.—AN INCREASE OF PROTEIN WHEN ABOVE 2.5 LBs. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 Lss LIVE WEIGHT. DavaPicn! Cow, Total nat. | Digest- : disest- | “ipie | Fuet | NUtre | mik | Fatin ganic Lah value.| patio, | Yield. | milk matten ae = Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. = Before 15.4 2252 430,59) 12528) || 25-5 1.05 a a © After 1620}, 2:89. 431,792) 1:520 | 23.3 - 96 >) I = | 2 - Average of 18 rec- faye Approxi- Dry Dry ete ords from cows ne mate cost | matter | matter in matter A averaving 5.3 2 Fatin | of focd | in food | food for | “soo tor : wis Lt So: ce milk. | for one | for one | one Ib. cach ik yrs. old and 5.0 = 8 Ib. of 1b. of of milk | Oe milk months in milk. 69 oa milk. milk. solids. solids, NG oF ee | ee ee SS => Pao Per ct. Cts. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. “=~ Before 4.1 .60 8 6.6 4.3 & iS Fy After 4.1 . 60 3) 7.4 4.9 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SYLATION. 111 A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN WITH LITTLE CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS. One hundred records which cover periods when there was a reduction of the protein with little change in amount of nutri- ents give the average found in Table XXXIII. Following this change there was just about the normal decrease in milk yield. The moderate rate of increase in live weight was slightly increased. TABLE XXXIIJ.—A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN WITH LITTLE CHANGE OF NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Lps. LIVE WEIGHT. Day Per Cow. Total foaat. | Digest- 2 figest: | ipio | Fuel | Noel | wnk | Fatin ganic DEC: value. AiO: yicld. milk. matter, : ) Lbs. Lbs Cal. Lbs. Lbs &© Before | 15.2 | 2.23 30,155] 1:6.7 | 19. -81 x a o §6After 15.1) 1.84 30,01 WoO elise | -81 >) H oS! Average of 100 ree-| 5 | Approxi- | Dry Ey ible dry ords from cows al mate cost | matter | matter in bee oe! veraci 47 we Fatin | of food jin food | food for | ‘sooq¢ n a Pies ou aS milk. | for one | forone | one lb. each ag yrs. old and. 7.1 a= Ib. of Mer ef | Ofomitlin! (Woe date months in milk. 12 2 A BOnGS: solids, = = 52 =O Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. aa Before 4.2 -80 UBL 8.4 5 Bo & After | 4.3 80 | 1.1 | 8.2 5.6 A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN WITH SOMBP INCREASE IN AMOWNT OF NUTRIENTS. The average for 58 records when this change in the ration was made is shown in the following table. The accompanying reduction in milk yield was slight, much less than would nor- mally occur for a similar period. The live weight increased much faster after the change. 112 Report or Department or ANIMAL IJ USBANDRY OF THE TABLE XXXIV.—A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN WITH SOME INCREASE OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT, DAY PER Cow. Aetatss Digest. if digest- | “ible | Fuel | Nutt | wine | Fat in tive 7 pro value yield. milk, ganic ratio. matter,} tin Lbs, Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. Before | 14.6 2.56 |29,211] 1:5.5 | 22.6 -93 After 16S Se G [32,191 ee | 22.4 -90 Average of 58 rec- Approxi- | Dry Dry Digest. ords from cows mate cost || matter | mattorun | eos Fat in| of food | infood | food for | ™@tter in For about 18 days before change and 15 days after. averaging 5.0 milk. | for one | for one} onelb adie oe yrs. old and 5.2 Ib. of Ibvof | vot mik 5) Coch Tes months in milk. milk, milk. solids. solids. Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Before 4.1 -67 1.0 7.4 4.7 After 4.0 -70 a a 8.0 5.2 A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN AND OF THE TOTAL NUTRIENTS, The average data from 139 records when both the protein and total nutrients were reduced follow in Table XXXV. The milk yield fell off at a rate about twice as fast as the normal one. There was a moderate increase in live weight before the change of ration and none afterward. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. mbes TABLE XXNYV.—A REDUCTION OF PROTEIN AND OF TOTAL NUTRIENTS. ‘ AVERAGE PER PER 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. Day PER Cow. oN Bre Pan Total : Digest- - digest | “ible | Fuel | Nive’ | Milk | Fatin “ganic pro- | value.| ratio, | Yield. | milk. : tein. : matter. Lbs. Lbs. | Cal. Lbs. Before | 16.7 | 2.41 |33,328) 1:6.6 | 22.5 21.0 After 14.8 | 2.09 |29,495| 1:6.9 Digesti- Approx!- Dry Dry ible dry mate cost | matter | matter In | matter in Fat in of food in food | food for food for Average of 139 rec- ords from cows and 17 days after. averaging 4.8 milk. | for one | forone| one lb. ric jib yrs. old and 5.8 Ib. of lb. of | of milk | of milk mouths in milk. milk. milk. solids. solids. Per ct. Cts. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Before| 4.1 -72 1.0 7.9 5.4 After 4.3 -74 1.0 7.3 4.9 i?) a0 a 8 a o 5) 3 n > 5 x @ ba | ~~ | ) 2 8 a] i) ey A REDUCTION OF THE PROTEIN WHEN MORE THAN 2.5 LBS. One hundred twenty-three records when there was this reduc- tion of protein give the average data found in Table XXXVI. The average yield of milk diminished at about half the normal rate. The rate of increase in live weight, at about one-half pound per day, was not affected. With little change in amount of nutrients—When there was little change in the amount of nutrients in 31 instances the average result shown in A of Table XXXVI was obtained— which was practically the same as the total average above given. With an increase of total nutrients—In 47 instances, when an increase of total nutrients occurred, there followed no reduction in the milk yield, but a slight average increase. The rate of gain in weight from about one-half pound per day became about one pound per day. (B, Table XXXVI.) With a reduction of total nutrients.—When there was a moder- ate reduction in the amount of total nutrients there followed, 8 lit Lurorr or Dervarrment or Antmat Huspanpry oF 1K e°¢ 0's Ler €8" 79 8's bel ¢s° g°G v8 Ear GL 6'F SL OT TL* S°g LL O°T ¥9° G'G G8 OT 19° oS I's ior PL" q’g g's ET rL° “SQT “SQT “SqQT “SQT “spr[os “SpITOS “yor “Lar yJTur Jo Hu = JO ql euo0) §=—_- Jo ‘q, aul0 “ql yova Jo"qrauo 1o0J pooy IOJ pooy IOJpOOy AOJ pooy uy sdsqyyewu Jo 1800 Ul dJezIvVUl UpdayeU 8 sig ey eur Aap eat 41g -jxoiddy ~yso3tq ; 61° G 6T LL° 1°61 98° GIG 98° PIG cS* O'°T% $8" Sule cS" G*0G 68° 8°06 40 ad ‘SQT “Hua “*ploté EE TL "MOO J0d 4ep ied o3vi90ay S°S:T cI9'6S FPS GFT . JeV &'S:T GLO CE 6L°S GOL sOJog O'L:T LFE‘SE So's LOL JsIV @ GT CI6 66 FL°S O'S alojog GL-T. SE9° Ts 00°42 8° St T1IV L°G:T Zé8‘0S G9°S GGT ailojog Quo Te 60S TE 28s “Skene Slr. PST SSi°Ts -eL°e 2 et— ezojeg vie) “SQT “SOT ‘Olea “On BA ua “1911 NUL ead Teng -o1d oy UvII0 “TON 91a 91qt 4ses]q -3sesrp ELON F Nm a “‘IUSIOM ATT “ST DOL 194 ‘Sa] ¢'% GAOMY NAHM NIGLOUG FHL AO NOOAGUY Y—JAXXY WAVY, “MIPOT Uy sq} MoM ¥9 pur plo ‘sad QF Sur -SBIDAV SMOD UOT ) Spl0dad CF Jo aseroay | YIM Ul syjuom ge | pue pjo ‘sad pF Sur -SRIOAB SMOD WOT d SP1OIAI PF JO aSvaoway “MIU UT STJUOUI G'9 pue plo ‘sid QF Sur -SBIDAB SMOD WO.AT af Sp10d01 TE Jo asvadAy “Y[TUI Ul syjuow 9 puR plo ‘sid @F SuIsBl IAB SMOD uoas Spl0001 EZ, Jo ose10AV : New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. UNS on the average for 45 instances, about the normal shrinkage in milk yield. The rate of increase in live weight. was noticeably reduced. A REDUCTION OF THE PROTEIN WHEN ABOVE 2.25 AND LESS THAN 2.5. LBS. The only records available which show this reduction of pro- tein show a corresponding reduction of the total nutrients; 54 records give, following this change in the ration, an average reduction in the milk flow about three times as great as should occur at the same stage of lactation. There was some loss in live weight but much less before the change of ration than after- ward. TABLE XXXVII.—A REDUCTION OF THE PROTEIN WHEN BeTWEEN 2.25 AND 2.5 LBs. AVERAGE PER Per 1000 Les. LIVE WEIGHT. DAY PER Cow. Total Digest- digest: | “ipie | Fuet | NU | mk | Fatin ganic Bre value. ration yield. milk. matter. : > a S Lbs. Lbs. Cal. Lbs. Lbs. = Before | 17.3 2.38 |34,455| 1:6.7 | 24.2 sy, = a) = ° After 14.9 2.05 |29,961| 1:7.1 | 22.1 -93 2 ~ 3 Average of 54 rec-| 5 Kuproxtallle bry Die Digest- ords from cows| ». __ | mate cost | matter | matter in | pi ottes ty averacinge 4.9 i a Fat in of food in food food for food rane aging 4. 2 3 milk. forone | forone| one lb. eer im yrs. old and 5.4] TH lb. of Ib.of | of milk | Oe°o ne months in milk. oo milk. milk. | solids. solids. a $3 ee | ae aa hes = feck Per et Cts. Lbs Lbs Lbs «3 Before 4.1 -63 ie Us 5.0 we iS fy After 4.2 | -12 9 | (HEY! | 4.6 A REDUCTION OF THE PROTEIN WHEN ABOVE 2 LBS., UNDER 2.25 LBS. The 65 records which cover periods when this change in the ration was made show an average decrease in milk flow consider- ably greater than it should normally be. There was a very good increase in live weight. Nt OF ANIMAL HusBpanpRY OF THE . u 116 Rervorr or Deparrmi ©1090 °g “SQT *Spr[os “y[FUI JO “q1 qova IO] pooy UI 401) eta Aip 9qt 48051 [ "YIU wr syyTOUT E'9 6°) 1gel! cL* 8°P c6° G°6T SLT 99S'8Se Ssyr £8 ea GL 99°F 26° 8°0G GL-T F9F‘SS SI'S SOT e1ojoq | -Seraae soo ULoAy 0 . } Sere Zo JO asBIOAY Ya Ul sqyuoM Oy G°8 oT 06° oF os” c°LT S°LT F6S‘8SG FST OF FIV eee PIO ‘sik 6} SUI v3 GT 68° VP 08° T'S 9°9:T L6L‘6S ILS SFE ssOJog | -Svsaav sMoo mor] ¥ | splooes gf Jo aSvaday | f “YA Uy syyuom §°8 oT cs8* OEP 3° TST S°L-— €8h‘8SS P8'L StL wIiIsyV / OL pues plo ‘sik Tg $'g 1 # #8" Cy Gs* 0'6I 6°9:E TF9‘OS IT'S FST azozog ) SuiSersar saioo wWOaT [spiosel ¢9 Jo eSuaoay “ST “SOT “810 *J0 40g “SQT “SqT 19D *SQT ‘Sq7 “spy[os “yyy “aI yur Jo be ohaeed i ieders “prersé ‘oned “OnTBA ‘uje. = “19298 bigpaned JO"q1ea0 = 8=-q, eu0 Uy eq ur 4eg INN eAlt png oid = oyuesio JO *q] 9UO0 = =AOJ POOJ AOJ pooy “HON Slat 91qr IOJ pooyJ uy 4099RvuUL JO 4800 4sesiq -~4seatp Ul 109)3eUT Aig ole Te10L 41g -Txoiddy ee ee eee “M090 Jod “QUS18as OATT “SQ NOL A9q Aep aod a8ti9ay "Sa']T GGG NVHL SSa'] GNV “sary G TAOTY NOAA NIGLOUG GH Ao NOILOOGaAY VSIA XXX aTdV LG 117 IMENT STATION. Dy New York AGRICULTURAL EXP! FP ¢‘9 6° 09° tT toys) 6° 99- LG r'8 et cs" 9°¢ 9°38 ek 83° 6 °F FL OT GL" SF SL OT €L° “6QT *sQT “sqT 810 *SpTTos “SPTIOS “yu “Apu wyar Jo yur yo ‘q]euo0 Jo “q] suo ‘qr yowa joq,auo AOJpooy 10J pooy IOJ Pooy IOJ pooyJ upsayeur yo soo Ul ieqyeVt «=U: 499" UT 41q e21eur Aap 91q) Aid -rxoiddy -48931C ‘BI’ OL NVHI GDAOW PT 10°T €° FSG Cen srt F996 ae 8L° gst ev €3° FOL oP a6" 0°SG oF 86° $° Ss "40 40g "sqT "8QT “yy “alu “piers Uy 9a Uy 3ea xIHU "MOO Jed sep aed aSei9aVv “say GZ NVHi ssa] NOHA GS Ges'6s GOT OFT WHNV O'S: SIP‘TS S8'T 9°ST st0JoT TeGnbeecrrOse LO kare I9qTV O°S:E S86'0S S6°T S°ST s10jJod L'Stt 1z6°6%2 99°T LPT AWV LLL OSt‘0S 68°T GFL s10Jod Le) “sQT “SQT “orTe1 "en [BA ‘m1e2 «= “1999 BT OAT eng ~o1d ormesi0 ANON 91at aia 4sesIq ~-4se3]p Cee Sey “‘QUSIOA ATT “SQ OO0T 19d (ype ursqjuom TF | pue ppo ‘saa @’g Sur | -3eI9AB SMOD ULOAJ a Sp1OdEI ST JO OSVIOAY “YIU UE SqPWOU gy | pue plo “sak FF Sut | -BBIoAe SMOD UOTJ | spro0e1 9g Jo aSvr0ay J WA f “AIT ur stUoU Jeg pue po ‘sit Te | Surseraewe SMOD UtOTZ [spiooal GG JO a5B10AV NIGLOUG GHL AO NoILoaaqay W—XIXXX @av 118 Reporr or Derarrmunr or Animat HusBaNpDRY OF THE With but little change in total nutrients—The amount of total nutrients was but little changed in 43 instances. The milk flow diminished at a little more than the usual rate. The average increase in live weight was considerably greater after the change. ; With some reduction of nutrients.—The average for 22 instances, when considerable reduction in amount of nutrients occurred, shows a falling off in milk twice as great as is usual. The gain in live weight was much less after the change of ration. A REDUCTION OF THD PROTEIN WHEN LESS THAN 2 LBS., MORP THAN 1.6 BS: The average data from’55 records when such a reduction occurred are found in Table XXXIX. The average shrinkage in milk was at about twice the normal rate. There was but little change in live weight. With but little change in amount of nutrients—After this change in the ration, when the amount of nutrients was but little affected, there was, on the average in 26 instances, a reduction of milk yield considerably greater than should normally occur. The data are in A of Table XX XIX. With some increase in amount of nutrients—Only 11 records cover periods when with such a reduction of protein the nutri- ents were increased. In these cases the amount of total nutri- ents was small, and there was a continual loss of live weight. The milk flow diminished but little faster than usual. There was some increase in the cost of production. With some reduction in amount of nutrients—There are only 18 of the records which show this change of ration. In these the shrinkage in milk flow was at about three times the normal rate. REMARKS. In general changes in the amount of protein within the ordin- ary limits produced less effect than changes in the amount of total nutrients. The average results which followed the differ- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119 ent modifications of the ration as related to the protein content are briefly summarized on p. 64 at the beginning of this bulletin. THE NUTRITIVE RATIO. The effects of changes in the nutritive ratio, as a rule, of course were directly in line with those evidenced by the group- ings of the rations on the basis of protein content as related to differing amounts of total organic nutrients. The unusual amount of fat in a few foods caused considerable difference in some of these relations of ratio to the actual amount of protein in the ration. It is unnecessary to give all the data from the averages made to show the general effect of changes in nutritive ratio. In con- sidering the records on this basis they were grouped with rela- tion to the ratio of 1:6, although the majority of the rations had a wider ratio, principally because the standards in general call for a ration with this nutritive ratio or one narrower. Moderate changes in the nutritive ratio within the ordinary limits had considerable less effect on the milk flow than did changes in the amount of total digestible organic matter. The general results accompanying different modifications of the ration which affected the nutritive ratio are stated on p. 65 of the general summary. eyes Ry \ 16) Sy md i) MMH ay sia iy are) TENA nt >! NY e i M ’ » i Jette wie tytt, shoal, berlynles Bi dy AGY Linares Fisted) | ta) Ae ig ree bys? oan winery ‘iat 8 ” atte “. sui. * he ava i. s aie AAS var yn silag. s7ittvhie sith ok expand nto i i ry (iti ‘5007 ble citoomnits “ide ti 459 “vaetiron tiled ty and: aly @) anietbics ait ba i : i ti i it} yal i. ti ie (? jet) tien, 7 j - nee : a“ e Lilie Livia oul: bie F oa oe 0 ade » aa I Pe nh ; (Sd : i ‘ i phe ~ ng 643. REPORT OF THE Department of Botany. F. C. Srmwart, Botanist. H. J. Euvsracn, Student Assistant. Taste or Contents. I. An epidemic of currant anthracnose. ll. Notes from the Botanical Department. TAOTHA be seein ” 4 | usted 10 fjosmhcgollad inlaotost way OF 2" a: “ Snpleieeh sasha hi sonnei < BS a + | a “ 4 ; as : zraarnoD 40. sian. eae, ‘sebnonndinn Jaga th otro mea % Jodustaqell einnie® ont wo tei | sith ae ; . 5 : ~ ~~ > » f = a . y i az. S t -- * or ¢ = if < Ty . ire F E 7 iar? - cae) ec mi ; s a” oe * LL. Ae . Sot ae es aisles - : ia ni x ic ~ We bate Pay A aT) i a4 nf sti 7 all Bae" J _ ~ oy ‘ - - LAY Rey 7 a x : 7 a tel AN EPIDEMIC OF CURRANT ANTHRACNOSE.* F. C. STEWART AND H. J. EUSTACB, SUMMARY. During the past season the currant crop in the Hudson Valley has been seriously injured by anthracnose, a fungous disease causing the appearance of numerous small, dark brown spots on the leaves, which turn yellow and fall prematurely. Currant canes were quite generally defoliated early in the season and the exposure of the ripening fruit to the sun brought about sun- scald, resulting in a loss of nearly one-half the crop in some plantations. . The disease attacks the leaves, petioles, fruit, fruit stems and canes. In New York State it is present among currants almost every season, but there is no record of its destructive occurrence since 1889. Although it attacks also gooseberries and black currants it has not injured them in the same locality where red currants have been seriously damaged by it. It is readily dis- tinguished from the ordinary leaf spot by the size of the spots, which are much smaller. The weather conditions last spring seem to have been partic- ularly favorable to it; but judging from the past history of the disease it is not likely to become a constant pest. Fruit growers need not be alarmed. Probably, it will become epi- demic only occasionally. Although there are scarcely any experimental data at hand, it is likely that anthracnose may be prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture; and since currant worms make neces- sary at least one application of Bordeaux, and leaf spot (a * A reprint of Bulletin No. 199, 123 124 Rervort or top DEPARTMENT oF BoraNny oF THE disease known to be preventable by spraying) is always more or, less prevalent, and it seems likely that the destructive disease known as cane blight may be checked, it is recommended that currants in the Hudson Valley be sprayed regularly every sea- son. INTRODUCTION. The region between Highland and Newburgh in the Hudson River Valley is the principal fruit-growing section of Eastern New York. Grapes, peaches, raspberries and currants are grown extensively. Ourrants are grown more extensively here than in any other part of the State. They constitute one of the leading fruit crops in this famous fruit-growing section. While visiting this locality June 18 and 14, 1901, we observed that the currant foliage was quite generally affected with a form of leaf blight or anthracnose caused by the fungus Glewosporium ribis. The lower leaves were yellow and thickly covered with very small brown spots. Almost all the currant plantations were more or less affected and the presence of the disease could be detected at a considerable distance by the yellow color of the foliage. In some cases the leaves were already dropping quite freely. Fruit growers were alarmed. They were not accus- tomed to see the currant foliage behave in this way. Since there seemed liable to be an epidemic of this somewhat unusual disease we planned to watch its progress. During the remainder of the season we made frequent visits to the locality and kept close watch on the disease, particularly in a badly affected plantation on the farm of Mr. J. A. Hepworth near Mil- ton. This plantation consisted of about five acres in a peach orchard on high, well-drained, slaty soil. SYMPTOMS. The disease works from below, upward. The lower leaves become thickly covered with small dark-brown spots, turn yellow and fall. The disease appears in June and continues active throughout the season or until the bushes have been completely | defoliated. In the present case it must have appeared rather New York AGRIGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. © 125 - suddenly and become epidemic about June 8. When we made our first observations, June 13, it was already so abundant that fruit growers were cognizant of it. Ten days earlier we had spent two days visiting fruit plantations in this same locality and at that time we neither saw nor heard of any trouble with currants except cane blight which is always destructive there+ Although we were seeking the diseases of raspberries rather than those of currants, it is likely that the currant anthracnose would have come to our attention had it been at all abundant at that time. In a letter dated June 10, Mr. A. B. Clarke, of Milton, states that it was very abundant in his plantation at that date. During June the affected plantations were readily recognized, even at a considerable distance, by the yellow color of the foli- age; but in July this was much less noticeable. By July 10 the few leaves still remaining on the bushes were scarcely at all yel- low although thickly covered with anthracnose spots. By June 26 the fruit was beginning to ripen and thereafter the affected plantations were to be recognized by their conspicuous red color. The falling of the leaves left the load of ripening fruit exposed to view. In addition to the leaves, the fungus attacked the leaf stalks or petioles, causing conspicuous black, slightly sunken spots. It also attacked the fruit stems, the berries and the new canes. The spots on the fruit stems were black and resembled those on the petioles. They were from one-fourth to one-half inch in length and extended half way or more around the stem. On the berries the spots were black and circular and bore some resem- blance to fly specks. While the berries were green the spots on them were fairly numerous and readily seen; but as the berries ripened the spots became less conspicuous. This may have been due to the fact that the small berries toward the tip of the cluster were the ones most severely attacked and as a result many of them dropped before ripening. The affected berries did not rot; and the presence of the spots on the fruit stems *See Bul. 167 of this Station, p. 292. 126 Report oF THE DevarrmMent oF Borany OF THE seemed to affect the berries but slightly. Very rarely did the ~ berries wither from this cause. Peck’s? statement that the fungus does not attack. the berries is certainly an error. Thinking it possible that the fungus attacks also the wood, we made a close examination of the canes in the badly affected Hepworth plantation and were immediately rewarded by the discovery of yellowish pustules which upon microscopic examina- tion proved to be the acervuli or spore conceptacles of Gleosporium ribis. This was on July 10. Most of the acervuli seemed immature, but some of them contained spores identical with those found on the leaves, thus leaving no doubt that Gleosporium ribis occurs on currant canes. At our next visit, July 23, it was found that the acervuli were mostly mature and contained an abundance of typical G. ribis spores. A quality of the affected canes was collected and preserved. They will prob- ably be distributed in Seymour and Earle’s Heonomic Fungi. So far as observed, the acervuli occur only on wood of the present season’s growth. The color of the acervuli is pale yellow or light brown and differs but little from that of the cane. Conse- quently, they are inconspicuous. However, when they are num- erous, one acquainted with them may locate them with the unaided eye. The fungus seems to do very little harm to the cane, producing but a trifling discoloration of the bark and none. at all of the wood. We believe this to be the first account of the discovery of Gleosporium ribis on currant canes. Considering the inconspicu- ousness of the acervuli, it is not strange that they have been overlooked. It is also possible that under ordinary circum- stances the fungus does not attack the canes. Whenever a plant disease becomes epidemic it is likely to behave somewhat differently from its usual manner. However, be this as it may, the discovery is an important one because it shows where the fungus probably passes the winter and that the canes are to be considered a source of infection in the spring. 2Peck, C. H; Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 43:52, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 127 HOW DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER CURRANT LEAF DISEASES. Among fruit growers the currant disease under consideration is usually known as leaf blight or sometimes as leaf spot. Since there are at least two other common currant leaf diseases which go by the same name much confusion would be avoided if fruit erowers would follow the custom of mycologists and call this disease anthracnose. Mycologists apply the name anthracnose to diseases caused by species of fungi belonging to Glaosporiun, Colletotrichum and a few other closely related genera. The currant disease which is properly called leaf spot is the one caused by the fungus Septoria ribis Desm. This produces on the leaves dead, brown (or gray) spots which are usually circular in outline and have a dimeter of about one-eighth inch (See Plate I, Fig. 3). Asarule, leaf spot is readily distinguished from anthracnose by the size of the spots, anthracnose spots being much smaller—often no larger than a pin head. However, the spots formed by Septoria ribis on both red and black cur- rants, may sometimes be angular and quite small, although always larger than those of Glwosporium ribis. A notable exam- ple of this came under our observation at Milton where a large plantation of black currants, Ribes nigrum, was quite severely attacked by leaf spot as early as July 10. Since, at this date, Septoria ribis had shown itself only in traces on red currants in this locality, and the character of the spots was so much out of the ordinary, we were much surprised to find that the trouble was due to Septoria ribis. The spots were quite angular and scarcely more than one-third their usual size. The variety of currant is one said to have originated near Milton where it is known as the Mackey. The Septoria leaf spot is very common in New York and is usually the chief cause of the dropping of currant leaves in this State; but during the past season it was almost wholly absent from the locality where anthracnose was epidemic until about 128 Rinpont oF roe DeparimMent oF LBorany oF THE EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fic. 1. A leaf of red currant. affected with anthracnose, Glceos- porium ribis. Natural size. Fic. 2. Spores of Gloeosporium ribls. Magnification 825 diame. ters. Fic. 3. A leaf of red currant affected with leaf spot, ican’ ribis. Natural size. Fig. 4. A leaf of red currant showing the work of the four-lined leaf-bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus. Natural size. PLATE I.—COMMON LEAF DISEASES OF THE CURRANT. wa a a a4 oe) , Ar eae ot Gia ay ee. rie 7 as 7 my . a ie by ad ON ‘ Fr, sia 7... New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 July 23, when it appeared in abundance and destroyed the few leaves left by anthracnose. Another form of so-called leaf spot which occurs on currant leaves in the Hudson Valley, sometimes in considerable abun- dance is that caused by the four-lined leaf-bug, Pecilocapsus lineatus2 The spots caused by this insect are angular and trans- lucent or else black with a water-logged appearance. (See Plate I, Fig. 4). They are wholly different in appearance from anthracnose spots and, moreover, they occur on leaves at the tips of the canes; whereas, anthracnose appears first on the lower leaves and may attack leaves on any part of the plant. A third leaf disease of currants is one which may be called leaf blight.- It is caused by the fungus Cercospora angulata Wint. According to Pammel! this fungus is common on Ccur- rants in Iowa. In New York State it seems to be rare. In 1897 we received specimens of it from Highland, and in 1900 specimens were sent us from Long Island. During the past season we have sought for it in the Hudson Valley, but have not found even a trace of it. The spots formed by it are considerably larger than anthrac- nes spots. © -asionally we have met with a form of leaf spot caused by a species of Phyllosticta. The spots are larger even than those of Septoria ribis so there need be no danger of confusing them with anthracnose spots. THE FUNGUS. Gleosporium ribis (Lib.) Mont. & Desm. The fungus which is the cause of currant anthracnose was named Gleosporium ribis by Montagne and Desmazieres? in 1867. For some time previous it had been known as Leptothyrium ribis, which name is, therefore, a synonym. Cryptosporium ribis Fekl. is also a synonym. As already stated, it attacks the leaves, petioles, fruit stems, *See Bul. 167 of this Station, p. 291; also Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 58. *Pammel, L. H. Iowa Exp. Sta. Bul. 13.67. *Montagne & Desmazieres. Kickx’ Flore erypt. Flandres 2:95. 9 130 ReEporT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY OF THE fruit and canes. The spores are formed in pustules, technically known as acervuli, which originate underneath the epidermis of the leaf, chiefly on the upper surface. The epidermis beeomes blackened and elevated so as to form a small pimple. At matur- ity this pimple is ruptured at the summit and the spores escape in a gelatinous mass which appears as a whitish or flesh colored speck at the center of the spot. The spores, which are one-celled and uncolored, are somewhat variable as to size and shape. Usually they are strongly curved and somewhat larger at one end. (See Plate 1, Fig. 2.) As we have found them, the spores measure 12 to 24, in length by 5 to 9» in width, the most com- mon size being 19 by Tr. In our experience there has never been any difficulty to find the spores in abundance on the affected leaves. They are also fairly abundant on the new canes and on the petioles. On the canes they are much more easily found while the canes are fresh. Upon drying, the contrast of color distinguishing the acervuli largely disappears. From dried specimens of the canes the spores are most easily obtained by scraping the bark after a brief immersion in water. On the fruit stems and berries the spores are found less frequently. So far as known, Gleosporium ribis has but the one spore form above described. However, it is quite possible that there exists, also, an ascigerous form in which the fungus passes the winter. Fuckel® has suggested such a relationship with Spheria circinate Fekl. [=@nomoniella circinata (Fck].) Sacce.] By means of artificial cultures Miss Stoneman’ has shown that two other species of Gleosporium, G. cingulatum Atk. and G. viperatum E. & E., have in their life cycle ascigerous forms referable to a pyrenomycetous genus for which she proposes the name Gnomoniopsis. Excellent figures of Gleosporium ribis are found in Briosi & Cavara’s Funghi parassiti delle piante coltivate od utili, Fasc. IX, Nr. 222 ‘Fuckel, L. Symbole Mycologies, p.111. : 7Stoneman, Bertha. A Comparative Study of the Development of some Anthracnoses. Botanical Gazette, 26:101—-106. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ial Other species of Gleosporium attacking members of the genus Ribes, the genus to which the cultivated currants and gooseber- ries belong, are G. curvatum Oud. on leaves of R. nigrum, the black currant; G. tubercularioides Sacc. on leaves of R. aureum, the Missouri currant; and G. ribicolum E. & E. on fruit of the English gooseberry. AMOUNT OF DAMAGE DONE. Although the fungus Glwosporium ribis is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, Australia and North America, and has long been known to mycologists, it seems to have attracted very little attention as a fungus of economic importance. While it is fre- quently mentioned in works on fungi, it is not often spoken of as doing any serious damage to currants. The first mention of its occurrence in this country seems to have been that made by Berkeley,’ in 1873, who reported it on leaves of black currant collected in Connecticut. In 1884 Peck? found it on the leaves of the fetid currant, Ribes prostratum, in the Adirondacks. According to Dudley! and also Peck" there was a serious outbreak of the disease in New York State in the season of 1889. Prof. Dudley, at that time Cryptogamic Botanist of the Cornell Experiment Station, made the disease the subject of a two-page article which was published as a part of Bulletin 15 of that Station and also inthe Annual Report of the same Station for 1889. Although so brief that Prof. Dudley himself called it a note, the article is, even to the present time, the most compre- hensive published account of currant anthracnose as it occurs in America. He reports” the disease abundant on white currants at Ithaca and destructive to red currantsinthevicinityof Rochester. Peck says: “A currant-leaf fungus, Gleosporium ribis, has also ‘Berkeley, M. J. Grevillea, 2:83. *Peck, C. H. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 38:98. *Dudley, W. R. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 15:196-198; same in Second Ann. Rep. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1889, pp. 196-198. “Peck, C. H. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 43:52. *Dudley. Loe. cit *®Peck. Loc. cit. 132 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF Botany OF THE been excessively virulent. In some localities currant leaves have been so severely attacked by it that their vigor was destroyed and they fell to the ground long before the usual time. In my own garden the currant bushes were as destitute of foliage in August as they usually are in November.” Since 1889 it has been mentioned by Pammel# as occurring on red currants in Iowa and Halsted has reported its occurrence on cultivated gooseberries in New Jersey; but we find nothing in the literature to indicate that ithasbeen at all destructive during the past eleven years. However, from our own observations we are inclined to believe that in New York, particularly in the Hud- son Valley, it occurs to some extent nearly every season and that, in some instances, it has been destructive. June 12, 1897, Mr. H. R. Leeder of New Paltz reported to the station that his currants were dropping their leaves badly. The specimen leaves accompanying his letter showed an abundance of Glwosporiwm ribis which was probably the cause of the leaves dropping. It is noteworthy that this outbreak, like the one of the present season, occurred before the middle of June. On July 7 of the same year Mr. F. A. Sirrine observed that in the vicinity of Highland cur- rants were dropping their leaves badly. Specimens of the fallen leaves were examined by one of the writers of this article and found to be infested with Cercospora angulata and Glwosporium ribis. June 28, 1900, we observed a plantation of red currants on Long Island which was severely attacked by Glwosporium ribis. Septoria ribis was also present in small amount. In this planta- tion the Glwosporium had attacked the fruit stems to so great an extent as to attract the attention of the foreman in charge. Nevertheless, we saw no evidence of damage from this cause. None of the berries were dropping or shriveling. Dr. B. M. Duggar informs us that Glwosporium ribis was abundant on cur- 4Pammel, L. H. Journal of Mycology, 7:101. In a letter dated Novem- ber 5, 1901, Prof. Pammel writes us that he has not observed the disease in Iowa since 1891. “Halsted, B. D. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta. Report for 1895, p. 331. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133 rants in the Hudson valley in the autumn of 1900. In a planta- tion at Rochester we found a few currant bushes quite severely attacked by G@. ribis, August 30, 1900; but this was the only case of the disease observed in western New York last year. The season was an excessively dry one. During the past season currant anthracnose became epidemic in the Hudson valley about June 8. By June 13 many leaves were falling and it was already evident that the crop would be considerably injured. In some plantations one-half the foliage was gone by June 26 and by July 10 the bushes were completely defoliated except for small tufts of leaves at the tips of some of the canes. The fruit commenced to ripen about June 26 and by July 10 the harvest was in progress. About July 1 there was a week of excessive heat with a clear sky. As a result, currants throughout the Hudson Valley suffered severely from sunscald. Most of the leaves having fallen, the fruit was left exposed to the direct rays of the sun. However, it is likely that the injury was not all due to exposure to the sun. Some of it was prob- ably due to the inability of the defoliated canes to supply the ber- ries with water notwithstanding the fact that the soil was filled with water owing to frequent showers. The loss from sunscald and shriveling of the berries was enormous. Mr. Hepworth has 18 acres of currants from which he sold, in 1900, 50,000 quarts of fruit. In 1901 the same plantation yielded only 26,000 quarts. This loss of nearly one-half the crop Mr. Hepworth attributes to the effect of anthracnose and the accompanying sunscald. In the five-acre plantation mentioned in the introduction to this bulletin the loss was estimated to be about two-thirds of the crop. The fruit set as well in 1901 as in 1900 and there was no other disease besides anthracnose except cane blight, which was no more destructive in 1901 than in 1900. Therefore, had it not been for the anthracnose the crop of 1901 would probably have been as large as that of 1900. Moreover, the loss on the present season’s fruit crop is not all. The dropping of the leaves so early in the season must seriously interfere with the proper ripening of the 134 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY OF THE wood and the formation of fruit buds for next year. How great will be the damage from this cause can not be determined until next season. As already stated, some plantations were almost completely defoliated by July 10. By July 22 many plantations were completely defoliated and many more had lost from one- half to two-thirds of their foliage. As arough estimate we would Say that in the region between Highland and Newburgh probably two-thirds of al! currant leaves (excepting black currants) had fallen by July 22. About this time Septoria ribis also appeared and assisted in completing the destruction. At what time the defoliation was completed we are unable to say, since we did not visit the region between July 22 and September 2. On the latter date very few green currant leaves were to be found; and yet, normally, currants hold their leaves until heavy frost. On the station grounds, at Geneva, sprayed currants of many differ- ent varieties were in nearly full foliage as late as October 15. The disease was more destructive in old plantations than among young plants. Plants in the nursery row were attacked latest of all and consequently suffered least. It was a common observation among fruit growers that the disease was more severe on high, dry soil than in lower situations where the soil was heavier and naturally moister. Our own observations con- firmed this. The disease was also somewhat less severe on plants which were partially shaded. It is a common practice in the Hudson Valley to plant currants between the rows in peach orchards. Hence, it comes about that many bushes are in par- tial shade. The shaded plants were not attacked so early as were those fully exposed to the sun. Concerning the amount of damage done by currant anthrac- nose elsewhere than in the Hudson Valley, we have little infor- mation. At Geneva, some plantations lost a large part of their foliage because of anthracnose, and it was present in greater or less amount in almost all plantations; but the damage done by it does not appear to have been great. Prof. Craig informs us that the disease was common at Ithaca. NEw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1335" HOST PLANTS. While Gleosporium ribis may attack several different species of Ribes, it has a decided preference for R. rubrum to which belong the red and white varieties of cultivated currants. It has been frequently reported on R. nigrum, the black currant, but according to our observations it is not at all destructive to black currants, to say the least. While watching the progress of the disease in the Hudson Valley we examined several plan- tations of black currants, but in no case found any damage done to them by anthracnose. In one case a row of black currants stood between two rows of red ones. The red currants were all severely attacked by anthracnose, but the foliage of the black currants was perfect and apparently free from the disease. The cultivated gooseberry, Ribes grossularie, is also said to be subjeet to anthracnose. In the region where anthracnose was epidemic on currants there are several commercial plantations of gooseberries none of which were affected by the disease to any extent. It also appears that among the red currants some varieties are somewhat more susceptible than others. Our observations on this point are not as full as they should be and so we are unable to give a list of resistant varieties; but it is probable that this difference in susceptibility is sufficiently great to be turned to practical account in case anthracnose should become an im- portant factor in currant culture. On July 23, when the disease was in full sway, we made some observations at Middle Hope where four varieties of red currant, Fay Prolific, Victoria, Prince Albert and Pres. Wilder, were growing in the same plantation under practically the same con- ditions. On Fay Prolific, anthracnose had caused about two- thirds of the foliage to drop and Victoria had lost about one- third of its foliage; while Prince Albert and Pres. Wilder were perfect in foliage and practically free from the disease. Goose- berries growing nearby were also unaffected. 136 Report oF tHE DrEPAaRIMENT OF DoTANY OF THE THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE. The question has been asked, Will anthracnose be destructive next season? Also, Is it likely to appear regularly every season hereafter and become a menace to the currant industry? It is our opinion that currant growers need not be alarmed. Anthrac- nose is by no means a new disease of currants. It has existed in the currant plantations of New York for at least twelve years and probably longer. In 1889 it was destructive; but since that time there is no published record of any damage done by it in this State. Judging from the past history of the disease it seems unlikely that it will become troublesome except in an occasional season when all conditions are favorable to it1® How- ever, we are not unmindful of the fact that diseases which spring suddenly into prominence as the currant anthracnose has done during the past season sometimes continue to be very destruc- tive. Striking examples of this are afforded by the cucumber downy mildew, Plasmopara cubensis, and the asparagus rust, Puccinia asparagi. The former first appeared in this country in i889 and has since become so destructive in the Eastern United States that the growing of late cucumbers must have been aban- doned had it not been discovered that the disease can be con- trolled by spraying.” The first epidemic of asparagus rust cecurred in 1896 in New Jersey, Long Island and Southern New England.’ Prior to 1896 it was practically unknown in America; but each season since 1896 it has been destructive and seems to be established as a permanent scourge of asparagus. *Exactly what weather conditions are most favorable to the disease is not known. The two epidemics of recent years in this State have both occurred in wet seasons (1889 and 1901) and naturally we infer that wet weather is favorable to the disease. However, Dr. Weiss states (Weiss, J. E. Die Blattfallkrankheit der Johannisbeerstraticher. Praktische Blitter fiir Pfhlanzenschutz, 3:3), that in southern Bavaria the disease was epidemic in the dry seasons of 1898 and 1899, but scarcely any damage was done in the wet season of 1897. “For the history of Plasmopara cubensis see Bul, 119 of this Station, p. 164. “Halsted: Bb. D> IN; J. Pxp: Stas Bul? 129; New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Ki Concerning the outlook for currants in 1902, it is safe to pre- dict that the crop in the Hudson Valley will be somewhat short- ened, owing to the premature falling of the leaves last summer; but the virulence of anthracnose will probably depend very largely upon the nature of the weather next spring The preva- lence of the disease in 1901 is certainly favorable to another epidemic in 1902, provided the weather conditions are favorable. The new wood and fallen leaves are everywhere covered with multitudes of the spores ready to start infection again next spring if they have a chance. In the Hudson Valley, the spring of 1901 was a very wet one as was also the spring of 1889 when the other epidemic occurred; so it appears that the disease is favored by wet weather. TREATMENT. If it becomes necessary to fight currant anthracnose resort must be had to spraying, which seems to be the only promising line of treatment, except, perhaps, the planting of resistant varieties. Spraying with the copper compounds, particularly Bordeaux mixture, is effective against many fungous diseases of foliage and there is little doubt that currant anthracnose may be controlled in this way. However, there is but little experi- mental data bearing on this point. Prof. Pammel at the Iowa Experiment Station, has conducted more experiments on the spraying of currants than any one else in this country and shown that Septoria ribis and Cercospora angulata may be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture; but Gleosporium ribis was not a factor in any of his experiments. Dr, Halsted made the fol- lowing experiment: “In a row of eight gooseberry bushes, two were selected for treatment. Beginning April 25, three appli- cations of Bordeaux.were made previous to May 22. The bushes were again sprayed August 13. The foliage was somewhat injured by an anthracnose (Glwosporium ribis Lib.), but there was *Pammel, L. H. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 13:45-46; Bul. 17:419-421; Sul. 20:716-718; Bul. 24:987-988; Bul. 30:289-291. *Halsted, B. D. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta. Rep. for 1895, p. 331. 138 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY OF THE no practical difference between the sprayed and unsprayed plants.” As far as they go, the resuits of this experiment are unfavorable to the control of currant anthracnose by spraying. Currant growers in the Hudson Valley fully realize the impor- tance of protecting their plants against the ravages of currant worms” which strip the bushes of their leaves in a surprisingly short time. Of late years they have abandoned the use of helle- bore, the standard remedy for currant worms, and substituted for it Bordeaux mixture containing Paris green, green arsenoid or some other arsenical poison. Promptly upon the first appear- ance of the worms the bushes are given a thorough spraying with the poisoned Bordeaux mixture. If the work is well done, and rains not too frequent, a single application suffices for the season. Whereas, if hellebore is used it is usually necessary to make two or more applications, because there are generally two and sometimes three broods of worms during the season and the ~2Two distinct species of currant worms occur in the Hudson Valley, which not only differ in appearance but also in habits. The one generally known as the currant span-worm, called gooseberry span-worm in some sections (Diastictis ribearia), is single brooded; while the imported currant- worm or currant saw-fly (Nematus ventricosus), has two broods each year. The larva of the first is a caterpillar. They appear early, sometimes before the currant leaves are even fairly expanded. They grow rapidly and feed voraciously. By the last of May or first of June they are full grown and stop feeding. At this time they are about one inch long, of a bright yellow color, marked with white lines on the sides together with numerous black spots and dots. They can also be distinguished from the imported currant-worm by their habit of looping the body when they travel. These worms leave the bushes about the first of June and go into the ground where they change to the chrysalis form. Early in July they issue as adult moths or millers and can be seen flying over the fields during July and part of August. In color the adult moth is pale yellow with dusky spots or bands on the wings. Seen at a distance it could easily be mistaken for the butterfly of the cabbage-worm flying over the currant fields. The eggs are deposited on the branches of the currants and do not hatch until the following spring. The imported currant-worm is the slug-like caterpillar of a saw-fly. The fiies appear about the time the span-worm hatches from the egg. They pair first, then lay their eggs upon the underside of the currant leaves, usually along the larger veins. The eggs hatch a week or ten days after being deposited. Owing to the time required for laying and hatching the eggs, the worms do not appear until one or two weeks after the span-worm has commenced feeding. The larve of the saw-fly reach New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139 hellebore applied for the first brood is washed off by rain before the appearance of the second brood. Bordeaux mixture, on the contrary, is not readily removed by rain and enough of it still remains on the leaves to kill the second brood of worms. Besides requiring but a single application, the Bordeaux mixture has an additional advantage in that it protects the foliage, to a consid- erable extent, against leaf spot. The superiority of Bordeaux mixture is so evident that the use of hellebore has been almost entirely abandoned, except in cases where the application has been postponed until the fruit is so large that there is danger of spotting it if Bordeaux is used. The application of the poisoned Bordeaux is made upon the first appearance of worms; but last spring the Worms appeared somewhat later than usual and so the Bordeaux was applied later. In fact, many persons accus- tomed to spray for worms did not do so the past season because there were so few worms that it seemed unnecessary. maturity in June, at which time they are about three-quarters of an inch long. They go to the ground and spin cocoons around themselves in which they change to chrysalides. During July they change again to adult flies; as a result a second brood of worms occurs after the crop of fruit is gathered. This worm can be distinguished from the span-worm by its color, which is usually green covered with black dots, with the extremities sometimes tinged with yellow; also by the fact that it does not loop the body when it travels, but does frequently curl itself up side- wise when feeding. In most sections of the country the last described species is usually the most common currant pest. When hellebore is recommended, this is the worm that is supposed to be doing the damage. The currant growers of the Hudson Valley have two distinct species of worms to combat and these worms appear at three distinct periods. This would require not only frequent applications of hellebore but also large quantities of it. Such treatment is expensive. The use of hellebore has also proven worthless as a remedy for the span-worm, as shown by the fact that in 1897 the fields in the vicinity of Highland, even where helle- bore was applied frequently, were completely stripped by this pest. These conditions have done much to induce growers to use some arsenical compound in Bordeaux mixture.—F. A. SIRRINE. “It appears that poisoned Bordeaux mixture as a remedy for currant worms came into use in the Hudson Valley about 1898. It was recom- mended by Mr. F. A. Sirrine in a short article published in the Hastern New York Horticulurist for October, 1897. Mr. J. A. Hepworth of Marl- borough and Messrs. W. D. Barns & Son of Middle Hope were among the first to use it. 140 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF Borany OF THE Some persons thought they saw evidence that the single appli- cation of Bordeaux for worms had lessened the amount of dam- age from anthracnose. In the plantation of Mr. A. B. Clarke at Milton, we observed that in one portion anthracnose was con- siderably more severe than in an adjacent portion. Upon inquiry as to the cause we were informed that one portion had ‘een sprayed once with Bordeaux mixture while the other had not. In this case there appeared to be a marked benefit from spray- ing; but in general the Bordeaux applied for worms did not have much effect on the anthracnose. Probably the application was made too late. In the absence of experimental data we can only make sugges- tions as to treatment. Bordeaux mixture will probably control the disease, but the spraying must be commenced early. In view of the fact that the anthracnose fungus inhabits the canes, the first application should be made on the bare canes before the leaves appear.* Special attention should be given to the new wood because there is where the spores are most abundant. In fact no spores have yet been found on the old wood. However, the old wood should also be sprayed, because it is possible that some spores do occur on it, and also because of the possible effect on cane blight. Howthe fungus of cane blight gets into the canes is not known, but there is good reason for believing that thorough spraying of the canes will have a tendency to prevent Wor the first treatment a strong solution of copperas (iron sulphate) may be used instead of the Bordeaux. Make a saturated solution (that is, add copperas to water until no more will dissolve) and apply while the buds are swelling but before they break. By some, this treatment is thought to be beneficial for grape anthracnose (See N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 86:79; and Bul. 170:410), particularly when about one per cent. of sulphuric acid is added to the copperas solution. But if the sulphuric acid is added the mixture can not be applied with a spraying machine, because it is so very corrosive. In that case it must be applied with a swab or whisk broom. The fungus of grape anthracnose is closely related to that of currant anthracnose and there is some reason for believing that any treatment which is successful for the one would be successful for the other. Nevertheless we have recommended Bordeaux mixture for the first treatment for the following reasons: (1) Bordeaux is likely to be equally effective; (2) The treatment is less complicated; (3) There is no danger of injury to the plants or to the sprayer. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 141 its attacks. The second spraying should be made while the leaves are unfolding, and thereafter the treatment should be repeated at intervals of ten to fourteen days until there is danger of permanently spotting the fruit. Upon the appearance of worms add Paris green or green arsenoid to the mixture. In wet seasons one or two applications should be made after the fruit is gathered. | Spraying in the early part of the season should be done with especial thoroughness and regularity in order, if possible, to keep the diseases completely under control until the time when the spraying must be discontinued on account of spotting the fruit. To restate the matter briefly: Spray thoroughly with Bor- deaux mixture, commencing before the leaves appear. Make the second treatment as the leaves are unfolding and thereafter at intervals of ten to fourteen days until the fruit is two-thirds grown. In wet seasons make one or two applications after the fruit is gathered. When worms appear add Paris green or green arsenoid to the Bordeaux. It seems to us probable that currant growers in the Hudson Valley will find spraying, as suggested above, a profitable prac- tice. Anthracnose may not be epidemic except occasionally, but it probably does some damage nearly every season. Leaf spot is nearly always plentiful in the latter part of the sesaon, and sometimes causes the leaves to fall before the fruit is ripe. Cane blight is always destructive, and one application must be made for the worms anyway. We believe that loss from all these troubles may be materially lessened by spraying. While the cur- rant bears premature defoliation remarkably well, preservation of the foliage must result in increased vigor of the plants and, consequently, larger yields of fruit. NOTES FROM THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.* BF. C. STEWART AND H. J. EUSTACE. SUMMARY. I. In a nursery cellar at Rochester 25,000 pear trees were seriously injured by thawing too suddenly. The sand covering the roots of the trees had become frozen, and in order to facili- tate the removal of the trees a fire was built in the cellar. A few days later it was found that the upper parts of all the trees had turned black. Although the trees were practically unin- jured for planting, it was impossible to dispose of them at wholesale, and they were almost a total loss to their owner. II. The shot-hole fungus so destructive to the foliage of cher- ries and plums has been discovered attacking the fruit-pedicels of cherries. This discovery is of considerable scientific interest, but it has little or no practical bearing on the control of the disease. Ill. The fungus of antirrhinum anthracnose which was sup- posed to be confined exclusively to the antirrhinum has recently been found on a common weed called yellow toad-flax. Since this weed may communicate the disease to the antirrhinum, the treatment of the disease on the latter is a more complicated mat- ter than has been supposed. IV. It has been observed that imperfectly fertilized peaches may attain considerable size and remain hanging on the trees until September. In such cases this trouble may be mistaken for the “little peach” disease by persons unfamiliar with the latter. However, in the “little peach” disease the pit is of normal size and provided with a well-developed kernel; while in *A reprint of Bulletin No. 200. 142 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143 cases of imperfect fertilization the pit is abnormally small and has no kernel, or at least only a partially developed one. This difference will enable anyone to distinguish readily between the two troubles. V. At Milton, N. Y., the tile drain to a vinegar cellar was clogged by a luxuriant growth of the fungus Leptomitus lacteus. The obstruction was easily and effectually removed by placing a small quantity of copper sulphate crystals in the upper end of the drain. VI. Drain pipes to refrigerators frequently become clogged with a slimy, gray growth of fungus which has its origin in the ice, but is not an accumulation of matter from the ice. It may be easily controlled by occasionally washing out the drain pipe and ice chamber with boiling water. I. TROUBLE WITH PEARS IN A NURSERY CELLLAR. In March of the present year the Station received a letter from a Rochester nurseryman requesting that an expert be sent to his place to inquire into the cause of a serious trouble among the pear trees in his nursery cellar. One of the writers of this arti- cle was sent to investigate. It was found that 25,000 three-year old standard pear trees had been tied into bundles of ten to fif- teen trees each and placed in the nursery cellar in an upright position. The bundles of trees were set in rows and the roots covered with sand, after the usual custom in such cases. The bark on the trunks and branches of the trees was of normal color and apparently all right up to a height of about three and one- half feet, but above this point the bark was black, and many of the branches were evidently dead. This condition prevailed throughout the cellar in a strikingly uniform manner. All parts of the trees below three and one-half feet were healthy and all parts above that point blackened. This blackening of the branches was suggestive of the bacterial fire blight and the owner was fearful that it might be an outbreak of that disease. Observing that a fire had been built in the cellar, suspicion at once pointed in that direction, and after an inquiry into all the 144 Reporr oF THE Diparrmentr oF Borany OF TUE details of the case it became plain that the trouble was due to the trees having been thawed out too suddenly. The trees were of many different varieties, and yet all were equally affected. Had it been due to fire blight or any other parasitic diseases, some varieties would have been injured more than others and some individuals more than others. On the disease hypothesis it is also impossible to account for the uni- formity of height at which the trees were affected. When the trees were placed in the cellar in the autumn they were all right, and an examination of some trees in the same blocks which had remained over winter in the field showed that none of them had blackened branches. Also, some of the same lot of trees which had been stored in another cellar were free from the trouble. For many years it has been the practice of the owner of the trees to keep the temperature of the cellar as nearly as possible at 32° F., and whenever the temperature tends to fall below 32° an open wood fire is built on the floor of the cellar. In the present case, however, no fire was built during the winter. Hence, early in the winter the sand about the roots of the trees froze to a depth of perhaps three inches and remained frozen until February. On February 25, 1200 of the trees were dug out of the frozen sand and packed for shipment. No complaint was received concerning the condition of these trees, so it may be assumed that they were not affected with the branch black- ening either before or after removal from the cellar. At this time all trees in the cellar appeared to be all right. So much difficulty was experienced in removing the trees from the frozen sand that it was decided to build a little fire in the cellar and thaw the sand. The fire was built February 27 in one corner of the cellar where the 1200 trees had been removed two days earlier. A few days later the trees were observed to be in the unhealthy condition above described. Our own observa- tions were made March 15. The fire had not been suspected as being the cause of the trouble because it had long been the cus- tom to build fires in cold weather. The man who built the fire admitted that it had been made a little larger than usual in order New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 145 to thaw the sand as quickly as possible. However, it is unlikely that the fire was excessively hot, because, if it had been, some bundles of trees standing close to it would have been badly scorched, whereas only a few of the most exposed trees were slightly scorched on the exposed side of the trunk. Otherwise these trees were scarcely more injured than trees at the opposite end of the cellar. The heated air rose to the ceiling (which was about seven anu one-half feet above the floor and very tight), spread out over its entire surface and then accumulated in a layer of uniform thick- ness. This layer of warm air was warmest at the ceiling and became cooler the nearer it approached the floor. The tips of the branches, being nearer the ceiling, were enveloped in air warmer than that surrounding the basal portions of the branches and the trunks. They were also smaller. Consequently the upper parts of the trees thawed out more quickly than the trunks. Now, it is a well-known fact that frozen plants which may be thawed with- out injury, if the thawing is done slowly, may be ruined if thawed suddenly. It appears that the pear trees were thawed too sud- denly, and that the line marking the boundary between the injured and uninjured portions marks the height above which thawing progressed too rapidly for safety. That the temperature of the air was a more important factor than the size of the branches is shown by the fact that one bundle of Bartletts, in which the trees were so short that they did not project above the danger line, was wholly uninjured. The majority of the trees were of such a height that their branches were blackened for a distance of six to eighteen inches. Only in a few instances did the injury extend quite to the trunk. With a few exceptions, the blackened branches might have been cut away without removing more of the tops than is customary in transplanting; and since it is unlikely that the branches were injured below the point of discoloration, the trees were practi- cally unhurt for planters’ use. Nevertheless, the trees, which were worth about $2000, were almost a total loss to their owner. Twelve thousand of them were sold for $100, to a man who cut ime) 146 Reporr oF THE DEpaRTMENT OF BoTANY OF THE them back and planted them, losing less than two per cent, although they were not set until May 1. The owner states that had he been doing a retail business he could undoubtedly have disposed of a large proportion of the stock at a fair price, but it was impossible to sell it at wholesale, II. SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS ON CHERRY FRUIT PEDICELS. In New York State the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi Karst., does more or less damage every season. It is destruc- tive to both plums and cherries in the nursery and in the orchard. During the past season it was unusually destructive. Among cherries, the variety English Morello is especially sus- ceptible to the disease. Trees of this variety were dropping their leaves quite freely as early as June 26 and in some cases the trees were nearly defoliated by August 1. On June 26, while examining some seriously affected English Morello trees at Milton, it was observed that many of the fruit- pedicels bore brown spots of considerable size. Upon micro- scopic examination it was found that the spots were caused by the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi. On July 11 the same thing was observed at Highland. In this case there was a long row of English Morello trees, all heavily loaded with fruit. So many leaves had fallen that the trees looked bare. The fruit-pedicels were so generally attacked by the fungus that it was somewhat difficult to find one which was entirely free from the brown spots. The spots were from one- eighth to one-fourth inch in length and extended one-third to one-half the distance around the pedicel. In many cases they completely encircled the pedicel. Often the spots coalesced, and then’ a large portion, or even all, of the pedicel was brown. Even with the unaided eye one could detect a white speck or, more often, a white rift, at the center of each spot. With the aid of a hand lens it could be plainly seen that the white specks were gelatinous spore masses. The affected pedicels almost invariably showed an abundance of the spores. The same was New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147 true at Milton two weeks earlier and also at Geneva, on July 13. There was no difficulty whatever in finding the spores. The presence of the spots on the pedicels caused the fruit to ripen unevenly. Many of the fruits were dwarfed and some of those most severely attacked withered. However, these injuries cannot, with justice, be attributed wholly to the spots on the pedicels. The premature falling of the leaves, also, had some- thing to do with it. We believe this to be the first record of the occurrence of C ylindrosporium padi on the fruit-pedicels of cherry. We do not Say positively that such is the case, because we have not made an exhaustive examination of the literature; but it is at least safe to say that the fact is not generally known, because it is not mentioned in any of the many accounts examined by us. In connection with the appearance of Cylindrosporiwm on the fruit-pedicels we have observed a spotting of the green fruits which gave cherry growers in the vicinity of Geneva consider- able concern last spring. It was first brought to our attention by the Station Horticulturist, Mr. Beach, about June 15. The fruits, which were at that time about the size of peas, showed numerous small, brown, slightly sunken spots. As the fruits grew many of them became somewhat misshapen, seemingly as a consequence of the presence of the spots. The spots enlarged but little and there was no tendency to rot. In the vicinity of Geneva this trouble was exceedingly com- mon on English Morello and Montmorency Ordinaire, and fruit growers were fearful that the crop would be injured; but as the cherries began to swell and color in ripening the spots seemed to disappear, so there was little or no loss from it. The cause of this spotting is unknown to us. Because of its constant association with Cylindrosporium padi on English Morello at Geneva, Milton and Highland it was at first sus- pected that it might be due to that fungus. However, no evi- dence of the presence of any fungus could be found on the spots. Moreover, Montmorency Ordinaire, which was little affected by Cylindrosporium on the foliage, had nearly if not quite as much 148 Reporr oF tHE DeEprarrMENT oF Borsny OF THE of the fruit spot as had English Morello. These two facts, particularly the latter, are opposed to the theory that the spots were due to Cylindrosporium padi. Ill. ANTHRACNOSE OF YELLOW TOAD-FLAX. On June 26, 1901, while passing through a peach orchard infested with the common weed variously known as Yellow Toad-flax, Butter-and-Eggs, and Ramsted, it was observed that some of the plants were dying. Upon making an examination of the affected plants it was found that the trouble was due to an anthracnose which was attacking the plants near the surface of the ground. For a distance of two to four inches above the surface of the ground the stems were pitted with elliptical sunken spots almost identically like those produced by Colletotri- chum antirrhint on stems of the cultivated snapdragon, An- tirrhinum majus+ Since the Yellow Toad-flax, Linaria vulgaris Mill., belongs to the same family, Scrophulariacee, as the cultivated snap- dragon, it is not strange that it should be attacked by the snap- dragon anthracnose. However, no case of the kind had ever been observed, although we had sought carefully for it. In fact, the disease was known only on the snapdragon, hence the fol- lowing statement in our Bulletin? 179: “So far as known at present, this anthracnose attacks no other plant besides the Antirrhinum. Therefore, the florist whose grounds are free from the disease will have no trouble so long as he propagates only from his own stock or from seed. In such a case the source of danger is in diseased cuttings and plants from other estab- lishments.” Upon the discovery of an anthracnose on the Yellow Toad- flax we immediately became interested to know if it was really the same as the snapdragon anthracnose. It is important to know this, because Yellow Toad-flax is a common weed of wide ‘For an account of anthracnose on snapdragon, see Bul. 179 of this Station. Stewart, F. C. An anthracnose and a Stem Rot of the Cultivated Snapdragon. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 179:109. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 distribution, and if it serves as a host plant for the fungus of snapdragon anthracnose the problem of controlling the latter disease is a more complicated matter than has been supposed. Accordingly we made a thorough examination of the disease and the fungus causing it. The majority of the spots were black with the acervuli of a Colletotrichum. Sete and spores were abundant. The leaves on the diseased portion of the stem were nearly all dead and brown. Close examination revealed the presence of anthracnose spots on the dead leaves and there were also a few spots on the living leaves, but the leaf spots were in- conspicuous and not abundant. In all morphological characters the fungus agrees fully with Colletotrichum antirrhini and there is little doubt but it is that fungus. However, positive proof depends on cross inoculations with pure cultures. These have not been made. It was found that many small plants had been killed outright by the disease, but that there were also many others which, although their stems were covered with the spots, were, never- theless, flowering and apparently thriving. While the disease evidently does some damage to the wood, it seems unlikely that it can be turned to any practical account as an aid in its eradica- tion. The original place of discovery was near Milton on a steep hillside in a rather dry situation where the plants were partially shaded by peach trees. Later it was found in similar situations on two other farms at Milton and also at Middle Hope. IV. IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION AND THE LITTLE PEACH DISEASE. During the past few years peach growers in Michigan and in Western New York have been much concerned over the ap- pearance of a new and destructive disease known as the “ little peach” disease. It appears to have been first described by Taft? in March, 1898. In October of the same year a more extensive ’Taft, L. R. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 155:303-304. 150 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF BoTANy OF THE account was published by Smith.4 The latter article has been widely quoted in the horticultural journals. Thus far no remedy for the disease has been found, and even the cause of it is still unknown. However, it is announced that Mr. M. B. Waite, an expert connected with the United States Department of Agri- culture, has the subject under investigation and it is confidently believed that we shall know considerably more about the disease in the near future. Since so much has been said about the disease and it is known to occur in various parts of New York State, particularly in Niagara County, our fruit growers are constantly on the look- out for it. During the past season a fruit grower of Penn Yan suspected that the “little peach ” disease had made its appearance in his orchard. Upon investigation it proved to be simply a case of imperfect fertilization. Of course imperfect fertilization is com- mon among peaches, but this case had some unusual features making it worthy of record. Moreover, there are undoubtedly many fruit growers, like the one at Penn Yan, who have read of the “little peach ” disease, but having never seen it are unable to distinguish it with certainty from the effects of imperfect fer- tilization. Hence, it seems desirable to give a detailed account of the Penn Yan case. The orchard was composed of 150 ten-year-old trees of the variety Globe. Occasional trees of several other varieties were intermingled. The owner stated that enough fruit had set to make a full crop. In fact, he expected to be obliged to thin it; but the great majority of the fruits failed to develop, although most of them remained hanging on the trees until ripening time. He estimated that the yield of marketable fruit was between one-eighth and one-sixth of a full crop, the money loss being about $500. Our observations were made September 25. At that time most of the marketable fruit had been gathered, but the majority of the small imperfect fruits were still on the ‘Smith, Erwin F. Notes on the Michigan Disease Known as “ Little Peach.” The Fennville (Mich.) Herald. Oct. 15, 1898. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 151 trees. On the same tree and even on the same branch one could find fruits of all sizes from one-half inch in length up to normal fruits having a circumference of about eight inches. (Plates II-V). The majority of them were smaller than a normal peach pit. For the most part the little fruits were normal in color and free from rot. However, some of the smallest were somewhat shriveled. Nearly all of them below the size of a walnut could be cut, without much difficulty, directly through the pit, which was abnormally small and rather soft. Fruits of this size were usually without any kernel in the pit. Those which were one- half to two-thirds normal size often had pits with kernels which had partially developed and then decayed. Frequently the cavity was filled with gum. The little fruits were often mis- shapen. Many were double and some triple. It is not unusual to find unfertilized peach fruits in the spring, little woolly things which fall early in the season in what is called the “June drop.” The wnusual feature of the present case is the fact that the unfertilized fruits hung on the trees until ripening time and some of them made considerable growth. Had they fallen at the usual time they would not have attracted attention, but it would simply have been said that the fruit did not set well. Why this particular orchard should behave in this way is not clear. So far as can be learned the orchard has received no unu- sual treatment which would account for such a condition. That it was partly due to some peculiarity of the variety is shown by the fact that trees of other varieties, viz., Old Mixon, Stevens Rareripe, Hill Chili, Smock, Stump and Elberta, which were intermingled with the Globe trees, all bore a full crop and with the exception of Elberta none of them showed any sign of the trouble. Elberta showed a little of it. Still it cannot be wholly a question of varieties, because last year the same trees bore a full crop of fine fruit; and the owner has never before noticed any of the trouble. ' Most of the trees were in a fair condition of general health. For the most part the leaves were dark green and there had been a fairly good growth of new wood. Last year there was a full 152 Report oF THE DeparTMent oF BoTrany OF THE crop of fruit, but itwas thinned so that the trees were not injured by overbearing. The soil is a sandy loam, well drained, and the air drainage is fairly good. The soil has been cultivated every year and no other crop has been grown between the rows except when the trees were small. Last spring the orchard was not plowed until about June 1, and then the soil baked so hard that there was much difficulty in pulverizing it again. No manure was applied in the fall of 1900 and none in the spring of 1901. In the early life of the trees the owner thought they grew too fast and so manure was withheld from them somewhat. The intermingling of the other varieties seemed to have no effect upon the Globe. Globe trees standing adjacent to trees of other varieties having a full crop of fruit were quite as much affected as trees standing at a considerable distance from other varieties. In the “little peach” disease the pit is of normal size and contains a well developed kernel, whereas in this case the pit is abnormally small and contains no kernel or at most only an abortive one. Herein lies the most striking difference between “little peach ” and the effects of imperfect fertilization. Plates Ili and 1Vshownatural-size photographs of thirteen peaches, all from one tree. Plate IV also shows natural-size photographs of the pits from these thirteen fruits. Number one was a normal fruit, while the others were undersized as a consequence of imperfect fertilization. By comparing the photographs of the fruits with the photographs of their pits it will be seen that there is an intimate relation between the size of a fruit and the size of its pit. Also that the majority of the pits were far below the normal size. The latter is also shown in a striking manner by the weights of the pits as given in the accompanying table: TABLE SHOWING WEIGHTS OF PEACH PITS. Pit No. 1 weighed.... 6.96 grams. Pit No. 7 weighed.... .80 grams. Pit No. 2 weighed.... 6.24 grams, Pit No. 8 weighed.... .50 grams. Pit No. 3 weighed.... 5.05 grams. Pit No. 9 weighed.... .40 grams. Pit No. 4 weighed.... 2.41 grams. Pit No. 10 weighed.... .20 grams. Pit No. 5 weighed.... 1.15 grams. Pit No. 11 weighed.... .20 grams Pit No. 6 weighed.... 1.24 grams. Pit No. 12 weighed.... .20 grams. Pit No. 13 weighed.... .05 grams. PLATE II.—FULL-SIZED PEACH ON TWIG WITH IMPERFECTLY FERTILIZED SMALL PEACHES. | ) 4 nm i ay , y se "] a ¥ , 4 ; i 6 caf f { ha wv i - a an y ' J ‘ > > i conte: OE Sein “ ai men ‘ ' i mi yt) if Fi ‘A at x j o . tity Oh piater rey Sake ys an ied he whi: ae ey secs I Me) can is if Oy ry , if iow \ i bond : A I ? ' Ay 1 fd ‘ coh. eA de 4 ' i j J '? pi : Ca ae ‘io ony, ra r ¢ ” me fu di ¥ Wi REM a ata MO al ic OU an | we cae Faittcc vues j : OP ae! SR x ty ee ne. eh, | A es r od me eee o5 7) wes i Satis as \ ‘ by Vv ( ay . 4 7 4 yO esy ; a a ha av 1 qUae A y 4 : Yop, =| ) Ovi} abel { j or iW 4 ' A ~ as nal i , 7 la ; eee abi fl ee odd wee : . § @ ‘ed é ? Ww i . i ; 5 ; x PLATE III.—1, PERFECT PEACH; 2-5, IMPERFECTLY FERTILIZED PEACHES. PLATE IV.—IMPERFECTLY FERTILIZED PEACHES; WITH PITS FROM PERFECT AND IMPERFECT FERTILIZATION. man Mork 744") Ave ee ee as ee i< rites * iden) a 71d Vv GL dN WI- ad Gish ay ATILO qT 2 Udy IL AZT ag ad NAC HO New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 When a tree is affected with “little peach” all of the fruits on any given branch are affected and are fairly uniform in size; whereas, in the case under consideration, a normal fruit and small fruits of various sizes may be found on the same small branch. (Plate II.) There are other important differences between “ little peach ” disease and the effects of imperfect fertilization; but the two above stated are sufficient to enable anyone to distinguish be- tween them. It is important for fruit growers to note these differences. Trees affected with “little peach” should be promptly removed. They do not recover and it is possible that they may be a source of infection to healthy trees. Imperfect fertilization, on the contrary, is certainly not infectious, and trees seriously affected one season may bear a full crop the fol- lowing season. Consequently, it would be unwise to destroy trees because of imperfect fertilization. Mr. G. Hiester,® writing in the Country Gentleman for Novem- ber 24, 1898, states that in 1896 his orchard of 3,000 trees bore a crop of imperfectly fertilized peaches. The following year the Same trees gave “an abundant crop of perfect peaches.” Evi- dently Mr. Hiester had to do with a case similar to that observed by us at Penn Yan, but he makes the serious mistake of con- fusing it with the “little peach” disease. Another case of imperfect fertilization was observed in a peach orchard near Geneva. On the east side of the orchard there were six rows of the variety Crosby and on the opposite side six other rows of the same variety. Between the two blocks of Crosby there were several rows of Brigdon and Red Cheek Melocoton. The Crosby was so much affected with im- perfect fertilization that the yield was only about one-sixth of a full crop; while the other two varieties were affected but little. According to the foreman in charge, the Crosbys were similarly, but not so much, affected in 1900. *Hiester, Gabriel. The Cause of Little Peaches. Country Gent., 63:928. 24 N. 1898. 154 Report oF THE Department oF Borany oF THE V. TILE DRAIN CLOGGED BY FUNGUS. On June 13, 1901, while investigating an outbreak of currant anthracnose in the vicinity of Milton, we met Mr. H. H. Hallock, a vinegar manufacturer of that place. Mr. Hallock informed us that the tile drain to his vinegar cellar had become clogged some time during the previous May and upon investigation he had found that the cause of the trouble was a fungous growth re- sembling the “mother” of vinegar. He removed some of the tiles at intervals of about twenty-five feet and laboriously poked out the fungus until the drain was clear. In about three weeks it clogged again. Knowing the destructive effect of copper sul- phate on fungi in general it occurred to him to try to remove the fungus by putting some of the chemical into the upper end of the drain. Accordingly, this was done. About one-fourth pound of copper sulphate crystals was placed in the upper end of the drain on Saturday. The following Monday it was found that a large quantity of the fungus had been discharged from the outlet and the drain was again clear. However, in a few days it clogged for the third time, and the copper sulphate treat- ment was applied again with beneficial results. Fully one-half barrel of the fungus was discharged. This was about June 10. During the remainder of the season the fungus gave no further trouble. Our visit on June 13 was timely. A large quantity of the fungus lay in a pool of water at the mouth of the drain where it could be readily examined. It consisted of brownish, ropy, slip- pery masses of various sizes somewhat resembling the so called “mother” of vinegar. A small quantity was obtained for microscopic examination. It was found to consist almost exclusively of hyphz having a diameter of 8 to 11 ~%. Some of the hyphe were almost wholly destitute of contents, while others contained brownish granules which gave the brownish tinge in mass. The hyphz were sparingly branched in a dicho- tomous fashion. At regular intervals they were sharply con- stricted and at each constriction there was a single spherical New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155 body, steel blue in color and having a diameter slightly less than that of the hypha. On account of the presence of these bodies it was not easy to determine whether there were septa at the points of constriction, but it was finally decided that the hyphz were non-septate. No sign of fructification was present. After a vain endeavor to determine the fungus it was sub- mitted to Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson, who at once identified it as Leptomitus lacteus Ag. With the name of the fungus known, its literature became accessible and it was learned that the fungus is one which lives in water contaminated with organic mat- ter. In the present case it was feeding upon the small quantity of cider drained from the floor of the vinegar cellar. Hum- phrey® reports its occurrence at Bridgeport, Conn., in a stream below a tripe house; and Geppert’ observed it growing in a small stream below a beet-molasses manufactory near Schweid- nitz, in Silesia. Humphrey® states that in his studies “it ap- peared in fly cultures from waters from the outlets of drains containing decaying vegetable matter;” but so far as we can learn it has not been previously reported troublesome in drains except, perhaps, in a single instance. In the Country Gentleman (Vol. 61, p. 406) for May 21, 1896, there is a short article headed, “Fungus in Drain.” In this article C. W. B[eak] of South Onondaga, N. Y., gives an account of the clogging of his barn- yard drain by “a thick scum—looks like the ‘mother’ in vine- gar.’ By correspondence with Mr. Beak we have obtained ad- ditional details of the case and it appears probable that the cause of the trouble was Leptomitus lacteus. The spherical bodies at the points of constriction in the hyphz are so constant and so characteristic that they should serve as a mark of identification.2 (Plate VI, Fig. 1). They ‘Humphrey, J. E. The Saprolegniacese of the United States, with Notes on Other Species. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., 17 (111):1386. 7*Goeppert, H. R. Ueber Leptomitus lacteus in der Weistritz. Ber. d. Schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Cultur, 1852, p. 54. (Reference taken from Humphrey.) ENROGC. Clits | De lane °In all of the material examined by us the cellulin grains (cellulin- kérner) were found almost invariably at the points of constriction. 156 REPoRT oF THE DeparrmMEentT oF Botany OF THE prove to be the “ Cellulinkérner ” of Pringsheim.? According to Pringsheim" they are not homogeneous in structure, but show stratification. At first we did not notice this, but upon closer inspection it was found to be true. Before our study of the fungus was finished and before camera-lucida drawings had been made the fungus decayed and it was found impossible to obtain more of it. About October 7 the drain became clogged and Mr. Hallock, thinking that prob- ably the fungus was the cause, applied copper sulphate as be- fore. But this time the remedy did not work and upon investi- gation it was found that rats had removed the wire screen from the upper end of the drain, thereby permitting the ingress of sticks and rubbish. When the obstruction was finally removed a small quantity of light brown fungus came away with it. While to the unaided eye this fungus bore some resemblance to the fungus which had clogged the drain in June, the microscope revealed the fact that it was quite a different thing. It wasa mixture, chiefly of two kinds of fungi: (1) A fungus with large hyphe bearing a striking resemblance to Rhizoctonia. They had a brownish tinge, usually branched at right angles, the branches somewhat constricted at the point of departure and with the first septum at a distance from the wall of the parent hypha. (Plate VI, Fig..2.) However, the septa were not clearly defined and in many cases it was uncertain whether any real septa existed. The diameter of the hyphe varied from 12 Occasionally a constriction was without a cellulin grain and sometimes cellulin grains were found elsewhere than at the constrictions; but, as a rule, there was a single cellulin grain at each constriction. However, it appears that this condition of affairs is not to be expected in all cases, and may, perhaps, be the exception rather than the rule. Humphrey [Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 17 (111):69], in speaking of cellulin grains, says: “In L. lacteus they often become lodged in constrictions of the hyphe.” He also cites Rothert’s observation that they may disappear during the formation of sporangia. Pringsheim’s figures (Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesellsch., 1, Taf. VII, Figs. 1-9) show the cellulin grains distributed seem- ingly without reference to the constrictions, ~Pringsheim, N. Ueber Cellulinkirner, eine Modification der Cellulose in K6rnerform. Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesellschaft, 1:288-308. Mit Tafel VEE: PIGOCMCit, New YorK AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 to 24 », the most common size being 15 »: (2) A fungus with unbranched, colorless, seemingly non-septate hyphe having a diameter of about 2. (Plate VI, Fig. 3.) Neither fungus showed any fructification and neither one was determined. Subsequently to our study of the fungus in June Mr. Hallock” prepared for publication a brief article on the subject, which appeared in the Rural New Yorker for July 27,1901. In addition to the circumstances which we have already related, he states that the tile drain was put into place in the autumn of 1900 to replace a stone drain which, although it had not run as freely as it should, had, nevertheless, never become completely clogged during the several years in which it was in operation. The new tile drain was made of three-inch porous tiles and worked all right during the fall and winter, but clogged in the spring at a time when there was plenty of rain to keep the drain flushed out. In the fall, at cider making time, considerable pomace is run off through the drain, and had it clogged at that time it would have been less strange. In this connection it is interesting to note that Mr. Beak’s barnyard drain at South Onondaga had been in place fifteen years before it became clogged. He removed the fungus by mechanical means. In his recent letter to us he states that he did not use the sulphuric acid recommended by the Country Gen- tleman; neither did he use any other chemical, and yet the drain has not clogged since the spring of 1896. Last spring he again saw indications of the presence of the fungus, but by turning a large quantity of water into the upper end of the drain he suc- ceeded in washing out the fungus and prevented clogging. Mr. Hallock’s method of clearing his drain of fungus by the use of copper sulphate is so simple and so cheap that it is worthy of recommendation in all cases of this kind. Sulphuric acid, carbolic acid and other strong chemicals are also destruc- tive to fungi and may, perhaps, answer equally well. We think it likely that the clogging of drains by fungus may be more common than is generally known. “H[allock], H. H. Blue Vitriol Cleans a Drain. Rural New Yorker, 60:515. 158 Repokt oF THE DEPARTMENT OF BuTANyY OF THE EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Fic. 1. Leptomitus lacteus from tile drain; a, a cellulin grain; Fic. 2. Large hyphe from tile drain. Magnification 225 diam- eters ; Fic. 3. Small hypha from tile drain. Magnification 1060 diam- eters ; Fies. 4-8. Refrigerator fungus: 4, a living hypha; 5, four spores (?) ; 6, portion of a hypha with forming spore borne later- ally; 7, portion of a hypha with spore borne terminally ; 8, hyphe after four months in formalin. Magnifica- tion 650 diameters. Norre.—Figs. 2-8 made with the aid of a camera-luctda. Fig. 1, diagrammatic. PLATE VI.—Funer From TILE DRAIN AND REFRIGERATOR. @ _ * i ‘slid io Sai ve iar $e me 4%, . aah be) ¥ aie ns ha iy ee st wep h | ; : ia iP y | Tae New YoRK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 VI. A FUNGUS IN REFRIGERATORS. Last July our attention was called to a refrigerator which was not working properly. The provision compartment was flooded with water. Upon investigation it was found that the drain pipe was plugged throughout its entire length with a fungous growth. The conical cap over the lower end of the drain pipe was likewise filled with it, as was also the tube of a large funnel set to catch the water and conduct it through the floor. Being, at that time, interested in the tile drain fungus dis- cussed in the preceding article, we at once became interested in this somewhat analogous case and decided to make a study of it. The fungous growth was gray or dirty gray in color; but on account of admixture with dirt from the ice some of it was quite dark. It had a slimy, slippery feel and clung together in sheets or rope-like masses which were often several inches in extent. Microscopic examination showed the slimy, gray masses to be composed of small, uncolored fungous hyphe loosely woven together. The hyphe were branched and had a diameter of 3 to 5. They contained numerous roundish granules of various sizes, and appeared to be non-septate. The most striking char- acter of the fungus was the presence of curved spore-like bodies resembling the spores of Fusarium except that they were non- septate. They measured 28 to 48» in length by 44, in width. They were abundant and most of them were free, but occasion- ally they were found attached to the hyphz both laterally and terminally (Plate VI, Figs. 4-8). We have been unable to iden- tify the fungus. In the fresh condition we were unable to find any traces of septation, either in the hyphe or spores; but after the fungus had been preserved four months in a 4 per ct. solu- ion of formalin, some of the hyphe had the appearance of being septate (Plate VI, Fig. 8). However, the small size of the hyphe makes it difficult to determine this point with certainty; there- fore, the identity of the fungus is very uncertain. If the hyphe are really non-septate (and we incline to this opinion) the fungus belongs to the Phycomycetewx, a group which contains many ‘160 - Report oF THE DEpaRIMENT OF BoTANY OF THE species of water-inhabiting fungi. On the other hand, if the hyphe are septate it belongs either to Fusarium or Fusisporium, and the species of these genera rarely live in water. It appears that this gray, slimy fungus is of common occur- rence and wide distribution in refrigerators. Upon inquiry among the members of the Station staff it was found that several of them are familiar with the fungus. Five of them furnished us with samples, all of which proved to be identical with the original sample. In each case the fungus with small, colorless hyphz and curved spores was found to predominate. Sometimes traces of other fungi, Oscillaria and bacteria were found but never in quantity. It is plain that the chief culprit is the fungus above described. Mr. Harding, the Station Bacteri- ologist, informs us that. while he was an assistant in the bacte- riological laboratory of the University of Wisconsin a refrig- erator kept in the laboratory clogged at frequent intervals with a fungus probably the same as that found by us. Correspondence with some firms manufacturing refrigerators indicate that the trouble is a general one. The Wilke Manufac- turing Co., Anderson, Ind., write as follows: “ Replying to yours of the 15th, we have encountered, in a commercial way, the fun- gus growth to which you refer. We have always referred to it as ‘slime from the melted ice.’ It is a peculiar deposit or growth, and will in time choke up the drain pipe. There seems to be little or no difference whether the ice is natural or artificial— from distilled water. In our Instruction Card, which accom- panies each refrigerator, we refer to this ‘slime’ and request the users to remove drain pipe and scald it at least once a month during the summer season.” The Bowen Manufacturing Co., Fond du Lac, Wis., write: “Our attention has at times been called to clogged drain pipes, which on being emptied proved to be filled with a substance having the appearance of jelly, with firmness enough to hold together in lengths of several inches. We had never looked upon this as a fungus growth, but rather as gelatinous matter coming from the ice, or condensed from the vapors which arise from the articles placed in the provision compartment.” New Yor«k AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 In this connection we will call attention to a popular error concerning the origin of the “slime.” In the main, it is a growth and not a deposit or accumulation of matter from the melted ice. In all probability the trouble originates with the ice; that is, the ice contains spores or fragments of the fungus which, upon the melting of the ice, become lodged in the drain pipe and then commence to grow and multiply to an enormous extent. In all cases coming under our observation the principal part of the obstruction has been made up in this way; but if there is dirt or other foreign matter in the ice it lodges with the fungus and adds to its bulk. The nourishment of the fungus consists, chiefly, of waste material from food placed in the ice chamber. With many housewives it is a common practice to use the ice chamber for storing provisions whenever the provision compartment becomes crowded. As a consequence, milk, meat juices, parti- cles of butter, ete., find their way into the drain pipe to furnish nourishment for the fungus growing there. In one of the letters quoted above it is stated that it seems to make little. difference whether the ice used is natural or manu- factured. This needs explanation. Ice made from distilled water cannot contain the germs of the fungus and if used ina new refrigerator there would probably be no trouble with slime in the drain pipe. But a change from natural ice to manufac- tured ice will not result in the disappearance of the slime unless the precaution is taken to thoroughly disinfect the drain pipe and the ice chamber. Otherwise, the fungus contiues to grow as before, because the drain pipe is already “ seeded ” with the fun- gus before the manufactured ice comes into use. The presence of the fungus should not be regarded as evidence that the ice is dangerously impure. A mere trace of the fungus in the ice may bring about a luxuriant growth in the drain pipe. The simplest and most effective way of getting rid of the fun- gus is to occasionally wash out the drain pipe and ice chamber with boiling water. 11 nit ft \ anti) si if 7 0) ‘ ia Paria Vs iy os pias ate) ie Ty th feces sino We Mi din He Lahaina gir ween get wii M4 ih He © siteece titre wont a pants 2 i ’ a. uaet Via dene OM ant ho vet LN NE HA : ae td MORE oe oat Lb ee | Saw OP “olin Ch UT Sap eae i ‘ai OF te: ¥" Pea) HN POY fto alert?) 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L. L. Van SuyxKe, Chemist. C. G. Jenrer, Assistant Chemist. W. H. Anprews, Assistant Chemist. J. A. Le Cxierc,! Assistant Chemist. F. D. Fuuuer, Assistant Chemist. E. B. Hart, Assistant Chemist. C. W. Mune, Assistant Chemist. A. J. Parren, Assistant Chemist. "PAELE OF CONTENTS: I. A study of enzymes in cheese. Il. Conditions affecting weight loss by cheese in curing. 1 Absent on leave after September 1, 1901. Nh an Aan 4 ’ f ronal; “paoqaa esi bat a of a) m LP iid 7 Me a ie CU ie) yi at ple ae i hy aan ey a i 7 ivs Ma aS “s . : i ee, > ran One| laf ‘, mY) | f?) ry a a i Y' Se. ae bia Ye ra iayel tH at -tieedshimalgieteet vii) Aa Ron. ues (asp Nanay fag tr " veka pats i aNetiN” aed” ae epi te seh 4 tabi So tnay em bh bi Bs } ASR Lilie cdsna Ree het Cel ae AnineyhT. talavtinigusts wit uli Gast _ Saha rth sort’ | bes ~~ eae alias LH ie? Dia Hy) ie eae. Auta Wibtnint enceate Ak BES iy: a (= 7 Wed : a to WS MA Re Chenier ditcn aH ak sie: a) ide n Mati Melee jl tes. Pes. 3 te nan eo ey pga oe 7 wey a Picci henson Siro eee airs ce gt , é ripe eaten a im ‘tee heat eee RN = J s ia a ie . ; dies 44% P : ae : easy) ii a ea | ar tba iain A ¥ i Iq ie ! = Z ) " a -: iif 2d oD NER “aber: ae eieT. nae ' . a ™ re ; ; | ~ 1s A 8 aio a ste ol igh weapon 4 Ln i naira caer wk ar - a : ie? ie Via 4, ld PA A : eM site é ee i" ‘ é ‘ OF t \ ‘ i wud ‘ i ‘ . > i 30250) | 15.56 1.59 oe Metals, Sansa ene 42 35.386 15.74 7.61 15 - atarcbeietoichelells HG y 45s) TOR he A389 : 3 2 56 «6-40.28 «617.50 8610.83 SI Hoesen . 56 Lost 15 7 SS Gio daa . oY Dn BAL iP? chien aye R ts: 3 2 84 48.44 17.88 12.60 BS av Ge TORRE ‘ 84. 45.83: 18.52) | 10/83 15 5 Gro oagienon Dain 137... COTE 15.43.) 24,03 Salle 3 2 13f otssse atom 24.08 Bese. NAT ost: Nitro- gen in amides, Lbs. 5.04 LS 14 or Ol 10 ADD cot ww (9 0) is OC) Number of germs per ce. 132 2019 140 93 19 116 28 100 5 6 PA 62 6 161 1S 4 From these results it is seen that a slightly greater amount of soluble nitrogen was formed in the presence of 15 per ct. of ether 180 Report oF THE CHemcaiL DEPARTMENT OF THE than under either of the other two conditions. From this it might be inferred that 15 per ct. of ether was more favorable to enzyme action than 3 per ct. chloroform, but the results of the bacteriological analyses give some reason for believing that there had taken place a growth of bacteria. There had probably been a corresponding increase in the amount of bacterial enzyme. This is rendered more likely by the fact that the bacteria in this case were almost entirely of a single kind, which showed ability to grow in the presence of ether, formed spores quickly in almost every cell and elaborated enzyme with great freedom. This experience has made us slow to accept as trustworthy any results obtained with the use of ether, when the conditions are not constantly controlled by quantitative examination of the bacterial content. COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF CHLOROFORM AND FORMALIN UPON ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES. Jensen!’ in a suggestive article on the enzymes of cheese ripen- ing has called attention to the use of 0.1 per ct. of formalin in studying their activity. Babcock and Russell?’ have stated that comparatively small amounts of this substance completely inhibit enzyme activity. The use of even the amounts recom- mended by Jensen is to be looked upon with suspicion until the influence of formalin upon enzyme action is more fully investigated. In order to facilitate comparisons at some future time, we give the results of parallel examinations of four samples of milk con- taining respectively 4 per ct. of chloroform and 0.1 per ct. of formalin by volume. Unfortunately the strength of formalin was not redetermined but it was the 40 per ct. article of commerce. The milk in this case was obtained from the four quarters of a single cow at one milking. The flank and udder were brushed and moistened. The hands of the milker were smeared with vaselin and the milk was caught in four-inch glass funnels lead- mJensen. See No. 9. “Babcock and Russell. Ann. Rept. Wis. Exp. Sta. 15:77 (1898). New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 181 ing into glass bottles, all of which had been carefully steamed. The milk was taken at once to the laboratory and placed under the influence of chloroform and formalin at 99° F. (57° C.). ‘TABLE 1[V.—CoMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF FORMALIN AND CHLOROFORM UPON ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES. MILK DRAWN OCT. 10. In 100 lbs. total nitrogen. pet erg) Germicide used. : Nitrogen in — ———— — —— Total albumoses Number of Formalin Chloroform, soluvle and Nitrogenin germs per v.| per ct. 4 per ct. Age. nitrogen, peptones. amides. ce. Days. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Fresh 87 I aieleteiststatetale 14 37.50 20.47 17.03 il Il 14). (53.09%). 23-84 '° 29.25 51 M pealclereinisial@ 42 50.26 28.19 22.07 0 II 42 64.22 24.57 39.65 388 I PE COM OO Hl 59.18 30.87 Zoro 1 Il 77 72.57 33.63 388.94 5 I sdonbaoac 152 69.94 22t1233 47.82 . Il 152 67.62 43.58 24.04 20 Fresh 6 Il Sialelwicielelsiele 14 21.28 12.81 8.47 0 IV 14 85.46 2 Ot 13.49 9 Il Enos welch orene 42 23.01 UB 0 9.28 6 IV 42 36.56 21.36 15.20 - Ill Biela) ersucialalere tir 24.32 16.67 7.65 0 IV rea 42.96 27.78 sy salts: 1 Ill Sieleteretereleiols 152 24.67 17.70 6.97 1 IV 152 43.59 31.40 12.19 2 Fresh - 232 V eens seee 14 31 42 20.98 16 44 0 VI 14 49.83 ZnO 24.20 3 V “no oathnood 42 42.89 24.96 17.98 3 VI 42 63.58 27.36 36.22 18 V eeesser eee iT) 53 50 5 95 21 DD 2 VI fire 65.50 31.12 37.3 1 Vv ial ciater ater sata) 152 48.70 27.96 20.74 0 VI 152 63.89 36.10 POTS, 0 * Bacteria present in large numbers. Note.—I and II, front right quarter; III and IV, front left; V and VI, back right: VII and VIII, back left. 182 Revoxrr or THE CHemicaAL DsparTMENT OF TUE TABLE IV.— Continued. In !00 lbs. total nitrogen. Germicide used. ‘a Nitrogen in _——————e Total albumoses Number of Formaiin Chloroform soluble and Nitrogen in germs per 0.1 per ct. 4 per cent. Age. nitrogen. peptones, aniides, ec. Days. Lbs. Lbs, Lbs. Fresh ee = 138 VII SIG Go 14 32.41 19.63 12.78 3 VALLE 14 50.67 29 .42 214229 3 Vil Bhavels stators ate 42 40.12 27.47 12265 2 VIII 42 57.23 29.72 esi dh VII ONG aes hoc : 77 47.00 29.40 17.60 0 Na ANE 0% 64.38 39.88 24.50 0) VII eyeiier het 357 152 49.91 34.37 15.54 0 WAG ME 152 62.48 Sera PGT 3 From the above results we see that the number of bacteria in all the bottles remained very low. In all cases the decompo- sition has gone on more slowly in the presence of formalin than with chloroform, as is clearly shown by the following tabulated summary of results. TABLE LY A.—AVERAGE OF FOUR QUARTERS. Total soluble nitrogen. Age. With formalin. With chloroform. Days. Per ct. Per ct. 14 Sails 47 .26 42 389.07 55.39 Ath 46.00 62.10 152 45.62 60.63 In the article by Jensen previously referred to, he notes the same relation in the action of these two substances and he is inclined to hold the view that 0.1 per ct. formalin completely inhibits the action of galactase but allows bacterial enzymes to work. If this view is correct, we must consider that over 70 per ct. of the decomposition here produced in the presence of chloroform is caused by enzymes other than galactase. It seems hardly possible that sufficient bacterial enzyme could have been formed in the cases of No. Ill to account for the changes observed in the presence of formalin. The milk in this quarter of the udder was unusually free from bacteria, having New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTION. 153 been caught under most favorable conditions and placed under the influence of formalin within a few minutes. CONNECTION BETWEEN BACTERIA IN THE UDDER AND ENZYMES IN THE MILK. Previous investigators’ have noted that there is considerable difference in the rate of change caused by enzymes in different samples of freshly drawn milk. These differences have been attributed to variations in the enzyme-forming activity of the milk glands, but we have been led to look for another explana- tion of these irregularities. The production of enyzmes on the part of certain classes of bacteria is well known, but the bacterial formation of enzymes in the udder, able to perform work in cheese ripening, is a possibility which has not been seriously considered. The work of Ward” has called attention to the fact that in many cases the interior of the udder is inhabited by certain microédrganisms which find the conditions favorable to their continued Gevelopment. In working with certain Station cows we have found that in some cases large numbers of germs were present in the milk last drawn. This condition existed when- ever examinations were made during a period of some months. By comparing the germ content of the whole mess of milk, after rejecting the milk first drawn, with the germ content of the milk last drawn, or strippings, it is often found that the number present in the whole mess exceeds that in the strippings by an amount hardly larger than would be expected as a result of unavoidable contamination during milking. This is shown in the following table which gives the number of bacteria found per cubic centimeter in the whole mess and in the strippings from each quarter of a single cow at three successive milkings. In all cases the first few streams from each quarter were rejected. “Babcock and Russell. See No. 10. “Ward. Bul. No. 178 Cornell Exp. Sta. (1900). 184 Report oF THE CHEMICAL DEPARIMENT OF THE TABLE V.—NUMBER OF BACTERIA PER Cubic CENTIMETER IN WHOLE-MILK AND STRIPPINGS. Front left Front right Back left Back right quarter. quarter. quarter, quarter. DaTE. | Ete Tl aoe El cacti | ————— — Whole- Strip- Whole- Strip- Whole- Strip- Whole- Strip- milk. pings. milk, pings. milk. pings. milk. pings. June 11, pom.... | oe 26 56 140 173 401 716 June 12,a.m.... 646 244 216 429 442 493 629 | 185i June 12, p.m.... 88 22 36 305 96 105 789 975 These data strongly support the idea that the interior of the udder in such cases is seeded with these organisms, which are generally yellow cocci, capable of liquefying gelatin. Most striking are thase cases in which the interior of certain quarters of the udder is highly contaminated with certain organ- isms for long periods, while, at the same time, one or more quarters of the udder in the same animal may remain compara- tively free from germ life. In the case of the cow used in collecting the data shown in the above table, examinations of the strippings were made extending over four months. Samples were collected by catching one of the last streams from each quarter in a sterile test tube, except in a few cases in which they were drawn with a sterile milking tube. The samples were taken at once to the laboratory and plates prepared containing 1 cc. and 0.5 cc. of the milk. The results are shown in the following table: TABLE V A.—NUMBER OF BACTERIA PER CUBIC CENTIMETER IN THE STRIPPINGS OF Cow No. 8. Front Front Back Back DaTE. left right left right quarter. quarter. quarter. quarter. Wh? OI SA EODO ODI 4d SOC DONO DO OC Gon DOG De. 296 372 ‘| hileras hy oil, SSA ae asnnoo[ anol aC 00> 26 56 173 716 SITET Bs wel VMTN Nel stets vatelereiettistevelelelsvelatete sia aisle 244 429 493 1870 SLIT ray LpD-LE TAT sary Sistas Ste listwle! oie latetete boise tel ate 22 305 105 975 Auk? MEARS BS? ssc soGHee anon Dodo ot Arie 22 48 2106 488 BUUUUV ul eS: tevenets.e]sire BiAtaNaisls Gove olereimiatete ails) Wiaterene 36 D5 280 868 Taye? DIAS. Rieveteve.c ehate¥e avs ote oraveteretais cictateie 211 10 388 628 RIOTS Tisicreteierareseye wiehelays eters Soleo Piorenegae tiv 391 3684 63 656 ia) Pe eRe ICR ROIS OO DIO SOE IE CRctonee ate 12 450 356 9957 MOSTAR) eraretalelavelo ele leiereinte ciate sleiuie Wiefalete/sleiara 6 7 138 Pes This table shows that in general the strippings from the back right quarter had a germ content of 500 to 800 per cubic centi- New York AaricutturaLt Exprertment Station. 185 meter; the back left quarter had slightly less; the front left quarter had often less than 100 per cubic centimeter, and the front right quarter but little more. Making allowance for the work done by galactase, the milk from different quarters of the udder of the above mentioned cow should show different rates of chemical change proportional to the number of germs present in the respective quarters of the udder, if these changes are to be associated with contamination within the udder. The results already given in Table IV, under chloroform, relate to this point. The quarters of the udder are there designated as follows: II, front right; IV, front left; VI, back right; VIII, back left. The second determination was made in the presence of 4 per ct. of chloroform. In order to obtain sufficient material for a large number of analyses, three suc. cessive messes of milk were collected and united. Care was taken to reject the fore-milk and keep out bacteria from other sources. The following table shows the results in this test up to 15 weeks: TABLE V B.—SOLUBLE NITROGEN FORMED IN MILK FROM DIFFERENT QUARTERS OF UDDER. MILK DRAWN JUNE 11 AND 12. Soluble nitrogen in 100 Ibs. total nitrogen. AGE OF YK ——————_—$ ———— J WHEN ANALYZED. Front left Front right Back left Back right quarter. quarter, quarter. quarter, Days. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs, 7 27.01 29.23 48 .23 46.66 21 386.25 39.75 56.61 56.66 35 36.65 40.60 59.37 57.54 49 lost 40.48 60.68 59.63 105 lost 50.31 TT eA9) 71.63 The results given in Tables IV and Ve show in a general way that there is a relation between the numbers of bacteria present in the udder and the rapidity with which the milk pro- duced there undergoes self-digestion in the presence of chloro- form or formalin. It may be held that the presence of these bacteria has merely stimulated the production of an extra amount of galactase, but 186 Report oF THE CuEemicAL DeparTMENT OF 1HE many of these bacteria are able to bring about the liquefaction ef gelatin, a fact which suggests that they have played a part in enzyme formation within the udder. However, it is impossible to assign even an approximate value to the work performed by bacteria within the udder in the production of their enzymes, until we understand the conditions which relate to the normal formation of galactase. V. COMPARISON OF RIPENING PROCESS IN CHEESE MADE WITH CHLOROFORM AND IN NORMAL CHEESE. Previous attempts to study the part played by enzymes in cheese ripening have proceeded indirectly by a study of enzyme action in milk or have been carried out with cheese in a frag- mentary manner. In addition to the early work of Adametz, Babcock and Russell report that they have observed the changes that have iaken place at the end of about a year in a cheese containing chloroform. They also added rennet to milk con- taining ether and determined the general changes taking place in the coagulum. Jensen” also reports the changes taking place in a cheese to which he had added trypsin and ether. How- ever, So far as we can learn, no cheese has, hitherto, been pre- pared under conditions essentially normal except for the presence of an anvesthetic, and been kept for a long period com- pletely under the influence of that anesthetic, with systematic chemical and bacteriological examinations at frequent intervals. METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AND SAMPLING. The preparation of a chloroform cheese presents no extreme difficulties. Chloroform added directly to the milk tends to settle to the bottom but the stirring which accompanies the manufacture serves to keep it distributed without any consider- able loss from evaporation. The addition of rennet at 84 to 88° F. (29 to 31° C.), cutting and heating to 98 to 100° F. (37 to 88° C.), proceed in the usual way, except that both the curdling *Jensen. WVidskr. for Fysik. og Kemi, 2:02-114 (1897). New York AGrictLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 187 of the milk and the expulsion of whey take place more slowly than in normal cheese. The expulsion of the whey is especially prolonged because of the absence of acid, and the moisture con- tent of the resulting cheese may be somewhat higher than in a first-class normal Cheddar. After the whey is drawn and the curd is fairly well drained, it is put to press with or without previous saiting. In making more than a dozen of these cheeses at different times, we have added to the milk from 2 to 5 per ct. of chloro- form by volume, and we find that the percentage of chloroform by weight in the resulting cheese mass is about three times the figure given for the milk. The cheese is kept continuously under pressure 18 to 24 hours, and is then transferred to a room with a temperature varying only one or two degrees from 60° F. (15.5° C.) and placed under a bell jar in an atmosphere of chloroform. The moisture of cheese under bell jars remains fairly uniform. After testing a number of receivers we have settled upon bell- jars, or carefully soldered cans which are inyerted over the cheese, and fit imto a groove in a heavy wooden base. . The base is first boiled in paraffin to fill all the pores, and melted paraffin is used as a seal in fastening the cover into the grooves, thus reducing the loss of chloroform and moisture to insignificant amounts. At regular intervals the cover is moved and samples taken with a sterilized tryer for chemical and bacteriological analysis. The former includes a quantitative determination of the chloro- form present in the cheese. To replace the small amounts lost by leakage and evaporation, measured amounts of chloroform are added to a dish within the container at the time of each examination. DECOMPOSITION IN CHEESE UNDER CHLOROFORM COMPARED WITH THAT IN NORMAL CHEESE. In order to get an idea of the changes brought about by the combined influence of all the enzymes present at the time a 188 {EPORT OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE cheese is made, 3.5 lbs. of chloroform were added to 125 Ibs. of night’s and morning’s milk having the degree of acidity suitable for Cheddar cheese-making. One-half ounce of Hansen’s liquid rennet was added at 88° F. (81° C.), and the cheese made as described above. One-half of the resulting curd, without salting, was pressed into form of a Young America cheese. On the third day it was found to centain 35 per ct. of water and 15 per ct. of chloroform. As a basis for comparison there is also given the analysis of a normal cheese ripened at the same temperature and having originally about the same percentage of. moisture. However, since under normal conditions the moisture in a cheese rapidly decreases, while in the chloroform cheese this factor remains practically constant, there is also given the analysis of a chees® normal in every way except that it was coated with a layer of paraffin to lessen the loss of moisture. TABLE VI.—COMPARISON OF: NORMAL CHEESES, CURED WITH AND WITHOUT PARAFFIN COVERING, WITH A CHEESE MADE AND CURED WITH CHLOROFORM. E Total water-soluble nitrogen formed for 100 lbs. nitrogen in cheese. CONDITIONS OF CURING. 2 weeks, 1 month. 2months. 6months. 12 months. 15 months. Cheese No. 314A, cured under nor- mal conditions. . 11.50 18.50 25.10 33.70 SY (as) 38.66 Cheese No. 31B, covered with DATA teehee rere 12.50 19.30 25.40 37.80 40.90 44.14 Cheese No. 380A, made and cured with chloroform 5.30 5.70 §_20 14.50 22.60 27.70 In Tables VI, VII, VIII and IX, the figures given for total water-soluble nitrogen represent the amount rendered soluble after the cheese was taken from the press. Samples of the green cheese fresh from the press were analyzed, and it was found that the amount of soluble nitrogen varied considerably in different cheeses. Therefore, for the sake of more accurate comparison, the amounts of water-soluble nitrogen found in the New York AGrictLtuRaAL ExprrtMENtT STATION. 18y green cheese have been deducted and so are not included in the figures presented in these tables. The data in Table VI show that at the end of one month the water-soluble nitrogen in the normal cheese was more than three times that contained in the chloroform cheese; gradually the difference decreased until at the end of 15 months the total decomposition in the case of the chloroform cheese amounted to 27.7 per ct. of the total nitrogen, while in a normal cheese of the same age the amount was 38.66 per ct. The enzymes present in this cheese were therefore able under favorable circumstances to accomplish about 72 per ct. as much decomposition of casein “us occurred in a normal cheese. That they accomplish this fraction of the work under ordinary conditions does not neces- sarily follow. These results show merely that the peculiar con- ditions of manufacture in the presence of chloroform were not such as to prevent the enzymes from rendering cheese-casein soluble. INFLUENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ACID ON ENZYME ACTION. In the ordinary process of manufacture there is a gradual formation of acid within the mass through the action of becteria, In the preceding experiment acid was necessarily absent. To remedy this, another cheese was made like the preceding, except that lactic acid was added. As before, 3.5 Ibs. of chloroform were added to 125 Ibs. of night’s and morning’s milk, sufficiently acid for cheese-making. This was curdled by one-quarter ounce of Hansen’s liquid rennet added at 86° F. (30° C.). After cutting the curd and applying heat, pure lactic acid was added in small quantities at a time until the whole amounted to nearly .2 per ct. of the milk used. One-half of the resulting curd, unsaited, was pressed into a Young America cheese which, fresh from the press, contained 2 per ct. of water and 15 per ct. of chloroform. 19U Report OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE The results of the examinations are shown below: TABLE VII.—COMPARISON OF CHLOROFORM CHEESES MADE WITH AND WITHOUT LACTIC ACID. Total water-soluble nitrogen formed for 100 lbs. nitrogen in cheese. CONDITIONS OF MAKING -——— a - = AND CURING. 1 month, 2 months. 3months. 6months. 9months. 12 months. Cheese No. 30A, made and cured with chloroform. 5.70 8.20 11.60 14.50 19.50 22.60 Cheese No. 382A, made and cured with chloroform and lactic acid. 5.70 9.40 14.00 20.60 23.20 31.65 It will be seen that in cheese 32A the amount of soluble nitro- gen is greater than in 30A after the first month and continues” to become greater up to the end of 12 months, the age of 32A at its last analysis. This more rapid ripening in 32A took place in spite of the fact that only one-half as much rennet was used in 382A asin 380A. Acid appears to favor enzyme action. INFLUENCE OF SALT UPON ENZYME ACTION, In the two preceding experiments it has been noted that one-half the curd was pressed withcut salting and the results previously given represent the changes taking place in unsalted cheese. However in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese, salt is never omitted and, in order to make the comparison between the chloroform cheese and normal cheese complete, the addition of salt is required. In each of the two experiments, one-half of the curd was salted just before putting to press, the first receiving 2 ounces and the second 24 ounces. In each case the percentage of chlo- roform and water was essentially the same as in the correspond- ing unsalted portion. The results of analysis are shown in the following table. To facilitate comparison, the results from the unsalted portions are also repeated. New York AGricutruraL ExpERIMENT STATION. 191 TABLE VIII.—COMPARISON OF CHEESES MADE AND CURED WITH CHLORO- FORM, SALTED AND UNSALTED. Total water-soluble nitrogen formed for 100 Ibs. nitrogen in cheese. —_— oo oreo Ooo CONDITIONS OF CURING. lmo. 2mos. 3 mos, 6 mos. 9 mos. 12mos. 15 mos. (1) Without lactic acid: Cheese No. 30'\A, made and cured with chloro- form—not salted...... 5.70 8.20 11.60 14.50 19.50 22.60 27.70 Cheese No. 30B, same as 380A, but salted..... 2225) 3220) 5.50! 7.80. 1.60.) 17220" 24.00 (2) With lactie acid: Cheese No. 382A, made and cured with chloro- form and lactic acid— NOt PSALGEM: os clohs Senile 5.70 9.40 14.00 20.60. 23.20 31.65 Cheese No. 32B, same as, 32A, but salted...4., 3.00 4.90, 6.70.,:9.75 12.45 19.65 From the results here given it is seen that salt in the propor- tion usually present in cheese exerts a strong repressing influ- ence upon the activity of the enzymes present. On comparing this effect of salt in the case of the cheese containing added acid with the cheese in which acid was omitted, it is seen that acid favored enzyme action here also as well as in unsalted cheese. The results of our work up to this time appear to show, (1) that the use of chloroform excludes bacterial action in milk and cheese and limits the work of ripening to those enzymes con- tained in milk when made into cheese; (2) that the presence of salt noticeably decreases the effect of such enzymes; (3) that the presence of two-tenths of one per ct. of lactic acid increases the ripening action, at least of rennet enzymes; (4) that the percentage of cheese-casein made soluble by the enzymes under consideration in nine months (which may be regarded as the extreme limit of the commercial life of Cheddar cheese, kept under usual conditions) is about 12 per ct., or one-third the amount of soluble nitrogen found in normal cheese; and (5) that the amount of ripening caused by enzymes present in the milk when made into cheese is apparently more limited than was previously supposed. We may say that the limited part apparently taken by such enzymes in ripening cheese is a result we did not anticipate when 192 Report oF rae Cuevwica, DapaxTMENT OF THE undertaking the work. We have additional experimental work under way for the purpose of testing these results more rigidly. DIFFERENCE IN CHARACTER OF CHEMICAL CHANGES IN NORMAL AND IN CHLOROFORM CHEESE. An examination of the detailed data secured with normal and with chloroform cheese shows clearly a marked difference in the character of the changes taking place in the soluble nitrogen- compounds. This difference is seen if we study the amounts of albumoses and peptones in relation to amides, and also the relative amounts of ammonia found. The following tabulated comparison in case of cheese 34C and 34B, which were made with and without chloroform from differ- ent portions of the same milk, illustrate the points in question. TABLE IX.—SHOWING DIFFERENCE IN CHARACTER OF CHEMICAL CHANGES IN NORMAL AND IN CHLOROFORM CHEESE. N. in albu- moses and pep- N. in Ratio o fN. in CHARACTER OF CHEESE, Age. tones, amides. (1) to (2). ammonia Months. (1) (2) Cheese 34C—normal.......ec0-- 1 2.95 5.42 1:1.80 .86 Cheese 34B—chloroform........ 1 Seed: 0.86 1:0.23 0 Normal cheese ........ able meee tps aml 8.49 13240). 29 Whiloroform CHEESE ...cccccicccves 1% Geel 1.82 AOR Zs 0 Normal cheese ...... Sielassveversleherciye OUD aiff 12.60 1D AO) weak Chioroform “Cheese f..tscsecceese oy 10.20 Done 1-02 3ik 0 Normal GHeeS@.s. ssc aie wis cbvaje cte'e c¥os YO 4.97 18.50 a LE ta Bets Chloroform cheese <...<). AO. = oie afl 23 70 SIVA ZAG DL (ts 9:2. 10i6S A186 2 VIZ 4 7 9 70 29, Aon G.2 8:9, 1029.45 12.244 13.9.5 146 15 65 65 1.59. (S205, 451. 5.8 7.0 8.2 C2 Aor 13 21 65 2,0 Scontis boil 6.2 hit Sat 9.3 10.2 11 22 65 2367 ST 1528 6.9 Sal S2bf LOL 4 2S 7 S, 65 220). (320) poeG hed Oia WOT) Le ee aton 15 65 60 dO leat” o aia) 5.5 6.5 (BE 8.5 9.3 138 31 60 Wii 2h Bcd 6.1 7.3 8.4 9.5 —— 11 22 60 1:9 3.6, 4.5 6.3 7.5 8.7 6 1055 7 9 60 2.4, Seth; 5p ($574 O35, 10.6 DLO: WEB 15 65 55 LG nO) ae ak 5.2 wall 6.8 7.5 8.1 138 29 55 NO) eel ee 5.7 T.2 ES, 8.9 9.4 11 20 55 2.1 2B26. 74.6 6.4 7.4 8.8 GO Aa Osa 7 9 5D 22 es0. (Ome 7.2 8.8 9.8 - dO aie A study of the preceding table brings out the following points: (1) In general, at all temperatures, the loss of weight in cheese New York AGricottukAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207 increases when the diameter of the cheese decreases. Taking the cheeses having diameters of 15 and 7 inches respectively, at the age of four weeks, we see that at a temperature of 80° F. the smaller cheese has lost 2.1 pounds more per hundred pounds of cheese than has the larger cheese. (2) The difference in loss of weight between cheeses of difer- ent diameters is greatest at 80° F, and gradually decreases with decrease of temperature. Illustrating this point with the 15 and 7 inch cheeses at the age of four weeks, we have the small cheese losing more than the large cheese by the following amounts per uardred cheese: at 80° P21 Ibsis au-15° EF: 1.9 lbs.; at fO7er., lo. Ibs shut bu Bardo. Ibsee ats 60° oF... 1.6 Ibs.5 at 55° F., 1.4 lbs. (3) At 65° F. we find that an increase of two inches in diam- eter reduces the loss of weight about one-half pound per hundred pounds of cheese, when the cheeses are four weeks old. When the cheeses are 16 weeks old, the decrease in loss of weight is one pound for an increase of two inches in diameter. We have two additional illustrations to present, in which cheeses were made from the same milk and cured under the same conditions. We present these data in the following table: TABLE VI.—WEIGHT LOST BY CHEESES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS. Tem.- Welght pera- Water lost by 100 Ibs. of cheese in Diame- of ture of ———— a - at _- - — terof green curing- 2 3 5 x 8 12 16 20 cheeses. cheese. room. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. weeks. Inches. Lbs. Deg. F. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 138 36 55 ZO coeGue 14.5 4.9 5.4 6.4 Giz 8.1 a 10 dD sO 4298 Gt3 6.9 (p54 8.7 ees False 138 Zo 60 aa tWa ata We (meee: seat | DT 6.0 hiss 8.2 B68) 7 9 60 won 4.8) Gai G9 See atl dle 12.5 LOSS OF MOISTURE AS INFLUENCED BY PROPORTION OF WATER-VAPOR PRESENT IN AIR OF CURING-ROOM. The relative amount of moisture in air, or, more properly, the degree of saturation, exercises a marked influence upon loss of water in cheese-ripening. While we have not carried systematic investigation far in this line, we can present data that will 208 Report oF THE CyuEemMicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE clearly illustrate the influence of this factor. Cheeses, which were made from the same milk, were placed in the curing-room at 60°F. One cheese was kept on the shelf in the ordinary manner, the air of the room containing from 75 to 80 per ct. of all the moisture it could hold at 60° F. The other cheese was placed under a bell-jar and kept in an atmosphere completely saturated with moisture. The results secured by this treatment are presented in the following table. The amount of moisture in the fresh cheese was not determined and we start, therefore, with the moisture in the cheese at two weeks. Tapie VII.—Loss oF MOISTURE IN CHEESE KEPT IN AIR COMPLETELY AND PARTIALLY SATURATED WITH MOISTURE. In air completely saturated with In air partially saturated. moisture. rc OO - rh —_—_—_—_— a ee Moisture in Water lost by Moisture in Water gained by AGE OF CHEESE, cheese. 100 lbs. of cheese. cheese, 100 Ibs. of cheese. Per ct. Lbs. Per ct. Lbs. 2 weeks .... 35.99 30.99 — HemOntihy srecte 30.20 0.76 385.87 — 2 IMNOnthsS 2c, 34.86 lias: 36.01 0.08 6 months ... 31.87 4.12 37.04 Ue hb 12 months ... 26.30 9.69 37.63 1.70 iS months... 24.85 11.14 37.85 1.92 Attention is called to the following points in connection with this table: (1) In case of the cheese kept in air partially saturated with moisture, there is a loss of moisture from the first, which at the end of 15 months has reached the total of 11.14 lbs. per hundred pounds of cheese. (2) In the cheese kept in a moisture-saturated atmosphere, there was practically no loss of moisture in the cheese, but at the end of 2 months the moisture in the cheese had actually increased and continued to increase steadily, until, at the end of 15 months, there had been an actual gain of 1.92 lbs. of moisture per 100 Ibs. of cheese. (3) The two cheeses containing the same amount of moisture at the beginning were fornd to differ, at the end of 15 months, 13 per ct. in moisture, as the result of being kept in air contain- ing different degrees of moisture. New York AqricutturaAL ExprerimMent Station. 209 IV. SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. We have been considering those conditions that are most prominent in influencing the loss of moisture in cheese and have called attention to the results secured by us. We come now to consider these results in their practical application to the inter- ests of the factory owner, his patrons and the consumers of cheese. In this connection we will discuss the following topics: (1) Value of water in cheese to dairymen. (2) Moisture in cheese in relation to commercial quality. (3) What percentage of moisture should cheese have? (4) Value of water in cheese to consumer. (5) Variation of loss of moisture with different kinds of cheese. (6) Loss of moisture and loss of fat. VALUE OF WATER IN CHEESE TO DAIRYMEN. To the cheese-maker and producer of milk, water in cheese is money, when put there in the right way and in proper pro- portions. It is essential, in the process of manufacture, to incor- porate water in cheese in quantities best suited to the require- ment of the market for which the cheese is intended, and then it is equally essential that the water be kept there with the least possible loss. From the dairyman’s standpoint, it is desirable to sell as much water in cheese as will suit the consumer. In preventing excessive loss of moisture there is more water to sell at cheese prices. From inquiries made among cheese-makers we find quite a variation in respect to the loss of moisture experienced by them in curing cheese. One of the most complete records, covering an entire season, furnished by a cheese-maker and factory owner who has better than average conditions for curing rooms, makes the average loss of weight during thirty days amount to about five pounds per hundred pounds of cheese. Others report an average loss for the first thirty days as high as ten pounds per hundred pounds of cheese. The average loss lies somewhere between these two extremes and would probably not be far from seven pounds per hundred pounds of cheese. 14 210 Report oF THE CurmicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE An examination of Table II shows that the loss of moisture can be reduced to four pounds per hundred pounds of cheese. Using this figure as a basis for calculation, we find that, for every hundred pounds of cheese, from one to six pounds, with an average of three pounds of water could be saved to sell at cheese prices. This would mean an increase of 8 to 48 cents, with an average of 30 cents, received for every hundred pounds of cheese. This would mean an average saving of three hundred dollars a season for a factory with a total season’s output of one hundred thousand pounds of cheese. One cheese-maker reports that he calculated one season’s loss from shrinkage and found it over six hundred dollars. While such losses may not be regarded as large in comparison with the total receipts, they constitute a noticeable percentage when viewed as a decrease of profits, and are well worth saving. MOISTURD IN CHEESE IN RELATION TO COMMERCIAL QUALITY. We have just called attention to increased receipts coming from cheese, as a result of preventing excessive loss of moisture. Such saving of moisture not only increases the amount of cheese to be sold but also increases the value of the cheese from the standpoint of commercial quality. In Bulletin No. 184, of this Station, Mr. Geo. A. Smith, Dairy Expert, has presented the results of work showing the influence of temperature upon the commercial quality of cheese. No attempt is there made to analyze the results and point out the immediate causes affecting quality, and attention is, therefore, called to the subject here. The relations existing between moisture and flavor are known only in a very general way. But we know something of the general relation between moisture and texture. Excessive moisture produces undesirable softness, from a commercial standpoint, and at ordinary temperatures favors the formation of holes, a serious fault in the texture of Cheddar cheese. On the other hand, deficient moisture favors the production of a crumbly, dry, mealy texture, which is an undesirable condition, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 211 High temperatures cause excessive loss of moisture and result in the production of crumbly texture. This condition injures the commercial quality of cheese and results in lower prices for such cheese. The following figures represent averages taken from data given on page 202, Bulletin 184, showing the general relation between texture and loss of moisture. TABLE VIII.—EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE OF CURING ON TEXTURE AND MOIs- TURE OF CHEESE, Texture of cheese. Mc ature lost by 100 lbs. TEMPERATURE OF CURING-ROOM. (Perfect texture is 25.) of cheese. Lbs, 55 degrees I’, 24.6 8.5 60 degrees F. 24.4 9.0 65 degrees FE 23 .6 9.2 70 degrees I’, 22.0 LOEZ, 75 degrees I, 21.4 10.7 80 degrees Fy 20.6 13.1 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE SHOULD CHEESE HAVE? Much of the cheese made in New York State contains, in the fresh state, from 36 to 37.5 per ct. of water. The home-trade cheese, much of which is made in the fall, contains 388 to 40 per ct. of water. For the average consumer, it is safe to say, the amount of moisture in cheese should be not less than between 33 and 35 per ct. at the time of consumption. Taking everything into consideration, it is reasonable to expect better results in reference to quality by holding a moderate amount of moisture in the green cheese and so curing as to lose only a small amount of water, than by holding an excessive amount of moisture in the green cheese and so curing as to lose a larger amount of moisture. Some cheese-makers expect that they must lose ten pounds of weight per hundred pounds of cheese in curing, and they attempt to meet this loss by retain- ing 40 per ct. or more of moisture in the cheese. Such a prac- tice can not lead to good results from any point of view. A fact that should not be lost sight of in this connection is this: Cheese cured at such low temperatures as are favorable to diminishing the loss of moisture can carry larger amounts of moisture from the start without impairing the quality. 212 Report oF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE VALUE OF WATER IN CHEESE TO CONSUMERS. In the first place, cheese that has not lost too much of its moisture is more pleasing to the taste of the average consumer. In the next place, the more completely a cheese dries out, the harder and thicker is the rind and the greater the loss to the consumer. Most people have become accustomed to such a waste, but much of it is unnecessary. In a carefully cured cheese, the rind is comparatively moist and only a very thin portion need be lost, and even this can be used in cooking. VARIATION OF LOSS OF MOISTURE WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHEESE. It has been pointed out that cheeses of small size lose more moisture per hundred pounds than do cheeses of larger size. In making small cheeses like “ Young Americas ” the proportion of loss is much greater, and hence the demand is still more imperative that these shall be cured under conditions where the loss of moisture shall be greatly reduced. This applies also to such sizes as “Flats” and “Twins.” It is not surprising that the manufacture of small cheeses of the Cheddar type has been discouraged. Even at the higher prices that they bring, the extra loss of moisture and additional cost of manufacture are not satisfactorily covered. In the manufacture of small fancy kinds of soft cheese, these statements do not apply, because an essential part of the equipment consists of curing-cellars of fairly low temperature and high moisture content. LOSS OF MOISTURE AND LOSS OF FAT. High temperatures, which favor increased loss of moisture, also favor loss of fat by exudation from the surface of the cheese. When cheese is kept at a constant temperature even of 70° F., there is evidence of some, though small, loss. At 75° F. the loss becomes considerable and increasingly large with increase of temperature above 75° F, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213 V. PREVENTION OF LOSS OF MOISTURE IN CURING CHEESE. From the data previously presented, it has been seen that loss of weight in cheese curing is due to lack of control of tempera- ture and moisture in the curing-room. Three methods or sys- tems have been proposed for the purpose of controlling these conditions or obviating the need of controlling them: (1) Immediate sale and removal of green cheese. (2) Central curing-rooms for the use of several factories. (3) Special curing-room in each factory. IMMEDIATB SALE AND REMOVAL OF GREEN CHEESE. It was formerly a common custom to keep cheese at the factory for thirty days or more before selling it. For some time there has been a tendency to dispose of cheese at more frequent intervals, sales and shipments being made, in some cases, of cheese a week old. There appears to be an increasing desire to place cheese in the hands of buyers just as soon as they were willing to take it. Many buyers who have cold-storage facilities prefer to remove the cheese from the factory before it has had a chance to deteriorate under the adverse conditions of curing commonly present in factory curing-rooms. ‘The sys- tem of removing cheese by buyers from the factory when less than a week old has the advantage for the cheese-maker of relieving him from all responsibility in relation to the curing process. There is, however, under such a plan the disadvantage of turning over to the buyer all the advantage that comes from increase of value as a result of good curing. With proper curing facilities, the cheese could be retained by the factory and held until it had increased very materially in value as a result of curing under good conditions. When cheese is sold green, or nearly so, the opportunity for increased profits, due to proper curing, is wholly lost. CENTRAL CURING-ROOMS. Four or five years ago Drs. Babcock and Russell made the sug- gestion that buildings, centrally located with reference to 914 REPORT OF THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE several cheese factories, be erected especially for curing pur- poses and designed to take care of the product of the several factories. Such a system has several advantages: (1) Enough money could be easily secured to build and equip a central curing-house that would be complete in its details and thor- oughly efficient for controlling temperature and moisture. In fact, ideal conditions could be assured. No single factory could afford to provide itself an equally effective curing-room, or would be likely to do so. The cost for one central cheese-curing building, distributed among several factories, would be no more than would the cost of providing an inefficient curing-room in each individual factory. (2) Cheese stored in a central curing- house could receive more skillful and efficient attention than it could in curing-rooms located in each factory. (3) The cheese could be examined more economically by buyers, being collected in large quantities in a central curing-house. The buyer would be saved the necessity of visiting each factory separately. (4) The maximum saving could be effected in decreasing loss of moisture and in improving quality of cheese. Moreover, the cheese from any one factory or any number of factories would be more uniform in character when cured than under present conditions, or even with curing-rooms in individual factories. (5) Cheese kept under ideal conditions during the curing process can be held subject to market conditions without risk of injury in respect to quality. Under the conditions commonly prevail- ing, cheese has to be sold to avoid the injury in quality that might result from longer holding at the factory. This is especially applicable in hot weather, a time when prices are likely to be lowest. Cheese kept in proper curing-rooms can be held for higher prices and will constantly improve in quality for quite a long period of time. SPECIAL CURING-ROOM IN PACH FACTORY, When it is impossible to codperate with other factories in the construction and use of a central cheese-curing building, then it is desirable that one shall make a cheese-curing room in the New York AgqricuttoraAL Exprrment STATION. 915 factory, even though the results secured may not be perfect. Some attempt to control temperature and moisture in curing cheese will give better results than are possible in the absence of any system, a condition too general at present in the cheese factories of New York. The subject of a special curing-room in each cheese factory has been very fully discussed in Bulletin No. 70 of the Wis:onsin Agricultural Experiment Station, and several factories in that State have made such curing-rooms. The system has also been studied and applied in Canada by Prof. James Robertson, Com- missioner of Agriculture and Dairying for the Dominion. The following statements are, for the most part, condensed from Prof. F. H. King’s Wisconsin Bulletin No. 70. The cuts are from the same source. Curing-rooms may be constructed above ground or under ground, and may be of wood or masonry or 2 combination. Con- sidering moderate cost, convenience, and efficiency, a curing- room built of wood entirely above ssoune is the most practical for the average factory. (1) Location.—A curing-room above ground should be placed on the north side of a building in order to be protected as much as possible from the direct rays of the sun. It is advantageous also if the room can be shut off on the other three sides by hall- ways, stairways, other rooms or building screens. (2) Windows in a curing-room should be as few and as small as consistent with the amount of light necessary. They should be made double, as nearly air-tight as possible, and preferably in one section, fitted closely and permanently in place. If neces- sary to exclude direct sunshine, blinds or awnings should be placed outside. mee: (3) The door of a curing-room should be built to resemble that of a refrigerator. Ly (4) Walls should be built like those of cold- ee and ice- houses. The studding outside should be covered with matched sheathing and drop siding, with a layer of three-ply acid and water-proof paper between. The paper recommended by Prof. 216 Report of tHE CurmicaL DrepariMENT OF THE King is manufactured by the Standard Paint Co., New York and Chicago. On the inside a layer of matched sheathing is nailed to the studding, then strips of inch furring two inches wide, to which are nailed two thicknesses of matched sheathing with paper between. The outer air space between the studding is filled with sawdust or similar material, and the spaces left by the furring are closed air-tight at the ceiling and floor. (See Plate VII.) (5) Ceiling and floor should also consist of two thicknesses of matched lumber with paper between, and joints made at corners should be very tight. In constructing curing-rooms two things should be kept in mind: First, that the walls should be as nearly air-tight as possi- ble in order to keep out the warmer air outside, and, second, that the walls should be poor conductors of heat. It is advan- tageous to cover the inside walls with two coats of shellac. (6) Ventilating flue in ceiling.—It is desirable to provide a tight ventilating flue in the ceiling of the curing-room, extending above the roof. Its diameter may be six or eight inches. It should be provided with a damper. (See Plate VIII, H, I.) (7) Methods of controlling temperature and moisture in cheese curing-rooms placed above ground.—After constructing a proper curing-room, it is essential to provide arrangements for control- ling temperature and moisture. The construction of a curing- room is only a partial means toward this end. The following methods have been found effective in keeping the temperature during summer between 58° and 70° F. and at the same time modifying the moisture content of the air favorably: (a) Ven- tilation by air forced through horizontal sub-earth ducts or deep vertical sub-earth ducts and wells. (b) Ventilating over ice. (c) Evaporation of water. Plate VIII illustrates the construction of a horizontal sub- earth duct, which should be 12 feet or more below the surface of the ground and 100 feet or more in length. It is recom- mended that the sub-earth duct consist of three rows of 10-inch drain tile laid side by side at the bottom of the trench, or the Plate VII.—Showing the construction of wood curing-room: 1, 1, 1, sill; 2, 2, 2, a two-by-ten spiked to ends of joist; 3, 3, 3, a two-by-four spiked down, after first layer of floor is laid, to toe-nail studs to; 4, 4, 4, a two-by-four spiked to upper ends of studding of first story. A, A, A, A, three-ply acid and water- proof paper. The drawing in the center shows space between studding filled with sawdust and another dead-air space to be used when the best ducts cannot be provided. (From Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 70.) Plate VIII.—Section of cheese-curing room and horizontal multiple sub-earth duct. A, inlet to curing room; B, end of sub-earth duct in bricked entrance to factory; C, cross-section of the multiple ducts; D, E, bricked entrance under funnel at outer end of sub-earth duct; F, funnel with mouth 36 inches across; G, vane to hold funnel to the wind; H, ventilating flue with damper. (From Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 70.) Plate IX.—Showing how funnel and vane may be mounted. A, funnel; B, shaft of funnel; C, C, C, 1-inch gas pipe; D, D, 1%-inch gas pipe; H, cap for support of 1-inch gas pipe; F, G, H and M M and N N are stays of band iron bolted together and to the sides of the shaft to support the axis of the funnel; J, weather collar to turn rain out of shaft; K, L, band-iron to stiffen vane and attach it to funnel. (From Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 70.) ar Plate X.—Showing vertical sub-earth duct. A, brick chamber 25 to 30 feet below surface and 40 inches inside diameter; B, tile or conductor pipe of galvanized iron; ©, main shaft of funnel; D, brick chamber at upper end of duct. The circle and section represent a cast-iron plate to cover brick chamber A, and can be had of King & Walker, Madison, Wis. (From Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 70.) Libdn Waal) Deana A, A, Plate XI.—Showing vertical section of factory and sub-earth duct in well. funnel taking air into well; B, B, duct leading air from wall to curing room, C; 70.) Sta. Bul. Exp. (From Wis. Agr. ventilator. D, ae

, ; ; ; ni BS Ly avs teuatee s i P i ' : 2 Jn Nw 7 " : ' Lie is 4 a » f & ede (EM 1.3 ley : ‘we : > fia et tee Aa (ee | ® io} s “Th, Dries . : - ’ ‘ { ' ‘ ' y i ia . . ’ = th aT j % 3 ’ f C. » °< “ 7 I f | fe AD len ae f ie « : : ; L@ +3 + we 4 } ’ ‘ e3 4 ia > : oF <3 ? ' 0 » i ry t OLE , a Lv oe " ly typ : Ry es re 4 - o ™ ‘ ev “¥ 7 : ’ ' hbo w 1 eed se as ‘ ae , we . ey ey we : % it F, 7 it. ; : oe le SC VS (00 “ey foe ie or ie , oa aL bee ree j oA rn 2 LAE LE, A PE Pa toe hee a rie inc corm: spies Ty ts ua) , =) ’ “i . be ee 78 f ay Nha we ‘ 7 4 > ee we ; sus cows er AS ig oh : i \ 4 { P ' - 2 7 os ee 4 : t ’ ry a ‘ . :. J i + i * ; ve 7 t ¥ e. : 7 Pay = 6 * P v7 i 7 a . 7 . REPORT ON Crop Production. W. H. Jorpan, Director. G. W. CuurcuiLh, Agriculturist. F. A. Srerinn, In charge of Second Judicial Department Experiments. Taste oF ConrteENTS. I. Influence of manure upon sugar beets. Il. Commercial fertilizers for onions. robe & veduol.. R as i 7 ar Jeruitlion’ yA LAnIROK 8g : ra ‘ e @ - t r 7 p : reas /* a tatinga foioiivh: HaenA {oh SHOR oe AAnUNE: VALS - - @. =. = J i iz ' Tepe : Loe Sima - ; i ‘s i ; i) ” 7 ‘ ; he ; : ih. i oxe a a Or Es ahs a) ae ' 2 a ; 2 gl ee : ~ att oo 4 i Coa : .. SBTONTKOD> IO. faa = | merecasate he < aa - Al ens 1NSCa GONE ottitain 1 ann Unk aa us : ; ALO. 101 atoall oy lo mato 7 _ < ras am INFLUENCE OF MANURE UPON SUGAR BEETS.* W. H. JORDAN AND G. W. CHURCHILL. SUMMARY. (1) These experiments were undertaken to test the accuracy of the statement that sugar beets are of an inferior quality when grown on land to which stable manure is applied in the spring. (2) The experiments have been conducted during four consecu- tive years, mostly on the Station farm. Comparisons have been made of the quality of beets not manured, those grown with commercial fertilizer, mostly 1,000 lbs per acre, and those grown on land receiving in the spring, before planting the beets, from 40,000 Ibs. to 80,000 lbs. stable manure per acre. Beets from at least six varieties of seed were grown during the four years. (3) The results are almost unanimous.in one direction. The beets have been of high quality with all three methods of treat- ment, averaging somewhat better with the farm manure than with no manure or with commercial fertilizers. INTRODUCTION. The value of a given lot of sugar beets for sugar-making pur- poses depends chiefly upon two factors, viz.: the percentage of saccharose in the beets and the percentage and character of the soluble compounds accompanying the sugar. In general a beet is valuable in proportion to its content of crystallizable sugar, but if this is attended by too large an amount of certain soluble non-sugars, the effect is to prevent the crystallization of some of the saccharose which under better conditions would be © secured in the manufactured product. *A reprint of Bulletin No. 205. 924 Report on Crop PropuctTioN oF THE The relation of crystallizable sugar to the total solids in solution in the juice of beets is known as the coefficient of purity. It is generally taught that the percentage of sugar in beets and also the coefficient of purity are materially influenced by the kind and amount of fertilizing :naterial which is used in growing the crop. Growers are especially cautioned against planting beets on land freshly fertilized with stable manure and against heavy nitrogenous manuring with chemicals. It is stated that past experience has shown that beets raised where a generous application of farm manure is made in the spring are inferior for manufacturing purposes, and it is suggested that while a large application of nitrate of soda may not cause a diminution of the sugar content it may so lower the coefficient of purity as to lessen materially the proportion of available sugar. In 1898 experiments conducted by this Station in growing beets with the use of farm manures and with commercial fertil- izers in varying quantities gave results in apparent conflict with prevailing views.1. These results have led to the continuation, during the past three years, of experiments of a similar char- acter, the outcome of which is presented in this bulletin. THE EXPERIMENTS. GENERAL PLAN AND CONDITIONS. The experiments were planned with reference to comparing the composition of beets grown with commercial fertilizers and those grown with stable manure applied in the spring just before planting. Check plats have also been used in order to ascertain how the beets would grow without the application of any manure whatever. All the experiments have been conducted on the Station farm, excepting in the year 1898, when one set was carried out on the farm of F. E. Dawley, Fayetteville. Excepting the year 1899, when texture conditions were tN. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul. No. 155, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 225 unfavorable on some of the plats, owing to a lack of rain at the time of germination of the seed, the beets were successfully grown, both as to quantity and as to the type and healthfulness of the plants. The temperature and rainfall as shown by records kept at the Station are of interest in this connection. TABLE I.—TEMPERATURE AT GENEVA, 1898. 1899. i rs Month. Max. Min. Av. Max. Min. AY. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. April @eerevoeveeveeseeteeoeverep eee seeseeeaeeeeeve 52.7 33.6 43.2 56. 8 F Mays So ose liie so ce Melfeicc sie aercistetse 65.5 47.4 57 68.7 46.4 57.8 AVIA Y creo ,corre BOO CECE DO OC OCICO Cre hoe GS22 | Okie2, 160 7G 8253515668 169.5 PUL i arcsec cis cress, o'Sie%s eysr eins Siaisiota stake Scene Kelas Galen 7E Loe TS eae "aloe PAUITOTIS HM ia.) srcubidteiat a ae: revere, eiere slece dice OOLGe Gia) ell Saco) Ove ameGlaG SEDcemDeT sine sielevciclers dee aiosevetetastes ex Oia Ae OOL Oe ieee 50 60.6 AV CLONIC iclarsielatetclelelalete cleleleleleicielalciciesis = 61.4 42.8 52.1 63.8. 42.9 5374 1900. 1901. Month. Tae mee aS eo ee Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. PAINT Welerayere ieva rere: Neysteiere mieletetoie) efete 52.7 34.2 43.5 56 87.1 46.5 IME Ve i sss qstele/s,clateicweveye: overs alchetoloteicrerarere oo) OS0) 0449) FGate on 46.8 56.9 MINIT Steve ret sieve c ciele levers. < orecoie’ ee slotslale solely Seen Hea OSs 4 SO oT Aa Geo gale Eek Bade DAY. eaacedat 83).2.162 ) / 72.6) 8822" 65.1 76.68 PAM OIG TE she's, Gye recerey sta, 68) oi ene a olsvaie Kelepolo) 2 85 63.1 74.1 80.9 61.1 Ti PCP ULCMMDCL) o-cii eis x6; es siaieiers ois.a.c)ats oles (sigh) IR -3) GHagal 7s 53 64 WUE edeveddacascdccescctesscace GS-4) 40-4 57.9 Col Az 51.4 TABLE II.—PRECIPITATION AT GENEVA, Month. 1892, 1899. 1900, 1901. In, In. In. In, MVEA ID cottafe: cra tet srcessithaerciels sic sia Wel olcie acctos 1.54 22 .02 ZIG ADRU celal ccate aves @ stereta ss aoa eee ene ; 2.03 a2 .95 4.43 May peta ttralatchele sveveroretele s'cltvel atche ata c/eree 1.90 1.69 dere 3.80 MUMMERS cele Neves caters: sielatel he oie Se Resa soe 2.39 i 7a! 1.45 2.07 UWI oe CERRO OOO BOOT OCI CREO OIG > On Cree 1S 4.15 6.53 3.97 SANE USE ie eye tes oy af aveds SOC COO OOR PRD ie Bre ee 3.60 1.05 1.75 5.62 SED Lemme roar, reveteesieveisttos ols tosis dtkew ies sels 1.86 22s 91 2.46 OCIOMER arscvecateratehrkteloe ote ee baw te thee 3.83 2,69 3.65 aan MOtALS Crs H Ge MlOMLN SW. ae, )ehs/s aielaverere 2 18.47 15.86 16.97 25.89 Total for May, June, July and ATID US bomtelerciernietelabeietateree BSD AO.CRC 9.21 8.60 11.44 15.46 226 Report on Crop Propvuction oF THE Attention is called to the great variations in the rainfall during the four months most important in the life of the plants. In 1899 there was a deficiency in available water but not in 1901. The soil of the Station farm is a strong clay loam, well adapted to general farming and capable of producing large crops when well handled. The plats used in the beet experiments could not be regarded as especially deficient in fertility, and would not respond to the application of manures as would poorer land. The methods used in the cultivation of the crop were those approved by past practice and no detailed statement concerning them is necessary in this connection, THE MANURE. The stable manure used was a mixture of that coming from the cow and horse stables of the Station, sufficiently composted and mixed to render it fine and of uniform composition. The manure actually applied to the beet soil was analyzed only one year, 1901. Manure from the same general source and used in another experiment was analyzed in 1897, 1898 and 1899. From the data thus secured it is possible to know approximately the amounts of plant food supplied to the crops from this source. TABLE III.—CoMPOSITION OF MANURE MADE IN THE STATION STABLES. Phosphoric Year. Water. Nitrogen. acid. Potash. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Perret. * HO Tet cts casters s foleyalalaieietoy ce MSO .389 .360 .o42 Used on corn. MSS e c\ereievaye ovate ie cl eleVeicre (GAL .563 241 .593 Used on corn. USOO OF Srarevafere ove whels!'s TASS -529 .576 .851 Used on wheat. MOO Mee setes Ae SAO Crareete § Lue 445 082 138 Used on beets. In 1901 the manure was applied at the rate of 80,000 lbs. per acre, in all other years at the rate of 40,000 lbs. The commercial fertilizer mixture was essentially the same tlroughout. Its ingredients and approximate composition are given in Table IV, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227 TABLE IV.—FERTILIZER MIXTURE! USED ON SUGAR BEETS. In one Material. ton. Lbs. Acid MOS DMG erclel cielereieteleleleiesel cl ele! sie’ « 900 SIMA OL LWOLAS Melee slajacielelerieee sie. 300 Dried blood...... tel cieiclech syelarateisisisietersy sree 400 Nitrate of soda..... Selvevereversrartataceicietoretete 400 BTS fel yat ste & sriarehe o.oo) o.e1:01515°8 sacgdosnocen 2000 In 1000 Ibs. of the mixture... In WELCECIUALES crateieletecis)olelelelelelciciele ecleiaisiele Containing approximately— -— Nitro- gen. PXPERIMENTS oF 1898.1 ~ Phos- eF . phoric Pot- acid. ash. Lbs. Lbs. WAS Gaococ pode 150 Sie vere 134 150 67 75 6.7 7.5 These were carried on both on the Station farm and on the farm of F. E. Dawley, Fayetteville, N. Y. The plats were 1-12 acre at the Station and at Mr. Dawley’s 1-16 acre. In the tables which follow the yields are given for one acre. TABLE V.—COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS ON SUGAR BEETS, 1898. Yield of trimmed and Amount of washed beets Sugar fertilizer used. per acre. in beets.2 Lbs. Lbs. Per ct. 0 20, 425 15.2 500 21,375 15.6 500 27,140 14.5 1000 26,928 14.4 1000 26, 250 14.7 1500 23 , 822 14.3 1500 27,920 14.9 2000 22,073 15.0 2000 27,815 17.0 0 18, 585 15.4 0 17,740 17.2 500 23,373 15.2 500 24,075 14.3 1000 24, 220 14.5 1000 24,220 15.9 1500 26,890 15.3 1500 26, 3830 15.2 1Reported in Bulletin No. 155. 2The percentages of sugar in the beetS as given in the bulletins are the results of actual determinations on the basis of a weighed quantity of beet and are not calculated from the sugar in:the juice. Coefficient of purity of juice. 1) | mom Mm Ww Mm He OOO Sd Ot ( (i 0 Cl NYHWWDOHODHANAUNBROAOADND 87 Average weight of beets analyzed, . Ozs. 1614 16% 15 20 Place of experiment. Station. Station. Station. Station. Station. Station. Station. Station. Station. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. Fayetteville. YY8 Report on Crop Propvucrion oF THE TABLE VI.—SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD OF SUGAR BEETS IN 1898. Yield per acre. Fertilizer Number oc FF used of experi- Increased per acre. ments. Lowest. Highest. Average. average. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 0 3 17, 740 20, 425 19, 294 500 Es 21,375 27,140 23 , 990 4,696 1000 4 24, 220 26,928 25,405 6, Li 1500 + 23 , 822 27,920 26, 240 6,946 2000 2 22,073 27,875 24,974 5,680 TABLE VII.—SumMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS UPON PERCENT - AGE OF SUGAR IN BEETS IN 1898. Amount of sugar in beets. Fertilizer used Number of (a per acre, experiments. Lowest. Highest. ‘Average. Lbs. Fer ct. Per ct. Per ct. 0 3 15.2 17.2 15.9 500 4 14.3 15.6 14.9 1000 4 14.4 15.9 14.9 1500 + 14.3 15.3 14.9 2000 2 15.0 17.0 16.0 TABLE VIII.—SumMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS UPON COEFFI- CIENT OF PURITY OF SUGAR BEETS IN 1898. Coefficient of purity. ——t Fertilizer used Number of eC O per acre. experiments. Lowest. Highest. Average. Lbs. 0 3 81.6 85.2 83.9 500 4 Gi! 86.0 82.1 1000 4 78.3 85.4 82.1 1500 4 79.7 85.8 82.5 2000 2 83.6 87.1 86.3 Ew YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 929 TABLE IX.—RESULTS OF APPLYING STABLE MANURE IN GROWING SUGAR BEETs, 1898. Amount of stable Yield of Average Distance manure trimmed Coefficient weight between applied and washed Sugar in of purity of beets beets Place of per acre. beets. beets. of juice. analyzed. inrow. | experiment. Lbs, Per ct. Ozs. In. oes dude ete 20,425 15.2 85.2 16% 8 Station. ZA GOMS yrelein 25,360 18.5 85.2 12 6 Station. AO MtONS ey 6.6 29,340 aro, 86.2 13 8 Station. ZOPCOUS' (ee) « 28, 690 16.4 86.7 15 10 Station. ZOMtONS2 25) 27,100 aL aay 85.2 11 6 Station. ZO TONS iciers 28, 354 16.2 85.7 12% 8 Station. 20 tons.... 28, 6380 Ufo 87.4 13 10 Station. 20 tons.... 29, 656 17.8 86.4 11 6 Station. 20 tons.... 29,533 Ue 87.7 14 8 Station. 2A) LONS\ asso, 6 31, 944 ACSC 87.8 12 10 Station. eet Sa keven.s - 16,050 14.4 UTets) 181% 8 Fayetteville. Opera osc ‘siais 18, 022 ma 82.0 16 & 8 Fayetteville. PORTONSias 66 23,514 18.2 Sikes 844 8 Fayetteville. 20 tons.... 25,625 15.7 78.8 11% 8 Fayetteville. 20) tons... 24, 780 a alt 78.0 14% 8 Fayetteville. 20) tons... ¢ 25,485 14.3 79.0 11% 8 Fayetteville. 20 tons.... 27, 034 ee 80.3 15% 8 Fayetteville. 20 tons.... 26, 750 ala) 87.5 12% . 8 Fayetteville. TABLE X.—SUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF STABLE MANURE ON YIELD OP SuGAR BEETS, 1898. Yield per acre. Amount of _————— ee stable manure Number of Increased used per acre. experiments. -Lowest. Highest. Average. average. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ve Aige oae scoanboced 3 16,050 20,425 18,73 —_- 20) TOMS b5 BODO COT OOO 15 23,514 31,944 27, 450 8,720 TABLE XI.—SumMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF STABLE MANURE ON PERCENT- AGE OF SUGAR IN SUGAR BEETs, 1898. Amount of sugar in beets. Number of ——— $s Amount of stable Manure used per acre. experiments. Lowest. Highest. Average, Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Vinee BE hidis Baoraeot arobepsielaieveieveter 6 3 14.4 15.5 eee AVE LOMS ephetereraracorstalctens tors ievelave ore BOGE 15 1isieil 18.5 16.6 TABLE XII.—SumMmMaAry SHOWING EFFECT OF STABLE MANURE Upon Co- ‘EFFICIENT OF PURITY OF SUGAR BEETS, 1898. Coefficient of purity. —— Se ee =e, Amount of stable manure used per acre. Lowest. Highest. Average, erate clidie hiasoohe eis sicatekevehe cue mcteketeeteholeleleialeievers Te Si.2 §2.6 Gr) P< UCD NIST eeAIC DigiciG KORO CS CRO ie Eee ER a 78.0 387.8 84.2 230 Report on Crop Propvuction oF THE EXPERIMENT OF 1899. This was similar in plan to those of 1898 and was conducted on the Station farm. As before stated, the crop was a failure on part of the plats, owing to a failure of the seed to germinate. Only on the check plat and on the plats to which farm manure was applied was there a uniform stand of plants. Because of lack of rain at critical times the crop was reduced below the normal. The seed was sown June 1 and the crop was harvested November 22. The plats were 1-86 acre in area. To avoid error, 20 beets from each plat were analyzed. TABLE XIII.—SuGArR BEETS GROWN WITH STABLE MANURE, 1899. Yield Average Distance 7, trimmed Sugar Coefficient weight apart Plat Stable manure applied beets in of of of No. per acre. per acre. beets. purity. beets. beets. Lbs. Per ct. Per ct. Ozs. In. DOM cisisjasc Se 6 eye sie 15,840 14.8 84.2 10 +: L220 ONS. <\. oss ase 25, 200 14.9 83.9 8 6 13 20 tons So0e 23 , 400 15.7 85.9 8.7 8 ANE ZO) COUS : [sicicte'e c'2 ee 21,960 15 A 85.7 10.4 10 Do “ZO TONS c's ses se.0 22, 320 15.4 83.3 8.7 6 AG) ~ 202 LONG). ry waste ose 22,320 15.5 84.6 9.5 8 tap ecOMLORS. vate era cee 21,020 16 86 11.2 10 1S ZO SLONS)«\ sos lat Sunvades Melanie BSES220e tee el Gun siluaG 18 4 Vilmorins Improved White... 40,051 13.4 15.8 £83 18 5 White Queen of the North.. 385,685 14.9 16.6 84 18 6 Austrian Special Kleinwan- ZLEWENEC Ll tts, 5 Mereealerehs ace 6 37,171 =14.2) 15 84.4 17% PLATS WITH FARM MANURE, 40,000 Las. PER ACRE: @ \Vilmorins Improved White.. 41,395 Boil 8 White Queen of the North.. 38,077 ..... Ufa OFM OD Ie 19 9 Austrian Special IKleinwan- ZLCDOTIOL A rciecaporestenshares ahevere levers 6 AQ DON recs cys 15.7 84.3 19 10 Vilmorins Improved White... 438,968 15.5 16.8 86.2 18 11 White Queen of the North.. 38,784 15.4 17.5 838.9 19 12 Austrian Special Kleinwan- PACWENELA J.) ccceishaleiete eaidiestcw o » 44,800 ¢ 4. AGrall’ (85 20 TABLE X VI.—SuMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF MANURE UPON THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF SUGAR BEETS (BY VARIETI«s), 1900. Yield Sugar Sugar Coeffi- in i per in cient of Varieties and manures. acre, beet. juice. purity. Lbs. ' Per ct. Per ct. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER, 1000 LBs. PER ACRE: Vilmorins Improved White............. 41,310 3.4 LoS 83.3 White Queen of the North..... sorcerers BES be GiichosT 14.9 Gk 84.4 Austrian Special Kleinwanzlebener..... 387,996 14.2 14.8 83 STABLE MANuRE, 40,000 Les. PER ACRE: Vilmorins Improved White............. 42,681 15.5 16.4 85 White Queen of the North.............. 39,430 15.4 IC 84.5 Austrian Special Kleinwanzlebener..... 42,700 14.7 U5}, 84.6 GENERAL SUMMARY: Beets with commercial fertilizers....... 88,979 14.2 15.6 83.6 Beets with stable manure.i2.).0..... ~. 41,604 ees 16.6 84.7 232 Report on Cror Propvcrion oF THE EXPERIMENT OF 1901. The seed of the two varieties of beets came from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Each variety was planted in dupli- cate on both commercial fertilizer and farm manure plats TABLE XVII.—RESULTS OF MANURING SUGAR BEETS, 1901, Coef- Yield ficients of of Av. P beets Sugar Sugar purity weight lat. per in in of beets No. Variety and treatment. acre. beets. juice. juice. an’lyz'd Lbs. Perct, Per ct. Ozs. DeEp’T No. 6359, MEYERS FRIEDB- RICKSWERTER: 1 80,000 lbs. stable manure per acre. 40,710 13. 1000 Ibs. commercial fertilizer..... 36,660 12. 3 INOMMATUTC HA tcc eicteels insite eee sce nee los Li) ke CO dD _ 1D me Oo wm -1 Sea O11 _ ra i) DeEp’T No. 5772, DIPPES GERMAN: 4 80,000 lbs. stable manure per acre. 33,570 13.4 18. 5 1000 lbs. commercial fertilizer..... 28,190 15.6 20. a | pe we “1 & 4S fond, te) re TABLE XVIII.—StUMMARY SHOWING EFFECT OF MANURES UPON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF SUGAR BEETs, 1901. Yield Sugar Sugar Coef- of beets in in ficient of per acre. beets. - juice, purity. Lbs. Per ct. Per ct. INOMMANUC hse scsct sinicele erelctecleee oss. LODE LLO 1B Mal ulrerel 82.9 1000 lbs. commercial fertilizer.......... 382,425 13.9 18.6 85.7 80,000 Ibs. stable manure...........2.-- 3o7, 140 16353: Ga 79 In this experiment the commercial fertilizer used was similar to that applied in former years, both in kind and quantity, but the stable manure was increased from 40,000 to 80,000 Ibs. per acre. This was an excessive application of an animal manure, twice as much as what most farmers would consider a liberal quantity. Fifty beets from each plat were analyaen Tables XVII and XVIII show results. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. These experiments, which have been carried through four years, have included the growing of beets from high grade seed from yarious sources, at least six different varieties (names) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 233 being present. The main question at issue in this work has been the effect of commercial fertilizers and stable manure upon the manufacturing value of the beets, with especial reference to the possibility of depressing the quality of beets by growing them on land to which stable manure has been freshly applied. A determination of the percentages of sugar and of the coefficients of purity has been the means of judging of the quality of the beets grown. No determination has been made of the character of the non-sugars present in the juice. If beets may be standardized as to quality by the proportion of sugar _in them, together with the coefficient of purity, then the conclu- sions to be drawn from the data herewith presented are plainly indicated. Attention is directed to the figures of the preceding tables but more especially to the general summary in Table XIX. TABLE XIX.—GENERAL SUMMARY OF RESULTS SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF MANURE UPON THE QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS, 1898-1901. No manure. Commercial fertilizer. Stable manure. SS eee Se SS Sugar Sugar Coef- Sugar Sugar Coef- Sugar Sugar Coef- in in ficient of in in ficient of in n ficient of Year grown. beets. juice. purity. beets. juice. purity. beets. juice. purity. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. WROS= Station, T5220 ve... Soae, 15 5606 eS tajes La aaa LR memmitoS & 86.5 1898 “Dawley 15.6%... S16 15 Jo00 79.4 °15.9 ADbe 80.8 OOM rane ctcte LOPES PSEIZ 4 Pyke scars a3 ors 15.6 elie Oi ae oorL TOOL E eee ke LOO PIAA 6) 83 Gs Lat GY VERA 7, THT, Klotcdeasy iota £041 182.9, 13.9.0 18: Gt, 85.70: 4 Asad: Wess yy ED The data here presented are strikingly opposed to what is regarded as the orthodox method of manuring sugar beet land. It so happens that, with the exception of the crop of 1901, not only does the stable manure fail to depress the quality of the beets, but the crops grown where it was applied in the spring show a higher percentage of sugar than where commercial ferti- lizer was used or where no manure was applied. In 1901 the percentage of sugar was but little lower but the coefficient of purity appeared to drop. In this case the stable manure was used in an excessive quantity. 234 Report on Crop PRopucrion OF THE TaBLE XX.—INFLUENCE OF MANURES ON THE RELATION OF THE ROOTS AND Tors oF SuGAR BEETs, 1900, 1901. Experiment 1900. Experiment 1901. ST | er ee << Weight Weight Per ct. Weight Weight Per ct. No.of beets beets weight No.of beets of beets weight beets with without of beets with without of Treatment. w’hed. tops. tops. roots. weighed. tops. tops. roots. Ounces. Ounces. Per ct. Ounces. Ounces. Per ct. Commercial fertilizer plats: late (2 VSO) Pe reese ater. AQ” WGI ST2) 5.1 be 952! eiiew tole Pla te2a(o5 1901) ee crorsieierore 20 409 309 5.5 55 839 698 83.2 Meat st avers corsteielesene rehets¥evors 20 369 284 16.9 TA tA eteice sate tis ee cle re 20 367 PAST CG = Plats 4: .tacdaswewine: é 201 vane 272) Tis PABLO coca tele sicuslevecei rays 20) 9365, 297, 78iee 5 ASVCTIAC CRs aicvewrers cheicqe sf iplnleray decide wn) hele oroph RU Gidia Ue otster ni ielel lox l tebe an meeree Stable manure plats: ) EAB Beret es fe Oa Se gee ct 40 837 676 80.7 5b (926) Goer eZeG Platt8*(4, 1901) 25s. ed Anis AOL swig a0 '3}5 ipalimeit ao)! Lew beet [fa yae bites: PATIO) AVA. iets clecistens 56 40 68 626 82 Plat DOW. searecheihaeiee rs ls 20 354 268 74.3 A alaifiot de se ioc jae tere eee aXe 20° 318) 253: 7955 Plats Diy pateckarrers recente 20; 743856 322) 9b IAVETALO ss co's aeisieerey Miss? Kale ctebicisis sR GORO? Ertciolen iis elsleltntsiorncmnCS ING. LELtIIZErA(S, SL OOD) wie remetebefe tele lefevre nea MePey valstets 951° 186°" 82.6 Single beet, commercial RELtiiZers: & fcoe ects es Rive NBATV Se serie oul Gries) al es oe een eter Single beet, stable MANULC . es oo skies steal eeca Uo RMD wits. ode hoo al OOnmaeer ol Ol Some indication of the relative effect of the two kinds of manures may be gained from knowing the relation by weight of roots and tops. In 1900 and 1901 carefully selected beets from all the plats were weighed before and after trimming. The results of these weighings are given in Table XX. It does not appear from the above data that stable manure induced an excessive growth of leaves as compared with com- mercial manures. . It is fair to inquire if, in the nature of things, there are good reasons for expecting results different from those detailed here. Why should plant food derived from stable manure cause growth unlike that sustained by chemical manures? While we cannot enter into all the secrets of the life of the plant, such a New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 935 specific difference does not appear to be rational. It does not appear in the experiments here recorded that the yield of beets was greatly larger with 40,000 to 80,000 Ibs. of stable manure per acre than with 1000 lbs. of commercial fertilizer. It seems extremely probable that if a fresh application of stable manure ever causes the ranker vegetative growth, this result must be attributed either to the larger quantities of fertilizing ingredi- ents which are usually supplied in comparison with chemical manures, or to the modifying influences upon the soil of its organic matter as affecting texture and water holding power. Granting that the excessive amounts of nitrogen and other ele- ments of plant food contained in the usual application of stable manure are sometimes the cause of too rank growth, then the use of less manure will modify this effect which is undesirable with some plants. In case the better texture and greater water holding power that the manure induces, and which are so desir- able conditions to secure for most soils, are the explanation of the great vigor of the plants, it would not seem wise to with- hold the manure, but to control the character of the growth by regulating the quantity of manure and number of plants on a given space and by other means. The evidence which this bulletin presents shows clearly that under the conditions involved, stable manure was freely applied to the beet land in the spring just before planting the seed without injury to the quality of the beets. If this proves to be true in general, no time limitations are to be placed on the use of such manure, and sugar beet produc- tion will not demand of the farmer an annual expenditure of cash for commercial fertilizers because they are a necessity in this line of farming. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR ONIONS.* W. H. JORDAN AND F. A. SIRRINE. SUMMARY. (1) Experiments in the use of different quantities of a com- plete fertilizer in growing onions were conducted at Florida, Orange county, N. Y., for four years on the same field and for one year on a field of another farm. (2) The quantities of fertilizer used were 0, 500 lbs., 1000 Ibs., 1500 lbs. and 2000 Ibs. per acre. (3) On the Purdy field (four years), when only 500 Ibs. of fer- tilizer was used, the manure cost of the increase of crop was 16.6 cts. per barrel; with 1000 lbs., 79.5 cts.; with 1500 Ibs., 80.4 cts., and with 2000 lbs., 227.8 cts. (4) The profit from using the fertilizer came mostly from the first 500 Ibs. applied, averaging $35.84 per acre. With onions at $1.25 per barrel the profit was slightly larger (about $3 per acre) with both the 1000 Ibs. and 1500 lbs. of fertilizer per acre; but 2000 Ibs. was used at a loss. (5) On the Mars field one experiment was conducted which showed no increase of yield from applying commercial fertilizer , even in the larger quantities. (6) The results of these experiments show clearly that the crops were limited more by other conditions than by the extent of the plant-food supply. With the best conditions of season and water supply the smallest amount of fertilizer supported the maximum crop. *A reprint of Bulletin No. 206, New York AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. Y87 (7) Considering the varying market price of onions from one year to another and the various vicissitudes to which the crop is subjected, the use of the larger quantities of fertilizer (above 500 lbs.) was attended by danger of financial loss. GENERAL CONDITIONS. Experiments and investigations were begun by the Station in the Second Judicial Department of New York in the year 1894. One of the conditions of practice prevalent in that portion of the State, especially with the market gardeners and potato and onion growers, was the excessive use of commercial fertilizers. The application of one ton or more per acre of a high grade, complete fertilizer was frequently observed. Reasoning from general facts, it did not seem clear that such a large expenditure for commercial plant-food was justified from the standpoint of profit. In order to determine the correctness of this view, field experiments with fertilizers on potatoes were begun on Long Island in 1895, which were continued until 1900, during the last four years of which time observations were made on four farms located at different points in potato growing dis- tricts. The general outcome of these experiments was to show that, so far as profit from the potato crops was concerned, the use of 1000 lbs. of fertilizer per acre was more profitable than the use of 500 Ibs., 1500 Ibs. or 2000 Ibs. In 1898 similar observations were begun at Florida, Orange County, on the use of commercial fertilizers in growing onions. These have been continued each year since, the experiment of 1901 being regarded as concluding the series. THE EXPERIMENTS, PLAN. In these experiments, conducted for four years on one farm (Purdy field) and for one year on another (Mars field), approx- imately one acre of land was utilized in each locality. This acre 233 Report on Crop Propuctrion oF THE was divided into ten plats, which were treated in accordance with the diagram shown below. On the field where the experi- ment was continued for four years, each plat received the treatment as indicated each year of the entire time, with the exception noted under “ Fertilizers used.” FERTILIZERS USED. PLATS IN FERTILIZER EXPERI- ARRANGEMENTS OF ONION MENTS. i No fertilizer. 9 500 Ibs. fertilizer per acre. 9 1000 Ibs. fertilizer per acre. The fertilizer was applied annu- ally. For three years it was com- : : 5. pounded in accordance with 2000 Ibs, fertilizer per acre. formula for some time so popular with Long Island farmers, viz.: No ee ies nitrogen, eight per ct. acid andten per ct. In 1901 the potash was changed to five per ct. four per ct. 7 i 500 Ibs. fertilizer per | 4, 1500 lbs. fertilizer per acre. acre. phosphoric : potash. 8 1000 Ibs. fertilizer per acre. Crimson clover was sown on the 9. : 1500 lbs. fertilizer per Purdy field in August of 1900, | 1000 1bs. fertilizer I which grew to a height of from acre. 10. 2000 Ibs. fertilizer per acre. four to six inches and was plowed under the very last of November. tilizer was the only means employed of adding fertility to the land, other than the usual cultivation. In 1901 no fertilizer was applied to plats 6 to 10 of the Purdy field. With this exception the fer- LOCATION AND CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The location of the experiments was at Florida, Orange county, N. Y.,a region where onion growing is an important industry. The soil is the kind so highly regarded by onion growers, being black, peaty and friable, with a water table about two feet helow the surface, except in the time of a severe drought. Such soil appears to allow the continuous production of the same crop without the appearance of the unfavorable conditions which N ew York AgricutturaL ExprrErRIMENT STATION. 239 follow with most soils where a rotation of crops is not practiced. During the course of the experiment insect and fungus troubles and excess of water caused more or less damage, the instances of which will be mentioned in the proper connections. As stated, two fields were used, the Purdy field for four years and the Mars field for one year. In 1897 the former field pro- duced a crop of onions, receiving a small application of commer- cial fertilizer. Previous to 1897 the crops had been grass, corn and potatoes. The Mars field had been generously manured in previous years. oa NOTES. In the conduct of these experiments approved methods of cul- ture were followed at the hands of experienced onion growers, The fertilizer was sown broadcast before the drilling of the seed. The planting generally occurred late in April and the harvesting of the crop during the last half of August. Unfavorable conditions prevailed to some extent every year of the experiments. In 1898 Plat 10 of the Purdy field was flooded for a short time soon after the young plants made their appearance. Again in 1900 Plats 7, 8, 9 and 10 were partially flooded on two occa- sions, but this occurred late in August, not long before the crop was gathered, and as the onions which had rotted were weighed, the figures given show the approximate yield. The crops suffered more or less every year from smut, mildew and the maggot, but the plats appear not to have been injured to a sufficiently unlike extent to seriously impair the accuracy of the work in measuring the yield. ‘ In 1900 and 1901 a mixture of sulphur and lime in the propor- tion of 2 to 1 by weight was sown with the seed at the rate of 150 Ibs. per acre. This was sown as a preventive of smut. Several tables follow showing the plat yield, the acreage yield ealculated both in pounds and bushels and the outcome of the experiments considered from a financial point of view. 940 Revort on Crop Propuction oF THE TABLE I.—YIELD OF ONIONS ON PuURDY FIELD FOR Four YEARS, 1898-1901, BY PLATS. Yield per plats.4 Quantity of fertilizer e—_ ——_ —_ __., Plat No. per acre. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Averaye. Lhs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. i None SE: Seige, ADF 823 1704144 605 906 ay OO STDS. di foke cs bicreratts : 681% 1045144 2704 1257 1422 De LOO Sis teres wreak acemin ne 702144 1148 2813% 1425 1522 A SOO MDS... ccverckes ane sees Gola 1416 2736 1423 1601 B20 sz bss elles ee Ee 821 1382%4 269814 1499 1600 . 6 None ato Siskstalsiioisierss 602 858 2118 923? 1125 MeO LOS sere tate te svexere Suiboc 693 1108 2665 ial 1396 S000 1DSt EOS AE 721 1259144 2636 1212 1458 SEAT HOO MDS i ers.c:ars Ricteie's SOc 835 18414%, 258814 13898? 1541 10% -2O00MIDS those eae 814144 1298 2540 1371? 1599° 1Size of Plats 1 to 9, .0794 acre; Plat 10, .0843 acre. 2 Plats 6 to 10 received no fertilizer in 1901. 3 Calculated to yield for 0794 acre. TABLE II.—AcRE YIELD OF PURDY FIELD SHOWING INCREASE FROM FER: TILIZERS. Average yield per acre for four years. THT: Increase for each addition Quantity of fertilizer Increase over of 500 Ibs. Plat No. per acre. Pounds. Barrels. no fertilizer. fertilizer. Bobls. Bois. a THIN OT GS 40 Scales dead, trees un- 1 Moderately in- | injured. ( fested. J 2?“ Extensively infested” as used in this and other tables means that the trees were encrusted on parts of the trunk and some of the larger limbs. Moderately and slightly infested mean to a less degree. Time of tests in Table Vi—Winter treatment. Trees sprayed Dee. 24. TABLE V.—WINTER SPRAYING IN ORCHARD II, Trees. eerenetn SSS SS SS 8) Number petro- Kind. treated. Degree of infestation. Jeum. Results. Per ct. PEAR:- Bartlett ...... 4 1 Extensively, 1 mild- 25 Scales not affected. ly and 2 slightly in- Trees uninjured. fested. Bartlett ...... 4 2 Extensively and 2 40 Scales dead ‘Trees slightly infested. uninjured. Bartlett ...... 4 3 Extensively infested 60 Scales dead® Trees | : 2 nearly dead), 1 uninjured. moderately infested. Bartlett ....... 4 38 Extensively infested 100 Scales dead. The two (2 nearly dead), 1 trees most seriously moderately infested. infested were killed the others slightly injured. _3On some of the trees sprayed with the high percentages of crude petroleum an occasional live scale was found, but as they were always upon some small twig that might easily have escaped thorough treatment they were not considered ag affecting the results. 17 er ~~ 258 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Time of tests in Table VI.—Spring treatment. Trees sprayed April 18. TABLE VI.—SrRING SPRAYING IN ORCHARD II, Trees. Strength (aS SS SSS SSE So of Number petro- Kind. treated. Degree of infestation. leum. Results. Per ct. PEAR: Bartlett ...... 4 2 Extensively and 2 25 Scales not affected. mildly infested. Trees uninjured. Bartlett ...... -4 2 Extensively and 2 40 Scales dead. ‘Trees mildly infested. uninjured. Bartlett ...... 4 3 Extensively and 1 60 Scales dead. Trees mildly infested. uninjured. Bartlett ...... 4 All mildly infested... 100 Scales dead. ‘Trees uninjured. Weather during tests in Table VII.—Winter and spring treat- ment. Trees sprayed Dec. 8 and April 18. Dec. 8 temperature 29°, cloudy. Weather during the week following alternating cloudy and fair with average temperature of 22°, TABLE VII.—WINTER AND SPRING SPRAYING IN ORCHARD II, Trees. Strevgul ef Number Tene Kind. treated. Degree of infestation. leum. Results. Per ct. PEAR: Bartlett ....... 38 1 Hxtensively and 2 235 Scales’ show slight mildly infested. effect of treatment. , Trees uninjured. Bartlett ...... 4 2 Moderately and 2 40 Scales dead. Trees slightly infested. uninjured. LECT Boao ec 4 2 Moderately and 2 -60 Seales dead, 1 tree slightly infested. dead, 1 nearly dead and 2 seriously in- jured. Bartlett ...... 4 1 Extensively and 3 100 Scales dead, 3 trees moderately infested. dead, 1 nearly dead. SUMMARY FOR ORCHARD II, The experiments in this orchard indicate that the 25 per ct. emulsion cannot be depended upon to kill the dormant scales, while the 40 per ct. emulsion gives satisfactory results. The power of the pear tree to resist the injurious effects of crude petroleum is also indicated. There was no apparent injury to any of the trees sprayed once, although many were much weak- ened by the scale, except in one case where the trees were nearly New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 259 dead at the time time of spraying. These trees were killed by the undiluted petroleum (Table V.). The trees sprayed twice (Table VII), with 60 per ct. and undiluted petroleum were killed or seriously injured in every case. But those receiving the weaker emulsions, 25 and 40 per ct., were uninjured in- dicating that pear trees may be sprayed twice, once during the winter and once during the early spring with a petroleum emul- sion strong enough (40 per ct.) to kill the scale without being injured. ORCHARD III: APPLES. This orchard consists of thirty-two Baldwin apple trees in full bearing. AI] were infested but none sufficiently to be seriously weakened. They have been well cared for and, except for the scale, are in good condition. The experiments were undertaken principally to ascertain whether large trees moderately infested with the scale could be satisfactorily treated with crude petroleum. The trees were too large to make thorough spraying practicable without severe pruning. They were therefore cut back severely in October and finally sprayed, with the results shown in Tables VIII and IX. Weather during tests in Table VIII.—Winter treatment. Trees sprayed Dec. 20 to 22. Average temperature of the three days 33°. TABLE VIII.—WINTER SPRAYING IN ORCHARD III, Trees. Strength = ee — —— ot Number etro- Kind. treated Degree of infestation. eum, Results. Per ct. APPLE: ok © an Baldwin ..... 8 1 Extensively, 3 mod- 25 Scales not affected. erately and 4 slight- Trees uninjured. ly infested. Baldwin ..... 8 1 Extensively, 2 mod- 40 Scales dead, except erately and 5 slight- on some of the ly infested. small branches where many live ones were found. 5 trees dead, re- mainder seriously injured. 260 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Weather during tests in Table IX.—Spring treatment. Trees sprayed April 19. Temperature 34°, cloudy with slight rain. Weather during the week following cloudy with frequent show- ers. Average temperature 48°. TABLE IX.—SprInG SPRAYING IN ORCHARD III. Trees. Strength ———————— ~ on of Nuwber peiro- Kind. treated. Degree of infestation, Jeum. Results. Per ct. APPLE: ishioayaiole poco 8 2 Extensively and 6 25 Scales not affected. moderately infested. Trees uninjured. Baldwin ..... 8 1 Extensively and 3 40 Seales dead,except on moderately infested. some of the small branches where many live ones were found. Trees tn- injured. SUMMARY FOR ORCHARD III. The results in this orchard show only partial success for the treatment. As with the other experiments the 25 per ct. emulsion had no noticeable effect on the insect. The lack of thorough work with the 40 per ct. emulsion appeared to be due to the difficulty of reaching every limb and twig on large trees. This seems evident because nearly all of the scales were dead, the live ones being found only on a few small branches that might easily have escaped thorough treatment. The serious injury to the eight trees sprayed during the winter with the 40 per ct. mixture was unexpected. As apples are not considered especially sensitive to treatment with crude petro- leum and similar insecticides and as the other apple trees in- cluded in the experiments were not seriously injured by similar treatment it seems probable that some other factor besides the petroleum must have had an important influence. The apple trees that were uninjured by the winter treatment of 40 per ct. emulsion were not trimmed just before being sprayed as was the case with the injured trees, and as the pruning was unusually severe it may have weakened the trees sufficiently to cause them to succumb to the treatment. . New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 261 ORCHARD IV: PEACH, PEAR AND APPLE TREES. This small orchard consists of ten peach, pear and apple trees just coming into bearing. The orchard has evidently received fairly good care, and until two or three years ago the trees were thrifty. Recently most of them have shown signs of weakness, probably due in part to the San José scale. The treatment and results are summarized in Table X. Time of tests in Table X.—Winter treatment. Trees sprayed Dec. 20 to 24. TABLE X.—WINTER SPRAYING IN ORCHARD IY, Trees. Strength eee —_—__—__ of Number petro- Kind. treated. Degree of infestation. leum, Results. Per ct, PEACH: Var. unknown. 2 Slightly infested...... 25 Scales not affected. Trees slightly in- jured. Var. unknown. 1 Slightly infested...... 40 Seales dead. Tree seriously injured. PEAR: Var. unknown. 2 Slightly infested...... 40 Scales dead. Tree uninjured. APPLE: seriously injured, remainder unin- jured. Var. unknown. § Extensively infested... 40 Scales dead, 2 trees SUMMARY FOR ORCHARD IV. In these experiments also, the 25 per ct. emulsion did not kill the scales while the 40 per ct. was effectual. The peach trees, although no more seriously infested than the pears, were slightly injured by the 25 per ct., and seriously injured by the 40 per ct. emulsion. Two of the apple trees were injured by the 40 per ct. emulsion but not seriously. ORCHARD V: PLUM TREES. This orchard consists of twenty plum trees which have recently come into full bearing. All of them are extensively infested and somewhat weakened by the San José scale. As shown in the following table half were sprayed in the spring 262 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE with a resin wash and the remainder with a whitewash known as government whitewash. Both have been suggested as being effectual against the San José scale. They were made after the following formulae: Resin Wash. RRESIM Yee tecere overs Diptera erers creo te a ey efeyotevets ciple sisictetere, 1) LOS DOlmOs SSOAYD eters tora cronsie ele 3/0) oie eVevern)eletaleliors) clavelele tsisteayets 21 pounds Mish Coils as tate eetee te oie Bie tAcbsm Stkeehmee es ee 1% quarts BVV SULGIE. cictcvere se ovalerore ere: sioieieuevete clereRerenevere ihecams Lent exallons Boil the resin, soap and fish oil in about one-fourth of the water until dissolved. While boiling, gradually add remainder of the water. Care should be taken not to add the cold water too fast as it has a tendency to precipitate the resin. Government whitewash. Slaked lime ..cveyuestiteieeece eee s{cVeleje stele ote 4 bushel SAL oes sieve siete siateteta o'e\4. 506 the-o1e Talete(evsies ster 6 ¥% bushel UIC Outs ote afs stcretere elere Bifsteire Ye Welouete ie vere chn orale siete 6 pounds GMC). aiciting sto Ss aie Sie dexspejeye nae tes wisiolcletele elotele tol ae > DO UGS WV ATO TM Tov ocinc reels) elcucteis\aleitelelcliclelets overeisietoielevemen Ome LLLOnS Boil the rice with enough of the water to make a moderately thin paste. Dissolve the glue in a small amount of hot water and boil the salt and lime in what is left of the ten gallons of water until a thin whitewash is formed. Then add the rice and glue solutions to the whitewash and boil for at least half an hour. Weather during tests in Table XI.—Spring treatment. Trees sprayed April 12. Temperature 47°, fair. Weather during the week following usually fair with average temperature of 51°. TABLE XI.—TREATMENTS IN ORCHARD Y, Trees, eee te Y Number Degree of Kind. treated. infestation. Mixture used. Results, PLUM: Var. unknown. 10 8 extensively Resin-lime Scales not af- and 7 moder- mixture, fected. Trees ately infested. uninjured. Var. unknown. 10 4 extensively Government Seales not af- and 6 moder- whitewash. fected. Trees ately infested. uninjured. ho (=r) ise) NEw YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SUMMARY FOR ORCHARD V. Although twenty infested trees were used in these expcri- ments and unusual pains taken to make the applications thor- ough there were no beneficial effects apparent in either case. The scales were breeding as rapidly during the summer on the treated trees as on the checks. Although there was a week of dry weather immediately following the applications, the un- favorable results may have been due in large part to an unusu- ally wet spring. The heavy rains washed both compounds almost entirely off before the summer was over. Further experi- ments with these washes seem desirable as they have not yet been sufficiently tested to prove or disprove their value. GENERAL SUMMARY. The experiments with crude petroleum include 321 fruit trees consisting of apples, cherries, pears, peaches and plums. The results were fairly uniform. In the experiments of Series I no injury was caused by the 25 per ct. emulsion, but in every case the 40 and higher percentages caused serious injury to the plum trees while the pear and cherry trees were practically un- harmed. The younger and more vigorous plum trees were injured less than the old and weaker ones. The experiments included in Series II show serious injury to peach trees by the 25 per ct. emulsion and equally serious injury to plum and apple trees by the 40 per ct. emulsion. In all cases of injury it is to be noted that the most serious injury was caused by the fall applications and by two applications— one in the fall and one in the spring. These results do not agree with those of Smith and Corbett previously referred to but agree in the main with those of Felt who, as previously stated, found that the undiluted petroleum caused serious injury to the treated trees. The experiments to ascertain the percentage of petroleum in the petroleum and water emulsion required to kill the hibernat- ing scales also gave uniform results. The 25 per ct. emulsion failed to affect the scales materially while the 40 per ct. killed 264 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB them in every instance. The failure of the 25 per ct. to kill the scales does not agree with the results of Felt and Corbett who report success with a 20 per ct. emulsion. The reason for this is not readily apparent. It is to be noted, however, that although an examination of the treated trees made in the spring may indicate that the treatment has been successful, definite and final results cannot be obtained without several examina- tions during the following season. This is especially true in the latitude of New York State where a large percentage of the scales die during the winter so that during the spring but few live ones can be found. But later in the season after breeding begins the real condition can be much more easily determined. Taken as a whole the spraying experiments reported in this bulletin indicate the following: 1. Vigorous trees are probably less lable to injury by crude petroleum than weak ones. 2. Peach and plum trees are more sensitive to crude petro- leum than apples, cherries, or pears. 3. There is less danger of injury if trees are sprayed in early spring than during the fall or winter. . 4. The 25 per ct. emulsion of crude petroleum and water can- not be depended upon to kill the hibernating scales in the lati- tude of Western New York, while the 40 per ct. has proven efficient. 5. Much pains should be taken to avoid over-drenching the trees. Only enough of the emulsion should be applied to wet the bark evenly and thoroughly. Il, FUMIGATION EXPERIMENTS WITH HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. INTRODUCTORY, Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is now recognized as one of the best known methods of combating scale insects. The gas was first brought into prominence as an insecticide in 1886 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 265 by Mr. D. W. Coquillett who made extensive experiments in California. Although it was being extensively used in Cali- fornia it received but little attention in the east until in 1897 when Prof. W. G. Johnson took up the problem of successfully combating the San José scale in Maryland. After extensive experiments he decided that two-tenths gram of 98 per ct. potassium cyanide per cubic foot was sufficient for outdoor fumi- gation of deciduous trees when in the dormant state, that dor- mant nursery trees should be fumigated with .25 gram of cyanide and buds, grafts and scions with not more than .16 gram. Ina connection with these experiments Johnson developed better methods of handling and applying the gas than had been previously in use and called attention to its wide range of use- fulness until now it is employed in green houses, graneries, mills and other buildings subject to infestation by insects. In this State the gas is used extensively for fumigating dor- mant nursery trees. Until the past two years, however, but few attempts have been made to use it in the orchard and in this capacity it may still ’e considered in the experimental stage so far as this State is concerned. The experiments reported in this bulletin were begun during the fall of 1900 and continued during the following winter and spring. The principal objects of the experiments were to deter- mine the effects, if any, of the gas upon healthy buds and the strength of the gas required to kill the hibernating scales. CONDITIONS. The buds were fumigated in small box fumigators made espec- ially for the purpose. For the orchard trees fumigators of the type described in Bulletin 181 were used. All of the fumigators were carefully tested and found to be gas tight. The gas was generated in the manner described in Bulletin 194, page 382. The amount of cyanide used varied from .18 gram per cubic foot of air space to .8 gram as shown in the tables. 266 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE ~ CHARACTER OF HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. Hydrocyanic acid gas may be generated by bringing cyanide of potassium in contact with sulphuric acid. It is colorless, has a faint odor of almonds, and when inhaled, unless largely diluted with air, is very dangerous. Much care should therefore be used in handling it. CLASSIFICATION. The experiments were divided into two series. Series I included the experiments with uninfested buds and Series II the experiments with the hibernating scales. SERIES I. EFFECT OF THE GAS UPON BUDS. The following experiments with buds of a variety of fruits were undertaken to ascertain if possible whether bud sticks could be safely fumigated with the gas strong enough to kill the scale. The conditions were not entirely satisfactory as the treatment was somewhat delayed and the treated buds were not set in until the first week of August. This was out of season for most of the varieties. Also the treated buds were not set in until after the checks, which were budded at the proper time, and were placed about four inches above them where they were too high to be protected by the earth thrown against the trees during fall cultivation. In addition to this they were neces- sarily placed on the furrow sides of the trees thus endangering them to injury during cultivation. These unfavorable condi- tions must be in part, and probably in large part, the cause for the failure of the treated buds to set or grow, on the average, equally as well as the checks. 267 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. "IB "poor “100g *poory *pooy) {Ud T[IOXG ‘JU9[TOOX AUuense “*poor) ‘100g “poor ‘pooy ‘JUdT[OOXG "JU [OOXG] “IIB *pooy) ‘100d “pooy “poop “yyMouy ‘popediumay gdeds Jo Joos OLQud Goes JOF post OPLUBAD UNIssvjod Jo JuNOWL Aq Passoudxo Sf S¥T Jo GyoUeIS ¢ 6°08 LT 1G eas 1 OT ORS mOlLE &° $9 6r B Te SS OOTONS BOLE S Seg €Z ¥ teeeeeeeeeesesyoaya SB eure 88 Go Ge ***-syOoTO 07 [ends oJ1nD ION 8°c6 (27 #2 seeere SOOO SB OmMBS JNOGY O° LL OST G&z 6°96 oS s¢ eoeeeweeaeereer ee ee eeeee SyOoTO UvY} Jo[{[e} AU vw ssvIMAV c’s6 63 jis *poos osvl[oy ‘syooyo ueyy IO}LOYS OOF [T JHoqV osviloay 6° SP jaye ye AES UL OD GALES 2) 014) SR sues ir) a ee te eeeeeeeess soya SB OMB Go &9 VG 8s DOCG Liat =f to 10 (9) Se dues ¥'16 GE Gs ee" -syooto 0} [enbe o11nb JON 88 OG GS eeeeresSyOOYO SB OUTS JNOGV L°S8 GOL 6871 6°96 ze ee Pie eeeeeseeeeeesers gyaaqa ULY} ATV} IY BV sesvI9AYy $°96 9% 1Z *po0o0s oSVI[O. “SyooTO ueyy Ssoy JOOJ [ InoqeV IsBIoAV OL G og eligie fe teteeeenens aS STO UO) sR sues L°S6 Zo 74 ose ee Pete) eherery eS OOUO SB auIRs 9°S8¢ JK 62 RIO GEE SOO DO OF 57 OEE) sv eules OO- 6 1G ****sxooyo 0} [endo 01ND JON cs Nye 02 Sirus Peng eereaes eS MOO O 0} jenby ‘908 “qos “spnq "ON “q}M0r1n 40 19g Spnq ON S300 “siusoy 9° OL G LT 9°8g¢ LT 6G : cits GG 1G i O08 0G GG o a GG FG B tee, O9L LOG ‘ $°&6 8G OS : 9°08 cS S MY L SL FL 61 ‘ 2°99 96 ate) k V'16 GS cS 5 9°E¢ CT SG ¥ OS 0G CG : 9°T8 TST CST LoL ts &§ : TPL 0G 1G : G96 CS 9G x 6° SL ST SG iy G98 CS 66 8° LL 1G LG re 06 ST 0G “qos “qos *po}vedy ‘yo 190g spuq ‘ON spnq ‘ony OSNOULB YT “""STABG og 7 SAUQUIP[O surddid [1B --°" Usyyeuor "** s[U}OL eeeeor dojs£ jUNpusISUBAL -s** 9SnourByy “""SIABq eg “** SINQueplo ‘aurddid [ta 2° ** uvaieuor -* srujog, eee eee dojssyy JUVIPUDSUBLYT, OSLIWUIB YY STARE Ug sees SInquoplo wrens ‘urddrg Wea teeeeeees UUaeUOr *SOTJOLIE A “‘quamgvory, ‘Sang WldadyY NOdQ Sv GOV OINVAOOUGAY JO Loaaaqy— IX TTaVL inoy ainoy ano anoy anoq mnoq mmoy Inoy mmoy anoy ainoy anoy Tee Alva Se: me inoy aimoy % Inoy Inoy anoy Inoy anoy “J UOUIZBeI} jo worvang — CoG GG a GG pe GG eo: co ooooso “UDLY 1 sBd JO qyysae1}g ed Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE 268 ‘JUeT[eOXT ‘JUaT[eoxG ‘IBA ‘pooy +. 20a *poor) “poor, *‘PUITJOOX, *‘JUST[OOXG “ITB “poor ‘100g "poor poor) ‘WUIT[AOX ‘JUaTTAOXG qMory o Serie Ke:rals ode Jokeus|*\ Si #uS See) OOo: ose TO. ‘“SyooyO Wey} 10,1048 soyppul Q ynoqBu dISRIDAV Hie teeeeeeeess gypayo URU SSO] JOOJ [ oqve oseloray “++ sxooqo 0} [ends oyIndD JON "***SyOoto 03 Tenbos o11nb JON “**-syooTo 0} [enbe 31mMDd ION “**"syDoto 0} Tends oIMD JON sees ee SyOOGO SB OUIBS INOGV sees ssssydoTO SB IUIBS INOGV *poos asvljog “sSyooyo ueyy IO}IOTS OOF T JNOGV IsSVIVDAV sr eeess sya) SB OURS INOGV “reese SyOOTD SB AUIBS INOGV soeeeesSyOolD SB OUIBS INOGV ***"syooqo 07 [enbe ond JON see eeeesMOaTO SB OUIBS INOGV Ponte eeemeeersereees ByDgTD | UL} A9[[81 IU, BV ssevI9DAW *poos sseljoy ‘syooyo uey I9}1IOYS JOOF GT JNoqeV osvsi9wray *q} A015) 6°63S SST 606 6°96 IS GE L¥6 st 61 y TL CG GE 9°96 8G 6G £6 OF oF G8 &G LG 8° S6 SG FG 6°98 OLE LOE 06 L1G O& OOT F& Fé TPL 0G LG She, Pe eee OOT && SG 1°98 96 & 6° FL 96 8°98 8ST csr 6°06 0G GG F'F6 FE 96 “qos 108 ‘“spnq ‘ONT 49 Jeq spnq ‘ox “39919 “RITNSAy oe ee OD "=" sTBIOT, eevee eee dojsApyq * JUspUsd.SuUBAy, soce? QSNOUIB YT 1° STAC GT Loc SANQUIPLO --mrddiqd [1B OSIM Vat shoahenocoy eeee seaee SET ONG Mis clote do[s«FT * JUOpUudOSUBAY, Ae BES OSNOUIB IT “"“"°STABG og see Sinqueplo “ssurddrg Te eeeeese uvy}eaor te eeee es esto, eeeeeee ee ees doyss Fy Seed To DILOO Suey *SOLJOLIV A L’¥8 TLE =60G0G 9°06 66 GS L°¥6 SI 61 $°06 8G ts OOT FG TG FT S& CP §°6¢ 9T 1G cL ST FG 8°Ss 6ST -e SIB207, ‘pooy 8°86 0g ze "sees ssyooyo 0} Tende ATTBON GGL eT SI reeeeeeeeees Jamiayy anoy % gr‘o 4UdTIAOXM «6° 9% 82 see*sssxoatO 02 Tenbe ATIBAN Os 0% CZ “oGzemesiess:" TOy0e9. cones,» onsh poop Zab LV TS oreo eee SZOOTO SB IUIBS OS LT VE 2 cess SOB GINO or a) ‘pooy: 9°08 CZ te TRO. CONIC ON DBs yey 0 (8) se ouleg 6°09 FL & eee ee eesesere nofuy inoy yy SLO “WpMOIYN) "49s "gas “spnqg ‘ON "TL MOIS) ‘Jos “108 “peiredy, “BOTJOLIB A “que deed} Lari qo 19g spnuq ‘ON WO 1eg spuq ‘oN spnq ‘ON jo qyywueas noneing “gaooue *8}]/N80q7 ‘quem}Raay, is ‘sang uvag NO s¥O dIOV OINVANOUNGAY JO LOTAAY—' ATX FIAVL \ 275 NEw YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ‘Poon °Zg ‘JUITOOX =—s«FR ‘WUITTOOXT =—OS “poop OOT. GTS “poop GL “poop 08 ‘poopy 98 “poop L°S8 Although but the same as with the cherries. 87.6 per ct. of the 759 The results with the pear buds are practically 75.1 per et. of the 602 treated buds set only checks lived, making the =—S—S——s S&T OP , Se eS SOOO SS GeOULE CZ Fetes eeeeeeeegyagqo SB OURS ce Freee ee eeeeeegyagya SB OUIRY Qo ttteee te sees egyoyO SB OUIRY GGT OF ttt: +++ -gsyoaqo SB OURS CS ees oy le ig syooyo 02 [enbs ATIBEN GO tT tttttt tees syootD sv oTUTg 8S eee ee eee ee eee syooqo SR sueg Be en A = a 2 a = Big} » E o Se aci r= a o Gq a 3 ) 4 555 3 85 T°99 €°6§ F8 8°T9 9°08 9L py 8°S6 6°89 FOL also, although in some cases several inches shorter than the checks, averaged nearly equal to them. eececesiece S[B107, eevee eeoe en ee “ 1oWOM [aY0Ig teeeeeeeoes aa iEg ** nofuy teeeeeees grpIOT, IOP [eoeg GID OxCROIOU DIO epaeg Ce nofuy Inoq Tf imoy Inoq inoy oli | imoy anoy inoyq in0y SAINI a SOoSo Sooo 276 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE *JUaTaoX AT “‘JUOT[OO XAT *‘JUS[[OOX OT *JU9[[OOXG ‘JUOT[OOXG *‘JUd[[OOX *‘JU9[[OOXGT *JU9T[VOXH *JUI|[OOXG] JUIT[IOXG ‘VU9][OOXOT *JUITOOXAT ‘WUOT[OOX GT "WU9][OOXO *JU9[[OOXGT *‘VUIT[OOXG] "WUaT[OOXG ‘JUe][OOXGL ‘JUOT[OOX A, *‘JUd|[OOXG *JUOT[IOX, “ypMOIy sees "SyOITO SB OUIRS see SyOoT[D 0} [end ALIVON SS + “'s°"sxOeTD SB BUIBY "°° **sxyo0TO SB OILY *s'ssyD0q0 SB OUR "oe svOaTIO SR OTIRg *****syo0qo Sv OUBg “**"Syooto 0} Tenbo ApLIvON 6a) IT ea eee vecee €°82 $T 8G F LF IL 1 THO MOGue G18 COT OGL z'O) OL Iz eee ccese ZT ez 97 SUsisiseneiess OOT FL FI Mey ace sa 6°88 9L ST sence ene C6 61 0G if 6°68 IT 6I Syoomoerec 6°18 68 GOT 6G FI silsisils{e feels Iz Eo see we vee OL ZI a ley sje) wie.ie CL OT ehanehelreeneye Iz aa teeny eT FI cece eee GG 16 STL ery LT az o ecn ele wes 2 GQ OL ral chaise) s}arses 9°9) IL a ehavehohen ered 88 GG GG Shak FS IG CG ee @) GT 0z eee cecce ‘qos a8 ‘Rpg ‘ONT 40 19g Spnq ON “s3108119 ‘sang "'***sxOolo SB OUItY "s* "ssa SB OTIES "es **syo0qd SB OURS "ee *"SvOaTIO SB OUIEG ***-SxooTO SB omIRg yoolpa oF Tenbos ATIvAN "*s**s3d0q0 SB OUIBS “°° **syDOTO SB OUIBE "***-syo0qd SB OILY "s'*sxd0TD SB OTIeS 229°" -SHDoTO 8 OURS ‘syooqo 07 [enboe ALTReaN "***-Sydeqo SB BUIBS “Wy Moy *8) [803 SQ) ST &3 eee ee eeee Woy ue|_ 6°SL LT &S ‘pIOFMBID ATTUGT L'#6 OL I teeter e eee BILIOGTE G°G8 66 OGiomeme ai on a sates BROT & 19. rea 1G eee cia ee.e e's TODUBKOLY GL 6 8Z eceoero*T OOM Je0g OOL FL FL ©e/9)\0)2)9 STATA TEA TRL EL. P'¥6 1T ST AUC POOLS Kondesionerey isk C6 6. 0Z s°**DIOJMBID AlIVOL G'S! CT 61 tee ee eee ees BLIORTOL 9°02 GL GO ia 8 OE STOO jie OL FL eee ee ee eet Iopuexopy &°8G tL FG sceeeerr DOU I00g GL 6 “le eooe se" KSIDATY ATIBA g° Ls FL 91 OFF IIHT FOU Toye oe EL 9°69 FL mG °°*"DIOTMBIDQ ATIBOL 9°SL ine FL eeeeeeeeeee BLIOIOL poh G6 GGlee | weer STRLOM S LL LT G eo LOPE XOTy: °é8 Or val shies TOOUIN) 00 ET Sulg 8 ial sree ee STOATy ALIRGL G@°e9 6L 63 eee rere nee ule uel _ 96 FG CS e""*DIOJMBID ATIVE NM, FL 0Z ei BLOG OL “198 “109 *poyeely “SOTJOLIE A yo 19q sSpnqg ‘ON spnq ‘on o ‘guomyBoaly, HOVaAd NO SV9 AlOy OINVAOOUGAY JO LOAAAY—' AX FIAT] Inoy imoy ainoy imoq moy nor inoy Inoy anoy imoy amnoy Inoy Inoy anoy ainoy mmoqy amoy Inoy anoy Inoy inoy I! T T bn i it oe Rr Gh | As % a “‘queurpvesy Jo mowing ~---———S§ ————_ [Bd JO qisaelys t™~ “| NEw YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. *{UdT[OOX A "{U9[[OOXA *‘JUO[[OOXG “VUOT[OONG] *‘JUTOoXT *}UdT[OOXH “‘{Wo[[OOXG, “‘VUOT[OOXG] *"JUOT[OONG *‘VUOT[OOXG] *‘JUOT[OOX *JUOT[OOXG *‘UdT[OOXG *{UOT[O) XOL ‘yuo [OOXG G98 See eG yo 1a) €1 QT 7°89 &T 6T S's ST G 6° &6 jas §§ 6°68 GG SZ OOT Sl ST G62 LOT S&T GTP 8 8ST OS OT 0G §°66 FG 9% 1°16 GG G Sel) 1G 1G O8 9T 0G FL G6 GGL 6°82 CT 61 O8 GL CT OL 61 GS *poqesroiny cords JO 00} YIquo Yove oy posn opruvdo winissujod Jo yunouy Sq posseidxo st sed Jo T30eng t ) *syooqo Sv oumTg ‘syooto sv oureg *Syooto SB oUrRg ‘SyOoqo Sev owes Yoo 0} Tenbo ApLAWw ON “'*'""*SyOeTD SB OUILS *SyoolO sB outs “syooyo Sv oulng “*sypoo sv ours “SMVoTO SB ouUres Oo 02 [TRnDS ALIVON “Ts "SyOoTO SB oUIuS “**""syDeTD SB OUIRG “es -"SyoolTD SB omMmRS “**-"sypelo SB OUIRY §' 09 6L [sll §°9¢ 6 oT = 6°S8L cT 6. 7 T*6g €T GG ; GLG 6 rete : 9°8L GG SG y 9°F8 ye rea! : 82g 8L Cole > GGL &T S- . O& 9 0G 5 9 & 6 9G 3 LTP or FG B 6°38 FG L1G : O8 OT OGuer TLL F6 GG GPS oT 61 : € && 8 cT F 9L 61 GG : "7 sTRIoT, °** TOPURXYTV “"YOOULG 109g “SIOATY ALIA “''* Ulla uol_ “PIOJMBID ALIBOL reser BITOqTA °° STBIOL, °** JapuBx3lV “*yooug loog “SIOATY ATV “7 Uy uolT” “pIOJMBID ATO Peete BIOTA “* sielog, “** TapuRxXoLy “yoowyg sle0q “STOATY ATIVOL Inoq Inoy qmmoy anoy Inoy Inoy, aim telielalio! mmoy % moy Y& imMoy % Ino Yy imoy %& amnoq ¥ inoy T Moy T Inoy T 0s*0 080 08" 0 0s" 0 OS" 0 0&°0 6a'0 GG" O0 GG 9 278 Reporr or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE There is evidence of injury to the peach buds with the strong gas. Evidently the gas at a strength of .22 gram of cyanide with an exposure of one hour did no harm, as the percentage of treated buds set is greater than the percentage of checks that set. But there is a decided falling off in the percentage when the gas was used at .38 grams of cyanide indicating that the gas at this strength injured the buds. Comparing the whole number of buds treated with the checks, however, there is but little difference between the peaches, pears and cherries. The whole number of peach buds treated was 732, of which 70 2 per ct. set. The whole number of checks was 728, of which 82.8 per ct. set. fhe growth of the treated peach buds was in nearly all cases e yral to the checks, 219 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “poyesiminy oouds Jo Joo orquo yore soy pasn opravdo untsssiod jo yunoue Aq passaidxea Sr sed Jo Y}dU01IG ‘JUITOOX| T['9S Te 9g see ee-SxDato 0} Tenbs ATION ‘UOT[OOX 8s ZS CZ Tele Ss deo Se CULES "JUI|TOOXGL co eT Z OFM OPIS OSs yay (Ses CAWDUTS| ‘JUITTOOXG, CS' LG 68 OF ereesssyooqo 0} [enbe A[IBON “pooy QOL TF IF eteeeeeeeeeeegyoaya SE aIBS “IIB OOL 68 68 sereessyooqo 0} [endo ALIBON “Door O0L 92 92% feet ee seer es egyagq SB att ‘pooy 90 #2 e tee eeeeeeeeeegyata SB ORG ‘pooy Ge) ez Fe Stee eeeeeeeeegyagya SE OUIBG ‘UdTJIOXW ees eZ tt eeeeeeeeeeesyagD SB OILS *JUo[[TPOX CG’ 06 6L 1a e@reeneeeaeeee “sooo SB oUBS ‘\UOTJOOXG FF eT 6Z te teeeeeeeee egg SB OURS ‘{UsTTOOX «6°96 TE Ze verre ssyooqo 02 Tendo ALBAN ‘JUITTOOXA 9°16 OF IP **sxpolpo WBY} Joijoq ANYSIS “IIB IT O08 Ze OF seeessSsyooqo 03 [ends ALAGAN “‘pooy 7°96 (Or 9% eeere-syooqd 0} [ends ATAvIN pooy) T'86 1Z 6Z tee e seer ee ee sgyata SB Oulu ‘pooy «Gey CZ Fe te ee eee eeeergy gua SB atts “WIMory “408 ‘qos “spnq ‘ON ‘YI MOIy) 10 Jog Spuq ‘ON *syovgD “Sq Msoqy ——_ —_—__—_ ld Bred GCG GAG eeeeeees sre, tte eeeereesso1og aq pavquo7y eoeeeee ‘So MOT[OX “ OL 8G OF sees" TStUBdy AOT[OX 6° LG ZO rere) eeoecert eee yurqang 2 18 ES 68 “tosuvag seiysdorys G°ss 8% 9% eeeeereee Mvyspelg 6°88 PG Ws eee cee ‘opnezyo ouley €°68 GS SZ Sere OUNId UsITeryT 8°08 OLS - 08Gr" e SIBTO 2°96 9% 1Z se eeeeeer es so10g aq 6°06 0% GG e@oceeeeeeee pavquoT T°$6 Vee 6G DO RIO.0-00 Ile f MOTIOX 6 TL &G G&S see -TstuRBdg MOTI Maen, SG 18 e@eeorerer ee ee yueqing L°SL 9% ee *mosuvd slysdoiys ralovass) 0Z FZ Oe 0% ee se fe MBYSpeIg T&L 61 9G Seo OPED UO ey OL TZ 0g cecceosQUnIg, WEITEIT “gas “49S ‘pe1relty “BOTJILIE A yo 19q Sspnq ON Spnq ‘ON a “quam vely, ‘sdagq WaId NO sv9 dioy OINVAOOUGAY AO LOAAIG—JTAX FTIAV.L Inoy amoy moy Inoq Ino inoy anoq Inoy anoy bo oe oe ee De | qmoy % moy % moy Yr ammoy %& moy % anoy % ammoy %& anoy % ainoy %& ‘quoul} ved} jo wouving esocsososs DNNDNDNNBDNSD nmrnnnnnnnir ro St’O STO STO roy a) STO ST 0 SLO 8T°0 “UDLY 7'8Vd jo qysae11g —__ —_—_ W REPpoRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THI 280 ‘pooy FSSC SOOg G90, iz ‘poop LSS FG ?pooy T°I9 22 ‘poopy = ZLSsCST. 8°06 292 ‘WUITOXA C98 TE 1 ae JUINPPOXT OS 02 ‘WINOXT COOL FF ‘poop ¢'c6 218 ‘100d 6°36 68 ‘poop T'S6 12 poop G‘Ss & ‘Poon 8°ZS8 Z Q5BR—— CBG ‘JUaTIOEOXA E'S GZ ‘JUITTOOXH 6'SS FZ ‘yuaTexy OL TZ ‘JUSTTAOXT SFG LT COW, ELE a LE vig 9S ee ee 00s) eso = SZ ‘p0oD “T'FL 02 ‘pooy FFB 1 “q(yMOoIr) “jas "4908 ‘ya 19q spnq on “syooq SF Ferree sees esegypaya sv omRg 9°08 6z 9¢ OF a) ak Seo)! -Oy [enbo A[IBON OS FG OE 86 *SooyO UBY} 19}}0q ATSIS 3°96 GS 9 rvs teeeeeeeeeeesgunaya SB OURS °C) az 6z ez trees seers eegygya SB ole G) ST FZ G6G T°08 G0G 9&6 L& “sess ssyooqo 0} Tends ATIVAN Gy GG SE Sz Peters sere sees SB OUIUS FFG M1 ST ez Pete tees ee eeegypata SB OUIREY G'GG Tz rad FE “sees *syooqo 0} [enbe ATTBeN G°Ey GZ FE OF rants ‘syooyo sv oureg FT ez ee GF “sess ssyooqd 02 [ends ALIBAN 6°16 v& LE 62 “"syooyO wey} Jo}j0q ANYSIS 21°99 ST 13 9Z Pitt ee eres eergyagyD SB OURS 18 LT Iz ee te tteeeeseeeesyayD SB OURS Tze ez Sz 696 G08 906 386 L&S O€ “cess "syooyo 07 Tendo ATIVAN 1°66 9G 6G I Peet eeeeeeseegygq9 SB AUTRE 88 zz ez 0g Pet eeeeees ss egyaya SB OURS 798 Cz 6Z ST “ses "syooqd 0} [enbe AyTIveN 6°88 9L ST ee Feeeseeeeessegyaqa SB aMIBE 6°Z9 = ce OF “sees SsyOotTD 0} Tenbe ATIVAN e°Oy 9% uS oe tr ttseeees ss egyoaq SB aUIRS O0L 8 Sz Iz Ph eeeeeeeessegypay SB OWES FO! 61 IZ ze tr seeeeeeeseegynayD SB OUTEG 6G) aa 6Z ‘spnqg ‘ON "qyMoIH ‘qas “Jas “pao. —— a ‘1eq spng ‘ON spnq ‘ON S1n3ey “panuyuogo—JAN AIIGVL treeeeees yarBqung “mOostmIR(d 8IYSdoiys seeieeie Ss MVUSDELE “uosmRd o1rysdoiys ****-9pNBIO suey “'*"9UnIg UPBITRI] seers grog, teeeere ee scog ag tresses nIequiory cece SS MOTIOA “"Tstuvdg MOIR aacigloro 0.0 yueqang tostied o1ysdoays POOR COS IN Hn fy oles | “***-OpNnBID oUuleIy “**"9UNnIgd UPeI[eIT bpeeeeee STe107, Pte eeeeeeo1Og aq oe Se TR COL) eereae ‘Ss MOTJTOX “-Ustuvdg AMo[[ox eat + yurqung PONISI ION NEU eh ONS | _——_ sees: OpNBIO SUIew sores -oUnIgd UBI[BI] *SOIJOIIe A pee “‘gneajvoly, moy % O&8'0 moy % 0g'od moy % 0og8°0 moy % 08'd mou % 0870 amnoy T vereaev) Moy T GG‘ O Annoy T Ga_0 moy T 7%'0 Ano T Ga O mMoy T Go 'O Ino T Ga‘ O moyt 22'0 moy tT %32'°0 moy % 22°0 moy % Za 0 moy % 722°0 moy % 7%2'°0 moy 4% Z2'0 mmoy 4% ZGa'0 moy 4% Gc'0 moy % Gz'0 moyq % PEND "UWDLD wi Chishcnal ['8B5 Jo jo Wysuasig toning New York AGRICULTURAL EH XPHRIMENT STATION. \ yUdTIOOX | “TTR *YUOTTOOX ‘qUaT[POXA “poor “poox) “poor "poor "poor) *‘YUIT[OOX GY “TTR ‘yUaT[eoXx ‘JUIT[OOXT *poyesiumny cords Jo yooy O1qnd YOwe I0F posn aprmefo mntaseiod yo yunome Lq possoadxo st ses Jo TISUeIS ¢ Fre veeeeeeeeguaayD SB OTIRS tte eeeeeeeeeguggyo SU OTIRS bees ee eeeeegugaya SB OTIRS s+ +s -oMoaTO 0} Tenbe ATIBAN Fetter ee eesouaatD SB OUTS *s**-sMoata 0} [enbe A[LIBON Ree uvy} 10}30q ATUSIIS er ae “'*'*sxyoaTO SB OILS Fees eeeeeeegungya SB OTIS Freteseeeeeeguaya SB OTR Freseeeeeeeeguoayo seB otmeg Feb eeeeeeeeegypato SB OTR *****gyooTO 03 [ends ATIVAN SAdte Hi | oO Donn |e wesnor HODINDON O no ~ DOr & io.) t= 60 19 OD) 10 19 1) SD DO oo OLT teeeeees greqOg, reeeeeeeesso1og aq te eeeeees DIBquLoT eoeoerer “SS MOT[OX “sTsIuBdg AMOT[OX eeeeeees MORquUNg uosmUd sarysdo1gs reeeeees MBYSpRIG tees -opne[Q dUTeIy seers ounIgd UvIley] eeeeees gTRIOT, bt eeeeeeessonog aq eeeeeees narvqutory eee cree ‘S30 MOTION ‘ysuevdg MOT[OX anoq mnoq inoyq annoy Inoy anoy imoq amoq Ino anoy ainoq Inoq Inoy Mmnoinnnnnine 06°0 0s" 0& 0g °0 OS" 0s" 0G" 0 0 O& 06°0 0s "0 GE" 0g" 0 0€°0 289 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE The results with the plum buds were practically the same as with the apples. The gas at a strength of .8 gram of cyanide had practically no more effect than at..18 gram. There was also but little difference in the percentage of treated buds that set and the percentage of the checks that set. The total number of treated buds was 1505, of which 81.1 per ct. set, and the total number of checks 1673, of which 84.7 per ct. set, making a differ- ence of only 38.6 per ct. in favor of the checks. As with the other varieties the growth was nearly equal to the checks. SERIES II. EFFECT OF THE GAS UPON THE SAN JOSE SCALE. The experiments were conducted in four different orchards in the vicinity of Geneva. Some of the trees were fumigated in December and the remainder in June. But one treatment was made. The results are shown in the following tables. ORCHARD II: PEARS. ORCHARD IV: PEACHES. Weather during tests in Table XVII.—Winter treatment. Trees treated Dec. 18 to 24, average temperature 27°, cloudy with light rains or snow. Weather during the week following cloudy with average temperature of 29°. TABLE XVII.—FUMIGATION TESTS ON INFESTED PEAR AND PEACH TREEs. Se ee Time of Number Degree of infesta- Strength treat- treated. Kinds. tion. of gas. ment, Results. Gram. PEAR: 6 Bartlett. 5 extensively 0.18 Y%hour Seales not af- and 1 moder- fected. Trees ately infested. uninjured. (| “Bartlett 38 extensively, 0.18 l1hour Scales not af- 2 moderately fected. Trees and 2 slightly ~ uninjured. infested. 8 Bartlett. 5 extensively, 0.25 %hour Scales appar- 2 moderately ently affected and 1 slightly but many live infested. ones found. Trees unin- jured. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 283 TABLE X VII—Continued Trees. a ot AIFS a Time of Number Degree of infesta- Strength treat- treated. Kinds. tion. cf gas. ment. Results. Gram. 8 Bartlett. 2extensively, 0.25 1hour Scales appar- f- 4 moderately ently affected and 2 slightly but many live infested. ones found. Trees unin- jured. 6 Bartlett. 4 extensively 0.30 Y%hour Scales dead. and 3 moder- Trees unin- ately infested. jured. Gi Bartlett. 2 extensively 0.30 i1hour Scales dead. and 5 moder- Trees unin- ately infested. jured. PEACH: ; 1 Var. unknown. Slightly infested 0.18 Whour Scales not af- fected. Tree uninjured. Var. unknown. Slightly infested 0.18 1hour ‘Tree dead. Var. unknown. Slightly infested 0.80 Y%hour Tree dead. Var. unknown. Slightly infested 0.30 M1hour Tree dead. ft fat The results in these experiments were unexpected. Neither the .18 gram or .25 gram had any appreciable effect. The live scales were as numerous and active on the treated trees as on the checks. There was a decided difference, however, in the trees treated with the .3 gram. The scales were dead on all the trees. The peaches, although in fairly good condition, suc- cumbed quickly to the gas. The limited number of peach trees used makes a repetition of the experiment desirable. ORCHARD VI: PLUMS. This orchard consists of 22 plum trees, European varieties, which were set out about ten years ago. They have been well cared for and have been in thriving condition until recently when they began to show the effects of the San José scale. When the experiments were begun they were all extensively infested and hence weakened by the scale. The treatment and results in this orchard are shown in Table XVIII. 284 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Weather during tests in Table XVIII.—Spring treatment. Trees fumigated June 6 to 8. slight rain. Average temperature 63°, cloudy with Weather during the week following usually fair with slight rain on one day. Average temperature 70°. TABLE XVIII.—SPRING FUMIGATION OF INFESTED PLUM TREES. Dura- Trees. Str’gth tion No. Kinds Degree of of as. treat. treated. infestation. ment. Gram. Hours. PLUMS: 4 European. 4 European. 3 European. 3 European. 2 European. 2 European. Extensively infested. Extensively infested. Extensively infested. Extensively infested. Extensively infested. infested. 0. 0. 0. 18 18 i) Ol Extensively 0.30 We Ya ORCHARD VII: Results, Checks. Seales dead. Checks consist- Trees unin- jured. Scales dead. Trees unin- jured. Scales dead. Foliage Slightly under nor- Tether lilo No other injury. Scales dead. Foliage slightly under nor- miracle No other injury. Scales dead. foliage slightly under nor- mal. No other injury. Seales dead. Foliage sasine he tilly: under nor- maids No other injury. PLUMS. ed of 4 exten- Sively infest- ed trees. The scales. bred very rapidly during the summer, and these trees are now en- crusted with them. The 86 trees included in this experiment, and constituting Orchard VII, form a portion of one of the large orchards of Western New York. has been under the best of cultivation. It was set out about eight years ago and Two years ago two trees near the middle of the orchard were discovered quite seriously infested with the San José scale. From these trees it New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285 had spread in all directions until eighty-six were infested before the spreading was discovered. The treatment and results are shown in Table XIX. Trees fumigated June 16 to 24. Average temperature 71°, cloudy. TABLE XIX.—SPRING FUMIGATION OF PLUM TREES, “ Dura- rees, ’ tuion ee eee te at No. Degree of SAS: expos treated. Varieties. infestation. ure. Results. Checks. Gram. Hours. 84 PLUMS: 2 extensive- 0.25 % Seales dead. A large number Diamond. ly and re- Trees unin- of Diamond mainder jured. Fruit plum trees slightly erop equal which bore infected. to checks, more than average crop of fruit. The results shown by Tables XVIII and XIX are strongly in contrast to those of Table XVII where .18 and .25 gram had no appreciable effect upon the scales. In the latter case, however, the trees were fumigated during the winter, while the former were fumigated in June. As the scales were killed by a half hour’s treatment in June with the gas at a strength of only .18 gram, the indications are that, as might be expected, the scales are more susceptible to the treatment in the spring than during the winter. The weather conditions were such that in each case the trees were damp at the time of treatment. It is to be noted also that although the trees were in foliage when fumigated none were injured and they bore more than an average crop of fruit the following season. GENERAL SUMMARY OF FUMIGATION EXPERIMENTS. The experiments with buds while not entirely satisfactory owing to the somewhat unfavorable conditions surrounding the treated buds, gave sufficiently uniform results to indicate clearly that the gas was harmless except in the case of the peaches which were evidently injured slightly by the strong gas. Taken as a whole there is but little difference in the percentage of treated buds that set and the checks that were unharmed. In 286 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE all 4483 buds were treated 78 per ct. of which set. The checks numbered 4864 of which 85.5 per ct. set, thus making but a slight difference in favor of the checks, a difference which might be expected from the unusual exposure of the treated buds. The experiments with the scale gave somewhat unexpected results in that the scales were practically unaffected by winter fumigation with the gas at a strength less than 23 gram of cyanide per cubic foot of air space. This result has an important bearing upon the winter fumigation of nursery stock. To be certain of killing the hibernating scales in this latitude the gas should be used at the above strength.® The spring treatment gave different results. The gas at a little more than half the strength (.18 gram) killed the scales in every case and did not injure the foliage. RECOMMENDATIONS. Obviously the first step in combating the San José scale is to prevent infestation. As the most fruitful source of infestation is nursery stock it is plainly of the greatest importance to prevent the spread of infested stock. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas together with careful inspection and clean cultivation are our best safeguards. If stock is to be fumigated too much pains cannot be taken to have all conditions right for thorough work. Above all else the fumigating house should be gas tight. For winter fumigation the gas should be used at a strength of 3 gram of cyanide. For early spring treatment a strength of .18 to .2 gram of cyanide will be sufficient to kill the scales. An additional safeguard in the nursery is the fumigation of bud sticks, scions, etc., especially if such stock has been brought from infested localities. The gas at a strength of .22 gram of cyanide can be safely used on the common varieties of fruits and probably all varieties without danger of injury. "For directions for computing the amount of cyanide to use for a given number of cubie feet of air space see Bulletin No. 194 of this Station, p. 382, NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 287 As the scale is distributed locally by such agencies as insects, birds and the wind a careful watch should be kept in the orchard for its appearance. Orchard trees that have become infested if considered too valuable to destroy may be treated either by applying a wash or by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. The former method is the only one practical for large trees, such as full-grown apples, and may be employed for smaller trees as well. Crude petroleum is one of the best washes that has been extensively used in the East, although as noted on a subsequent page, a number of others have recently given promising results. Crude petroleum may be used upon apple, pear and cherry trees, in an emulsion with water, in the proportion (40 per ct. of petro- leum) required to kill the scale, without danger of serious injury provided the application is made in early spring. Plums may also be treated with the petroleum-water emulsion but there is more danger of injury. Peaches should not be treated with the emulsion stronger than 25 per ct. petroleum. For summer treat- ment a 25 per ct. emulsion may be used, with reasonable cer- tainty of killing the scales that are reached by the spray. When purchasing crude petroleum it should be remembered that it is safer to use an oil having a specific gravity of 48° than lower. The principal advantage of fumigation over treatment with any of the washes is the thoroughness with which the gas does the work. If properly done, probably every scale will be killed by fumigation while it is very difficult, if not impossible, to hit all of them with a spray. The use of the gas in the orchard is practically limited, however, to comparatively small trees be- cause of the expense and difliculty of fumigating large ones. Trees that can be cut back to about twelve or fourteen feet in height by eight or nine feet in diameter can be easily and cheaply fumigated, 288 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THD Ill. OTHER PROMISING INSECTICIDES. The economic importance of scale insects as a group has re: sulted in unusual efforts being made to develop methods for their control. As a result various compounds are being devised and tested from time to time with the hope of finding a cheaper and more effectual way of combating these insects than any that has yet been devised. Among the compounds that give promise of success are the following: | Whale cil soap and crude petroleum compound.—Both whale oil soap and crude petroleum are known to have great insecticidal value and hence it would be supposed that a combination of the two would give highly satisfactory results. The experiments thus far, however, that have come to the writer’s knowledge, have not given altogether satisfactory results. A series of experiments by Felt, gave no better results than he had ob- tained with a plain 20 per ct. emulsion with water. In these experiments, however, the emulsion was not used very strong as but one pound of soap was used to each four gallons of water. This was emulsified in a “kerowater” pump with a small amount of oil, the pump being set to discharge but 10 per ct. of crude petroleum. This compound is undoubtedly worthy of further experiment. It is not improbable that a stronger emulsion would prove more effectual. Lime, sulphur and salt wash.—This compound has been used extensively and with much success in California. The prolonged periods of dry weather characteristic of that country are espe- cially favorable to the use of compounds of this kind. Experi- ments with this insecticide in the East have not given very satis- factory results as arule. A prominent exception, however, is a series of experiments by Marlatt, conducted at Washington, and published in Bul. 30, N. 8., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. of Entomology, pp. 34-36, which gave very promising results. In explanation of the unusual success of the treatment Dr. Marlatt states *Bulletin N. Y. State Museum, No. 46, Vol. 9, p. 337. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289 (p. 36), that the results were evidently due largely to the unusu- ally favorable weather conditions, as there were no rains suffi- ciently heavy to wash off the lime for nearly three weeks after the applications were made. The statement is also made that if a week or two of dry weather following the applications could be counted on, the lime, sulphur and salt wash would be as effectual here in the East as on the Pacific coast. The wash was made after the following formula, the ingredi- ents being steam boiled together in a barrel and applied hot. MEGUIERES a oscar eco et ws sey atel eee sacle Se ones si efalay sich clonsrar 30 pounds SAN CLE Calpe Aen Reem mae era Bi Sars cata Ora eae | as Salineecrcc gp tccrceasrias tae es xidlee ) ! ‘Ye, Mo eke a ae ~ hi St I ees mi * ! nu we, ‘Wy . y Le # y ; - ' J ; + Z ai Linea" oy , ' a noe i kos s » AY | 7 ‘ j On)" ’ bj J Pee a New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 291 that the blocks be so placed that when the door is forced into position it will almost but not quite reach the metal supports at the bottom.’ This will admit of some wear before the door is down as far as it will go. As shown in the illustrations, four strips are required. The upper one should be placed at the top of the door so as to press the two surfaces of felt as close together as possible, thus lessen- ing the possibility of leakage of gas. To make the pressure on the upper part of the door as great as possible the upper strip should be warped somewhat and then sprung into place. If preferred metal lugs may be cast, together with correspond- ing supports, and used in place of the strips and blocks. The principal advantage over the wooden fasteners would be that they would wear longer. To put the door in place it is only necessary to lift it so that the ends of the cross strips may drop into the fasteners. Its own weight will bring it nearly into place, and it will require but little additional force to drive it down as far as necessary. The handling of the door will be facilitated if the surfaces of the fasteners coming together are lubricated. The principal advantage of this fastener over the old is the ease and speed with which it permits the door to be put into place. It takes but a very few seconds. No ladder is required and the delay and consequent expense of turning each button into place is avoided. The door is held in place as securely as with the buttons, and we have found by careful tests that with the new fasteners there is no more danger of leakage of gas than before. ™See Bulletin 181, page 139, TREATMENT FOR SAN JOSE SCALE IN ORCHARDS.* I ORCHARD FUMIGATION., F. A. SIRRINE. SUMMARY. It is unsafe to leave trees in orchards exposed to action of hydrocyanic acid gas for periods of twelve hours. With perfect covers, debarring accidents, it is possible to kill every living specimen of pernicious scale on medium sized fruit trees without injury to the trees and thus to exterminate the pest in isolated sections. With large pieces of potassium cyanide and an excess of acid and water, rapid and uniform action results. Double the amount of potassium cyanide usually recom- mended for nursery fumigation should be used in orchard fumi- gation. Tents have less waste space and require less chemicals than other forms of coverings, but neither accurate nor thorough work can be done with them. Under favorable conditions thorough work can be done with box fumigators, but they require more chemicals than tents. They have the advantage of fixed dimensions. Cost of fumigation depends upon so many variable factors that it cannot be fixed. INTRODUCTION. Undoubtedly no one insect has attracted more attention dur- ing the past few years than the Pernicious scale-insect (Aspidiotus perniciosus), generally called “San José scale.” As this pest has been widely distributed to most sections of the *A reprint of Bulletin No, 209. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293 country its treatment and contro] have been the subject of a large number of publications. Unfortunately a number of con- flicting and misleading results have been obtained and pub- lished. As a result, orchardists are often at a loss to know whether the expense and the chances of failure are not too great to warrant undertaking any treatment, or are unable to decide correctly between different methods. We feel justified, there- fore, in adding another chapter on the treatment of this notor- ious pest. In addition it is desirable to record the conditions and results met with in this section of the State (Long Island). OBJECT OF TESTS. The object of making the following tests was not only to determine the amounts of potassium cyanide that should be used in orchard work, together with its effect on trees and in- sects, but to determine whether it is possible to exterminate this pest over small isolated areas and at same time to simplify and cheapen the method so that orchardists would find fumigation feasible. Incidental to this work were tests on time of chemi- cal action, on kinds of apparatus used, and on cost HISTORY OF TESTS. During the winter of 1899-1900, about 20 apple, 14 cherry, 201 peach, 6 pear, and 25 plum trees (in the orchard) were fumigated by means of tents. As it was not only impossible to estimate accurately the amount of space enclosed by a tent when placed over a tree, but was also found impracticable to prevent fre- quent leakage of gas from the tents, caused by constant wearing and puncturing by the branches, the work was discontinued until the winter of 1900-1901, at which time folding fumigators hay- ing fixed dimensions were constructed and used. The plums, pears and cherries, which were separated from the main orchard by a high embankment and were distant one-eighth mile, were not treated again; but the apple and peach trees, treated the previous winter, were refumigated. 294 Rperort of THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THD EFFECT OF THE GAS ON TREES, In the preliminary work on fumigation, in California, espe- cially of citrus trees, all injury to the leaves of the trees was supposed to result from decomposition of the gas by sunlight and heat. As a result fumigation is usually done at night in that section, although it was found that by the use of black tents the work could be done in the day time with less injury than with uncolored tents. In the east the majority of the tests have been made with black tents at a season of the year when the trees were dormant, with the result that there was little or no danger of injury from the conditions that orange growers have to contend with. The principal injuries to deciduous trees result from other causes, such as too heavy charges of chemi- cals, over exposure or treatment after leaves have begun to expand. In the following tables are shown some of the effects of differ- ent amounts of chemicals allowed to act for varying lengths of time, together with notes on the same. In a study of these tables the following notes will be of assistance: The chemical abbreviation KCN is used for potassium cyanide, the chemically pure (approximately 98 per ct.) being used in all cases. In most instances the maximum exposures were made during the noon hour and comparatively few trees were treated for long periods; in addition the number of trees receiving heavy charges of KCN were small; hence the tables cannot be averaged. The orchards in which the tests were made consisted of a mixture in one case of apple, cherry, peach, pear and plum; in the other of apple, cherry, chestnut, peach and walnut. In the first, a small orchard, the trees were set haphazard; while in the second, a peach orchard, the peach trees in every other row alternated with apple, cherry, chestnut or walnut. No definite erder was followed in setting the alternating trees; and as a result there were but few apples, walnuts, etc., and these were often widely scattered. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295 Under these conditions it was more convenient to keep a record of the trees and the notes on the same by number instead of by charts, the trees being numbered consecutively in each orchard, without reference to the kind of tree. All trees under test, of whatever kind, were treated while the fumigators were near them, without returning to the same sec- tion of the orchard at different times. The orchard was treated in sections during the winter of 1900-1901, so that some trees of each kind could be fumigated with different amounts of KCN at different periods—while dormant and when the buds were opening. Dates given in the tables should not be taken as proper time for treatment except in sections of the country which have relatively the same temperature. TABLE I.—APPLE TREES TREATED UNDER F'umiIcArTorS, 1901, Time treated. Amt. of KCN -———+~——— (No. of Date. per 100 cu. ft. Min. Max. trees. Results. Grams. Ozs. Min. Min. Mar, 23.. 15 53 45 45 1 No injury. Mar. 18.. 20 -70 45 45 1 No injury. Mar.19.. 20 -70 30 35 3 No injury. Mar. 20.. 20 -70 45 45 No injury. Mar. 23.. 20 -70 30 90 injury. Apres: &.. 20 70 30 60 No injury. APES eS.) 20) -10 30 30 No injury. Apre9: = 20 .70 30 30 No injury. Apr. 12: 20 .70 30 30 No injury. Total number treated with 20 grams Mar.16.. 25 .88 30 45 Mar.18.. 25 . .88 55 55 A ° i WArRrWORNNNNE FP RRP YN OH A ° No injury. No injury. Mar Gee 9125 .88 35 70 injury. Mar: 23.45 925 88 45 50 No injury. Marr 27ey 25 .88 15 40 2 No injury. Mar. 28.. 25 .88 30 75 No injury. AME 2 oa .88 30 90 111 No injury. PACTVTSS acy aye wend .88 30 Ae No injury. ADE (Salen 20) .88 30 45 No injury. Apes 9s. 25 .88 30 30 No injury. April 25 suas, .88 30 40 No injury. Apr. loti econ .88 30 30 No injury. e Total number treated with 25 grams 5 Mar. 25.. 15d 2.64 45 45 1 One tree exposed all night to action of gas. 2 Fumigator blown off one tree at end of 15 minutes. Unless anchored when wind was heavy, the fumigator is not only liable to jump but in this case was blown from the tree. 3 ‘1 ree was removed after treatment by owner without consulting us. a Oe) Very scaly, thrown out. 296 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE TABLE II.—CHESTNUT (PARAGON) TREATED UNDER FumIGATORS, 1901. Amt of KCN Date. per 100 cu. ft. Grams. Mar.19.. 20 Apr. s5.%... 20 Miarselsere, 2 Ozs. -70 -70 .88 Time treated. No. of trees. 2 6 3 TABLE III.—PEAcCH TREES TREATED Amt. of KCN Date. per 100 cu. ft. Grams. Oz. Mar.19.. 15 .53 Mar: 23.. 15 .03 Mar. 25.. 15 .53 Apr: Bucs .53 LNs IPAS 1S Ais} Time treated. cvreo--- eer Max. Min. 60 5d 50 40 60 Total number treated with 15 grams Mar. 18.. 20 Mar.19.. 20 Mar. 20... 20 Mar. 23... 20 Mar. 25.. 20 Mar. 27.. 20 Mar. 28.. 20 Apr. 2... 20 Apr. 5.. 20 Apr 8... 20 Apr. ‘9... 20 Apr 2. 20) ADT 13)... 20 -70 -70 -70 -70 -70 -70 -70 -70 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 30 30 30 30 75 90 60 85 30 90 45 30 No. of trees. Lo a a on Co oo Ode Total number treated with 20 grams 120 Results. No injury, May 1. No injury, May 1. No injury, May 1. UNDER F'umMIGATORS, 1901. Results. Tree badly infested. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. One tree treated 60 minutes has a number of its lower branches dead, apparently all due to injury by scale, No injury. No injury. No injury. One tree exposed all night; on June 38, shows tips of twigs without leaves and no living weeds or grass around base. Other trees uninjured. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. One tree exposed all night; May 24, has terminals killed back 12 to 18 inches, similar to tree shown in Plate XVI. All plants around base of tree killed. Other trees unin- jured. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. 2 Two trees treated Mar. 18, two Mar. 19, one Mar. 23, two Mar. 25 and one Apr. 5 were exposed to gas all night. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207 TABLE I[V.—PEACH TREES TREATED UNDER FUMIGATORS, 1901, Amt. of KCN Date. per 100 cu ft. Min. Max. trees. Grams. 28. Min. Min. Mar. 16 25 .88 30 50 5 Mar. 18 De .88 30 exon alalil Mar. 19 25 .88 30 Son 1 Mar. 20.. 25 -88 30 60 4 Mar. 28.. 25 .88 30 $0) 15! Mar. 25 25 .88 30 90 81 Mar. 27 25 .88 30 45 3 Mar. 28 25 -88 30 30 3 Apr. 2 25 88 30 90 30 PAI tDa 120 88 30 $0 411 ADDS ceacoo -88 30 40 9 Apr. 9:2 25 -88 30 45 10 Apre ta. aD 88 30 (i lt! Apes lS.) een .88 80 30 8 ADI. ie 2o .88 30 30 itt Total number treated with 25 grams 181 Mar. 25.. 50 11.76 30 90 82 MAT tere OO 1.76 30 45 5 Mar. 28.. 50 1.76 30 80 62 Apr. 9.. 50 1.76 30 60 2 Total number treated with 50 grams 24 Time treated. ee No. of Results, No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. One tree exposed all night; on May 18 has terminals killed back 12 to 18 inches. Other trees uninjured. No injury. No injury. One tree exposed 75 minutes; on May 18 starting as if injured; May 24 shows a few tips of branches without leaves. Other trees unin- jured. ; No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. No injury. One badly infested tree treated 60 min., on Apr. 28 shows buds on infested branches dead, and on May 13 no Injury except on such branches. Ohler tree, treated 380 min., uninjured. 1 One tree treated Mar. 18, one Mar. 19, two Mar, 23, one Mar. 25 and one Apr. 5 exposed to gas all night; one Apr. 12 exposed 75 minutes. 2One tree treated Mar. 25 exposed to gas all night; one tree Mar. 28 exposed 60 minutes, another 80 minutes, 298 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE TABLE V.—PEACH TREES TREATED UNDER FumIGcAtTorS, 1901. Time treated. No. Amt. of KCN -—— Date. per 106 cu. ft. Min. Max. trees. Results. Giams. Ozs. Min. Min. Marrone. 5 2.64 30 30 1 ‘Tree in full bloom May 6. No injury traceable to gas. PI. XV. Apr: 8.00 °4D 2.64 30 60 2 One tree, not badly infested, treated 60 minutes without injury. The other’ tree treated but 30 minutes, on Apr. 28 showed buds on badly infested branches to be weak, but on May 138 appeared in good condition. Apt 2e oO 2.64 30 30 2 Buds expanding when treated. On May 6 trees have but few branches with terminal and lateral buds killed; and on May 13 they show but one- ; tenth full bloom. PX; 08 aed (9B ue Ta; 2.64 30 60 7 May 6, some branches on all these trees show terminal and lateral buds injured; one tree treated one hour injured more than the others. (See Plate XVI.) May 13, less Total number treated with 75 gramg 12 than one-tenth full bloom. TABLE VI.—JAPAN WALNUT TREES TREATED UNDER FumicaTors, 1901. Time treated. No. 2 Amt. of KCN ———_—. of Date. per 100 cu. ft. Min. Max. trees. Results. Grams. Ozs Min. Min. Min. Mar 2- > 15 .53 35 35 1 Tree badly infested. No in- jury. Mar.16.. 20 70 30 45 7 No injury. Mar. 18.. 20 .70 3 65 8 No injury. Mar. 16... 25 .88 40 45 2 No injury. Apr 5.. -25 .88 30 45 4 No injury. Apr “83. 2d .88 30 30 1 No injury. Apr De.& 25 .88 30 35 4 No injury. Apr. 1.. 25 .88 30 30 1” No injury Apr ds... 25 .88 30 30 4 No injury. Mar.d§.. 37.5 1.82 30 30 1 No injury. Apr dy... fo 2.64 30 30 1 May 6, all terminal buds killed. June 10, tree has developed latent buds and is in full leaf- age, showing tendency to form numerous branches but no leaders. All other wal- nuts uninjured. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 299 From the data in these tables it appears: (1) That it is unsafe to leave peach trees exposed to the action of the gas for periods of 12 hours no matter what weight of potassium cyanide per cubic foot is used; (2) that all vigorous trees, even those as tender as peach can be safely treated with as much as 23 ozs. of 98 per ct. potassium cyanide per 100 cu. ft. (.75 grm. per cu. ft.) for a period not exceeding 30 minutes, providing the treatment is given while the trees are dormant; (3) that peach trees which have their vitality reduced by attacks of the scale are labie to be injured after April 1st by use of 24 ozs. of potassium cyan- ide per 100 cu. ft.; but the injury is not usually such that the trees do not recover and make a better growth than while infested; (4) that peach can be treated in the orchard for inter- vals varying from 30 to 60 minutes with as much as 1% ozs. potassium cyanide per 100 cu. ft. (.50 erms. per cu. ft.), even after fruit buds show color; (5) that walnut and chestnut will stand the same treatment as peach. The tests made in 1900, under tents and hence liable to error, indicate that plums and cherries are similar to peach in resist- ance, and that pears cannot stand 13 ozs. of potassium cyanide after the flower buds are exposed. At this time the injury was confined principally to the flower buds, but even where these were injured the entire setting of fruit was not destroyed. Johnson has reported injury to peach in Maryland by use of about one-half the above amounts of potassium cyanide per cubic foot. It will be shown under rules for estimating contents of tents and fumigators that, through an error, Johnson has actiu- ally used much more than the amount he recommends as safe. Caution.—It should be remembered that the larger amounts tested apply only to trees in orchards where the gas comes in contact with the ground. EFFECT OF THE GAS ON THE SCALE-INSECT. The effect of the gas upon the insects is not as easy to deter- mine as its effect on the trees. Frequently on branches thor- oughly encrusted with this pest not over one per ct. of the 300 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE individual specimens will be alive. Again, the percentage of living scale-insects will vary not only on the part of the tree upon which they occur but also with the season of the year. CONDITION BEFORE TREATMENT. The following table gives approximately the condition of the San José scale-insect on peach in March, 1901, prior to treat- ment. The percentages were obtained by taking the infested branches into the laboratory and making a microscopic examina- tion of all the specimens. The branches were taken from diif- ferent trees: TABLE VII.—SAN JOSE SCALE ON PEACH, MAnrcnh, 1901. l-yr. wood. 2yr. wood. Average. Per ct. Per ct. Perit. Living specimens on first branch....... 24. 52. 38. Living specimens on second branch.... ite 62. 44.5 Living specimens on third branch...... 2a 65. 43.5 PAVCUAE CIs clevejeleielelsielereccievere ise) eis eieterers 24.3 59.6 42. CONDITION AFTER TREATMENT. Under tents.—(1) In the small orchard, November 20, 1900, four plums showed a few living specimens of the scale-insects on new wood. Three of the trees were badly infested before treatment; on the other, specimens were numerous at time of treatment. These trees were fumigated April 18th. As near as could be estimated for tents, 1$ to 2 ozs. of potassium cyanide per 100 cu. ft. were used for periods varying from 385 to 60 minutes. One cherry, treated April 14th with over 2 ozs. per 100 cu. ft. for 70 minutes has living specimens on new wood. Specimens were numerous before treatment. It is a marked fact that as late as December 7, 1901, the in- crease of specimens on the above trees has been so slow that it is still a hard matter to find them. (2) In the large orchard, living specimens of the insects were found on treated trees in one instance, but as only part of the orchard was treated there was a chance for the insects to be transferred from untreated to treated trees thus making it im- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301 possible to determine whether the specimens found had survived the fumigation. Under folding fumigators——Five hundred and fifty tests were made during the winter of 1900-1901. At time of treatment many of these trees were infested. Only one was found where there was positive proof that the scale had survived the fumigation; this was a peach treated March 19th (a windy day), with four-fifths ounce of potassium cyanide per 100 cu. ft. (.25 eram per cu. ft.) for 35 minutes. On August 26th, it was found that the lower branches which lay close to the ground were badly infested with living specimens. Adjoining trees showed a few living scales on December 7th. These were not badly infested trees before treatment, and the specimens were found only on sides next the previously infested tree showinz quite conclusively that they became infested from it. In only one other instance has any trace of living scale shown itself as late as December 7th.” This was on a tree which was slightly if at all infested before fumigated. Only three speci- mens were found. All indications are that this tree became infested after treatment, possibly from the previously mentioned tree, although about ten rods to the north of the latter. As shown in the discussion of diffusion, it is possible that hydrocyanic acid gas was absorbed by the moist ground rapidly enough so that individual scales on the lower branches survived the treatment, but if this was the case similar results ought to have been obtained from some of the other 181 tests made on peach with same amounts of cyanide of potassium, even though all the trees were not infested at time of treatment. It seems more probable that an accident during fumigation of this one tree must have occurred. Either the wind caused the fumigator to lift frequently during the period of exposure, or an error was made in the amount of chemicals used. Before drawing conclusions it should be stated that the plums found infested after treatment were fumigated after the tents were much the worse for wear and badly in need of reoiling. In fact, at time of treatment of this small orchard there was 302 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE always a marked odor of hydrocyanic acid gas to the leeward of the trees. Hence conclusions as to what can be accomplished by fumigation with the above gas should not be based upon results obtained with tents. CONCLUSIONS. Excluding conditions where tents were used, the results of tests for 1900-1901 show that with good covers, debarring acci- dents and infestation from other sources, fumigation with hydro- cyanic acid gas can be depended upon to exterminate the San José scale, on medium sized orchard trees, over small areas. Under favorable conditions, the scales were all killed by the use of .15 gram per cu. ft. (one-half ounce of potassium cyanide per 100 cu. ft.), but as shown later, at least double this amount should be used unless the operator is certain that all conditions are favorable. AMOUNT AND GRADE OF CHEMICALS TO USE. Writers on fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas have recom- mended the use of various formulas. The principal variations are in the amounts.of acid and water used. Coquillet,t Marlatt? and Webster® have recommended the use of one part by weight of potassium cyanide, one part by volume of sulphuric acid, and two parts by volume of water. Based on the weight of potas- sium cyanide, the charge would be represented by the formula 1-1-2. Smith! recommends a formula of 1-1-8. Johnson® and Gould® have recommended the use of 1-14-24; while Craw’ rec- ommends 1-11-38. The author has recommended the use of 1-14-4. The latter was based on results obtained in all-night © treatment of forcing houses and in nursery fumigation, where 1Insect Life, 2:203 (1890). “Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896:228. *Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 103 (1899). ‘Rept. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta., 1897:467. 5'Md. Exp. Sta. Bul. 57:79 (1898). ®Md. Exp. Sta. Bul. 73:163 (1901). 7Fourth Rept. St. Board Hort. Cal. 1894:107. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303 the gas was allowed to act for several hours, the excess of water being essential to prevent crystallization of by-product. The following tables show tests made in orchard fumigation under box fumigators, hence should show approximately the amounts of acid and water to be used to give most uniform results within shortest period of time under varying field con- ditions. The potassium cyanide used was what is known by dealers as “broken cyanide 98 per ct. pure” and unless so stated no addi- tional labor or cost was expended in order to have it of a definite size. Except where indicated, chemically pure sulphuric acid (98 per ct., sp. gr. by test 1.84) was used. TABLE IX.—TESTS WITH VARIOUS FORMULAS FOR FUMIGATION. FORMULA 1-1-2, Time of Time of treat- chem. KCN. H,SO,. H,O. ment. action. Results. Ozs. Fl. ozs. Fl. ozs. Min. Min. 7.0 7.0 14.0 385.0 11.0 KCN in _ two pieces. By-product crystallized in 80 min. Temp. 53.5. 7.0 7.0 14.0 385.0 10.0 KCN in _ two pieces. By-product erystallized, commercial sulphuric acid. 7.0 7.0 14.0 380.0 17.0 KCN in one piece. By-product crystallized, commercial sulphuric acid. 7.0 7.0 14.0 85.0 11.0 KCN in two pieces, one large, one small. Temp. 45°. 7.0 7.0 14.0 80.0 5.5 KCN powdered. Temp. 45°. FORMULA 1-1-3. 4.0 4.0 12.0 30.0 * Chem. action not complete, com. acid. 6.0 6.0 18.0 35.0 Chem. action not complete, com. acid. 8.0 8.0 24.0 25.0 Chem. action not complete, com. acid. 15.0 15.0 45.0 35.0 Chem. action not complete, com. acid. some large pieces of KON. 6.5 6.5 19.5 30.0 Chem. action not complete, com. acid. Ze 2). ool oO Chem. action not complete, com. acid. some large pieces of KCN. 4.5 4.5 14.0 30.0 Chem. action complete, com. acid. 4.5 4.5 14.0 30.0 Chem, action complete, com. acid. TO 7.0 21.0 35.0 11.5 Chem. action complete, one piece KON. 11.25 11.25 35.0 60.0 Chem. action complete, com. acid, FORMULA 1-14-31, 11.25 18.0 389.0 380.0 8.0 KCN in two pieces. Com. acid. *In cases where time of chemical action is not given, the tests were made under tents where the action could not be observed, 304 Rprort or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE FORMULA 1-144-1Y4, Time Time chem, KCN. H,SO,. 4H,0. treated. action. Results. Ozs. Fi ozs. Fl.ozs. Min. Min. 7.0 8.75 8.75 80.0 16.0 KON ¥nseveral pieces. Chemical action very slow, considerable brown sedi- ment. Com. acid. FORMULA 1-114-21%, 120 8.75 17.5 385.0 5.0 KCN powdered, action violent enough to throw contents out of generator. By-product crystallized in 1 hour. Com. acid. 7.0 8.75 17.5 35.0 5.5 Conditions and results same as above, chemically pure acid. 7.0 8.75 17.5 385.0 4.0 Conditions and results same as above. (ie) 9.0 18.0 35.0 6.5 KCN no larger than hickory nuts, no crystallization. 7.0 9.0 18.0 35.0 10.0 KCN in one piece. No crystals, FORMULA 1—114-31%, 11.25 14.0 386.0 30.0 6.0 Com. acid. 11.25 14.0 36.0 30.0 8.0 Com. acid. 11.25 14.0 36.0 30.0 Chem. action complete, com. acid. 2 14°70 “36.0 3020 Chem. action complete, com. acid. 11-25 14.0 36.0 3020 Chem. action complete, com. acid. FORMULA 1-144-3%4. 4.0 5.0 - 15.0 30:0 Chem. action complete, com. acid. 4.0 5.0 15.0 40.0 Chem. action complete, com. acid. 4.0 5.0.- 1620 4020 Chem. action complete, com. acid. «a0 8.75 26.25 85.0 7.0 IXCN in one piece, chem. pure acid. 7.0 8.75 26.25 30.0 7.5 KCN in two pieces, chem. pure acid 7.0 8.75 26.25 30.0 38.0 KCN powdered, chem. pure acid. 1270 1550) 4550" (3020) 1230 FORMULA 1—14%4—3. 7.0 10.5 21.0 30.0 4.0 KCN powdered, action violent enough to throw contents out of generator. 7.0 10.5 21.0 35.0 6.0 KCN in one piece. First period of ‘ action uniform. 7.0 10.5 21.0 35.0 6.0 KCN in one piece. First period of action uniform. FORMULA 1-1144-414. tO AOU? Oise oo. 9.0 IKCN in one piece. These tables show that where large pieces of potassium evyanide were used in the formula 1-1-2, the action was too slow and the by-product crystallized within a short time. In some Gian ds rw Marcu 16, FoR 30 MINUTES, WITH 0.75 FUMIGATED PLATE XV.—PEACH TREE YANIDE PER CuBICc Foot. May 24 =) GRAM OF 98 PER CT. POTASSIUM ( ) aphed (Photogr PLATE XVI.—PEACH TREE TREATED SAME AS ONE IN PLATE XV, ON APRIL 13. (Photographed May 24.) Te Ni Ses Ah eh OF8 ue es 5 Tn ¢ ; ee Nal : oh CF fier i ? a) + a, fa i] * 7 a te | Ae Wy ar at i] 4 Huey ‘ 4s? « voor ‘ Viens an vA oR if Nt 4 +} ae 4 hy ‘ boy Wn : - ic ¥ i ii ie i - ny, i 5 Ls 7 ¥ ts ' vat i c \ . , . i * ' ‘ « at rw PLS abo Mei t a} 4 he ‘ LAys': re oo arnt ie 7 bs ae 7 echt Me ; a te Pe y i - ot » van i a Sin 2 sat, ‘SMOG NOU] JO SNVGJY AT SHAUL DNILOALOU AGNV ‘SENET LOOY-0¢ DNITIGNVH 40 GOHLAW— ]IAX ALvid Cather Soaks PRE eect a avi ie. ee ‘elas Oo at ¢ k oi i ah Pde ' “ wall hi ia ve 4 ‘ ; is ‘ co a , tris 7 Wigictd : a b S20 Fan Ser}, i ' or t 1 ' >) ah. it t ce. J » es : : r = s i s ‘ a Ms ni 4 4 p ; Sh As, id tan tr % { i ‘ a A M4 : a A ny o Meee Te aaa Ee 7 e ae > te Ls} 7 a i ; crac © j at py 1F mi 4 d , 7 4 i Nua hs Hae s) 7” oe Pray aL NY MORIRa. ss ; Meee meen %y ¥er . i he ‘ ‘ 12 Vat Ses ee . ; lg 5 wS D 4 ; , > { x , . if 2 = be ’ u ¥ j . ; we « ” f : ' # ¢ 7] , ~ “bh O Bed aadl yee wacko’ « ° » | . # ‘UMHLONY OL ANU TNO WOU YOLVOINAY DNIUUMAASNVUL—TTIIAX ALVId “ii a A é f ay 2 4 8 ha? PLATE XIX.—FUMIGATOR AROUND TREE, READY FOR CLOSING. ae 3 Baud wo te a ee PLATE XX.—METHOD OF CLOSING FUMIGATOR. PLATE XXI.—FUMIGATOR CLOSED, READY FOR DUMPING CHARGE. ‘NOILVUGdQ NI SUOLVDINAY YNIGIOW—'[IXX GivI1d es hh “ge any oe ic iA New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 305 cases the latter interfered with rapid emptying and refilling of generators. Where the chemicals were used in the proportion of 1-1-8, the action was entirely too slow on the ordinary size of broken cyanide. In some instances it was not even complete in the period allowed for fumigation of a tree. The use of equal amounts of acid and water, even though greater than the amount of potassium cyanide, did not give increased chemical action. The use of an excess of acid and three times as'much water did not materially decrease the rate of chemical action. In general the table shows that a slight excess of acid and two to four times as much water gave fairly good results, but in cases where powdered potassium cyanide was used the chem- ical action was violent enough to throw the contents out of the generator. CONCLUSION. It should be observed that the smaller the pieces of potassium cyanide the less time required for chemical action, no matter what ratio of acid and water was used. By the use of one and a half times as much acid and three times as much water as of potassium cyanide, by volume, the action was nearly as rapid with large pieces as with small pieces when used with less acid and water. ; Where large quantities of potassium cyanide are broken fine there is a waste not only by decomposition on exposure to the air but also by its being thrown out of the generator when chemical action begins. Having it broken to a definite size, as some have recommended means an additional expense of 2 cents per lb. on wholesale price, but by using the finely broken potassium cyanide and an equal amount of sulphuric acid by volume the total cost per charge of chemicals is the same as where ordinary broken cyanide is used with one and a half times as much sulphuric acid by volume. Hence the principal gain in using the ordinary broken potassium cyanide of the trade and a larger amount of sulphuric acid is prevention of waste; at the 20 S06 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB same time uniform chemical action is obtained and spattering avoided. Although the tests indicate that a formula of 1-14-38, that is 1 part by weight of KCN, 13 times as much acid and 3 times as much water by volume as of KCN, gave best reactions, the formula generally recommended for orchard and nursery work, viz.: 1-11-21, that is 1 part by weight of KCN, 13 times as much acid by volume and 1} times as much water as acid gave as good results under most conditions, hence if preferred can be followed. If too violent action results more water can be added. ABSORPTION OF THE GAS. From results obtained in fumigation of forcing houses, we were led to assume that the hydrocyanic acid gas either had a tendency to bank or was rapidly absorbed as it came in contact with moist soil. Some tests made during winter of 1899 and the following winter on diffusion of gas showed that about 50 per ct. of the gas was aksorbed by the moist earth. These tests also showed that under cloth-covered fumigators the diffusion was quite uniform. Penny! has shown that in the presence of moist soil over 50 per ct. of the available gas present in a cubic foot of space is absorbed. For example, if .15 grm., an amount recommended for fumigation of nursery stock in closed boxes, is used in orchard work where it comes in contact with moist earth, only .075 grm. of this amount becomes available for killing the scale- insects. These conditions, together with failure, in some cases, to kill all the scale-insects on low branches and at base of trees, indi- cate that double the amounts of KCN generally recommended for fumigation of nursery stock should be used in orchard work, at least if complete extermination is the object sought. The foregoing tests show that on fairly vigorous orchard trees no injury to tree will result from use of this increased amount of *Del. Coll, Agr. Exp. Sta. 12th Ann, Rept. p. 229. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 307 KON. Whether the additional expense required will warrant the use of this amount should be decided by the operator, and in many cases he can even decide from the condition of the trees whether it is necessary to use a heavy charge. APPARATUS, TENTS. During 1899-1900 two sizes of sheet tents were made and tested for orchard fumigation. Two twenty-foot and two thirty- foot tents were constructed at a cost of $15 and $25 apiece for the two sizes, by the Richard Fitzgerald Water Proof Co., 38 South street, New York city, on the following plan: Each tent was octagonal in shape, the seams all running to a common centre, which was strengthened by sewing on an extra piece six feet square. A quarter-inch rope was hemmed in to reén- force the bottom. After making, the tents were dipped in a mixture of linseed oil and lampblack combined with some substance that kept them pliable when dry. One large tent was of heavy drill, the other large tent and the two small tents were made of sheeting. To protect the trees from injury by the tents and at same time to prevent tearing the tents with broken branches, U shaped bows were made of iron pipe and used over the trees. It was thought these bows would not only protect the trees but be an aid in sliding the tent on and off the tree, as well as give a uni- form size and shape to the enclosed space. Three sizes of the piping were tested, viz., one-fourth, three-eighth and one-half inch. The first proved worthless, the three-eighths answered for the small tents, while the one-half inch answered for all purposes. Three of these bows were required over each tree, and in order to manipulate four tents to advantage, six sets of three each were necessary. The additional cost of the bows brought the cost of the outfit to $26 and $39 each, for small and large tents, respectively. A method of manipulating the tents and the arrangement of the bows or arches are shown in Plate XVII. With a little care 308 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE in setting, these bows furnished approximately the same amount of space for each tree, no matter what the size and shape, thus making it unnecessary to calculate the amount of chemicals that must be used for each, and at the same time prevented breaking branches and rubbing the buds from them. The extra labor of handling combined with their expense would forbid their use except in special cases. The small gain in form, and the slight advantage acquired by their use for getting a tent on and off a tree was too small to be considered. They could not be used on frozen ground as it was necessary to sink them into the ground one and one-half to two feet. Tents made over thirty feet in diameter require special ap- paratus for handling, which adds to the expense of the outfit. In addition large tents increase rapidly in cost compared to size. Forty-foot tents cost between $45 and $50, when made to order. BOX FUMIGATORS. PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED FORMS. One style of box fumigator, with the method of using and its advantages, has been described by V. H. Lowe in Bul. No. 181 of this Station, hence need not be described at this time. The only other form of covering for orchard fumigation that has been described and is being used at present time, which is not simply a variation of the octagonal tent, is the Emory fumi- gator designed and described by Prof. W. G. Johnson+ This a half-box, half-tent affair for which it is just as difficult to esti- mate cubic contents as for a tent; furthermore it is more un- wieldly than a tent. At first Johnson? claimed that his itrateaton could be built for $12. An attempt was made in 1899 to purchase a set of these fumigators. The price asked was $35 each. In a later publication? Johnson puts the cost of construction at $30 apiece. 1U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. No. 20, n. s., pp. 48-45, 1899. Sie: ®Rural New-Yorker, Jan. 20, 1900. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 309 A HEXAGONAL FOLDING FUMIGATOR, During the winter of 1900-1901, a folding hexagonal fumiga- tor was constructed and tested. In building this fumigator an effort was made to shun most of the disadvantages met with in using a tent. The box designed and used by Lowe overcomes the disadyan- tages of a tent but has considerable waste space and is an un- wieldly piece of apparatus to store or move any great distance. The folding fumigator was constructed with the idea of having a gas-tight box of constant capacity, with as little waste space as possible compared with its size, which could be taken down and folded, if desirable, stored in small space, or conveniently trans- ported from one place to another. Like Lowe’s square box, this hexagonal fumigator can be placed around a tree instead of having to be lifted over it by means of a derrick, a disadvan- tage of the Emory fumigator. Frame—tTwo sizes of this fumigator were built, one eleven and one-half and the other twelve feet high. In form they were hexagonal, the shortest diameter being eight and one-half and ten feet respectively, for small and large size. Each side of the frame was made separately and formed a rectangular figure 6 x 12 ft. in the larger and 5x11} ft.in the smaller. The stiles, vertical strips, of each side were made by ripping nine-inch un- dressed spruce boards into four pieces. By making the two outer cuts on each board at diagonal the rails were beveled on one edge at an angle of 60°. (See Fig. 4, Plate XXIV). The latter was necessary in order to have each side stand at the proper angle. Hence the stiles were 24 inches wide on the out- side, 1¢ inches on the inside, and 14 inches thick. The top and bottom rails and horizontal brace were of the same material, 11 x 22 inches. The diagonal braces were made of 1x2 inch stuff. Instead of being mortised the stiles and rails were mitered and firmly nailed. To give additional strength a tri- angular block was nailed into each corner. The horizontai brace was placed above the center and a diagonal brace below 010 Report of THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE the horizontal one. This was done to bring all weight as near the base as possible. See Plate XXIII. The separate sides were hinged together in pairs, the hinges being placed outside; after which two pairs were hinged to the third, the hinges being placed inside. This allowed of the fold- ing of the sides back and forth on one-another so that the whole when closed occupied no more surface space than did one rect- angular side. It also permitted of the front being opened as a double door to a width equal to the shortest diameter of the box. Two pairs of 4-inch backflap hinges were required on each pair of sides and also for fastening the pairs together. The top was constructed in three parts, one rectangular and two triangular frames. Except in length and braces the center or rectangular portion of top was made the same as one of the sides. At first it was only braced by means of two diagonal] braces; later a triangular cross-brace was added. See Fig. 2, Plate XXIV. This not only prevented sagging of the cover but raised it so that water would run off; at the same time it formed The remaining parts of the top frame-work consist of two isos- celes triangles, the two equal sides of which were of the same length as the width of one side of the fumigator. These triangles were hinged to the rectangular piece. By nailing a 1x8 inch rail around outside the top frame and tacking a small cleat on the lower face of this frame, a one-and-a-half inch groove one inch deep was formed which fitted top rail of the side frames. See Fig. 3, Plate XXIV. Hooks and eyes were used to fasten the top to the side frames and also to secure the doors. This top not only held the frame in shape, but so braced the upper portion that it was only necessary to use a few cross braces near the base to make the whole rigid. The arrange- ment of these cross braces is shown in Fig. 3, Plate XXIV. They were made of 1x2 inch spruce held in place by means of eight-inch shutter hinges. The latter allowed of the braces being removed when the fumigator was folded. They also allowed of the removal of the front brace when placing the fumigator around a tree. al 1 f bt gp f S A PLATE XXIII.—FRAMEWORK OF HEXAGONAL FOLDING FUMIGATOR. ze ie ei age a Ae ne aa sae vey : mo ie 4 Bey eer cn ie New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. dll Cover.—In all cases unbleached sheeting was used for cover- ing the frames. In order to have as few seams as possible nine- quarter cloth was used on the twelve-foot and eight-quarter on the eleven-and-a-half foot fumigators. These widths required but one horizontal seam, which in most cases followed the middle rail; they also permitted of an over-lap on the top-rail. Yor allowing an over-lap on the stile of each door and a slack on two of the hinged angles, to prevent binding when closed, twenty-four-and-a-half and twenty-and-a-half yards in length of the above sizes were used for the sides of the two sizes of fumigators. Before attaching cover, all the stiles and top rails of the frame were faced with strips of Canton flannel. This not only strengthened the hinged angles and increased the packing sur- face for doors and top-joints, but also prevented wearing of the cover on the rough frame-work. By using three pieces of the sheeting, each a few inches longer and wider than the middle section of the top-frame, two top covers were made as follows: First, one piece was cut length- wise into two strips of equal width. Each strip was folded on itself and the ends sewed together after which it was cut across diagonally forming two triangles. These were sewed to the sides of one of the remaining rectangular pieces completing the cover. Ina similar manner the other strip was made into two triangles, sewed to the third rectangular piece and formed a second cover. When complete the cover was first fastened to bottom rail of frame and then stretched to top rail and tacked. In each case allowance was made for folds on angles where necessary, and excessive horizontal stretching avoided. The only difficulty in attaching cover to top-frame was on the four angles of the sides. Here a gore had to be inserted to allow opening of the top. Two grades of sheeting were tested, “ Lockwood ” nine-quarter wide costing 153c, and “ Palma” eight-quarter wide at 174c per yard. The latter had a firmer thread and was woven more 512 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE closely than the “ Lockwood;” as a result it required less oil in filling. Undoubtedly a grade of sheeting known as “ Utica” costing 20%c per yard for nine-quarter goods would have been better than “ Palma” but this would have made the fumigator nearly as heavy as if covered with duck. Filler.—After fastening cover to frame it was painted with the following mixture: Raw linseed oil 5 gal., lampblack, ground in oil, 1 lb., melted beeswax 4 lb. Two eéath of filler were required on Palma and three on Lockwood. To make all joints air-tight the edge of each door and the groove of the top-frame were lined with double faced Canton flannel. To avoid glazing, the Canton flannel should be put on after oiling. Felt was tested for the above purpose but cost more, was not as easily fitted, did not stay in place as well, nor wear as long as Canton flannel. Cyanide holders —On the rear cross brace of each fumigator a cigar-box with one end removed was rigged for holding the charge of potassium cyanide. See c, Fig. 3, Plate XXIV. A string passing through a very small hole in one of the rear verti- cal rails was attached to the box in such a manner that when released the contents were dumped into the generator. Earthenware stew-kettles holding from one to two gallons were used as generators. Attachments.—For handling a fumigator four open-bar staples were used, one being attached to each side corner. These were put on with stove bolts and were easily removed when fumigator was folded. By placing sixteen-foot scantlings under the staples, four men, with a little practice, could easily move a 10 x 12 foot fumigator. See Plate XVIII. Large leather washers were used where all hook and eye screws went through the cover, and leather facings were used under the staples. At first a sod-cloth or flap was attached around base of fumi- gator for banking upon in same manner as with tents. This proved to be of slight advantage except on very windy days when there was danger of the fumigator jumping. The soil Plate XXIV.—Details of fumigator construction: 1, Form of fumigator and moy- able braces; C, cyanide holder; 2, method of hinging and arrangement of braces of top; t, triangular rest for lid and peak for cover; 8, underside of top, showing groove to fit frame; 4, method of ripping planks for stiles. i ee 4 eae a0 WU ae ea ae bk Puli gM sili Oo + +5 Aaa aa PrP Fak fa) teatpafity (Ui soc Seba ME eR ey Teeoa eal ROT ET PL Piece tony Ar vo at i's Pe at & Piet 1, bald Nadu Nave Ty + bolt Fah Mee PL of A ee es vi 2 - » at 3 : ; New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 313 could be banked directly against the fumigator, making as close a joint as when placed upon the sod-cloth. As the latter proved to be very much in the way when moving the fumigator it was removed. ~ Cost.—The cost of building a twelve-foot fumigator, not in- cluding labor of putting on cover and oiling of same was $27, while the cost of the smaller size was $22.87; hence the entire cost of building such fumigators ought not to exceed $30 and $25 respectively. Manipulation—The method of using and handling the folding fumigator after treating a tree was as follows: First, the front lid of top was unhooked and turned back, the doors were opened next and the front brace removed. By having the open-bar staples placed at the proper height the poles used for carrying the fumigator rested upon the workmen’s shoulders, allowing them one hand free for lifting branches or holding the doors open. See Plate XVIII. After placing the fumigator around a tree the charge of cyanide was placed in its receptacle, the generator being placed beneath the latter; next, the brace was replaced, the doors brought together, the lid closed and hooked, after which the doors were hooked and base of fumigator banked. See Plates XIX, XX and XXI. A light pole for unfastening hooks and opening lid proved use- ful. With the aid of an anchor rope the same pole proved handy for closing the lid especially on the twelve-foot fumiga- tors. Whenever the wind was not too brisk and a fumigator had to be moved but a short distance it was found unnecessary to use the front brace. By the use of all braces and the addition of anchor ropes the folding fumigators could be used on days when the wind was too heavy for handling tents; they could also be anchored and left standing in an orchard over night. With a set of four folding fumigators and five men, forty trees could be fumigated in a day. In no case was the time of ex- posure less than thirty minutes and in most cases it exceeded forty-five minutes. With the four fumigators there were ~ 314 Report or tHe DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE periods in which sets of trees were covered, fumigated and un- covered in forty minutes. At this rate it was estimated that with the same number of men and six fumigators ninety trees could have been fumigated in ten hours. Possibly with a set of twelve fumigators one operator with a crew of eight men might have fumigated one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty trees in ten hours, but in no case would it be possible for them to fumigate two hundred trees in the same time. Advantages.—The principal advantages of this style of fumi- gator lie in the fact that it is of constant capacity so that the operator does not need to guess at size of trees and vary the amount of chemicals used for each; that it can be placed around a tree and not require a derrick to lift it over the same, as is the case with tents and the Emory fumigator; that it contains a minimum amount of waste space compared to its size, and can be stored in comparatively small space. In addition it has the advantage of rarely breaking the trees or rubbing off the buds. ESTIMATING CONTENTS OF TENTS OVER TREES. The method usually followed in California has been to esti- mate the height of a tree and diameter through the foliage, and from this the amounts of chemicals to be used are determined by tables previously computed. Johnson! has given a similar table but there is an error in his method of estimating the cubic contents of tented trees with the result that the amounts given in the table are in most cases nearly double what they should be, providing he intended to use but .20 gram potassium cyanide per cubic foot as stated. The amounts given in table show that about .40 gram per cu. ft. was used. He gives the following rule for estimating contents: “ First, I calculated the contents of a cylinder whose height and diameter are the height and di- ameter of the tree, then calculated the contents of a sphere whose diameter is the height of the tree. Then by taking half the difference and adding it to the contents of the cylinder, I 1Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 57, p. 79. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315 found my estimation was approximately correct.” The diameters given in table indicate that the measurements were taken through the widest portion of the tree. Now a cylinder whose height is the same as the height of a given tree and its diameter the diameter of the tree through the widest portion, surely contains more cubic space than could be included under a tent thrown over the same. Adding half the difference between a cylinder and a sphere, the height of one and the diameter of the other being the same as the height of the tree, to the contents of the cylinder, makes the contents of the tented tree much more than they should be. All trees, no matter what their shape, when covered with a tent form approximately half a spheroid or ellipsoid, whose major axis is twice the height of the tree and minor axis the diameter of the tree through its widest portion. In most cases the contents of the tent will be slightly less than a hemispheroid of the same height and diameter. Hence we have the following rule which is accurate enough in actual field work: Multiply the height of the tented tree by the square of the diameter through the branches, and this product by the constant .5236. A more simple rule is to multiply the height of the tented tree by the square of the diameter and this by one-half the number of grams of potassium cyanide to be used per cubic foot. The prod- uct will be the total amount, in grams of potassium cyanide required for each tree. To reduce this to ounces divide by 28.35. This rule applies only to tented trees. Although in itself the foregoing rule is simple, its application is not so easy. It is not an easy matter to estimate the dimen- sions of a tented tree and much depends upon the skill of the operator in fixing the size. Most tables are intended as a guide for guessing at the con- tents of a tented tree, although some writers have failed to state whether measurements should be made before or after tenting the tree. 316 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE ESTIMATING CONTENTS OF BOX FUMIGATORS. The cubic contents of rectangular boxes are easily computed. To estimate the contents of a hexagonal fumigator, multiply the width of one side by one-quarter of the shortest diameter, and this product by the number of sides and by the height; this will give the cubic contents. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FUMIGATORS. Tents.—The principal advantages of tents for orchard fumiga- tion are that they require less chemicals and have less waste space than any other form of covering, and that they can be easily folded for storing or for transportation from one place to another. Their objectionable features lie in the facts that the space enclosed by them cannot be accurately estimated; that this space and the amount of chemicals must be determined for each tree; and that they rest directly upon the tree and are liable not only to break the branches but to rub off many of the buds. Furthermore, they are apt to be torn by the broken branches, which, with constant abrasion in folding, causes them to leak. The result is that there is no certainty as to the thoroughness of the work done. When made over 80 feet in diameter they not only require a derrick for handling, but increase rapidly in cost. In addition, an expert is required where tents are used, to esti- mate contents. Box fumigators—Box fumigators! whether folding, opened by removal of one side or lifted bodily over a tree, have the advan- tage of constant dimensions, hence the amount of chemicals for charging can be accurately estimated and need be determined but once for all. They have the further advantage of not rest- ing upon the tree, thus they rarely break the branches or rub buds from them; they are not as apt to be torn, therefore give more uniform results and last longer; they have the disadvan- tage of requiring more chemicals than do tents, they are more unwieldy to handle, store or move from one orchard to another. *This does not include Johnson’s ‘‘ Emory fumigator.” New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ole The hexagonal folding fumigator has an advantage over all other forms of so called box fumigators in, that it contains the least amount of waste space, and that it can be folded into small compass for transportation or storage. For fumigation of deciduous trees over ten and under sixteen . feet in height hexagonal folding fumigators can be constructed and handled at less cost than can tents, but the additional ex- pense for chemicals required by the folding fumigator would probably more than counterbalance the difference. All forms of covers used in orchard fumigation have a dis- advantage in that there is a limit to the size which can be handled. As yet no single cover has been devised for trees over 20 feet high. Marlatt! states that citrus trees 80 feet high are fumigated in California by using two sheets, one overlapping the other. (It should be noted that he describes the handling of these tents by means of 25-foot poles with tackle. It is a mechanical impossibility to use tackle of this size on trees over 25 feet high.) Lapping one sheet over the other and making a tight joint may be possible on citrus trees and thorough enough for “black scale,” but could not be made to work on deciduous trees for San José scale. It is not advised that any one attempt the building and hand- ling of folding fumigators over 16 feet high and never more than 10 feet in diameter or with 6-foot sides. We believe that fumi- gators with 5 foot sides‘and 15 or 16 feet high can be handled as easily as the 12 foot fumigators with 6-foot sides. When con- - structed over 12 feet high spruce rails cannot be used for stiles. COST OF FUMIGATION. So many factors have to be taken into account in estimating the expense of fumigating trees in an orchard, that it is only possible to give an approximate estimate of cost. Even this must be conditioned not only by style of fumigating outfit used, but also by size and shape of tree to be fumigated as well as the 1Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896:229. 318 Report’ oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. varying price of chemicals and the distance they have to be shipped. Johnson states that chemicals cost from six to seven cents for trees 12 to 17 feet high. Apparently this estimate is based on pear trees. By using a uniform charge of .25 gram of potassium cyanide per cubic foot and one and a half times as much acid by volume, the chemicals to fumigate a low-grown peach tree 10 feet high by means of a tent, in our work cost 104 cents, while the chemi- cals for the same tree, when the 114 foot folding fumigator was used, cost 15 cents. With an outfit of four tents or four folding fumigators, the labor required to fumigate a tree cost 16 cents, making a total of 26} and 31 cents per tree respectively. The expense of labor in each case is based upon the cost of one head operator and four helpers all employed by the day, also on condition that this force fumigate fifty trees in a day of ten hours, allowing 40 minutes for each tree. It was estimated that with an outfit of six tents or the same number of folding fumigators, the same force could fumigate 90 trees in a day, in which case the cost of labor per tree would have been reduced to 9 cents each, or a total of 194 and 24 cents respectively for tents and fumigators. The foregoing does not include cost of outfit. Ata rough esti- mate six tents costing $150 could by patching and re-oiling be made to last long enough to fumigate one thousand trees. Hence the cost of outfit for each tree would be 15 cents making a total cost per tree of 344 cents. (Chemicals 10} cenis, ap- paratus 15 cents and labor 9 cents.) The total cost per tree cannot be computed on same basis for folding fumigators, for with the same amount of patching and care in handling, the latter would last indefinitely. As shown under “ Absorption of Gas” it is best in orchard fumigation to use at least .30 gram of potassium cyanide per cubic foot of space, or about one ounce for every 100 cubic foot. The cost of chemicals will be proportionately increased, being about 123 cents for tents and 18 cents for folding fumigators for trees 12 feet high. REPORT Or THD Horticultural Department. 8. A. Bracu, Horticulturist. HInricH HASSELBRING,! Assistant. N. O. Boorsn,? Assistant. O. M. Taytor, Foreman. TasLe oF Contents. I. Stable manure and nitrogenous commercial fertilizers for forcing lettuce. II. Ginseng culture. Resigned July 20, 1901. 2Appointed August 1, 1901 J le Rig . . oe ai t 44 r : va Peal ij i » \ aN ee! iw ie WY 4c) PMA ee, eo oa Bh Ab ( e OS Libis P " i a) aah 7 [ ant? vy ihe LO OE RS RES ea a , ~~ ; ' cai “F : =e F Loe “2 Y ya i ‘ Pi - 4 , * , ae fh FP Me ue ' . Lig nat lig’ rae ¥ “3 ' fi " . j Tew pak Fe Maly a Wistatel niyadoleeeorhict Ties ret shia a ; - toe he Pier fa ; AES OP QriMants F 4 erie rf ha Y \ : : 3 tlt oot ae = bs ; . kine Gath STABLE MANURE AND NITROGENOUS CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS FOR FORCING LETTUCE.* 8. A. BEACH AND H. HASSELBRING. SUMMARY. In the experiments here reported nitrogenous commercial fer- tilizers were compared with each other as to their effect on the forcing of lettuce. The particular forms in which they were tested were dried blood, nitrate of soda, dried blood and nitrate of soda combined, and sulphate of ammonia. With each of these, acid phosphate and muriate of potash were used in quantities designed to exceed the needs of the crop. The use of these commercial fertilizers without stable manure > resulted in a decided increase in yield over crops on correspond- ing untreated soil but proved inadequate for forcing the lettuce in a sufficiently short time to be profitable. On the clay loam with no stable manure a better yield was generally obtained where nitrate of soda was used than where either sulphate of ammonia or dried blood was used. On the sandy soil the results with dried blood were generally superior to the results with the nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. With sulphate of ammonia the results were very variable. Dried blood combined with the smaller percentage of manure, gave, in the aggregate, better results than either nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia similarly combined. The best crops were grown where the soil was fertilized with stable manure. *Reprint of Bulletin No. 208. 21 322 Rereorr oF THE HorRTICULTURAL DPPARTMENT OF THE Those portions of soil which received applications of 5 per ct. of manure in combination with the commercial fertilizers always showed a very great increase in yield over corresponding soils which were treated only with the commercial fertilizers. Fur- ther increase in the manure, however, was not followed by a corresponding increase in the yield. When soils similar to those under test are used for the first time for forcing a crop of lettuce, much more manure may doubt- less be used with profit than would be profitable where manure has been used abundantly with previous crops. Where the use of manure is continued year after year on soil originally not rich enough to force good lettuce the optimum amount may be expected to decline first towards 10 per ct., eventually to approach 5 per ct. The amount of manure which may be used with good economy in forcing lettuce varies with the character of the soil and of the manure, and also with the differences in prices received for fancy lettuce and ordinary lettuce. For these reasons no definite amount can be recommended. Repeated applications of excessive quantities of manure to the same soil are not good economy. Manure is thus wasted and the yield may be reduced. Where large amounts of manure were incorporated in the soil for forcing lettuce the yield was increased by compacting the soil. This shows that unfavorable effects which follow excessive applications of manure may be caused in part, at least, by thereby loosening the soil so much as to put it in an unfavorable mechanical condition for the lettuce plant. The clay loam used in these experiments has always proved superior to the light sandy loam for forcing lettuce when both were fertilized with equal amounts of stable manure. INTRODUCTION. In forcing lettuce may nitrogenous commercial fertilizers be used profitably either with or without the addition of stable manure? This is a question of considerable importance to those New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 32a who are engaged in growing lettuce under glass. In preparing the soil for forcing lettuce it is not unusual for market gardeners to cover it from 2 to 3 inches deep with manure and then work the manure in. Some growers recommend applications 1 or 2 inches deep. If another lettuce crop is to follow the first one immediately, another, though perhaps less heavy, application of manure is made as soon as the first crop is removed. In some lettuce houses, and especially in those of modern type, the soil is not often renewed and the repeated heavy applications of manure supply it with humus and plant-food in great abundance. May there not be an extravagant use of manure under such circumstances? One of the authors reports in Bulletin 146 of this Station some investigations bearing on this peint. It is there shown that the amount of manure which may be profitably used in forcing let- tuce varies with different soils; also that the use of excessive quantities of manure has a detrimental effect on the crop as compared with more moderate use. It appears, therefore, that many gardeners in trying to make the soil very rich for forcing lettuce overdo the matter and not only waste that portion of the manure which exceeds the requirements of the crop but reduce the yield below that which would be given on the same kind of soil with less manure. On subsequent pages there is given an account of our inves- tigations bearing upon the economical use of manure in forcing lettuce and also upon the question of profitably combining nitrog- enous commercial fertilizers with stable manure or substituting them for it in forcing this crop. Before passing to the consid- eration of this work it will be well to inquire what has been previously published on the subject. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. Scarcely any mention of fertilizer experiments on lettuce under glass is found in European literature. The investigations on this subject which have thus far been reported have been "Amer. Gard., Supplement of Jan. 22, 1898; Rural N, Y., 1898 :871. 324 Revorr or rune HorricuLrurAL DEPARTMENT OF THE almost wholly confined to American agricultural experiment stations. The most important results of these investigations are summarized in the following paragraphs. Mr. F. H. Hall has kindly assisted in preparing this summary. In experiments in 1888-9 by Maynard,? on lettuce under glass, muriate and sulphate of potash, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia and dissolved bone black were used on two crops; the same fertilizers and nitrate of potash on a third crop. These were applied dissolved in water, but the amounts used and the character of the soil are not stated. Mildew affected all plats, the nitrate of soda plat worst. Sulphate of ammonia gave the best lettuce with two crops, but a decidedly inferior product for the third crop. Nitrate of soda, and both muriate and sulphate of potash were of no bene- fit; even apparently injurious in some crops, the results with sulphate being quite unfavorable. Bone black gave conflicting results. The single test with nitrate of potash showed apparent benefit. In 1892 Green® applied various nitrogenous fertilizers to let- tuce and other greenhouse crops on a rich compost, using double the amount applied in outdoor work. No benefit was obtained, thus showing that the limitations of these fertilizers, so far as stimulating plant growth on such soil is concerned, are narrower than some had supposed. In 1892-3 Goessmann‘ grew lettuce under glass on a sandy loam very low in humus and fertilizing ingredients. Commer- cial fertilizers and chemicals were used in various combinations, each box receiving the same amount of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, the last always in dissolved bone black. Maynard's results with muriate of potash were confirmed by the strikingly unfavorable influence shown by it in these tests; but, contrary to his experience, potash in the simple sulphate or the magnesia sulphate gave the most satisfactory growth. ’Maynard, §. T. Mass. Hatch Sta. Bul. 10:1-5 (1890). ®Green, W. J.. Ohio Sta. Bul. 438:100, 101. *Goessmann, C, A. Mass, State Sta. Ann. Rept. 1893:241-261, New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 325 In the following year, where a combination of phosphate of ammonia and sulphate of potash was used, supplying the soil .0004 per ct. of potash and .0001 per ct. each of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, the seed did not germinate well nor the plants grow vigorously. Sulphate of ammonia in combination gave poorer results in every case than the other forms of nitrogen. As in previous tests, the results with muriate of potash were less favorable than those with the sulphate. Carbonate of potash-magnesia with dissolved bone black and dried blood or with double superphos- phate and nitrate of soda gave very satisfactory growth. Goess- mann concludes that soluble saline compounds should not be used in excess in lettuce fertilizers, especially not under glass. Jenkins and Britton® report interesting data on the amount of nitrogen taken from the soil by forced lettuce and the quantity necessary to supply in fertilizers to meet this demand. The soil used was sifted anthracite coal ashes mixed with 5 per ct. of peat moss and fertilized with sufficient quantities of chemicals. Simpson White-seeded Tennis Ball lettuce was, after two trans- plantings, grown to maturity on this medium. The lettuce was of good quality, though not claimed to be equal to the best grown in rich natural soil. The time of growth is not stated. The draft on the soil by the entire plants of 1000 heads of lettuce thus grown was 282.6 grams nitrogen, 87.7 grams phosphoric acid and 621 grams potash. To meet this demand would require fertilizers equivalent to 1105 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda, 331 lbs. dissolved bone black and 394 lbs. muriate of potash. In 1897 Watts® published a report of some experiments in which nitrate of soda gave good results when applied three times to loose lettuce in pots. It was applied to each pot at the rate of 2 oz. dissolved in one-half pint of water, making the total amount for the season i# ozs. per plant. 5’Jenkins and Britton. Conn. State Sta. Ann. Rept. 1895:93-95. “Watts, R. L. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul., X, 2:27. 3826 Report or THE HortTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Jenkins and Britton’ continued the experiments previously noted and found that, on the coal-ash and peat-moss soil, 1.8 grams nitrogen, .56 gram phosphoric acid and 3.03 grams potash per square foot gave as good results as larger amounts. This is equivalent to 1079 lbs. nitrate of soda, 320.4 Ibs. dis- solved bone black and 582.8 lbs. muriate of potash per acre. The mixture of coal ashes with 5 per ct. of peat moss gave larger yields than coal ashes alone, but was not equal to mixtures containing 9 to 12 per ct. of moss. None of these mixtures gave as much or as good lettuce as compost soil (sod and manure rotted) with the same amounts of fertilizers. Head lettuce and loose lettuce gave the best results on rich compost soils without either lime or chemical fertilizers. The results on the limed plats were better than on the chemical fertilizer plats. In 1900 these authors’ report much better crops from compost without chemical fertilizers than from the coal-ash and peat-moss mixtures with such fertilizers. On this artificial soil nitrogen in ground bone gave best results; in cotton-seed meal, poorer results, and in nitrate of soda poorest results. The authors believe that the poor texture of both the coal-ash and peat-moss mixture and the compost make it impossible to produce on them lettuce of the best quality. The character of the compost is not given. Stuart,? in the winter of 1896-7, used chemical fertilizers in growing lettuce on a black loam soil unfertilized for several years and believed to be quite deficient in plant-food. Diiferent -plats were supplied liberally with muriate of potash alone or in combination with either or both dissolved bone black and nitrate of soda. A loose lettuce, Grand Rapids, was grown on all plats. The watering was by sub-irrigation. The muriate alone or with nitrate of soda gave unfavorable results, as in tests of Maynard and Goessmann; but the muriate with dis- solved bone black gave a marked increase in the crop. The 7Jenkins and Britton. Conn. State Exp. Sta. Rept. 1899:224—226. SConn. State Sta. Rept. 1900:298—301. *Stuart, Wm. Ind. Sta. Bul. 66 (Oct., 1897). NEw YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 327 results were similar, though less marked, for the muriate in combinations, when a second crop was grown on the same plats without additional fertilizer; but the injurious effect of the muriate alone had worn off, apparently, for the yield with it was greater than on the check plats. Nitrate of soda with both muriate of potash and dissolved bone black appeared beneficial, instead of injurious as when combined with muriate alone. In this connection the results of Brooks and Thomson’s”? field experiments with onions are of interest. They found that lim- ing the soil or the free use of dissolved bone black overcame the unfavorable effects from the continued use of muriate of potash alone or the more unfavorable results when it is used with nitrate of soda. The presence of sulphate of lime in the dis- solved bone black probably accounts for the corrective induerce of the latter. Experiments at this Station" from 1895 to 1898 devoted prin- cipally to the merits of different soil mixtures for forcing lettuce, were also planned to show the effects of some different fertil- izers. Ona soil containing 15.5 per ct. by weight (25 per ct. by bulk) of manure, nitrate of soda gave a slight increase in growth, but when the soil contained 33 1-3 per ct. of manure, the use of the nitrate made no better growth. Acid phosphate, 600 Ibs. per acre, and sulphate of potash, 400 lbs., did not increase the crop on the 15.5 per ct. manure soil; but doubling these amounts of phosphoric acid and potash gave later maturing and slightly heavier heads of lettuce than the manure alone. The addition of 33 1-3 per ct. of manure to sandy loam soil resulted in poorer crops of lettuce than were grown on the same soil with commercial fertilizers. On clay loam the manure gave excellent crops better than the fertilizers without manure. The cumulative effect of fertilizers was not studied, the soils being renewed each year. *Brooks, W. P., and Thomson, H. M. Mass. Hatch Sta. Ann. Rept. 1891 :108-112. f “Beach 8. A. N. Y. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Bul. 146:151-179; also Ann Rept, 1898: 461-491. fat 328 Report oF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE In Jordan’s” experiments in New Jersey, extending from 1896 to 1899, seven crops were grown on a prepared soil (5 parts turfy loam, 2 parts manure and-1 part sand), on clay soil and on sandy loam. The fertilizer plats all received muriate of potash, 200 Ibs. per acre, and acid phosphate, 350 Ibs., with 320 lbs. nitrate of soda or equivalent nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia or dried blood. The prepared soil alone gave one-fifth better results than the same soil with fertilizers, and was not equalled by the other soils, fertilized or unfertilized. The use of lime on the prepared soil decreased the yield 12 per ct., but increased the yield where chemicals were used. Card, in 1899, grew lettuce in pots, with results indicating that chemicals would give as good lettuce as stable manure. In 1900 he grew three crops on the greenhouse bench and, in ccdp- erative work, two crops on a solid bed in a commercial forcing house. Chemical ferilizers were far behind stable manure in yields produced, even on soil lightened by adding moss and sand. In the commercial house, presumably on a rich loam soil, with a layer of manure under the soil a top dressing of bone black, nitrate of soda, muriate and sulphate of potash gave better lettuce than a top dressing of manure. In a second test this combination with ground bone in place of bone black gave better results than acid phosphate, nitrate of soda and sulphate of potash combined or any two of them together. In continuing his experiments, Stuart! used much smaller proportions ofemuriate of potash than in former tests. Little difference was observed between the muriate and sulphate when they were used with raw bone meal alone or with the bone meal and nitrate of soda; and the difference favored the muriate. The stable manure tests are especially interesting in connec- tion with the experiments to which this bulletin is devoted. Black loam soil deficient in plant-food, fertilized with acid phos- 2Jordan, A. T. N. J. Agrl. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1899:149-159, BCard, F. W. R. I. Sta. Repts., 1899:135, and 1900:252. “Stuart, Wm. Ind. Sta. Bul. 84:115-142 (1900). See also Amer. Gard. 21:94, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 829 phate alone or in combination with either nitrate of soda or muriate of potash or both, all in liberal quantities, did not give as good a crop as a soil made of sod composted with one-fourth its bulk of stable manure; but where a very heavy application of raw bone meal was made the yield was 7 per ct. greater than with the compost. The acid phosphate, muriate of potash and nitrate of-soda combination gave a yield nearly equal to that on the compost, but with the other applications the yield was much reduced. In the next experiment the black loam soil was mixed with an equal bulk of stable manure, and gave a considerably better crop than was secured from the use of raw bone meal alone or com- bined with either nitrate of soda or muriate of potash, but a poorer yield than that from the three fertilizers combined. Nine different fertilizers or fertilizer combinations were tested in the next experiment. Manure made up half the bulk of one soil, five-eighths that of another. In the first crop both manured soils gave poorer yields than any other fertilizer or combination; in the second crop, on the unchanged soils, the pots containing one-half manure ranked seventh in yield, those containing five-eighths manure, first. The comparatively slight differences in the higher yields of the previously mentioned ex- periments might be attributed to differences in the kind of plant- food or to variations in vigor of the plants. Some other ex- planation must be given for the great deficiency in yield on the imanure pots in the first crop in this test, especially since one of the manured soils without more plant-food gave the largest yield in the second crop. The extremely low yields with manure in the first crop parallel some of our results showing deleterious effect when excessive quantities of manure were used, with superior results from less manure. For immediate results nitrate of soda did better than dried blood, but where a second crop was grown without repeating the application of the fertilizers the dried blood gave the better results. OUR INVESTIGATIONS FROM 1898 TO 1901. GENERAL CONDITIONS. OBJECT OF TESTS. We have called attention on pages 323 and 327 to the methods of using stable manure which are often practiced by gardeners in forcing lettuce and to the investigations bearing upon this subject which were published in Bulletin 146 of this Station. The experiments which are now reported form a portion of the series of investigations begun in 1895 concerning the selection and preparation of soils for forcing lettuce and the economical use of stable manure and commercial fertilizers for this crop. In the fall of 1898 the experiments were directed to the question of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. It was decided to try com- mercial nitrogenous fertilizers for forcing lettuce both with and without stable manure. Director Jordan assisted in formulat- ing the plans for testing these fertilizers. His counsel has also been sought at various times during the progress of the work. In the fall of 1900 Mr. Hasselbring became associated in the work. He has assisted in taking notes and in preparing — account of the experiments for publication. THE HOUSE. The experiments were conducted in the forcing house which had been used for the preceding investigations. Its arrange- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 331 ment is illustrated and partly described in Bulletin 146.% It is of iron-frame construction and is so arranged that the condi- tions of light, heat and ventilation may be kept remarkably uni- form throughout. The portion used for the plants is separated from the walls by walks. The plants were grown in boxes ar- ranged on benches as indicated in the diagram opposite. The numbers in this diagram correspond to the soil treatment num- bers given in Table IV. THE BOXES. In testing the action of particular factors upon plants it is essential that all conditions be under the best possible control so that the other factors which are not being tested shall be uni- form. At the same time it is desirable that the conditions of the experiment conform to ordinary horticultural practice so far as this can be done without lessening the reliability of the test. It was decided that these conditions could best be fulfilled in these experiments by growing the plants in small wooden boxes. _ These have an advantage over benches or sections of benches in that plants receiving similar treatment may be distributed in various locations in the house. With such an arrangement there is a tendency to equalize in the average results any inequalities which may exist in the environment in different locations in the house. Moreover boxes may be easily handled for weighing or photographing. The boxes were made 15x 15xS8 inches inside. They were not filled quite to the top and some space at the bottom was occupied with gravel for drainage so that the soil in each box was about 7 inches deep, which is not far from the depth of soil ordinarily found on greenhouse benches. The boxes easily accommodate four lettuce plants, one near each corner. THE SOILS. Both a medium clay loam and a very light sandy loam were used in these experiments. Each particular treatment as regards *N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 146 : 162 and Pl. II; Ann. Rept. 1898 : 471 and Pi SLL V. c 832 Report or THE HortricuLTuURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE fertilizers was tried upon both kinds of soil6 The clay loam was composed of rotted sod from an uncultivated field. The sandy loam was from the side of a cultivated field where part of it had been drifted by winds. It could not support nearly so heavy a sod as the clay loam, and contained less humus and also less nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, as the following analyses show. These analyses were made by Messrs. W. H. Andrews and A. D. Cook. TABLE I.—ANALYSES OF THE CLAY LOAM AND THE SANDY LOAM. (AIR DRIED SAMPLES.) Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. Potash. Soil. (N.) (P,05.) (K,0.) Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Glen iki Ga aosasooc ods ao oar Ona 0.075 0.469 SUNY 21 ODIN aererevarereiele aictelete einver : 0.052 0.067 0.121 NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS TESTED. In these tests organic nitrogen was used in the forms of stable manure and dried blood, and inorganic nitrogen in the forms of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. These are among the most important nitrogenous fertilizers of commerce. The chem- ical fertilizers just mentioned were tried both with and without These soils were similar to those used in the work of 1897-8, air-dried samples of which, as determined by official methods, gave the following analyses. (See Bul. 146 and Ann Rept. 1898.) TABLE A.—CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CLAY LOAM AND SANDY LOAM. (CROP OF 1897-8.) Phos- phoric Moisture. Nitrogen. acid. Potash Lime. Organic Soil. (H,0.) (N.) (esOe) (K,0.) (CaO.) matter. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Clay MOAI Gsselsviecicetsweiscects 13.3 -237 -067 318 1.022 7.81 Clay loam, water-free....... 0. «236 077 .368 1.179 9.01 Sandy; Woamn * hetcjecistec cies lai we cave 14.0 -075 111 - 083 048 2.68 Sandy loam, water-free...... 0. - 087 -129 -097 -399 3.12 TABLE B.—MECHANICAL ANALYSES OF CLAY LOAM AND SANDY LOAM. (CROP OF 1897-8.) Clay Loam. Sandy loam. Per ct. Per ct DUNGS ETA VEL ite vclabioc cele d ube ewes oc ce secs apmeeneeeaseees ° 8.32 0.51 COANE AATIG alere ain sierslaiotsle nisthiona ciclo’ Stee aie eatcrel be Wiens Mere 56.20 0.69 Medimm ssan dist. Sises ster esie el. LER See bees ae ad 20.71 9.49 PMC SATUS WiciRap a asses ale «dtc vlcate oeln@eatan wr oepeed ote «cee 43.45 77.50 Very fine SHUN Eis hea ovetars infu @acecs stasicla wiasinrs.> spa ae Me areata ee .94 2.44 SSIES [5e che i Bless: staiminieialainie © wistvings cia hi hisie'e mom tine ee mo tthide oivcsticn.e Cele 7.96 1.60 HIMES “RELL. cc wes cleesriscaresiie obs sitieuMEticn cau eter erect T te caene 1.64 ae Clay Dad ere th on " tey Fic. 1. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND 10 PER OCT. MANURE. WIG. 2. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND 5 PER OT. MANURE. PLATE XXXIV.—CRop oF 1898-9, on CLAY LOAM. (Photographed about three weeks before harvesting. Fic. 1. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS BUT NO MANURE. Fic. 2. NEITHER COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS NOR STABLE MANURE. PLATE XXXV.—CRoP oF 1898-9, on CLAY LOAM. (Photographed about three weeks before harvesting.) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPDRIMENT STATION. 300 stable manure, the latter being used in different amounts on different portions of soil. Although stable manure is very rich in nitrogen it contains other kinds of plant-food including important amounts of phosphoric acid and potash. Besides this it adds humus to the soil and changes its physical condition in such a way as to modify the soil fertility. For these reasons it cannot be classed as a simple nitrogenous fertilizer, and there- fore is not comparable as such with the other nitrogenous ferti- lizers above mentioned. In previous tests where manure constituted 33 1-3 per ct. by weight of the soil no increased growth followed the application of nitrate of soda but where it constituted but 15.5 per ct. of the weight the addition of nitrate of soda was followed by some increase in the crop. In view of these facts it was decided to try the nitrogenous chemical fertilizers. on soils containing 15 per ct. by weight of stable manure and compare the results with those obtained with similar applications to similar portions of soil having greater amounts of manure and to others having less. For the first crop, therefore, manure in combination with chemical fertilizers was used on different portions of soil at the rate of 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct. and 20 per ct. by weight, and on still other portions without chemical fertilizers at the rate of 33 1-3 per ct. by bulk. In the last mentioned instance part of the soil was compacted very firmly and the rest left loose without being shaken or packed at all, the object being to note to what extent the growth might be influenced by the difference in mechanical condition of the same soil mixture which was thus produced. For comparison with these, other portions of soil were given similar applications of the chemical fertilizers only, while still others received nothing. To each portion except the last and those which received one-third manure by bulk, phosphoric acid and potash were added in liberal quantities. The applications, whether of manure or of chemical fertilizers, were repeated in each instance for each succeeding crop of let- tuce in the same amounts as at first except that after the first 334 Report oF THE HorRTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THP crop the manure was applied at the rate of 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct. and 20 per ct. by bulk, instead of by weight. In order that the cumulative effects of the treatments might be seen the soil was in no case renewed from 1898 till 1901. PREPARATION OF SOIL. The clay loam was thoroughly mixed before being separated into the various portions to be used in the experiments. In this way its composition was rendered as uniform throughout as possible. The sandy loam was similarly treated. Whenever a portion of soil was to receive an application of manure this was made for the first crop before it was measured into the boxes, but for the following crops it was made to each box separately. Three boxes were filled from each portion except those portions which were mixed with one-third manure by bulk. From each of the latter four boxes were filled, the soil in two being packed firmly and in the other two left loose as already explained. Where commercial fertilizers were used they were applied to each box of soil separately as hereafter described. FERTILIZERS. The manure.—The manure was well rotted horse manure. For the first crop it was applied to different portions of soil at the rate of 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct. and 20 per ct. by weight, and 3834 per ct. by bulk, but for the succeeding crops it was used at the rate of 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct., 20 per ct. and 334 per ct. by bulk, as has already been stated. This also appears in the table on p. 337. The average weight per cubic foot of clay loam when prepared for the first crop was about 68 pounds, and for the sandy loam about 70 pounds. The area of each box was 225 square inches; the contents of the part occupied by the soil was 1575 cubic inches. From these data the following table is derived. It shows for both the clay loam and the sandy loam, the different percentages of manure by weight with the corresponding per- centages by bulk, the rate per acre in cords and in tons, and the depth to which the manure would cover the soil when spread evenly over the entire surface. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33D TABLE II.—PROPORTIONS TO SOIL AND AMOUNTS PER ACRE OF MANURE USED. CROP OF 1898-99. Proportion Proportion Depth on Kind of soil. by weight. by bulk. Rate per acre. soil. Per ect. Per ct. Cords. Tons. Ins. @lay loam\. <<... eieieietatelersve 5 11% 22+ 43+ 0.7914 10 2224 444 86+ 1.58% 15 34 67+ 129+ 2.38 20 4514 89+ 172+ 3.17% 14.7+ 3314 66+ 126+ 2.3314 SinGhy IGEN ssaccooogoccc +) 11.72+ 3O+ 44+ 0.82+ 10 23 .444+- 46+ 88+ 1.64+ 15 35. 16+ 96+ 183+ 2.46+ 20 46.88+ 92+ 177+ 38.284 14.2+ 3314 66+ 126+ 2.3316 CROPS OF 1899-1900 anD 1900-1901. Proportion Depth on Amount per acre, Kind of soil. by buik. soil. 1899-1900. 1900-01. Perict. Tns. Cords. Tons. Tons. Clay loam and sandy loam.. 5 .30 9.90 16.81 17.58+ 10 -70 19.80 33 ..6+ 35.17+ 15 1.05 29.70 50.4+ 52. 76+ 20 1.40 39.60 67.2+ 70.35+ 331% 2.33% 66.00 111.0+ 117.26+ Enough manure to supply all the demands of the different portions of soil was passed through a sieve of 1-inch x 13-inch mesh, the rough parts were discarded, and it was all thoroughly mixed before any portion of the soil was manured. This was done to secure as uniform composition as possible. The re- quired portion of soil was then weighed out or measured by volume according to the requirements of each particular case, the manure was added and both were thoroughly mixed together before any commercial fertilizers were added. Application of commercial fertilizers—The required amounts of the commercial fertilizers were weighed out for each box of soil. The exact amount of soil required for the box was spread upon a clean cement floor A part of the commercial fertilizers were scattered upon it; the pile was then well mixed and more of the fertilizers added. This process was repeated till the applica- tion of the fertilizers was complete. After still further mixing, the soil was put into the box designed for it. 336 Report oF THE HortTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Excepting those which were left untreated for checks, the boxes were each given potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen in the form of commercial fertilizers. The potash was always added in the form of the sulphate at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre; the phosphoric acid in the form of acid phosphate at the rate of 600 Ibs. per acre; the nitrogen in dried blood and nitrate of soda either combined or separately, or in sulphate of ammonia. The different combinations of commercial fertilizers in which nitro- gen was applied are shown in the following statement: TABLE III.—COMBINATIONS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN WHICH NITRO- GEN WAS APPLIED. Amount per acre “Sulphate oy ~~ Sulphate of Acid Dried Nitrate of of Series. potash. phosphate blood. soda. ammonia. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. DRIcdsDLOOMs cexcte capiene kicks > 400 600 1000 0 0 Nitrate of soda........... 400 600 0 600 0 Dried blood and nitrate of SOG Aes orcisnslatete a toeie emcee 400 600 850 100 0 Sulphate of ammonia..... 400 600 0 0 480 ‘ The actual potash thus applied was in each case 204+ Ibs. per acre; of actual phosphoric acid 98+ lbs.; of nitrogen in the dried blood series 99+ lbs.; in the nitrate of soda series 91+ Ibs.; in the dried blood and nitrate of soda series 99+ lbs. and in the sulphate of ammonia series 100+ lbs. It is clear that the supply of potash and phosphoric acid was in each case the same and of nitrogen approximately the same, being a little less in the nitrate of soda series than in the others. Any marked varia- tions in the results with the different series may therefore sig- nify a difference in the action of the nitrogenous fertilizers which are to be compared. Convnercial fertilizers and stable manure combined or used sepa- rately—Each series of the nitrogenous fertilizers mentioned above was used alone and also in combination with different amounts of stable manure, both on the clay loam and on the sandy loam. In some of the check boxes stable manure was also tried without any commercial fertilizers on sandy loam and New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 337 on clay loam at the rate of one-third of the bulk of the soil; and in others, as has already been stated, neither commercial fertilizers nor stable manure was used. All of this is shown in the following statement: TABLE IV.—SHOWING THE TREATMENTS OF THE VARIOUS PORTIONS OF SOIL. Soil treatment number. Stable manure. Commercial fertilizers. Rate per acre for cach crop. —Re——— OO TS —_—~_—_—_—_—_— = SS 1899-'00 1898’-99. and 1990- Propor- ’0l. Pro- Acid Sulphate Clay Sandy tion by portion Sulphate phos- Dried Nitrate of | loan. loam. weight. by bulk. of potash. phate. blood, of soda. ammonia. Perct. Perct. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. il 19 0 0 400 600 1000 0 0 2 20 0 0 400 600 0 600 0 3 21 0 0 400 600 850 100 0 4 22 0 0 400 600 0 0 480 5 23 5 5 400 600 1000 0 0 6 24 5 5 400 600 0 600 0 7 25 5 5 400 600 850 100 0 8 26 10 10 400 600 1000 0 0 9 27 10 10 400 600 0 600 0 10 28 10 10 400 600 850 100 0 idl 29 10 10 400 600 0 0 480 12 3 15 15 400 600 1000 0 0 13 31 15 15 400 600 0 600 0 14 32 15 15 400 600 850 100 0 15 33 20 20 400 600 1000 0 0 16 34 20 20 400 600 0 600 0 17 35 20 20 400 600 850 100 0 18 36 20 20 400 600 0 0 480 37 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 39 E. 3344 0 0 0 0 0 42 40 be 334 0 0 0 0 0 *To the portions of soil which were numbered 39, 40, 41 and 42 the mannre was always applied at the rate of 334 per ct. by bnlk. In 1898-99 this was eqnivalent to 14.7 per ct. by weight on the clay loam and 14.2 per ct. on the sandy loam. See Table II. SELECTING AND PLANTING THE SEED. The seed was selected and planted with the utmost care to secure plants as uniform as possible in natural vigor and habit of growth. To this end selection was also made of the little plants soon after the first leaves expanded. Four plants were 22 338 Rereort or THE HortTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THBP erown in each box, one near each corner. Holes for the seeds were made one-half inch deep by means of a marker designed for this express purpose. About a dozen large plump seeds were planted in each hole, and covered evenly with fine earth. After germination all but the most vigorous plants were discarded. By this method good plants were selected. These were not transplanted but grew where the seeds were planted, undis- turbed till they were harvested. Although transplanting is not necessarily injurious to lettuce nevertheless there is always a risk that some of the plants may not pass through the operation as successfully as others. Where the plants are under experi- ment, therefore, transplanting should be avoided; because it is liable to introduce disturbing factors. In case a plant under experiment was accidently injured or died prematurely its place was immediately filled with another plant of the same kind and age, grown for the purpose of meet- ing such an emergency, so that the number of plants in each box might be kept uniform during the entire period of growth and the portion of soil availavle to each plant under experiment might be kept as uniform as possible. WATERING. Hydrant water from the city supply was applied to the surface whenever the plants needed it. No attempt was made to meas- ure the quantity used. The small percentage of plant-food sup- plied in the water may be disregarded in such experiments as those under consideration. After the heads began to form, the water was applied around the plants and wetting the heads was avoided as much as possible. Where water is applied to the heads the leaves are apt to hold more of it than readily evapo- rates and thus conditions favorable to the development of rot are obtained. . Up to the time when the leaves covered the soil, cultivation followed watering as soon as the ground was fit. This kept down weeds and conserved soil moisture. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 339 The watering was usually done early enough in the day to have the atmosphere dry at night. On bright days the atmos- phere was made moist by wetting the walks and floors, and the plants were syringed lightly if they showed a tendency to wilt. VENTILATION AND TEMPERATURE. The ventilation was managed so as to avoid cold draughts and sudden changes in temperature. The greatest care was required to prevent tipburn after the plants began to head. On a bright day following a period of dull dark weather the temper- ature was constantly watched and especial care taken to hold it nearly as low as it had been on the dark days and at the same time the atmosphere was kept moist by following the method above described. The night temperature was kept between 45° and 55°; the day temperature from 60° to 65° in dull weather, but on sunny days it was allowed to run up to 70°. During the period of germination and also just before the plants matured ‘he temper- ature was kept somewhat lower than it was during the season of more active growth. HARVESTING THE CROP. The crop was not cut till the earliest-maturing heads had fully developed into prime marketable condition. Then the whole crop was cut. The loose lettuce and head lettuce were not cut at the same time, however, because the crops did not mature at the same time. In 1890-00 the head lettuce was cut about two weeks before it would have matured, as explained in the notes for that crop. Each head was weighed as soon as it was cut, before it had a chance to lose weight by evaporation. Full records were made of the character of the plant, including its weight. The limits of this report will not permit the publication of all these data, but so much of them is given as appears necessary to establish the facts brought out by the investigation. 3840 Rerporr or THE HorvTicuLTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THB NOTES ON CROPS. SEASON or 1898-99. Rawson Hothouse, a variety of head lettuce, was used alone for the crop of 1898-99. The seed was sown Dec. 30, 1898. Germination began to show Jan. 6. The plants were thinned after the manner already described till but one was left in each place. Within a month after planting it was evident that on the check soils the lettuce was suffering from lack of food. The plants were stunted and the foliage bronzed. In the clay loam without manure the use of commercial fertilizers resulted in a somewhat better growth, but the plants were not always as good in color, nor were they in nearly so vigorous, growing condition as the plants on soils treated with manure. The differences between these plants and those on corresponding soils which received manure was very marked. On the latter soils the plants, although yet small, were healthy and growing rapidly. These differences became more pronounced as the plants developed. The entire crop was harvested Apr. 3. Each plant was cut at the surface of the ground and immediately weighed. The average weight per plant for each of the different treatments and the ratio of the yield to the yield on the corresponding check soil are shown in the table on page 345. It was apparent that the use of the commercial fertilizers did not force the crop as rapidly to maturity as did the stable manure, although it resulted in a decided gain in yield as compared with the check soils. The addition of even the least amount of manure which was used, 5 per ct. by weight, showed a striking increase in the crop. Thus, while the 12 heads of lettuce from the soil which received dried blood but no manure averaged 0.75 oz. per head, the 12 heads on corresponding soil to which 5 per ct. of manure was added weighed, on the average, 4.13 ozs. per head. This increase is all the more significant, because the for- mer had received in commercial fertilizers far more plant food than a full crop contains. It indicates that the proper use of New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 341 stable manure gives distinct advantages for forcing crops aside from the available plant-food which is thereby added to the soil. In this crop the yield, as a rule, increased with each increase of manure, although not to a corresponding degree. With succeed- ing crops the yield, where the larger amounts of manure were used, oftentimes was less than that obtained with smaller amounts, as we shall see later. The soils which received manure only, at the rate of one-third their bulk, and which were packed firmly into the boxes, gave a better yield than any other por- tions; better even than those which received as much or more manure combined with commercial fertilizers. Less increase was seen with the corresponding loose soil, but even in this case the yield on the sandy loam exceeded that where more manure was used in combination with commercial fertilizers, and on the clay loam it exceeded that obtained with an approxi- mately equal amount of manure combined with the commercial fertilizers. The relative value of the different forms of the nitrogenous commercial fertilizers shown on the soils where no manure was used did not hold good when these fertilizers were combined with the stable manure. The addition of even 5 per ct. by weight (114 per ct. by bulk) of the manure cbscured the individual action of the nitrogenous commercial fertilizers. Those who wish to follow the results in this line more fully are referred to the data set forth in Tables V to IX. Where manure was used the crop on the sandy loam was very much below that obtained with similar treatment on the clay loam. The soils which received no manure show an interesting exception to this with this crop but not with succeeding crops. See Tables V to IX. SEASON OF 1899-1900. The experiments in 1899-1900 were conducted on the same general plan as those of the preceding year. The few changes mentioned below were introduced. The same soil was used. It was prepared by dumping the box, adding to the soil the stable manure or commercial fertilizer, if any was required, and after 342 Report oF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THD thoroughly mixing returning it to the same box. The quantities of manure were reduced from 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct., or 20 per ct. by weight, to 5 per ct., 10 per ct., 15 per ct., or 20 per ct. by bulk, respectively. See Table IJ. This made the actual amount considerably smaller than that given to the same box for the previous year. So far as influencing the experiment is concerned, it need only be said that the relative amounts added to the different series remain the same. Moreover, the composition of the manure varied in the different seasons. The total amount added to any particular box may be easily caleu- lated. In experiments of this kind the exact amount of plant- food available to each plant or set of plants cannot be accurately determined. All that is expected is to know the kind, relative amounts and composition of the plant-food which is added to the various portions of soil under experiment. A further change consisted in the use of a loose lettuce, the Grand Rapids, in addition to the Rawson Hothouse head lettuce, two plants of each variety being grown in each box. The seed was planted Oct. 7, in the same manner as before. Germination began to appear Oct. 13. The loose lettuce was all: cut Jan. 15 and 16. The crop could not be held longer without having the most advanced plants begin to deteriorate. The head lettuce was harvested Jan. 30. It was not then mature; but for lack of strict attention to ventilation and water- ing during a period of sunshine following dull weather, tipburn had made its appearance. The crop was at once harvested for fear that rot might follow the tipburn and vitiate the results of the work. Some of the facts established both by observation of the grow- ing plants and by the weights of the different yields are given in the following statements: As to the effect of commercial fertilizers when used without manure, the nitrate of soda gave best results on the clay loam. Sulphate of ammonia gave much the best results with loose let- tuce on the sandy loam and was unsurpassed with the head lettuce. It should be noticed, however, that this was an excep- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 343 tionally good record for the sulphate of ammonia when used without manure and it was not in accord with its record either with the preceding or the following crop except where it was used in combination with lime. Both kinds of lettuce did better on the clay loam than on the sandy loam. This is very noticeable with the check crops. The check crop on the clay loam exceeded that on the sandy loam in the ratio of 7 to 1. SPASON oF 1900-01. The experiments in 1900-01 followed the lines of the preceding year’s work except that one box of the three included in each soil treatment was given one ounce of air-slaked lime when the soil was mixed. Occasional tests of the soil made previously had failed to discover any acidity, but it was desirable to learn whether or not the repeated application of the commercial fer- tilizers had brought about unfavorable conditions which the lime would correct. The use of the lime was, almost without excep- tion, followed by more or less unfavorable results. In some cases the yield was but slightly decreased, in most cases it was noticeably decreased and in a few cases the yield was not even half that obtained on the unlimed soils. Where nitrate of soda was applied without manure to sandy loam and where sulphate of ammonia was used without manure on the clay loam, the limed soils gave somewhat better yields than those not limed. The seed was planted in the usual manner Sept. 28. The head lettuce came through all right but for some reason not under- stood the loose lettuce did not. It was replanted Oct. 9. This time it grew all right, but of course it remained more backward than the head lettuce. The head lettuce grew rapidly on the soils which received manure, being markedly superior from the start to that on the soils which were not manured. On the whole the highest yield of head lettuce came from the use of 10 per ct. manure, but that from 5 per ct. was nearly as large. With 334 per ct. manure and no commercial fertilizers the yield in each case fell below the average of the boxes having 5 per ct. manure combined with commercial fertilizers, as also, usually, did the 344 Report oF THD HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THR yield from boxes having 20 per ct. manure combined with com- mercial fertilizers. These remarks hold good also for the loose lettuce though not in the same degree. The loose lettuce seemed to be less affected by the excessive use of manure and to the eye the entire crop appeared more uniform and less influenced by the differences in the treatment of the soil than did the head lettuce. The head lettuce was harvested Jan. 14, when the earli- est maturing heads were ready to be cut. The loose lettuce was cut Jan. 31. RESULTS AS SHOWN BY THE WEIGHTS OF THE THREE LETTUCH CROPS. The average weight per plant, both of the head lettuce and of the loose lettuce, is shown below for each crop and each separate treatment. The number of plants from which the average yield is deduced is stated and also the ratio of that average to the average of corresponding untreated, or check, plants, the latter being always considered as a unit. It should be rememberea that the value of the unit or check for the clay loam differs from that of the sandy loam with each crop; it also differs on the same kind of loam with the different crops, New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 345 TasLE V.—RESULTS WITH CROP OF HEAD LETTuc#, 1898-99. Series. Dried blood...... Nitrate of soda... Nitrate of soda and dried blood. Sulphate ammonia Dried blood ...... Nitrate of soda... Nitrate of soda and dried blood Dried blood ...... Nitrate of soda... Nitrate of soda and dried blood. Sulphate ammonia Dried blood ...... Nitrate of soda... Nitrate of soda and dried blood. Dried blood ...... Nitrate of soda.. Nitrate of soda and dried blood, Sulphate ammonia No commercial fer- GUIZOrs mee. ete No commercial fer- GUM ACIY Ses ates ota INOGDIN Sos) 0, si0, 066 - — a ==) Ot ore sy. loam, A. No. of tert. plants. 12 12 12 12 Pe Be — He O1 Sandy loam, F. SE Aver- age Check Check No. weight =l, = of per treated treaied. plants. plant. = Ozs. 25 12 2.104 3.00 82 12 2.313 3.30 cok, Ae e209 2a fob MID Ou AR dest 12.44. 12 2.792 3.6 Ie ils 659) esto 12.75 12 2.542 3 15.31 12 3.000 4.30 13.31 11 3.205 4.57 15.88 12 3.104 4.43 13.19 12 2.792 3.99 15.69 12 2:979 4.26 14.389 11 2.932 4.19 15.56 12 2.833 4.05 OO ee GOS les 0) 1 Per acre; with 400 lbs. sulphate of potash and 600 lbs, acid phosph: ate, Soil packed firmly in box. 8 Soil loose, 346 Rerorr oF THD HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THD TABLE VI.—RESULTS WITH Crop OF HEAD LETTUCE, 1899-1900. Clay loam, B. Sandy loam, G. aoe = —- i a Aver- Aver- Nitrog- age Check age Check Manu’e enous No. weight = No. weight =1, by com. of per treated of per treated Series. bulk. fert. plants. plant. = plants. plant. = Per ct. Lbs. Ozs. Ozs. Dried sblood: Fi... J. 0 1000 Gor sosen 2-02 ¢€ iat Beas Nitrate of soda..... 0 600 Gr 2720388 2382 6 150 4 2200 Vi ‘ « evaled ee eer eo ae 66. (0.60% © 2.98. 46°") tes Ae Sulphate ammonia... 0 480 Gel U67T “2:d3) 36 sD. 22265 Dirted thlooday.7..2 2 5 1000 6 5.000 £6.38 6 2.000 26.67 Nitrate of soda..... 5 600 Gi 4. 708s 6.01, Gio il 958) seat Nitrate of soda and 100 - Tataoet ae 5 ; B50, 8.8082 Gi4d 6) 1 ang aoe Dried Sblood.5... 2s. 10 1000 6 ib.125. “6254 (6 2aeibeeasaas Nitrate of soda..... 10 600 6G 4.750 6:06. .6 27542 933389 Nitrate of soda and 100 = peeetnion rk ec 10 ; a0. Gasp O42. 0.44 6 2. oir ge eee Sulphate ammonia.. 10 480 Gi 4.708 GOL 166123292) 30556 Dried) blood). 2... 6... 15 1000 6G. 5,250 6210) (6) 325750 36760 Nitrate of soda..... 15 600 6) 15.208 “6.65 5 2.8500 538200 Nitrate of soda and 100 PY 5 ee Lapa eg Daa 15 } as. 6 (4.017 6.28 5 8tieg ape Dried plood so... =. 20 1000 6 4237S" Sorb9) 5 oS 0 meee Nitrate of soda..... 20 600 Gm 3752 5259 G6. Salen 4eee Nitrate of soda and 100 AD 9 SAR Re dried blood...... 22 ; g59- 8 82S Ge 6 Sulphate ammonia... 20 480 6G 4.917... 628° 46 e292 sare2e No commercial fer- tUIZeTAN meet 33% @ 4 5.063) ‘6:46 2.815 "sea No commercial fer- TUITZER Ra ttalctis 6 oie ete te tOOUS Oe 4 38.500 4.47 4 1.875 25.00 INOTRING cr, cco sinctt) O 0 6 18d: 1200" iG 075 1.00 1Per acre; with 400 lbs. sulphate of potash and 600 lbs, acid phosphate. 2 Soil packed firmly in box. *5oil loose. NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 347 TABLE VII.—RESULTS WITH CROP OF LOOSE LETTUCE, 1899-1900, Series. Nitrate of soda and dried blood....... Sulphate ammonia.. Dried blood........ Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried) blood... .4... Nitrate of soda and dried blood....... Nitrate of soda and dried blood....... Dried blood .....0... Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried blood....... Sulphate ammonia... No commercial fer- tli Zero oa bec ice No commercial fer- LADUU AS) on ee AIG) Cee INO GH IST rove 64 T1588 > 165% 6+: 43208" ae Nitrate of soda..... 0) G00 G'S T3625 GMbo 6 1925 - T2706 Nitrate of soda and SOO 5 5 2 a: dried blood....... : } jog © RSD 182) 68. Le Sulphate ammonia... 0 480. 6° TAL - TAC MVEM 10420) aaa Dried Mblood ys. <7. .4. «i 5 1000 6. 4c41 4560 = 5 0 2400" Sa0 Nitrate of soda..... 5 600 6 3.875. 4.04 6° 1.958 “2°48 Nitrate of soda and 100 ne = Age cs dried blood....... 5 800 6 4.875 5.08 5 2.800 | 3.55 Dried blood: #. = «25... 10 1000 GS 43792. 5.00 6 3.708" “4768 Nitrate of soda..... 10 600 6 45042 4221-6 “2°708=s3e45 Nitrate of soda and 100 ; Lee = oe J ee at ol ae 10 : 800 6 4.583 498 5 2.750 3.48 Sulphate ammonia... 10 480 6 45875-5208" “622017 “3268 Dried blood........ 15 1000 6 47708 4191554" 2A 268 Nitrate of soda..... 15 600 6 4:250 4.438 5-'°32050-" 3285 Nitrate of soda and 100 = = =~ Z dried blood....... ae } 800 Gy 8625" 318) 6) Le Dried blood s.....)«... 20 1000 4 4.000 4.16 5 2.250 2.85 Nitrate of soda..... 20 600 5 3350. S29le. Sa 1-450 ales Nitrate of soda and , 100 eveiey = 5 fica w@lndds: 0... ; gop. 6" Se888 S415 Ay Sulphate ammonia.. 20 480 6 4.250: 4.48 °5° 2.750 3.48 No commercial fer- SHINY A=) oh es Pee SC 3314 @ 4 4.688 4.89 4 1.813 2.29 No commercial fer- Ae SA so adooe 3344 O 4 4.062 © 4724). .8.- 1667S e2his INOUIIN ES) S cles cieles « hes | 0 6 9582. T7008. +6 oS ZEN LET OU 2 Per acre; with 40) lbs, sulphate of potash and 600 lbs. acid phosphate. Soil packed firmly in box. 3Soil joose. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 349 TABLE IX.—RESULTS WITH Crop oF LOOSE LETTUCE, 1900-1901. Series. Dried blood Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried blood Sulphate ammonia.. aoa sole le Dried blood Nitrate of soda Nitrate of soda and dried blood *, siuhe) = lace see ae ey Dried blood Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried blood Sulphate ammonia.. eee ee eee re Dried blood ._ Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried blood....... see ee eee Dried blood Nitrate of soda..... Nitrate of soda and dried blood Sulphate ammonia. . Ceti ct No commercial fer- tilizer No commercial fer- tilizer Nothing 1 Per acre; with 4°0 lbs. sulphate of potash and 600 lbs. acid phosphate. firmly in box. 3 Soil loose, Nitrog- pei 6 enous bulk. fort. Per ct. Lbs 0 1000 0 600 100 . ; 850 0 480 5 1000 5 600 100 5 } $0 10 1000 10 600 100 10 } S50 10 480 15 1000 15 600 «18 20 1000 20 600 or 100 = } 850 20 480 33144 0? 334% 0° 0 0 Clay loam, E. wi, Aver- aM Stak |. age Check weight =I, No. of per treated «No. of plants. plant. = plants. Ozs. 6 ke piles bye 6 soo5 7, Je66). 1G 6 AIG ede Son ynO 6 -8383 1.66 6 6r5 7S). (92 TDS AG 6 §3,000 6.00 -G Ge US a(O8) at.420 “35 G 3.850) © 156G. 5 6 3.166 6.33 4 6 3.t50 7.50 6 6. 4.083 8.16 6 ay Sa eB Gust lite! GS, 7-6 Gs.2082 5 6.42)) “6 Gey oe 2oO) Oso 5 Gr? 2958) 95-920 46 677330427 08 226 Geis. 192.4 5.58, J6 A eh Od sbs kon +, 04: 4 2.988 (5.88. 4 6 00° 1200 * 6 Sandy loam, J. weight per plant. Ozs. 1.150 mo Wg 458 .000 542 042 1C0 Noh Nw a bo poe bb Fr wp ~_ .833 treated byw Bp ep ee C wc OW te we ay Py (ey wh wo 25 1.801 1.00 2 Soil packed 350 Report of THE HorricuLtTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THB GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS. What is the testimony of these experiments on the question as to whether nitrogenous commercial fertilizers may be used with profit in forcing lettuce either with or without stable manure? The data which have already been presented will now be considered with reference to their bearing upon this question. RHSULTS FROM USING THE COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS WITHOUT MANURB. Both on the sandy loam and on the clay loam, where no manure was used the addition of the commercial fertilizers resulted in a decided increase in yield over the untreated soil. On the clay loam the nitrate of soda generally appeared to be more beneficial than either the dried blood or the dried blood combined with the nitrate of soda, and with one exception did equally as well or better than sulphate of ammonia. On the sandy loam it was not so beneficial as dried blood except with the first crop, when it proved somewhat better; but it proved superior to sulphate of ammonia except with the second crop. The use of lime with the nitrate of soda gave an improved crop on the sandy loam but decreased the crop on the clay loam. The results with sulphate of ammonia without manure were very variable with the different crops. On clay loam it was superior to both nitrate of soda and dried blood in the first crop and inferior to both in the last. On the sandy soil the results were also variable; in one instance it gave the highest yield with the crop of loose lettuce, and it was generally more or less superior to the nitrate of soda but inferior to dried blood. The dried blood when used without manure generally gave better results on the sandy soil but not so good results on the clay soil as the commercial fertilizers did with which it was compared. RESULTS FROM COMBINING THE COMMPRCIAL FERTILIZERS WITH MANURE. When manure was applied in addition to the commercial fer- tilizers very much better crops were obtained than when the latter only were used. This is clearly shown in the following New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. abl table where the yield when commercial fertilizers only were applied is compared with the yield on similar portions of soil to which stable manure was added at the lowest rate tested in this work, 5 per ct. TABLE X.—SUMMARY OF RESULTS WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS WITH- OUT MANURE AND WITH FIVE PER CT. oF MANURE. Check+=1, treated plants= aoe On clay loam. On sandy loam. ——— TS SSE SESS an With head With loose With head With loose Treatment, lettuce. lettuce. lettuce. lettuce. Crop oF 1898-1899: From To From To From To From _ To Commercial fertiliz- ers without ma- INO ees 8 c:ar5: test s 2.25-3.31 1.31-3.30 Commercial fertiliz- ers with 5 per ect. PMA Gris ae reas «0 oe 44192 ST 3.63-3.99 Crop oF 1899-1900: Commercial fertiliz- ers without ma- NUTS ee apee Foy soe oye aya 2.02-2.82 1.50-2.37 0.45-2.33 1.08-4..34 Commercial fertiliz- ers with 5 per ct. DORKS? So BeeeOeIS 6.01-6.44 4.47-4.74 18.89-26.67 12.45-13.27 Crop or 1900-1901: Commercial fertiliz- ers without ma- NUT Cres Se Bee opcth See 1.46-1.82 1.66-1.83 1.00-1.58 1.10-1.75 Commercial fertiliz- ers with 5 per et. AIVATIUNOs a sare avers, elare 4.04-5.08 6.00-7.58 2.48-3 .55 2.45-2.52 1 The value of the check varies with the different crops and with the different soils. See Tables V to LX. 2 The manure was added to these portions of soil at the rate of 5 per ct. by weight for the first crop and 5 per ct. by bulk for succeeding crops. See Table II. In every trial of these commercial fertilizers alone they proved entirely imadequate for bringing a crop to maturity in sufficiently short time to be profitable. This held true not only for the earlier crops but also for the last crop where the cumulative effect of the applications for the two previous years had the best chance to appear. Had the tests been made with garden loam enriched in previous years by liberal applications of manure or with sod and manure compost such as gardeners usually prepare for fore- ing lettuce, perhaps the results would have been much more favorable to commercial fertilizers alone, but for the kind of soils which were used in these experiments the evidence is con- 352 Rprorr or THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THD clusive that lettuce can be forced much more successfully by using manure than by using commercial fertilizers alone. With the higher percentages of manure the influence of the nitrogenous commercial fertilizers is much obscured as the vari- able results with the 15 per ct. and 20 per ct. applications show, but with the 5 per ct. and 10 per ct. applications results were obtained which may give some indication of the comparative value of these fertilizers when combined with the smaller per- centages of manure. An examination of Tables V to IX with reference to the variation in yield which followed the use of the various nitrogenous commercial fertilizers in combination with 5 per ct. and 10 per ct. of manure shows that a better crop was obtained with dried blood than with nitrate of soda in 16 tests, while the reverse was found in but 3 tests, and in one test there was no difference in yield. The yield with dried blood was better than that with sulphate of ammonia in 7 tests while the reverse was found in but three tests. The yield with dried blood was better than with dried blood combined with nitrate of soda in 11 tests while the reverse was true in 9 cases. In many in- stances the differences in yield are too slight to be of themselves significant but taken in the aggregate they do seem to indicate that the dried blood combined with moderate quantities of stable manure is more effective in stimulating the growth of lettuce than either nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia similarly combined. Also they indicate that the dried blood does as well for this purpose when combined with manure as does the combination of nitrate of soda, dried blood and manure. HOW MUCH MANURE SHOULD BE USED? The question then arises: How much manure may be used with profit in forcing lettuce? According to our experience and observation gardeners ordinarily use from 5 per ct. to 20 per ct. by bulk and more often approach the 20 per ct. than the 5 per et. rate. The results where manure was used in combination with dried blood will first be examined. They are arranged in the following table such a way that the yield under each treatment may be compared with the yield of the corresponding check, OT ww) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3 TABLE XI.—COMPARATIVE YIELDS IN DRIED BLOOD SERIES WITHOUT MANURE AND WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF MANURE. CLAY LOAM, Comparative yields with— —— — SS No ma- nure or 2 Manure, by weight. com. — a 6 Crop. fert. None. 5p. ct. 10p. ct+ 15 p. ct.4 20p. ct.4 Head lettuce, 1898-1899.. 12 2.25 12.44 15.31 15.69 16.94 3 Manure, by bulk. — ee 334 p. ct.8 None. 5p.ct. 10p.ct. 15p.ct. 20p.ct. Packed. Loose. Head lettuce, 1898-1899.. 1 18.66 16.78 1899-1900. . e202 Gace Gots 8GO260%8 D200)" (6246 54-47 1900-1901... 1 1.65 4.60 5.00 4.91 4.16 4.89 4.24 Loose lettuce, 1899-1900. . ft 150" 4.74." 4379" 5.00 “4.93 4.82 2.92 TLSOO-19Oh sal oh alae ul 084 1 bsG07e rr. 30 || 65500) 1.715.995. 88 SANDY LOAM. 2 Manure, by weight. None. 5p.ct.110p.ct.2 15p.ct. 2p.ct4 . Head lettuce, 1898-1899.. 1 383.00 3.99 4.80 4.26 3.87 2 Manure, by bulk. 83% p. et.? Y SSS None. 5p.ct. 10p.ct. 15. p.ct. 20p.ct. Packed. Loose. Head lettuce, 1898-1899. . 1 ‘aie Hyp ilss 1899-1900. . iP 2isa8 26.606 38.00 36.61 41°33 88.33 25.00 1900-1901... iy OPDoin olde t\ n4. 69% <2.687 220 8den2220) 7281 Loose lettuce, 1899-1900. . D2 G4 AS 2 163632 115.549 AD S90ISISNT3 9 19.64 1900-1901. . 1 Lasts sje Gis palace Gill Pay alate 1 With the manure used, 5, 10, 15 and 20 per ct, by weight are equivalent to 11}, 228, 34 and 454 per ct., respectively, by bulk. 2 All plants under these headings received 600 pounds acid phosphate per acre, 400 pounds sul- phate of potash and 1,000 pounds dried blood, except where 334 per ct. of manure was used. 3 This is equivalent to 14 2 per ct. by weight for first crop on the clay loam and 14.7 per ct. for the first crop on sandy loam. No commercial fertilizers were used on these boxes. Leaving out of consideration for the present those portions of soil which received 33 1-3 per ct. of manure without any com- mercial fertilizers, let us compare the rate of increase of the yield where none but commercial fertilizers were used with the rate where these were combined with manure. From the table just given it appears that on the clay loam the use of 5 per ct. for the first crop gave an increase of 10.19 points over the yjeld with no manure; doubling the manure gave a 23 354 Report or THE HorTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THD further increase of but 2.87 points; the 15 per ct. application gave an increase of but 0.38 point over the 10 per et. and the 20 per ct. gave an increase of but 1.25 points over the 15 per ct. application. In the next crop from the same soil the 5 per ct. application was followed by a very large increase in yield over that where commercial fertilizers were used alone; the 10 per ct. and 15 per ct. applications showed but little increase over the 5 per ct., while with the 20 per ct. application the yield actually dropped below that obtained with the 5 per ct. In the following season the 5 per ct. application again showed a very large increase in yield over that where commercial ferti- lizers alone were used; the 10 per ct. application resulted in but slightly greater yield than that secured with the 5 per ct. appli- cation, the 15 per ct. showed a falling off in yield while with 20 per ct. it dropped still lower, being even less than the yield with the 5 per ct. application. Similar cumulative effects of repeated applications of manure also appeared when loose lettuce was grown on the clay loam. Where the higher percentages of manure were used the later crops of lettuce showed an actual loss in yield. On sandy loam the first crop of head lettuce showed an in- creased yield from the 5 per ct. and 10 per ct. applications of manure but higher percentages of manure showed a falling off in yield. With the next crop of lettuce the use of the higher percentages of manure was followed by successive increases in yield except that the yield with the 15 per ct. fell below that with the 10 per ct. application but the following season the highest yield was reached with the 10 per ct. application and the yields with the higher percentages of manure dropped below that of the 5 per ct. application. Results similar in kind if not in degree were obtained with the loose lettuce on sandy loam. The data secured by the series of tests with nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia and the combination of ‘dried blood and nitrate of soda confirm the testimony of the dried blood series on this point. They support the general conclusions that with soils similar to those used in these investigations: : New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 355 1. Very much better crops of lettuce may be forced by using stable manure for enriching the soil than by using only commer- cial fertilizers of the kinds tested. 2. When the soil is used for the first time for forcing a crop of lettuce, an abundance of manure may be used with good re- sults but where the use of manure is continued with the same soil year after year the optimum amount may be expected to decline towards the 5 per ct. rate. It is evident that the amount which it is economical to use varies with the character of the soil and of the manure and also with the relation of the prices for a fancy product to those paid for ordinary lettuce. For these reasons no definite recommendations can be made as to the amount of manure which it is profitable to use in forcing lettuce. 3. In forcing lettuce it is not good economy to make repeated applications of manure in excessive quantities to the same soil. Not only is manure thus wasted but the yield may be actually decreased. WHY DO THE SMALLER AMOUNTS OF MANURE GIVE RESULTS BETTER THAN THOSE OBTAINED WHERE THE MANURE IS APPLIED IN EXCESSIVE QUANTITIES? With the smaller amounts of manure applied to soils which had received an abundance of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in commercial fertilizers the yield was much greater than it was on similarly treated soils without any manure, but where the manure was used in excessive quantities the yield, as has been shown above, dropped below that obtained with less manure. Why is this so? What factors of fertility does the manure introduce into the soil aside from the plant-food which it contains? The data bearing upon this question which have been obtained in carrying out the experiments under discussion have not all been presented in this account of the work. Other experiments which may throw light on this subject are now in progress. The discussion of this question will therefore be de- ferred till further data have been secured. GINSENG CULTURE.* N. O. BOOTH. During the last few years we have received so many inquiries in regard to ginseng, its culture, its sale, and the prospects of its becoming a staple crop, that we issue this circular letter. We have not grown ginseng at this station and the information which is contained in this letter is gleaned from the various sources mentioned below. The demand for ginseng comes from China, where it has been used for ages as a medicinal root. That it has some medicinal value is recognized by those who have investigated its properties, but it is nowhere a recog- nized remedy except in China. There it is a standard cure for all ills and equally efficacious as a preventive. The form of the root affects its value according to the Chinese; those roots resembling the human body being the most valuable. These facts are chiefly of importance as indicating the probable long continued demand for ginseng. Ancient customs and prejudices die out slowly even in this country, and China is not noted for sudden changes of thought or manner of living. Ginseng was first ex- ported from America in the early part of the 18th century. In a few years the trade had grown to considerable proportions, when the ex- porters in this country ruined it by sending immature and imperfectly cured roots. For some years almost none was exported, and then the trade was gradually taken up again. Wild ginseng is becoming scarcer in the United States year by year; the amount exported is becoming less and the price higher. This is partially due to the fact that “Sang” hunters usually gather the root in summer before the plant has matured its seed, partially to the clearing out of the forests and pasturing of a large portion of that remaining. Virginia, West Virginia and Ontario, Canada, have passed laws to prevent the gathering of the roots out of season. The root itself is in better condition if gathered in the fall and does not shrink so much in drying. Ginseng queries by prospective growers are along four lines: Ist. Is ginseng growing profitable? 2d. If profitable, where can I get seed and plants? 38d. How shall I raise and prepare the roots for market? 4th. Where can I sell them? 1st. As to the profits of ginseng growing, it is difficult to say how profit- able the industry will eventually be to those who grow the roots for export alone. So far almost all growers have made the most of their money selling plants and seeds to others who wish to start plantations. Ginseng growing is something that requires little land but considerable work, and this work must be very carefully done. The work is light and might be done by women or children, *Reprint of a circular, | New York AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENT STATION. 357 2d. As te source of plant and seed supply, these can usually be secured cheaper from local growers or “‘Sang” hunters than from houses which make a business of handling the plants. If there be none of these “Sang” hunters in your locality it is usually best to write to all of the firms you know of for prices, for the price sometimes varies materially. Below are the names and addresses of some well-known growers: Geo. Stanton, Chinese Ginseng Farm, Summit Station, N. Y.; M. G. Harrison, Redford, Mo.; Harlan P. Kelsey, Tremont Building, Boston, Mass.; A. E. Leavitt, Houston, Mo.; Emanuel Lewis, Hemlock, Wis.; H. S. Seymour, Richland Center, Wis.; W. G. Palmer, Boydtown, Wis.; J. W. Sears, Sumerset, Ky.; American Ginseng Gardens, Rose Hill, N. Y.; G. F. Millard, Houston, Mo.; W. A. Bates, Cuba, N. Y. Seed costs at present from one to five dollars an ounce and plants from four to twenty dollars a hundred, but as indicated above both may frequently be secured much cheaper from local gatherers. If so secured, care must be taken that the roots be fresh from the ground and that the seeds be not thoroughly dried out as they will seldom grow in that condition. ; 3d. As to methods of culture, ete., Ginseng will not grow exposed to the direct rays of the sun. It grows naturally in deep woods and usually on north and east slopes. Consequently in cultivating ginseng either a spot which is naturally shaded must be chosen, or artificial shade given. Lath screens with a one-half inch space between laths are usually used for this purpose. They may be placed low and be removed for purposes of weeding, etc., or they may be fastened on posts six feet or more above the ground, so that a man can work under them. The latter method usually gives the best satisfaction. Ginseng likes a deep rich soil which does not dry out too readily. Clay loam with plenty of leaf mold or manure worked in will do very well. If small roots be planted they will give quicker results than seeds, but are somewhat more expensive. I'rom the seed it takes from six to eight years to produce marketable roots. The grounds should be divided into beds not wider than four feet and as long as may be desired, with a narrow walk in between. Since all cultivation of ginseng is by hand beds wider than this are difficult of access. Roots should be planted from three to six inches apart each way, according to size. Seeds will not grow until eighteen months after ripening. During this period they may either be planted or mixed with moderately moist leaf mold and loam, and stored where they will not dry out, as once thor- oughly dry the seed will not germinate. Seed may be sown in either spring or fall in rows three inches apart and one inch apart in the row and one-half inch deep. After the bed is planted it should be covered with litter or leaf mold about one inch deep to prevent drying out. This should be covered with light brush if there is danger of its blowing off. Weeds must be pulled out or rather cut off as they appear and the mulch renewed each fall when the tops die down. Great care must be taken not to loosen the plants in pulling weeds as this is usually fatal. Chickens must not be allowed access to the beds. One of the great drawbacks to ginseng grow- ing is the danger of having the roots stolen. It is possible in a single night to lose the product of several years’ work. On this account it is usually best to make the beds close to the house or some other point where they can be constantly watched. When the roots are large enough to dig they 358 Revorr oF tTHp HorricuLTuURAL DEPARTMENT. should be dug in the fall, the smaller roots (less than two ounces) being replanted to increase in size. Great care must be taken in digging not to break the roots, for whole roots command a higher price than broken ones. As fast as they are dug shake off all loose earth and place the roots at once in water so that the earth remaining may not dry on them. Wash with a stiff brush or broom and plenty of water. For drying, Kains recommends a home-made drying oven made in the following manner: “Get a box large enough to cover the kitchen stove and deep enough to hold six or seven sliding shelves. Remove the bottom entirely. Make a hole in the top; take off one side and make a hinged door to fit in its place; make a number of shelves with bottoms of wire netting of about one- fourth inch mesh. In filling the shelves for the first time put the larger roots on the top shelves and the smaller upon the bottom ones, the lowest of which should be at least six inches above the top of the stove. Put the box upon the stove, but raised about half an inch above it, so as to prevent its bottom edges from becoming scorched and to insure a current of air through the shelves of roots. A few stout nails left projecting will accomplish this end.” Use with a slow fire. ‘‘ The roots upon the lowest shelf will ordinarily dry first. Take them out, fill the shelf with fresh roots and put in the dryer at the top after moving all the other trays down one notch toward the bottom.” Rub off all the small fibrous roots when dried sufficiently to be brittle and return the large roots to dryer. These | trimmings are frequently sold to local drug stores for people who chew ginseng. ‘‘ When the roots have become dry as a bone and are perfectly cool, put them in paper sacks or clean boxes to await shipment.” 4th. Sale of the roots: In some parts of the State there are buyers already on the ground, but generally it is necessary to ship to some whole- sale house. Write to Wm. HWisenhauer & Co., 378-380 West Broadway, New York; Samuel Wells & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; Felt Butler Co., 83 Spring street, New York. Ginseng now brings from $2.50 to $6 or $7 a pound, depending on the quality. The price is rising each year. Considerable literature has been published from time to time on the subject of ginseng. Besides the prospectuses of those selling the plants, at least two books and three bulletins have been published. These are as follows: ‘“ Ginseng,’ by Maurice G. Kains, Orange Judd & Co., publishers. A book on ginseng, title unknown, by M. G. Harrison, Redford, Mo. The Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture has issued a bulletin (No. 27) on this subject. The United States Department of Agriculture has published a bulletin on “American Ginseng.” (Botanical division No. 16.) The Kentucky Experiment Station of Lexington, Ky., has issued a bul- letin (78) ‘“‘ Ginseng, Its Nature and Culture.” The cheapest and perhaps the best way to obtain information on this subject is from those who have experimented in growing it, if there be any in your locality. Most of the parties who sell roots and seeds issue printed directions which are included with sales. REPORT OF INSPECTION WORK. W. H. Jorpan, Director. L. L. Van Styke, Chemist. GC. G. Jenter, Assistant Chemist. W. H. Anprews, Assistant Chemist. Tari OF (ONTENTS. . Inspection of feeding stuffs. . So-called “ Red albumen” a fraud. . Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring and falt of 1901. . Report of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides in 1901, . > 2 nal a is sagt i ; meter it rt os f VicoTt eA Be YA Sad ms A 7 yr 43 ‘ tJ >) ? { if ile - i i iti Pee ae fore ein Sat | : q es | Thee 4 . 4 ~*~ et) > ~ a 7 \ irene. P) fe rien ese. t 7 = y, Law rea et ‘ i - oe eas | Thacte prubesi, te tal damastis TK iP y tre i; thy aD vit i@ Lab toe ia fh. 1g bh ‘tte cS J “20RE Aunt Gags i lo it: Jyh doped ar) ne ” MAT Lane: ‘2 ; “ ‘ ~ a 4 ~~ in - avy 4 ‘ <* INSPECTION OF FEEDING STUFEFS.* W. H. JORDAN AND C. G. JENTHR, SUMMARY. The report given herewith of the inspection of feeding stuffs comprises the following: (1) List of brands licensed in the State of New York for the year 1901. (2) Analyses of samples collected late in 1900. (8) Analyses of samples collected in 1901. (4) Comments on the facts shown by the inspection. (5) Suggestions to dealers. (6) Suggestions to purchasers. FEEDING STUFFS LICENSED IN 1901. Ninety-two manufacturers have complied with the law by registering the guaranteed composition of 126 brands of feeding stuffs and paying the required license fees therefor. The brands named in the following list are those which it has been legal to sell in New York during 1901. Doubtless these cover a very large proportion of the by-product feeding stuffs consumed in New York. *A reprint of Bulletin No. 198. ‘5 ‘ON pao oUl[valaD “puy ‘s1odeuvipuy “OO ‘SJIN IUl[vats9 66°S 88° L ‘T ‘ON Poojs 9Ul[Boloh “puy ‘s1podvuvipuy “OD “SJIN OUl[Bala) = LOT 09'S FE°S ‘pods }BO PUB 109 JUVdSoID "BISOPRD ‘SSTIUN BIsopey) FCT SFG 19'9L ‘pooy PoXIU [BAOIY “TUL ‘SILOdBoUUI AT "OO SUIWLIY-Ssyoog [OT 0°0Z 0°08 ‘dvaios Jooq §,loyMog “SSB ‘UOJSO_ “OO Jozi[floy ley Mog o°E 0°08 ‘TBO [BVUITUB Slay Mog “SSBIN ‘MOJSOg "OO JOZII}IO IyMOG SIT 09°) EL OL ‘doyo AUTOR, ‘“T1] ‘Uopleys “og Aurutofyy, ddoysiq Zs 2 OTL 0°Sé ‘SUIBLS POMP SLOT ASI “O ‘HeuUpoUulD “M ‘LOL “OD Sella SLT faa “¢ 0'°9% ‘Bol JVI SPLOT IVI “TTI ‘UBSsOyNE AY “MA ‘fC ‘TleMrwVg LOL a OE 0°SsS ‘pooy Joos 1ocuvg ‘TaAnqguy “OD pooy touueg COT 3 corr FF GL ‘poos POXTI THEIS199d ‘og PA DH ‘AO[SVG 68 4 ofa] YD 0°9S (Bom UoINLS SvIyV “TIT ‘Blood ‘AID[MSIG sepy 2 oad 9-G 9G-FG ‘auod AnOg “TIT ‘OsBolyO *‘SyIO AA JOZ[ 10. 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AUIMOFT ‘Bou JVOW PUuv ouoOd pol Blodvag ‘fayjnod JOJ doje poouvypeq ,sodvyy ‘jeom [10 ‘(wou }BoM puv sU0g ‘pooy Aajpnod yseq ‘pooy TOMLUIOD ‘mordmeyo ‘pooj poxit Avsior ‘]Bour [0 “Tg ‘(Boul [10 possuly ‘peey AUIMIOR ‘Boul pvesuo}j09 puvaq aBig ‘pooy AUIWIOY [Vfoodyg ‘pody Weyn[s Ulyed ‘poey doy qoreuojy ‘doyo }v0 puv u.100 paN ‘Team possul'y ‘peoy AUITIO ‘(Boul PveSt0}}09 ‘pooy oul[oZzIVNy ‘poay AUIMIOR ‘pees TOMMIOD ‘pooz A1QINod 8,09 ‘O “H ‘pooy AITVP 8,09 'O “H ‘poey oS10q 8,00 'O 'H ‘poos 180 puB U.109 ‘pooy BO puv M100 VoyUB_ ‘S]B0 pus U10D *pooy Jo ouluNy —————— —— “Oo ‘opeloL TPIS 00d *TAOJO[PPHI ‘Oru Ng “ssuyy ‘WOJSO_ “an09 ‘UdABET MON ‘SIIB SUETD ‘AUC LV “fy ‘UOSsIepue yy ‘oreyng ‘Uvp.10}Sury “pul ‘stjodvuvipul “una ‘SITdueyy “O ‘OpeloL “TIT “Unjed ‘oljeygng “oW ‘sInoy 3g “OW ‘SINO'T ‘1g “OW ‘SInoy 3g “OW ‘SIno’T Vg *puy ‘oINV_T 9119,7, “puy ‘oynvVyy I1.197, ‘OTTIAMOg ‘ore yng ‘oreygng ‘ojeyng "80d poyuled ‘BMOJ ‘ospoqd WOW ‘SULNIOD *a90IPPV “‘panuyuoj—'] AIAV, ooo “OD OZIBIY [UIBITT ‘yoq Y LONI "Mi ‘O ‘sodvyy “OO 8 ‘sOlg UURTY “OO JIeZI[I}0,f [[JOAVO'T “09 » “Lf ‘1erTepeT ‘SyIVg 3z weydey “OO UIBID PUB SUI[I[I]T JeyooqsoyoIay “OO SUIT Axon}U xy ‘Iaouedg ‘SsO[[aM ‘JOT 2 SSS0][0 ‘SW ~Aurmmoy stpodeuvrpuy “09 110 peesu0}}0H JUepuedepuy “OO SUIT[LIN Ppuv Ulery [Viiedmy “OO Suluygey IwSNg sSioullyy] “OO 10} BAI] PUB SUITITW Pojsny “solq JoJ}Uny “so1g JojJuny “soilg 1ojunyy “so1g Jojuny “oop JnupnyA “Ooo JnUpN_A “soiq uo}10H ‘fuvdmop ‘OH ‘Auvduop ‘OH ‘kuvduop ‘0 '°H "00 3 “SM ‘UBUIsSpoH SU0g FP “YW “H ‘UVa *Ieqqof £0 ernjovsnueyy “LS 40H OST LOT ccT 9IL ‘requnu ————————_—————— osuerry 865 w YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oy Ni 8 o SER 85 Ye) O10 tk ite) ti: on Tee ot OM 10 HOw aagee DOAMABDAH Wass AtGAA wonHon = REStrmmore 18°L ‘pesy puviq Iej}g GF‘ OL ‘doyo tivsein GOTT ‘doqo AurmoH SL’°8 ‘pesy TOMMIOD GF OT *‘poey Pex!Ul S[[]W epvory FL ‘IL ‘poay AUlWOY S,dosivqeeyg 0° SP ‘auo0q puB Jooq pollog CrcieSeOr ‘peey doyo GZ 9S ‘syno1ds yeu Aosior 0°0&§ ‘SUIVIS PIIP SA1I[[SIP 181g FP'6 ‘aeiq u109 GL FE {voll TojN[s WvIID 60°L ‘peoy AIjep po}eijusou0d s,A1nqQsTId Levy ‘[vot poos AUIMOFT 76° 2 ‘paey 1BO puB UI0O OF’ IT ‘pooy AUIMOFT 00° ST ‘psey as10y qorRu0ysT 00°6 ‘pooj 780 pus W100 MOITY C)'s8 ‘IapueAo0id 7BO puv W10D 9F'6 ‘pooy vo pusB ui0d MIeyING sT'8 ‘posy doyp g's ‘peas 180 pivpurig Fir ‘pees AUIMOF{ 0°S3 ‘sqno1ds 3[Byy 0'os TBOU UIjNpSs Suryy 6° SG ‘pees meyNTH 6° OL ‘poay AITVp pd}BV1}ZUe0U0d S ,pudstI iT CS 9G ‘synoids ‘yeu 10 ‘oped C8°&% ‘SUIBLS PITIG 6° 6S ‘sjnoids [8 Ww 8e-ZE ‘ayvo pasesul] punois ‘gq ‘oO eing “O ‘opa[aL ‘SIIB BAIVSVIN “TIT ‘imjzeoog ‘uUMoOSUyOL ‘qnopuoy “TIT ‘anjzBo0qd “ron ‘yovsuoyovy “Bplouo “AM ‘O[[[ASINO'T “AS ‘OT[[ASTnO'T] “III ‘oseorqo “TIT ‘osBo1q9 II] ‘wourqoyT ‘A[LOAV A ‘BAOUOY) “Bb T0009 "Bi M09UO ba RO C0l-100@) “III ‘Jer1oL od:+=) (@) “TIT ‘osvorq9 "pul WaodMoN ‘BAQUOS) "HIOX MON ‘YOR MIN “py ‘ourlBosn yy “TIT ‘osvorq9 “IIT ‘osBorg9 “YA BYOTL “aul ‘stjodvouuryy “OD 1O}VAITH OPa[oy, “WoO “TestT[IM107, “op XY Jun, ‘Ureyng *‘su0g 3 “TT “TZ ‘dejoo119 “S ‘Vv ‘sojde}s “OD JOzPVAIM pur [A Aos1vqeypoqs JMO ‘oulBu0yy “Oo JAAMBS-UNQGH}eIY “OO F “SW ‘Uyuey “OO FY “SW ‘UnyuRey “OO assoonTy “sByOQ ‘edog “OO asoon[y “seyO ‘edog “pyT “QUIT ‘STodvouulyy oO SII] Ano, euanqyse AA-AINgGS{td “OO SUIT Jojesd T0S 3» “A ‘ ‘snTuoSsi9g “OO S[vol9DM JUIIeg “OO SUIT B}U0ITO “OO SUIT B}W0IUO “OO SUI B}U00UO ‘PIABd “IOATIO ‘Iapuslog 2 JIAO “OD 39 10}.10N "oO SUITITN WOdMON “ST "S ‘10}S9N "OM Yoivjyg [BUOFHEN “OOD Yoiv}g [TBUaoOIEN “OD [BOW VO ou BSNL “d “H ‘I9T[ENW “d “G ‘IOTTONW “OO SUNIBIT PUB SUITITI YAVyOW “OO 110 pessury puv[plit Rervort or INspecrion Work oF THB 366 00° 6° OT F8°¢ Lt°6 68°S SE° 1G 69°9 ct OT Gs'9 60° SS "99 Lag 90 lag “‘qUaq “n1e}OIg *peojurieny "00 Tera) WI9}8aM JeorH Aq pornjoRsnuend ,,‘poey Lilep peyvI}U90N09 U19}S0M 4ROIH),, 0} pataeyy » ‘poo Aurm0y syqsiaAy “TIT ‘olpAued “OO PW 'W FSA IST ‘doyo ueploy ‘oT Asuiadg “OO SUIT 10J9TA LIT ‘psey Uen[s uvsoayne M “TIT ‘URSOYNG AA ‘Alaupgoy AVSNG "SQ CFT ‘paoy AUIWIOY win} wend 7 “TOIW ‘t01}9q “OD UINJSUNIY S*Q OOL ‘Baw [IO puBiq MOD ‘AOI, “OD pessuly uoluQ cpt *poos JO ome yy “ssoIPpP VY “OME NT “19q uInU _—_—-— —__: —_—_ -— ~~ _—_—_—_—— __— — esueory ‘10qqgof Jo JernjoRnUL “‘papnjou0g—'] ATAV, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 367 ’ The above list of brands may be classified as follows: WOLLONSCCEE IMO Ale cropatere ci aieie etatavetars arene ovavaicveretevele.¢.oe, alevlele a) erous aceeie 4 brands, ATT SCO TEC A iste re yatcycy svat shar cre oicaacak ce soie ise kal oasuchet er ere Uceoh a; cicsucr tae, Aaeloaee a © e! 0), aie) 6s) 6/ a) Se) elses) es) 6) s, = se 06\5).8. 00.6 a) eee o 0 6 « 6.6» 8 0 6.0 a) EAE SPOROUWLS nos aus seyeeerarach dco cls che e's Os Hae hehe e ae cuits oe EDREWWiCla Sar OU AIT Se ceue svetetemevers clcyetete covers «sores clavarer sie cidie clea 210) see's teres IS HIME T yaa Wik SUGS otters cialis cl claners reve, a0 cle leisioleis)e siete. $0 evs sialels oe ain eeve AOLOETI DIAM Vir. oe) aeaicrar te ieyeiete: ec ciie oh as) si \s) sxa.e) ojehS ar eeteat se © Obi ate Get oitue ere LGM fCCOLOLSCHOPS 42 dye: ss soeteiess «.c ocsselsielol hebere ole «thal ale sierare wile Meat and bone feeds (poultry mostly)............20.cccceeeee Feeds mostly compounded from several manufacturing offals, in most cases bearing special proprietary names............ 60) as ~ 126 brands. The striking fact about this list is the large proportion of specially compounded feeding stuffs, the ingredients of which are in many cases standard cattle foods mixed with materials of less value. ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING STUFFS COL- LECTED DURING 1900-1901. In the tables which follow may be seen the percentages of protein and fat, and in some cases of crude fiber, in the samples collected. Only determinations of protein and fat are required, but the proportion of crude fiber has been ascertained as an aid in deciding as to the use of oat hulls in a certain class of mix- tures. The number and character of the samples taken may be seen in the succeeding classified table. WONWE TN OR OO fot jt TABLE II.—NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF SAMPLES, Samples, Samples, fall of 1900. winter 1901. ae Soo No. of No. of No.of No.of Kind. samples. brands. samples. brands. Cottonseed Meals = Hess. ac. 's wks tthe. 3 2 13 8 MAN SCCG IMEI. Se aoslairte Scie. 66,0 005 os ehohece s s-i8 if 5 12 9 GUUS My ANCA Fas heretencveintetee = sha.s orate e aeloesotesie al 1 2 1 CulThe TE COOSatele Sulvet ach aie eke. <0e%e "6. 6 4's» auavelisve e010 10 6 VG 5 CGernmeoilemeadleree. sah ob Ses oA OS 1 att 2 1 Speciale glmtenmgi(ee)cticpseitss otal Wat's ae epstelaerevets 1 al Mal tAsProutStissreteetse ete craietoete «Sei atibe ew ciens 1 1 al il Proprietary feeds (mixed)... 226.5. Usa. oe 42 32 54 27 COLT WOEAM eiaataiote oe star Pes. co6 2 oh ao, Sst aletapalt oe etays 2 2 7 3 FL OMNIN aR ch ietatete Perch se lclele } —*————, @rude) Price tion Guaran- Guaran- fiber per No. Name of teed. Found. teed. Found. teed. found. ton. Per ct. Perect. Perct. Perct. Per ct. 245 Cottonseed meal, prime, 42.1 48.0 OU S90 $30.00 254 Cottonseed meal, prime, 43:2 4230 10.2 - 9.0 31.00 301 Cottonseed meal, 46.6 43.0 95 9.0 26.50 360 Cottonseed meal, prime, 45.1 43.0 EES, ED) 27.00 346 Cottonseed meal, 45.0 43.0 94 9.0 26.00 286 ‘+Cottonseed meal, 44.0 — 98 26.00 260 +Cottonseed meal, “Lily” brand, 44.6 43.0 85 9.0 27.00 326 Cottonseed meal, 43.0 48.0 $.6°> 9:0 24.50 352 ‘Cottonseed meal, ‘Sunny South,” 24.1 25.0 6.2 67 20.0 26.00 361 Cottonseed meal, prime, 45.5 4245 10.7 8-12 27.00 320 *Cottonseed meal, 444 43.0 8.2 9.0 27.00 3388 Cottonseed meal, 45.6 4148 93 9410 25.00 339 *Cottonseed meal, 43.3 43.0 9.1 9.0 25.00 222 Oiltmeal:Ox P:, 86.1 32-36 88 5-7 297= Oil meal, ©, E- Sao o2-o0" (ln o—1 28.75 300 Oil meal, O. P., 34.0 32-36 74 5-7 30.00 363 Oil meal, O. P., 36.6 32-36 81 57 Zito Oil meal Osb> 38.7 26 — 36.00 244 *Oil meal, O. P., 31.3 — T4 — 33.00 260. Oil meal O. Pe: 37.1 40.96 74 8.65 40.00 284 Oil meal, O. P., Sih Bil el oe lO, 40.00 320 Oil meal, O! P; 29.7 32-88 8.0 5.75-9 27.50 336 Oil meal, O. P., goat lien.) | gig. Rot 28,00 alg) -Oil meal. Ox E:, 37.8 38-40 2.2 1-3 30.00 373 Oil meal, Cow brand, 35.4 2209 75 6.82 231 Gluten meal, Chicago, 39.1 38.0 3.0 3.2 25.00 304 Gluten meal, Chicago, / 36.8 38.0 48 3.2 24.00 239 Gluten feed, Buffalo, 25.9 28.5 Peal erage 21.00 249 Gluten feed, Buffalo, Zen (28:5 3.9 3.3 20.00 277 Gluten feed, Buffalo, 27.4 28.5 So) oe 21.00 283 Gluten feed, Buffalo, 26.9 28.5 ote 21.00 318 Gluten feed, Buffalo, 27.4 28.5 4.2 3:3 20.50 357 Gluten feed, Buffalo, 24.9 28.5 atthe: 21.00 258 Gluten feed, Marshallton, 28.6 28.5 Sales. Gies 20.00 Report oF INSPECTION WORK OF THB TaBLeE IV. _ Col. lec- tion No. Name and address of manufacturer or jobber. Sampled at 308 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Deposit, Hinman Bros., 3810 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Deposit, Deposit Milling Co., 235 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Cortland, S. N. Holden & Co., 288 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Owego, Geo. Nichols, 322 Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, Sidney, Roseboom & Ingra- ; hain, 228 U.S. Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Cortland, I. V. Johnson, 242 U.S. Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Homer, W. H. Darby, 252 U.S. Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Marathon, Marathon Roller ; Mills, 3823 U.S. Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill, Oneonta, Ford & Rowe, 359 U.S. Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill, Oswego, Geo. H. Hunt, 240 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ul, Cortland, Brayton Bros., 340 Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, I1l., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., 219 Banner Food Co., Auburn, ~ 230 Barwell, J. W., Waukegan, II1., Cortland, I. V. Johnson, 264 Barwell, J. W., Waukegan, Ill, Elmira, D. Bevier, 276 Barwell, J. W., Waukegan, IIL, Waverly, John C. Shear, 866 Nester, S. K., Geneva, 8 226 American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ul., Cortland, I. V. Johnson, 256 American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIl., Whitney’s Point, Homer Smith, 289 American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., Owego, Geo. Nichols, 298 American Cereal Co., Chicago, IL, Binghamton, B. Baker, 370 American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIL, Geneva, Geneva Coal Co., 324 Blue River Milling Co., Edinburg, Ind., Oneonta, Ford & Rowe, 241 Fish & Co., New York, Homer, W. H. Darby, 341 Hunter Bros., St. Louis, Mo., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., 327 Ixehlor Bros., St. Louis, Mo., Oneonta, Morris Bros., 367 Kehlor Bros., St. Louis, Mo., Geneva, J. J. Holman, 333 National Milling Co., Toledo, O., Oneonta, Morris Bros., 855 National Milling Co., Toledo, O., Norwich, Robert D. Eaton, s31_ Strait, C. W., Homer, - 32 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Cortland, S. N. Holden & ; Co., 315 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Walton, Smith & St. John, 330 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Oneonta, Morris Bros., 354 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Norwich, H. O. Hale, 293 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Binghamton, Binghamton Produce Co., 316 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Walton, Smith & St. John, 329 H. O. Co., Buffalo, Oneonta, Morris Bros., 343 Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, . 251 American Cereal Co., Chicago, D1, Marathon, J. H. Sieber & Son, 274 American Cereal Co., Chicago, I11., Waverly, John C. Shear, 306 American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., singhamton, Empire Grain & Elevator Co., 349 American Cereal Co., Chicago, LL, Oxford, Byron Gray, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ott — Continued. Col. Protein. Fat. Peres Pe, (TE tion Guaran- Guaran- fiber per No. Name of feed. Found. teed. Found. teed found. ton. Perict. Perct. Perct. Perct. Per ct: 308 Gluten feed, Marshallton, 30.1 28.5 40 33 $21.00 310 Gluten feed, Marshallton, 28.8 28.5 49 3.3 21.00 235 Gluten feed, Rockford diamond, 25.7 28.5 4.7 3.3 20.00 288 Gluten feed, Rockford diamond, 27.2 28.5 49 33 20.00 322 ‘Gluten feed, 13.6 — 38 — 20.00 228 Gluten feed, Waukegan, 22.4 21,8879 4.5) 93.39 20.00 242 Gluten feed, Waukegan, HO 27.38 4.2 3.3 20.00 252 Gluten feed, Waukegan, Dil eilos A 4.5 53-09 20.00 323 Gluten feed, Waukegan, Zed 2-88, ) DL: 39 20.40 309 Gluten feed, Waukegan, 26.9 27.38 62 3.39 22.00 240 Germ oil meal, 23.9 . 25.5 8.6 10.5 28.00 340 Germ oil meal, 2h 25.5, LO OS. 22.00 219 Banner stock food, 26.9 25.0 6:65, 5.0) 12.2 16000 230 Blatchford’s calf meal, 25 26:0 50 50 70.00 264 Blatchford’s calf meal, 24.4 26.0 5.4 5.0 70.00 276 Blatchford’s calf meal, 25.8 26.0 5.5 5.0 70.00 306 Malt sprouts, 26.6 25.0 AES 52:0 15.00 226 Buckeye wheat feed, 17.3. 16.21 49 4.48 20.00 256 Buckeye wheat feed, 16.7 16:21 5.2 4.48 19.75 289 Buckeye wheat feed, 18.1 16.21 49 4.48 20.00 298 Buckeye wheat feed, 18.3 16.21 49 4.48 20.00 370 Buckeye wheat feed, 16% 16-20); 5A Avs 324 *Mixed feed, 17.3 5.4 — 7.8 241 *Mixed feed, ‘‘ Rex,” 17.5 — 49 — 82 341 *Mixed feed, ‘“ Excelsior,” 17.3 — 50 — 82 327 *Mixed feed, 17.3 — 53 — _ 86 21.00 367 *Mixed feed, 16.7 — 51 — 82 21.50 33 *Delaware feed, 17.0 — 49 — 74 21.00 355 Delaware feed, 16.9 — 54 — 7.6 20.00 s31 Bran and middlings, 15.6 — 49 — 7.6 232 4H. O. Co.’s dairy feed, 19.4 18.0 Ae ALD AS: Oo 220,00 315 H. O. Co.’s dairy feed, 18.7 18.0 Ate 4250 L925 23 00 330 H. O. Co.’s dairy feed, 18.8 18.0 A OAL S20: 12150 354 Hz. O. Co.’s dairy feed, 18.1 18.0 48 45 11.8 21.00 2938 H. O. Co.’s horse feed, 12 ZO 42 4.5 9.6 22.00 316 H. O. Co.’s horse feed, Ign 120 Ale KAsry 9.1 22.00 329 H. O. Co.’s horse feed, 15 22-0) 4.0 4.5 9.6 21.50 343 Monarch horse feed, o.2anie.O Dolio ise cor 251 Quaker dairy feed, 14 20s 3.6, 2.50) 15.5. 18.00 274 Quaker dairy feed, 144 1203 40 2.50 15.0 18.00 806 Quaker dairy feed, 4a ten0s, 3.98 “200. 15:9) TOU 349 Quaker dairy feed, 13:4 12.03 3.6 2.50 15.2 18.00 3 Revort or INSPECTION WORK OF THE TABLE IV. Name and address of manufacturer or jobber. Sampled at American Cereal Co., Chicago, I11., Geneva, Geneva Coai Co., American Cereal Co., Chicago, I1., Cortland, S. N. Holden & Co., American Cereal Co., Chicago, I1., Norwich, H. O. Hale, American Cereal Co., Chicago, Il, Geneva, Geneva Coal Co., American Malting Co., Detroit, Mich., Marathon, J. H. Sieber & Son, Chapin & Co., St. Louis, Mo., Cortland, S. N. Holden & Co., Chapin & Co., St. Louis, Mo., Oxford, Byron Gray, Clapp, Arthur Jerome, New York, Cortland, C. O. Smith, Cox, C. M., & Co., Geneva, Hower, Newton & Co., Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Bing- Cortland, Brayton Bros., hampton, ; Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Bing- Whitney’s Point, Homer hampton, Smith, Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Bing- Whitney’s Point, Henry hampton, Braman, Hudnut Co., Terre Haute, Ind., Binghamton, Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Hudnut Co., Terre Haute, Ind., Oneonta, Morris Bros., Indianapolis Hominy Mills, Indianapo- Homer, Paul Billings & lis, Ind., Co., Miami Maize Co., Toledo, O., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., Patent Cereals Co., Geneva, . Rodebaugh, J. H., Buffalo, Norwich, Robert D. Eaton, Seymore & Co., Buffalo, Binghamton, Geo. Q. Moon & Co., Shellabarger Mill & Elevator Co., Deca- Deposit, Deposit Milling tur, Ll:, Go, Shellabarger Mill & Elevator Co., Deca- Sidney, Roseboom & In- tur, [l., graham, Suffern Hunt & Co., Decatur, II1., Binghamton, Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Cortland, 8. N. Holden & Co., Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 11., Marathon, J. H. Sieber & Son, Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill., Marathon, Marathon Roller Mills, Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 1L, Waverly, D. V. Personius & Son, Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 11., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., Hucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, UL, Norwich, Robert D. Eaton, Parsonius, D. V., & Son, Waverly, - Adikes, J. & T., Jamaica, ~ Akron Gereal Co., Akron, O., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., American Gereal Co., Chicago, Il., Auburn, W. L. Noyes, American Cereal Co., Chicago, UL, Cortland, S. N. Holden & Co., American Cereal Co., Chicago, Ill., Whitney’s Point, Homer Smith, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. — Continued. Col- lec- tion No. Name of feed. 369 Quaker dairy feed, 237 Schumacher’s stock feed, 353 Schumacher’s stock feed, 368 Schumacher’s stock feed, 248 Hominy feed, 234 Hominy feed, green diamond, 347 Hominy feed, green diamond, 225 tHominy meal, pop corn, 248 *Hominy meal, 238 *Hominy meal, 255 *Hominy meal, 259 *Hominy meal, 302 Hominy feed, 328 Hominy feed, 247 Hominy feed, 335 Hominy feed, 365 Hominy feed, ~856 *Hominy feed, 299 ‘Hominy feed, 309 Hominy feed, 321 Hominy feed, 305 Hominy feed, 236 Sugar corn feed, 250 Fancy corn bran, 253 Fancy corn bran, 280 Sugar corn feed, 334 Sugar corn feed, 358 Fancy corn bran, 282 4Sugar corn feed, 371 Ground feed, 337 Royal oat feed, 221 Victor corn and oat feed, 233. Victor corn and oat feed, 257 Victor corn and oat feed, Protein. oro Guaran- teed. Per ct. 12.03 10.79 10.79 10.79 9.89 11.0 11.0 12.85 12.85 11.10 10.93 11.46 Found. oo ao po oe en pce ce JI RaQ nb 379 — Crude Price Guaran- fibre per teed. found. ton. Per ct. Per ct. 2.50 16.5 $18.00 aes ales) P00 3.28 11.8 20.00 3:28) “ttt 20:00 7.06 18.00 8.0 19.00 8.0 18.00 — 46 19.00 ed 18.50 — 20.00 ——— 20.00 od 19.00 8.52 18.75 8.52 18.50 10.47 19.00 7.05 18.00 9.30 17.00 —— 18.50 oa 20.00 9.02 18.00 9.02 18.00 7.70 18.75 Dy eT eal S00) 2.5 11.6 18.00 Oe LOU ieOU 2.5 Pa) 18.00 2.5 17.50 17.00 3.00 6.7 19.60 414 25.4 16.00 3.00 9.8 18.00 3.00 11.4 17.00 3.00 7.6 19.00 / Report or INSPECTION WoRK OF THR Name and address of manufacturer or jobber. American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIl., American Cereal Co., Chicago, II1., American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIL, American Cereal Co., Chicago, I11., American Cereal Co., Chicago, II1., Billings, Paul, & Co., Tunkhannock, Pa., Cerealine Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., Cerealine Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., Cerealine Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., Chester Mills, New York, Dayton Milling Co., Towanda, Pa., Dayton Milling Co., Towanda, Pa., Diamond Mills, Buffalo, Diamond Mills, Buffalo, Diamond Mills, Buffalo, Diamond Mills, Buffalo, Hayt, S. T., Corning, Heath, H. Heath, H. R., & Sons, Fort Dodge, Ia., Heath, H. R., & Sons, Fort Dodge, Ia Husted Milling & Elevator Co., Buffalo, Han- Keery, Thomas (Cadosia Mills), cock, Kentucky Milling Co., Henderson, Ky., Kentucky Milling Co., Henderson, Ky., R., & Sons, Fort Dodge. Ia., TABLE IV. Sampled at Binghamton, Binghamton Produce Co., Binghamton, Geo. Q. Moon & Co., Oswego, Geo. H. Hunt, Corning, S. T. Hayt, Waverly, D. V. Personius & Son, Homer, Paul Billings & Co., Whitney’s Point, A. F. Sanders,’ Oxford, French & Mead, xoshen, H. B. Knight & Co.., Oxford, Byron Gray, Waverly, John C. Shear, Waverly, John C. Shear, Auburn, W. L. Noyes, Elmira, John Livens, Corning, C. Hs _Brown, Hancock, E. . Hackett & Co., s Binghamton, A. J. Smith & Son, Binghamton, Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Phoenix, A. C, Parker, Elmira, fF. S. Knapp, 2 Elmira, H. F. Rohmer, Oxford, French & Mead, Muscatine Oat Meal Co., Muscatine, Ia., Owego, Gilbert Truman & Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, Personius, D. V., & Sons, Waverly, Rathbun-Sawyer Co., Oneida, Rathbun-Sawyer Co., Oneida, American Cereal Co., Chicago, II1., Atlas Mills, Phoenix, Barnum, §. D., Waverly, Cadosia. Mills, Hancock, Cedar Falls Milling Co.,Cedar Falls, Ia.; Darby, W. H., Homer, Deposit Milling Co., Deposit, Eaton, R. D., Norwich, Fernbaugh Mills, Dresden, French & Mead, Oxford, Son, 3 32 a Hancock, E. E. Hackett & Co., Walton, Smith & St. John, Oswego, Geo. H. Hunt, 2 2 2 Oswego, James Dunlap, 2 Geneva, L. C. Davison, Husted Milling & Elevator Co., Buffalo, Norwich, H. O. Hale, Pierce & Pendergast, Phoenix, Barnum, 8. D., Waverly, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381 — Continued. Col- Protein. Fat lec- —— sO —— Crude Price tion Guaran- Guaran- fiber per No. Name of feed. Found. teed Found. teed. found. ton. Perct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Per ct. 294 Victor corn and oat feed, 91 8.23 42 3.00 7.3 $19.00 307 Victor corn and oat feed, Se S22) BA 13.00, 11.8 362 Victor corn and oat feed, 9.0 - 8:23 155. » 3:00; 9.4 18:00 270 Vim oat feed, TA) +63 30.) s 258% 22.7 15:00 281 Vim oat feed, 4.6 6.3 1h a) 2DSsy 25.9 246 10at feed, 1.7 — 14 — 30.7 16.00 261 Cerealine feed, No. 2, ILA AOS2E I t-8 7 8.032.-2:2 19100 350 Cerealine feed, No. 2, 114 10.82 7:8 8.03. 2.1 18.00 872 Cerealine germ oil cake, 17.4. 15.68 12.6 8.00 24.00 848 1Chester stock food, 6.9 11.5 2 ce Des AAS «619100 72 1Chop, No. 2, 94 — 40 — 44 18.00 s28 Chop, No. 2, 96 — 4.3 5.1 21.00 220 Diamond C. and O. feed, 6.6 9.44 3.2 4.78 15.2 18.00 266 Diamond C. and O. feed, 68 944 34 4.78 12.1 18.00 271 Diamond C. and O. feed, 6.8 944 2.8 4.78 13.5 18.00 312 Diamond C. and O. feed, Orn so 445" JST 418) 12. et 1800 269 Corn and oats, 9.6 1048 42 4.00 85 18.00 291 Yankee corn and oat feed, 6399 18:96) 2:37 14.33) 118.7 303 Yankee corn and oat feed, GiSe) 78:96) 2:44-4:33 17.3> 16:50 364 Yankee corn and oat feed, hy S896 13:24 14.331,.15.1) 18:00 265 Monarch chop feed, G9 A040" Vs:4 “3:2 83" 19:00 314 Crescent corn and oat feed, 85 834° -39 2.60 11.8 18.50 268 Jersey mixed feed, 13.4 1156 3.8 3.65 13.4 20.00 351 Jersey mixed feed, 1S. 156 3:9) 3.6o, 13:2) 20:00 290 Friends concentrated dairy feed, 7.7 10.9 Bi) ath | Paty alas) 842 Arrow corn and oat feed, 90) S00" =45. 34> 5:4 1900 844 Corn and oat provender, Oe MSs 4.7, tool LOT Asoo 279 Corn and oat feed, 82° 7.94 26 418 7.1 20.00 10.5 3.0 311 Oneida chop feed, 9.4 to Sa to 8.2 18.00 13.5 4.5 317 2Oneida buckwheat feed, 19.7 — 5.7 — 244 14.00 s27 Ground oats (calf meal) 16.9 8.6 2.0 s 8 Corn and oats, 11.4 3.8 T.5 s29 Corn and oats, 9.5 1.4 3.3 s 38 Corn and oats, 9.8 2.2 3.1 s 4 Corn and oats, 11.6 5.0 6.4 s30 Corn and oats, 10.0 ilere 5.1 s26 Corn and oats, Aa ea 1.8 5.9 8 6 Corn and oats, 10.6 3.6 4.7 8s 9 Corn and oats, 11.2 4.5 6.1 s 7 Corn and oats, 10.4 4.5 4.6 8 1 Corn and oats, 9.9 3.1 4.1 8 5 Corn and oats, 10.6 Qn 7.2 825 Buckwheat, corn and oats, 9.4 5 5.4 Reporr or INspecrion WoRK OF THE Name and address of manufacturer or jobber. TaBLeE IV. Sampled at Berger-Anderson Co., Milwaukee, Wis., Cortland, 8. N. Holden & Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, American Cereal Co., Chicago, IL, American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIL, American Cereal Co., Chicago, IL, American Cereal Co., Chicago, IIL, H. O. Co., Buffalo, H. O. Co., Buffalo, Mapes, O. W., Middletown, Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass., Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass., Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass., Finn’s, H., Sons, Syracuse, Finn’s, H., Sons, Syracuse, Flour City Plant Food Co., Rochester, Harding, Geo. L., Binghamton, Harding, Geo. L., Binghamton, Harding, Geo. L., Binghamton, Preston Fertilizer Co., Brooklyn, Romaine, DeWitt, Hackensack, N. J., Co., Sidney, Roseboom & In- graham, Cortland, I. V. Johnson, Waverly, John C. Shear, Owego, Geo. Nichols, Oneonta, Morris Bros., Hancock, Wm. A. Hall, Oneonta, Morris Bros., Binghamton, Binghamton Produce Co., Waverly, John C. Shear, West Winfield, H. W. Berry, Sprout Brook, A. E. Os- trom. s Auburn, W. L. Noyes, Owego, Geo. Nichols, Whitney’s Point, A. F. Sanders, 2 2 Elmira, D. Bevier, Cortland, I, V. Johnson, Nuw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383 — Concluded. ‘Col- Protein. Fat. lec- u-—— ss ——— Oo > —-Crude Price tion Guaran- Guaran- fiiber per No. Name of feed. Found. teed. Found. teed. found. ton. ‘ Per ct. Perct. Perct. Perct. Peret. s52 Badger bran, 14.3 3.7 LT s 2 Rye feed, 14.8 4.0 6.0 227 American poultry food, 13-0 1SiGDi) bate, (o. 008 4.7, $20.00 278 American poultry food, 12:9 13:6) 25D * (13.96 26.00 287 American poultry food, 1225) Pls 1p Wall) 63:96) ) 4:3) 25.00 332 American poultry food, 145 13.65 63 3.96 4.8 26.00 313 H. O. poultry feed, 17.4 17.0 57 55 4.9 30.00 331 H. O. poultry feed, 2 AO 5.7 5.5 5.38 28.00 295 Mapes balanced ration for poul- try, 12.9 14.0 As yaa 3.7 30.00 275 Bowker’s animal meal, 2 OO 16:8 5.0 52.00 3874 Bowker’s animal meal, 39.4 30.0 89 5.0 375 Bowker’s animal meal, 33.9 30.0 218 5.0 224 Ground beef cracklings, 42.2 50.68 19.4 20.66 30.00 223 Ground beef cracklings, 44.0 50.68 19.2 20.66 45.00 285 1Excelsior meat meal for poul- try, on. 13.5 45.00 262 Wresh ground beef scraps, 444 42.0 184 38.0 50.00 296 Fresh ground beef scraps, 40.3 42.0 30.9 38.0 45.00 297 Meat meal for poultry, 66.2 49.0 19.5 19.0 40.00 263 1Champion meat meal for poul- BA 414 400 115 80 50.00 229 Boiled beef and bone, 47.2 45.0 18.7 15.0 45.00 ‘Not licensed in this State. 3 Subject to license as marked. 2Sampie taken at mill. 4If licensed, no evidence shown. 384 Report oF INSPECTION WoRK OF THE COMMENTS. It is gratifying to note that the unmixed, or what may perhaps properly be termed, the standard, feeding stuffs, such as cotton- seed and linseed oil meals, the gluten meals and feeds, the brewer’s residues and hominy feeds, are of uniformly good quality and are practically as good as the guarantees. The only important instance of inferior quality in these classes of goods -is the case of Mayflower Linseed Meal manufactured by the Mayflower Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind. It is believed that this brand has been withdrawn from the market. It is clearly fraudulent in character, as the protein was only about half the proportion represented to be present. The most numerous discrepancies between guarantees and actual composition occur with the mixed goods of which oat hulis are undoubtedly a component. These are the goods which in many instances bear such brand names as “ chop feed,” “ corn and oat feed,” “ mixed feed,” etc., which lead the purchaser to conclude that the mixtures are made up of corn and oats. They have the appearance of being corn and oats, because corn meal or hominy feed and oat hulls are present. The protein guaran- teed is usually less than 10 per ct., often less than 9 per ct. and in some brands less than 8 per ct., but even these low percent- ages are not always maintained because of an evident overdose of the worthless oat hulls. The prominence of oat hulls in some of these mixtures is seen in the large proportion of fibre which they carry. The only grain product which supplies fibre generously is oat hulls, and when a mixture containing a considerable proportion of corn meal or hominy feed shows 12 per ct. of fiber and upwards, it is safe to conclude that oat hulls have been introduced. The same is true often when the fiber is less than 12 per ct. Attention is invited to the percentages of fiber given in the preceding tables. Many genuine mixtures of corn and oats are sold. These seem to be more abundant, that is, they constitute a larger propor- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 385 tion of the “chop feeds” found in the market, than was the case when the Station first began to collect samples of this class of goods. The genuineness of these mixtures is seen in part in the low proportion of fiber which ranges between 3 per ct. and 7 per ct., and in part in their general appearance. The presence of ground oat hulls is made evident by a characteristic mechan- ical condition and negatively by the absence of the crushed oat grains. It would not be difficult for farmers to so educate their eyes as to easily detect inferior oat hull mixtures. It is claimed, probably for good reason, that much of the corn meal sold in the State is mixed with hominy feed. While such a mixture is little, if any, inferior in feeding value to pure corn meal, the purchaser generally sustains financial injury, because if he wishes for hominy feed he can usually purchase it at a less price than that paid for the fraudulent corn meal. These corn meal and hominy mixtures are lighter in color than pure, yellow corn meal. Proof that this lighter color is not caused by grind- ing in white corn is difficult, because chemically and microsopi- cally hominy feed is very similar to the maize grain of which it was once a part. It is fair to conclude, also, that the by-products from the manu- facture of starch are used to mix with corn meal whenever they cost less than the latter. This fact was made evident at a pub- lic hearing before a committee of the New York legislature at the time legislation concerning the sale of feeding stuffs was pending. Very recently a jobber in feeding stuffs located in New York has issued a circular to millers advising them how they can “make corn meal” “in order to meet competition ” by mixing corn bran with corn meal in the proportion of one to five. Without discussing here the question of the relative value of corn meal and the mixture, this practice, when not clearly under- stood, is a dishonest imposition upon the consumer, because if he wishes for corn bran in his ration he can buy it for less money than he can corn meal. Moreover, any miller who fraudulently descends to such unworthy means of sustaining his trade be- comes legally liable to a fine. 25 386 Report or INspecrion WoRK OF THB One of the most frequent violations of the feeding stuff law is the failure of dealers to have in their possession the proper statement of the source and composition of licensed goods stored and sold in buik. Licensed brands stored and sold in the manufacturer’s sacks are usually properly marked. Because a brand is licensed the dealer handling it in bulk is not excused from the requirement of furnishing to the consumer the state- ment required by law. It should be entirely easy to secure such a statement from the manufacturer or jobber and there is no good reason for failing in this particular. The sale of the offals from milling wheat has also required some attention. It is customary with many mills to run to- gether all the offals, bran, middling, etc., and sell this mixture under the term “ mixed feed.” The requirements of the feeding stuff law do not apply to bran and middlings from wheat, rye and buckwheat when sold as such and it has been necessary to rule that these cannot be sold in a mixed condition under the simple term “mixed feed” without complying with the provisions of the law, but must be labeled, if labeled at all, as pure bran and middlings. For the information of dealers who desire to be law-abiding and avoid the responsibility of doing business illegally, the fol- lowing list is given of goods either not licensed, or if licensed, without evidence of the same appearing as they were found in the hands of dealers. The goods in this list should be avoided until they are placed on the market legally. New YorxK .AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ee BRANUS TO BE AVOIDED BECAUSE OF NoT HAvING A LEGAL STANDING IN THIS STATE OR ELSE SOLD WITHOUT FULL COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW. Name. Manufacturer or jobber. * Cottonseed-meal, * Cottonseed-meal, brand, * Cottonseed-meal, South brand, + Cottonseed-meal, * Cottonseed-meal, * Cottonseed-meal, Chattanooga Cotton Oil Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. Lily Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Binghamton, N.Y, Sunny Independent Cotton Oil Co., Memphis, Tenn. Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. J. G. Fall & Co., Memphis, Tenn, Booker & Gentry, Memphis, Tenn. * Mayflower linseed meal, Mayflower Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind. * Linseed meal, O. P,, Dayton Milling Co., Towanda, Pa. + Linseed meal, O. P., Empire Grain & Hlevator Co., Binghamton, N. ¥. * Linseed meal, O. P., National Linseed Co., New York, N. Y. + Linseed meal, O. P., Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. + Gluten feed, * Special gluten, * Daisy gluten feed, * Popeorn hominy, * Hominy feed, + Hominy feed, + Hominy feed, + Hominy feed, + Sugar corn feed, + Oat feed, * Chester stock food, * Chop No. 2, Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. Oneonta Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. Andrew Cullen Co., New York, N. Y. Arthur Jerome Clapp & Co., New York, N. Yv, , or John W. Metzler, Binghamton, N. Y. C: M. Cox & Go., Geneva, N. Y. Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Binghamton, N. Y. J. H. Rodebaugh, Buffalo, N. Y. Seymour & Co., Buffalo, N. Y. D. V. Personius & Son, Waverly, N. ¥. Paul Billings, New York, N. Y. Chester Mills, New York, N. Y. Dayton Milling Co., Towanda, Pa. * Excelsior meat meal for poultry, Flower City Plant Food Co., Rochester, N. Y. * Champion meat meal for poultry, +t Rex mixed feed, Preston Fertilizer Co., Brooklyn, N. Y¥. Fish & Co., New York, N. Y. Hunter Bros.. St. Louis, Mo. National Milling Co., Toledo, O. + Excelsior mixed feed, = Delaware feed, * Not licensed in 1901. + If licensed, no evidence shown by dealer. } Should be marked properly. Not legally sold under brand name used. SUGGESTIONS TO DEALERS. In this bulletin may be found a list of brands of feeding stuffs licensed for 1901. In the main the same brands will probably be licensed for 1902, doubtless with some additfons. These include every variety of commercial cattle foods which farmers and stable keepers ever need to purchase outside of the entire cereal grains, which are not subject to the provisions of the law. The manufacturers or jobbers who have paid license fees and filed the required guarantees have made it possible for dealers to handle their goods safely and with certain assurances as to character and quality, and therefore they are the ones who are entitled to patronage. 388 Report or INSPECTION WoRK OF THE Dealers should require that when goods are handled in pack- ages the proper marks are affixed: Name and address of manufacturer or jobber. Name of brand. Guaranteed percentage of protein. Guaranteed percentage of fat. If the goods are bought in bulk, then the manufacturer or jobber should be asked to furnish the same statement for dis- play to customers. This is a simple matter, but it should be attended to in order to avoid any possible chance of action by the State and as a matter of justice to consumers. SUGGESTIONS TO CONSUMERS. There appears to be a growing tendency on the part of con- sumers to purchase proprietary brands of feeding stuffs that are mixtures of two or more by-products. Many of these mixtures are compounded for the purpose of providing a medium in which inferior waste products lose their identity by mixing them with materials of good and well recognized quality. For instance, an “oat feed” may contain hominy feed, oat hulls and some- times enough of some material rich in protein, perhaps gluten meal, to bring the protein content of the mixture up to a desir- able proportion. Such a mixture is worth commercially what the hominy feed and gluten meal would cost and no more. If 20 per ct. of oat hulls are present then the price of the mixtures should be 20 per ct. less than what a full ton of the hominy feed and gluten meal mixture would cost. Oat hull mixtures are not an imposition on the consumer, provided they are sold ata price proportional to the standard materials which the mixtures contain, otherwise they are bought at a loss. As a matter of fact, these mixtures are sold at about the prices which rule for feeding stuffs of standard grade. A glance at the previous tables will show the following range of prices: New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 389 Proprietary mixed goods. .......6205 2+: $17.50 to $24.00 per ton. MPT T SWOCAD so ca-pye selec eion-) ste.e sae wreics ss 94.00 to 25.00. “ erent heeds foo o4 45 sss aakseccdaades 20:00 to + 22.00" 4° PRenANY EPCOS 512 '. 5 app cic ia shesye eee'p 9/4) VE 50a 190 3 Sugar corn feed (corn bran mostly).... 17.00 to 18.00 i PMP STIR OWES «(to 70 0's oe on sl eo munpeiaca mmiaisnes« 15.00 Mixed wheat Offals..........+..-+-ee- 20.00 or less. These figures show conclusively that the proprietary mixed goods containing 20 per ct. and upward of oat hulls are bought at a loss of generally not less than $5 per ton and doubtless often more. If farmers foolishly think that it is desirable to have in the grain mixture some fibrous material like oat hulls, let them hire someone to grind up their straw stacks or the mows of poor hay and mix the good grain with these. It ‘is pitiful to see farmers of limited means paying grain prices for an ingredient in certain commercial cattle foods which is worth no more than the poorest coarse fodders around the barn. Such costly business management seems to be the fruit of either wil- ful ignorance or a lazy indifference. The manufacturer who uses oat hulls in such a way as to deceive his customers is simply dishonest. One of the most glaring impositions discovered is the case of sample 246, representing an “ oat feed ” found on sale at Homer. The oat feed (?) contained only 1.7 per ct. of protein and over 30 per ct. of fibre. It was nothing but oat hulls. The selling price was $15 per ton! Comment is unnecessary. The wise course for farmers to pursue is to purchase either standard by-product feeding stuffs or the entire grains, such as corn and oats, whole or ground. At $1 per hundred for corn meal and 40 cents per bushel for oats, a mixture of equal parts by weight of these two grains can be secured at no greater price than what is asked for certain oat feeds. If hominy feed is used in place of the corn meal the cost would be lessened. SO-CALLED “RED ALBUMEN” A FRAUD.* W. H. JORDAN. Poultry-feeders and farmers throughout western New York have been much excited during the past few weeks by the exploiting of ‘‘ Red Albu- men.’ Doubtless many of them have been victimized; for druggists report demands for this material almost unprecedented even in the sale of patent medicines, and so far as evidence collected by the Station goes each pur- chaser has been defrauded. There are at least two preparations sold under the name red albumen, probably more; for the druggists in many places were evidently not sup- plied with the original material, but realized that the farmers were deter- mined to be “ gold-bricked’”’ anyway and so met the demand by substitut- ing compounds from their own stock. One of the preparations, that reach- ing the Station under the label of the United States Salyx Co., New Concord, Ohio, has practically no feeding value as it contains only of 1 per ct. of protein (albumen), the remainder being almost wholly oxide of iron (red paint) and sand. No phosphorus was found, nor was there any evidence of strychnine or the newly discovered (?) “ alequet.” Unless fraud has been worked upon the Salyx Co., this is the original “red albumen.” If so, instead of being worth 50 or 60 cents a pound, it is worth only from 1 to 2 cents a pound as “ Mineral Red” or “ Ground Iron Ore” used for paint. Druggists, or others who have substituted some other product for the original “‘ red albumen,” Wave been less conscienceless toward the farmers; for they have sold them an albuminous compound, probably a by-product which contains 11 or 12 per ct. of nitrogen or about 72 per ct. protein. This sells for varying prices, depending upon the druggist’s mood; but usually at the price fixed for the original article, 50 or 60 cents a pound. Animal meal, which supplies the best of albuminoid matter for poultry, contains more than half as much protein and sells at from 3 to 5 cents a pound. — == * Reprint of a circular. REPORT OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR THE SPRING AND FALL OF 1901.* L. L. VAN SLYKE AND W. H. ANDREWS. SUMMARY. (1) Samples collected. During the year 1901, the Station col- lected 963 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 465 different brands. Of these different brands 334 were complete fertilizers; of the others, 49 contained phosphoric acid and pot- ash without nitrogen; 21 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid without potash; 15 contained nitrogen only; 35 contained phosphoric acid alone; and 11 contained potash salts only. (2) Nitrogen. The 334 brands of complete fertilizers con- tained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.36 to 8.10 per ct., and averaging 2.01 per ct. The average amount of nitrogen found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.12 per ct., the guaranteed average being 1.89 per ct., and the average found being 2.01 per ct. In 250 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 1.33 per ct., and averaging 0.22 per ct. In 84 brands the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.09 per ct., and averaging 0.18 per ct. In 78 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per ct. The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 6.40 per ct. and averaged 0.87 per ct. *A reprint of Bulletin No. 201. 392 REPORT OF INSPECTION WORK OF THE (83) Available phosphoric acid. The 334 brands of complete fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount from 1.01 to 18.46 per ct. and averaging 8.80 per ct. The average amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 1.13 per ct., the guaranteed average being 7.67 per ct. and the average found being 8.80 per ct. In 304 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of available phosphoric acid found was equal to or above the amount guar- anteed, the excess varying from 0.01 to 4.81 per ct. and averaging 1.26 per ct. In 30 brands, the available phosphoric acid was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 7.72 per ct. and averaging 0.74 per ct. In 24 cases the deficiency was below 0.5 per ct. The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0 to 10.77 per ct. and averaged 5.04 per ct. (4) Potash. The complete fertilizers contained potash vary- ing in amount from 0.26 to 11.59 per ct., and averaging 4.47 per ct. The average amount of potash found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.34 per ct., the guaranteed average being 4.13 per ct., and the average found being 4.47 per ct. In 259 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 4.75 per ct. and averaging 0.55 per ct. In 75 brands, the potash was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 4.71 per ct. and averaging 0.40 per ct. In 59 of these cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per ct. In 70 cases among the 334 brands of complete fertilizers the potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess of chlorides. : (5) The retail selling price of the complete fertilizers varied from $14 to $43 a ton and averaged $25.71. The retail cost of the separate ingredients unmixed averaged $19.81, or $5.90 less than the selling price. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 393 INTRODUCTION. NUMBER AND KINDS OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. During the year 1901, the Station’s collecting agents visited 179 towns between April 5 and October 16, obtaining 963 samples of commercial fertilizers. These samples represent 465 different brands, the product of 60 different manufacturers, each manufacturer being represented by from one to 202 brands. The subjoined tabulated statement indicates the different classes included in the collection. CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. Brands con- Brands con- Brands con- taining nitro- taining phos- Brands con- taining only Brands con- genandphos- phoricacidand Brands of taining only phosphoric taining only phoric acid potash with- complete nitrogen. acid. potash. without potash. out nitrogen. fertilizers. 15 35 11 21 49 334 COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. The following tabulated statement shows the average com- position of the complete fertilizers collected during the year, together with a comparison of the guaranteed composition and that found by analysis. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. Average per ct. found Per ct. guaranteed. Per ct. found. above aA eR —_— as guaran- —— me Lowest. Highest. Average. Lowest. Highest. Average. tee. INDELOGENY cleinice jeisesecia Osos Wot. 1.89. O30" pS.10) 2.0L. O12 Available phosphoric Fri) 10 ES Oy ORE OIA CABS OF625 12-00 pe ieG Tina. OL 513.46,) SPS. a3 Insoluble phosphoric CIA Hels s Sihctde crete 0.00 6.10 2.32 — WEOUAS Hite s, cis, 3 ooh’ re sheueagers Offa, T2200) pacts 7 O526 A159 4A 1ORS4 Water-soluble nitrogen 0.00 6.40 0.87 — Water-soluble phos- DMOTICE ACI Mar. etsrereate ——> —s- ——-_ —»- —-__—*O0.00-sSs-d 10.77 5.04 = TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENIS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. The trade-values in the following schedule have been agreed upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a 394 Report or INSPECTION WORK OF THE result of study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of these states. These trade-values represent, as nearly as can be estimated, the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March, the respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These prices also correspond (except in case of avail- able phosphoric acid) to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March, plus about 20 per ct. in case of goods for which there are wholesale quotations. TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FoopD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. 1901 Cts. per pound INIGLOSeN iN) AMMONIA, Salts sate ceisiels siecle afaelelafole severe ave sr Stavsie Teheterere 16% INTELO SET AMpoMETALES er creas reaeters cele acl oreo) = Weds) oiisler svelte rataret Melon ate riats 14 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, and MEACHAM ADH Wey GAG AAO OMG cubs Deu Lace oor aoe oo ouDEoOne 16 Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage............ oie 16 Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage............++-e-- ss 12 Phosphoric acid, water-soluble........ OF Raierarees Sok chota cde aia stotee sae 5 Phosphoric, acic.y citrave-soluble goose kyo etl een tenepenieyerele (eerie ee 4%, Phosphorie acid in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage........... : Phosphoric acid in coarse fish, bone and tankage................ 3 Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium cit- PATOCANGS WALD? & so Sea cteus.s sree cle ode che wurtiece Loren eres Chel aaa. ae RRA Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlo- rides), in ashes, ete. PORE See ee OSC Oem Doo Oooo ; 5 Potash in Huridte eee AA E oleeiesresetaler Bra CON NC 414 —$————— COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION. Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the schedule for mixed fertilizers, 16 cents a pound for nitrogen, 5 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid 43 cents a pound for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound for insoluble phosphoric acid, and 44 cents a pound for potash, we can calculate the commercial valuation, or the price at which the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertil- izer, having the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be purchased for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail prices at which these goods were offered for sale, we can also readily estimate the difference between the actual sell- New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395 ing mixed materials; the difference covers the cost of mixing, freight, profits, ete. We present these data in the following table: price of the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the un- COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS. Average in- creased cost of Commercial valuation of Selling price of one ton mixed materials complete fertilizers. of complete fertilizers. over unnnixed - SEs Materials for one Average, Lowest. Highest. Average, ton $19.81 $14 $43 $25.71 $5.90 COST OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-FOOD IN FERTILIZERS AS PURCHASED BY CONSUMERS. In the table below we present figures showing the average cost to the purchaser of one pound of plant-food in different forms in mixed fertilizers. AVERAGE Cost OF ONE PoUND OF PLANT-FOOD TO CONSUMERS IN MIXED FERTILIZERS. INI OM ET apaierars Sfeisietels vga wes £ SLAP, cap cininicto'e dejelares Jalnalheoicre'e efetnse et OU so RCEDILS: PHOSDHOTIC 2A CLUR(AVAINADIC)/: a cic: cicre c2e vires sve a sleteisie wis! « oleretele che 6.2 cents. Potash e@eeneveeeeeee eevee eevee eee eevee ee eeeeeveeeeeeeeeseeeeeeos sd 5.9 cents, NEW FERTILIZER LAW. The State legislature amended the fertilizer law in 1899 and attention is called to the principal changes that affect manu- facturers and dealers. (1) All fertilizers selling for five dollars or more per ton come under the law. (2) Every manufacturer, importer, dealer or agent must pay a license fee amounting to twenty dollars a year for each sepa- rate brand or kind of fertilizer or fertilizing material. (5) Statements of guarantee analysis, ete., are to be filed and license fees paid during December each year covering the goods to be sold during the year following. (The analyses of samples collected, as given in the Bulletin, are not reprinted here; as they cease to have value before the report is distributed.—Direcror). REPORT OF ANALYSES OF PARIS GREEN AND OTHER INSECTICIDES IN 1901.* + L. L. VAN SLYKE AND W. H. ANDREWS. SUMMARY. In accordance with the provisions of a law designed to pro- tect purchasers of Paris Green, samples were secured during 1901 and the results are published in this Bulletin. In the 40 samples of Paris Green examined, the arsenious oxide varied from 56.13 to 62.87 per ct. and averaged 58.10 per ct. The water-soluble arsenious oxide varied from 0.88 to 2.64 per ct. and averaged 1.28 per ct. The copper oxide varied from 26.53 to 31.14 per ct. and averaged 29.88 per ct. The amount of arsenious oxide in com- bination with copper varied from 49.70 to 57.72 per ct. and averaged 55.98 per ct. The general result of the examination is to show a good quality of Paris Green in the market at the time the samples were taken. There are given, in addition, analyses of English Bug Com- pound, Laurel Green, London Purple, and Paris-Green-Bordeaux- Mixture. INTRODUCTION. During the year 1901, there were collected for analysis forty samples of materials sold as Paris Green, and also two samples of Laurel Green and one sample each of English Bug Compound, London Piple, Paragrene and Paris-Green-Bordeaux Mixture. The forty samples of Paris green represent twenty different manufacturers, eight of whom were not represented in the samples examined by us in 1900. *Printed by the authority and under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. yA reprint of Bulletin No. 204. New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 397 For a discussion of the chemistry of Paris green and for a statement of the methods of chemical analysis used, see Bulletin No. 190, p. 284. ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF PARIS GREEN IN 1901, Water Total soluble arsen arsen 10us 1008S Mannfacturer, oxide. oxide. Per ct Per ct Acme Color Works, id AT Acme Color Works, 57.66 1.47 Adler Color & Chemical Co., 57.97 0.88 Adler Color & Chemical Co., 56.98 2.64 A. B. Ansbacher & Co., Olt Oss A. B. Ansbacher & Co., 5TIS4 1R 4G A. B. Ansbacher & Co., 56.93 1.10 James A. Blanchard, 7.42 1.53 James A. Blanchard, Died. Wass, James A. Blanchard, of.30 ° “1.53 George C. Buell & Co., HU 2) O65 Cawley, Clark & Co., 51.42 1.35 Charles M. Childs & Co., DIeSa) le2o Charles M. Childs & Co., 58.76 0.98 Hampden Paint Co., 58.82 1.10 Morris Herrmann & Co., 61.40 1.78 Morris Herrmann & Co., 62°87 | 2.211. Morris Herrmann & Co., 62.69 1.538 Fred L. Lavanburg, 57.91 0.98 Fred L. Lavanburg, 57.91 0.98 Fred L. Lavanburg, H8782.) eas George E. Laverack, HS Oa lee Leggett & Bros., 57.11 0.98 Leggett & Bros., Onin ede es Leggett & Bros., 57.42 1.23 Leggett & Bros., 57.42 0.98 N. Y. Enamel Paint Co., Hide eA N. Y. Enamel Paint Co., 68209) ABZ N. Y. Enamel Paint Co., 58.46 0.98 I. Pfeiffer, Hille) ) elbsatO I. Pfeiffer, 57.12 0.88 I. Pfeiffer,. 58.09 1.35 C. T. Reynolds & Co., 60.72 1.40 Reynolds (Devoe, Reynolds & Co.), iene Aleal Solomon & Schwartz, 57.60 0.88 Sondheim, Alsburg & Co., 57.84 0.88 Stanley, Jordan & Co., 58.58 1.40 John L. Thompson Sons, 57.60 0.88 Unknown, 5.12: 0.98 Unknown, 58.09 0.98 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF OTHER INSECTICIDES. English Bug Compound, English Com- pound Co., 1.46 — Laurel Green, Nichols Chemical Co., 4.85 0 Laurel Green, Nichols Chemical Co., 5.45 0 London Purple, Hemingway’s London Purple Co., S2.o2) pl2ezl Paragrene, Fred L. Lavanburg, 41.73 90.88 Paris-Green-Bordeaux-Mixture, Leg- gett Bros., TAG dete Arsen- ious oxide in com- bination with copper. . Per ct. 56.27 56.27 56.74 56.38 56.63 57.10 308 Report or Inspecrion Work OF THE DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 1. Total arsenious oride—In the 40 samples of materials sold as Paris green, examined by us, the amount or arsenic equiva- lent to arsenious oxide, varies from 56.13 to 62.87 per ct., and averaged 58.10 per ct. This average is over one per ct. higher than that found last year, and is about one-half per ct. below the equivalent of arsenious oxide contained in pure copper aceto- arsenite. So far as the total arsenic content is concerned, the amount found indicates a high quality of Paris green. The variation is about the same as last year and, excepting four samples, is within surprisingly narrow limits. Where the total amount of arsenic present in Paris green the only point to be considered, the quality would be regarded as very satisfactory, but we must consider at the same time the amount of water- soluble compounds of arsenic present in Paris green. 2. Water-soluble compounds of arsenic.—The presence of water- soluble arsenic in Paris green is seriously objectionable owing to the fact that soluble arsenic compounds injure foliage. Hilgard, of California, states that in the dry climate of Cali- fornia, Paris green injures foliage when it contains an equiva- lent of more than four per ct. of arsenious oxide in the form of soluble arsenic compounds. The water-soluble arsenic most commonly occurring in Paris green is in the form of arsenious oxide, commercally known as common white arsenic. The method of analysis used by us in determining the amount of water-soluble arsenic compounds in Paris green should show the full amount of such compounds that would be found in actual field work where Paris green is mixed with water at the rate of one part by weight of Paris green to 1000 parts of water and the mixture used soon after preparation. By longer extrac- tion with water, larger quantities of soluble arsenic compounds can be obtained; but for our purpose, it is desirable to approxi- mate the amount likely to be found in actual field practice in the use of Paris green under the conditions commonly em- ployed, It would, in our judgment, be proper to condemn for New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399 use as an insecticide Paris green or other similar materials that vield more than 34 per ct. of water-soluble arsenic compounds expressed as arsenious oxide, when treated for 24 hours with distilled water at the rate of 1000 parts of water for one part of Paris green or arsenic-containing materials. The water-soluble arsenious oxide varies in the 40 samples of Paris green examined from 0.88 to 2.64 per ct., and averages 1.28, which is far below the limit of harm prescribed for use as an insecticide and the limit fixed by law. 3. Copper in Paris green determined as copper oxide——The amount of copper expressed as the equivalent of copper oxide, varies in the 40 samples of Paris green examined from 26.53 to 31.14 per ct. and averages 29.88 per ct., which is about the same as last year. 4. Amount of arsenious oxide in combination with copper.—The law relating to Paris green in this State was amended in 1901, so as to correct certain defects existing in the original law with reference to the definition of Paris green. The original law required that Paris green should contain the equivalent of 50 per ct. of arsenious oxide. This provision was needlessly low and was also open to the very serious objection that it permit- ted indefinite adulteration by common white arsenic. This defect has been corrected by requiring that Paris green shall contain arsenic in combination with copper, equivalent to not less than 50 per ct. of arsenious oxide. In ascertainig the amount of copper in combination with arsenic, it has been assumed that all the copper present was so combined, except when found in excess. While this assumption is not strictly accurate, it answers the purpose, especially when the precaution is taken to examine the Paris green for water-soluble forms of copper- compounds. In the 40 samples of Paris green examined the amount of arsenious oxide in combination with copper varied:-from 49.70 to 57.72 per ct. and averaged 55.98 per ct., which is about 6 per ct. higher than the minimum required by law. Only one sample fell below the limit and this was only slightly below. 400 Report or INSPECTION WORK. 5. General conclusion as to purity of Paris green in market.— Our results indicate a satisfactory condition as to the arsenic content of Paris green found in the market during 1901, and the same can be said as to the amount of water-soluble com- pounds present in the samples examined. AMENDMENT TO PARIS GREEN LAW. In accordance with the suggestions made by us last year, that portion of the Paris Green Law which related to the definition of Paris green was changed. The essential portion of the amended law embodying this change is as follows: “$112. Composition of Paris green or analogous products.— Paris green, or any product analogous to it, when sold, offered or exposed for sale as such, in this state, shall comply with the following requirements: “ First. It shall contain arsenic, in combination with copper, equivalent to not less than fifty percentum arsenious oxide. “ Second. It shall not contain arsenic in water-soluble forms equivalent to more than three and one-half per centum of arse- nious oxide.” LIST OF PARTIES WHO RECEIVED PARIS GREEN CERTIFICATES IN 1901. Acme Color Works, 5 Hanover street, New York. Adler Color and Chemical Works, 100 William street, New York. A. B. Ansbacher & Co., 4 Murray street, New York. Louis Berger & Sons of America, Lim., 100 William street, New York. Jas. A. Blanchard, 66 Maiden lane, New York. Chas. M. Childs & Co., 225 Pearl street, New York. O. W. Clark & Son, 59 Seneca street, Buffalo, N. Y. F. W. Devoe and C. T. Reynolds Co., 101 Fulton street, New York. Hampden Paint and Chemical Co., Springfield, Mass. J. M. Huber, 275 Water street, New York. Fred L. Lavanburg, 165 William street, New York. Leggett & Bros., 301 Pear] street, New York. John Lucas & Co., 89 Maiden lane, New York. Morris, Hermann & Co., 255 Pearl street, New York, I. Pfeiffer, 174 Fulton street, New York. APPENDIX. I. PeRiopIcALs RECEIVED BY THE STATION. II. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 26 Tons ee) oh y ih cial! ; i oy weve y ASME ae rhe ot hud rie Ly “ie ae ar sod are Pay OPPs iy . ee ' ; ae ae ow! Mages Si eee : = "i i ie ne Amn ae kellie ‘ ME. CNG Aes Sims Va th ae 7507 , \ ae pir , py" if Lane a wierd é r ‘ { Mra, rat 3 hy ‘ y aes ay ‘ » 2 ‘ ¥ pf a Wile ern ay roe TPA Ty Ree Bt 4% (fu es Oe “ih Nude Ate iby wel ‘ ‘ ; tbe : fs . * ¢ ; Sais ms , iT is a : Evrerah 0 peek ie eg ial v ; EN) NOP A ee coe Panel, ca, i“ zi ‘ yi yee iv e = \ } B. iN , ‘ . ’ o ve YT és yy ' . * v ; A ats i) : " 4 i Mrfktia j 5 2 5 < : oa h } , As. i w 5 : &) . adem ceaperipapnie-cap aarp a onceagames OPTRA: os irs yee } 3 rh Ky “ts : 7 ivieh) we Gi, Moth yine: sence TEU ATEAS , | ie ‘ ; ' ¥ ; a i H + | t k aw heey) Maton Y. TP eee ee Sn een eo ee eer oe : 4 she MOWAT wait SAGs Die path 224° 2OLNRS fodkcei: ; ; ms ' esi wy % : k + 4 jae hs lt , 2 A2anuoad danidolonoNtam Af oo ‘ , j i + » hi 1ibiuka ‘ : A> é >. Sa Y, ‘ . ‘ ~ ep eeaieecataecnticvay kaos = apaneieeatd ete teeaaenonti idee ema a npegalgee ee FS + a cea eR ae ; : Y i do mae mn a” - ; 7 ‘ ed ; ~ ~- r ‘ if ¥ - } » 7 : < < 4 bgt ; ‘i , 4 ! = ru é te ’ ‘ we a s rr, ‘ eF : . f oh. 4 TPs vie i é rt ‘ \ { ial we 7 iy . ao a” - P . ; mre = 7 Ae i v if ’ ‘ ‘i va . ‘3 ‘ , Ps : wv Vii Appendix. PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE STATION. Acker und Gartenbau Zeitung................ Complimentary. Agricultural Epitomist............. western tee oe “ Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales..... ¢ Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope ¢ Agricultural Students’ Gazette...... J IPILORS s Albany POULTA srr aes a HS bistahie's autecte Subscription. ANeranrGarette. 26 seis deveedes dedddecds «cass Complimentary: American A SricultMrists » 1% 200% to 'e%0%s "she's 'e one Subscription. Americat Chemical Journals ...+ ss... thee’ at American Chemical Society, Journal......... : * ATMCTICAM CUlLIVALOE > Ly Oo oo td Sell idldidddls Complimentary. American Entomological Society, Transactions. Subscription. American Fancier. ..... 0's otatereretetetate ott ake He fs AmMePicdn! Merci lizer..:.-.-.ee-s:e's's's'e's'e's"s'e's's Se wee ‘ American Florist. ......608.'s6 LRH SIS. $f American Gardening....... oDOL. OPIS OE a American Grange: Bulletins: o.oo. sieteistete!e'e'e e'e'e’s Complimentary. ARMETICAN (GLOCET ssirindtercnrerets rate td aise 'sle te See's ate < American Journal of Physiology........... ... Subscription. American Monthly Microscopical Journal..... : is American’ Naturalist) -ccrcroirstircriversreretanare F 2 Poe's : = American Philosophical Society, Proceedings.. Complimentary. American Stock Keepers../.:+.'./0%/e'ets‘s'e'e's'e wea - ADV SE Pa fate PD erates EO EY INI BS 0. Subscription. AfinaleqvACrongmig ues! Ve ds Ps PIG AY Subscription. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur.......... bee Ue € é“ Annals and Magazine of Natural History 404 PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE Annals Of EGTA | 5.5/2.0 sis ove ssttia wiv © ss vewienieiniere’ Subscription. Archiv der gesammte Physiologie (Pflueger)... a ATH VAtWer Eby RICH... (5 fix sstaca vate lete esis e's is rs et Association Belge des Chimistes, Bulletin..... Complimentary. Baltimore Weekly Sun.c.c0 4. 208 sCi 05 fone. ; ‘ Beet Sugar Gazettes .-ss sees se <6 nek sere ole 5 Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesell- AEE a asic eho strats Mica eared lg ana enbia hei a aber a ones Subscription. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesell- pebiaiie bere dees bes ceee eee re meee eh stitee ff Boletin do Instituto Agronomico do Estada de Sao sPanilo ies). ce ees steel At ASO WER Le chee Complimentary. Boletin de Agricultura Tropical...... white io dass f Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings. Subscription. Botanical Department, Jamaica, Bulletin...... Complimentary. Botameal; (Gasette. - 2 65.45 adh eainn ee ee ooeee HUbSCription: Botanische Zeng .... 666000 dpe Pee etree 3 ff Botanisches Centralblatt .......... shanasrareis les ‘ ff Botanisve, Wie Hoenig s seve ih ce eheeitel sive er dia enatehe’s ; i Bree@ers Gaaecte x, ps, .j4ce)5:0;5:5/6,6,904yspncnieye, oleae : Af Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin.. Complimentary. Canadian Entomologist .. ..<.s.0.0000020 0000008 Subscription. Canadian Horticulturist scce oe sereere sheer alte Complimentary. Centralblatt fuer Agrikultur-Chemie.......... Subscription. Centralblatt fuer Bakteriologie und Parasiten- Mean esrak ated nk ie sain forse Seite eine wean ie Chemicah NOW 3. jos cece ses ce Vet erereee rere ; i Chemical Society, Journal........... dnote Hg f Chemiker® Zeitung: 20). 'slasiwncsiels dss pore ssatwtae he ix Chemisches Centralblatt .......... Resende : « Chicago Daily Drovers’ Journal.............. Complimentary. Whicago Dairy Produce. oso. si sins ee oie # eeie| Sale 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal. ‘ Columbus Horticultural Society, Journal...... Complimentary. Commenpeial Poultry. «..s.o:0,0:0,0,0,0.0:0;, ddie haters & ofeiwla be New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 405 Country Gentlemen ...... PASE Seales Aerue sie dats Subscription. MUM DIY WV SCHEIN (oe. sah cso ares ends sy ches ar id, weep dia al 2p Complimentary. PES PN OPE AMICI YG. fo voccjejepoieyess fs ielehsjesssoies}= sole ste f ie taasiaiee PC /HATOSS 9 a) seiko adiesalen seit, Woh 'ed sins 6/6, « i Edwards’ Fruit-Grower and Farmer......... ‘ Hs MOM MMMANTY EVE P OLE cyoscvekavi/cgevevteorsl eke sdererelesa)sjosel«% F e Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Journal..... s English Catalogue of Books............0..0+- if Putomological NeWs;.. 0. c dase bees es Southwestern Farmer and American Horticul- PTA E IE rea dcvacisadsoeas sieht le kee eam aise € Station, Farm and Dairy...... wig cose tis ete le : s Stazione Sperimentale Agrarie Italiane...... ; ff SirawibenryApecialist j.coio.0,es0.0s ious nee eiossye mjeuew Jats ff Sudolle Balletim oo h5 os c.ecwoie cee etree rere : SUR MB SELL, 3.5 Cinicengskouspabeun sactetred anes he bia rs Texas Stockman, and Farmer...... ss -+-.9 +a» al Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletins and Memoirs. Subscription. Up-to-Date Farming and Gardening........... Complimentary. Utica Semi-Wieekly...Pregs..:....0:..0:s 2/0,0,0,0,0,0,0,010.0,0,0 ch VWisilineria Manner ic ich eee cence aeweseus 4A ss Watkitis. ROVIEW. <.ecenssssaees sigigce ae aipieieieus : a Wiest, Virginia Harm, Review .0=0m0om—m=—'] 10°%8 1°8 60°% oe'T ore z9°9 16°R 10°@ 0a°8 er ere Seats Baio. |rritteetteeeeetteececseceseeee sane cccecceseecerseseccceeerenses® TOG GL L3 8L°0 $1'9 G9" 16°0 QT $9°9 opt TLE 66°0 20°0 ors SP j POSGIIOC Ov6L ce" 6. or 98'T 69°S £3°S cot Gl Int 69°T alt GT 080 18°0 6681 06°22 £8°0 £0°% €8°S 93°1 09°S es 682 06'T £0°@ 59° £8°0 PLT S681 8L°8% 68°L ard £10 98°% LG T 82'S 91'S iierd 06°1 ratrd 120 19°0 L681 19°12 Th'0 Si'% 92°% LEP £8°8 @l'b L's 18°83 1F'0 78°0 82°@ 6I'T 9681 SS 6F'% 18°% 6L'0 ¥6'0 99°% susie ee 88° £8°T 62'0 2o8 96°0 Gust 8°68 LPO £p'0 69'S £9'°F ee 0s'T INE £0"L ard 98°T ILS tard F68L #88 9S°T 60°L 69°T 89°% ge"s 89's 80'S t6'P 6G°% 66°T IL’ 29° F681 LU&% aL'0 19°% 8° CUT LL 68° 66'S 10° 19°0 cc") 88°0 LS°0 GOST eo Le 62°8 BLO cg" 170 9L'S @S'8 Ie 6h'0 £9°T G'S LOT PL oo eae 1681 83°98 as Ore #5 18°S 18°P 10° 96'S 60'S 02°% 91°% CPL 91°% sees OGSL 82° 2S 29° P'S 68's 0S'°% 86°L 19°F Leh Tel 82's |+99°0 Se'0 |+66°% oa ee GR8I 8rLe = |-+Fe'T 20°% 1's 1% eo'p |+66°0 88'S 6L°% 60°8 BP ¥0'T 0 ssl 62° Ge ce" 8o'l PLT oho £0°8 18°9 10°% 990 1g" 8F'0 L's 810 L881 18°18 re SF's 68°T 18°2 98°% Ip'h 06% dia § SIP SIL £6°0 al gset 06° £% L°0 98° 88°% He a0°S 19°F 6h'@ 8o'T 9% T e010 19°0 20°1 gst 088 16'0 10° LOL LS PPT $8°2 10°@ 6F'e £8°0 ¥S°% 10°% £8°T Te ie aaa a “* $881 68°S2 e1'0 tL ard ral LES 86'% (aan 2 Sv'y 8c" 88°0 PPL 8y'0 cen cha cae pa eae aia. 2 £981 amet Gu" a2" I 29°0 cel ie°2 ere 69°8 ancl vas ae Nee Bites Seimssaienees Z88l “ul “ul ‘ul ‘ul ‘uy “ul ay ‘ul “uy “ul ‘ul “ul “ul n a Se elas eon wea es \- ee loa oe | BP Be See eg Ey ® 4 Ss rs 03 4 5 q 5 S o B r 5 g g ® 5 : 2 2 - Sh a Fe & B g B 2 ; & FI ‘SUVaA oO log . oO ia | i s @ o : ‘GSSL HONIG SHINO]T Ad NOILV Id IONS FT ‘dHxoorU TVOIDOTOXUOULAN 411 Ts £08 [eo | oF 86h v 02 vs | Tr [OR {SI weet enee i a ee i re id ee ey see eeeee “'''*TOT}D0A[p TORE Uy OUT JO 4Qued JOT seeeesesrat om AOU JO SINOY ]VIOL Steen eee e te teem eee renee ener e eer asereeeec ney sees tence e eens ees soe Se S Z L eeeeee 2 Bn es ci ee Pz viele teibie e sees ee eeeee 17% eoeeeees fe ip cases stig aaa rama 7 S regres isisiel sieresiecel iar SHODECOT SCBOGOG a IT ec ev eee. [eeeeane se eaeceslesccees (4 eee eeees eee cesee et I Pr mr ORMDSS onl LT PL es ir ri ee eeeee ewe eee seer eree eRe ee “PG sree e ener eee eneeeree ey Fine e ee ee ee eee es esses ceny thee e eee eee eeeeen sree seeeeee tp | RE [ecttadsd|sccscscalttenttssscatcnnnassnecnnsusecnecnssseessg , pO fevered g L L TA ea aaa Wo AERP RE RP aR ORIN eR et sree pre liapecnesd oa tI i See | Mid SABER Ingenta bmmemmncmnatorecetes sion cetacoseas I seteeeeel g ttteeeeel g § £@ T reseed g Cain 6 Sole neese §I rae Se ee sereeee se7 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I 9 es ry “el sterner e eee n eee eeee serene seer y teeeeeeelereeereel seen It ees ee es se] eeeeeee Fe [trcetesfeeseeseef Besse | Si eeeeleeeee Hah Wert eeedliprensnd|ciaseendianes sonal llhquenssali ares ecniesnouensrocelscanentearessubeseasieeeyeny EES | ae Poe Boer | mae eae Re Wi osad Sorell er . nee ww eweens es re cir ir ry en Seem mew ewww eens te 1% Ae ies 9 te "SUL P tee eeeee Seem meee Beers ew terrae rerereeereeene as L It 9t 8 Ma & 8 p 0% sreeeeeel gs tas ) 8 “SAT ‘sayy 8 secccccelecescens te eeceee|eeeeeee] eee Bees ce ee Se een . ey See ee Se ee es er ee ry S ‘b er I & § ol Bese De: | ce receeelsrecseeslecce-ees *BIET ‘SIH ee rn) sete wees 6 eee ween leweeeee 6 & v SR 9 81 "Sai n 44 Pewee were eee reeesereee Sreseeeeleseeren | “SIAL ‘SIH "SIT ‘s1H ‘S.ITT ‘SIT a 33 M’S MA $01 HS *‘A[AIUINOS WLvVa *£[40)80 ‘a "Ss 03° "N ‘<[1ojseq ‘<[ II ION *£[19JSO AA “HS 02 “HN ‘K[1ojSeq ‘£[19qVION ‘£[L0ISOAL “MS 93 “HS *A[4gqINOS ‘a ‘S$ 03 GN ‘A[19}SVq ‘<[I9W ION “M ‘S 07°H 'S *<]taqyNos ‘aA ‘SOHN *£[1o}seq ‘A (N03 "MN ‘£{19WION “M ‘a (N01 “ALN ig NOl"M'S "TN 02 “MN “MCN OL" 'S ‘qNO1'M‘N “MAN 03 “T1uUdV *HOUVIT *KUVOUdAT “LUVONVE ‘LOGL MOL GNOONy ANI AL I I SI 9 ra 6 shee eee N METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE N ‘$s ne | wo | 4a “@ et - 8 S& | of | Ss “nee we wo aS oe Oa ) a hee “LSADAY re Cr ray | | | | | | | | 6 66h 886 £°0E £°3L Si 6° LPI eee teens St 9T Lt ST 61 seen enee GL 8I 8 & see ewee ey se eeeeee 6 I oe eceees 91 9 se eeeaee Cee ec eee reees se eweeee se eeeeee eee nweee stew ewes eee wees s]ewweeeee eee eeee 8T p 1 einaenens ¥ 2 tz teceees lz 8 L 6 ot ny ‘SIH 9 ‘81H wn Si q me Beater poe z w 'Z Bo | Be | Be | 34] ho | wh) we | Aa aot a tet 77) ot ue BF LSS om [nee S|, Seo eee. (ee solos I to NA a pS & Pq % i & : & ¢ i] . a : I ema es es Wha ba ie S) aie “ATOL “aNOL we eeeeeel = 0° 6% sor Se Ce ny eee eee teeneee Sete eeee 9 OL 8- seen e eee ey seen ewes =D seeeeeeel 7 “SdH “SIH z i | | se fit FO | i we at = a $ a oF So > ta fe) ae 0.6 As ‘i a size eo aLva ei “AVIV ‘(panuyuo))—TOGT 20d aNooayy 415 NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 8°01 §'S 6° F9 01% L9 La 0° FF brs | Lest | 9% gcs $°63 GFL 8°01 “"""1O}J09ITP YORE uy oul] JO ‘Quen Jog £P $9 "eeeeees QUOMIGAOUL JO BINOY [BIO], see eeee eee reese seer enee Se eeeee eeee ae & S &1 el seeeeeee tee enee set eeee 8I : | Reveees ; a ale acon n n n z n n KM ¢ wz i n A] ” wn A v4 n Z n : DM : rd : ‘ . : z : 43 | 2 | wf a4 | ee] we | BE | 34 | 62 | wp | ee | 44] wf | oe | Be = 7) a "i te . - t 5 . . t CES Se Sea ees S= | Se | gs | Ss Se | SB | se | Se Se | S& | se | Se wa] 2a | oe me | Oe | oe | ae | ee | eR} ot | eS | le | ee | oe ff ee at ft gS ol vs a q x Ce ba ram iti Ie i Niello pape | acer “HIVa 4 ) 4 2 eae = ty is: mie (eae an a" | =h “UdaWaONG “MAANAAON “UTAO.LIO “UHAWaALdag eel lll TE ‘(papnpvog)—T0GL AOL ayoony ANIA, 414 MerroroLoGIcAL RECORDS OF THB Summary or Direction oF Wrinp For 1901. af ei Ze ia BA ae ae Fie es Se ae ae x Eas] ae uv : cS i} ~ . _— Ze ae an FE g Z Z a & Hours. Hours. Hours. Hours. Hours. WAN WAV Tassie abe eu aiiem ew nesionicisle deiscieieaie's 39 27 138 371 575 February ; 3 15 34 58 467 574 DT Arch eric. so Ue te me cece on cis so Uh Cee Sie. se ciaete ate 40 157 135 3829 661 PAPEL. wate le cieislelelsinitiere ois ielale eieicielelbicielelelcisisis w'e'piete 143 107 40 303 593 Wl eh Vatercreietacn rile arifeiatetarern eieieiutisisistere acielericiererbiatele 63 168 89 260 5380 IRD bapa ca aancsdoatannasodoocnoacdesopso00N¢ 57 80 147 283 jel DULY Tisacistvapasacst esis sre etsieristiecasnie 56 72 178 281 587 August..... 54 124 14) 159 477 September 54 71 wT 177 499 October ... 16 94 226 264 600 NENA O12" aseaisdancacnoocooodsemsaconanAD 47 43 134 414 635 December ...... 21 64 224 272 591 Total hours of movement......eseesees 615 1,041 1,706 3,580 6,942 Per cent. of time in each direction....... PAO i bo. ~~ 24.6 PBS.) J aoc 415 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 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STANDARD. Maximum. | Minimum. 7a.m. 12 m. Sunset. Average. Average. Averace- Average. | Average. 3: 2.6 27. AERO eS Gp ORD OSOOMOSE SOOOCOOOL NOE SOOO 33.6 18.5 26.1 INEDEUATY) srece cosuceccs. sclcisessccscncnvesi= 25.9 11.1 14.9 22.2 20.0 socar 40.6 23.7 28.0 34.5 34.9 seivars 56.0 7.1 42.0 50.9 50.3 67.0 46.8 52.6 61.2 60.4 80.5 57.4 64.7 74.4 74.3 88.2 63.1 72 6 81.8 81.3 Son gesgona0s atetats 50.9 61.1 67.0 76.3 74.5 DEPLCMIDED bancaccctcmcr cece 75.0 53.0 58.4 69.3 66.7 Octcber ..... “ A = 62.1 40.7 45.5 57.2 54.6 November ... oe 41.0 27.7 81.7 36.5 34.6 December ........-.......- ee aeroatnschioemre 34.9 20.6 25.8 30.6 27.7 tOLOGICAL RECORDS OF THB EOL Er M 418 ee ————————EeE———EEE——E ————————————————————— OOS SSS 7500000—0O0O0—OS oo 9°08 «j6°FS = jL°Le Tr |LOp = |T°e9 $¢ cy |t't9 |6°08 |t°s9 [2°88 |P2G |S'08 |8°9F 19 ULE 9g |z'se |9 Ob |I°IT jose jest |9'se |*eSer1a4y ————-| ——-|—- se eg [reeeert[oeeets'| op yp feeeeees seed Bg tL 19 gg freettesfeseeees! 6p 69 seceeeleverene! gy PO SB Ss sT 9s | SF 89 gc bh 99 08 GL 16 $9 68 |S°0S 8g 6h SL |9°&& 68 . 1g 96 |S°SI cs ve 6S 09 6L &9 ss GL 68 69 |S°S6 LY £9 &P 8h er |S Shh? ee ge 18 $I 0% 88 gg 8P 69 £9 t8 | S°S9 6 tL |9°S6 Sh ug OF QL 0% Lg 6 id 6L S°6% 8& LI gB cP 69 6P #2 = |s°8S $8 9g 18 OL |S°S6 |&9°6F 9S 98 |S°89 &8 sp {sO fe = |S ST iia cg 81 && 08 69 98 89 ug 08 9g 92 99 &6 8b gg &P £9 WP vs 61 st Lt Te |S$°8& I§ 9g = |o°Is 0g ug &9 19 8L 09 68 09 18 SP &$ LY 19 68 8g 9t jg°Ss 1@ S°66 98 0s = =|S°98 68 99 €$ 9L 19 GL £9 66 09 &8 0s 9L tr «8696S 8& 19 |S*t— 1@ 6 8& 88 8% If SP GL jg°ts 08 19 98 ¥9 68 89 68 9g 82 bP 8g & sg 14 be rat 0 9% 88 9b |S°tP 9 «| |S SP 9b OL 06 &L 06 = |S" #9 18 «|g°gg = |S"69 up 9 4 «|S°S8 It |S°2e ST oy 8t &@ 6§ &8 19 cp jg°19 «=61S°99 = |S°88 tL S°S6 09 =| $°08 9p |S FL 88 09 1g |S°9F L 1% ES oF iad LI g°se 1g 49°67 2g j9°T9 §=|9°69 ss |S F9 16 6S |S°th |9°6F &9 && OF Le oP LI 4 9 SLE |S°% £§ 9g j|S°09 |S IP 09 £9 8 99 88 gg |s"hh Lb 89 && gs 0% = |S°e8 88 18 ioe i |S) t6 6@ |9°Ss eS Sp |S bP £9 29 = |S°S8 OL £6 6S 9L 1S 89 oF js°s9 9% sg 08 && S ¢ ie iC) gs OF 0s €s OL 6S 92 SL v6 Sh |S°6L 9F OL rs 99 61 os 8I &§ Le pees 6 2° 0% 68 L8 ep 8 6|s°ss 8S LL +9 18 GL 8°06 ug |S"6L 95 OL 8& eo = =|9°6T 6@ = |S°9T 9& ¥§ Ta ae tad 1g 98 cs GP 09 £9 GL 99 6L 89 £6 LS 6L 88 co OF 6S 9% Op = |S° PT a 08 Teo Tle SF eo 8% cg Ly &9 9S |S°9L 6S cg jg'co |S°68 j9°s9 § |S°98 GP 09 OF 09 Lb 8) js°s 9t 1g Ge &s 8% |S" 68 LS 49 = sIg" 6g cL c¢ (a) gg |S"98 9g 48 |S°88 6g eS £9 08 $8 g Sl |S" Fe ecg at | 0g tr 18 8s gg SL 09 ag (sho jg*sz 9g 18 09 §8 8P $L 8% ile) 16 S$ 9T 9% KG peli: 1s OF 1% bP 6P ¥ 09 92 | £9 |S°6L co 48 2g 4 9g =jg°Sh 18 6P 88 8 js" fs &8 shal | &8 ly 16 (a4 ¥S pL vs 69 99 8h 6S 68 8h GL *S 69 cE 8Y iG 4g or 08 S& poe os ie cg =|S°Sh 18°08 LY LP 9 oF eh ag &8 Ls 08 PP 99 8s GL es |S" 6 08 GP 0 8T 0s 8% 98 18 Ts eg |s°69 = 1g°8S #8 26S 8 |S'6S |S hL Lp 8°29 1g GL tS vP 8% OF 6 9% 8% &I 18 8°98 Ig |S°@s8 69 69 = ©=6|S°88 ug jG" eh £9 a) ug 08 $P 8L |S°&& cy 9 $8 8 id KG ¥ 66 && +P OP &$ 19 68 9S ih «19°89 98 &9 «6|S°28 = |S°&P OL Sg bP a 81 iad LI It cI & 1 9g |S°8& ug |s'09 88 @G =| G°8L 99 08 6h «|S #8 6h |S°GL vs SP 91 oP ST 8% L cI 1% |8°@8 &g Lg gg 69 =«|9°&9 $9 08 eo «1S 16 8h |S°St 68 19 &e 18 08 |g°IP 08 = =|S' FS ¥ 08 rk 86 us 68 ug 8g #8 £9 18 SL 16 |S°8P go = |S"68 $9 && 8h = |S°% 98 9 68 T && 6P 6s js°ss 0s 89 |S°19 91 |9°es £8 gL S6 GP u9 S74 SL 68 og 61 Gh Gk gaz | |9°F @ 31% 8? Ly s9 SP gu 19 GL 6S GL 19 = |9°L6 0s £9 bP 9 && oF «jah 187 tas &@ oe |S°9) ‘unm | xere | Un | “xem | UN | XP | UN | “XP | “UI “XOW| UNM | XB | UN | Xe ‘TW | “XPIN | “UPN | “XBW | “ON | “XIT | ‘UMM | XeW | “UI | ‘xew “cad ¢}‘ur-d ¢|‘ur “d cl ‘urd git “dd g) wad Gj" dg} “dg ‘wid g|‘ti ‘d 9|‘ur“d g|*ur-d 9] urd g|ur‘d g}ur “d g)"ur ‘d g}"m d og} "ured 9 ‘urd g}'ur *d c}‘ur’d g/*ur-d cg)" “d c}-ur-d¢ “106E “duHgNHOId “*HaaHTAON *aHUOLOO “AdANALdIAS “rsoony “ATO “ANOC “AVIN “ud Vy “HOUVL “AUVOUdAT “AUVONVE eee nS a ee a a a ‘SUALAWONAAH TT, WOWINITY aNV WOWIXV], 40 ONICVAQY New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AveraAGEe Montaty TEMPERATURE Sinoz 1882. ka @ Ee oO 9° @o A 5 i] 3 F TQDSIRIETAROSArMaAaKe oO PORCH AISwmOAHDOMNAOCD OS > OD OD OD CD OD OD HOD CD OF OF CD OD => 09 OD OD SH OD o Z il OM RNOSAHASNHRNHSCSHMGHOIAAI SSBAEGDTAODONRNIORANDEG SPQ Sh Sh St St eH et etek enel chek’ Ric} October. OD CR OD GO Be CRIN PA CR ODS MEH VM MO AS mates Ca RAC a PS WlIQD rH NSOSOonrow ID © IN IN W Ww WW iD September. OWAOMNSCSHNWDONOOGOONOS IND INDM OD OMrORMDO HK Omens OOSOOOGCOSCHSOOOOOGeHOKrKeee August, . . bm HIM SW Ocwn cease eroORN Noe = aire erwin. ix wo 5 o SA OINGOBOGSAS -HOTINS OOM OE OOK O Kee ei - - < SCHOOL MOMAHORO AOE OHA =] Cr OH OSGBe SHOE ORK awOw 5 wewecvevovewvrvuvevowwwo Cease Rea ese CMM INNA NODAMOOSOMOOMAR . bm s HIG RMORANAARCK ES | 10 2 19 18 60 18.16 1819 1919.18 19 O19 «| 1919 OD De CR rt 00 4 CR OD 10 et rt OD © CRD 1 10 CoS et OHS ih HIN OD HOR 10 02 0 00 O Sh OS et tt ttt ct aa oo oH April. SO WD CR OD 20 OD 119 I SHO HROSSrHnosnnoowes RN OD NOD CV OD TV GV OD CV CRD 30.4 23.6 32.2 March. GD 62 Ht OR CR OD rt Gd C1) Cd CO CO G2 1 4. CO AH CO MD, RBrNGaRnowwooswc cons RAR CR AOD CNN RCN NR et February. CR rt CR CD WH 1D Ee OO XH CR CR VO rt Sean WaArmRNHs aes RESRARAZRARRARR NR January. 17. ile( 19.6 Pen rererees 1888 . .csrsecccrcvcece 1889 ...ccvcccece:crcecs . . . - IA . ae wes . . I Ae fh sy eoeee aud? (ethan erate Hi CO rh Sere whip ammaon DPRAARWAIA wane DDDODDDeO Seer Seite 1883 . ..ceccscee eoveee 419 fe = Ae vy i - i a a if rs, le ia Pe rie i. Ae so ee AUITATA THAR vy : ; ‘a 7 fr - 7 , } a : a} - i a » 4 \ é 7 = f i { . ~ . aoe _ 2 = = - = . j : + is ‘ pote i ’ b 7 : 7 . : i ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ ’ ’ oc . : i{ ‘ ; ' — . i : ; is 4 ; * a ' we ; “ x . . * ss * it 4 ' ‘ xs + ‘ * ie oe | i ‘ ° apes nes i ; ve ie p r i ’ ; ‘ a , oa es * © ’ * * 4 k « , ' - a - f4ie J ae al gd 7 aL rile bi7: + 7 ye = ae 7 PT, Ger ek | RAGAT oN gl, A. PAGE Acid, action on enzyms in cheese..... Sivetetetens syraiei area otexs ote RRs: soca LOG PUP IME eG NWalnine. BEANS 5 isaisve arene eso oes. 0 d phareyaiers ete ees sisiea OOO Air, moisture table......... AOI DD ODT COCO Loree I IOC ROO Oe 219 PROUD LED ord COTO SG OM a aleh oxeysi(aiaaks tus eyera: sansa o) evele bt veretarsadwieis vse oasis ASS Neat. VAIUELOl ce evga aecietom ose oe PEisreeies Tulahe s Sveiesks 54 PATA MENTS 4 AV WEL. 425] OLTUG, ATE OTs are tepemerokineusiaie ossie +, os sis Bpetoemcemne coe le ss 391, 396 AMimMal EMISspandrye NOLES) OM, WOLIK. «cio «> sic oa slope w ave algal ottiets cys she/he 14 OPM IEUgOINS cascev ele seven o¥eiiae or -s/acatouerelete layer ovals ove ssid 6 Or ereuee 20 Anthracnose, currant. (See Currant anthracnose.) GE cultivated yi Smap Grae ons: rm) sisjo viaje sate, a crevelopeisie'o.0 avevons) ae 17, 148 ; VCILO Wate Gl axn nerctercia cle: clotain, sie ekeveleusigicaersiel oie ois wisi enero tee 145 AP PACALUIS LO COLCH ALG PUTMLSA TION.) «, 5) ole aeio.0 0 «sieeve Gere ells) o oeyese a 61 608 Shae deere Apple buds, effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on.............eeeee eee O | trees, effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on........ Sia avcisiefeernee es cee B. Babcock, classwares Inspection <<< 24,.< stoic sare beepers * ww lela ois ai Dravots eres) ALA Bacteria: Meudgder ANG NZ y MIS eis MINA is arevesetierdreaiciata © aves re eles /sieieversvelerers 183 BPCLErIOlOL ya 2) CPALG MEM ts Ob NO LEScteenefetote'siexowieleslelte o a1ereveler ctelicle ele lee above 16 PETES, ATA HIOLO DY -ararcts tore!'aratevetsow che ee ee ee ee 321 Beets, sugar. (See Sugar beets.) Booth, Nathaniel O., appointment............ of ckotePare aia sver ote acavalael Sere crore WL AETICIEN Dyers. 5 ercteaye SPR MK ay eta ava 0 ase tetoh evant Shevars 356 BOTamMCAl DH Cparctiments MOLES LOM 5 s:a) leita ro ravecete aletls(olicickarena/steieleideess spe aps veiete 142 Botany, Department of, notes...... aicavay arey of esetaer Lay ororen apekorahny shores fam oewenie 16 EDO lst savenetaye etait o Sickevena Mtars © donee taka ejegeverahdi aoycuanreha.ce 121 BOx Hae eee hel alert hatore a ee teeiprete meolaclenehle a seleieto lt statelets 194 QOSs PLETE 5), ohs 0a veka che yet otek abot chet ol ctotevstevel otal stetons teal erase eve dea aetots 321 ZOD: STS hei clasevatete’-oicret eat ol otalietoiniel chalicn stevale ete lomelotetoneloy ajemer ote e292 21D: Y TEDLIMES rsh yoieieleicl sh etichahctat ololtstolerstielatohel elehe mayer eeMemt etal elcoKe so 168 Ala Ti ey Ob eee ICRC RCT RI ROR LIOR OIE «oh ete Bulletinsspublished in) T9OUs ys corciclato cis sle!oletelolctelictereiare 5 wo Seer taielon co aRees Cc. Cellars nursery. trouble Of FPGAS riareve ci alalelelelelereie slcisisiensiancisorcleieisiiels .17, 148 Gentralveunine) LOOM) LOL TENEECSEz seyctets coc iorelels ste iolaisielaicinie tabeloreieneletstotettetete 213 CeEncoSpOrm@ GNGUIGEG, MOLES Nersreccreiisietalslcisielsiaieleielotel aise oaetaiersiete elses et onereneiene 129 @heese: central Curine LOOMS ALON sac ajc, cre 'eleveieuelnceva alone (olateiele) ele voteyova fe enetenereromeealia ehemical analysis. methods. oscace oases eee eee ee ia chloroform, chemical changes in..... sialisi'e) sicwietacsistonsieresarstouetane -- 192 LIP CUMIN: |PLOCESS IMs. yarelels e's) tevolsieiers eacisieletetereteetenetene 186 CULINE TOOMS, CONSUTFUCLIOI 7.5.7. 1<1e/ctelereheretevel ol chatenspalerelatela evanenete tenets 215 deseriptionm@ecdce se Bh aR SH I SOE SERS 196, 214 moisture affecting weight of cheese........... 207 CONLEO! An verarcts St ahsherevovetare wh alate 197, 216, 218 temIperacure. COMtCOlE ec .eicie sete ers oeteiorere toners 196, 216 effect of moisture on commercial quality.................-025 210 Immediate ‘sale “and removal) s..0ascc- ce ce oe oie eerie 213 lOSSVOL Pat Ie carltenttoe PSII RCH RRR RICCI CRO NCH Sache te weight affected by moisture of curing room........... 207 moisture, affected by temperature............ce--.--. 202 TOXICS 5 Seiete st eas sn ote elev ana tte 202 weight, affected by moisture present...............00- 201 SIZe” and" SHAPES ss. Ane core tes tc oe 205 I CUTIMES Wit WS SEEN hie tere etree ero ee ree eee normal chemical changes in), .. sc osteems as se foeicieie sce eee eee percentare of mois tures siascacie ek cleo cee on oe eee Nears: A | INDEX. 425 Cheese—(Continued): : PAGE Preventing -lOSsiof MOISHUTES. +22 see oe eee eee eee fee 2138 ripening process in.............. AOS OM MC HOT RE TA AIRES secs J86 theories of..... aieiave ete SOI i staietane) cca}eler cteserererer ster oie: celts 168 Study Ol Cnzy MS ine. cee cielslaiete crete cretsce tere NW e even ere eneleres 19, 165 WLtel 1s, Veale) tOWCONSUMICES: misclele eles sole clei els ele ele) oleleres ele ele 212 GAREY MICTNG npenaetete sale il et wi ettelel atc) colo) oleY'eVstievai eo stianah 209 whemical Department reports Os 2.402% 25 See SUE Sa Sie eeies cleteete setae 163 analysis of cheese, methods used....... ik UR PRe SLES cer ab7(a changes Im Gheese;. 5... 2.2 2225s sh ele ee HERP ae ee ates aie 192 Chemisiny, Department+Of,; wWOLrk: 1. 24 205.%005004 0ose a ctns Cee eee ese 18 Cherry buds, effect of hydrocyanic acid gas On. ........0..0 seve es cee 271 fruit pedicels, shot-hole fungus on.......... iw staisie ees Bele.sere crete 146 SMOt-NOle? PUT SUS iis oie oisior cuetaieyatove 1 eierere) pie! alera sdelosislele cree eveieres © oe 17, 146 Chloroform) cheese, ripening PYOCESS, IMs see neces soe eee ee ve cae wes 186 effect of fat on antiseptic value........... eager ares sos evOrGs 176 OQNGAGC MO MBO te EM ZS er cyeroterele) eve e/selevese) cielaieislel szelleie) esis) ale elena 127 SPI MEM IC HOL aise < wiele Wo 0 lose eie joie spoieins wis (els ished lodebaa-lals ior 123 host. plants OL, HUM ZUS ae isis mo aiseslele o> -feleslobeielolala 135 scientific names ......... Bi snacajetepeweteNevert terol eve keteman 129 EYEDIMENE a iere joie sore taieaforelhteievelo\eistejosalehote lotsiaeke netted 137 BAWH-MLY,, NOTES; (O15. <;< sore. eleieisie(elelololels)= lela ielalolole tle clele clei’ tobe Ine iear ier 138 SPAN=WOLM; “TOTES? OW vivre ose ieie |» aBOtAny: NOES: aise deems Baap Re PONG yp TEDOLE jos 1s.) sheta te ois) stale oumraiieis fole,oleretage eters teeta, ciscenotete pal OHEMIStrY,, COPOLGs ciecietccieccle cise ors ieee ten iets aie deyauete Sererepepel es AWOL Ke sorieys suelsicreherare hie Merida soo cores ec aye ile: MNntomolosy, EPO. sieelel-tlelsicus'/eielale Sioueloiels toh atenetoreisteiene 245 VV OW cert totetotetars EOuOdos sjenete. os Sateretsueroiakokete tote 19 Horticulture: PEpOrt soi. vies sels te acs's es eles nsieuee teens Peer e) WO Is Karge tos winie fevers stalensternie ree) oketoteralieaseenoreters siete, oe Second Judicial, work in........ LW lale tole oreo cathe ston te eiekemeaters 11 Diasticta ribearia....... Sta eracte Sraretetvc ets AGiantonan cor ahevecplonats otha) chert oretarete 138 Digestibility, effect of varying nutrients.............e ee ee ee seer eee 38 Of TALLON Se ctecie ereietatel'e' oheveteielelois\elsfollelaielat alone’) lel niet =tateteye iinet 3 Director repOrk OL.. << cece oc es cies sie eel tlm ole ole lele| asm (olele/e/slo)sieis efoto lolslolet=ielt> 9 Drain, tile, clogzed Dy LUNLUS. scjew es cic cicielaleis oo clelelclale icles iel= =)sielm oe, aebe E. Energy, loss in methane..........--+-eeecs ontibetelste dks Slee Bs Soe of rations distributlon ive iec enw ois lecsoiersetoleueiote swieig wwisiw ua wtaveleloe ele values and relations in feeding experiment............-..0.. 53 of feeding stuffs...... ia calles MR VaVath calcio Tate Sasa) 612 aval levers oer Ceea Entomology, Department of, TePOrt......ceeee cece rece ceccsceesceees 245 WOLK 2 oie eiermioie b ainiele his ies es oie sielatenete 19 INDEX. 427 PAGE Enzyms, effect of chloroform, ether and formalin on.......«e..+-174, 178 in milk and bacteria in udder.............. Ee Ree ROn aie ces: Cheese weirectsOte ACI: ONE srerherciele sir ssteiisie/ acc # oFomaeieveiels eit 189 S UUs We, sisi lore aletecelapersiciese¥ale o; cis! clavevevelevwe elesasiejale’s gL On LOO EVCUIIDINGTI i eCHAN SEG: era's orareterercichere eno oraies Go. <.6 iss sane Dieter ne. adie eiake helene ae Hither, effect on the action of enzyms...............0 cieia,o,sieimieta<: eae ee Eustace, Harry J., appointment..... Scans sfass\ie' sjolanele aepaieteter sisters 10 joint author ...... oo One Gah Saistan.cye: opellelsferepeyerscaisjersl cer gles een Ss, Terulizer, On LETLUCCs'c ss ’s'\seid «'w bia/eiassa a0, sia eel Ce nicpieme ee hae fumigation, notes Ce eeeee reese er ee reese ee sess 20 spraying, with crude petroleum... .ccccccsccsccccccvcce 19 B. Kee balancelin milch ‘cowicsdccacecs cece e fe Sileceecisisiosecesiocicceces 40 ethect on antiseptic: value off chloroform. ccs sc ceeces cece cdeten ce LK Pat CHOELEIS Fees Cada ea siecle a ddisiaia cists ole dien to aaa sees ve ae Le milk. (See Milk fat.) Heedineg stutts; analyses Of Samples... looses dsccle celcicice ct cone soc GOl-oR3 brands: legally: "sold\s:< 30:.c's oe Siotere/erciatel eat steis aie Sono eS COMMENTS VOM cca cee oe selec ste cies e5 fe leieladsnosstetes ons Samide Nereis OOe COMIPOSTUTON Seto cicterevets etetete sabes sist sleteteletstosee SOIC HOOONOD. 1k MOA bey MUMS OL At ae otros tie Ce Aste ae ence Oe ee erarols Sclee > OF PIS DECUOMGOL se catstelshetoicts 7s). > 228 Hiller for LOMILATOM COVEN. vsleielslss cle le'slele elsleis!s c1e ol wie is Sed SE32 ee reme Hlaxseeds (COMPOSIEIOM hae sclete sietsls elntelelo = © etelelele ele i oleimteleieleiclete/elolois oes meal, heat value of........... Setetete c eiote ete Stare eles we Se Seti eee Food fat and protein, relation to milk fat............-ceceeesersees - 48 protein, relation to milk fat..........-...5+: Aenean ckacicnso 48 SHULCOTOM MM kere tretctere eiclaterecledelone cheletelelsiotslore sieve eetareietelecels 14, 29, 41 Ioods, normal and extracted, composition of milk from.......--++-+-- 41 Formalin, effect on the action of enzyMS...........+.e+6- sews cc cl t4, 180 Formulas for hydrocyanic acid gas, testS.......ceeeceeeeccecececeees 303 Fruit buds, effect of hydrocyanic JAS ON... .... cece cece cece ee cccvcess 266 Fuel value, effect of changes on milk flow..........-.-.+-4-- Pee sk Be Kuler kK. D:, joint author... .- neareve tana tevareterenaievereksterstetaiatelekoneiele Sie oterere aiatet Me Fumigation apparatus .........cccccscccccecccecsccesccs susictelers*o steel COSE cists lorcinteiol="olei= sjelielatip sebelah afehatals chisfoldlafniel sie isteleye dicvese a wigs ee experiments, NOTES ~. 2... Scenes cece eccee eu ayers enero a lstererets 20 with hydrocyanic acid gas.............. 22. 264 OLCHANG Mee lelsietsieyetsesrstelerolor= micieiovereisiereteints eee BS Geol ore cle oh tare tents: EShIMATINIG COMUCTIUS Es «0s )0lels) oieieinieielels | sleds) ol el-hnls! clei! alalelie 314 Fumigator, box, Modification .....ccccceccseccceercseeresces ole atenete . 290 COVE eeieeieta cierereteteiictets Seid closets ete istenaionevepsin clekekeisinicieteieiots : So all HN as oo oane siepaecepachcieieteceieie stele fetnetelerenicnereretebers Acco alle hexagonal folding ....... SEARO CE ELON WO OLOI qdsioamoces: See GOSteecerc ene FOU OUD OCIIS DOSS ae AON sapenley GESERIP MON Ger etic cee ee cieire bee ete 309 Station?) amodificatomyot s.r ii es sllorelerenere acl ieresieiat-tel ret 21, 290 HQUINITSATOLSs WOX ee eisieics.cre'e eels cletole (rie sieve euehe ee eterelousloleleiero telcfekefouciaketnerele 308 COMPATISON™ aes cic ei HStEOAL NA RR POCO COLO BOI O N46 c 316 HN SUS) a NEL METATOLS.. - terriers eleietereheieleleis aierugec enslave oheretetsilevenerens ceatoc os aS shot-hole, on cherry...... Bi CT COC SOIC RS OO CL IOSD cc 17, 146 tilesarain: Close Ze) MD Y:cre oc wueteiaiete cuore iesele cusralelakarniatenadate citer « wis eS, abe a. CANE ACTH TUITO: « ccracievniciaretelelerelsioiojeicle\aroia cla elatelielciiclalslailatsialsiel=isielaletelelentatee meats Glassware. Babcock, Inspection: .\.- 3oK 340 Vd SLOSS eterarcteteroieioleret stele! slelelsletoiateioteletaretetiats afeletactons 2. 845-349 forcing experiments, resultS............ SOURIS TIO OE Or oor - 350 stable manure and nitrogenous chemical fertilizers for 321 Wicensed feeding Stuiis lish; \ ss cc. c eo eel cc cineelee sre clatals nieie\al oc aiielanelaalele EES Lime, sulphur and salt wash, for San José scale.......-.sseeeee Si ciete eee Linseed meal, composition. ........... Bisreieprctevecsns sialejaisnaloieisteletwleidets bia heats eats valuetOr. tai ce us orl secretes mints wieteleie atone aie Ae oe juittle peach disease; Motes) OM. \s. <2 /2s1c ice «1c, de slate a er wlelels ie aie Cue oe DO Ase owe; , Vis TEL article: Dy cisicic.ce a ae isiciseic a clewreerte ee i eval atete'a wieieie ree tplelelommerenl M. Marine Hsts, erowicluOl. cele s lt eceteicsrc stewicicrstere ais a iat nb leiplaleMeiertia ve Sosa allele ome eeL Malt «ie cine ler'elsi Sighs eistere ts alsjakene teksten hatte eo WB RER YSIS Gon atIOO GOON DOM On OCC ome, COO ajiayev dey spalere ous iero stenaene Bicenneal o a ee é . ' ' ~ a } > ' ’ / ¥ ’ 4 a ‘ 7 ** s a] “aw Rise iin goeakit he fehars,- a (tat Os ¢ a i Fa ee OS ey are - fad py trae Sede . fie « ae 7 27 So Ow! Digs a -i- . Pal jhe oe NOITU 5 00258 3316 t 4: a ) f