ny we Si ae . a ee ae ae Wie Oso) PS RUAN CADIS oT RAG AE RN Ra) war) CaS Ay Oy Waa Sin NAT Ne ey Se oe CON al Ok ae cca fe at SEY: 3 Rat Be at oe SE ah _ a bs BORON, ROAR See ni wy TENN * fe SB iE era ie AN na RA SHS ANNS ON 4 RABUN RORR SNES 2 Ae rte. Ze ee ee ae aN aN) a AN ok a a see to pay) x oe UA Sa , mee anes co . ace es oe a ir 7 ee : ] Ud AN State of New York—Department of Agriculture. NINETEENTH ANNUAL REportT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROE OF THE NEW YORK Acricultural Experiment Station (GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY), FOR THE YEAR 1900, With Reports of Director and Other Officers. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL G ARDE Y TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 9, 1901. ALBANY: JAMES B. LYON, STATE PRINTER. 1901. SUlluvh eA dp gost iaged aod walt io stat? “s | TROTADL Shoah vat ame FTOHATAOS AO AHAOR “SJAOY WAM, pea iti b tnamitagx4 Lsristani A | I _AthOD oaArKO’ ik otce Sod he, . eee e ag (001 HAA SET MOF vege an re ae i By, % ie: ss Strate or New York. No. 69. IN ASSEMBLY, JanuaRy 9, 1901. NineteentH ANnnuaL Report OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. SLATE, OF NEW YORK: DerpartTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Arpany, January 9, 1901. To the Assembly of the State of New York: I have the honor to herewith submit the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law. I am, respectfully yours, CHARLES A. WIETING, Commissioner of Agriculture. 1900. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION. BOARD OF CONTROL. GOVERNOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Albany. STEPHEN H, HAMMOND, Geneva. AUSTIN C. CHASE, Syracuse. FRANK O. CHAMBERLAIN, Canandaigua, FREDERICK C. SCHRAUB, Lowville, NicHOLAS HALLOCK, Queens. LyMAN P. HAVILAND, Camden. EpGAR G. DUSENBURY¥, Portville. OscaRk H. HALE, North Stockholm, MARTIN L. ALLEN, Fayette. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. STEPHEN H. HAMMOND, President. WILLIAM O’ HANLON, Secretary and Treasurer, HXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. STEPHEN H. HAMMOND, MARTIN L. ALLEN, FRANK O. CHAMBERLAIN, FREDERICK C. SCHRAUB, LYMAN P. HAVILAND, NICHOLAS HALLOCK, STATION STAFF. WHITMAN H. JorDAN, Sc. D., Director. GEORGE W. CHURCHILL, Agriculturist and Superin- tendent of Labor. WILLIAM P. WHEELER, First Assistant (Animal In- dustry). FRED C. STEWART, M.S., Botanist. Lucius L. VAN SLYKE, Pu. D., Chemist. CHRISTIAN G. JENTER, PH. C., *WILLIAM H. ANDREWS, B.S., J. ARTHUR LE CLERC, B. S., qAMASA D. CooK, Pu. C., FREDERICK D. FULLER, B. S., {EDWIN B. HART, B. S., *CHARLES W. MUDGE, B.S., * ANDREW J. PATTEN, B.S., Assistant Chemists. Harry A. HaRpDING, M.S., Dairy Bacteriologist. Lorre A. ROGERS, B. S., Assistant Bacteriologist. GEORGE A. SMITH, Dairy Expert. FRANK H. HALL, B.S., Editor and Librarian, Victor H. LowE, M.%S., +F. ATWOOD SIRRINE, M.S., Entomologisis. PERCIVAL J. PARROTT, A. M. Assistant Entomologist. SPENCER A. BEACH, M. S., Horticulturist. HEINRICH HASSELBRING, B.S. A., Assistant Horticulturist. Frank E. NEWTON, JENNIE TERWILLIGER, Clerks and Stenographers, ADIN H. HorRTON, Computer. Address all correspondence, not to individual members of the staff, but to the New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. Y. The Bulletins published by the Station will be sent free to any farmer applying for them. *Connected with Fertilizer Control. + At Second Judicial Department Branch Station, Jamaica, N. NG { Absent on leave. ) ~ = i : ast ri}. it “ae ; : / { Tasers ' - _ } Pate eo - ow wt } . ‘ MV TAG) AO HAGE Le i. e au To ea ti nity #) ee aye vend) _ i _ vee) coe be ee F ey ah a Ah, Re Peo 5 ’ i) ro) Ae eee : r ¥ a | ‘ if) ’ r 1# rhe ad i ' Pay att ve ee > , tire PARTS Siew , yo THE Ce Bet ty | em Po ol. ‘F tilts vi Apastorvs ie be eite it 00 tii) b a Oak . Pred id eae TAs VOTE: | aS eet, rye J Bots Soe at le iq ; { ye ea" a ated 7 F ara g : thy Tes i? by? ho Siang Van QR), iu oe ; Siae'y Bway ripe ey es ane sitive Ls a Hy’ wae tL Hea ; ‘ad i, hag , wa + bila ve Xu Weal! is feral ‘ or ie aes L A eoeny's ; ah ee ene Y . 1G, are aor rk; oy 4) eS Sarit be pe ear Oe oe Meet the Pens He ee Le a ‘bao sited AW tea Lh 2 ws Ay va ay ber a eae eer CON LEN TS. PAGE. BRP SGET A TODOEL ick e's oicieleeisiadeisix.e. sich es we eieleieisis sd wwlsinieieiss ways sdocqn ” uel MIE GUOTZ Se OTMdeetctaie) sie\reitw'o (cislce(a/- _ sean tet walew were J Yafps v A ORM ‘ riba Ue ey band ela , ; . erly hye ae) aa entra dy: 4 beet Mein cay fr) ee whik'd v o's —— dil. So a ie inal ? ia er % oe | . Par et: le St a F | yor. 1. 3 ; _ : 4 ig V's Ry eas te i Ty Ce 4 Jey ROMS I Ls f ty Re eatire RAE i Disin vs} (4 Suk to v9 tne yc ee ‘i's vs RAN Pert tS) Die) Weber yin tei (al Atta sk i Mich a emis ik ga Ricwtuee in ern fa re We, Pe | Cee oe ie ae ee ae ‘Be iy « pat eis y / n | { Riad I alias ahha a a er’ oer eve kb ee A Oe ae ca ut, ean oe oe se . ee : ; : oe mean oe wae ae? t ia eo Did ee WJ a Aa ye +%j}s The? £- 7 *4 y vd ea 4 a : pA A, : - * = “ 1 bs Peet" ? \ (pata nt Oe , ee ‘ : j Sa Le 2 ’ . * ‘. « a ald de oe 8 ew ' (aty iy 903 ei Tm ee apne foe) eperiyes Tae yi pe TRB vi cde West : . SAG Agamben ; HNhe 4): ; 4 Wee Aa OA ate Ge eke q | 2 a ! oa e ete , teh a : if i 1 eee: ay ee bos al bs ‘ j 5 ake a toy Tpheeary Pyne Cy, Here ee tive tee Sobel au pay tciny 2 It: Ae RRS SAE 5) 1 4 2, [fr Pee! Write eae ae eis 240 + in eiale Pacalt AP SEE, Syn eh ROME: 4 », sl acer a : eae i] hit aie Rae Nene Feb a ath ihe itt ‘sila seb ay ea ye ORO rs re Lereietinyithientt: ne i Rs eve J ; acute fats fuser NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. TREASURER’S REPORT. Geneva, N. Y., October 1, 1900. To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station: As Treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the following report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1900. APPROPRIATION 1898-99. MAINTENANCE. Receipts. 1899. . Octiice tl) fo balance-on: hands eosess coco cc. as ee -» $10,839 77 To custom-house duty returned......... 20 63 $10,860 40 SSS Expenditures. By building and repaingecae.: 2... ces $1,069 59 By chemical enpplies. ccatecs. ... oad ecce 142 97 By contingent expenses................ 285 85 By feeding stuffs: io.isw'). ari 9b Mato ins 128 50 PERERA oooh + sonic vieyaeuneeaprctonale. 6 43 60 iby freight and’ €xpress... 6. ooee lhe. s 88 65 By furniture and fixtures............... 175 69 Report OF THE TREASURER OF THE By heat, light and water............... Ty MMOL hates ncat a tame eae ic ae an By library... A-c Ge oe . AMIE RAE Bane oi By postage and! stationery.............. iy PUDNCATIONS. .. Ff: ...+. 53.0 eee BS SSANATIOR 6 ooo. 55 o-o,c05 3)ncy' «ee ee By-seientific apparatus: :.’.. ices ee ee By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... By tools, implements and machinery.... By traveling expens6s ..<\*se. seep oe APPROPRIATION 1899-1900. BALARIES, Receipts. 1899-1900. To amount received from Comptroller... To amount due from Comptroller....... Hapenditures. 1900. Oct. PD SAIATICS. 5 c\s\c a/s-c, «0, « Senin cere eae BalanCe: ses «ono ede joan wad aaa LABOR. Receipts. 1899-1900. To amount received from Comptroller... To amount due from Comptroller........ $299 3,106 162 63 390 3,778 14 $10,860 $17,250 5,750 $23,000 74 98 40 00 00 00 SSS $17,351 5,648 $23,000 d4 66 00 _———— $9,000 3,000 00 00 $12,000 00 [ New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Expenditures. 1900. Oct. HEME MUO Wevaremers. o.ctieie ain o's 0: « Slayer er eiehe dele. vers, a=. Pra Cs sé Mra stneitae ¢. scot le eeiecereie eeets 1899-1900. To To 1900. Oct. EXPENSES. Receipts. amount received from Comptroller... amount due from Comptroller see eee ee eee eee eo 7 contingent eExXpeNSes.............565 POCMING SLUMS. oso cee da vleciecs c+ see fertilizers frerolit and EXpPTEss). <1. seis. esses « furnitureand! MXxtUrEsss OTM .. «5 +6 heat, light and water library live stock postage and stationery publications eee teoeot toot *eoereeee ee ee see ore eeree see ee ee @ eeoeoeoreeeer eee eee ee eeeee eee eee ceoeoeeeer eee ee see eee eee eee ee PSCICMAIRG A PATATUS! . Li. '.5 ss ae es wes as , seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... , tools, implements and machinery.... a traveling GX PCNSGSer eres so. vip: 2, hs Ms CRF. G. Pceretetels «ici sucteteeeremuerats $9,024 29 2,975 71 $12,000 00 ————— $11,250 00 3,750 00 $15,000 00 4 RBPORT OF THE TRHASURER OF THE EXPENSD OF BULLETINS AND ENFORCING PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 1899. Oct. 1900. 1. To balance 955, Laws 1896. APPROPRIATION 1898-1899. Receipts. To amount received from Comptroller... Hependitures. By heat, vight- andewater sy tates cree cin By postage and stationery: aces osee see By publications Sco. eee coe wee erie Leia scene 2) aa As ona yin) CPC EOI Gains oo or By traveling @xpenses i/o) sues) ety el laule F Balance on-hand. ..\. . sates clita alee CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. Receipts. To amount received from Comptroller.. To amount due from Comptroller...... Expenditures. By chemical supplies’ -ecrer- tye tee ata By contingent expenses ........-+..-.«- By freight and express si Gh saciic!is dca @ een By heat, light and water ............. By postage and stationery.......... ae Bey (SAlALIES Si via uce Raieieoie wise oP ielauatecctee $1,320 31 5,000 00 $6,320 31 $429 70 36 50 3,518 75 2,274 40 54 76 6 20 $6,320 31 $2,000 00 2,000 00 $4,000 00 $191 68 1 81 78 94 123 49 4 06 2,580 70 New YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ) By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... $1 38 By. traveling -€XPCBsesions ase: v's age + a) 468 26 By tools, implements and machinery.... 20 $3,450 52 1900. Oct. BEA © 55s sa 5 oo wince ome pe asbalae ae sie’ che 549 48 $4,000 00 Frepine Srurr Law, Cuaprer 510, Laws 1899. Recetpts. 1900. To amount received from Comptroller... $500 00 To amount due from Comptroller...... 500 00 $1,000 00 Expenditures. By- freight andexpress ..:.0. fe. s se eee 6 $6 74 By postage and stationery.......:.... 1 48 EVWUS NATION) arate Seve oe se ews see Foray oon ele se 587 53 By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.... 6 12 By tools, implements and machinery.... 10 By traveling @xpenseyy i. «cc es ni ses se) 68 59 os $670 56 1900. Oct. PAE PR ATICE Mais ac ola ot eiain edged © wk aia 6x8 wale ee" 329 44 $1,000 00 Sreconp JupictaL District, CHaprEer 675, Laws or 1894. Receipts. 1899. amaraeien to Nalance.. voc: .. «cae cone eaesiaute ‘ $46 34 1899-1900. To amount received from Comptroller.. 7,122 93 $7,769 27 SSS SS SS 6 RPORT OF THD TREASURER OF THB Expenditures. By ‘chemical supplies .c2.k...» . «cceeee $162 77 By contingent expenses. .... 0: .56-2s 008 91 88 By eedins StWises ss ss sie ec. n, slot» oieigignetee 33,163 PPOs CIUS? Oly OPE SCA LOR. ss spac anetoefetep-haleis et sles SE ton) 1,075 POS US eye, cit aichiva heal eck and hail eh evcarkehsiaue kal het onw pimnaacrsaneels 760 Experiment stations and their staffs................0% 779 Miscellaneous. s\:aeteid. ose owrartieatua: Aah aneies Giles 95 MUA Ss his a eeyh acpieds aye! 4 som ampprrte yO RG a GS ss — = % Wt ie ‘om ales \* q\ . Ki . PLATE IV. PLATE V. er ‘aa : ae ae) 5 Pie a! of her ae -* PLATE VL. EXPERIMENTS ON THE SULPHUR-LIME TREAT. MENT FOR ONION SMUT.* F, A. SIRRINE AND F. C. STEWART. SUMMARY, Where onions are grown extensively they often suffer from the attacks of smut, a fungus disease which kills the young seedlings or checks their growth. The chief methods of combating smut are: (1) Transplanting: (2) rotation of crops; (3) use of larger quantities of seed; (4) the application of sulphur and air-slaked lime in the drills. Transplanting is a certain and practical preventive, but there being considerable prejudice against it because of the labor involved, we undertook to develop Thaxter’s sulphur-lime treat- ment. Extensive field experiments have been conducted at Florida, N. Y., during the past five years. These experiments prove that the yield of onions on smutty land may be greatly increased by the application of 100 pounds of sulphur and 50 pounds of air-slaked lime per acre in the drills at the time of sow- ing the seed. In several instances the yield has been increased at the rate of more than 15,000 pounds per acre, as compared with untreated plats. Sulphur alone has considerable value as a preventive of smut, but seems more efficient when mixed with lime. It has been shown that the accumulation of sulphur in the soil in moderate quantity is not likely to be harmful. The sulphur and lime should not be applied broadcast, as they appear to have no effect upon the smut when applied in that way. 7 * Reprint of Bulletin No. 182. 70 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE The sulphur-lime treatment is recommended whenever the loss from smut is as much as one-third of the crop. The treatment would be greatly facilitated and cheapened by the construction of a drill which will apply sulphur, lime and seed at one operation. It is further recommended that onion growers investigate the transplanting method; also try to develop the culture of some other crops to rotate with onions. NATURE OF ONION SMUT. Smut is a fungous disease which attacks onions grown from seed. The fungus causing it, Urocystis cepule, is related to the grain smuts, but different from them. So far as known the onion smut attacks no other plant than the onion. It kills great numbers of the seedling plants soon after they come out of the ground; and many other plants not killed outright by it are much injured, so that they die later or produce small and peehere bulbs which are liable to rot. If a seedling onion plant affected by smut be examined the affected leaves will be found to be not only enlarged but often distorted and if the smut is nearly mature the leaves will appear abnormally dark in color and often show black streaks. Upon breaking open the leaves they are found to contain a black pow- dery mass which is composed of the spores of the onion smut fungus. These black masses of smut spores also occur on the bulbs. AMOUNT OF DAMAGE DONE. Smut Is, perhaps, the most destructive of all onion diseases and igs common in nearly every section where onions are grow extensively. There are, however, localities where it is unknown. In this State it is very troublesome in the onion fields of Orange County while in the Madison County onion district it appears to ibe wholly absent. “RODE usually does not become destructive in a field until after onions have been grown for several years in succession. When onions are grown continuously on the same land the smut grad- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 71 ually increases from year to year until finally it becomes so destructive that a profitable crop of onions can no longer be grown. Onion smut seems to be affected but little by weather conditions and is not subject to sudden fluctuations in virulence. MODE OF DISSEMINATION. Onion smut is chiefly a soil-inhabiting fungus. It rarely gets | away from the soil except as it is carried on the bulbs. Unlike many fungi, its spores are not carried by the wind except, per- haps, for very short distances in times of heavy wind when considerable quantities of soil are moved. It is not carried on the seed, but on the bulbs it may travel long distances, It is carried short distances, as for example, from one field to another in the same neighborhood or from one part of a field to another part of the same field, on tools used in cultivation, on crates, barrels and bags, on the feet of men and horses, with onion refuse used as fertilizer, and by the washing of the soil during heavy rains. Many onion growers are accustomec to dispose of their onion refuse by spreading it on the land as fertilizer. This practice is to be condemned as it unquestionably serves to spread the smut. Unless it can be used on land not designed for growing onions or on land already thoroughly contaminated with smut (in which case the damage is inappreciable) it had better be allowed to go to waste. Especially is this true since the fertilizing ingredients in a ton of onions are worth only about 50 to 60 cents and a large part of this is lost by the escape of the nitrogen in decay. METHODS OF COMBATING THE DISEASE. BY THE USE OF LARGER QUARTITIES OF SHED. When much smut is present in the soil the chief difficulty {s to secure a “stand” of plants. To overcome this, onion growers are in the habit of using larger and larger quantities of seed as the smut increases year by year. (2 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE . In extreme cases they use from two to three times as much seed as would be required on land free from smut. Finally, there comes a time when it is impossible to obtain a “stand” no mat- ter how much seed is used, ROTATION OF CROPS. When smut becomes so troublesome that onions can no longer be grown with profit the land is planted to some other crop for two or three seasons. This treatment does not entirely rid the soil of smut but it reduces the amount somewhat so that for a few years following it is again possible to raise onions. In the Orange County onion district corn and potatoes are the crops most commonly used in such a rotation and it is there generally believed that corn is rather the more efficient in removing smut from the soii. Seeding the land down to grass for three or four years is also said to be somewhat beneficial. How long it would be necessary to withhold onions from the soil in order that smut might entirely die out is not known, but it would certainly require many years. Some observations made by Dr. Thaxter! in Connecticut bear on this point. A field which had not grown onions for twelve years was sown to onions in 1888 with the result that from 10 to 50 per ct. of the plants became affected with smut. While it is true that under some conditions onion smut spores may remain alive in the soil for a period of several years, it is the common experience of onion growers that even an occasional change of the crop for one or two years gives appreciable relief; and it is our belief that a systematic rotation of crops would very considerably reduce the amount of loss from smut. BURYING THE SURFACE SOIL. Various methods of burying the surface soil have been tried with varying success. One such method is deep plowing. This has sometimes given good results the first season but after that the smut is as bad as ever. Another method is to cover the field *Thaxter, R. Ann. Rep. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1889: 138-139, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 73 with upland soil. This method can only be effective when the added layer of soil is sufficiently thick to prevent the smutty soil beneath from being brought to the surface in plowing. The ex- pense of this treatment probably precludes its use. A unique method of burying the surface soil has been carried out by Mr. J. J. Kelly of Florida, N. Y. He had a piece of land which had been cropped with onions continuously for thirty years. It became so smutty that only one-twentieth to one-tenth of a crop could be obtained even when as much as fourteen pounds of seed were used per acre.? He then conceived the idea of causing eight inches of the surface soil to change places with eight inches of the soil underneath. This was accomplished by first plowing a furrow eight inches deep, depositing it in a trench previously made, and then running the plow a second time in the same furrow, deepening it eight inches more and throwing the dirt over the first furrow. Care was taken to prevent as far as possible the mixing of the surface soil with the undersoil. The surface furrow was carefully leveled off with a shovel before the bottom furrow was thrown over it. - The chief difficalty encountered was the getting started. It was necessary to dig a trench eight inches deep and four furrows wide for a starting point; but Mr. Kelly thinks that another time he would use the drainage ditch® as a starting point, thereby avoiding the labor of digging a trench and at the same time dis. posing of weeds and grass which become troublesome along the ditch banks. When done plowing, the dead-furrows would mark the location of the new drainage ditches which would be already partly dug. 5 Another difficulty was found in the fact that it was impossible for a horse to walk in the deep furrow without miring. This was overcome by hitching to the middle of the plow beam in *About six pounds of seed per acre is considered sufficient on land free trom smut. “In the Orange County onion district the land is mostly divided into smalj fields of from one to five acres bounded by epen drainage ditches, eighteer inches to two feet in depth, 74 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THD such a manner as to make it unnecessary for the horse to walk in the furrow. Once started, the job was not a difficult one. Mr. Kelly esti- mates that by using the ditches as starting points the expense of the work would be about $80 per acre. This turning of the soil was done in the autumn of 1898. In 1899 the field was sowed with onions, and in spite of the fact that the crop was somewhat injured by drought, owing to the looseness of the new soil, the owner estimates that the increased yield on this one crop repaid him for doing the work. There was little if any injury from smut. The land was plowed shallow in the fall of 1899 and. again sowed with onions in 1900. At the time of our visit, May 31, there was a prospect of a full stand of onions and only occasionally a plant showing smut. However, this small amount of smut still left in the soil will increase from year to year until after some years it will be necessary to repeat the operation. Then the question will arise, Are the smut spores in the deep- buried soil still alive? If they are it will do little good to turn the soil back to the surface again; but this point can be deter- - mined only by an experiment. TRANSPLANTING. More than ten years ago Dr. Thaxter* made the important dis- covery that smut can get into the onion plant only while the plant is very small. At the same time he observed that trans- planted seedlings were free from smut. Six years later his suc- cessor, Dr. Sturgis,®5 made some experiments to determine if smut can be circumvented by germinating the onion seeds in soil free from smut and transplanting the plants into the field after they have become large enough to resist the attacks of the smut fun- gus. This was found to be true. It was shown that seedling cnion plants reared in smut-free soil can be transplanted into smutty soil without contracting the disease. Here, then, is a ‘L. ¢., pp. 145-146. *Sturgis, W. C, Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Conn, Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895: 176- 182, : New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. .~ ate solution of the smut problem. But whenever this plan in sug- gested onion growers immediately exclaim: “ It is not practical; it is too much labor to transplant onions!” We do not wish to enter into a lengthy discussion of the subject here, but we will say that experiments made at several agricultural experiment sta- tions in different parts of the United States have shown that, even when smut is not a factor in the problem, the yield of onions can be greatly increased by transplanting, and that the method possesses certain other advantages which counterbalance the additional labor involved in transplanting. The idea origi- nated with Mr. T. Greiner, of LaSalle, N. Y., who has put it into practice with great success and written a book about it. Itisa subject worthy of investigation® by onion growers, especially by those who are having difficulty with smut. THE SULPHUR-LIME TREATMENT, In his experiments on the treatment of onion smut in 1889, Dr. Thaxter’ tried several different chemicals which were applied in the drills at the time of sowing the seed. The best results were obtained where a mixture composed of equal ‘parts of air- slaked lime and flowers of sulphur was used. Here, the yield of the treated rows was nearly five times as great as that of the same number of untreated rows alternating with them. The experiment was on a small scale. During the following season, 1890, another small experiment’ with sulphur and lime gave prac- tically the same results; namely, about five to one in favor of the treatment. A larger experiment was also planned, but on account ‘Yor details as to methods and the results of experiments see: The New Onion Culture, by T. Greiner; Onions for Profit, same author; Bul. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Second Series, Vol. III, No. 9; Bul. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta., Vol. V., No. 4; N. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 12; S. Dak. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 47; Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 36; Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 45; Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Buls. 28 and 56; R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 14; Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 79; Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 22; U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 39; and Canada Exp. Farms Rep. for 1897, pp. 129-130. 'L. ¢., pp. 148-152. *Thaxter, R. Further Experiments on the Smut of Onions. Ann, Rep. @onn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1890: 103-104, 76 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE of poor seed and unequal distribution of the fungicide the results obtained were unreliable. Although the results of Dr. Thaxter’s experiments plainly indi- cate that onion smut can be controlled to a large extent by the sulphur-lime treatment, and notwithstanding the fact that accounts of his experiments have been widely published, it appears that onion growers have made very little use of the treat- ment; and, so far'as we can learn, no other experiments upon it have been reported. OUR OWN EXPERIMENTS. ORIGIN OF THE EXPERIMENTS. At a Farmers’ Institute held in Goshen, N. Y., in March, 1896, there was a lengthy discussion of onion smut and its treatment. One of the writers of this bulletin who was present took part in the discussion and read the account of Dr. Sturgis” experiments on transplanting onions to avoid smut. The onion growers pres. ent were unanimously agreed that, in that locality, it was wholly impracticable to transplant onions. They were confident that the process would prove too expensive. Moreover, the market tu which they cater requires small to medium sized bulbs suitable for boiling whole. Hence, an increase in the size of the bulbs due to transplanting would tend to reduce their market value rather than increase it. As aresuit of the discussion a resolution was passed requesting the New York Agricultural Experiment Station to undertake some experiments on the treatment of onion smut, We were then, and are still, of the opinion that transplanting as a method of circumventing onion smut is worthy of considera- tion by Orange County onion growers. However, as there was evi- dently a strong prejudice against transplanting and a desire for a less expensive treatment we decided to repeat Thaxter’s experi- *hL. ec. Dr. Sturgis’ paper was not yet published at that time, but he kindly loaned us the manuscript for use at the Institute, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, (es ments with sulphur and lime. Thaxter’s experiments were on 2 very small scale. We concluded to repeat them on a scale sufii- ciently large to enable us to determine whether the treatment is applicable to farm practice. EXPERIMENTS IN 1896. Experiments were commenced in the spring of 1896 and con- tinued for five years. They were all made in the vicinity of Florida, N. Y., which is located in the midst of the Orange County cnion district. In 1896 one-half acre was devoted to the experiments. AS we had, at that time, little acquaintance with the locality we were obliged to depend upon others for the selection of a suitable piece of land for the experiments. When the onions came up it was found that only a small percentage of the plants in the check plats were diseased—that is to say, the soil was not sufficiently impregnated with smut to make it suitable for an experiment on the treatment of the disease. Consequently, the results were of so little importance that it is not worth while to discuss them here. . EXPBERIMENTS IN 1897. For the experiments in 1897 another field was selected. This time we were more fortunate in securing smut-infested soil, but other difficulties were encountered. Some parts of the field were more diseased than others. The plats could not all be arranged so as to admit of close comparisons of yields. The available sup- ply of air-slaked lime became exhausted before all the plats were sown; and this necessitated some changes in the original plan. A strong wind at time of sowing somewhat interfered with the uniform distribution of the sulphur and lime. The onion maggot, Anthomyia ceparum, caused unequal amounts of damage in differ- ent parts of the field. In’ consequence of these difficulties it is best to leave out of consideration a large part of the field and confine our attention to two series of plats covering a total area of 18,960 square feet, or a little less than one-half acre. / (Ge) REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THD Series I—Sulphur and Lime in Drills. This experiment consisted of 12 plats, six treated and six untreated. Each plat was 15 by 50 feet and had an area of a trifle less than ;, of an acre. The six treated plats were placed end to end. They covered 12 rows, which crossed them lengthwise. The six check plats were similarly arranged beside the treated plata and covered the same number of rows. (See diagram, p. 79.) On the treated plats sulphur” and air-slaked lime, equal parts by weight, were scattered in the drills with the seed at the time _ of sowing. The quantity of sulphur and lime used varied on the different plats from 1,500 pounds per acre down to 125 pounds per acre. This was done to ascertain what quantity gives the best results. : The seed used was of the variety Red Globe and was sown April 18. When the plats were examined on June 12 it was very noticeable that the plants on the treated plats were taller, thicker and of better color. At the same time onion maggots were doing considerable damage at the north end of the field. Series II.—Sulphur in Drills. This series adjoined Series I. It consisted of eight plats, four treated and four untreated. Each plat was 15 by 83 feet, thus having an area of of an acre. The plats were arranged as in Series I. (See diagram on page 79.) On the treated plats sul- phur alone was applied in the drills with the seed at the rate of 1,200, 1,000, 750 and 500 pounds per acre. The seed, variety Red tlobe, was sown April 14.° At the examination of the plats on éune 12 it was observed that the plants on the treated plats were taller, thicker and of better color than those on'the check plats. They compared very favorably with the plants on the plats treated with sulphur and-lime in Series I. The sulphur used in our experiments has in all cases been the “ flowers of sulphur,” but we see no reason why the ground sulphur ghould not answer as well, * GRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 72 New YorK A » » 2 O0@E S » » 9 OSL O ‘ero’ red “sq, Q00T O ‘or1ov red ‘sq, 00S IW {SMOT[OJ SV ST[TIp OY} uULIUYd[n,G “9 ggxeT sIV[q “IT saluag yoodD L yoo a ATO d youd N pojvoiy, § poywoiy, O peyvory, O powworL, W » 9» 9 Sol » 9 9 OOOL A » 9» »» OGG I » ov» 9 OOGT OD ‘e10¥ Jad ‘sq 00¢ D ‘o10v aad ‘sq] OST W SGMOTIOJ SV ST[Ip Ut “y_Stom Lq sqzavd penbo ‘om pexes-r1e puv inqding “9F OSXCT S}e[q@ “] SAMA oon ‘I yoouo £ youd H yooup A Hoop a _ -ypoqg @ poyeedy, ST peyeoly, I pyI}tolT, OH peyeoly,, A pyyvelyT, oD petolyL, W ‘SLVIg #0 INGWLVGU], GNV LNGNGONVUUY “Avg ONTIAOHS ‘L68T NI GIGI LNINIUGGXY EHL JO NVIg \ Pal) REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN 1897, SERIES I.—SULPHUR AND LIME, EQuAL Parts, IN DRILLS, YIELD IN PUUNDS. i =. 3 Tucrease per acre Percent- PLAT Per acre due to aze of (1-58 a ). TREATMENT. Per plat. (computed) treatment. increase. A 1500 Ibs. per acre...... 588 34,151 - 5,924 all Bre OHeCkK ress doce te sietats 486 28, 227 G 529200 Tos: per Were: hs ae dd9 32,467 10,135 45 Wie pa CIRC CK 55335. ceet Sebene ict SOC 384144 © 22,3382 E1000 Ibs. per acre...... 525 380, 492 8,451, 38 HV" (Check: sane etree: bac 379% 22,041 G 500 lbs. per acre..... ae 516% 29,998 11.616 63 EPs tChedke meat oie 5 Bc 316% 18,382 I 250 Ibs. per acre...... < 416% 24,190 15,013 16314 dJ CHECK Sakis AQOO0OOO00C 158 Le are Fe - 125) 1S! Per Cre. o. ote. 438 25,489 14,810 18 ir =Cheek=.y... 3. 5.0050 Ob nS 183 10,629 Average yield of six treated plats. .....cccesscnee Te 507 Ibs. Average yield of six check plats. ...6.. 0.0.00 00cc00. 318 lbs. Average increase per plat due to treatment......... 189 Ibs. Average increase per acre due to treatment........ 10,977 Ibs. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN 1897, Series II.—SuLPHUR IN DRILLS. YIELD IN POUNDS. Tntresse per acre Per cent PLAT Per acre due to age of (1-35 a.). TREATMENT. Per plat. (computed). treatment. increase M 4500 Ibs. per acre....... 821% 28, hoe 4,147 16.85 IN (CHE C Kags ai Were isis! ates BOD 703 24, 605 On aU MDS PERIaAeCre st ccleie st 702% 24,588 2,818 13 BD ae Check arn tice. slices 2 622 21,7700 Q (1000 lbs. per acre...... 65514 22,943 7,193 45.67 Rives Cheeks. eve: dapsicscts Rreiste 450 15, 750 Ss 1200 Ibs. per acre...... 536 18, 760 6,825 57 Ws wCheek sy. tei dae qanerd S41 11, 985 Average yield of four treated plats............c.s0s 679 lbs. Average yield of four check plats................06 529 lbs. Average increase per plat due to treatment...... tele 150 Ibs. Average increase per acre due to treatment........ 5250 Ibs. Comments on results of the experiments in 1897.—The results of the experiments in 1897 plainly show that onion smut may be prevented to a considerable extent by the application of sulphur New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SL and air-slaked lime in the drills. On every treated plat in Series I the yield was considerably greater than on the adjoining un- treated plat, the increase varying from 5924 pounds to 15013 pounds per acre; or in terms of barrels” from 40 to 100 barrels per acre. Certainly, this is a very creditable showing for the surphur-lime treatment. The results in Series I indicate that the smaller amounts of 125 and 250 pounds per acre were more beneficial than the larger amounts; but these results are to be considered only as indications, because plats at the opposite ends of the field do not admit of close comparison with each other. That this is true is shown by the fact that the check Plat B at the south end of.the field yielded 486 pounds while the check Plat L at the north end yielded only 183 pounds. Smut was more severe toward the north end and the onion maggot also caused more damage there. The results in Series II show that sulphur, even when used alone, is tolerably efficient as a preventive of smut. Here, as in Series I, every treated plat yielded more than its adjoining check plat, and the difference varied from 2818 pounds per acre to 8193 pounds per acre; or from 183 barrels to 544 barrels per acre. Since Series II adjoined Series I, there is reason to believe that the results obtained in the two series represent roughly the efficiency of sulphur and lime used together as compared with sulphur used alone. In Series II the larger quantities of sulphur appeared to give the better results, which is in direct contrast to the results in Series I, where sulphur and lime were used together; but as has already been stated close comparisons can nct be made be- tween plats located at opposite ends of the field. The yield per acre on Plat S should have been quite as large as. on Plat K because Plats K and S were in close proximity at the worst infested end of the field and their check Plats L, and T, gave approximately the same yield. 13n Orange County the onions are sold mostty by the barrel. A barrel of onions weighs about 150 pounds. - 6 82 ReporT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE THE THREE YEARS’ EXPERIMENTS—1898-1900. Objects of the Experiments. In the experiments of 1897 the best results were obtained where the smaller quantities of sulphur and lime, 125 and 250 pounds per acre, were used. This fact suggested the idea that perhaps the larger quantities of the mixture were in some way injurious to the growth of the plants. When the treatment is applied every year for a series of years‘a considerable quantity of the sulphur and lime must accumulate in the soil. Now the question arose, What will be the effect of repeated applications of sulphur and lime? If the accumulation of these substances in the soil injures the growth of the plants perhaps it will be better to use even smaller quantities than 125 pounds per acre. On the other hand, if such accumulation in the soil is not detri- mental to the plants, may we not expect better results with the smut after the soil once becomes thoroughly impregnated with the chemicals? Hence, one object of these experiments was to determine the effect of repeated applications of the sulphur and lime. The application of sulphur and lime in the row involves con- siderable extra labor. Why not save this labor by applying the mixture broadcast? Hence, asecond object of these experiments was to determine the effect of broadcast applications of sulphur and lime. . For convenience we will hereafter call the experiments in which the chemicals were applied in drills Series I, and the ex- periments in which they were applied broadcast Series II. Series I.—Sulphur and Lime in Drills. Plan of experiments.—In the work of the previous two years we learned that onion smut is rarely equally destructive to all parts of a field. Often there are great differences in a distance of a few feet. In order to eliminate from an experiment the effect of such inequalities in the soil the plats must be long and narrow and duplicated several times. But since it was planned to continue the experiments for three years the plats must be New YORK AGRICULLURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383 sufficiently wide to make it possible to relocate them after plow- ing. Accordingly, the field was divided into ten equal plats, each being 73 by 157 feet, having an area of, of an acre. During three successive seasons, 1898 to 1900 inclusive, the plats were planted with onions (six rows 15 inches apart on each plat) and every alternate plat treated with sulphur and air-slaked lime applied in the drills at the rate of 100 pounds of sulphur and 50 pounds of lime per acre. The remaining five plats were left untreated for checks. Thus there were five treated plats and five untreated plats alternating with them. (See diagram on page $5.) Notes for 1898.—The seed was sown April 28. On June 1 an attempt was made to determine the percentage of smut-infested plants on the various plats by taking a portion‘of a row contain- ing 100 plants and noting the number which were smutty. These observations showed that on an average 64 per ct. of the plants on the treated plats were smutty, while on the check plats 914 per ct. were smutty. A similar count made on June 10 showed 414 per ct. of the treated plants and 75 per ct. of the untreated plants infested. It may be asked why the. latter count shows a smaller percentage of infested plants. The answer to this — question is as follows: Some of the affected plants enumer- ated in the first count had dried up and disappeared by the time the second count was made. Many of the diseased plants barely succeed in pushing their heads above the surface of the soil before they are killed, and the tissues, being very soft, decay and dis- appear quickly. The truth of this last statement is shown by the fact that to get 100 plants one must'invariably cover a greater distance on a check row than on a treated row, notwithstanding the two rows received the same amount of seed. At best, such counts are only approximations, because it is impossible to avoid overlooking a good many of the affected plants. The small yield in 1898 was due to a hail storm, during the lat- ter part of July,and wet weather, which caused many of the bulbs to rot. The crop was harvested August 10. .4“For an account of the rot see Bul. 164 of this Station. st REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THD Notes for 1899.—This year the seed was sown April 25. On May 29, when the plants were showing their second and third leaves, counts were made to determine the percentage of smutty plants. The treated plats were found to average 20 2-5 per ct. of smutty plants and the untreated plats 72 4-5 per ct. At this time it was evident, even to a casual observer, that the treated plats were in considerably better condition, seemingly about 25 per ct. better than the untreated plats. The plants on the treated plats were larger and more numerous. The crop was harvested September 6. Notes for 1900.—Seed sown April 27. A strong wind seriously interfered with the ‘proper application of the sulphur and lime. On May 19 the plants were much injured by a dashing rain. Counts made May 28 showed the percentage of smut-infested plants on the treated plats to be 383, and on the untreated plats 80. Counts made June 11 showed 31 per ct. of diseased plants on the treated plats and 522 per ct. on the untreated plats. The earlier counts invariably show a larger percentage of smut and are the most reliable. By June 11 there was a marked difference in appearance in favor of the treated plats. The crop was harvested August 17. 85 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. nd S) o ao iS) < 750 Ibs. s.+375 lbs. 1. I yr. ‘SLVYIGQ JO LNAWADNVUYY ANV WAIVING ONIMOHY !LNAWIUTAXY SUVAX AUN], IHL C Cheek, 750 Ibs, 8.+3 D ‘LSVOaVOUY ANT GNV YWAHdINgG—']] Saag ei a = eS B 2 Ye) em ee oS re) B t + t n 2) wn a F - Dn SF nw rs 2H rs, = S e cas) Pa 2 oh a ef Sh Oo iS 1S) a 1) =—0 ) ™ = “STIING NI AANIT GNV PWOHdMINS—'T SaIMAg yom OA poyrely, WoOD L poywort, = § HoouD A payvart, O y99GN 86d pI}tolyt, O 94D N poyeory, IW 4 rs) ® = oO M = D oe et —) + a B 2 _ S S ‘| a H ar} on L 86 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THB RESULTS OF THE THREE YEARS’ EXPERIMENTS. _ Serres I.—100 Las. SutpHUR anpD 50 Lzs. Lime In DRILLS. YIELD IN POUNDS. 1898. 1899. 1900. ———_—_— Jr Orr ' Oe OOO! ee, ; a © = +3 == 2 g + ez g (iam) Same, 8 Pio Bi Pee Pee ie oe | ee eee M Treated.. 161 5957 2534 88314 32,690 23,384 79314 29,360 7,807 N Check.... 9214 3423 251144 9,306 58214 21,553 O Treated... 181144 4866 3016 721 26,677-°17,482 73314 27,140 19,037 Pm (Check. 5) 50) % 1850 24814 9,195 219 8,103 Q Treated... 8114 3016 1240 676 25,012 12,802 487 16,169 9,218 R Check... 48 1776 330 12,210 188 6, 956 S Treated... 12414 4607 2498 456 16,872 7,714 587 21,719 9,694 mT. iCheck’.... 5% "2109 24714 9,158 320 PLZ 02 U_ ‘Treated.. 80 2960 814 631% 23,366 15,485 814 30,118 12,302 V Check... 58 2146 213 7,881 481% 17,816 Average annual yield of the five treated plats...... 487 lbs. Average annual yield of the five check plats....... : 226 lbs. Average annual increase per plat due to treatment.. 261 Ibs. Average annual yield per acre of the treated plats.. 18,035 Ibs. Average annual yield per acre of the check plats.... 8,369 lbs. Average annual increase per acre due to treatment.. 9,666 lbs. Discussion of results—From an examination of the table above it will be seen that every treated plat yielded more than the adjacent untreated plat, and this was true for all three years. In 1899 the smallest yield on any treated plat (456 Ibs.) was 38 per et. larger than the largest yield on any untreated plat. (830 lbs.) Moreover, this increase in yield was not a trifling one. It varied from 814 pounds to 238,384 pounds per acre, and the average increase in yield, including all the plats and covering all three years, was 9,666 pounds or 64 barrels per acre. However, a brief study of the table is sufficient to show that this amount is surely amaller than the true measure of the benefit derived from the treatment. This is true because of the abnormally small yield in 1898. In that year the crop was injured at least 50 per ct. by hail and there was also considerable loss from rot. Leaving the season of 1898 out of consideration, the average annual increase per acre due to the treatment was 18,492 pounds or 90 barrels. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87 If we consider only the year 1899, the average increase per acre was 15,373 pounds or 102 barrels. It will be observed that in 1899 and 1900 even the check plata gave a fair yield, showing that the disease was not nearly as destructive as it is sometimes. Had there been more smut pres- ent the difference between the treated and untreated plats would most likely have been greater. Since the plats were of fair size (4, acre), very narrow, and duplicated five times, and the experiment continued three years, with the yield constantly in favor of the treated plats, it appears to us conclusively proven that sulphur and lime in the drills is an important aid in increasing the yield of onions on smutty land. This conclusion is further supported by the results of the experiments in 1897 (see page 80) as well as by Thaxter’s experiments. It is possible that the substances used have some value as fertilizer, but judging from the experiments in which sulphur and lime were applied broadcast it appears that their fertilizing value is at best but trifling. (See page 90.) That the treatment does actually prevent smut is shown hy the fact that the un- treated rows invariably showed a larger percentage of smutty plants. Series II.—Sulphur and Lime Broadcast. Plan of experiment.—This experiment was designed to show the effect of applying the sulphur and lime broadcast and also the effect of repeated applications. The field used was 340 feet long by 81 feet wide. It was divided crosswise into 12 equal plats, each 284x81 feet and having an area of>', acre. (See diagram on page 85.) There were six treated plats alternating with six check plats. On three of the treated plats 100 pounds of sulphur and 50 pounds of air-slaked lime (same quantity as used in the drills in - Series I) were applied broadcast and harrowed in two or three days before the seed was sown. On one of these three plats the chemicals were applied only one year (1898); on one, two years (1898 and 1899); and on one, three years (1898, 1899 and 1900). 88 ; REPoRT OF THR BoOTANIST OF THE On the other three treated plats 750 pounds of sulphur and 375 pounds of lime were applied broadcast before the seed was sown; one plat receiving the application for one year, one plat for two years, and the third plat for three years, as described above, . The field on which this series of experiments was made lay to the east of Series I field, joining it at Plat L. The rows were run lengthwise across both fields; hence in Series II the rows ran crosswise the plats. - Notes for 1898.—The seed was sown April 23. The July hail- storm injured the plants very much, probably reducing the yield by 50 per ct.; and the accompanying heavy rain induced a bac- terial rot which destroyed large quantities of the bulbs. The crop was harvested August 10. Notes for 1899.—In the fall of 1898 the field was given a dress- ing of stable manure at the rate of eight wagon loads per acre, and then plowed. On April 24, 1899,'the sulphur and lime were applied broadcast on Plats D, F, Jand L. Plats B and H, treated in 1898, were omitted this year because they were to be treated but one year, The field was then thoroughly harrowed, after which it was smoothed by “ planking.” The seed was sown April 25 at the rate of 8 pounds per acre. On May 27, Plat D (treated two years with 750 pounds of sul- phur and 875 pounds of lime per acre) showed 386 per ct. of smutty plants against 38 per ct. on Plat C (untreated). On Plats D and F the stand of plants was thin, indicating that the sulphur and lime had been injurious to the seedlings. The crop was harvested September 6, Notes for 1900.—Field plowed in the fall of 1899. The follow- ing spring commercial fertilizer was applied to the whole field at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. April 20, sulphur and lime were applied broadcast on Plats F and L only, and the field harrowed. On Plats D and F the sulphur applied to them in 1898 and 1899 was still plainly visible. The seed was sown April 27 and the crop gathered August 17. NeW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. dy RESULTS OF THE THREE YEARS’ EXPERIMENTS. SERIES IJ].—SULPHUR AND LIME BROADCAST. YIELD IN POUNDS. Geta ji civen are oo ie eee Sm ed Bes “ite per acre. S ge 22 3 as 2g 3 gs 2g Ds Sa ee eee ees 3S ER SHES Sen Gt Tt ome an ae sae iS: Aw Cheek. os22- 176 «= 3344 1283 24,377 9844 18,705 B 750 Ibs. s. +375 Ibs. l. l_year. 1544 2935 —409 1114 21,166 —35211 8974 17,052 —1653 C® Cheecktea 2. 188 3572 1125 21,375 816} 14,513 DY] 750> bss. 8: +375 Ibs. ]. 2 years. 187 3553 —19 11714 22,258 883 8524 16,197 684 EY Checks. 178 = 3382 1031 19,589 818} 15,551 F 750 Ibs. 3s. +375 Ibs. 1. 3 years. 178 3382 1032 19,608 19 718 13,612 —1909 Gam Checkes ese. 137 = 2603 743 14,117 9784 14,791 Tm 100 Ibs. ie: +50 lbs l,l year.. 1614 3068 465 798} 15,171 1054 786 14,934 143 E @@heck = -2-- 185} 3524 8284 15,741 7884 14,981 J 100 lbs. s. +50 lbs. 1.2 years. 1484 2821 —703 876 16,644 903 7763 14,753 —228 Ke m@hecksess=. 155-2945 691 13,129 7504 14,259 L 100 Ibs. s. +50 Ibs. 1.3 years. 149 2831 —114 857 16,283 3154 739 14,041 —218 Average annual yield of check plats A, C and E..........-...... - 733 lbs. Average annual yield of treated plats B, D and F...--..,.......... 700 lbs. Difference:inifavor of checkplats. aces s-+eec 6 S2ccn ocean ca ce 39 Ibs. Average annua: yield of check plats G, land K.......-........... 562 lbs. Average annual yield of treated plats H, J and L..........--...-. 588 Ibs. Difference in fayor of treated platsice-~2s- -scs-\s---- 25-55 so 26 lbs. Discussion of results.—Because of the shape of the plats, the influence of variations in the original amount of smut and soil conditions was not so completely eliminated as it was in Series I. Hence the results obtained in Series II are less reliable than those obtained in Series I; that is to say, that where there is a difference in yield between a treated plat and its check that dif- 9U REPORT OF THD BOTANIST OF THE ference may be not wholly due to the treatment but partly the result of differences in soil conditions, insect injuries, or original amount of smut on the two plats. The figures in the table on the preceding-page seem to show that the broadcast application of the sulphur and lime had little, if any, effect on the yield. With one exception (Plat L, 1899) the differences in yield between treated and untreated plats were comparatively small. With the exception noted these differences may easily have been due to differences in soil conditions, ete. Moreover, the results are not consistent with themselves. It is impossible to find any system among them. For example, Plat J, which received applications of the smaller quantity for two years, showed a loss of 703 pounds per acre in 1898, a gain of $03 in 1899, and again a loss of 228 pounds in 1900. It appears that where sulphur and lime are applied in small quantity, as, for example, 150 pounds per acre, there is little danger of harmful results from the accumulation of the sub- stances in the soil. This is best shown on Plat F, where the substances were applied at the rate of 1,125 pounds per acre for three consecutive years without materially affecting the yield. In 1898 this plat yielded exactly the same as its check; in 1899 it yielded 19 pounds per acre more than its check; in 1900 there was a loss of 1,909 pounds per acre, which may or may not have been due to the treatment. Granting that it was due to the treatment, the amount is small as compared with the increase in yield resulting from the use of small quantities of sulphur and lime in the drills. This experiment also proves that the increase in yield where sulphur and lime are applied in the drills is not due to any fertilizing value of the substances. Had the substances any considerable value as fertilizer the treated plats should have uniformly yielded more than the untreated plats, especially Plats B, D and F where the large quantities were used. But such was not the case. The three heavily treated plats averaged 627 pounds per acre less than their check plats. Fia. 1.—SEED DRILL IN OPERATION. Fic. 2.—ATTACHMENT OF BOXES AND OUTLET SPOUT. PLATE VII.—SEED DRILL WITH ATTACHMENT FOR DISTRIBUTING SULPHUR AND LIME. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 HOW TO APPLY THE SULPHUR AND LIME. Since it seems proven by the foregoing experiments that the broadcast application of sulphur and lime can not be successfully substituted for the application in drills the question arises, How is the application in drills best accomplished? In our experl- mental work we found the application of the sulphur and lime a difficult problem. In 1897 we proceeded as follows: The rows were first opened by using the seed drill with the coverers lifted and the seed boxes empty. The sulphur and lime (which had been previously thoroughly mixed) were then scattered in the open rows by hand, after which the seed was sown by running the seed drill over the rows. : In 1898 the rows were first opened by means of a home-made wooden marker, the sulphur and lime applied by hand and the seed then sown by a drill made to follow the open rows. The application of the sulphur and lime by hand in this way involved considerable extra labor. Moreover, the sulphur and lime were not brought into as close contact with the seed as seems necessary for the best results; because when the drill passed over the rows the second time to sow the seed the chemi- cals were mixed with the dirt to a considerable extent. It was ‘plain that both of these difficulties would be obviated by a drill rigged to sow sulphur, lime and seed all at one operation; so we had a seed drill for this purpose constructed by a local mechanic. As shown in Plate VII, this machine was constructed on the same lines as the ordinary three-row drill used on the Florida “meadows ” except that considerable space was left between the wheels and seed boxes for the attachment of boxes to carry the ‘sulphur and lime. The latter were placed in front of the seed boxes in order that the sulphur and lime might fall in the open row ahead of the seed and also to bring the weight as near to the wheels as possible. The apparatus for regulating the quantity of mixture to be applied was the same as that used on the seed boxes for regulat- ing the application of the seed. Each box was provided with twe 92 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE sets of agitators to prevent banking and clogging, and as a fur- ther precaution the sides of the boxes were made nearly perpen- dicular; but in order to get as much carrying space as possible the front ends of the boxes were slanted over the wheels. This proved to be a mistake as it favored banking. The front of the boxes should be perpendicular. The outlet spouts were made uniform in size throughout their entire length and stood nearly perpendicular when in use—an- other precaution to prevent clogging. To secure uniform distri- bution of the mixture in the row each spout had a cone-shaped bridge below the outlet. (See Plate VII, Fig. 2.) It is desirable to have the mixture scattered along the sides as well as in the bottom of the furrow, so that the coverers in passing will draw it over the seed. We have used this machine for two years with fairly satisfac- tory results and certainly with much more uniform results than could have been obtained by the hand application of the mixture. The important features of uniform and rapid application are fur- nished by this machine, but many improvements can be made upon it by careful and neat workmanship. The agitators are heavy, bungling affairs, with considerable lost motion. The sul- phur-lime boxes should be larger and made of light material; and the arrangement for opening and closing the slots which regulate the quantity of materia! sown should be made so strong that it will not bend when used. It is probable that the manufacturers of garden tools could make a machine on the same lines which would work to perfection and thus make the sulphur-lime treat- ment an inexpensive method of controlling onion smut. SOME OTHER EXPERIMENTS. EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE STAGE OF GROWTH AT WHICH INFECTION OCCURS. Reference has already been made (page 74) to Thaxter’s experi- ments, which proved that infection takes place below ground and while the plant is very young;‘also to Sturgis’ experiments on transplanting onions, in which it was shown that onion seed- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93 lings germinated in smut-free soil do not contract the disease when transplanted into smut-infested soil. The following little experiment made by us in 1900 confirms the ‘results obtained by Thaxter and Sturgis. In a garden at Jamaica, Long Island, where onion smut had never been known to occur, we planted onion seed in eight rows each ten feet in length. A quantity of smut-infested soil was brought from Florida, N. Y., and applied to four of the rows, as follows: Row 1. Smutty soil sown in the open row before sowing the seed; Row 2. Check; Row 3. Smutty soil sown in the open row after the seed was sown, but before it was covered; Row 4. Check; Row 5. Smutty soil sown over the rows immediately after the seed was covered; Row 6. Check; Row 7. Smutty soil sown over the rows 11 days after the seed was sown—just after the seedlings began to appear above the surface of the soil; Row 8. Check. The seed was sown May 2. There was rain on the morning of May 3 and agaip. on the evening of May 8. In Rows 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 none of the plants became infested with smut; in Rows 1 and 8 there were very many smutty plants; and in Row 5 2 few smutty plants, The results of this experiment indicate that by the time the onion seedlings reach the surface of the soil they are immune to the attacks of smut. The few smutty plants in Row 5 are to be accounted for by supposing that the rain of May 3 carried some of the smut spores down to the germinating seeds. In the case of Row 7 it is very improbable that the failure of the plants to become infested was due to the lack of suitable conditions ‘for spore germination; because light rains fell May 138, 15, 16, 17 and 18; on May 19 there was a heavy rain. 94 REPORT OF THP BorTANIST OF THD EXPERIMENTS ON COATING THE SEED WITH FUNGICIDES. All of our experiments on the sulphur-lime treatment have pointed to the importance of bringing the mixture into close con- tact with the seed. While thinking over this it occurred to us to try the direct application of fungicides to the seed. A quantity of smut-infested soil was secured and to make sure that it was thoroughly impregnated with smut spores a quantity of the juice of smutty onions was mixed with it. Five boxes, 12 inches square and 4 inches deep, were filled with this soil. One box was planted with onion seed which had been dipped in a 10 per ct. solution of potassium sulphide; one box with seed dipped in eau grison;® one box with seed wet with water and then rolled in sulphur and lime; one box with seed wet with thin glue and then rolled in sulphur and lime; and the remaining box with untreated seed for a check. A sixth box was filled with sterilized soil and sowed with untreated seed; 200 seeds were planted in each box. The seeds, which were first wet with thin glue and then rolled in sulphur and lime, retained the sulphur and lime nicely and we had high hopes of the success of this treatment. But when the plants came up many were found to be affected with smuf, and at the end of four weeks there was but one living plant in all five boxes of the smutty soil. They had all died with smut; while in the box of sterilized soil there was nearly a full stand of healthy plants. Thus it appears that a coating of sulphur and lime on the seed alone is not sufficient; the fungicide must be where it will come in contact with the caulicle or radicle or perhaps both. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. There scems to be no doubt that onion smut can be prevented to a considerable extent, but not wholly, by the application of sulphur and air-slaked lime in the drills at the time of sewing %Hor the formula of eau grison see Lodeman, D. G. The Spraying of Plants, p.147. MacMillan & Co., 1896. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 the seed. What quantity of sulphur and lime it is best to use has not been definitely determined, but in our experiments excel- lent results have been obtained from the use of 100 pounds of sulphur and 50 pounds of lime (equal parts by measure) per acre. We recommend the use of this quantity until it has been shown by experiment that some other quantity gives better re- sults. There is no danger of harmful results from the accumulation of the sulphur in the soil provided it is not used in excessively large quantities. Broadcast applications of the sulphur and lime have little if any effect on smut; the application must be . made in the drills. The smuttier the land the better, proportionally, will be the returns from the sulphur-lime treatment. In general, we believe it will be found profitable to apply the treatment to any field on which it is impossible to obtain more than two-thirds of a full crop because of smut. With a perfect working machine for applying the mixture perhaps the treatment will be profitable where the loss from smut is even less than one-third of the crop. Without the use of a machine the treatment must be made by the somewhat laborious method of first opening the rows either with a seed drill or some sort of marker, then scattering the sul- phur and lime in the open rows by hand, and finally running the seed drill over the rows a second time to sow the seed. Although involving considerable extra labor and a small money outlay for sulphur (about two dollars per acre) we are confident that the treatment is profitable, especially on very smutty land. While the sulphur-lime treatment will undoubtedly give con- siderable relief and we advise its use, it should not be forgotten that smut may be wholly prevented by rearing the seedings in hotbeds and transplanting. We advise those onion growers who suffer heavy losses from smut to investigate the transplanting method. Surely there is some way of applying it profitably to the methods of onion growing practiced in Orange County; and if there is not it may be worth while to alter the methods and grow the large onions to which the transplanting method is especially 96 REPORtT OF THE BOTANIST. applicable. It should also be borne in mind that transplanting has the same effect as a rotation of crops in starving out smut. The rotation of crops, too, is worthy of consideration. Surely the onion crop is not the only one that can be profitably grown on the “meadows” in Orange County. Such soil is admirably adapted to the growth of celery, and to other plants. it seems advisable for onion growers in that section to develop the culture of some other crops to be grown in rotation with onions, <« a THE STERILE FUNGUS RHIZOCTONIA AS A CAUSE OF PLANT DISEASES IN AMERICA.* B. M. Duaaear anv F. C. StTBWwak®. SUMMARY. Rhizoctonia is a name given to certain sterile fungi occurring upon the subterranean parts of plants. Botanical literature contains numerous accounts of plant diseases in Europe caused by Rhizoctonia; but little has been written on such diseases in America. Finding that Rhizoctonia is common on various cultivated plants in America the authors have undertaken an exhaustive study of the genus. The bulletin is a preliminary report. It contains accounts of the discovery of the fungus on about 30 species of cultivated plants in the United States. Rhizoctonia is the cause of a destructive root-rot of the sugar beet, a destructive stem-rot of the carnation, a leaf-rot of green- house lettuce, a leaf-rot of ornamental asparagus and a root-rot of the carrot; and is of common occurrence on stems and tubers of the potato. It is a frequent cause of damping-off of various seedling plants, such as beet, carnation, celery, lettuce, cab- bage, etc. It is also the suspected cause of disease in the bean, rhubarb, cotton, and some other plants. Further observations” will probably show that many other plants are infested by it. *Reprint of Bulletin No. 186. a 98 Rerorr or THE BOTANIST. How many distinct species of the fungus there are is unknown; but the number is probably much smaller than the number of host plants. This must be determined largely by cross-inocula- tion experiments. Such experiments have been in progress for two years, but the report on this part of the investigation, as well as on several other features, will be reserved for a future publication. THE STERILE FUNGUS RHIZOCTONIA AS A CAUSE OF PLANT DISEASES IN AMERICA. Being a PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASES OF PLANTS IN AMERICA CAUSED BY DIFFERENT ForRMS OF THE STERILE FuNGus RHIZOCTONIA. By B. M. Dueear, Cryptogamic Botanist, Cornell University Agl. Exp. Sta. and F, C. Stewart, Botanist, New York Agl. Exp. Sta. INTRODUCTION. Studies on a beet root-rot and a carnation stem-rot in 1898 first drew the writers’ attention particularly to the fungus Rhizoctonia as a cause of various plant diseases in this country. It needed no extended search to ascertain that this fungus is much more commonly associated with diseases of certain green- house and field plants than our economic literature would sug- gest. During the three seasons that our attention has been directed to this matter, the occurrence of Rhizoctonia on some entirely new hosts has been observed, and also upon other hosts new to America. As a preliminary report, it now seems well to bring the subject to the attention of American mycologists. Our work is directed towards a monograph including all known species of this fungus; and it is hoped that these notes will enlist the support of other workers, and some contributions of material. Besides a brief historical and morphological account, this bul- letin concerns itself merely with the presentation of some notes upon the occurrence and destructiveness of American forms observed by the authors. We reserve for the final paper all details of special morphology and physiology of the forms, as well as general matters of taxonomic interest and a discussion of 100 RePORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THR European species. Nothing will at present be said of the limita- tions or identity of species. The latter is a matter which must be determined largely by cross inoculations, together with mor- phological] studies. Inoculation experiments have been in prog- ress for two years, but they are not yet in shape to be fully reported; hence a presentation of the results will be deferred. Rhizoctonia is a form genus established to include certain ~ sterile fungi occurring upon the roots of plants. The members of this genus, however, may be readily located by certain dis- tinguishing characters of the mycelium. In pure culture, more- over, a very characteristic form of growth is to be found. The young hyphe growing in diseased tissue or in pure culture show a distinctive manner of branching; but as this character is in general the same for all, a description of the beet fungus will suffice for this account. The young branches are inclined to the direction of growth of the parent branch at an angle more or less acute. And the former are somewhat narrowed or constricted where united with the latter, as in Fig. 1. At a distance of a few microns from these places of union, a septum is invariably formed. The young hyphe are often strongly vacuolate; but later they usually become uniformly granular and more deeply colored. The branching also seems to have occurred more nearly at right angles to the main hypha, and the constriction at the place of union may not be so marked. (See Fig. 2.) On the beet root a short, tufted, or somewhat sporodochia-like growth of the mycelium may also occur. The hyphe of these tufts are brown, closely septate, constricted at the septa, and often branching in an irregular or dichotomous fashion, as in Fig.3. Such hyphe may eventually break up into hyphal lengths of a single cell or several cells in extent. The individual parts then seem to func- tion as conidia, and germinate within a few hours when placed in suitable conditions. So far as observed, germination is al- ways by the protrusion of a tube through a septum. When sey- eral cells are connected, a germ tube from one cell may pass into and through its neighbor, as in Fig. 4, and thus peculiar appear- ances may result. Some of the cells of the hyphal] chains seem New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 to be devoid of protoplasm, and from neighboring protoplasmic cells the germ tubes seem to pass into such empty cells as read: ily as directly into the nutrient solution. When the germ tube is from 10,» to 20, in length, it is invariably narrowed towards the outlet from the parent cell, and a septum forms at a short distance from this outlet, as in Fig.4. Large, irregular, sclero- tial bodies are sometimes found upon the beet, but they are by no means of constant occurrence. If a part of a diseased beet is placed in a moist chamber, a loose mycelial growth soon appears, and the threads may grow out to the extent of half an inch or so. From this it is an easy matter to obtain a pure culture by transferring some of this mycelium to acidulated agar in petri dishes. The fungus grows readily upon acidulated agar, while bacteria are for the most part excluded. The fungus may then be transferred to bean pods, or beet plugs, in test tubes, upon both of which media most forms of Rhizoctonia seem to grow well. In pure culture a loose mycelial grow*h first appeats. This becomes brown in time. A short tufted growth may appear later; and usually there is also an effuse or crust-like sclerotial development. In culture the sclerotia are usually irregular in form and brown in color. At this time it is not desired to enter into a discussion of the Slightly different morphological characters which may distinguish the different forms of Rhizoctonia. BRIEF NOTES UPON RHIZOCTONIA IN BUROPH, (Historical.) The root-destroying fungus Rhizoctonia was first discovered by De Candolle! in 1815. He named two species: Rhizoctonia medicagimis, occurring on Medicago, Trifolium and related hosts; and f. crocorum, a fungus destructive to crocus bulbs. Of the brief notes published upon other species of the fungus and other host plants until 1851, a comprehensive summary is given by the brothers Tulasne.2. They believed that the several species then *De Candolle—Mem. d. Mus, d’hist. nat., 1815. *Tulasne, L, et C.—Fungi Hypogaei, pp. 188-195, 1851. 102 Report or tHe Boranist Of THE described were not to be regarded as distinct, and all were thrown together under the name Rhizoctonia violacea. In 1858 Kihn! discussed more at length certain forms of economic importance, and made known some new hosts among agricultural plants. Fuckel*? reported a perithecial form, Leptospheria (Byssotheciwm) circinans and also a pycnidial form of R. medicaginis D. C. The only claim for the relationship of these forms was based upon their association in nature. f In a similar way other fungi have been subsequently suggested as perfect stages of Rhizoctonia, but evidence of genetic relation- ship is constantly lacking. Among forms more recently described may be mentioned an oak root-fungus discovered by Hartig. It was found closely associated with the ascomycetous form Rossellinia quercina, so- that the reported rhizoctonial stage was described under the latter name. Scholtz! has described Rhizoctonia strobi, causing a disease of the Weymouth pine, and he was unable to establish any con- nection between the hyphe of this Rhizoctonia and those of cer- tain fruiting forms on plants killed by this disease. Frank® has recently reported R&. violacea as destructive to grape vines. A perfect form is reported which he names Thelephora rhizoctonie. Rostrup has also described Rhizoctonia fusca, the cause of a disease of turnips in Sweden. Comes, Sorauer and Frank have also given full general accounts of the European rhizoctonial diseases in their works on plant dseases. The list of European host plants now covers a very wide range. The following are the most important plants affected: alfalfa, asparagus, beet, carrot, various clovers, crocus, fennel, 1 Kiihn, J.—Krankheiten der Kulturgewiichse, Berlin, 1858. 2? Fuckel.—Botan. Zeitung, 34, 1861 (p. 250). ® Hartig, R.—Untersuch. aus d. forstbotan. Institut zu Mtinchen, 1888. ¢Scholtz.—Rhizoctonia strobi, ein neuer Parasit der Weymouthskiefer. Verhandl. d. zoolog. botan. Ges. Wien, 47: 541-557, 1897. 5’ Frank, B.—Ein neuer Rebenschiidiger in Rheinhessen [Ref, Centrbl. f. Bakt. Parasitenk. u. Infektionskr., 4, 781, Abth. II.] New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103 geranium, oak, onion, pine, potato and turnip. In all of the above the fungus is primarily a root parasite, and it will be seen that it occurs upon fleshy, herbaceous and woody roots. RHIZOCTONIA IN AMERICA, (Historical.) Neglecting for the present any such mentions of Rhizoctonia as have been made in “ Lists of Fungi,” or even brief technical descriptions of new forms, we find in American literature very little concerning Rhizoctonia. In 1891 Pammel! published some notes on beet diseases, and a beet root-rot was described which he considered due to Rhizoctonia bete Kiihn,? this fungus hay- ing been mentioned by Kiihn, Eidam and others as an important beet disease in Germany. In 1892 Atkinson’ found in Alabama a sterile fungus causing a damping-off of cotton, also called “sore shin.” Later he found and described a similar fungus in connection with the damping-off of various seedlings under glass at Ithaca.! The above are the chief economic references to the occurrence of Rhizoctonia in America until the appearance of Bulletin 163° of the Cornell Experiment Station. In December, 1898, the writers presented a paper on Rhizoctonia to the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology at its meeting in New York City. This paper, which was entitled “ Different Types of Plant Diseases due to a Common Rhizoctonia,” was published only in abstract.6 During the past year Stone and Smith’ have published an account of lettuce Rhizoctonia and some experiments on its *Pammel, L. H. Bulletin 15. Iowa Agl. Exp. Sta., 1891. *Kiihn, J.—l.¢. *Atkinson, Geo. F. Some Diseases of Cotton. Bulletin 41, Ala. Ag]. Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 30-39. *Atkinson, Geo. F. Damping off. Bulletin 94, Cornell Univ. Agl. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. 339-342, *Duggar, B. M. Three Important Fungous Diseases of the Sugar Beet. (See pp. 339-852.) *See Bot. Gaz., 27: 129. * Stone, G. E., and Smith, R. E. The Rotting of Greenhouse Lettuce. Mass. Exp. Sta., Bul. 69. 1U4 Rerorr or THE BoTANIST OF THE treatment. In the succeeding pages we give our observations upon the occurrence of Rhizoctonia upon various plants in America, ON THE BRAN. (Phaseolus vulgaris.) Early in August, 1900, we received a few complaints of the ravages of what appears to be an undescribed stem-rot disease of beans. A field of about twenty acres of red kidney beans near Geneva was considerably injured by the disease. The plants were affected as follows: At a distance of from one to two inches above the surface of the soil there was a place on the stem where the tissues were dead and discolored. Frequently, this occurred at the point where the plants commenced to branch. The dead part was dry-rotten clear to the pith, from one-half - inch to one inch or more in length, and usually extended en- tirely around the stem. Being much weakened at the point of attack, it was a common thing for affected plants to be broken over by the wind. When this did not happen, the whole plant slowly dried up and died. Although larve were occasionally found in the diseased stems, it was plain that the trouble was not due to any insect. In all stages of the disease the affected parts were constantly filled with a species of Fusariwm, which at that time we suspected to be the principal cause of the disease. However, Rhizoctonia hyphe were also present in a great many cases. Sometimes the medulla of dead plants were completely filled with Rhizoctonia, and occasionally it was found in early stages of the disease; but it was not constantly present in quantity. The crop preceding the beans was corn. From Phelps we received bean plants affected with the same disease and some of them showed an abundance of Rhizoctonia. Mr. F. M. Rolfs' also reports having found Rhizoctonia on beans on Long Island. *Our thanks are due Mr. Rolfs who has made a great many field obser- vations for us. Fic. 1—YOUNG HYPHAE OF THE RHIZOCTONIA. Fic. 2.—THE BROWN HYPHAE WHICH INVEST THE CRACKS ON DISHASED BEETS. Fic. 3.—THE LARGE, CLOSELY SEPTATE HYPHAE WHICH MAKE UP THE SHORT TUFTED GROWTH. Fic. 4.—GERMINATING CELLS OF THE BEET ROOT-ROT FUNGUS. New York AGricuttTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105 Later, pure cultures from the Geneva material proved capable of producing disease in carnation plants, so that the fungus is very likely pathogenic. Moreover, on at least two occasions a Rhizoctonia has been found producing damping-off among seedling beans in the green house. The disease is characterized by an ulceration of the stem at the surface of the soil and later prostration and death of the seedlings. ON THE BEET. (Beta vulgaris.) Our attention was first called to this disease by specimens of affected beets sent to us from Binghamton. A few dayssafter- wards the disease was discovered as a beet trouble of consider- able importance at Cattatonk, N. Y. This occurrence has been fully treated in Bulletin 163 of the Cornell Experiment Station, and at this time a summary of these notes will suffice. At Catta- tonk a three-acre field was attacked so severely that fully one- third of the crop was lost. Diseased plants are usually found in scattered areas throughout the field; but the fungus undoubtedly passes readily from plant to plant in the row and it has a tend- ency to spread rapidly. Cold weather or dry conditions quickly retard the spread of the trouble, and it is much more abundant where the soil is moist or the surface drainage bad. During hot weather the fungus secures a hold most readily at the bases of the leaves, perhaps because here there is moisture with the slightest rain or dew. Inoculation experiments also demonstrate that in these parts the disease “takes” well. The progress of the injury may be noted by the blackening of the leaf bases, and finally the wiltimg and prostration of the leaves themselves. The leaves do not, however, turn brown until after they have fallen. When the fungus has worked into the crown and root proper, a browning of those parts is evident, and finally deep cracks may appear, as shown in Plate VIII. The brown mycelial threads of the fungus among the diseased leaf bases are evident to the unaided eye, and after the root has become affected, a considerable mycelial weft may be found in 106. Report OF THE BOTANIST OF THD the cracks and affected parts. , Frank® and Abbey’. At first Dr. Halsted’ recommended the same treatment. Drs. Sturgis? and Stone” followed Dr. Halsted’s advice as did also Messxs. Jones and Orton. Ina later published work” Dr. Halsted says: “At best, with these precautions, many of the spores will get scattered upon the soil.” Mr. Kinney?’, of Rhode Island, ques- tioned the advisability of burning the brush in late summer; and later Messrs. Stone and Smith" took a similar view of burn- ing, stating that they had only recommended burning the in- | fected plants late in the fall when they were thoroughly dead and dried out; and that they had never seen the slightest benefit from burning the infected tops, while cases had been brought to their attention in which actual injury had resulted from cut- ting the tops and burning them in August. Following all the above suggestions Dr. Pammel® in a recent bulletin recommends burning as undoubtedly the best method of preventing the rust. There is no doubt that in some sections the above measure has been abused. =<)... 179.8 65.6 —5.6 60.0 9.19 —0.34 8.85 Percentage of gain 69.5 123.75 —17.0 70.0 123.75 —17.0 94.00 =—=—s ———Ss=a Table II shows: First, that the total yield by weight, and by bunches, of the sprayed row was nearly three-fourths more than that of the unsprayed row; second, that the prime bunches from the sprayed row were more than double the prime bunches obtained from the unsprayed row, while the culls from the un- sprayed exceed the number of culls obtained from the sprayed row. The same conditions hold in values. These results are more marked when expressed in percentages. It should be remembered that each row represents one-fifteenth of an acre; from this it can be estimated that the total gain in value from spraying an entire acre would have amounted to $132.75. The results brought out in the foregoing tables show distinctly that spraying asparagus to prevent the rust ;was not only a decided benefit to the sprayed rows but also to the grower, the value received for the increased yield being more than double the cost of spraying. At the time of selecting the above field the growth was too young to show any appreciable difference in the rows. The three side rows were chosen as they could be reached with long . leads of hose from the side of the field and in this way avoid driving over them. Later in the fall the indications were that the three sprayed rows had been in better condition previous to spraying than any of the unsprayed portion of the field. This difference may all have resulted from the spraying. In order to eliminate the advantage which outside rows usually show, the middle row of the sprayed belt was selected for keeping record 142 {EPORY OF THE BOTANIST OF THD of yield. Hence the results as shown should represent approxi- mately what can be done by spraying under favorable conditions. The fact that the area used as a basis was small, allowing fac- tors of error to be exaggerated, lessens the value of the results as a whole, therefore conclusions as to the value of spraying should not be based upon these alone. EXPERIMENT ON LONG ISLAND, 1899-1900, As the field, a portion of which was sprayed in the fall of {598,°was not uniform in growth in all its parts, another field containing 15 rows, 408 feet long, set 6 feet apart, was selected. vhe conditions and treatment of this field are as follows: The field contains thirteen rows of Columbian White and two rows Sf Conover’s Colossal, the whole having been set the spring of 1893. A new bed of Palmetto joins it on the north. The field is on the terminal moraine, the soil being a sandy loam. High grade fertilizers have been applied each year at a rate varying between 1500 and 2000 lbs. Some seasons the whole of the fertilizer was applied early in the spring after which the field was either plowed shallow or gone over with the dise harrow. Generally the last week in April two furrows are thrown to the rows after which the “ridger” is started and run every Satur- day throughout the cutting season. Before each ridging the cultivator is usually run between the rows to loosen the soil. At the close of the cutting season, usually July 1, the ridges are plowed down and if all the fertilizer was not applied in the spring the remainder is put on after “ plowing down.” During the summer and fall growing season the field is cultivated every week or two until the ground ig covered by the growth of aspara- gus tops. Usually the old tops are not removed until the fol- lowing spring. The plan followed was: First, to determine the yielding capa- city of each row of the entire field previous to spraying, by weighing each cutting; second, to spray the growth on each alternate row during the fall; and third, during the next season, to weigh each cutting from each row ag in the previous spring. New York AGricuLttTurAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 145 The cutting on this field was begun May 6, 1899, a total of forty-five cuttings being made in each row. The amount taken from each at each cutting was weighed separately and a record kept of the weighings. In this way we obtained the yielding capacity of each row. It was found that the rust had reduced the vitality of the field until it was yielding very lightly. The last cutting was made July 1, after which the fie.\d was plowed down and allowed to grow. On July 28, the spraying was con- menced, every other row being sprayed. The odd numbers were sprayed, the even numbers being left as checks, as shown in the following chart: NORtH Sehacthaa ices FOR See RU re CST Te Ree a eR s COC h es a Muchone ERA UA COUN See ENS ees . Palmetto ee ee ee TU TUCELELETELULELELELELELE LES) = ai Ab at ae tee es a PUNE eS hnice ss cane ceneeeeRatek nee re cea hnc Cuetec ate cach eneuRueaN eos muants n > = JO0'x x #4” c = of ie Plare cof Tank. ol pie! 5 Clutch Tae Bar N. eel = es ——= 5 doers if etateienes KK Suppl Carriep S wz H oe agg oe T'X2'x3 Pe Brate J O PLATE XVI.—GROUND PLAN OF ASPARAGUS SPRAYER. ‘HUHAVUdS SOOVUVdSY HO SNUYV GUNV udluuVvO ‘dwWOog ‘Monuy INOUY AO NWId TIVLAG—TIAX WLVId 7 fe15 971 Ss » bln v4 as er face ORLY ae: ee] UMAAVUdS FO MAIA UVAU— TIAX BLVId ‘CHSIVYU UUINUVO HLIM ‘Yatvuds JO MHIA UVAU— XIX ALV1d PO ce és im I ‘ddAVUdS JO MAIA AdAIS—xXX ‘“MUOM LV YHAVUdS—IXX GLVId A FRUIT-DISEASE SURVEY OF WESTERN NEW YORK IN 1900.* F. C. Stewart, F. M. Rours anp F. H. Hatt. SUMMARY. During the season of 1900 the writers made frequent visits to the orchards, vineyards and small-fruit plantations throughout Western New York for the purpose of learning what fruit dis- eases exist there. The information thus gathered was supple- mented by the replies to a circular letter of inquiry which was6 sent to 200 fruit growers. The season of 1900 being an unusually dry one, fungous dis- eases did not thrive. All kinds of fruit were unusually free from disease. Consequently, there are no remarkable outbreaks of disease to report. The chief feature of this report consists in descriptions of some new or little known discases and a few new facts about the common diseases. Such items of interest are the following: Macrophoma on apple (p. 174) and pear (p. 198); Cytospora canker of apple (p. 175); “ hairy root ” of apple (p. 177); a disease of apricot (p. :80); brown spot of apricot (p. 181) and peach (p. 192); a fall rust of blackberry (p. 182); hail injury to cherry (p. 186) and plum (p. 202); leaf scorch of cherry (p. 188) and pear (p. 197); frost injury to grape (p. 189); double peaches (p. 195); “little peach” (p. 191); nursery-cellar disease of peach (p. 194); Cytospora on peach (p. 196), plum (p. 201) and apricot (p. 181); gumming of plum fruits (p. 203); powdery mildew of quince (p. 205); cane knot of raspberry (p. 206); powdery mildew of raspberry (p. 208); and cane blight of raspberry (p. 208). *Reprint of Bulletin No. 191. 168 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE INTRODUCTION. In the season of 1899 this Station, in codperation wiih the Eastern New York Horticultural Society, made a fruit disease survey of the Hudson Valley. The report! on that work was published as Bulletin 167. Although, in.some respects, the sea- son was unfavorable for such an investigation, the results of the survey were so satisfactory that it was decided to make a similar survey of Western New York in 1900. The two seasons’ experience convinces us that the plant-disease survey, properly conducted, is profitable work for an experiment station botanist, for the following reasons: (1) It brings the station into closer acquaintance with the farmers of the State, and this is beneficial both to the farmers and to the station. (2) It brings the station officer engaged in the survey into closer acquaintance with the agriculture of the State, with its methods and its needs. Information of this nature greatly increases the efficiency of the station botanist possessing it. He learns what pathological problems most need solution and gets suggestions as to the best means of solving them. He also learns to distinguish between practical and impractical remedies. The ultimate aim of the investigator of plant diseases should be the discovery of practical remedies for them, and this end can not be attained unless the investigator has some knowledge of agricultural prac- tice—the more the better. (8) The survey work familiarizes the investigator with the behavior of plant diseases in the field. Field observations serve to check up the results obtained from laboratory study. They also furnish information which is of great value in answering correspondence pertaining to plant dis- eases. Such correspondence is an important part of the work of a station botanist, and in order that he may answer the inquiries in the most satisfactory manner he should know what diseases occur in his State, the amount of damage usually done by them, their symptoms and how they are affected by soil, climatic, and other conditions. (4) Such a survey is certain to bring out some 1Stewart, F. C., & Blodgett, F. H. A Fruit-Disease Survey of the Hudson Valley in 1899. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 167. “AWMAGDS HHL Ad GHGHAU) A4EGUMIESOER ET ™ TAKA MY Ad ; | | \ iANVDATTIV | | 2a) — A qd N A V_ Mausayooug \ ST { tt ZZ Vn we L—_L_—_D. SS=SEESSSSSSRL _Z— SH HKS=2 4 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169 ¢ new facts of importance. In the Hudson Valley survey it was discovered that the currant cane blight so destructive in the Hudson Valley is entirely different from the currant cane blight occurring in the western part of the State. In the same survey there was gathered considerable evidence to show that a destruc- tive cane blight of the raspberry, often attributed to drought or winter injury, is in reality due to the attacks of a parasitic fun- gus; and the observations made in the survey of 1900 prove this beyond all doubt. THE SURVEY: METHODS AND GENERAL RESULTS. TERRITORY COVERED BY THE SURVEY. The territory covered by the survey includes all that part of New York State lying west of a north and south line drawn through Lake Cayuga; namely, the Counties of Wayne, Seneca, Schuyler, Chemung, Monroe, Ontario, Yates, Steuben, Orleans, Genesee, Livingston, Wyoming, Allegany, Niagara, Erie, Cat- taraugus and Chautauqua. (See Plate XXII.) WEATHER CONDITIONS. In Western New York the season of 1900 was excessively dry and the effects of the drought were the more prominent because the preceding season had also been an unusually dry one. The monthly precipitation for the season of 1900' is shown in the accompanying table: PRECIPITATION IN WESTERN NEW YORK—APRIL TO SEPTEMBER, 1900. Total Station. April. May. June, July. August. Sept. feet In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Romulus ..... see .o9 -60 «92 3.63 4.11 43 10.28 Penn Yani sce « 1.25 1.06 18 Beil 2.3 41 OE HERVOTUS eovcter sc taveterels aS 1.85 2.74 3.46 2.49 2.01 3.74 Williamson ..... 1.43 1.45 .86 4.09 Zi Oi 2.56 3.30 Rochester ....... 1.68 UW AGH 2.43 3.98 2.03 1.93 15.36 Scottsville ...:... 1-62 1.52 1.95 5.05 2.68 1.67 14.49 TOC POLE: ree 21 1.78 1.42 . 94 4.47 2.301 3.02; . 13.94 Jew Segaoognc eles 1.22 M22 PANT 3.69 Pato Olas wea bes sag es! NVESEMCION rice: : . 64 2.44 2.03 5.73 1.3 2.61 14.86 ANOM, Sadnccooocc IW iO) ihe 1.23 3.40 2.52 ils (ie ake) IMMRO| CGcgoaDcoe |) Ll 1.03 27 3.50 2.48 2,807» T2416 FGUENONE, Abe GnGGon | es ALS Thre Dalit; 3.08 2.41 IO 12258 aS OU | 170 REpPorRT OF THE BorTANIST OF THB METHODS OF OBTAINING DATA, The methods of obtaining the data were essentially the same as those employed in the fruit-disease survey of the Hudson Val- ley.2 During the season the writers visited various parts of the district and made observations on the diseases of all kinds of fruit. This part of the work was done much more thoroughly than in the Hudson Valley survey, and, naturally the vicinity of Geneva was more thoroughly explored than any other part of the district. At the close of the season a circular letter of inquiry was sent to 200 fruit growers in Western New York. This letter requested information as to the amount of damage done by the common fruit diseases in the season of 1900 and was Similar to the one sent to Hudson Valley fruit growers? in 1899. Kighty-four replies were received. MAGNITUDE OF THE FRUIT INDUSTRY Western New York is famous as a fruit-growing section. With regard to the quantity and variety of high-grade fruit grown it is unequaled by any other section of equal area in the United States. The most important fruit-growing Counties are those bordering on the Great Lakes, namely, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans and Niagara on Lake Ontario; and Chautauqua on Lake Erie. The fruit industry is also large in the Counties of Seneca, Schuy- ler, Ontario, Yates, Livingston, Genesee and portions of Erie; while in Cattaraugus, Allegany, Steuben and Cheniunyg Counties it is comparatively unimportant. The fruits grown extensively are apples, blackberries, cherries, currants, grapes, peaches, pears, plums, quinces, raspberries, and strawberries. There are many commercial plantations of goose- berries and several of dewberries. Apricots are also grown to some extent. The largest and best orchard of apricots east of the Rocky Mountains is located near Lodi on the east shore of Seneca Lake. 21. c., p. 280. HOS (on 0 0B New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, wel The nursery business, also, is very large in Western New York. It is especially prominent in the vicinity of Rochester, Geneva and Dansville. Several thousands of acres are devoted to the growing of nursery stock. GENERAL STATEMENT OF RESULTS. On account of the drought most fruit diseases were probably much less destructive than usual. In many cases the expense of spraying was wholly wasted because there was nothing to spray for. Many localities were practically exempt from the common fruit diseases which are ordinarily very destructive. In some other localities, however, certain of these diseases caused much damage. These variations were due to differences in local con- ditions, chiefly rainfall. So far as its influence on fungous dis- eases is concerned the total amount of rainfall is not nearly so important as the manner of its distribution. Frequent, light showers are more favorable to the growth of parasitic fungi than heavy showers at long intervals. It will be observed that the accounts of several of the diseases discussed in this bulletin are very incomplete. We met with many puzzling things upon which we were unable to make suffi- cient observations for want of time. The field was entirely too large to be covered thoroughly in asingle season. Still we think it best to publish these observations even though they be frag- mentary. They at least furnish suggestions for further study. APPLE DISEASES.4 The heavy gale of September 12 blew off large quantities of apples. In many orchards from 25 to 50 per et. of the fruit fell. So far as the apple crop is concerned this wind was by far the greatest disaster of the season. No diseas+ has caused wide- “spread destruction; in fact, no disease has been at all conspicu- ous except in a few localities. Scas (fusicladium dendriticum (Wallr.) Fckl.).—This has done very little damage. We have observed no orchard in which it has caused sufficient injury to warrant the expense of spraying. “In this bulletin no account is taken of damage caused by insects. 172 REPORT OF THE BoTANIST OF THB The majority of our correspondents report little or no scab, but one at Castile, Wyoming Co., says that scab destroyed 50 per et. of the unsprayed fruit in that locality, and at Silver Creek, Chautauqua Co., Greenings are reported to have been practically all scabby. A correspondent at Fredonia reports it to have done considerable damage there, but not as much as usual. Lear Spor.—This is a name which may be applied to any one. of several diseases and insect injuries. It is most commonly used to designate the circular, dead, brown spots caused by two species of fungi belonging to the genus Phyllosticta. We have observed only traces of the Phyllosticta leaf spot. Several cor- respondents report some damage from leaf spot, but we have no means of determining the exact nature of the disease to which they refer. Some of it was probably due to injury from arsenical spraying mixtures, some was probably wind injury, and a few persons who reported the occurrence of leaf spot probably re- ferred to scab on the leaves. Some do not understand that scab attacks the foliage and twigs as well as the fruit.. Fruit Srot.—tIn our circular we asked for information about the occurrence of “sunken, brewn spots on the fruit.” We re- ferred to the fruit-spot disease in which small pockets of dry, corky tissue occur beneath the skin of the fruit, also scattered all through it later in the season. This disease is quite well known to our fruit growers. The reports indicate that it has been somewhat less prevalent than usual. It has occurred spar- ingly all over the district, but nowhere very destructively. A correspondent at Pavilion, Genesee Co., reports it “ very bad on large Baldwins”; one at Ransomville, Niagara Co., “ten per ct. in some orchards ”; one at Gorham, Ontario Co., “ eight per ct.” The varieties mentioned as being especially subject to the disease this season are Baldwin, Northern Spy and Rhode Island Green- ing. It seems to be the general opinion that large specimens are more affected than small ones of the same variety. The exact cause of this fruit-spot disease is unknown,® but it >For a good summary of our knowledge of the disease see Jones, L. R. Brown Spot of the Apple. Twelfth Ann. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp, Sta., pp. 159-164, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 173 is safe to say that it is not due to any parasitic organism and con- sequently it is difficult to understand how spraying can have any effect upon it. Nevertheless, successful results from spraying with Bordeaux mixture have been reported by Lamson® and a correspondent at Spencerport reports concerning the disease, “about as usual except where liberally sprayed with Bordeaux mixture nearly exempt.” Wortmann’? and Zschokke,$ two Eurcpean investigators, believe the spots to result in some way from the loss of water from the affected parts. Twic Bucur or Fire Bucur (Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni).—This disease has been scarce. At Ripley, Chautau- qua Co., we saw a bearing tree with many dead twigs; at Vine Valley, Yates Co., a few trees of different varieties were con- siderably injured by it; and in a nursery at Orleans, Ontario Co., it killed a few trees. Only six correspondents mention the dis- ease at all and of these but one (Bluff Point, Yates Co.) reports it doing serious damage, How THE Fruit 1s KEEpine. This question was answered by 64 persons, 20 of whom report apples keeping well; 21 fairly well and 15 poorly. Four expressed the opinion that apples ripened prematurely, while the remaining four gave the follow- ing answers: “ Baldwins good, Greenings poor;” “ Baldwins very well; King, Spy and Greening not very well;” £ Baldwins look well; Spys are not keeping well.” From these reports it appears that up to December 1, the time the reports were made, the apple crop as a whole was in about average condition. - As we have made no investigation of stored fruit we are unable to state what fungi have been chiefly concerned in the rotting of apples this season. Bitter rot, Glwosporium fructigenum, is re- ported to have been unusually common. i ‘Lamson, H. H. N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Buls. 45 and 46. *™Wortmann, Jul. Ueber die sogenannten “Stippen”’ der Aepfel. Land, Jahrb., 21: 663-675. *Zschokke, A, Stippigwerden der Aepfel. Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz., it; 192. 174 Report oF THE BOvraNIST:OF THE CANKER (Spheropsis malorum Pk.)—Canker® on the limbs and trunks of apple trees is common throughout the whole disirict. From the nature of the disease it is difficult to determine whether it has increased or decreased in virulence during 1900. The fungus causing canker is also the cause of the black rot of the fruit, and what appears to be the same fungus sometimes attacks the leaves. We have searched carefully for it on both fruit and leaves in many orchards where canker was abundant. Occasionally we have found it attacking fruit still hanging on the tree but the damage it does there is insignificant; its worst effects are seen among stored fruit. We have failed to find the fungus on apple leaves anywhere in Western New York." We have also sought for Cordley’s" apple-tree anthracnose fungus, Gleosporium malicorticis, but failed to find it. MacrorpHoMa CANKpR.—On May 10, we observed that the bark on some cankered apple limbs in the Station orchard was thickly covered with conspicuous creamy-white specks of pinhead size. Upon microscopic examination these white specks proved to be masses of the exuded spores of Macrophoma malorum (Berk.) Berl. & Vogl. May 12 the same thing was observed in abundance at Waterloo; May 16 at Dresden and Phelps; May 23 at Barker; and May 24 at Hilton. It is plain that the exudation of Macrophoma spores on apple limbs during May was a common occurrence. As a rule, the exudation was noticeably more abundant on the side of the limb not exposed to the sun. At Geneva the weather conditions preceding the exudation of spores were as follows: For about a week prior to May 7 the weather was cold and dry. During the night of May 7 there was a heavy rain. May 8 was very warm and with a light rain at night. May 9 was cloudy, damp and cold, becoming clear and colder at night. °For a full discussion of apple-tree canker see Buls. 163 and 185 of this Station, : We have, however, collected it on apple leaves at Bayside, Long Island, during the past season. “1 Cordley, A. B. Some Preliminary Notes on Apple-Tree Anthracnose. Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 60. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17% Even where the Macrophoma spore masses were not outwardly conspicuous it was often found that just beneath the loose outer bark, which peels off readily, there was an abundance of white spores and mycelium. The Macrophoma was found associated with all stages of the eanker (but not constantly), even with the very beginning of the canker where it was often the only fungus to be found. Small, dead, sharply delimited areas of bark one inch in diameter fre- quently showed multitudes of the exuded spore masses and noth- ing else. Since the spores of Macrophoma malorum are about the size and shape of the spores of Spheropsis malorum Pk. and differ from them only in being uncolored, the opinion has been ad- vanced that the former is only an immature stage of the latter; but we believe that the two forms are distinct species. It is true that immature Spheropsis spores are uncolored, but the colorless stage is quickly passed and when full grown they are generally colored; whereas the Macrophoma spores remain un- colored indefinitely after attaining full size. The fact of their expulsion in May is evidence of their maturity at that time, but they show no color. Moreover, Paddock” has seen the hyaline spores germinate so there can no longer be any doubt that the Macrophoma is distinct from Spheropsis malorwm. It appears to us that Macrophoma malorum is parasitic upon apple bark, but Paddock’s® inoculations gave only negative re- sults. Ifit isa parasite the lesions formed by it are very similar to those of Spheropsis. Cyrospora CanKpr.—About the middle of May Mr. Paddock called our attention to dead patches of bark on several apple trees in the Station orchard and pointed out the fact that while the dead areas resembled those produced in the early stage of Spheropsis canker, they were, nevertheless, slightly different and were inhabited by a different fungus which proved to be a species of Cytospora. The affected patches were discolored, ”Paddock, W. Bul. 185 of this Station, p. 212, 2) Os (Os 176 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE sharply defined and of various sizes from one-half inch to three inches or more in diameter and often coalesced to form large areas. These areas occurred on all sides of the limbs, and branches were frequently killed outright. On the larger branches only the outer layer of bark was dead. Scattered all over the dead areas were Cytospora pycnidia filled with multitudes of small, colorless spores and, generally, no other fungus was present. The Cytospora appears to be parasitic, but positive proof is lacking. When the subject of apple canker as it occurs in New York State is thoroughly understood we believe it will be found that there are at least three distinct diseases, which although strik- ingly similar in their gross characters are yet sufficiently dif- ferent to make it possible for an expert to distinguish them without the aid of a microscope. Of the three kinds of canker the Spheropsis canker is undoubtedly the most important and the Cytospora canker the least important. Crown Gautu.—So far as the apple is concerned, crown gall is confined chiefly to the young trees in the nursery. In this dis- ease rough, spongy, roundish galls occur on the roots. They are usually found at the crown, but may occur on any part of the root system. They are of all sizes up to that of a fist. The nature of crown gall is not well understood. According to Toumey™ similar galls occurring on the roots of the almond in Arizona are caused by a slime-mold closely related to the fungus which causes the club-root disease of cabbage and allied plants. Crown gall should not be confused with apple-root galls caused by the woolly aphis. Woolly aphis galls are smaller, smooth, hard and generally elongated rather than round. We find crown gall not uncommon on apple trees in the nur- series in Western New York, but we know of no case where it has caused material loss. Usually nurserymen discard the worst affected trees. We would recommend that all trees show- 4Toumey, J. W. An Inquiry into the Cause and Nature of Crown Gall. Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 33. firme ANS. aa % Teen, \S Vere OF APPLE. XXIII.—‘‘ HAIRY-ROOT ”’ PLATE New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 177 ing the least trace of the disease be rejected; for, although we have never seen any ill effects from the planting of affected apple trees, it appears probable that the disease may thus be spread to other fruits like peaches and red raspberries which are sometimes much injured by it. A nurseryman in Wayne Co. writes as follows: “Two years ago we planted a row of apple trees affected with crown gall beside a row of healthy trees. This fall we dug up a num- ber of the trees and some had galls on them and some had not. The trees with the crown gall made just as good a growth as the healthy trees near by, the root system seemed to be healthy and supplying the top with all the nourishment needed for a strong growth.” “Hairy Roor.’—While examining nurseries for crown gall we came across a nursery trouble of apple trees which nursery- men call “hairy root.” Affected trees have few, if any, large branch roots. The root system consists of a multitude of very small roots which spring in rosettes from the somewhat thick- ened main root, giving it a bushy or hairy appearance. (See Plate XXIII.) Affected trees are worthless for planting. One nurseryman tells us that he has known this trouble for 50 years; another has known it 40 years; and it appears that many nurserymen are more or less acquainted with it. Yet we have mMever seen any published account of such an apple disease. While specimens of it are occasionally found in the majority of the nurseries in Western New York, we have not heard of any nursery where it is sufficiently abundant to cause appreciable loss. Perhaps, one tree in each 500 may be affected with “ hairy root.” Nurserymen are pretty generally agreed that the disease shows itself on the seedlings and is much more common among Western-grown seedlings than among home-grown ones. The affected seedlings are usually rejected at the grafting bench, but sume are passed only to be discarded later when the trees are dug for market. A tree affected with “ hairy root ” may at the same time suffer from attacks of woolly aphis or crown gall or both, but in the 12 178 Report OF THD BoTANIST OF THE majority of cases neither of the latter two diseases is present, showing that “hairy root” is a distinct disease. Some think it a consequence of grafting, but this can not be true because it occurs on budded trees as well as on grafted ones. Some Yelieve that it is more common on light soils while others say that the character of the soil makes no difference. It seems to be con- fined to the apple. The cause is unknown.- Hatt INgurRY. In the summer of 1898 a severe hailstorm passed. over the orchards south of Geneva. While making some observations on fruit trees in that locality in April, 1900, we observed some interesting hail effects which were still visible on the bark. The details of these observations are given in the discussion of plum diseases (page 202) and cherry diseases (page 186). On apple bark the only outward evidence of hail injury was the presence of a few scars where the bark had been broken by hailstones; but upon removing the outer layer of bark numer- ous brown, corky spots were revealed. The location of these dead spots was not indicated externally by any differences of color in the outer bark as on the plum and cherry. PowpEery MinpEw (Podosphera oxryacanthe (D C.) D By.).— This is often very troublesome to apple seedlings in the nurseries of Western New York; so much so, in fact, that spraying with Bordeaux mixture to prevent mildew is one of the necessary oper- ations in the growing of apple seedlings. However, in 1900 this disease appears to have been almost entirely absent. We have neither seen nor heard of its occurrence except in a nursery at Orleans, Ontario Co., where traces of it were observed upon many plants. We have been unable to take a single specimen of Spherotheca mali. Rust (Gymnosporangium spp.)}—We have been constantly on the lookout for this disease, but have met with it only at Dres- den, where we found a few trees showing a little rust on August 28. RusserinG oF Fruit.—There has also been very little of this trouble. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 179 WINTER INJURY AND THD Kine Dispasp.—In the apple orchards throughout Western New York one frequently comes across trees on which the bark around the base of the trunk is dead or loose or perhaps already fallen away, leaving the wood exposed for a distance of one or two feet above the surface of the ground. Sometimes the injury extends clear up to the crotch and into the larger branches. This disease attacks sev- eral varieties, but is especially troublesome to the Tompkins’ King, or King as it is commonly called. This variety is so sus- ceptible to attack that the disease is generally known as the “King disease,” and the planting of the King in recent years has considerably fallen off on account of it. The cause is unknown; and our recent observations have thrown little new light on the subject. That injury of this sort is sometimes winter injury there is little doubt. The following case was evidently of that nature: In April, 1899, we examined, at Hall’s Corners, an or- chard which was 25 years of age and contained several different varieties. For the most part the trees were in good condition, but in a row of Baldwins, at about the center of the orchard, there were ten trees with patches of bare wood extending from 12 to 18 inches above the surface of the soil. While the injuries were commonly on the southwest side they were not confined to that side, but occurred on all sides. On two trees the injury extended clear around the trunk, but was bridged over by several strips of living bark. Bridges of living bark were also observed on some of the other affected trees. The margins of the wounds were nicely healed over. The trouble was first noticed in the spring of 1897 when the bark became loosened. OTHER Dispases.—Monilia fructigena has been occasionally found rotting fruit on the trees. We have not met with water core,» core rot,’® or Atkinson’s cedema.!" *Cobb, N. A. Water Core in Apples. Agr. Gaz. N. 8S. Wales, 2: 286-287, 1891. *Craig, J. Core Rot of Apples and Pears. Can. Exp. Farms Rept., 1896: 172-173. “Atkinson, G. F, Qidema of Apple Trees. Cornell Exp. Sta., Bul. 61: 299-302, tates Phas . ‘aie 180 REPpoRT OF THE BorTANIST OF THB ‘APRICOT DISEASES. Cotuiar Ror.—The most destructive apricot disease which we have come across is a disease of the trunk which may be called collar rot or dying at the collar. Léy. What seems to be the same fungus” has been found on peach branches. Conspicuous enlargements resembling the black knot of plum frequently occur on peach branches in this State. (See *According to Aderhold (Centralblatt f. Bakt., Parasitenk. u. Infektionskr., oils.) Helminthosporium carpophilum Léy. is a synonym of Clas- terosporium amygdalearum Sace. *The fungus grows readily on the ordinary culture media. The spores germinate freely in tap water and in distilled water; but in the latter med- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 193 Plate XXV, Fig. 1.) Specimens of this peach knot were sub- mitted to Mr. A. D. Selby, botanist of the Ohio Experiment Sta- ton, who identified them as being the same as the “ twig disease with gum flow” discussed by him in Ohio Experiment Station Bulletin 92, pages 199-206. The knots are almost invariably covered with gum. In midwinter we examined many of these knots collected in different localities and nearly always found spores of Helminthosporium (apparently H. carpophilum) in the gum. Sometimes the spores were abundant. Hyphe are not abundant in the tissues of the knots. In fact, it is not clear that they contain any hyphe except occasionally those of saprophytés. A pure culture of the Helminthosporium on the knots was ob- tained and peach twigs inoculated with it. The inoculated twigs became much blackened at the point of inoculation and there was a copious exudation of gum, while on the check twigs there was no blackening and very little gum. Although the fun- gus seemed to be parasitic the twigs manifested no tendency to form knots. In the latter part of the season we occasionally found peach twigs which were killed by the same Helminthosporium. In such cases the twig was strangled at a point from 6 to 12 inches back of the tip. At the point of attack the bark was of a gray color and Helminthosporium spores were plentiful, but there was no enlargement of the twig. We have also sought for Helminthosporiwm on peach leaves, but without success except in one instance. In the Station orchard some peach trees, the fruit of which was infested by Helminthosporium, showed considerable shot-hole injury on the leaves. An examination of the affected leaves was made Sep- tember 4. Most of the spots had fallen out, but on those re- maining we occasionally found Helminthosporium spores iden- ium the germination is often of a peculiar sort. (See Plate XX, Fig. 7.) The average dimensions of 17 spores grown on sugar beet agar was 1314x35 w#. As found in nature on the fruit and branches they are some- - what smaller. 13 . 194 ReProrT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE tical in size and appearance with those found on the fruit, twigs and knots. Sometimes the. spores were quite abundant, but again entirely absent. In short, it may be said that brown spot of peaches is caused by Helminthosporium carpophilum which is also sometimes para- sitic on the twigs; that it often occurs on the knots and some- times on the leaves, but whether it is the cause of the knots or is parasitic on the leaves we do not know. It also attacks apri- cot fruits. Very little has been written about the disease in America. Taft** mentions its occurrence in Michigan, and according to Selby” it is common in Ohio. In New York it is, as yet, com- paratively unimportant. Selby’s experiments indicate that it - may be readily controlled by spraying with weak Bordeaux mix- ture after the fruit has set. However, there is considerable risk in spraying peaches in foliage and it should be avoided if possible. A DISEASE OF PEACHES IN THE NursERY CEeLuAR.—In the win- ter of 1899-1900 a nurseryman had an interesting experience with peach trees in his nursery cellar. The cellar contained about 10,000 peach trees of several different varieties which were trenched in according to the usual custom. At the time the trees were put in the cellar in the fall some of them were wet and others dry. In trenching them in, sand was thrown over them and allowed to fall down among the branches. On the wet trees considerable sand stuck to the branches. | About January 1 it was noticed that there was something wrong with the trees having sand on their branches. It was found that in many places on the branches there were sections from one to four inches in length on which the bark was dead and black or brown. About 15 per ct. of all the trees in the cellar were more or less affected in this manner, but the trouble was confined entirely to the trees with sand on the branches. *Taft, L. R., Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 103 : 57-58. “Selby, A. D., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 92 : 224-225. Selby calls it “brown or pustular spot.” ~~ New York AGRICULTURAL: EXPERIMENT STATION. 195 The cause appeared to be a fungus, but its identity is still unknown because we were unable to cultivate it artificially with success, It made but a feeble growth and produced no spores. In the spring we planted some of the diseased trees hoping that the fungus might fruit on the dead branches; but in this, also, we were disappointed. The owner made an attempt to save the affected trees by removing them from the cellar, washing them and pruning away the diseased branches and then returning them again to the cel- lar; but without avail. New points of infection appeared and by spring most of the trees were worthless. Evidently, there is danger in throwing sand on wet trees in the nursery cellar. It is worthy of note that the sand had been used in the cellar continuously for several years. DousLe PEeacues.—Although it is not a pathological condition, we wish to mention that double fruits of peach were unusually abundant last season. On June 6 we observed double peaches very plentiful in a large orchard at Lodi. They occurred on many trees of different varieties in various parts of the orchard. Often, fully 25 per ct. of the fruits were double, and occasionally triple fruits were found. The foreman told us that he had seen quadruple fruits, but we could find none. As a rule the two parts were of about the same size, but sometimes they were very unequal. The majorty of them fell from the trees while small. On a branch of an Early Crawford tree at Rushville we counted 61 peaches, of which 37 were double and 2 were triple. Another small branch on the same tree bore 12 fruits of which 9 were double and 2 triple. Hatt InJury.—Some observations were made on peach trees which had experienced a severe hailstorm two years previous. Upon shaving off the outer layer of bark the inner bark was found to contain numerous brown, corky spots, which were not externally visible. No gum exuded from such injuries or from the wounds made by larger hailstones which broke the bark. Neither did any of the hailstone wounds show any tendency to develop into knots or cankers. 196 Report or THE Boranist oF THER Cytospora.—Dead peach branches are commonly infested by a species of Cytospora which is generally believed to be a sapro- phyte and considered of little importance; but we have so often seen this fungus intimately associated with dead and dying peach trees when no other sufficient cause for disease was evident, that we are becoming suspicious that it is, at least, a semiparasite. Young peach trees found dead in the spring and supposed to have been winter killed, often have the lower part of their trunks thickly covered with pimples. When the outer bark is removed it is seen that the pimples are caused by the presence of flattened, roundish bodies, which in color, size, and shape, resemble flattened shot. The interior of these bodies is white. They are very suggestive of sclerotia. In reality, they are the stromata of Cytospora. Eventually, they may become divided into several chambers each containing multitudes of small, curved, hyaline spores. However, under some conditions they may remain indefinitely in the sclerotium-like stage and are then very puzzling to the uninitiated. What appears to be the same fungus occurs on the trunks and branches of apricots and plums. (See pages 181, 201.) SPLITTING OF THE TRuNK.—In a peach orchard at Trumans- burg, 20-25 per ct. of the trees show conspicuous scars on the trunks, chiefly on the southwest side. The owner states that four or five years ago the trunks split from the ground to the crotch as a result of severe freezing. In the spring following the win- ter in which the injury occurred, the edges of the wounds were - trimmed back to the living tissue and painted with Bordeaux mixture. The majority of the trunks have healed over nicely without any injury from rot. One fresh crack was observed which was evidently due to the winter of 1899-1900. The trees are of the variety Elberta and were very vigorous previous to the occurrence of the injury.” : OrnerR DisHasps.—Black spot or scab, Cladosporium epeEAne lum Thiim, occurred sparingly. Wor an illustration of a split peach trunk and a discussion of the treat- ment of such injury, see Bailey, L. H. The Pruning Book, pp. 122-123. The MacMillan Co., New York, 1898 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 197 We have seen no severe case of gumming except that caused by the fruit bark-beetle, Scolytus. In September, the gumming of peach trunks due to the attacks of Scolytus was very general in Niagara County. For an account of this see Bulletin 180 of this Station. Crown gall occurs frequently on nursery stock and occasionally on orchard trees. We have seen no powdery mildew, Sphwrotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév., the past season. PEAR DISEASES. Firp Buicut (Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni.).—This dis- ease was common and did considerable damage, but not as much as usual. Lear Scorcu.—On August 12 we observed at Geneva a black- ening of pear leaves which resembled the work of fire blight, but was, in reality, due to leaf scorch. The trees on which it occurred were of the variety Kieffer, about ten years old, other- wise healthy and growing rapidly. Over a considerable portion of the tops of many trees the leaves were black and dead. For the most part, the injury was confined to about two or three feet of the terminal portion of vigorous shoots of the present season’s growth. Only the leaves were affected. The wood was unin- jured and this fact is proof that the trouble was not fire blight. In the course of about two weeks most of the blackened leaves fell and the injury was then less conspicuous. We are convinced that it was weather injury similar to the leaf scorch which appeared on cherries in 1899; but we are at a loss to account for its occurrence this season when cherries have been free from the trouble; whereas, in 1899, cherries suffered from leaf scorch when pears were exempt from it. We know posi- tively that the Kieffer orchard affected with leaf scorch in 1900 was wholly free from it in 1899. Even pear trees mingled with - the badly scorched cherry trees in the Maxwell orchard in 1899 showed no signs of leaf scorch.* 21See Bul. 162 of this Station, p. 173. 198 REPORT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE August 6-11, 1900, the week preceding the occurrence of the injury, was the hottest week of the season. It was also very dry and most of the time windy. Later, the leaf scorch of pears was observed on a few trees in each of several other orchards, and we are informed that it occurred, also, on nursery trees of Kieffer at Dansville. Bopy Bricur.—The so-called body blight of pear trunks which is described on page 301 of Bulletin 167 of this Station is very common throughout Western New York. By means of inocula- tion experiments Paddock has shown that this disease may be produced by the apple canker and black rot fungus, Spheropsis malorum Pk. The same writer observed that the fungus JMJacro- phoma malorum (Berk.) Berl. & Vogl. is also of common occur- rence on the dead bark on pear trunks, and stated his suspicion that it may play a part in the production of body blight.** How- ever, his inoculation experiments with Macrophoma malorum, a year later, gave only negative results.*# } According to our own observations both Spheropsis malorum and Macrophoma malorum occur abundantly on the trunks and branches of pear trees affected with body blight. The Jacro- phoma certainly has the appearance of being parasitic and, Pad- dock’s inoculation experiments should be repeated before it is finally decided that the fungus is not a parasite. In order to determine if Wacrophoma malorum is an immature stage of Sphwropsis malorum a pear branch thickly coyered with fruiting pycnidia of Macrophoma was kept under observation from early May until September. The spores remained hyaline | to the end of the period, indicating that the Macrophoma is not a stage of Spheropsis, but a distinct species. This conclusion is in harmony with Paddock’s observations on Macrophoma malorum® in cultures. * Paddock, Wendell. The New York Apple-tree Canker. Bul. 163 of this Station, pp. 184, 203. iT. /C, “Bul. 185 of this Station, p. 212. UNG: New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199 In May the Macrophoma expelled its spores on pear in the same manner as onapple. (See page 174.) In a paper before the Western New York Horticultural So- ciety at its last annual meeting in Rochester, January 23-24, 1901, Mr. Albert Wood* stated that he has successfully treated the body blight of pear by washing the trunks with a mixture of whale oil soap, copper sulphate, lime and ashes. We have searched for Sphwropsis on pear leaves, but found none in Western New York, although some specimens were taken on Long Island. It has not been observed on the fruit. WINTER AND Droucnut InJury.—In May, 1900, a fruit grower at Rushville wrote us concerning the death of some of his pear trees. His orchard consisted of 500 dwarf Duchess pears which had been planted five years and, previous to last year, were thrifty. In the season of 1899, 25 of the trees died, and during 1900 about 20 more of them died. The roots were dead, as was also the bark on the trunk as far up as the union. The soil on which the trees stood was a clay loam with a clay subsoil. Most of the dead trees were on three small knolls where the soil was considerably thinner than in the rest of the orchard. There was no evidence of fungi or insects. It was evidently a weather injury and probably came about in the following man- ner: The warm, wet autumn of 1898 induced a late growth which made the trees susceptible to winter injury in the severe winter of 1898-9; and some of the injured trees which survived the drought of 1899 succumbed to the more severe drought of 1900. The character of the soil was, also, favorable to injury from both freezing and drought. On one of the knolls beside the dead dwarf pears there were some standard pears which were not killed. However, in the Hudson Valley we have observed standard pears on heavy clay ‘soil dying in the same manner and apparently from the same cause, * Wood, Albert. Experiments with Body Blight on Pear Trees Twelve Years Old. Proceedings Forty-sixth Ann. Meeting W, N, Y, Hort. Soc., p. 24, 200 ReEpPoRT OF THE BovaNIst OF THB MISCELLANEOUS DuisEasEs.—Scab (Fusicladium pirinum (Lib.) Fekl.) was not troublesome. Leaf blight (Entomosporium maculatum Léy.) and leaf spot (Septoria piricola Desm.) both oc- curred sparingly throughout the entire district, but neither was destructive. No specimen of genuine rust (G@ymnosporangium) was taken and russeting of the fruit was not common. Crown gall occurs occasionally on pears in the nursery. Brown, corky spots within the bark may be caused by hailstones as on other fruit trees. The spots are not visible externally. PLUM DISEASES, Fruit Ror (Monilia fructigena P.)— Although considerably less destructive than usual, fruit rot was quite prevalent and in some cases caused heavy losses. Many of the rotten plums remain on the trees over winter. They are called mummy plums or mummies. It is important that such plums be removed from the orchard, because they harbor the rot fungus and in the spring become centers of in- fection. We have observed that mummy plums, their pedicels and the twigs bearing them are often covered with a black fungus. On the twig the fungus extends its growth to a distance of two to six inches below the mummy plum, but scarcely at all above it. Evidently, the fungus lives on the juice which the rain washes out of the mummies. Probably, it does the twig little or no harm. It grows partly on the surface and partly beneath the cuticle, causing an eruption which makes the affected twigs quite rough to the touch. Prof. C. H. Peck, to whom the fungus was referred for identification states that it is an undescribed species for which he proposes the name Coniothecium sociale. SunscaLp.—Some varieties of plums, particularly Reine Claude, are much injured by sunscald. On the southwest side of the trunk a strip of dead bark extends from the ground to the crotch, or even well up on the larger branches. In the ad- vanced stage the dead bark falls away leaving.the wood bare. With Reine Claude, sunscald is so common that this variety is New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 201 now grown chiefly by topgrafting on varieties not subject to sunscald. Cyrospora.—Plum trunks and branches affected by sunscald are almost invariably infested by a species of Cytospora. In the case of a recent injury where the bark is not yet loosened the Cytospora is usually found in the sclerotium-like stage described on page 194. The Cytospora pimples are very abundant and often occur within half an inch of the living bark. This condition is best observed on the larger branches where the affected areas are depressed and the boundary between the living and dead bark plainly marked. Such areas on the branches usually have open connection with the sunscald injury on the trunk although occa- sionally an isolated one is found; but in nearly all cases they are covered with Cytospora. On injuries of longer standing the Cytospora pimples have white tops and are more likely to be found fruiting. In the older injuries there are also occasionally found perithecia of Valsa, the mature form of Cytospora. The branches of Japan plums sometimes show isolated areas a few inches long on which the bark is dead and shrunken to the wood. If the branch is a small one it is likely to be slightly enlarged at the point of injury. Such injuries are often called cankers. They generally bear Cytospora pimples. From a canker on Japan plum we obtained a pure culture of the Cytospora and inoculated it into-six branches of Japan plum —three one-year-old branches and three of the present season’s growth. They were inoculated by first abrading the bark, insert- ing a bit of fungus in the wound and finally covering the point of inoculation with grafting wax. The inoculations were made July 6 and at the same time two checks were prepared on one- year-old branches. Ina few days gum began to exude from the inoculations and by the close of the season there were good can- kers at all six points of inoculation, while on the checks there was nothing abnormal, not even an exudation of gum. On July 21 the same Cytospora was inoculated into five peach shoots (variety Foster) of the present season’s growth in the same manner that the plum branches were inoculated. There 202 Report or THE BoraNistT oF THE were five checks on the same tree. On November 1 the five inoculated shoots were all gumming freely at the points of inoe- ulation and the wood was disclored, while on the checks there was no exudation of gum and no discoloration of the wood. It has already been mentioned that the trunks and branches of apricots and peaches are often infested by a species of Cytospora which we suspect is parasitic upon them. To all appearances, the Cytospora found on apricots and peaches is the same as that found on plums; but the apple Cytospora mentioned on page 175 is different. The above experiments indicate that the Cytospora of stone fruits may not be the harmless saprophyte which it has heretofore been considered. On the plum it probably aggravates the injury caused by sunscald. Hait Ingjury.—In April, 1900, while making some observa- tions in a plum orchard near Geneva we found that the plum branches, both large and small, were quite thickly covered with circular spots which were about one-eighth inch in diameter, reddish brown and generally a trifle elevated above the surround- ing bark. They were not conspicuous and yet easily detected by one looking for them. On the surface, the bark was smooth and sound, but when cut into it was found to be brown and corky to a depth of 1-2 millimeters. At first we were puzzled to account for the spots, but upon further examination it was found that they occurred only upon the northwest side of the limbs and were intermingled with hail- stone wounds made in the summer of 1898. Underneath the hailstone wounds there was the same brown, corky tissue. Then it became clear that the spots had been caused by hailstones which bruised the bark without breaking it. Similar spots were found also on the bark of apple, cherr>, peach, pear and quince; but, with the exception of cherry, the spots were not externally visible. They were revealed only when the bark was cut into. On the cherry and plum the majority of the spots were visible externally, but on both there were some other spots which could not be located until after the outer layer of bark was removed. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203 Gum Pockets IN tHe Frurr.—The plum like the other stone fruits is often subject to gumming, due to various causes. We have observed only one case which is worthy of mention. During the past four years the fruit on five prune trees in the vicinity of Rochester has been seriously affected with gumming as follows: The troubie begins about the middle of July. It first appears as an irregular spot of a darker green than the nor- mal color of the fruit skin. The spots vary in size, but are usu- ally from one-fourth to one-half inch across, with somewhat | indefinite outline. In the early stages the skin of the fruit is unbroken. The tissue underneath is brown and there is a rift or cavity filled with liquid gum. At this time, the discolored tissue has no communication with the pit or with the outer world. Frequently, gum continues to collect in the cavity until the skin bulges prominently. The bulged portion is circular in outline. Finally, a crescent-shaped crack, like a curculio wound, appears at the boundary of the bulge and the gum exudes. The exuded gum hardens and stands out in large drops as on curcu- lio-infested fruits. A conspicuous bulge indicates a large gum pocket. After the exudation of the gum the bulge subsides. In some cases there is no bulging of the skin and no exudation of gum. In advanced stages the skin often takes on a purple color, and one-half or more of the fruit may be involved in disease. Then the injury extends to the pit; in fact, the gum pocket may be in actual contact with the pit. Within the fruit the diseased portion is very irregular in outline and not sharply separated from the healthy tissue. Spots may occur on any part of the fruit but are least common about the stem end. The affected fruits show a tendency to fall prematurely and those which do ripen have hard spots in the flesh. The disease never takes the form of soft rot. The five trees were heavily loaded and almost every fruit was affected at the time of our visit, July 20. There were no gum pockets on the trunk or branches and no gum exudation of any importance anywhere except on the fruit. The trees were 12 years old and standing in a garden where the soil was a rich, deep 204 Report oF THE BOTANIST OF THB clay loam. Since the variety was a choice one which the owner desired to propagate extensively, the trees were cut back severely in the spring of 1897 to induce a vigorous growth. In August of the same year all wood available for buds was cut off; and in each subsequent year the trees have been cut back in August to get buds for propagation. With the exception of the gumming of the fruit, the trees appeared healthy although they made very little growth during the past two years. What caused this gumming is not clear. It was certainly not the work of any insect or fungus and probably not of bacteria. At our request Mr. H. A. Harding, the Station Bacteriologist, made Petri-dish cultures of the-diseased plum tissue on glucose, lactose and peptone gelatin and lactose agar. In several of. the cultures no growth whatever appeared. In others, a few colonies of fungi and bacteria developed, but they were of diverse kinds and evidently foreign to the disease. We suspect that it was partly the effect of the severe summer pruning. Beach* has reported a case in which summer pruning of a cherry tree caused a severe gumming of the trunk; and ina German periodical on plant diseases* there is given an account of some experiments which indicate that summer pruning of the stone fruits is favorable to the production of gum. However, in the present case there is certainly another factor to be accounted for: because an unpruned tree of the same variety in the same garden showed traces of the disease-as did, also, some other varieties there; and the same disease occurred in a mild form at Geneva on German prunes which had,not been pruned to any ex- tent for at least two years. MISCELLANEOUS DisEASsES.—Neither orchard trees nor nursery stock were much injured by leaf blight (Cylindrosporium padi). Black knot (Plowrightia morbosa)'is a serious enemy of plums in Western New York, but it did not spread much last season. Double fruits of plum were common. We found a few specimens of crown gall on nursery stock. No specimens of plum pocket "Beach, S. A. Gumming of Stone Fruits. Am. Gardening, 19 : 606. =Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten, 6 : 58-59. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205 or leaf curl (Hxoascus) or of scab (Cladosporium carpophilum) were taken. There is a disease of Japan plums which resembles peach yellows, but we have had little opportunity to study it. QUINCE DISEASES. Lear Bricut aND Fruit Spor (Hntomosporium maculatum Lév).—Correspondents report considerable damage done by this disease; still we bélieve that it has been much less destructive than usual. While.the fungus attacks the fruit as well as the leaves it is on the latter that it does the most damage. We have frequently observed that on quince leaves the Hnto- mosporium spots are of two sorts: (1) The typical sort, which is brown, 3 millimeters or more in diameter and bears at the center a black pimple, the acervulus, commonly visible only on the upper surface of the leaf. Two or more such spots may coalesce to form a still larger spot with two to several acervuli. (2) Small black spots, each bearing a single black acervulus which occupies nearly the whole of the spot and is usually visi- ble on both sides of the leaf. Curiously enough the acervuli on the small spots are somewhat larger than those on the large spots, but otherwise they do not differ. CANKER AND Buack Ror (Spheropsis malorum Pk.)—Some of the quince orchards are seriously affected with canker of the trunk and larger branches. In April we found Spheropsis malorum Pk. fruiting abundantly on cankered limbs. There seems to have been very little black rot of the fruit. Powpvery MiupEw (Podosphera oxyacanthe (DC.) D By).—In August we observed powdery mildew on quinces at Geneva and Penn Yan. At the latter place it was abundant on nearly every tree in a large orchard of young thrifty trees, but apparently it was doing them no damage. We also observed traces of this fun- gus on quinces at Geneva in 1899. It occurred only on the upper surface of the leaves and showed a decided preference for the older leaves, rarely attacking the young leaves of the new growth. In both these respects it is in direct contrast with the powdery mildew on cherry, which ig 206 ReEPoRT OF THE BOTANIST OF THE believed to be the same species. As a rule, it is inconspicuous, even when abundant and after the perithecia are formed. OTHER DISEASES. Fire blight (Bacillus amylovorus) did con- siderable damage, but less than usual. No specimen of rust (Gymnosporangium) was taken. MHailstone bruises cause brown, corky spots in the bark like those found on other fruit trees. RASPBERRY DISEASES. ANTHRACNOSE (Gleosporium venetum Speg.).—It appears that raspberry anthracnose gave very little trouble in 1900. Neither the fruiting canes nor the new growth suffered much from its attacks. y Anthracnose is much more destructive to the black varieties than to the red ones; in fact, it is quite unusual for it to do any serious damage to red raspberries. During the past season we met with an interesting case in which anthracnose was decidedly injurious to red raspberries of the variety Cuthbert. However, the injury was of a very unusual character. Knots of various sizes up to about two inches in length made their appearance on the canes. The knots were rough, of spongy texture and often had a diameter twice as great as that of the normal cane. (See Plate XXVI.) Our attention was first called to them in November, 1899, and they puzzled us exceedingly. The following spring we visited the affected plan- tation and made a careful study of the knots without, however, discovering their cause. The plantation was about one-half acre in extent, and we estimated that 10 per ct. of the canes were more or less affected. It was evident that the knots were not'caused by any insect, and there seemed to be no fungus present except the’ anthracnose fungus, which was not, then, suspected of being the cause of the knots. Although the anthracnose fungus is well known it has never'been held responsible for knots on the canes. Similar cane knots are sometimes associated with spongy galls on the roots (crown gall disease), but in this case it was found that root knots New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207 were rare while the cane knots were plentiful, and it was plain that no relation existed between the two kinds of knots. On August 16 we again visited the plantation for the purpose of studying the disease on the new canes. ‘The knots were already abundant on the new canes and in all stages of'development. 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OG GG crt LLE 99&G TIL CCP S&6 OS S¢8 OOOT Ge O8G 9ST VGP 66F JELEIE STé 86 66 CEs OOOT WG 0&9 68T TPP FPS 9ET 80G OSS OOT OSL OOOT Sone E9¢C SOL OOF SLE Ter L&T T86 6IL G98 ODOT GG late ToL S&. — = -—“~-—_— + siete! on In In fertilizer. Min In fertilizer. In In feriilieee ee Tulers. Tops. total —-——~-———\ total ——--~-——._ total —~-—~--_. é crop.) LALOR Ral (crop: iL; LE. GeV Merop. bBo ae or. Lbs. Lbs. Ess) Ds: Lbs. Tbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. bs) = Ebs:~ ips: 4776 3184 3 BR ieee LIA sche. 4p espero ed oibs. cmeetet Sorcha 500 6174 4116 46.9 20 35 14.7 40 20 53.9 50 50 1000 7428 4592 56.4 40 70 17.8 80. 40 64.9 100 100 1500 8100 5400 61.5 60 105 19.5 120 60 70.8 150 150 2000 8460 5640 64.5 80 140 20.3. 160 80 73.8 200 200 226 REPORT ON Crop PRODUCTION OF THE Table XI shows the relation between the quantity of plant food needed for the increase of crop and that applied in the fertilizers. TABLE XI.—FERTILIZER ELEMENTS IN FERTILIZERS AND IN Crop INCREASE PRODUCED. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIO ACID. PorTasH. Amount —<<— $s ————_, ferti- Applied Applied Applied lizer per Inin- Applied in po- Inin- Applied in po- Inin- Applied in po- acre. creased in L.I. tato creased inL.I. tato creased inL.I. ta yield. formula, formula. yield. formula. formula. yield. formula. formula. 500 10.9 20 35 3.4 40 20 12.2 50 50: 1000 20.4 40 70 6.4 80 40 23.2 100 100: 1500 25.5 60 105 Sak 120 60 29.1 150 150 2000 28.3 80 140 8.9 160 80 32.7 200 200 These figures make it very evident that, with the exception of the nitrogen, the fertilizers in quantities of 1,000 lbs. or over furnished the three important ingredients in great excess over . what the crops used, and in much greater excess, nitrogen included, over the needs of the crops above what the soil could supply. Such facts as these force us to the conclusion that crop production is largely dependent upon factors other than the mere supply of plant food. If, therefore, Long Island farmers, or any others, for that matter, are to apply commercial fertilizers in such generous amounts, they must give careful attention to other soil conditions, such as water and humus supply if they are to reap adequate returns. THE KIND OF FDBRTILIZER. The favorite fertilizer formula with Long Island farmers for potato growing has for some years been nitrogen 4 per ct., phos- phoric acid 8 per ct., and potash 10 per ct. The formula more nearly conforming to the proportions of the three ingredients in the potato crop is nitrogen 7 per ct., phosphoric acid 3 per ct., and potash 10 per ct. Table XII shows the results of an experi- mental comparison of these two formulas for four years. The Long Island formula appears to have been uniformly more efficient than the potato formula. As the former contained as much potash as the latter, and more nitrogen, its superiority New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227 must be due to its greater proportion of phosphoric acid, even though both mixtures supplied this ingredient in large excess above the needs of the crop. This leads to the observation that we are still much in the dark concerning the recoverableness of the compounds which we apply to the soil in fertilizers. THH NECESSARY AMOUNT OF POTASH IN GROWING POTATOES. In some way farmers have come to believe that the potato plant demands heavy feeding with potash. This view has found expression in the so-called “ potato fertilizers ” which are offered to potato growers in great variety of-name and composition, the characteristic feature of which is their high percentage of potash. Just how rational this common notion is, is a matter of doubt. Potatoes are not alone in utilizing potash freely during growth, and its probable that this crop is not greatly unlike many others, including roots and forage crops, in its fertilizer requirements under given conditions. Some years ago, many farmers on Long Island came to regard a generous use of potash as advisable in potato culture, and the 4, 8 and 10 formula was adopted. On what experimental data this conclusion rested, the writer is not informed. In 1898 experiments touching this point were begun on the four farms mentioned and the same method of treatment has been continued on the same plats for three years. The results are summarized in Table XIII. REPORT ON CROP PRODUCTION OF THE 228 6'9! ¥ 6c 8°16 6°S6 Gre $T& L001 F 08 Gcs- £16 0°66 S592 tte 6°06 9°06 0°OL G°99 LT 6r nT nT Ne ny TejOT, ‘esIvyT [ejoy, “opueyT xIVvo aTaIK ‘O06T PLT © O&T 6° CIT 6°08 O°TEL 0° LOL 8° OT 8901 0°96 E St 6° 66 $782 6°19 ‘E[NULIOZ ="VpNUIOZ = "BT UTM OF “Lae ay at 04840d mols R8OOX OT eee “006T FSS S OWE = 1:98 > TLS Ghee ONGC Gers Goes 6°66 6G 9°0 FOF Gre Gel Gg 0° OF 1-0 ¢°96 NT NT ng NY R18, ‘OSIVT ‘"[RIOT, ‘eoLRT —— —] a See a *NIVD aTaIx ee es 4 “6681 c'Fr c° SL 0°6S 6° FI 6°09 0° OF 6G OFS 6 6P Ga 6°86 6° OF : GOS “ernmioy “epnmaoy; “Bpamoy a) fief BS (ana 07B}0d WO.Lf Ssoox ———-. . ee “6ORT { sctrysnjod ‘sql OOT pur poe 9°E2 S'LS S'c0e S'OST 2 -soyd ‘sqy Og ‘WeZoayIU ‘sql OF 8 = ra ‘ae ae aes ysvjod ‘sq OL puw plow LoG FES 9'GOG F SLT ? -soyd ‘sqrt og ‘ueSoIyU ‘sql OF 868 pe fee a 2 “s+ ysejod ‘sq, Ge puw plow a4 Te Be ne 2ey. § ++++++++-qsnjod ou pus plo Lo 6°99 O'F0S G6 LET ©? soya -sqr og ‘uazoau ‘sal OF 8 GGEE O°eZL cot Oe ON nT NT NY wg ‘wloy, ‘OsaRy eyo ‘edieyT ‘MAZIULUAA “SAT ONT NI ‘par Rica = oe ane ae = ee — BUOY wag AulIdd ¥ GoOy INVId eyed NIVO “a TH1h seq tang R581 ‘SVIONUO LSAL-USVLOg Woud SLTASAY—T]TIIN Wav *s]e[d HOOTIeH pue Jol Wl Ts 6° OL 9° C06 LTE O°GT FF O6T F SLT “**SQT 0006 0O'8 G6 96L G'Ssl L°GG 6ST 8°99T “**sqt OOST L°0 F'Sor L° 190 o’st L vst G'99T “**Sd1 OOOL es Cc’ err O°SsT 6°86 8° Sor Sfertrey li “sq 00¢ b LOL ye tS1ol eg SON “R[MULIOT “UlnM Loy “e(NM IO, = “BpnuUTLOs *B[NULLoy “B[NULIOy ‘e198 10d Buea AAS OYB Od et plea 03800 TOZI[N IOS TOI : mory jo juno YT BSOOX A Ss00xq “S681 » L681 “VIONYUOT “I “JT GNV VIONUOY ,, OLVLOd ,, WLIM SHOLVLOd AO SaTgIX fO AUVNWOS—]IX WIV, New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229 In 1898, the first year, when the yield of potatoes was fairly large, the entire absence of potash from the fertilizer was with- out influence on any one of the four farms. Forty pounds of nitrogen and eighty pounds of phosphoric acid per acre without potash caused as large an increase of tubers as when accompanied, by one hundred pounds of potash. In the two succeeding years, while the crops were small on all plats, potash either in small or large proportions had little effect. It must be conceded that up to the point to which these experiments have been carried, nitro- gen and phosphoric acid, one or both, were the ingredients upon which dependence could be placed as a source of profit. Experimental results no more extensive than those herewith reported should not be taken as justifying the exclusion of potash from commercial fertilizers. This is in any case a local question. There are good reasons for inquiring, however, whether, consider- ing the capacity of our soils and in view of considerable experi- mental data, the importance of potash salts has not been some- what overestimated by Long Island potato growers. PRACTICAL LESSONS TAUGHT BY THESE EXPERIMENTS. It seems to the writer that practical lessons of great value may be drawn from the results of these experiments. In the first place, it is clearly shown that the use of very large quantities of commercial plant food is attended with great financial risk unless all conditions of soil and season are favorable. But even when the best conditions prevail, the largest crop which may be secured by a very liberal application of fertilizers is not necessarily the most profitable. The money balance from a medium crop may often be larger than from a maximum yield for the reason that the fertilizer cost per unit of production increases very rapidly after the production passes a certain point. It is only with very high priced crops that excessive feeding is justifiable from the standpoint of good business management. Again, it is well worth much time and careful observation to discover the needs of a soil upon which commercial fertilizers are 230 REpPorT ON Crop PRODUCTION. to be continuously used. The outcome of extensive experiments for four years on four farms presents good reasons for question- ing the wisdom, under the conditions involved, of applying more potash on potatoes than any other ingredient. It is now a trite statement, but a true one, that each farmer must discover for himself the fertilizer needs of his farm. Such experiments as these are suggestive, but the results are put to their best use when they serve as the basis for similar observations by indi- vidual farmers. One fact, no less important than any other mentioned, to which these experiments point, is that the proportion of available plant food in the soil is only one factor in crop production. It is not enough that a plant have within reach all the raw materials from the mineral world that it needs for luxuriant growth. Its environment must be congenial both in the soil and out of it if the raw materials are to be appropriated to the maximum extent. This means that soi] texture and warmth, conditions which are largely dependent upon culture and the supply of humus, must be given careful attention. The result of neglect- ing these conditions can never.be fully overcome by the liberal purchase of fertilizers. i ies THE SUBSTITUTION OF SODA FOR POLASH. IN PLANT.GROW TERS W. H. Jornpan AND C. G. JENTER, SUMMARY. Experiments relating to the possibility of substituting soda for potash in plant growth have been carried on during two years, with the following results: (1) A deficiency of available potash greatly depressed the growth of the plant even in the presence of an abundant supply of soda salts. .277 1.76 QnlyADItTOLEM S cor aecros ses 145 8.1 — Bis) og OB alasisy eile Ae) MOEMIM fares steve cvarnvecclsre.s 6 enal44 S116. 2. 8.0... 7.66) —.vai43 Tomatoes (1). Complete fertilizer...... oo HPAL Relay eran 47. 9.08 3.45 1.08 Ul PO UbESOMassieperiere entice cle Pah 24 478). (22Gn oe tate. GU esis AN Hut potash: . eb. k FO RTIRS Ot po. 10.) SS Pein toad All but potash and soda... 124 79.5 — 9: Seiad toouseleant Only nitrogen..... toreteleleyers 125 14 —— 02 —_—— INOtHIN G, Woteteverevelclererstee Sap oG tle .23 — .04 ——- —— —— Tomatoes (2). Complete fertilizer........ 12% (S43. © 826051 | dil. 2 7 SkO0 eS 5 on aleod: ALIS DUt: SODA vice dats ita Giclee M28 Git. 2.442% 64. 8.41 2.99 .32 AM Dut potasby.cs aye cies 1297167, 42. 2051. 8 t2e R582 30 All but potash and soda... 130 230. Ue SLi TSPAG Amiga Ay Only nitrogen..... sn codcoo swish .03 —— .02 ——- —— —— Nothing Seeereseseseeeseve 132 19 —— 04 —— ea ae 244 REPORT ON Crop PRODUCTION OF THE YIELD PER BOX. —~- PARTIAL COMPOSITION Number Fresh. oe of ———--+-—-~ Air-dry Moist- Potash. Soda. PLANT Foop SUPPLIED. box. Total. Fruit. total. ure. (K,O.)(Na,U.) Peas (1). Grams. Grams. Grams FPerct. Perct. Per ct. Complete fertilizer........ 109 249.5 AOU sD Meta O.92 2aod d49 AdlADUt SOMA... sk eee ate 110. 28050") 113 SA fonle= Guia caeoore O.aes PATS DUGISOUS.. erste vis i aete ove 111 196. 1578.9 2a 1Ga82 Soi seek All but potash and soda... 112 187. 13...) atom eel LO ue. 2p) aslo Onlyanitrozen yc eee a LS oF —— 4. 8:90.41. (1502 INO ooh nt Aone mee, Hanna err 5 wedlile! (eS 1.5 See (OnGO 2 del 2a Gy Peas (2). Coplete fertilizer.......... 1G a} SPANO) 12. 58 (Snes males: AND UGESO Ga aac ctes charcheione L1G S 213.0 20.4) oe OOL Ohta Ole ceo ST AUD UE DOLEAS Nhe sete cheeses Ae AGO 4D D=) Oats 8.86 woo e2a2o All but potash and soda... 1S W382. 40. 58. 8.49 AIG e ele 14s OnlyAMitLOSeMie tis. «.- - eeseleere 119 5.38 — Se OOmee ) OWL AG INO CIN AS ns Sie ss Beles 9 120 4.8 LG 2. Giza eM ears TABLE III.—GROWTH OF PLANTS IN THE POTASH AND 1899-1900. PLANT Foop. SUPPLIED. Barley (1). Complete fertilizer...... PL DULESOM A wee © tse ote ANTE Ut Oa S, tee ete ey All but potash and soda. Only nitrogen... «cr - INGUIN pods beau ac 0 oc Barley (2). Complete fertilizer...... PAU IUICHSO Mal eiarecte scree > MUS pubypoOtasheaees., = wees eee eeee see teee ee ee ewe All but potash and so‘la........ Onilysnitro geneween. IN OUI Snmewerscterete veoh eheis 5 Barley (3). Complete fertilizer...... Mehut(soda. Sita Lea AMP putepotashys ee. .. abe All but potash and soda. Only nitrogen.......... INC Abie" SA 55 cong 7oooo see ew ee eevecvee Yield air-dry Number matter of box. per box. Grams. 54. PARTIAL COMPOSITION SopA EXPERIMENTS, ae Soda. (Na,0.) Per ct. Ue -20 .oo i) 27 AIR-DRY CROP. Pranab Moisture. (K,O.) Per ct. Per ct. 5.66 LS 5.13 1.74 2.98 OT 7.31 65 5.80 1.88 5.78 2.13 4.46 0.13 5.68 182 5.61 2.36 5.42 .10 5.62 2 6.01 -56 6.78 .76 New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PLANT FOOD SUPPLIED. Barley Roots (3). Complete; fertilizereni..¢ isles. > CANUTE LESS OU cicrereter ere sieecle tye « ous oi DUE POCASH Ss seiner toy scasayels All but potash and sova.... OMY PENILE OS CWerayersi sy. 8) oieye's fe INOUE Des oye fo. or si cpausiel svose eer cuekecetels Tomatoes (1). Complete fertilizer..:........ PAB UPS OCA. .2) lorcxsie jexio soexeuereae« PAUL DUES OLAS yc ccreus, 0, ae aeons cree All but potash and scda...... Only MILLO LEM F2ccveiee ciereho siete er NOG IN ee ois sheh snd a eccasnayey sieves shee oie Peas (1). @Gomplete LErtilizer, < ..¢ sas.-e AMIDE SODA. seis oro ts avest oo PACTS ITO ASO ees si belage so cucherete All-but potashyand: soda. «0. Oia Tables) lke BiDlGtie po ei en INGO BINT Ore terarerctete onsets 2 Velie.) 0.0: 01.6.6 Peas (2): Complete fertilizer........... AUK ULISOM aera Ble vietelels cys Sobel JNJ OVD ES OFOLE IS) Y Sieke S Bernie Ae All but potash and soda...... OMY MCLOLETE ss ce. oe es 51> oh oo INOTHINS Se scree 6 ACSA OE OT Yield air-dry Number matter of per box. box. Grams. A. 37. B. 35.5 C. iso 10): Oe i. 7.5 F. 3.9 127 By sil? 128 6.78 129 2.30 130 1.50 13 12 132 BA | 133 14. 13 Se 135 5.5 186 2.5 137 inept 138 1.8 ASO. 1) 140 13.5 141 6. 142 38.5 143 1.6 144 Asan 245 PARTIAL COMPOSITION AIR DRY CROP. Potash. Moisture. (K,0) Per ct. Per ct. 12h AAS: 1.28 ars) 2.14 .05 Si .02 1.44 -03 2.495 .08 5.24 5.12 5.13 5.50 5.46 -ol 5.84 52 Coals, 75 6.29 4.25 6.01 5.89 6.07 .00 6.33 Atay) 5.54 Waa! 6.01 Ato E 6.3 3.42 6.03 5.78 6.96 40 6.26 .65 5.10 1.10 5.60 15 a, Soda (Na,0.) Per ct: .40 In order to present the results reached in as concise and clear a statement as possible, averages derived from the preceding tables are arranged, showing the relation between the way the plants were fed and the yield and composition of the dry matter produced. 246 REPORT OF THE CROP PRODUCTION OF THD TABLE 1V.—SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR 1898-1899, PLANT Foop SUPPLIED. Complete fertilizer.......... NOGADMOMMETCK: .staee's cle testers Potash omitted...... OD Both potash and soda omitted. . } Complete fertilizer.......... Sod aeOmitbteds: actecteicteiciovelelere FOtASHMOMUMCECU S cierc.c ecce ote e's Both potash and soda omitted.. Complete fertilizer.......... SOdaponmiltted sci. is ceererectessdorahors Rotash) Omitted. csc «i 256) - Both potash and soda omitted.. BARLEY, Yield of dry matter per pot. Grams. 69.5 69.7 30.8 41.3 TOMATOES. 44.8 62.2 13.7 18.3 PEAS. 53.5 64.7 44.4 51.3 eee TABLE V.—SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR 1899-1900. PLANT Foop SUPPLIED. Complete fertilizer.......... SOD OMILTET ss cicis enero mics POTASH moO miUhe Mer lcrerelsteuetel iets Potash and soda omitted.... Complete fertilizer.......... Soda. omitted. 2... .5.5..0.% 5. PotaShVomitteds: oc. s0 e+ = Potash and soda omitted.... Complete fertilizer.......... SOG OMI GEC Olesercic clesencletsle serene Potash VOmitted <<< 21...) e116 «are Potash and soda omitted.... BARLEY. Yield of dry matter per pot. Grams. 50.1 52.7 4.9 POTASH. SODA. SSS SS ae In per- In per- centage Quantity centage Quantity ofdry taken up of dry taken up matter. per pot, matter. per pot. Perct. Grams. Perct. Grams 1.84 1.276 1589 ole 2/41 VAS67S 71. 026 41 125 20) ee .08 . 156 2.23 92k 3.850 a 6 | Le ees Fades keane DSL 76 .08 ~235 .68 .093 2.63 .360 .81 -149 WE S3F ¢ .200 2.738 1.462 1.82 973 2.54 1.640 .80 520 OL Og a OnOn One aed lined WA EE 29 ra OP ZROTO LO Be PAINORO 30 00006 00 7 OO 4 Dee. ay ay kl) Oe fe OOO 025 Ot 6 50004 ONO On Oman 2, | a Temperagnre 400000 02 See OO as Dy ORO OrOu. Ox2 w y1ae He P Q010,0 ciecHed dbvalope Nye eTOL04050; 052010 (ment. 6 00000 00 Sy roel Oa 8270.07 02072) 1080 Y as Oo © © TO BOLOLOLOF2mNO RZ LOM ale OO Tt OVONO"O" 0706 LL MORO! O22 52 12° 0°00) 0:0. 0.0 1a OnOTO Ona. ie ie i OL Oe) Oe 3m ONO? 2) O8O0F 20 14400000 00 qe val lara ee 2 1 ONO TORO! 30:0 a 6 OEO70 alee eal! 26 00000 00 LES OMORO TOR cd! INS Ge Gb Ayso BS oneoe Boao 0 oie CEP Uy BPR eas Ah OA ASO Gk INOMOE VALVE. tie seieelets eres 5S yo ro: SOOO ote Average nuurber per day. 1st gay laee laste cas % 1s General average......... 1.07 Total number of larvee for MG OHO seococgeoa MO Ibs Beh VG ys We shh MOLTING: HOW ACCOMPLISHED. Laboratory observations upon individuals from which the scale had been removed showed that in molting the skin splits along the anterior margin and for a short distance along the lateral margins. It is then forced off the posterior end of the body by the motions of the segments. The following observations upon the molting periods are from 320 males and females kept in the laboratory. For convenience they were divided into lots as follows: Lot 1 consisted of 160 larvee born September 4. September 17 one larva showed first molt. About half the remainder did not ®Numbers in Italics represent number of laryze born when observations Were commenced. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 309 show first molt until October 1, while nearly all the other half showed the second molt on the same date. The majority of the seales were dark gray in color at the time of first molt. Lot 2 consisted of six larve born September 5. They showed first molt September 19. Lot 38 consisted of one larva born September 25. October 6 showed first molt. The scale at time of first molt was white with white central nipple. Lot 4 consisted of 150 larve born September 3. October 8 two individuals showed first molt. In both cases the scales were black. October 12 the same specimens showed second molt. .On this date, also, all of the males showed second molt and the lateral projection of the scale was becoming apparent. Up to the time of writing, December 31, the remaining larvze have not molted, but are dormant in the black stage. Lot 5 consisted of one larva born October 5, first molt October 30. At the time of molting the scale was light gray in color with crater-like depression at the center. To December 31 there is no trace of a second molt. The insect is now dormant. Lot 6 consisted of ten larve born September 11. They were on a young apple tree in the insectary. October 12 no appearance of first molt. October 26 one female had passed second molt. The remainder are dormant (December 31) without showing first molt. Lot 7 consisted of one larva born September 25. By October 14 it had passed the second molt. At this time the white central tuft still remained. By October 25 it had disappeared. The first and second molt-areas were dirty yellow and the remainder of the scale gray. Lot 8 consisted of five larve born August 25 and placed on young apple trees in the insectary. October 5 all showed second molt and were characterized by a central light-yellowish area and black band toward margin. October 7 a number of larvze were born from these females. Lot 9 consisted of one larva born August 31. There was no 310 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB indication of first molt until October 5; after which the insect became dormant. Summarizing the above: The first molts of 91 larve were recorded and the period from birth to molting found to vary from 11 to 35 days, the average number being 20.7. The second molts of 87 larvee were observed and the number of days from birth found to vary from 14 to 45 days or an average of 291 days, while the period from the first to the second molt in the case of five larvee was four days. In all cases there was no constant relationship between the stage of development of the scale and the molts. hate of growth of the scale-—The table on following page shows the rate of growth of the scales of three larve during the first half of the period of growth. None of the scales lived to mature. As the growth of the insect and its scale is probably at nearly the same rate the measurements are of interest as indi- cating the rate of growth of the insect as well as its scale. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT. The effects of temperature on the development of the scales is well understood in a general way. It is a matter of common observation that the larve are usually more numerous and active during warm than cool days. Also that the half-grown insects withstand severe cold, otherwise they could not endure our win- ters. But it is yet not fully understood whether young scales attached to fruit or nursery stock kept in cold storage will con- tinue to develop, are merely checked, or cannot survive. Also whether mature scales under the same conditions will survive and produce young when brought into higher temperatures. The following data was obtained from larve placed on apples and kept in rooms having temperatures as follows: Checks kept in insectary and office temperature 72-75° F. developed normally. Room 1 had an average temperature 35° F., Room 2, average New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3811 TABLE V.—RATE OF GROWTH OF SCALE, Rate of growth. Date. Larva No.1. LarvaNo.2. Larva No.3. Remarks, Sept. 27.. .254 mm, 4 ZS B29 7°* 80/2) “7400... “ Oct. lee, @ AS) 2 8 os Dae ATS <5S af Sek eae so2) MM. f Hae LAZO ce soot we *s Grea One BRP a! ieee ean seviny Wo 4 Sa .200 mm. se Oe 168 ss Bee. tee Be ss ss ee PEGDA S 290) & Se soG4 0 of 12 AGaiaie 4 saug | 400 “ 4 13 Gas st soGk £8 ALSiecs Wr 14 SG asa Betas ee ANS . 15 EOD) af. ROOT 4 AIS S de 16 RG D0 ate SOS i ANS) e668 SS 17 AGH ee Bp Le Ass) a6 ue 18 RGEED I ie R4aSGi ce ihe 1Oc, Sebne 0c TOU tbice BA nes ob ee) ata GOS eae boa a SA No. 2. No change after Oct. 20. eS PAL (Gch we LA aae 6s 19, ? 658 “ BACs 6é « 23 (Bree eAKia nse eset! Oe EGilem tae BATS ee be 25 BGwon hae BAe cee Wy 24 Od SATS <8 be 25 STN BBs hy 26 SG91er 5"? Rios EN es BOOde ek sAicou ie see 29 OAS Sao eee 30). LIDSy st A733 “ 38 728 “eé Noven wil. 146. “Sf wees U2 6 PENSE OP ay oA omnes No. 1. Nearly mature on Nov. 2 but no further | growth. 66 QA 491 No. 3. No change after Noy. 8. Averages. .6 = saRs v4 Sim temperature 45° F., Room 3, average temperature 58° F. The young scales were divided into lots and placed upon sound apples which were then placed in the cold storage rooms with the following results: Room 1.—Average temperature 35° F. Lot 1 consisted of twenty larve, born September 9, and transferred to apples Sep- tember 10. They were immediately placed in Room 1. In half an hour all had settled down. The following morning each was 312 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB © covered with the white fluffy scale. September 14 no change was apparent except with two larve, one of which had pushed the scale nearly off from the body! while the scale of the other had begun to turn light brown. September 22 the scales of two larvee were somewhat more dense than the others but otherwise there was no apparent change. From. this time on there were no further signs of development and by December 20 they were dead. ‘Lot 2. This lot consisted of 13 larvee born October 5 and trans- ferred, the following morning, to an apple which was at once placed in Room 1. They settled down almost immediately. Octo- ber 8 they were dormant and naked with the exception of two which showed faint traces of cottony threads. One was sparsely covered with them. Examinations were made every other day but no further development was apparent. November 17 they were carefully examined and found to be dead. Summary.—tThe effect of an average temperature of 35°F. upon the young larvée is here indicated and definitely shown so far as the larve under observation were concerned. They settled down almost immediately and attempted at once to cover themselves with a scale. More than half succeeded in doing this, but all perished before reaching the normal hibernating stage. Room 2.—Average temperature 45°F. Lot 1 consisting of 84 larve born September 4 and transferred to apples the following morning. September 6. All had settled, a few of the white fibres showing in every case but one and this larva was naked. September 8. Nearly all showed the white central tuft. From this time on there was no further development until October 24, when six infested apples (36 larva) were transferred to the insectary where the average temperature was 75°F. By October 27 a slight indication of development was apparent. October 30 the white fibres of the new addition to the scales were *This has been observed in the laboratory. It is done by a movement of the posterior segments, New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 313 apparent on most of the specimens. The scales continued to en- large slowly in this way until November 9, when the insects apparently ceased their activities and still remain dormant. Nearly all of them reached the normal hibernating stage. The effect of this temperature upon the adult females was shown by a number that were kept three months in this room and then removed to the laboratory. Within two days after the change some of them were producing young. Summary.—tThese results are interesting in showing that the young larve, although apparently unable to develop to the hiber- nating stage in a temperature of 45° F. were still able to resist this temperature for six weeks and when transferred to a room of higher temperature to continue development to the normal hiber- nating stage; also that the adult females may withstand it and produce young soon after being removed to a higher temperature. Room 3.—Average temperature 58°F. Lot 1 consisted of ten laryze borne September 1 and transferred to one apple September 2 which was immediately placed in the cool room. The scales were not again observed until September 29 when they could be easily divided into three groups according to the external appear- ance of the scale, as follows: Group 1, four larve, scales light- brown; Group 2, five larve, scales dark gray approaching black, with small white central tuft. Group 3, one larva, side black. October 3, Group 1, light-brown, quite convex, with black addi- tion to margin. Group 2 and 3, no change. October 5, Group 1 has passed first molt. The scales show characteristic light central area with narrow black band at margin of the scale. Group 2, no change. Group 3 has passed first molt. October 8, Group 1, very dark brown, nearly black. Group 2, no change. Group 3, black with dark brown nipple. From this time until October 30, Group 1 showed steady growth, passing the second molt and becoming full size about this date. Groups 2 and 3 showed no further change. ; Summary.—tn this case the temperature of 58° F. was not sufficient to materially check growth until the normal hibernat- 314 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THD ing stage was reached and one insect succeeded in reaching full development. ! General summary.—These experiments are of practical interest in indicating the temperature required in a cellar for co!d storage of trees or fruit to prevent the development of young larve or to kill the adult females, which if able to survive the cold would probably produce young, as was the case with the adults referred to on page 3138 very soon after being brought into warmer tem- peratures. This is of especial interest in connection with cold storage of fruit. It will be noticed that at a temperature of 45° F. development was merely checked and continued when the scales were brought into higher temperature, while at 35 F. none of the young scales survived. MEANS OF LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. — It is during the active stage that the insect is distributed locally. There are three principal agencies which aid in local distribution. First, the activity of the larva which enables it to migrate from one place to another; second, the wind which may carry infested leaves and twigs about; and third, insects, birds and similar agencies. The ability of the larva to migrate over smooth surfaces has been previously referred to. Wind.—To ascertain the probability of the larve being carried on foliage by the wind, 200 pear leaves were picked and carefully examined October 1, and although the larve were numerous on the trees none could be found on the leaves. Ten leaves were then placed on the ground and a larva on each. In one hour all had gone except two which remained three hours. October 4, when the larvze were numerous and active on the infested pear trees, 1680 green leaves on the trees were carefully examined and but 54 larvee were found. A larva was then placed on a pear leaf which was released from a point about 10 feet from the ground. It was carried by a light breeze about 16 feet and when examined the larva had disappeared, evidently having been blown off by the wind. This was repeated six times, the leaves New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. old being carried about the same distance each time. In every instance but one the larva was blown off, and when the leaf to which the larva had successfully clung was again released from the same place the larva did not succeed in clinging to it. Insects.—At various times from August 26 to October 11 insects that were found on infested trees were caught and examined to see if larvee were clinging tothem. The following is a list: Grasshoppers. On August 26 one grasshopper was found with four larve clinging to it; and on August 29, another with one. Aphis lion, Chysopa. On August 29 two aphis lions, with one larva caught in the hairs on the upper surface of posterior wing of each were found. Flies, Sarcophagide. One individual was found on the same .date with a larva clinging to one of its legs. Beetles. A specimen of Huphoria inda was found September 1 with seven larve clinging to it. At various times also twelve wasps, representing four species, 30 honey bees, 24 ants and two dragon flies were examined, all of which were taken from trees upon which the young larve were very numerous and crawling about actively, but no larvze were found. In the case of the Hymenoptera it is not improbable that their cleanly habits account for the lack of San José scale larvee. CONTROLLING THE INSECTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF STUDY: One of the difficulties in the way of accurate and extensive observation upon the development of this species has been the difficulty of keeping the active forms within sufficiently narrow limits. To obviate this difficulty, two simple methods were resorted to. First, the use of bands of cotton wool tied about the trunks of small nursery trees or the limbs of larger trees. These bands were placed from one to two inches apart and pre- vented the escape of larve placed on the bark between them. Plate LII, Fig. 1. Second, cells made by cementing glass or metal rings to the bark or fruit with melted paraffin. Half-inch 316 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. brass curtain rings proved very satisfactory. Thin circular cover glasses, the same as used in microscopical work, were placed over the rings and held in place by paraffin. Enough paraffin was always used to entirely cover the ring. To admit air small holes were made with the point of a fine needle, through the paraffin, just under the caver glass. Plate LII, Fig. 2. In our studies sound apples were found very convenient. A single female could be isolated and her offspring easily counted, or a single larva could be kept within narrow limits for close observation, SAN JOSE SCALE INVESTIGATIONS. II* V. H. Lown. SUMMARY. In a series of winter spraying experiments with refined (150° fire test) kerosene oil, peach trees were killed with one applica- tion of a 20 per ct. mixture of oil with water, and plums seri- ously injured with a 40 per ct. mixture. Pears and apples were not injured except by the pure oil, and then only slightly. The 20 per ct. mixture of kerosene had no apparent effect on the scales, but the 40 per ct. proved effectual in every case. Summer applications of 100° and 150° fire test oil showed the former to be dangerous, burning the leaves at a percentage too low to kill the scale, while the latter did not injure the foliage except when applied undiluted. I. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS WITH KEROSENE OIL. The experiments herein recorded were begun two years ago, the original intention being to duplicate them the following year. At that time kerosene oil was used more extensively in combat- ing the San José scale than now. Although crude petroleum is taking its place in many localities it is still used extensively in this State. Where but few trees are to be treated it is often more convenient to use it than crude petroleum, as it is more easily obtained, and in most localities costs less in small quantities. The number of trees and bushes treated, 382, is not a large one for a series of experiments of this kind, but is sufficient to give *Reprint of Bulletin No. 194. 318 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB reliable results. The treating of a large number of trees was purposely avoided in order to give an opportunity of making the treatment thorough and accurate. OBJECTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The principal objects of these experiments were: To determine the effects of winter applications of kerosene oil (1) on healthy nursery trees and (2) on healthy bearing trees; (3) to determine the percentage of oil required to kill the scale during the winter; and (4) to determine the effects of summer applications upon healthy bearing trees. CONDITIONS. Unless otherwise stated only 150° fire test oil was used. In all cases the oil was applied in the form of a spray, the machine being frequently tested to ascertain whether the right propor- tions of oil and water were being maintained. Much care was also taken to make the applications even, each tree being wet to the same degree. DXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF WINTER APPLICATIONS OF KEROSEND OIL ON HEALTHY NURSERY TREES. These experiments were divided into two series, the first receiv- ing one application and the second two applications Series I—Sprayed November 22; temperature 49°, high wind, cloudy. Weather during the week following alternately cloudy and bright, with average temperature of 27°. 1Unless otherwise stated, the trees in Series I and II have received one and two applications of oil, respectively. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT TABLE I.—NURSERY TREES SPRAYED WITH KEROSENE SERIES I. Trees: Pércent- —— a : Results. Kine. No. Age. %8¢ oil. wf APPLE: Years. Baldwin 13 2 20 No injury; following season’s growth nor- mal. iG 15 2 40 Same. ib 18 2 100 Same. PEAR: Bartlett 11 2 20 No injury; following season’s growth nor- mal. “f 15 3and4 40 Same. “6 7 8and4 100 Very slight injury to tips of branches. PEACH? 12 1 20 Within three days all showed injury, May 31 all dead. “ 8 1 40 Same. oe 18 1 100 =Same. PLUM: Bradshaw 9 2 20 No injury; following season’s growth nor- mal. “6 6 2 40 Evidence of injury ap- peared within three days. May 31 five dead, one badly in- jured lived. Us 6 2 100 Injury apparent day j following applica- tion. May 31 five dead; one, slightly injured, fair growth following season. QUINCE: 6 3 100 No injury; following season’s growth nor- mal. Series II.—Sprayed Nov. 22 (see Series I) and perature on latter date 32°. windy; average temperature 30°. 1Checks same number as in first test under each variety. STATION. 319 DURING WINTER: Checks.# Good growth. Same. Same. Growth good. Same. Same. No winter killing. Good growth fol- lowing season. Same. Same. Good growth. Same, Same. Same. March 27. Tem- Weather during the week following 3820 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB TABLE II.—NURSERY TREES SPRAYED WITH KEROSENE DURING WINTER: Series II. Trees. Percent. i . Toagads fie eae ee aa te APPLE: Tear Baldwin 9 2 20 Noinjury. Growth nor- Growth excellent. mal following season, ce 12 2 40 Same. Same. a 17 2 100 Tips of branches slight- Same, ly injured after sec- ond application. Buds apparently un- injured. Growth fol- lowing season good. PEAR: Bartlett 8 3and4 20 Noinjury. Growth Growth excellent. during following sea- son excellent. ce 10 3and4 40 Same. Same. ee 6 3and4 100 Slight injury to buds. Same. Growth following season good. PEACH: 19 1 20 May 31, all dead to the Very slight evi- ground. dence of winter killing. Growth following season excellent. “ 11 1 40 Same. Same. ce 8 1 100 Same. Same. PLUM: Bradshaw 13 2 20 No injury; growth nor- Growth excellent. mal. as 8 2 40 May 31. Upper third Evidence of slight of trees dead. winter injury. ne 6 2 100 May 31, fivedead near- Same. ly to the ground; others much injured. Summary.—Five different kinds of fruit trees were used in these experiments, including 46 apple, 33 pear, 38 peach, 21 plum and 6 quince trees, making a total of 144. This is a sufficient number to make a fair test. Summing up the results it will be observed that peach and plum trees, especially the former, were very sensitive, the peaches being killed with a 20 per ct. mixture and the plums in most cases seriously injured with a 40 per ct. mixture. Neither pears nor apples were injured with one application of a 40 per ct. mixture, and the pears only very slightly with two applications, while the apples were uninjured. One hundred per ct., one application, did not injure apples, and injured pears only slightly; two applications hurt both apples and pears slightly. 1Checks equal or greater in number than in single test under variety. New Yor AcricutturaL Exprrimenr Station. 3821 SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMIND THE BPFFECTS OF WINTER APPLICATIONS OF KEROSENE OIL UPON HEALTHY BHARING TREES. Series I—Nearly all of these trees were in excellent condition and were bearing well. The checks were of the same grade. They were sprayed November 22. TABLE III.—BEARING TREES SPRAYED WITH KEROSENE DURING WINTER: Trees. -_— Kind. PEAR: Dwarf Kieffer, Standard Bartlett, Standard Bartlett, Dwarf Kieffer, Standard Bartlett, PLUM: Gueii, Gueii, Japan, Reine Claude, No. Age. Years. PBwop bd co 12 me 0 oo 1 10 1 Two check trees for each test. : 2 Soon after this tree was sprayed it was found to be seriously affected by disease which prob- ably aided materially in causing its early death. 21 Series I, 100 20 40 100 100 Pe: cent- age oil. Results. Noinjury. Fruit equal to check trees. same, Same. Bark somewhat dis- colored by oii espec- jally on lower part of larger limbs and upper half of trunk, On May 31 fruit buds were not well set, but foliage good. Growth poor during following season and less than one- fourth crop of fruit. Ou May 31 the fruit buds were well set, énd foliage good. Growth during fol- lowing season was good, with average yield of fruit. No injury. No injury. May 31. Much of the bark discolored; more than % of the fruit buds _ killed. Tree nearly dead by following fall and was dug out. May31. Seriously in- jured. Nearly dead by following fall and was dug out.? But little injury to upper third: Checks.! Fruit. yield. Same. Same, Same, average Same, Growth good. Fruit above average yield. Same, Same, Same, 322 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE TABLE III.—Continued, Trees. a —+~ — —__ — Percent- Kind. No. Age. ageoil. Results. Checks. Yrs. European, 1 14 100 May31.. Fruit buds Growth good. well set towara cips Fruit above cf upper limps. average yield. Very little foliage except on upper third. Nearly dead by following fall. European, 2158 100 Fut little injury to upper half. Lower half. seriously in- jured; no foliage und all fruit buds killed. Nearly dead . by following fall. CURRANT: 2 100 Within a few days showed injury and died during follow- _ ing spring. 1'T'wo check trees for each test. 3 Bushes in full bearing. Series II.—The trees of this series, as those of Series I, were selected as being in good condition. The applications were made November 22 and March 27. TABLE IV.—BEARING TREES SPRAYED WITH KEROSENE DURING WINTER: Series II, Trees. a ———, Percent- 7 Kind. No. Age. age oil. Results. Checks, Yrs. CRAB APPLE? Hyslop, : 1 (’) 20 No injury. Fruit average crop. PEAR: Kieffer, 2 10 20 No injury. Fruit Two trees same average crop. age and vari- i ety. Fruit usual crop. Dwarf Kieffer, 1 10 100 About 80 per ct. of Two trees same = fruit buds killed. age and vari- Toliage good. ety. Fruit ; ‘ H usual crop. PLUM: 3 ; > Bradshaw, 1 10 20 No injury. Fruit average crop. : 1 8 100 More than 80 per ct. Bradshaw, } 1 10 40 ef fruit buds killed. Very little foliage. Tree nearly dead by following fall 1 Full bearing. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 323 Summary.—tThree different kinds of fruit trees and one variety of currants were used in these experiments, including 15 pears, 17 plums, 1 crabapple and 2 currants, making a total of 35. In all cases there was no injury to pears except where pure oil was used in both Series I and II. Plums were not injured by one application at 40 per ct.; but seriously injured by two appli- cations, and also by one application of 100 per ct. SPRAYING BXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF KERO- SENE OIL REQUIRED TO KILL THE SAN JOSE SCALBD WHILE HIBERNATING. : Series I—The trees were sprayed November 21. Weather cloudy and windy, temperature 42°. During the following week the weather varied from cloudy to clear with an average tem- perature of 28°, TABLE V.—PERCENTAGE OF KEROSENE REQUIRED TO KILL HIBERNATING San Jose SCALE: Series I. Trees. Per- : as eee —- cent- Degree of Kind. No. Age. age infestation. Results. Checks. Vara oil. PEAR; 3814 20 Badly infested; Scales appar- Scales but J incrusted on ently not af- little affected some parts, fected by the by winter. oil, May 81 and Larvae a- later, bundant dur- ing follow- ing season, Bartlett, 4110: 20 Majority of No effect upon Same, : trees badly in- the scales. fested, others moderately. Bartlett, 410 40 All badly infest- May 31. Scales Same. ed; incrusted in dead; three places. trees not in- jured; one tree slight yellowing of leaves. Bartlett, 110 100 Well infested. May 31. Scales Same, dead. No injury to tree except bark on lower limbs and upper part of trunk ~ slightly injured, but not serious- - ly. 324 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB TABLE V—Continued. Trees Per- — -— cent- Degree of Kind. No. Age. age infestation. Results, Checks. yaa oil. . PEACH: 4 Old 20 Nearly dead with May 31. Trees Scales but scale. Incrust- dead, and as a _ little affected ed on trunk and result, scales by winter. nearly alllimbs. dead also. Larvae a- bundant dur- = ing follow- ing season, PLUM: Lombard, 1 8 40 Badly infested. Scales dead. No Same. apparent injury to tree. ° SWEET ee Curerry: 112 40 Inecrusted on May 31. Scales Same. trunk and low- dead. Tree un- er limbs. injured. Series II—The trees were sprayed November 21 and March 17. Weather bright on latter date, temperature 20. Weather during following week bright. Average temperature 29. TABLE VI.—PERCENTIAGE OF KEROSENE REQUIRED TO KILL HIBERNATING San JosE ScaLeE: Serres II. Trees. Per- ze at Kind. No. Age. tage tiation) * Results. Checks. Yrs. oul. PLUM: Reine j Claude 1 8 40 Badly infeste@. June 29. Scales Scales not Inerustedon dead. much affect- lower limbs ed by win- and trunk. ter. Larve abundant. Reine : A 20 Badly infested. June 29. Scales Scales not af- Claude ‘1 8 } 15 , not affected. fected by winter. Lar- ve abub dant. SWEET CHERRY: 1 * 100 Moderately in- June 29. Scales fested. dead. Tree somewhat in- jured. Summary.—These experiments included 58 pear, plum, peach and sweet cherry trees. All of them were sufficiently infested v 1Sprayed with 20 per ct. in late November; with 15 per ct. in early Decemben *Bearing. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 325 to give definite results. It will be noticed that although 49 out of 58 trees were sprayed with 20 per ct. kerosene the scales were not killed in any instance except one, and that was on four peach trees that were killed by the oil and the scales died with them. In every case where 40 per ct. and higher percentages were used the scales were killed. SPRAYING BXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF SUMMER APPLICATIONS OF KEROSENE OIL UPON HEALTHY BEARING CANES AND BUSHES. In these experiments two grades of kerosene oil, 100° and 150° fire test, were used, as follows: Series Ia.—In this test 100° fire test oil was used on healthy, bearing gooseberry and currant bushes and pear and apple trees. Two applications were made, the first on April 27 and the second on May 5. On the former date the weather was bright with slight wind. Temperature 62°. The average temperature during the week following was 64°. On the latter date the weather was hazy, partially cloudy, slight wind, temperature 56. Average temperature during the week following 61°. TABLE VII.—BEARING BUSHES SPRAYED WITH 100° F'IrE-Test KEROSENE. Bushes. sa ee a age Results. Checks. in 0. oil. GOOSE- BERRIES: 27 varieties, 27 25 Burning of foliage varied from Two to 5 one-fifth to three-fourths, in- bushes. of jured leaves dropped early, each variety. thus weakening bushes; latter Nearly all wintered poorly; about half died wintered next spring. well. CURRANTS! eit un § 15 Foliage slightly burned inallcases; Four bushes 5 varieties, 10 ) 95 bushes uninjured. of each vari- ety. UT wo bushels of each variety sprayed; 15 per ct. oil first application, 25 per ct.-second. 326 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE The following experiments with pear and apple trees included but one application of oil. The apples were sprayed May 4 and 5. The weather was bright, slight wind, temperatures May 4, 54°, May 5, 56°. Average temperature during the following week 60°. The pears were sprayed May 12. ‘The weather was bright with a strong wind. Temperature 64°. Average tem- perature during the following week 55°. TABLE VIIIL—BEARING APPLE AND PEAR TREES SPRAYED WITH 160° FIRE-TEST KEROSENE. Trees. Sem eR RE ne 7 ak gt eh aaa auch Results. Kind No. Site APPLE: Greening and 10 15 May 9 small percentage of leaves killed. Baldwin. Greening and 16 25 May 9 a little less than one-third of leaves Baldwin. killed. Greening and 17 40 May 9 from one-third to one-half of leaves Baldwin. killed. Bark somewhat discolored near base of larger limbs. Greening and 10 60 May 9 about two-thirds of leaves killed. Baldwin. Bark discolored on many of the limbs. Greening and 10 100 Nearly all of the leaves killed. Also some Baldwin. of the small branches. The bark on the large limbs and trunk injured in spots but not enough to seriously affect the tree. All of the trees put out new foliage. DWARF PEAR: : Principally Bart- 40 15 No injury to leaves.or bark except in a few lett. cases where the nozzle was held in one place too long. ‘This injury was very slight. Series Tb.—In these experiments 150° fire-test oil was used on healthy, bearing apple and pear trees. One application was made on one lot of apples on June 4 and 5, and on another lot June 10. Weather cloudy, wind mild, temperature 66°. Aver- age temperature during week following 73°. 1Full size trees. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oat Trees. TE aa Lb Sey Results. Kind. No. pte APPLE: Principally Bald- 10 20 No injury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 3 15 Noinjury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 2 25 Noinjury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 2 40 Noinjury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 1 50 -No injury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 1 60 No injury. win and Green- ing. Principally Bald- 1 100 Slight burning of the foliage. win and Green- ing. PEAR: Dwarf Bartlett. 4 15 Noinjury. Dwarf Bartlett. 4 25 Very slight burning of foliage on wind- ward side. Summary.—These experiments show, principally, the difference between the 100° and 150° oils in their effects on apple and pear trees. The former injured the foliage in all cases, even with 15 per ct., and when used at 60 per ct. and above seriously injured the bark as well. The 150° oil did not injure the trees except when used pure, when the foliage was slightly burned. GENERAL SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. The results taken as a whole indicate that peach and plum trees are more susceptible to injury by kerosene oil than apple and pear trees. Peach trees were the most sensitive, being killed by the lowest percentage (20 per ct.) used. The experi- ments to determine the percentage of high grade oil required to kill the scales showed very definitely that a 20 per ct. mixture had practically no effect, but that a 40 per ct. mixture killed the scales in every case. Kerosene oil of 100° fire test proved dan- gerous to apple foliage at a percentage as low as 15, while 150° 1Trees in full bearing. 3828 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THD oil did not injure the foliage except when used pure and then only slightly. So far as could be ascertained, temperature and weather conditions had little effect on the results, as the effects of Spraying were practically the same under varying conditions of heat and cold, sunshine and cloudy skies. The results of these experiments are also sufficiently definite to indicate that kerosene oil may be used during the winter on apple and pear trees at a percentage (40 per ct.) strong enough to kill the scale without endangering the tree; but that it is imprac- ticable for use on peach trees and dangerous to plum trees. II. METHODS OF COMBATING THE SAN JOSE SCALE. There are two principal methods of combating the San José scale in the orchard: First, fumigating the infested trees with hydrocyanic’acid gas; and second, spraying with some caustic substance that will penetrate the scale and kill the insect beneath or seal it over so firmly as to entirely smother it. FUMIGATION. Y Fumigation is practicable only for comparatively small trees that can be safely cut back to about twelve feet in height and about eight feet in diameter. Either a tent or a canvas box may be used. The former is likely to be unsatisfactory because of the difficulty in accurately estimating its cubic contents and the trouble involved in handling. The box fumigator avoids these difficulties and if not too large is more satisfactory. A modifica- tion of the box type has been used by Prof. W. G. Johnson? with reported success. It consists of a box which is let down over the top of the tree by means of a mast and pulley. The top of the box consists of a canvas hood which adjusts itself to the height of the tree. The cubic contents of the rigid part of the box can be easily ascertained and the cubic contents of the extended hood estimated. 1A form of box fumigator is described in Bulletin 181 of this Station. 21). S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., Bul, 20, n. ser., pp. 43-45. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 329 The amount of cyanide to use—The amount of cyanide to use depends upon the strength required and the size of the tent or box. For fumigating orchard trees in winter use 0.3 gram of cyanide per cubic foot of space inside the tent or box. For example, suppose a tree is to be fumigated with the box fumi- gator described in our Bulletin No. 181. This fumigator meas- ures 10x6x6 feet. It contains, therefore, 360 cubic feet. We wish to use the gas at a strength of 0.3 gram of cyanide per cubic foot. The amount of cyanide required would then be -360x0.8—=108.0 grams? or 3.51 02. After reducing to ounces use one and one-half times as many fluid ounces of sulphuric acid as cyanide, and one and one-half time as much water as acid. This would make the formula for fumigating a tree in a 10x6x6 ft. fumigator with gas containing 0.38 gram of cyanide per cubic foot as follows: Cyanide of potassium 98-994 pure.......... 8.51 oz. avoir. SSUUMNUIPIG = ACIO™” “ca-csteterecee wiciste oie cielk esis le eiele cere 5.27 fle 07. WAAC PF crsloicte, 510 Wie ciskate. chine hbehn a: A atoow acl oho etobelereke (E90 es The exact amount of acid is not important. A small fraction of an ounce will make no difference. In this case 5 oz. would answer the purpose or if preferred 54 oz. could be used. Like- wise eight ounces of water could be used in place of 7.9 ounces. The water should first be placed in the generating dish, which should be a flat-bottomed, open dish, preferably earthenware, the acid being added slowly. When all is ready, drop the cyanide into the dish. A very convenient way to handle the cyanide is to measure it out in small Manila paper bags and when ready to set off the charge drop the bag with the cyanide into the acid. Cyanide of potassium can usually be had for about 33 cts. a pound and commercial sulphuric acid by the carboy (about 12 gal- lons) at 14 cts. a pound. At these prices the cost of the chem- icals to fill the above fumigator with gas containing 0.38 gram of cyanide per cubic foot would be about 7} cts. ®One gram is equivalent to .03257 oz. avoirdupois, 330 REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THB Caution.—Cyanide of potassium is a deadly poison and hence should be properly handled and labeled. When exposed to the air for a few hours it absorbs moisture; it should therefore be kept in a tight box in a dry place. UHydrocyanic acid gas is also very poisonous and hence, when fumigating, the operator should be careful that the tent or box has aired for a few minutes before he goes inside. ¥ SPRAYING A large number of mixtures have been tested with a view to ascertaining a satisfactory wash to destroy the.scale. At present three are considered the most satisfactory here in the East, namely, kerosene oil, crude petroleum and whale-oil soap solution. A discussion of kerosene oil is given in the first part of this bulletin. Crude petroleuwn.—Crude petroleum can be obtained from any dealer in kerosene oil. The quality that seems to determine its value as a safe insecticide is its specific gravity which should not be less than 438° (Beaumé oil scale) at 60° F. Oils of lower specific gravity have been found to be more dangerous to the trees. Method of application—Crude petroleum may be applied pure or mixed with water by means of a machine especially designed for the purpose. In either case care should be taken not to apply too much. The object of the spraying should be to cover every part of the tree above ground with as thin a film of oil as possible. If it is mixed with water by means of the pump, use at least 40 parts of oil to each 60 parts of water making a mix- ture containing 40 per ct. oil. When to apply.—ULate. winter or early spring is probably the best time to apply the oil but more experiments are needed to deter- mine this point. In any case it will be better not to apply it after the buds have begun to swell; for although this has been done in some cases without apparent injury, in others it has ruined the trees. Summer application should be avoided. Care should be taken not to put too much on the trees and to make New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. sol the applications uniform. The spray should be applied until the trees begin to drip slightly. Caution—Peach and Japan plum trees are more liable to injury by crude petroleum than either European plums or pears and apples. It is also to be borne in mind-that the full extent of the effect of the oil on the tree is not always apparent the first season—but may require a second season to show the full extent of the injury if there is any. Whale-oil soap.—Whale-oil soap is one of the safest insecticides that can be depended upon to kill the scale. A caustic soda soap is preferable to a caustic potash soap. Although the price fluct- uates somewhat it can usually be obtained in 100 pound lots at about 44 cts. a pound. The soap should be dissolved in hot water using two pounds to the gallon, and should be applied to the trees as hot as possible. The treatment should be made during the winter. REPORT OF THE Horticultural Department. S. A. Beacu, Horticulturist. WENDELL Pappock,! Assistant. HeInRIcCH HASSELBRING,? Assistant. TAREE OF CONTENTS. ri Fumigation of nursery stock. II. The New York apple-tree canker—Second report. Ill. Spraying in bloom, ™Resigned September 15, 1900. ? Appointed November 1, 1900. FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK.* S. A. BEaca. INTRODUCTION. The best known way of killing San José scale on dormant nurs- ery stock is by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas! This _treatment is valuable not only against San José scale but against all scale insects which do not winter in the egg stage. It will doubtless also check the spread of some other kinds of injurious insects which are liable to be distributed on nursery stock. Plain directions for fumigating Gormant nursery stock with hydrocyanic acid gas will first be given, after which suggestions will be made as to the location and construction of fumigation _ houses or chambers. APPARATUS, MATERIALS AND METHOD. THE EQUIPMENT. The things needed for fumigating nursery stock with hydro- cyanic acid gas are: (1) The chemicals; (2) a suitable dish in which to mix them; and (3) an air-tight box or chamber to hold the stock while it is being fumigated. CAREFUL WORKMEN NEEDED. It is not hard to kill the San José scale; the difficulty is to kill it without injuring the plant upon which it is living. The scale insect is fastened immovably to the plant with its mouth parts stuck into the bark so that it may suck the plant juices which constitute its food. It cannot be given poison in its. food, but must be killed by something which comes in contact with its *Reprint of Bulletin No. 174. ‘This substance is commonly known in liquid form by the name “prussic acid.” 336 Report oF THE HortTIcULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE body. Exposing it to hydrocyanic acid gas kills it if the fumiga- tion is properly done. Too great an amount of the gas will injure the plant. If the gas is too weak or the time of exposure too short, the scale insects may not all be killed. It is very impor- tant, therefore, that the work be done only by intelligent and careful workmen. DANGER TO HUMAN LIFE! But there is a still stronger reason for keeping this work always under the direction of a competent person, and that is because hydrocyanic acid gas is most deadly poison. One full breath of it may at once stop the action of the heart. No Perct. No. Per ct. Whole number of clusters examined........... stele ah dg2 143 Ghisters whieh) Sebsno! Lriibei.s sc) cele s sic cleveleisieke cre elon 108 82 2 I MkuStersmwHichwsetya Ter wi ties: chi wice ele Silos euetorentiete che 18, a4 “Sir 26 Chustersiswhich set. 2 fruilise sco. ecrecuseeea ee alate 6 4 AT Gres Chustersmwhieh ‘setess ErWits ie oye Ge cieieredetetsis cierto ce enelets 0 0 44 381 Clusters which =setr4y fruits s <.rseiciers olelers eter «leks iene 0 OFFS & Clusters) which cet Mowiriiitsyrs we erncrseic wera cvere etorehere) aisle 0 0 2 h Average number of fruits per 100 clusters cn June2.. 23 2211 It was intended that the yield of ripe fruit from branches sprayed in bloom should be compared with that from the cor- responding branches which were not so treated. Towards the close of the season there was but very little fruit on the branches which were sprayed in bloom while on the other branches there remained a fairly good crop of fruit. The severe wind storm of September 11 and 12 blew off nearly all of the fruit and the windfalls of one side of the tree could not be separated from those of the other side so that the final record of the yield could not be taken. An apple tree of Reinette de Caux which had been top- worked to this variety eighteen years ago was treated accord- ing to the plan stated above. Its height was about the same as that of the McIntosh tree. Its blossom buds were extremely abundant and uniformly distributed. One-half of the tree was sprayed in bloom on the dates given below. The opposite side was left unsprayed during the blooming season. REINETTE DE CAUX SPRAYED REPEATEDLY WHILE IN BLoom. Date of eet nent. Condition of Bloom. May 15.... First blossoms opening. Some clusters have from one-third to one-half of their May 16....{ blossoms open. About 40 per ct. of all blossoms are now open. a ee Probably from 60 per ct. to 75 per ct. of blossoms are now open. Tree is practically in full bloom. The petals of the first May 19.... \ itosennda to open are not yet falling, 390° Report OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THB Date of Treatment. Condition of Bloom. Probably one-third of the blossoms have already dropped May) 21.5. . ‘ their petals. May 22.... Petals rapidly falling. May 238.... Ditto. Probably 95 per ct. of the blossoms have dropped their May 24.... petals. pe Tree is practically out of bloom. Perhaps a dozen blos- | sities are still in bloom. An occasional blossom may still be seen. No spraying of this tree in bloom was made afier this date, May 25.... May 26.... On June 2 typical branches were selected and a record was made of the number of fruits which were found in the same way as was done with the McIntosh tree. The results are sum- marized in the following statement of the number of fruits which set on typical branches sprayed repeatedly in bloom com- pared with the number which set on typical branches which were not sprayed in bloom. TABLE X.—FRUIT-SETTING ON TYPICAL BRANCHES OF REINETTE DE CAUX. Sprayed repeatedly in NT eon Pra Mt paren (nites GEnee Whole number of clusters examined........... 217 169 Clusters whichiset MOMErUMi. cree icele eclee crete 207 95 9 5 Clusters, which eset a tEUiGpare jeter els e/sfeieleyohe sient ais) 6 8 4 24 14 Clusters) which sety2cGruts eye cree se ecerepenere eraser 2 1 61 37 CluStersi which Sets weruiltsey ecleisteleis ere creuctete etal 0 0 de ol Clusters which setc4yirul tsi yieae steele) ae eicotieletels ole 0 0 18 11 Clusters hil Chasets OweELUllSe ts sverrsle i eleeuel ier sverciete 0 0 4 2 Average number of fruits per 100 clusters on Aji Mas onsisooopugs Sete SIRs cha Cidade ese callers. avahe 6 : Dao The record of the yield of ripe fruit for the treated and untreated sides of this tree cannot be given because the wind- storm of September 11 and 12 mingled the wind falls from the different branches so that no accurate separate records could be made. All through the season this tree furnished a most striking object lesson of the effect which spraying in bloom may have upon the yield of fruit. The half of the tree which was sprayed repeatedly during the blooming season ripened prob- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391 ably less than a peck of fruit. The opposite side which was not sprayed in bloom bore a very heavy crop; so heavy, in fact, that the windstorm referred to broke down the limbs on that side and ruined the tree. A Fall Pippin apple tree was selected for a similar test anda corresponding tree of the same kind which appeared to have about the same amount of blossom buds, was chosen for com- parison. ‘These trees were 50 years old. The top branches could not be reac — with the spray well enough to insure thorough application to the blossom clusters, accordingly only the lower parts of the tree which could be readily reached with the extension rods used in applying the spray, were included in the test. The dates on which the treatments were made appear in the following statement. FALL PIPPIN SPRAYED REPEATEDLY WHILE IN BLOOM. Date of treatment. Condition of bloom. May 16:).5.. About 12 per ct. of the blossom buds are now open. None but the center blossoms have yet opened. May 17.... None but center blossoms have yet opened and not all of these are open. May? 19) 3c Rain yesterday prevented spraying. Perhaps 20 per et. to 25 per ct. of all blossom buds are now open. Mav eaieiss « Probably 75 per ct. of blossom buds have opened. But few clusters have all blossoms open. May 22. May 23 sire 24 May The petals have fallen from about one-half of the blos- soms. May 25.... The petals have fallen from about three-fourths of the blossoms. May 26.... May 27:... The petals have fallen from perhaps 90 per ct. to 95 per et. of the blossoms. No further spraying in bloom was done to this tree. On June 4, typical branches from this tree and from the corre- sponding tree which was not sprayed in bloom were compared, and the following records of the fruits which were found were taken in the way described above for McIntosh. Plate LVI, Fig. 1, shows a cluster of Fall Pippin sprayed in bloom while a corresponding cluster from the Fall Pippin which was not 392 RppPoRT OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THD sprayed in bloom is shown in Fig. 2. The following table shows the number of fruits which set on typical branches sprayed repeatedly in bloom compared with typical branches not sprayed in bloom, TABLE XI,—FRUvIT-SETTING ON TYPICAL BRANCHES OF FALL PIPPIN. Sprayed repeatedly Not Spep eet in in bloom. oom. No Per ct. No. Per ct. Whole number of clusters examined.... 235 218 Clusters: which Setenov LEU bs. ccles © Art hi0 OP MOT WAM (Arne PAA LAUTAN WANT TAL WN As IAG At Ae a AO ianes WSMEIRAY POM sO; AO NOM A AINA TAUBAN ATA A An Ay. AUaIAN JAlr Alm Gals A Ve Se WAS. Si Bie Ay TAG Ay Ar A) GAT TA ANAL ACA MAT AA are Nansen: At AL GAL WA) SAG WAL UAW AR Am AETAL Ar eA EA WA mIAMSIAs ACA na A NERO Wwaloy were not sprayed in bloom are marked o. The trees thus indi- eated are all of the Hubbardston variety. Treatment—In all treatments Bordeaux mixture, 1-to-10 formula, and Paris green, 1 lb. to 160 gallons, were used. The trees in Rows 2 and 3 were first sprayed in part May 14; at this time the blossom buds had appeared but no blossoms were open. They were sprayed May 14 on one side and on the opposite side May 21. On the latter date the buds were far enough along to show the color of the flower but no blossoms were yet open on these trees, although Oldenburg had been in bloom since May 16. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399 On May 24 the blossoms were well open and the trees in row 4 were then sprayed very thoroughly so as to hit as many of the open blossoms as possible. Immediately after the blossoms had fallen, May 31, the trees in Row 2 and 3 were sprayed on the west side only and on June 6 they were sprayed on the east side only. The weather conditions did not appear to favor the development of the scab fungus and no spraying was done after this. The treatment given to these Hubbardston trees for the season may be thus stated. Rows 2 and 3—sprayed just before blooming and just after - blooming. i Row 4—sprayed just after coming into full bloom. Effect of the spray upon the open blossoms.—Soon after the fruit set a comparison of those trees which had been sprayed in bloom with those not so sprayed showed very clearly that many blos- soms had been killed by the spray. Although the bloom was so abundant that the loss of these blossoms could not be expected to make much difference in the yield of fruit yet at the close of the season the record of the yield actually showed less fruit on the average where the trees were sprayed in bloom than where they were not. With the assistance of Mr. Bradley the following estimate of the amount of bloom on each tree was made May 24. Row 2: Not sprayed Row 3: Not sprayed Row 4: Sprayed in in bloom. in bloom. t bloom. No. 15 heavy. No. 15 heavy. No. 15 heavy. No. 17 heavy. No. 16 medium. ' No. 16 medium, No. 18 heavy. No. 18 heavy. ' No. 18 heavy. No. 19 heavy. No. 19 heavy. i No. 19 heavy. No. 20 heavy. An idea of the climatic conditions during the spraying season in Niagara County at Lake Road as compared with those in Ontario County at Geneva may be obtained from the following table. The observations for Niagara County were made free of charge by Mr. H. A. Van Wagoner, to whom our thanks are due for this favor. The table shows the average of three daily read- ings of maximum and minimum thermometer, relative humidity, 400 Report oF THE HorRTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE and also the amount of rainfall at Lake Road and Geneva for 7 weeks—May 12 to June 29. TABLE XIV.—PaRTIAL METEOROLOGICAL RECORD, LAKE ROAD AND GENEVA, May 12-JuUNE 29. Date. Average Average Average Total max. * min. humidity. rainfall. LAKE ROAD, Mpy ela US ac ate dec etwas nee ee 6 Cal 48 76 0.33 Mis yom opie one ieemmrab alee wale 69 45 63 0.02 IMiaive2G—PUme de ctevsvoyemsnie > tiseisicve 74 dl (7 0.25 PMNS Hy PAR Ole ale tare asain! ope teiencie avers 74 5d 80 0.53 DMM! VOMIT. Wee OPE ale ok 74 dL 73 0.17 DUNE UGH 2 2 axe staisy sivaralore cosy wes Sass. 74 51 68 0.15 PUNE ZI—ZO Ses tetateierscesereies ciel erste 84 59 3 0.06 Total ASV ELA LSTA i588 oo cisel selene ees 74.3 51.4 71.4 1.51 GENEVA, Mary gl 2S 5 oii seecersheke iat Nicpereterererayeca 76 51 65 0.72 INRA ALO iyietey sveuelorerehiciare st eteneienal eye 70 48 56 0.00 IMiaivarcG—OiUIMe wl. cle vie'siete sic. ete «ele 78 48 63 0.62 UTC Ook =< Elsie o onereieiers eokars : 80 55 67 0.65 Awe Colo ogocdcone godocon 5 . UC 50 61 0.11 Hii Peas ge geo gooonaboUesC 80 54 D3 0.05 RTE) SSO oa alias areal ote oento: eloleiale:s : 88 60 53 0.14 Total INVERNESS. "G5.6 0b COO OD COO CISD. OOC 78.4 52.3 59.7 2.29 It is interesting to note that while the rainfall was greater at Geneva the average humidity was decidedly less and the tem- perature was higher and subject to somewhat greater extremes at this place than it was at Lake Road. The conditions during the summer remained favorable to the healthy development of foliage and fruit except that the drought was severe. High winds at different times, and especially the wind storm of September 11 and 12, caused the loss of a con- siderable amount of fruit. Yield of fruit—In order to get as accurate a record as possible of the effect of the spraying in bloom upon the yield even the windfalls which were unfit for any use were measured and the record of the amount of this fruit for each tree was included in making the statement of the total yield of fruit per tree. On New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 401 October 18, the crop of fruit was gathered. The picked fruit was sorted into but two grades, namely barrel-fruit and culls. The apples were quite free from scab and insect injury. Some fruits had been attacked by late brood codlin moth, but the greater part of the culls consisted of apples which were too small to barrel. It was very noticeable that there was a much larger percentage of fruit too small to barrel in Row 4, which had been sprayed in bloom, than from either Row 2 or 3 which were not so sprayed. The fruit from Rows 2 and 3 averaged so much larger in size that Mr. Frank Bradley estimated that it would sell at from 25 cents to 50 cents more per barrel than the fruit from Row 4. At the ruling prices this was a gain of from 20 per ct. to 40 per ct. in price in favor of the fruit from trees not sprayed in bloom. Why the fruit from the trees sprayed in bloom should in this test grade smaller and in other tests grade larger than trees not sprayed in bloom is not quite clear. Possibly becuse the spray- ing was done at a time when it killed a large percentage of the first blossoms to open. These are the strong, vigorous blos- soms in the center of the cluster, which usually take the lead in growth and which naturally may be expected to make the largest fruit. Perhaps there were more small apples in Row 4 because next south of it in Row 5 stood large, thrifty Baldwin trees. These Baldwins doubtless sent vigorous roots into the soil, towards the Hubbardston trees and made it somewhat more difficult for trees in Row 4 to get the material with which to make large fruit than it was for the trees in Rows 2 and 3. which were surrounded by trees much smaller than the Bald- wins. The following table shows the total yield for each tree. 26 402 Report or THE HorTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE TABLE XV.—TOTAL YIELD OF HUBBARDSTON APPLE TREES. Sprayed in bloom. Not sprayed in bloom. Total number bushels, Total number bushels, Row 4: Row 2: Tree No. 15..... 13 Tree Nov 155... 13.25 NGA lee oal\0) ee IAT 1S eis 18.25 Seas 8.25 nie pea 9.25 mee Oe one Zone a Oaretetets 14.75 Row 3: Tree No. 15.... 8.50 ANG A aes 10.75 Ife ilies 2.25 ry | ADS Se 19.00 RAVErALE PCLitTCOve yg elon Ooe, ews cee ete eiele elas 13.56 ' Average apparent gain for trees not sprayed in DIGOTAL We ietite eee earevleiele steleel sie, ereteratataierer ys teavess 6 61 In the following table the average amount per tree of the different classes of fruit is shown for each of the treatments. TABLE XVI.—AVERAGE YIELD PER TREE OF GRADED FRUIT FROM HUB- BARDSTON TREES. Not sprayed in bloom. Sprayed in bloom. Average bushels per Average bushels per tree. tree. OTAGO Mit Ul tars cs, scienevsie ohei Miers iets eevee , 8.56 8.20 Barrelled! TrwiGEs. ksh ss ce cere ele ee steahe ers ° 7.50 6.60 OVS) cele vardh dite ys Cheregutin ste ole weaie) apshovstely ae ‘ 1.06 1.06 DOS wetclsts otetalel ouclalarelnidreverevcre stele ctsvaveroustevee 5.00 4.75 Motaleyielg sper wueCes cietaelseceislakekatajcfs) lov ols 13.56 12.95 The apparent average loss per tree from spraying in bloom was nine-tenths of a bushel of marketable fruit, but including all grades it was only six-tenths of a bushel. With trees stand- ing 30x30 feet apart, making 48 trees per acre, the loss of mar- ketable fruit at this rate amounts to 43 bushels per acre. This fruit would have readily sold at picking time for $1.25 per barrel so that the apparent loss in yieid might be conservatively esti- 11It should be noted that tree No. 18 of Row 2 was somewhat smaller than the other trees under experiment: also tree No. 16 of Row 3 and tree No, 16 of Row 4 had but a medium amount of bloom. If these are excluded the average yield per tree of those sprayed in bloom is 13.56 bushels and the average per tree for trees not sprayed in bloom is 14.91 bushel per tree. In ‘this case the average for trees sprayed in bloom is 1.385 bushels per tree jess than for trees not sprayed in bloom, New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 403 mated at $18 per acre. This is an item of much less importance however, than the difference in the market value of the fruit which, as before stated, Mr. Bradley estimated at 25 cents to 50 cents per barrel in favor of the trees not sprayed in bloom. The average yield of the trees sprayed in bloom was 12.95 bushels. With 48 trees per acre this would amount to 621.6 bushe!s or 207.2 barrels per acre. A loss of 25 cents per barrel on this number of barrels amounts to $51.80, which combined with the apparent loss in yield of $18 makes the total loss in this experiment at the lowest estimate about $70 per acre. This estimate is presented here to show the apparent loss from spray- ing in bloom in this particular test. It is given as simply one item of evidence bearing upon the general subject under investi- gation. It is not supposed that it furnishes an accurate stand- ard for estimating the probable loss from such treatment in other localities and seasons. As stated before it is not clear whether the fruit in Row 4 was smaller than that in Rows 2 and 3 because of the treatment or because of the location of the trees. EXPERIMENTS AT HILTON. In the orchard of Messrs. John B. Collamer and Son, Hilton, Monroe County, several varieties were treated. These trees were planted about 20 years ago and about 10 years ago were top-worked. They average from 17 feet to 20 feet high and stand 30 feet apart. Two trees of Oldenburg were sprayed in bloom and two other trees which were selected as being as near like these as possible were not sprayed.in bloom. All of these trees were sprayed alike on the west side May 4 before the blos- soms opened, but after the leaf buds had opened, using Bor- deaux mixture, 1 to 10, and sodium arsenite at the rate of 1 pound of white arsenic to 200 gallons of the mixture, which is equivalent to 1 pound of Paris green to 100 gallons. The Oldenburg trees which were sprayed in bloom were treated Saturday, May 19, about four days after the blossoms began to open. After the blossoms had fallen, May 29, the cor- responding trees which had not been sprayed in bloom were 404 Report oF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THR sprayed on the east side only. Later they were sprayed on the opposite side. Three trees of Alexander, 6 of Twenty Ounce, 4 of Pumpkin Sweet (commonly called Pound Sweet), 3 of Baldwin and 38 of Hubbardston were similarly sprayed in bloom and an equal num- ber of corresponding trees of the same varieties not sprayed in bloom were compared with them. Observations later showed that on the treated trees many blossoms had been destroyed by the treatment. On the treated Baldwin the fruit which had set generally developed either from the very early or from the late blossoms. Plate LVII, Fig. 1, shows a treated cluster in which no fruit has developed except possibly one from a late, outside blossom. On corresponding Baldwin trees which were not sprayed in bloom, not only had the center blossom of the cluster generally set, but often two or three or more of the other blossoms of the cluster had also set fruit as shown in Table XII and illustrated by Fig. 2, Plate LVII. These results indicate that at the time when the spraying was done the earliest of these Baldwin blossoms were already too far advanced and the latest were not open enough to be injured by the spray, while the lately opened mid-season blossoms generally succumbed to the treatment, probably because the process of fertilization had not yet progressed far enough to place them beyond danger from the poisonous effect of the spray mixture. For a comparison of the number of blossoms which set on the Baldwin and Pumpkin Sweet which were sprayed in bloom and on the corresponding trees not sprayed in bloom, see p. 393. On the Oldenburg trees the earliest blossoms to open were generally the ones which were killed by the spray; in many cases only the center blossom of the cluster was killed. The fruit which set on Oldenburg sprayed in bloom generally developed from the blos- soms which opened in mid-season or later. When the June drop of fruit occurred, Mr. Collamer reported that he could see no difference between the trees sprayed in bloom and those not so treated in the percentage of the fruit New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 405 which dropped. The difference in the amount of fruit on trees of Alexander, Twenty Ounce and Oldenburg which were sprayed in bloom and corresponding trees of these varieties which were not so treated was not great enough to be deter- mined from inspection as late as August 16. The Oldenburgs were picked August 21 and graded by Mr. Collamer into three grades as shown in his report which follows. No record was kept of the drops, but the amount was relatively large when compared with the amount of picked fruit. TABLE XVII.—YIELD OF OLDENBURG APPLE TREES. Not sprayed in bloom. Sprayed in bloom. Class of fruit. Yield in pounds. Yield in pounds. Total yield from 2 trees..........e006 BAl ZR 227 NOs de LOM Ares erie. + elele) -\ebaloles) srelelele 176 or 66 perct. 151 or 67 per ct. INOS EEO MMe RULES 3s). cie ac) sletslelere a DS a aSZiOro Lire 65,0029 4 INO} 33) LEONI ZI ULECS. vierelejele) isis) e1lelesfele/ jes Soren oe OT eA Average yield of picked fruit per tree. 154 114 From this it appears that the average loss of picked fruit per tree was 20 lbs., or about two-fifths of a bushel. It is but fair to say that this variety, the Oldenburg, is not well adapted for a test of the effect of spraying in bloom on the yield, because the fruit does not ripen so that it can all be picked at once, and consequently it is not easy to keep an accurate record of the drops and of the different grades of marketable fruit. Four trees of Pumpkin Sweet were sprayed in bloom, and four corresponding trees were not sprayed in bloom. On August 16 the following notes on these trees were made; Row 8, sprayed in bloom. Tree 1.—No fruit on the tree. Tree 2.—But little fruit on the tree. Tree 3.—But very little fruit on the tree. Tree 4.—But very little fruit on the tree. Row 4, not sprayed in bloom. Tree 1.—But very little fruit on the tree. Tree 2.—But very little fruit on the tree. Tree 3.—But very little fruit on the tree. Tree 4.—But very little fruit on the tree. 406 Report oF THE HorTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE So far as the influence of spraying in bloom upon the yield is concerned it is evident that this test with the Pumpkin Sweet is inconclusive, because there was very little fruit produced by either the treated or the untreated trees. Three trees of Baldwin were sprayed in bloom and three corre- sponding trees were not so sprayed. On August 16 the follow- ing notes were made. Row 3—sprayed m bloom.—Tree 5: Lower limbs except on west and north are well loaded. The rest of the tree has a fair crop. Tree 6: A good crop and quite evenly distributed. Tree 7: A fair crop on south and east parts of the tree. The rest of the tree has a light crop. Row 4—not sprayed in bloom.—Tree 5: Except on the north- west the tree is well loaded and the crop quite evenly distributed. Tree 6: A fair crop and quite evenly distributed. Tree 7: A light crop. On account of the variability in the yield of the different Bald- win trees which received the same treatment a larger number of trees should be tested in order to get satisfactory evidence as to the effect of the treatment on the yield. EXPERIMENT AT HALLS CORNERS. Spraying in bloom was tested on Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening trees in the orchard of Thomas B. Wilson, Halls Cor- ners, N. Y. A row containing 14 Baldwin trees was sprayed in full bloom and the same number of trees in the next row which were not sprayed in bloom were selected for comparison with them. Five Rhode Island Greening trees were sprayed on one side only while in bloom and one was sprayed on both sides. The portions of the five trees which were not sprayed in bloom were to be used for comparison with the sprayed portions. The trees selected for the experiment have been planted 29 years. They are quite uniform in size and generally are in good health and productive condition. Treatment.—The first treatment was given to all of the trees New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMDPNT STATION. 407 under experiment. It was made May 7, after the leaf buds opened but before any of the blossoms were open. The second treatment for the trees which were sprayed in bloom was made May 21, to 14 Baldwin and one R. I. Greening tree and to the north side of five other R. I. Greening trees. This spraying was done with especial thoroughness so as to hit as many of the open blossoms as possible. Nearly all of the blossoms were open at this time. The trees showed an unusual abundance of bloom. The second treatment for the correspond- ing trees which were not sprayed in bloom was not given till May 29 and June 1 when the trees were just out of bloom. At this time 14 other Baldwin trees were sprayed and also the south side of the five R. I. Greenings which had been sprayed on the north side May 21. This treatment was made just as thoroughly as the treatment of May 21. The third treatment was given to all trees alike June 11. The fruit was then about the size of cherries. In all these treatments Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 10, was used combined with sodium arsenite. The latter was used at the rate of ? lb. of the white arsenic from which it was made to 100 gal- lons of the spray mixture. Effect of the spray upon the open blossoms.—The trees which had been sprayed in bloom were examined May 29 and it was evident that very many of their blossoms had been killed by the treat- ment. Nevertheless the bloom had been so abundant that includ- ing the comparatively few, but really large number, which had escaped injury because they were not open May 21, there were enough blossoms which were not hit by the spray, to provide for a fair to good setting of fruit. Even on trees which were not sprayed in bloom Mr. Wilson estimated that 90 per ct. of the +The row of Baldwin trees not sprayed in bloom was treated with Bor- deaux mixture alone May 4 just after the leaf buds opened but the rain interfered with continuing the treatment to the row which was to be sprayed in bloom. On May 7 they were treated with Bordeaux and sodium arsenite as were also the trees which were to be sprayed in Lloom. This is what is called above the “ first treatment.” 408 Report or THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THB blossoms failed to set yet enough did set to provide a consider- able crop of fruit. Yield of fruit—The Greening trees under experiment suffered the loss of so much of their fruit in the wind storm of September 11 and 12 that no record could be made of the yield of the part sprayed in bloom as distinct from the part not sprayed in bloom. So far as could be determined by inspection only, there was no decided difference between them. The Baldwins suffered much less loss of fruit during the wind storm referred to than did the Greenings. Since the trees of this variety which were sprayed in bloom were in a separate row from the trees with which they were to be compared, the amount of the drops could be ascertained and the record of their yield was therefore kept. The amount of all the windfalls is included in the record of the total yield of fruit as given in the following statement. It appears from this statement that the drops amounted to about one-third of the total yield. An inspection of the fruit both before and after it was picked led to the opinion that the color of the fruit was better where the trees were not sprayed in bloom than it was where they were sprayed in bloom, but in size and quality there was no decided difference. TABLE XVIII.—YIELD OF BALDWIN APPLE TREES. Not sprayed in bloom. Sprayed in bloom. Total bushels picked from 14 trees.... 129 127.5 PROtalOUSHEISNATODS ster teielelsisiclelelsieleleleials 66 61.1 Mocalsyileld? sree rstetere iets cher eekersiericls(s'e's 195 188.5 Average yield per tree. .........eeeeee 13.9 1520 From this it appears that the average yield per tree was two- fifths of a bushel less where the trees were sprayed in bloom than where they were not so treated. The trees sprayed in bloom averaged 62 bushels No. 1 picked fruit while the corresponding trees not sprayed in bloom averaged 6+ bushels. Did thinning of the fruit by spraying in bloom have the same effect as thin- ning by other methods, and cause this larger yield of No. 1 fruit New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 409 with a smaller total yield than that of the corresponding trees not sprayed in bloom? EXPBPRIMENTS AT BARKER, In the orchard of Mr. F. D. Gardner, Barker, N. Y., several varieties were sprayed in bloom. These trees have been planted 27 years and are from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high. They stand 34 ft- apart. They were treated as stated below: May 11.... Sprayed all alike before blossoms opened. Sprayed Tompkins King and Twenty Ounce in Rows 5 and 7. These were then in full bloom. May 19.... (hes [ eae Roxbury Russet and Rhode Island Greening in 5 S. May 24.... Row 5 which were then in full bloom, Just after blossoms had fallen, sprayed Tompkins King May 28.... in Row 8 and Twenty Ounce in Row 9. The accompanying plan shows the relative position of the trees under experiment. PLAT OF PORTION OF ORCHARD UNDER EXPERIMENT AT BARKER. N A 4 4 a A 4 A 4 4 Oo oO Row 9% z A A 4 A A A 4 0? 4 4 Row 8 WiE O* O* 4 O* 4 O* Oo: 0? S? §? s1 Row 7 4 4 4 4 A 4 4 4 4 4 4 Row 6 iS) A S*¢ A A 4 S4 S2 Sess st s? Row 5 “S”" indicates trees sprayed in bloom. “©” indicates trees not sprayed in bloom, lindicates Twenty Ounce trees. 2 indicates Tompkins King trees. 3 indicates Roxbury Russet trees. 4 indicates hoda talaaid Greening trees, In all treatments Bordeaux mixture, made by using one pound of copper sulphate for 6} gallons, and Paris green at the rate of 1 Ib. to 133; gallons, were used. The Twenty Ounce and Tompkins King came into bloom earlier and so were sprayed in bloom several days before the Roxbury Russet and Rhode Island Greening were so treated. The treatment was made very thoroughly. Little air was stirring and it was possible to spray and do excellent work from either side of the tree. But even with most thorough treatment some of the open blossoms were 410 Report or THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THB not hit in the center by the spray and of course these escaped injury. Effect of the spray on the open blossoms.—The trees sprayed in bloom May 19 were examined May 24. At that time there was apparently but little injury from spraying the open blossoms but on June 5 these trees and also those which were sprayed in bloom May 24 showed great numbers of clusters in which part or all of the blossoms had died from the effect of the spray. ‘This injury could be readily recognized when the trees which had been sprayed in bloom were compared with corresponding trees not so treated. With the assistance of Mr. Gardner the following estimate was made of the amount of bloom on the trees under test. Twenty Ounce all very heavy. Tompkins King all very heavy. Roxbury Russet sprayed in bloom; one light, one heavy. Roxbury Russet not sprayed in bloom; one light, one medium. Rhode Island Greening sprayed in bloom; both very heavy. Rhode Island Greening not sprayed in bloom; two light, two very heavy. Mr. Gardner reported June 29 that there was practically no difference in the drop of fruit from the two lots of trees under test; all were holding the fruit well. During the summer the foliage remained healthy and the fruit fair and free from scab or other disease. The Twenty Ounce fruit was somewhat russeted from the effect of the spraying in bloom. An inspection of the trees of this variety August 17 showed but little if any difference in the amount of fruit on trees sprayed in bloom and the trees not so treated. On the other hand there seemed to be decidedly less fruit on Roxbury Russet trees sprayed in bloom than on the corresponding trees which did not receive this treatment. The same was true of R. I. Greening. On Tompkins King, the spray- ing in bloom also seemed to have thinned the fruit somewhat. In October, when the fruit was picked, there was so little fruit on any of the Roxbury Russet trees under test that it was of no use to keep the record of the yield. Through an oversight New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 411 the yield of the Twenty Ounce not sprayed in bloom was not recorded so that no comparison can be made with the corres- ponding trees which were sprayed in bloom other than was made August 17 as noted above. Two of the R. I. Greening trees which were not sprayed in bloom had a light bloom. Since there were no corresponding trees with light bloom in the row which was sprayed in bloom these two trees were not taken into account in making the aver- ages for the table. It appears from this table that Tompkins King sprayed in bloom yielded 14 bushels less fruit per tree than corresponding trees not sprayed in bloom, yet the amount of marketable fruit was not diminished. The R. I. Greening trees which were TABLE XIX.—YIELD OF TOMPKINS KING AND R. I. GREENING APPLE TREES, Not sprayed in bloom. Sprayed in bloom. Name of variety No of trees Average bushels ‘No. of trees Average bushels under test. per tree. under test, per tree. Tompkins King. <<. 2... 1 2 INOS Uren booadesoonos . 9.25 9.00 NGS Aasaacoocucoduuoc 3.00 3.25 alll Sid cSaisretetorererevelorsye Sie Pts) IDTNS Srocé oocoosenc 2.00 50 TROPA VC] deer sieyererel sss 15.00 13.50 me. Greening. . osc ci 2 INOS vere crete ciel ehels cle) siete 9.38 9.88 INGO SAO Oe GO ORI De o 2.50 1.75 (OUI See oceanic 38.75 1.75 OPS Ee tereie caret cts: shexots,s 2.00 3.00 otal yields vows «cae 17.63 16.38 sprayed in bloom yielded 14 bushels less per tree than trees not so sprayed, but the loss of the marketable fruit was only one- fourth bushel per tree. In these cases, as with the Baldwin trees in Mr. Wilson’s orchard, spraying in bloom thinned the fruit and the thinning done in this way seemed to produce results in some respect similar to those obtained when the young fruit is thinned by hand, that is to say the total yield was decreased but the yield of marketable fruit was but slightly lessened or was even some- what increased. The experiment with the Hubbardston at Mr. Bradley’s, however, gave contrary results, and further tests are needed to establish a safe general conclusion on this point. 412 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The photographs for Plates LVI, LVII and LVIII were made under the author’s direction by Professor W. Paddock, and the drawings for Figures 12 to 17 were made at his request by Mr. Heinrich Hasselbring. Mr. O. M. Taylor assisted in taking the records of yields and in the tests which were made in the Station orchards. The assistance which these gentlemen rendered is thankfully acknowledged. REPORD OF Inspection Work W. H. Jorpan, Director. L. L. Van Styxe, Chemist. Gro. A. Suita, Dairy Hapert. C. G. Jenter, Assistant Chemist. W. H. Anprews, Assistant Chemist. Twasuevor Contents: I. Inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs during the spring of 1900. II. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers during the spring and fall of 1900. III. Inspection of Babcock milk test bottles. IV. Report of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides in 1900. ie hig a Lie al BO vy rin ' er ‘Lay i) t Furie mee : « euEOe ean itt i rah 4h fh ae yt me re INSPECTION OF CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS DURING 'THE SPRING OF 1900.* _ W. H. Jorpan anv C. G, JENTER. FEEDING STUFFS LEGISLATION, The Legislature of New York at its session of 1899 enacted a law having for its purpose the regulation of the sale and inspec- tion of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs. This law con- stitutes chapter 510, Laws of 1899, which amends chapter 338, Laws of 1893. In order to make more clear one of its provisions it has been since amended, as per chapter 79, Laws of 1900. REASONS FOR SUCH LEGISLATION. The primary occasion for such legislation is the introduction into our markets of a great number of by-products from various manufacturing processes which are more or less useful and valu- able for feeding farm animals, such as the oil meals, wastes from the manufacture of starch and glucose, brewers’ residues, by- products from the preparation of breakfast foods and the offals from the milling of wheat, rye and buckwheat. Such materials differ widely in composition and nutritive value, a fact which takes on great significance when we learn that these feeding stuffs are not always sold under their correct names and that the inferior ones are often used to adulterate those of a high grade in a way not easily detected. The cheapening of cotton- seed meal by grinding into it a proportion of hulls, the mixing of gluten products with corn meal, the extensive adulteration of mixed feeds with oat hulls and of wheat bran with corn cobs * Reprint of Bulletin No. 176. 416 Report oF INSPECTION WoRK OF THE or similar substances, are examples of existing practices against which it is sought to defend the farmer by legal enactment. Not only are dishonest practices more or less prevalent in the feeding stuffs trade as in every other, but the names popularly applied to commercial cattle foods can not be depended upon as an indication of composition. Much confusion exists in the names applied to the starch and glucdse wastes especially. The claims made for mixed feeds are not always justified by the actual composition of these materials. For these reasons it is essential and right for the consumer to be furnished with reliable infor- mation concerning the substances that he is buying. THD PROVISIONS OF THE LAW. The following is a summary of the provisions of the concen- trated feeding stuffs law: (1) The law defines the term “concentrated commercial feed- ing stuffs.” It is made to include linseed meals, cottonseed meals, pea-meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds and all other materials of similar nature. The following materials are excluded from this term: Hays and straws, and the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize (corn), buckwheat and broom corn, either whole or ground into meal; also bran and middlings from wheat, rye and buck- wheat when sold as such. (2) It is required that a statement shall be affixed to the bags or other packages in which feeding stuffs are sold, giving the fol- lowing facts: Trade name of feeding stuff, Name of manufacturer and place of business, Place of manufacture, Percentage of protein, Percentage of fat. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 417 If the goods are sold in bulk the dealer must furnish the buyer upon request the same statement that is required on bags. (3) The manufacturer, dealer or other responsible party must file with the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station annually during December the same statement that is required on the bags, and furnish a sample of each feeding stuff, if the Director so requests. Samples so furnished are not for analysis. (4) A license fee of $25 on each and every brand of concen- trated feeding stuff sold or offered for sale is to be paid to the Treasurer of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station annually during December. If the manufacturer or importer or shipper files the required statements and pays the fee for the whole State no one else is required to pay, but otherwise every retail dealer in the State is liable. (It is expected that this law will operate as does the fer- tilizer law, where, without exception, the manufacturers or importers pay the required fees.) (5) The Director of the Station is to collect in the open markeé samples of the feeding stuffs coming within the provisions of this law and cause them to be analyzed. The information so secured shall be 7~blished from time to time in bulletins or reports. (6) The adulteration of the cereal grains, corn, oats, etc., with milling or manufacturing waste products, as for instance grind- ing oat hulls into corn, is made illegal, unless the substances in the mixture are clearly stated on the package. (7) Proper penalties are named for the violation of the provi- _ sions of this law. (8) The Director of the Station shall report violations of the provisions of the law to the Commissioner of Agriculture, who shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported. The essential provisions of a feeding stuffs inspection law which will be mainly influential in promoting a better condition in the feeding stuffs trade are the guaranteed bag markings and public statement of composition, the annual official record of the 27 418 Report oF INSPECTION WORK OF THE trade brands and guaranteed composition at the Experiment Station, and the annual inspection by State officials. It will be noticed that this law is quite similar in its provisions to the fertilizer laws which have been in successful operation in many States during the past twenty-five years. It is a recog- nition of the right of every purchaser of cattle foods to know what he is buying, and of the duty of the manufacturer or dealer to comply with his advertised statements. OBJECTIONS TO THE LAW. When the New York law was first proposed some interested parties feared that it would be inimical to trade interests. It was thought that the license fee would prove to be a finan- cial burden. It was not understood by all that the payment of a single fee by the manufacturers would meet the provisions of the law for the whole State, and that the dealers would probably bear no direct expense whatever. Of course manufacturers, especially those in other States, may refuse to pay this fee, but this would be a short sighted policy, as it would most certainly in the end result in shutting their goods out of New York trade. Such a refusal could not reasonably be based on the claim that this fee is a heavy money tax. Even if a manufacturer is putting out not over 100 tons annually, which is rarely the case, the tax per ton would only be 25 cents. In most cases where the output is hundreds and even thousands of tons the added expense of pro- duction is too small to be appreciated. Some of the small millers of the State may regard the license fee and cost of the neces: sary chemical analyses as an expense altogether too large, and it is well to remind all such that if they confine their business to the entire cereal grains, either separate or mixed, and to the offals from the cereal grains, and refrain from buying oat hulls or other by-products to mix with the ground grains, the law will in no way affect them. If they deal in such standard feeds as the oil meals, gluten products and brewers’ residues no fee will be required in most cases, because it generally will be paid by the manufacturer. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 419 It is proper for the interested public to know that the total income to the State from license fees on concentrated feeding stuffs for the year 1900 will not exceed $2,600, which can neither be a burdensome tax upon a business that involves hundreds of thousands of tons of material, nor a large sum of money with which to inspect these goods. Objection has been made to the guaranteeing of the analysis of by-product commercial feeding stuffs on the ground that because of natural variations in the grains from which they are made their composition is not uniform. The answer to this is, *that while the proportions of protein and fat in the unmixed by-products do vary within certain limits, there are minima that may be used as the guarantees below which these percentages rarely fall. In the mixed feeds containing several components the composition is in the control of the manufacturer. Moreover, it is expected that in this particular common sense will prevail in the execution of inspection laws. It is possible to so adminis- ter affairs that only willful violators of the law will feel its force. Similar provisions relative to fertilizers have been in force in some states for over twenty-five years; and honest manu- facturers and dealers, while sometimes inconvenienced, have suffered no hardships therefrom. COMPLIANCH WITH THE LAW. It is probably too early to reach any conclusions as to how fully it will be possible to secure compliance with this new law. Already, so far as known, the manufacturers of the leading brands of commercial feeding stuffs have met its provisions. Doubtless some local mills and perhaps other parties are still doing an illegal business. In the single inspection which has so far been instituted, it has not been possible to reach every por- tion of the State and so some goods have up to this time escaped attention. Ultimately, however, cases of violation will be reached and they will then be treated as good judgment seems to indicate. | 420 Rerortr or INSPECTION WoRK OF THB Those who find it necessary to purchase feeding stuffs should remember that they will largely determine the extent to which the law is obeyed. If they refuse to buy goods not properly marked or for which no guaranteed analysis can be furnished, dealers will not handle such, and when dealers refuse to handle a particular brand the manufacturer will be obliged to comply wth the law if he protects the interests of his business. It would be difficult at the present time to sell unmarked fertilizers in New York and the same condition may be made to prevail in the feeding stuffs trade. It will certainly be the effort of the Experiment Station to givé proper support to those manufacturers who meet the situation squarely and to warn dealers and consumers against purchasing materials, the character and composition of which the manu- facturers are not ready to declare. The payment of the license fee is a matter to be settled between the dealers and the manu- facturers. While the retail dealer is the liable party, especially in selling goods coming from without the State, it is certainly in the interests of convenience and economy for a single party, either the manufacturer or importer, to pay the fee once for all and thus prevent each and every dealer from being liable to this payment. POLICY OF ENFORCEMENT. It is generally conceded that the object of law is to secure proper conditions in those matters to which law pertains. In this particular case the object is to aid in promoting honesty and intelligence in the cattle food trade. It is believed that this result can best be reached by educational methods, reserving penalties for those cases of persistently willful and dishonest vio- lation of the reasonable requirements which the law imposes. To drive an unscrupulous manufacturer or dealer out of his dis- honest practices is the main good to reach and if this can be done without an appeal to the courts it is really better then to resort to litigation. It has been found in fertilizer inspection that the desire to stand well in the published results of inspec- tion is an important factor in causing a careful attention to legal New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 421 provisions. At the same time the fact that the courts may be used and, if necessary, will be, is not forgotten; and will not be in inspecting feeding stuffs. LIST OF LICENSED BRANDS. There is given in this connection a list of the brands of feeding stuffs relative to which all the requirements of the law have been met so far as known. The various feeding stuffs named under this head are recom- mended to the trade as those which dealers may handle at the present time without violating a State law and which consumers may purchase with a good degree of assurance as to the general character of what they are buying. Report OF INSPECTION WoRK OF THB 01010 DBOooooi19 . AUN ie) ~ BEERS o°019 1NANMOHHE SG HHSSHID BMHOHOH ra) s ive} n eri ooO 1 © ONO Yer) 00°S 668 OS°S €0°GT TL YP Gz'8 Sl’? F6°L TV? OL*6 69'S OF SL 99 Lag 99 had “Ver *u19}01g *peopusieny ‘IapusAOId SUITII19 ‘poss dogo “aoid pooy doyo yvo pusw u1l0d ApuRd ‘pooy AULULOFT ‘[vaUL PIdSM0}}09 OUI ‘4 (ON pooys OUI[BI10) ‘T ON poes OUl[Bvo1eD ‘padjy pox [BOY ‘(BOUL [BULIUL S Loy MO ‘(Bow J[VO 8. 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Per ct. 6 et et Ht oO m OO CO CORP Pip COON DOP RRR O10) 1 09 .85 CH ON OL OU ON OT OL EN .28 429 Price per ton, 430 Report or INSPECTION WoRK OF THE TABLE II (Continued). Name. Cerealine Mfg. Co., Diamond Mills, Diamond Mills, Husted Milling & Elev. Co., H. R. Heath & Sons, M. L. Crittenden, A David Oliver, Edw. Elsworth & Co., Akron Cereal Co., The American Cereal Co., The American Cereal Co., The American Cereal Co., The American Cereal Co., Akron Cereal Co., D. V. Personius & Son, Wm. T. Reynolds & Co., The American Cereal Co., 8 ‘Chapin & Co., “Akron Cereal Co., 1, K. Fish & Sons, 14C. H. Reeve, 14C. H. Reeve, The H. O. Co., L. R. Wallace, The American Cereal Co., The American Cereal Co., *Geo. L. Harding, Smith & Romaine, Bowker Fertilizer Co., 1Chas. F. Saul, * Chas. Ir. Saul, 1 Geo. L. Harding, 1 Geo. L. Harding, * Not licensed in this State. * Mfg. at Mayflower Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind. © Manufacturer not known. “Bought before law went into effect. *From Suffern Hunt & Co., Decatur, IL | ¢ Manufacturer or jobber. Address. Indianapolis, Ind., Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Fort Dodge, Va., Buffalo, . Watertown, Buffalo, Akron, O., Chicago, II1., Chicago, IIL., Chicago, II1., Chicago, II1., Akron, O., Waverly, Sioux City, Ia., Chicago, Ill, Buffalo, Akron, O., N. Y., 2-4 Stone St., New York, New York, Buffalo, Middletown, Chicago, II1., Chicago, I11., Binghamton, N. Y., 329 Wash. St., New York & Boston, Syracuse, Syracuse, Binghamton, Binghamton, Sample at Deposit. Cortland. Oswego. Homer. Binghamton. Hudson. Newburgh, Sidney. Oxford. Tully. Cortland. Binghamton. Phoenix. Binghamton, Hancock. Poughkeepsie. Binghamton. Homer. Mexico. Geneva. Oswego. Southampton. Southampton. Utica. Binghamton. Cortland. Cortland. Binghamton. Cortland. Poughkeepsie. Marathon. Cortland. Binghamton, Binghamton, } New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE II (Continued). Name of feed. Cerealine feed No. 2, Corn and oat feed, Monarch chop feed, Yankee corn and oat feed, Sterling provender, Durham corn and oat feed, De-Fi corn and oat feed, Royal oat feed, Victor corn and oats, ee 66 “6 “ce 66 No. 1 chop feed, Corn and oat feed, Excelsior cooked feed, Vim oat feed, Quaker oat feed, Corn and oat chop, Corn and oats, Oat feed, Dairy feed, Rice meal, H. O. poultry feed, Mapes balanced ration, American poultry food, Harding’s famous clover com. Boiled beef and bone, Bone meal, Chicken food, Beef serap, Harding’ s beef scrap, meat meal, Protein. poo see Found. Per ct. es 00 4 = WONARHOWOOMOKAAMIMRDA0-1-1 CW RERWNO ADORWOMHAWNUOHHWHOWHWOHEEN 13. ae Guaran- teed. Per ct. 10. 44 9 AAWNIDWWMHHOMHMMDOS 31 Fat Guaran Found. teed Perc. Per ct 9.6 8.62 De Ae 1.6 4.7% Seley poco Seo) ames 3.4 5.55 228) Lomao a. One oeOO PAS nce ee DAO TSO Bate Biol) S280 Soro ASG Ss 6.4 4.18 1.6 4.18 Geb yal Binle| 4aists) 2.4 3.4 4.0 1.4 4.9 1525 Dy Ge eee aA AS 576 (3296 6.2 93:96 DeOF Pb o0 Uist ay PAPE SECO) Zee aes 18.4 15.-22. 25.9 32.-38. 13.8 *Mfg. and licensed by H. Finn & Sons, Syracuse, N. Y. ™Sold by Empire Grain & Eley. Co., Binghamton, N. Ve ® Sold by Indianapolis Hominy Mills, Ind. ® Guarantee based upon water-free sample, 431 432 Report oF INSPECTION WORK OF THD COMMENTS. In commenting on the result of the inspection so far conducted, the first fact to attract attention is the presence of some goods in the market, at the time the samples were taken, in apparant vio- lation of the law. These cases are explained in a variety of ways, such as the shipping of the goods into the market before the law went into effect, a change in the name of the brand, the refusal of the manufacturer or jobber doing business in another state to pay the license fee, thus throwing the responsibility on the dealers, ignorance of the law and other reasons less valid. These cases are receiving attention and the inevitable result will be either finally to bring the offending parties into line with legal requirements or drive their goods out of the markets of this state. In the meantime dealers are warned not to handle the goods herein marked as illegally sold, no matter how high their quality, until clear proof is furnished that the provisions of the law have been fully met. There are so many brands of feeding stuffs of high quality which may be dealt in legally that it is not necessary to assume any risks in order to meet the demands of all consumers, It is very noticeable that a considerable proportion of the sam- ples fall short of the guarantee in protein and not a few in fat. The percentage deficient in protein is 50 and in fat 30. In most of these cases, however, the actual composition falls below the guarantee no more than might be expected from the natural vari- ations in composition. Additional samples must be taken in order to determine the general composition of the several brands. A notable instance of fraudulent marking of an unlicensed feeding stuff is the Mayflower Brand Oil Meal, guaranteed to con- tain 32 per-ct. of protein, and actually containing about half that proportion. - One company reports the analyses of its goods on the basis of what they would contain if water-free. As feeding stuffs are never found in the market in a water-free condition, but seldom hold less than 8 or 10 per ct. of water, such figures are deceptive New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 433 as relating to actual composition. If, for instance, a feeding stuff carries 27 per ct. of protein when water-free, it will scarcely contain over 25 per ct. in the air-dry condition as found in the market and generally less, LAWS OF NEW YORK. CHAPTER 338, Laws or 1893, ArTICLH 9, AS CREATED BY CHAPTER 510, Laws or 1899, anD AMENDED BY CHAPTER 79, Laws or 1900. ARTICLE NINE. SALB AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Section 120. Term “concentrated commercial feeding stuffs” defined. 121. Statements to be attached to packages; contents; analysis. 122. Statements to be filed with director of agricultural experiment station; to be accompanied by sample. 123. License fee. 124. Analysis to be made by director of experiment sta- tion; samples to be taken for analysis, 125. Penalty for violation of article. 126. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains; penalty. 127. Violation to be reported to the commissioner of agriculture. § 120. Term “ CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING Srurrs” DrEFINED.—The term “concentrated commercial feeding stuffs ” as used in this article, shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea-meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewer’s grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn 28 434 Report oF INSPECTION WORK OF THE and oat chops, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other materials of similar nature; but shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, and broom corn. Neither shall it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or middlings,.not mixed with other sub- stances, but sold separately, as distinct articles of commerce, nor pure grains ground together. § 121. STATEMENTS TO BH ATTACHED TO PACKAGES; CONTENTS; ANALYSIS.—Every manufacturer, company or person who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this state any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, used for feeding farm live stock, shall furnish with each car or other amount shipped in bulk and shall affix to every package of such feeding stuff in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly printed state- ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds in the package sold or offered for sale, the name or trade mark under which the article is sold, the name of the manufacturer or ship- per, the place of manufacture, the place of business and a chemical analysis stating the percentages it contains of crude protein, allowing one per centum of nitrogen to equal six and one-fourth per centum of protein, and of crude fat, both con- stituents to be determined by the methods prescribed by the director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Whenever any feeding stuff is sold at retail in bulk or in packages belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer, upon request of the purchaser, shall furnish to him the certified state- ment named in this section. § 122. STATEMENTS TO BE FILED WITH DIRECTOR OF AGRICUL- TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION; TO BE ACCOMPANIED BY SAMPLE.— Before any manufacturer, company or person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in this state any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, he or they shall for each and every feeding stuff bearing a distinguishing name or trade mark, file annually during the month of December with the director of the New York Agricul- tural Experiment Station a certified copy of the statement New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 435 specified in the preceding section, said certified copy to be accom- panied, when the director shall so request, by a sealed glass jar or bottle containing at least one pound of the feeding stuff to be sold or offered for sale, and the company or person furnishing said sample shall thereupon make affidavit that said sample cor- responds within reasonable limits to the feeding stuff which it represents, in the percentage of protein and fat which it contains. § 123. Licupnsp Frer.—Each manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, shall pay annually during the month of December to the treasurer of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station a license fee of twenty-five dollars for each and every brand sold or offered for sale. Whenever a manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of con- centrated commercial and feeding stuffs desires at any time to sell such material and has not paid the license fee therefor in the preceding month of December, as required by this section, he shall pay the license fee prescribed herein before making any such sale. The amount of license fees received by such treasurer pur- suant to the provisions of this section shall be paid by him to the treasurer of the state of New York. The treasurer of the state of New York shall pay from such amount when duly appropriated the moneys required for the expense incurred in making such inspection required by this section and enforcing the provisions thereof. The board of control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station shall report annually to the legislature the amount received pursuant to this article,and the expense incurred for salaries, laboratory expenses, chemical supplies, traveling expenses, printing and other necessary matters. Whenever the manufacturer, importer or shipper of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall have filed the statement required by section one hundred and twenty-one of this article and paid the license fee as prescribed in this section, no agent or seller of such manu- facturer, importer or shipper shall be required to file such state- ment or pay such fee. ; § 124. ANALYSIS TO BE Mapp By DIRECTOR oF EXPERIMENT Sration; SAMPLES TO BE TAKEN FoR ANALysIs.—The director of 436 Report or INspection Work OF THB the New York experiment station shall annually analyze, or cause to be analyzed, at least one sample to be taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed, of every concentrated commercial feeding stuff sold or offered for sale under the provisions of this act. Said director shall cause a sample to be taken, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for said analysis, from any lot or package of such commercial feeding stuff which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer in this state; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence of the parties in interest,or their representatives and taken from a parcel or a number of packages, which shall not be less than ten per centum of the whole lot sampled, and shall be thoroughly mixed, and then divided into equal samples, and placed in glass vessels, and carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name of the party from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the person taking the sample, and by the party or parties in interest or their representative at the drawing and sealing of said samples; one of said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director and the other by the party whose stock was sampled; and the sample or samples retained by the director shall be for comparison with the certified statement named in section one hundred and twenty-two of this article. The result of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, together with such additional information as circumstances advise, shall be pub- lished in reports or bulletins from time to time. § 125. PENALTY FOR VIOLATION OF ARTICLH.—Any manufac- turer, importer, or person who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this state any concentrated commercial feeding stuff, without complying with the requirements of this article, or any feeding stuff which contains substantially a smaller percentage of constituents that are certified to be con- | tained, shall, on conviction in a court of competent jurisdiction, be fined not more than one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not more than two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 437 § 126. ADULTERATED MAL or GROUND GRAIN; Ponatty.—Any person who shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain with milling or manufacturing offals, or any other substance whatever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same or in which it is offered for sale; or any person who knowingly sells, or offers for sale any meal or ground grain which has been so adulterated unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same, or in which it is offered for sale, shall be fined not less than twenty-five or more than one hundred dollars for each offense. § 127. VIOLATION TO BE REPORTED TO THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.—Whenever the director becomes cognizant of the violation of any of the provisions of this article, he shall report such violation to the commissioner of agriculture, and said com- missioner of agriculture shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported; but it shall be the duty of said commissioner upon thus ascertaining any violation of this article, to forthwith notify the manufacturer, importer or dealer in writing and give him not less than thirty days thereafter in which to comply with the require- ments of this article, but there shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff if the same shall be found substantially equivalent to the certified statement named in section one hundred and twenty-two of this article. § 1. This act shall take effect December first, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine. . REPORT OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FER- TILIZERS FOR THE SPRING AND FALL OF 1900.* L. L. VanSuyKkp anp W. H. ANDREWS. SUMMARY. (1) Samples collected. During the year 1900 the Station col- lected 688 samples of commercial fertilizers, representing 450 different brands. Of these different brands 326 were complete fertilizers; of the others, 48 contained phosphoric acid and potash without nitrogen; 20 contained nitrogen and phosphoric acid without potash; 10 contained nitrogen only; 87 contained phos- phoric acid alone, and 9 contained potash salts only. (2) Nitrogen. The 326 brands of complete fertilizers contained nitrogen varying in amount from 0.44 to 8.15 per ct., and aver- aging 2.16 per ct. The average amount of nitrogen found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.10 per ct., the guaranteed average being 2.06 per ct., and the average found being 2.16 per ct. In 2385 brands of complete fertilizers the amount of nitrogen © found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 2.02 per ct., and averaging 0.22 per ct. In 91 brands the nitrogen was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.98 per ct., and averaging 0.21 perct. In 83 cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per ct. The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 7.10 per ct. and averaged 0.89 per ct. *Partial reprint of Bulletin No. 177. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 439 (3) Available phosphoric acid. The 326 brands of complete fertilizers contained available phosphoric acid varying in amount from 1.20 to 17.47 per ct. and averaging 8.90 per ct. The aver- age amount of available phosphoric acid found by the Station analysis exceeded the average guaranteed amount by 1.28 per et., the guaranteed average being 7.62 per ct. and the average - found being 8.90 per ct. In 801 brands of complete fertilizers the amount of available phosphoric acid found was equal to or above the amount guar- anteed, the excess varying from 0.02 to 10.80 per ct. and aver- aging 1.46 per ct. In 25 brands the available phosphoric acid was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.02 to 5.32 per ct. and averaging 1.03 per ct. In 14 cases the deficiency was below 0.5 per ct. The amount of water-soluble phosphoric acid varied from 0 to 9.95 per ct. and averaged 5.52 per ct. (4) Potash. The complete fertilizers centained potash varying in amount from 0.27 to 12.00 per ct., and averaging 4.84 per ct. The average amount of potash found by the Station analysis ex- ceeded the average guaranteed amount by 0.41 per ct., the guar- anteed average being 4.43 per cent., and the average found being 4.84 per ct. In 250 brands of complete fertilizers, the amount of potash found was equal to or above the guaranteed amount, the excess varying from 0.01 to 6.49 per ct. and averaging 0.65 per ct. In 76 brands, ‘the potash was below the guaranteed amount, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 2.21 per ct. and averaging 0.43 per ct. In 56 of these cases, the deficiency was less than 0.5 per ct. In 64 cases among the 326 brands of complete fertilizers the potash was contained in the form of sulphate free from an excess of chlorides. (5) The retail selling price of the complete fertilizers varied from $15 to $60 a ton and averaged $27.27. The retail cost of the separate ingredients unmixed averaged $19.72, or $7.55 less than the selling price. 440 Report or INspection WorK OF THB ‘ INTRODUCTION. NUMBER AND KINDS OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. During the year 1900, the Station’s collecting agents visited 138 towns between April 5 and October 1, obtaining 638 samples of commercial fertilizers. These samples represent 450 different brands, the product of 92 different manufacturers, each manu- facturer being represented by from one to 28 brands. The subjoined tabulated statement indicates the different classes included in the collection. CLASSES OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. Brands con- Brands con- tite Brands con- Branda con- Brands con- taining nitro- eae Brands of ae aining only ate phospboric taining only i GEaRORS taining only gen and phos- cidmaid complete nitrogen. Pp aad potash. phoric acid Ctanhwith. fertilizers. ° without potash. POtas out nitrogen. 10 37 9 20 48 326 ‘ COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. The following tabulated statement shows the average composi- tion of the complete fertilizers collected during the year, together with a comparison of the guaranteed\composition and that found by analysis. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS COLLECTED. ~ Average Per ct. guaranteed Per ct. found. pene aero EAT TERE ST SN ae Poy ey ee > above Lowest. Highest. Average. Lowest. Highest. average. guaran- tee. inMadere{sal Goodauoo Wsex) 8220 2.06 0.44 Soild 2.16 0.10 Available phos- , phoric acid.... 0.63 12.00 7.62 20. ei, AG, 8.90 1.28 Insoluble phos- phoris acid.... —— Potashieicen sisi. e eLROO) Alal00 4.43 Water-soluble ni- trogen ........ ——- =———- = 0.00 (oak) 0.89 —— Water-soluble phosphoric acid -—— -——— ——— 0.00 9.95 5.02 —— Ae EZ EIOE, 4.84 0.41 New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 441 TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. The trade-values in the following schedule have been agreed upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a result of study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of these states. These trade-values represent, as nearly as can be estimated, the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March, the respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These prices also correspond (except in case of available phos- phorie acid) to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March plus about 20 per ct. in case of goods for which there are wholesale quotations. TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. 1900. Cts. per pound Nitrogen in AMMONIA SAltS ..cccceccccccccccccvcescevcssccscose 17 ss ATMS WUT AUS ree retoeterelelevelsr elects FOO DOM OOOE OC Gano OG oO.Con 13% Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, and ITTEWE GRE CUTZ ETS aires ores ov e:eioieya-oreve.s)sfeleve.cieleherehe A 15% ss in fine-ground bone and tankage.............. 15% : In) coarse bone and tankage. <2)... 0000200005568 10% Phosphoriguseld-cwaiter-Solu ble: {)./cjc\c/0'<.0 o's,0'e » ee: s'siei)o ever. a0, satiayelaya 41% sf CULE DEC-SOMUMO LE. rere ieie le oistet oleic syeis/ai: sists) steie evsueieyareve zt a in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage......... A 4 " in coarse fish, bone and tankage.............. 3 se in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium ci- URAC O MATa WRAILETi tore, c.c tis tee veieceysusreceie e/a: sie Gil etonoene 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlo- EL CS) AM WASW ECS HELGE Mreleresereole, sialisis'e10s)ene/eie.0)6's oie aleye oSialsveusrahe 5 LOLASTIMITININIEI DUC optorereleletelenelelelefetel ate eielaicvelelerelsleieferaie erejele) elotoeleletereretete 4y, COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND COMMERCIAL VALUATION. Giving to the different constituents the values assigned in the schedule for mixed fertilizers, 154 cents a pound for nitrogen, 44 cents a pound for water-soluble phosphoric acid, 4 cents a pound for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound for insoluble 449 Report orf INSPECTION WoRK OF THE phosphoric acid, and 4} cents a pound for potash, we can cal- culate the commercial valuation, or the price at which the separate unmixed materials contained in one ton of fertilizer, having the composition indicated in the preceding table, could be purchased for cash at retail at the seaboard. Knowing the retail prices at which these goods were offered for sale, we can also readily estimate the difference between the actual selling price of the mixed goods and the retail cash cost of the unmixed materials; the difference covers the cost of mixing, freight, ata etc. We present these data in the following tables: COMMERCIAL VALUATION AND SELLING PRICE OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS. Average in- Commercial valuation of Selling price of one ton of creased cost of complete fertilizers. complete fertilizer. mixed materials, —— oO over unmixed Average Lowest. Highest. Average. materials tor ons ton. $19.72 $15 | $60 — $27.27 $7.55 COST OF ONE POUND OF PLANT FOOD IN FERTILIZERS AS PURCHASED BY CONSUMERS, In the table below we present figures showing the average cost to the purchaser of one pound of plant-food in different forms in mixed fertilizers. AVERAGE Cost OF ONE POUND OF PLANT-FOOD TO CONSUMERS IN MIXED FERTILIZERS. Nitrogen .......... sooomooOACO6O O00 Msicieleiele sinioele (ale GCnUSS Phosphoric acid (available)....... Risieeieiete eet 5 sieves 6.2 cents. JENIN Gonqdéadoogouodud dod db Gcanocdodomatoas se? 6.2) Cents: NEW FERTILIZER LAW. The State legislature amended the fertilizer law in 1899 and attention is called to the principal changes that affect manufac- turers and dealers. (1) All fertilizers selling for five dollars or more per ton will come under the law, the limit previously having been confined to fertilizers seling for ten dollars or more per ton. (2) Every manufacturer, importer, dealer or agent must pay New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 443 a license fee amounting to twenty dollars a year for each separate brand or kind of fertilizer or fertilizing material. (8) Statements of guarantee analysis, etc., are to be filed wd license fees paid during December each year covering the goods to be sold during the year following. [The detailed analyses of the samples collected are not re- printed in this report; as they cease to have value before the report is printed and distributed.—Director.] INSPECTION OF BABCOCK MILK TEST BOTTLES.* W. H. Jorpan Aanp G. A. SITs. When Dr. Babcock first announced the test which bears his name its accuracy was questioned. So many methods for deter- mining the amount of fat in a given sample of milk had been found lacking in rapidity or in correctness that many who had a knowledge of such work were inclined to doubt the certainity of correct results in any method so simple and so rapid as the Bab- cock test; but as its workings have become better understood that feeling has been largely overcome and at the present time very few question its reliability if properly handled by a careful operator, who uses correctly ¢alibrated glassware and acid of proper strength. As the use of this method has become more general as a means of apportioning the value of milk delivered at the butter and cheese factories by the individual farmer, there has come to be a quite general understanding that everything must be properly done in order to give each produced his due share. In some instances the use of the test has been discon- tinued on account of a lack of faith in the methods practiced by the operator. This lack of confidence has been increasing rather than diminishing and it has been felt by those interested that some plan should be devised whereby this feeling could be over- come and a very general use of the Babcock test in butter and cheese factories promoted. Last winter in an amendment to the agricultural law, Chapter 544, one of the provisions added was that: “ Whenever manu- facturers of butter and cheese purchase milk upon the basis of *Reprint of Bulletin No. 178. New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 445 the amount of fat contained therein and use for ascertaining the amount of such fat what is known as the Babcock test, the bottles used in such test shall before such use be examined by the director of the New York Experiment Station at Geneva. If such bottles are found to be properly constructed and gradu- ated so as to accurately show the amount of fat contained in milk, each of them shall be legibly and indelibly marked 8S. B.” The director of the station knew nothing of the passage of this law until some time after it was placed on the statute books and for that reason was not prepared to comply with its pro- visions as soon, nor to the extent desirable in a law of that class. Before we were able to get a marking device perfected that would comply with the provisions of the law, some bottles came with the request that they be returned at an early date. In order to accommodate these first applicants we resorted to the use of a copper tag with S. B. stamped on that and returned the tested bottles with the understanding that we should, as soon as we could, recall those bottles and properly mark them. Some of those bottles have been returned but the others are still out and should be returned and legally marked. We use for that purpose an air pressure sand blast and a stencil with the letters S. B. cut in it. The law as now worded is a step in the right direction, but other provisions should be added in order to cover the whole ground in such a way that there can be no misunderstanding of the requirements. The inspection should cover all Babcock bottles used to determine the per ct. of fat in the milk, whether the milk is purchased outright or divided on a coéperative plan. The pipette and all other glassware as well as the bottles should be tested and marked. The use of mutilated or falsified glass- ware should be forbidden under penalty severe enough to deter the shrewd maker from breaking off the tip of the pipette or similar dishonest practices in order to show a small percentage of fat and consequent large overrun of butter. This fraudulent manipulation of the test is one of the factors which has tended to give the impression that the system is not correct. A farmer 446 Report oF INSPecTION WoRK OF THE takes his milk to the factory and it contains, by test, a certain amount of fat. On this basis he receives a given price per hun- dred for his milk, this price being fixed by the returns from the butter sold. When he meets his neighbor who patronizes an adjoining factory and whose milk tests the same as his and whose butter is sold at the same price, but who gets more per hundred for the milk, he condemns the test; when the trouble is not in the method but in the way it is handled. A competent, honest man with clean, correctly graduated glassware, will give uniform results and we must have that combination to make the Babcock fat test uniformly acceptable. Some states require the operators of the Babcock test to pass an examination to determine whether they have sufficient knowl- edge of its workings to make a correct test. This is a proper ‘safeguard but it lacks in one particular, that it does not tell whether the applicant for a position is an honest man, which is quite as necessary as that he be intelligent enough to operate the machine. In order to have the work of the Babcock test per- fectly satisfactory it may be necessary for the State to have careful inspection made at factories and creameries to know that the work is done in an honest, careful way. The method followed at the Station in testing the bottles is as follows: A graduated burette, which has been carefully tested beforehand to insure its accuracy and uniformity at all points of the scale, is filled with cleaned, dried mercury. If the bottle to be tested has been used it is first thoroughly cleansed and dried; but this is omitted with new, clean bottles. The bottle is then placed under the burette and filled with mercury, first rapidly to the o mark, then slowly, with repeated comparison with the burette scale, to the top of the scale on the bottle. If the filling dees not show any irregularity in the neck of the bottle, and if the variation is not over ;, of one per ct. in the length of the 10 per ct. graduation of the bottle, it is passed as correct, as the variation in the ordinary sample of milk would be so small that it would be imposible to detect it. If the variation is 45, of 1 per ct. or over, the bottle is rejected and destroyed. The New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 447 law did not call for the examination of the pipettes and only a few were sent. Those that came were examined, and, as a rule, found correct. The whole number of bottles examined was 2259. There were rejected from that number 76 bottles. The new bottles were, as a rule, fairly correct, the largest variation being in bottles made in the early history of the test. Some bottles of that char- acter showed a variation of nearly 1 per ct. from the burette scale. Following is a list of creameries and individuals who have com- plied with the law and sent their bottles for examination. List oF PARTIES SENDING BABCOCK TEST BOTTLES FOR EXAMINATION. Name. Beechnut Creamery Co., Bell Bros., Beswick, Jas. E., Boomhower, A. D., Boyd, D. E., Boynton, W. R., Burch & Baldwin, Burr, W. B., Burrell, D. H. Canisteo Creamery Co., Champion Milk Color Co., Clifton Springs Sanitarium, Clyde Creamery Co., Cohocton Creamery Co., Cole & Fish, Converse, H. J., Cook, A. & H. E., Davenport Creamery, | Delavan Creamery Co., Dickinson, W. S., DeRuyter Creamery Co., Etna Creamery Co. Fayetteville Creamery Co., Fisher Bros., Gilt Edge Creamery Co., 7Hole in side. Address. ' Leroy, Winthrop, Morley, Plattsburgh, Downsville, Norwood, Westville Bangor, Little Falls, Canisteo, Cortland, Clifton Springs, Clyde, Cohocton, - Willink, Potsdam, Denmark, Davenport, Delavan, | Madrid, . DeRuyter, Etna, if Fayetteville, Madrid, North Lisbon, } *Trom E. Greiner. oe Number bottles tested. 107 12 24 24 28 i dT 59 16 26 24. 288 40 36 31 50 14 48 iat 23 23 43 36 28 51 30 23 34 Number bottles rejected, 3 ll mee pH pe a 448 Report oF INSPECTION WoRK. Number Number P bottles bottles Name. Address. tested rejected, Hall, D:, West Windsor, 28 Hemman, A. J., ° Madrid, ; 24 Hilton Creamery Co., Hilton, ; a : Hudson Valley Creamery Co., Deposit, 24 Humphrey & Co., Churubusco, 36 Ideal Creamery, Libson .Center, 22 Ingersoll, E. M., Lacona, 46 4 Jeffersonville Creamery Co., . Jeffersonville, 18 Martin, L. B., Bien Pierrepont Maror, 18 2 ®Mather Bros., Belleville, Middlemass, W. M., Madrid, Pall il Overton & Co., Belleville, 40 2 Peet, R. G., Oneonta, 12 Pollock, A. X., North Lawrence, 3 Reynolds & Chase, ’Brainardville, i of Root, C. P., | Gilbertsville, 23 il West Laurens, 36 1 Rutherford, Thos. F., Chipman, 24 Seaver, D. B., Stockholm Center, 25 Sennett Creamery, _ Sennett, } = F Smith, G. A., West Stcckholm, 17 8 Sodus Creamery Co., » Sodus, 60 6 Solsville Creamery Co..' Solsville, 15 5 Speer, J. O., Lisbon Center, 36 Straight, E. C., Cassadaga, 40 ess Trombly Bros., Altona, 24 | Tucker, E. B., Hannibal, \ 48 2 Wadsworth & Co., Knapps, 24 4 Wilson, W. F., Louisville, [2 al Wood, N., & Son, Pierrepont Manor, 12 2259 76 *Record mislaid, REPORT OF ANALYSES OF PARIS GREEN AND OTHER INSECTICIDES IN 1900.*+. L. L. VanSLYKE AND W. H. ANDREWS. SUMMARY. In accordance with the provisions of a law designed to protect purchasers of Paris green, samples were secured during 1900 and the results are published in this bulletin. . Paris green contains as its chief constituent a compound called copper aceto-arsenite, which, when chemically pure contains: Arsenious oxide 58.64 per ct. Copper oxide, Si Oe 9 Acetic acid, 10:06 In the 22 samples of Paris green examined, the arsenious oxide varied from 55.83 to 60.80 per ct. and averaged 57.05 per ct. The water-soluble arsenious oxide varied from ¢.61 to 15.69 per ct. and averaged 1.68 per ct. The copper oxide varied from 27.22 to 31.20 per ct. and averaged 30.02 per ct. The amount of arsenious oxide for each pound of copper oxide varied from 1.81 to 2.24 and averaged 1.89 pounds. The impurity most commonly found was white arsenic and this did not appear to be excessive. The general result of the examination is to show a good quality of Paris green in the market at the time the samples were taken. *Printed by the authority and under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. - 7 Reprint of Bulletin No. 190. 29 450 Rerort or INSPECTION WoRK OF THB ‘There are given in addition, analyses of Arsenoid, Paragrene, Black Death, Bug Death, and Hammond’s Slug Shot. INTRODUCTION, During the year 1900, there were collected for analysis twenty- two samples of materials sold as Pafis green, and also one sam- ple each of Arsenoid, Paragrene, Black Death, Bug Death and Hammond’s Slug Shot. Of the twenty-two samples of Paris green analyzed, ten represent firms whose goods were not exam- ined by us in 1899, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PARIS GREEN. Paris green, or copper aceto-arsenite, may be regarded, when chemically pure, as containing approximately COPPESMFATSOTAILEY jairerercpeisedin «iopenciarervers tute turtle etal evouscens 82 per ct. COPPErqaGelate: Gis \s os cee ee oie od ee Sot ole ac Chemical Society, Journal........-.2.eeeeeees . Chemiker Zeitung 2.0.0.0... ... cece cece ences te Chemisches Centralblatt .......+-. SPP Y S33 cs Mins Chicago Daily Drovers’ Journal..........+++- Complimentary. Chicago Dairy Produce.......-++-++e++eeees : + Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal. | New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 463 Columbus Horticultural Society, Journal...... Complimentary. Commercial Gazette ......... ERMA ie Se oa 5 s OOMMCECIAINTE OWMLELY vse 8. isles een iee aie 2 es F i Alana UCT UG ayecsso so jo,.008 6d. 8 ole bao CUO ae Subscription. 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LAI AAT ENE ES UAC acy) 22d) siavacapn. os cuatslayeiene pases is Hajma Hein APL OUie 3 orces oho peach ori o edele ooh Sa es avi MOULD 65156 a doce si vias w'o ol 3 3 RA es he Aes ts BUF RIMIIN CWS aoe sh cht ev'h ot ove, sc's' shores sig’ cei oe PAPI ef Bari oultry Semi-Monthly ..9s).2:8% Us. ca hese arm Stockrandy Home « t./. 55... .2 Live Riba ¥ i APICES SA VOGCAUC oo 6 0 p'01h acne s ss 0 a 30 setae ; ee ETT CE Som OA ee chiat giana ohisintct «to ctor o tumiMetoiA ates feusbe.& ; “ HEPA TONIVET 69) Gx TINGLE oyna oliaias alia crionie ove i a-dle le okell of lo ental : s§ LX NEICiLer eS 29) 5 10.110 eee Rees cree Rn COE RNS Gre : Pee MS NTA ZING 5.555.005.5500, 0) «.6, 246,50) 8-0, eho! oes oa ul PRU AAIM SE Mee MAMITL E555 foie, spe si eioy s,m, 9,01 8yeve,90] sca, olny 9 F id WATIMETS WV GICO . 6ielois 0.6 5.500 Uatinaie Rae iignee OY WVSHENER title el clots @.-- ise eKs sc icbireeecnaaaee ane Subscription, WIG AEMCEC UUW OLIG «0.5.05 5cove ince, 09:49: eceesei ein jos Seseneag . és Florists’ Exchange eeeorvvegscecevneervr ees ors ose vee 464 PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THR Fuchling’s landwirtschaftliche Zeitung........ 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Cu siee ee Ieee sy MUIAIES bie SATA \ Os, cucnsroresoi-pe/s yogael shares eels epeeToe EATON | AGO sicaccr szesin\' cictooudey oe wenane See ‘i Nha ca Wem OCrad «poise: oan: cvalg theses ob eedbac ices 7 Jahresbericht der Agrikultur-Chemie......... Subscription. Jahresbericht der Nahrungs und Genussmittel. ¢ DEESEY oo MG Ci Mig foes cots cincns soacsousveseanuereyaute Re hege nea SRE Complimentary. Jourmald A criculture Pratiqie.c...t,-mrceuieere Subscription. Journal ofA pplied. MicroscOpy...ci} ic} n : 42 | 52] ey | 23 | 22 Be | a9 | 33] Fe | we | a¥ |) ag | Fe | ae | 32 Bee iecs Ween ota callers S61 gf | 62 88 | se, gal sf | ss | a8 hoe os Cr oe Ci of og cilR os = oo os on of Sis se Se ee as) ae eee oq | wt | 4 | 22 | oe | 28 | 2a | we a | oe DIST RS ae eal tag re ree ie Cer Pe Mein Malomy eel em (pe det lil eet nl Fc Ra B | ff | Ae a pee eS ee *AuVOUaA A “AUVONVS J a i < | o fe |... Mle D2 on SSS SSS ————————e—E———eE—E—E————— 66% 8° LP 29 8°69 6 Z'6L re o"¢9 g'Is ble F'9% 878% Teese ee vote ceeseeeeeeerT og 9 ‘prepurg cis oS? 6°89 0° FL 6°08 v6L L°9L 6°&9 Ges T8G 6°83 9°68 Se eh og Ee Ae CELLET, ‘paepueyg ole “Ls T'8s 8°09 6°89 6°89 0°99 a 8S PCy Fle 08 &°SZ ves theese here ple alena spe era AP) ‘parvpung L°1% Ls PLP §°8¢ 1&9 0°29 'S¢ 6° FP & Pex O° FL 9° FL SLL Cee ecceceeeeeccceneecsecs UUM UT AL 8°cs CSP P89 6°8L ss 6&8 P18 $°89 L°GSx 6° $$ 9°08 Lidet stun agiel iepa eae Pepin Peck ee Reng hang ey ee — — a —— |__| —————_ es 4 “1eqULI00( | A9QUIBAON] *19qQ0}00 | “Aoquiaydag} ysnsny “Ainge ‘ounse “ABI ‘lady ‘Gov | Atenaqgegq | *Arenuee - SSS ee ee eee eee EEE ‘SUA LANOWUAH J, GavaNvVLg anv WOWINIPL ‘WOWIXV JY 1O AYVNWIG TN ee. EN-D-EX, A. Agromyza simpler. (See Asparagus miner.) bse Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs................ aNolelelevoravevatakeratate 426 AMMENTACTOSC Of TASDDOCUUIGVy cicjeletatelstereleletere| orel= =| clei e svalelcilelele ahafetecchere srekare ve 206 snapdragon ....... nn acai Gana saiertiae elenene efi uareuateravers 61 GESCLIPELONW se meclas ce eciee ws caine olen eae 62, G6. Antirrhinum majus. (See Snapdragon.) Apple blossom, structure <=........... ade Sra bas Scio sein encpe re tecots onemeverey ioe IA ote 395 DLossoms), efrectotispray, MIXtures Oma. ease seen ene 385 CAMEL WPLEVAlONCE) sieneia rs: sala cree ole oes cto thaletenal so 8 castle ee IN note 174 CLOW ESAT OMe: cyoyntelsisie favs a ciel otsuckeysteacncucpsveke 1s eysush sella sy nee RE eae 176 COLT AOXS) TOU ATE KOO PORES SS AEN HERE ea OF CE RUS eR A Ie GIS ats sie F 175: aiseasesiin’ 1900 notes OMe sce seree Bee eee ee ieee akira! PUPS DOL HOLE rec ae eee Non sda eal yl Se ete 172 JEU DADE AKO Sete COG TANCE RENE coc a miaichtoth mcreerrye aid a alae 178 IONE RV HR0.0) FAC) UCR ORC CRTIC ORO TG CORHCITIS dina? Stator neo Aon abo AS Ons 177 Leaf AMIN ENS; MO CES KONG: sree ene ese aasars ws aiouedesencistenesiee etete ere rte 279 spot, prevalence ..... ee 9.0 ete ae ee 172 incre phone OTM gt56\ 5/0 sfcusterds esi eel ois ave Sig wenale: SIRE ee atone ree arene 174 Owe eleva Mall Ge wrote. 0'd Fisker yiclersiaierd ols se) Soe een eter arse omeronetenees 178 SEAM NOTE Va OM COL iso, uf ssleie seer cue: auaasuas 4c cscs 'arr6 cous Con ecneh peNche panemet on atehe onsrene 17k TECCREAMICET : CLEC CE) OL pies ic sun Nes ie miene eae ene ey ete I hohe rere 343 MOLES: OMe ace's Sey overs eats ioe aah Me eee a Cane 342 PREVALENCE oo. ictatsievete ce cttis Seca = epee rtarierel ckeeatenete 174 [yet hone Mein Ee Oe one ACO ober Onc Dew Door 347 trees, sprayed, fruit setting of.......361, 362, 3863, 364, 365, 366, 368 389, 390, 392, 393 Apples, yield as affected by spraying in bloom........ .. 402, 405, 408, 411 nie Ot 7 PLOW SOL OL 0: 5 sialels:oeichsi«.c 'a)s/0) 0,0) so alala, «Shale ms) mjeyere siMwis) o ela ole vo tan diseases, prevalence of dL Sian elie es aie Sim @a eS) Oh) a4 (80, a 16) Oe) a ole elehe e)a-alaie A8Z oF INDEX. PAGE Apricot, collar:rotOfssvssicieieeeeicses sacs Cee eae ates eee 180 CYCOSPONG OW <) sfuia'ntele ein) ajoin) ctv iain’-telelomn sie ja)ishatovetera lellateiin chora)ie)'ol avavatehete 181 ATHCHOIG, ALAIV SIS) c\05' + o's ee Melee ER ae bs Sa ee ee Meelis altace 456 ASPALACuUs MINEL NOES OM: cie's(creleseolele:s\e'e) et siolovevs eke iausisle elke arava aie eee ornamental, Rhizoctonia OM......2.0 006668. e cree c sees cnas 115 rust, damage by ........ Bitie areee Br ed eee art PRES. 123 Aeseriptiomys esas Mates eee bers eee Ree cle eee 125 historyvand distributions eeree eee eee 124 method of controlling .\.)\c)..bueenelels Wee's ch crenata eee et 129 recommendation for trea tMeNibic oe eerie 152 SPOT AV IN LOT eis cS ele ol rovreonste en rebate aos ois ede SPrayer: GeSeription® Oia carers vere coke cee ee ieee aes Bpraying experiments. sarees ete = cieresoee ee clea ete LST, 142 Varieties (resistant torust..cac css one CeCe CEE 130 B. Babcock milk test bottles, inspection. .....ceccscsssesersesessvees 14, 444 ‘Bacillus amylovorus. (See Twig blight of apple and Pear blight.) Bacteria, cause of bitter flavor in Neufchatel cheese................. 39 CATISCTOL TUStY SDOt IN CHECSC Ani lsleleleie/cleieieteiclello re eerie 45 Bacteriology, Department of, report ..... Sldvesgual blaterekel ne Shals ESN eee 27 SUMMOATY. Of WOlkes.-sresieo ee eee Seu JAMEL) ON Senos Sb oaono0 bu daGobn5obon I> ieee ab Dw ey eles I) BSGet Re NECOCLGMEG: OE csare, 5 cia ons a/aireyapabaseie lala teis) acl ie ete eae raven) Pale ene 105 BittersavorinyNeutchatelecheesermuccesce ote asses ea OTR elke IDEM GhRI GIS 6 ocoobd es doboes Habe Fa aeod Db As soggGe0 4240 e5uC 456 BlvGle NOE OMVCDELLY., <1 case oisieis vis wise) = o's ds am me etapa cle Say te ee Blackberry came KNOt 2... 200 ches ess eee eee ee ee ee a eee es one 185 GISeASess VLevVAleNCe1Of ects.) c2 ieee acley terete ee 182 CALS S HOE ceria rerec care ree tecie uak cashed te uenowel eel hetemerennrecaye aioe ten eratts cones 182 OPANGE TUSE od srereuwole wei so ous cuetelers Pinions ere erga alas al Means o> Se 182 Blossom, apple, structure Of .....-.. 2.622 -- ee cece eee eee tee eee eee 395 Body blight Of PEO oh... oe cess coe oe wo ele eye ee Wem a ee 198 Botanical work, SUMMATY ......000 es cee een ce ese tence ee te ee eden 16 Botany, Department of, report ........eeeee cece cree ree eres ett 53 Brands of commercial feeding stuffs licensed .....--.---+--+--+5+55 421 INDEX. 483 PAGE Brown spot of apricot POT OI POITIER DOT. COIS CIRO ici? OLD CCAD Diced 181 PERG Os sisi Aen eee Baste Ses segs % aR oie 192 SEES oe DCA THe AT ALY SIS! ccteleteloieiaicheislsteistolsteveishereueicuczeisssicze seuss taake ete ie 456 Bulletin reprints: DSKopptl(C oaconliad donb Odandamo ou Cdooo a gbe py oomdat 395 NO TSO ee rec oie scuttve Soke, RUS Ree ase ere 55 INOS LEG ea shctere ieistel veto ole wlslic ete alah pel hate c SER MN eRe Momence 415 NOE AGT Ti fal acec ic srateh ds vara wo ala cate fale gs GEIS EE EP POR OEE 438 (Ores Wa epOn Ged CO NAG ROMO OOOO OD OS ODS ad bea 2a i A4t NO} 179 Nags Seis Shs ns FS SR Se BAe 61 NOE TUS 9 aad ajc acne etsles S's adm Alar aan NE A ete ne 287 INO TBD asi ciesoinbaereusye oyeessale be a eNot nats MUM MINH tors eects eye 69 INO; USS) co jofeious satus SAstathas MER SEIT. PE CRURE Oa 29 INO CLG) toa cuecaes seonesten Vo br alovunc us arutatac ele HRS ciarons a Acvesae 342 NO: 186 aio. ogee ndceckh Baease aS RL eee soe 97 INOS BT eccsiate, 2,5, 55, chovieversces cre) seek PDE Sed Ie eee Pe 213 IN GIBB ais oo Seas erat te Beira are Staats ac 9 SEE NEE oe eee 122 NO UBD, 22.55 oie pepsin cide cobegesko seco jouourucane tales SRA RE foie 292 INO, LOO): 5 oc sieuscscsecopeus,ouousycyowecsche ee SOO a Eee 449 NO. 190 ys Sia ame tied feted aie 2 «elas «lng ede ae Ween 167 IOs LO nos ngs) 0/5 & a) as sual iial +) lel oih-ialel= 116 Clisiocampa disstria. (See Forest tent-caterpillar.) Collar rot Of APTIGOTS <)..5e...0 ok. eos SNS NR Secs Seah ain ePalleven sbaderahere banenekets 180: Colletotrichum antirrhini on snapdragon .................26.- ajarenetstevats am GESCLIUP TOMI ela stctlhnis oats oe ise Seiad aod Me nes 62 MommMenrcial Heedin ge Stules AWA lyiSES reyes vcie ators elelor's) ole) a) cl alls) ele) screl-teustatcliciane 426 FALUIZELSeLORM OO LALO CG nares crete att Molebay ov ctetreleilevatere ets olieret si -oietenetons 213 TNS PE CEOM ae cyadrs he eerie stolen cence ates oes terete 488 Concentrated feeding stuffs, inspection .............5......-.....2.- - de Coniothyrium. (See Cane blight of raspberry.) Cooperative experiments .......... Ht SOOO OMO IAG Aba eereriD S.C 13 GEreopsismlanceolata, FENIZOCLONAG OM 2 so ave ote oie « © e\ohs) =: aes sa) ale) she) e)= Cie ae 118 Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, cooperation WML tiNintcte teteisite te ' c)a ele slele el elalelw ele s)e clei ciene 27 SUMMARY: OF WOLKE 7s \ceccs ele seieaciotee rere 15 Botany, report ...... maleisie eerste a3, cop) sole ones oe aE ee er orer trate 53 SLIM AIRY. (OL WOT) 52) « «14, s12) sictrenctoeierenie erste 16 WntomologyAmeportisn.csoistelsversicisicierscls aaclare cre aca eee ee 261 SUIMMaAry OL WORK, < cc vl aracieoid cman seis NG Horticulture. reportis accrue eee ee 330 SUMMA OL works. .cecisco see cocraee ona 19 Director’s report .....eeseeeeeessecees sreol ol oleters whalsHshahohyeieaey hepato rele ees 9 Diseases of plants caused by Rhizoctonia .................220222000e 97 SUBV.GY/ eter evele oisualorsiele.s eloicievaicraeiscis er ciselom eerste as 167 DISSOMINALION, Of ODIONGSTIUCL 2 c, << cio ayes et ols lol ae windsl sterols elie @ afel a -Uelert 283 Fusicladium dendriticum. (See Apple scab.) G. Gooseberry diseases, prevalence: ci... «oc cies «cies ries sine « ote loin elo) helehare 188 EraAper di SCAsess previal en C@xiejaicierleferiers leloteeveleyoselekeneveheteietene tote n Retaley ey eleeteuryars 1&9 Gum pockets in pluMS....... 0... e ee eee cee cee tener eee eect eee 208 LAL NG UL VACO AP DLEN «oo ehore/siers\eysy eo, syee'a/6 ioe ord) ay orel oo cote opelene ava rea ReMee aveh Loner 178 CHEOYTHY)s wisscve oie ei oe cote velsisl © wiele rep sdehefocalalsnelcnea cts) ee eee erated = feonie 186 NE? K Ol) ACIS SCA CB InOIORIO CD OOO CICPILT cio romney its ols Bic 195 10) 3 Daa GeIE GO CSC MAO oh Ia eI tes ach i ecole 202 Eig yp OG OLA PICs «sos isisietcle cielale bere ain Slee to's + Shee aye ie gis cid esas sere etal 177 Hipmomicinels: Sinkesiats, Ghrelhi ann oe bbcode eupoooDocdoo onc os cdoU Uso aL 457 Helminthosporium carpophilum. (See Brown spot/of apricot and peach.) Horticultural Department, Report of ...........0--ecceccerssceeereee 333 WORK SUMINAT Yi s/c c/c/e\e\c)s /c\cinicie see «\s 010) slelereleisielelsisisielsiviciele 19 I. Insecticides, InspectiON .....cceesecer eee sereeens sj mideareeioen eb elees AG 14, 449 Inspection of Babcock test glassware .......+- see ee eee ee eee cece 14, 444 PECANS SEELS 5.0: 516) 0,4, «5, =0,ahelts Meee eiel tape oie valet a) stelnie s)> = 14, 415 FETEUNIZETS) << )-)0)\0/0)s/ ean olole) cteilewe lie l>\ohbya\ sila oLel=iaiehe 12 K. Kerosene, effect on bearing fruit trees..... Do om ae bac hae 321, 325 INDIA, EN Wao DUOC OOD OOGoTdigdobdacoEdoomso col 318 Sam SOSG/SCale sped eeyey sauial sieueneeueliisnel oiaonag ay elal's alot cialis 823 ICME EHO KM OlINe TI EaaG ADO OGD DOUG Oa Od clon sloqa000 ds an ancoee dno dool. 179 L. Law, feeding stuffs, provision Reems eh fone aie! Aireamiiny herd mannerisms tia sili.» aie 3, Paris green inspection, defects. .... 2.00.20: .. 02-22. eee tee ne eeen 457 ent Digit Of CHELEY: caro. sin wie 22 oie w ese em =) she ie ot oi eine ind asm winched auvaare 186 CUNUITIGE oioy'5 ng onesies =a teva oun) oleic 6, Gels lale) acayiay eke! tl ay acedeteyepo etal 205 orntid ra) ears: KG pa ee ae OME ere Sree IIe ao Oh a tacinecie le cor i raperes hi (515) VEC N CE Giadmpesgaags on sb ce cond Us OnbOOeby addg mse oma dose Coad 186 POAT beso vesere or ciah ersicota eis aM to) aia ve ieieilnret «eee michel a tanegs ue ategatoeente 197 spot of apple, prevalence. ....... ee eee cece ee eee ee eee eee ee 172 bIQCkDernye coer sacnape ess seen er 22 RRRO Ree pes aae lee 184 CULTATt oo vis os ncsad cee’ dibs es ccaieya sy a4 eR eee ae eieerre 188 Lettuce, Rhizoctonia OM... 2... cece cece ee cece ee ete e ee teeta cece enene 108 Wicensedy brands) OL TeediMSiStUsh Se eyes ote e aiellele ates seers enter iee 421 List of bulletins. .............- MSC OOo Peo mes oOD oo cu cro ddGtnao-c 23 ‘Tattle peach’? GISCASE. 0. v2 so.cses ones cece ric beles oe ses Cabs nes cee 191 M. Macrophoma and apple tree canker....... seat eile Verge enahe (essa Stee TSE ERC Rone RES 848 on apple .......+. AOC OOO OOOO ODIO OOOO Os Gude Oana c 174 MUALDT UML OD, PICAT n aicinis.o.0 (oin aie aie 050) 015 «eel ois sialelelalerele le = sieteee 198 Mailing list........0. FON OOOO OOO OOO TOO O TOG Gone 05,00 Ca OGdOOd.40.00 6 11 Maximum and minimum temperatures. .............2 eee eee eeees 468, 477 Meteorological records ....+e-+eee onsets tertons “o sofatte te tceaikene, MEER NE Sete voc DEERE 468 Methods of combating forest tent-caterpillar .................2-.-24-- 267 ONION SIOUE |. fepoieieletetatet-hot--0 te Sod eee ral San JOSCISCAL]S fetetere oie tats fateitesaneyerotereeters ete tale lon: she nelene 328 Controlling ASPATASUS LUST: cies cio ere oiclaciaholam sieleleha v/e10lc\e e's sass) INDEX. 4389 PAGE NIK POST DEA OGOLS iM)./4.) 1b at tect tate ett Yeh aN -tovate et MenaRe onal eh ved sore ee tleeneh ches 3 HAVO CIUSCUSSIOM ss ysis roml sere starrer) aya leachate! = ated a) seas etal elise re 30 fishy, favor i... 2s. BERLE PES SS RE SLAP TIE RAE 36 OGOES LOMA pA SLOW MI Syeena eto yieyet eloolcn cl ellet st eetevepe on ctl -)erarememmactret lis 31 test bottles, inspection...... PROTONS OLA LEI ELC SIREN ea 14, 444 Monilia fructigena. (See Fruit rot of plums.) N. Nectria cinnabarina, (See Cane blight of currants.) ditissima. (See European canker.) Nursery trees, effect of winter spraying with kerosene on............. 318 StOCk hum Sai OM Ol. 1s\e) oieiclala\elelole oraiclel-Iel~ aiial «le a 335 oO. AW) COTES UTA IC Sve varm cy are reielsrarelsietereusceusreivalelesstiaraltols ilcnor kere eveMonr eT eB Gelis Culshmieronel oe 31 CMHeCE OL EMIPEEAUUTE) Ole -renciy. Vere ncwy si chehnstele te cisuetalsuaee eae 33 Onion smut, damage by ......... Sie elec aye oulsyshySeeitor ok alas tee esp aks yaaa ae Baie 70 GiISSEMIMACLOND ga.< evsvoree ro) ais, seyeid Hitiene se i2 GIs) Eke clo lois eparaiosersta cee iek ats Tal IME EHO AS OL COTA ACTIN yc ean ere ras satis bcd snehs oilehey ican otensite erst eetete nas (al nature of .......... S0do0¢ 70 sulphur-lime treatment forsee) sae) soir ick eee es 69 time (OL MINLE CEOs o sien ere ero cl eis ck en eA OE eae 92 PLEAD ENUM te, OLS c: cckeioretey ores otro cisvererpelsneymonsRaer ya Tash che RSE E Re 94 Orange rust on blackberry..... Sialarelia avasatiaecoler sepa eRe Ta ara enone 182 Oreharaerrecs small, siuMMiSAatOs LOL.) 6/<)o\-)) nelle) yt sleleioter natal vons etek 287 Orchardists, attitude on spraying in bloom... 25. e ee ree ore ale 370 Ornie prunivorella. (See Apple leaf miner.) P. BAraerene AN aly SiSi verses vereberete ete)! vera ciel oi:iic lalate fe neraee eet ener ey eae 456 PAPAS Ce WPON jCAIMation, FUSE. <2: oys vin ails arajeiir\aiaie\e 2) cvsie inlets eee Ee Ee 55 ATASICISIN OL FOMIZOCLOINAG «x; \ete\ess oa, dette viteraleiebeiee ds Suet = s)sie) orellel one nao JSKeranKenlknureeNl IOYejopeaTaKeahiy Ae weer aoe a aoee MiGcblas ase e col a BIO ANRSTIRIDRE? ga c0 bc nod Cone ODDO R Oo aonboMo ob doe game cop ocKO ap dl CH GR NANTON 55 SoBe oe MoOponoooDUoe de Ge sods 45 seme uoUdocr 211 LM SP CCTIOM WOM mataret set-psttete sini clove) Aetele reer ciate state a) a¥el-tau-t-1-Veh
    ) ste/e 413 Resistant Varieties Of AS PALAU Si releiere)e a (ole «ool a\s clolel elelalel* @ lei-\ a ween 16 . 180 Rhizoctonia as a cause of plant diseases......... 0c cece ee eee eee eee OF ATIPAITIER I Caliayele, svercisvevsisicuece cronedel saaioleliciis io.s1s onsietvepere, ae eterevailenevenets . 103 Europe ...... aR Le CNS ION ROME RE OTIC OIG DOO 101 ON A SPA AUIS OLMAMI EM Leaguer re earioreye leper lel cvelleielvel«\cle) ar oheraheh tells iat 115 lWGhin GodosgcoduGce Sudoeo SOCIO A CSO OI Cece solo rete ers 104 DC iti eccaiatetetekens scncrer ooo shake cTavonated cloriece enertenas sie) oiev/slBueusueveyeleys eickserete 105 cabbage and) canlifloweiyays rete escerietcasaie sistas) a> . 106 GCALIVAGLOME qerdtererccarehe co euch notes Pocepey Nolet aheps Dies ile es oa ere 56. LENG CALTOL 3 carotueerstietcicere Sotere tem eDiets tear ave neyenors ate ood aOR (1s) (ly REPEC STP Wt Aine OS ON Hae emcee cacre ea BLU Onin) HSM poh booonscecoouddob ooo LaemE aad Suiggne dauc pL coreopsis ....... Siete aa Me here: ALAR Mbeya RMAC ake meena ere ETS Bria Lilie: COLLOT et ayete: exc cher arcisteraecel ste cette wine avaberelele ett siekevel sy aie ey s\e,tere eres 108 lettuce ........ yg Merk cals ae Neco ae ere he ta vobtoena tera ahe rene stegans .. 108 mMmiscellanCOUSPHOSUS Ha teeienntacrareclens ehelele domaine Soin crepe [ELI CIT5): SANO Dene DMO GOO fLe CAUCE Oe Cot see mise Sos ea tk) TRYIUEIN Gooscce caouanooeus SO OI AACS HORN SEE: ODI e .. 114 PAOD EARS OPO MO ERO ERIC ORIOL OF CR eR RCIODIT ear retete elene Poee en [aks ' SW CS CVV LLUT EIN siete arcane. cleveycueneiel spol siovelis\ctelsneta rere cians teheveee aiers ay llr VAIO gocnddvodcduonaddoauds ae0bedbe AOC ROGHTIES. crordtne 118 DALASUSIMI OL fetermteloleteere ake diech idle cizta. tate sto ciebace aletarehfakerrs 182 VETO SOR GDA CH. 5, occ cosy SISBSTA REN CVED Revo’ so) oii o:le 0) eiel'e euce everere renee Gliateys rs ierounvotee 191 Yield of apples as affected by spraying in bloom......... 402, 405, 408, 411 ; re ¥ : be ree a a ; ae hte Cee Tia eT on . i a a ee Lal i > i ~ . ‘ } ee ye iy P. a a , ae piel 4 + ee an J 5 | J i . - we Ue \ a iy ee ) ‘ ay We + : vies ™ Ti ’ Le + i { 0 iar 4 “ 4 ‘ iy iA] ‘“ A ile, +e is ee eee Et See ~ y, mera Stex ye eens Siero } \ i n ies ens vad a ( 2 \ Baty oe i ‘n aN v4 in) hand