hes Sore hs Seok ui Ree phere ae 3t Ge vas oa nap eee ir es tk ek it ee 3: a: Ss i es eh tiie State of New York—Department of Agriculture THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE New York Agricultural Experiment Station (GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY) FOR THE YEAR 1912 With Reports of Director and Other Officers TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 15, 1913 ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1913 oY oe m lolsic iasmneeaeet (tareuoR, anny poms ‘eTer sci sme sios | Bi oS | stp pi 10 TesiI0 ns ovo 6 se Na LP ety am : CE Br MAY, MSTIT 6.9 3 aoe | yi i apie v- a Es CHE aD ROT A SEAS a at Grey STATE OF NEw YORK No. 29. IN ASSEMBLY JANUARY 15, 1913. THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE NEW YORK AGRI- CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION STATE OF NEW YORK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Ausany, January 15, 1913. To the Assembly of the State of New York: I have the honor to submit herewith the Thirty-first Annual Report of the Director and Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law. I am, respectfully yours, CALVIN J. HUSON, Commissioner of Agriculture. NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, W. H. Jorpan, Director. Geneva, N. Y., January 11, 1913. Hon. Carvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany, RES a Dear Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1912. Yours respectfully, i BOWILSON, President Board of Control. BOARD OF CONTROL. Governor Joun A. Dix, Albany. CommissioneR Carvin J. Huson, Albany. Tuomas B. WIiLson, Hall. AtFrReD G. Lewis, Geneva. Lewis L. Morreit, KinpeRHOOoK. Burt E. Smauiey, Interlaken. G. Hypr Ciarke, Cooperstown. Henry C. Harrenpine, Dundee. Eucenge M. Anprews, Union. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. Tuomas B. Wixson, President. Wixuram O’HanNton, Secretary and Treasurer. STATION STAFF. Wuitman H. Jorpan, Sc.D., LL.D., Director. Grorce W. CuurRcHILL, Agriculturist and Superin- tendent of Labor. Witiram P. WHEELER, First Assistant (Animal Industry). Harry A. Harpine, Px.D., Bacteriologist. Harow J. Conn, Pu.D., Associate Bacteriologist. Goprrry L. A. Ruruz, M.S., 1James D. Brew, B.S., Assistant Bacteriologists. Frep C. Stewart, M.S., Botanist. 2Joun G. GrossENBACHER, Pp.B., A.B., 2Watter. O. Guorrer, A.M., Associate Botanists. 4G. TatBor Frencz, B.S., 6Minerva Coutins, B.S., 8Mancet T. Munn, B.S., | Assistant Botanists. Pu.D., Chemist. Lucius L. Van Siyxe, ALFRED W. Boswortn, B.S., Ernest L. Baker, B.S., Ruvourex J. AnpErson, B.S., Associate Chemists. _ArtTHUR W. Crars, B.S., -Morean P. Sweeney, A.M., James T. Cusick, B.S., Orro McCreary, B.S., Orrin B. Winter, B.S., Assistant Chemists. Grorce A. Smrrn, Dairy Expert. Franx H. Hatt, B.S., Editor and Librarian. Percivau J. Parrorr, M.A., Entomologist. Wiiu1am J. ScHorne, M.S., Associate Entomologist. Haroip E. Hopexiss, ee 1 BENTLEY B. Futon, B.A., Assistant Entomologists. Utyssres P. Heprick, M.S., Horticulturist. RicHarp WELLINGTON, M.S., Associate Horticulturist. Grorce H. Hows, B.S.A., Cuartes B. Tusercen, B.S., Assistant Horticulturists. Orrin M. Taytor, Foreman in Horticulture. JosppH F. Barker, M.S., In Charge of Soil Investigations. S5RicHarD F. Kreiner, A.B., Assistant Chemist (Soils). 7RueinaLD C. Coiuison, M.S., Assistant Chemist (Soils and Horticulture). °F, Arwoop SirRine, M.S., Special Agent. JENNIE TERWILLIGER, 2GERTRUDE 8S. Mayo, Director’s Secretaries. Frank E. Newron, Wittarp F. Parcuin, Lena G. Curtis, Aenes E. Ryan, Estuer F, Hawkins, Clerks and Stenographers. Apin H. Horton, Computer and Mailing Clerk, “Prep Z. Hartzevy, M.A., Associate Entomologist. 4 Frep EK. Giapwin, B.S., Special Agent. Address all correspondence, not to individual members of the staff, but to the paw York AcricutturAL Expermment Station, Geneva, N. Y. The Bulletins published by the Station will be sent free, to any farmer applying r them. “ a » Appointed June 20, 1912. ™ 2 Resigned September 1, 1912. 9 3 Appointed April 15, 1912. 4 Resigned February 15, 1912. *) ¢ Appointed April 1, 1912. a ® Appointed February 15, 1912; Bune 30, 1912. # 7 Appointed June 18, 1912. 5 resigned 8 Appointed July 1, 1912. ® Riverhead, N. Y. 10 Absent on leave. 11 Resigned December 1, 1912. 12 Appointed December 18, pale 13 Resigned November 9, 19 14 Connected with the eraians Grape Work. — ai i | meee iv ve ean ier ofa Robi ae rN. a eh meal Pan Mesh bee TAA Ua Ea). vay vo ih rans: ey eee } nS i my a od hae ie (ab, ‘ ri ae F rae i a tra ~*: TEN hig hy gt - ae ina ching) ee . eA ay: ie Ore ‘qe, ¥! , ne ee tay digit oa seat Z ae ae PA OE RI Coen | ; AY : , i : ql \ ; ‘ Ay i ae ay * 9 iwi an r oes aw yay ae | h. } Jy - : a =, pans | mW, Noewetaie ny 2, ey at we ae ey ie tLe if Ni tebe : re i Ah, > > i oh Avia # it at webts ik preys | ai | ob : oe SAT Rae wy wane 1) ie sail * ; ai yore iS eu | | ) eer any Lf ; ' ; News Bae (i “ee 5 ol , ; { . % q 5 : , wie a ay, Re re Ww“. TAK. AM aa Nu e y lad © Ware =" e = ~ Healing ie Ne wy vad : et) aie : OL kee mv ; hey), Qwipem y a ot mass Wa ane if. yeu je “ ee es . we 5 Pe a aris a 1 = i / we more en ca Mas hine tone)” al te % LAA - hau) yee TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PRT EAS UTES MUG ONU Remy secre tear or enc ceeds lee See ee cH tlerc cal Sal oft (enelis sje televs oy e's eK 1 DINE ClORB ee POLGE ree eee ced Pee tLe eee an a Sane Tale favelenalealafalie sve big wicks aia seats 8 Report of the Department of Animal Industry: Milking machines: Effect of the machine method of milking upon the milk FLOW area een TREATS LCi rey eye eitavar svat, wie eee aon Ses era geaea AS aug 57 A study of the metabolism and physiological effects of certain phosphorus COMMPOUNGS wwithemMll GhkCOWSeei- mick. we oe eae ae Sisal eer See ctarctere Siete Phytin and phosphoric acid esters of inosite............. 000. cc eee c eee 122 Phytin and pyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite................0..000005 137 The organic phosphoric acid compound of wheat bran.................... 151 The organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal............... 000 cee eee 166 Report of the Botanical Department: Seed testsimaderat the station during 190i. 2 4.5. s see ss sla es tne 179 A comparative test of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate and bordeaux mixture TOLISPLA VANE POUALOES Sampnmhapnepce voir mae lols. oi ckcaehaeloid vain telnie onclatinia hese vale 193 Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes............... 201 Potato spraying experimencs, 1902-1911............ EE cichek eee ieee cet 209 Crown-rotiof fruititrees:; “Wield @studices./.5~ 22.26.2202) ne eens 250 Report of the Chemical Department: Composition and properties of some casein and paracasein compounds and ther wel a tionsdta CHEESE varaere versa ier orn ateralie a ars he ee crayons “6 oe arate ieee ae 309 Report of the Entomological Department: IM aveys Seri M Doty) OS Sacer chan Cl ocnoaniciem atin ORO CREE Re eC Oe ae 341 hegrrape leal-hoppetangsits control... 4. cae cre noe bee ees 367 herdppleiand! cherryvermine: Moths: sss: 5.eeisase coos wee te oe eee wee 382 Report of the Horticultural Department: Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato................. 423 Anrexperiment inbreeding Tappless.. osc \slclsc 44 sieve oie aRisle onnsaiseresen 1S oe 443 Grapeystocksvionr American STapes 2. aft 23: 6) ois sated youstaeee Madu noe deen 489 edi erectee itll SCRY DOC erp ie oye cine. sis 2 Sie Solas Ne wied wise nl alates eee oe 522 (GUARDS), GULLIT TE APG Gio. tac ceo CERO ERECT ES Cee Ne ee a 530 Report on Inspection Work: Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides.................. 541 inispections of lecdingeetuiisescy sri. chica ooe Seas ook cosa sie & Reis Ree ODO EMEUy Ses GL COMMELEIA WELUIZETS. = occ fob eds eho eos celeb ok cele eee ees 687 Appendix: Popular Editions of Station bulletins: Anew fruit-tree enemy int New -Viorkey..\\e)...c case he een os as oa emees 809 Highting leaf-hoppers im the) vineyard... ..........:-0-seec nce ecess 815 Quality of farm secdarumlOlt Fa Sas Gee oe dc hse occd o Selew es 820 Crossing tomatoes to increase the yield.............0.-.--.c00s00ee% 823 LLime-sulphur dwarfs potatos plants: :.5..)..-. 20. oss 2s ste tenses. 830 Menyyearstor potato: Sprayingerimeiar is srislos.o tie ovis eyes oulucse oa ce 831 Some new apples from known parents..................0000000e eee 840 Lime-sulphur not a good potato spray.................. Tb. ete te 850 Machine milking does not affect milk flow..................-e0e-0-0 851 New. sVorkgrapesion mew. TOOtsMaer a4. cs sinc teroteeniciones « sete: 860 Perlodicalsirecetved bythe Stationery... 42402. ces dee e tee eee lee 869 Meteorologicalirecordsmor lol? , “tamer Vig dh Pacts. Sera 875 pea alias iy | ‘ Sy Tuirty-First ANNUAL REporT OF THE Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station TREASURER’S REPORT. Geneva, N. Y., October 1, 1912. To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experi ment Station: As Treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the following report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912: MAINTENANCE Funp — NecrEssary EXPENSE. APPROPRIATION 1911-1912. 191.4. Receipts. Dr. Oct. Porbalanee on handeee. .. ssc. > 6 3: $2,683 06 To amount received from Comptroller. 22,500 00 $25,183 06 2 REpPoRT OF THE TREASURER OF THE Expenditures. Cr. By building and epairs: oo. a $982 08 By cheuncal sippligsss..y- 3. ee 823 54 By contingent expenses: 29022 - ee 3,553 23 By feeding Stuliseer see a, ee 1,164 34 By fertilizers =.) Seen ets ast-3 sara see ie 694 45 By freight and express. . 2. . 2.0525: 942 86 By furniture and fixtures.......... 205 33 By heat, light and water........... 952 42 By library io. 2.0. = 2. ; ae eee 1,146 90 By livestock, 3.0.02 erie anes 86 25 By postage and stationery.......... 1,882 86 By publications... ¢: 22 eeeee ee 1,665 75 By scientilic apparatus, json eens: 966 60 By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. . 4,412 57 By tools, implements and machinery. . 1,282 82 1912. By traveling expenses ............. 3,401 69 Pepeypyed: by.balance’ .4 oer 47 68 By heat, light and water........... 168 90 By postage and stationery.......... 1 25 By publications! 7. -.2%.... .., eee 1,811 76 By salaries 8-e.00 Ube: sions See 6,440 65 1912. By traveling expenses." 2." = 2 - 95 39 Sept.) 7630. “By balance. .-.5.+ <3... 286. 20 468 66 $10,109 11 CONCENTRATED FEEDING Sturrs INSPECTION. 1Ofts Receipts. Dr. Oct. 1. To balance .on~hand . .2282>~ 52.20% $98 83 To amount received from Comptroller. 3,500 00 $3,598 83 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Expenditures. By chemical supplies: 2222.25... by continent “expensey... 44 miei ei « By reign and expresses. of .%. 6 2fs 2. By heat, light and water....2:..... By postage and stationery.......... By publications stilts ake s ss oko He SA EEICS, Sins 68s oe oi de npn bots By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. f0i2. . By travelmevexpensesys .) 2. 6 =9e:s 2s Bapey 30. Jey balance 7) oie aa 22 see ele 6s CHAUTAUQUA GRAPE INVESTIGATION FUND. £911. Receipts. Oct. 1. To amount received from Comptroller. Expenditures. iby chemical supplies...) 52.4... By contingent expenses... ......... J D/L S) GLTEY, 3) 2A Ra oe gn by freight and express... 0..5.5.... iy heat, lightsand, waters, ......... Peapigea WOT). sae nett hems eu ue. oie, By postage and stationery.......... Bydealaties .’ >See, Mt} 3G By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. By traveling expenses ............. Dr. $4,248 $4,248 15 03 40 25 03 24 00 ff 8 57 53 5 89 ~J Or 6 Report OF THE TRBASURER OF THE InsuRANCE MOoNneEY. taht. Receipts. Dr: Oct. 1. To ‘balance on hand? a7. 2eea ee $22 O7 1912. Expenditures. Cr. pepe 00. By halanevrs - masattatere eee Nido $22 07 Apams Funp. Receipts. Di: 1. To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States, as per appropriations for fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, under act of Congress approved March 16; 1906! [ovine:{/miemia | $1,500 00 Expenditures. Cr. SBS YBa AACS a i hl el $1,500 00 Hatrcu Founp. Receipts. Dr. To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States, as per appropriations for fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, under act of Congress approved Manca 2. ASST . . scammers sis mieten hoe $1,500 00 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Th Expenditures. Cr. By labors ys apes Peg ty Eps bypope ayo $829 67 iEay aa laE Lear “Hrs stetant stale. ee les te 670 33 $1,500 00 All expenditures are supported by vouchers approved by the Auditing Committee of the Board of Control and have been forwarded to the Comptroller of the State of New York. (Signed) W. O’Hanton, Treasurer. DIRECTOR'S REPOR DE POR giz." To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station: Gentlemen.— I have the honor to submit to you herewith a re- port of this institution for the calendar year 1912. In this report, I have endeavored to set forth as clearly as possible the financial conditions and needs of the Station and, in addition, such a review of our activities and our results as will make clear to you and to the agricultural public the nature of the problems to which we are giving attention and the policy and methods which prevail in carrying on our work. I desire to make sincere acknowledgment to the Board of Control of the Station for the efficient support and direction which I have received in administering the affairs of the Station, and to my associates on the staff for their loyal aid and co-operation. ADMINISTRATION. STATION STAFF. Since presenting my last report, Mr. Martin J. Prucha, Asso- ciate Bacteriologist, and Mr. James K. Wilson, Assistant Bacteri- ologist, who, during 1910 and 1911, were pursuing special studies at Cornell University, have permanently disconnected themselves from this institution. Mr. Prucha is now a member of the faculty of the New York State College of Agriculture. Mr. John G. Grossenbacher, Associate Botanist, has resigned to enter upon important work in plant pathology with the United States Department of Agriculture. Mr. James T. Cusick, Assistant Chemist, was transferred on October Ist, to the State Department of Agriculture, as one of its chemists. All of these gentlemen carry with them the best wishes of their former associates for their future success. ~ * A reprint of Bulletin No. 356, December, 1912. [8] New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 During the year, the following appointments have been made: Miss Minerva Collins, B. S., a graduate of the University. of Kentucky, was appointed to the position of Assistant Botanist on February 15th, which position she held until June 30th. The ap- pointment was of a temporary character in order that certain work in seed inspection might be accomplished. Mr. Reginald C. Collison, M. S., received an appointment as Assistant Chemist on June 18th. At the time of his appointment, he held the position of Assistant Chemist in the staff of the Ohio State Experiment Station. His work at this institution will be chiefly in the Department of Soil Investigations. Mr. Walter O. Gloyer, A. M., was selected to fill the place va- cated by Mr. Grossenbacher and entered upon his duties on April 15th. He had previously occupied the position of Assistant Bota- nist at the Ohio State Experiment Station. He is at present en- gaged in research work in plant pathology. Mr. Richard F. Keeler, A. B., a graduate of the University of Michigan, received an appointment as Assistant Chemist on April 1, 1912, and is assigned to the Department of Soil Investigations. Mr. Mancel T. Munn, B. S., was appointed to the position of Assistant Botanist on July 1, 1912. Mr. Munn is a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College and is at present giving his attention chiefly to seed inspection, with the details of which he had become familiar previous to his appointment. Mr. Bentley B. Fulton, B. A., was added to the Entomological staff as assistant on June 20th. Mr. Fulton is a graduate of the Ohio State University. Mr. James D. Brew, B. S., a graduate of Cornell University, was appointed as Assistant Bacteriologist on June 20th. He is giving attention chiefly to the problems of milk sanitation. Tn accordance with the action of your Board, three of the above appointments — those of Mr. Collison, Mr. Fulton and Mr. Brew — were made in order to extend the experimental work of the in- stitution more fully over the State. Our activities in this direc- tion will be more fully presented in a subsequent part of this report. 10 Drrectror’s REPoRT OF THE MAINTENANCE FUNDS. The funds available for the support of the institution during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912, were as follows: Salaries’. ~eL ss Mees AE PASE s SOL eee tes eRe ee $52,000 ADOT S85 ertecucehese niko Sho Bi swab ckerays cues) ae ae eahet chore h Onare iets ete ete eae 15, 800 Maintenance of the work of the Station departments............ 22, 500 General expense, heat, light, water, repairs, etc................. 5,500 AOL eS igen een RAR ee ne ary he cay PERS. Oka arin meme eM Oe $95,800 Expense of chemical work in analyzing samples of fertilizers and feeds submitted as required by law by the Commissioner of Agriculture: Wertilier IMSPCCbION ss.cids « sseie doc lhe ele Sineeieeiet Sees eee $10,000 Feeding satus; inspection a6.) Fei 2. Lash Seas Renee o- 3, 500 MOGAN estas Saksis the Ric lt ec o18 chess evs isle aie a eloleteceus eters Meee aw $13,500 The State appropriations for the current fiscal year are as follows: SAIATION chet hs « Serene cieeneie ge oh. eet ions tre win inva ee CRO cme ewan cate ee $52, 000 ADOT AE ee Rh, Bb SE ER Se ate Ss OS ER EE eae ain? Beene 15, 800 Maintenance of work of Station departments.................... 24,000 Special grape work in Chautauqua county...................... 7,500 General expense, heat, light, water, repairs, etc................. 5, 500 ANOURL Es Bis aw eth A ete a aete a! ste Pate ot dha Acta BR Ae RRA eed EM $105, 800 Expense of chemical work in analyzing samples of fertilizers and feeds submitted as required by law to the Commissioner of Agriculture: Hentilizers ANS PECLION: cae ci-leyeio sp tetvsadalale oye sysiaysis. oiovchesteis louee tere oteueier $11, 000 Needing ‘stufisinspection Vsti). Fp Salve. bane sok lete ahs dele ohenmenietene 4,500 AUC) 2 (Pe eee OR ie An a NE gee RO EE Sn ale eats! $15,500 Owing to a failure to receive from the Legislature any appro- priation for 1912 for the Chautauqua grape work, it became necessary to support this work from the general funds of the in- stitution during the last four or five months of the fiscal year end- ing September 30, 1912. This placed limitations on our work both at the Station and in the Chautauqua district. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ita ESTIMATED FINANCIAL NEEDS OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1913-1914. In making public the estimates decided upon by your Board as needed appropriations for the institution during the fiscal year 1913-19114 it is proper that certain explanations should be offered. It will be noticed that the items requested for the maintenance of the Station for the next fiscal year, outside of the aid given the Commissioner of Agriculture in the administration of agricul- tural law, exceed the appropriation for the present year by $16,700. ‘This increase is distributed among the items for sal- aries, labor and expenses for maintaining the various lines of re- search and experimentation carried on by the institution. It is easily seen that this increase is not requested for any single purpose, but is regarded as necessary because of the general en- largement of the activities of the Station due to the steady growth of the demands made upon us by the agricultural public. It should not be forgotten in this connection that agricultural prac- tice has undergone, during the past few decades, very far-reach- ing changes largely in the direction of a steadily increasing de- pendence upon the conclusions of science. For this reason, the agricultural public is more and more turning to such agencies as the college of agriculture and the experiment station for the solution of problems and for direction in farm practice. It may be said that there seems to be no limit to what may be expended in agricultural research and education and it is true that the amounts appropriated by the State for the support of its agricul- tural agencies has been steadily increasing until they are now an important item in the State’s annual financial budget. The real question to be considered, however, is whether these expenditures are profitable, whether it is really worth while to secure and apply knowledge that results in more economical pro- duction, whether it is worth while to defend the farmer against pests, which, without the application of modern methods, would render almost impossible the production of certain farm: crops. It is safe to assert that the action of the State Legislature in liber- 12 Drrecror’s Report OF THE ally supporting the various agricultural agencies that have been established is heartily ratified, on the basis of experience, by the intelligent agricultural public. If this institution is to meet the increasing see: made upon it, it must have more liberal financial support and it is for this reason that your Board has asked for enlarged resources for the following fiscal year. The items decided upon are as follows: Wor Salaries \.o sete: lk ete loe tee ec ee ee CCS ee neice eee $60,000 Hor Labor 2a y ce S32 se ee oe eee osteo Oe SPER E eee ote ae etka eee era 18, 000 Maintenance of work of Station departments.................... 28,000 Investigations in the interests of grape growing................ 10, 000 General expenses, including heat, light, water, repairs, ete........ 5, 500 ED OG aN rete crea revevasevsisnel sire we shonaita Pr oihenens eilsiguckertatotenes Stone rasiete cucamme emer tease: $121,500 It has become the policy of the State to regulate, through inspec- tion laws, the sale of various commercial articles important to the farmer, including commercial fertilizers, concentrated feed- ing stuffs, fungicides and insecticides, and agricultural seeds. In addition to this, all glassware used in measuring the fat content of milk and cream, where such products are bought on the fat basis, must be inspected and marked by this institution. The first inspection law enacted in this State related to commercial fer- tilizers, which was followed some years later by an act regulating the sale of concentrated feeding stuffs. There has gradually fol- lowed inspection along the other lines mentioned. The chemical and other scientific work involved in this inspec- tion has all been placed among the required duties of the Director of this institution, but for only two lines of inspection, viz., fer- tilizers and feeding stuffs, are special funds provided to meet the necessary expense. Whatever has previously been accomplished in the analysis of fungicides and insecticides, in the examination of agricultural seeds and in the testing and marking of Babcock glassware has been done by the use of funds not appropriated for these purposes. The time has now come when there must be some recognition in our maintenance appropriation of the expense in- volved in these required duties. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 13 The expense in these several directions is not itemized for each line of work for the reason that the same force of chemists is active along these several lines, which is true of other departments of the Station, and it is somewhat difficult to make divisions of salaries and other expenses on an exact basis of time used and of laboratory expenditures. The item is, therefore, presented as follows: Upon enforcing the provisions of the law in relation to commercial fertilizers, concentrated feeding stuffs, fungicides and insecticides, agricultural seeds, and the testing and marking of Babcock glass- PUBLICATIONS. The publications of the Station fall under six heads: (1) Technical Bulletins, the subject-matter of which is tech- nically scientific and sets forth the results of investigations that are regarded as fundamental to succeeding attempts at the solu- tion of practical problems. The bulletins are not intended for popular use and have a limited circulation. (2) Complete Bulletins, which give in full detail the methods. followed in studying certain practical problems and the entire data from which the conclusions are drawn. Through such com- plete statements, every investigator or experimenter is bound to set forth the results of his work in order that his methods and con- clusions may be open to the fullest inspection and criticism. This is especially to be desired if it is expected that the dicta of Station publications are to be accepted and applied in practice. The com- plete bulletins of the Station are evidently found useful by many teachers both in colleges and in schools of a lower grade. They are also sought by a small percentage of persons engaged in prac- tical agriculture. (3) Popular Bulletins are somewhat popular presentations of the more extensive and more technical subject-matter of the com- plete bulletins. They are intended to make plain to the non- 14 Drrector’s REPorRT oF THE scientific reader the practical bearing and application of the re sults of the Station investigations. These bulletins are written by the Station Editor, in all cases in consultation with the member of the staff who is responsible for the complete bulletin under consideration. The experience of fifteen years has taught us that the presenta- tion to the public of our work through the popular bulletins is a more efficient way and financially a more economical way than to issue the complete form to the entire mailing list. We have reason to believe, also, that the public regards our methods as satisfactory. A glance at the figures below will show that the complete bulle- tins are desired by a comparatively small proportion of our mail- ing list. (4) Circulars are prepared as a means of placing information in the hands of a special class of practitioners, such as cheese- makers or apple growers. These also aid in replying to the numerous requests for information that come to the Station. They are not for distribution to our general mailing list. (5) Leaflets, mostly of such a size as may be enclosed in an ordinary correspondence envelope, are informational briefs that are prepared and used as a means of lessening the immense labor of correspondence that is imposed on the Station, which, at the best, sometimes taxes the energies of the members of the staff to an extent that hampers their more important activities. (6) Annual Reports are intended to be complete presentations of the status and work of the Station, each report covering a cal- endar, rather than a fiscal, year. They are made up chiefly of the complete bulletins. In ac- cordance with law, they are submitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture and are printed as a part of his annual report, 2,000 copies being assigned to the Station. The fruit publications of the Station, viz., The Apples of New York, The Grapes of New York and The Plums of New York, constituted one part of the annual reports of the Station for the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 years 1903, 1907 and 1910, respectively. The original editions of these publications were as follows: EE MeCN RUE Kate t's stot arele we acnistal aieley ate rete etalatd wists ate es 8 sis o) alco 19, 000 Meme Obe New, SUOr iss. "fa\rs?. Mohteta satel stele = mots ena dere bidte eo os ares 9,000 PARIS OL ONC WEY OL K2t.3 8s telctelclsfotclocts Gre evoetens = tate BiG iSeh aR Ne OERO ENA 9,000 These were divided for distribution into three lots. Members of the Legislature: ATplEs One New, Y OF joc Cet. iter Pe et fae cdo cil as bade: Sletad Mraler ots are els 15, 000 CRETES CLUS Od ae Baiada od ddce cr aes aes Saoeo bens Onna at 5,000 ewe sy OF NE WANCOLKS oS poier a atatets lett ehe Siar > sicie Braco sels Sohoeeds Malek 5, 000 Commissioner of Agriculture: AiipeAchenmplicaian'. pais Wades nels. meter. Laks Win sil. Bh. Saat 2, 000 Agricultural Experiment Station: Ofrrenchy Wublicationer 425 9. /ielsnsd sacks Spobatien a sees Sach eel Sheba etary es 2, 000 The Legislature of 1912 authorized the printing of 5,000 more copies of The Apples of New York of which 4,530 copies were assigned to the Legislature and 470 copies to the Station. The number which the Station will have for distribution will average less than eight for each county, provided none are retained for future needs. It is evident that from our quota we can not meet extensive demands for this publication. The endeavor will be to place our supply of copies where they will be of the greatest pos- sible use as a means of education. The supply of both the Grapes of New York and the Plums of New York is now practically exhausted, a limited number of cop- ies being retained to meet future library, school and professional needs within the State. Bulletins in the several forms are now issued as follows: POPULAR BULLETINS. Residents wOleNe wey Okay. scts eee ee etiols diet ee eae. 38, 465 Residentoromarnersstatesss.s.. ¢ amar nina ses Doss wale bo bie esas Dealiye Me WSPApenieas ete ele ae . S o'.\s cee Petean othnss onsite e hate. tees 780 Experiment sutlonsvand her Staltsyaemetscyor pe ececrs 4 tslersvacl«cycuetereie 1,756 MES CellanGOus rats ctteta ct toes 2s 0. o stn care etoile erase eldete Bales 100 16 Drrectror’s REPORT OF THE COMPLETE BULLETINS. Experiment stations and their staffs... f- ac. « cmp eupetiee eda re 1, 756 \nibraries; scientists; etc. . +... sc eoee rene het eRe eer 300 Bare tom: LISt, 5.5055 &sjoie invln anaes aie oat atte oh het = eet see ae 320 riety dials. «2.25. sccsavece aitihe ota toyota Riahe bones Marae rae RAI eee ae eee 3,367 MIsCell ANE OUS 5. 2.5:¥ seit a snelevate vere seve eae @ eho) ar abiarcks sia lotelo oaa ey Rae Ree ae 100 POE 21 ac, diez ovaues ove See eee ACERT OO Fein eee 5, 843 NEW CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS. The Legislature of 1912 appropriated $3,000 to replace and equip the carpenter shop destroyed by fire in the winter of 1912. The building is now in process of construction under a contract which leaves a balance sufficient to purchase the necessary tools and other equipment. The general repairs which it is necessary to make include paint- ing some twenty-seven buildings, repairs to the buildings on the farm purchased in 1911 and the renovation of the interior of the Chemical Laboratcry. It is now evident that this will be accom- plished at an expense that will leave, out of the $6,000 appropri- ated for these purposes, a balance sufficient to make some other needed repairs. A NEW BUILDING. An appropriation for the much needed Administration and Demonstration building has been made by three Legislatures and in each instance, disapproved by the Governor on the ground of an insufficiency of funds. The amount which your Board has decided to ask for this pur- pose, one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), is considerably larger than the previous requests for the following reasons: The Soils Investigation Department, located in the Chemical Building, needs for its development space now used for dormitory purposes, and the space in the present Administration Building (the old mansion house bought with the Station farm) should be converted into living rooms for members of the staff. This means the trans- ference of the library to new quarters, which should be fireproof, as the Station library is now valuable. New York AGricutTuRAL ExprERIMENT STATION. A by Aside from the above reason for the erection of a new building, to contain administrative offices, demonstration space, the library and an audience room, the following needs justify the request of your Board, which are restated here as given in my last two re- ports. (1) There is no place at the institution where an audience can be assembled, excepting out of doors in the pleasant days of the warm season. This is wrong; for the work of the Station stands in such relation to educational interests and farm practice that some way of assembling audiences on the Station ground and bring- ing them into close range with the Station activities and results should be made possible. (2) It is extremely desirable that space shall be provided where the results of Station work can be illustrated in a concrete form. We have many visitors who state that they come to see what the Station is doing, not realizing that in the progress of our inquiries they can only see a single point in the progress of an experiment or investigation, which to the untrained eye may be meaningless. Space is needed for the objective display of results that have been reached in dairy work, in the study of farm pests, field experi- ments and in other directions. Such an exhibit would be espe- cially useful and instructive in connection with meetings here of horticultural societies and other bodies interested in special lines of production. (3) The number of the scientific staff is now such that more office room is needed. This can be provided by removing the museum collections in the building now occupied by the depart- ments of bacteriology, botany, dairying, entomology and horticul- ture, to the proposed new building. | (4) The building now used for administrative and library pur- poses is needed for other uses. It has come to be necessary to ar- range for boarding the unmarried members of the staff at some point nearer than the city. Rooms are now available on the Sta- tion grounds, but arrangements for meals near the Station are now difficult and uncertain, sometimes impossible. With slight ex- 18 Drrecror’s Report oF THE pense the building now used for offices and library could be adapted to the uses indicated and it would be a much needed con- venience. Getting a noon lunch a mile or a mile and a half away occasions either much loss of time or such haste as is equally detri- mental to health and good work. FIELD WORK CARRIED ON BY THE STATION IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE STATE. It is not possible for the Station to study the numerous prob- lems which it undertakes to solve through experiments or observa- tions on the Station farm, or even on farms in the vicinity of the Station. It is necessary to locate field work in those places where the problems exist, as, for instance, among pear growers for the study of the pear thrips, or among potato growers for the study of the methods and economy of spraying. ‘This necessity has led to the location of experimental work, during 1912, in fifty-six towns in the State on ninety-seven farms. There follows a list of this experimental work giving the subject of the experiment, the name of the farmer or fruit grower co-operating and the location of the experiments. Acknowledgment should be made to all of these gentlemen for their hearty co-operation in carrying out the details of the work undertaken. OuTSIDE WORK CARRIED ON BY THE STATION DURING THE SEASON OF 1912. BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL. Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location. Control of currant diseases. James R. Clark.......... Milton. Causes of poor potato stand F. A. Sirrine............. Riverhead. ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL, Control of apple aphis..... Frank Bacon *... 1. 5eneeee Albion. Control of apple aphis..... John Beckwith........... New Haven. Control of apple aphis..... William Bugbee.......... Gasport. Control of apple aphis..... Lyman Burrows.........- Albion. Control of apple aphis..... Chas. Dunkelberger....... Gasport. Control of apple aphis..... Samuel Smith leeys sya -.- Albion. Control of cabbage aphis... Daniel De Lea........... Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage aphis... Tuttle & Russell......... Williamson. Control of cabbage aphis... T. D. Whitney........... Stanley. Control of cabbage maggot. L. A. Page.............. Seneca Castle. Control of cranberry leaf- R. C. Brown............. Riverhead. hopper New York AcricutturaL ExprrrMent Station. Lg Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location. Control of grape insects... James Barnes............ Prospect Station. Control of grape insects... Louis Bourne............ Westfield. Control of grape insects... H. L. Cumming.......... Fredonia. Control of grape insects... Charles Horton .......... Silver Creek. Control of grape: imsects ... S. J. Lowell....3.......: Fredonia. Control of grape insects... M. J. Sackett (2lines).... W. Irving. Control of grape, insects ... Chas. Secord............. W. Irving. Control of green pear bug.. G. W. Dauchy............ Pavilion. Control of green pear bug.. E. E. Crosby............. Lockport. Control of Hessian fly..... Lee lll Sees eerie Clyde Control of Hessian fly..... Experiment Station....... Geneva Control of Hessian fly..... G PEPIN OVEOUL 502 8 He hog Corning. Control of pear psylla..... Wramic, GIDSOR as) 6 > = a. aya55 Albion. Control of pear psylla..... ie By Etanboare. 0... 08 < oe Medina. Control of pear psylla..... Hie Bae Dreher oii x ~, 2) Sanborn. Control of pear thrips..... Ashley & Rockefeller...... Germantown. Control of pear thrips..... Cay li EOver ti AS 8 Ss Germantown. Control of pear thrips..... A. W. Hover & Bro...... Germantown. Control of pear thrips..... CIZFence ONY GET «ca. .00e--< North Germantown. Control of pear thrips..... ppencer Bross 3% .'2.iehs «= Hudson. Control of willow beetle ... Mrs. L. C. Parshall....... Lyons. Control of willow snout W. & T. Smith Co........ Geneva. beetle Control of willow weevil... Stuart Nursery Co....... Newark Control of willow weevil... W. & T. Smith Co........ Geneva ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT: DEMONSTRATION. Control of green apple aphis. E. E. Barnum............ Albion. Control of green apple aphis. E, L. Chapman........... Albion. Control of green apple aphis. E. E. Crosby............ Lockport. Control of green apple aphis. Yale Forbes ............. Brockport. Control of green apple aphis. Frank Gibson............ Albion. Control of green apple aphis. F. E. Hanlon............. Medina. Control of green apple aphis. John Larwood........... Albion. Control of green apple aphis. Albert Wood Estate...... Carlton. Control of cabbage maggot.. Alfred Armington........ Orleans. Control of cabbage maggot.. James Brewer............ Stanley. Control of cabbage maggot.. W. T. Cooper............ Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage maggot.. Daniel De Lea........... Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage maggot.. T. C. Hays.............. Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage maggot.. Benjamin Jones.......... Orleans. Control of cabbage maggot... W.P. Jones.............. Stanley. Control of cabbage maggot.. L. D. Knapp............. Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage maggot.. Robert Ritchie ........... Seneca Castle. Control of cabbage maggot.. O. W. Winburn........... Seneca Castle. Control of pear psylla..... BE 5 03S a ae Medina. Control of pear psylla..... Pranks? Bacon (2). 0" sc «20 Albion. Control of pear psylla ..... Spencer Brownell......... Oswego. Control of pear psylla..... Ty gM Ee tarsi oycct areas a) oi Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... Collamer) Bros. /s5).).¢.)..1: Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... JONM CRAMOT ao cre cas «son Middleport. Control of pear psylla..... Nrankee@urtiser: sists eciere o- Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... Chas:. DuiColen.....)..,.)...).- Hilton. Control of pear psylla ..... Car Ey EGBe Brest ecco. oe 2 Gasport. 20 Drrecror’s Report or THE Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location. Control of pear psylla..... Fy, SPo Haveltone cso views Le Roy. Control of pear psylla..... Sets Lakoyel ents) ets BN boc Youngstown. Control of pear psylla..... Hi, SHAG © Sec as iaie sd ree Albion. Control of pear psylla..... Hy BO Wel ate tcc Medina. Control of pear psylla..... Which Mates eee ceo Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... SW ateCollims. 5... Lockport. Control of pear psylla..... E. Moody & Sons......... Lockport. Control of pear psylla..... C: GRE: Oaks. .8 = North Rose. Control. of pean psylla. 3.5. ALC WReases er Re. ee Oswego. Control of pear psylla..... Iimay PCASCt sre crete. Secs: -telsta the Oswego. Control of pear psylla..... Ta CAR MENG B TBS taste ate Albion. Control of pear psylla..... Dayad Samp ee. ost ee Middleport. Control of pear psylla..... Delos Renny fees eee Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... Hy I D@TnY, Sortie. hte Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... Wee Ww lifaaria oo ttc Hilton. Control of pear psylla..... Albert Wood Estate...... Albion. Control of pear psylla..... F. M. Woolworth......... Youngstown. Control of pear psylla..... Lawrence Wright......... Hilton. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL, Apple orchards, dwarf..... Wood Orchard’. 2). 9207 =... Carlton Station. Apple orchards, dwarf..... HE: Dawileyet. 2 ee ne. & Fayetteville. Apple orchards, dwarf..... Edward Van Alstyne..... Kinderhook. Apple orchards, fertilizers W. D. Auchter........... South Greece. for Apple orchards, tillage of.. W. D. Auchter........... South Greece. Apple orchards, tillage of.. Grant Hitchings ........ South Onondaga. Grapes, fertilizers for...... HH, Benjamin. 3 2. .duvies Fredonia. Grapes, fertilizers for...... S. S. Grandin 2.2% secter Westfield. Grapes, fertilizers for...... Cy MoHamil tonsa. eens Ripley. Grapes, fertilizers for...... Miss Frances Jennings.... Silver Creek. Grapes, fertilizers for...... H, ‘GreMisier Bias. s2hhead West Sheridan. SOILS DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL, Alfalfa, fertilizers for...... We PcMeadis tev et aso aie Jamestown. Alfalfa, fertilizers for...... i aING DOUG ae a apcre oc segs Watkins. Apples, fertilizers for...... Reo By Densmore scr. cece - Albion. Nursery stock, fertilizers for W. & T. Smith Co....... Geneva. Peaches, fertilizers for..... ODS aE ISG pees Bye, e, 5 Seen ea Trumansburg. Pears, fertilizers for....... Lawrence Howard........ Kinderhook. Pears, tillage and cover L. L. Morrell............. Kinderhook. crops Young vineyard, fertilizers D. W. Blood............ . Fredonia. for Young vineyard, fertilizers S. E. Stone............., Fredonia. for THE STATION FARM. The Station farm, including the grounds on which the buildings are located, now comprises about two hundred and twenty (220) acres. Approximately four-fifths of this area is devoted to experi- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 ments, horticultural work occupying the larger part. Only a small part of the land is given up to general farming as a means of sustaining the dairy herd. The Station authorities are sometimes questioned as to the profits of the farm under scientific management. The farm does not return a profit in dollars and cents and if it did, it would be a miserable failure. It is regarded very properly as a piece of apparatus to be used in agricultural investigation and when so used, it not only returns no profits, but is a heavy bill of expense. This would be easily understood by anyone who would take the trouble to learn the details of our experimental work. For in- stance, the varieties of fruit on the farm number several thousand, at times as many as 10,000. With the large fruits there are but two or three trees of a variety and with the small fruits only a short row of vines or bushes for each kind. Careful records are kept of these fruits which, in the case of the varieties that we have bred, are much in detail and time-consuming. The fruits can not be handled to advantage commercially because there is so small an amount of each kind. As another illustration, there is under cultivation a twelve-acre field that has been handled experimentally for sixteen years. This field is divided into eight plats and is devoted to a rotation of crops. In order to secure the data desired, the weighed fer- tilizers and farm manures are put on with great care so as to se- cure uniform distribution. The crops are weighed and sampled. Great pains is taken to secure uniformity of treatment on all the plats outside of the differences in fertilizers. This requires care in every detail at a much greater expense than would be incurred on a farm managed merely for commercial purposes. The dairy herd here is a fine one and very productive, but it is constantly under experimental observation for such purposes as testing milking machines, determining the important factors in milk sanitation and making observations of other kinds. Now all this work can not be done in the way which is essential to accurate experimentation without incurring several times the expense that 99° Direcror’s REPorRT oF THE would be necessary for mere commercial operations. It is for these reasons then that an experimental farm should be regarded as a failure if it returns a financial profit, because the existence of such profit would mean that little experimental work of a high character is carried on. INVESTIGATION, ANIMAL NUTRITION. The problems pertaining to the feeding of animals are among the most complex and difficult of solution with which science has to deal. This is due largely to the fact that the processes of nutri- tion are hidden. Direct observations are, in the main, not pos- sible, and the conclusions reached must be largely inferential in their nature. When a milch cow, for instance, consumes a given quantity of food of a certain kind, we have as exterior results the production of a certain quantity of milk and the maintenance of the body of the animal at a given weight, or with a gain or loss in body substance as the case may be. These measurements give little clue to the function of the various constituents of which the food is composed. The study of the problems of animal nutrition enters the field of both chemistry and physiology and the patient studies carried on during the past half century have revealed a great many facts which we now regard as thoroughly established. We know much about the functions of ash constituents, proteins, carbohydrates and fats and we have quite definite data as to the quantities of nutrients necessary to support the various classes of animals under given conditions. This knowledge is embodied in feeding standards. In recent years, these standards appear to be shifting from quan- tities of nutrients to energy measurements, this change having been brought about by exhaustive studies of energy and heat rela- tions by the aid of what is known as the respiration calorimeter. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23. At present, studies in animal nutrition are turning from what may be called bookkeeping with the animal organism, that is, a study of balances of matter and energy, to researches concerning the specific reactions of individual compounds upon the animal organism, and it is along this line that we may expect the most useful future progress in the knowledge of feeding animals. Some seven years ago, the writer instituted investigations that were intended, as their primary object, to get additional data, if possible, concerning the relation between the production in the milch cow of the phosphorus-bearing body in the milk, known as casein, and the supply in the food of certain phosphorus-bearing compounds. In attempting to carry on such an investigation, it was found desirable to compare a ration having a high phosphorus content with one low in phosphorus, even lower than the demands of a producing cow. This led to the leaching of wheat bran with a slightly acid solution in order to reduce the phosphorus content to the lowest possible limit, this so-called “‘ washed bran ” to consti- tute a considerable part of the low phosphorus ration. In compar- ing a ration containing unwashed bran with one containing washed bran, marked physiological differences in effect were observed, these differences being the following: 1. Drier and much firmer feces with the washed bran ration, accompanied by a constipated condition, requiring in some cases the use of a purgative. 2. A marked disturbance of appetite (in Experiment 3) when a sudden change was made from the washed bran ration to the one containing the unwashed bran, indicating some specific physiolog- ical influence of the compound or compounds removed from the bran by leaching. 3. A greatly reduced flow of urine following a change from the unwashed bran to the washed bran ration, the reverse taking place when a reverse change was made. 4, An increase in the flow of milk consequent upon the with- drawal from the ration of the phytin and other water-soluble con- stituents of bran. 24 Drrecror’s Report OF THE 5. A reduction, sometimes large, in the percentage of fat in the milk consequent upon the withdrawal from the ration of phytin and other water-soluble constituents of bran. 6. A decreased production of butter-fat during the period the washed bran ration was fed, notwithstanding a somewhat increased flow of milk. 7. The entire cessation of the cestrum period with cow 1 and a temporary disturbance of this period with cow 2. 8. The foregoing effects were observed chiefly in experiments 1 and 3, in which the difference in the phosphorus content of the two rations was brought about by leaching the phytin and other soluble compounds out of the wheat bran. In experiment number 2 where the phytin content was small and remained unchanged, similar physiological influences were not sufticiently marked to place much emphasis upon them. No definite conclusions were reached as to the compound, or compounds, withdrawn from the bran by washing, which caused these differences. In view of the fact that the principal body leached from the bran was a phosphorus compound believed to be phytin, it was inferred that the physiological effects observed were due to this substance, but it was distinctly stated in Tech- nical Bulletin No. 1 that no definite conclusion was reached. Sub- sequent experimental work conducted by Mr. A. R. Rose corrobo- rated the observations of the former experiments in some particu- lars, but not in others. The details of this later work are given in Technical Bulletin No. 20. While there is no doubt but that the leachings from the wheat bran contained substances having marked physiological reactions, we are not yet able to connect these reactions with specific com- pounds. One of our weaknesses in an attack upon this problem is a lack of definite knowledge concerning the exact nature of the phosphorus-bearing compounds in the various feeding stuffs. At the time of the first experiment, it was believed that the main phosphorus-bearing body of wheat bran was phytin. More recent researches indicate that this is not the case. The investigation of New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25 other feeding stuffs appears to show that while all feeding stuffs contain organic phosphorus compounds, somewhat similar, these compounds differ, as, for instance, the compound in corn meal is phytin, while in cottonseed meal and wheat bran, it is not. Below is a summary of the studies of these phosphorus-bearing compounds up to the present time, which studies are being continued. In Technical Bulletin No. 19 are reported results of an investi- gation concerning the chemical properties of phytic acid, particu- larly as to its salts with inorganic bases. A continuation of this work was reported in Technical Bulletin No. 21. In these bulle- tins, experiments towards the synthesis of phytic acid are also reported. As it was believed that phytic acid was an ester or com- plex compound of inosite and phosphoric or pyrophosphorie acid, efforts were made to synthesize the substance by acting on inosite with those acids under different conditions. In these reactions, however, only inosite esters of the respective acids were formed which, although similar to, were not identical with, phytic acid. Technical Bulletin No. 22 contains a report of the chemical in- vestigation of the organic phosphoric acid of wheat bran. It had been believed previously that wheat bran contained phytin but as only a substance of quite different composition could be isolated, the opinion seems justified that it is not phytin, but a differently constituted compound, which is present in wheat bran. The importance of cottonseed meal as a feeding stuff and the fact that it is believed to contain some poisonous principle led to an investigation of the organic phosphoric acid present in this material. The results are reported in Technical Bulletin No. 25. It was found that the organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal was chemically very similar to phytic acid and, while its physi- ological effects have not yet been fully studied, it was shown that it does not possess any marked toxic properties. It should be observed that such physiological studies based largely upon chemical investigations are time-consuming and ex- pensive, but as a matter of fact, they are the only means of reach- ing the knowledge that is fundamental in animal nutrition. Very 26 Drrecror’s Report oF THE many so-called practical feeding experiments have been carried on, and while these are very useful as a test of theories and of formule based upon severer investigation it is safe to say that they will not form foundation material for the science of cattle feeding. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES. The science of bacteriology has come to have very definite rela- tions to farm practice in several directions. We now know that soil bacteria are important agents in the preparation of plant food. These organisms are intimately associated with the development of leguminous plants such as alfalfa and clover, and one of the triumphs of modern agricultural science is the inoculation of the soil with bacteria as one essential preparation for the growth of alfalfa and other legumes. Barn and dairy sanitation, now established on a fairly definite basis, is the outcome of bacteriological investigations; for it is this class of organisms that is responsible for the degradation of dairy products through undesirable and excessive fermentation, to say nothing of the presence of disease germs. The technical processes used in the manufacture of butter and cheese are based upon fermentative changes caused by lactic acid ferments and other forms of germ life. Progress in bacteriological investigation has to quite an extent been limited by the development of methods of work and the ex- tent of our knowledge of the various classes of bacteria and their reactions. For this reason, it has been found necessary and is still necessary to devote much time to the technics of the labora- tory and the study of the various types of organisms irrespective of their economic relations. Several years ago the Station began a study of the changes which occur in the curing of cheese, changes brought about through the action of ferments, both chemical and bacterial. In making these investigations it was found desirable to suppress the action of one class of ferments or of all ferments in order to discover, if possible, what agencies were operating to cause the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Patt breaking down of the cheese substance. This led to the study of the influence of chloroform in varying quantities not only upon bacteria but also upon the chemical ferments known as enzymes. It also was found necessary to gain a more complete knowledge concerning the classes of bacteria found in fermenting cheese as the first step in gaining some knowledge of the specific action of the several classes. This led to an extensive technical study of cheese flora with the result that a marked advance was made in our knowledge of the various groups of bacteria involved in the problem of cheese curing. These are technical studies which may appear to the unscientific mind as not coming within the limits of practical agricultural investigation, but without which success- ful investigation along the lines indicated could not be carried on. It should be stated that these cheese studies are not yet completed. It is felt, however, that a large amount of fundamental knowledge has been obtained and the outlook for directly practical results is hopeful. The bacteriological staff has devoted much time to studies in connection with milk sanitation. In recent years, great interest has been shown in the production for commercial use of milk that is as free as possible from germ life in order that the health of the consumers may not in any way be threatened by unsanitary milk or milk carrying disease germs. There has appeared in the large markets what is known as certified milk — in other words, milk produced at great cost because of the precautions necessary, or regarded as necessary, to reduce the germ content of the milk to a very low figure. Certified milk production, as carried on in some places, has involved the washing of the stable walls, the bath- ing of the animals, scrupulous neatness on the part of the em- ployees drawing and handling the milk, and great precaution in cooling and bottling of the milk. Such methods have been finan- cially possible only through the disposal of the milk at very high prices. These expensive methods of producing sanitary milk were adopted without any definite knowledge as to the absolute or relative influence of the various factors involved, such as the 28 Direcror’s REeEPorRT OF THE cleanliness of the walls, the cleanliness of the animals and their attendants, the condition of the barn air, or in fact any other factor. For the last five or six years, the Station has been engaged in a study of the relative influence and importance of these factors. These studies have been instituted on the theory that in the pro- duction of thoroughly sanitary milk, too much importance is being given to certain operations and that milk of the most healthful character may be placed on the market without the excessive cost that has been incurred by certain certified milk producers. These investigations are still in progress. Certain results have been made public, however. Probably no single factor has a greater influence upon the bacterial content of the milk than the form of milk pail used, and attention was first given to this part of the problem. The inquiry involved a com- parison between the old type of open pail and pails with a partially closed top. These tests were extensive and were made under such conditions as could be steadily maintained in good dairy manage- ment and tests were made only when these conditions seemed to be normal. Various narrow-mouthed pails were compared with the open pail. A large number of observations showed that the covered pail reduced the number of bacteria in the milk from 50 to 70 per ct. The covered pail is now in general use in stables where an at- tempt is made to improve the sanitary quality of the milk. One of the most important publications issued by this Station is Bulletin No. 337, giving the results of an effort at improving the milk supply of the city of Geneva. The connection of the Station with this municipal experiment was indirect and unofli- cial. In 1907, the head of the Bacteriological Department of the Station became a member of the Geneva board of health and in this way an opportunity was offered for an officer of the Station to aid in instituting an effort at improving the milk supply of the city, which, at that time, was none too good. The means adopted for securing an improvement in the sani- tary condition surrounding the production of the city milk supply New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29 included a regular and systematic inypection of all the dairies furnishing milk to the city, the grading of these dairies on the basis of a score card, the publishing of the scores given to the sev- eral farms and payment for the milk somewhat on the basis of the sanitary quality of the product. ‘The dairies were classified as excellent, good, medium and poor. The initial inspection showed that 37.5 per ct. were “ poor,” 57.5 per ct. “medium,” and 5 per ct. “good.” After three years of inspection and publicity of the results, the first quarter of the fourth year showed that 12.8 per ct. of the dairies ranked as “ excellent,” 87.2 per ct. as “ vood,” the “medium” and “ poor”’ grades having entirely dis- appeared. This desirable result was made possible through the co-operation of the board of health of the city and the milkmen. A similar result may be secured in any of the smaller cities of the State if similar means are adopted. One fact should be borne in mind, however, that dairy farmers and milk dealers will not un- dertake the labor and expense necessary to the production and sale of clean milk unless the consumer is willing to pay a price com- mensurate with the cost of the milk delivered at his door. One of the innovations in dairy farming is the milking machine. When this machine was first introduced, questions were at once raised as to its efficiency and economy. It was important to know what the effect of the machine would be on the sanitary quality of the milk, and whether its continued use would affect the quantity of milk produced, or would cause troubles with the udder of the cow. It seemed to the management of the Station that these were among the questions that it should attempt to answer. The first results of our inquiries in this direction that were made public related to the influence of the milking machine on the germ con- tent of the milk. The conclusions reached were based upon numerous and long continued observations. The investigation re- quired a study of numerous factors involved in the use of the milking machine, such as operation of filters, treatment of the rubber parts of the machine with septicides, and so on. After considerable experience and the attainment of the desirable con- 30 Drrecror’s REPoRT OF THE trol of the use of the machines, it was found that the bacterial con- tent of the milk remained well below 10,000 per cubic centimeter, ranging in a majority of cases between 2,000 and 5,000. These tests were carried out under ordinarily good barn management and indicate that the milking machine, properly handled, may be made an important factor in the production of sanitary milk. Another important line of investigation recently instituted by the bacteriological department is the study of soil bacteria, espe- cially as influenced by the application to the soil of lime and other substances. We have come to understand that soil flora are inti- mately related to fertility and it is well within the range of proba- bility that the effect of lime or other materials applied to the soil may be in part due to a modification of the kind and activities of soil bacteria. ‘This investigation has not proceeded beyond the preliminary steps that are necessary to the carrying on of an ex- tended piece of research. Vegetable growers have at times met with serious losses from what are known as soft rots. The soft rot of cabbage has received the attention of the Station for some years. It is now known that the causal organism, or group of organisms, is bacterial in its character. As far back as 1902, this Station and the Experiment Station of Vermont entered into a co-operative investigation of the soft rots of cabbage, cauliflower and turnip. This investiga- tion has not proceeded farther than a study of the various strains of organisms related to the soft rots and an attempt at their classi- fication. The knowledge gained forms a basis for further inquiry as to the possible control of vegetable soft rots. CHEMICAL WORK. The most laborious and expensive chemical work performed at the Station is the analysis of various materials that are inspected under the authority of the State Commissioner of Agriculture. Samples of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, fungicides and insecticides are selected in the open market by the agents of the Commissioner, which samples are forwarded to the Station for analysis. The an- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ai nual number of samples of all kinds now analyzed is at least 1600. This work has been increasingly expensive, so far as feed- ing stuffs are concerned, because of changes in the law requiring not only a chemical analysis, but a determination of the ingredi- ents in the various samples. The results of these various exam- inations are published annually in the bulletins which are dis- tributed to a list of over 40,000 persons. The desire is often expressed by dealers and farmers that these analyses might be published each year before it is necessary to purchase these commodities. It is not possible to accomplish this. For instance, samples of fertilizers can not be taken with any economy whatever until the goods for a given year are well dis- tributed in the market. To take samples at the manufacturing establishments would be little short of mockery. This means, then, that sampling will not begin actively until early in March and it is impossible to select a thousand or more samples and se- cure their analysis before the sale and use of fertilizers begin. The fertilizer bulletins are chiefly valuable in indicating to pur- chasers those brands of fertilizers that have uniformly been as good as the guarantees, and purchasers may safely bank upon the continued reliability of goods that have been maintained up to their guarantees during a period of years. At the present time, the feeding stuff trade is a source of per- plexity both to the inspecting authorities and the consumer. There are now being placed upon the market many brands of feed- ing stuffs that are made up in part of inferior materials such as ground corncobs, oat hulls, low grade screenings and the like. Manufacturers are becoming somewhat expert in the use of these inferior materials in such a way as to deceive the purchaser and make difficult their identification. The Station is doing its best to so display the composition of these questionable goods that the consumer will have no difficulty in understanding what he is buy- ing. It is to be feared that farmers are not paying sufficient at- tention to the published reports setting forth the real character of the proprietary feeding stuffs now in the market. The State is 32 Drrector’s REPoRT OF THE endeavoring to defend the farmers against fraud and it remains for purchasers to make an intelligent use of the information that is placed in their hands. Chemical investigation is now related to almost every line of farm practice. At this Institution, much attention has been given to the chemical side of the dairy question. The extensive work which was begun more than twenty years ago, touching the rela- tion of milk to manufactured products, especially cheese, has been largely instrumental in establishing certain standards by which milk of various grades is now purchased for manufacturing pur- poses. Investigations that were carried on in the earlier days at this Station also threw a good deal of light upon the causes of waste in butter and cheese making. This is all set forth in the Anniversary Report of the Station published January 1, 1908. More lately, the attention of the Chemical Department has been directed toward the changes which occur in cheese during the process of fermentation. While these changes are almost entirely brought about through the actions of ferments, they must be measured in kind and quantity by chemical methods. These later results, including a determination of the influence of temperature upon cheese curing, are also summarized in the annual report men- tioned above. One of the most important pieces of work undertaken by the Chemical Department since 1907 was an investigation of the com- position and economical manufacture of the lime-sulphur wash. This wash has come to have an important place in fruit growing as a means of preventing the ravages of fungus and insect pests. The results of this investigation were embodied in a formula to be followed by the manufacturer such as would accomplish the desired combination of the lime and sulphur without waste. The investigation also provided the data for a more accurate standard- ization of lime-sulphur washes of varying strengths and for the proper dilution of the commercial preparations when used for various purposes. An interesting investigation that was carried on by the Chemical Department and one giving results of much promise was the study New Yorx AGricutturRAL ExprrIMENT STATION, 33 of the effect of treating milk with carbon dioxide gas under pres- sure. Pasteurized milk charged at a high pressure with carbon dioxide was kept for five months with little increase of acidity. Fresh milk similarly treated kept nearly as long in some instances. In view of the fact that carbonated milk is a pleasant beverage and constitutes a healthful drink, this method of keeping it for a long time in a fresh condition makes it possible for this drink to be commonly served during the heated season without loss to the manufacturer. Other chemical studies essential to the methods of investigating milk and its products have been carried on, such as a volumetric method for determining casein, useful in cheese factories, and a study of the constitution of casein. A fundamental question in relation to the composition of milk and the various transformations through which milk goes in the manufacture and ripening of cheese is the relation of calcium to easein. This investigation has been carried on for several years. Sorme new compounds of calcium with casein and paracasein have been found which have important relations to the changes taking place when milk is made into cheese. Not only have calcium compounds been formed and studied but also combinations of casein with sodium, potassium, ammonium, borium and strontium. From. the results of the investigations thus far carried on, as sum- marized in Technical Bulletin No. 26, there appear to be not less than four different compounds of calcium and casein. CROP PRODUCTION. It is undoubtedly true that farmers are more or less given to looking for new crops that have unusual properties rather than to attempting improvements in the culture of crops already estab- lished. In a majority of instances, the new crops introduced in later years have not proved to have any advantages over those long under cultivation. This is not true of alfalfa, however. The establishment of this plant on the farms of this State marks a notable step in advance in the production of cattle feed. Not 2 34 Drrecror’s REPoRT OF THE only is the acreage production of nutritive material large, but the alfalfa plant has a distinct value as a soil renovator and as a means of maintaining the necessary nitrogen supply of the farm. There is probably no other instance that can be mentioned in which scientific investigation has been of more marked benefit than in the increase of alfalfa-growing areas. Leguminous plants, including alfalfa, sustain a peculiar re- lation to bacteria. Plants of this class act as hosts to certain forms of germ life and unless, for instance, numbers of this bacterium are present in the soil, alfalfa does not flourish. Moreover, the prosperity of this essential bacterium depends very much upon the soil reaction, whether highly acid or not, and so it has been found that the acidity of a particular field needs to be corrected before the soil can be used successfully in alfalfa growing. For several years, the Bacteriological and Botanical Depart- ments of the Station gave much attention to the conditions favor- able to the growth of the alfalfa plant. In a bulletin published in 1908, there is reported the results of experiments in the inoculation of soil for alfalfa growing in 67 fields distributed among 33 counties of this State. It was found that the bacteria, which enable alfalfa to appropriate nitrogen from the air, were almost universally present, but in sufficient numbers in only about one-fourth of the 67 fields to produce the desired inoculation. On 33 of the 67 fields which were tested the application of soil from an old alfalfa field rich in the necessary bacteria changed alfalfa growing from a failure to a success in those particular fields. On 15 fields, a successful crop was produced without this in- oculation. This showed beyond question that in many parts of the State soil inoculation is essential to the establishment of the alfalfa plant. Inoculation was but part of the problem; the influence of liming, or the modification of soil acidity, was still to be considered and to what extent liming New York soils was necessary to successful alfalfa production. A bulletin published in 1909 gave the results of more than 100 co-operative experi- ments in growing alfalfa in about half of the counties of the State. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 These observations showed that where neither lime nor inoculation was practiced, the chance of a successful crop of alfalfa was not more than one in five. The addition of lime raised the chance of successful crops to two out of five, and with inoculation alone success was attained in about three-fifths of the trials; but where both lime and inoculation were resorted to, success was attained in four-fifths of the experiments. On the basis of such results, alfalfa growing has developed rapidly in the State and is now an important adjunct to dairy farming in many sections. Other troubles developed in alfalfa production. One of the most serious of these was the adulteration of alfalfa seed chiefly with the seeds of other legumes such as yellow trefoil, bur clover and sweet clover, and with the seed of dodder. In order to cor- rect the evil of adulteration, the Botanical Department of the Station invited farmers to submit samples of alfalfa seed for exam- ination. Bulletin No. 305 showed that out of 548 samples of alfalfa seed examined, 126 contained dodder. This was an impor- tant fact because dodder is a parasitic plant which preys upon alfalfa, clover and other legumes and, if allowed to spread, be- comes a source of great loss. The Botanical Department devised a means of ridding alfalfa seed of the seeds of this pest by the use of a screen which would allow the dodder seed to pass through, but held back the alfalfa. This contrivance was widely advertised. Dodder has now largely disappeared from commercial alfalfa seed in this State. The examination for the other adulterants mentioned, such as trefoil, led purchasers of alfalfa seed to be cautious in buying, and dealers in séed to be careful concerning what they offered in the market. Various fungus diseases of the alfalfa plant have been given consideration, but none of these appear to be especially destruc- tive, the most important disease being what is known as leaf spot. It is observed at the Station that in years when there is sufficient moisture this fungus seldom develops to any extent. 36 Direcror’s REPORT OF THE DAIRYING. Dairying is the leading agricultural industry in this State. Dairy products are probably sold from not less than 200,000 farms, involving the keeping of more than a million and a half of cows. The annual sale of dairy products at the time of the last census could not have been less than $60,000,000, and notwith- standing the magnitude of this industry it is unprofitable on many farms, although in many eases this may not be realized. The lack of profit is due to several factors, among which are the low price at which bulk milk is sold and the keeping of inferior cows. The keeping of careful records of the feeding and production of the Station herd gives an opportunity to illustrate the influence upon profit of the individuality of the animals. The animals in the Station herd present a high grade of efficiency and they are more uniform in their productive capacity than would be the case on any but very exceptional farms. Nevertheless, the range of yield during three years’ records was from 3,350 pounds of milk for the poorest cow to 10,150 pounds for the largest yielding cow. This means that one animal produced three times as much milk as the other and twice as much butter-fat, with the consumption by the better animal of only one-tenth more food. The following is a quotation from the conclusions presented in Bulletin No. 322, published in 1910: ‘If for the poorer half of the herd, we had substituted animals equal to those in the better half, it would have increased the yearly revenue $237.40 if we had sold milk at current shippers’ prices, or $379.90 if we had sold butter-fat, with an added expense of only $40 as the cost of the extra food consumed by the better cows.” As emphasizing the results with the Station herd, mention may be made of the records at the Stations of two farmers, one of whom received in one year $877 from the product of eight cows, while the other farmer received only $868 from the product of twenty- two cows. The Dairy Department of the Station has urged upon the dairymen of the State the wisdom of ascertaining the produc- tivity of the individuals in their herds and the weeding out as fast as possible of the poorer animals. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 37 As previously suggested, one of the questions involved in test- ing the efficiency of the milking machine was the effect of its con- tinued use upon the yield of milk and the welfare of the animal, especially in the maintenance of the udder in a normal condition. The acquisition of accurate data on this point is difficult. It is not possible to milk the same animal by hand and by the machine throughout the same lactation period, and for this reason it was necessary to determine the yield of milk between two methods with a generous number of animals and through several lactation periods. There was involved in this study not only the effect of machine milking upon yield, but also the question of economy in the use of the machine in the saving of the time of men. The fol- lowing is a summary of the conclusions given in Bulletin No. 353, reprinted in this report: One of the limiting factors in the development of the dairy busi- ness is the difficulty in obtaining regular and efficient milkers. In- terest in the milking machine is largely due to the possibility of displacing a considerable amount of low-grade labor by a single higher grade, better paid man. This study of the effect of hand and machine methods of milk- ing upon the flow of milk covered over four years. At each suc- ceeding period of lactation the manner of milking was changed so that each cow was alternately milked by machine and by hand during succeeding periods. Satisfactory data were thus obtained from 71 lactation periods. The normal variation in flow in a large group of cows is at least 1 per ct. The effect of the manner of milking, provided it is thoroughly done, is less than this amount and therefore is not measurable. In a dairy of 15 cows one man using two machines wiil milk cows within an average time of 3 minutes but the time lost in pre- paring and cleaning the machine will equal 1 minute per cow. With larger dairies this latter item will be proportionately re- duced. 38 Drrecror’s Report oF THE The Station is now in possession of a herd of milch goats num- bering forty-two animals. While the milch goat is not ordinarily thought of as a dairy animal, it is believed that as a source of milk for certain purposes, it will have a place of increasing importance in this country, particularly as a source of food for very young children who are unable to thrive on food of any other kind. The purpose of keeping this herd is to determine the cost of maintenance, the yield of milk and the uses to which the milk can be put. Very encouraging success has already been reached with infants and young children who were not previously prospering. No results have been published, however, and will not be until data are secured covering a considerable period of time and a large amount of experience in the use of the milk. The Station has no animals for sale. It will retain all desirable animals and the undesirable ones will be disposed of otherwise. FRUIT PRODUCTION. The Experiment Station has devoted a great deal of attention to the interests of the fruit grower. Not only has the Horticul- tural Department directed its energies almost wholly along this line, but the Departments of Botany and Entomology have been occupied to a great extent with the study and control of the pests from which the fruit grower must be defended. It is quite nat- ural that a generous share of the Station’s activities should be di- rected toward aiding the fruit interests, partly because these are greatly important in this State and are increasing in magnitude, and partly because fruit production has offered definite problems that have been available for study. Moreover, among the fruit growers of the State have been many men who have had the dis- position and the ability to co-operate with the Station in the study of their problems. The Station has made extensive observations as to the character and value of varieties of fruit. This has been accomplished partly by the cultivation of a large number of varieties of several classes of fruit on the Station grounds. The usefulness of variety tests New Yorx AqricutturAL ExprertMENT STATION. 39 at a single locality has been the subject of much discussion and, doubtless, much work of this kind has been of little benefit. It is felt, however, that the variety studies at the Station have been of great value. They have provided the foundation data for the preparation of three important publications, ‘* The Apples of New York,” “ The Grapes of New York,” and “ The Plums of New York.” Other publications are in preparation and contemplated. More than this, the Station has served as a bureau of information, and the members of the Horticultural Department have needed to be in immediate contact with an extensive museum of living fruits in order to speak from actual observation. The efforts of the Station have not been confined to old varieties, but it has been active in the study of the new fruits that have been offered to the public and has, on its own account, in the course of its breeding experiments, developed a number of new varieties that promise to be of great value. ‘These new varieties include small fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, as well as grapes and apples. Some of them have been distributed throughout the State for trial by practical fruit growers and so fast as additional varie ties seem to be worthy of a more extensive trial, they will also be distributed. One of the most laborious pieces of work that the Station has ever undertaken was the preparation of the fruit publications re- ferred to above. The collection and organization of the data pre- sented in these volumes has been a work of great magnitude and it is very gratifying that these volumes seem likely to occupy an im- portant place in the horticultural literature of the world. They have been in great demand, much beyond the supply, not only within the borders of the State, but also throughout the United States and in foreign countries. It has not been possible to meet fully the outside demand without doing injustice to local needs, but it has been felt wise to place a limited number of volumes where they would serve to promote the interests of fruit growing in a widespread way. For this reason, other experiment stations, important libraries and a limited number of professional men have been supplied with these publications. 40 Drrector’s REeporT OF THE The extensive studies of the fruits of the State made necessary in the preparation of these fruit publications made it possible to prepare bulletins giving advice as to the varieties, particularly of apples, best adapted to the various sections of the State. The bulletin on apple distribution has been much in demand and with- out doubt has been found to be very suggestive and useful. The field work of the Horticultural Department of the Station has not been limited to the Station farm although there has been developed on the farm, including the breeding experiments, a col- lection at one time of approximately 10,000 varieties of fruits, both large and small. In order to study important problems, the Station has acquired the control of several areas of land in vari- ous parts of the State. Some years ago, the question of the use of dwarf trees in apple culture was much discussed and in co-opera- tion with a committee of the New York State Fruit Growers’ Association, three dwarf orchards of two acres each were estab- lished in the State, one in the western portion, one near Syracuse and one in the Hudson River valley. The results of five years’ observation has been rather discouraging as to the general value of dwarf trees, considered from the standpoint of acreage production. This type of orchard seems to be promising in the production of a limited number of varieties, such as the McIntosh Red, the Lady, the Wealthy and the Jonathan, particularly the two former. The experiments show, however, that with the most of the leading commercial sorts of apples, standard trees are preferable. Ten or twelve years ago, a very active controversy developed over methods of orchard management. The merits of cultivation combined with the use of cover crops as against what was termed “sod culture” were warmly debated. This matter being so important, the Station leased an orchard of ten acres which seemed to be well adapted to the pursuit of experimental work for the com- parison of the two methods under discussion. Nine years’ results have been secured and the work will be continued only one year more. So far as the results of this orchard are concerned, that is located on land typical of large areas in western New York, the verdict is decidedly in favor of cultivation and the use of cover New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 41 crops. This outcome is in accordance with the judgment of a large proportion of the best orchardists in the State. It is not claimed on the basis of this experiment that sod culture, so-called, is never advisable; for there are some notable instances of its suc- cess where the conditions are somewhat unusual. In some localities, sod culture may be the only feasible method of main- taining an orchard. Notwithstanding all this, the experiment stands as an object lesson to the orchardists of western New York which, if generally heeded, would greatly increase the output of apples and the profits of the grower. An experiment conducted on the Station farm, which was begun some fifteen years ago, has given results that have attracted wide attention, and the publication of them has caused a great va- riety of comment. Reference is made to an experiment in growing apple trees to test the influence and economy of applying commer- cial fertilizers as well as farm manure. The most careful and extensive observations have revealed no more than a hardly appre- ciable difference between the growth and yield of the trees which were given good cultivation with cover crops but no fertilizer of any kind, and those trees receiving the same culture and liberal applications of fertilizers and farm manure in addition. The statements in the Station bulletin setting forth the facts pertain- ing to the experiments have been sharply criticised by commercial interests. As in the case of the experiment in orchard management, so here it is not claimed that fertilizers are never useful in apple production, but it is believed that on large areas of orchard land in the western half of the State, good cultivation and the use of cover crops will abundantly maintain the desired growth and yield of fruit. There are other reasons for the belief that a great deal of money is spent for fertilizers in fruit production which might be saved if the right methods of culture were followed. The members of the Station staff are bound to set forth honestly, and so far as it is in their power, judicially, the results of the experimental work which they carry on. No amount of prejudice 49. Direcror’s REPORT OF THE will brush away facts. Caution should be exercised, however, as to making too broad an application of local observations. During the year 1912, several bulletins have been published by the Horticultural Department, a summary of the main facts and conclusions therein presented being given below: Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato.— Bulletin No. 346 shows that an infusion of new blood obtained by crossing closely related varieties of tomatoes increases the vigor of the plant and the yield of fruit to a marked degree. It is uncertain, from the experiments carried on, whether the stimu- lating effects of the crossing are due to an increase in size or in number of cells. The results obtained seem to warrant the cross- ing of tomatoes not only by growers but by seedsmen who wish to furnish the best grade of seed. The production of such seed would, of course, require time and care and the seed would have to be sold at higher prices. Recommendations are given for making tomato crosses and also suggestions as to how new characters may be obtained and maintained. Other field or garden crops are named that are thought capable of improvement by crossing. An experiment in breeding apples.— There have been few efforts to improve apples, nearly all varieties having come from chance seedlings. With the knowledge of recent discoveries in plant-breeding we ought to breed this fruit more advantageously than in the past. Bulletin No. 350 is a record of an experiment in breeding apples in the light of the new knowledge. The material for this experiment came from 148 crosses made in 1898 and 1899. Grafted trees of these crosses began to bear in 1904 and the seedlings came in fruiting in 1908. The crosses have been studied from both the grafts and seedlings, the orchards hay- ing had the care usually given commercial plantations. The crosses which have fruited, with the number of each, are: From Ben Davis X Esopus 4; from Ben Davis X Green Newtown 13, from Ben Davis X Jonathan 11, from Ben Davis X McIntosh 11, Ben Davis X Mother 20, from Esopus X Ben Davis 29, Esopus X Jonathan 2, McIntosh X Lawver 1, Ralls X Northern Spy 9, Rome X Northern Spy 1, and Sutton X Northern Spy 5. These seedlings show marked vigor and are healthier and more New Yorr AcricunturaL ExPERIMENT STATION. 43 productive than others from self-pollinated seeds, of which con- siderable numbers are growing at the Station, comparable in age to the crossed seedlings. Contrary to the usual belief, these seed- lings have not “ reverted to the wild,” but show to a marked degree the characteristics of the parents. So evident is the inheritance of parental characters that one familiar with the varieties crossed could in most cases select the parents for individual seedlings. Indeed, so surprisingly uniform has been the transmission of the good qualities of the selected varieties that the fruit of 14 of the 106 fruiting seedlings is considered as good or better than either of the parents, and the trees are satisfactorily productive. These seedlings have been named from counties in New York State and are already distributed to some extent among apple growers. Grape stocks for American grapes.— Bulletin No. 355 is the report of an experiment in grafting grapes on roots of several species with the hope of improving the viticulture of New York. The experiment was tried with 19 varieties each having some weakness which it was hoped could be overcome by grafting on one of three different stocks. The vines passed through many vicissitudes during the ten years the test was carried on, but despite these it was evident throughout the experiment that the grafted grapes surpassed those on their own roots. The grafted vines were most productive and showed greatest vigor. The grapes on the grafted vines ripened a few days earlier than those on their own roots. The experiment suggests that it would be profitable to grow some of the fancy grapes of this region on grafted vines and that it is well within the bounds of possibility that main-crop grapes can be profitably grafted. It is recommended that grape growers try small vineyards of grafted grapes, using as stocks the three tried in this experiment. Pedigreed nursery stock.— Circular 18 from this Department holds that there is but shght foundation for the claims of nursery- men and fruit growers who advocate propagating trees only from buds taken from selected trees. The assertions that trees propa- gated from selected stock are better than those taken from other trees of the same variety far outstrip the evidence. ‘To attempt 44 Drrecror’s RErPorT oF THE putting in practice the reform demanded would revolutionize nursery practice — sheer folly without real, precise, abundant evidence of good to be accomplished. The chief defense of the position taken in the circular is that the variations commonly found in trees are fluctuating ones due to environment and are not, unless in very exceptional cases, transmissible. It must be proved that a character of any particular tree is transmissible before it will be worth while propagating for that character. INJURIOUS INSECTS. The efforts of the Entomological Department of the Station have been devoted largely to the defense of the farm and orchard against insect pests. This has involved not only a study of the means of preventing the ravages of well-known insects, but also an investigation of the life history of new forms of insect life with a development of the means of preventing the injuries they would cause. The insects of which the life history has been studied during the last five years, in part through laboratory investigation, and in part through field observations, are the following: The poplar and willow borer, leaf-blister mites, the tussock moth, grape-leaf hopper, the fidia or root worm, tree hoppers, the ermine moth and the pear thrips. The important better known insects with which this Department has dealt are the San José scale, the cabbage maggot and the pear psylla. With the newer insects, the following results have been secured: The studies of the poplar and willow borer resulted in recommend- ing the cutting out and destroying in June of the parts affected with the grubs and, in addition, spraying during July with bor- deaux mixture containing an arsenical poison. The ravages of the leaf-blister mite have been general through- out the apple-growing areas of western New York. Experiments demonstrated that the lime-sulphur wash, oil emulsions and miscible oils are efficient remedies for this pest. It is found that orchards regularly sprayed with any of these mixtures are not New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45 subject to injuries by the mite. Generally one application of either of these sprays has prevented the spotting of the foliage. The caterpillars, or larve, of the tussock moth damage young apple and pear fruits. This pest seldom appears in destructive numbers. When it does, the egg masses should be collected and destroyed and arsenical sprays should be used to prevent devasta- tion by the caterpillars. The very serious pest in the grape regions of New York, espe- cially in Chautauqua county, is the grape leaf hopper and the results of our experiments appear on the following pages in a summary of Bulletin No. 344. The ermine moth, an insect of somewhat recent importation, and the pear thrips, an insect very destructive in certain sections of the State, especially in the Hudson River valley, have also been studied and the results of the investigations and experiments appear later in the summaries of Technical Bulletin No. 24 and Bulletin No. 343. In view of the fact that cabbage growing is an important industry in this State, much attention has been given to insects attacking the cabbage plant, particularly the turnip flea beetle and the cabbage maggot. An efficient prevention of the depredation of these insects, particularly the maggot, was found in the screening of cabbage seed beds with cheesecloth. This method of growing the young plants conserves the moisture in the bed, raises the temperature and furnishes congenial conditions for growth so that plants under cloth start sooner, grow faster and reach the desired size a week or ten days earlier than plants in the open. Moreover, this screening completely protects the seedlings from maggot injury with the result that the growing crop is not injured by this insect. It was found, also, that certain grades of cheese- cloth would prevent injury by the flea beetles. Some seven years ago the apple growers of the State were greatly concerned over the spread and destructive effects of the San José scale, an insect that first made its appearance in this country in California, and through the distribution of nursery stock and by other means, has spread over a large portion of the 46 Direcror’s REPorT OF THE fruit growing regions. Even some of the more intelligent apple growers nearly concluded that they would be obliged to give up apple growing. It was feared that in the case of large trees no means of preventing the destructive effects of the scale could be devised. ‘There was laid upon the Station the imperative duty of giving to this insect a large amount of attention, for it was true that unless some means could be found of minimizing its destruc- tive effects an end to apple growing in the State of New York would inevitably come. Investigations in regard to the use of va- rious spraying liquids were begun at this and other stations with the result that today the San José scale is no longer feared as a menace to fruit growing. This Station was able to demonstrate in an orchard at Youngstown, N. Y., that large trees already badly affected could be restored to a productive condition and so maintained. It has been finally concluded that no spraying liquid is equally efficient with the lime-sulphur wash, and the fruit growers of the State have been put in possession of the details of manufacturing for themselves this wash in an economical way and at much less cost than is involved in the use of commercial preparations. It is not too much to claim when it is stated that this one service to the fruit-growing interests of New York has repaid the State many times over for the cost of the scientific agencies that are now working in the interest of the farmer. The pear thrips.—In Bulletin No. 343 the attention of fruit growers is called to the discovery of the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel) in the Hudson River valley. The occurrence of the pest in New York is of special interest as this is the only region in the United States, outside of the heretofore recognized area of infestation in California, where the thrips is known to exist. It is noted that in its appearance and habits the thrips is quite different from all other insects which growers in this State have been accustomed to combat. The adult, which is largely respon- sible for the injuries to the trees, is a small, darkish brown, winged insect measuring about one-twentieth of an inch in length. It appears in destructive numbers when the buds are opening, attacking the tenderest of the flower parts. The eggs are mostly New Yorx AaricunturaAL ExpPpERIMENT STATION. 47 deposited beneath the epidermis of the blossom and fruit stems. Hatching takes place in a few days and the larve seek preferably the calyx cups, undersides of calyces, and the folds or under sur- faces of the tender, expanding leaves. The larve feed for about two weeks and drop to the ground, in which they form a pro- tecting cell. In this cell the insect completes its transformations and emerges from the ground in’ the spring as an adult. The thrips is single brooded, and the most active and destructive stages are coincident with the period that includes the life events of the swelling and opening of the buds and dropping of blossoms and calyces. If the thrips are numerous the injured buds of pear trees become sticky with a brownish liquid and cease to develop, while the blossom clusters have a stunted, shriveled and brownish appearance as if blasted. Apple trees, while visited by large numbers of the adults, suffer to a much less extent, but dwarfed and curled leaves and occasionally stunted fruits may be observed in most orchards. The stems of sweet cherries are especially attractive to the adults for the deposition of the eggs, and as a rule they show considerable scarification. The effects of this injury on fruit yields was not ascertained. During 1911 the actual range of the distribution of the thrips in this State was not determined. It was quite destructive to pear orchards, generally about North Germantown, Germantown and Cheviot, and there were reasons for believing that the pest was distributed over a large area of the Hudson River valley. In western New York specimens of the insect were found on apples growing about Geneva. A brief report is given of experiments to develop efficient methods of control. Spraying with nicotine extract in combin- ation with kerosene emulsion or soap when buds are breaking and until they are entirely opened is the most promising means of protecting the trees. The grape leaf-hopper and tts control— This Bulletin, No. 344, is a report of the life-history studies on this insect and of various experiments to devise an effective and safe insecticide for the protection of grape vineyards. Considerable emphasis is 48 Drrector’s REPORT OF THE placed upon the effects of the destructive work of the insect upon the quality of the fruit, as well as on the yields, which has not been fully appreciated by growers generally. It is shown that the grape leaf-hopper feeds by sucking, and preferably on the under sides of the leaves. It pierces the skin of the leaf, feeds until satisfied and then withdraws its proboscis or sucking tube, thus leaving an opening from which the plant juices dry out, not only from the pierced cell but from adjoining ones. There is soon formed about each puncture a spot of dead tissue. When the insects are superabundant there is a severe drain on the vitality of the leaf and it takes on an unhealthy yellow hue. The death of so many starch-making cells lessens the amount of wood pro- duced and of fruit formed; and seriously affects the quality of the fruit, making it ill-flavored or sour and poorly colored. The rich blue-black of the Concord becomes a lifeless reddish color while the attractive flavor may be lost so that grape-juice makers and most buyers of grapes for the table reject the fruit. Brief descriptions are given of a number of spraying experi- ments which showed that a spray containing two one-hundredths of 1 per ct. of nicotine (Black Leaf 40, one gallon to sixteen hundred gallons of water) is the most effective and safest insecti- cide for the control of this pest. The bulletin concludes with general directions for spraying. The application of the mixture can be done by the usual hand-spraying with trailing hose or by an automatic leaf-hopper sprayer which is completely described. The latter device was developed during the year’s work and has proven most satisfactory. With high pressure and the proper adjustment of the nozzles almost complete protection has been afforded to a number of commercial vineyards. The apple and cherry ermine moths.—In Technical Bulletin No. 24 attention is called to the occurrence of these insects in the United States and to their economic importance as fruit pests. These insects were introduced in shipments of foreign nursery stock and appeared in plantations of apple and cherry seedlings. It is stated that since the insects were first detected in 1909 special precautions have been taken by the agents of the Division of New Yorx AGricuLtTuRAL ExPpERIMENT STATION. 49 Nursery Inspection of the New York Department of Agriculture with plantings of foreign-grown seedings, and during the past four years infested plants have been collected in thirteen localities in the State. A report is given of life-history studies on some of the insect material which was forwarded to this Station for identification. Two species of moths were bred — Yponomeuta malinellus Zell., which thrives largely on apple and Y. padellus L., which is a more general feeder, showing preference for hawthorn, plum and cherry. Both species are common and destructive fruit insects in Europe. The bulletin closes with a discussion as to the réle these insects are destined to play as fruit pests in the United States. Careful inspections of nursery plantations and the sur- roundings of nurseries indicate that these lepidopterons have not gained a footing in New York. In states where there has not been such inspection the danger that such has taken place is obviously great. With the ability of these insects to survive the conditions incidental to the importation of nursery stock from abroad and to escape ordinary nursery inspection, the wonder is that they have not before this succeeded in establishing themselves along the avenues of trade in America. PLANT DISEASES. The annual loss to the agriculture of New York from the de- vastations of fungus and other plant diseases is very large. These diseases are in the nature of parasites living upon such hosts as fruit trees, the potato and other important agricultural plants. Their successful prevention is often very difficult and, in some cases, practically impossible, for the treatment that would be severe enough to destroy the fungus would also be fatal to the host. Economically considered one of the most important pieces of work carried on by the Botanical Department has been the so- called ten-year experiments in spraying potatoes. Before this experiment began, it was known that the proper application of the bordeaux preparation would practically control potato blight. 50 Drrector’s REPorT oF THE It was not definitely determined that annual spraying would be profitable during a series of years because the blight does not attack the potato plant every season and when this disease is not prevalent, spraying is less necessary. The year 1911 was the tenth year of this experiment and there follows later a sum- mary of the results, showing that the average results for the ten years indicate a material net profit from the annual spraying. During recent years, the attention of the Station has been called to a very prevalent disease of fruit trees known as the “ crown rot.” In all sections of the State much loss has been caused by this affection. Various explanations have been offered, such as the attack of a fungus, and arsenical spraying. Extended investi- gations by this Station have led to the conclusion that this disease (if it may be called such) is due chiefly to winter injury. An account of the investigation is given in Technical Bulletin No. 23 of which a summary is given on p. 561. The Botanical Department of the Station has demonstrated its usefulness in maintaining a very careful survey of the plant diseases prevalent in the State. As an illustration of the value of the watchfulness that has been maintained, this Department first called attention to the existence of the currant rust in this country, doubtless imported from Europe. This disease caused great damage to pine forests in other countries and it has been found necessary to destroy thousands of imported pine trees that were affected with this pest. More recently, it has been found that the currant rust is now well distributed in portions of New York in currant plantations and this matter will require the most careful attention by the State to prevent serious loss from its possible spread to our pine forests. The Botanical Department has also been asked to advise in the matter of controlling that most destructive disease, the chestnut blight, which is causing the death of large numbers of chestnut trees, particularly in Pennsylvania and in certain sections of New York. The head of this Department has united with other specialists in urging that much more study must be given to the life history of the disease and to the manner in which it is spread New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51 before we shall be in a position to enter upon an active campaign for the purpose of preventing further injury. Several new diseases have been studied, particularly diseases of the raspberry and the currant, and while no means has been discovered for preventing the blight affecting these two classes of plants, a foundation knowledge has been laid for further efforts. For several years, the Station has consented to the inspection of samples of seeds sent in by farmers. The opportunity thus offered has been utilized by very many persons. The Legislature of 1912 passed a seed inspection law, which throws upon the Station the duty of examining all samples of seeds sent to it officially by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Later may be seen a summary of the work accomplished during 1911 as given in Bulletin No. 345. During 1912 a larger number of samples have been examined because of the legislation before mentioned. Seed testing— During 1911, 1,015 samples of agricultural seeds were tested for purity. Dodder was found in 12.9 per ct. of the alfalfa samples and 4.74 per ct. of the red clover samples. Two samples of red clover and twelve of alsike clover were found to be adulterated. Many samples of alfalfa contained seeds of Russian thistle and roquette, but these weeds are quite harmless in New York. The bleaching of oats by means of sulphur fumes injures their germination. Several failures in oat seedlings were found to be due to this cause. Full details of the seed work have been published in Bulletin 345. Potato-spraying expervments.— The series of experiments de- signed to determine the profit from spraying potatoes was closed in 1911 and the results published in Bulletin 349. These experi- ments demonstrate beyond doubt that the spraying of potatoes is highly profitable in New York. In the so-called ten-year experiments, the ten-year average in- crease in yield is as follows: At Geneva, three sprayings, 69 bushels per acre. At Geneva, five to seven sprayings, 97.5 bushels per acre. At Riverhead, three sprayings, 25 bushels per acre. At Riverhead, five to seven sprayings, 45.7 bushels per acre. 52 Drrecror’s REPorT OF THE In the farmers’ business experiments (6 to 15 each year) the nine-year averages are as follows: Increase in yield, 36.1 bushels per acre. Total expense of spraying, $4.74 per acre. Net profit from spraying, $14.43 per acre. In 1911, the Station made a comparative test of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate and bordeaux mixture for spraying potatoes. The results of the experiment plainly show that neither lime-sulphur nor Jead benzoate can be profitably substituted for bordeaux in spraying potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence possessed by bordeaux while lime-sulphur also dwarfs the plants and lowers the yield. A repetition of the experiment in 1912 gave similar results. For details of these experiments see Bulletins 347 and 352. Crown-rot of fruit trees.— Crown-rot is a disease of trees in which patches of dead bark or bare wood occur on the trunk near the surface of the soil. An extended investigation of this disease shows that it is due chiefly to winter injury. It is most liable to occur on trees in wind-exposed situations, particularly on those which have made very rapid growth and gone into the winter with their wood unripened. Hence, it appears probable that it may be at least partially prevented by planting the varieties which are least susceptible, providing windbreaks, heading low, avoiding excessively rapid growth and inducing early ripening of the wood, In order to prevent trunk rot which often follows the initial injury the areas of dead bark should be detected and treated as early as possible. The trunks of young apple trees should be carefully examined twice a year— May and July. Wherever dead bark is found it should be carefully cut away, the wound disinfected with a 1 to 1,000 solution of corrosive subli- mate and then covered with grafting wax or gas tar to keep out moisture and induce healing. A full account of the investigation is given in Technical Bulletin 23. PLANT NUTRITION. The only work in plant nutrition, the results of which have been published during the past five years, is a report of experiments New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 53 on Long Island to test the comparative merits of methods of application of fertilizers and the efficiency of the various forms of nitrogen. These tests showed little difference in the efficiency of organic nitrogen from dried blood as compared with inorganic nitrogen from nitrate of soda. It was noticed, however, that where there was sufficient rainfall, there was a more rapid growth of vines from the nitrate of soda. As to the manner of applica- tion, there appeared to be a small difference in favor of distri- buting the fertilizer in rows. The advantage was slight, how- ever. These tests ratify much more extended experiments made some years ago in showing that when fertilizers are used in excess of 1,000 lbs. per acre, there is not a corresponding increase of yield and either practically no profit or a loss. During the past sixteen years, there have been maintained on the Station farm, fertilizer experiments having for their object a comparison of certain methods of maintaining soil fertility. No reports have yet been made of this work, but after harvesting a crop of 1913, the results for this long period of time will be made public. POULTRY PRODUCTION. While but little has been published in recent years from the Poultry Department of the Station, work has been going on steadily chiefly along breeding and nutrition lines. This work is of such a nature that it is necessary to continue it for a long period of time in order to get results that are reliable and upon which conclusions can be based. PUBLICATIONS ISSUED DURING 1912. BULLETINS. No. 343. January. The pear thrips. P. J. Parrott. Pages 28; color plate 1, plates 4, figs. 5. Popular edition, pages 6, plate 1. No. 344. February. The grape leaf-hopper and its control. F. Z. Hart- zell. Pages 15; plates 4, figs. 3. Popular edition, pages 5, plates 1, figs. 2. No. 345. February. Seed tests made at the Station during 1911. G. T. French. Pages 14. Popular edition, pages 3. No. 346. March. Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato. Richard Wellington. Pages 20. Popular edition, pages 6. 54 Direcror’s Report, No. 347. March. A comparative test of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate and bordeaux mixture for spraying potatoes. F. C. Stewart and G. T. French. Pages 14; plates 4. Popular edition, pages 1. No. 348. May. Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides. Pages 14. No. 349. June. Potato spraying experiments, 1902-1911. F. C. Stewart, G. T. French and F. A. Sirrine. Pages 41. Popular edition, pages 9. No. 350. June. An experiment in breeding apples. U. P. Hedrick and Richard Wellington. Pages 46; plates 17. Popular edition, pages 10. No. 351. September. Inspection of feeding stuffs. Pages 131. No. 352. November. Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes. M. T. Munn. Pages 7; plate 1. Popular edition, pages 1. No. 353. November. Milking machines: Effect of machine method of milking upon the milk flow. G. A. Smith and H. A. Harding. Pages 35; plate 1, fig. 1. Popular edition, pages 9. No. 354. November. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during 1912. Pages 120. No, 355. December. Grape stocks for American grapes. U. P. Hedrick. Pages 32; plates 5. Popular edition, pages 8. No. 356. December. Director’s report for 1912. W.H.Jordan. Pages 48. TECHNICAL BULLETINS. No. 19. April. Phytin and phosphoric acid esters of inosite. R. J. Ander- son. Pages 15. No. 20. May. Date. in Per Per Per inches. | milk- Daily. | milk- Daily milk- Daily. ing. ing. ing. 1911 Lbs Lbs. Lbs Lbs Lbs. Lbs ReberlGtets 4s. 15 Gelelp eur Gea ere SEOMW crvsdees 5.8 11.9 4.6 10.8 5.0 10.0 2) YE, dew eee cee aa OP Aah Bait chet e Thee woke Peake Lit ste nal |, eating 6.3 1229 8 isi 4.5 9.3 id] 12) lin doe deme ie Ui he 1503.2 ||s deere Gea eee ATS) eee ae ed 6.4 ie 7 ald Ma e/ 4.5 9.3 ME el eg td kee Ge Oilers os EADY lraectetanee S30 oil lo enswerteieed SES 1225 3.0 10.0 3.5 8.5 CS 92/0) hd ogee ae tote | Newmont Thee \epeeee oer AP Osan 5.8 116 el, ISRO 4.8 9.3 A) ALL 2A 18 Niele ae Pe ee Silanes tee Oc 4d errr ARE) Pe ae’ 5.4 ie 2 59.83 MiSe/ 4.4 9.1 USNS DOR} Te da at eat aa TELUS Neike cours yal): {eb ee ole ASS hg ep 5.8 12.8 Dee 10.8 4.4 8.7 Bar 37315 BROS EER are Dahle: ot Le os | Oe eae BuO ee ae IS ; 11.0 5.8 12, 3.6 8.6 ul OSL by dat atae ® |lGeew kre A Super: POM. aoe AeA NRT Beat 7.6 12.4 5.4 3S 3.8 8.2 a" BOG kat eval he is acre eet AO" ee 155 fae lle AS AN erste... tee fod iabeal 5.0 1057, 4.0 8.4 EG Beare nll en hy ya eee (}6(0):i| area yal) Ra eee ae: 5.9 10.9 5.0 11.0 3.8 8.8 OA bs ty ok A ee |e 632.4 Se bs yats om |Iils crate are COST al aC ee 6.0 V2.2, 4.8 10.2 3.6 8.3 Se DOee Ete. S|) ata tes of 2a eee SOM were tees OE ges tee 6.3 aS Sel 10.6 3.8 8.0 74 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE TaBLe I.— Cuanoes in Mixikinc Macninge Vacuum AND ITs Errect on MILK Date. 1911. Marchi a 623.9 « Fit Sion ae x Sivene t- $ 2 ae ve Ie eiseetiete € Gein a bie ee « 8 pees as ket ae Soe ara ce AO ee. calipatiie |11D le Soller ilies 23° ye ae Mies 12 3- neoee ae! |? a eee SR CD ARERR, scat | aSy ee ce lth l7(e ea 3 wie NSE, Beet oz BO OA at shes Se ee OOP ey: ee eee 2 I 27 Fiow (continued). Gertie F. No. 2. Daily. Per milk- Millie D. cooew Vacuum|— in Per inches. | milk- ing. Lbs. 15.5 4.4 7.0 ee 4.8 6.3 phopese yeil 16.5 RCC! Clg see eee os vines RATER WOD OO Ow Ort © 8 ain iohwee Pe Cie seen OO see eee eR RWWODN OF POS eee w eee ——— eee ae ra) Ruth F. Per milk- Daily. ing. Lbs. Lbs. Onda) Pare: 5.5 10.9 sete htien triton 6.0 11.8 sd eel eects oars 4.9 9.6 SG alates 5.0 10.7 1 a eae 4.8 9.6 yA sl trae 4.3 9.7 A reat Sri, 9.3 ‘59m ee ere Bec 4.8 9.9 Say Peal ciate 3.9 9.6 ODN vai meee 3.4 8.9 Hae oy Nei, oie 4.3 9:9 he Daal xs srorcene 4.0 8.5 Oe ati ctspeux 4.4 9.4 ALS Wa tacks s 4.5 8.8 Aas | reckons 4.0 8.2 is Ne oo 4.1 8.5 2 OY (on ae doe 4.1 8.8 eM aroxste esos 4.1 8.3 Com po aeoe 3.5 8.3 AA lien ee 4.4 8.8 Ae Ie a 3.5 PASE 167 a aa 3.5 7.9 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 TasBLeE I.— Cuances In Miuxina Macuinge Vacuum AND Its Errect on MILK Fiow (concluded). Gertie F. No. 2. Ruth F. Millie D. Vacuum JI] Date. in Per Per Per inches. } milk- | Daily. | milk- | Daily. | milk- | Daily. ing ing. ing 1911. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Marent23 ee. oe 18.5 ANOS | Pees: ce all aire 420s oeneren 17.5 7.0 11.6 4.6 9.0 3.1 (rol of eae eee 16.5 G20) |e e SHON Saar e CS (Ree gee ae 15.5 6.8 12.8 3.5 7.4 3.0 7.8 op mast. vk 15.0 ALOE E I 0: Ste? Rew! Asis BO 8.0 12.0 4.3 7.5 3.0 aed SRC ee ae | seas: ye al eer 4..0- seen Bdrm qoncearatenewons 6.7 apa 5.5 9.5 3.3 | 7.0 ~~ thet (RRP Se Ge ee Gide |) se. s% Spill faites ARO t mo © o> wud | Whig ww >) 6-8061 8-L06T 2-906T 8-206T 2-906T IT-O16I OI-606T 6-806T 8-L06T 2-906T 6-806T 8-L06T 2-906T 01-6061 6-8061 8-L06T 2-9061 8-061 2-906T ~~ Or O19 sH TI-O16T OI-6061 6-8061 8-L061 Z-9061 8-206T 2-9061 So | | Lola ORO alive) OO Hid oon oO Hig Or o) ) boa co o> wt O10 P= lo eho 6) ’ a NO O19 wd | 1d H Oca} | 291919219 | 1919 | OOO | OO np Rleway Ete) oD > bk pten) -rio LEE GL G9E 28 SOE 19 866 6 9oE % 8S 0€ ege aaa oss 0S 8 G9 COs 00 c9E 00 Ig€ FE c9E GS €0€ 00 COs 00 98 cP 67 0S COE aa SE (a9 9c¢ 0G ‘sivq |'shoqg "yr uy | “Aq IL-Ol6l OI-606T IT-O16T OI-606T 6-8061 01-6061 6-806T II-O161 01-6061 6-806T 8-LO6T IT-OI6I O1-606T 6-806T 8-LO6T IIT-O016! 01-6061 6-8061 01-6061 6-806T PUL. Hind NOD sH NA oD HAD Noo stid | NOD | NOD SH Noo wa "supa X ‘O0V ***Kosrop ‘yy "Gg Aoreg Aasiot “qt “a “A OUT * Kossop ‘Z “D Pq8 I see **osior UP | OLIN “Aasiof opeiry “TON “up Oday “Asia? OPBI) JS od Bin on er Twuny “Aesiap apBiry Sah end boone 4 Buy *poolq pues sure Ny “67 ON *19quInN| * (papnjauod) Saorudg NOWLVLOV'T ONILVNUGLTY NI GNIHOV]. uo ANV]] Ad ayy SMO‘) FO atary NX NI NOILVINY A —* 1Df Wray J, 83 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. pox] surgovur Ape ‘oinjemeid j[eQ “IajloYy 8B payIOqy ‘uoKseSIpUl pry ‘IOJIOY Se payloqy ‘Wor;SeSIPU! PEY sa 4 a8) a = ++ ca. aoe sistist Jasin | isin | oo | oO TA O19 ans ++ a a oe CI-TI61 II-O161 GI-TI6T TI-O161 IT-Ol6T OI-606T IL-O161 OI-606T IT-Ol61 OI-606T 6-S806T IT-O161 OI-606T TT-O161 OI-606T 6-806T “Aaslaf apeity pes ora eta Sap oA CGI “Aasiope “qq ‘Gg forego *foslor opelyy sages bari. dae ° “7H otprer) *AaSIof apBiy Zz ‘yi puowmuresy _ *faslef aperry "SON “ZANE *Aasiop~ apeiy “ F a0TTD “£asI9 opBity ‘T ‘ON ‘q{ puourureyy 84 Report or DeparTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The records of the 29 cows as given in the above table include five lactation periods of five cows, four periods of three cows, three periods of nine cows and two periods of twelve cows, or a total of 88 complete lactation periods. During 43 of these periods the cow was milked by hand and during 45 periods by machine. : By comparing the yields obtained when any cow was milked by the two methods during successive periods it is possible to obtain 55 comparisons of which 32 were in favor of the hand method and 23 were favorable to the machine method of milking. On the face of these results it appears that while the amount of milk ob- tained by the two methods is about the same the chances are about two out of three that a little more milk will be obtained by hand milking. From the column of remarks at the right of the table it will be seen that many of the cows were somewhat abnormal at some time during the test. , Five of the cows lost portions of their udders either through accident or from garget. In such eases the yields for the periods of lactation in which such mishaps occurred are not included in the table and the cows were removed from the experiment. Four of the cows were sold on account of sterility. During their last milking periods two were milked by hand and two by machine. These items would seem to be well balanced were it not for the fact that No. 8 in her closing period had an unusual flow. Her gain of 2,700 lbs. was probably not due to the fact that she was hand milked, as she had yielded fairly uniformly during the four preceding years. It may be ascribed to great bodily vigor unhampered by the demands of gestation. During 1908 four of the young cows calved prematurely as well as one each in 1909 and 1910. Under such conditions their yields can not be considered as normal and their failure to pro- duce as much as during other lactation periods can not justly be ascribed to the method of milking. Accordingly the results from these six periods of lactation should be omitted from the compari- sons. This would destroy eight of the above comparisons, four of which were favorable to each method. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85 Three cows suffered severely from indigestion and their yields dropped 1,200 to 1,900 Ibs. below their preceding yields. ) ake e eee © ehele «eee siete « pe oe aw els \dee6 © 8 €8g°L TFG ‘8 Sane a EA ies aes OCS kent peer eay) eee ee ene fe. UL Oke isifela) © © ole e «elle 8 a) Seis) ores © e Micah tere goe'¢ LSP ope mS aa a a aap aca ae 20) ee ekede 6 0Ne lke 6 shee 18).W6 |e je wishes omens a i]! (ce: ele) eWete, os.) “aun @ oe 1eh ggg ‘e Se eS eee oadane KG) . zoc‘e o (euiek © egeeete. MIP oun tale, G0 8) © Og 9 806 °F O28 ‘Ff Se) efae es fe.:e) 0) a).5 a) Shia lb) een 4d isle ee mre, © 6: 618 a eee ee . ees eeeee Urlegaiel ete 6.0 tiiede: © aWerle~e ehvle eens, ele 816‘9 600‘ 2 aR I I Te RNa ee Ae as SS «) Loti et bt CRO clan | Chon: na eOacCiae | EORO"O Ca) oun eee eecesese GOL‘F LbZ‘C ENE LD RY OR iO As an a 2 i 8 sete qweein |) |e a: 6) 0) velo 8 cee‘ 2 cc‘) Ole; 6) eters ¢ 18 gcP ‘9 1z3‘¢ ISOS ES Ee aig deg Yai = ECS | ‘SOT ‘SqT ‘SQT “SQT ‘SOT ‘SOT “SqT ‘OL6T “*606T “6061 “S061 “S06T “LO6T ‘906T -zoquin ‘puvyy ‘QUIYO® JA ‘puryy ‘QULOR IN ‘puvyy “‘QULYORI ‘pueyT (‘Moo Youve JOJ SpOlod paduvyeq A[aO Surpnyouy) “ANIHOVJ, GNVY GNV]PT 4d GEWTITY SMOD AO SATAIX —A] WIAVY, 90 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF TIIE In handling data which is subject to considerable variation reliable measurements may often be obtained by accumulating such a mass of data as to equalize the disturbing factors. How- ever in the present instance the natural variation in the yield of the cow is so very large and the influence of the manner of milking, when properly done, is so very small that the actual measurement of the influence of the machine method of milking upon the flow of milk under present conditions is practically impossible. In connection with this statement it should be distinetly under- stood that just as hand milking varies from a manipulation which promptly stops the flow to that which encourages the flow to the full capacity of the cow so machine milking may be of every degree of desirability depending upon the mechanical principles of the machine and the skill with which it is operated. The problems in this connection which now await solution are the relative merits of the various mechanical principles and the conditions under which they can be applied most advantageously. CONCLUSIONS. One of the limiting factors in the development of the dairy business is the difficulty in obtaining regular and efficient milkers. The interest in the milking machine is largely due to the possi- bility of displacing a considerable amount of low-grade labor by a single higher grade, better paid man. This study of the influence of hand and machine methods upon the flow of milk covers a period of over four years. During this time approximately 11 cows were milked by machine and an equal number by hand during their lactation period. All ma- chine milked cows were stripped by hand and the milk so ob- tained was credited to their flow. As the result of mishaps inci- dent to dairying satisfactory data was obtained from only 71 lactations. Owing to the interest on the investment in machinery and to the time which is necessarily lost in preparing and later clean- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 ing the milking machines it is probably not profitable to use machines in dairies of less than 15 cows. In such a dairy one man using two machines will milk cows within an average time of 3 minutes but the time lost in preparing and cleaning the ma- chine will equal 1 minute per cow. With a larger dairy this latter item will be much reduced. The normal variation in flow in a large group of cows is at least 1 per ct. The effect of the manner of milking, provided that it is thoroughly done, is less than this amount and therefore is not measurable. During the earlier years difficulty was experienced in milking some of the cows. This difficulty arose from the failure of the teat cups to fit properly. When this was overcome the cows milked well. One small-teated and one very hard-milking cow, neither of which was suitable for hand milking, did well with the machine. The success of the milking machine, like any other machine, is closely associated with the personality of the operator. Dur- ing this experiment the machines have been operated by six dif- ferent men, all of whom have done at least fairly well. In this study the attempt has been made to contrast the ma- chine and hand methods of milking at their best. Unquestionably it takes a higher grade man to operate a milking machine success- fully than to hand-milk a cow equally well. There is every reason to think that in the hands of careless operators the ma- chines will work injury to the cows but the same result is too often obtained from inefficient hand milking. The milking machine is becoming a recognized part of the equipment of large dairies. It has already reached the point where it compares favorably with ordinary hand milking in the items of germ content of the milk and in its effect upon the flow. There is still room for much improvement from the mechanical standpoint, especially in the matter of simplicity and expense of installation. A STUDY OF THE METABOLISM AND PHYSIO. LOGICAL EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS WITH MILCH COWS, II. * A. R. ROSE. SUMMARY. The chief aim of this experiment was to check the results reported in Technical Bulletin No. 1, of this Station, by repeating the work in such a way as to eliminate more of the variable factors. This was effected by adjusting one of the animals used in the previous experiments to a low-phosphorus ration very nearly identical with the one formerly employed and adding thereto the calcium salt of phytin. In this, as in the former experiments, the organic phosphorus in- gested was eliminated very largely in the form of inorganic phosphorus by way of the intestine, the amounts of phosphorus in the urine being very small. When phytin was withdrawn from the ration, the decrease of phosphorus in the urine was immediate; when phytin was added, a rise in phosphorus occurred after a lag of two days. Phytin caused more phosphorus to be eliminated through the kidney than did whole wheat bran. The long duration of the low- phosphorus period did not in itself affect the phosphorus content of the urine nor the phosphorus balance. The insoluble phosphorus of the feces diminished with decreasing amounts of insoluble phosphorus in the rations, when the latter ranged above fourteen grams. The soluble organic phosphorus disappeared very largely from the alimentary tract. The apparent utilization was poorer in the low-phosphorus periods and in the calcium phytate period than in the whole-bran period. For maintenance of phosphorus equilibrium in this species of animal the requirement would seem to be the amount of phosphorus eliminated in the milk plus twenty-six milligrams per kilo of body weight; an excess over this amount causes phosphorus retention, and smaller quantities result in loss of phosphorus from the organism. The addition of calcium phytate increased the potassium both in the urine and dung, and changed the path of elimination of part of the magnesium from the kidney to the intestine. The calcium added as calcium phytate was almost entirely eliminated by the intestine immediately after administration. The calcium of the urine increased with decreasing phosphorus in the rations and decreased when calcium phytate was added. * A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 20, May, 1912. [92] New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93 The nitrogen compounds of the ration were well utilized and for the most part a positive nitrogen balance was maintained. The animal gained 19 kilos during the experiment, half of which could be accounted for by the plus balance of nitrogen. There was a suggestion of a parallelism between the nitrogen. and phosphorus balances. The former observations as to the influence of phosphorus com- pounds on the oestrum and the amount of urine voided were not corroborated; neither was the laxative effect previously noted. The difference in the moisture content of the feces of the several periods of this experiment was very small. A long low-phosphorus period resulted in unfavorable symptoms. The animal returned to a normal condition after a week’s feeding on ash-rich rations including alfalfa, silage and wheat bran. The volume of the milk fluctuated inversely with the amount of phytin phosphorus in the rations. The increase of milk flow on removal of phytin was not a mere dilution. Except for the change in the amount of fat, the composition of the milk was not materially altered. The responses of the fat to the fluctuations of phytin phosphorus were immediate and consistent, as distinct, though not quite as large, as in the previous experiments. The best milk flow, both as to amount and fat content, happened to occur in the period of phosphorus equilibrium. INTRODUCTION. The work reported in this bulletin is the fourth experiment in a series planned by Director Jordan in 1904, for the purpose of ascer- taining the specific influence of the ash constituents of plants upon animal metabolism and especially to learn what effect these very important elements may have on milk production. As biochemical research progresses, we have come to realize more and more the very important part which the ash constituents play in all process of life. Agricultural chemists have given much attention to phos- phorus, and this important substance has become familiar to farmers. It was naturally, therefore, the first element to be studied in this undertaking, and this substance still holds the chief interest of those carrying out Director Jordan’s comprehensive program. The first task of the investigators was to find out the nature of phosphorus in the grains and forage plants usually employed in feeding cattle. This work was published as bulletins 238 and 250 of this Station by Hart and Andrews, and Patten and Hart, respec- tively.!. In these bulletins it is shown that the phosphorus of the grains is very largely in the form of a soluble organic compound, 1 Hart and Andrews, N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 238. Patten and Hart, N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 250. 94 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE previously described and named by the Swiss chemist, Posternak.! Phytin, as this compound is called, is in itself a very interesting substance; but its physical and chemical properties will not be dis- cussed in this report. For descriptions of phytin, the reader is referred to the bulletins mentioned above and the paper by Poster- nak. The author wishes, however, to make a correction with respect to the constitution of phytin as given in these bulletins. The more recent work? has demonstrated that its acid is not anhydrooxy- methylenediphosphoric acid as stated by Posternak and accepted by Hart at the time of publication of his work, but is an inositephos- phoric acid. Recent work by Anderson’ carried on in the laboratory of this Station confirms this later view of the chemical constitution of phytin. PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS. The role of phosphorus in metabolism has been a live question for a long time and a large mass of data has been accumulated regarding it. A number of important facts are definitely established and others have been suggested. > Since these have been summarized by Jordan, Hart, and Patten? and more recently reviewed in detail by Albau and Neuberg,® the reader is referred to these and only those references will be made which bear on special points as the discussion progresses. Technical Bulletin No. 1 of this Station reports the first three feeding experiments in this series and is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of mineral metabolism. The chief component of the rations used was wheat bran, chosen because of its relatively high content of phytin, which can be easily removed by leaching, the other constituents contributing but a very small amount of phosphorus. By alternating periods of rations containing washed and unwashed bran, a marked contrast in the amount of administered phosphorus was produced. This ranged from thirteen to sixteen grams in the low phosphorus period and from seventy-seven to eighty-one grams in the high phosphorus period. Excepting the variations in calcium, magnesium, and potas- sium, the other conditions were kept as constant as is practicable in experiments of this kind. A large number of observations were made and from the mass of analytical data the authors drew con- clusions which may be briefly summed up as follows: Increase of phosphorus in the ration increases the phosphorus elimination; 1 Posternak; Rev. Gen. Bot. 12: 5, 65 (1900); Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 55: 1190 (1902); Compt. Rend. 137: 202, 337, 439 (1903); 140: 322 (1905). 2 Suzuki, Yoshimura, Takaishi. Bul. Coll. Agr. Tokio, 7: 495, 503, 1907. Apa Biochem. Ztschr. 9: 557 (1908); Starkenstein; Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 56 A u ee R. J. N. Y. Agri. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 19. 4 Jordan, Hart and Patten. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 1. 5 Albau and Neuberg. Physiologie und Pathologie des Mineralstoffwechsels. New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 95 Increase of organic phosphorus in the ration causes an increased elimination of inorganic phosphorus, the quantity of outgoing organic phosphorus being but slightly affected by the intake of organic phosphorus. Increased phosphorus elimination is, in the herbivora, mostly by way of the intestines. A large intake of phosphorus causes a retention of this element. When the phosphorus given is insufficient in quantity the organism uses for its normal functions the phosphorus previously stored in the body, or that which is not serving an immediately vital purpose. These results substantiate work done in other laboratories. The following results which were also noted suggest other possible conclusions. These, if verified, would constitute new contributions to our knowledge and are of fundamental interest: Sudden withdrawal of phosphorus from the ration causes dryer and firmer feces, sometimes constipation. The volume of the urine varies directly with the quantity of phosphorus insoluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid, and indirectly with the phosphorus soluble in this reagent. The milk flow increases with the withdrawal of phosphorus and decreases when phosphorus is added to the ration. Increase of phosphorus in the ration increases the fat in the milk, and vice versa. These results were pronounced and consistent and must therefore be due to the differences produced in the wheat bran by leaching it with water. By this process, several substances were removed from the wheat bran; some protein, a small amount of carbohydrate, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. The loss in the protein was made good by an equivalent amount in the form of wheat gluten; that in carbohydrate was deemed negligible. The largest differences were in the amounts of magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. Of these variable factors in the experiment, the phos- phorus, in the form of phytin, was thought to be the most significant; the magnesium and calcium are probably combined with the phos- phorus in the phytin. Following this suggestive clue, the plans so developed as to include other experiments in which the phosphorus would be made more definitely the variable factor by adding some salt or combination of salts of phytin to a basal ration of a very low phosphorus content, and thus discover specifically what forms of phosphorus, or combinations of bases with phosphorus, are respon- sible for these striking physiological effects. Inasmuch as calcium phytate can be bought in the market, and is also a single basic salt and therefore presents a simpler problem than the double salts, offering only two variable elements, it was chosen for the next experi- ment, which is the subject of the present report. 96 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE FOURTH EXPERIMENT. PLAN. The cow used in experiment II proved to be a hardy animal, a good milker, and hearty eater, by far the most suitable animal in the herd, and was therefore chosen as the subject of this experiment. When the work began she weighed 495 Ko. and gave nine and one- half kilos of milk. She did not come in regularly, but aborted on February 7. By April 11 she had been adjusted to the follow- ing ration: oat straw 4,536 grams, rice meal 2,724 grams, wheat bran 4,536 grams, wheat gluten 597 grams, which gives a total of 249.6 grams nitrogen, and 66.5 grams of phosphorus, 51.1 grams of the latter being in the form of phytin phosphorus. She was then removed from the herd and placed in a comfortable room planned for metabolism work, and after eighteen days on the ration as given above, samples for analysis were taken daily. The days of the experiment were numbered consecutively from the first day of sampling, April 29, to the end of the experiment, eighty-five days later. In the laboratory the samples were known by these numbers. The time was divided into five main periods with transition periods between each two as follows: Period I, days 1-6 (April 29-May 4), The whole wheat bran period, with the ration as specified above; Transition period, days 7-10, in which the whole bran was gradually replaced by washed bran; Period II, days 11-19 (May 9-May 17), The phosphorus equilib- rium period, in which the intake and outgo of phosphorus were approximately the same, 24.2 grams per day. Period III, days 23-33 (May 21-—May 31), The low phosphorus period in whichRogosinski Anz. Akad. Wiss. Krakau, B 1910, p. 260; from Chem. Centrbl. 31, IL: 1558. 1910. 105 New York AcricvutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION. ‘WSITOEVEAPT NADOULIN GNV SQUOHdSOHY NIGMLAG NOVI Y— |] “ory Kj AT TI at Ie 1 Poldag | “ane Gm @ an aor bse < a O + \ / } cena @& =o d 240) U| em 0fjnQ — —— — \ N eyequi \ ee te See ES \ Bil + aS \ GIi+ ae so Cet \ \ G+ fe om 2 \ Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE 106 O¢ Set CT ON Unel[ng [wormyoay, Ul vyep wIOIy poyonsqysuoD) “HONVIVG NADOULIN GNV SNUOHdSOHY NATMLAG NOILVIGY —'°Z “Dy eouejeg UePouyiyy eyo, ————— Bouejeg sn4oydsoug jeyo, — — — — ze 8} £E we eee 91 £O¢ 8-2 poaysaéuy snuoudsoud jej0) suean rdx3 Fee \ [-dxq / - / & : Bee ue Big b+ | + New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 107 picture (Fig. 2). In the first experiment, the intake of nitrogen was almost constant; the results of this experiment differ from those of the fourth experiment in that there exists a parallelism between the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen and the phosphorus intake. This is also true of Experiment Three. The second experiment shows no such parallelism, but this should not be given much weight in the argument inasmuch a new factor (nucleo-protein in the rations) is here involved which might be responsible for the discrepancy. In view of all this, one is almost justified in assuming that there may exist between phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism some intimate relationship involved in the synthesis or cleavage of the nucleopro- teins in the organism, but the facts so far established are not sufficient to warrant any conclusion on the fundamental principles here suggested. Total phosphorus.— The ingested phosphorus was mostly elimi- nated by way of the intestines. The amount of phosphorus excreted in the urine was relatively very small, as little as one-half of one per ct. of the total outgo of this element on a phosphorus-poor diet. The amount of phosphorus in the urine is readily changed by increas- ing the phosphorus intake (Period IV, Table IVb), as is evident from the study of the data of the phytin period, where the urine phosphorus rose to 15 per ct. of the total outgo. The response to the change in the ration was immediate. Twenty-five grams of phytin were withheld on the forty-sixth day, the next day’s urinary phosphorus was 1.31 grams less than on the preceding day; on the fifty-first day, the phytin intake had been reduced to the minimum and the corresponding urine had 90 per ct. less of phosphorus. The same effects are also shown in the other tran- sition periods. In the days between periods I and II there is an immediate drop of 50 per ct. in response to the substitution of washed bran for whole bran. These cases cited above are those of reduction of phosphorus in the rations. When it is a matter of increase the quantitative change is equally striking, but follows a lag of two days. One set of figures will illustrate this pot: On the 36th day, there was 0.3 grams P in the urine; 37th day 0.24 grams; 38th day, 0.23 grams; 39th day, 3.85 grams; 40th day, 44.1 grams P in the urine, the full portion of phytin, 175 grams, having been added on the thirty-seventh day. These quantitative changes of the phosphorus in the urine were not wholly due to the relative total amounts of this element in the rations, but also to the nature of its chemical combination or the internal relations of the phosphorus in the feeds themselves. No other assumption can explain the differences between periods I and IV in which the urine of the former contains less phosphorus than that of the latter, though in its ration there was twice as much phosphorus, and in both periods more than half of the ingested phosphorus was in the form of phytin. - In comparing the experiments II and III by Jordan, Hart and Patten, 108 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE we have a suggestion of the difference induced by the nature of the chemical combination of the phosphorus in the rations. In )Experi- ment II, which is a study of nucleo-protein phosphorus, there was no change in the phosphorus content of the urine but in the other experiment, which was a phytin problem, there is recorded a drop of 99 per ct. when the soluble organic phosphorus compound is withdrawn. Experiment II should be repeated before definite con- clusions are drawn, not only because it is a single experiment, but in that the amount of phosphorus fed in its principal period was too small to maintain even an equilibrium of this element. The minimum amount of phosphorus in the urine did not occur in the samples from the end of the protracted low-phosphorus period, as one might have expected; the urine of this period was no poorer in phosphorus than that of Period III. The lowest urimary phos- phorus occurred in the week following the last feeding of calcium phytate. From Table IV we see that the animal maintained approximately a phosphorus equilibrium on an intake of twenty-four grams of total phosphorus while giving milk carrying eleven grams of the element, leaving thirteen grams per day for the other physiological functions. The phosphorus requirement aside from the milk production would therefore seem to be about twenty-six milligrams per kilo body weight, as a minimum for this animal. When less phosphorus is given than the organism requires, the physiological functions con- tinue at the expense of the phosphorus previously stored in the tissues of the body. Such a storage takes place when a greater amount of phosphorus than is indicated above is being fed, but this is not in direct proportion to the amounts of the increase as can be readily seen by studying periods I and IV in Table IV. Twenty days of very low phosphorus intake did not materially change the phosphorus balance. This is in harmony with previous experiments. Insoluble phosphorus.— The insoluble phosphorus was obtained, as in the previous work, by subtracting the soluble phosphorus from the total phosphorus, and was considered, as in the former experi- ments, to be chiefly nucleo-protein phosphorus. There is less insoluble phosphorus in the washed bran than in the original, because it is carried out mechanically by the water along with considerable starch and gluten. An inspection of Table IV shows that when the amount of insolu- ble phosphorus in the ration is changed, the amount of this form of phosphorus in the feces also. changes; but when the insoluble phos- phorus in the feed is reduced to 13.5 grams per day, further reduc- tion does not result in corresponding decrease in the amount of this form of phosphorus in the dung. The insoluble phosphorus was very largely changed to inorganic phosphorus. This is not apparent when the amount of intake was less than 13.5 grams, as is indicated by the data in the table for the days following number 13, in which New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 109 there seems to be an approximate regularity in the excretion of insoluble phosphorus independent of the amount of this form .of phosphorus ingested. Soluble organic phosphorus.—In the organic phosphorus compounds soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid, we have the phytin of the grains and feces and such small amounts of glycero-phosphates as may occur in the feces. The amount of soluble organic phosphorus in the dung is relatively very small, less than 5 per ct. of the total phosphorus passed from the animal body, except in the fifth period when the phytin content of the feces increased. Only a very small amount of phytin is excreted into the milk and urine.’ It forms less than 3 per ct. of the urinary phosphorus and its presence in the milk has not yet been sufficiently demonstrated. In this experi- ment, the soluble organic phosphorus in the milk and urine was not deemed significant at the time the analyses were made and its determination therein were omitted. Our study of phytin phos- phorus is therefore confined to the figures obtained from the analyses of the rations and feces. In Table III, where these data are recorded, we see a relatively small amount of phytin phosphorus in the feces, even in the first and fourth periods when the phytin intake was 51.1 grams and 36.6 grams per day respectively, from which we must conclude that the phytin disappears from the alimentary tract to a very large extent. It is readily absorbed and in the tissues is hydrolyzed by enzymes and converted into inorganic phosphate and inosite.2 Any which fails of absorption, or is returned to the intestine after absorption, may also be split by intestinal bacteria, specifically B. coli.3 Rogosinski, whose work was referred to on p. 15 found that human fecal matter completely destroyed phytin. The dog on the other hand eliminated 70 per ct. of the administered phytin without any change in it. The other 30 per ct. was assimi- lated and a corresponding amount of inorganic phosphorus eliminated in the urine. Hence considering the enormous bacterial flora of the cow’s interior it is not surprising to find that only 6.5 per ct. of the soluble organic phosphorus fed in the first period was recovered in the feces. The apparent utilization of the phytin in the calcium phytate period was appreciably less, ranging from 89 to 91 per ct., with one-third more soluble phosphorus in the feces than in the first period, although less phytin was fed. In Table IV, a compari- son between the total phosphorus ingested and the phosphorus balance in periods 3, 2 and 4, shows that the output fluctuates with the intake, hence there is a more direct relation between the two than is observed in nitrogen metabolism, in which the balance is not so immediately influenced by the amount ingested. The 1Starkenstein. Biochem. Ztschr. 30:56. 1910. 2 McCallum and Hart, Jour. Biol. Chem. 4: 497. 1908. 3 Unpublished data by the author, - 110 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE average intake of total phosphorus in the transition period between periods 1 and 2 is 51.2 grams, and the outgo is 46.3 grams, giving a balance less than any in the calcium phytate period with an average ingestion of 43.8 grams of total phosphorus per day. The apparent digestibility of phytin phosphorus in the low-phosphorus period is even less. These figures suggest that the various phytins are not utilized with equal ease, and those which were less readily washed out of the original bran were the more apt to pass through the alimentary tract unchanged. This is purely speculative; more data are required before an intelligent interpretation can be made. Inorganic phosphorus.— In this experiment, as in the previous work, there was in all cases more inorganic phosphorus eliminated than had been given in the rations. The end product of phosphorus metabolism is inorganic phosphate, which in the herbivora is excreted chiefly by way of the intestinal canal as salts of the alkali earths.! Bases.— In all the periods, more potassium was excreted than was taken into the system. The amount of this element in the bran was reduced by the leaching to which it had been subjected, so that there was, therefore, a lessened intake in the periods during which washed bran was fed, accompanied by a decreased elimination in the feces and urine. On the addition of calcium phytate, there was an increase of potassium in the dung and urine amounting to somewhat more than six grams in each; on the withdrawal of calcium phytate, fecal potassium fell ten grams per daily output but the urinary potas- sium slightly increased. The whole-bran period gave a magnesium balance of + 4.6; all the other periods were deficient in this element. The magnesium differed from the calcium and potassium in that the amount in the urine decreased constantly from the first period to the end of the experi- ment. The decrease was most marked between the third and fourth periods, probably due to the influence of calcium phytate which seemed to draw the magnesium toward the intestinal canal. The fecal magnesium was quite constant, about ten grams per day, except in the fourth period when it seems to have been influenced by the increased calcium intake. At the beginning of the experi- ment, about half as much magnesium was excreted in the urine as in the feces, but at the end, when the labile magnesium of the body had been largely exhausted, only about one-fifth as much was eliminated in the urine. The calcium elimination in the urine increased remarkably when the phosphorus intake was diminished, and fell again to its former level when the phosphorus was increased. In the last period, when the low phosphorus ration was given for a long time, the calcium in the urine rose to five times the amount excreted through this channel in the phytin period. The calcium in the dung also in- 1 According to Berg as tri-basic calcium phosphate, Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 107. 1910. Lid New York AGRICULTURAL ExpEeRIMENT Sarton. 28 9° SP 8: 22¢ 8'8 v SP 8° O86 Vs € oF F 066 € Ot L F¢ € OFE 16 9°0¢ L ¥1& v6 CSP 9°S80E G6 € OF G’ SOE Tv OL G&S 6 FIE CoOL PF g¢ €°c0E GOL 0°9¢ LZ L08 ¢ OL 21°S¢ IT OT€ 8°01 €° 12g 9°69 8°01 8° Lg € 69 9'OT LiealG: € GLE G’6 JES AS I 9F€ ‘SUUDID | “SUDID | ‘SWDLD ‘snioyd ‘uo8 : -soyg | -omy | 7 NGDOULIN ‘LV,J JO LNGLNOD ie8) =) onl eSnete! 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The increase in the calcium of the feces in the calcium-phytate period was equivalent to about the amount of calcium increase in the ration. In the last period, the calcium was very much in excess of the calcium in the feces of the first two periods. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE MILK. The remarkable results of the work reported by Jordan, Hart and Patten in which it was clearly shown that the removal of various compounds from the bran influenced both milk fat and milk flow were confirmed in this experiment, though not in so striking a degree. The data in Table VI are graphically presented in Fig. 3 whose ordinates represent the percentage of fat in the milk, the amount of fat in the milk and the amount of milk flow. The abscissa is not used here for quantitative representation. The base line is divided into parts representing the successive periods, with space for the transition periods, and the amounts of phosphorus given are also indicated here by numerals. Hach curve has a differ- ent scale and is placed at a convenient distance from the others to facilitate comparison. The top curve (A) represents the per- centage of fat in the milk and is drawn to a scale of one-tenth of 1 per ct. to .03 inch; the middle curve (B) represents the total amount of fat and is drawn to a scale of 4 grams to .03 inch; the lowest curve (C) represents the milk yield and is drawn to ascale of fifty grams to .03 inch. For comparison, the results of the previous experiments (by Jordan, Hart and Patten), are plotted in a similar manner (Fig. No. 4). The curves have a general tendency to decline as the period of lactation progresses; this makes the high average yield during the week following the end of the calcium phytate period significant. In all cases where the phosphorus of the ration increases it is immediately followed by a drop in the milk flow, and the withdrawal of phosphorus is followed by a larger yield of milk. Between the week of rapid rise in milk flow which followed the calcium phytate period, and the prolonged low phosphorus period, there is a large decline due to some unknown factor, probably lack of appetite and associated disturbances, but during this low phosphorus period, the milk flow was on a gradual though small increase until the final break which caused the discontinuance of the experiment. These changes are small—from 2 to 20 per cf. in experiments I, II, and III, and from 5 to 7 per ct. in experiment IV — but the results are consistent, with the exception of the last period of experi- ment III, in which are probably shown the effects of protracted malnutrition. The line representing the fat content of the milk moves up and down regularly as the amount of phosphorus in the ration increases and decreases. The response is in this case also immediate. The change is not a mere matter of fluctuation in 113 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. “MOTT MTIJ, GNV LVA AO INNOWY GNV FSVINGOUNd NO ANVIN] SHAOHdSOHG JO DONANTANT —'§ “OI t 09 Orel eet +e! 6 €¢ swesd 6°92 snaoydsouy ayequy se-62 £2-SS oS -I¢ S+-9E (2E-Se Gle-tl a ZN Al tt If I pole, Se +8 oF. UlEO= AI'W SOM SO'O x WiEQ= 1es “Sud +» \ AT ey eee “ul EO's 124" 12 424 1-E \ : a? re 327Vv0S TESTS om \ \ A €6 062 ~~~ \ pee ee a a. : 96 86 af fe (G08) SOE ey ble et ye \ / \ / gre \ yey Sweap --~ / : % O46 SZE -_ ———_ore Nwoo 4 Sa aes SE : \ \ Z o€ \ eae ar oe \ ° e4 ePae 22€ = +24 /o THE + 4 NT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF ME? 114 Report or Depart CT ON UjeyNg [eormyoay ur vyep wo1y poyonsysuoD) “MOTT MII GNV LVJ JO LNQOWY GNV ADVINGONTG NO snuoHdsOHg dO FONTAN] —"f “pI ars 91 2h O¢ 2€ e1 mee Sil €'e9 9!) 204 Sl (swesd) eyejuy snuoudsoud al quausedx 7] Tl juauiisedx-y YI'WoW eae [esa I quewisedx} \ / \ ! - < ‘ / \ , Ze > \ ! \ / —-— aa \ 4'Wed —— \ ! 7 , "7 am 7 7 - o'r) aya ‘ u ey euup ‘ . . \ —!_— | FOF =< t 1% Ne a 7 \ ! ‘ \ / \ \ " ¢ o— NN ! camara \ / ] Sant \ / \ \ ne NEN \ | \ 1 U SN n / \ ‘ ! \ \yey sua \ ; ! x , é BS ef efo \ f] / \ / 5 =, — mim" < 1 eZe \ \ / c \ \ / eA EL / \ 4 pS ES VG ‘ke / an i \ ae e222 \ / / ! ey, NW €9! VJs Susy 1e¢ ‘ IE 40% 92€ New York AGRicuLtturAL Experiment Sration. 115 water content, but an actual increase of fat secretion by the mammary glands, as is most strikingly shown by the middle line in period 4 of Fig. 3, recording an actual fat increase at the time of a milk decrease. The relative differences in the fat production in the several experiments, induced by the change in the rations were not constant. In experiment I this difference amounted to 24 per ct. of the total fat, while in experiments IJ and III, it was only 5 per cent; in experiment IV the differences in the fat output of the several periods were relatively greater than in the previvus work, but the largest difference was less than the largest difference in experiment I. The period of phosphorus equilibrium shows the most favorable fat and milk production, which in this particular instance amounts to seven ounces fat and two and one-half pounds of milk per week in excess of the production on the normal rations. This can readily be explained by the assumption that the change in the ration was sufficient to change the milk flow but not enough to lower the rela- tive amount of fat in the milk. If further experiments establish this as a physiological fact it will be interesting scientifically and practically suggestive. Aside from the fat, the tables show but a relatively small change in the composition of the milk. Since the fat has been shown to vary with the rations, it should be deducted from the total solids, before a study of the solids is undertaken. In Table VII, in which the average composition of the milk for each period is given, the fat-free solids and the fat-free, ash-free solids are listed in columns six and eight. The differences between the percentages are small for both the solids and the ash. The small variations seem to follow the changes in the milk flow, so that the actual increase in the milk solids resulting from the decrease in the phosphorus in the ration is somewhat more pronounced than the changes in the milk volume, the same being true of the decrease when calcium phytate was added. The increased milk flow may therefore be considered as a true secretion of milk and not a mere dilution analogous to polyuria. TaBiEe VII.— YieLtp aND CoMPOSITION OF THE MILK IN THE SEVERAL PERIODS. Fat- | Fat- free, | Total |Casein Day Milk. | Fat. |Solids.} free | Ash. | ash- | nitro-|nitro-| P. Ca. K. | Mg. -Nos. solids. nee gen, | gen. solids. El Pee Chal eiae Che ke Cbs ie been Cra kee deta ele aiCen lakes Clay || eon Cle || ees Chas ebeetch Kgs. | P. ct I 1-6 9 99 3.75) 12.9 9.15} 0.805) 8.3 0.63) 0.47) 1.01) 0.147] 0.155} 0.011 IIi6-1 aioe lo. |LLeeo mas 9. 17} OS807|F"SraG) POSGOh Ol 47a ME. eee epee alle te kere III29-32 9.77| 3.05) 12.34) 9.29) 0.863) 8.44) 0.57) 0.44; 1.06) 0.144} 0.130) 0.011 IV36-45 8.99] 3.50] 12.43) 8.93) 0.849) 8.05) 0.56) 0.43) 1.09) 0.145) 0.136) 0.012 V51-56 9.50) 3.60} 12.64) 9.04) 0.840) 8.2 OF SA) (O45 FOG) eel cow ale aera V72-77 8.44 3. 25} 12.22) 8.97] 0.833) 8.2 0.54) 0.43] 1.03) 0.159) 0.124) 0.013 116 Report or DEpaRTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The tendency of the ash is to follow the milk solids. The several components of the ash mentioned in the table may be considered as constant, with the exception of potassium, which seems to decrease slightly throughout the experiment. On the 79th day, whole bran was introduced into the ration, and according to the data in the previous periods, one would expect a decrease in the milk flow and milk solids. The volume of milk had been decreasing throughout the long preceding period and no marked change was noted in the milk flow which could be ascribed to the whole bran; the solids, however, increased on the 82d day. This is obviously a different matter from the former fluctuations in the milk solids, and may be likened to the phenomena commonly observed at the end of a period of lactation. The analytical data for this period are as follows: Number of day............ 77 78 79 80. = 81 82 83 = 84 Percentage of fat.......... 12D DOOMED LD, 1. 2a OL en TORO) tel cA eee ey Percentage of fat-free solids. 9.0 8.80 9.10 8.9 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5 The percentages of total and casein nitrogen show very small but gradually decreasing values throughout the five periods, which is in contrast to the three former experiments of this series in which a small but gradual increase is indicated. These authors stated that aside from the change in the fat content there was no influence TaBLE VIII. ANALYsIS OF MiLkK Fotutow1ne PEerRtIop V; RATIONS THE SAME AS IN Prriop I. | Day. Fat. Solids. Ash. Total N. | Casein N. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 7S he teed Homais Rts ani A ae tear oraD Zl 0.810 0.55 0.43 GOMeeE Oss fi BS Seley 12.26 0.863 0.55 0.44 SOMME. EEL BLES ASE 3.20 iA 0.840 0.56 0.44 Ss 2 ae ee ee Oe ee 3.6 IVEY 0.803 0.57 0.44 1S ais Sa I Pee Oe ERR, OM. 3.8 12.88 0.848 0.55 0.45 So Sos ernie Daten Be ach gs ae at Ss 4.4 13.67 0.777 0.57 0.44 Saree Let Oy eos 4.7 13.24 0.825 0.55 0.44 Taste I1X.— AVERAGE PER Day or THE ASH CONSTITUENTS IN THE MILK. Period. K. Ca. Mg. Ky Ca. Mg. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. Grams. Grams. Tetee cee 0.155 0.147 0.011 14.19 13.88 1.07 1 ee ee 0.130 0.144 0.012 13.34 14.07 | 1.19 PVetees S28 0.136 0.145 0.013 12.20 12.91 ue ht Weds a 0.124 | 0.159 0 012 10.41 13.61 1.02 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 117 on the milk due to changes of the amount of phosphorus in the ration. Their tables justify such a conclusion; for in only one instance is there such a relation, namely in the fifth period of experi- ment !, where the following quantities are recorded: Phosphorus fed...... 83.3 21.4 80.7 grams Fat-free solids....... 8.3 8.6 8.2 per cent If a change is induced in the composition of the milk by the varia- tion of the phosphorus of the diet, we would expect this to affect the casein, but in all four experiments the casein varies but little and in no definite relation to the phosphorus intake. The other organic phosphorus compound of the milk, lecithin, was not deter- mined. If we return to the total phosphorus and recalculate these amounts to a fat-free milk, we obtain the following percentages: Period I II Ill IV Vi 12) o00)2)0) ¢(0) 9 eae eae 0.107 0.115 0.108 0.118 0.106 This makes a maximum difference of 0.009 per ct. Similar cal- culation of the data from the experiments reported in Technical Bulletin No. 1, gives: Experiment I II Til Grams P in rations 12 8 78.7 16.0 83.3 21.4 37.0 18.0 37.0 20.0 77.0 16.0 re titormilk..." 0.090 0.089 0.086 0.083 0.090 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.110 0.104 0.110 or a maximum difference for the two animals of only 0.032 per ct. and for the one animal, ‘‘ Nancy,” used in experiments II, III and IV of only 0.011 per ct. which may well be considered within the limits of unavoidable error. This suggests that the phosphorus contents of the solids vary with the individual animal and not with the phosphorus content of the rations fed. Until more evidence to the contrary has been brought forth we may safely assume that the fat is the only milk constituent changed by alteration of the phosphorus content of the rations, and that there is a definite relation between the phosphorus supply and the yield of milk and butter fat. It has not been conclusively proven that all the changes noted in the milk production are due specifically to phytin phosphorus but the evidence warrants the assumption that this substance is in whole or in part responsible for the phenomena observed. When further experiments which have been planned for this series are completed it is hoped that the evidence will show more definitely just what part the phytin salts as a whole, or its cations and anion will play in the physiological functions of the milk cow and how the associated bran extractives may modify this action. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS ON EXCRETA There were in this experiment no gross changes in the nature of the dung like those reported in the previous experiment but changes 118 Reporr or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE in the weight of the samples dried at 60° C. indicate different moisture- content of the feces of the several periods. ‘This bears no relation to the consumption of water nor to the total phosphorus of the ration as is shown by the following figures: Period I II Ill IV Vv Water intake, kilos......... 42.3 44.3 40.0 42.0 42.1 Phosphorus intake, grams... 76.5 24.0 13.4 43.8 13 Water in feces, kilos........ 20.0 18.0 17.6 Ted 20.0 Water in feces, perct....... 86.0 81.5 83.5 79.3 82.8 From experiences in past work in this Station, one would expect dryer feces to result from the change from a whole-bran ration to one in which the bran was washed. ‘This we see to be the case if we examine the eighth column of Table X. The moisture of the feces drops gradually, in a four-day lag, from 86 per ct. in period I to 81.5 per ct. in period II. With a further decrease of the phos- phorus in the ration, the moisture of the feces rose instead of TABLE X.— INTAKE AND OUTGO OF WATER. WATER. Per- | Difference OUTGO IN— Total centage | between | Atmos- Period. | Days. " in intake pheric Intake. ou"e° | dung. | and outgo.| temp.* Milk.| Urine. Dung.) . 77 corded. Kgs. | Kgs. | Kgs. Kgs. | Koss2 | Perel: Kgs. : I 1-6 42.3] 8.28, 9.39} 20.1 37.5 86 II | 13-17} 44.2) 8.34) 8.09) 17.4 33.8 81.7 a ein 00 bes | ive) ° tol) SN on CoO > Oo for) _ ° 6.22) 19.7 33.0 82.9 6.88} 20.0 34.5 82.6 16-19} 44.5) 8.46) 7.36) 18.6 34.4 81.4 78° Til | 27-31, 39.7) 8.61] 7.98) 17.8 33.8 83.5 62° 29-32} 40.2) 8.64) 7.62) 17.4 33.6 83.4 IV | 42-45) 42.7) 7.72) 7.521 15.4 30.6 79.1 12/1) oan 36-45} 41.2; 7.83) 7.30) 16.0 31.1 79.5 10.1} 68° 5 5 V | 66-71| 42.2) 7. 72-11) AZ A 7 On * The temperature recorded was kindly furnished by Mr. Newell and is the average maximum per day, taken in a shaded and properly ventilated place about 150 feet from the metabolism room. becoming less, though the animal took in 4.3 kilos less of water per day. The laxative effect observed in previous experiments was probably due to some other factors than the phosphorus compounds or potassium and magnesium. The ingestion of phosphorus, potas- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119 sium and magnesium was about the same in the fifth period as in the third; a little more water was consumed but the feces were somewhat drier. If the laxative effect of wheat bran is due to the phytin anion, one would expect a wetter feces in the fourth period when 175 grams of calcium phytate was administered with the rations, but the dung of this period contained less water than that of any other. It is interesting to note however that the average moisture content of the dung of the second four days after the beginning of the phytate feeding was 87.6 per ct. but it soon dropped and gave an average for the period of less than eighty per ct. It is a peculiar incident that the cow desired more water when the moisture in each hundred grams of feces became less. The intake of water seems not to influence the amount of this substance passed out through the intestine. It has been noted above that the volume of the milk changed in an inverse order to the amount of phosphorus intake, as may be seen from the table of water intake and outgo. (Table X.) The volume of urine shows no parallelism either with the amounts of phosphorus or of water ingested and therefore differs from previous experience in this series of problems. It is probably another peculiar coincidence that the water intake and water outgo in the urine if plotted give curves which run in opposite directions to one another. There is however a suggestion that the urie fluctuates inversely with the temperature of the atmosphere, which is probably accounted for by differences in the amount of perspira- tion. A curve plotted from the figures obtained by subtracting the values for the water content of dung, urine and milk from those for the water content of the ration (column 9, Table VIII) resembles a similar curve plotted for the atmospheric temperature during the time of the experiment. In the fourth and fifth periods the differ- ences between the temperature and the water balance are such as to lead one to suspect a marked retention of water. The moisture elations in the problem are probably significant, but under the circum- stances, inasmuch as a calorimeter was not available, actual determi- nations could not be made, and a true water balance is therefore impossible. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION. At the beginning of the experiment, the animal was in good health, and the rations were so planned that she should have an abundance both of protein and carbohydrates. During the experiment, the cow gained 19 kilos in body weight. At first she ate well, cleaning up all the rations offered, but beginning with the 17th day, ten days after washed bran had first been administered in place of the whole bran, she refused varying amounts of feed. The intro- duction of small amounts of aromatic substances did not seem to 120 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. improve the ration from the cow’s point of view. At first the amounts refused were small and irregular, but as the experiment progressed, they became increasingly larger and occurred every day, so that it was deemed advisable to decrease the rations in the fourth period. The lack of appetite was at first considered as a natural aversion on the part of the animal to the ration. But as she ate the ration during the first week with relish such aversion must then have developed from monotony. It is more probable, however, that there was no real dislike for the food but a decreased appetite due to physiological disturbances. Certain remarks of Professor Mendel in a recent public lecture suggested this idea. These were based on his observations on experiments with rats and the data reported by Hart and McCollum. In Science for November 24, 1911, the following sentences occur in Mendel and Osborne’s article: ‘‘ And whereas nutritive decline has commonly been attributed to the anorexia consequent upon the monotony of diet, we are more than ever inclined to shift the explanation in many such cases to malnutrition as a primary cause. From _ this point of view improper diet and malnutrition may be the occa- sion rather than the outcome of the failure to eat —a distinction perhaps not sufficiently recognized heretofore.” The interesting and significant data obtained by Mendel and Osborne are published in Carnegie Institution Publications No. 156. Hart & McCollum’s data are published as Research Bulletin No. 17 of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. The addition of calcium phytate did not mitigate the situation. Up to the fifth period, the animal showed no outward signs of constitutional disturbance except this constant decrease of appetite but by the close of this period untoward symptoms resulted from the protracted malnutrition. It is interest- ing to note that the weight of the cow increased eleven kilos during the last period, which, judged by her appetite, was the least promising period in the whole experiment. The increase in weight during the first two periods was almost at the rate of one kilo per day; for the next thirty-four days, i. e., to the end of the fourth period, the weight remained approximately constant, in the last period, the average weight was nine kilos more than in the two preceding periods. Of the total increase in weight during the whole experiment, less than half can be accounted for by the nitrogen balance. From the eightieth day, the animal began to develop pathological con- ditions, difficult to describe, but perfectly apparent to the men on the farm familiar with live stock. She seemed in good flesh and showed a glossy coat but refused to eat, manifesting positive distaste for her food. Her limbs became stiff and somewhat enlarged about the joints, and her movements were decidedly awkward. She was prone to lie down and had difficulty in getting upon her feet. There was no disturbance of the oestrum throughout the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LZ experiment. The milk flow, which had begun to decrease on the seventy-seventh day, dropped rapidly to four kilos. As it was not permissible to slaughter the animal nor cause her permanent injury, the experiment was closed on the eighty-sixth day, and the cow removed to a box stall where she was given a plentiful supply of alfalfa and silage and whole bran. In the course of a week there were no more signs of malnutrition; she maintained the weight she had gained, the stiffness passed off, and the milk flow increased according to the following records kindly furnished by Mr. Smith, Station Dairy Expert. Date Number of Amount of days milk RAUL eara Peters ite aeneeret sree tera ciety cue fens eh cldiclave shore levsme\ ass 86 3.76 kilos DE Pete Sees eels Des WHEE os CONDOS TED Maa TS 88 3.90 DD. BAS ord te 8 ED ROI TI OS atta ICO ETA ECL a IB e 89 4.89 DH a a.0, 6 SASSO (OIE EN A. CS a: 90 5.62 DSse at oR CSRS a DOLE COR een 91 5.99 PHYTIN AND PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS OF INOSITE.* R. J. ANDERSON. SUMMARY. 1. The barium salt of phytic acid, C;H2,O.;P;, obtained from very dilute hydrochloric acid or 10 per ct. phytic-acid solutions corresponds to the general formula C;Hi;0.;P;M;. Apparently the same relation holds for other binary cases. z. From neutral or alkaline solutions salts of the general formula C;H1,02;,P;M, are obtained. 3. From very dilute acetic-acid solutions intermediate salts are formed. 4. The acids isolated from the organic-phosphorus compound known as phytin, derived from different sources, have been shown to be identical. The constitution of the substance, however, still remains in doubt. 5. Attempts to synthesize phytic acid by acting on inosite with dry phosphoric-acid in vacuum at 140°-160° C. failed. In this reaction the tetra-phosphoric acid ester of inosite was produced. 6. The tetra-phosphoric ester was found to be very similar to phytic acid. Its barium salt obtained from very dilute hydrochloric acid solutions corresponds to the general formula C,H,(OH).O, [(PO;H).M).. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. In continuation of the physiological investigation concerning the metabolism of the organic-phcsphorus compound known as phytin, which has been and is being carried out at this institution by Dr. Jordan, a closer study of the chemical properties of this substance, phytin, became necessary. Much work has already been done and reported on this subject by various investigators. Definite infor- mation, however, concerning different kinds of salts formed by the free phytic acid or inosite phosphoric acid is seldom met with in the literature. Frequently impure salts have been analyzed. Posternak, who first successfully prepared phytin in pure form,! also studied its chemical properties. Among the salts mentioned? is one, calcium-magnesium, as well as one crystalline, calctum-sodium, double salt, for which he gives the formula 2C.H,P,O,.Nas+ C.H,P2Ca,+8H2O. Winterstein® describes a calcium-magnesium compound which, after removing the calcium with oxalic acid and precipitating with alcohol, contained 42.24 per ct. P2O; and 12.97 per ct. MgO. Patten and Hart,‘ working in this laboratory, isolated from wheat bran an impure magnesium-calcium-potassium com- 1 Rev. gen. Bot. 12: 5; Compt. Rend. 137: 202. 2 Compt. Rend. 137: 337 and 439. ® Ber. deut. chem. Ges. 30: 2299. 4 Amer. Chem. Journal 31: 566. *A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 19, April, 1912. [122] New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123 pound. Levene! describes a semi-crystalline barium: salt which corresponds to a tetra-barium phytate. Vorbrodt? mentions a crys- talline barium salt obtained by partially neutralizing phytic acid with barium hydroxide and evaporating in vacuum, to which he assigns the formula Ci2H»sO.sBazPu. Although crystalline, this com- pound was undoubtedly impure. By neutralizing the mother-liquor from the above with barium hydroxide he obtained an amorphous precipitate of the composition C 5.75 per ct., H 0.77 per ct., Ba 52.97 per ct., P 11.60 per ct. This corresponds approximately with a hexa-barium phytate. Of the several salts mentioned in this paper some were obtained from commercial phytin and from an organic-phosphorus magnesium compound by precipitating with barium chloride and barium hydrox- ide; others were prepared from previously purified phytic acid. These products will be more fully described in the experimental part. The tri-barium phytate, CsH1.0, [(PO3H)2BalJ3, is obtained pure as an amorphous white powder by repeatedly precipitating barium phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with a like volume of alcohol. It may also be obtained in crystalline form by dissolving the amor- phous salt in a10 per ct. solution of phytic acid in which it is very soluble and from which it again slowly crystallizes out on standing at ordinary temperature. A penta-barium phytate, CsH1,Oe7P;Bas, is obtained when a solu- tion of the tri-barium phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid is neutralized with barium hydroxide and then made faintly acid with acetic acid. The penta-barium ammonium phytate, CsHi2.027P;Ba;(NH4,)2, is obtained when the above mentioned amorphous tri-barium salt is digested with dilute ammonia. The penta-magnesium ammonium phytate, CsHi2.0.7P;Mg;(NH4)2, is thrown down as a white amorphous precipitate when excess of magnesia mixture is added to an aqueous solution of phytic acid, or when ammonium phytate is precipitated with magnesia mixture. A tetra-cupric di-calcium phytate, CsHw.O27,PsCusCag, in nearly pure form is obtained when a slightly acid solution of calcium ammonium phytate is precipitated with excess of copper acetate. If the magnesium ammonium phytate is precipitated under the same conditions an impure compound is obtained which contains about 1 per ct. Mg, 0.6 per ct. N, 34 per ct. Cu and 15.6 per ct. P. No effort was made to obtain these salts pure. It was only desired to find out to what extent other bases were removed when precipi- tating with copper acetate. Starkenstein® claims that commercial phytin always contains free inosite together with inorganic phosphates and that merely drying the substance at 100° C. causes nearly complete decomposition into inorganic phosphate and free inosite. That phytin is so easily decomposed seemed very improbable, as several months’ work on the substance has shown that it is relatively 1 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 399. 2 Anzeiger Akad. Wiss. Krakau 1910, Series A: 414. 3 Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 59. 124 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE stable when pure and when no mineral acids are present. Moreover, Contardi! reports that when phytin is heated in an autoclave with pure water for several hours to a temperature of 200° C. only very small quantities of inosite could be isolated. In order to determine if inosite is present in determinable quantity 100 gm. of commercial phytin in the form of the acid calcium salt, which had been imported from Europe and kept in the laboratory for several years, was shaken up with 1 liter of water, filtered at once and washed with water. The filtrate was precipitated with barium hydroxide, again filtered and the excess of barium precipi- tated with carbon dioxide, and the filtrate from the latter evaporated on the water-bath. In the very slight residue which remained, consisting mostly of barium carbonate with a trace of barium chloride, no trace of inosite could be detected by the most painstaking method of isolation. Of the same phytin 100 gm. was dried to constant weight at 115° C. and was then treated in the same manner. Even here no trace of inosite could be obtained. Subjecting to the same treatment 50 gm. of the same phytin, after previously mixing with 0.5 gm. inosite, resulted in the recovery of 0.4 gm. inosite. This proves that phytin is by no means so easily split as Starken- stein claims. The results in his case may have been due to other causes besides mere drying at 100° C. The same author (loc. cit.) also states that when phytic acid is precipitated with ammoniacal magnesia mixture it is not the mag- nesilum ammonium compound which is formed, but only the diffi- cultly soluble magnesium phytate. This is an error. Under these conditions the previously mentioned penta-magnesium ammonium phytate, CeHi2027PsMg5(NH,)o, 1 1S formed. For the free phytic acid Posternak’ proposed the empirical formula C2HsO.P2 which he considered toflhave'tthe following constitution: H| CHO: PO(OH) (O% a : a ‘CHO: Potoiny, H which finds expression in the name “ anhydro-oxymethylen di- phosphoric acid.” As is well known the free acid, as well as its salts, is easily split under the influence of dilute mineral acids into inosite and ortho- phosphoric acid. This fact and the discovery by Neuberg® that 1 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincei, Roma (5), 18, I: 64. 2 Compt. Rend. 137: 489 3 Biochem. Ztschr. 9: 551 and 557. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPRRIMENT STATION. 125 both inosite and phytin yield furfurol when distilled with phosphorus pentoxide and phosphoric acid, respectively, lead him to believe that the inosite ring exists already formed in phytin. In accordance ne ue view he proposed the following structural formula for the acid: O (OH);P P(OH)s O O CH—CH (OH); | (OH), P—O—CH CH—O—P om So aa (OH); P—O—CH—CH—O—P (OH); This is just treble the molecular weight of the anhydro oxymethylen di-phosphoric acid of Posternak. Suzuki and Yoshimura! considered that phytic acid was the hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite. Starkenstein? believes that phytin represents a complex pyro- phosphoric acid compound with inosite and he proposes the follew- ing constitutional formula: (OH). (OH). P = 0'HO:HC — CH:0H'0 — P ce | | a: Bisel eal P=O°HO'HC CH'OH'O=—P (OH)s | (OH)s (OH): P = 0-HO:HC — CH‘0H'0 = P (OH), Vorbrodt (loc. cit.) proposes still another formula. 1 Bull, College of Agric., Tokyo, 7: 495. 2 Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 56. 126 Reporr oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE It is impossible at the present time to decide definitely between any of the above constitutional formulas, as the substance has not yet been synthesized in the laboratory. As represented by the empirical formula, CsH2sO2;P., phytic acid corresponds to a hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite plus 3 HO. CsH¢O¢6{PO(OH)e2],+3H20. At present it is impossible to say whether the compound represents a pyrophosphate or if the water is lmked in some other way. That the acid contains 12 acid (OH) groups as expressed in the formula of Starkenstein, which would also be the case if it were a hexa- phosphoric acid ester of inosite, and not 18 (OH) groups as in the formula of Neuberg, seems certain, for in no case have we been able to prepare any salt in which more than 12 H-valences were replaced by bases. As observed by Starkenstein only one half of the 12(OH) groups are particularly reactive. This finds expression in the fact that the barium salt obtained from acid solutions contains only 3 Ba to6 P. As suggested by the above author, it is probable that these reactive hydroxyls are adjacent but linked to different phosphoric- acid residues. The salts with binary bases would then be represented by the following: A further confirmation of this is found in the fact that the tri-barium phytate as well as other similar salts of phytic acid with binary bases are strongly acid in reaction. The presence of only 8 acid (OH) groups, however, can be shown by titrating an aqueous solution of the acid with deci-normal sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. Patten and Hart (loc. cit.) who titrated with deci-normal barium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator obtained results agreeing with a hexa- barium salt. Of special interest in connection with the constitution of phytin are the phosphoric acid esters of inosite. Neuberg and Kretschner! report obtaining a poly-phosphoric acid ester of inosite by their method of preparing phosphoric acid esters of the carbohydrates and glycerine, that is, by the action of phosphorus oxychloride. The product could, however, not be obtained pure as it was found impossible to separate it from the inorganic phosphates. 1 Biochem. Zischr. 363 5. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 127 Contardi! claims to have prepared the hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite by heating inosite with an excess of phosphoric acid in a stream of carbon dioxide to 160°-165° C. The product was purified as the barium salt and after decomposing the latter with sulphuric acid the free ester was obtained, which he describes as identical with phytic acid. The same author’ claims to have prepared poly-phosphoric acid esters of mannite, quercite and glucose by the same method. Carré,? however, repeating these experiments, found that the products described by Contardi were merely mixtures of free phos- phoriec acid and the polyhydric alcohols in question together with their decomposition products mixed with some monobarium phosphate. Many fruitless efforts have been made in this laboratory to synthesize phytic acid and the hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite. All experiments in this direction lead only to the tetra-phosphoric acid ester of inosite, CsH¢(OH)2 O41 [PO(OH):],. The method of Contardi was modified to the extent that inosite, either dry or with water of crystallization, was heated with phos- phoric acid, previously dried at 100° to constant weight, in vacuum to a temperature of 140°-160° C. for about two hours. The same product, viz., the tetraphosphoric ester was obtained whether the phosphoric acid was present in large or small excess above six molecules of H;PO, to one molecule of inosite. When it was present in less quantity than this, however, for instance 1 molecule of inosite to 3 molecules of H;PO,, then a mixture of esters was formed. It was found impossible to separate these products completely owing to the fact that they possess about the same solubility. The tetraphosphoric ester is most conveniently isolated by means of its barium salt. The separation of the ester from the excess of the phosphoric acid or barium phosphate succeeded because its barium salt is much less soluble in dilute alcohol acidified with hydrochloric acid than is barium phosphate. The new ester is a well characterized compound, very similar in appearance and reactions to phytic acid. By heating with acids, inosite and phosphoric acid are regenerated. It gives a white precipitate with the ordinary molybdate solution, and with excess of silver nitrate a white precipitate is also produced. These re- actions are identical with those of phytic acid. The inosite used in these experiments was prepared from the crude magnesium compound previously mentioned and carefully purified by recrystallization. The reason why phytic acid could not be obtained by the action of phosphoric acid on inosite is no doubt to be found in that it is not a simple ester but a complex compound as suggested by Starken- 1 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincet, Roma (5) 19, I: 23. 2 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincei, Roma (5) 19, I: 823. 3 Bull. Soc. Chim. France (4) 9: 195. 128 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE stein. It is, however, difficult to understand why the hexa-phos- phoric ester was not obtained by this method. The only explanation that can be offered is that under the conditions of these experiments it is not stable. One reason alleged by Starkenstein for considering phytin a pyrophosphate is based upon its giving a white precipitate with silver nitrate. This is certainly a characteristic reacton of pyro- phosphates. Yet the tetraphosphoric ester gives a pure white precipitate with the same reagent. As the ester cannot be in the form of a pyrophosphate the fact that phytic acid gives the same colored silver compound is not necessarily an indication that it represents a pyrophosphate compound. The phytic acid used in these experiments was prepared from products obtained from two different sources. The starting material in one case was a calcium phytate imported from Europe; the other was a crude natural magnesium organic-phosphorus compound extracted in this country and kindly supplied us by Dr. Carl 8. Miner of Chicago. As shown by the analyses of the carefully purified salts and of the free acid, these two preparations were identical and they were also identical with the product described as phytic acid by Pos- ternak and other investigators. EXPERIMENTAL PART. TRI-BARIUM PHYTATE. The commercial phytin was purified for analysis by means of the barium salt. 30 gm. calcium phytate was dissolved in a small quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, diluted to about 2 liters with water and a concentrated solution of 30 gm. barium chloride was added. The precipitate was dissolved without filtering by the addition of just sufficient dilute hydrochloric acid. It was then precipitated by adding barium hydroxide to faintly alkaline reaction. The mixture was then acidified with acetic acid and after standing over night was filtered and well washed in water. It was re-precipitated in the same manner three times. After finally filtering and washing in water the substance was dissolved in about 1 liter of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered and the filtrate pre- cipitated by adding a like volume of alcohol. After repeating this operation the substance was filtered, washed free of chlorides with 50 per ct. alcohol and finally washed in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product so obtained was a light, perfectly white semi-crystal- line or amorphous powder. Placed on moist litmus paper, it showed a strong acid reaction. It is very slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in acetic acid and readily soluble in mineral acids. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. 0.2728 gm. substance gave 0.0352 gm. H.O and 0.0643 gm. COs. 0.2763 gm. - “ 0.1749 gm. BaSO, and 0.1675 gm. MgeP2O;. 0.1909 gm. “ “ 0.1206 gm. BaSO, and 0.1154 gm. MgeP2O;. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 For CsHi205 [(PO3H)> Bals = 1120. Calculated C 6.42 per ct.,H 1.60 per ct., P 16.60 perct., Ba36.78 perct. Found C 6.42 per ct., H 1.44 per ct., P 16.89 per ct., Ba37.25 per ct. P 16.85 perct., Ba37.17 perct. The barium salt prepared in the same manner from a natural crude magnesium organic phosphorus compound gave the following result on analysis: 0.2057 gm. substance gave 0.0273 gm. H2O and 0.0480 gm. CO. 0.1422 gm “ 0.0886 gm. BaSO, and 0.0841 gm. Mg,P.O7. Found C 6.36 per ct., H 1.48 per ct., P 16.48 per ct., Ba 36.66 per ct. The two salts are therefore identical. CRYSTALLIZED TRI-BARIUM PHYTATE. One gm. purified phytic acid was dissolved in 10 ce. water and 4 gm. of the above mentioned tri-barium phytate added. Jt was filtered from traces of undissolved particles and allowed to stand for two days at room temperature. The substance had then separated as a heavy crystalline powder of irregular form. From less con- centrated solutions the substance separates in small, needle-shaped crystals. The substance was filtered, washed well in water and finally in alcohol and ether and dried in the air. For analysis it was dried at 120° C. 0.1972 gm. substance lost 0.0153 gm. H.O. 0.2028 gm. substance gave 0.1251 gm. BaSO, and 0.1216 gm. Mg»P2Oy. Found P 16.71 per ct., Ba 36.30 per ct. Calculated for 5H.O, 7.44 per ct. Found 7.75 per ct. PENTA-BARIUM PHYTATE. This salt is obtained on neutralizing a solution of the tri-barium phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with barium hydroxide and then acidifying with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered, washed thoroughly in water, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a white amorphous powder. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. 0.2970 gm. substance gave 0.0307 gm. H20 and 0.0500 gm. CO.. 0.2507 gm. & “ 0.2080 gm. BaSO, and 0.1207 gm. Mg2P20;. 0.1856 gm 4 “ 0.1543 gm. BaSO, and 0.0899 gm. MgsP20;. For E.HOx,P, Ba; = = F391: Calculated C 5.17 perct.,H 1.00 per ct., P13.37 per ct., Ba 49.37 per ct. Found C 4.59 per ct.,H 1.15 per ct. P13. 42 per ct. "Ba 4s. 82 per ct. ’p 13.50 per ct. ‘Ba 48.92 per ct. PENTA-BARIUM AMMONIUM PHYTATE. When the tri-barium phytate is digested in dilute ammonia it is transformed into the penta-barium ammonium salt and ammonium ~ o 130 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE phytate. The latter product, however, was found to contain some barium. Two gm. of the analyzed tri-barium phytate was digested for two hours in 25 cc. of 2.5 per ct. ammonia, filtered and washed in dilute ammonia and finally in alcohol and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a heavy white amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed a neutral reaction. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. 0.1509 gm. substance gave 0.1205 gm. BaSO, and 0.0762 gm. Mg»P:O;. 0.1747 gm. i “0.0026 gm. N (Kjeldahl*) For CgH12027P Bas (NH,)s = 425: Calculated P 13.05 per ct., Ba 48.19 per ct., N 1.96 per ct. Found P 14.07 per ct., Ba 46.99 per ct., N 1.48 per ct. By evaporating the filtrate from the above to dryness on the water-bath an amber-colored mass remained which after drying at 130° C. gave the following result on analysis: Found P 20.51 per ct., Ba 6.65 per ct., N 10.48 per ct. PENTA-MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHYTATE. Two gm. phytic acid was dissolved in 400 cc. water and then precipitated by adding excess of magnesia mixture slowly and under constant shaking. After the precipitate had settled the supernatant liquid was decanted, the residue filtered and washed with water until free from chlorides and finally washed in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a fine white amorphous powder and weighed 2.7 gm. It reacts neutral on moist litmus paper. For analysis it was dried at 130°. 0.1089 gm. substance gave 0.0832 gm. MgeP20; for P. 0.1089 gm. 2 “ 0.0705 gm. MgoP.O;7 for Mg. 0.1248 em. « « 0.0039 gm. N y- 0.0893 gm. “ 0.0028 gm. N Kjeldahl) For (6Hi2007P6Mg5(N Ha)2 = SHO. Found P 21.29 per ct., Mg 14.13 perct., N 3.12 per ct.—3.13 per ct. Calculated P 21.64 per ct., Mg 14.13 per ct., N 3.25 per ct. If the phytic acid is first neutralized with ammonia and then precipitated with magnesia mixture the same product is obtained. Two gm. phytic acid in 400 ce. water was neutralized with ammonia, precipitated with excess of magnesia mixture, filtered, washed free of chlorides with dilute ammonia and then in alcohol and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. Found P 21.49 per ct., Mg 13.96 per ct., N 3.47 per ct., 3.48 per ct. TETRA-CUPRIC DI-CALCIUM PHYTATE. To a solution of 2 gm. phytic acid in 200 ec. water excess of calcium chloride was added and the solution then neutralized with ammonia. * This and subsequent nitrogen determinations were made by Mr. M. P. Sweeney. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131 The precipitate was just “dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and the solution precipitated with copper acetate. The bluish-green colored copper-compound was filtered off, washed with water until free from chlorides and then in alcohol and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The dry substance was a light blue amorphous powder. It is very slightly soluble in water or in very dilute acids, readily soluble in the ordinary dilute mineral acids. It is readily soluble in 2.5 per ct. ammonia with a deep blue color. In this solution con- centrated ammonia or alcohol produces a light-blue colored pre- cipitate. The compound represents a nearly pure tetra-cupric di-calcium phytate. It contained 0.17 per ct. N. For CeHi209(PO3Cu)4*° (PO3Ca)2 = 1036. Calculated Cu 24.51 per ct., Ca 7.72 per ct., P 17.95 per ct. Found Cu 25.58 per ct., Ca 7.69 per ct., P 16.85 per ct. If a slightly acid solution of magnesium ammonium phytate is precipitated with copper acetate a light blue colored copper compound is obtained. After washing and drying it gave the following result on analysis: Mg 1.11 per ct., Cu 34.27 per ct., N 0.64 per ct., and 0.52 per ct., P 15.66 per ct. This compound is exceedingly soluble in dilute and concentrated ammonia. By the careful addition of alcohol to the ammoniacal solution a substance separates in light blue colored crystals on standing. This is evidently a complex copper-ammonium salt but it was not further examined. PHYTIC ACID. This was prepared after the method of Patten and Hart (loc. cit.). The analyzed tri-barium salt was decomposed with the calculated quantity of deci-normal sulphuric acid. After removing the barium sulphate, the solution was precipitated with copper acetate. The copper compound was decomposed with hydrogen sulphide, the copper sulphide filtered off, the filtrate concentrated in vacuum and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The products obtained from both the calcium phytate and the magnesium compound were light amber-colored, very thick liquids and corresponded in all respects with the body described by other investigators as phytic acid. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. a. From calcium phytate. 0.3193 gm. substance gave 0.0917 gm. H.O and 0.1238 gm. COs. 0.1505 gm. - “ 0.1424 gm. MgeP2O7. b. From the magnesium compound. 0.2789 gm. substance gave 0.0804 gm. H.O and 0.1101 gm. COs. 0.1236 gm. : “ ~ 0.1160 gm. MgeP207. 132 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE For C.Hou Oo7P5 =i ds Calculated. Found a. Found b. C 10.08 per ct. 10.57 per ct. 10.76 per ct. H#3360h £ oot” ut 322 ait P2605" 26:31 9 * 26.16 “ Titrated against deci-normal sodium hydroxide using phenol- phthalein as indicator the following results were obtained: 0.2648 gm. acid required 30.7 cc. N/10 NaOH. Calculated for 8 NaOH 29.65 ce. 0.1593 gm. acid required 18.60 ec. N/10 NaOH. Calculated for 8 NaOH 17.60 ce. INOSITE FROM THE CRUDE MAGNESIUM COMPOUND. Twenty-five gms. of the air-dried substance, containing 20 per ct. of moisture, was heated with 100 cc. 30 per ct. sulphuric acid in a sealed tube for about three hours at a temperature of 140° C. Two tubes equally charged were heated at the same time. After cooling, the reaction mixture was of dark brown color and a considerable quantity of magnesium salts had crystallized out. The contents were washed into a beaker, filtered and diluted with water to about 1500 cc. The sulphuric and phosphoric acids and the magnesium were then precipitated by barium hydroxide, filtered and well washed in hot water. The filtrate was evaporated to about 350 cc. and the excess of barium removed by carbon dioxide, filtered, the filtrate decolorized with animal charcoal and then evaporated on the water bath to a syrupy consistency. This was taken up in a small quantity of hot water, filtered and alcohol added to the filtrate until a cloudiness was produced. By scratching with a glass rod crystallization began; more alcohol was then added and the mixture placed in the ice-chest over night. After filtering and washing in alcohol and ether and drying in the air the product weighed from 5.1 to 5.4 gm. From the mother liquor a further quantity of crystals from 0.4 to 0.6 gm. could be obtained on the addition of ether and allowing to stand for twenty-four hours in the cold. For purification the raw product was dissolved in 6 parts of water and again brought to crystallization by the addition of alcohol as before. It was then obtained in large, thin, colorless plates. It gave the reaction of Scherer. The dried substance melted at 220° C. (uncor.) Dried at 100° C. 0.4136 gm. substance lost 0.0669 gm. HO and 0.1600 gm. lost 0.0258 gm. H.O. The dried substance was analyzed. 0.1342 gm. substance gave 0.0791 gm. H.O and 0.1981 gm. CQOs:. For C.H«(OH), = 180. Calculated C 40.00 per ct., H 6.66 per ct., 2 H2O 16.66 per ct. Found C 40.26 per ct., H 6. 59 per ct., 2 H.O 16.17 per ct. - 16.12 per ct. This substance was used in subsequent experiments with phos- phoric acid. Some 40 gm. of inosite were prepared in this way. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133 TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER OF INOSITE. 4.32 gm. (2 mol.) crystallized inosite was powdered and mixed in a distillation flask with 24 gm. phosphoric acid (about 24 mol. or double the quantity. required to form the hexa-phosphoric ester) The acid had been previously dried at 100° C. to constant weight. The flask was connected with the vacuum pump and heated in an oil bath to 140°-160° C. for about two hours. By 120° water began to come over and the reaction was practically complete at the end of one hour. After cooling, the reaction mixture was a thick, reddish- brown colored, nearly solid mass. This was dissolved in about 1 liter of water and a solution of 40 gms. of barium chloride in 400 ce. of water was added. The barium salt of the ester was then pre- cipitated by the addition of about 1 liter of alcohol. A solution containing phosphoric acid and barium chloride in the same dilution as above remains perfectly soluble on the addition of a like volume of alcohol. The voluminous flaky precipitate was filtered off at once and thoroughly washed in 333 per ct. alcohol. For purification the substance was dissolved in 700 cc. of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered from slight insoluble residue, the filtrate diluted with 500 cc. of water, some barium chloride added and then precipitated by the addition of a like volume of alcohol. This was repeated a second time. ‘The substance was then dissolved in 500 ce. of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, precipitated by adding barium hydroxide to slightly alkaline reaction, then acidifying with hydrochloric acid and adding 500 cc. alcohol. After filtering and washing as before the substance was again twice precipitated from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric-acid solution with alcohol and finally washed in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product weighed 8.9 gm. It was a white voluminous amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed a strong acid reaction. The solubility of the product was practically the same as for the tri-barium phytate. For analysis it was dried at 100° and 130° C. 0.3252 gm. substance lost 0.0281 gm. H.O. 0.2697 gm. substance gave 0.0442 gm.H.,O and0.0878 gm. CO2. 0.2038 gm. “ 0.0300 gm. HO “ 0.0685 gm. CQ». 0.2482 gm. v “ 0.1505 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1434 gm. Mg»P.O;. 0.1833 gm. « “ 0.1108 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1075 gm. Mg>P.O7. 0.1776 gm. “ 0.1074 gm. BaSO. “ 0.1038 gm. MgeP.0;. For €.H«(OH).0, [(PO3H)2Bals = =F (ON (i Calcul’d C 9.34 per ct., H 1.55 per ct., P 16.08 per ct., Ba 35.64 per ct. Found ;C 8.87 per ct.., H 1.83 per ct.., P 16.10 per ct., Ba 35.68 per ct. C 9.16 per ct., H 1.64 per ct., P 16.34 per ct., Ba 35.57 per ct. P 16.29 per ct., Ba 35.58 per ct. Calculated for 4 H,O, 8.55 per ct. Found 8.64 per ct. Another lot prepared by heating 1.80 gm. dry inosite (1 mol.) with 7.9 gm. dry phosphoric acid (about 8 mol.) and isolated in the same manner gave the following results on analysis: 0.2879 gm. substance lost 0.0240 gm. H.0O. 1384 Reporr or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The dried substance was analyzed. 0.2639 gm. substance gave 0.0452 gm.H,O and 0.0936 gm. COz. 0.1480 gm. - “ 0.0866 gm. BaSO, “ 0.0846 gm. Mg,P.07. 0.1632 gm. : “ 0.0959 gm. BaSO, “ 0.0933 gm. Mg,P.07. Found C 9.67 per ct., H 1.91 per ct., P 15.93 per ct., Ba 34.43 per ct. H,0 8.33 per ct., P 15.93 per ct., Ba 34.58 per ct. A third lot prepared by heating 1.80 gm. dry inosite (1 mol.) with 5.88 gm. dry phosphoric acid (6 mol.) and isolating in the same manner as before gave the following: C 9.69 per ct., H 1.75 per ct., P 16.06 per ct., Ba 36.33 per ct. It is apparent therefore that in each of the above experiments the same compound was produced. THE FREE TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ESTER. About 5 gm. of the purified barium salt was decomposed by digesting it with the calculated quantity of deci-normal sulphuric acid. After removing the barium sulphate the solution was precipi- tated with excess of copper acetate. The copper precipitate was filtered, thoroughly washed with water, suspended in water and decomposed with hydrogen sulphide. The copper sulphide was removed by filtration, the filtrate concentrated in vacuum and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid until it was of a thick, syrupy consistency. For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C. 0.3020 gm. substance gave 0.0933 gm. H.O and 0.1577 gm. CQz. 0.1605 gm. s “ 0.1387 gm. MgeP20v. For CsHe(OH)20.4 [PO(OH)sJ. = 500. Calculated C 14.40 per ct., H 3.20 per ct., P 24.80 per ct. Found C 14.24 per ct., H 3.45 per ct., P 24.09 per ct. 0.1663 gm. substance ‘required 16.5 cc. deci-normal sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. This corresponds to 5 acid (OH) groups. Calculated for 5 NaOH 16.63 cc. PROPERTIES OF THE FREE ESTER. The concentrated aqueous solution of the ester is very similar to phytic acid. It is a very thick, light, amber-colored liquid of sharp acid, slightly astringent taste and strong acid reaction. On longer keeping in the desicator over sulphuric acid it becomes hard and brittle and may be powdered. It is then very hygroscopic. The dry substance is slowly but completely soluble in alcohol, readily soluble in water. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 135 The concentrated aqueous solution gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate in excess which dissolves on largely diluting with water. The precipitate is readily soluble in ammonia, dilute nitric, sulphuric and acetic acids, insoluble in glacial acetic acid. With ferric chloride it gives a white or faintly yellowish precipitate which is very sparingly soluble in acids. With lead acetate a white precipitate is produced, readily soluble in dilute nitric acid, but sparingly soluble in acetic acid. With barium chloride it gives a white precipitate slightly soluble in acetic acid, but readily soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids. Calcium chloride does not give a precipitate, but, on heating, the calcium salt is thrown down as a white precipitate which redissolves on cooling. Magnesium salts do not cause a precipitate, and on heating the solution merely turns cloudy; on cooling it clears up again. With the ordinary molybdate solution it gives in the cold a white voluminous flaky precipitate which slowly turns yellowish in color. Phytic acid under the same conditions gives a white precipitate which remains unchanged in the cold. On drying at 110° or 130° the substance turns very dark in color. The ester, like phytic acid, fails to give directly the Scherer reaction for inosite. INOSITE FROM THE TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ESTER. Ten gm. of the purified barium salt was heated with 25 cc. 30 per cet. sulphuric acid in a sealed tube to about 150° C. for three hours. After precipitating the sulphuric and phosphoric acids with barium hydroxide the inosite was isolated by the usual method and recrys- tallized from hot dilute alcohol. It was filtered and washed in alcohol and ether and dried in the air. Yield 1.52 gm. It was obtained in the form of small colorless six-sided plates, free from water or crystallization. The air-dried, water-free substance melted at 221° C., uncor. 0.2094 gm. substance gave 0.1259 gm. H2O and 0.3033 gm. COz. 0.1360 gm. 4 “ 0.0827 gm. H2O “ 0.1991 gm. CO:. For C.5Hi206 = 180. Calculated C 40.00 per ct., H 6.66 per ct. Found C 39.50 per ct., H 6.72 per ct. C 39.93 per ct., H 6.80 per ct. As already mentioned, if a mixture of inosite and phosphoric acid is heated when less than 6 mol. H3PO, are present to 1 mol. inosite, a mixture of esters is obtained. It was found impossible to separate these bodies as barium salts and obtain pure compounds, since their solubilities are apparently nearly alike. 3.60 gm. dry inosite (2 mol.) and 5.88 gm. dry phosphoric acid (6 mol.) were heated in a distillation flask as before to 180°-190° for 1386 Report or DepartTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE about two hours, until water ceased coming over. The reaction mixture was in form of a very bulky, thin flaky mass, very brittle and of yellowish-brown color, mixed with some very dark-colored substance. It was broken up with a glass rod and removed from the flask and treated with water, in which the dark-colored portion was readily soluble, but the lighter-colored substance was insoluble in this medium. It was powdered in a mortar and thoroughly washed in water and alcohol and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The substance was apparently insoluble in boiling water, in boiling dilute acids and in glacial acetic acid; also insoluble in alcohol, ether and other organic solvents. After drying at 130° the substance was analyzed. 0.2500 gm. substance gave 0.0838 gm. H2O and 0.2085 gm. COz. 0.1500gm. « “ 0.1145 gm. Mg2P20;. 0.1542 gm. g “ 0.1178 gm. Mg2P20,. Found C 22.74 per ct., H 3.75 per ct., P 21.28 per ct., 21.29 per ct. This agrees approximately with a mono-pyro-phosphoric ester of inosite, but the phosphorus is too high. It was decided to purify it by means of the barium salt. The substance was dissolved by boiling in dilute sodium hydroxide, in which it gave a dark amber-colored solution. After filtering it was precipitated with barium chloride; the barium precipitate filtered and washed free of alkali. It was then dissolved in 500 ce. 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated by barium hydroxide. After filtering and washing it was repeatedly precipitated with alcohol from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric-acid solution until finally a small amount of a white amorphous powder was obtained. After drying at 130° this was analyzed. 0.2028 gm. substance gave 0.0412 gm.H.O0 and0.0979 gm. CO:. 0.2207¢m. “ 0.0413gm.H,O “ 0.1042 gm.CO». 0.1982 gm. f “ 0.0996 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1103 gm. MgoP2O;. Found C 13.16 per ct., H 2.27/per ct., P 15.51 per ct., Ba 29.57 per ct. C 12.88 per ct., H 2.09 per ct. In this compound the relation between the carbon and phosphorus is nearly 6 C to 3 P, which would indicate a tri-phosphoric ester. The substance was, however, far from pure, and lack of material prevented any further investigation of this body, which is apparently a mixture of various esters. PHYTIN AND PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS OF INOSITE. II* R. J. ANDERSON. SUMMARY. Several new salts of phytic acid are described, viz.: The calcium- magnesium-potassium phytate, the penta-calcium phytate, the tetra- calcium phytate, the penta-magnesium phytate, the copper salts obtained when precipitating phytic acid with copper acetate, the octa-silver phytate and the hepta-silver phytate. Efforts to synthesize phytic acid by acting on dry inosite with dry pyrophosphoric acid lead to the formation of esters. Two of these, viz., the di-pyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite and a di-inosite tri-pyrophosphoric acid ester were obtained in pure form and analyzed. These esters are very similar to phytic acid in appearance, taste and reactions. They yield similar acid salts and on hydrolysis inosite and phosphoric acid are produced. INTRODUCTION. In the last report ! from this laboratory on the chemistry of phytin, various salts of phytic acid were described, as well as the tetra- phosphoric acid ester of inosite. Since then the investigation has been continued in connection with another problem dealing with the form in which phytin exists in wheat bran, which is not yet finished, but as the present work is closely related to that reported earlier, it seems advisable to publish it at this time. In addition to the salts of phytic acid described before, the follow- ing have been prepared: The calcium-magnesium-potassium phytate, CsH1.0.7,PsCa;sMg,Ko, a white amorphous powder obtained by neutralizing a solution of calcium-magnesium phytate in dilute hydrochloric acid with potas- sium hydroxide. The penta-calcium phytate, CsH1,02;P.Cas, is obtained as a white powder on precipitating an aqueous solution of phytic acid with calcium acetate. The tetra-calcium phytate, CeHigO27,PsCas + 12H,0 is obtained as a white, semi-crystalline or fine granular powder when the above penta-calcium phytate in dilute hydrochloric acid solution is evapo- rated in vacuum in the presence of calcium acetate. The penta-magnesium phytate, CsH.O2rPsMg; + 24H20, is obtained as crystalline powder when an aqueous solution of phytic acid and excess of magnesium acetate is evaporated in vacuum. A copper salt corresponding to a hexacupric phytate, Ce6H12007P «Cus, is obtained when phytic acid is precipitated with copper acetate. 1 Jour. Biological Chem. 11: 471, (1912); and Tech. Bul. No. 19 of this Station. * A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 21, June, 1912. [137] 138 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The octa-silver phytate, CeHisOQ2e7PsAgs, is precipitated as a white amorphous powder by alcohol from an aqueous solution of phytic acid containing twelve equivalents of silver nitrate. The hepta-silver phytate, CsHi;O2;PsAg;, results when the dilute nitric-acid solution of the above octa-silver phytate is precipitated with alcohol. Since various attempts to synthesize phytic acid or to prepare a hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite by acting on inosite with phos- phoric acid only lead to the formation of the tetra-phosphoric acid ester of inosite* it seemed of interest to determine what products would be formed when acting on inosite with pyrophosphoric acid. If phytin were a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of inosite as suggested by Starkenstein? it appeared not impossible to syn- thesize it from these constituents. Such a synthesis would be of considerable theoretical and scientific value in connection with the chemistry of phytin and would also furnish an additional proof of the presence of pyrophosphoric acid compounds in nature. Several futile efforts were made in this direction but it was found that the reactions tried only lead to pyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite. These esters are very easily formed but their purification is very difficult. When acting on dry inosite (1 mol.) with dry pyrophosphoric acid (3 mol. or sufficient to form phytic acid) at a temperature of 200°- 220° a new and stable ester is formed. On analysis, results were obtained corresponding to a di-pyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite, a compound isomeric with the tetra-phosphoric acid ester described in a former paper. Attempts to isolate the reaction product by the method described for the tetra-phosphoric ester, * that is, by precipitating as a barium salt with alcohol, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, failed at first because barium pyrophosphate is equally insoluble in acidified dilute alcohol as barium phytate, for instance, or the pyrophosphoric acid esters. Various other salts were tried with negative results; the pyrophosphate invariably would be precipitated at the same time. As is well known, pyrophosphoric acid when boiled with dilute mineral acids is very easily transformed into orthophosphorie acid. The isolation of the new ester was made possible by taking advantage of this property. In the last paper ‘ it was reported that phytin, when dry and free from mineral acids, is stable; that drying at 115° C. caused no appre- ciable decomposition and that no inosite could be isolated from 100 gms. of phytin after drying to constant weight at this temperature. 1 Anderson, loc. cit. 2 Biochem. Zischr. 30: 56. 3 Anderson, loc. cit. 4 Ibid, loc. cit. > New York AGRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarion. 139 Experience since then has shown that phytin may be boiled for hours in dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid without suffering marked decomposition. In fact it may be boiled for days with 30 per ct. sulphuric acid without a determinable quantity of inosite being formed. ‘This seemed strange as various other investigators have emphasized the fact that phytin is very easily hydrolyzed and that even in water it suffers a more or less rapid decomposition. The action of nitric acid seems to cause a more rapid decomposi- tion; for even the purest phytin when warmed in dilute nitric acid solution with ammonium molybdate gives very quickly the char- acteristic yellow precipitate of ammonium-phosphomolybdate. Several days, however, are required to cause complete decomposition in dilute nitric acid solution at a temperature of 60°-70° C. Quanti- tative experiments to measure the rate of decomposition have not been carried out, but it could very easily be done as the change is very slow. The following will illustrate this point: In an analysis of two different phytin preparations the substance was boiled with concentrated nitric acid under occasional additions of concentrated hydrochloric acid for about half an hour. At the end of this time the organic matter was apparently destroyed, as the solution was practically colorless. The phosphorus was deter- mined in this solution by the usual molybdate method. After keeping at a temperature of 60° C. for one hour the precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate again warmed on the water-bath for another hour. A new portion of the yellow precipitate had then formed which was removed by filtration and the filtrate again warmed on the water-bath. A yellow precipitate continued to form slowly but continuously for two days when the experiment was discontinued. During this time the water lost by evaporation was replaced from time to time and small quantities of nitric acid were also added. The phosphorus determined in the first precipitate and in that which formed during the first day amounted to only 9.92 and 10.25 per ct., whereas when determined after first destroying the organic matter ey Be Neumann method 14.42 and 15.23 per ct. respectively were ound. In another case 100 gm. of calcium phytate was boiled under a reflux condenser with about 300 cc. of 30 per ct. sulphuric acid con- tinuously for one day; over night it was heated on the water-bath and the next day the boiling was continued all day. After precipi- tating with excess of barium hydroxide, thorough washing in hot water, removal of excess of barium by carbon dioxide and evaporat- ing on the water-bath, no inosite could be found in the slight residue which remained. To determine if the phytin molecule suffered any partial decompo- sition on boiling with dilute acids, 1 gm. of phytic acid, dissolved 140 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE in 100 cc. of water acidified with 10 ec. 5/N hydrochloric acid, was boiled over a free flame for one hour. After cooling, barium chloride was added and the barium phytate precipitated by the addition of alcohol. The substance was twice purified by precipitating its hydrochloric acid solution with alcohol. On analysis, results were obtained which showed that the substance was a pure tri-barium phytate, the salt which is always obtained under the above conditions of precipitation. In view of this relative stability of the phytin molecule it was thought that the pyrophosphoric acid ester referred to above might be more stable than the pyrophosphoric acid in the reaction mixture. Qualitative experiments showed that this was actually the case. An aqueous solution of pyrophosphorie acid, acidified with hydro- chloric acid and a solution of the above inosite-pyrophosphoric acid reaction-mixture, also acidified with hydrochloric acid, were boiled for one hour. Some barium chloride and a like volume of alcohol. were then added. The solution containing only pyrophosphoric acid gave no precipitate, while, before boiling, alcohol produced at once a white precipitate of barium pyrophosphate. The solution con- taining the inosite-pyrophosphoric acid reaction mixture gave a white flocculent precipitate, the barium salt of the new ester. As the excess of the pyrophosphoric acid was present as ortho- phosphoric acid after boiling it did not interfere with the purifi- cation of the compound by the dilute acid alcohol method. By acting on dry inosite (one mol.) with dry pyrophosphoric acid (six mol.) at a temperature of 200°-220° C., another new pyrophos- phoric ester was obtained. After boiling, as before, with dilute hydrochloric acid and purifying as the barium salt this product was found to be a di-inosite tri-pyrophosphoric acid ester; that is, its molecule was evidently made up of two molecules of dipyrophos- phoric acid esters of inosite joined through one molecule of pyro- phosphoric acid and, accordingly, it corresponds with the following formula: ; CseHo(OH)3;0; =[P203(OH)s)> CsH«(OH);0; —[P203(OH)s]o It is evident therefore that complex compounds such as phytic acid is supposed to be cannot be formed at elevated temperatures, New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 141 as in the various reactions tried in these experiments only esters were produced, and at lower temperatures apparently no reaction takes place. These compounds are in physical and chemical prop- erties very similar to phytic acid. They form analogous acid salts which in appearance and solubility seem almost identical with salts of phytic acid. Whether esters, such as above, are found in nature is at present unknown. It is, however, not impossible that a part of the organically bound phosphorus existing in plants may be present in some such, or similar, forms. The silver salts previously referred to were prepared in the hope that they might serve for the preparation of an ester of phytic acid with which molecular weight determinations might be made. As was to be expected, however, only acid salts were obtained and, as such, were quite useless for the purpose in view. In the reaction between phytic acid and silver nitrate, nitric acid is of course liberated and when any strong acid is present only acid phytates are obtained. Efforts made to prepare an ester by acting on sodium phytate with methylsulphate proved useless as no ester could be isolated. Further experiments along this line are contemplated and will be reported later. In an article concerning the phosphorus compounds found in food materials which appeared in a Swedish chemical journal little known in this country and which is not abstracted by any of the larger chemical journals, a valuable contribution to the chemistry of phytin was made by A. Rising.’ Among other things he describes a silver phytate of the following composition: C 5.5, H 1.08, P 13.2 and Ag 52.65 per ct., from which results he concludes that it must represent a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of inosite. It is noteworthy that this author and E. Starkenstein,? independently, and practically at the same time expressed the same opinion, viz: that phytin represents a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of inosite. The silver salt described by Rising corresponds to the hepta-silver phytate mentioned in this paper. He proposes the following empiri- cal formula: C ,HywAgsP;O2, but his results agree equally well with a hepta-silver phytate: CsH17O27PsAg;. Found by Found for hepta-silver phytate Calculated Rising. - in this laboratory (OO? BY ne 5.50 Ey AG alt 8 ts 1.08 Bato te tines «3 13.20 13.02 per cent. (Ag. D1.B4. 2. secseia 52.65 52.43 per cent. From the above there appears to be no doubt that these salts are identical. 1 Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift 22: 143 (1910). Notr.— [I am indebted to Mr. A. R. Rose of Columbia University for this as well as for many other valuable references to literature. 2 Loc. cit. 142 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The several salts of phytic acid reported in this paper were pre- pared from previously purified and analyzed phytic acid and for this reason it was deemed quite superfluous to make carbon and hydrogen determinations on each salt. EXPERIMENTAL. CALCIUM MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM PHYTATE. Two gms. phytic acid was dissolved in about 100 cc. of water, 0.224 gm. of MgO (2 mol.), and 0.84 gm. CaCO; (3 mol.) added. The MgO dissolved at once and nearly all the calcium carbonate but the salt of phytic acid was precipitated at the same time as a white precipitate. This was dissolved by a few drops of hydro- chloric acid, the solution filtered and the filtrate rendered slightly alkaline to litmus with potassium hydroxide. After the precipitate has settled it was filtered off, washed well in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a fine white amorphous powder. It was free from chlorine. On moist litmus paper it showed a faintly alkaline reac- tion. It was slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in dilute acids. Yield 2.9 gm. After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it was analyzed. For C6H12007Ps Cas;Mge K, == 948 Calculated Ca 12.65; Mg 5.12, K 8.24, P 19.60 per ct. Found Ca 13.03; Mg 4.29, K 6.42, P 19.07 per ct. This shows the difficulty of obtaining pure salts of phytic acid when several bases are combined in the same molecule of the salt. PENTA—CALCIUM PHYTATE. One gm. phytic acid was dissolved in about 50 cc. of water and excess of calcium acetate added. On the first addition of the calcium acetate a white precipitate is produced, but on shaking this redis- solves and only after a liberal excess of the acetate has been added is the precipitate permanent. After settling, the product was filtered and thoroughly washed in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The substance was a perfectly white amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed an acid reaction. It is only slightly soluble in water, readily soluble in dilute mineral acids, less soluble in acetic acid. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. For CeHysOo7P Cas = 904 Calculated Ca 22.12: P 20.57 per ct. Found Ca 22.46: P 20.62 per ct. New York AGRicuLTuRAL ExpERIMENT Srarion. 143 TETRA—CALCIUM PHYTATE. Various attempts were made to obtain a penta-calcium phytate in crystalline form without success. A tetra-calcitum phytate was finally obtained by the following method: The penta-calcium phytate was dissolved in a small quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, a concentrated solution of calcium acetate was added until a permanent precipitate remained which was then dissolved by the addition of a few drops of dilute hydro- chloric acid. On now concentrating in vacuum to somewhat less than half the bulk at a temperature of 40° the calcium salt separates. The product was filtered off, washed thoroughly in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in the air. The substance was a white semicrystalline or fine granular powder of irregular form. Its solu- bility was practically the same as for the penta-calcium phytate. It was free from chlorine. On drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the sub- stance lost water corresponding to 12 H,0. 0.2120 gm. subst.: 0.0422 gm. H.0. ‘ 0.1238 gm. subst. gave 0.0308 gm. CaO and‘0.0967 gm. Mg»P:0;. 0.1857 gm. subst. gave 0.0456 gm. CaO and 0.1448 gm. Mg>P20;. For C>5HieQ27P Cas => 866 Calculated Ca 18.47: P 21.47 per ct. Found Ca-17.78: P.21.77 per ct. Ca 17.55: P 21.73 per ct. For 12 H.0 calculated 19.96: found 19.90 per ct. PENTA—MAGNESIUM PHYTATE. After dissolving 2.5 gm. phytic acid in about 100 cc. of water, a concentrated solution of magnesium acetate was added. This did not cause any precipitate nor could the substance be brought to crystallization by any of the usual methods. The solution was then concentrated to about half its bulk in vacuum at a tempera- ture of 35°-40°. As the concentration proceeded the substance began to separate as a heavy powder. This was filtered off, well washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in the air. The product was a perfectly white semi-crystalline or loose granular powder of irregular form. On moist litmus paper it showed an acid reaction. It was slightly soluble in water, readily soluble in acids. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent- oxide. It lost water corresponding to 24 H.O. 0.1504 gm. subst. gave 0.0510 gm. HO. 0.0997 gm. subst. gave 0.0671 gm. MgeP,O; for Mg. 0.0498 gm. subst. gave 0.0393 gm. Mg,P20O; for P. 144. Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE For CsHisO27P.Mg; == 825.5 Calculated Mg 14.71: P 22.53 per ct. Found Mg 14.69: P 21.99 per ct. For 24 H,O Calculated 34.86: found 33.91 per cent. HEXA—CUPRIC PHYTATE. This salt is precipitated directly from phytic acid solutions by copper acetate. It is difficult, however, to obtain a pure compound as it is apt to contain either too little or too much copper, depending upon the conditions under which the precipitate is formed. In the purification of phytic acid it is usual to remove other bases which are present by repeatedly precipitating with barium chloride; the barium salt which is finally obtained is then decomposed with sul- phuric acid. It is found, however, that if only the calculated quantity of sulphuric acid is used the barium sulphate which is formed is in an extremely fine condition which it is impossible to remove com- pletely either by repeated filtrations or even by day-long centri- fuging. But if a slight excess of sulphuric acid is used the barium sulphate in the course of only a few hours becomes heavy and gran- ular and may be easily removed by simple filtration. In order to get rid of the excess of sulphuric acid the solution is now precipitated with copper acetate. The copper salt can be easily washed free of the sulphate and acetate with water as it is very slightly soluble in very dilute acids. The pure copper salt is then easily decomposed with hydrogen sulphide and the free phytic acid obtained. The copper phytate obtained from such slightly acid solutions was analyzed and the following results obtained: For CeHi2007P Cus — 1083 Calculated Cu 35.18: P 17.17 per ct Found Cu 33.54: P 16.88 per ct. Pure phytic acid in water was precipitated with pure copper acetate when a compound was obtained which had the following composition: Cu 37.57: P 15.13 per ct. It is seen from above that from slightly acid solutions of phytic acid a copper salt is precipitated which contains somewhat too little copper while from an aqueous phytic acid solution a salt is obtained which contains over 2 per ct. excess of copper. The copper phytate is, like all other phytates, exceedingly soluble in 10 per ct. phytic acid. It dissolves readily until a thick heavy syrup is formed, but it was found impossible to bring this solution to crystallization. Both of the above copper salts show an acid New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 145 reaction on moist litmus paper. The red color is only developed slowly and is probably due to hydrolysis. OCTA-SILVER PHYTATE. This salt is obtained when an equeous solution of phytic acid, mixed with twelve equivalents of silver nitrate, is precipitated with alcohol. The product is a heavy, white, flocculent precipitate which settles at once. It was filtered off, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product is only slightly affected by light but on continued exposure turns first yellowish and later dark in color. In the dry state it is a heavy white amorphous powder of acid reaction on moist litmus paper. It is very soluble in dilute nitric acid and exceedingly soluble in phytic acid. Many attempts were made to bring it to crystallization from the latter solution without success. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. For CeHigO27P Ags =——1569 Calculated Ag 55.00; P 11.85 per ct. Found Ag 55.98: P 11.94 per ct. HEPTA-SILVER PHYTATE. This salt is obtained when the octa-silver phytate, dissolved in dilute nitric acid, is precipitated with alcohol. The precipitate after filtering, washing and drying as before was analyzed. In appearance and properties it was identical with the octa salt. For CeHi7027P.Agz = 1462 Calculated Ag 51.64: P 12.72 per ct. Found Ag 52.43: P 13.02 per ct. DI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER OF INOSITE. Dry pyrophosphoric acid 17.02 gm. (little over 9 mol.) was heated in a flask in an oil bath to about 200°C. and 5.4 gm. (3 mol.) dry inosite added. At this temperature the inosite dissolved at once forming a thick reddish-brown colored solution. After heating to 220° for a few minutes the flask was removed and allowed to cool. The reaction mixture was dissolved in 500 cc. of water, 20 ec. 5/N hydrochloric acid added and the whole boiled for about one hour. At the end of this time the excess of the pyrophosphoric acid has become changed to orthophosphoric acid and as such does not interfere with the precipitation of the barium salt of the ester with alcohol. After cooling the above solution containing the new ester it was diluted to 1 liter with water, a solution of 40 gm. of barium chloride in water was added and the barium salt of the ester was then pre- 146 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL [INDUSTRY OF THE cipitated by adding 1 liter of alcohol. The resulting precipitate was filtered off at once and for the purpose of removing adhering inorganic phosphate was precipitated twice from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, in the presence of a small quantity of barium chloride, with alcohol and then twice from the same strength hydrochloric acid with alcohol. After finally filtering and thoroughly washing in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether it was dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product so obtained was a white amorphous powder. In appear- ance it was very similar to the tribarium phytate and the barium salt of the tetra phosphoric acid ester of inosite except that when precipitated with alcohol the particles appeared coarser. On moist litmus paper it showed a strong acid reaction. It was readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids, less soluble in acetic acid, very slightly soluble in water and exceedingly soluble in 10 per ct. phytic acid. It was free from chlorine. Yield 118 gm. After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the substance was analyzed. 0.2617 gm. subst. gave 0.0421 gm. H.O and 0.1016 gm. CO, 0.2796 gm. subst. gave 0.0488 gm. H.O and 0.1080 gm. CO, 0.2566 gm. subst. gave 0.1495 gm. BaSQO, and 0.1443 gm. MgeP2O,7 Found: C 10.58: H 1.80: P 15.67: Ba 34.28 per ct. C 10.53: H 1.95 per ct. The substance was not yet pure being probably mixed with some monopyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite; at least the high carbon and low phosphorus points to such a conclusion. It was hoped that the exceeding solubility of the substance in phytic acid might serve to separate these bodies. For this purpose the whole substance was dissolved in 20 ce. 10 per ct. phytic acid. On diluting with water a portion of the substance separated as a heavy granular powder. To complete the separation 100 cc. of water was added and then allowed to stand two days at room tem- perature. This precipitate was discarded; as analysis, after purifying by precipitating from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol, showed that it was still impure and only 0.9 gm. had been obtained. The great bulk of the substance was accordingly contained in the filtrate from the above. This filtrate was diluted to 300 cc. with water and then precipitated by adding 300 cc. alcohol. The volu- minous white precipitate was filtered off, washed thoroughly in 50 per ct. alcohol and alcohol. For purification it was dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated by alcohol. After ' filtering and thoroughly washing in dilute alcohol until free from chlorine it was washed in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product so obtained was a pure white amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed a strong New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 147 acid reaction. The solubility corresponded with that previously observed. Yield 7.7 gm. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. 0.2914 gm. subst. gave 0.0440 gm. H2O and .1026 gm. CO. 0.1667 gm. subst. gave 0.0977 gm. Ba So, and 0.0960 gm. Mg2P20;. For C;H.(OH), O.(P20;HBa)>2 —— Oat Calculated C 9.34: H 1.55: P 16.08: Ba 35.64 per ct. Found C 9.60: H 1.68: P 16.05: Ba 34.48 per ct. The barium was found to be a little low but this is compensated for through a slightly high carbon content; moreover it is sometimes difficult to obtain amorphous salts of this kind which show closer agreement than the above. The analysis leaves no doubt that the substance was the barium salt of the ester in question. It will be noticed that the dipyrophosphoric acid ester is isomeric with the tetra- phosphoric acid ester of inosite previously referred to. Lack of time has prevented the determination of the free alcoholic (OH) groups in the inosite ring in either of these compounds. Experiments along this line are contemplated, however. That the reaction between the inosite and the pyrophosphoric acid actually occurred along the lines discussed above may be judged by the amount of water given off. To determine this point 0.36 gm. inosite (one mol.) and 1.06 gm. pyrophosphoric acid (3 mol.) both previously dried at 100° C. were heated in a small flask in oil bath at 200°-220° under the same conditions as in the above experi- ment. The water, which began to come over at a temperature of about 200°, was collected in a weighed calcium-chloride tube. The aqueous vapors were removed by means of the suction pump but no special effort was made to secure quantitative results. The water obtained weighed 0.0494 gm. whereas the quantity calculated for 2 mol. HO is 0.072 gm. The amount obtained is therefore only about 68 per ct. of the theory. PREPARATION OF THE FREE DIPYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER. The air-dried barium salt of the ester (4 gm.) was suspended in water and decomposed with a slight excess of sulphuric acid, the barium sulphate was removed and the solution precipitated with copper acetate. The copper salt was filtered off, thoroughly washed in water, suspended in water and decomposed with hydrogen sul- phide. It was found impossible to remove the copper sulphide com- pletely by filtration as it formed a colloidal solution, but by acidify- ing with a few drops of hydrochloric acid and heating to boiling the copper sulphide precipitated. After filtering, the filtrate was evap- orated several times in vacuum for the removal of the hydrochloric 148 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE acid and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide until it was of a thick syrupy consistency. The product obtained was of the same appearance as phytic acid or the tetra- phosphoric ester, viz.: a thick, light amber colored liquid. After drying at 105° the substance was analyzed. 0.1709 gm. subst. gave 0.0552 gm. HO and 0.0892 gm. COx. 0.1739 gm. subst. gave 0.1517 gm. MgpP20;. For CsH.(OH)s02 [P.O3 (OH)s]> — Calculated C 14.40: H 3.20: P 24.80 per ct. Found C 14.23: H 3.61: P 24.31 per ct. PROPERTIES OF THE FREE DIPYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER. The concentrated aqueous solution is a thick, light amber colored syrup. On longer drying over sulphuric acid it becomes a hard and brittle hygroscopic mass. | The aqueous solution is of strong acid reaction and sharp acid taste. With barium chloride no precipitate is produced either in the cold or on heating; alcohol or ammonia produces a white precipitate in this solution. Calcium chloride gives no precipitate even on heating but alcohol causes in this solution a voluminous flocculent precipitate. Calcium acetate produces at once a white precipitate sparingly soluble in acetic but readily soluble in mineral acids. Magnesium acetate gives a white precipitate readily soluble in acids. Ferric chloride gives a white or faintly yellowish precipitate very sparingly soluble in acids. Barium acetate gives a white precipitate sparingly soluble in acetic acid but readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acids. Dilute silver nitrate does not cause a precipitate but concentrated silver nitrate gives a white precipitate. With ordinary molybdate solution no precipitate is produced but neutral molybdate gives a white precipitate which slowly turns yellowish in color. On drying at 105° the substance turns very dark in color. INOSITE FROM DI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER. The free ester, 0.65 gm., was heated with 20 cc. 5/N sulphuric acid in sealed tube to 150° for about three hours. The inosite was isolated by the usual method and crystallized from dilute alcohol after addition of ether. After recrystallizing from hot dilute alcohol, adding ether and allowing to stand several hours in the cold, the sub- stance was obtained in small colorless crystals free from water of crystallization: Yield 0.18 gm. or 75 per ct. of the theory. The New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 air-dried, water-free substance melted at 221° C. (uncor.) and it gave the reaction of Scherer. Drying at 110° for one hour caused no loss of weight. On analysis the following results were obtained: 0.1634 gm. subst. gave 0.0981 HO and 0.2374 gm. COs. For C.Hi20¢ ==) Calculated C 40.00: H 6.66 per ct. Found C 39.62: H 6.71 per ct. DI-INOSITE TRIPYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER This ester is formed when dry inosite is heated with excess of pyrophosphoric acid. The molecule of the new ester evidently con- sists of two molecules dipyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite joined by one molecule of pyrophosphoric acid. Dry inosite 1.8 gm. (1 mol.) were heated with 10.7 gm. (6 mol.) pyrophosphoric acid under the same conditions as described for the dipyrophosphoric ester and it was isolated as the barium salt in exactly the same way. After precipitating five times from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol the product was finally obtained as a perfectly white amorphous powder. Its solubilities corresponded practically with those mentioned for the dipyrophosphoric acid ester and likewise it showed a strong acid reaction on moist litmus paper. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent- oxide. 0.2086 gm. subst. gave 0.0296 gm. H.O and 0.0614 gm. CO,- 0.1412 gm. subst. gave 0.0879 gm. BaSO, and 0.0844 gm. MgeP20;. Found C 8.02: H 1.58: P 16.66: Ba 36.63 per ct. This substance was then again precipitated twice from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol and after drying at 105° gave the following result on analysis: 0.2420 gm. subst. gave 0.0342 gm. H,O and 0.0725 gm. CO. 0.2331 gm. subst. gave. 0.1422 gm. BaSO and 0.1384 gm. Mg»P2Ov. For Cy2H 204, P 10 Bas = 1818 Calculated C 7.92: H 1.21: P 1705: Ba 37 73 per ct. Found IC 8.02: H 1.58: P 16.66: Ba 36.66 per ct. Found II C 8.17: H 1.58: P 16.55: Ba 35.90 per ct. _ As repeated precipitations did not alter the composition it was: undoubtedly a homogeneous compound. The barium was found to be too low, but as previously remarked, it is difficult to obtain these amorphous salts in absolutely pure form. The percentage of the: base combined with the acid is apt to vary more or less, depending upon conditions. The analysis of the free ester leaves no doubt but that the substance was the compound in question. 150 Report or DEeparTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE PREPARATION OF THE FREE DI-INOSITE TRI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER. The purified dry barium salt (1.5 gm.) was suspended in water, decomposed with slight excess of sulphuric acid, the barium sulphate removed and the solution precipitated with copper acetate. The copper salt was decomposed and the free ester obtained in exactly the same way as described for the di-pyrophosphoric ester. In this case also the copper sulphide could be precipitated only after the solution had been acidified with hydrochloric acid. For the removal of the hydrochloric acid the filtrate was evaporated several times in vacuum with water and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide. The product, like the previous compound, was a thick, light amber colored syrup. For analysis it was dried at 105° C. 0.1607 gm. subst. gave 0.0466 gm. H,O and 0.0744 gm. CO,. 0.1083 gm. subst. gave 0.1030 gm. MgeP207. For Cy2H32041P io =— 1142 Calculated C 12.60: H 2.80: P 27.14 per ct. Found C 12.62: H 3.24: P 26.51 per ct. PROPERTIES OF THE DI-INOSITE TRI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER The preperties of this ester agree in the main with those mentioned of the di-pyrophosphoric ester. The concentrated solution of the ester forms a thick, light amber colored syrup which on longer drying in desiccator becomes brittle and hygroscopic. The aqueous solution is of strong acid reaction and pleasant acid taste. The precipitates produced with calcium, magnesium, silver and iron salts are identical with those given by the di-pyrophosphoric ester. Barium chloride produces at once a white precipitate sparingly soluble in acetic but readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids. Ordinary molybdate solution produces a white precipitate which does not turn yellowish in color, being in this respect identical with phytic acid. Neutral molybdate solution causes at first a voluminous white precipitate which redissolves almost immediately. The addition of a few drops of the ordinary acid molybdate to this solution and scratching with a glass rod causes the separation of long white needle- shaped crystals. The crystals and the precipitate caused by the ordinary molybdate solution are readily soluble in ammonia. On drying at 105° the substance turns very dark in color. Lack of material prevented the hydrolysis of this ester and the isolation of inosite as one of the products of decomposition had therefore to be omitted. THE ORGANIC-PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUND OF WHEAT BRAN: PRELIMINARY REPORT.* (THIRD PAPER CN PHYTIN.) R. J. ANDERSON. SUMMARY. In the examination of the organic-phosphoric acid compound of wheat bran none of the characteristic salts of phytic acid could be isolated. The purified barium salts of the compound corresponded to the following formulas: C.; H;; O54 Py Ba; and Cop Hi; O19 Py Bas. Attempts to isolate the free acid corresponding to the first salt did not succeed. From both salts the same acid, corresponding to that of the second salt, Co H;; O19 Py was obtained. This acid is apparently formed from the first by the splitting off of the elements of one pentose. Crystalline salts of the acid Co H;; O19 Py with inorganic bases could not be obtained. A crystalline brucine salt Co H;; Ouy Po (Co3 Hee O4 Ny) 10+30 H2O was easily formed. Since all the purified barium salts prepared under different con- ditions, either from the previously isolated crude substance or from the bran extract itself, could all finally be changed into salts of the acid Co H;; Og Py under liberation of reducing substances, the conclusion seems justified that this acid is the only organic- phosphoric-acid present and that wheat bran does not contain phytin. INTRODUCTION. In the last two papers dealing with the chemistry of phytin, various salts of phytic acid with inorganic bases have been described as well as various phosphoric and pyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite. In connection with the above work the subject of the organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran was taken up. Patten and Hart? had shown that wheat bran contains an organic- phosphorus body which on cleavage with 30 per ct. sulphuric acid in a sealed tube gave inosite as one of the products of decomposition. They also obtained an acid from a 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid extract of bran which on analysis gave results corresponding very closely with the theoretical composition of phytic acid or, as the substance was then called, ‘‘ anhydro-oxymethylene di-phosphoric acid)’?. 1 Jour. Biol. Chem. 11:471, and 12:97; and Technical Bulls. 19 and 21 of this Station. 2 Amer. Chem. Jour. 313566. 1904. * A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 22, September, 1912; also appeared in Jour. Biol. Chem, 11:447. 1912. [151] 152 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE These results led the above authors to believe that the substance which they had isolated was identical with the organic-phosphorus compound described by Palladin,! Schulze and Winterstein,? and later by Winterstein,? and which was finally obtained in pure form by Posternak,* who gave the substance the name “ phytin”’. The above substance, isolated by Patten and Hart and which they assumed to be phytin, has since then been regarded as such by other investigators, among whom may be mentioned Suzuki and Yoshimura,®> Neuberg,® and Forbes.7’ These authors do not, how- ever, report any complete analyses of the substance. Since the investigation of the organic-phosphorus compound of wheat bran by Patten and Hart, several feeding experiments, some of which have not yet been published, to determine the physiological effect of phytin have been carried out at this institution by Dr. Jordan. In these experiments it has been found that the effect of pure phytin salts has been decidedly different from that obtained by feeding varying quantities of washed and unwashed wheat bran.’ These anomalous results could not be explained on the assumption that only ‘‘ phytin”’ was removed from the bran by washing. What still more complicated the problem was the fact that previous work had shown that very little besides phosphorus compounds and inorganic bases had been removed from the wheat bran in the process of washing or leaching.° In the hope of throwing some light on this subject, the chemical investigation of the products removed from wheat bran by washing it in dilute acid was again taken up. The chief object was to isolate and identify the organic-phosphorus body and to determine what bases were associated with it. If ordinary wheat bran be extracted with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the resulting filtered extract precipitated with alcohol, a body is obtained which, after repeated precipitations from 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol, shows a relatively uniform com-~ position. The composition varies somewhat, depending upon the conditions under which the substance is prepared, but on an average it has been found to be about as follows: C 21.0, H 3.5, P 14.0 per ct. The substance also contains calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in varying amounts, together with traces of iron, and it always contains nitrogen varying from 2.1 to 0.4 per ct. The nitrogen, however, is not present as ammonia. 1Ztschr. Biol. 31: 199. 1894. 2Ztschr. physiol. Chem. 22: 90. 3 Ber. deut. Chem. Ges. 30: 2299. 4 Rev. Gen. Bot. 12: 5 and 65 (1900) and Compt. Rend. 137: 202, 337 and 439 (1903). 5 Bull. Coll. Agric. (Tokyo) 7: 498. 6 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 405. 7 Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 215. 8 Amer. Jour. Physiol. 16: 268. 1906. ° Ibid. 16: 274 and 304. 1906. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 This compound reduces Fehling’s solution on boiling. It gives reactions with orcine and phloroglucine and yields furfurol when distilled with 12 per ct. hydrochloric acid It was first described by Patten and Hart,! although they do not mention the above reac- tions. As previously stated, they considered it identical with phytin, although according to their analysis it had the following composition: C 18.52, H 3.83, P 16.38, Ca 1.13, Mg 5.80, K 2.60, N 0.37 per ct. It will be noticed at once that for a salt of phytic acid the above compound has about 10 per ct. too much carbon and about 6 per ct. too little phosphorus. After isolating and purifying some of the substance, as will be described in the experimental part, a product was finally obtained which had the composition mentioned above, viz: C 21.0 per ct., ete. It was believed at first that it was an impure phytin compound, probably associated with some carbohydrate group and some complex nitrogen-containing body. All attempts to prepare any of the characteristic salts of phytic acid from the substance have failed. We have found, however, that it is possible by the action of barium hydroxide to separate the substance into two constituents: one an organic-phosphoric acid free from nitrogen, and a second body containing nitrogen. The nitrogen-containing compound also contains phosphorus in organic combination. It has, however, not been obtained in pure form. It has not been analyzed and its nature is at present entirely unknown. The barium salt of the nitrogen-free body corresponds to ’ the formula Co; Hss Os4 Po Bas. The isolation of the free acid, Cos Hes Oss Po, corresponding to the above barium salt, has not succeeded. Attempts to isolate it led to an organic-phosphoric acid, lower in carbon and higher in phosphorus, of the composition Coo Hss Org Po. In the process of isolation apparently the elements of one pentose are split off: Cos Hes O54 Py — Cs Hio Os = Coo H55 Ong Po. If, in the preparation of the above barium salt from the crude substance, the solution is allowed to stand in contact with dilute hydrochloric acid for any length of time a barium salt is obtained corresponding to the second acid, Coo H4s; Ory Py Ba; from which salt the free acid may be generated. The barium salt, Cz; Hs; O54 Ps Bas, yields furfurol on distillation with 12 per ct. hydrochloric acid but the salt Coo Hi; Ou Po Bas does not do so. The acid, Coo Hs; Or Ps, apparently represents the nucleus of the molecule of the organic-phosphorus compound, as it has been found impossible to obtain any simpler organic-phosphoric acid from it by treatment with acids. 1 Loc. cit. 154 Report or DrepARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE On boiling with normal sulphuric acid at ordinary pressure it is slowly decomposed with formation of phosphoric acid and reducing bodies, apparently carbohydrates, as the solution reduces Fehling’s solution and gives reactions with orcine and phloroglucine; but no trace of inosite could be isolated. The unchanged portion isolated from the reaction mixture has exactly the same composition as it had before boiling, which indicates that the molecule is gradually broken up into reducing bodies and phosphoric acid without suffer- ing any intermediate or partial decomposition. On heating the substance in a sealed tube with 5/N sulphuric acid the cleavage appears to go in another direction; for in this case 90 per ct. of the total carbon was recovered in the form of inosite and absolutely no reducing bodies were present in the reaction mixture. No explanation can be offered at this time concerning this peculiar behavior towards sulphuric acid under ordinary pressure and in a sealed tube. It is evident that this compound is not phytin. The only similar- ity between these substances is found in that they are both organic- phosphoric acids and that when heated in a sealed tube with acids they yield inosite as one of the products of decomposition. Whether this new compound contains the inosite as such or whether it is only formed in the process of decomposition cannot be definitely determined at this time. However, if it were a complex compound of inosite and phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid, the isolation of inosite should be possible after cleavage with dilute acid at ordinary pressure. As has been stated, this cannot be done and, moreover, the empirical formula of the substance can hardly be brought into accord with any inosite compound. The substance is probably similar to, if not identical with, the glucophosphoric acid described by Levene.1 The same author? also described an organic-phosphoric acid compound isolated from hemp seed which gave reactions for pentose or glucoronic acid. Since phytin does not give these reactions, as stated by Neuberg,* it is very probable that the products examined by Levene were of the same nature as that described in this paper. The chief support of the assumption of Patten and Hart* that the organic-phosphorus compound of wheat bran was phytin was no doubt based upon the fact that they had obtained a substance from dilute hydrochloric-acid extract of bran which corresponded closely in composition with that required for the ‘‘ anhydro-oxyme- thylene di-phosphoric acid ” of Posternak. Serious objection, however, must be raised against their method of isolating this substance in so far as they made absolutely no 1 Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc 24: 190 (1902), and Amer. Jour. Physiol. 8: XI (1903). 2 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 399. 3 Ibid. 16: p. 405. 4 Loc. cit. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155 effort to remove inorganic phosphates. From the work of Hart and Andrews! they believed themselves justified in considering the inorganic soluble phosphates present in wheat bran as a negligible quantity. While we cannot enter into any discussion of the above work here, it is to be noted that in the determination of the soluble inorganic phosphates in plant constituents Hart and Andrews extracted the material with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid for 15 minutes and determined the inorganic phosphorus in the filtered extract by precipitating with nearly neutral ammonium molybdate. By this method they found 0.036 per ct. inorganic phosphorus in wheat bran. The total amount of phosphorus compounds soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid was found to be equivalent to 0.951 per ct. phosphorus. The inorganic phosphorus found by the above authors is there- fore equal to 3.78 per ct. of the total phosphorus soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid. Suzuki and Yoshimura? report phosphorus determinations in wheat bran. They found 0.638 per ct. phosphorus soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid; of this, 0.050 per ct. was found to be inorganic, and 0.579 per ct. organic. The inorganic phosphorus found in this case is therefore equal to 8.63 per ct. of the total phos- phorus soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid. The work of Forbes and associates? seems to show that the time allowed by Hart and Andrews, 15 minutes, is not sufficient for com- plete extraction and that neutral molybdate solution is not suitable for precipitation in all cases; that when three hours is allowed for extraction a considerably larger amount of inorganic phosphorus is obtained. In the preparation of the “‘ phytin”’ products from wheat bran Patten and Hart* do not mention any definite time allowed for extraction but only state that ‘‘ the bran was extracted for several hours with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid,’’ apparently therefore a longer time than allowed by Hart and Andrews in their determi- nations of inorganic-phosphorus. When wheat bran is digested for several hours in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid we have found that the resulting extract always contains a considerable quantity of inorganic phosphates. Quanti- tative determinations have, however, not been carried out and we are at present unable to state whether the inorganic phosphates were present in the bran originally or if they have been formed by hydrolysis of the organic-phosphorus compounds, but we purpose to take up this phase of the subject later. IN. Y. Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 238. 1903. 2 Bull. Coll. Agr. (Tokyo) 7: 498. 8 Loc., cit. 4 Loc. cit. “ 156 Repvorr or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE On precipitating a bran extract, prepared as indicated above, with any of the usual reagents for the isolation of the organic- phosphorus compound the inorganic phosphates are more or less completely precipitated at the same time. In order to remove these inorganic phosphates we have found it necessary to repeatedly precipitate the substance from 0.2 or 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol. In other words the substance has been re-precipitated until the dilute nitric acid solution of the resulting product does not give any immediate reaction with ammonium molybdate. The slight amount of phospho-molybdate precipitated from the solution on longer standing is no doubt due to cleavage rather than to admixed inorganic phosphates. In order to determine if any barium salt of different composition from those discussed above could be prepared directly from wheat bran extract, the following experiment was carried out: The 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid extract of bran prepared as before was precipitated with barium chloride and alcohol. The substance was purified by precipitating from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid solution with alcohol until it gave no immediate reaction with ammonium molybdate (compare experimental part). Analysis showed that this compound contained a higher per- centage of carbon and lower of phosphorus than the barium salt pre- pared from the previously isolated crude substance and it gave a larger amount of furfurol on distillation with 12 per ct. hydrochloric acid. By treating this compound with dilute sulphuric acid for a short time some reducing body was split off and the organic-phos- porus substance finally isolated from the reaction mixture corre- sponded in composition with the barium salt first prepared, viz., C2; Hs; O54 Py Bas. This compound is, however, easily transformed into Coo H;; O49 Po as has already been shown. Since we have been unable to isolate any compound from wheat bran corresponding in composition to a salt of phytic acid we have come to the conclusion that wheat bran does not contain phytin and that the above compound C2» H;5 O49 Ps is the only organic-phos- phoric acid existing in bran. It appears, however, that in its natural condition in the bran one or more as yet unidentified reducing bodies, yielding furfurol on distillation with hydrochloric acid, and which are easily split off by the action of dilute acids, are loosely bound to this nucleus. The so-called ‘‘ anhydro-oxymethylene di-phosphoric acid” an- alyzed by Patten and Hart was undoubtedly a mixture of the above compound and free phosphoric acid. This seems the more probable as they had not made any effort to remove inorganic phosphates in the preparation of their acid. The empirical formulas suggested in this paper are of course purely tentative. We are now preparing larger quantities of the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 substance from wheat bran and hope shortly to be able to report further concerning this compound. Various other cereals and feeding stuffs are also being examined to determine if they contain phytin or if this other organic-phosphoric acid compound is present. EXPERIMENTAL. PREPARATION OF THE ORGANIC-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND FROM WHEAT BRAN. The bran was digested with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid over night and the extract after straining and filtering was precipitated with alcohol according to the method of Patten & Hart (loc. cit.). The resulting precipitate was purified by precipitating five times from 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol. From 500 grams bran 2.5 grams substance was obtained as a white amorphous non- hygroscopic powder. It is readily soluble in its own weight of water, forming a thick light-amber-colored solution of pleasant and characteristic but faint acid odor. The substance reduces Fehling’s solution on boiling and it gives the orcine and phloroglucine reactions. The aqueous solution is of acid reaction on litmus paper. It is precipitated by alkalies and solutions of salts of other metals. Warmed with dilute nitric acid and ammonium molybdate it does not give any immediate precipitate but on standing for several hours a trace of yellow phosphomolybdate is precipitated After drying at 120° the substance was analyzed. 0.1642 gram substance gave 0.0522 gm. H2O and 0.1285 gm. CO>. 0.0860 gram substance gave 0.0428 gm. Mg»P.O; for P. 0.1720 gram substance gave 0.0264 gm. MgeP.O; for Mg. 0.1720 gram substance gave 0.0054 gm. CaO. 0.3897 gram substance gave 0.0085 gm. N (Kjeldahl). The substance contained only a very small quantity of K. Found C 21.34, H 3.55, P 13.87, Ca 2.24, Mg 3.35, N 2.18 per ct. A larger quantity of the product was then prepared by extracting 3 kg. of bran. After isolating and purifying in the same way as before 47 grams substance was obtained or about 1.5 per ct. of the weight of the bran used. In appearance and properties it was identical with the foregoing. After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the substance was analyzed. 0.2444 gram substance gave 0.0710 gm. H.O and 0.1940 gm. CO». 0.3936 gram substance gave 0.0149 gm. CaO and 0.0861 MgeP20;. 0.3936 gram substance gave 0.0623 gm. Ky PtCle. Phosphorus and nitrogen determinations were not made. Found C 21.64, H 3.25, Ca 2.70, Mg 4.77, K 2.54 per ct. 158 Reporr oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE The substance was again precipitated from 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid, washed and dried as before when the following results were obtained on analysis: 0.1934 gram substance gave 0.0639 gm. H,O and 0.1523 gm, COs. 0.3313 gram substance gave 0.0131 gm. CaO and 0.0717 gm. MegeP207 for Mg. 0.3313 gram substance gave 0.0444 gm. Ke PtCl,. 0.1656 gram substance gave 0.0857 gm. MgeP.O; for P. 0.4639 gram substance gave 0.0058 gm. N (Kjeldahl). Found C 21.47, H3.69, P 14.42, Ca2.82, Mg 4.72, K 2.15, N 1.25 per ct. Sodium was not determined but qualitative tests showed that it was present. The reprecipitated substance, 0.3887 gm., distilled with 12 per ct. HCl gave 0.0367 gm. phloroglucid. As the composition did not change by reprecipitation it was deemed sufficiently pure to use in the subsequent experiments. It was thought at first that this substance might be phytin mixed with some carbohydrate and some basic nitrogen body. In the hope of separating these and to obtain pure compounds the sub- stance was treated with barium hydroxide and the resulting barium salt purified as follows: PREPARATION OF THE BARIUM SALT. Five grams of the substance were dissolved in 10 cc. of water and the solution diluted to 200 cc. with water. Barium hydroxide was then added until distinctly alkaline and the mixture heated nearly to boiling. It was then filtered hot and washed with hot water, the filtrate being reserved for examination. The washed barium precipitate was dissolved in just sufficient 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered, again precipitated with barium hydroxide, the resulting precipitate dissolved by the careful addition of dilute hydrochloric acid and then precipitated by the addition of a like volume of alcohol. The substance was filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, again dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated in the same manner as before. These operations were repeated four times. It was then dissolved in the same strength hydrochloric acid, precipitated with alcohol, filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid, The product was a perfectly white amorphous powder. Yield 3.9 grams. The substance was slightly soluble in boiling water. On cooling, however, it does not crystallize out and on concentrating in vacuum it separates in an amorphous form. Alcohol also produces a white amorphous precipitate. Various other methods were tried to obtain the substance in crystalline form but without success. On moist New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 litmus paper it shows a strong acid reaction. It was free from nitrogen. As it was found impossible to crystallize the substance it was analyzed directly after drying at 130°. 0.2564 grams substance gave 0.0604 gm. H.O and 0.1314 gm. COx. 0.2903 grams substance gave 0.1544 gm. BaSO, and 0.1324 gm. Meg:P.07. Found C 13.97, H 2.63, P 12.71, Ba 31.29 per ct. Of this substance 1.2124 gm. was distilled with 12 per ct. HCl when 0.0053 gm. phloroglucid was obtained. The composition of the above salt is entirely different from that of a barium phytate. The relation of the numbers found lead to the empirical formula Cos Hzs Osa Py Ba;=2185. Calculated for this C 13.73, H 2.51, P 12.76, Ba 31.44 per ct. EXAMINATION OF THE FILTRATE FROM THH ABOVE COMPOUND AFTER FRECIPITATING WITH BARIUM HYDROXIDE. The filtrate was of light amber color. The excess of barium hydroxide was removed with carbon dioxide, filtered and the filtrate concentrated on the waterbath; again filtered from traces of barium carbonate and then dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. There remained a small quantity of a yellowish amber-colored, somewhat gummy mass. It contained a large quantity of nitrogen. It did not reduce Fehling’s solution and gave only a faint biuret reaction. The substance is readily soluble in water and is again precipitated by alcohol but it is not precipitated by tannic acid. The aqueous solution acidified with nitric acid gives no reaction with ammonium molybdate. After combustion the ash was found to contain potassium, sodium and phosphorus. When the crude substance is treated by the Van Slyke method for amino nitrogen a small quantity of nitrogen is liberated. ; Lack of time has prevented the further examination of this body and it has not been isolated in pure form. ISOLATION OF THE FREE ACID FROM THE FOREGOING BARIUM SALT. The barium salt (3.2 grams dry substance) was suspended in 100 ce. of water and decomposed with a slight excess of dilute sul- phuric acid; the barium sulphate was removed by filtration and the filtrate precipitated with excess of copper acetate. The copper salt was filtered, thoroughly washed in water, suspended in water and decomposed with hydrogen sulphide. The copper sulphide was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuum to small bulk and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid until it was of a thick syrupy consistency. After drying at 100° to constant weight the substance was analyzed. 160 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE 0.2907 gram substance gave 0.1052 gm. H:,O and 0.1855 gm. COs. 0.1787 gram substance gave 0.0642 gm. H.O and 0.1144 gm. COs. 0.1816 gram substance gave 0.1331 gm. MgeP.O;. Found I C 17.40, H 4.04, P 20.43 per ct. II C 17.46, H 4.02 per ct. These results lead to the empirical formula Cop Hs; O49 Po. Calculated for Coo Hss O4g Po=1358. C 17.67, H 4.05, P 20.54 per ct. This compound differs in composition from the barium salt from which it was prepared by C; Hio O;; in other words by the elements of one pentose. This had probably been split off in the decomposition of the barium salt with the dilute sulphuric acid or else by the copper acetate, and if so should be found in the filtrate after the copper salt of the acid had been removed. The filtrate was therefore examined as follows: The copper was removed by hydrogen sul- phide and the filtrate, after boiling off excess of H.S, was precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide; filtered, and the barium precipi- tated quantitatively with sulphuric acid and the resulting filtrate evaporated to small bulk in vacuum. The solution was then found to reduce Fehling’s solution on boiling and ammoniacal silver nitrate was also reduced. Unfortunately the substance obtained was too small for any further examination. There is, however, absolutely no doubt that a reducing body was present and this was most likely the above mentioned pentose. PROPERTIES OF THE FREE ACID, Coo Hiss Ors Po. Dried in the desiccator it forms first a light-amber-colored thick syrup which on continued drying forms a thick sticky mass. It is very soluble in water and also readily soluble in alcohol from which solution it is thrown out by the addition of ether as a white precipitate which collects on the sides of the test tube in small oily drops. The aqueous solution has a strong acid reaction and a pleasant sharp acid taste and it gives the following reactions: Magnesium acetate does not give a precipitate but the addition of calcium acetate, barium chloride or alcohol causes in this solution a white precipitate. Silver nitrate does not produce any precipitate but the addition of alcohol gives a white amorphous precipitate of the silver salt. It is not precipitated by barium or calcium chlorides but the acetates of these metals and their hydroxides give white amorphous precipitates which are soluble in acetic and mineral acids. Ferric chloride causes a white precipitate which is readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acids. The alkali salts are very soluble in water but in these solutions salts of the alkaline earths or the heavy metals produce white New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion. 161 precipitates. The addition of alcohol also produces white precipitates. The ordinary molybdate solution does not give any precipitate in dilute solutions of the acid; in concentrated solutions a yellowish white precipitate is obtained. On acidifying with nitric acid and heating, the yellow phospho-molybdate is slowly precipitated. The aqueous solution of the acid is only incompletely precipitated by magnesia mixture. A slight white-colored amorphous precipitate is obtained but the addition of alcohol produces a voluminous white precipitate. This product is, however, not a pure salt as shown by the following results which were obtained on analysis of the dried precipitate: Found Mg 11.29, N 2.40, P 16.45 per ct., which numbers do not agree with any formula for a pure magnesium ammonium salt of the above acid. A larger quantity of the barium salt was prepared by treating 25 grams of the substance with barium hydroxide and purifying the barium salt in the same way as before, except that after precipitating the dilute hydrochloric-acid solution with alcohol the mixture was allowed to stand for several days. After drying at 125° the following results were obtained on analysis: C 12.05, H 2.46, P 13.83, Ba 32.19 per ct. C 11.85, H 2.32, P 13.82, Ba 32.08 per ct. Although the barium is found somewhat low this salt corresponds to the penta-barium salt of the acid Cop Hs; Oug Po. For Coo Ha; Ou Py Ba; eae | BA Calculated C 11.79, H 2.21, P 13.71, Ba 33.76 per ct. The free acid prepared from this salt by the same method as before gave the following results on analysis after previously drying at 130°. C 16.91, H 3.96, P 20.88 per ct. C 16.91, H 3.84. It appears then that the substance Co; He; O15 Po is very sensitive to acids and that when it is kept in contact with even dilute acids for any length of time the elements of one pentose, C; Hio O;, are split off. BRUCINE SALT OF THE ACID, Cao Hiss Os Po. While it was impossible to obtain any erystalline salts of the above acid with inorganic bases it gave a crystalline brucine salt of the formula Cg H;; Org Ps (Cas Hoe O. N2) 1e +30 H.O. About one gram of the acid was dissolved in a small quantity of water and brucine was then added until the solution showed a slight alkaline reaction. After diluting the solution with 150 cc. alcohol and 30 cc. chloroform, ether was added until a slight permanent turbidity remained. On standing for several days xt room tempera- 6 162 Rerort oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE ture in a well-closed Erlenmeyer flask the substance separated slowly in long white silky needle-shaped crystals. In the absence of chloroform or in more concentrated solutions only amorphous white precipitates are obtained. The crystals were filtered off and washed in a mixture containing equal parts of alcohol and ether and finally in ether and dried in the air. Yield about 0.5 grams. The substance is very soluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in ether or chloroform. Heated in a capillary tube the substance melts at 196°-198°, but the melting point is not sharp. On moist litmus paper it shows a strong acid reaction. It loses weight on drying corresponding to 30 HO. The dried substance was analyzed. 0.1364 gm. substance lost 0.0124 gm. HO and 0.1308 gm. sub- stance lost 0.0118 gm. H,O. 0.1240 gm. substance gave 0.0694 gm. H.O and 0.2557 gm. COs. 0.1383 gm. substance gave 0.0233 gm. MgeP.O7. 0.1190 gm. substance gave 6.1 cc. nitrogen by 16° and 746 mm. For Cao H;; Or4g Py (Coz Hoe. O, Ne) 10 = 9298. Calculated C 56.62, H 5.94, P 5.26, N 5.28 per ct. Found C 56.24, H 6.26, P 4.69, N 5.86 per ct. Calculated for 30 HO 9.24 per ct.; found 9.09 and 9.02 per ct. ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON THE BARIUM SALT. Five grams of the air-dried salt, Coo H4; O49 Py Bas, were boiled for one hour under a reflux condenser with 100 ce. N/1 Hz SO,4. The reaction mixture was precipitated with slight excess of barium hydroxide, filterd and washed with water. The filtrate was exam-~ ined as mentioned below. The barium precipitate was shaken up with 300 cc. 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the insoluble portion filtered off. To the filtrate was added an equal volume of alcohol and the white flocculent precipitate filtered off and washed in dilute alcohol. It was again dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, precipitated with alcohol, filtered, washed free of hydrochloric acid with dilute alcohol and then in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. Yield 2 grams. The product was a white amorphous powder. After drying at 120° the following results were obtained on analysis: Found C 11.64, H 2.25, P 13.95, Ba 33.26 per ct. This corresponds exactly with the composition of the substance before treatment with N/1 H, SO,. It is apparent therefore that no partial decomposition takes place. EXAMINATION OF THE FILTRATE FROM ABOVE. The excess of barium hydroxide was removed with carbon dioxide and, after filtering, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum at a New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163 temperature of 35°—40° to small bulk, again filtered and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. There remained 0.08 gram of a slightly amber-colored amorphous mass of weak acid reaction on litmus paper and a slight acid taste. The aqueous solution reduced Fehling’s solution strongly on boiling, and it also gave the orcine and phloroglucine reactions. The small quantity of the substance prevented any further examination. In another case 2} grams of the same barium salt were boiled with 100 cc. N/1 Hs SO, under reflux condenser for ten hours. After treating in the same way as above 0.3 gm. unchanged substance was obtained and the filtrate showed exactly the same properties as mentioned above. That is, it reduced Fehling’s solution strongly on boiling, gave the reactions with orcine and phloroglucine, but attempts to isolate inosite failed, as no trace of this substance could be found. PREPARATION OF INOSITE FROM THE BARIUM SALT. Of the same barium salt (Coo Hu; Ou Po Ba;) 2.73 grams and 20 ec. 5/N Hz SO, were heated in a sealed tube for three hours to 160°. There was no pressure noticeable on opening the tube. Some free carbon had separated and the solution was of light-brown color. The neutralized solution did not reduce Fehling’s solution. The inosite was isolated in the usual way, and after re-crystallizing from dilute alcohol and ether was obtained in needle-shaped crystals free from water of crystallization. It gave the reaction of Scherer and melted at 220.5° (uncorrected), which leaves no doubt but that the substance was pure inosite. Yield 0.73 gm., which is equal to 90 per ct. of the total carbon present in the barium salt used. The air-dried substance was analyzed. 0.1649 gm. substance gave 0.1038 gm. H.O and 0.2406 gm. CO». 0.1323 gm. substance gave 0.0815 gm. H.O and 0.1931 gm. COs». For Ce H, (OH).= 180. Calculated C 40.00 H 6.66 per ct. Found C 39.80 H 7.04 per ct. C 39.80 H 6.89 per ct. The 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid extract of bran contains some dissolved proteins. On precipitating with alcohol these are thrown down together with the phosphorus compounds. Their presence makes the subsequent purification difficult, especially the filtrations, because the proteins have been rendered more or less insoluble and form a fine slimy mass which clogs the filter paper to such an extent as to make filtration even by suction extremely tedious. In order to obviate this the suggestion was made by Dr. Jordan to first precipitate the bran extract with tannic acid. The addition of tannic acid was found to cause a voluminous and very fine precipitate which after standing a short time becomes 164 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. coarser and may then be easily removed by simple filtration. The resulting filtrate is nearly colorless or of light amber color. Alcohol produces in this solution a nearly colorless precipitate which is much more easily purified than the product obtained without first precipi- tating with tannic acid. With only this modification some of the substance was prepared from wheat bran. It was found, however, to differ slightly in com- position from that obtained by the first method. On analysis the following results were obtained: C 19.51, H 3.09, P 15.23, Ca 0.38, Mg 7.35, K 2.75, N 0.57 per ct. On treating this substance with barium hydroxide and purifying the resulting precipitate in the same way as before the same barium salt was obtained: For Cos H:;; Osa Py Bas =2184. Calculated C 13.73, H 2.51, P 12.76, Ba 31.44 per ct. Found C 13.00, H 2.46, P 12.47, Ba 33.00 per ct. The difference in composition of the crude substance must there- fore be due to the smaller amount of the nitrogen-containing body which this preparation was found to hold. In the analysis of the crude substance only 0.57 per ct. nitrogen was found, whereas the first preparation had four times, and the second preparation two times as much. ISOLATION OF THE SUBSTANCE AS A BARIUM SALT DIRECTLY FROM THE BRAN EXTRACT. The bran was digested with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid over night The strained extract was precipitated with tannic acid, filtered, and a solution of barium chloride added, which caused a small precipitate to separate. An equal volume of alcohol was then added. After settling, the precipitate was filtered and purified as follows: The substance was dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, precipitated with barium hydroxide in excess, filtered, again dissolved in the same strength hydrochloric acid and then precipi- tated with alcohol. It was then precipitated a second time with barium hydroxide, and after that precipitated from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol until the product did not give any reaction with ammonium molybdate. A white amorphous powder was finally obtained. On moist litmus paper it showed a strong acid reaction. After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it was analyzed: 0.2870 gm. substance gave 0.0630 gm. H2O and 0.1584 gm. CO». 0.3066 gm. substance gave 0.0653 gm. H,O and 0.1700 gm. COs. 0.2632 gm. substance gave 0.1437 gm. BaSO, and 0.1020 gm. Mg»P20;. Found I C 15.05, H 2.45, P 10.80, Ba 32.12 per ct. TIC 15912, 2538: New Yorx AcricutturaL Exprriment Station. 165 Distilled with 12 per ct. HCl 0.4736 gm. substance gave 0.071 gm. phloroglucid. As will be noticed, this compound contains a considerably larger percentage of carbon than any of the previous preparations and a correspondingly low percentage of phosphorus. Calculated on the same basis as before, it would correspond to a molecule with C 30 or C 32. By acting upon this compound with dilute sulphuric acid some reducing body is split off and the salt C2; Hs; O54 Py Ba; results, identical with that obtained in the first case from the crude substance. One gram of the above barium salt was digested for about ten minutes with 20 cc. normal sulphuric acid and heated nearly to boiling. It was then precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide and filtered. The filtrate was freed from excess of barium hydroxide with carbon dioxide, filtered and evaporated to small bulk, and again filtered. It was then found to reduce Fehling’s solution strongly on boiling and to give the orcine and phloroglucine reactions, showing con- clusively that a reducing body of some kind had been split off by the action of the sulphuric acid. The barium precipitate from the above was shaken up with a small quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered, and the filtrate precipitated by adding an equal volume of alcohol. After again precipitating in the same manner the substance was filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether, and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The substance weighed 0.45 grams. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. 0.2326 gm. substance gave 0.0525 gm. H.O and 0.1208 gm. COs. _ 0.1859 gm. substance gave 0.1009 gm. BaSO, and 0.0804 gm. Me, ik 2 Ov. Found C 14.16, H 2.52, P 12.05, Ba 31.94 per ct. Calculated for Cos Hiss Osa iPS Ba;=2184. C'13.73, H 2.51, ‘PP 12:76, Ba‘ 31/44 per ct. This substance is therefore identical with the barium salt prepared from the previously isolated crude compound. We are planning to carry out a complete investigation concerning this organic-phosphoric acid of wheat bran and its cleavage products. It is desired especially to isolate and identify the reducing bodies formed on cleavage with dilute acid. We also wish to take up the study of the nitrogen-containing substance and beg to reserve the further investigation of these bodies. THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORIC ACID OF COTTON- SEED MEAL.* R. J. ANDERSON. SUMMARY. Cottonseed meal contains an organic phosphoric acid which is very similar to phytic acid. When heated in a sealed tube with dilute sulphuric acid it decomposes into inosite and phosphoric acid. Whether the substance is identical with phytin could not be determined. The acid gives easily crystallizing barium salts. The aqueous solution of the free acid gives all those reactions which have been attributed previously to the presence of pyro- and metaphosphoric acids in cottonseed meal. The acid when given in 0.5 and 1 gram doses to rabbits does not show any marked toxic properties. Symptoms of distress were produced but the animals recovered their normal appearance after two or three hours. INTRODUCTION. In the investigation of the organic phosphoric acids present in various cereals and feeding stuffs which is being carried out in this laboratory, cottonseed meal was also examined. Earlier work by other investigators has shown that this product probably contains some complex organic phosphoric acid.’ It seems, however, that if such a substance is present it has not been isolated in pure form nor have its properties been fully studied. The opinion seems to be generally held that cottonseed meal contains some poisonous principle, but the exact nature of this principle has never been definitely determined. It has been claimed that pyro- and metaphosphoric acids were present in cottonseed meal’ and it was thought that the poisonous properties of the pro- duct were due to the presence of salts of these acids. More recent work by Crawford’ led him to believe that the poisonous principle was a Salt of either a simple inorganic or a complex organic pyro- phosphoric acid. The presence of these acids has been adduced from the fact that the extracts of cottonseed meal give reactions similar to those of the above acids, viz., anomalous behavior towards ammonium molybdate, white precipitates with silver nitrate and coagulation of egg albumen; further, the poisonous effects resemble those given by these acids. Aside from these reactions, however, there is no Rather, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 146 (1912); see p. 176 of this Report. ? Hardin, So. Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 8, New Series (1892). 3 Crawford, Jour. Pharm. and Exper. Ther. 1: 519 (1910). * A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 25, December, 1912. [166] New York AcricutturaAL Experiment Station. 167 proof whatever that either pyro- or metaphosphoric acid is present in cottonseed meal. The purpose of the present investigation was to isolate and identify, if possible, the organic phosphoric acid in cottonseed meal. We are, consequently, unable either to deny or affirm the absence or presence of pyro- or metaphosphoric acid in this product. We have found, however, that the organic phosphoric acid isolated from cottonseed meal gives all the reactions reported by the above authors, which they considered as evidence of the presence of pyro- and metaphosphoric acid. It seems, therefore, probable that the reactions referred to are due to the organic phosphoric acid rather than to pyro- or metaphosphoric acids. The preparation of the substance and its purification will be more fully described in the experimental part. It will suffice to state here that cottonseed meal was extracted with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric * acid and the substance isolated as the barium salt. The purifica- tion of the substance is very difficult. The extract contains large quantities of soluble impurities, mucilaginous substances, proteins, etc., which render the purification extremely difficult and tedious. In addition to the above, there is apparently some carbohydrate associated with the organic phosphoric acid, the removal of which requires much time. For the same reasons the yield of the pure product is very unsatisfactory. The compound finally obtained is very similar to phytic acid so far as composition and reactions are concerned. In fact it is im- possible, from the present data, to determine whether the sub- stance is phytic acid or an isomer. Both yield inosite when heated in a sealed tube with dilute sulphuric acid and the reactions of aqueous solutions of the free acids can hardly be differentiated. The most striking difference is that the barium salt of the product from cottonseed meal shows a decided tendency to crystallize, a property which we have never observed when working with barium phytate under the same conditions. If the substance from cottonseed meal is precipitated from acid solutions with barium hydroxide it separates as a white amorphous precipitate. When the dried precipitate is digested in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid it dissolves very readily but after a few minutes it precipitates again. Under the microscope this precipitate is seen to consist of balls or globular masses of very fine needle-shaped crystals. The dilute hydrochloric acid solution of the barium salt gives a white amorphous precipitate on the addition of alcohol; by standing for several hours, however, it slowly assumes the same crystalline form as mentioned above. ‘The free acid is not precip- itated by barium chloride but if such a solution is allowed to stand over night or longer the barium salt will separate in fine. needle- shaped crystals, grouped in the same general form as above but the individual crystals are much larger. The amorphous precipitates 168 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE are very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid but after the sub- stance has assumed the crystalline form, it is very slightly soluble in this medium. While the barium salt was easily obtained in crystalline form it did not contain a constant amount of the base. The variations would sometimes amount to as much as 3 or 4 per ct., depending upon the amount of the base present in the solution and the conditions under which the substance separated. In the presence of a large excess of barium chloride a salt correspond- ing nearly to tetrabarium phytate crystallizes out; when a small amount of barium chloride is present salts showing the above men- tioned variations are formed; but when the substance has been repeatedly separated from acid solutions with alcohol a salt is obtained which corresponds nearly to tribarium phytate. The aqueous solution of the free acid gives a heavy white amorphous precipitate with excess of silver nitrate; with ammonium molybdate a heavy white crystalline precipitate is produced which remains unchanged in the cold for a long time but when heated it soon turns yellowish in color. These reactions are identical with those given by phytic acid; with other metals both acids give appar- ently identical reactions. The dilute aqueous solution of the acid coagulates egg albumen at once. This property, however, is not peculiar to the acid from cottonseed meal. Phytic acid was found to produce an identical effect. The tetraphosphoric acid ester of inosite! and the pyro- phosphoric acid esters of inosite? mentioned in former papers also gave the same reaction. In view of the fact that the last mentioned substances coagulate egg albumen, it appears probable that this property is common to organically bound phosphoric acids. As will be noticed from the foregoing the organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal gives all the reactions previously attributed to the presence of pyro- and metaphosphoric acids. But the question whether or not it is also the toxic principle in cottonseed meal remains unanswered. Preliminary experiments carried out with the acid obtained from the purified barium salt on rabbits are not con- clusive. Given in 0.5 and 1 gram doses, both the free acid and its potassium salt produced strong symptoms of distress, but after a few hours the animals regained their normal appearance. Larger doses passed through the bowel in a very short time and no definite symptoms developed. It is difficult to determine just what caused the toxicity of the preparations which were used in the experiments described by Crawford. It is evident that very impure substances were given. 1 Anderson, Jour. Biol. Chem. 11: 484 (1912) and Tech. Bull. No. 19, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1912). . * Ibid, 12: 109 and 111 (1912) and Tech. Bull. No. 21, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1912). 3 Loc. cit. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169 It is our purpose to carry out a series of experiments to determine the toxicity of the acid from cottonseed meal in comparison with phytic acid. EXPERIMENTAL. The cottonseed meal used in these experiments was obtained from the stock used as cattle feed at this station. For the first prepara- tion 4500 grams of meal were digested in 10 liters of 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid over night. It was then pressed through cheese- cloth and the extract filtered through a layer of clean sand. The extract was a thick, mucilaginous, very dirty-colored liquid which could not be filtered through paper. It measured about 5 liters. It was mixed with about 8 liters of alcohol which produced a very fine and voluminous dirty precipitate. After settling over night the supernatant liquid was syphoned off and the residue centrifuged. The precepitate was then digested in a considerable quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the insoluble portion removed by centrifuging and the solution precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide. The mixture was heated nearly to boiling and then allowed to cool and settle. It was again centrifuged and the residue treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid in which it was readily soluble. After a few minutes, however, it began to separate as a fine crystalline precipitate. The mixture was then filtered and the above precipitate reserved for special examination. The filtrate was precipitated by the addition of alcohol, filtered, and again treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered from insoluble matter and the filtrate again precipitated by alcohol. It was filtered and washed in dilute alcohol and then dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid; heated nearly to boiling and filtered. The filtrate was now nearly colorless and it was slightly opalescent in appearance. After again precipitating the hydrochloric acid solution with alcohol the substance was obtained as a white amorphous powder. It was very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid but the solution had a thick, mucilaginous and slightly opal- escent appearance. This solution was now precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide when a voluminous, tenacious, ropy precipitate was obtained. The mixture was thoroughly shaken for some time and then filtered and washed in water. The washed residue was dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated with alcohol. After repeating this operation the substance was filtered, washed free of chlorides with dilute alcohol and finally washed in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was then a snow-white amorphous powder and it weighed 10.2 grams. It was but slightly soluble in boiling water. With phloroglucine and hydrochloric acid it gives a light red color which soon changes to a reddish-brown. With orcine it gives at first a reddish color which soon fades leaving a dirty-colored precipitate. After boiling 170 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE the substance in dilute hydrochloric acid, precipitating the barium with sulphuric acid, filtering and neutralizing, it strongly reduces Fehling’s solution on boiling. The nitric acid solution gave no reaction with ammonium molybdate but after continued heating a slight precipitate was obtained. The substance was free from nitrogen and sulphur. After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it was analyzed. 0.2925 gram subst. gave 0.0894 gm. H2O and 0.2338 gm. COz 0.2514 gram subst. gave 0.0972 gm. BaSO, and 0.0933 gm. MgeP2O;. Found C = 21.80; H=3.42; P=10.34; Ba = 22.75 per ct. While the substance was very slightly soluble in boiling water it was found when it was rubbed up in a mortar with a small quantity of cold water that it quickly dissolved but it began soon to separate again. Under the microscope the precipitate was seen to consist of small balls or globular masses of very fine microscopic needles. Four grams of the substance were treated as mentioned above. After standing for two days at room temperature the crystalline precipitate was filtered off, washed in water, alcohol and ether and dried in the air. The snow-white crystalline powder was analyzed after previously drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. _ 0.2092 gram subst. lost 0.0291 gm. H,O 0.1801 gram subst. gave 0.0232 gm. H.O and 0.0379 gm. CO» 0.1754 gram subst. gave 0.1262 gm. BaSO, and 0.0965 gm. Mgs Pp» O;. Found C = 5.73; H = 1.44; P = 15.33; Ba = 42.34; HO = 13.91 per ct. The composition of this product differs entirely from that of the starting material but it agrees closely with that required for tetra- barium phytate. Calculated for tetrabarium phytate, CsH:ieQ27;PsBay = 1255. C=5.73; B= h27;\P =14.82; Ba= 43.74; 1150 =13,62 per ct: The filtrate from the above crystalline compound was precipitated by. alcohol, filtered, washed and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. It was a perfectly white amorphous powder. It was analyzed after drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. 0.1758 gram subst. gave 0.0790 gm. H2O and 0.2222 gm. COs 0.1247 gram subst. gave 0.0223 gm. BaSO, and 0.0201 gm. MgeP2O;. Found C = 34.47; H = 5.02; P = 4.49; Ba = 10.52 per ct. The substance was very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid in which it gave the same thick, mucilaginous, slightly opalescent solution as mentioned above. The compound first analyzed is evidently not homogeneous. It apparently consists of some carbohydrate or gummy substance and an organic phosphorus compound; the latter crystallizes from the aqueous solution in nearly pure form but the substance cannot be separated by precipitating the dilute acid solutions with alcohol. This gummy substance has not been isolated in pure form and we are entirely in the dark as to its nature and composition. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 171 A portion of the above crystalline barium salt was used for the preparation of the free acid. The substance was, however, not pure and it had not been washed free of the mother liquor. The acid was prepared by the usual method, that is, the barium salt was decomposed with a slight excess of sulphuric acid, the filtered solution precipitated with copper acetate, the latter filtered, washed and decomposed with hydrogen sulphide, again filtered and the filtrate evaporated in vacuum at a temperature of 40-45° and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. In appearance and reactions the acid was practically identical with phytic acid except that after boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralizing it slightly reduced Fehling’s solution. This reduction, however, we believe to be due to admixed impurities; for, as stated above, the acid was not prepared from a pure compound. The aqueous solution of the acid coagulates egg albumen at once. As has been already mentioned phytic acid gives the same reaction as well as the inosite esters of phosphoric and pyrophosphorie acids. Apparently, therefore, no special significance can be attached to this reaction. The acid gave the following result on analysis after previously drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide: Found C= 714 23:07 P= 26135 ‘per ct: The crystalline precipitate mentioned on page 6, which separated from the solution of the first barium precipitate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, was treated with about 5 per ct. hydrochloric acid in which the greater portion dissolved. The insoluble matter was removed by centrifuging and the solution precipitated with alcohol. This operation was repeated a second time when the substance was obtained nearly white. It differed from the first preparation in that its solution in dilute hydrochloric acid was neither mucilaginous nor opalescent. For further purification the substance was first precipitated by barium hydroxide from its dilute hydrochloric acid solution, and then twice precipitated from dilute hydrochloric acid with alcohol. The precipitates produced by the alcohol were amorphous at first but when allowed to stand over night in the mother liquor they always changed to the same crystal- line form as previously mentioned. After precipitating the last time with alcohol the substance was quickly filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a snow- white amorphous powder and it weighed 7.4 grams. The filtrate from the above was allowed to stand over night when a small amount of the substance crystallized out. The crystals were filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in the air. The substance was free from chlorine and gave no appreciable color reaction with phloroglucine or orcine. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. 172 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE 0.2450 gram subst. lost 0.0272 gm. H2O on drying 0.2178 gram subst. gave 0.0284 gm. H.O and 0.0522 gm. CO, 0.1776 gram subst. gave 0.1170 gm. BaSO, and 0.1078 gm. MgsP.0;. Found C = 6.53; H = 1.45; P = 16.91; Ba = 38.76; H.O = 11.10 per ct. This substance agrees nearly in composition with tribarium phytate. Calculated for tribarium phytate, CsHis027PsBa3 = 1120. C =6.42; H=1.60; P= 16.60; Ba = 36.78; 8H2O = 11.39 per ct. The amorphous product (7.4 grams) mentioned above was analyzed after previous drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide and the following results obtained: C=8.04; H=1.62; P=16.65; Ba=36.55 per ct. The substance was free from chlorine. It was very slightly soluble in boiling water. With phloroglucine it gave a cherry red color; with orcine only a faintly, greenish color was produced. After boiling in dilute hydrochloric acid, precipitating the barium with sulphuric acid, filtering and neutralizing, it reduced Fehling’s solution slightly on boiling. Evidently some carbohydrate was still present. For further purification the substance was dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered and alcohol added until a faint permanent turbidity remained. This was cleared up by the addition of a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and the solution allowed to stand at room temperature. The substance soon began to separate in the same crystalline form as before. After standing for two days the crystalline substance was filtered off, washed in water, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The mother liquor was diluted with more alcohol and allowed to stand as before when a further quantity of the same shaped crystals was obtained. After filtering, washing and drying as before these salts were analyzed after first drying at 105°. Found, first crop of crystals: C= 7.06; H = 1:53; P = 16.46; Ba =38.16 per ct: Found, second crop of crystals: C=1.4/7; WH =1.58;-P =1646,, Ba = 35:12 peri ct, In order to determine if further treatment would alter the com- position the whole substance was digested in 50 per ct. acetic acid over night, filtered, washed in water, alcohol and ether and dried in the desiccator. It was then dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered and the solution brought to crystallization by the careful addition of alcohol as before. The product finally obtained weighed 3.8 grams and it was a snow-white crystalline powder. For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent- oxides Bound: C= 7/103. 1052: Pi=27e1 aia = Sheik iperinek As continued treatment did not alter the composition and as it separated in crystalline form it was undoubtedly a homogeneous compound. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 173 The free acid prepared from this purified barium salt by the same method as before gave the following result on analysis after previous drying at 78° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide: 0.2626 gram subst. gave 0.0763 gm. H,O and 0.1049 gm. CO. 0.1733 gram subst. gave 0.1686 gm. Mg» P» Oy. Found C = 10.89; H=3.25; P = 27.11 per ct. Caleulated for phytic acid CgHosOo7P, = 714. C=10.08; H=3.36; P = 26.05 per ct. This acid gave the same reactions as previously described. PREPARATION OF INOSITE FROM THE ABOVE BARIUM SALT. Of the dry salt, 1.34 grams were heated in a sealed tube with 10 cc. 5/N sulphuric acid to 160° for about three hours. After pre- cipitating with barium hydroxide, the inosite was isolated in the usual way and recrystallized from dilute alcohol with addition of ether. The product was obtained in colorless needles free from water of crystallization. The yield was 0.17 grams or about 77 per ct. of the theory. It gave the reaction of Scherer and melted at 221° (uncorrected). The air dried substance was analyzed: Found C = 39.81; H = 6.96 per ct. A further quantity of the barium salt was prepared by the fol- lowing method, which was found to be much less laborious than that used at first. The cottonseed meal, 8 kilograms, was digested in 16 liters of 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid for about 5 hours. It was then pressed through cheesecloth and the extract filtered through absorbent cotton. The extract was precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide, allowed to settle and then centrifuged. The precipitate was digested in several liters of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and again centrifuged. The free acid was then nearly neutral- ized with barium hydroxide. The precipitate which separated was the barium salt of the organic phosphoric acid. This was filtered and treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, in which it was readily soluble at first, but it soon separated in the usual crystal aggregates. This was filtered and washed and dissolved in sufficient dilute hydro- chloric acid and again filtered. The practically colorless filtrate was precipitated by alcohol. After filtering, it was again dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and precipitated with barium hydroxide, filtered and washed in water. It was then dissolved in dilute hydro- chloriec acid, precipitated with alcohol, filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a snow-white amorphous powder, and it weighed 24 grams. It was dissolved in about 300 cc. 0.5 per ct. hydro- chloric acid filtered and allowed to stand a short time, when a portion crystallized out. This was filtered off, washed several times in water and finally in alcohol and ether, and dried in the air. The white crystalline powder weighed 7.4 grams. The filtrate and 174 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. washings from above were united and precipitated by alcohol. After standing over night the amorphous precipitate had changed to the usual crystalline form. After filtering, washing and drying in vacuum over sulphuric acid it weighed 14.7 grams. The above salts were free from chlorine. The nitric acid solutions gave no immediate reaction with ammonium molybdate. No appreciable color reactions were obtained with phloroglucine or orcine and they did not reduce Fehling’s solution. Metals other than barium were absent. For analysis the substances were dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. The first crystalline compound gave the following: C=6.05; H=1.45; P=16.51; Ba=40.04; HzO =12.06 per ct. This salt is evidently a mixture of the tri- and tetrabarium salt. It was recrys- tallized as follows: One gram of the substance was dissolved in about 150 ce. of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the free acid nearly neutralized with barium hydroxide. About 0.5 gram of barium chloride was then added and the solution allowed to stand for two days at room temperature. The substance separated slowly in the same general crystal form as before, except that the individual crystals were much larger. These were filtered, washed in water, alcohol and ether and dried in the air. Under the microscope the substance appeared homogeneous. Yield 0.9 grams. After drying at 105° in vacuum it was analyzed: 0.4067 grams subst. lost 0.0496 grams on drying. 0.3571 grams subst. gave 0.0358 grams H.O and 0.0699 grams COs>. 0.2068 grams subst. gave 0.1530 grams Ba SO, and 0.1160 grams Mg2P20;. Found: C=5.338; H=1.12; P=15.63; Ba=43.53; H,.O=12.19 per ct. Calculated for tetrabarium phytate CsHigO27PsBay = 1255. C=5.73; H=1.27; P=14.82; Ba= 43.74; 10 H.O = 12.54 per ct. The second crystalline compound mentioned above gave the fol- lowing result on analysis: C=6.88; H=1.50; P=15.94; Ba = 37.38 per ct. P= 16.28; Ba = 37.21 per ct. This corresponds to a tribarium salt. A further quantity of the free acid was prepared from this salt by the usual method. From 7 grams of the substance practically the theoretical quantity of acid was obtained. After drying at 100° the substance was analyzed: 0.2319 grams subst. gave 0.0767 grams H20 and 0.0925 grams COs. After drying over boiling chloroform over phosphorus pentoxide: 0.2378 grams subst. gave 0.0703 grams H2O and 0.0961 grams COs. 0.1495 grams subst. gave 0.1414 grams Mg» P2 O;. Found C = 10.87; H=3.70 per ct. C=11.02; H=3.30; P = 26.36 per ct. New York AcricutruraL Exprerrment Srarion. 175 Calculated for phytic acid, CsH2s:Ox;Ps = 714. C=10.08; H=3.36; P= 26.05 per ct. This preparation gave the same reactions as those previously mentioned. When carefully prepared the acid is a thick colorless syrup readily soluble in water and alcohol. Attempts were made to prepare crystalline salts of the acid with organic bases like pyridine and brucine, but without success. These salts could not be obtained in crystalline form. In every case they separated as thick liquids, which could not be brought to crystallize even after long standing. The reactions of the aqueous solution of the acid with inorganic bases may be briefly stated as follows: It is not precipitated by chlorides of the alkaline earths, but acetates and hydroxides produce white amorphous precipitates. Ammonium molybdate gives a heavy white crystalline precipitate. Silver nitrate in excess produces a heavy white amorphous precipitate. Magnesia mixture also gives a voluminous white amorphous pre- cipitate. While barium chloride does not give any precipitate, if the solution is allowed to stand at room temperature over night or longer the barium salt crystallizes out in delicate needle-shaped crystals. In shape and arrangement these crystals are identical with those previously referred to but they are much larger. It immedi- ately coagulates egg albumen. A neutral solution of the acid does not reduce Fehling’s solution: even after boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid for some time no reduction takes place. No appreciable color reaction is given with phloroglucine or orcine. Ferric chloride gives a white precipitate very sparingly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Copper acetate in excess gives a bluish-white precipitate. On drying at 78° or 100° the substance turns very dark in color, but on drying at 60° the color changes but slightly. All the barium salts obtained were strongly acid in reaction on moist litmus paper. It is evident that the substance isolated from cottonseed meal is very similar to phytin. The various salts which have been analyzed show but little difference in composition as compared with the corresponding phytin derivatives. It may be noted, however, that the analytical results of the purified, so-called, tri-barium salts point to the empirical formula C2, Hy P, Os; Ba. Such a compound might be a monobasic acid of the formula CH; PO,, but it is also isomeric with inosite hexaphosphate and accordingly differs very little in composition from phytic acid. Whether the organic phosphoric acid in cottonseed meal is identical with phytin, an isomer, or is a somewhat differently constituted substance, can hardly be determined from the data presented in this paper. The investigation will be continued. Norr.— In describing the properties of the organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal, Technical Bulletin No. 25, the author regrets that, through oversight, he omitted to mention that some similar reactions had been reported by J. B. Rather, Bulletin 146, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (1912), in his work on “The Forms of Phosphorus in Cottonseed Meal.” This ap- plies particularly to the reactions which formerly had been con- sidered indicative of the presence of pyro- and metaphosphorie acids. In the above work Mr. Rather attributes these reactions to the compounds which he had isolated rather than to pyro- and metaphosphoric acids and states, p. 14, “ It appears that, since the compounds described on the preceding pages have properties very similar to meta- and pyrophosphoric acids, conclusions that the latter are present in cottonseed meal have no value when based on these reactions.” , [176] REPORT OF THE Botanical Department. F.C. Stewart, Botanist. *J. G. GrossENBACHER, Associate Botanist. W. O. Grover, Associate Botanist. M. T. Monn, Assistant Botanist. F. A. Srrrine, Special Agent. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. Seed tests made at the Station during 1911. II. A comparative test of limesulphur, lead benzoate and bor- deaux mixture for spraying potatoes. III. Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes. IV. Potato-spraying experiments, 1902-1911. V. Crown-rot of fruit trees: Field studies. * Resigned before close of year. [177] Yall wre, Ra (cites ea ro hy AeA ae] ors ¥ wecce ‘ wt , tow « vay ia \¢ ss A ba bs ye wiul.of eittorenad avant, t echisoal sued tt Mugwts Wat, shiek ono eR ; Shy eh alah Bebo HDR 2. Venue Sar: eS. urcaat ; o0.° Tae Firing off Oe Na ae Thien, Partintlyr: 4 yan tnjuspig’ tnealain Pty ry "1 Taiiew ties et ; : poids," Ty tha abewk wap we Miike ayerhale Cina Be the ecivivntindg Sw ts hae: alge! isa bya a ea y: res . Ca i Break og BLART Me 1 Ke) tet inet a5 a ae Pale simon side “nang oN eT cae erett bh coe hae oa % then rieriisoc til gittusty soln Ge te inate mek bain Sima nt dns te oolmog yatranqe wh esutsine eatuob ssotaiog tol verge a un etutxiar xiuphrod ne . LLG1-20@) tagnshsogea ga eoifurte blot st eaect dirk ; REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT. SEED TESTS MADE AT THE STATION DURING L911 SUMMARY. During 1911 there were received by the Station and tested for purity, 1015 samples of agricultural seeds: 548 of alfalfa, 253 of red clover, 98 of timothy, 86 of alsike clover, and 30 of miscel- laneous plants. Dodder occurred in 12.9 per ct. of the alfalfa samples and in 4.74 per ct. of the red clover samples, a slightly larger percentage in each case than in 1g10. Large-seeded dodder occurred in twice as many samples as did the small- seeded kind. Red clover and alsike clover contained rather more noxious weeds this year than last. Adulteration was found in two cases of red clover seed, and twelve of alsike clover. Yellow trefoil grows readily in alsike clover fields and our observations indicate that several cases of adulteration of alsike seed with yellow trefoil were due to the presence of yel- low trefoil in the field. Many samples were altogether too small for dependable tests. Centaurea repens was found in sev- eral alfalfa seed samples,— an indication that the seed was im- ported. Russian thistle and roquette continue to attract attention in alfalfa fields but we have no evidence that indicates danger from these weeds in this State. Several failures in oat seedings were found to be due to sowing oats that had been bleached with sulphur fumes. INTRODUCTION. During the past year the Station has continued to make purity tests of agricultural seeds sent in by farmers and seedsmen of the State. In all, 1015 samples were tested during the calendar year 1911: 548 of alfalfa, 253 of red clover, 98 of timothy, 86 of alsike clover and 30 of miscellaneous seeds. * A reprint of Bulletin No. 345, February, 1912; for “Popular Edition,” see p. 820. {179] 180 Report oF THE BotranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Frequent requests were made for germination tests, as was the ease last year; but the Station has not, as yet, the facilities for making large numbers of such tests and we were unable to comply except in a few special cases. Germination tests are important, since the purchaser should know the viability of seed that he in- tends to sow, but the method of making these tests is so simple that any crop raiser can easily make them at home. Many of the samples received were too small for a reliable test and the writer takes this opportunity of again calling attention to the importance of sending samples that represent so far as possible the bulk of seed from which they are taken. We strongly urge that of alfalfa and clover, 2 ounces be sent for purity tests, and of grass seeds, 1 ounce. For a guide to the standards of purity and germination of seeds the reader is referred to the Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1896 (p. 624), or to “complete” Bulletin No. 333 of this Station. The percentages there given have been carefully worked out and are recommended as a standard. RESULTS OF ALFALFA SEED TESTS. The analyses of the 548 alfalfa seed samples tested for purity this year indicate that such seed for sale in the State during the season of 1911 was, in general, good, high-grade seed. However, a few samples were received that contained several noxious weeds, a few that contained dodder, a few that contained too much dirt and chaff, and a few that were largely brown, shriveled and immature seed. It is evident, therefore, that the safest rule for the purchaser to follow is to buy seeds only by sample. This helps materially to insure a crop and reduces to a minimum the danger of introducing troublesome weeds. Of the 548 samples tested, 71, or 12.9 per ct., contained dodder, 198, or 36 per ct. were less than 1 oz. in weight, 39, or. 7 per ct., were below the average in general appearance, 76, or 13.8 per ct., contained a species of mustard (Brassica sp.), and 72, or 11 per ct., either because of color or because of the pres- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 181 ence of Centaurea repens, were considered Turkestan alfalfa. There was no case of adulteration; that is, no sample contained 5 per ct. or more of any impurity. However, 91 samples con- tained sweet clover and in 7 of these it was present at the rate of 2 per ct.; five contained yellow trefoil in small amounts; and 23 samples contained a considerable amount of brown, shriveled alfalfa seed, most of which would not germinate. Samples like the last named show the importance and need of germination tests. Impure seed or seed of low viability is expensive at any price and should be avoided. Dodder seed.— The amount of dodder seed found ranged from less than twenty seeds to the pound in 32 samples to 1,500 seeds in one sample, 2,000 in another and 2,800 in another, while 36 samples contained from 20 to 200 seeds. Two-thirds of the 71 dodder-infested samples contained the large-seeded kinds, about the same proportion as last year. Four samples contained both large and small-seeded dodder. Alfalfa seed containing dodder should be avoided. The small-seeded kind* may be removed by careful sifting; but this is impossible, so far as the writer is aware, in the case of the large-seeded kind. Sweet clover— Only 13 samples of alfalfa seed contained 1 per ct. or more of sweet clover seed, 7 samples showing from 1 to 2 per ct. and 6 samples from 2 to 3144 per ct. of this impurity. General appearance.— Considering principally the characters of color, plumpness and size, and disregarding the impurities contained, 12 samples were graded as poor, 27 poor to average, 83 average, 96 average to excellent, and 330 excellent. Weight of samples.— Many of the samples were too small to represent fairly the bulk of seed from which they were taken. Of those received during 1911, 80 samples weighed less than half an ounce, 63 one-half ounce, 55 three-fourths of an ounce, 75 one *In this report “small-seeded” dodder seeds are such as will pass through a 20-mesh sieve made from No. 34 W. and M. steel wire. See Bul- letin No. 305 of this Station. Seeds of the “large-seeded” dodder will not pass through such a sieve. 182 Report or THE BoTanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE ounce, 75 one and one-half ounces and 200 samples two ounces or more. A purity test made from small samples can not be as reliable as a similar test made from larger samples. Weed seeds found.— The following list shows the foreign seeds that oceurred most frequently in the samples tested. In nearly all cases these seeds were present only in traces and the exact proportion was not determined. Noxious WEEDS. English plantain (Plantago lanceolata)........... eccurred in 88 samples Chicory (Otchorium intybus) .........ccccecdevese occurred in 66 samples Dock -p(tteanes ¢ 8p.) 5516 a gore 8s feraits hs Gey Seas aiaeiek occurred in 65 samples Wald carrot, (Oducus” carotayc oncemaccee fencer occurred in 33 samples CoMMON WEEDS. Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) ...............000. occurred in 377 samples Lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album)............ occurred in 225 samples Russian thistle (Salsola kali var. tenwifolia...... occurred in 171 samples Yellow =toxtail~ (SetamaSqlaucn)..2 acs. eos ne occurred in 161 samples Sweet clover (Melilotus sp.) .5........0.ceeceeee occurred in 91 samples DEPRUTS IQUE OL Os PIG ES oie EI OOF OO UL GOO NO OD OeakG aa occurred in 76 samples ALLTUPLED SPeentte cree he ae a ahs Achaea Sietere eit Metaene siete) tate occurred in 76 samples Mallow (Malva rotundifolia) ........ccscccecevcce occurred in 50 samples Mehlot. (Melsotus’: Sp.) owes = sas 6 oa 8 lence acs occurred in 51 samples CEntanUred? FEPeENS¥. “cae. dike cm atan lorraine hi= oho sails occurred in 52 samples Timothy (Phleum pratense) .....026000.000se0008 occurred in 49 samples Catchity \.(Stlene- sp.) oo. .h ree rete ceeas Pore eee occurred in 20 samples Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) ...........+-4- occurred in 14 samples Roquette (Chruca salva) « . iio0%igt we srae wisie'g.si0e Coes occurred in 33 samples Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense)..........+0+. occurred in 26 samples Trianthema MONogynd, .. 26.622 vaerceccevnssccoess occurred in 26 samples Shaftal (Trifolium: suaveolens) oo... ee cece cess occurred in 16 samples Lance-leaved sage (Salvia lanceaefolia).......... occurred in 10 samples Barnyard grass (Hehinochloa crusgalli).........4. occurred in 9 samples RESULTS OF RED CLOVER SEED TESTS. The 253 tests of red clover seed made during 1911 show that it maintains its bad reputation as to impurities, the seed this year falling below that of the previous year in purity. More samples contained noxious weeds in considerable quantities, more con- tained dodder, and two cases indicated adulteration. In general appearance the seed ranks well; for only 3 per ct. of the number tested were graded below average. Weight of samples.— As with the alfalfa, many samples of red clover seed were too small in weight for satisfactory determin- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183 ations; 52 weighed less than half an ounce, 27 half an ounce, 37 three-fourths of an ounce, 31 one ounce, 21 one and one-half ounces and 85 two ounces or more. General appearance.— Leaving impurities out of consideration and regarding principally color, size and plumpness, 4 samples were poor, 5 poor to average, 27 average, 26 average to excellent and 121 excellent. Dodder.— Only 12 samples contained dodder — 5 large-seeded dodder only, 3 small-seeded only and 4 both kinds, the number of seeds to the pound ranging from 6 to 96 in 8 samples and from 272 to 2688 in the other 4 samples, Adulterated samples.— Two samples of red clover were found to contain at least 5 per et. of a single impurity and are there- fore classed as adulterated. One sample contained 35 per ct. of alsike clover and 60 per ct. of yellow trefoil; and the other sample 5 per ct. of alsike clover. Weed seeds found.— The following list gives the foreign seeds which occurred most frequently. The figures indicate the number of samples in which the given impurity occurred. TABLE 1.— COMMON IMPURITIES OF RED CLOVER SEED. Amount. Amount, a SS SSS Con- Total Con- Total sider- no. of sider- no. of Impurity. Traces. able. samples, Impurity. Traces. able. samples. English plantain..... 157 6 163 Lamb’s quarters.... 94 L 95 Curled dock........ 146 Ljyl47 ~Sheeppsorrel.... 22: 90 6. 06 Wild Rearratin ac, cscs AMiid-sno20 Groadjjplantain .... 98 14,99 Canada thistle...... 16; Sekw nlG. Ragweed. .......,....:s,< 72 1 73 GLEN CS “eal eee ae Gries 6 lLady’s thumb....... 65. asfete 68 Mustard (Brassica Watchilivers.. satel 51 1 Ree Sib) ablcadeaeovoe DAES Sere 12) Yellowatoxtaill. o- oc Din “Ox-eye: daisy” 2s. 5h ner 1 4 In general appearance two samples were poor, 11 poor to average, 13 average, 7 average to excellent and 53 excellent. Weight of samples.— Low weight of samples again hindered, as 22 samples weighed less than half an ounce, 14 one-half ounce, 4 three-fourths ounce, 10 one ounce, 13 one and one-half ounces and 22 two ounces or more, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 185 RESULTS OF TIMOTHY SEED TESTS. The timothy seed examined during 1911 indicates that this seed is seldom low-grade as far as purity is concerned, being quite free from noxious weeds and inert matter. Alsike clover and broad-leaved plantain are the impurities most frequently found. One sample contained 15 per ct. of alsike clover. General appearance.— From color, size and plumpness 1 sam- ple was graded as poor, 4 poor to average, 11 average, 1 average to excellent, and 81 excellent. Weight of samples.— Of the 98 samples 36 weighed less than one-half ounce, 12 one-half ounce, 9 three-quarters ounce and 41 one ounce or more. TABIE III.— WEED SEED OccURRING MOST FREQUENTLY IN TIMOTHY SEED SAMPLES, Amount. Amount. Consid- ~~ Gonsid- Impurity. Traces. erable. Impurity. Traces. erable. ISIRORCIOVED es sjaisis clo 5 67 Ae CAtchilys (sets iis, otc attesens f( Broad plantain.......... Gd! keen pe Chickweed) th. chcennntes . 6 EPPEL! PTAGS co. nlesore eee 40 ly. May weed).csoccchaurnn esos 6 Lamb’s quarters.......... 40 Lcjn" 0 Whiteviclover. 2osirry vat: 4 1 Evening primrose........ Oi: | ae Ox-eyer daisy |, eae 3 SEO Get Gon pecndep mene 29 PP Crap-grans: fot eet ce ete 4 Gmmnmerai se oo. Seen ee Oana aw ist less eerste 3 Mellow daisy... 7... ss a ON rosa | MET ESONCE, BOs Se areca ae 2 English plantain......... 12 MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES TESTED. There were 30 miscellaneous samples tested during 1911 as follows: Samples. Samples, White clover ...... ee 4 Kentucky blue grass.... 2 ere ts |) aa eR 5 Corn, oats, cabbage, lawn German. tat) 6b os secs, fy sere 2 SEAS MIXHITCS «ain ana 7 Crimgon, clover, o:.:s 6:2 « 8 No case of adulteration or misbranding was found in any of these miscellaneous samples. 186 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE GERMINATION TESTS. In order to get some idea of the percentage of viable seeds in samples sent to this laboratory during 1911, a comparatively small number of samples were tested in the Geneva seed tester. In considering the results secured it will be well to bear in mind the U. S. Department of Agriculture germination standards, which are, for the sorts tested: Alfalfa, red clover and timothy, 85-90 per ct. viable; alsike clover, 75-80 per ct. viable. VIABILITY OF ALFALFA SEED SAMPLES. In the case of alfalfa, ten high grade samples and ten poor sam- ples were selected for tests. The appearance of the seed was used as the basis for the selection of these samples, the amount of im- purities present being disregarded. Ten high grade samples.— In all of these tests duplicate sets of 100 seeds each were used and the duration of the test was seven days. The average percentage of germination (not including hard seeds) WEN Beye css tchsue sus ave ’ar eBoy ices OOS TR Maso coisa, MMe ace dens ie Rl eveTie ee eeeen 1.9 The average percentage (including 144 of hard seeds) was.......... 8714 The lowest percentage iene seedsunot viable) Bwiases oats - ciel 56.5 The lowest percentage (14 hard seeds viable) ..........+..++-+eees 73. The highest percentage (hard seeds not viable) .. 2.002 sesceceses 92. The highest percentage (1%4 hard seeds viable)................-- 94. One sample contained 52% per ct. of hard seeds at the end of the 7 day test. It is generally conceded that one-third of all leguminous seeds which remain hard during a test should be considered as viable. In that case the viability of this sample would be 73 instead of 56%. In order to test this point the hard seeds of the above sample were placed in moist petri dishes; at the end of two months rather more than one-third of them had germinated. The germination, however, was slow and not vigorous. The use of seed which showed so many hard seeds is not advisable. Ten low-grade samples.— These samples were selected because of the presence of brown and shriveled alfalfa seed. The dura- New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 187 tion of the test was six days. One hundred seeds in duplicate were used in each test, thus making a total of 2,000 seeds. The average germination, not including hard seeds, was 71.8 per ct. Counting one-third of the hard seeds as viable, the average was 74.6 per ct. The lowest percentage (hard seeds not viable)...............+..-- 3hie The lowest percentage (14 hard seeds viable) ............200+e00: 33. The highest percentage (hard seeds not viable).................. 8814 The highest percentage (14 hard seeds viable).................. 90% VIABILITY OF RED CLOVER SEED SAMPLES, Ten samples of red clover seed selected because their general appearance was “ average or better ” were tested in the same man- ner as were the alfalfa samples for their viability. The average percentage of germination (not including hard seeds) .. 92.1 ‘The average percentage of germination (including 4% of hard seeds ISA VALEL LC) meee pen rt ue aN pita onda inc Mees Loci denn cepa later diane array a erase 93.5 The lowest germination for any one sample (not including hard BEC SI MPM aese oe eS cera hah ten AN OR teh Sorta oe Nis wi len Sco regia eye yn SiS AAG 841% The lowest germination (including 1% of hard seeds as viable)..... 8714 dhe highest) (not including hardiseeds )...4 5. m, «fey4 aya, nr oyecsesis «boll Bld =e 97% They mchest wincludina 24° hard seeds)... 02... 6-2 pes 9 e240 e100 6 971% The largest number of hard secds found in any one sample was 16. VIABILITY OF ALSIKE CLOVER SEED SAMPLES. Ten samples of alsike clover were selected and tested as were the red clover seed samples. The average percentage of germination (not including 1% of hard ROPING te ovine tai, staat ete alta’ | POI a ere sete ties Ce oe te eee 80.1 The average percentage (including 14 of hard seeds).............. 84.2 Including 14% of hard seeds as viable, the lowest percentage of viability PWIAS Diatsiecheca.g ate roe ere chee fen etanes Aen RR AA ADU NTR SGOT SEETE 72% Including % of hard seeds as viable, the highest percentage of WAU NG RIE MUNA na areal ravi: v40 o,» sisi Maemo a again «aren ce oe 921% The largest number of hard seeds found in any one sample was 23. The duration of test was 8 days. 188 Report or THE BotanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE VIABILITY OF TIMOTHY SEED SAMPLES, Ten timothy seed samples were selected and tested for germi- nation, as were the red clover and alsike seed samples, The average percentage of viability was..................seseeees 88.4 The lowest, percentage. of. viability was... :.. 0... en. + e-.-capemttes 70. The highest. percentage of viability was..............2.cccesssose 97. NOTES ON ADULTERATED SAMPLES. It appears from the evidence that has come to our attention during the past year that adulteration with yellow trefoil occurs in two ways: by willful addition of this seed to higher priced clover seed or by natural infestation in the field. A sample of seed bought for red clover and sent in to this Station during March, 1911, was found to contain 60 per ct. of yellow trefoil and 35 per ct. alsike clover. After receiving our report the dealer in- formed us that there was about 4 quarts of the trefoil in the center of each of the bags. This dealer stated that the one of whom he bought the seed did not know of its presence and the matter was dropped. This seems to be a clear case of willful adulteration. A sample of alsike clover which had been grown in the vicinity of Fayette, N. Y., was brought in and found to contain 5 per ct. of trefoil seed. In this locality some of the alsike clover fields were badly infested with yellow trefoil and this case of adultera- tion was undoubtedly a result of natural infestation. Another case of adulteration due to natural infestation was brought to our notice in April. This was a sample of alsike clover which contained 17 per ct. of yellow trefoil. The man who grew this seed knew that it contained the foreign seed of yellowish color but was not aware of its nature or source. He had offered it for sale but upon learning the exact situation he was very anxious to know of some method of separating the impurity. It seems probable that the original introduction of yellow tre- foil into the localities where this natural infestation occurred was by means of adulterated clover seed. If the land where this in- festation occurred is as badly overrun with this weed as we have been led to believe, it is probable that the production of clean New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTiIon. 189 alsike clover seed will be impossible until the infested fields have grown other crops which will tend to free the soil of the trefoil seed. Farmers who meet with such an experience will undoubt- edly see the wisdom of sowing pure seed. MISCELLANEOUS WEEDS AND SEEDS. RUSSIAN THISTLE. (Salsola kali var. tenuifolia) This seed continues to occur in many alfalfa seed samples and the plant has been sent in to us for identification from several sources, but it always appears during the first year after seeding and no trouble from it in alfalfa fields after the first season has been called to our attention. We do not, therefore, consider it a bad weed. ROQUETTE. (Eruca sativa) Roquette, like Russian thistle, has been found in alfalfa sam- ples and has caused much anxiety to alfalfa growers because of its rank growth in newly seeded fields. In all cases so far re- ported to us nothing is seen of this plant after the first year and it is evidently not to be feared in alfalfa fields of this State. JOHNSON GRASS. (Sorghum halapense) The seeds of this grass have been found in a number of alfalfa samples this year. Though this plant has not been established in New York State, it is such a troublesome weed in the ‘South that attention is called to it at this time. Any information on the be- havior of Johnson grass in New York State will be appreciated by this Station. Johnson grass frequently occurs in alfalfa as a naked kernel or caryopsis; the outer seed coverings or glumes being removed by the cleaning processes. The viability of some seeds would be destroyed by this treatment but our tests show that 190 Report oF THE BoranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE a large percentage of these naked Johnson grass sceds will pro- duce vigorous sprouts. It is possible, therefore, that this plant may become established in New York State by means of alfalfa seed containing it, NEW SEEDS RECENTLY OBSERVED IN ALFALFA SEED. In making our seed tests we occasionally meet with foreign seeds which are new to us and which we are unable to identify. These seeds most frequently occur in seed that has been imported into the United States from foreign countries. Seeds of this kind more often occur in alfalfa seed, and during the past year several such seeds unknown to us have been recorded in alfalfa seed samples. Such seeds may prove to be troublesome weeds when once established in this State and it is, therefore, important to learn their nature and habits at the outset so that if they prove to belong to the noxious class, farmers may be warned against them. For these reasons, attention is called to the following three plants, the seeds of which we have observed and recorded for the first time as occurring in alfalfa seed. The writer is indebted to Miss Emma Sirrine of the United States Department of Agriculture for the identification of these seeds and to Dr. N. L. Britton of the New York Botanical Garden for the identification of plants of Trianthema monogyna which were grown in the Station green house from seed collected in alfalfa samples sent to us for analysis. Trianthema monogyna L. The seeds of this plant were observed in 26 different alfalfa samples. It is a low-growing, procumbent, somewhat succulent herb, the general appearance of which suggests the common garden purslane. It belongs to the family Aizoaceae which is closely re- lated to the Portulacaceae, the family to which purslane belongs. The genus Trianthema is chiefly made up of tropical or sub-trop- ical herbs; 7’. monogyna being the only American species. Dr. Britton informs us that he is quite familiar with it as a weed in New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191 the West Indies. In the “ Synoptical Flora of North America ”* it is reported as occurring from the Keys of Florida to Arizona and on ballast in the Middle Atlantic States, in Mexico and in Lower California. Although we are certain that seeds of this plant have been sown with alfalfa seed, no specimens of it have been sent in for identification and we know nothing about its behavior in New York State. SHAFTAL. (Trifolium suaveolens Willd.) This plant belongs to the clover family, is a vigorous grower but is not likely to develop into a troublesome pest. Mr. Brandt says of it: “ Shaftal, which is an annual plant, is the chief fodder crop in the valleys of the northwest frontier of India. It is always grown with irrigation and gives exceedingly good yields.” The seed of this plant occurred in 16 samples of alfalfa seed, but was present only in small quantities. LANCE-LEAVED SAGE. (Salvia lanceaefolia Poir.) Lance-leaved sage has occurred previous to 1911 in alfalfa sam: ples but we were not able to learn its name until this year. Its seed was found in ten alfalfa samples and it never occurred more than in traces. We have not been able to learn the nature of this plant in alfalfa fields, but it is an annual and not likely to be troublesome. Robinson and Fernald{ give its range as, “ Plains and open soil Ind. to Neb. Tex. and Ariz.; introduced at Colum- bus, O.” No plants of it have been sent to us for identification. SULPHURED OR BLEACHED OATS. During the past year we have had several samples of oats sent in for germination tests. Growers who had sown seed from: lots which these samples represented found that only a few seeds * “ Synoptical Flora of North America” Vol. 1, part 1, p. 259. The older name of this plant is here given as 7. portulacastrum L. +U, S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 162:67. ~Gray’s New Manual of Botany. Seventh Ed. p. 703. 192 Report oF THE BorantcaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE sprouted. This had resulted in an entire failure of the crops and we were asked to determine the cause. In all of the samples, the seed was unusually light colored, bright, smooth, and vigorous in appearance. The very light color led us to suspect that it had been treated with sulphur fumes. This process is apparently quite frequently used in the West to improve the appearance of seed that has become moldy or dull looking and has been reported by several of the eastern experiment stations as one which has resulted in severe losses to oat crops. Samples of bleached oats were sent in to this Station for the first time during 1911. If properly carried out, the bleaching process does not mate- rially injure the viability of the seed, but if the seed is allowed to remain in the fumes for any great length of time much damage results and such seed is absolutely worthless for seeding purposes. It is said, however, that seed so treated does not lose its nutri- tive value and is not injurious to animals. Chemical tests of four samples made by Mr. A. W. Bosworth, Associate Chemist of this Station, showed that sulphuric acid was present in large quantities. Germination tests of the same samples show the following percentages of viable seed: SN a ice ceed nels, Septet trate ote aad eae See a 14 per ct. viable PAGE eNO Nett aa) cate toys Ue yeleuesorsyn ve aoe TiGus eatumaiors sip ie ereietuca ators 1 per ct. viable Samples NoHS sa sieges ok RPA SEE, CA aes none viable SPN NOs ed 8 cates assorted ce, s cicmu bias eines Ata eee none viable For detailed information concerning the bleaching of oats and barley seed with sulphur fumes and a method for detecting seed that has been so treated, the reader is referred to two publications of the United ‘States Department of Agriculture: Bureau of Plant Industry Cireulars No, 40, W. P. Carroll, “A Simple Method of Detecting Sulphured Barley and Oats,” and No. 74, Le Roy M. Smith, “ The Sulphur Bleaching of Commercial Oats and Barley.” A COMPARATIVE TEST OF LIME-SULPHUR, LEAD BENZOATE AND BORDEAUX MIX- TURE FOR SPRAYING POTATOES, * F, C, STEWART anp G. T. FRENCH. SUMMARY. This bulletin contains an account of an experiment designed to test the relative merits of lime-sulphur (1 to 40), lead ben- zoate (1 lb. to 50 gals.) and bordeaux mixture (6-6-50) for spraying potatoes. The experiment included 20 rows of potatoes, 412 ft. long. Each of the three spray mixtures was applied six times (at intervals of two weeks) to five rows and the remaining five rows served as checks. “ Bugs” were eliminated by making two applications of lead arsenate over the whole field. The spraying was done very thoroughly. There was no late blight, very few flea beetles and a very little early blight, in October. Tip burn was the only disease of consequence. In October the bordeaux rows were strikingly superior to all others. They were larger, freer from tip burn and lived longer. The lead benzoate rows were equal to the checks. The lime- sulphur rows were plainly smaller than the checks and as badly affected with tip burn. None of the mixtures burned the foliage. The bordeaux rows yielded 100.3 bu. per acre more than the checks, lead benzoate 6 bu. less than the checks, and lime-sulphur 39.5 bu. less than the checks. The results indicate plainly that neither lead benzoate nor lime-sulphur can be profitably substituted for bordeaux mixture in spraying potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence pos- sessed by bordeaux while lime-sulphur also dwarfs the plants and lowers the yield. INTRODUCTION. Within the past few years the lime-sulphur solution has largely superseded bordeaux mixture as a summer spray for apple scab. While probably as efficient as bordeaux in the control of scab it is less liable to burn the foliage and russet the fruit. Many fruit * A reprint of Bulletin No. 347, March, 1912; for ‘ Popular Edition,” see p. 830. [193] 7 194 Report oF THE BorantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE growers are using it, also, as a fungicide on the foliage of pears, plums, currants and gooseberries. With the rise in popularity of lime-sulphur as an orchard spray there has arisen the question as to its value in the potato field; that is to say, How does it compare with bordeaux as a spray for pota- toes? For orchardists who also grow potatoes it would be conven- ient to use in the potato field the same spray mixture that they use in their orchards. Besides, when used at a dilution of 1 to 40, lime-sulphur is somewhat cheaper than bordeaux. Some potato growers have already used lime-sulphur extensively during the past two or three years and a few have experimented with it more or less; but, as yet, few, if any, carefully conducted experiments with lime-sulphur on potatoes have been reported. Clinton states’ that, in Connecticut, in a season when there was but little bight, commercial lime-sulphur did not prolong the life of the vines or give increased yield while bordeaux mixture did both. In the Vermont experiment conducted by Jones and Gid- dings” the self-boiled lime-sulphur (Scott’s mixture) was used in- stead of the concentrated lime-sulphur solution with which we are dealing here. Lead benzoate was included in the experiment because a manu- facturer of this substance claims that it possesses marked fungi- cidal properties. PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT. Including an outside row and a row which fell in a dead-furrow (Row 13) there were 22 rows of potatoes in the experiment. The rows were 412 x 3 ft., 35.24 rows being required to make an acre. Adjoining the experiment field on the west was another potato field which made an outside row on that side unnecessary. Rows 2, 6, 10, 15 and 19 were sprayed with bordeaux. Rows 8, 7, 11, 16 and 20 were sprayed with lead benzoate. Rows 4, 8, 12, 17 and 21 were sprayed with lime-sulphur, Rows, 1, 5, 9, 14 and 18 were used for checks. 1Clinton, G. P. Report of the Station Botanist 1909-1910. Conn. Sta. Rpt. 1909-1910, Part 10:743. 1911. 2 Jones, L. R., and Giddings, N. J. Vt. Sta. Bul. 142:112-114, 1909. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 195 SOIL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS. The soil was heavy clay loam plowed in the fall and again in the spring. The previous crop was a light one of peas and oats. The field sloped toward the north sufficiently to afford excellent sur- face drainage. Planting was done May 22 and 23, the seed being of the variety Rural New Yorker No. 2. Furrows were opened with a plow and the seed pieces dropped by hand 15 inches apart the distance being determined by a gauge-rod marked at intervals of 15 inches. Each row received 14 pounds (500 Ibs. per acre) of a complete chemical fertilizer which was scattered in the open furrow by hand as uniformly as possible. With the exception of one light hoeing the cultivation was all done with a horse cultivator. PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF SPRAY MIXTURES. The bordeaux mixture used contained six pounds of copper sulphate and six pounds of unslaked lime in each fifty gallons (6-6-50 formula). The concentrated lime-sulphur solution used was taken from two different lots which had been prepared for use in the Station orchard. Both lots were made by the Geneva Station formula: BiG (90) PeTryetn MULE is 5a stew 2 o's oo oly os 40 lbs. Sulphur (high grade, finely ae Melee sola a 80 lbs. WEALD Ts cose slopate ais Biola sisi sey 0 a'Sela esis 60 aoe OO> Salg, One lot had a density of 23° B. the other, 24° B. Both were diluted at the rate of two gallons of the concentrated solution to fifty gallons of water. This is approximately the dilu- tion recommended for orchard spraying, namely, 1 to 40 when the density of the concentrated solution is 32° B. The lead benzoate used was in the form of a white paste which, according to the manufacturer, was 654 per ct. water. Three pounds of this paste (=1+ lbs. dry lead benzoate) were first thoroughly stirred into about two gallons of hot water and after- ward diluted to fifty gallons. 196 Report oF THE BotanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE Each of the three spray mixtures was applied six times. The first application was made on July 7 when the plants were six to eight inches high and the others followed at intervals of two weeks. For the control of Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs” arsenate of lead was used with all of the spray mixtures in the first two applications at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons. On the same dates the check rows were treated with three pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water.’ All of the spraying was done very thoroughly with a knapsack sprayer which was used also for applying arsenate of lead to the check rows. In the last two applications, when the plants were full grown, the spray mixtures were applied at the rate of about 200 gallons per acre. EFFECT ON THE FOLIAGE. For about seven weeks following planting the weather was very dry and the potatoes made a slow, spindling growth. Later, rain was more abundant and the plants improved so much that during August and the fore part of September the whole field looked well, although the plants were somewhat smaller than usual for this time of year. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was entirely absent. Early blight (Alternaria solani) appeared only to a slight extent, in October. There were very few flea beetles. ‘‘ Bugs” were kept under control so that they were not a factor in the results. The only disease of any consequence affecting the plants was a form of tip burn (a browning of the tips of the leaves) which appeared about September 10 and gradually increased in prevalence until all rows, excepting those sprayed with bordeaux, were killed by it. For some unknown reason this tip burn appeared earlier and was more destructive in the north than in the south half of the field. Its exact nature is unknown to the writers. But for the fact that the bordeaux rows were nearly free from it until after about October 10 it would have ~ 1Check Row 1 was treated with paris green (1 lb. to 50 gals.) instead of arsenate of lead. This was necessary because this row served also as a check in another experiment in which paris green was used on the checks. (oUN] poyYF[S-I1e YITM pouseziqa punois o1tg) ‘peep Ajiveu (oY) ST puw (ANYd[ns-oumy) PT ‘(9}eozZUEq pve) QT SMOY fodBI[OF [[NJ ul (xNvapsoq) ET Moy ‘8G UTAWALdAY NO GIGI LNANINGdXY 4O GN HLYON —]] GLVIg °g MOY UO s}UB Jo OZIs Ja][VUIS SUIMOYY ‘adBI[OF [[NJ UL (xNVEPIOG) YT MOY ‘pap (yooyo) G puv (InYdyNs-ourT]) g sMoy ‘CZ UTAOLIQ NO AIaIg LNAWIUGaXY FO ANY HLAOG UVaN —'A BLVIG New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIon. 197 passed for the natural breaking down of the tissues due to age. Such it may have been. It seems improbable that it could have been due to heat and drought (commonly held to be the cause of tip burn) because it did not appear until long after the hot, dry weather had passed. Neither is there any evidence that it was due to a parasitic organism. So far as could be determined none of the spray mixtures burned the foliage at any time and none of the injury can be attributed to that cause. Notwithstanding the scarcity of fungus and insect enemies the beneficial influence of the bordeaux mixture began to be manifest about the middle of September and, ultimately, became very marked. Plants sprayed with bordeaux appeared larger than the checks, were much freer from tip burn and lived longer. On the other hand, lead benzoate had no influence either way while lime-sulphur proved positively harmful. Lime-sulphur had a dwarfing effect. Plants sprayed with it were considerably smaller than check plants. How early this appeared we do not know. It was first recognized on September 16. Even at that time it was quite evident, but became more noticeable in October. That the lime-sulphur plants were actually smaller than the check plants there can be no doubt. Their stalks were shorter and of smaller diameter. Whether the leaves, also, were of smaller average size could not well be determined, owing to the numerous blemishes caused by tip burn.’ The lead benzoate, lime-sulphur and check rows appeared to be equally affected by tip burn and died at the same time. They died at the north (lower) end of the field between two and three 1 Lime-sulphur may slightly affect apple foliage in a similar manner. Dr. H. S. Reed (The Country Gentleman 77:7, Jan. 27, 1912) says: “In the spring when the leaves of certain varieties [of apple] are tender they may be dwarfed by the spray. This is usually done by application before the trees bloom. Lime-sulphur is especially likely to cause this dwarfing of the leaves.” In the spring of 1910 Mr. P. J. Parrott, Entomologist of this Station, called our attention to a pronounced dwarfing of early-formed apple leaves due to the use of lime-sulphur (1 to 40) in the Station orchard. The dwarfed leaves showed no lesions of any kind. They had not been burned by the spray. The damage done must have been very small. Hartzell (N. Y. [State] Sta. Bul. 331:580) has described a dwarfing of grape berries which he attributes to lime-sulphur with which the grapes had been sprayed. 198 Report oF THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE weeks earlier than at the south (upper) end. The gradual decline and death of the plants progressed steadily from the north toward the south end of the field. From about October 1 to October 27 the bordeaux rows were very conspicuous because of their superior condition. The first killing frost occurred during the night of October 27. At this time the bordeaux rows were still quite green throughout the south half of their length and dead throughout the north half. All other rows had been entirely dead for more than a week. EFFECT ON THE YIELD. At digging time the product of each row was carefully sorted and weighed separately. No rotten tubers were found. The yield by rows was as follows: TasLe I.— YieLvps In Potato SPRAYING EXPERIMENT. ie ; Yield per row.* Yield per acre. (Computed). Row. Treatment. os Market- Market- able Small able Small tubers. tubers. tubers. tubers. Lbs. Lbs Bu. Bu. Mei@heelk:: oo ete ie AA aces 353 9.5 207 .3 5.6 DL BOTdeaux cr. oe eae 488.5 9.5 286.9 5.6 Sijipluead benzoateri-. S214. 425 ee 321 13.6 188.5 7.9 40 | iime-sulphure: see ae see ae 266 12 156.2 7 Bl Checks kha ee eee: 323.5 9 190 Bo 6:4) "Bordeaux. on ee ete ee 481 8 282.5 4.7 7 | elena benzoate... eee eee ceo 323 9 189.7 peo 8'i| Lime-sulphur.cs a2 ee. eee 245 10 143.9 5.9 Or Check. ieee ae eee eee 291 11 170.9 6.4 10}|) Bordeaux! 2 toa eaes eae 486 9.5 285.4 5.6 ol Dead“ benzoates...ce cee eae eee 249 ili! 146.2 6.4 12 |Abime-sulphuree. 4. oat 246.5 11 144.7 6.4 13 He Dead-furrows. i... cle saves cies ' Yileld not tak/en. 14 jrGheckhiter sie. | aot, 105. ee 265.5 155 155.9 9 PS HUBordenux oat te. Selec ers 477 12 280.1 7 16 tiv Iceadtbenzoate: 9235 ee 286.5 15 168 .2 8.8 17) |Lime-sulphurmns, ..tatecee. nee 195 15 114.5 8.8 1Sial Check!-vites i Saat ews bee 263 15 154.4 | 8.8 194|"Bordesuxs. Ste88 f Short 8: 417 ll 244.9 6.4 20 |\itheadbenzoate. ....5.055%.. 28.. 2 266 12 156.2 7 21 | Mimessulphur. aes. 0 ne... tet 207 14 121.5 8.2 * Rows 412 X 3 ft. 35.24 rows—1 acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199 Average yield of check rows ....... 175.7 bu. per acre.’ Average yield of bordeaux rows...... 276 bu. per acre. Average yield of lead benzoate rows.. 169.7 bu. per acre. Average yield of lime-sulphur rows.. 136.2 bu. per acre. Gain from .use.of bordeaux, ....4» «+. 100.3 bu. per acre. Loss from use of lead benzoate ..... 6 bu. per acre. Loss from use of lime-sulphur ...... 39.5 bu. per acre. At the time of the second spraying, check rows 1 and 5 were sprayed with bordeaux by mistake. Because of this it is probable that their yield is slightly greater than it should be and it may well be argued that the first two sections (Rows 1 to 8) of the experiment should be rejected. However, to do so would not alter the figures materially. If we take into consideration only the last three sections (Rows 9 to 21) the results are as follows: Gain from use of bordeaux.......... 109.7 bu. per acre. Loss from use of lead benzoate........ 3.5 bu. per acre. Loss from use of lime-sulphur....... 35.5 bu. per acre. The difference between bordeaux and lime-sulphur is slightly greater by the second than by the first method of calculation. Considering the dwarfed condition of the plants on the lime- sulphur rows it is not strange that these rows gave a lower yield than the check rows. On the other hand, the difference in yield between lead benzoate and check rows is probably small enough to come within the limit of experimental error. In the absence of any apparent difference in foliage this small difference in yield should not be accepted as conclusive evidence that the influence of the lead benzoate was harmful. On the bordeaux rows the tubers were of very large average size. Many of them were so large that, probably, they could not have been sold for full market price. CONCLUSION. The results of this experiment are so striking that but one con- clusion can be drawn, viz., that neither lead benzoate nor lime- ~ 1 Marketable tubers. 200 Report oF THE Botranicat DEPARTMENT OF THE sulphur can be profitably substituted for bordeaux mixture in the spraying of potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence’ pos- sessed by bordeaux and, besides, lime-sulphur has a tendency to dwarf the plants and lower the yield. However, it will be neces- sary to repeat this experiment several times before the relative efficiency of the different spray mixtures can be definitely stated. The differences obtained in this experiment are undoubtedly extreme. Under other conditions the results might have been very dif- ferent. The unusually long growing season (158 days) gave the bordeaux an opportunity to exert its influence to the full extent. Had the plants been killed by frost about October 1, as frequently happens, the differences in yield would have been much smaller. so, had the spraying been less thorough there would have been less benefit from the bordeaux and less injury from the lime-sul- phur. In light applications, such as are commonly made by farmers who use horse-power sprayers, the injurious effect of the lime-sulphur would probably not be great enough to attract atten- tion. Had there been a severe attack of blight the results might have been different. The value of lead benzoate and lime-sulphur for the prevention of potato blight is yet unknown, but it is improbable that either is superior to bordeaux mixture for this purpose. Postscript.— Since this bulletin was written we find in the Journal of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland (Vol. XII, No. 2, Jan., 1912), an account of an experiment made by Dr. Pethybridge in Ireland. In this experiment three applications of lime-sulphur solution (dilution not stated) proved utterly useless as a preventive of blight (Phytophthora infestans). 1 Although unable to explain the process, physiologically, the writers are confident that bordeaux preserves the foliage, prolongs the life and increases the yield of potato plants even in the absence of parasitic organisms. The experiment reported in this bulletin is only one of several in which we have observed what we consider evidence of the stimulative influence of bordeaux. While this view is held by many experimenters there are some who dispute it. (See article by O. Kirchner in Ztschr. Pflanzenkr. 18:65-81. 1908.) LIME-SULPHUR vs. BORDEAUX MIXTURE AS A SPRAY FOR POTATOES, IL. * M. T. MUNN. SUMMARY. The experiment herein described is, in the main, a repetition of an experiment made in 1911. The results of the 1912 experi- ment agree essentially with those obtained in rg11. Plainly, the lime-sulphur solution is not to be recommended as a spray for potatoes. Six applications of bordeaux mixture prolonged the life of the plants about two weeks and increased the yield of marketable tubers at the rate of 111.5 bu. per acre; while rows receiving six applications of lime-sulphur died earlier, even, than the check rows. Tipburn, and late blight (Phytophthora infestans) associated with and following which is the common rot of the potato tubers, were the chief diseases encountered in the experiment. Both were largely controlled by bordeaux. Lime-sulphur, on the contrary, dwarfed the plants and aggravated the tipburn, although, so far as could be determined, it did not burn the foliage. The effect of lime-sulphur on late blight and rot (Phytophthora in- festans) is uncertain, but, apparently, it did not check them. INTRODUCTION. During the year 1911 an experiment designed to test the re- lative merits of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate, and bordeaux mixture, as a spray for potatoes, was conducted; and a detailed report upon it was given by F. C. Stewart and G. T. French in Bulletin No. 347 of this Station. It was deemed advisable to repeat this experiment during the past season along similar lines, but to omit the use of lead benzoate as it was conclusively shown that this material possessed no merits as a spray for potatoes. * A reprint of Bulletin No. 352, November, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see p. 850. [201] 202 Report oF THE BoTAanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENT. PLAN. The experiment field consisted of an area 212x51 feet which allowed 17 rows, each 212 feet long and 3 feet wide, each row thus containing approximately one sixty-ninth of an acre. After excluding a row on each side of the field as an outside row, there remained 5 series of rows with 3 rows in each series. Row No. 1 of each series was sprayed with bordeaux mixture, Row No. 2 with lime-sulphur and Row No. 3 was retained as a check. By this arrangement Rows 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 were sprayed with bordeaux mixture, Rows 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14, with lime-sulphur, and Rows 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 were not sprayed. CULTURE OF CROP. The slope of the field was sufficient to afford good surface drainage. The soil was a heavy clay loam. The field produced a crop of wheat the previous year and was plowed in the spring. Before planting, the area was harrowed twice. Seed of the variety Sir Walter Raleigh was planted by hand on May 24. Furrows were opened with a plow and the seed pieces placed 15 inches apart by the use of a gauge-rod. No fertilizer of any kind was applied at the time of planting. A horse cultivator was used during the season to keep the soil in good tilth. In addition to this, one light hoeing was given during the early summer. The cultivation, as a whole, was such as would be given a potato field on any well regulated farm. PREPARATION OF THE SPRAY MIXTURES. The concentrated lime-sulphur solution used was taken from a stock prepared for use in the station orchards, according to the Geneva Station Formula: Bame- (Oo. per ct. Pure). .rcsceure sara erelsia weet’ eke le feunte tate miata se oie eae 38 Ibs. Sulphur (hight‘grade,“finelly sdividedMi. So thieseiasine ~clete italien 80 lbs. WUE Te ceutitvs lors siodee o.s: tie «ae ce.ave «5 “syare elle, oe leltesel stage ove ahelle ieiiete Ronchi erence ae 50 gal. This concentrate tested 24° Beaumé, and in order to reduce this mixture to the strength recommended for orchard spraying (1 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203 to 40 when the density of the concentrate is 32° Beaumé), it was diluted at the rate of two gallons of the concentrate to fifty gallons of water. The bordeaux mixture used was prepared from stock solutions and according to the 6-4-50 formula, thereby containing six pounds of copper ay alee and four pounds of unslaked lime in each fifty gallons. The arsenate of lead used for the control of bugs was in the form of a thick paste and was used at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons of the spray mixture, or to fifty gallons of water in the case of the check rows. TIME AND NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS. On July 9, when the plants were about six to eight inches high, the first application of the two sprays was given. This was re- peated every two weeks until the vines were entirely dead. Six applications in all were made during the season. In order to control the Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs,” arsenate of lead, at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons of the spray mixture, was added and applied with the first two spray- ings. On these same dates the check rows were sprayed with three pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water. Following the first spraying it was found that the bugs were not as efficiently controlled on the lime-sulphur rows as they were on the other rows. The cause of this is uncertain, but was perhaps due to a lack of care in mixing the lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. In order to control the bugs it was neces- sary to spray the entire field again in two days with three pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water. This spraying and the addition of poison in the next regular spraying completely controlled the bugs for the entire season, and the use of a poison was thereafter discontinued. Both of the spray mixtures were applied with a knapsack sprayer, which permitted a very thorough spraying in every case. The rate of application varied from 150 to 200 gallons per acre, depending upon the size of the plants, and the season. 904 Report oF THE BoTranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE RESULTS. EFFECT OF THE SPRAYS ON THE FOLIAGE, In addition to the desirability of testing the value of lime-sul- phur as compared with bordeaux as a preventive of potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) it was one of the objects of this experi- ment to determine the effect of the two preparations on the foliage. At short intervals during the season notes were taken upon the condition of the foliage in the experimental field. The weather following planting was such as to induce a satisfactory growth, and at the end of the sixth week the plants were about eight inches high, in full foliage, even all over the field, and growing vigorously. At this time, July 9, the first application of the spray mixtures was given. Previous to the third spraying all the rows looked very uniform in size and color of foliage, but on August 6, following the third spraying, more yellow and dead leaves were noticed on the lower branches of the plants in the lime-sulphur rows and the check rows, than on the bordeaux rows, which, with the exception of an occasional dead leaf, were entirely free and presented a vigorous appearance. Flea-beetle injury, while very slight, was more prevalent on the lime-sulphur and check rows than on the bordeaux rows, no doubt due to the deterrent properties of the bordeaux. About August 16 tip- burn appeared and continued to increase gradually in ex- tent upon the lime-sulphur rows and the checks until the end of the season. The bordeaux rows were nearly free from it during the entire season while on the limesulphur rows it appeared as if the trouble was aggravated by the lime-sulphur spray. A large percentage of the plants in the lime-sulphur rows were completely dead from the effects of the tipburn several days before many plants had died in the check rows. It cannot be stated that this trouble called tipburn was due to insufficient mois- ture owing to the fact that it appeared more destructive during the latter part of the season and at a time when rains were frequent, often preventing cultivation for several days. It also appeared more destructive on the north half of the field which was slightly lower than the south half of the field. ‘peep Ajrvou sMOI YOoyD ‘pvop AjaitjUe SMO INYC[Ns-ouII] ‘aBerpoy [[NJ UL sMol xnveplog ‘1% UTANALAGg NO GTA IVLNAWIUdaXY AO GNY HLAOG WOUE MAIA—'TA ALVIg New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205 On August 20, attention was attracted to the slightly smaller size of plants in the lime-sulphur rows as compared with those in the bordeaux rows and the checks. This difference became quite marked on August 25 when it could be plainly seen that the plants in the lime-sulphur rows were smaller in size, not as spreading or bushy, and the stems appeared smaller, when coro- pared with plants in the other rows. This difference was noticeable throughout the remainder of the season. On September 3, late blight (Phytophthora infestans), which caused much tuber rot later in the season, was found to be pre- valent in a nearby potato field, but it did not appear in the experimental field until September 25 when it was found on the check rows upon a number of living plants that still remained in those rows, and also upon the few living plants that still re- mained in the lime-sulphur rows. The number of living plants was considerably smaller in the lime-sulphur rows than in the check rows. All of the plants then alive in both rows were soon killed by the combined attack of the tipburn and the blight. The late appearance of the Phytophthora blight in the field was perhaps due to the somewhat small growth of potato foliage caused by a lack of fertility in the soil. In nearby potato fields the foliage blight was prevalent and followed by a severe rotting of the potato tubers. A very little early blight (Macrosporiwm solant) occurred in September. The superior condition of the bordeaux rows first became ap- parent about August 20 and the difference became conspicuous during the latter part of the season. On October 17, the date upon which they were harvested, the bordeaux rows still con- tained several living plants. They outlived the lime-sulphur and check rows over two weeks. YIELDS. The following table shows the kind of treatment, also the yield as determined by carefully sorting and weighing each row separately at the time of digging. 206 Report oF THE BotTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE TaBLE I.— CoMPaARATIVE YIELDS OF PoTaTors SPRAYED WitTH LIME-SULPHUR AND BorDEAUX MIXTURE. Yield per row. Computed yield per acre. Row Kind of No. Srosbinieny. Market- Small | Rotten Market Small | Rotten} Total able | tubers. | tub Bele gabon: | tubers. | Saale tubers, | tubers. | tubers. | , pers. | tubers. | tubers. | yield. Lbs Lbs Lbs. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 1 | Bordeaux....... 217.5 | 10.0 1.0} 246.6] 11.4 el |) a0 2 | Lime-sulphur....} 148.0 | 17.0 9.0] 168.9} 19.4}; 10.2) 198.5 SiipCheck.c ec ing. 1387.5 | 10.0} 64.5] 156.9) 11.4] 73.9 | 242.2 4 | Bordeaux....... 283.5 9.0 8.0 | 3238.6] 10.2 9.1 | 342.9 5 | Lime-sulphur....| 154.0 5.5] 44.5 | 175.8 6.2] 50.8 | 2382.8 6) |p@hecke og. k. 163.5 7.0} 86.0 | 186.6 7.9 | 98.1 | 292.6 7 | Bordeaux....... 276.0 5.0 6.0} 315.1 ai 6.9 | 327.7 8 | Lime-sulphur....| 166.0 5.5 16.5 189.5 6.2 18.8} 214.5 Ouiw@heck:,..5 25... <2. 134.5 6.0} 88.0} 153.5 6.9 | 100.4 | 260.8 10 | Bordeaux....... 236.0 4.0 5.0} 269.4 4.5 5.7 | 279.6 11 | Lime-sulphur....| 152.0 DOM pel SsOn| ideo 6.2] 20.5} 200.2 eel eChecks eras. 148.5 5.0] 51.5] 169.5 Det oGnd |) 2aone 13 | Bordeaux....... 200.0 6.0 0.0 | 228.3 6.9 0.0} 235.2 14 | Lime-sulphur....| 131.0] 10.0 10] 149.5; 11.4 Vet |) 16250 15°{* Checks | rus, . 140.0 9.0 4.0} 159.0] 10.2 4.5 | 173.7 TasBLe I].— SumMMARIZED YIELDS OF PoTATOES SPRAYED WITH LimE-SULPHUR AND BorpEAuX MIXTURE. Average yield per acre. Kind of treatment. ee Smaliiel etter Ts cubes. tubers. | tubers. Bu. Bu, Bu. Bu. Bordeauxsmixture-. eee see eee oe 276.6 vail 4.5 288 .8 DBime-sulphur: : oe 800... ce ee Ee ele cee 171.4 9.8 20.3 201.5 Ghechi pach toc oe at cae ere en Te en 165.1 8.4 67.1 240.6 Gain from use of bordeaux 111.5 bu. marketable tubers per acre. Gain from use of lime-sulphur, 6.3 bu. marketable tubers per acre. Gain from use of bordeaux, 48.2 bu. in total yield per acre. Loss from use of lime-sulphur, 39.1 bu. in total yield per acre. Although showing a considerably smaller total yield, the lime- sulphur rows gave a slightly larger yield of marketable tubers than did the check rows. This is due to the smaller loss from rot on the lime-sulphur rows. This was only 20.3 bushels as New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207 against 67.1 bushels per acre on the check rows. One un- familiar with the experiment might draw the conclusion that lime-sulphur has some value as a preventive of tuber rot. How- ever, the facts in the case do not warrant such a conclusion. The correct interpretation seems to be as follows: There was less tuber rot on the lime-sulphur rows because at the time blight attacked the field there were fewer live plants on these rows. Many were already dead and incapable of taking blight, conse- quently they were incapable of transmitting the disease to the tubers. On the check rows there were more living plants for the disease to attack. Such plants as were still alive on the lime-sul- phur rows seemed to be quite as severely attacked as those on check rows, but the data on this point are insufficient for definite conclusions. It is also worthy of note that all the rotten tubers on the bordeaux rows were found in a slight depression at the north end of the field, where the surface water from rains flowed across the rows and undoubtedly carried spores from the adjoining in- fected rows. No blight was found upon plants in_ the bordeaux rows at any time during the season. There was a marked difference in the size of the tubers from the rows under different kinds of treatment. Tubers from the bordeaux rows were somewhat larger than those from the check rows and considerably larger than those from the lime-sulphur rows. It is not strange that the lime-sulphur rows gave a lower yield than the check rows when one considers the dwarfed condition of the plants in those rows and the fact that a great many of the plants were dead several days before those in the check rows. Although blight did not appear until late in the season after a large percentage of the plants had died, so that the amount of foliage affected was not large, the severity of the tuber rot is sur- prising. It is evident that under favorable weather conditions a small amount of blight may cause a heavy loss from tuber rot. 208 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT. CONCLUSIONS. The information at hand is quite sufficient as a basis for some final conclusions. It seems evident that limesulphur is not destined to take the place of bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes, in spite of the fact that it is cheaper and no doubt very convenient to use. Under more favorable conditions, in which late blight occurred earlier in the season and to a greater extent, the treatment with lime-sulphur might have produced different results, but at present it is not promising. However, the experi- ments have not been carried far enough to determine what may be expected under favorable conditions. The lime-sulphur proved harmless to the potato foliage as far as burning is concerned, but it proved to have a distinct dwarfing effect quite similar to that noted in the previous season’s experi- ment. The lime-sulphur also lacked the beneficial or stimulative effect derived from the bordeaux mixture which preserved the foliage and prolonged the life of the plants and thereby increased the yield even in the partial absence of fungus diseases. It could not be determined at just what time in the season or after which application the dwarfing effect of the lime-sulphur first occurred, but it was first noticeable on August 20 at the time of the fourth spraying, and on August 25 following this spraying it became quite marked. It therefore appears that the injury 1s cumulative. The benefical effect of the bordeaux on the foliage was observed on August 6 or approximately two weeks before the injurious effect of the lime-sulphur was noticed, when it was plainly evident that there were many yellow and dead leaves on the lower branches of plants in the lime-sulphur rows and in the check rows while there were practically none on the bordeaux rows which held their foliage throughout the seasom In general, then, we are led to the same conclusions published in last year’s bulletin on a similar experiment, namely, that spraying potatoes with bordeaux mixture increases the yield of tubers and prolongs the life of the plants; while the use of lime-sulphur dwarfs the plants, causes them to die earlier, and causes an appre- ciable loss in yield. Certain it is that spraying potatoes with bordeaux mixture should not be omitted by the potato grower. POTATO SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS, 1902-1911.* F. C. STEWART, G. T. FRENCH anp F. A. SIRRINE SUMMARY. This bulletin gives a detailed account of the potato spraying experiments conducted by the Station in 1911 and a summary of results obtained in similar experiments made during the nine years preceding. In the so-called ten-year experiments the ten-year average increase in yield is as follows: At Geneva, three sprayings, 69 bu. per acre. At Geneva, five to seven sprayings, 97.5 bu. per acre. At Riverhead, three sprayings, 25 bu. per acre. At Riverhead, five to seven sprayings, 45.7 bu. per acre. In the farmers’ business experiments (6 to 15 each year) the nine-year averages are as follows: Increase in yield, 36.1 bu. per acre. Total expense of spraying, $4.74 per acre. Net profit from spraying, $14.43 per acre. In 205 volunteer experiments, covering seven years, the aver- age increase in yield was 54.3 bu. per acre. These experiments demonstrate, beyond doubt, that the spray- ing of potatoes is highly profitable in New York. Spraying with bordeaux mixture should be commenced when the plants are six to eight inches high and repeated at intervals of 10 to 14 days throughout the season, making five to seven applications in all. Some poison should be added to the bordeaux whenever bugs or flea beetles sre plentiful. The spraying should be very thorough—the more thorough the better. INTRODUCTION. Does it pay to spray potatoes in New York? Potato growers have long asked this question. It is well known that in seasons * A reprint of Bulletin No. 349, June, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see p- 831. [209] 210 Report or THE BotTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE when blight is destructive spraying will check the blight and considerably increase the yield; but the majority of potato grow- ers have doubted that spraying is profitable on the average. They argue that blight does not appear every year. In some seasons it causes but little if any damage, yet the spraying must be done regularly because it is impossible to foretell the appear- ance of blight. The result is that in some seasons spraying is profitable while in others it is unprofitable and growers doubt that the aggregate gain will repay the expense of spraying for a series of years. The Station set out to find an answer to the above question. The investigation was begun in 1902 and concluded in 1911. During ten consecutive years several potato spraying experiments have been made each year. These experiments are of three kinds: (1) Station ten-year experiments (two each year), car- ried out entirely by the Station; (2) farmers’ business experi- ments (12 to 15 each year), conducted by farmers in codperation with the Station; (3) farmers’ volunteer experiments carried out entirely by farmers. This bulletin gives details of the experi- ments made in 1911 and a summary of the results obtained in the previous nine years. Bulletins of this series previously published are: No. 221. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1902; No. 241. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1903; No. 264. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1904; No. 279. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1905; No. 290. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1906; No. 307. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1907; No. 311. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1908; No. 323. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1909; No. 338. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1910. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. bal SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS PRIOR TO 1911. RESULTS IN 1902. TABLE I.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1902. Series. Rows.* Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.t Bu. lbs. ee ysl blds eeandutonw so. uly Ozanne Aue. 2. ee aoa erm nee 317 41 10 yA pana 27 ONS ana lau see June 25, July 10, 23, 30, Aug. 12, 26 and Sept. OS cite terete s are rte fous vend Sreua ovcyerwevenesay a toss 342 36 4 TI. 3. oy Gy Qiandel Sas sse Not sprayed stains & SS8 Sah ae. 15 219 * Rows 10, 11 and 12 omitted because of probable error. t The yields given in Tables I to XVIII relate to marketable tubers only. Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 984 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 1234 bu. per acre. The unsprayed rows died two weeks earlier than the sprayed rows, owing chiefly to a severe attack of late blight. They were also somewhat injured by flea beetles, but there was no early blight. On unsprayed rows the loss from rot was 7$ per ct.; on sprayed rows only an occasional tuber. TABLE IJ.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1902. Series Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. TAS Pe Dae Sana ll sty May 26, June 20 and July 12............... 295 20 1 eae V4 ands Otneaa se May 26, June 3, 20, 30, July a1. 23 and Aug. 5.| 312 35 128 ee ae SO; Oland H2e ants oe Not sprayed WR Fae ea eh. sabre) ena 267 40 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 27% bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 45 bu. per acre. In this experiment there were only traces of early blight and no late blight. The larger yield on sprayed rows was due to par- tial protection against flea beetles which were rather plentiful at times. There was no rot. 212 Report oF THE BotanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE RESULTS IN 1903. TABLE III.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1903. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. | (Aaa 1,(4, 7,10 and. 13... .)|| July 14, 28 and Aupi26.. soon eee eee 262 — Wes 7058) LL and 14... 4|| duly 7, 20, Aug: 7, 2lvand sept. oon ee eonnees 292 10 LD) Baie 3; 65:9, 12 and 153. ..\|) Notisprayed..niccs eooke ook tec 174 20 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 88 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 118 bu. per acre. Three sprayings prolonged the life of the plants 11 days; five sprayings, 18 days. There was no early blight and the injury from flea beetles was only slight. Late blight was again the chief enemy. The loss from rot was even less than in 1902. TABLE IV.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1903. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. ] Ore eee 14,0 and 10). 0260. June, Mulyzce aa Ae der a1 See Sete 246 45 | fi oe Ob Siandallicn eee Jimejo ne 4o illyidseoe aNGuAtC Sion ne ener on 263 10 1 Be ia 3) 6; 9'and 12070 oo: INOUIEDIBVEG scree cs eae ecm eee 207 10 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 393 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 56 bu. per acre. The sprayed rows outlived those unsprayed by several days. Late blight and flea beetles were the chief enemies. Early blight, also, caused slight damage. On the unsprayed rows the loss from rot was 2 per ct.; on those sprayed, practically nothing. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213 RESULTS IN 1904. TABLE V.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1904. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. | Bu. Ibs. Ls Ae ea 1Oandilse... |PuUly: Loser and ApS 1D. oe ct ass eee e oie 344 30 1 ee 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....} July 8, 22 and Ate Poisand 29;...2) so 386 40 10) eee 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15....} Not sprayed i TRE SS. Fee te Se Se 153 25 Increase in yield due to spraying three tumes, 191 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five tumes, 233 bu. per acre. Spraying prolonged the life of the plants 25 days. Late blight was the only trouble. On both sprayed and unsprayed rows there was a little rot at digging time. In storage, the sprayed potatoes rotted most. Spraying materially improved the cooking qualities. TABLE VI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1904. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Bee 2 lee evo (e ba eae core Junest4y Sulys2tand Aug) Ole ye a-nation celasers 257 58 1 ieee oe Dao eange ile. |. .5 ke June 14, 27, July 11, 26, Aug. 9 and 22....... 297 45 Te se 336) 9.and 12055) oo: NOt sprayed): tart. ts. at ower de - os Baha eke 201 25 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 564 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 964 bu. per acre. The larger yield on sprayed rows was due chiefly to partial protection against flea beetles which were unusually abundant. Both early and late blight were also present. The loss from rot was 38 per ct. on Series I, 1 per ct. on Series II, and 6 per ct. on Series III. 914 Report oF THE BoTranticaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE RESULTS IN 1905. TABLE VII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1905. Series. Rows.* Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Wega Ae Aces AO ANG IS. 2 oct July: 3s Aug: T,and\25e: -..t0d 9. 5ccke See ee 228 45 Lt eee 5,8, ddoand 1475. 2 ae June 29, July 13, 27, ig 12 ‘and (24: Fee 05, 241 15 or? 639° 12 and 155525): Not sprayed yav’e'abaite'gs oametaae atcromy shetars Bee ote a ea 121 52 * Rows 1, 2 and 3 omitted because of error. Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 107 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 119% bu. per acre. From the combined attack of flea beetles, tip burn and late blight the unsprayed rows died fully two weeks earlier than the sprayed ones. Spraying reduced the loss from rot at the rate of 41 bushels per acre. There was no subsequent rot in storage, TABLE VIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1905. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. 1 Deena 1, 4, 7,10 and 13....| June 14, July 18 and Aug. 11............... 253 — Wet. 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] June 14, 30, July 14, 28 and Aug. 11......... 302 41 HN Cee 376) Ol 2vand.15..2 3| Notisprayegrens oa er eb auc aes 221 38 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 314 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 82 bu. per acre. Late blight caused no injury in this experiment and there was not even a trace of rot. Flea beetles and early blight were the enemies fought. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 215 RESULTS IN 1906. TABLE IX.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1906. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. See ae. 1Orandela Se uly 9, Aug TOL and GUp cfops 2 cis) 0 cpeforeusacnaia ee s-4 227 25 1) res 205) So Lieand: 14% Joly’ 65 20) Aug: 6,20) and. 20. oe, Soveueigee or 258 40 1 UU ea es S160% 1o-and ae te NOt Bprayed cee mone coe Ae son acaeroe ener 195 40 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 313 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 63 bu. per acre. Late blight, early blight, flea beetles and tip burn were all factors in this experiment, but none of them caused much damage. Spraying controlled blight and flea beetles completely and tip burn partially. The loss from rot was negligible, only four rot- ten tubers being found in the entire experiment. TABLE X.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1906. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs Weise « 14,0, LOand 13.) dune 12) July Stand Aug. Gis. 5 .6 © dese foto 2 172 — eae ae 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 12, 25, July 10, 25 and Aug. 6.......... 203 45 11 | Gale ene SMOH Ol aaNOel Opa ie INObBDIA YOU. avcin cc dele carci cas ors aaneeus a, arate 150 30 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 214 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 534 bu. per acre. In the experiment at Riverhead the principal enemies were late blight and flea beetles, there being a moderate attack of both. Early blight was not sufficiently abundant to cause material in- jury. There was no loss from rot. 216 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE RESULTS IN 1907. TABLE XI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1907. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Tr. 14) v,d0 and 13...) July 16;-Aug. 9 and247 <0 ao deat eaae 220 15 Eta 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] July 15, 24, Aug. 9, 24 and Sept. 17......... 249 50 11 ae 826; 9:12 and 155! <1 Not-sprayed wee. 4 cpiere die ec reh aenee alae 176 10 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 44 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 73% bu. per acre. Late blight and rot were wholly absent and early blight ap- peared only in traces. There was some tip burn and a light at- tack of flea beetles. Considering the seemingly small amount of damage done by blight and insects it is remarkable that spraying should have increased the yield so much. TABLE XII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1907. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. ‘See 174; 7, 10.and“43-.. .| Juneil9) July 25 andvAup: 15400 peu. eps - 186 45 II......] 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 19, July 2, 17, 31, Aug. 15 and 29....... 200 5 1 ee ae 3n6:.9; 12:and' 15:2 NOt Sprayed’). cp cn 2 oe ene tee ear 168 50 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 18 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 31} bu. per acre. There was some early blight, but no late blight. Flea beetles were plentiful and caused much damage. The larger yield of the sprayed rows is to be attributed to their partial protection against flea beetles and early blight. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 217 RESULTS IN 1908. TABLE XIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1908. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. ee 47 10 and) 135-23) duly Sel df ANG AULT Ose cick sie od sluesoe eo 155 40 EES .| 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| July 3, 17, Aug. 3, 18, Sept. 1, and 16........ 165 10 ESS > 2 SRG te angel oo-4 | DINOUIBDES VEO eae s cies cc clelcles oes cinch orece oa aontskers 126 10 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 294 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 39 bu. per acre. There was no early blight, no late blight and no rot. Flea beetles caused slight damage to the unsprayed rows, most of which occurred after September 1st. The chief trouble was tip burn, which was quite severe. The sprayed rows of Series II outlived the unsprayed rows of Series III by about five days owing, ap- parently, to the smaller amount of tip burn and flea beetle injury on the sprayed rows. TABLE XIV.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1908. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. ert: 14. 7-10'and 13--.2| gune Lit July 9'and Aug4 = 02 oe fo Soe ee 147 35 Lo eee 2,5, 8, ll and 14....| June 11, 25, July 9, 24 and Aug. 4........... 152 10 Tilochoms 3x6; OyWlDandal Sica Not sprayed sau ( o> a sitele.-.s craacderd onictaaccesteen. « 136 50 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 103 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 153 bu. per acre. In this experiment there was some early blight and a moderate attack of flea beetles, but no late blight and no rot. During July considerable damage was done by aphids which were not checked by the spraying. 918 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE RESULTS IN 1909. TABLE XV.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1909. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Tey cee 14:47, 10 and 13......\| dulyO)23tandvAug sith eer eae eee 162 20 1) ete 2,5, 8, ll and 14....| July 9, 23, Aug. 11, 27, Sept. 10 and 24...... 173 25 iE ee 3,6, 19) 12'and 15.7 53" Net sprayed) e051) 5. he eae! ere eee ae 123 40 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 383 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 49% bw. per acre. Early blight, late blight and rot were all absent. Some injury from flea beetles was noticeable throughout the season. After Sep- tember 1 there was considerable tip burn. As late as September 24 the difference between sprayed and unsprayed rows appeared slight. The sprayed rows held most of their foliage until killed by frost on October 14. TABLE XVI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1909. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.* Bu. Ibs. 1 Canes 14540; LOrandulo.. 4 dune lt dulya Gand dilic.- siiecus riecioe ee 136 30 10 eer 2,5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 11, 25, July 9, 24, Aug. 6, and 21....... 160 20 0 cio 3, 6; '9> 12:and-15 5...) Not-sprayed anc cece etre ranaere i teeornrnewinn 107 50 * Marketable tubers only. Owing to their small average size it was deemed advisable to make two grades of the marketable tubers; ‘‘ firsts ’ which sold for 80 cents per bushel and “ seconds ” which sold for 40 cents. The increase in yield due to spraying was chiefly in the grade of ‘‘ firsts,” the yields being as follows: rae Rows sprayed three times, 75} bu. ‘‘ firsts ’’ and 61} bu. “‘ seconds; ” rows sprayed six times, 100 bu. “‘ firsts ”’ and 604 bu. ‘‘ seconds; ’’ unsprayed rows, 50 bu. “ firsts ”’ and 57§ bu. ‘‘ seconds.” Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 28% bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 524 bu. per acre. There was a little early blight, but no late blight and no rot. After July 15 the plants suffered from both drought and flea beetles. From this time until the plants were all dead the sprayed rows were noticeably superior to the unsprayed ones. This differ- ence was more marked during the last week in July than on August 21. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 219 RESULTS IN 1910. TABLE X VIJ.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1910. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Dee et.. « 4s 7 LOrandul sede al vulyeor 20)and Auips Sean se. eis cas bites iene 244 30 10 Wes Sie 2, 5, 8 11 and 14....] July 6, 20, Aug. 3, 18, Sept. 2 and 19........ 285 25 191 Wa eata a SUGVOe 12 andelny.ya|MiNOtADLAyeG an yer. ytciae sh ies cate ciate oh einer 222 35 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 22 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 63 bu. per acre. A very little damage was done by flea beetles and early blight. The chief factor was late blight which appeared about the middle of September and wrought considerable havoe in the north one- third of the field. In this region there was, also, some loss from rot — 43 bu. per acre on Series I, 10.8 bu. on Series II and 37.2 bu. on Series ITI. TABLE X VIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1910.* Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. eee 4. Tl Oland 1S) .3.0.02 UNE ulyy LGrangeAup 1st. lersiercicrsian 163 45 DD y.fe22 5% & Sst Livand: 147 oi 558): June 20; July/3;.16, Aug $l andlsin. a-iss te 174 22 ao ae GSE T2andidig ns. see IN Gt SPLA VCC iy tracker settee deletes a Meroe ore aes ete s 148 57 * Incorrectly reported in Bulletin 338. Rows 1, 2 and 3 should have been excluded because of their irregular yields due to some other cause than spraying. Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 14% bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times 254 bu. per acre. The plants suffered severely from drought and were moderately attacked by flea beetles, plant lice and early blight; but late blight and rot were wholly absent. 220 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE DETAILS OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS IN 1911. AT GENEVA, During 1911 the experiment at Geneva was carried out in prac- tically the same manner as in previous years. As usual, there were fifteen rows 290.4 feet long by three feet wide. Planting was done by hand on May 22 and 23. The variety was Rural New Yorker No. 2. Each row received ten pounds (500 Ibs. per acre) of chemical fertilizer applied by hand as uniformly as pos- sible in the open furrow at planting time. The soil was of the same general character as that used for the experiment during the past eight years, namely, a rather heavy gravelly clay loam with good surface drainage. Because of the very dry weather which prevailed for about seven weeks after planting the young potato plants made a slow, spindling growth at first and never attained large size. However, the unfavorable conditions at the start were partly offset by an unusually long growing season — May 22 to October 27 — with an abundance of rain in the last few weeks. The five rows constituting Series I were sprayed three times with bordeaux — July 6, 20 and August 17. The five rows constituting Series II were sprayed seven times with bordeaux — July 6, 20, August 4, 17, 31, September 15 and 30. The five rows constituting Series III (check) were not sprayed at all with bordeaux. Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs’ experiment by means of paris green which was applied over the entire field twice and to portions of the check rows a third time. The first two applications were made on the dates of the first two sprayings (July 6 and 20), the paris green being mixed with the bordeaux used on Series I and II while on the check rows (Series III) it was applied with lime water. The third application of paris green (made August 17) was required only on certain portions of the check rows which were being slightly injured by bugs. In all cases the paris green was used at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons. > were eliminated from the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTION. 221 In each spraying the bordeaux was applied uniformly and very thoroughly with a knapsack sprayer, the quantity varying from about 100 gallons in the first spraying to about 250 gallons per acre in the later ones. ‘The bordeaux used contained six pounds of copper sulphate in each 50 gallons and lime somewhat in excess of the quantity required to satisfy the potassium fer- rocyanide test. No attempt was made to spray the undersurface of the leaves. Until nearly the middle of September the unsprayed rows ap- peared to be in as good condition as the sprayed ones. On Sep- tember 15 a contrast was observed for the first time. The foliage of the rows sprayed every two weeks was perfect while that of the unsprayed rows began to show tip burn. Although it was not marked there was certainly a difference. From this time until about October 15, when the unsprayed rows were entirely dead, the contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows became grad- ually more and more pronounced. The condition of the rows sprayed three times was intermediate between that of unsprayed rows and rows sprayed every two weeks. On all rows, the plants in the north half of the field died somewhat earlier than in the south half. Viewed from the south end on October 23 the rows sprayed seven times appeared to be in nearly full foliage; while rows sprayed three times showed only an occasional green branch; and the check rows were entirely dead. The first killing frost came on the night of October 27, at which time the rows sprayed seven times were still quite green over the south half of their length though nearly dead over the north half. There was no late blight whatever, only a very little early blight and a very little flea beetle injury. The unsprayed rows were affected by no disease of any consequence except tip burn and even of that there was only a moderate amount. As the plants were still partially alive twenty weeks after planting it is clear that they could not have been very much injured by anything. Yet spraying increased the yield at the rate of 93 bu. per acre. Plainly, we have here a striking example of the beneficial influence of bordeaux in the absence of diseases and insect enemies. Of course, 292 Report OF THE BotTanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE the unusually long growing season gave the bordeaux an opportu: nity to exert its full influence. Had frost come on October 1, as frequently happens, the difference in yield between sprayed and unsprayed rows would have been much smaller; and had frost come on September 14, when potato fields in many localities in the State were killed, the gain from spraying would probably have been very small. Several persons who saw the experiment during October after the contrast had become marked raised the question as to whether the sprayed rows were increasing their yield at that time. They must have been increasing their yield rapidly else they could not have outyielded the unsprayed rows by as much as 93 bu. per acre. Apparently, the increased yield of the sprayed rows was due chiefly to the larger average size of the tubers. On the rows sprayed seven times the tubers were quite large —so large, in fact, that some difficulty might have been experienced in selling them at full price in the regular potato market. The potatoes were dug by hand and the product of each row sorted and weighed as in previous years. The yield by rows is shown in the following table: TABLE XIX.— YIELDS IN THE EXPERIMENTS AT GENEVA IN 1911. Yield per row.* Yield per acre. Row. Treatment. Market- Bas Market- Cull able. f able. st Lbs. Lbs. Bulbs. | Bu. lbs. 1 RE fear Sprayed'3 times! ... cass: vs cpus sieve cle e 297 4 247 ~ 30 |.3 20 Die Sprayed 7 tlmess...... seehee «teh ede ee 364 6 B0sm 20S 00 Se Wrnsprayved=. face kde dace eet ee 2054 93 | 171 ze Marg 55 WR as: Sprayed''3 times... 92. oP riys... Seeakte nr 278 8 231 40/6 40 DE ee: Sprayed 7: times. Wan 48440 ame eee 350 6 291) 405 00 Ciena: Unspraved=cece.mat de cic eee 226 9 188 20|7 30 ieee Sprayed's) timess) vac escink ccmne eer 2653 5 221 15 | 4 10 Spee Sprayeda7ishimes) poco kc eiocsna ee wie nether 301 534 | 250 50/4 35 OR134 § Wrsprayed 65th cen aoe 208 103 | 173 20); 8 45 10s. 2 SUIAVeC Gr blMeB.... bo ae achus oti ee 245 83 | 204 10] 7 5 TAGES Spravediz times: tf)... e258 kee 332 4 276 40/3 20 LO Wrspraved™ 2s. tne tna e soe 198 6 1h5s OOF 00 1S¥ 21 Sprayed Ss times! )(t. FAs sot. BRE 266 103 | 221 40/8 45 4 eee SPravedes HIMES U vos: . ceo eas arene 323 6 269 10 | 5 00 VGtce- Unsprayed ss ooet wb ee's ie 6 ee fee sees 7275 8 229 10 |'6 40 * Rows 290.4 feet long by 3 feet wide, making the area of each row exactly one-fiftieth acre, + At the time of the second spraying, Row 15 was sprayed with bordeaux by mistake. This robably explains, in part, why it yielded so much more than the other check rows; but there must have been, also, some other disturbing factor else it would not have outyielded Row 13 sprayed ee times. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 223 The five rows sprayed three times constitute Series I and the average yield of these rows makes the yield for Series I. The yields given for Series II and III have been computed in the same way. The yield by series is shown in the following table: TABLE XX.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1911. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.* Bu. lbs. | ees 134,07, 10: and! 13-2...) July; 62 20!and Augs 072 25.54.02. -sanins Ont 225 1 Bo ca 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] July 6, 20, Aug. 4, 17, 31, Sept. 15 and 30....| 278 20 S| ee S609: Wand 1a... (Not enrayed 4 ro. c donc. ble ook eeeenr ae 185 25 * Marketable tubers only. Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 40 bu. per acre. Increase in yreld due to spraying seven times, 93 bu. per acre. AT RIVERHEAD. With minor variations the experiment at Riverhead was car- ried out in the same manner as the one at Geneva. The potatoes were of the variety Carman No. 1. They were planted April 14. The soil was sandy loam. The five rows of Series I were sprayed with bordeaux mix- ture three times — May 30, June 24 and July 12. The five rows of Series IT were sprayed with bordeaux mixture five times — May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26. The five rows of Series III (check), received no bordeaux. Bugs were controlled with paris green used at the rate of one and one-half pounds to fifty gallons. On Series I and II it was applied with the bordeaux three times and on Series III twice (June 24 and July 12), with lime water. In this experiment flea beetles were plentiful. There was, also, a little early blight, but no late blight and no rot. The chief cause of the low yield was the severe drought which brought about the premature death of the plants on all three series. Table XXI shows the yield by rows and Table X XII the yield by series. 224 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE e TABLE XXI.— YIELDS IN THE EXPERIMENT AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911. Yield per acre Yield per row.* (computed). Row. Treatment. Market- Market- able. Culls. able. Culls. Lbs. Lbs. Bu. lbs. | Bu. _ lbs. ae Sprayedss dames’ bec sae ee a otienens 177 5 147 30 4 10 Binktsies Sprayed Or tlmes taioe ccs cieemexae snes 168 3 140 — 2 30 Bt ae Wnsprayed o04..%... 3/5 oe ee 199.5 4 166 #15 3 20 Are lne is Sprayed > times... coe ee cries cen 161.5 4 134 35 3 20 Deorewicrs = ceed DAMES /c) eee ebicee 174.5 6.51) 145 425 s 25 Co TAVOUs Reet eee ee 161 5 134 10] 4 10 Wake rece: Sarge BS TIMES... ce Seu cretate niente 133.5 7 IV AS 5 50 See. ite OS tUMESs ook fe Se oe ee 152.5 6 127 5 5 — ee rayed We fd cL, es ER A, A 164.5 651137 5 5 25 HORS. | Spreye SB EMES ert hakt hates cera Oisteslahe 152 8 126 40 6 40 1 ye aroeere | Sprayed 5, BUMS S onc eo lotto eee ones 151 14 125 50} 11 40 Ta is eae DSPPayedre sao ee Tee eee 129 9 107. 30 7 30 TSE Acie SPEAVEO a GME icin cssils omicie @eiee aiote 183 12 152"~ 30° }:'10 —_ Aes isle Sprayedcbi times. sos oact ee oecane 157 14 130 50] 11 40 To sscs Wnsprayed je o.ae cia oetdec lots wlonnetrle 146 12 121 40] 10 _ * Rows 290.4 feet long by 3 feet wide, making the area of each row exactly one-fiftieth acre. TABLE X XII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. Teer. el, 454, 1Oand is s..5- May 30, June 24 and July 12............... 134 30 1) (Reeranee OA tiptety liber Wie be eee May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26......... 133 50 iO eae 3, 6,9,12and15..... Not sprayed cusieteis SNe ie Man ete ee eee 133 20 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 1§ bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, $ bu. per acre. In all our experience with potato spraying experiments this is the only instance in which five thorough sprayings with bordeaux mixture have failed to increase the yield. What may have been the cause we do not know. Perhaps the severe drought had some- thing to do with it. There is no reason to believe that the un- sprayed rows had any advantage over the sprayed rows. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTION. 225 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE TEN- YEAR EXPERIMENTS. The following table shows the results obtained in the ten-year experiments at Geneva and Riverhead: TABLE XXIII.— SuMMARY OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS. At Geneva. At Riverhead. Year. Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre due to due to ue to ue to spraying every | spraying three | spraying every | spraying three two weeks. times. two weeks. times. Bu Bu. Bu. Bu WQO2RRRG A. See e eee ee ke 123.5 98.5 45 20:57 POOR ee eerie yclevetercisrs 52:8. ass 118 88 56 39.5 Dee obo be bb CD ae aE eo 233 191 96 56.5 LOUD reese eiterereie re we's, o.as)eus'a ts 119 107 82 31.5 N08 Os oreo Oe ee eae 63 32 53 21.5 NGO Metre cteterrete corte esis aiavscore Ss 13.7 44 31 18 Tt Ne nS nie Sy OER ich es 39 29.5 Lon, 10.7 LOODRES Ph. Ce Tee on ene 49.7 38.7 D2E5 28.7 TOUO Rass et eiie ee Sena S elec 63 22 25.5 14.7 LOM pert aes ba aie sca bales 93 40 5 ea PAVETAGE fame Setelere ot eles ae | 97.5 69 45.7 25 The ten-year experiments are now concluded. They have been carried out during ten consecutive years very nearly as planned. Three times (twice at Geneva and once at Riverhead) it has been necessary to reject the data from certain parts of the experiment field because of inequalities due to other causes than spraying; but there has been no crop failure or serious accident to break the continuity of the experiments. One striking feature of Table X XIIT is the difference between the gains obtained at Geneva and those obtained at Riverhead. At Geneva, the increase in yield due to spraying is more than double what it is at Riverhead. It is probable that this differ- ence is due partly to differences in the temperature and rainfall in the two localities and partly to difference in soil. Through- out the whole ten years the Riverhead experiment has been on light, sandy soil while the experiment at Geneva has been on rather heavy clay loam. 8 226 Report oF THE BoTranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE The results of these experiments, considered in connection with other experiments and observations made by the writers, indicate that the average benefit from spraying potatoes in New York may vary very widely in different localities and on different soils. The average increase of 45 bu. per acre obtained at Riverhead is probably the minimum average increase to be expected from thor- ough spraying since potatoes are rarely planted on lighter, drier soil than that used for the experiment at Riverhead. On the other hand, the maximum average is probably over 100 bu. per acre. Many thousands of acres are planted on heavy soils in low situa- tions where the ravages of blight and rot are considerably greater than on such land as was used for the experiment at Geneva. What the mean average for the State may be cannot be stated, even ap- proximately. It can only be said to be large — somewhere be- tween 50 and 100 bu. per acre. Five to seven sprayings in the course of the season gave much better results than three sprayings. Undoubtedly, the three spray- ings would have made a better showing had they been applied later in the season; but this was impracticable because of the necessity of early spraying to control “ bugs.” All of our ex- perience in spraying potatoes with bordeaux mixture indicates that the more frequently and thoroughly the plants are sprayed the better it is for them and the larger will be their yield of tubers. In these experiments we have been able to greatly reduce the ravages of early blight, late blight, rot, tip burn and flea beetles, but have not succeeded in completely controlling any of them in times of severe attack. FARMERS’ BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS. During the season of 1911 fourteen farmers in different parts of the State conducted business experiments for the Station. The object of these experiments is to determine the actual profit in spraying potatoes under farm conditions. The methods employed were essentially the same as in previous years. An accurate rec- ord was kept of all of the expense of spraying, including labor, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227 chemicals and wear of machinery. In each experiment a strip of a few rows was left unsprayed for comparison. “ Spraying,” as used in this bulletin, means the application of bordeaux mixture exclusively. The application of paris green or arsenite of soda in lime water is not called spraying. Whenever “‘ arsenite of soda” is mentioned it should be under- stood to mean the stock solution prepared by the Kedzie formula — one pound white arsenic, four pounds sal soda and one gallon of water boiled together twenty minutes. By “test rows” is meant the rows used in determining the amount of the increase in yield due to spraying. These are, usually, the middle unsprayed row and the second sprayed row on either side. Unless otherwise stated, the yields given are for marketable tubers only. The price used in computing the value of the increased yield is, in every case, the market price for potatoes in the locality where the experiment was made on the date on which the test rows were dug. Tn ten of the experiments a few rows were double-sprayed ; that is, at each spraying these rows were treated twice. The object of this was to determine whether more thorough spraying would be profitable. 298 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THE LANCASTER EXPERIMENT, Conducted by F. W. Handy, Lancaster, N. Y. Six acres of potatoes were sprayed four times (July 31, Aug. 7, 16 and 24) with bordeaux mixture, formula 4%-6-50. The spraying was done with a one-horse, four-row “ Iron Age ” sprayer carrying one noz- zle per row. The potato field was about 100 yards from the water supply. The water was pumped by a gasoline engine. Four rows 664 feet long by 32 inches wide were left unsprayed for a check. Owing to the absence of bugs it was unnecessary to use any poison. On each side of the check a strip of four rows was double-sprayed at each spraying. Apparently, the plants were not injured by blight, yet an occasional rotten tuber was found at digging time. The items of expense were as follows: 150slhs: eopper sulphate (@ 5.0) Ct8s 0 b:.,. cists cease piel seins Salemi $8 25 UO TAUB: SATE hte 1.9 Gc sAseh cig) a reliastycae cies BiSra ete ce) one Bice tela ke eae face es 80 24 hrs. labor for man and horse @ 25 cts..............+-.006 6 00 Allowanée Hor swear ‘of sptayer ii). (kh cee. HIN Tee eee 2 00 HS) 00) EE ee a nee Re Assis Secon oo Os $17 05 Average expense of spraying, $2.84 per acre. The test rows yielded as follows: Two double-sprayed rows, 811 lbs. 166.2 bu. per acre. Two single-sprayed rows, 714 Ibs== 146.4 bu. per acre. Two check rows, 735.5 lbs.== 150.8 bu. per acre. Single-spraying resulted in a loss of 4.4 bu. per acre, while double-spraying gave a gain of 15.4 bu. per acre. The market price of potatoes being sixty cents per bushel, the total loss per acre from single-spraying was $5.48, while from double-spraying there was a net profit of $3.56 per acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229 THE BATAVIA EXPERIMENT. Conducted by G. A. Prole, Batavia, N. Y. Thirty acres of potatoes were sprayed four times with a two-horse, four-row “Tron Age” sprayer carrying one nozzle per row. The dates of spraying were July 7, 20, August 1 and 15. Water was obtained from a well about fifty rods from the field. It was pumped by a windmill. In the first and third sprayings arsenite of soda was used with the bordeaux at the rate of four quarts to sixty gallons. The check consisted of a strip of three unsprayed rows 953 feet long and 2.8 feet apart. These were treated twice (July 7 and August 1) with arsenate of lead to control bugs. The plants grew to large size. They became considerably affected with tip burn. Traces of late blight were discovered September 26, but no appre- ciable damage was done by it and no rotten tubers were found at digging time. Sprayed and unsprayed rows appeared equal throughout the season. The expense account contained the following items: 384 Shs. capper sulpliate @ G°cte.. <0 2. ees cae s ade wlege se $23 04 eit livicu (De 2 Meta: Si. ciierey ti sun oo Ollie Oc ere chene Oat eateretecltce, ciiets (6 SCMIDS se WNIte AESENICs ii Secs ss: sxenaties ATs tae hate hat ote ald hae ce 2 56 GAD Se Salle SOC a nel Woon CLS aaa ceavevicr 9 lover d tov ad veers velo th aoe «AVP ERS 96 80 hrs. labor for man and horse @ 30 cts...............-..00- 24 00 PAT SEN ALCE Olea OR Miver hcl hatch eter ct otek svar on shel cl dr ekcdan MOT es OR AAs As ABE 50 WW etre OW ADEA VET) 3) 05-1 svcpararevore! ctehons/atet ar ater of stot oxecan@d dota sao « SOAs Sof 5 00 PROG ores ef rope can cn Ghai ayia) rset chcsVon ob cvs av ory ov cneveva) oh 21 asa) ey at sk Se aysren onsy'se oh US $56 81 The test rows (variety Sir Walter Raleigh), yielded as follows: Two sprayed rows, 1,474 lbs.== 200.4 bu. per acre. Middle check row, 682 Ibs.== 185.5 bu. per acre. Gain from spraying, 14.9 bu. per acre. Potatoes being worth sixty cents per bushel, the gain of 14.9 bu. has a value of $8.94. After subtracting $1.88, the expense of spraying, there remains a net profit of $7.06 per acre. 230 Report oF THE BotTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THE ALBION EXPERIMENT. Conducted by Ora Lee, Jr., Albion, N. Y. Seventeen acres of potatoes (variety Sir Walter Raleigh), were sprayed. seven times between June 27 and August 29. The spraying outfit con- sisted, essentially, of a 250-gallon tank and a Friend pump worked by a gasoline engine. It was mounted on a four-wheeled cart drawn by two horses. Ten rows were covered at each passage. The water required was pumped by a windmill from a well only a few rods from the potato field. Arsenate of lead, at the rate of 20 Ibs. to 250 gallons, was used with the bordeaux in the first, second and fourth sprayings. On the same dates the same poison (with water) was applied to the check which consisted of four rows 962 feet long by 32 inches wide. Ten rows on one side of the check were double-sprayed. During the last three weeks of growth the sprayed rows made a better appearance than the un- sprayed rows. Double-sprayed rows held their foliage better than single-sprayed rows. The principal disease was tip burn, which was very prevalent. The items of expense were as follows: 1180 Ibs. copper sulphate @ $4.33 per cwt...........seeeeeeree $51 10 bbls. lump Time \@ Glee... keys cs oleunseeleln rita Be > a= ase 4 60 10 sacks (40 lbs. each) ground lime @ 25 cts................- 2 50 300) Ibs:sarsenate. of lead’. @ (8 sCtSivc.eiccc sk cteu-peie ees ee 24 00 12216 linsamam lsbore@ old sctshi cece see hee pie pike see 18 38 b2Zehrssehorse labor "@ slOMets sk sce oe tee ote = eens eels ote 15 20 WeEed. of Sprayerini.:.ocehihs pbb eecenerect acer ey crane kyo 25 00 Gasoline rane VOU... \siccia oe Wiese hs ators. cypus Ne ois (6 siette. ope caps Mavens epenenenetenele 4 00 MGtAl Se Biclors Recto te's Sho Pae BSE ers rae an «oie als epee oenanee cetiarisy < $144 78 The yields were as follows: Four double-sprayed rows, 3,485 lbs.= 246.5 bu. per acre. Four single-sprayed rows, 2,948 Ibs.== 208.5 bu. per acre. Four check rows, 2,779 Ibs.== 196.6 bu. per acre. The above figures show that single-spraying, costing $8.52 per acre, increased the yield only 11.9 bu. per acre worth $7.14. Therefore, it was done at a loss of $1.38 per acre. On the other hand, double-spraying resulted in a net profit of $12.90 per acre. New York AaricuttTuRAL ExPpERIMENT STATION. 25 THE ANDOVER EXPERIMENT. Conducted by J. M. Greene & Son, on a field of 8.5 acres at Andover, N. Y. Four rows were left unsprayed for a check. A strip of four rows adjoining the check on either side was single- sprayed with bordeaux five times (See diagram on next page). The remainder of the field was double-sprayed five times. Messrs. Greene were led to double-spray so much of their acreage because of the results of an experiment which they made in 1910." In 1911 the spraying was done very nearly as in 1910. The sprayer used was a two-horse “ Watson” covering four rows at each passage. One nozzle per row was used in the first three sprayings and two nozzles per row in the last two sprayings. Water for the preparation of the bordeaux was taken from a spring about ten rods from the potato field. Owing to the absence of bugs it was unnecessary to use any poison even on the check rows. Flea beetles and blight, also, were almost entirely absent and only a few rotten tubers were found at digging time. Ap- parently, the plants suffered from nothing which spraying might be expected to prevent. There was little if any contrast in ap- pearance between sprayed and unsprayed rows. The items of expense were as follows: 215 Tbs. copper sulphate @ 5 cts........ 6... ee eee ene $10 75 U5) Mors llimaass (OMA Cte co, encucucccncatas KO CEC ICEOMOECACENTED Hao INO cD onicmone rec 215 Labor for man and team and allowance for wear of sprayer, - estimated 2 @ 80 cts. per acre for double-spraying........--. 34 00 AEN Soo or how'd coos 0 GUniIO Uo oan Otis LOR ROL Oe ik CIO Car sorcinns OOhrs oe $46 90 Expense of making five double-sprayings, $5.52 per acre. Expense of making five single-sprayings, $2.76 per acre. The plants were killed by frost on September 14. Had they been permitted to complete their growth the sprayed rows would probably have made a better showing. The small differences in yield of the different test rows was due, probably, to something else than spraying. This is shown by the fact that one of the check rows outyielded the other by 44 lbs. or 19.8 bu. per acre. In the accompanying diagram the test rows® are indicated by dotted lines and followed by their rate of yield. 1 Reported in Bul. 338 of this Station, pages 1384-135. 2Messrs. Greene think this estimate rather high. It is unfortunate that an actual record was not kept. 3 The test rows were 540 ft. long by 3 ft. wide. 232 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE Diacgam J.— SHOWING LOCATION AND YIELDS or TkST ROWS IN THE ANDOVER EXPERIMENT. Double-sprayed five times...... BS tT) eee a ee 149.7 bu. per a. Single-sprayed five times........ Pn EN. oe ie on: 157.3 bu. per a. EET EN NN a 177.1 bu. per a. evs Sa she Oe erie 2.224 95:8 bus pena. Single-sprayed five times........ 5 asd Aad dls SVR CREAN. « SEES OR 157.3 bu. per a. CWhecksiesis es assiie sas SaAse eee SoG RYSS Ee Sig tiarsure Ce 168.9 bu. per a. Double-sprayed five times...... Average yield of double-sprayed rows, 159.3 bu. per acre. Average yield of single-sprayed rows, 176.6 bu. per acre, Average yield of check rows, 167.2 bu. per acre. Gain from single-spraying, 9.4 bu. per acre. Loss from double-spraying, 7.9 bu. per acre. With potatoes selling at 55 cts. per bushel, 9.4 bu. would have a value of $5.17. Subtracting from this the expense of spraying, $2.76 per acre, there remains $2.41 per acre as the net profit from single-spraying five times. Computed in a similar manner the loss from double-spraying five times was $9.86 per acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 933 THE PHELPS EXPERIMENT. Conducted by J. A. Page, Phelps, N. Y. Fourteen acres of potatoes (in three fields) were sprayed four times. The spraying was done with a two-horse, five-row Brown sprayer carrying one nozzle per row. In each field there was a check of five rows. At one side of each check a strip of five rows was double-sprayed. Tip burn was severe in both fields and in the west field there was also a little early blight, but there was no late blight and few flea beetles. Bugs were kept under control by two applications of arsenate of lead. In the east field spraying made little if any difference in the appearance of the foliage, but in the west field a contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows was noticeable. The expense of spraying was as follows: Z50nIbs.scopper. sulphate G@ sSscks 225.) <1 .5) selene. along Hea sverete ata» DOO Gro SU Rr OeteG tre Goto 3 75 ONOMSnsena te Olmledd: «MoS Cusine cos ye.9 viere sep sb e f'e1.o)lelnio otesele 16 80 20 >hrsy labor tor man and team @) 35) Cts). gee. se poke ons oe eee 14 00 \NGGi? OL BORER ac song oenloge¢oun deau Cee op au UpOlods com otcolcc 10 00 ERO Leer irate ee neta fee ec sete’ el evairoe lace toe t Om alone mate mre Mitotane tater $57 05 In the east field the rows were 674 feet long by 3 feet wide. Double-sprayed rows yielded at the rate of 108.6 bu., single- sprayed rows 87.6 bu. and check rows 98.4 bu. per acre. In the west field the rows were 1757 x 3 ft. Dougle-sprayed rows yielded at the rate of 123.9 bu., single-sprayed rows 109.4 bu. and check rows 96.4 bu. per acre. Hence, single-spraying gave a loss of 10.8 bu. in the east field and a gain of 13 bu. per acre in the west field, making an average gain of 1.1 bu. per acre. Double-spraying gave a gain of 10.2 bu. in the east field and 27.5 bu. in the west field, making an average gain of 18.8 bu. per acre. Potatoes being worth 70 cts. per bushel, single-spraying re- sulted in a loss of $3.39 per acre while double-spraying gave an average net profit of $4.84 per acre. 934 Report oF THE BoTranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THE DRYDEN EXPERIMENT, Conducted by D. R. Trapp, Dryden, N. Y. The experiment included three fields containing eight acres of potatoes. Five ap- plications of bordeaux were made with a two-horse, four-row “Tron Age” sprayer carrying two nozzles per row. Bordeaux of the 7-9-55 formula was used in the first three sprayings while in the last two sprayings 8-12-55 bordeaux was used. In the first two sprayings paris green was added to the bordeaux at the rate of three pounds to 55 gallons for the control of bugs. In one field a strip of three unsprayed rows was left for a check. These rows were dusted twice with paris green and flour, which gave good protection against bugs. The test rows were of the variety Gold Coin. They suffered severely from tip burn and flea, beetles, but were unaffected by blight. Neither the tip burn nor the flea beetles were materially checked by spraying. There was very little contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows. The expense of spraying was as follows: 222 lbs. eopper sulphate @ 5 cts....... cece eee ences reer evens $11 10 SOG), Wesel A as ee AAA Rin oom to coigoric odes EAS Hda.8 acc 1 90 Agelbs-parisvgreen @ 20) Cts. .b ce cnc © cle see ons le cle el sisisiele 8 60 A0Phrs labor tor mans and spears ed ONCUS em ereeitcceetet laine steals 16 00 Wear On SPTAVe? mde cys spe oe =e agape e's = See Sele winte win Iepes ae ten eae d 00 SEGAL Ci. .thetevove is hbhie cha Gidke intehetee allie w.mhetchstedetohes Braet aiocshata at $42 60 Expense of spraying one acre five times, $5.32. Expense of spraying one acre once, $1.07. The test rows (300 ft. x 32 in.) yielded as follows: East sprayed row, 210 lbs== 190.6 bu. per acre. West sprayed row, 206 lbs. 187 bu. per acre. Average yield of sprayed rows, 188.8 bu. per acre. Middle check row, 183 Ibs.== 166.1 bu. per acre. Gain from spraying, 22.7 bu. per acre. Potatoes being worth 55 cents per bushel at time of digging, the spraying resulted in a net profit of $7.16 per acre. New York AGrRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 235 THE CORTLAND EXPERIMENT. Conducted by G. H. Hyde, Cortland, N. Y. A field of eight acres was sprayed four times — seven and one-third acres single- sprayed and two-thirds of an acre double-sprayed. A strip of three unsprayed rows separated the single-sprayed portion of the field from the double-sprayed portion. The bordeaux (6-6-60 formula) was applied with a one-horse, four-row “ Watson” sprayer carrying two nozzles per row. Paris green was used with the bordeaux in the first two sprayings. It was also used on the check rows twice, with water. Before the end of the season the unsprayed rows became quite conspicuous owing to their inferior condition due, chiefly, to the ravages of flea beetles. The spraying checked the flea beetles considerably. There was no blight and very little tip burn. The expense account contained the following items: 200 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 516% cts...........--- ee eee eee eee $11 00 PUUPPLDS., PINIMEK FF A etek cob ciekha Palco tele ehs cl cdePhaie he cttous oyetebe cid elelda ss 1 40 Bees. Paria green @) Zl ts... 2.00 62 eee ee nee ss de eoenatas 5 04 Z4iehrss taborestor, man and horse @: 30) cts. . 0... 5s 2 3 os ones 7 20 \WGEir Gil EPREN Coe oS epono aici LO Senin OO EnRO DN an Ain en Seine 6 00 Becht ea ey eean irareiev otters re chsh cvs cla vate rey cts) erat oveilacni alohet icon ave at diawace anayeue syeae $30 64 Expense per acre for four single-sprayings, $3.54. Expense per acre for four double-sprayings, $7.08. The test rows (400 x 3 ft.) yielded as follows: One double-sprayed row, 339 lbs.== 205.1 bu. per acre. One single-sprayed row, 271 lbs.== 164 bu. per acre. One check row, 144.6 bu. per acre. Gain from double-spraying, 60.5 bu. per acre. Gain from single-spraying, 19.4 bu. per acre. Potatoes being worth 60 cts. per bushel, 19.4 bu. would have a value of $11.64. Subtracting from this the expense of single- spraying, $3.54 per acre, there remains a net profit of $8.10 per acre. Similarly, 60.5 bushels would be worth $36.30 from which there must be deducted $7.08, leaving a net profit of $29.22 per acre for double-spraying. 236 Report or THE BotantcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THB CASSVILLE EXPERIMENT, Conducted by P. S. Doolittle, Cassville, N. Y. The experiment field contained six acres of potatoes (variety Carman No. 3), which were sprayed five times with a two-horse, seven-row Brown sprayer, carrying one nozzle per row. The check consisted of a strip of seven unsprayed rows 681 feet long. On either side of the check a strip of seven rows was double-sprayed as shown in the dia- gram on the opposite page. The bordeaux used was of the 5-5-50 formula. Paris green (14 lbs. to 50 gals.) was used with the bordeaux in the first two sprayings. On the same dates (July 8 and 20), the check rows were treated with the same quantity of paris green applied with water. Tip burn was severe and there were some flea beetles, but both early and late blight were absent and there was no rot. Considering that there was no blight and that the plants were killed by an early frost on September 14 the large difference in yield between sprayed and unsprayed rows is re- markable. However, the experiment seems to have been a fair one in all respects. The items of expense were as follows: 175 lbs. copper sulphate @ 5% cts.............02sceressccsvee $9 63 tS Omlbs* limes @): lA cts oo hetee cscs acc cree rc rehe eee oestoucis tors crater thers 2 PAG Coase PALS STECM, (AOC (nai. sw cel spouses raion lal lays aisicletele siete eeistexe 4 84 21% hrs.'man labors@rZOicts Ak mate 6 00 Total sy Ss siclshiets took bc ccctouslos be erecta e clei tele: te srouste onary elere $30 62 Expense per acre, for five sprayings, $5.10. The accompanying diagram shows the location of the test rows with reference to each other. They are indicated by dotted lines and followed by their yield. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 237 DIAGRAM 2.— SHOWING LOCATION AND YIELDS IN THE CASSVILLE EXPERIMENT. Double-sprayed five times...... | eae Ae grea) erate ict 188.7 bu. per a. Re are teers ich eines 166.1 bu. per a. Single-sprayed five times........ (ChiGGeja Spb Shenae o dor ods datos OmoRn eaescna Eames 81.7 bu. per a. Single-sprayed five times........ SRS E ME ee Meee’ 162.5 bu. per a. FAIS LS ine ee laicdt DU pel a. Double-sprayed five times...... Average yield of double-sprayed rows, 183 bu. per acre. Average yield of single-sprayed rows, 164.3 bu. per acre. Yield of middle check row, 81.7 bu. per acre. Gain due to single-spraying, 82.6 bu. per acre. Gain due to double-spraying, 101.3 bu. per acre. With potatoes selling at 70 cts. per bushel, single-spraying gave a net profit of $52.72 per acre while double-spraying gave a net profit of $60.71 per acre. 238 Report or THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THE OGDENSBURG EXPERIMENT. Conducted by Andrew Tuck, Ogdensburg, N. Y. About 4.6 acres of potatoes were sprayed six times between July 18 and September 4. ee 1 10 GUMbSpanis-oreenn@PZbectse ccna cee hr ereei eiciietetst steer reerietts 15 00 Sours, labor tor man and Norse |@) SOMcbse eile eietelelete oietotneleisie teres 10 80 NVDAT OL SR DY AN EP 6cc1s'apk mx o oeis 2/1 seals chonelsie’= 51a, Glee nae elete eae 1 00 Totiala. erste steeds shold Bis. clatsterets « hactereee bo diets leteierem sb Che Setenerec $35 78 Expense of single-spraying six times, $7.78 per acre. Expense of double-spraying six times, $15.56 per acre. The test rows (variety, Green Mountain; 171 x 3 ft.) yielded as follows: One double-sprayed row, 138 lbs 195.3 bu. per acre. Two single-sprayed rows, 253 lbs.== 179 bu. per acre. One check row, 103 lbs.== 145.8 bu. per acre. Gain from single-spraying, 33.2 bu. per acre. Gain from double-spraying, 49.5 bu. per acre. Market price of potatoes, $1.00 per bushel. Net profit from single-spraying, $25.42 per acre. Net profit from double-spraying, $33.94 per acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SratTion. 239 THE CHATEAUGAY EXPERIMENT. Conducted by O. Smith & Son, Chateaugay, N. Y. Twelve acres of potatoes were sprayed four times with a one-horse, four- row “Iron Age” sprayer. ‘Two unsprayed strips of three rows each were left for checks. Two rows on each side of both checks were double-sprayed. The bordeaux was made by the 6-6-50 formula. To each fifty gallons of bordeaux mixture used in the first three sprayings there were added three pounds of paris green and two quarts of arsenic- sal soda solution for the control of bugs. The checks were treated four times with paris green. In Test No. 1 the test rows were of the variety New National; in Test No. 2 they were of the variety Sulphic Beauty. There were some flea beetles and considerable tip burn, particularly in Test No. 1, but there was no blight. In both tests there was a slight contrast between sprayed and un- sprayed rows. The items of expense were as follows: 260 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 674 cts......... 0 eee ee eee ee eeees $17 40 ey aspbume ns (@) SPOS a sic, aie «ach ated sisievs) eae celal wha as syste w/t) Heid'als Bus 2 70 Baulhs. partis eTeem @ 2D Cts. < wajsefeleici« «igus spermusiaur . 22190 YES da Slee Obi 6 OBC acre in Crd CIROnIR DRE ec tht bn Gn nk Ombre s F $49 22 Expense of spraying, $4.10 per acre. The yields were as follows: des; No. 1: Rows 1066. x 3: ft. One double-sprayed row, 407 lbs== 92.4 bu. per acre. One single-sprayed row, 526 Ibs.== 119.4 bu. per acre. One check row, 396 lbs.== 89.9 bu. per acre. Test No. 2.. Rows 353 x3 ft. Two double-sprayed rows, 181 lbs.= 62 bu. per acre. Two single-sprayed rows, 216 lbs.== 74 bu. per acre. Two check rows, 160 Ibs.== 54.8 bu. per acre. Upon averaging the results of the two tests it is found that single-spraying gave a gain of 24.4 bu. per acre and double-spray- ing only 4.9 bu. per acre. The net profit from single-spraying was $11.76 per acre and the loss from double-spraying $5.02 per acre. The cause of these irregular results is unknown. 240 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE THE PLATTSBURGH EXPERIMENT. Conducted by Pardy Brothers, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Thirteen acres of potatoes were sprayed all over three times and about four- sevenths of the field (including the test rows) were sprayed a fourth time. A strip of six unsprayed rows constituted the check. Bordeaux mixture of the 4-5-50 formula was used. It was made with water pumped by hand from a well about one-fourth mile from the potato field. The sprayer used was a two-horse, six-row “Aroostook ” carrying one nozzle per row. Before the experiment was commenced the entire field was treated twice with a strong solution of arsenite of soda in water containing as much lime as could be forced through the nozzles. This was done in an attempt to control flea beetles and leaf hoppers. As might have been ex- pected, the plants were considerably injured, but this does not affect the experiment since the test rows were all treated alike. The plants were somewhat affected by tip burn, but there was no blight. The items of expense were as follows: 210 lbs. copper sulphate @ $6.25 per cwt............eeeeeeeeee $13 12 WAIN, oi. Sassi eye se raie ic doers ie Gioete Bree Geln Siete el ia es CRI: PR EER b On 1 00 Doimlbsmsalusodaa@ 13/4 slo a' stein ad bie sn mis ) (2.5 189.6 15 2.4 3. Linden... 199.2 | Southwest..| 2.0] 2.4 202.8 1.8 2.8 4. Linden... 159.0 | Southwest..| 2.2] 4.0 161.9 1.8 Se 5. Catalpa. . 67.3 | Southeast...) 1.8} 0.7 68.6 | 1.9 3.2 6. Catalpa.. 42.8 | Northwest..| 1.3] 0.7 ASESE | S2u3 Hs) 7. Catalpa. . 40.0 | Westside...| 1.3} 1.0 40.9} 2.2] 5.6 these tree trunks underwent between January 6 and April 6 was therefore greater than is shown by the measurements on which the first column of percentages is based. After deducing the width of the clefts from the measurements made on January 6, the percentages of increase in the circumferences are appreciably higher, as shown in the last vertical column. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285 An experiment in rapid thawing and swaying of apple trees— On January 8 about 5 liters of water with a temperature of nearly 60° C. was poured in splashes on the lowest crotches of each of two apple trees in the oldest orchard, and allowed to run down the trunks. Immediately after application of water the trees were swayed vigor- ously during about a minute. It was in the afternoon and the tem- perature had risen to about — 26°C. The trees were of normal appearance. One of them had been set about 9 and the other about 12 years. Perhaps a liter of water was left after the second tree had been treated and was let stand in a tin vessel in the snow while the tree was being swayed. The remaining water was then splashed on to the lowest crotch of another large apple tree and ran down its trunk. On another tree two branches about 2.5 cm. in diameter were bent downward, considerably, a number of times, but not far enough to cause any audible breaking. By testing with a knife it was found that the bark and a little of the outer wood had been thawed by the hot water, but a few minutes after the application of water had been made the whole wet surface was coated with a thin sheet of ice. One of the swayed trees was sawed off about 20 cm. above ground and carefully examined for indications of discoloration or injury, but none could be found in any part of its trunk. About the middle of March, after all aerial portions of trees had been thawed for several days, practically the entire bark of the re- maining tree-trunk receiving the hot water treatment in January had died and become brown. There were only a few small blotches of green colored outer cortex here and there that seemed to be alive. The whole phloem as well as the outer surface of the wood had become discolored over all parts of the tree where the hot water had been applied. On the inner side of the branches as much as 2 dm. above the crotches the bark had all died and become brown. All the bark on the stump of the tree that had been sawed off was also dead and brown to the ground. On the side on which most water had been splashed the bark was dead below the surface of the ground and around the bases of some roots. The bark had not become loosened on the trees given the hot water treatment but considerable disorganization had occurred in the phloem region. Above ground the injured bark seemed to have dried out a little, but underground and at its surface the affected bark was full of brown “sap.’”? About a fourth of the bark of the tree on which the last water had been poured was also found dead. The greatest effect occurred in the crotch and over an irregular area extending down the trunk about 3 to 4 dm. on the side receiving the hot water. The bark on both of the branches which had been bent downward was partially loose on the upper side, and dead over a length of about 286 Report or THE BotrantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE 2 dm. where the bending had occurred. The general appearance was that of so-called ‘‘sun-scald.”’ The affected bark was rusty brown in color and the phloem region was much disorganized. Effect of low temperature on the diameter of apples and potatoes.— On January 8 some medium-sized potato tubers and apples were carefully measured with a caliper by adjusting it against the heads of two pins which had been stuck into the specimens at opposite points of the greatest diameter, up to the heads. Afterwards they were placed out of doors and left there over night with the tempera- ture ranging around — 27°C. Early the next morning one was taken in at a time and remeasured over the pin-heads. The data are re- corded in the following table: TaBLeE JIJ.—CuHances IN DIAMETER OF APPLE FRUIT AND Potato TuBERS INDUCED BY Low TEMPERATURE Apple No. 1, diameter in evening 77.5 mm., in morning 77.4 mm. “ce ‘ ac oleh “cc “cc Apple No. 2, 3 mm., 77.0 mm. Apple No. 3, = " e730 mam:, ieee Cie Tuber No. 1, sf sf 2196/5 rams: “97.0 mm. Tuber No. 2, i + eeQ8: 7 aama., HS “100.2 mm. Tuber No. 3, * A “ 88.0 mm., “ “89.5 mm. Tuber No. 4, ag - “* 114.0 mm., “ + £165 mam: This shows an average decrease in the greatest diameter of the apples of 0.16 mm. or about 0.2 per ct.; and an average increase in the longest diameter of the potato tubers of 1.75 mm. or about 1.7 per ct. Discoloration, after thawing, of structuresinjured by lowtemperatures.— Winter- or low-temperature injured plant structures can usually not be recognized as being injuriously affected until after they have thawed and become discolored. However, in some instances injuries may be seen by microscopic examination immediately after thawing or even while frozen. Some of the potatoes and apples used in the above experiment were placed outside an east window and the others were thawed and cut in pieces for microscopic examination and for observing the development of discoloration in air, water, etc. The thawed tubers were very soft but of normal color. The “sap ” could be squeezed out with the hand as readily as water from asponge. By using thin hand sections it was easily seen that many of the cells had been broken and others separated along the middle lamelle. The thawed apples were soft also but not spongy like the tubers. Fewer cells were broken and separated, in fact at the calyx end there was practically no indication of injury. Pieces of tubers were placed into 15, 30, 50, 70, 80, 95 per ct., and absolute alcohol; in distilled water, and into 2 per ct. formalin. Pieces of both apple and potato were exposed to the air over night. On the following day the pieces of potato exposed to air had become New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarion. 287 very dark brown on the outside, and the pieces of apple had a rusty brown color throughout except around the calyx end, where there was still some normal colored tissue. The pieces of potato in water were almost as much discolored as those in air; and those in the lower alcohols seemed to have a very faint muddy-yellow discolora- tion. About a week later the pieces in the alcohols from 15 to 70 per ct. had all changed to a light brown or black color, while those in 80 per ct. were but slightly discolored. The piecesin 95 per ct. and absolute alcohol, and in 2 per ct. formalin had remained unchanged. Crotch and other bark injuries observed in Madison orchards.— In the three University orchards described above much bark injury occurred during the winter of 1911-12, and presumably during the excessive cold weather in January, because no injury could be found in the latter part of November or before the steady cold weather began. The fact that both bark and wood clefts occurred in the first week in January makes it appear plausible that the bark injuries in crotches and other parts of trees occurred at least not later than that date; and, as will appear in another connection, it seems likely that this injury also occurred at this time. At any rate, when the orchards were examined again late in March and early April many trees were found having very severe injuries in the inner bark of crotches and callus growths around old wounds. About a fourth of the trees in the apple orchard which had been set about two years had the inner bark of several crotches more or less severely injured, although no indication of injury could be seen outside. The cortical tissues were nearly all green and normal looking while much of the phloem was discolored and often had a region near the cambial zone where a disorganization or partial sepa- ration had occurred in such a way as to partially or even completely loosen the bark in various sized areas or patches. No difference in general appearance could be detected between injured and sound trees, nor could the injured crotches be told from those not affected. The injury was chiefly confined to the main erotches and the bases of one- and two-year-old, ascending shoots coming from the lower parts of larger branches. The affected areas in the larger crotches involved the angle of the crotch and the inner side of both component branches up to various heights, depending upon the size of the affected region. In the most severe cases the affected area usually involved from 2 to 3 em. of bark on the inside of the branches of a crotch as well as that surrounding its angle to as much as 4 cm. below. The injury around the bases of ascending shoots originating from dormant or adventitious buds on the larger branches was much like that in the crotches and was always most severe and sometimes even confined to the bark in the lesser angle between the shoot and branch from which it grew. In many instances, however, the inner bark or 988 Report oF THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE phloem region was affected all around the base of shoots, and to such a degree as to be almost entirely loosened in a girdle one or more centimeters in width. The affected region in the phloem had a rusty brown color just like that in injured areas of the larger crotches. But there were no radial clefts in any of the affected regions. Probably more than half of the trees in the other young apple orchard which had been set about 6 or 7 years were crotch-injured. In this case, however, the affected areas in the larger crotches often involved the bark on the inner side of the branches and below the angle to the extent of 8 to 10 cm. The injuries around the bases of young ascending shoots on these trees were also more extensive and severe than in the above younger orchard. There were probably a half dozen of the large trees in the oldest apple orchard (set 8 to 14 years) found injured in the crotches, but only on two of them had the injury been severe. In these cases areas of bark as large as a man’s hand were sufficiently affected in the phloem region to be partially loosened. In another instance the bark on a normal looking callus surrounding an old crown-rot scar was also much discolored in the inner phloem and looked as though it had been sufficiently isolated by the affected tissues to result in the death of the entire outer bark over the injured area, thus probably giving rise to a canker-like region of successive stages of development as is shown on maples in figures B of Plates XXIV and XXV, and toa less degree in figure A of Plate XIX. A similar injury was also found on callus growths of large sour cherry trees on the north side of this apple orchard. In none of the cases of this type of bark injury in any of the orchards could a trace of radial clefts be found. The loosening of the bark seemed to have been brought about by injury or partial rupture in the inner phloem thus isolating the bark from the wood. Since it had proved difficult to prepare sections for microscopic study from such injured regions of large trunks and branches on account of the fact that the injured bark usually drops off before pieces small enough for fixing and sectioning can be cut, suitable sized pieces were prepared from the basal parts of some of the injured one- and two-year-old shoots in the two younger apple orchards. Pieces of typical examples of such shoots were fixed and infiltrated for sectioning at intervals until the latter part of May, and will be made the chief basis for a subsequent report on the histological modi- fications resulting in crown-rot and certain types of cankers. By the first part of May it became evident that most of the larger areas of injured bark in the crotches of the apple trees were dying. Various sized brown spots appeared on the outer surface of the most severely affected regions and it was found that these places of exter- nal browning were only an extension of the internal discoloration of disorganizing phloem. By the latter part of May many injured New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289 areas both in the main crotches and around the basal ends of ascend- ing shoots on large branches had died completely, and around the periphery of the region a thin callus ridge had formed under the bark. In cases where the affected areas extended some distance up the branches above the crotch the general appearance was surprisingly like that of ordinary cankers, because the dead area had become sunken and usually a fissure had begun to form around them like that shown in figure C on Plate XVIII and figure B of Plate XI. The wood underneath the injured bark had become very much stained. Even in cases where the injury was not severe enough to cause the death of the outer bark, the wood was stained to a con- siderable depth. Many of the shoots a centimeter or more in diameter had the entire wood cylinder stained a rusty or dark brown in the affected region in case the bark injury had been severe all around their bases. In instances where the bark was injured chiefly on one side, only that half of the wood cylinder had become stained. It appeared as though there had been a diffusion of a stain or of an active discolorizing agent from the disorganizing phloem into the adjoining wood, very much like that observed many times in a num- ber of orchards during early summer of 1911. The crotch injuries found in a Sodus orchard discussed on page 277 were apparently later stages of this type of injury. Radial clefts and ioosening of bark occurring together.— On a number of thrifty young maple trees from about 5 to 15 years old, along some streets in the western part of Madison, the bark alone and on others both bark and wood were cleft open during the first week of January. The clefts were mostly on the west side, even though some of the trees were along streets going north and south, but since that portion of the city is not closely covered by houses the speed of the west wind is checked but little. The bark on a few of the trees on streets going north and south was cleft either on the north or south side. None of the bark appeared to be loose when examined in January shortly after the occurrence of the clefts, but possibly that was due to the fact that the trees were frozen solid. They were re-examined in early spring and found to have loose bark on both sides, as well as some distance above and below the ends of the clefts. The clefts varied in length from about 1 to 6.5 dm. and were most common on Acer platanoides and Acer Negundo. In cases where the clefts in the bark were short the wood underneath was not cleft but in those which were 3 dm. or more in length the wood was usually also cleft more or less. On some vacant land near the western edge of the city was a small clump of Acer Negundo, on the west side of which was one having the bark and wood both cleft. The cleft in the bark was 6.4 dm. long and was entirely closed in early spring while the sap was flowing, but by the latter part of May it stood open about a centimeter in the middle. The tree was sawed off on May 10 290 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE 28 and short sections were taken from the typical regions and pre- served in alcohol until they could be photographed. Figures 1 to 7 on Plates XXVIII and X XIX show sections of some of these injured regions. Figure 1 is a section about 15 cm. above ground and 2 cm. below the lower end of the cleft inthe bark. Its greatest diameter is 7.6 em. In a section taken about 3 cm. nearer the ground there was but a trace of loosening of the bark, while in one taken 2.5 cm. above 1 the loosened area is wider and there has been an appreciable growth of callus along one edge. In the section shown in figure 1 the bark was not entirely loose; the injured region in the inner phloem seemed to offer slight resistance to the removal of the bark. The isolated bark was almost of normal color in figures 1 and 2 except at the margins of the cleft of 2. In figure 3 which was taken 2 cm. above 2, the loosened bark was slightly discolored and seemed to be nearly dead. The cleft in the wood shown in figure 3 to begin near the cleft in the bark and extending toward the pith through two annual growths may also be seen in figure 2. In figure 4 the bark above had died while that below the cleft was still partially alive. Figure 5 is taken above the middle of the cleft and shows the typical appear- ance of the region of maximum injury of both bark and wood. The loose bark is entirely dead and stands out away from the wood owing to the callus growths around the periphery of the wound and to the entire lack of adherence between the bark and wood. At the lower left of the figure some regeneration had occurred on the surface of the exposed wood. In the region of the trunk about midway between the ends of the cleft in the bark the wood had been split through the pith to the inner side of the bark on the opposite side, but leaving the bark unin- jured. A rather conspicuous ridge of new wood had developed over the end of the wood cleft; it was about as thick as the callus growth at the lower left margin of the loose bark shown in figure 5. Figure 6 is taken about a centimeter above the upper end of the bark cleft and 15 cm. above figure 5. Here as in figure 1 no cleft resulted in the wood and the partially loosened bark was still alive. Figure 7 is of a section 3.2 em. above that shown in figure 6 and about 5 em. below the main crotches. The strip of injured bark is slightly wider at this point but is of normal color and seems to have grown in thickness by the development of new wood on the inner side of the bark against last year’s growth. As these figures plainly show, the increase in the diameter of this tree trunk in 1911 was nearly as much as that of any two previous seasons and therefore the bark had to increase enormously in area to adjust itself to the unusual increase in wood growth. ‘The field observations on fruit trees also seem to show that bark on tree-trunks which increase unusually in diameter during one summer is most New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 291 subject to winter-injury while that on those growing at a more mod- erate rate may be practically immune. Further observations on apple trees experimentally injured by low temperature.— The three remaining trees which had been treated with a freezing mixture on September 14, 1911, in a seedling orchard at Geneva, were re-examined on June 3, 1912, and found to have changed much im appearance. (See page 279.) Tree 1/25 had sparse and undersized leaves which were of normal color. ‘The tree bore a few small fruits. Many of the distal portions of branches and numerous small spurs had died back and had large numbers of pycnidia of Cytospora broken through the periderm. The branches and leaf area had apparently been reduced by a shortage in the water supply. Circular “‘ pit-cankers ” of various sizes surrounded the numerous ‘‘ shot-holes ”’? which were made by a bark beetle (Scolytus) a few days after the trees had been subjected to low temperature. The dead pits varied from about 4 to 14 mm. in diameter and most of them had been delimited from the live tissues around them by newly formed cork layers. However, quite a number of the largest ones on the stem and main branches and many of those on the abaxile side at the bases of twigs and spurs had failed to form new cork layers between the dying bark and the wood, and thus resulted in the forma- tion of small circular pits circumscribed by a fissure as shown in _ figure 8 on Plate X XIX. The remaining bark on the basal part of the stem had died and the wood underneath had become discolored nearly to the pith. The other wood in the girdled region had a normal color to within about 5 mm. of its outer surface. A thin callus had formed along the upper edge of the girdle. Tree 2/9 was nearly dead; practically none of the last year’s buds had leafed out although the branches had died back only about half way to the main crotches. Numerous small adventitious shoots had arisen on the living portions of the stem and main branches. The leaves on these shoots had a normal color but they were much curled and distorted by aphides. The pit cankers were more commonly of the larger type and ex- tended to the wood, although there had been sufficient growth to cause their delimitation from the surrounding bark by fissures. The remaining bark around the base of the trunk had died and the wood underneath it was not only stained to the pith but partially decayed and permeated by the mycelium of some fungus. The other portions of wood had a normal color to within about a centi- meter of the exposed outer surface. Practically no callus had devel- oped along the upper limit of the dead girdle. Strips of bark from 1 to 5 cm. wide along both sides of the slits made before the tree was frozen, were partially loose and dead, with numerous pycnidia of 992 Report OF THE BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Cytospora bursting through its periderm. The same fungus was also fruiting on the dead portions of the branches and twigs. No additional bark had died at the basal end of the trunk of tree 5/6, and a thick callus had formed around the old wound. The tree had a normal appearance and seemed to be growing nearly as well as the untreated trees around it. The pits in the bark around the beetle holes were very small and shallow. They had been delimited by cork layers and none were found to reach the wood. Some additional observations in the Clyde orchards.— The orchards which were discussed on pages 268-270 were visited again on June 18, and August 7, 1912, and found in good growing condition. The callus growths around the winter-injured places of the trees which had had veneer protectors around the trunks had crowded the graft- ing wax towards the center of the wound and appeared normal. In the other orchards the growth of callus around the injured regions had also been considerable, as may be seen in figure C of Plate XI. The roll of callus surrounding the wound is thick and normal, and although the tree had been more than half girdled it looks like its uninjured neighbors. As far as could be judged by the removal of a small portion of the wax, no rot organisms had entered the dead wood. It appears as though even such severe wounds may be wholly covered on small trees in the course of three years. The sprouts which had grown from stumps of completely girdled trees were not as promising as it was thought they would be; it would probably have been better to replace them by new trees A few trees in this orchard were injured during the winter of 1911-12, but on none of them was the bark cracked open. They were more typically canker-like injuries. On the southwest side of several of the Baldwin trees growth had been practically negligible over certain irregular areas, usually of considerable length, while on other parts of the trunk it had been considerable. The place of transition from the normal to areas of negligible growth was dis- tinctly marked by lines, as shown in figure B on Plate XI. The area of no growth or the depressed region in this case, extended from near the ground almost up to the first branches, and was broadest but least marked at the crown of the tree. The “ sunken” bark still had a green color externally and contained much live tissue on June 18. It was found to have some discoloration in the phloem region but much more in the inner cortex. This tree had not been visibly affected during the summer of 1911. On August 7 the entire outer surface of the depressed region was brown and further growth had made the fissure wider than it appeared in the above figure. By removing the dead portions of bark it was found that the injury had extended only to the phloem in most cases and that only here and New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293 there were dead spots as deep as the wood. Cork layers had de- limited the dead from the living parts of bark. Small patches of internally injured bark were also found in some crotches of this and various other trees in the same orchard. Many of the upright shoots which so commonly originate from the larger branches on closely pruned trees, also had the phloem more or less disorganized and the wood slightly stained about their bases, although no trace of the injury could be detected before most of the cortex had been removed. The histological features of such injuries and the changes occurring in them during spring are very interesting and will be discussed in another paper. Further observations in a Weedsport orchard.— When seen again on July 23, 1912, the injured Baldwin trees in the Weedsport orchard described on page 265, and even those which had appeared unin- jured, had not grown very well. They all looked decidedly scrubby and stunted. Only a few of the sprouted stumps had been left and sev- eral of them had been “ winter-killed.”” Nearly all of the stumps had been replaced by new trees which seemed to be growing nicely. The Ben Davis trees, however, had grown remarkably well, as may be seen in figure B on Plate XIII which is taken down a diagonal row where all the Baldwin stumps had been replaced by new trees. Since the injured Baldwin trees had not grown at a normal rate the callus growths were also smaller and had made less progress in the process of covering the exposed wood. No additional injuries had apparently occurred in the callus growths of trees injured in winter of 1910-11, nor was any found on other trees‘of either the Baldwin or Ben Davis varieties. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DISCUSSION. THE CAUSES OF CROWN-ROT. Introductory.— Although the foregoing observations go to show that initial injuries which eventually result in crown-rot and canker occur in winter, and that certain environmental factors and condi- tions of trees at the close of a vegetative season are in some way re- lated to the occurrence of the diseases, they afford only circum- stantial evidence as to the factors or forces actually causing the injuries and the disintegration and rot which follow. The bark of trees may be injured artificially in various and sundry ways and still give rise to results that may be very similar to each other and to some occurring in nature, but that after all can only be suggestive. If the factors of the environment are not thoroughly studied and sifted to assist in the selection of the causal ones, the sig- nificant factors actually operative in nature in the production of a disease under consideration may be overlooked. In an endeavor to explain the natural phenomena by means of an agent assumed to be the cause, similar results may often be artificially secured. For 2994 Report oF THE BotranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE example, gummosis may be produced in various ways, but that does not show that in nature it is actually due to any of the agents that may have been used to induce it artificially. The first requisite in the investigation of a disease of plants is a thorough study of the environment in relation to the life and seasonal history of the host and the selection for experimentation of the most likely environ- mental factor or factors and conditions of the host that when com- bined may result in the disease. That the selection of the chief causal factors is often very difficult is attested by the numerous failures reported in endeavors to make natural inoculations on plants with what was thought to be the real cause of disease. Fungi not the first cause of crown-rot.— In a former paper it was shown that crown-rot had been attributed to various causes by dif- ferent authors; many suggesting winter-injury as the cause and others fungi, etc. The observations recorded in the present paper show that winter-injury is the first cause, or more accurately that the pri- mary injuries occur during winter. The fact that fungi nearly always appear on affected areas in the summer following the time of injury, while some bark is still partially alive and sometimes found exuding discolored “‘ sap,’”’ has doubtless given rise to the idea that fungi are the cause. But since fungi seem to be confined to dead areas or to dead spots in severely winter-injured areas of bark it seems more logical to hold, at least until the matter can be more definitely deter- mined, that they are only the agents of decay. in the case of the wood-rotting fungi found in connection with this disease a similar conclusion is reached, because the wood they invade is usually only that which had been stained by the after effects of winter-injury and that killed by exposure. Can alkali be the cause? —The somewhat plausible assumption that crown-rot is due to an excess of alkali! in the soil in some sections of the west where vegetation is apparently often killed by alkali, seems rather unlikely in view of the fact that a very similar disease is equally common in regions where alkali is not present; but more especially in view of observations made by Headden? in the same alkali sections, which show that the roots of typically crown-rotted trees at some distance away from the ‘“ corroded trunk ” are usually normal. It would seem that the more delicate peripheral roots and root-hairs of such a tree would be killed by the alkaline soil solution before the tree trunk could be “ corroded ” at the surface of the ground. Arsenic from spray mixtures probably has no relation to the disease.— A little more might be said here about arsenic as the causal agent in relation to this disease although much of the pertinent matter was discussed in a former paper. 1B. D. Ball. Is arsenical spraying killing our fruit trees? Jour. Econ. Ent. 2:142-48. 1909. 2W. P. Headden. Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees. Colo. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul. 157:1-56. 1910. New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295 It was pointed out before that crown-rot occurs both in sprayed orchards and in those which had never been sprayed; that arsenic is a normal constituent of the soil and often occurs in fairly large quan- tities and is therefore taken up by plants. Attention was also called to the fact that herbaceous plants grow about crown-rotted trees, as is even shown in some photographs used by Headden. Ball and his associates! have more recently shown that large quantities of arsenicals used in spray mixtures may be allowed to stand in contact with the bark of apple trees and be poured about their roots without resulting in harmful effects in one season. On the other hand Swingle and Morris? have found that some arsenic compounds are more or less injurious when held in contact with wounded bark of apple-tree branches for some time. But some of their methods are objection- able because the excessive moisture and lack of proper aeration may induce hyperplastic growths and thus admit solutions which probably could not have penetrated the normal cork layers of the bark. When plants absorb salts containing a poisonous element they are not necessarily injured; especially is that true of trees where so much of the unessential matter absorbed is stored in the non-living cells of the wood. For example, copper is one of the most active plant poisons known, so deadly in fact that it is not advisable to use water distilled from copper vessels when making culture solutions, yet copper is absorbed in the soil solution by plants and may even be stored in enormous quantities. In the vicinity of an abandoned copper mine Lehman? found that herbaceous plants contained from 83.3 to 560 mg. of metallic copper per kilogram of dry weight, while the different parts of a nearby cherry tree contained from 8.75 to 112.5 mg. per kilogram of dry weight. MacDougal‘ also notes the presence of large quantities of metallic copper in wood and other cells of Quercus macrocarpa. The chief evidence that has been advanced to show that arsenic causes crown-rot is the fact of its presence in such trees. But as arsenic is also present in normal trees and other vegetation that evidence is worthless; especially when it is borne in mind that trees may store large quantities of poisonous substances without being injured. 1E. D. Ball, E. G. Titus, and J. E. Greaves. The season’s work on arsenical poison- ing of fruit trees. Jour. Econ. Ent. 3:187-97. 1910. 2D. B. Swingle and H. E. Morris. A preliminary report on the effects of arsenical compounds upon apple trees. Phytopath. 1:79-93. 1911. °K. B. Lehman. Der Kupfergehalt von Pflanzen und Thieren in kupferreichen Gegenden. Arch. Hyg. 27:1-17. 1896. “D. T. MacDougal. Copper in plants. Bot. Gaz. 27:68-69. 1899. 996 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Low temperature and excessive or late growth as factors in production of crown-rot.—As stated above these factors have not been experi- mentally demonstrated as causes of the disease but their causal rela- tion was chiefly inferred from observations made in a large number of affected orchards. The observed facts show that the initial in- juries which result in crown-rot occur in winter and that rapidly grown trees are most subject to the disease; they indicate that bark in certain stages of its life history is more susceptible to the injury than in others, and also that the increase in diameter of a tree trunk in relation to its former diameter, as well as the premature checking of bark growth, probably have acausal relation to the occurrence of the injuries. According to Gdéppert* bark on trees and shrubs is cleft by the drying out of winter-injured bark after thawing and not by the freezing of abundant sap as is commonly held; and that clefts in crotches are caused by the wind while the tissues are frozen and brittle. These injuries are said to be especially common on Prunus and Pyrus. He found that frequently injuries occurred in the medullary rays and presumably in the inner phloem for he stated that in case the affected parts survive, discolored tissues which are subsequently covered by new annual rings, mark the year of injury. From his observations and remarks made about those of several earlier inves- tigators, it seems as though he had in mind appearances like those shown on Plate VI of the above paper on crown-rot, and the thin discolored line on the left side of Plate XX and figures 1, 6 and 7 on Plates XXVIII and X XIX of the present paper. Géppert held that plants are not susceptible to winter-injury because they contain a superabundance of sap but en account of their stage of development or state of vitality. Some of the older observations and experiments on this phase of the subject are very interesting. They are to be found in both horti- cultural and botanical literature. A few of the more pertinent ones, with the conclusions reached, are worth noting on account of the light they throw on the above field observations and because of the diversity of opinion regarding factors involved in the production of winter injuries. W. H. de Vriese? in a discussion on ‘‘ Some principles of vegetable physiology, bearing on the culture of plants” attributes clefts in trees to the absorbing action of roots in winter: ‘ the rising fluid ascends in trunks of trees and often causes large trees, the expansion of which is prevented by the cold, to split from top to bottom.” 1H. R. Goppert. Ueber die Wirme-Entwicklung in den Pflanzen, deren Gefrieren und die Schutzmittel gegen dasselbe. pp. XVI-+275. 1830. Breslau. 2 W. H. de Vriese. Some principles of vegetable physiology, bearing on the culture of plants. Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1854:597. 1854. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297 During the cold weather of January and February, 1855, numerous low-temperature clefts in trees in and around Berlin reopened, and Caspary' made a study of the forces concerned in their production. Early winter had been mild and rainy, but about the middle of January severe cold weather began and the temperature continued below freezing with an occasional freezing rain, until the latter part of February. Measurements of many trees and their clefts were made and the wind and weather records were closely followed through the cold period. Caspary concluded that clefts in tree trunks occur without refer- ence to the points of the compass and that Goppert’s view concerning the relation of the wind as a causal factor can therefore not be correct. He observed, however, that only trees along roads and about the edge of forests are cleft while those in the interior of forests were not cleft. Since it had been shown by others that after ice is once formed it contracts on a further lowering of the temperature, Caspary main- tained that clefts occur in tree trunks as a result of the contraction of the wood, and not because of expansion resulting from ice forma- tion in their interior as many believed. If clefts were formed owing to expansion resulting from ice formation they would close again when the temperature sinks below the freezing point of tree-trunks because ice has a very high coefficient of contraction, but as a matter of fact they open wider. In a final summary he states that clefts result in introduced annual plants and shrubs during the first severe frost of a season, and that they are caused by the expansion of the abundant sap while freezing, especially in the cambial region; and that such clefts may occur on per- fectly normal plants. However, in native trees clefts occur at lower temperatures and are said to be chiefly due to the excessive contrac- tion of the peripheral wood, although in case of large trees in part to the differences in the temperature between the interior and exterior of the trunks. The rupture is said always to occur at the weakest point, determined by the location of decayed parts or wounds. According to de Jonghe’ clefts are partially due to sudden changes of temperature in spring which are said to “ cause a reflux of the ascending sap,” but chiefly to ‘‘ the sun’s rays which cause the burst- ing of the bark and occasion the splitting.” He says that the “‘ rents are always on the side next the sun and never on the east, north, or northwest sides.”’ He held also that “ In general, sun-strokes are more common on trees growing in a strong, moist soil, than in one that is light and dry.” In a second article, first published in the Echo de Bruxelles, de Jonghe? makes some further additions to his former observations. 1R. Caspary. Ueber Frostspalten. Bot. Zeit. 13:449-62; 473-82; 489-500. 1855. 2de Jonghe. Sun strokes. Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1856:218. 1856. 3de Jonghe. The sun-strokes in pear trees. Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1856:230. 1856. 298 Report oF THE BorantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE He says that sun-stroke is the most destructive disease of pear trees. ‘‘ The tender, smooth bark of a growing pear tree, being not yet hardened, when struck directly by the solar rays, separates longitudinally from the alburnum to the extent of from two to five inches. The bark cracks in the middle, and its edges curling up, it affords a refuge for insects, which take up their quarters there and contribute by their biting to increase the size of the wound, and to produce a canker which most frequently causes the destruction of the tree.” He advocates the covering of the tree stems to protect them from the sun’s rays, as is also done by some of our modern horticulturists. Caspary’ quotes de Jonghe’s last article in full and calls attention to some cases of low-temperature injuries which result in the sepa- ration of the bark from the wood, but attributes them to sudden freezing of the sap in the cambial region in spring. In a further contribution to the cause of wood clefts in trees Cas- pary’ confirmed his earlier findings in part by experiment. He found that the width of the clefts is proportional to the degree of cold; and that clefts in smaller trees will open quicker when the tem- perature becomes low, and close sooner when the temperature rises than those in larger ones. He also noted that old clefts reopen when . the temperature is only a few degrees below freezing while new clefts do not form until a considerably lower temperature is reached. The circumferences of short disk-like sections of tree trunks were carefully measured and then after some of them had been cut radially from the bark to the center with a saw, they were exposed to different temperatures and remeasured. The radial saw cuts which had closed on removing the saw were found open when the temperature had sunk a little below freezing, and two uncut sections were cleft over night by a temperature of — 7.2° C. Measurements showed that the contraction and expansion of these sections as well as the opening and closing of the radial clefts followed the temperature changes just as the dimensions of the cir- cumferences and clefts did in trees: when the temperature rose their circumferences increased and the clefts closed, while lower tempera- ture decreased the circumferences and opened the clefts. He also found that the circumference of the bark changed more rapidly than that of the wood cylinder. From these results Caspary concludes that the coefficient of expan- sion of tree trunks is even greater than that of ice, zinc or iron; and, that trees are cleft because their circumferences decrease more rapidly than their radii when the temperature is lowered. 1R. Caspary. Bewirkt die Sonne Risse in Rinde und Holz der Baume? Bot. Zeit. 15:153-56. 1857. ?R. Caspary. Neue Untersuchungen iiber Frostspalten. Bot. Zeit. 15:329-35; 345-50; 361-71. 1857. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIon. 299 Nordlinger! discusses some of the effects of a cold snap which oc- curred during the first week in September, 1877; he finds that the bark of many young trees was injured and on others shoots were killed back. In the spring of 1878 fungi appeared on the killed bark and the shoots. Injuries were evident in spring as brownish red spots, especially around the bases of twigs and spurs. Some shoots were discolored only on the sunward sides. Nordlinger concludes that vegetative activities must continue later at the bases of shoots and twigs, perhaps owing to the presence of the food materials usually stored in such places. Most of the shoots that had been severely injured at their bases subsequently died. On older structures the injurious effects were usually proportional te the size of the injured areas. He holds that R. Hartig’s contention that such crotch-cankers are due to spring frosts is erroneous, aS may be seen by the examination of cross-sections and also on account of the fact that thousands of cases occur high up in trees and in locations where spring frosts could not have been harmful. He thinks it more likely that the tissues of such injured places entered winter in an immature condition and were injured on that account. In a brief note in the Gardener’s Chronicle signed by A. D.? it is stated that in December, 1887, a few old plants of Japanese chrys- anthemum were found having the bark loosened on their stems, above the ground. The growth of the plants had been checked by drought and they grew again in fall. The bark was thought to have been loosened by hoarfrost fractures. The measurements of tree trunks made at different temperatures during last winter and spring confirm Caspary’s observations in showing that the lowering of temperature decreases and the raising of temperature increases the circumference considerably. From a few experiments done last winter with cross-section of large maple branches and trunks of apple trees it was found that the circum- ference of isolated rings of bark decreases appreciably more than that of the cylinders of wood when subjected to the same low temperature and would thus apparently lead to an increase in bark tension. It is a well known fact first clearly set forth by Sachs in his Experi- mental Physiologie that tensions between different kinds of tissues result from differences in their rates of growth. The existence of tensions between the bark and wood of a fruit tree can be readily demonstrated by slitting the bark. This method may be used to show that there is often quite a variation in bark tension of different trees as well as at different heights on the same tree. ‘ Nordlinger. Die September-Fréste 1877 und der Astwurzelschaden (Astwurzel- krebs) an Biumen. Centbl. Gesam. Forstw. 4:489-90. 1878. *A.D. Effects of recent frosts. Gard. Chron. 2:691. 1887. 300 Report oF THE BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE Kraus' measured at various heights the bark tensions of many trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants by isolating rings of bark and replacing them to find the amount of contraction that had resulted. Although the method gives neither quantitative nor even accurate comparative results, it shows beyond question that there are regions of maximal and minimal transverse bark tension at different heights on a trunk. In a one-year-old shoot or stem the transverse tension between the bark and wood was found to increase from the tip downward so that the basal internode had the greatest bark tension. As growth con- tinues the tension increases up to a certain point and then the bark cells divide and grow, and thereby reduce the tension until further growth increases it again. This process is said to begin at the oldest internodes and to pass gradually towards the distal end. In some measurements of transverse tension taken during winter considerable variation was found in the distribution of maxima and minima on the stems and branches of trees, but it usually began with zero at the distal end and increased to the maximum on the largest branches before reaching the main crotches and afterwards increased to a second maximum somewhere about the crotches. In some in- stances the bark tension of stems decreased towards the ground and in others it was found to increase to another maximum at the surface of the ground or about the upper roots. Kraus holds that transverse tension develops in the bark and gradually increases to a maximum because the bark lags more and more in growth until at a certain stage in its life history its outer portion ceases growth and is ruptured, resulting in the roughened bark typical for the species. The cortical parenchyma seems to be tardiest in tangential growth during the first few years and therefore suffers the greatest transverse or tan- gential strain, until after a certain number of years it reaches a maxi- mum which is followed by a more rapid growth and a consequent reduction of the tension. It is thus seen that transverse bark tension has seasonal and life history maxima and minima which may change their positions up and down tree trunks and branches. It was also found that there is a daily periodicity in the tension with a maximum at night and a minimum about 2 p.m. It is held that the daily periodicity cannot be due to root pressure nor to differences in transpiration because cut branches immersed in water still exhibited the same periodicity. Neither do temperature variations appear to affect the daily period- icity as long as they do not go below vegetative requirements. But when a branch was placed in the dark about noon (the period of mini- mum tension) the maximum was reached in one or two hours and remained so till exposed to light, when the normal periodicity was again resumed. 1G. Kraus. Die Gewebespannung des Stammes und ihre Folgen. Bot. Zeit. 25:105-19; 121-26; 129-33; 137-42. 1867. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301 Swaying is said to decrease transverse tension at the point of bend- ing and is followed by an increase in the rate of growth at that region. Kraus also found many very small longitudinal clefts in the smooth outer bark of Acer, Aisculus, and Salix, during winter and extending as far as the cambium in some cases. The clefts are attributed to transverse tension. From this work it appears highly probable that toward the end of a vegetative season the bark tension on a tree which increased much in diameter as compared with its former diameter, may be much greater than on one having made but little growth. It is also apparent that in case vegetative activities are inhibited prematurely in fall or continued in full vigor abnormally late owing to uncommon environ- mental conditions, the seasonal maximum bark tension may be re- tained through the following winter. The bark on trees entering the dormant season with high growth tension maxima at certain regions of trunks and branches, is subject to excessive strains in the high pressure areas when the temperature drops suddenly through many degrees; that would be true regardless of whether the tempera- ture sank low enough to be injurious to perennial plants or not. The above field observations show that the initial injuries resulting in crown-rot and cankers usually occur at points which are in close agreement with the location of the regions of maximal bark tension found by Kraus, and in view of the researches of Sorauer which seem to show that low temperature injury is often due to the tensions in- duced rather than to the degree of cold, it appears probable that initial injuries of this type are due to the combined effect of tensions resulting from differences in growth rate, their increase by low tem- perature, and the additional strain caused by bending in time of strong winds. In the case of the experiment discussed on pages 32 and 44, the temperature was probably too low to enable one to distinguish be- tween the effect of the degree of cold and the tensions induced. It seemed strange, however, that some bark was loosened on a tree on which it had been slit; yet it does not show that the old notion of slitting the bark on the trunks of rapidly growing trees is erroneous, for it may be that if slit at certain times and allowed only time enough to heal the wounds before the dormant period arrives some injuries due to excessive bark tensions might be avoided. The wind as a factor in causing crown-rot.— As was often noted in the field observations the relative wind exposure to which different orchards are subjected seemed to make a decided difference in the amount of winter-injury resulting. The injuries occurring on tree trunks above ground and below the crotches were usually oriented with reference to the prevailing wind. In case the location of the injuries was not determined by the prevailing wind they were never- theless on the same side in any particular orchard or locality, indi- cating that the wind may have come from that direction during the 302 Report oF THE BoTanicaL DEPARTMENT, time the injury occurred. It appears significant also that in instances where trees had been banked with soil the injuries occurred just above the soil while on unbanked trees it usually occurred at the surface of the ground. But this probably does not hold when.the ground is not frozen at the time of injury for in that case any bending that may result from strong winds would probably occur at the surface of the ground or even below it, and result in injury at the root crotches. Goéppert! maintained that the wind is involved in the production of winter injuries, especially the north wind, for injuries were some- times found confined to plants in certain strips or zones of localities. Excessive evaporation, an additional lowering of the temperature due to wind he believed, were frequently the causes of killing back of shoots and branches of trees. Bernbeck? subjected various plants to wind rates as high as 31.3 miles per hour and obtained some very striking results. He found that transpiration was proportional to the wind rate and to the amount of bending or swaying undergone by plant structures, and that the excessive loss of water ceased when bending was eliminated. His results with lignified plant structures are especially pertinent to this discussion. A potted plant of Fagus silvatica was exposed to a wind rate of 31.3 miles per hour (14 m. per second) and in about 10 days brown spots had developed in the bark, where both the cambium and cortical perenchyma had been killed. Many cell walls are said to have been ruptured. On a potted plant of Picea excelsa exposed to the same wind rate a few hours, the bark on the swaying twigs was cleft open at a number of places on the windward or convex side, exposing the bare wood. Pinus silvestris and P. austriaca sustained similar wounds on the convex sides of twigs when subjected to the same treatment. The clefts closed and became invisible when the normal environment was restored. Ulmus effusa was also injuriously af- fected, but in this case the uninjured areas of bark remained alive, and after a few weeks the damage done to the woody parts had been practically repaired by growth. On a potted specimen of Alnus incana given the same treatment, the bark was injured in many places after several days’ exposure. Some injuries occurred also in the wood cylinder but were not evident externally. Knotty masses of callus developed on the injured regions. Quercus pedunculata was similarly affected after 6 days’ exposure and also developed knotty enlargements about the old wounds in the course of the summer. Thin lignified twigs of Ulmus effusa, Alnus glutinosa, Fagus silvatica, Picea excelsa, and Larix europaea were ex- posed in duplicate (one set being firmly fixed and the other allowed 170. c. pp. 58-61. 20. Bernbeck. Der Wind als pflanzenpathologischer Faktor. Inaug. Dissertation, Bonn. p. 116. 1907 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303 to sway) to an air current of 22.3 miles per hour (10 m. per second), and after 3 to 6 days all of the loose twigs had died back more or less while the fixed ones remained apparently normal to the end of the experiment. That is, perfect rigidity seems to afford total immunity from wind injuries, while swaying or bending result in injury. In order to distinguish between the swaying and drying effects of strong winds the experiments were repeated, the plants being kept wet by means of a spray of water. Similar results were obtained, and it was found that the bending of plant structures has a marked influence on the transpiration rate of both leaves and twigs even when the surrounding air is saturated with moisture. When the wind rates used in these experiments are compared to those frequently occurring during the dormant period of fruit trees they are not very high, and their pressure is therefore also lower than that to which our trees are often subjected. The following table taken from an article by Keller’ shows the pressure resulting from different wind rates. TasBLe [V.—TuHeE Rate AND RESULTING PRESSURE OF THE WIND. Miles | Pressure Miles | Pressure DESIGNATION. per per DESIGNATION. per per hour. | sq. ft. hour. | sq. ft. Wair breeze... 52.2... 5 0.126 || Stiff breeze......... 18 1.634 6} 0.181 19 1.821 7 | 0.247 20 2.018 Fresh breeze......... 8 | 0.823 || Very brisk wind..... 25 S255 9} 0.408 || High wind.......... 30 4.547 10 | 0.505 35 6.194 11 |} 0.610 || Very high wind..... 40 8.099 Tete OP726cly Galesk “evs neha. 45 10.260 13 ESSE | SU ara s ee ae ee eee 50 12.684 14 0.988 || Great storm........ 60 18.310 Stiff breeze........... 15 135" }| Hurricanes 2/250". . 7 80 |} 32.800 16 120 ornmado ss 32.2502 90 40.500 17 1.458 | 100 | -50.000 A wind blowing at the rate of 25 to 40 miles per hour is not at all uncommon in most regions of the United States and frequently a rate of 50 to 60 miles is maintained for some time. s Bernbeck’s results are especially interesting when compared with the above field observations of 1911. Most of the injuries occurring during the winter of 1910-11 were accompanied by radial clefts in 1E. Keller. The hygiene of the small chemical laboratory. Jour. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2:246-51. 1910. 304 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE the bark at the region of severest injury, and the bark was loosened on the windward-and sometimes also on the leeward side as shown on Plate VII. The wood was not cleft, and sometimes only the periderm and outer cortex were cleft and loosened. The trees had not been injured in extreme cold weather, because during that winter the injury occurred before the middle of January. However, the cases observed near Glens Falls were slightly different in that the injury involved a longer portion of the trunks and was sometimes confined to the region nearly midway between the ground and first crotches, as shown in figure B on Plate XIV. It seems as though the bending might have occurred higher up or over a greater length than it did in the western part of the State, possibly due to the frozen condition of the trees and ground at the time of injury. Since the location of the region of maximal bark-tension may determine the place of injury, it appears possible that the tensions were more widely distributed in this case. When a late summer drought retards bark growth or its complete adjustment to the increased circumference of the new wood produced in early summer, smooth bark may not only have a high transverse tension when the winter or dormant season begins but its lenticels may also be in such a state of incompleteness as to permit excessive evaporation throughout the following winter, and especially during a windy winter thaw. The bark on trees in wet situations may be in a similar condition on the approach of the dormant season, owing to abnormally late growth of wood in mid-summer. In view of Bernbeck’s observations and experiments which show that the bend- ing of twigs and branches by the wind results in excessive loss of water and consequent injuries on the windward side of shoots, it is very likely that imperfect lenticels and a high bark tension increase the liability to such injuries. The type of bark injuries which oc- curred on smooth-barked, thrifty pear trees in the winter of 1910-11, and which resulted in much blackened bark on the west side of trees as described above for some Medina orchards, seems to be of this type. During the winter of 1909-10 a similar though less extensive injury developed on the south side of young pear, apple, plum and cherry tree trunks and ascending branches in the western part of this State; while in the Hudson River Valley about Poughkeepsie and Milton, the injury occurred on the north side of trees during the same winter. In the winter of 1909-10 as well as in that of 1910-11, partial or complete winter thaws occurred during strong winds. In the former the wind was very high from the south during several days of open weather in late winter in the western part of the State, and in the latter the wind was from the west in the same region during a January thaw. Such injuries are usually called ‘‘ sun-scald”’ and are attributed to an injuriously high temperature induced in such bark by the sun, but since the injuries may also occur on the north New Yorx Agaricvntrurat Exprerrment Sration. 205 side of trees and on trees so situated that the sun rarely shines on their trunks the “ sun-scald’”’ hypothesis appears untenable, while the wind swaying and excessive evaporation theory of Bernbeck seems to afford an explanation of the observed facts. As stated before, more or less thickly scattered groups of cells in the inner phloem and inner cortex are injured first and sometimes all around a trunk or an ascending branch, but in severe cases the interspersed living groups also die; first on the windward side, and in extreme cases the entire bark subsequently dies on upright shoots. Such shoots are then said to have been “ winter-killed.”” In the ‘‘ sun-scald”’ and ‘ winter- killed ” types of injuries the bark does not sustain radial clefts but is frequently wind-checked after it dies. In case the initial injury in the phloem and inner cortex has not been severe enough to result in the typical ‘‘ sun-scald ” effect the bark on the windward side of trunks frequently dies only in patches during the summer, as is shown in figure C on Plate XVIII. The injuries of last winter which included radial clefts, usually also involved the wood cylinder. In many of these cases the bark was not loosened. In considering the contraction of tree trunks (page 36) occurring during the time of injury it seems likely that the clefts, especially in cases where the bark had not been loosened, were mainly due to low-temperature contraction in the wood. Yet it appears probable that wind swaying was also concerned in the production of wood clefts which extended through the entire wood cylinder like those shown on Plates XX and XXIX, because it is inconceivable how tensions due simply to peripheral contraction could result in wood clefts extending far beyond the pith. In instances like the one shown on Plates XXVIII and XIX, where there was a combination of bark loosening and radial clefts in both wood and bark, the bark tension must have been high on the approach of winter. It would appear, then, that the chief difference between the winter injuries of the past two years involving radial clefts, is their occurrence at different tem- peratures. In the winter of 1910-11 the injuries occurred during only moderately low temperature and the bark alone was cleft; while last winter the temperature was very low during the time of their occur- rence, and resulted in wood clefts also. In many cases of last winter the bark loosening did not accompany the clefts, presumably because the tension in the bark was but little in excess of that in the wood. But the wind was probably a factor in both cases. Low temperature probably caused the bark injuries in crotches of young apple trees by increasing the bark tension due to growth. The wind seems to have had only a secondary influence in those cases since no clefts resulted. Nordlinger attributed crotch injuries to early cold weather and the immature condition of the tissues at such points. The relation of growth and low-temperature tensions and the strain induced by high winds, to the initial injuries resulting in rots 306 Report or THE BotTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE and cankers on fruit and shade trees has been inferred chiefly from the environment of affected trees and from the type and location of the effect produced on them. The crown, “ heart,” and root rots which follow are doubtless due to fungi, principally of the hymeno- mycetous group. SOME SUGGESTIONS OF ECONOMIC BEARING. The field observations indicate that varieties of fruit trees which are subject to winter injuries of this type should be headed low re- gardless of the inconveniences which may be experienced in culti- vation; also, that excessive and late growth should be prevented if possible. Perhaps windbreaks or some means to prevent young trees from swaying, may also prove of value in preventing the initial injuries. Young trees which are growing rapidly or trees whose growth was prematurely checked by unfavorable conditions, so that they enter the dormant period with immature bark, ought to be carefully examined in spring and early summer for indications of loosened or injured bark. Such bark when found should be cut out with a sharp knife at right angles to its surface and the exposed wood, wf still of normal color, covered with grafting wax or with tar paint if rt ts discolored or dead. REPORT OF THE Department of Chemistry. L. L. Van Sryrxe, Chemist. *Atrrep W. Bosworrtu, Associate Chemist. Ernest L. Baker, Associate Chemist. Rupoten J. Anperson, Associate Chemist. *Anton R. Roser, Assistant Chemast. Artuur W. CrarKg, Assistant Chemist. James T’. Cusick, Assistant Chemist. Orro McCreary, Assistant Chemist. Orrin B. Winter, Assistant Chemist. *On leave. TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1. Composition and properties of some casein and paracasein compounds and their relation to cheese. [307] ee DS ee teAcre os (ree adits oe “2 iw: hy : seer ne . ; zi ; ea Mel OR ith Mr am “ 7) ' 4 1 ‘i MAY 8 ‘! aca i pwned ae’ GAGE Hie ihores. oheth KS) -ahisin alls ety lee an ail is . - ui" Sa am hea Bee Gyr Awe 4 ilar tah typos i va : oh Rouen . TUT) Aor Cay 7 Pres ane’ 1 BA i rr ei 4 Silda ay it br ghas it bara é hl 4) tae Spt rye pie COME m fegionare Fis, bai . 0 tH) i: en Hy tes, \s er) ee i uM 6) yy hart) Bey" ino BASE ace. ei a and f, oO Gi ied f f i yom ith 4 ‘ ; Ae : AO RCANY fy nies, Rec ur’ bree ve bare aT } dei) cosh 2 a w gsareeth: Labecuaatt) banter . wor’) TT mars t - 4 Lan ead’) has saree hs mete els WB las / ew 4 9 Seba Y denbekaa to weet GS et ele ae CN MAT HANS TY EAT. To it RAT hia cisaay anos ty ae Se trina yy vty OF so thelyt sind plone cx of ee | [. pe REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY. COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME CASEIN AND PARACASEIN COMPOUNDS AND THEIR RELATION TO CHEESE.* LUCIUS L. VAN SLYKE anp ALFRED W. BOSWORTH. SUMMARY. 1. Object— The work was undertaken to obtain more informa- tion regarding the compounds formed by casein and paracasein with bases, especially with Ca. Two compounds have been previ- ously prepared, one neutral to phenolphthalein, containing 1.78 per ct. Ca (2.50 CaO), and the other, neutral to litmus, containing 1.07 per ct. Ca (1.50 CaO). Our main object was to learn if there were other compounds containing less Ca. Another purpose was to ascertain the composition of the substance formed in cheese which is insoluble in water but soluble in 5 per ct. solution of Na Cl. 2. Method of preparing casein.— Casein must be made base-free for use in such work. Preparations were made containing less than 0.1 per ct. of ash. The usual method was employed in part, pre- cipitating separator skim-milk with dilute acetic acid, redissolving the washed precipitate in dilute NH,OH, continuing precipitation and solution three or more times. Finaily, the remaining calcium is precipitated from the ammonia solution as oxalate, the precipitate being removed by centrifuging and filtering, and the filtrate pre- cipitated with dilute HCl. After washing free from HCl, the casein is treated with alcohol and ether, and after grinding and partial drying is dried over H.SO: under reduced pressure. Analysis of such casein preparations agrees with the composition generally accepted, except in the amount of phosphorus and sulphur. 3. Preparation and composition of basic calcium caseinate.— The compound was prepared in two ways, (1) by decomposing CaCO; with casein and (2) by treating casein with a lime-water solution and neutralizing the excess with HCl, with phenolphthalein as indicator. The composition of the resulting compound was deter- mined (1) by weighing the CO, expelled from CaCO;, (2) by determining the Ca in the resulting casein compound and (3) by analysis of compound formed by treating lime-water solution of casein with acid until neutral to phenolphthalein. The different results agree closely, showing basic calcium caseinate to contain about 1.78 per ct. Ca (2.50 CaO), or t gram ef cascin combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of Ca. * A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 26, December, 1912. [309] 310 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE (4) Acid or unsaturated caseinates of ammonium, sodium and potassium.— These compounds were prepared as follows: Ash-free casein is dissolved in alkali so that 50 cc. of < alkali contain 1 gram of casein. This is neutralized with 4 HCl, which is added in small portions, under constant agitation, until a permanent precipi- tate begins to appear, as shown by centrifuging a portion of the mixture in a sedimentation tube. This method enables one to detect the casein precipitated by 0.20 cc. of 3 HCl. The point at which a permanent precipitate first begins to appear is noted and addition of acid is continued until all the casein is precipitated, which point is also noted. Three different casein preparations were used and numerous determinations were made. It was found that I gram of casein forms a soluble compound with each of the alkalis used when combined with amounts somewhere between 1.10 x 107% and 1.15 x10‘ gram equivalents of alkali; or, 1 cc. of + alkali combines with an amount of casein somewhere between 0.87 and c.91 gram. The proportion of basic element in each compound is as follows: NH:, 0.20 per ct.; Na, 0.26 per ct.; and K, 0.44 per ct. Such casein compounds contain the smallest known amount of base and it is suggested that they be called mono-basic caseinates. Special preparations were made of mono-ammonium caseinate, the compound being isolated and prepared in dry form. This was found to have the composition called for by the previous results obtained with the volumetric work. (5) Acid or unsaturated caseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— When a solution of casein in a hydroxide of calcium, etc., is treated with an acid, the caseinate is precipitated by the chloride formed; this difficulty can be overcome by removal of the chloride through simple dialysis before the amount is sufficient to cause precipitation. One gram of ash-free casein is dissolved in 250 cc. of X hydroxide solution and = HCl is added until the first sign of a permanent precipitate appears, as shown by centrifuging a portion. The solution is then dialyzed to remove soluble chloride and then acid is again added until precipitation again occurs and another dialysis is made. Alternate addition of acid and dialysis are continued until finally the dialyzed solution forms a permanent precipitate with the addition of any acid. The results of many experiments agree in indicating the formation of two sets of com- pounds, mono-basic and di-basic, one set containing twice as much base as the other. In the di-basic compounds, 1 gram of casein requires between 2.2x104 and 2.3 x104 gram equivalents of hydroxide to form a compound soluble in water but easily precipi- table by even a small amount of a soluble chloride of calcium, strontium or barium. In the di-basic compounds, 1 gram of casein combines (a) with 0.44 to 0.46 gram Ca (0.62 to 0.64 CaO), (b) with 0.96 to 1.01 gram Sr (1.14 to 1.19 SrO), and (c) with 1.51 to 1.58 grams Ba (1.69 to 1.76 BaO). In the mono-basic salts, 1 gram of New York AaricutturRAL ExpErRIMENT STATION. saul casein combines with about 1.1 x 10% gram equivalents of hydroxides to form insoluble compounds, which are soluble in 5 per ct. solution of chloride of sodium, ammonium or potassium. This solubility is due to an exchange of bases; for example, insoluble mono-calcium caseinate is changed by treatment with solution of NaCl into soluble mono-sodium caseinate and CaCl, as shown by special experiments. Special preparations were made of mono- and di-calcium casein- ates, each compound being isolated and prepared in dry form. These were found to have essentially the composition called for by the previous results obtained with the volumetric work. (6) Valency of casein molecule and molecular weight of casein.— On the basis of the composition of the basic calcium caseinate and mono-calcium caseinate, the former has a valency of 8. These relations indicate the molecular weight of casein to be 8888 and the equivalent weight 1111. (7) Method of preparing paracasein.— Separator skim-milk is heated to 37° C. and treated with 0.12 cc. of rennet-extract (Han- sen’s) per 1,000 cc. of milk. The milk is allowed to stand until completely precipitated. The resulting curd is broken up by vigorous stirring, the whey removed and the precipitated paracasein washed freely with water. It is then dissolved in dilute NH,OH, reprecipi- tated with acid and the operation continued and completed as in case of casein. (8) Preparation and composition of basic calcium paracaseinate.— By the same methods of study, paracasein was shown to form with calcium a paracaseinate similar in composition and properties to that of basic calcium caseinate. (9) Acid or unsaturated paracaseinates of ammonium, sodium - and potassium.— In these compounds, 1 gram of paracasein com- bines with an amount of alkali somewhere between 2.2 x 10% and 2.3 x10+ gram equivalents in forming soluble compounds with ammonium, sodium and potassium, which are acid to both litmus and phenolphthalein. One cc. of alkali combines with 0.435 to 0.455 gram of paracasein. The percentage of basic element in each compound is, NH, 0.40; Na, 0.52; and K, 0.88. The amount of each basic element in these paracaseinates is just twice that present in the corresponding casein compounds. A preparation of mono-ammonium paracaseinate in dry form gave results agreeing fairly well in composition with the results obtained by volumetric work. (ro) Acid or unsaturated paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— Mono- and di-basic paracaseinates were prepared in the same manner as the corresponding caseinates and were shown to differ from them in having just twice as much of the basic element. In the mono-basic compounds, which are insoluble, 1 gram of para- casein combines with about 2.3 x 104 gram equivalents of hydroxide of calcium, etc.; in the di-basic, which are soluble, with about 312 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE 4.6 x 10% gram equivalents. Their properties resemble those of the corresponding caseinates. (11) Valency of paracasein molecule and molecular weight of paracasein.— The valency and molecular weight are shown to be one-half those of casein. (12) Action of rennet-enzym on casein in forming paracasein.— When casein is treated with rennet-enzym, the casein molecule appears to be split into two molecules of paracasein. (13) Composition of brine-soluble compound in cheese.— During the manufacture and ripening of cheddar and many other kinds of cheese, a protein is always formed which is insoluble in water but soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of NaCl. Former studies led to erro- neous conclusions regarding its identity. Extended study shows that this substance is identical with mono-calcium paracaseinate. INTRODUCTION. The uncombined protein, casein, shows the characteristic property of an acid in combining with bases of the alkalis and alkaline earths to form salts and in decomposing their carbonates. The compounds thus formed, especially those with calcium, have been studied by numerous investigators, the more important contributions have been made by the following: Hammarsten (Zur Kenntniss des Kaseins ete., Upsala, 1877); Séldner (Landw. Versuchs.-Stat., 35: 351, 1888); Courant (Pfliger’s Arch. Physiol., 50: 109, 1891); Timpe (Arch. Hyg., 18: 1, 1893); Béchamp (Bull. Soc. Chim. (8) 11:, 152, 1894); de Jager (Maly Jahresber. Thierchem., 27: 276, 1897); Salkowski (Zeitschr. Biol., 37: 415, 1899); Kobrak (Pfliger’s Arch. Physiol., 80: 69, 1900); Osborne (Jour. Physiol., 27: 398, 1901); Laqueur and Sackur (Beitr. Chem. Physiol. u. Pathol., 3: 193, 1902); Van Slyke and Hart (Bull. No. 261, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., and Am. Chem. Jour., 33: 472, 1905); Long (Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 72, 1906); Robertson (Jour. Biol. Chem., 2: 317, 1906); Robertson (Jour. Physic. Chem., 13: 469, 1909). Without going into details, it is sufficient for our purpose at this point to state that results have been reported in which compounds, formed by treating casein with calcium hydroxide, contain an equiva- lent of calcium oxide varying all the way from 0.8 to 3 per ct. (equal to 0.57 to 2.14 per ct. of calcium). In the chemical laboratory of this Station, the relation of casein and paracasein to bases has been a subject of continued study for several years, especially in connection with changes taking place in the operation of cheese-making. The results here presented include New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. onli a careful revision of work published in previous bulletins of this laboratory with material extensions of the line of investigation. Two compounds of casein and calcium have been generally recog- nized, one containing about 2.50 per ct. CaO (1.78 per ct. Ca), and the other about 1.50 per ct. CaO (1.07 per ct. Ca). We have found, in addition, two others, one containing about 0.31 per ct. CaO (0.22 per ct. Ca), and the other double this amount. Corresponding compounds are shown in our work to be formed by paracasein with calcium, and also by both casein and paracasein with ammonium, sodium, potassium, barium and strontium. A study of the methods of preparation and of the properties of these compounds is given in this publication; the ground covered is embraced under the following outline: Part I. Casein and some of its compounds. 1. Method of preparing ash-free casein. 2. Preparation and composition of basic calcium caseinate. 3. Preparation and composition of unsaturated or acid caseinates. 4. Valency of casein molecule and the molecular weight of casein. Part II. Paracasein and some of its compounds. . Method of preparing ash-free paracasein. . Preparation and composition of basic calcium para- caseinate. . Preparation and composition of unsaturated or acid paracaseinates. . Valency of paracasein molecule and the molecular weight of paracasein. . Action of rennet-enzym on casein. Part III. Composition of brine-soluble compound in cheese. 1. Brine-soluble compound formed in cheese-making. 2. Identity of brine-soluble compound and mono- calcium paracaseinate. oa F O&O NE 3814 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE PART I. CASEIN AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS. METHOD OF PREPARING ASH-FREE CASHIN. Casein that is to be used in studying its relation to mineral bases must be free from all such bases. The preparation of really ash-free casein is much more difficult than has been commonly assumed. The so-called chemically-pure casein furnished by chemical-supply houses usually contains 0.6 per ct. of ash. The preparations used in various investigations in which the ash content has been reported rarely contain less than 0.2 per ct. of ash and not infrequently as much as 0.6 per ct. The principal basic element in casein preparations, as usually made, is calcium. The calcium in casein preparations is usually due to the presence of a compound of calcium and casein, containing 0.22 per ct. Ca (equal to 0.31 per ct. CaO), as we shall show later. This salt is insoluble in water but easily soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride, while base-free casein is insoluble in both water and the brine solution. When casein is carefully precipitated by dilute acids from milk or from lime-water solutions of casein, the precipitate is apt to contain more or less of the above-mentioned calcium caseinate as well as base-free casein. The precipitation of this calcium salt occurs most readily when the usual precautions in precipitating casein from milk are most rigidly observed, that is, when excess of acid is avoided. We have examined casein preparations obtained from chemical-supply houses and have found that some of them are soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride to the extent of 50 per ct., or more, of their weight. After trying different methods of preparing casein so as to contain a minimum amount of calcium, we have obtained the most satis- factory results by the method described below. We have been able to prepare casein containing only 0.06 per ct. of ash, consisting largely of calcium phosphate, derived from the trace of calcium not removed and the phosphorus of the casein molecule. The amount of calcium present in 5 grams of such material was too small to determine quantitatively. Our method of preparation is to dilute separator skim-milk with seven or eight times its volume of distilled water and carefully add dilute acetic acid (6 cc. of glacial acetic acid diluted to 1 liter) until the casein separates completely, after which the clear solution is removed by siphon as soon as the precipitate settles. Distilled water is then added, the mixture stirred vigorously and the precipi- tate allowed to settle, after which the wash-water is siphoned off. More water is then added and the casein is dissolved by adding, for each liter of milk used, 1 liter of dilute ammonium hydroxide (6 cc. of strong reagent diluted to 1 liter). When the solution is complete, the whole is filtered through a thick layer of absorbent New York AGricuttruRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315 cotton. The casein is then precipitated again with dilute acetic acid; the precipitate is allowed to settle, and is then washed, redis- solved in dilute ammonium hydroxide, and filtered, the process of precipitation, washing, dissolving, etc., being repeated not less than four times. Finally an excess of strong ammonium hydroxide (10 ee.) is added and then 20 cc. of saturated solution of ammonium oxalate. The mixture is allowed to stand 12 hours or more. Cal- cium is precipitated as oxalate in very finely divided condition, too fine to permit its satisfactory removal by ordinary methods of fil- tration. Better aggregation of the precipitate can, however, be effected by means of centrifugal force. The centrifuged mixture is then filtered through double thickness of filter paper. The filtered solution is next treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (10 cc. of HCl, sp. gr. 1.20, diluted to 1 liter) until the casein is precipitated. The precipitate is washed with distilled water until free from chloride and is then placed on a hardened filter paper in a Buchner funnel, as much water as possible being now removed from the precipitate by suction. The mass is next transferred to a large mortar and thoroughly triturated with 95 per ct. alcohol. The alcohol is then removed by suction on a Buchner funnel and the casein is then again placed in a mortar and triturated with absolute alcohol. Most of the alcohol is removed by filtration and the casein treated twice with ether in a mortar by trituration, the ether being removed each time by means of suction on a Buchner funnel. The material is then placed in a large evaporating dish and spread out in a layer as thin as possible; it is allowed to stand 12 hours or more in a warm place; and is finally ground in a mortar until the particles pass a 40-mesh sieve, and is dried two days over sulphuric acid in a ’ desiccator under diminished pressure. Three preparations made in this way were found to show an ash content of 0.10, 0.09 and 0.06 per ct., respectively. These prepa- rations were insoluble in water and in 50 per ct. alcohol; the first one was very slightly soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride, but the two others were not. When one gram of these casein preparations was treated with 10 cc. of *< hydroxide of ammonium, sodium or potassium, and 90 ce. of water, a clear solution was obtained, the casein dissolving completely. When to this solution a minute amount of a solution of a barium, calcium or strontium salt was added, there developed promptly the opalescent appearance characteristic of casein solutions under such conditions. Casein prepared in the manner described was analyzed, with the following results: Per ct. Per ct INA GTENURE Saag eeearetae et HMR 1.09 In dry substance: In dry substance: Nitrogen Hien ate Sees 15.80 ANSI ne, Raha Stee Ee 0.06 IPhosphorussa yi. ote. obi ae 0.71 REI Shc ay eee w zea 83 53.50 Sul HUT seins eerste eels el sences 0.72 EEVOEOGGI |. os coo sciec cess 7.18 Oxygen (by difference)...... 22.08 316 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF BASIC CALCIUM CASEINATE. The compound commonly known as basic calcium caseinate con- tains the largest amount of calcium in combination with casein. This is the compound that has been most frequently prepared and studied by investigators, beginning with Sdldner (see references on page 312). Varying results have been obtained by different workers, the percentage of calcium ranging from 1.66 to 2.13 per ct. (equiva- lent to 2.32 to 2.98 per ct. CaO). This compound can be prepared in two different ways: (1) By decomposing calcium carbonate with casein and (2) by treating casein with a solution of calcium hydroxide (lime-water). Preparation of basic calcium caseinate by treating casein with calcium carbonate— When casein is treated with calcium carbonate, the results of the reaction can be measured in two ways: (a) By weigh- ing the carbon dioxide displaced, and (b) by determining the amount of calcium in the resulting compound. Both methods were used by us. Casein prepared in the manner previously described was placed in the flask of a Knorr carbon dioxide apparatus and an excess of calcium carbonate suspended in water was added. The carbon dioxide formed in the reaction was run into weighed bulbs con- taining potassium hydroxide and the increase of weight due to carbon dioxide determined at the end of the reaction. The results are given in the following table. Tasie I. Amounts oF Carson DioxiprE EXPELLED FROM CALCIUM CARBONATE BY CASEIN. Amount of Ca O Amount of CO:z | (and Ca) for 100 expelled. grams of casein, equivalent to CO2. Amount of dry casein used. Grams Grams. Grams. LOLAcee cee eae ROE, SR SARE Bie 0.1900 2042 (173! Ca) 1O ghia ateienwebad Lee arenas) ent 0.1980 2.52 (1.80 Ca) ee ere cots a a Re a een ee ee ae 0.1054 2.68 (1.91 Ca) LF icant lec Acta raemesten ke cle ak Sareea opin stats be A 0.1003 2.55 (1.81 Ca) AV ETACC RP PA TALLS. OY ee EER ee —— 2.54 (1.81 Ca) For the purpose of measuring the results of the reaction by deter- mining the amount of calcium in the resulting compound, the casein was put in a mortar and thoroughly triturated with an excess of moist calcium carbonate, the excess being removed by filtration at the end of the reaction. The filtrate was treated with 95 per ct. New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BAT alcohol, which was free from acid, until the calcium caseinate was precipitated, after which the precipitate was washed with alcohol and ether, and dried at 120°C. A weighed portion of this compound was carefully ignited and the calcium in the resulting ash was deter- mined, with the following results: TasBLE I1.— Amount or Ca Compinine WitH CasEIN WHEN REAcTING W1TH CaCOs. Weight of Weight of CaO. |Weight of Ca. Weight of free | CaO (and Ca) for 100 caseinate. casein. grams of casein. Grams Grams. Grams Grams Grams. 0.4125 0.0102 0.0073 0.4052 2.52 (1.80 Ca) 0.5134 0.0124 0.0089 0.5045 2.46 (1.76 Ca) 0.8090 0.0077 0.0055 0.3035 2.54 (1.81 Ca) 0.4253 0.0104 0.0074 0.4179 2.49 (1.77 Ca) Ave. 0.41505 0.010175 0.00726 0.4078 2.50 (1.78 Ca) Preparation of basic calcium caseinate by treating casein with an excess of calcium hydroxide Weighed portions of casein were dis- solved in an excess of lime-water. Phenolphthalein indicator was then added to the solution and hydrochloric acid was run in until the solution became neutral. The solution was then dialyzed to remove the calcium chloride formed in neutralization. The dialyzed solution was evaporated to dryness, the residue dried at 120° C. and weighed. The determination of calcium was made after ignition, with the following results: Tasie IIJ].— Amount or Catcium CoMBINING WITH CASEIN ON TREATMENT WITH CatciumM HypROXIDE. Weight of free | CaO (and Ca) for 100 Weight of Weight of Weight of Ca caseinate. CaO. casein. grams of casein. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 1.582 0.040 0.0286 1.5534 2.58 (1.84 Ca) 1.471 0.035 0.0250 1.4460 2,42 (1.73 Ca) 1.548 0.038 0.0271 1 5209 2.50 (1.78 Ca) Ave. 1.534 © 0.0377 0.0269 1.5070 2.50 (1.78 Ca) The three sets of figures presented in Tables I, II, and III indicate that casein combines with calcium to form a compound containing about 2.50 per ct. CaO (equal to 1.78 per ct. Ca); the compound in 318 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE solution is neutral to phenolphthalein. Expressed in another form, 1 gram of casein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. This compound is commonly known as basic calcium caseinate. PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF UNSATURATED OR ACID CASEINATES. Compounds of casein with bases, in which less base is present than in the basic calcium caseinate described above, have been reported. Sdldner' obtained a compound of casein and calcium containing 1.11 per ct. Ca (equal to 1.55 per ct. CaO); or, expressed in another form, 1 gram of casein combines with 5.55x10¢ gram equivalents of calcium. This compound is neutral to litmus but acid to phenolphthalein, and has been commonly known as neutral calcium caseinate. This compound as prepared by Van Slyke and Hart? contains about 1.07 per ct. Ca (equal to about 1.50 per ct. CaO), or 1 gram of casein combines with 5.35x 104 gram equivalents of calcium. Courant? believes that, in addition to the basic and neutral compounds of casein and calcium, a third exists, in which the calcium is present in about one-half the amount contained in the neutral compound and one-third that contained in the basic compound; he regards them as mono-, di- and tri-calcium caseinates. Timpe‘ reports a compound containing 0.961 per ct. Na (equal to 0.868 per ct. CaO or 0.62 per ct. Ca; or 1 gram of casein combines with 3.1.x 10% gram equivalents of calcium). Long® was able to dissolve 1 gram of casein in just one-half the amount of alkali required for the phenolphthalein neutralization, and therefore inferred the existence of acid caseinates containing one-half the amount of base contained in basic calcium caseinate. The existence of such a combination is questioned by Robertson.® In the course of our work, we became convinced that casein forms compounds containing less base than any of those reported by other workers. While we were at work on this point, an article by Robert- son’ appeared, in which was reported a combination of casein and sodium hydroxide, 1 ce. of the alkali combining with 0.877 gram of casein. Our further work confirms Robertson’s results, although we have used a different method of procedure. In addition, we have been able to prepare and isolate several salts for analysis. Our study of these individual salts shows that ammonium, sodium and potassium compounds possess properties of solubility very different from those of barium, calcium and strontium. As previously stated, 1Landw. Versuchs.-Stat., 35: 351, 1888. 2N. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 261, 1905. 3 Pfliger’s Archiv. Physiol., 50: 109, 1891. 4Arch. Hyg. 18:1, 1893. 5Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 372, 1906. ®Jour. Biol. Chem., 2: 336, 1906. iJour. Physical Chem., 13: 469, 1909. New Yorx AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319 we have prepared and studied two sets of compounds of casein with bases, in one of which 1 gram of casein combines approximately with 1.125x104 gram equivalents of base, while in the other 1 gram of casein combines with about 2.25x 10% gram equivalents of base. We will next take up the details of our experimental work in preparing acid caseinates of the bases of the more common alkalis and alkaline earths. The specific object of our work was to ascertain the smallest quantity of base with which casein combines to form a definite salt. In the volumetric work our method of procedure was as follows: In 200 ce. of * alkali, we dissolved 5 grams of pure casein as quickly as possible and then made the volume to 250 cc. Each 50 cc. of this solution therefore represents 1 gram of casein dissolved in 50 ce. of X alkali. A preliminary or trial determination was next made in the following manner: Into a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, we measure 50 cc. of the caseinate solution and then add, a drop at a time, some 7 HCl, until we have used 5 cc., the contents of the flask being kept in constant agitation in order to prevent premature precipi- tation of casein. After addition of the 5 cc. of acid, a portion of the contents of the flask is centrifuged, in order to cause the sedimenta- tion of precipitated casein, if any, a precipitate serving as an indi- cator. A sedimentation tube of 50 cc. capacity can be used; the precipitate collects in the lower V-shaped portion. It is possible in this manner to detect the casein precipitated by 0.20 cc. of 3 HCl. In case no casein is precipitated by the first addition of 5 cc. of acid, another equal amount of acid is added and a portion of the mixture centrifuged; the process of adding 5 ce. portions of acid and centri- fuging is continued until a permanent, precipitate of casein is obtained. This shows, within 5 cc. of > HCl, how much acid is required to start definite precipitation of the casein. In order to ascertain the exact point more closely, another set of determinations is made, using 50 cc. of the caseinate solution and adding in the same cautious manner an amount of + HCl which is 5 ce. less than the amount causing the first appearance of a permanent precipitate in the trial or preliminary determination. The acid is now added in small amounts with constant agitation of the mixture to prevent the premature separation of any precipitate, and centrifuged after the addition of each 0.25 cc. The point at which a permanent precipitate first appears is noted; the addition of acid is continued until all the casein is precipitated and this point is also noted. In our work this method of determination was repeated several times with each combination of casein and alkali and three different casein preparations were used in preparing each caseinate. We will now present the results of our experimental work in connection with the unsaturated or acid caseinates of, first, ammonium, sodium and potassium, and, second, barium, strontium and calcium. 320 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE Acid caseinates of ammonium, sodium and potassium.—In the manner described above, we made numerous determinations in the case of preparations of base-free casein dissolved in the hydroxide of ammonium, sodium and potassium, respectively. Tabulated below, we give the average results of many such determinations. : TaBLe ITV.— Rewation or ALKALI Bases To Casern In Acip CASEINATES. Amount of alkali left Amount eecas eae ammount Merorrt of 3 ‘HCl combined with casein. ar x HCl of casein alkali of 50 required to a first #9 |———————————————__, required used. used alkali sign of permanent to pre- used. precipitation, N N cipitate 50. 10. all of the casein. Gram. Ce: Ce. | Ce. Ce. Cec; 1 NH, OH 50 | Between 44.25 and 44.50 /|5.5t05.75/]1.1to01.15 50 1 Na OH 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50 1 K Oo H 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50 The results in this table indicate that 1 gram of casein forms a soluble compound with ammonium, sodium and potassium, when combined with amounts of each somewhere between 1.10 x 10% and ela xiOr gram equivalents of alkali; or, expressed in another form, 1 cc. of * alkali combines with an amount of casein somewhere between 0.87 and 0.91 gram. The proportion of basic element in each compound is approximately the following: NHy, 0.20 per ct.; Na, 0.26 per ct.; and K, 0.44 per ct. Caseinates combining with the amount of alkali base indicated contain the smallest known amount of base, according to our present knowledge. It seems proper, therefore, to suggest that such compounds be called mono-basie caseinates. Preparation of mono-ammonium caseinate-— It seemed desirable that we should carry the work somewhat farther and prepare one pure compound, at least, in dry form for study. The ammonium compound was chosen as the one offering least difficulty. The method of preparation. was as follows: In 2 liters of distilled water containing 250 cc. of + NH,OH, 25 grams of base-free casein were dissolved. After solution was complete, we slowly added 125 ee. of * HCl, care being taken to agitate the mixture during the addi- tion of the acid, in order to prevent premature precipitation of any casein. There was next added very cautiously 4 HCl until a per- manent precipitate began to appear, as shown by centrifuging the mixture. The solution was then filtered and measured. The amount of ~ HCl required to precipitate the casein completely was determined in an aliquot part. Then one-third of this amount was added to insure the presence of only mono-basic caseinate. Any precipitate formed was removed by filtration and the filtrate was dialyzed until the ammonium chloride that had been formed in the New York AGricuLturAL ExprrIMENT STATION. 321 reaction was completely removed. The resulting solution, con- taining mono-ammonium caseinate, was then precipitated by addi- tion of acid-free alcohol. The precipitate was filtered, washed with acid-free alcohol and ether and dried at 120° C. In several prepara- tions thus made the amount of ammonia was determined; the results are given in the following table: TaBLE V.— Composition OF MoNno-AMMONIUM CASEINATE. Amount | Amount of Percentage of N NH: OH Relation of casein to NH.OH in caseinate. of NH, in caseinate | 2 found. caseinate. used. Grams. Ce 5.891 6.64 | 1 gram of casein to 1.127 x 10+ grams equivalents 0.203 4.870 5.38 | 1 ; be SOT 105x042 4 bs 0.200 *4 000 4.30 | 1 ; bs SRODxi104) “ § 0.194 *3.000 3.16 | 1 ¢ ‘f “O53 x10* -“ « 0.190 * Preparations of caseinates made by Mr. O. B. Winter. Acid caseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— In making preparations of the caseinates of the alkaline earth bases, difficulty was experienced in obtaining concordant results. The trouble was finally found to be due to the presence of the chloride formed when the solution of the caseinate is treated with hydrochloric acid. Such chlorides tend to cause precipitation of the caseinates either by decreasing their solubility or, perhaps, by formation of double salts, consisting of the chloride in combination with the caseinate.! The difficulty of insolubility is readily overcome by removal of the chloride through simple dialysis before the amount is sufficient to cause precipitation. To accomplish this, we made use of the fol- lowing process: In 200 ce. of > hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium, we dissolved 5 grams of casein and then diluted the solution to 250 ce. A preliminary or trial determination was made by adding s HCl to 50 ce. of the caseinate solution in portions of 5 cc. at a time, agitating constantly and, after each addition, testing for the presence of a precipitate by centrifuging a portion, until a precipi- tate appeared, just as in the case of preparing alkaline caseinates (p. 319). Then to each of several flasks containing 50 cc. of the caseinate solution we added an amount of + HCl that was 5 cc. less than the amount causing the first appearance of a permanent precipitate in the preliminary trial. The contents of the flask were then placed in dialyzing tubes and, by frequent changes of the sur- rounding water, most of the soluble chloride that had been formed was removed. The contents of one tube were then used for another 1 Pfeiffer and Modelski, Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 81: 329, 1912. 11 322 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE preliminary test. An amount of acid less than that required to produce a precipitate in this second test was then added to all the tubes and the contents again dialyzed. This operation was con- tinued in the manner indicated in the following table: TaBLeE VI.— ILLustratTION oF MetuHop Usep In PREPARING AcID CASEINATES OF CatciuM, STRONTIUM AND BARIUM. Amount | Amount of | An f of casein | \ hydroxide see Sign of in solution 50 precipitation. solution. used. added. Gram. Cc: Ce. 1 50 30 Precip. First trial. 1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 1 50 30 0) “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 35 Precip. 1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 1 50 30 (0) “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 35 0 1 50 40 Precip 1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 1 50 30 0) “ “ “« “ “ 1 50 35 0) “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 36 0) 1 50 37 0 1 50 38 Precip 1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 1 50 30 0 “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 35 0 «“ “ “ “ “ il 50 37 0) “ «“ «“ “ “ 1 50 38 0 1 50 39 Precip 1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 1 50 30 0 “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 35 0 “ “ “ “ “ 1 50 37 0 “ «“ “ “ “ 1 50 38 0 «“ “ “ “ “ 1 50 38.5 0 1 50 39 Precip. In the manner described above, we have made numerous prepara- tions of calcium, strontium and barium caseinates; the averages of many results are given in Table VII. We have found that in adding 4 HCl to 50 ce. of a_caseinate solution containing 1 gram of casein dissolved in 50 ec. of + solution of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium, it requires less than New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sao 50 cc. of acid to precipitate the casein completely; the exact amount is 44.5 ce. yl 0 + HCl. The remaining amount of base, equal to 5.5 cc. of © hydroxide, or 1.1 ce. of = hydroxide, appears to be held in combination in the insoluble compound. TaBLE VII.— CasEINaTES oF CALCIUM, STRONTIUM AND Barium. Amount of base com- Amount of base Amount bined with casein in precipitated ae Nuc in solution. Amount casein. Amount Amount 50 eh of Kind of eee required |————_—_——_ 50 HCl casein | hydroxide | % 50 to cause required used. used. hydrox- | first sign to pre- ide used.) of perma- N N cipitate N N nent pre- bu 10 all casein. bo 10 cipitate. Grams. Ce. Ce: Ce: Ce. Ce: Ce. Ce. 1 Ca (OH)2 50 | 38.5 to 39 | 11 to 11.5] 2.2to2.3 44.5 5.5 1.1 1 Sr (OH)s2 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 1 Ba (OH): 50 “ “ “ “ «“ “ “ “ “ “ : “ These results indicate the formation of two sets of compounds, when casein is dissolved in a hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium and this solution is neutralized with acid under the conditions of our experiments. One set of compounds contains twice as much base as the other. Attention is called to additional details in the following statements: (1) In the di-basic compounds, as the results show, 1 gram of casein requires between 2.2.x 104 and 2.3 x 10% gram equivalents of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form a compound which is soluble in water when there is not present any, or more than a trace of, soluble chloride of any of these elements. The addition of even a small amount of a soluble salt of any of these elements to a solution of any of these di-basic caseinates causes the formation of a precipitate. (2) In these di-basic compounds, 100 grams of casein combine (a) with 0.44 to 0.46 gram Ca (equal to 0.62 to 0.64 gram CaO), (b) with 0.96 to 1.01 gram Sr (equal to 1.14 to 1.19 grams SrO), or (c) with 1.51 to 1.58 grams Ba (equal to 1.69 to 1.76 grams BaQO). (3) Apparently, with the treatment described above, 1 gram of casein combines with about 1.1 x 104 gram equivalents of the hydrox- ide of calcium, strontium or barium to form an znsoluble compound, when an acid is added in amount just sufficient to precipitate the casein completely. These compounds are regarded as mono-basic. (4) In these insoluble mono-basic compounds 100 grams of casein combine approximately (a) with 0.22 gram Ca (equal to 0.31 gram CaO), (b) with 0.48 gram Sr (equal to 0.57 gram SrQO), or (c) with 0.76 gram Ba (equal to 0.85 gram BaO). (5) These insoluble compounds possess some highly interesting properties; they are soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium, potas- 324 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE sium or ammonium chloride. This solubility is due to an exchange of bases, which, for our purpose, can be represented by the following reversible reaction: caseinate PRE a Cache ene + 2 NaCl -—— 2 Na caseinate+ CaCle caseinate (insoluble) (soluble) That the reaction is a reversible one is supported by the following experimental evidence: Mono-calcium caseinate was prepared and freed from soluble calcium salts by washing and dialysis. The compound was then dissolved in a 5 per ct. solution of calcium-free sodium chloride. That an interchange of bases had taken place was shown by the fact that when the caseinate brine solution was dialyzed, calcium was found in the solution outside the dialyzing tube. This brine solution of caseinate was then dialyzed until free from cal- cium and was then filtered. A solution of calcium chloride was then added to this dialyzed solution and at once a precipitate of calcium caseinate was produced. That this precipitate is a calcium salt can be shown in two ways: (1) By washing and dialyzing until free from soluble chloride and then igniting. Calcium is found in the ash. (2) By washing and dialyzing until free from soluble calcium, then redissolving in 5 per ct. solution of calcium-free sodium chloride and dialyzing. Calcium is found to dialyze out of this brine solution of caseinate. There is another point of interest in connection with this com- pound which we will briefly refer to here but consider in more detail in the report of another investigation. When a small amount of acid is added to milk or is formed in milk by lactic fermentation, a substance separates on warming which is very stringy and which easily dissolves in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. This substance is probably mono-calcium caseinate. Preparation of mono- and di-calcium caseinates.— In order to study the composition and properties of these compounds more fully, preparations of mono- and di-calcium caseinates were made. The following method was employed: In 800 cc. of % Ca(OH): there were dissolved 20 grams of base-free casein. To this solution was added 400 ce. of } HCl; the solution was then dialyzed to remove most of the resulting calcium chloride. Then 4 sy HCl was added very cautiously under constant agitation of the mixture until a permanent precipitate began to appear, as shown by centrifuge. The solution was then dialyzed again and then more acid was added until a precipitate once more began to form. Alternate dialysis and addition of acid were continued until no more acid could be added without causing a precipitate. The amount of acid necessary to precipitate all of the casein was next determined in an aliquot por- tion, and one-third of this amount of acid was then added. The New York AGricuttuRAL ExprErRIMENT STATION. 325 precipitated casein was filtered out and the filtrate was dialyzed. This solution contained di-calcium caseinate. The solution was divided, one portion being used for the preparation of the di-calcium caseinate and the other for the mono-calcium caseinate. In completing the preparation of the di-calcium caseinate, the salt was precipitated by addition of acid-free alcohol, the precipitate being washed with acid-free alcohol and ether, and then dried at 120° C. The composition of this preparation is given in Table IX. In preparing the mono-calcium caseinate, the solution of di-calcium caseinate was treated with enough acid to precipitate three-fourths of the casein. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with water, acid-free alcohol and ether and then dried at 120° C. The results in Table VIII show the amount of calcium found in the preparation. TasLE VIII— Composition or Mono-Catcrum CASEINATE PREPARATION. Amount of com- Amount of CaO Percentage of CaO |Relation of casein to cal- pound found. in compound. cium in compound. used. Grams. Gram. 0.0149 (0.0106 Ca) 0.298 (0.213 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.06 x 10+ gram equivalents. 5 0.0141 (0.0101 Ca) 0.282 (0.201 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.01 x 107 gram equivalents. 5 0.0146 (0.0104 Ca) 0.292 (0.209 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.04 x 10+ gram equivalents. Average...| 0.01453 (0.0104 Ca) 0.291 (0.208 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.04 x 10“ gram equivalents. TasBLe IX.— Composition oF Di-Catcrum CASEINATE PREPARATION. Amount of com- Amount of CaO Percentage of CaO | Relation of casein to calcium pound found. in compound. in compound. used. Grams. Grams. 4.2825 | 0.0233 (0.0167 Ca) 0.544 (0.39 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1,.95x 10% gram equivalents. 4.1215 | 0.0235 (0.0168 Ca) 0.572 (0.41 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 2.04x 10+ gram equivalents. Ave. 4.202 | 0.0234 (0.01675 Ca)| 0.558 (0.40 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 2.00 x 10* gram equivalents. If we compare the results given in Tables VIII and IX with the figures given in paragraphs (1), (2), (3) and (4) on page 323, it is obvious that the results embodied in these tables are lower. The higher results are obtained by the volumetric method and are believed 326 Rerort or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE to be nearer the truth, owing to the difficulty of preparing these caseinates in pure form. The values by the volumetric method are: 1 gram of casein to 1.10 (to 1.15) x 10% gram equivalents of cal- cium for the mono-basic caseinate, and 1 gram of casein to 2.2 (to 2.3) x 104 gram equivalents of calcium for the di-basic caseinate. VALENCY OF CASEIN MOLECULE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CASEIN. In the case of the compound of casein and calcium, which is neutral to phenolphthalein, it is found that 1 gram of casein combines with 9x 104 gram equivalents of calcium. In the case of the mono- ammonium caseinate, the combination is in the proportion of 1 gram of casein to a value between 1.1 x 10* and 1.15 x 10% gram equiva- lents. Since we have one compound of known composition and another of approximately known composition, it should be possible by applying the rule of constant proportioas to determine the true composition of the mono-basic caseinate and also the number of valencies satisfied in the caseinate neutral to phenolphthalein. We have reason to believe that the proportion, 1 gram of casein to 1.125 x 10* gram equivalents of alkali, is the true value, since, first, this lies between the two limits (1.10 and 1.15) found in our volumetric work, and, second, this figure agrees with that found by assuming a valency of 8 for the basic calcium caseinate, in which 1 gram of casein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. Thus, if the valencies satisfied are 8, the proportion becomes 1 gram of casein to 1.125x 104 gram equivalents of alkali for mono-basic caseinates. If, however, we were to assume that the number of valencies in the basic compound is 7 rather than 8, then the mono- basie salt would, theoretically, have the composition, 1 gram of casein to 1.285 x 104 gram equivalents of alkali, a value too high for our analytical results. If, on the other hand, we were to assume the number of valencies in the basic compound to be 9, then the proportion in the mono-basic compound would become 1 gram of casein to 1x 10* gram equivalents of alkali, a value too low for our analytical results obtained with mono-ammonium and other alkali caseinates. Assuming 8 as the true valency of basic calcium caseinate gives us the value, 1 gram of casein to 1.125 x 10* gram equivalents of alkali, a result which agrees with the volumetric results obtained in case of the mono-alkali caseinates. If we use the sulphur content as a basis for calculating the mole- cular weight of casein we have n(*2;3*) 100==-n4454+. Here the value of n appears to be 2, and the molecular weight would be 8908, which is in very close agreement with the value found above, 8888+. This would indicate that there are two atoms of sulphur in each molecule of casein. The amount of phosphorus in casein was found to be 0.71 per ct., which would lead to the molecular weight, n(4t7i#) 100 = n4372—. If the value of n is 2, the molecular weight of casein becomes 8744. New York AaricutturaL EXprErIMENT STATION. Byatt On the basis of 8 representing the true number of valencies satis- fied in the basic-calcium caseinate molecule, the molecular weight of casein is y--23xr0-¢ or 8888+. Robertson! reaches similar results by deducing the molecular weight of casein in several different ways. This would also make the equivalent weight of casein equal to %%* or 1111. This value is in close agreement with the equivalent weight assigned by other workers to casein prepared from cow’s milk. Laqueur and Sackur? give about 1135; Mat- thaiopoulos*® gives 1131.5; Long* gives 1124. As a result of the work here reported, it would seem possible, theoretically, to prepare a series of not less than eight combinations of casein with each of the basic elements studied. According to what we have reason to believe at the present time, not less than four of these combinations have been prepared. Using the calcium compounds, we have the following series: Name of compound. | Grams Ca for 100 grams of casein. Varnes Mono-calcium caseinate............. 0).22 (equal to 0,31 CaO)... ...... 1 Di-calcium caseinate................ 0.44 (equal to 0.62 CaO)........ 2 Neutral calcium caseinate............| 1.07 (equal to 1.50 CaO)........ 5 Basic calcium caseinate.............. 1.78 (equal to 2.50'CaO)...:.... 8 It is noticeable that in this series compounds are absent repre- senting valencies of 3, 4, 6 and 7. Whether such compounds can be prepared no one can say at present. PART II. PARACASEIN AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS. The term paracasein is generally applied to the precipitated protein compounds formed by treating milk with rennet-extract. The relations between casein and paracasein are not satisfactorily understood as yet. Little study has been given to the compounds formed by paracasein. Van Slyke and Hart® have shown that paracasein combines with calcium to form a compound neutral to phenolphthalein, containing about 2.40 per ct. CaO (1.71 per ct. Ca), or 1 gram of paracasein combines with 8.55 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium, They also found a compound neutral to litmus, in which there was about 1.50 per ct. CaO (1.07 per ct. Ca), or 1 gram of paracasein combines with 5.35x10* gram equivalents of cal- cium, According to their results, the compound containing the 1Jour. Physical Chem., 15: 179, 1911. *Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 3: 193, 1902. 3Zisch Analyt. Chem., 47: 492, 1908. 4Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 372, 1906. ®>N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 261, and Am. Chem. Jour., 33: 472, 1905. 328 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE higher amount of calcium is soluble in water, while the other is insoluble. It will be later shown by us that both of these com- pounds are soluble in pure water. In reporting the compound neutral to litmus to be insoluble in water, the fact was overlooked that, under the conditions of their experiments, there was always present in the mixture a considerable amount of calcium chloride, which was formed by the reaction of the hydrochloric acid upon the lime-water solution of paracasein, and the presence of this calcium chloride caused the precipitation of the neutral calcium paracaseinate, as we shall show later. We have been able to prepare compounds of paracasein corre- sponding to the mono- and di-basic caseinates, in which, however, the proportion by weight of paracasein to base is just one-half that found in the caseinates. PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF ASH-FREE PARACASEIN. Milk from which the fat has been removed as completely as pos- sible by centrifugal force was heated to 37° C. and rennet-extract (Hansen’s) was added in the proportion of 0.12 ce. per 1,000 ce. of milk. The milk was allowed to stand until the precipitated para- caseinate had separated as completely as possible. The resulting curd was then stirred vigorously in order to break it into small pieces and hasten the separation of the whey. When the curd had settled, the supernatant whey was removed by siphon. The para- caseinate was washed with distilled water several times, and finally 5 liters of water were added for each liter of milk originally used. Dilute ammonium hydroxide (6 ce. of strong reagent diluted to 1,000 cc.) was then added, as in the case of the preparatien of casein (p. 314), and the mixture stirred until the paracaseinate was dissolved. The process of precipitating, washing and redissolving was con- tinued as in the case of casein; the remaining calcium was finally separated by addition of ammonium oxalate and centrifuging. One preparation made in this way contained 0.07 per ct. of ash. One gram gave a clear solution when dissolved in 10 cc. of 4 NH,OH and 90 cc. of water. One preparation, with high ash content, gave the following results on analysis: Per ct. In dry substance: Per ct. Woistures:, Steen sen see eK ee 1.63 INitropen\: pesmi. 15.80 UNG| tien oer cased o tsteaes CMe racic Pietsch oA ~ 0.61 Phosphorusteeeer ase. se nleas 0.83 In dry substance: Sulphur. sete. ke eee 0.87 Carbonieterets . 11.0: byeers leeyee 53.50 Oxygen (by difference)...... 21.13 Tahypalvorgsyaliee a epee Gam ne Ral cn 7.26 Another preparation with exceptionally low ash content gave the following results: Ashen se 0.07 per ct. Phosphorus.... 0.71 perct. Sulphur..... 0.72 per ct. New Yorx AaGricuttruraL Exprriment STArIon. 329 PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF BASIC CALCIUM PARACASEINATE. Like casein, paracasein manifests its acid character by its power to liberate carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate, forming a calcium paracaseinate. The results of the reaction were measured by us in the same manner as in the ease of casein (p.316), and it is, therefore, not necessary to report any of the details of methods or results. The average of many determinations indicates that paracasein unites with calcium to form a paracaseinate which is neutral to phenolphthalein and has the same general composition; 1 gram of paracasein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF UNSATURATED OR ACID PARACASEINATES. In preparing acid paracaseinates of bases, the same volumetric method of procedure was followed as in case of the casein salts (p. 318). The appearance of a precipitate in a centrifuged portion after addition of acid to an alkali solution of paracaseinate was made to serve as an indicator in regard to the end point of the reaction. We dissolved 5 grams of the ash-free paracaseinate in 200 cc. of % alkali, made up the solution to 250 cc. and then determined the end points by careful addition of $ HCl to 50 ce. portions. Acid paracaseinates of ammonium, sodium and potassium.— In the manner described, determinations were made in the case of base- free paracasein dissolved in hydroxide of ammonium, sodium and potassium, with the results tabulated below: TaBLE X— RELATION oF ALKALI Bases TO PARACASEIN IN AcID PARACASEINATES. ae eae left. Aqnatnt Amount Amount combined with paracasein. N Giiearaz it. Kind of ey Amount of = * HCl of = HCl casein alkali Of 50 required to Eee first required to used. used, alkali sign of permanent N N precipitate used. precipitate. 60 10 all of 3 paracasein. Gram. Ce. Gc: Ce. Ce. Ce. 1 NH, OH 50 Between 38.5 and 39 | 11 to 11.5 | 2.2 to 2.3 50 1 Na OH 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 1! KOH 50 “ “ “ “ “ if i “ “ These results show that 1 gram of paracasein combines with an amount of alkali somewhere between 2.2 x 10* and 2.3.x 10% gram equivalents, in forming soluble compounds with ammonium, sodium and potassium, which are acid to both litmus and phenolphthalein. Expressed in another form, 1 cc. of % alkali combines with an amount of paracasein somewhere between 0.485 and 0.455 gram. The proportion of basic element in each compound is approximately as follows: NHy, 0.40 per ct.; Na, 0.52 per ct.; K, 0.88 per ct. The amount of each basic element in these paracaseinates is just double that present in the corresponding casein compounds (p. 320). 330 Rerorr or true Department or CHEMISTRY OF THE The amount of acid required to precipitate completely the para- casein in these compounds is exactly equal to the alkali used to dissolve the paracasein; this indicates that there is no additional paracaseinate, in insoluble form, containing less of these basic elements. Preparation of mono-ammonium paracaseinate.— This compound was isolated and prepared in dry form, for futher study, in the manner already described in the preparation of mono-ammonium caseinate (p. 320). Care must be taken to use a paracasein prepa- ration free from casein or salts of calcium, strontium, barium, ete. A determination of the amount of ammonia present in preparations thus made is given below. Taste XI.— Composition oF Mono-AMMONIUM PARACASBINATE. SSS Amount |Amount of Percent- of para- |“ NH:OH| Relation of paracasein to NH:OH in paracaseinate.| aze of caseinate| ‘” found. NH in used. para- caseinate. Grams. Ce. 4 8.20 | | gram of paracasein to 2.05 x 104 gram equivalents 0.37 4 Weagoe ple se o ZOO AO ‘ 0.36 These results show the difficulty of making a pure compound, but they indicate that the percentage of ammonium is double that found in the corresponding mono-ammonium caseinate. Acid paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— In pre- paring paracasein salts of calcium, strontium and barium, the pres- ence of their chlorides causes much more trouble in respect to pre- cipitation than in case of the casein salts. Special care must be taken to prevent the accumulation of chlorides of these elements. By sufficiently frequent dialysis it was possible to obtain the results reported below (Table XIII). Another point in connection with paracasein is the fact of its slow rate of solution in the hydroxides of calcium, strontium and barium; on this account we used 400 ce. of * hydroxide to dissolve 5 grams of paracasein, making the volume up to 500 cc. with water. Trial or preliminary determinations were made in the same manner as with casein (p. 321), in order to determine the amount of * HCl required to precipitate the paracasein in the absence of chlorides of calcium, strontium and barium. The specific details employed and results obtained are indicated in the following table: New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. dol TABLE XII.— ItLusTRATION OF MertHop or PREPARING AcID PARACASEINATES Oi CaLicuM, STRONTIUM AND BARIUM. Amount Amount of Amount of of para- §% hydroxide) N pq casein in | solution 50 solution. used. added. Grams. Ce: Ce 1 100 80 1 100 75 1 100 80 if 100 75 1 100 76 1 100 77 1 100 TAB 1 100 76 1 100 76.5 1 100 77 il 100 75 1 100 76 1 100 76.5 1 100 Ga 1 100 Gis 1 100 75 1 100 76 1 100 76.5 ih 100 Te 1 100 VU hess) 1 100 77.50 Precipita- tion. Precip First trial. 0 Dialyzed and used for next. Precip 0 Dialyzed and used for next. 0) “ «“ Precip 0 Dialyzed and used for next. (6) a “ “ 0) «“ “ “ “ “ Precip 0 Dialyzed | and used for next. “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 0) «“ “ “ “ “ Precip 0) Dialyzed and used for next “ . “ 9 “ “ “ 0) “ “ “ “ “ 0) “ “ “ “ “ Precip. The results obtained by the method of procedure indicated above are given in the following table for calcium, strontium and barium. TaBLe XIII.— PaRACASEINATES OF CALCIUM, STRONTIUM AND Barium. Amount | Kind of of para-| hydrox- casein. ide. Gram. 1 Ca (OH): 1 Sr (OH): 1 Ba (OH)2 oe SUES of x HCl of 50 required hydrox- to cause ide used.| first sign of permanent precipitate. Ce. Ce. 100 |77.25 to77.: 100 (77.25 to77. 100 (77 .25 to 77. Amount of base left combined with para- casein in solution. N any 50 10 Ce. Gel 5 to 22. a of = (0) required to pre- cipitate all para- casein. Amount, of base in precipitated paracasein. N N 50 10 Ce. Ce: 11.5 Das 1S 2:3 15 2.3 332 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE These results indicate the formation of two sets of compounds when paracasein is dissolved in a hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium and this solution is neutralized with acid under the condi- tions of our experiments. One set of compounds contains twice as much base as the other, corresponding to the two sets of casein compounds. Additional details are discussed below: (1) In the di-basic compounds, the results show that 1 gram of paracasein requires between 4.5x10* and 4.55x 10* gram equiv- alents of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form a com- pound which is soluble in pure water. These compounds are easily precipitated from their water solutions by a minute amount of a soluble salt of calcium, strontium or barium. (2) In these di-basic compounds, 100 grams of paracasein com- bine, approximately, (a) with 0.90 gram Ca (equal to 1.26 grams CaO), (b) with 1.97 grams Sr (equal to 2.33 grams SrO), or (c) with 3.09 grams Ba (equal to 3.45 grams BaQO). (3) It is indicated that, with the treatment described above, 1 gram of paracasein combines with about 2.3.x 10* gram equiva- lents of the hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form an insoluble compound. These compounds are regarded as mono-basic paracaseinates. (4) In these insoluble mono-basic paracaseinates, 100 grams of paracasein combine, approximately, (a) with 0.46 gram Ca (equal to 0.64 gram CaQ), (b) with 1.01 grams Sr (equal to 1.19 grams SrO), or (c) with 1.58 grams Ba (equal to 1.76 grams BaQ). (5) Mono-basic paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and barium are completely soluble in warm 5 per ct. solution of ammonium, ' sodium or potassium chloride. This solubility is due to interchange of bases, just as in the case of caseinates (p. 18); the reaction was studied experimentally with paracaseinates and the same results obtained as in case of the caseinates. (6) A comparison of the composition of the caseinates and para- caseinates shows that twice as much base is present in paracaseinates as in the corresponding caseinates. This is easily seen in the fol- lowing table. TaBLE XIV.— ComPaRISON OF COMPOSITION OF CASEINATES AND PARACASEINATES. Amount of basic element combined with 100 grams of casein and paracasein. Basic In mono-basic | In mono-basic In di-basic In di-basic element. caseinates. | paracaseinates. caseinates. paracaseinates. Gram. Grams Grams Grams Ca einh as 0.22 0.46 0.44 to 0.46 0.90 SS) ae oe eee 0.48 1.01 0.96 to 1.01 1.97 Ba. pacers 0.76 1.58 1.51 to 1.58 3.09 New York AGrRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 333 Preparation of mono- and di-caleium paracaseinates.— In order to study the composition and properties of these compounds further, preparations of the mono- and di-calcium paracaseinates were made. The first steps in making these compounds are the same. An excess of ash-free paracasein is agitated with lime-water until a saturated solution is formed, the undissolved paracasein being removed by filtration. To the solution % HCl is added until a permanent pre- cipitate begins to appear. The solution is again filtered and then dialyzed. Alternate addition of acid and dialysis are continued until no more acid can be added after dialysis without causing precipitation. The amount of + HCl required to precipitate all the paracasein is next determined in an aliquot portion, and one- third that amount of acid is added. The solution is then filtered and dialyzed. This solution contains di-calctum paracaseinate. This solution is divided into two portions; in one the di-calcium paracaseinate is precipitated by addition of acid-free alcohol, the precipitate being washed with acid-free alcohol and ether and dried at 120°C. This preparation was found to contain between 4.2 x 10* and 4.6 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium for 1 gram of paracasein. x the second portion of di-calcium paracaseinate solution, enough * HCl is very slowly added to precipitate three-fourths of the para- casein in solution. The precipitate is mono-calcium paracaseinate; this is filtered, washed with acid-free alcohol and ether, and dried at 120° C. Before being washed with alcohol, the precipitate is completely soluble in 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. This compound, mono-calcium paracaseinate, is identical in its properties with the brine-soluble compound formed in cheddar cheese, to which attention was first called by Van Slyke and Hart under the expres- sion, ‘‘ salt-soluble compound.” Attention will again be called to this compound later. An analysis of this preparation showed it to contain between 2x 10* and 2.3 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium for 1 gram of paracasein. VALENCY OF PARACASEIN MOLECULE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF PARACASEIN. In the case of basic calcium paracaseinate, the compound that is neutral to phenolphthalein, it is found that 1 gram combines with 9x10* gram equivalents of calcium, while in the case of mono- ammonium paracaseinate the combination is in the ratio of 1 gram of paracasein to a value between 2.2x10* and 2.3x10* gram equivalents. According to the rule of constant proportions, the number of valencies satisfied in the first compound would be between go and #3 or 4. The molecular weight of paracasein would therefore be sa¢eiax or 4444+. Our results indicate that the molecular weight of casein, 8888, is just twice that of paracasein 4444, Using the sulphur content as a basis for calculating the molecular weight of paracasein, we have n(#§:45) 100 =n 4454+. 334 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE The percentage of phosphorus would give n(#4:7+) 100 =n 4372—. The value of n appears to be 1 and each molecule of paracasein would contain one atom each of sulphur and phosphorus. Theoretically, it should be possible to make a series of four salts of paracasein with bases. We have prepared three, those in which one, two and four valencies are satisfied. ACTION OF RENNET ENZYM ON CASEIN IN FORMING PARACASEIN. The action of the principal enzym contained in rennet-extract in splitting casein into two molecules of paracasein is further shown by the following experiment: Five grams of casein are dissolved in 250 cc. of 3 KOH. Using the volumetric method given on page 13, it was found "that 44.5 ec. of S HCl could be added to 50 ce. of the caseinate solution, containing if gram of casein, before a permanent precipitate begins to appear. To another 59 cc. of caseinate solu- tion a few drops of neutral rennet-extract are added. Under the conditions of the experiment, no precipitate or curd is produced by the action of the rennet-enzym. After a few minutes =; HCl is added and it is found that a permanent precipitate begins to form as soon as we add only 39 cc. % HCl. We have in hand a more extended investigation relating to the action of rennet-enzym upon casein, the results of which will be published later. PART HI. COMPOSITION OF THE BRINE-SOLUBLE COM- POUND IN CHEESE. During the manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese and of many other kinds of cheese there is always found a protein that is soluble in a warm 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. The exis- tence of such a substance in cheddar cheese was first brought to attention by work done at this Station! The presence of this brine-soluble protein was shown to be associated in some way with the formation of acid in the cheese and, on the basis of some early experiments, Van Slyke and Hart were led to conclude erroneously that the substance consists of a combination of paracasein and lactic acid (called by them paracasein mono-lactate), which by the addition of more lactic acid becomes insoluble in dilute brine solution, forming a compound which they mistakenly regarded as paracasein di-lactate. As a result of later work? they changed their first views and came to the conclusion that the so-called paracasein mono- lactate is simply the uncombined protein, paracasein, and that the so-called paracasein di-lactate is a compound of paracasein and 1N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 214, 1902. 2N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 261, 1905. NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 300 lactic acid (1 gram of paracasein uniting supposedly with about 0.5 cc. 4} acid). It may be stated here, in passing, that it was later shown by L. L. Van Slyke and D. D. Van Slyke! that the protein casein does not unite with acids to form insoluble compounds, but that the action is simply one of adsorption, by which more or less acid is taken from the surrounding solution and concentrated on the surface of the solid particles of protein; in other words, it was shown that casein or paracasein mono-lactate or di-lactate have no existence as applied to the compounds in question. It still remained, therefore, to find out what the brine-soluble substance really is, and work was continued along this line by the writers.2 We noticed that calcium is always to be found associated with the brine-soluble substance when it is separated from the other cheese constituents by extraction with a solution of calcium-free sodium chloride after previous removal of all water-soluble constituents. This fact sug- gested the possibility that the brine-soluble substance might be a combination of paracasein and calcium, containing less calcium than had been previously found in any combination of this element with paracasein. On the basis of such a possibility, it could be explained that with the formation of increased amounts of lactic acid in cheese- making, as a result of the bacterial decomposition of milk-sugar, the acid would combine with more or less of the calcium contained in calcium paracaseinate, resulting in the production of a para- caseinate containing less calcium. This suggestion was strengthened by the fact that in Camembert cheese, the brine-soluble compound is formed during certain stages of the manufacturing process but soon disappears, its formation and disappearance being explained as follows according to Bosworth:? The brine-soluble substance is at first formed in Camembert cheese, as also in the case of cheddar cheese, but, owing to the method of making this type of cheese, more acid is allowed to form in the cheese, and, as a consequence, the brine-soluble substance loses its calctum and becomes free para- casein, which is insoluble in brine solution. Therefore, in the manu- facture of Camembert cheese, it is found after the first few hours that the cheese contains no brine-soluble material and, what is also significant, all the calcium is found in the water extract. The rela- tion between the brine-soluble substance and the calcium found in the brine extract in the two types of cheese is illustrated in Table XV. The question necessarily suggests itself as to whether the calcium always found in the brine-soluble extract of cheese is not there incidentally in a mechanical state rather than in combination with paracasein. In order to study this question the following work 1N Y. Agr Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 3, 1906. 2N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 4, 1907. 3N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 5, 1907. 336 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE TaBLE XV.— CoMPARISON OF CHANGES IN CHEDDAR AND CAMEMBERT CHEESE. Total nitrogen |Total calcium in the form of | found in Age of cheese. Kind of cheese. banesoluble’ | brine-soleuia compound. compound. éqia Per ct Per ct. hed@ars oo eee Steyils? trace. When curd was cut......... | Camembert......:... 6.72 trace. C@heddarseeen te ee 96.00 27.96 10 hours.................. | Camembert.......... 94.00 17.76 od [ieeidameiiot gaye | 68.87 24.47 rest AACR SS GRR Re ea SiS Camembert.......... 4.39 trace. 4smonths.e tee eee Cheddar. siete! 43.09 24.28 was done: Twenty-five grams of cheese were ground with sand and extracted with water at about 55° C., using 150 ce. portions, until - the extract amounted to 1,000 cc. The residue, containing the brine-soluble substance, was placed in a dialyzing apparatus and allowed to dialyze to insure the removal of all soluble calcium. Sodium chloride was then added to the contents of the dialyzing tube, which was then placed in a beaker of water and allowed to remain 4 hours. Upon adding ammonium oxalate to some of the water in the beaker, a precipitate of calcium oxalate appeared. This result leads to the belief that the calcium is present in com- bination in an insoluble form and that an interchange takes place between it and sodium, when the insoluble compound is treated with sodium chloride solution. In order to throw further light on the character of the brine- soluble compound, a study was made of the solvent effect of several different chlorides. One kilogram of cheddar cheese was ground fine, thoroughly mixed, and then 25-gram portions were ground with sand, placed in bottles and extracted with water in the manner described in the preceding paragraph. The residues were then extracted with solutions of chlorides and the results given in the following table were obtained. The solutions of the salts were used in such strength that 1,000 cc. contained equivalent gram molecules. In the case of the weakest solution, extraction was continued as long as appreciable amounts of protein were obtained in the extract, 4,000 cc. being used; the results in these cases are given for each 1,000 cc. of extract, as well as for the total. In connection with the data in Table XVI, attention is called to certain phases of the results. (1) The chlorides of barium and calcium have no solvent effect. The chloride of magnesium in strong molecular concentrations acts much like the chlorides of sodium, ammonium and potassium, while in lower molecular concentrations its solvent power is greatly reduced. : New York AGrIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 33° Taste XVI.— Sotvent Action oF NEUTRAL CHLORIDES ON THE BRINE-SOLUBLE CoMPOUND IN CHEESE. Strength of Percentage of total nitrogen in water-insoluble residue solution. of cheese extracted by — Gram Amount of equivalents extract. per 1,000. Na Cl. | NH; Cl.]| KCl. | Mg Ch | Ba Ck | Ca Ch Ce ROSA A 1,000 | 68.57 | 67.62} 50.47 | 63.81 0 0 ORS 22h. 1,000 | 69.29 | 65.24 |) 50.47 | 48.33 0 0 ORGra err. «sto 1,000 | 56.19} 56.43 | 45.95 lost 0 0 (0) eee 1,000 | 51.48 | 51.19 | 44.52 | 23.57 0 0 ORD Ist 1,000 | 47.62} 49.05 | 40.95 4.00 0 0 OUZE Si... 2nd 1,000} 13.33] 10.48 | 13.90 5.24 0 0 O22) exec 3rd 1,000 2.95 4.10 2.00 4.29 OR evs 4th 1,000 trace trace trace = GOuA Ge bos 4,000 | 63.90} 63.63 | 56.85 — (2) Sammis and Hart! undertook to study the solvent effect of these salts on the same material, but reached results not concordant with one another and not in agreement with ours. While we used solutions of such strength as to show the relation existing between the solvent action of the salt solution and its molecular concentra- tion, they used solutions containing a uniform percentage by weight of different salts and extracted in every case with the same volume of solution. By using solutions of different salts having the same percentage composition by weight, but with a different molecular concentration, one would, under the circumstances, expect to obtain only discordant results, because the solvent effect of the solution is apparently a result of the mass action of the salt in solution (p. 324). If Sammis and Hart had in their work continued extraction until no more solvent effect was appreciable, their results would have been in satisfactory agreement with ours. This is strikingly shown in the above table in the case of the 0.2 normal solutions; by continued extraction, the total amounts extracted are found to be essentially the same as in case of the more concentrated solutions. IDENTITY OF THE BRINE-SOLUBLE COMPOUND OF CHEESE WITH MONO- CALCIUM PARACASEINATE. We have shown (p.332) that paracasein combines with calcium to form a compound insoluble in water but soluble in 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride (sodium replacing calcium). In this compound, we have shown, 1 gram of paracasein is in combination with 1Jour, Biol. Chem., 6: 181, 1909. 338 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY. 2.25 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. Indications pointed to the identity of the brine-soluble compound of cheese with this mono- calcium paracaseinate, and it remained to ascertain whether the protein part of the molecule in these two compounds is the same. In order to accomplish this, a preparation of the protein in the brine-soluble compound was made from cheese and its composition and properties were studied. One kilogram of cheddar cheese was ground fine and then extracted with numerous portions of distilled water at about 55° C. in order to remove all soluble compounds. The residue was then extracted with many portions of a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride and filtered, first through absorbent cotton and then through paper. Dilute acetic acid was then added, giving a heavy precipitate, which was washed with water, redissolved in dilute ammonia and again precipitated with acid. The process was then completed as in the preparation of casein (p. 315). The preparation on analysis gave the following results, which are probably high, owing to the ash content: Per ct. In dry substance: Per ct. Moistiretavticicncsiee eee. 2.32 Nitroreniss. HS iaisies eases 15.82 YL creer SOS ORO Ie aed oa 0.25 IPhosphordss. cease eae ee 0.75 In dry substance: Sulphur rene: see eer 0.78 Carbonss2 Bs, Paras aes 52.97 Oxygen (by difference)..... 22.28 Hydrogenist 42. as sie eiseheiae ele « vie ts) A study of the properties of this substance resulted as follows: (1) The substance acts as an acid in combining with bases. (2) It decomposes calcium carbonate and gives a compound in which 100 grams of substance combines with the equivalent of 2.52 grams CaO (equal to 1.80 grams Ca), or 1 gram of substance com- bines with 9 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium. (3) The solution of this calcium compound is neutral to phenolphthalein. (4) Measured by the volumetric method, it was found to form a compound with ammonia represented by the combination of 1 gram of substance with 2.3 x 10% gram equivalents. (5) With calcium it forms a compound soluble in 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride but insoluble in water, which contains 1 gram of substance combined with 2.3 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium. (6) It forms also a compound with calcium that is soluble in water, containing 1 gram of substance combined with 4.5x10* gram equivalents. In view of the marked agreement of the composition and prop- erties of the brine-soluble substance, formed in cheese, with the compound, mono-calcium paracaseinate, as prepared by us, there is good reason to believe that the brine-soluble substance is mono- calcium paracaseinate, having the composition of 1 gram of para- casein combined with 2.25 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. REPORT OF THE Department of Entomology. P. J. Parrorr, Hntomologist. W. J. ScuoEns, Associate Entomologist. H. E. Hopvexiss, Assistant Entomologist. B. B. Furron, Assistant Entomologist. F. Z. Harrzeir, Associate Entomologist. (Connected with Chautauqua Grape Investigations.) TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. The pear thrips. II. The grape leaf-hopper and its control. III. The apple and cherry ermine moths. [339 ] ve tne + SOT, R shy % rt Bt , ‘ par > 3 f | ( firy ehh od 39% ' rp . m 9" ? ene Ls: : - g é x. Widait aa 5 ¥ ‘ : para he : 4 ‘ ‘oT | 4 , - Sale ay 7 y. . 5 "Wy a) ae 4 . Hi » 4 oh Sraces or PrEar Bups anp Btiossoms SHowinG TIME TO SpRAY FOR THRIPS. Conditions of buds for most effective spraying (1, 2) against adult thrips——to prevent injuries to blossom clusters; and (38) to destroy thrips escaping previous treatments. (4) Petals fallen from blossoms; time to spray for larvee. REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. THE PEAR THRIPS.* P, J. PARROTT. SUMMARY. For several years pear blossoms in orchards in the Hudson River Valley have blighted, resulting in more or less extensive losses in fruit yields. Studies during the past spring have shown that the injury is caused by the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel), a new orchard pest, which has attracted considerable attention in recent years in California because of its destructive- ness to various deciduous fruits. The adult thrips, which is largely responsible for the injuries to the trees, is a small, darkish brown, winged insect measuring about one-twentieth of an inch in length. It appears in de- structive numbers when the buds are opening, attacking the tenderest of the flower parts. The eggs are mostly deposited beneath the epidermis of the blossom and fruit stems. Hatch- ing takes place within a few days, and the larve seek preferably the calyx cups, undersides of calyces, and the folds or under surfaces of the tender, expanding leaves. The larvze feed for about two weeks and drop to the ground, in which they form a protecting cell. In this cell the insect completes its transforma- tions and emerges from the ground in the spring as an adult. The thrips is single brooded; and the most active and destruc- tive stages are coincident with the period that includes the life events of the swelling and opening of the buds and dropping of blossoms and calyces. Injuries by the thrips in the Hudson Valley have apparently occurred over a period of five years. During the past three years fruitgrowers generally have noticed blighting of blossom clusters of pear trees, although the nature of the causal agent *A reprint of Bulletin No. 343, January, 1912; for “Popular Edition,” see p. 809. [341] 342 Revorr OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE seems not to have been suspected. According to statements of fruitgrowers the most severe attack of the thrips occurred during 1910, when the pear crop in many orchards was much reduced. Besides losses in yields the trees were seriously checked by in- juries to leaf buds and leaf clusters; and in some orchards the season was much advanced before the trees presented normal conditions of growth. The productiveness of pear orchards dur- ing IGII was greater than the preceding year, but blighting of blossom clusters was general and orchards suffered losses in yields according to the severity of the attacks by the thrips. The actual range of distribution of the thrips in this State has not been determined. Its destructiveness to pear orchards has attracted the attention generally of growers about North Ger- mantown, Germantown and Cheviot. Scattering numbers of this insect were found on pears growing south of this region, about Tivoli, to the north about Stuyvesant, and eastward to a line running between Chatham, Glencoe Mills and Clermont. It is reported also to occur across the Hudson River in orchards about Milton and Marlboro. The thrips is probably distributed over a larger territory in this valley than is indicated by these bounds. In western New York, specimens of this insect were found on apples growing about Geneva. During rg11 the thrips was very abundant on apricots, appl.s, sour and sweet cherries, pears, peaches and plums about Ger- mantown. The injurious work of the insect was most notice- able on pears, principally on the varieties Kieffer and Seckel. While sour and sweet cherries and apples were much infested by adult thrips, no material losses in the crops of these fruits were observed. The stems of sweet cherries are especially at- tractive to the adults for the deposition of the eggs, and they showed quite generally considerable scarification; but these in- juries did not appear to cause any premature dropping of fruit er to affect the quality or yields. The work of the thrips in pear orchards was given chief attention, but future efforts will include the study of the thrips on other kinds of fruit. New York AcricutruraL ExrertMenr Station. 343 The thrips is a difficult pest to combat because of the nature and suddenness of its attacks. Spraying is the most efficient method of control. The period for effective spraying is during the time when the buds are breaking and until they are en- tirely opened at the tips. The most promising spraying mix- tures are the nicotine preparations in combination with kerosene emulsion or soap. Two or three applications on successive days during the past year largely prevented important injuries to pear trees. The physical features of the locations of the or- chards, such as the direction and elevation of the slopes of the land, proximity to the Hudson River and character of the soil, have a marked influence on the development of the buds and the time of blossoming. The time for effective spraying will therefore vary with individual orchards. NOTES ON THE INSECT. DISCOVERY. At farmers’ institutes in the Hudson Valley during the spring of 1911, mention was frequently made of a peculiar blighting of pear blossoms which often resulted in a considerable loss of the crop. -Chief interest in this trouble centered about Germantown, where certain fruitgrowers were alarmed at the unproductiveness of their orchards in spite of a promising showing of blossom buds for successive years. Judging from the sentiments of the orchard- ists and the knowledge that was available, the destruction of the blossoms could not be satisfactorily attributed to one of the more common insects or diseases that attack pears in this State. In order to determine the primary cause of the trouble, arrange- ments were made with Mr. A. W. Hover, an extensive fruitgrower at Germantown, to forward to this Station from time to time dur- ing April and early May pear buds in various stages of develop- ment. The shipments were made in a most satisfactory manner and on April 26 a bundle of pear wood was received by the En- tomological Department which showed a few thrips crawling about the fruit spurs. In order that the insect should be correctly iden- 344 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE tified microscopic mounts were made of the specimens, which were sent to Dr. W. E. Hinds, of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, who has made a special study of this group of insects. He iden- tified the insect as the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel), a de- structive fruit pest, not known heretofore to occur in the eastern states but which during recent years has attracted considerable attention among fruitgrowers in California. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. This insect has secured its reputation as a destructive pest from its ruinous attacks in recent years, commencing about 1904, on deciduous fruits in California. According to Foster and Jones the pear thrips is at present the most important insect in the region where it is established that growers of deciduous fruits have to combat. During the period of 1904 to 1910 the thrips, according to conservative estimates, caused losses in the Santa Clara Valley alone amounting to the value of nearly $2,000,000. The amount of damage done by the insect in this State during the past seven years has been computed’ at seven millions of dol- lars. And this estimate does not take into account the money expended in spraying and other operations against the thrips. In describing conditions in California, Moulton states that pears, prunes and cherries are most subject to injury, which he explains is due to the spreading of their buds at the time when the thrips are out in maximum numbers. Pears suffer mostly during the early development of the buds, and the blossoms are nearly all dead, at times of destructive outbreaks, before the clus- ters open. The fruits that set may be ill-shaped and badly scabbed. The attacks of the thrips on cherries and prunes are similarly destructive. The adult insect attacks the developing buds which checks the natural growth, and blossom clusters most seriously affected eventually fall. The deposition of eggs in the fruit stems weakens the stems, causing the young fruit to drop. 1Caj. Hort. Com., Monthly Bul. 1:52. (1912.) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 345 The quality of prunes that mature may also be impaired by the feeding of the larve on the skin of the fruit causing a diseased condition known as “scab.”’ The Napoleon Bigarreau and Black Tartarian cherries and Imperial prune are among the varieties known to New York fruitgrowers, that are attacked by the thrips. Almonds, apricots and peaches, while also subject to injuries, do not usually sustain such serious losses unless the thrips are very numerous. DESCRIPTION, LIFE HISTORY AND SEASONAL NOTES. Adult.—The adult, which is the most destructive stage of the species, is a dark-brownish, four-winged insect about one-twentieth of an inch long. The wings are long and narrow and are deli- eately fringed with long hairs; when at rest they lie horizontally, along the back and are then very inconspicuous, thus often deceiv- ing one momentarily as to the nature and range of the activities of the insect. On account of the structure of the wings these in- sects used to be designated “ fringe-wings ” (See Fig. 1), but now they are more often popularly called “ thrips,” which is a Latin name derived from the Greek %p!¢ , meaning a wood Jouse. The species attacking pears is known as the “ pear thrips” because it was first discovered in pear blossoms to which it proved to be very destructive, although it has since been shown that other fruits suffer equally from its injurious work. The mouth parts of the thrips are largely suctorial in function, and consist of a broad, cone-like structure projecting from the underside of the head. The apex of this organ is quite sharp and of a horny nature, adapted to lacerating soft vegetable tissues. In feeding, the thrips punctures and rasps tender flower and leaf structures, set- ting free the plant juices, which are sucked up into the alimentary canal. This feeding may cause much damage to fruit trees. The insects seek preferably the rudimentary flower and leaf parts in the partially opened buds, but when the buds are more fully devel- oped they feed more or less openly on the stamens, pistils, petals, tender leaves and apparently on the secretions from the nectaries 346 Report or trHE DEPARTMENT oF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE in the center of the blossoms. If the thrips are numerous the injured buds of pear trees become sticky with a brownish liquid and cease to develop, while the blossom clusters have a stunted, SS y® shriveled and brownish appearance as if blasted. my gh With slight jarring the bud scales fall to the ground in unusually large numbers, while the dead blossom elusters usually adhere longer and slough off grad- ually. In clusters only ee partially injured the I A \Y petals may be small and uneven in size, the stems dwarfed and of irregular lengths, and me the calyces and other WW \ structures of the blos- ZA ARSS : : : Y, ee soms more or less blackish or brownish. The YZ. “ leaves of the first-formed clusters are generally Uf \\\ {\ ¥} 2 “f 5 s a Ls rf ms - Uf \\ dwarfed in size, crinkly or eup-shaped or other wise deformed, with the margins irregularly Fie. 1—Prar_ broken and blackened. These deformations are TurRIps: ADULT. . . Giichlcalaceedy ane ne OF less in evidence on the trees throughout the summer. The fruit setting on such clusters generally has weak stems and falls prematurely. However, some trees under circumstances not wholly understood may have the appearance of being severely injured and withal show a fair setting of pears. The effects of the attacks of the thrips on fruit yields depend on the numbers of blossom buds destroyed. Dur- ing the past season some trees on account of the severity of the attack produced little or nothing, while on adjoining trees the work of the thrips was not so extensive, being confined largely to individual branches or portions of the trees, causing a very uneven setting of the fruit. On cherries the adults injure the stems of the fruit during the act of oviposition and they also produce discolored areas and holes New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. B47 in the foliage, as described in detail for the larve. Deposition of eggs is most active during the period which includes the open- ing of the buds, blossoming and the dropping of blossoms and calyces, but oviposition probably occurs throughout. the life of the adult although somewhat intermittently during its latter days. While the thrips are winged and are capable of sustained flight, no concerted aerial excursions by any appreciable numbers of the insects were observed. In walking beneath the trees an occasional thrips dropped on the note-book and a few specimens were caught on sheets of sticky fly-paper purposely placed to detect their move- ments. Throughout their attacks on pears the thrips seemed to remain close to the trees, passing from one bud to another by creeping as the blossom and leaf clusters reached the desirable stages of development. According to Moulton? injuries to trees may be so severe that they no longer afford suitable food, when the thrips may migrate to other less affected orchards. Accord- ing to him migration occurs during warm, clear weather, and the thrips distribute themselves generally wherever conditions are favorable for their sustenance and propagation. Eqg.— The egg (Fig. 2) is a microscopic, whitish and some- what elongated object which may be compared to a bean or kidney in shape. The eggs are deposited in largest numbers in the stems of blossoms and leaves. The female thrips is equipped with a stout, curved, saw-like ovipositor and by means of this organ slits are cut in the tissues of the plant for the reception of the eggs. The in- Fic. nen i cision is small but oviposition is frequently Eaas. so extensive, especially in sweet cherries, that Oy BAYT the stems show plainly the effects of the wounds. During the past season these injuries did not appear to have any appreciable influence on either the quality or yield of fruit, but according to Moulton so many incisions may be cut into a single stem that it will weaken and turn yellow and the young fruit fall 1U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. No. 80, p. 57. 348 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE prematurely. The injury to prunes and cherries in California through the deposition of eggs is at times very noticeable and is apparently the cause of considerable dropping of fruit. The incubation of the egg is of short duration and hatching occurs within a week after oviposition. Larva.—The larva is a small, white, soft-bodied creature with a single pair of eyes, and its shape and the character of its exter- nal structures are represented in Fig. 3, The larvee may be detected about the time of blossoming when they emerge from blos- som and leaf stems, and later from the sur- faces of the young fruits. When Kieffer pears were commencing to bloom the larve were observed in considerable numbers pushing their way up through slits made in the plant tissues for the reception of the eggs. Their presence was plainly indi- cated by the pimpling of the stems and young fruits and by the appearance of tiny whitish objects of indefinite shape, ren- dered conspicuous by two reddish spots which proved to be the eyes of the newly hatched insects. By struggling and sway- ing their bodies the young thrips gradually release their appendages and emerge from Fig. 3.—Prear Turips: pie ; a ae Larva. the nidi of the eggs as fragile, mite-like (Much enlarged) creatures. The time consumed for the en- tire process from the extrusion of its head to the release of the larva from the egg shell is variable but with some individuals it occupied as much as thirty to forty minutes. Upon their release the larve seek the calyx basins or the axils and rolled margins of the leaves where they may be quite readily seen by a careful, observing orchardist. The larva has mouth-parts similar in structure and function to those of the mature insect, and it feeds in like manner. Com- New York AcGricutturaAL Experiment Station. 349 pared with the winged thrips it is less active and less destructive on the whole to the trees, but it is nevertheless capable of causing quite a little damage under certain conditions. On pears the principal injuries by the larve are to the young leaves. ‘The pro- duction of the young is unfortunately most abundant on those trees which suffer the most from the adult thrips because oviposi- tion largely accompanies feeding at the time when the trees are most severely injured. The destruction of a considerable per- centage of blossom and leaf buds by the adults is a great shock to the tree, and because of its weakened state it is usually slow in recovering its normal conditions of foliage. The new growth from the weak leaf clusters and the adventitious buds is likely to be feeble and small in quantity, and not infrequently young leaves in the opening buds or before they have unrolled are killed by the young thrips, or are so injured that on ex- panding they are stunted and ill-shapen. This accumulated injury by the larve further retards the recuperation of the tree and may result in premature dropping of the young pears or in the death of fruit spurs. With the dropping of the petals the calyx basins of the fruits become less and less attractive to the larvee and eventually most of them find their way to the foliage. The folds or rolled edges of unfolding leaves, particularly of the terminal growth, are especially sought by them. Globules of sap accumulate from wounds as a result of the feeding punctures and the young leaves become blackened along the margins and cup- shaped or otherwise distorted in appearance. On cherries, espe- cially of the sweet varieties, the larve collect in large numbers under loosened calyces of the young fruits and cause abrasions in the surface of the skin. During the past season these injuries were superficial and did not appreciably affect the appearance of the fruit. The larve also feed on the foliage and seem to prefer to work on the under surfaces of the leaves, principally along the main rib or in the angles formed by the secondary veins. Light- colored blotches with brownish centers develop which become quite conspicuous at the time the calyces are dropping, for hardly a leaf 350 Reporr or tur Drrarrwent or ExromoLocy or THE is unaffected. These wounded areas later form holes and the leaves become much perforated and quite ragged in appearance. The larvee attack plum leaves and fruit in a similar manner, After feeding for about two weeks the larve begin to drop from the foliage, when they may be found on weeds beneath the trees. From these they obtain subsistence for a short period when they enter the ground and form resting cells in which to complete their transformations,— in the autumn to pup, and later in the season to adults. Seasonal history.— In the spring the adults emerge from the ground and seek the trees which afford attractive conditions for subsistence and the deposition of eggs. Selecting the buds that are beginning to open at the tips, the winged thrips work their way within and attack the tender flower and leaf parts. The date when the mature insects first appeared on the trees this spring was not obtained, but a few specimens were observed on April 26. They seemed to be most numerous and destructive from April 28 through the first week in May. With the falling of the petals from May 11 to May 14 the adults became less numerous on pear trees, and practically disappeared from plantings of this fruit by the latter part of the month. Oviposition was most active during the last few days of April and up to the middle of May. The first young thrips was detected on May 9, and on succeeding days larvee emerged in large numbers, being very conspicuous in the calyx basins of the fruit following blossoming. The latest date of emergence of Jarvee was May 25. The young thrips commenced to drop to the ground beneath the trees on May 17, when several of them were caught on sheets of sticky fly-paper. Plants under the trees were then examined and many larve were found on leaves of burdock, bitter-sweet, chick-weed, dandelion and wild rose. Quite a few individuals were entrapped in spider webs. Siftings of the earth during the summer and fall revealed no changes in the conditions of the larve until October 13, when the first pupa was found. The first adult to be found in an earthen cell was obtained on November 29. 1D VE ris = New York Agricurtvran Exrerriorexr Srarron. 351 DISTRIBUTION, The pear thrips occurs in the region about San Francisco Bay, California. It has also been reported by Bagnall’ to occur in England. This bulletin calls attention to the discovery of this pest in New York, which it is of interest to note is the only region in the United States outside of the heretofore recognized area of infestation where the thrips is known to exist. The actual range of distribution of this insect in this State has not been ascertained. Its destructiveness to pear orchards has attracted the attention generally of pear growers about North Germantown, Ger- mantown and Cheviot. Scattering num- bers of the insect have been observed on ALBANY! Ortuyvesant Ovtnatnam pears grown south of this region, about Tivoli, to the north about Stuyvesant, and eastward to a line running between Chatham, Glencoe Mills and Clermont. Some growers who have read descriptions of the work of this insect state that it also occurs across the Hudson River in orchards about Milton and Marlboro. It is not im- probable that the thrips occurs over a larger area in this valley than is indicated by these bounds. Fig. 4. Fic. 4—— Known Distrt- On April 26 specimens of thrips were sutton cr Puar Turirs found at Geneva in apple buds, which ” Se eas plainly showed evidences of injury. While the season was too far advanced to find adults, many pear orchards were examined dur- ing May and June in Oswego, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans, Niagara and Erie counties for evidences of the thrips’ work on blossom clusters and leaves, but without success. Its distribution in the State is a matter for future inquiry. OGienco Mills N. Germantown Germantown OCilermont Cneviot Tivoli Pougnneepsle 1 Jour. Econ. Biol. 4: 37. 352 Report or tHE DEparRTMENT or EnromoLoay or THE FOOD PLANTS. In California the thrips attacks deciduous fruits, including al- mond, apple, apricot, cherry, fig, grape, peach, pear, plum and prune and the English walnut. In England it has been found in wild plum blossoms. During the past year the thrips was observed in New York chiefly on apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums and quinces. LITERATURE, The literature dealing with this species is not extensive as it has only in recent years come to be seriously considered by both systematic and economic workers. ‘The insect was first described in 1904 by Miss S. M. Daniel in Hntomological News,’ from specimens obtained from pear blossoms in the vicinity of San Leandro, California. In 1905 a cireular entitled “ The Pear Thrips” by Dudley Moulton was issued by the California State Commission of Horticulture which called the attention of the fruitgrowers of that State to the destructiveness of this new pest to the deciduous fruits. This author has continued his inves- tigations on the life history and habits of the pear thrips and methods of control which are discussed with considerable detail in bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture.” A circular by S. W. Foster and P. R, Jones® of the same Bureau ts more popular in its nature and is a most serviceable publication for the orchardist. It holds out encouragement to fruitgrowers for the contro] of the thrips by efficient spraying, PEAR THRIPS AT GERMANTOWN, EXPERIENCE OF FRUITGROWERS. The occurrence and discovery of the pest for the first time in a region so remote from its heretofore known range of distribution in the United States constitute in themselves interesting facts. The questions now arise how long has the thrips been established in the Hudson River Valley and what is its importance to the 1 Ent. News, 15: 294. 2U, S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Buls. 68, pt. 1, and 80, pt. 4. 3U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Cire. 131. PLATE XX X.—KIEFFER PEARS BEFORE BLOSSOMING: (1) BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS INJURED BY THRIPS; (2) UNINJURED BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS OF SAME AGE, PLATE XXXI.— Kierrer BRANCH SHOWING “ BLIGHTING” OF BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS DveE TO WorK OF THE THRIPS. PLATE XXXII.—Kierrer BRANCH SHOWING ‘“ SLOUGHING-OFF” OF BLOSSOM- CLUSTERS, AND YOUNG LEAF-CLUSTERS INJURED By THRIPS LARVA. PLATE XXXIII.—AppiLe BLOSSoM-CLUSTER INJURED BY THRIPS AND YOUNG PEAR SHOWING THRIPS LARVA® IN CALYX BASIN. New York AaricutruraAL ExreErRIMENT STATION, 353 fruit interests. The experiences of fruitgrowers with this insect affords some light on these questions. The following statements obtained by personal interview with individual growers are but a few secured reporting the occurrence vf this pest in their orchards. Those chosen for publication bring out some special phases of the subject: as length of time the thrips has been destructive in the community, nature and extent of injuries, varieties of fruit af- fected; in short, such notes as will in any way afford light on the occurrence and behavior of the thrips in their respective plant- ings. EpMuND BuNK, Germantown.— Kieffer blossoms ‘and some leaves turn brown about the time of blossoming, and believed the trouble was due to frost. First saw the blighting in 1910. M. M. RivenspurcH, Germantown.—Seckels have always been the most injured and during the past five years have had only one fair crop. Should have from 75 to 100 barrels of fruit, but since this pest appeared have harvested only about 10 barrels each year. In 1910 the crop was only 2 barrels. Kieffers have suffered losses next in importance to the Seckels, running from one-third to two-thirds of a crop on many trees, the injury increasing each year until this year. The injuries to Bartletts and Clapp Favorites have only been slight as yet. About the time of blossoming the trees most severely attacked turn brown. Have always thought that the injury was due to frost or to use of spraying mixtures. Peter Fincar, North Germantown.— In 1910 Kieffers turned brown as if burned; the leaves fell and later the fruits so that the trees looked as if in winter. My loss was probably one-half of the crop. Later on the leaves came out but the trees did not produce many fruit buds and thus shortened the crop for this year. Same injuries to a less extent on Clapp Favorites and Bartletts. Heard of the same trouble on Seckels over three years ago. Roy LasHer, Germantown.— Have had good crops of Kieffers until 1910 when the yield was practically a failure. About blossoming time trees ap- peared as if they were blighted. Leaves and blossoms dropped and later a new crop of leaves appeared. The unfavorable conditions of the trees were generally attributed to frosts or spraying mixtures. CLARENCE SNYDER, North Germantown.— Blossom and leaf clusters turned brown about blossoming time in 1910, causing a loss of over half the crop. Some trees were late in getting another crop of leaves. Principal injuries are to Kieffers, and the trees most seriously affected in 1910 show this year little or no fruit and less than the normal amount of foliage. C. A. LasuEr, Germantown.— First noticed injuries to blossom buds In 1910 when varieties such as Seckel, Bartlett, Beurre Bosc, Vermont Beauty and Dana Hovey were attacked. The pest was most destructive to Seckels and caused a loss of over two-thirds of the crop. WEBSTER Coons, Germantown.— Injuries were first noticed on Kieffers last year when the trees at time of blossoming had the appearance of being swept by fire. The loss was about two-thirds of a crop. 12 354 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE CiypE LasHer, North Germantown.— First noticed the work of the thrips during the spring of 1911, especially on Bartletts which are much affected. Injuries are less on Kieffers, Clapp Favorites and Seckels. B. C. SnypER, North Germantown.— First noticed the work of the thrips during 1910 in spots in my pear orchard, the Kieffers being most affected. This year it has also appeared on Seckels. My losses from this pest have not been so great as those of other pear growers. SAMUEL SHEFFER, Germantown.— For the last three years I have prac- tically had no crops from my pears. In 1910 I had 220 barrels when I should have had not less than 1,000 barrels. Had thought my losses were due to frosts. While there was much evidence of the thrips’ work this spring, my trees yielded better this year. GARFIELD MoorEe, Germantown.—Injuries are most conspicuous on Kieffers and in 1910 lost practically the entire crop. Clapp Favorites also have shown losses in blossom clusters. C. E. Hover, Germantown.— For five years preceding 1911 have not har- vested a satisfactory Kieffer crop and one orchard has yielded absolutely nothing during this period. Trees may blossom but I do not get any pears. The blossom clusters and leaves turn brown and gummy and drop. Clapp Favorites do not seem to be injured to the same degree and Bartletts suffer apparently the least from this pest. I believe the thrips is distributed throughout this region in a radius of about ten miles, although it is not equally destructive in all orchards. ALEX. Hover & Bro., Germantown.— Our Kieffers in one orchard have been blighted for three years. The greatest damage was in 1910 when blossoms and leaves turned brown and dropped; and there was practically no fruit worth picking. Bartletts and Clapp Favorites have as a rule not been much affected. BERNES VAN TASSEL, North Germantown.— Have observed injuries to pear trees for three years, but the trees suffered the most during 1910. My Seckels had greater losses than any other variety, and it was not till late summer that the trees had a satisfactory amount of foliage. The foregoing statements show that the thrips has been present in some orchards about Germantown for about five years and dur- ing the past three years it has become injurious to such a degree that its work is generally recognized throughout the community. It is of interest also to note that the growers without exception complain of losses to pears, but the attacks of the thrips on other fruits receive no comment. Injuries to Kieffer pears are re- ported by many orchardists and the yields of this fruit seem to have been most affected, especially during 1910. The financial loss with some growers was large because of the susceptibility of this variety and the extensiveness of the plantings. Kieffers are grown in larger numbers than any other pear. Some growers New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 355 even assert that the plantings exceed those of all other varieties combined. Because of the increasing destructiveness of the thrips during recent years, the opinion quite generally prevails that the intro- duction of the pest in this community is of recent origin. How- ever, there are no data on which to base any statement, and the circumstances of its introduction and early history are conjectural. The thrips has undoubtedly been longer established than has been indicated, and the outbreaks during the past few years, culminat- ing in the destructive attacks of 1910, were probably induced by predisposing conditions arising chiefly from severe and prolonged droughts for successive summers and the abnormally early devel- opment of fruit buds during that year.’ OUTBREAK OF THE THRIPS DURING 1911. The thrips was first observed on April 25 when a few specimens were captured on pear trees. On April 28 the insects were gener- ally more abundant and they were seen in varying numbers on apricots, apples, sour and sweet cherries, pears and plums. Espe- cially noticeable was the rciatively greater abundance of the thrips on Kieffer pears, and it appeared that the advanced growth of the buds in orchards on warm and protected slopes made the trees of this variety more attractive than other fruits in somewhat dif- ferent situations. During the next few days the thrips swarmed about the Kieffer buds which, while still compact, were now pro- jecting beyond the bud scales. From the trees there exuded a clear or brownish liquid while blossom clusters as yet not expanded 1The spring of 1910 was early and sudden. No records are available showing the dates of blooming of pears at Germantown, but the season is generally regarded to be from ten to fourteen days in advance of conditions at Geneva. The dates for blooming of Seckel (a variety much subject to injury the thrips) at Geneva from 1904 to 1911 is as follows: 1904 May 14 to May 17. 1905 No bloom. 1906 May 4 to May 18. 1907 May 16 to May 22. 1908 May 17 to May 21. 1909 May 14 to May 17. 1910 April 25 to May 2. 1911 May 10 to May 13. 356 Report or THE DrpaArRTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE were beginning to turn brownish or blackish. On May 1st the destructive effects of the thrips’ work seemed to be the most con- spicuous. ‘The trees most seriously injured were wet with sap which ran down the fruit spurs, discoloring the bark of the large branches, while bud scales, leaf stipules, blossom bracts, sepals of unopened blossoms and margins of leaves were blackish or dis- colored. On May 9 Kieffers were in full bloom, and there was a marked contrast between the healthy and affected trees because those that were much injured appeared as if struck by blight. On fruit spurs there were dead buds and many brownish shriveled blossom clusters, while the leaves were small and cup-like with blackened margins. During blossoming the larve appeared, in- juring the tender leaves and causing them to be deformed. About Germantown Kieffers suffered the most and there was scarcely an orchard of this variety that did not show evidences of the work of the thrips. While some fruitgrowers lost a goodly percentage of their crops, the thrips was not equally destructive in all orchards. Its work was spotted and showed up more on some trees or in some orchards than others. The reduction in fruit yields varied apparently in proportion to the numbers of the thrips and the severity of the attack. On the whole the Kieffer crop of 1911 was much more satisfactory than that of the preceding year. Seckel orchards were oftentimes similarly injured while Bartletts and Clapp Favorites, though showing considerable blighting of blossom clusters in different plantings, were not in the main seri- ously affected. The almost complete destruction of blossom clus- ters was observed on trees of Beurre Bose, Beurre Anjou, Ver- mont Beauty, Dana Hovey, Clairgeau, Rhode Island and Vicar of Wakefield. As these varieties are not grown extensively the losses to these crops were locally of comparatively little importance, Apples were generally infested with thrips, but the destruction of blossom clusters was not so common as with the pears. In spite of the presence of large numbers of the thrips in the buds there was usually a large setting of apples. While all of the lead- ing commercial varieties were more or less infested by the thrips, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 357 the most conspicuous injuries to blossom and leaf clusters during the past season were observed with such varieties as Astrachan, Gravenstein, McIntosh, Ben Davis and Oldenburg. Proximity to pear and sweet-cherry plantings rather than varietal suscepti- bility may be the true explanation for the differences in the extent of injury among these fruits. Sweet cherries, including such varieties as Black Tartarian, Napoleon Bigarreau, Schmidt Bigarreau and Windsor, the leading commercial sorts, were frequented by large numbers of the thrips from the time of the spreading of the winter bud scales to the dropping of the blossoms. Bearing in mind the destructiveness of the thrips to this fruit in California, careful observations were made to ascertain the effects of the pest upon sweet cherries. While the conditions were apparently favorable for its activities it caused very little harm. In spite of the abundance of the in- sect the trees produced good yields and the fruit was of superior quality. The most noticeable work of the insect showed on the stems of the cherries, which were scarred and rough in outline as a result of the incisions made by the adult females in depositing their eggs; and on the leaves, which were spotted with pale areas and were full of holes through the feeding of the larve and adults on the undersurfaces. The effects of oviposition upon the stems of cherries will be studied closely in the future as nearly all grow- ers state that the yellowing of cherry stems is of quite common occurrence and is frequently attended by early dropping of much of the fruit. This has been attributed to imperfect fertilization, but it is possible that under some conditions the deposition of eggs by the adults weakens the cherry stems and induces premature dropping. Larve were observed in large numbers under the husks or loose ealyces of the fruits and although they caused abrasions in the surfaces of the cherries such injuries were of no material importance. Sour cherries such as Montmoreney and Morello showed similar injuries but to a less extent than upon the sweet sorts. Plums were generally infested with the thrips and its work upon fruit 358 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE stems and foliage could be seen in most plantings. Blossoms of apricots, peaches and quinces were also rarely free from adult thrips. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN THE HOVER ORCHARD. The early discovery of the thrips during the past spring en- abled the Station to carry out a number of spraying experiments to determine methods for the protection of orchards. Besides, opportunity was also afforded to assist a number of fruitgrowers to determine what they could accomplish by spraying under their own conditions. Of these efforts the experiments conducted in the Kieffer orchard of A. W. Hover & Brother were the most suc- cessful. As they are very instructive as to the difficulties of the problem and as to the requirements for efficient work against the thrips the principal details of the various tests in this planting are discussed quite fully to guide fruitgrowers in future spraying operations. DESCRIPTION OF ORCHARD. This orchard consists of about three hundred and thirty-four trees which are nearly all Kieffers, interplanted with a few Bart: letts. The trees are fourteen years old and are fifteen feet apart. This planting is located on a warm, protected slope with an east- ern exposure, and the soil is a shale loam which is kept in a high state of fertility by cultivation, cover crops and commercial fer- tilizers. Injuries to the trees were first noticed in 1909, which resulted in an abnormally small yield. In 1910 the showing of blossom clusters was promising, but a severe blighting set in which was not only followed by a total loss of fruit, but the trees received a severe setback because of the destruction of many of the leaf buds and blossom clusters. This orchard is only one of a number belonging to this firm, but on account of its location, which favors an early opening of the buds, the losses by the thrips have always been much more extensive than in other plantings of Kieffers, Bartletts and Clapp Favorites variously located on the farm. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PLAN OF TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ORCHARD. The spraying mixtures used in the experimental tests in 359 this orchard were (1) kerosene emulsion diluted with ten parts of water; (2) Black Leaf 40 in the proportions of 34 pint of the eeeeee e N eeee#eee eoe3ee 8 &@ @ @ ere © ©. 8 © Ww E eoeeeeee eee ee @ @ © oeoefe @ e@ ee 66 .e ©. -e @ 5 Ce ee Bue sat eute pia ere’ ye @)*°@ (©. 6410.10) 46, 6) @ Oe 1 1 0)\e © ¢ pina) compere". ee “ep.e "e676 (e*\e Vier el @ ee), © ©) (Clr @ OO 8 arse eMLigntts) 16ite!1 81) Oe e) 61 6,8 ee © (6, 6; © OF & @ Ss JO M7 Laale) 61 CPG 6146.6 ©). 6 6 8. 6) 0 6) Oe Oe oe oven e@ © os 6. @.e' je. (eo "ee 6 6 ee 6 e @ -e'@ 10 @."6 e 6 Oi ore @ (6ielse se 6! ie. © Vesie) eer elec ie oe5eocoeeeee @ x *« & © @ @ PB Pepi sails wat clove efinoe te om 7 PLAT G Piat A.— Sprays APPLIED: eee @ April 29, kerosene emulsion for adult thrips May 1, kerosene emulsion for adult thrips May 11, “* Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve ee Piat B.— Sprays APPLIED: Ogee ule April 28, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for adult thrips April 29, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” and kerosene emulsion for adult thrips May 1, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” and kerosene emulsion for adult thrips sibs be etal Xo May 10, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve May 12, “ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve Prat C.— Sprays APPLIED: pied "0° April 29, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for adult thrips Gorn FS May 1, “ Black Leaf 40”’ with soap for adult thrips e eee May 10, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve May 12, “ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve PURT: - * Indicates a check tree Fie. 5.— DiaGRaM oF THE Hover ORCHARD, SHOWING SPRAYING PLATS e 8 ee ee °° eo °@ ee °° ee ee eo°6 ee ee e 8 ee e © e @ PLAT B ee 2 e@ eo @ e e e e e °@ ee ee ee e e 860 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF INTOMOLOGY OF THE preparation to 100 gallons of water to which were added 3 gallons of stock emulsion; and (3) Black Leaf 40, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water and 5 pounds of soap. The accompanying chart shows the arrangements of the plats and dates of the applications of the sprays. ‘The treatments during the period of April 28 to May 1 were made for the purpose of protecting the opening blossom buds and blossom clusters from the adult thrips, while the sprayings from May 10 to 12 were intended to destroy the young larve on the fruits and foliage. DETAILS OF SPRAYING AND RESULTS ON THRIPS. The first treatment of Plat B was made on April 28, when the most advanced Kieffer buds were quite compact, and at least three days before any blossom clusters separated at the tips. ‘The ma- jority of the thrips were on the outsides of the buds. Quite a few of them were working their way into the ends of the buds, although most of these were still in more or less exposed positions. The nicotine extract with soap was used liberally and the trees were thoroughly drenched. The treatment was, in the main, very effective, killing all of the insects which were wetted with the spray. With the exception of the comparatively few thrips buried deeply in the substance of the buds, the sprayed trees were during the remainder of the day noticeably freer of the insects than the untreated portions of the orchard. While many thrips escaped treatment the effect of the day’s work was to encourage the belief that by thorough and repeated spraying the thrips could be re- duced to unimportant numbers. On April 29 the buds were in a condition of growth that fav- ored deeper penetration by the insects and a much larger per- centage of the thrips on the trees were within the buds feeding apparently about the pedicels of the rudimentary flowers. Sap, too, was flowing from injured blossom clusters. During the first application of this day’s spraying large numbers of the thrips were killed but it was practically impossible to reduce materially the numbers ef those well within the compact blossom clusters. New York AGRricutruraAL ExprrimMent Station. 361 Nozzles adapted to making a rather coarse, driving spray were then attached to the spraying poles and two power spraying rigs were used to apply the mixtures in order to insure the treatment of all of the orchard during the day. Provision was also made for a test of oil emulsion alone or in combination with the nico- tine extract to determine comparative penetrating properties. See Fig. 5, Plats A, B, C. With the use of the new nozzles and by taking more pains to direct the spray into the ends of the buds a large percentage of the thrips were killed. The reduction in the numbers of the insects resulted in a conspicuous difference be- tween sprayed and unsprayed trees which began to show on the following day and noticeably increased as the days passed by. The contrast was largely due to the unwithered and freshened appear- ance of the blossom and leaf clusters of the sprayed trees in com- parison with those on the untreated trees which were beginning to turn brown and were now wet with sap. These differences were noted and commented on by quite a number of visiting orchard- ists in the community. The spraying mixtures seemed to be equally effective. Nevertheless the oil emulsion possesses superior penetrating properties, and as a result of the day’s test it is be- lieved that the use of emulsion with the nicotine should make the combination the most desirable spray for the treatment of par- tially opened buds and compact blossom clusters to reach the hid- den thrips. On May 1 the blossom clusters were generally separated at the tips, and the thrips were now feeding mainly at the points of con- tact of two flower buds. The entire orchard was sprayed again as outlined in Fig. 5, Plats A, B, C. The exposed positions of the thrips, due to the spreading of the blossom clusters, rendered them very susceptible to all of the treatments and because of the large percentage that were killed no further spraying was deemed necessary for the adults. On May 10 the larve were apparently out in their maximum numbers and were most noticeable in the calyx basins of the young fruits and on the under surfaces of the leaves. To prevent in- 362 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE juries to the fruit and foliage and to reduce to the smallest pos- sible numbers the insects that would seek to hibernate in the soil, all of the plats were sprayed with nicotine extract and soap. The larvee are very readily killed on Kieffer pears, and with the ex- ception of small numbers of them that were feeding along the rolled edges of the unfolding leaves very few escaped the treat- ment. The damage to the foliage by the remaining larve was unimportant. THE EFFECTS OF SPRAYING MIXTURES ON FOLIAGE, Notwithstanding the repeated sprayings in a short space of time, in none of the experimental plats did the applications of the nico- tine extracts, in combination with soap or kerosene emulsion in the proportions as given, cause any injuries to the tender unfold- ing leaves. Throughout the attacks by the young and old thrips the foliage of the trees in the sprayed plats presented for the most part a fresh and healthful appearance which contrasted strongly with that of the untreated trees. There was also no apparent checking of the new growth, which appeared to be of normal vigor and amount. In some orchards kerosene emulsion when used alone in strong mixtures caused considerable injury both to the foliage and bark of the young wood. ‘The emulsions were appar- ently stable, but they proved, in spite of the great dilution, to be the least safe of the spraying mixtures when used in quantities to drench the trees, as is necessary for the successful control of the thrips. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, In its appearance and habits the thrips is quite different from all other insects which the pear growers in this State have been accustomed to combat. It also has the reputation of being a very difficult species to control satisfactorily, which has been well borne out in this season’s work. The insect is more susceptible to spray- ing than any other measure, but it is a formidable pest to combat by even these means because it works rapidly and the prospects of New York AcricurturaL ExprrrMent Station. 369 a crop may be ruined in a few days through the destruciion of rudimentary blossom parts, and because of the repeated spraying and thoroughness of treatments required to destroy the thrips con- cealed in the partly opened buds. In this season’s work at Germantown two ee greatly fay- ored the experimental operations: the relatively small size of the pear orchards in the community, which permitted thorough spray- ing of entire orchards by power outfits on successive days, and the rapid development of the buds owing to unseasonable hot weather during the latter part of April which made the thrips more exposed to treatment than if the growth of the buds had been less rapid. Under the conditions which prevailed this year spraying proved very efficient, and no treatment was made which did not effect a considerable reduction of the numbers of thrips in the different plats. Two or three sprayings on successive days reduced the adult thrips to a very small percentage of those that were origi- nally present on the trees. The larve on pears proved especially susceptible to treatment, and in the Hover orchard very few escaped, which should greatly simplify future operations in this planting for this pest. In view of the history of the thrips it is not desirable to draw conclusions on a single season’s experiments as the problem may take on new aspects under different seasonal conditions. It is the intention of the Station to continue its investigations on the thrips until efficient methods of control have been satisfactorily demon- strated. The purpose of this bulletin has been largely to encour- age spraying as the most promising remedy for the present, and to make more available locally the knowledge that exists on a new and important fruit pest. 364 Rerorr or tuk DerarrmMenr or EnroMoLoGy OF THE METHODS OF TREATMENT. FORMULAS OF SPRAYING MIXTURES. 1 Nicotine extract 2.7 per ct. (Black Leaf)...... Oa ob inst Aiea 6 qts. Watery bycersemes = srauyite, 2) che) sereyats owrsys afew oasisupe tre @ wiayelegs ere yh ou Me yous seus oe 100 gals. SODp greets ser pena tietle eral oleate stave teeters e olere Cuca matter a> or etme tenets 2 to 5 Ibs. or IRCTOSENE COMMISION: Boo 5.c tee gius ne afeehaliaeo aan 2 aia elie ee eee 3 gals 2. Wicotine, extract 40 per ct. (Black Leaf 40)". 7.02.6 .c.csc-- ee % to % pt.2 Water Soo sc8 Sue, i ot Res BRAS EE Se ee 100 gals. Gap ys: a hte delay cesarean sepeyas Dae xivliala sjciy nee etcetera 2 to 5 lbs. or Kerosene: emulsion.) 2c) S30 aS2). feels 2 dead. 4 shel ae Bde 3 gals DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING. In spraying, two objects should be kept in mind,—(1) fo kill the winged thrips working in and about expanding buds and blos- som clusters to prevent njury to the tender flower and leaf parts; and (2) to destroy the larve after petals drop to reduce the num- bers of insects which will mature in the ground. 1The addition of soap or kerosene emulsion to the nicotine preparation increases its adhesive and penetrating properties. According to Foster and Jones, (U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Circular 131), a combination distillate-oil emulsion and nicotine solution is given preference to all other sprays. The spreading properties of the oil makes this mixture especially efficient against the thrips concealed in the buds. Directions for making kerosene emulsion are as follows: IGETOSENE™. aie: cute as eee nice Olek s aus arama areteee ere tia echo e CCT eter aetsleraie relics 2 gals. Whale-oil. or, fish-oil soapté stain ais dopbees oll. qnhae ty ae metede ania es VY, |b. SOlt WALT, «fina. J cts dacs. atapaec asians og,s eke ebuniels Cs Salve em ae ee eta 1 gal. Dissolve the soap, which has been finely divided, in one gallon of boiling water. Remove the vessel from the stove and add the oil. Then agitate the mixture violently for from three to five minutes by pumping into itself un- der high pressure until a creamy mass is formed, from which the oil does not separate. Fruitgrowers are advised not to employ an emulsion which shows a separation of the oil as applications of such preparations may cause injuries to the trees. 2 Experiments conducted in California (See Circular 131 mentioned in Footnote 1) show that the Black Leaf 40 may be used effectively in the proportions of one-half pint of the extract to one hundred gallons of water. In the Station’s tests three-quarters of a pint was always used. Future experiments may show that the latter amount is unnecessarily strong and that the smaller quantity of the nicotine extract may be safely used. It should also be stated that on account of greater concentration the express and other transportation charges for Black Leaf 40 are much less than for the Black Leaf, and during the past season the former was, on this account, preferred by pear growers about Germantown. New York AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 365 The period for effective spraying against the adult or winged thrips is during the time when the buds are swollen and partly open and until they are entirely opened at the tips. The first treatment should be made as soon as the thrips become numerous on the trees. The number of the applications required will de- pend on the thoroughness of the treatments. The grower should spray on successive days or every few days until the thrips are reduced to comparatively few individuals. Two, or certainly not more than three, sprayings are required to afford efficient protec- tion to the trees from the adult thrips. Especially hard to kill are the insects within the buds, as they are often hidden; and it is difficult to force the spraying mixture in between the growing structures of the bud. While it is not possible to reach all of these, many of them may be destroyed by careful work in apply- . ing the sprays. By successive applications important injuries may be largely or entirely prevented. To derive the greatest benefits from the treatments, apply the spraying mixtures in lib- eral quantities as a rather coarse driving spray, holding the nozzle fatrly close to the buds in order to force the liquid into the ends of the buds. The “ angle nozzles” of the large chamber type or nozzles set on an angle to the extension rod, maintaining a press- ure of not less than one hundred fifty pounds are preferable for this purpose. The larvee may be seen in large numbers as small, whitish crea- tures in the calyx cups; and on pears especially they are much ex- posed to spraying because of the open nature of the blossom ends of the young fruits. One or two careful sprayings will practically free the trees of the insects. In making an application both sur- faces of the leaves and the calyx ends of the young fruit should be thoroughly wetted by the liquid. Spraying for the larvez is important because it will greatly reduce the numbers of the insects which seek shelter in the ground until the following spring. The accumulative benefits from the destruction of the larve for suc- cessive years, while not as yet definitely known, must be consid- erable. 366 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. CULTIVATION, According to Moulton, experiments have clearly demonstrated that deep fall plowing is an efficient aid to spraying if it is done at a proper time and with care. The thrips undergo their pupal development during the late fall and early winter, and when in this stage they are apparently, under certain conditions, suscep- tible to disturbances of the soil. For prune orchards in California Foster and Jones recommend plowing to the depth of seven or eight inches during the months of October and November, fol- lowed by harrowing; and then cross plowing eight or nine inches deep with subsequent harrowing. On the other hand it is also stated by them that on certain fruit areas in that State such treat- ment, especially for pear orchards, has not given as satisfactory results as have been obtained in other localities. Fall plowing of orchards in New York is not regarded with favor by most orchardists, and moreover an opinion prevails that such practice on the lighter soils is attended with risks from winter injuries. In view of the absence of data showing effects on both trees and the insect, fall plowing of orchards for the thrips in this State should be pursued advisedly and in an experimental way. GENERAL CARE OF ORCHARD. Severe attacks by the thrips are a serious drain on the vitality and productiveness of the trees. In their weakened state they are also more subject to injuries by adverse weather or environment, and to attacks by various wood-boring insects. The needs of the orchard with respect to cultivation, fertilizers, pruning and spray- ing for other insects and diseases should be carefully considered in order that the most favorable conditions for recovery to health and productiveness may be afforded to the trees. THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER AND ITS CONTROL.* F. Z, HARTZELL. SUMMARY. The grape leaf-hopper is an important pest of the grape and during the past two years it has been on the increase in Chau- tauqua county. In many vineyards the necessity for efficient methods of control has been apparent. The insect weakens the vines by piercing the epidermis of the under side of the leaf and sucking the cell sap, thus injuring the cells and exposing them to the drying action of the air. This injury results in a decrease in the amount of wood, and it also affects the quantity and quality of the fruit. Fruit from badly infested vines is poorly ripened. The leaf-hopper is a sucking insect and lives on the under sides of the grape leaves. Eggs are laid during June by the overwin- tering adults, and by the beginning of July the young nymphs are on the vines in abundance. These nymphs pass through five stages or instars before becoming adults. Nymphs of the first brood mature during the latter part of July and early part of August, and during normal seasons many of them lay eggs from which develops a partial second brood. During 1911 a complete second brood was observed. Young nymphs of the first instar were found as late as October 1. Most of these nymphs become adults before the leaves drop from the grape vine. The adults hibernate among rubbish, grass, weeds and fallen leaves. They are active during the warmer days of the hibernating period and feed on various grasses, preferring the leaves of bush fruits dur- ing the spring before returning to the young foliage of the grape vines. During the summer the adults are of a yellowish appearance being covered with darker yellow lines. These darker areas turn salmon before the insects leave the vines in the fall ana they become dark red when the insects are in their winter * A reprint of Bulletin No. 344, February, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see p. S15. [367] 368 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE quarters. As soon as they have fed again upon grape foliage in the spring these areas become yellow. Experiments have proven that a spray containing 2/100 of one per ct. nicotine is the most effective and safest contact insecti- cide for the control of the grape leaf-hopper. This must be di- rected against the nymphs, which are hit by applying the spray to the under sides of the leaves. The application of the spray for this insect can be done by the usual hand spraying with trailing hose or by an automatic leaf- hopper sprayer which is described in this bulletin. This latter device was developed during the past season and it has done efficient work. With high pressure and proper adjustment of the nozzles the insect can be efficiently controlled. INTRODUCTION. The grape leaf-hopper (T'yphiocyba comes Say) (Fig. 6), or, as it is often called, ‘‘ grape thrips,” is a very common insect in the vineyards of New York State. Although its numbers during years of average infestation are not sufficient to cause apprehension on the part of the growers as a whole, nevertheless each year some grape plantings are injured by its feeding. Its work is especially noticeable in vineyards near woodland or grass-land, which affords good hibernating places for the insects. The grape leaf-hopper, like other insects, has periods of scarcity and abundance, and when abundant it is very destructive, compelling the growers to resort to remedial measures. During the summer of 1910 it was seen that this insect was becoming very numerous in Chautauqua county, the browned foliage and poorly ripened fruit, resulting from its work, showing plainly in many vineyards. Observations in 1911 soon proved the number of “ hopper-infested ” vineyards greater than in 1910; in fact, the increase of the insect was so great as to cause alarm on the part of the grape growers, since a large crop of fruit had set which was threatened both in quality and quantity. The attack affected chiefly the quality, although several vineyards showed a marked decrease in the yield between the vines upon which the New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 369 leaf-hoppers were killed by spraying mixtures and those not so treated. It is apparent that the numbers of the insect have been approaching the crest of a wave, and one cannot, at present, tell whether the summer of 1911 records the “ high-water mark” or whether we are to expect a further increase during 1912. The millions of adults that went into hibernation the past fall would indicate that a favorable winter for the insects will spell trouble for many of the vineyardists, since these adult “ hoppers” will feed on the young foliage, and, if numerous, will cause much injury at a time when the grape foliage is tender and the insects are most difficult to kill. Noting the increase in numbers of the insects in certain vine- yards, experiments were conducted in 1910' and 1911 to learn better methods of control. Having found an effective remedy, so far as the insecticide is concerned, during the previous year, it early became evident that a better method of applying the material was needed; so more attention was paid the past summer to developing a machine for applying the material than to efforts in finding cheaper spraying materials. This bulletin has to do largely with the results of experiments and the description of the machine devised for applying the spray. THE INSECT AND ITS WORK. HABITS, The grape leaf-hopper belongs to the group of insects that obtain their food by sucking the juices of plants. They are seldom found on the upper surfaces of the leaves but they usually seek the under sides and there do practically all their feeding. While immature the insects, then called nymphs, pess through five stages or instars (Figs. 7 and 8). During the nymphal instars the wings increase from mere swellings in the first instar to large wing pads in the last stage. The adults have two pairs of wings or, more correctly speaking, the front pair of so-called wings are wing 1Bulletin 331, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 568-579. 370 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE covers or elytra which are held motionless during flight as are the front ‘‘ wings” of grasshoppers. The true wings are smaller, are used for propelling the insect and are folded under the elytra when at rest. The wing covers rest in the posi- tion shown in Fig. 6, covering the insect’s body like a roof. The adults are more conspicuous than the nymphs and are especially noticeable Fic. 6—Mature Grape Lear-Hopper. (Enlarged.) Fic. 7—First Four NyMPHAL INSTARS OF GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER. (Enlarged.) at the time the grapes are being harvested. They are then very annoying because they get into the mouths, ears and noses of the pickers. At this time they fly about, especially on warm and calm days during the latter part of the season and drift to other vines, or to grass fields, brush land Fic. 8—Firry Nympnau In- and thickets. In fact, they seek any place =e pl ats Lear ‘that will shelter them during the winter, (Enlarged.) although many of the insects remain among the fallen leaves in the vineyards. The adults are about one-eighth of an inch in length and during the summer they appear light yellow in color, but they grow New York AGricutturaL ExperIMENT STATiIon. 371 darker as the season advances, becoming salmon colored before leaving the vines and changing to dark red in their winter hiding places. There are many variations in color and color patterns among individuals of the same species so that nine distinct species have been described; but our leading authorities regard these diverse forms merely as varieties of T. comes. CHARACTER OF INJURY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. The grape leaf-hopper, being a sucking insect, secures its food by inserting its proboscis or beak through the epidermis or skin of the leaf, piercing the underlying tissue and sucking up the cell sap. Having satisfied its hunger it withdraws its beak and wanders about the leaf. With the withdrawal of the proboscis the injured leaf tissue is exposed to the drying action of the air which not only completes the destruction of the injured cells but dries out the surrounding cells, thus causing a small portion of the leaf to die. This area is small but the accumulative effect is of importance in the economy of the plant. These injured parts turn yellow and, as the injuries increase by the feeding of the insects, the leaves become dotted with spots until by September these areas are so numerous as to cause the leaves to have a decidedly yellow appear- ance when contrasted with healthy foliage. It is not unusual to find 100 leaf-hopper nymphs on a single leaf. If each insect should feed only twice each day and remain on the leaf for a period of two months we would find that there had accumulated on the leaf 12,000 injured areas. This would be a moderate damage; for counts show that leaves of average size, if badly infested, may have as many as 20,000 such injured areas. Thus there are two factors in the work of the leaf-hopper: the removal of the cell sap by the leaf-hoppers as food ; and the destruc- tion of tissue by the drying out and death of the cells surrounding those pierced by the insects. The latter is the more important factor. The death of these cells means a lessening of the growth of wood and a decrease in the yield of fruit. This is evident on 312 REpoRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE vines that yearly are extensively infested by the leaf-hopper. Like- wise serious infestation in any vineyard has a similar influence on the amount of wood produced and the amount of fruit grown. This is cumulative in its effect and can be shown best by weighing the crop from treated and untreated areas year after year. In the aggregate the quantity of fruit lost during years of average in- festation has not been conspicuous enough to attract attention. It is in the exceptional years, as in 1901-2, that the loss is sufficient to cause alarm and action on the part of the grape growers. One important effect of average infestation is the poor quality of fruit | from infested vineyards. The Concord grape when well ripened is dark purple and sweet, but when the leaves are injured by grape leaf-hoppers the fruit has a red appearance and a rather insipid, sour taste. The decrease in the amount of sugar in such fruit makes it especially undesirable for packing in four-pound and eight-pound baskets since choice table grapes should be of excellent quality. Poorly ripened grapes will not be used by the manufac- turers of grape juice. Since the best prices are being paid for grapes for these two purposes, it follows that the leaf-hopper may cause serious loss by depreciating the quality of the fruit. How- ever, growers as a whole pay little attention to the attacks of the “hopper ” since grapes of poor quality usually fetch as good prices as superior fruits because of faulty methods in marketing. With the better system of packing and grading grapes, which must come if Chautauqua grapes are to be worth growing, the importance of controlling the pest will generally be better appreciated. SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER IN CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. The species of grape leaf-hopper most common on Concord grapes in Chautauqua county is Typhlocyba comes Say. There is much variation in this species, although the typical form prevails. Occasionally one finds variety octonotata Walsh. The typical comes, during the summer, has zigzag yellow lines and three black spots on the elytra: one on the costal (outer) margin, which is New York Agricutruran Experiment Srarion. O73 round and near the apex of the wings; another on the costal margin, which is nearly rectangular and is about half the distance from the base to the apex of the wing, another on the inner margin about one-fifth the distance from the apex to the scutellum. The black spots on the elytra remain constant during the insect’s life, but the yellow markings are subject to change. The bright yellow of summer turns to salmon before the insects leave the vine in autumn, and by winter the markings become red. These indi- viduals change again to yellow in the spring after the insects have been feeding on the grape. The variety octonotata differs from the typical comes in having a broad, dark median stripe on the scutellum (the triangular piece at the base of the wings) and has a large dark spot on the inner margin near the base of the “wing.” During 1911 there were less than one-tenth as many of the variety octonotata in the vineyards as of the typical comes. On certain varieties of grapes (which are listed later) T. comes is practically absent but its place is taken by another species T. tricincta’ Fitch which is rather striking in appearance. This species is seldom found on the Con- cord in Chautauqua county and so cannot be called a common insect. So far as it has been studied its life history is similar to T. comes and it is apparently susceptible to the same treatment. FOOD PLANTS. The several species of grape leaf-hoppers doubtless fed origin- ally on the various species of wild grapes that are indigenous to the Lake Erie valley. Since 7. comes and T. tricincta differ in the variety of grapes each infests the food plants of each species will, for the sake of clearness, be discussed separately. 17’. comes 1This species is slightly larger than T. comes and may be recognized by the following characters: Across the elytra there are three dark bands. The band at the apex is dusky, except a dark spot, and covers the apical fourth of the elytron. The middle band extends across each wing cover, being sub- triangular. The outer portions are composed of a black spot almost rec- tangular in shape and situated about one-half the distance from the base to the apex. From this spot the band widens until it reaches the inner margin, being a dark red. The third band extends across the base of the elytra, the seutellum and the posterior part of the prothorax, and varies from red to purple. The eyes and sides of the prothorax are purple. 374 Report or tHE DerartMent or Enromonocy oF THE feeds chiefly on the species and varieties of grapes having thick leaves with the under sides covered with pubescence. Vitis bicolor Le Conte (the summer or blue grape) is the most common species of wild grape in Chautauqua county. It has thick leaves with a downy under surface and it is a common occurrence to find T. comes breeding upon it. The varieties of cultivated grapes upon which 7’. comes has been observed breeding are as follows: Severely infested and badly injured: Agawam, Brilliant, Camp- bell Early, Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Goff, Herbert, Iona, Lindley, Mills, Regal, Salem, Winchell and Worden. Badly infested but not as severely injured as the preceding: Brighton, Jefferson, Niagara, Noah, Vergennes and Wilder. Seldom infested: Bacchus, Clevener and Clinton. Tt will be noted that two thin, smooth-leaved varieties, Dela- ware and Winchell, are included in this list, but all the others are varieties having pubescence on the under surfaces of the leaves, which are thick or moderately thick. T tricincta breeds on Vitis vulpina L. (the frost or riverbank grape) a thin-leaved species of wild grape that is found occasion- ally in Chautauqua county. It also breeds on the following varie- ties of cultivated grapes: Very abundant: Bacchus, Clevener, Clinton and Gloire. Few to one-half the number present (the other being 7. comes) : Agawam, Brighton, Brilliant, Delaware, Herbert, Iona, Lindley, Mills, Salem, Vergennes and Wilder. The tendency of this species to select smooth-leaved varieties is shown, but it should also be noted that it breeds on some of the varieties in common with 7’. comes. It, however, has never been seen by the author breeding on the following varieties: Campbell Early, Catawba, Concord, Goff, Jefferson, Niagara, Noah, Regal, Winchell or Worden, all of which have pubescence on the under surfaces of the leaves. During the warmer days of the hibernating period both species feed on various weeds and green plants. Timothy and blue grass afford favorite harbors for them. lots) I On New York Aaericcrtorat Exprrrrment Station. LIFE HISTORY, Emergence in the spring.— When the warm spring days cause the various perennial weeds and other plants to begin growth, the grape leaf-hopper seeks these and feeds upon them, but prefers plants belonging to the bush fruits. They feed on these until the new growth of the grape vines has started, when they migrate to them and feed particularly on the shoots and leaves nearer the ground. It is the lower portion of a vine that first shows the results of leaf-hopper infestation, and the infested leaves turn yellow early in the summer. As the season advances and the lower growths become seriously injured the adult “ hoppers” attack the leaves higher on the vines. Egg stage.—The leaf-hoppers seek the vines during the first two weeks in May and, after feeding for a short time, copulate. The eggs are laid in the tissues of the under sides of the leaves and are so carefully hidden under the epidermis that they are difficult to find. June is the month in which most of the eggs are laid and these give rise to the first brood of nymphs. In an advanced season oviposition may commence as early as the first week in June, but if the year is backward the first eggs may not be deposited until near the middle of this month. The number of eggs deposited reaches its maximum in the latter part of June. Since many of the old hoppers are still alive on the vines when the nymphs reach maturity, it is rather difficult to determine the time of last egg-laying of the over-wintering adults. Of the eggs which are deposited during August the majority undoubtedly are laid by the new brood of adults. The second period of egg laying may last until the middle of September. Nymphal stage— During 1911 the first nymphs appeared June 12, and the maximum numbers were on the vines by July 1. Many were changing to adults about July 15. During the latter part of August large numbers of nymphs in various stages of development were again observed. Individuals of the first instar were observed as late as October 1. There is little doubt that the long warm summer season of 1911 produced two distinct broods, 376 Rerorr or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE It is the common belief that the species during normal years is limited to a single brood with a partial second brood. By the time the leaves of the grape fall most nymphs have transformed to adults. The question of the number of broods can be settled only by a series of breedings extending through normal and ab- normal seasons. Adults.—As has been mentioned before, the winter is passed in the adult stage. These adults, after returning to the vines in the spring, copulate and the females begin oviposition during June. The over-wintering adults live until August and perhaps longer. Thus one can find this stage of the insect on the vines or among the fallen leaves in the vineyard during the entire year. EXPERIMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF GRAPE LEAF- HOPPER; During the seasons of 1910 and 1911 experiments to find the best method of control for the “ hopper ” were conducted in the vineyards of Mr. Charles C. Horton, Mr. Mark J. Sackett and Mr. Charles Secord of Silver Creek and during 1911 in the vine- yard of Mr. F. A. Morehouse of Ripley. The experiments dur- ing 1910 have been discussed in Bulletin 331, and it will be noted that the most satisfactory spraying mixture contained nicotine. The weakest dilution used was one part of “ Black Leaf Tobacco Extract” to 100 parts of water. The experiments during 1911 were planned to corroborate the results of 1910 and also to test out various brands of nicotine products and other contact insecti- cides. About thirty acres of vineyard were used in the experi- ments. From the standpoint of effectiveness in the control of the in- sect, ease of application and safety to the grape foliage, the nico- tine sprays have proven the best of the materials tried. The most economical dilution of a nicotine product was found to be that in which the spray material contained 2/100 of one per ct. nicotine. It was demonstrated that with very thorough appli- New York AGricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY ar | cation the younger nymphs were killed with somewhat weaker solutions but that the older nymphs would escape unless the work was carefuly done. On the basis of the nicotine content, the proper dilutions for mixtures to control the grape leaf-hopper are “ Black Leaf Tobacco Extract” one part to 150 parts water, and “ Black Leaf 40” one part to 1600 parts water. % In the tests it was very apparent that the older the nymph the greater its power of resistance to the mixtures. It required less material to kill the younger nymphs. Even a fine-mist spray will suffice for the very immature insects, but it will not prove effective against the larger nymphs. The adult insects are fre- quently hit while on the wing, but as a rule they are affected in too small numbers to be considered in the spraying operations. The experiments also proved that the most satisfactory results can only be attained when the material is applied with a pressure of about 125 lbs. and nozzles are used that throw a coarse spray against the under sides of the leaves. Nozzles throwing a mist spray, even if a high pressure is maintained, will not cover the insects sufficiently to kill them; and nozzles throwing a coarse spray are ineilective with low pressures. This is especially true when using an automatic leaf-hopper sprayer (described below) or when the trailing-hose outfit, operated by hand, is employed. Even with hand-spraying, the men operating the nozzles must be very careful to do thorough work or failure will result. Efficient results were always obtained when the vines were thoroughly sprayed. One objection to the use of nicotine sprays when applied by means of “ trailers” is the saturation of the clothes of the men handling the nozzles. This has caused nausea in several in- stances and led to attempts by various growers to arrange fixed nozzles to throw the spray on the under sides of the leaves. These devices were failures as they did not do thorough work on vines with heavy foliage. Among the various contrivances that were devised was one made by Mr. F. A. Morehouse which had some good points but, however, several serious faults. In order to 378 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE make this workable, improvements were needed, and the author finally devised the machine with three booms with adjustable nozzles. Mr. Morehouse and the author together then developed the complete spraying attachment as shown. (Plates XX XIV- XXXVII.) The machine when used with a pressure of 125-150 Ibs. was very effective in killing the nymphs since between 80 and 90 per ct. of the foliage on dense vines was covered with a coarse spray. ‘This outfit is described as follows: AN AUTOMATIC GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER SPRAYING ATTACHMENT. DESCRIPTION. The outfit consists of two frames, one placed on each side of a vineyard sprayer (Plates XX XIV-XXXVII). Each frame (F, Plate XX XVII) is more or less rectangular in shape and is attached to the sprayer by three supports (S) which are bolted as shown in the figure. The frame carries three booms (B) swing- ing outward from the frame and each is kept pressed away from the frame by means of a spring (A). Near the free end of each boom is placed a cyclone type of nozzle (N) set so as to deliver the spray upward. This nozzle is prevented from tearing the young canes of the grape and at same time is protected by means of the slanting projection (P). The spray material is delivered to the pipe (G) from which it is distributed by hose (H.) and pipe connections (C). The upper and middle booms are of different lengths and swing from the forward part of the frame, the shorter being above. The lower boom is of the same length as the middle one but is swung from the upright at the offset in the frame. This attachment as used in the experiments mentioned before was built under the author’s directions by Mr. George Laurie of Silver Creek, who constructed it with the following dimensions and materials: The frame is of %4-inch iron pipe, being of the di- mensions shown in the drawing (Plate XX XIII). Screw threads are cut on the pipes which are fitted into the various elbows and T’s used. The supports are °*4-inch iron rods having serew ‘INANHOVLLY DNIAVYdG AAddOP-AVA] Advay OLLVNOLAY 40 ‘AvaY Woud “MATA TVSANAY) —ATXXX SLVTd “EINGWHOVLLY SNIAVEdS YAddOl{-Ava'T Udviy OILYNOLNY Ao ‘ada WOUd “MATA IWHHNDY —AXXX LVI d ‘LUVO AVUdG WOW GAAOWAY ‘LNANHOVLLY ONIAVAdG AdddOY-AVAT Advay OLLVWOLAVY—J[AXXX ILVId “INGUNHOVLLY ONIAVEdS WddOY[-AVAT Adve OILVNOLOY 40 NVId Tividq —]IAXXX 4LvV1d Cae ahnie 5 enue INAWHOVLLY > 3 2’@_________, New York AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 379 threads at one end to fit into the T’s, and the other end flattened to a width of 114 inches with 14-inch holes drilled about 6 inches apart. The booms are made of 7s-inch tire steel 2 inches wide and have the shapes shown in the illustrations (Plates XX XIV— XXXVII). One end of each boom is bent entirely around the pipe, thus forming a bearing. Brass spring wire ¥g inch in diameter is inserted in a small hole in the pipe and the wire wound about the pipe several times, thus forming a coil spring with the end attached to the boom about one foot from the spring. The springs are above the middle and lower booms, but the spring is below the upper one, thus serving to hold the boom in position. The slanting projection is a piece of tire steel 4 inch wide, ¥% inch thick and 6 inches in length. This is riveted to the inner side of the boom about 8 inches from the end and set at an angle of 20°. The nozzle is of the cyclone type with a large apertured disc. The nozzle is connected to a short pipe by means of two street L’s which allow the placing of the nozzle in any position. The pipe is about one foot in length, is fastened to the boom end and connects with the hose by means of an elbow ard a nipple. The hose is 14 inch in diameter and connects by a nipple fastened to the sunnly pipe. The lower boom should be about 8 inches from the ground, which would place the middle boom about 1 foot 8 inches and the upper one 8 feet 4 inches above ground. This ap- paratus is designed for grapes on wires with the rows 8 to 10 feet apart. It can be built by a blacksmith or plumber for less than $20 (not including the cost of the nozzles). RECOMMENDATIONS. To obtain efficient results against the leaf-hopper with either the trailing hose and extensions or the automatic grape leaf- hopper sprayer, the following precautions should be observed : (1) The spraying must be done at the proper time.— This time will vary with the season, but in Chautauqua county it is some- time during the month of July. The first nymphs appeared June 12, 1911, whereas the first nymphs for normal years ap- 380 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE pear between the 15th and 20th of June. The maximum number of nymphs appeared the last week of June and the first two weeks of July in 1911, but in normal years the maximum numbers ap- pear from about July 4 until the first of August. Spraying should be done when the maximum number of nymphs are present, thus killing the largest number of insects which will usually confine the number of sprayings to one. One must judge the time by watching the development of the insects. (2) The proper contact insecticide must be used and at the proper strength.— The experiments mentioned before show that a nicotine solution diluted until there is 2/100 of 1 per ct. nicotine in the spray material will kill the nymphs. This means that “Black Leaf 40” (40 per ct. nicotine) should be used 1 part to 1600 parts of water, and “ Black Leaf Tobacco Extract” (2.7 per ct. nicotine) should be used 1 part to 150 parts of water. Other preparations must be diluted according to their nicotine contents. (3) Sufficient spray mixture must be used to drench the in- sects.— Where the foliage is dense this is accomplished by means of nozzles adapted to throw a large amount of coarse spray. Noz- zles of the cyclone type with large apertured discs are preferred. The folly of using a fine mist spray when the foliage is heavy has repeatedly been shown since with nozzles throwing such a spray the leaf-hopper nymphs were not killed in sufficient numbers, even though the spraying mixture contained as high as 5/100 of 1 per ct. nicotine. (4) A pressure of from 125 to 150 pounds per square inch is necessary.— Use a pressure gage as the grower may then know the amount of pressure the sprayer is carrying. Applications at low pressure are a waste of time and material. Experiments conducted with a sprayer carrying the automatic leaf-hopper spraying attachment and operating at from only 60 to 80 pounds pressure were failures. (5) The under sides of the leaves must be thoroughly hit by the spray.— This means that when the spraying is done by the trailing hose and extensions, the work must be done carefully. New York AGricutturRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381 If the automatic leaf-hopper sprayer is used, the nozzles must be set at the proper angles on the booms. There is no fixed rule. Each nozzle must be set so as to cover the under sides of the most foliage. Usually the nozzle on the lower boom is set to throw the spray vertically, since this boom can swing under the vines farther than the others. The nozzles on the middle and top booms must be set at slightly different angles. The height of the vines, the manner of trimming and the direction of the wind must all be taken into consideration: One should examine the under sides of the sprayed leaves from time to time to see that the nozzles are properly adjusted. (6) Drive slow tf foliage 1s dense.— If one is using a traction sprayer (one in which the power is secured by gearing attached to the wheels of the sprayer) it should have a pump of sufficient capacity to maintain a pressure of 150 lbs. per sq. in., using six large apertured nozzles and driving slowly. With gasoline en- gine sprayers it is necessary to have an engine and pump of sufficient capacity to carry the required pressure with six large nozzles. Spraying as directed one would use nearly 150 gallons of spray material per acre where the foliage is dense. Where vines are weak or young and the foliage is not dense, one can secure good results by using discs with slightly smaller apertures, thus using less spray per acre. One’s judgment must govern him in the use of material economically. With the use of 150 gallons of material per acre, using the nico- tine preparations at the present prices, it would cost about $1.25 per acre for material to control the grape leaf-hopper for a season. THE APPLE AND CHERRY ERMINE MOTHS.* P. J. PARROTT anv W. J. SCHOENE. SUMMARY. During recent years colonies of the caterpillars of the apple and cherry ermine moths have been discovered in considerable numbers in the State of New York. These insects were introduced in ship- ments of foreign nursery stock and appeared in plantations of imported apple and cherry seedlings. According to the records of the Division of Nursery Inspection infested plants have been found at Lockport, Hilton, Chili, Dansville, Rochester, Penfield, Newark, Orleans, Seneca and Geneva in western New York; at Johnstown and Schoharie in the Mohawk Valley region, and at Blauvelt, in the Hudson River Valley. From the material that has been collected two species of moths were bred — Yponomeuta malinellus Zell., which thrives largely on apple, and Y. padellus L., which is a more general feeder, showing preference for hawthorn, plum and cherry. Both species are com- mon and destructive fruit pests in Europe. The adult insects are small moths, with snowy white, black- dotted anterior wings. The hind wings are gray or leaden in color, with long fringes on lateral and posterior margins. The wing expanse is about 20 mm. The caterpillars are quite variable in color, ranging from pale to grayish or greenish brown, and they average about 15 mm. in length. They have web-forming habits and live in a common web, and in this they spin their cocoons. In the studies on the life history of these insects during the past four years the moths appeared during the first two weeks in July, and oviposition began about the middle of this month. The eggs are deposited in oval-shaped masses near a bud, usually of the current year’s terminal growth, and less frequently on the older wood. Hatching takes place in early autumn and the young larve remain through the winter under the protecting crust of the egg shells. In the spring they assemble among the tender leaflets of an adjacent bud, which they attack. The older caterpillars feed openly on the foliage under the protection of a thin, grayish web. With the need of more food they extend their webs, seizing and involving fresh leaves in a common nest. In severe attacks trees may be defoliated and completely covered with the silken tents of the insects. Pupation took place during the latter part of June and early July and the moths lived from the beginning of July to about the middle of August. +A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 24. November, 1912. [382] New York AgGricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383 These insects have, in their normal habitat, a large number of natural enemies, the most important of which belong to the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera. In spite of the large numbers of the moths’ eggs imported into the United States, the lepidopterons were apparently unaccompanied by their more common and efficient parasites. An ichneumon, Mesochorus sp., was obtained from padellus reared on cherry, and a tachinid, Hvxorista arvicola Meigen, was quite abundant in some colonies of malinellus caterpillars subsisting on apple. Comparisons of the structures of the caterpillars and of the male genitalia show no tangible structural differences between padellus and malinellus. The absence of differential features suggests that the moths from ‘hawthorn and cherry and those from apple consti- tute a single species; but cross breeding experiments are desirable to settle definitely the status of the two forms. An outbreak of these insects is to be expected from two sources: (1) From the annual importation of infested foreign-grown nursery stock, and (2) from spread of the pests that may have established themselves along the avenues of trade in previous shipments. The remedy is careful inspection of nurseries during June and the destruction of infested plants. As fruit pests, the insects would prove amenable to prevailing spraying practices. INTRODUCTION. A study of the insect outbreaks from year to year in the State of New York will impress one with the number of introduced species and their great importance to its fruit interests. These constitute a steady and a severe drain on its horticultural resources. Many of the principal introductions in the past had their origin in Europe, and in the diverse and constantly increasing intercourse with the United States there is a marked trend of migration of the common and destructive species to this country. Common pests of fruit trees in all parts of the continent are certain insects, known as “ermine moths,” which are discussed in almost every leading work upon European economic entomology. Interest is now directed to these insects as they have during recent years been brought into this State in considerable numbers in foreign importations of nursery stock. It is desired to call attention to their injurious nature, the circumstances of their discovery and the danger that exists of these pests being introduced, if they have not already become established. THE ERMINE MOTHS. GENERAL CHARACTERS. These moths constitute the genus Yponomeuta of the family Yponomeutide. In Dyar’s list of North American Lepidoptera this 384 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE family is placed between the Tortricide and the Gelechiide. The genus is a small one, but it contains a few species which, because of their common occurrence and economic importance, are well-known insects in their normal range of distribution. The moths are small and have an expanse of wings which varies from about twenty to twenty-five millimeters, according to the species. A characteristic feature of these insects is that the anterior wings of most species are brilliantly snowy white, and marked with black dots. The hind wings are generally darker, being grayish or leaden in color, and possess long fringes on the lateral and posterior margins. The caterpillars are gregarious and have web-forming habits. They live in a common web which may involve many twigs and leaves, and in this they spin their cocoons. HISTORICAL NOTES AND SYNONYMY. The history and synonymy of padellus and malinellus are as fol- lows: The former was described by Linnzus! in 1758 under the name of Phalena (Tinea) padella,? and fruit trees are given as its host plants. Fabricius * in 1775 describes the moth, larva and pupa and states that the insect occurs on fruit trees. Believing that it was distinct from padellus, Zeller, in 1844, designated the form occurring on apple as malinellus. The species described by him as variabilis is listed by most writers as a synonym of padellus. Latreille > in 1796 describes the genus Yponomeuta,® and in 18027 he gives Tinea evonymella L. as the type. Stephens® in 1829 established the family Yponomeutide. Sodoffsky® in 1837 changed 1Linnaeus. Systema Nature, 10th Ed. 1:535. 1758. 2 Padella, so named from Prunus padus L., the European bird cherry. The Linnzan names for several of the Yponomeuta species are very misleading. Prunus padus is the principal host plant of Y. evonymellus L., but the insect’s name would imply that it lives on Evonymus. This confusion Zeller sought to correct. 3 Fabricius. Systema Entomologie, p. 656. 1775. 4TJsis, p. 220. 1844. 5 Latreille. Précis des Caractéres génériques des Insectes, p. 146. 1796. 6 This is of Greek origin Szuvopsbw “I mine,” and is presumably taken to mean “one who undermines” or “who works under the surface’. The derivative bzovopedtys belongs to the first declension masculine, and we have therefore used “us ” endings in the names of the species. It should also be noted that words which begin with ‘‘ upsilon ”’ have the rough breathing, which is represented by the letter ‘“‘h”’ in words derived from the Greek, — thus Szozptt7¢ becomes hypocrite in English. If Latreille had followed this rule he would have designated his genus Hyponomeuta instead of Yponomeuta, but in spite of its unusual formation, which is a modern invention, there appears to be no other choice than to accept his selection. 7 Latreille. Histoire Naturelle générale et particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes. 3: 467. 1802. 8Stephens. Catalogue of British Insects, p. 193. 1829. 9 Sodoffsky. Etymologische Untersuchungen ueber die Gattungsnamen der Schmet- terlinge, p. 21. 1837. q n New York AaricutrurRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 385 Y ponomeuta to Hyponomeuta' which was adopted by Zeller, Stainton and other systematic and economic writers. In Dyar’s? list, 1902, Busck reverted to the original orthography Yponomeuta, which we have adopted. ATTACKS UPON FRUIT TREES; HOST PLANTS. * Many of the ermine moths attack fruit trees. The most common and destructive species is perhaps Yponomeuta padellus L., which feeds principally on the cultivated plum, blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha L.). 'Taschenberg,? Boisduval,! Rebaté® and Theobald ® record it as attacking either wild or cultivated cherries. There has been some doubt as to whether padellus actually thrives on apples, but many writers including Major,’ Delacour,* Westwood,’ Stainton, K6llar 4 and Ormerod ” list this fruit among its host plants. In England padellus has been generally regarded as the species attacking apple. Schéyen ™ of Norway states that padellus is the common species on apples, and Bos “ of Holland has observed padellus migrating from Crategus to apple trees. Nd6rdlinger,!’ Mokshetsky © and Reh record the pear as one of its hosts. Other plants mentioned by various writers are the medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), the Euro- pean mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and the ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). In describing conditions in Crimea Mokshetsky gives the white willow (Salix alba L.) and the spindle tree (Hvonymus verrucosa Scop.) as the chief host plants, and the larch and the plum (Prunus domestica) as less subject to attack. 1 See footnote 6 on previous page. 2Dyar. North American Lepidoptera, p. 489. 1902. 3 Quoted from Judeich-Nitsche’s Foist-Insektenkunde, 2: 1069. 4 Essai sur l’Entomologie Horticole, p. 574. 1867. 5 La Chenille Fileuse du Prunier, p. 8. 1909. 5 Insect Pests of Fruit, p. 91. 1909. 1 Treatise on Insects. 1829. 8 Hssai sur les Insectes, p. 293. 1850. 9 The Gardeners Magazine, 13: 433-489. 1837. 10 Lepidoptera Tineina, pp. 58-61. 1854. 1 Treatise on Insects, trans. by Loudon, p. 226. 1840. 2 Manual of Injurious Insects, p. 263. 1881. B Ztschr. Pflanzenkr., 3: 268-269. 1893. 4 Letter of April 26, 1910. 15 Die Kieinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, p. 460. 1869. 1% The Apple Moth, p. 15. 1907. 1 Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten (Sorauer), 3: pp. 271-274. 1909. * The difficulty of identifying certain of the ermine moths has led to confusion as to the food plants of each. This is especially true of the species padellus and malinellus, which have unquestionably been mistaken one for the other, and perhaps confounded with other forms of very similar appearance. 15 886 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT or ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Y. malinellus Zell., as the name implies, thrives on the apple, which constitutes its favorite host. Marchal‘! records its occurrence in destructive numbers on the almond (Amygdalus communis L.). Dahlbom, according to Kaltenbach,? included the wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis Crtz.). It has not generally been considered as a British species, but on the other hand Theobald? asserts that it exists in that country on apples and has been confused with padellus. Kuwana?‘ states that while malinellus occurs most commonly on apples in Japan, it nevertheless may feed on the sand pear (Pyrus sinensis Lindl.), the Chinese flowering apple (P. spectabilis Ait.), the quince (Cydonia vulgaris Pers.), the peach (Amygdalus persica Sieb. and Zucce.), the Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus pseudo- cerasus Lindl.), and the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Besides these two moths there are several other species of relatively minor importance which are recorded as attacking fruit trees; and these are respectively as follows: Y. mahalebellus Gn., which is recorded by Marchal! as common on the Mahaleb cherry. Y. cognatellus Hb. is very similar in appearance to the foregoing species, and according to Wahl® and Kirchner ° is a common pest on cultivated plums. Mokshetsky’ records it also upon the Mahaleb cherry and apple. Y. irrorellus Hb. occurs, according to Hess,’ principally on the spindle tree (Hvonymus europeus L.) and sometimes feeds on plum. Y. rorellus Hb., which is said to be similar to padellus, commonly thrives on the willow. Rossler,® however, reported its occurrence on cultivated plums. Y. evonymellus L., which is quite readily distinguished from other species by its size and larger number of black spots on wings, breeds chiefly on the European bird cherry (Prunus padus L.). Lunardoni 1° reports it upon cultivated cherries, and Theobald * on both cherries and apples. COMMON NAMES. As they are quite common insects and are widely distributed throughout Europe, these moths have been designated by many local and popular names: Delacour! called padellus ‘‘ La teigne hermine ’’, the ‘‘ Ermine moth ”’, which was suggested by the anterior 1 Bul. Soc. d’ Etud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric., p. 17. 1902. 2 From Kaltenbach’s Die Pflanzenfeinde, p. 194. 1874. 3 Insect Pests of Fruit, p. 91. 1909. 4 Letter of Mar. 31, 1911. > Die Bekimpfung der Gespinstmotten, p. 4. 1907. 6 Die Obstbaumgespinstmotten, p. 3. 1905. 7The Apple Moth, p. 15. 1907. ® Die Feinde des Obstbaues, p. 259. 1892. ® Quoted from Kaltenbach’s Die Pflanzenfeinde, p. 169. 10 Mentioned by Marchal in Bul. Soc. d’Etud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric. 1902, p. 23 (foot- note). 11 Hissai sur les Insectes, p. 293. 1850. New York AGricuLtuRAL ExprrIMENT STATION. 387 silken white wings punctuated by black spots. This name has gen- erally been accepted for popular usage in England, where these moths are known as the “ Small”’,! or ‘‘ Little, ermine moths ”’. Species of economic importance in that country are commonly referred to as the ‘“‘ Hawthorn ermine moth ” or the ‘“‘ Apple ermine moth”’, etc., according to the host. Judeich-Nitsche? designated this group of moths as ‘‘ Schwarzpunktmotten ”’, which obviously was also suggested by the aspect of the front wings. The gauzy texture of the webs or tents spun by the caterpillars doubtless led Jablonowski* of Hungary to call these insects “‘ Pékhal6s Molyok ”’, “cobweb moths ’’, and in taxonomic treatises by German writers these insects are frequently referred to as the ‘‘ Gespinstmotten ”’, which again suggests their web-spinning habits. The more destructive species have received a variety of names throughout their range of distribution. Particularly is this true of the form attacking apples which in England is known as the “‘ Apple ermine moth” (Theobald, Collinge); in France as “ La chenille fileuse du pommier ” (Rebaté) or “ L’ hyponomeute du pommier ” (Marchal); in Germany and Austria as the “‘ Apfelgespinstmotte ” (Wahl, Kirchner, Hess); in Norway as “‘ Eplespindmol ” (Schéyen), in Sweden as “ Apelspinnmal ” (Lampa); in Crimea as ‘‘ Yablonnaya mol”, the “Apple moth” (Mokshetsky); and in Japan as the “Ringo no sumushi”, the “Apple veil worm,” or “ Ringo kemushi’’, the ‘“ Apple caterpillar’? (Kuwana). These also indi- cate the importance which is attached to this species as a destructive pest of the apple. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. The ermine moths are regarded abroad as very destructive pests of fruit trees, and because of their importance to horticultural inter- ests, standard European works of reference on orchard insects usually contain a very complete account of these species. Y. padellus has largely derived its reputation for destructiveness from its attacks on hawthorns and plums, and with these some writers would also include cherries and apples. During certain seasons it is a very common pest on hawthorn which may be rendered very unsightly 1 The prefix “little ” as frequently used by British entomologists in this connection is apparently employed for the purpose of distinguishing these moths from some arctiid species which are of somewhat similar appearance but are much larger. Kappel and Kirby in British and European Butterflies and Moths (1895) mention the fol- lowing species: Ermine moth (Spilosoma lubricipeda Fabr.); Water ermine moth (Spilosoma urtice Esp.) and White ermine moth (Spilosoma menthastri W. V.). In this connection it is also of interest to note that Riley in ‘ Shade Trees and their Insect Defoliators ’, U.S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bul. 10, referred to the form punctatisstma of Hyphantria cunea Drury as the ‘‘ Many spotted ermine moth ”’, while Smith in Economic Entomology, p. 266, designates Spilosoma virginica as the ‘‘ White ermine moth ”’. 2 Forst-Insektenkunde, 2: 1067. 3 A Gyiimdlesfak és a $2616 K4rtevé Rovarai, p. 45. 1902. 388 Report oF THE DEePARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE by being stripped of the foliage while the bare wood is covered by the conspicuous webs or tents of the insects. In the leading plum- growing districts of France, such as the ‘‘ Départements ”’ of Lot-et- Garonne, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Dordogne and Gironde, this species constitutes one of the chief pests of this fruit. Rebaté and Bernés report that serious outbreaks of the insect occur periodically. In an account of the history of the pest in the Département of Lot-et- Garonne they state that in 1848 all trees were attacked and from 1867 to 1871, in 1882 and again in 1888 much damage was done by it. There was an outbreak in 1901 which was followed by a more severe one in 1902, and it was not until 1904 that its injurious attacks ceased. During 1908 the caterpillars again increased to destructive numbers and serious depredations to plums occurred during 1909. The apple is especially susceptible to attacks by the ermine moth and wherever this fruit is grown in Europe this insect is one of the most common and destructive pests. In 1838 according to Maurice Girard, “the farmers of Normandy [France] beheld the distressing spectacle of [apple] trees stripped of their foliage and covered with thousands of caterpillars. These, having nothing more on which to subsist hung here and there suspended in enormous masses within a web, while the trunks of the trees were enshrouded with a silken web which concealed the bark. Not only was the crop destroyed in various cantons for several years, but a large number of trees in full bearing succumbed to the injuries.’””?’ Marchal reports that in certain areas of France malinellus appears almost every year in more or less destructive numbers, and that in some communities where there have been serious outbreaks for successive years almond trees have been killed. This species was, in 1902, very abundant and destructive throughout France. Theobald regards malinellus as an important pest of apples in England. According to Whitehead? an Yponomeuta caused “ exceeding destruction in this country in 1865. It was also very troublesome in most of the large apple-producing districts in the year 1877 and in some few places again in 1880. * * * Whole orchards were entirely devastated in the two first-named years, so that at the commencement of July the trees were as bare of foliage as in December. Leaves, blossoms and fruit were all cleared off by the innumerable caterpillars which not only devoured every particle of these, but also actually began to gnaw the most tender portions of the fruit-bearing spurs. Not only did they utterly ruin the crop in these seasons, but they also injured the trees so extensively that they only yielded a small crop in the subsequent seasons.” Reh? writes that malinellus was a great scourge in Germany during 1910, and that apple trees were seriously affected. ; 1 Quoted from G. Barbut, Le Progres Agricole a enti p. 307. 1899. * Rept. Inj. Ins. to Fruit Crops No. 3, p. 68. 3 Letter of June 27, 1910. 1 9 E New Yorx AcricutruraAL ExpreriIMENT STATION. 389 Lampa records that in 1908 malinellus ravaged apple orchards generally in Onsala and Fjire in the Province of Holland, Sweden. in one orchard all trees were completely attacked, not a single one escaping. A lesser attack occurred in 1909. During the outbreak of this year the trees were defoliated in five days and were so covered with webs that they had the appearance of a “‘ fur coat ”’. According to Mokshetsky malinellus has caused much damage to apple orchards, especially in the regions of Russia subject to dry climate. It is a common insect in fruit plantings, but from time to time it increases to incredible numbers. These outbreaks are of a periodical nature and coincide with years of exceptional droughts, approximately once in ten years. Such took place in 1874-75, in 1884-86, in 1894-96, and lastly in 1904-05. Orchards that are severely attacked have the leaves all eaten off, standing as bare as in winter, and are merely covered by a web containing worm-eaten fragments and clusters of the cocoons of the moth. The remnants of the leaves dry up and redden. In consequence of the heat of summer, growth is slow, and under such conditions the production of fruit may be checked for several years. According to Schreiner the yearly loss to the apple crop in the Government of Saratov alone approximates three million marks. Kuwana says that it is one of the most troublesome insects of apple growers and is a familiar species to most persons in the apple- growing regions of northern Japan. The conspicuous feature of its damage is the defoliation of the trees. Saracomenos says that a large number of fruit trees, such as apple, pear and plum, which are grown on an extensive scale on the Island of Cyprus, are attacked by padellus and malinellus. These insects may not only destroy the crops, but if they appear in large numbers for a series of years they may also cause the death of the trees. Other writers in still different fruit-growing regions of Europe comment in like manner on the destructive capacity of these insects. DISTRIBUTION. These two moths are generally distributed throughout Europe. The form padellus occurs in England, Scotland and Ireland, and on the continent, ranging from Norway and Sweden to the north and Italy and the Island of Cyprus to the south. Staudinger! and Rebel mention in its range of distribution Sarajevo, Croatia, Fiume, Dalmatia, Siebenbiirgen, Roumania, West Bulgaria, Greece, Armenia and Tura (West Siberia). According to Képpen it probably occurs over a greater part of European Russia and Turkestan. The associated form, malinellus, has a range similar to the fore- going species. Mokshetsky states that in the extreme northwest of Russia and in Poland, where there are many orchards of the 1 Ann. d. K. K. Naturhis. Hofmus. Wien, 1904, p. 346. 390 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOM9DLOGY OF THE principal varieties of apples, the moth occurs only in trifling numbers; but it is most severely felt in southern and middle Russia where the dry, continental climate of this region seems to be more favorable for the propagation of the insect. Its distribution is largely con- fined to the area of apple growing, which is bounded by the govern- mental states of Livonia, St. Petersburg and Viatka on the north to Taurida, Saratov and Kursk southward. Unlike padellus this moth occurs in Japan, and according to Kuwana it is very common in the kens or prefectures of Hokkaido, Aomori, Akita, Iwate, Yamagata and Nagano, all of which are in the northern and eastern portions of the kingdom. BIGLOGY OF THE ERMINE MOTHS. LIFE STAGES OF padellus. Egg.— The eggs are deposited in masses, usually oval in shape, which are elongated in the general direction of the twig on which they are situated. The egg mass appears as a reticulated disk or pellicle, which is flattened but slightly convex, and is closely attached to the bark. The dimensions are generally from three to five milli- meters in length and upwards of four millimeters in width, but the egg masses vary much in size as well as in shape, depending on the number of eggs they contain and their accommodation to the positions on the convex surfaces of the twigs. Not infrequently they very much resemble a eulecanium scale in its earlier stages of development. The individual egg has the appearance of a flattened, yellow, soft disk, oval in shape, with the central area slightly raised, and marked with longitudinal ribbings. It measures about seven hundred microns wide and eight hundred to nine hundred fifty microns in length. The eggs are arranged in rows and are super- imposed on one another like tiles on a roof, the imbrication being very noticeable under slight magnification. The number of eggs in an assemblage is variable,! running in some instances to only a few, but ordinarily upwards of fifty to eighty in a mass. At the time of deposition the egg mass is covered with a glutinous sub- stance which on exposure to the air forms a resistant protective covering. ‘This is at first yellow, but with the progress of embryonic development it becomes mottled with red and later turns brownish or greyish brown, thus resembling in color the bark on which the eggs are attached. The eggs are usually placed near a bud of the current year’s terminal growth and less frequently on the older wood. First larval stage-— Length about 1 mm., ranging from about eight hundred to nine hundred and fifty microns; head, cervical 1 The smallest number of malinellus eggs observed ina cluster on seedlings was nine, and the largest number was eighty-three, while the majority of egg masses had between thirty and forty eggs. New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391 shield, anal plate and legs dark; body pale, but under magnification and with transmitted light it is dirty yellow in color and tuberculose; spiracles brownish, and those commencing with the fourth abdominal segment have above them a pigmented spot, bearing a spine; hairs on dorsum of thorax and abdomen fine and few in number. This description is based on caterpillars in the hibernating stage as taken from the egg mass. Mature larva.— The general characters of the larva are as follows: Head, thoracic shield and anal plate, black; anterior and posterior extremities much more narrow than remainder of body; head con- spicuously notched behind; body pale, light yellow, dirty grey or greenish, sometimes appearing brownish on dorsum; four dark setigerous tubercles on dorsum of segments IV to XI inclusive; sides of segments with two rows of similar tubercles more widely separated; segments II to XI with two large dark, kidney-shaped pigmented areas subdorsally; average length 15 mm. Plate XL. The following is a detailed description of the full-grown larva, or last instar: Length, 15 mm. average; greatest width 2 mm.; body cylindrical, attenuated at both extremities, especially on posterior part. The segments are outlined by constrictions, and are more or less distinctly divided into three annulets. Pile is very fine and visible only when magnified, otherwise the body appears naked except for a few fine, slender sete that project from minute, almost obscure, tubercles; feet black and equal; prolegs rather short, with a semi-circular brown band on outer face of each foot; crochets three rows deep in a circle; anal plate black and of small size; anal- leg plate brown on dorsal and median portion and black on ventral side. Spiracles are small, slightly elliptical, that of segment XII being the largest. Head black, smooth, inclined to oblate in shape, conspicuously incised on posterior margin, sparsely covered with light-colored hairs; antenne small; antenne, epistoma and labrum brown; tips of mandibles dark or blackish brown; clypeus of medium height, acutely triangular, its lateral margins sinuate, and near its base four sete arranged in an inverted arch; paraclypeal pieces long, narrowing toward bases, with two spines one above the other near apex of clypeus; ocelli six in number, with or without pigmentation, the group being protected by sete. Cervical shield black, divided on median or deeply incised on posterior margin, with six fine, dark sete arranged in rows of three on each lateral one-half of shield,— one row parallel to anterior margin and one row parallel to posterior margin; laterad of the shield, cephalad of spiracle, a small black pigmented area with three sete of which the central one is longest; directly laterad two sete from a small black pigmented area; spiracle oval and brownish. 392 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE LARVAL STRUCTURES. 1 and 3, Lateral and dorsal views of dark. form; 2, light form, showing sete and markings of abdominal segments; 4, sete on front of head and thoracic shield of caterpillar; 5, rear of head, showing sete; 6, antenna of caterpillar; 7, labrum of larva. New York AaricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9893 On segments IT to XII a median dorsal and two sub-dorsal shaded areas which appear as three lines or bands. These lines vary in distinctness in different individuals. Each sub-dorsal band _ is interrupted by a distinct brown or black blotch on the second annulet of the IV to XJ segments. The positions of the tubercles on segments V to IX are: —ii slightly dorsal to i, 1 being situated at the upper border of a sub-dorsal black patch; iii lateral;iv and v remote, iv being out of line with v, slightly below lower border of spiracle; vi posteriorly sub-vented; vii, of the three setze on base of leg, the upper one not closely approximated to the other two; vill next midventral line. The arrangement of the setz on segments IV, X, XI is similar to the above except that tubercle vii is represented by two sete on segments IV and X, and by one seta on segment XI. On segment XII, i, ii, ti and viii are normal, and in the place of tubercles iv, v, vi and vii there are three or four sets, occurring as pairs with some larvee and in other specimens as one pair and a single seta. This difference in the number of these sets was frequently noticed on the right and left sides of the same segment. Pupa.— The head, wing covers and tip of abdomen usually blackish brown and the remainder of the body yellowish. This coloration seems to be quite constant for the insects reared on hawthorn, but pup from caterpillars reared on cherry were yellow or light orange, and dark about head and tip of abdomen. The cremaster consists of six spines, surrounding the anal end. The length is about 9 mm. and the width is 2.6 mm. Plate XL. Cocoon.— The cocoon is greyish and is from 10 to 12 mm. in length and 3 mm. in width. It is elongated oval in shape, though some specimens are distinctly pointed at one end, giving the cocoon the form of an oat or barley kernel. The cocoons from caterpillars reared on hawthorn are delicate and thin in texture so that the pupa within is generally visible. The cocoons from plum were more compact, and whitish. Plate XLI. Adult— Head, palpi and antenne white. Thorax white with a few black dots. Legs and abdomen white with a silvery sheen. Fore wings snowy white or greyish. The grey coloration is variable in extent and in depth of shade. Frequently the wings are entirely clouded or the grey marking appears as a blotch extend- ing from the costa to the fold or merely as a streak along the outer or costal margin of the wing. The upper sides of the fore wings have usually from twenty to thirty or more dots principally dis- tributed in three rows; one near costal margin and one on each side of the wing fold, with a variable number about the apex. Cilia pale grey or white with greyish tips. The undersides of the wings are grey or brownish grey and cilia grey. The hind wings are ashen-grey or fuscous, with fringe sometimes somewhat paler. Undersides grey, not differing appreciably from the upper surface. Expanse of wings 19 to 22mm. Plate XLII. 394 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE LIFE STAGES OF malinellus. Hgg.— This is apparently not distinguishable from that of padellus. The egg masses are also of a similar appearance. Plate XX XVIII. Larva.— The mature caterpillar is apparently not different in its external characters from the padellus larva. The caterpillars reared on apple seedlings varied much in coloration, and the majority of them were yellow and lacked the median dorsal and sub-dorsal shaded areas which usually prevailed with the preceding species. Plates XX XIX and XL Pupa.— Light orange yellow or brown, with the extremities sometimes dark. Length, 6-8 mm. Plate XL. Cocoon.— White and more densely woven than with preceding form. Cocoons are thickly massed in the tent. Plate XLI. Adult.— Similar to the light form of padellus and indistinguishable from it. Plates XLI and XLII. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. Oviposition occurs principally during the latter part of June or during July, according to latitude and seasonal conditions, and hatching takes place in early autumn. ‘The young larve at this season are inactive and remain sheltered through the winter under the protecting crust of the eggs. They abandon their winter quarters as the first leaves begin to unfold in the spring, making their exit through one of several tiny holes in the covering of the egg mass. The young caterpillars assemble among the tender leaflets: of an adjacent bud and those of malinellus on apple bore into the parenchyma, beginning at the edge and usually near the apex of the leaf. As many as a dozen of the insects may exist as a colony within the pulpy substance of a single leaf. Within a few days after their entrance the leaves turn reddish at the points of injury, and those more severely mined may wither and die. ‘Towards the end of the time of blossoming the caterpillars cease to burrow and feed openly on the leaves, concealing themselves with a greyish web. With the need of more food they extend their webs, seizing and involving fresh leaves in the common nest, on which they feed. Having destroyed the foliage on one branch they migrate ‘‘ en masse ”’ to another, and in severe attacks the trees may be defoliated and completely covered with a veiling, which becomes discolored by stains from the enclosed fragments of leaves and the dust-like excremental particles of the insects. On reaching maturity the larve spin their cocoons in contact with each other and, according to Mokshetsky, there may be during very destructive outbreaks as many as fifteen hundred cocoons placed side by side in regular rows within the silken tent. The moths make their appearance during the latter part of June or early July, and egg-laying commences New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395 in about fifteen days after their emergence. The adults are motion- less during the daytime, but with the approach of night they fly gently for short distances in a zig-zag course. The larvee of padellus apparently do not have the mining habit; but, aside from the fact that they do not burrow into the leaves of their favorite host plants, as hawthorn, plum, ete., the life history and habits of this insect are similar to those of the above moth. OCCURRENCE OF ERMINE MOTHS IN NEW YORK. THE DISCOVERY. The discovery of padellus in the State of New York was due to the close supervision of foreign importations of nursery stock during the spring of 1909 by the agents of the Division of Nursery Inspec- tion of the New York Department of Agriculture. Special pre- cautions were observed this year with such stock, which have since been followed, because many nests of the notorious ‘“ brown-tail moth” (Huproctis chrysorrhea L.) were detected among the ship- ments, a source of danger from this insect which was not fully appreciated until this experience. After the setting out of the plants, the plantations were frequently examined for the appearance of destructive insects. Nothing was noted to arouse any suspicion until June 23 when Mr. John Maney, an official nursery inspector, detected three cherry seedlings completely covered with webs. The unfamiliar appearance of the nests and the enclosed caterpillars, coupled with the fact that the specimens were taken from foreign nursery stock, influenced him to bring the material to the Depart- ment of Entomology of this Station for identification. The planta- tion. from which the insects were obtained was inspected again several times, and on June 24 five more infested cherry seedlings were secured. Examinations were made a little later in this and other similar plantings in different parts of the State to find more specimens of the caterpillars or traces of the insect but without success. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES. Nearly all the material collected during 1909 was immediately destroyed to avoid taking chances on the escape of any of the insects. Some caterpillars, however, were reared in the laboratory to obtain a few adults in order that the species should be correctly determined. Six moths were obtained, which were compared with descriptions by various authorities, and the insect was identified as Yponomeuta padellus L. A statement to that effect was published in a technical periodical.!. To make certain the identity of the species which we 1 Jour. Econ. Ent., 2: 305. 1909. 396 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE had bred, several specimens of the moths were later sent to Dr. Paul Marchal of Paris, France, who has devoted considerable study to these insects and his report was a confirmation of our identification. IMPORTATIONS FROM 1910 To 1912. During the spring of 1910 the local importations of foreign seed- lings were very large. The same conditions prevailed with regard to the brown-tail moth, although the winter nests of this species were much less numerous than during the previous year. All stocks were carefully examined for evidences of other injurious insects and the usual precautionary measures were taken as before under the direction of the Division of Nursery Inspection. The local nurseries were carefully watched during June for the appear- ance of Yponomeuta caterpillars, and on the 24th of this month colonies of the insects were found on apple seedlings. Mr. G. G. Atwood, Chief of the Division of Nursery Inspection, was promptly notified of the discovery and instructions were at once sent to the inspectors in the field to make an immediate and careful canvass of all plantings of nursery stock set out during 1909 and 1910. During the following two weeks infestations were discovered in other plantings about Geneva and in nurseries about Orleans, Newark, Hilton, Schoharie, Blauvelt and Dansville; and from these, eight hundred and seventy-three colonies of caterpillars were obtained. The plantings of foreign seedlings during 1911 were noticeably much more free of Yponomeuta nests than during the two preceding years. On June 8 a single nest of about fifty caterpillars was obtained at Lockport, and during the latter part of this month and early July a few infested plants were found about Geneva, Penfield, Chili, Johnstown and Schoharie. At the last-named locality empty cocoons of the insect were discovered which indicated that the caterpillars had pupated and the moths had made their emergence. During 1912 the nests and caterpillars obtained were less in number than in any year since our attention has been called to the occurrence of these pests in this State. Infested seedlings were first detected at Seneca and later colonies of the insects were found in nursery plantings about Geneva and Rochester. The following table showing the collections of colonies of the ermine moths in this State during these years is based on data which was kindly furnished by Mr. G. G. Atwood through the courtesy of Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York. 5397 aL EXPERIMENT STATION. > .We New York AGRICULTUE “SHLO[, GNINUY HLIM daLSa4iny ‘dNnOF NGG GAVH SONITGAAG CHLYOdN]T HOIHM NI SAHILITVOOT—'T dvjV a 9 off Va soe | 2 | patel a of Si jog | | a ro {_ \c spp” OTANI { an ol é\ WISIN S MII pele noiH © | 480dW207 ! j :s 398 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Tasie 1.—Eruine Morus Coititectep In New York Durina THE YEARS 1909-12. Number of Date. Name of inspector. | seedlings Kind of Locality. with nests seedling. June 23, 1909..... John A. Maney... ule Cherry? sehen Geneva. 24, 1909.....| John A. Maney... 5 |e@herr parse a Geneva. DA ONO E eee John A. Maney... 69) Apple An€ a. Geneva. DOL OUO eee John A. Maney... 624), Apple... .2 2 Geneva. 2O LOU ORe .:: John A. Maney... TWO" PApplesae aarer Geneva. 21 POOR SE Je bardens. eer 10 Apple wees Orleans. Zor GLO ees James Goold...... Lx) sApplersn . Fe Schoharie. Der ONO ee ae P. L. Huested..... 8, || Applekeste ass Blauvelt. 28. 1910) Orleans. to J.J Barden. ye -e 663 | Apple........ Newark. July 5, 1910... Dansville. June 29, 1910..... James Goold...... 23 Apples eee Schoharie. SO IG1OM ee John A. Maney... ZL PApplesa es cner Geneva July, pal, 1OOR ee John A. Maney... S|) Apple... se sen Geneva DOOR er J. A. Thompson... Lie An plear see Hilton Juner Ts) LOU ee Bernard Blanch... 2) SApple. wae oe Lockport. 19 el Iie J. A. Thompson... 2 |\wAmple: 745 7ae | Penfield. PPP ANN John A. Maney... 5 Applets) «eee Geneva Pray AMS) ea 35 J. A. Thompson... 4 | Apple........ Chili July, GO MIe eee James Goold...... Sal eAp ples wor. Schoharie. Cpa OM ae, 5 a James Goold...... 1s | (Cherryamre 44. Johnstown. dis VOUS ye eee James Goold...... ZaieApplesaes ce Johnstown. dunes 2191227 ee Bernard Blanch... 414) Apple S0s.2)0% Seneca. OMG 2A eae Charles Darrow... eye walyoyol kel: Ge aa Seneca. 205 LOUD ee J. A. Thompson... 62) Applesee - = Rochester. 28) 1912. 3 .ee John A. Maney... Cal SAG ple rae. ee Geneva. 1 The nest at the time of delivery to the Station had five pup. 2 This nest was reported as having about 50 caterpillars. 3 On this date cocoons were formed and moths had escaped. 4 This nest contained 3 caterpillars. 5 Three, 14 and 36 caterpillars respectively. 6 Nine and 16 caterpillars respectively. 7 Five caterpillars. NOTES ON IDENTITY OF APPLE SPECIES. CHARACTERS FOR SEPARATION OF SPECIES. The determination of the moth bred from cherry as padellus has already been mentioned, and it is now to be noted in Table I that by far the larger number of Yponomeuta larve were collected from apples. The question arises, ‘“‘ To which species do these belong,— _to padellus or malinellus? The moths of the former, as has been previously indicated, are exceedingly variable in their markings, and unfortunately the identification of the two species seems to rest largely upon color distinction of the adult insects. In spite New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399 of seeming morphological and biologic differences the separation of these insects is difficult and unsatisfactory, and there exists consequently considerable uncertainty as to the actual status of these two forms. According to Dr. Marchal! “ the ground color of the front wings is entirely white with malinellus, and more or less tinted with grey with padellus. The fringe of the anterior wings, examined from below, is whitish for the most part with malinellus, while with padellus it is grey or almost entirely grey. Finally the under- surfaces of the front wings of padellus are entirely grey, while the margins of the wings of malinellus, examined from below, are finely bordered with white. . . . . padellus is extremely vari- able, and the variation extends to the characters which are used to distinguish it from malinellus. Certain examples have the anterior wings largely tinted with grey, others have white wings, while some are intermediate. The fringes are also variable in their coloration, and the narrow white border of the lower surface is not always a constant character.” Some apparent differences in feeding habits and appearances of the caterpillars, and in the coloration of the pupz and texture of the cocoons have also been noted. Lewis? in 1836 called atten- tion to the fact that the larve of the Yponomeuta on apple upon ‘emerging from the egg masses in the spring are leaf miners. This was verified by Delacour * in 1850 and Bissiére + in 1876 and while this habit has been overlooked by many writers it has been described with much deteil by Mokshetsky in his recent treatise. Marchal also records that mahalebellus,> a closely related species, similarly burrows into the leaves of the Mahaleb cherry. Curiously enough the mining instinct which manifests itself with the foregoing species has apparently not been observed or at least satisfactorily estab- lished for padellus caterpillars. Rebaté and Bernés also call atten- tion to apparent preferences for host plants which, coupled with slight differences in the appearance of the moths, larve and pup are given by them to support the opinion that the insects represent distinct species. According to them branches of plums and apples may intercross, and, depending on which of the two forms is present one fruit will have the foliage eaten while the other will be immune. Moreover in some experiments conducted by them the larve of padellus, reared on plum, would not attack apple foliage; and vice versa caterpillars of malinellus taken from apple would not feed on plum. To the contrary Gruvel® states that in a test conducted 1 Bul. Soc. d’ Btud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric. D. 23, 1902. 2 Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1:21-22, 1836. 3 Wssai sur les Insectes, 1850, p. 296. 4 Bul. d’ Insectologie Agricole, No. 4, p. 83, 1876. 5 Bul. Soc. d’ Etud. Vulg. Zool. Agric., p. 21, 1902. 6 Quoted from La Chenille Fileuse, Rebaté and Bernés. 400 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE by him young larve of malinellus taken from apple subsisted equally well on plum foliage and mined the leaves, as is their normal habit on their favorite host. The opinion of Schéyen that padellus is the common species on apples in Norway and the observation by Bos of padellus migrating from Cratzegus to apple trees have already been mentioned. The differences noted by Rebaté in the appearances of the larve and cocoons of padellus as reared on plums in comparison with these stages of malinellus bred on apple are as follows: — The caterpillar of the former species is of a yellowish-grey color. The cocoons are thin in texture, of a greyish-white color and more or less detached from one another in the tent, while the caterpillars of the latter species are lighter in color and a little shorter and more slender. The cocoons are white, more dense and compact, and are attached one to another forming clusters or packets which vary in size accord- ing to the numbers of the caterpillars in the colony. Theobald observes similar differences in the cocoons and adds that the nest or tent is likewise not nearly as compact with padellus as with the apple-feeding species. COMPARISONS OF COLLECTIONS OF padellus AND malinellus. Bearing in mind the foregoing distinctions it is now of interest to compare collections of these insects from various geographical areas to note the range of variation and the forms that are in the region of their occurrence understood as constituting padellus and malinellus respectively. There is also included in this comparison the material bred from apple and cherry in New York. Padellus. Habitat,! Germany. Host plant, hawthorn. Moth, primaries, including fringe, clouded and dark. Expanse of wings 22 to 23 mm. Larva, dark olive-green with dorsal spots ratherindistinct. Length15 to 17 mm. Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdomen dark brown or black and remainder of body yellow. Length 7 to 9 mm. Cocoon, greyish-white, thin and pupa visible. Habitat, France. Host plant, hawthorn. Malinellus. Habitat,? Germany. Host plant, apple. Moth, primaries entirely white or white with exception of fringe which may be slightly clouded. Expanse of wings 19 to 20 mm. Larva, pale, dirty white or greenish- yellow with dorsal spots distinct. Length 10 to 12 mm. Pupa, pale or brown. Length 6 to 8 mm. Cocoon, white, densely woven, and con- cealing pupa. Habitat,’ France. Host plant, apple. 1 Collection, 2 adults, 3 larve and 12 pupex from Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany. ? Collection, 7 adults, 3 larve and 4 pupe from Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany. 3 Collection, 2 adults, 4 larvee and 3 pupe from M. J. de Joannis, Paris, France. ‘Collection, 17 adults, 3 larve and 5 pup# from M. J. de Joannis, Paris, France. New Yorx AGricuttuRAL Experiment STATION. Padellus. Moth, primaries clouded, with apex and fringe noticeably darker. Expanse of wings 17 to 18 mm. Larva, dirty-white, greenish-yellow, or olive green, dorsal spots distinet with light forms. Length 12 to 16 mm. Pupa, head, wing pads and tipof abdomen dark brown or black; remainder of body yellow. Length 8 to9 mm. Habitat,? Scotland. Host plant, apple. Moth, primaries white, expanse of wings 16 to 20 mm. Larva, pale with conspicuous dorsal spots or dark olive-green with markings less distinct. Length 10to 12 mm. Pupa, pale to yellowish with extremities brownish. Length 6 to 8 mm. Cocoon, white and of dense texture con- cealing enclosed pupa, in compact clusters. Habitat,? Holland. Host plant, hawthorn. Moth, primaries generally dark showing cloudy or lead-colored areas about fringe or costal margin. Few speci- mens almost white. Compared with moths reared on apple this collection appears on the whole quite dark. Expanse of wings 21 to 22 mm. Larva, pale to dark olive green. Length 15 to 17 mm. Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdomen black; remainder of body yellow. Length 7 to 10 mm. Cocoon, greyish white and texture showing the pupa. of thin 401 Malinellus. Moth, primaries usually entirely white, but quite a few specimens have fringe slightly shaded. ‘Two specimens have a very distinct grey fringe and a dark blotch along costal margin. Expanse of wings 16 to 22 mm. Larva, pale, and dorsal spots distinct or dark olive in color with dorsal mark- ings less conspicuous. Length 11 to 15 mm. Pupa, light orange yellow with head and tip of abdomen dark brown or black- ish. Length 7 to 10 mm. Habitat,! Hungary. Host plant, apple. Moth, primaries white with only an occasional specimen with clouded apex or fringe. Expanse of wings 18 to 20 mm. Larva, pale and dorsal spots prominent. Length 15 to 16 mm. Cocoon, white, dense massed. and thickly 1 Collection, 31 adults, 3 larve and 10 cocoons from F. A. Cerva, Szigetesep, Hungary. ? Collection, 7 adults, 10 larve and 3 pupx from Prof. R. Stewart MacDougall, Edinburgh, Scotland. 3 Collection, 20 adults, 3 larve and 8 pupe from Prof. J. Ritzema Bos, Wageningen, Holland. Padellus. Habitat,2 New York. Host plant, Mahaleb cherry. Moth, primaries white with fringe slightly clouded. Expanse of wings 18 to 19 mm. Larva, pale or greenish-yellow or olive green. Length 12 to 16 mm. Pupa, light orange yellow and dark brown or black about head and tip of abdo- men. Length 8 to 9 mm. Cocoon, white and concealing pupa. Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Malinellus. Habitat,! Japan. Host plant, apple. Moth, primaries including fringe usually white, but fringe is sometimes slightly clouded. One moth also shows shad- ing on costal margin. Expanse of wings 20 to 22 mm. Larva, dark olive green. 15 mm. Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdo- men dark brown, and about constric- tions of abdominal segments lighter brown. Length 10 to 12 mm. Cocoon somewhat thin in texture, grey- ish or white in color, and thickly massed. Length 12 to Habitat,3 New York. Host plant, erab. Moth, primaries white or white with fringe slightly clouded. Expanse of wings 18 to 20 mm. Larva, pale, greyish-brown or dark green- ish yellow. Length 12 to 15 mm. Pupa, light orange yellow and some speci- mens with extremities dark. Length 6 to 8 mm. Cocoon, usually white and densely woven, but some specimens were thin in tex- ture, showing the pupz. From the foregoing comparisons it will be observed that the adults of padellus from hawthorn and of malinellus from apple represent for the most part extremes in wing coloration. The former contains a majority of moths which have the primaries and fringes clouded, greyish or lead colored, while the latter has a majority of moths with primaries and fringes white. The two are distinct enough when characteristic examples are selected, but the separation of them becomes difficult when the intergrading forms are considered, as they merge into each other by imperceptible gradations. The larve of both forms are quite variable in color but they present no structural differences. In the collections from apple seedlings pale forms predominated. The pups and cocoons of the insects from hawthorn as shown by Rebaté consistently differ from those taken from apple, but no constant differences were observed in the material collected from cherry in comparison with that obtained from apple. If any differences exist in the insects reared by us from cherry and apple they are principally that the moths 1 Collection, 14 adults, 15 larve and 3 pupe from Dr. S. I. Kuwana, Tokio, Japan. 2 Collection, 6 adults, 12 larve and 2 pupz from imported seedling cherries growing in nursery plantations about Geneva. ’Collection, 76 adults, 16 larve, 7 pup2 from imported apple seedlings growing in nursery plantations about Geneva. New York Acricutturat ExperIMENT STATION. 403 reared from cherry invariably had shaded areas along the outer margins of the wings, while those from apple had for the most part white primaries. Taking all characters into consideration, the prevailing white anterior wings of the adults, habits of larvee, coloration of pupe, texture and massing of cocoons in the web, the species we have reared on apple seems unquestionably to be identical with the form commonly known in Europe as malinellus. CROSS-FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. The contradictory results obtained by various writers in feeding tests with padellus and malinellus by interchanging their host plants led us to make some tests along similar lines. Three small sections of wood, each containing a colony of padellus larvee, were, at about the period for their migration from the egg masses, placed near opening apple buds and slightly moistened each day to prevent drying. None of the larvee emerged and all eventually died. Later living larvee were taken from their hibernating quarters on cherry and transferred to apple buds which were just showing the tips of the first leaves. These apparently did no feeding, nor did they make any efforts to burrow into the apple leaves. After struggling for several days on the surfaces of the leaves and frequently precipi- tating themselves to the ground, they finally succumbed. Their efforts were feeble as if they had suffered from the handling and confinement during storage of the nursery stock or the conditions incidental to their removal or opening of their hibernating quarters were abnormal and injurious to them. Tests with older caterpillars of malinellus were more satisfactory. Twenty full-grown specimens of malinellus, reared on imported apple seedlings, were placed in a cage containing twigs from Baldwin apple and Montmorency cherry. Webs were at once spun over both fruits but the insects fed only on the apple and apparently made no effort to attack the cherry. This experiment was repeated with a similar number of insects, but only a single twig of apple was used which was placed in the center of a number of shoots of Mont- morency cherry. The caterpillars quickly selected the apple twig and after consuming the apple leaves they extended their webs over the cherry foliage but in no case did they feed upon it. A third test was then made with thirty caterpillars which were confined to a young Mahaleb cherry seedling. They were at first very restless and seemed to exhibit an aversion for the foliage; but later this was overcome and apparently under the stress of hunger several were observed to eat the leaves with relish. Most of the insects, however, fed very little. Twigs of an imported apple seedling were then introduced into the cage which were attacked in a ravenous manner. In spite of an abundance of apple foliage a caterpillar was occasionally observed nibbling on cherry leaves. 404 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE COMPARISONS OF GENITALIA. With these moths the uncus is long and slender, and it is sinuate towards the tip which is acute and a little hooked. The lateral pieces or claspers are broad and hemispherical, with the apices gently rounded or somewhat acutely rounded according to their positions in the mounts. The sexual parts of the male are symmetri- cal or very closely so, and the general type of the genitalia of this group of moths is shown in Plate XLIII. A study of a goodly series of mounts of padellus from hawthorn and malinellus from apple from different geographical areas reveal no tangible structural differences between them. The lobe or spur at the base of the uncus varies slightly in width and length with some individuals, but this variation may also be detected with any assemblage of males from either of these hosts. A comparison of the figures, Plate XLIII, plainly shows that there are no obvious dis- tinctions in the more important organs which will bear out these minor differences. Considering all differential features, structural as well as super- ficial, it appears that the moths of malinellus do not possess sufficiently diverse values to entitle them to specific distinction and that the specimens bred from hawthorn, cherry and apple really constitute a single species. Breeding experiments are now needed to definitely settle the status of these two moths, and these we have not under- taken as it did not seem wise to take chances with the insects. We have, therefore, followed the example of European writers, and have treated the two forms as distinct species. THE ERMINE MOTHS ON SEEDLINGS. ORIGIN OF INFESTATION. The stock which has been responsible for the introduction of the ermine moths consists of one-year-old seedlings, which are fre- quently grown in plats near hedge rows, trees or even woodland. Such surroundings are very favorable for the breeding of various destructive pests. The flight of the ermine moths takes place during July and August, and in their excursions some of them have unquestionably made their way to the nursery blocks in the immediate vicinity and deposited their eggs on the young seedlings, which were subsequently shipped to the United States. The life history of the insect would indicate this course of events, and since we have become familiar with their appearance we have collected the egg masses on the stocks after their shipment to this country. The conditions during 1909 with respect to these pests surrounding some of the foreign nurseries which have been growing seedlings Pirate XXXVIII.— Lire Staces or Yponomeuta malinellus. (See reverse of Plate XLVI.) / tty ey tag hahaha "? a erm CowtidGeoaew~ omeuta malinellus. CATERPILI Pirate XXXIX.— (See reverse o “f *, a = em oo ee ie Puate XL.— Lire Sraces or Yponomeuia padeillus ano malinellus (See reverse of Plate XLVI.) Puate XLI.—Lire Sraces or Yponomeuta padellus AND malinellus. (See reverse of Plate XLVI.) Pirate XLII. Some Yronomeuta Morus. (See reverse of Plate XLVI.) Puate XLIII.—Srupies on GENITALIA OF YPONOMEUTA Motus (See reverse of Plate XLVI.) Puate XLIV.— Freevine Hasits or Yponomeuta malinellus on APPLE. I.) (See reverse of Plate XLV EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Puate XXXVIII.— Lirt Staces or Yponomeuta malinellus. PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE 1, 2, 3, and 4, egg clusters, natural size and enlarged; 5, egg mass reversed showing hibernating larve; 6, larve enlarged; 7, apple leaf showing ‘‘ mined ”’ areas. XXXIX.— CaTerRPILLARS oF Yponomeuta malinellus. Characteristic positions on leaves and in webs, and range of variability in color and markings. XL.— Lire Staces or Yponomeuta padellus anv malinellus. 1, Pupx of padellus, and 2, of malinellus; 3 and 4, dorsal views of dark and light-colored caterpillars; 5, caterpillar, lateral view showing characteristic markings. XLI.— Lire Stages oF Yponomeuta padellus and malinellus. 1 a and ¢, cocoons of padellus on cherry and hawthorn; 1 b, cocoons of malinellus on apple; 2 and 3, cocoons of mali- nellus (enlarged) and position on infested seedling; 4, mali- nellus moths in resting positions; 5, moth enlarged. XLII.— Somrn Yronomeuta Morus. 1, Yponomeuta padellus L.; 2, intergrading form of padellus and malinellus; 3, Y. malinellus Zeuu.; 4, ¥Y. evonymellus L.; 5, Y. multipunctellus Ctem.; 6, Y. mahalebellus Gn. (Enlarged.) XLIII.— Srupres on GENITALIA OF YPONOMEUTA Morus. 1, Yponomeuta padellus from hawthorn; 2, Y. padellus (mali- nellus) from apple, Scotland; 3, Y. padellus from cherry, Geneva, N. Y.; 4, Y. malinellus from apple, Japan; and 5, Y. malinellus, apple, Geneva; 6, Y. polystica (Sent by Kuwana). XLIV.— Frepine Hasirs or Yponomeuta malinellus on APPLE. 1, Spinning of web preparatory to feeding; 2, foliage con- sumed; 3, character of feeding on apple leaves. XLV.— Appte SrEepiincs SHowrne DeErouiaTIoN AND WEBS OF Yponomeuta malinellus. XLVI.— Cuerry SEEDLING SHowinG Wess oF Yponomeuta padellus. New York AcricutturAL Exprriment STATION. 405 for purposes of exportation are indicated by Dr. L. O. Howard in the following communication: ! “T saw them (Yponomeuta spp.) everywhere on my recent trip in France, and especially upon the hedges and trees at the borders of the plats of seedlings being grown for exportation to America. I saw Yponomeuta larve in their webs on almost every apple tree, sometimes only here and there a twig with some leaves webbed together, and occasionally considerable numbers of these webs.” During years favorable for the multiplication of these insects, the chance of nursery stock becoming infested when grown under such circumstances is obviously very great, as has been well demonstrated. FEEDING HABITS OF THE CATERPILLAR. Before transplanting in the nurseries the seedlings are stubbed, making a plant which, including the root, measures from fifteen to eighteen inches in length, while the stalk has a diameter of about one-quarter of an inch and bears from five to ten leaf buds. The egg masses of the insects are generally found on the stalk within six to nine inches of the ground, and from one to three egg masses have been detected on a plant. These were placed just under or above a leaf bud, almost touching it, or in positions intermediate between two buds. Opportunity has not been afforded to observe the early movements of the larvee but, judging from the conditions of leaf clusters, it would appear that the young caterpillars on emerging from the egg mass preferred the nearest opened bud above them, while dormant buds were passed by unharmed. Our obser- vations indicated that the caterpillars on apple seedlings were, at this stage, leaf miners. The first leaves attacked by them showed along the margins near the tips reddish or rusty-colored blotches of varying sizes, and as a result of this injury the leaves were small as if stunted, while others were one-half destroyed or entirely killed. On abandoning their ‘‘ mines” the caterpillars ascended higher on the seedlings and, on June 12, when first detected, were feeding openly on some of the upper leaf clusters on the central stalk of the plants or at the base of the terminal offshoots which were then from three to four inches in length. They spun a filmy tangle of fine silken threads between two leaves and proceeded to consume the upper pulpy tissues of the under leaf, while the lower epidermis was seldom or little eaten and served as the floor of their feeding grounds. The rejected portion of the leaf was at this time of a thin papery nature, light brown or reddish-brown in color, showing plainly the network of little veinlets, and is characteristic of the work of the insects at this stage. The caterpillars are social insects, feeding 1 Letter of Aug. 18, 1909. 406 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE together on a single leaf, and as one leaf is consumed a fresh one is involved in the web, to be destroyed in like manner. By these operations there was soon formed a nest which, on being dissected, was found to be composed of the remnants of several leaves tightly woven together by silken threads. Interspersed in the cluster were the caterpillars themselves together with their molted skins and excremental particles. The nests were subsequently abandoned and the caterpillars marched ‘‘ en masse’”’ to higher leaf clusters or to the top of a terminal shoot, spinning webs as they advanced. As they approached maturity during the latter part of June the cater- pillars were more active and ravenous. Whole leaf clusters were covered with webs and then completely devoured with the exception of the midribs, larger veins and stems. The injuries to the seedlings varied somewhat in extent but colonies of caterpillars from one dozen to two dozen in number usually completely defoliated a plant, while in the axils of the shoots and stretching from the tips of each shoot to the central stalks of the seedlings were the tenuous webs of the insects. Plates XLV and XLVI. The tents were at first whitish and compact, but on exposure to the weather and from stains due to moisture acting on the excrement and fragments of leaves they became discolored and ragged. On pupating, towards the latter part of June, the caterpillars spun their cocoons in the webbing in the tops of the seedlings; and in this operation, as in feeding, the social instinct was strongly manifested. As if by a given signal the larger number of them ceased feeding and, abandoning the foliage and taking positions in the web that were parallel to and apparently of equal distance from their neighbors, they spun their cocoons side by side, forming a cluster as illustrated in Plate XLI. BREEDING RECORDS. Some caterpillars of padellus were observed feeding on cherry seedlings on June 23, 1909, and judging from their sizes and markings, all of them were at this time apparently mature. On June 28 some of the larvee commenced to pupate, and on July 9 the first moths made their appearance. At this latter date a few caterpillars had not yet spun up. The moths lived in the breeding cages through July and one specimen survived until August 18. In 1910 mature caterpillars of malinellus were found on apple seedlings on June 21. Five days later they commenced to spin cocoons and nearly all of them were in the pupal state by the first week in July. A few moths appeared July 6 but the adults were out in their largest numbers about July 14. Although the majority of them had transformed a few larve were still unchanged at this latter date. Egg deposition was first observed on July 18, when practically all of the moths had emerged. One moth lived until August 10. New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407 In 1911 some caterpillars continued to feed on apple leaves until June 30. Pupation commenced June 26 and continued until July 6. Adults first appeared on July 10, and some continued to emerge until July 17. One moth lived until August 15. During 1912 a colony of caterpillars, apparently in the second larval instar, was collected on June 12 and these on June 24 were in the fourth instar. On July 1 the caterpillars began to pupate and the last cocoon was spun July 17. Moths made their appearance on July 10 and some continued to emerge until July 15. One moth which was confined in a breeding cage lived until August 17. FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE INSECTS. The occurrence of the Yponomeuta caterpillars in New York during recent years raises the question as to the rdle these insects are destined to play as fruit pests in the United States. This cannot be answered satisfactorily as so little data is available upon the actual behavior of these lepidopterons in this country. Our knowl- edge regarding them in New York is limited solely to a small terri- tory about nursery plantings in certain nursery centers, and if they exist in other states they have apparently not attracted attention. With the ability of these insects to survive the conditions incidental to the importation of nursery stock from abroad and to escape the ordinary nursery inspection, the wonder is that they have not before this succeeded in establishing themselves along the avenues of trade in America. For it is to be noted that in New York a close super- vision over shipments and plantings of imported nursery stock has only been maintained since 1909 and the condition of foreign pur- chases with respect to the ermine moths and other dangerous species as a result of more rigid inspection is well known. If earlier impor- tations were as commonly infested with these pests as they have been during the past four years it would seem not improbable that somewhere these moths have made their escape from nurseries to adjoining plantings where perhaps they have secured a foothold. In states where there has been no such inspection the danger that such has taken place is obviously much greater. Since the discovery of the ermine moths in this State the Division of Nursery Inspection has taken special precautions with imported stock and whenever infested plants have been detected they have been destroyed. In addition the surroundings of nurseries have also been inspected and there has so far been no evidence that these lepidopterons have gained a footing in New York. Nevertheless pests of foreign origin have entailed such great losses upon our farmers that it would be unwise for the nursery-inspection service in all of the states not to recognize the danger threatened by these moths and seek by precautionary and other measures to prevent them from becoming permanently established in this country. 408 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE A NATIVE SPECIES OF ERMINE MOTH. There is one native species of the genus Yponomeuta which is multipunctellus Clem. Dyar records the Atlantic states as its range of distribution; and according to Chambers it is very common in Kentucky, while Gaumer has obtained specimens in Kansas. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of Hvonymus atropurpureus Jacq. and spins its webs over the plant as is characteristic of the insects of this genus. This species differs from European forms by the larger number of black dots on the front wings and the marked difference in the hind wings of the sexes. All the wings of the male are white while the female has the anterior wings white and the posterior wings dark gray. NATURAL ENEMIES. The ermine moths have a large number of natural enemies, the most important of which belong to the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera. Ratzeburg! has enumerated over thirty hymenopterous species which are said to attack these insects. In southern Russia, according to Mokshetsky 2 twelve species of hymenopterons and three species of dipterons prey upon malinellus and during some seasons they exert a marked regulatory and repressive action upon the multiplication of this pest. A common and most efficient enemy of both padellus and malinellus is the remarkable chalcid, Encyrtus (Ageniaspis) fuscicollis Dalm., which presents the exceptional phenomenon of polyembryony * and possesses immense reproductive powers. Among collections of Yponomeuta moths received from Europe there were included a number of unnamed parasites which, through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard have been identified * as follows: Herpestomus n. sp., Angitia sp. and Tetrastichus sp. from malinellus from France; Discocheta evonymelle Ratz. from padellus from France; Cnemedon vitripennis Meigen from padellus from Holland; and from malinellus from Japan, Herpestomus n. sp. which according to Kuwana is the only parasite which attacks this lepidopteron in this country. In spite of the large number of Yponomeuta caterpillars which have been found in New York, it is worthy of record that we have not reared any of the well known parasites which abound in the normal range of distribution of these pests. The failure of the more common and efficient species to accompany the ermine moths 1Die Ichneumon. d Forstins. Bd. 3, p. 259. 2 The Apple Moth, 1907. 3 Marchal, Paul. Recherches sur la Biologie et le Developpement des Hyménoptéres Parasites — La Polyembryonie Spécifique ou Germinogonie, Arch. Zool. Exp., 4, 2:257-335, 1904. 4 Identifications of Hymenoptera by Mr. J. C. Crawford, and of Diptera by Mr. J. R. Malloch. New York Aericurturat ExprrtMent Station. 409 is a striking illustration of how foreign insects upon their introduction into the United States may find their struggle for existence a com- paratively easy one, and by virtue of the balance in their favor become a serious item for economic consideration. From padellus taken from cherry seedlings in New York we have bred a few specimens of Mesochorus sp., while the most common parasite of both padellus and malinellus was the tachinid, Hzorista arvicola Meig. Some colonies had as many as 25 per ct. of the caterpillars carrying from one to three eggs of this fly, which were in the constrictions principally of the head and thoracic segments. The eggs are of a cream color and measure about .52 mm. long, 10 An Ermine Motu Parasits, Exzorista arvicola Mrieun. 8, Eggs on malinellus caterpillar; 9, puparium in malinellus pupa; 10, adult. (All figures en'arged, last greatly) .o3 mm. wide and .19 mm. high. They are oval in shape, one end being broader than the other and are convex on the upper side. The surface is smooth and is covered with a delicate tracing of raised lines which give the appearance of a network of cells, pentagonal or hexagonal in outline. In hatching, a crack forms around the base about the wider end and extends upwards around the sides to about the middle. The portion above the crack raises up like a lid. The eggs of arvicola were first observed on mature caterpillars on June 25, 1912, which began to pupate on July 2. Moths from non- parasitized caterpillars commenced to emerge on July 10, while the tachinids appeared from July 10 to July 12. A capsid,! Atractotomus mali Meig., is listed as an enemy of the ermine moths, and starlings ? are said to feed upon the caterpillars. !Pommerol, Rev. sc. Bourbonn. 14:18-23, 1901. 2 Theobald, 2nd Rept. p. 35, 1904. 410 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE METHODS OF CONTROL. The present situation regarding the ermine moths suggests the great importance of a careful inspection of nurseries, especially of the plantings of foreign-grown seedlings. Owing to the incon- spicuousness of the egg masses, due to their small size and their color, which resembles that of the bark, very few of them are likely to be detected at the customary examination at the time of spring deliv- eries when the stock is being unpacked and sorted. The most effect- ive work can be done during June, when the inspector should look for plants which show the webs or tents of the insect. Plates XLIV and XLV. All infested plants should be uprooted and destroyed. Experience has demonstrated very clearly the importance of more than one examination, and if two are made one inspection should be planned for the latter part of June when the work of the insects will be more conspicuous because the caterpillars are then full grown and will have spun their larger webs. If the work is delayed beyond this time there is danger that the insects may have pupated and transformed to moths. As insects may have escaped from previous infestations, premises adjoining nurseries should be similarly examined. The caterpillars are quite susceptible to arsenical poisons and should it ever become necessary to combat them in plantings of older trees little or no modification will probably be required in existing spraying practices for orchards. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. For literature and specimens of insects we are indebted io Prof. George H. Carpenter, Dublin, Ireland; Prof. R. Stewart Mac Dougall, Edinburgh, Scotland; M. J. de Joannis and Dr. Paul Marchal, Paris, France; Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany; Mr. Sigismond Mok- shetsky, Crimea, Russia; Prof. W. M. Schoyen, Christiania, Norway; Prof. Sven Lampa, Stockholm, Sweden; Prof. J. Ritzema Bos, Wageningen, Holland, and Dr. 8. I. Kuwana, Tokio, Japan. Prof. C. H. Fernald allowed the use of his library and the card catalogue of entomological literature at the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College, for which courtesies we are under great obligations. Prof. J. H. Comstock kindly permitted the use of the library of the Department of Entomology of Cornell University for reference pur- poses. For the compilation of the bibliographies, aside from refer- ences to economic literature, we are largely indebted to Mr. H. E. Hodgkiss of this department. The translation of Mokshetsky’s treatise was the work of the late Dr. Francis P. Nash of Hobart College. His interest in our study and his disinterested labor amid the exacting duties of his own specialty calls for our gratitude and appreciation of his scholarly attainments. New York AgcricutturaL Experiment Stratton. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YPONOMEUTA PADELLUS! LINN. Phalena (Tinea) padella Phalena padella Phalena (Tinea) padella Tinea padella Phalena (Tinea) padella Tinea padella Phalena padella Phalena (Tin.) padella Yponomeuta padelle; Y. padella Tinea padella sielis'.ei oe, 60, e oa\(e eee’ Wie ee) \p! O26) w uay'.e\ e)'@, els Er. (Tinea) padella Yponomeuta padella Phalena padella* Yponomeuta padella Tinea padella Ghee laiaie; ea) Se @ie.la alee 0.6, aa eeshese eles» Cc ANA Linnzus, Carl. Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1:535. 1758. Fauna Svecica, p. 354. 1761. Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 1,pt.2: 885. 1767. Ibid, Ed. XIII, 2586. 1788. Seopoli, A. J. Entomol. Carniolica, p. 247. 1763. Merian, M. 8S. de. Hist. Gen. d. Ins. de Surinam, 2:64. 1771. Fabricius, J.C. Systema Entomolog., TONGS Iiiaos Fabricius, J. C. Species Insectorum, 2: 290. 1781. Fabricius, J.C. Mantissa Insectorum, 22240. “1787. Schwarz, Christian. Raupenkalender, pp. 474-6, 775. 1791. Fabricius, J.C. Entomolog. Systemat. Supplimentum, p. 482. 1798. Illiger, D.C. Syst. Verzeich. Schmett. der Weiner Gegend, 2:105. (1800) 1801. Donavan, E. British Insects, 10: 80. 1801. Bechstein, J. M. Vollstand. geschicht des schadlich. ten, pp. 799-800. 1804. Latreille, P. A. Histoire Naturelle, 14: 250. 1805 (1804-05). Schrank, F. von Paula. Denk. Acad. Wissensch. Miinchen, pp. 69-88. (1816-1817) 1820. Charpentier, T. von and S. Die Zins- ler, Wickler, Schaben und Geistchen, Natur- Forstinsek- pp. 138-140. 1821. Haworth, A. H. Lepidopt. Britannice, Dies, prols. 1828: Treitschke, Friedrich. Die Schmett. von Europa, 7: 217. 1829. Stephens, J. F. A Syst. Cat. of Brit. Insects, p. 203. 1829. Major, Joshua. Treatise on Insects, pp. . 1829. Treitschke, Friedrich. Die Schmett. von Kuropa, Bd. IX, pt. 1: 217. 1830. Curtis, John. British Entomology, 9:412. 1832. Bouché, Peter Friedrick. Naturge- schichte der Insekten, p. 128. 1834. Lewis, R. H. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1: 21-22. 1834. Stephens, J. F. Ill. Brit. Ent., 4: 243- 244. 1834. Dahlbom, A. G. Vertensk. Acad. Handl. p. 30-40. 1835. 1Titles marked by asterisk (*) have not been verified. ¢ Dr — rit + Van 412 Revort OF -THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Yponomeuta padella. « sisicice'ssins cee vie icles Ph. (Hyponomeuta) padella..............- Tinea (Yponomeuta) padella.............. UE RODS TG TANT PRGA BER Ma et oe Setar ae a ta Haponomeuta vartabilisy. ct) + 0 setae el WpOnomeuta Adela ya. cise leit ee ciere Yponomeuta padella var. malivorella......... Hyponomeuta variabilis............. 00 ee VPONOMCULE PAGEL a j.teicyelene s{ciesncteleeielerie Hiyponomeita padeilusrmas teletesciacl-isieetele es Phalena:padellass sarst 2 statetel «2 fgets os, S008 res Haponomeuta padells rere .1ectmi2 4) iitelso 1 =) VONOMEUL POGEIGawraie ctteinlasa\tpheveictsieter= ie Ha ponomeuta, PadellUsiarc is cyotsle\«is{0' + Hyponomeuta variabilis. ......seecccecees UOTUADULE:. eiclelele Ormerod, E. A. Man. of Inj. Ins., pp. 263-266. 1881. TAR NON OMEULORUARTAOLLISPR aid. aRee A. os ee - Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie 3: 204-6. 1881. Hyponomeuta variabilis Z. (= padella)........ Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie, 3: 204-206. 1881. Eliponomentian padellsts «rye 9-1-2 oy Snellen, P. C. T. Microlepidoptera, 1: 508-9. 1882. Y ponomeuta padella var. malivorella.......... Ormerod, E. A. pp. 3, 4, Rept. 1883 (4). TE ORUAR UG TUES! Bees. ce siecle. (ota rv ARERR Wiaitons. 's No6rdlinger, H. Die Kleinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, p. 73. 1884. EHujnonomeutarpadeulan 2 xc4.,.2% « ciaeiaine «oe a Whitehead, Chas. Insects Injurious to Fruit Crops, Rept. 3, pp. 68-71. 1886. Whitehead, Chas. Rept. Agr. Adviser, England 2: 32-4. 1888. WePONOMeCUla, PAGELLAMA a... Paste eReas «oc 33 Ormerod, E. A. Rept. 12: 12-13. 1888 (9). Dea) L DAE i hss oars se ss Altum, Bernard. Waldbeschidigungen durch Thiere und Gegenmittel, p. 129. 1889. Hijponomeuta padenay + x5 xs atolls «6 3) sis Whitehead, Chas. Rept. Agr. Adviser, 3: 16-17. 1889. 414 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT Huyponomeuta padellusemcmiaietn ieee cnet Haponomeute pocello meres kee eee Hiyponomeuia variabiliss ae neieieeiee eee ‘Hyponomeuta padellus L. (variabilis Zell.) .... OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Wynne, Brian. Our Hardy Fruits, p. 51. 1890. Ormerod, E. A. Man. Inj. Ins., pp. 295-297. 1890. Mosely, S. L. Naturalists’ Guide, v. 6, pt. 1, pp. 42,97. 1890. Hess, W. Die Feinde des Obstbaues, p. 256. 1892. Schéyen, W. M. Zétschr. Pflanzenkr., 3: 268-269. 1893. Hg ponomeutampadellusMene eis. ae nce oe Schoyen, W. M._ Fort. over Norges Hyponomeuta padellus L. (variabilis Z.)...... Vponamentaypadellise yan Geen oe Tinea padella L. (variabilis Z.)............. Hiyponomeutaypadella ee =< sclank elon. 2 =e Hyponomeuta variabilis (or padellus)......... Hyponomeutapadellus. .ctisttcrs 1s daar iponomeuta padellan. sheen eee ee Hiyponomeutapadellusss a..0 eee er Huponomeutaypadelias..k hem acca eerie Vponomeutapadelligst LRP 1) 5. Pk Go. occ EU PONOMeutarpadellus) tweets eve) eel eee oe Hyponomeutus padellus L. (=variabilis Z.).... Vnonomeviawpadellusas...0- eee... Hijponomeutaspodeila.. sie. ©. nies eee Hyponomeuta variabilis Zil. (=padelia Hb.).... Lepidoptera Christiania Videnskabs- Selskabs Forhndl., No. 13, 1893. Nickerl, Ottokar. Catalogus Insec- torum Faune Bohemice, 3:18. 1894. Rebel, H. Verhdl. der K. Zool. Bot. Gesellschft., Wien. 1895. Meyrick, Edward. Handbook Brit. Lep., pp. 695-697. 1895. Judeich-Nitsche. Forstinsektenkunde, Bd. 2, p. 1067. 1895. Henschel, G. H. O. Forst. und Obst- baum Insekten. 1895. Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade- insekter og Piantesygdomme, pp. 50-51. 1896. Howard, L. O. U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, p. 550. 1897. Warburton, Cecil. Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc., 9:765. 1898. Ormerod, E. A. Handbook Orchard and Bush Fruit Insects, pp. 27-29. 1898. Ormerod, E. A. Rept. 22:12-15. 1898(9). Staudinger and Rebel. Cat. Lep. Pal. Faunengeb, p. 132. 1901. Jablonowski, Jézsef. A Gyiimdélesfak a Sz6l6 Kartevé Rovarai, pp. 45-48. 1902. 2 Bouyat, André. Bul. Soc. d’Etud. et Vulg. Zool. Agr. Bul. No. 4, p. 11. 1902. : Marchal, Paul. Bul. Soc. d’Htud. Vulg. Zool. Agr., pp. 18-26. 1902. Rebel, H. Ann. des K. Naturhis Hofmuseums. Wien., p. 346. 1904. Theobald, F. V. 2nd Rept. on Econ. Zool. (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.), p. 31. 1904. Kirchner, Oskar. Die Obstbaumges- pinstmotten Cire. 7, Hohenheim Anstalt fiir Pflanzenschutz. 1905. Collinge, W. E. Rept. Inj. Ins., 4:29. 1906 (1907). Mokshetsky, C. A. The Apple Moth, p. 15. 1907. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 415 Kinonomeutaypadellais: 20% tectcih. «teteeites «> « Wahl, Bruno. Mitteil. der K. Pflan- zenschutzstation, Wien, pp. 1-11. 1907. Hyponomeuta padella L. (H. variabilis Zell.)..Bd. of Agr. and Fisheries (London) Leafiet, 65 (revised). 1908. VWnonomenutat padellaes ss... «4. treeivateds os so Joannis, J. de. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 77: 789. 1908. Hnjponomeutarpadelluss JF. -\..scisceriiet «<= - Carpenter, G. H. Inj. Ins. and Other Animals, I, pt. 15:583. 1908. RE MONOMeULUS DANELUSis oe). pcos « lo, Rebaté, E. Développement et des- truction de la chenille fileuse du prunier, Agen. Imp. Quillot. 1908. Hajponomeuta variabilts, 23555. 2cre ks... es Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade- insekter og Plantesygdommer, p. 26. 1908. EAU MONOMEULON DOE Gare ete. ey tee etees ich Saracomenos, D. Cyprus Journal, p. 275. 1908. Jia Chenille Fileuse du Prunier............. Vermorel, V. Les Ennemis des Arbres Fruitiers, p. 16. 1909. CI DONOMECULGINOGCIIG. . 1.1... era ac Parrott, P.J. Jour. Econ. Ent., 2: 305. 1909. Howard, L. O. Rept. of Entomologist, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 37. 1909. Cs Sie, eRe” BOON NAS, Tee Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade- insekter og Plantesygdommer, p. 16. 1909. Yponomeuta variabilis............. ec Soe Reh, L. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank- heiten (Sorauer), Bd. 3, pp. 271-274. 1909. EU MOnNOMeuLasBAGella ys. Rebaté, E., and Bernés, J. La Chenille Fileuse du Prunier, pp. 3-32. 1909. ELE MONOMLC TTR AULILO) wean aravigs Vapee peer ei Parrott, P. J. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:157-161. 1910. Felt, E. P. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:341 1910. Marlatt, C. L. Jour. Econ. Ent., Ass OTe BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YPONOMEUTA MALINELLUS ZELL. Yponomeuta matinelluss. 05 .. .asisles... s+ Zeller, O. Isis, S. 70. 1888. Zeller, O. Jsis, S. 194. 18389. tmnenunalenellus wae)... dodanie ts vee enews Zeller, O. Ent. Z., 2:13. 1841. —- UE ONMLOLIT CLO RS: POUR. ok reps Brag ed Freyer, C. F. New. Beit. 43161, pl. 384. 1842. Hyponomeuta malinellus...........0..0004 Zeller, Paul. Ent. Z., p. 3881. 1844. Zeller, P.C. Isis, Hft.3, p. 220. 1844. Zeller, P. C. Isis, Hit. 3 and 4, p. 175-302. 1846. Zeller, P.C. Hnt. Z., p. 149. 1850. Heydenreich, G. H. Verzeich. der Kuropeich. Schmett, p. 19. 1851. Vponomeuta matinelia..atia..t dient «>> o « Goureau, Col. de. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 30. 1855. Huponomeuta malinella dnceichisiind «+++ Herrich-Schiffer, G. A. W. Schmett. von Europa, 5:92. 1855. 416 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE Hyponomeuta malinellus.. 1.0... eee Sievers, Jr: J.C. Schmett. im Gouv. Hyponomeuta malinella Yponomeuta cognatella (malinella) Tinea mualinella Ae. set ST Yponomeuta malinellar $s 22s 0.eceeeen es. a Dnean Hope) nQuinellai =... ase ee ee Hiuponomeutavmatenella ns... 22 eee mee Hyponomeuta malinellus................... La Chenille du Pommier BAe ote Ia eae ee ale kal Vinonomeutamalincila. os. ae eee eee Haponomeuia malinella 23 S25. 228 ees 5 - Hyponomeuta malinelius: vic. = a> ie aus wxstyysie Hyponomeuta malinella...............-...- Hyponomeuta malinellus...... be 2 Hyponomeutatinalimellame’. 220 = 5 jane «oes Yponomeula malivorella..............0..05. Viponomeutamalinella 1... eee eee aoe Tinea malinella von. St. Petersburg, p. 10. May, 1858. SR; ATES: ih ke ORI Herrich-Schiaffer, G. A. W. Syst. verz. Sch. von Europa, p. 19. 1862. RO ina Boisduval, J. A. Traite d’ Entomologie Horticole, p. 575. 1867. Ratzeburg, J.T. C. Die Waldverderb- niss, Bd. 2, p. 419. 1868. OT os Keferstein (Gerichtsrath). Ent. Z., p. 199. 1869. Tengstrom, J. M. J. Cat. Lepidopt. Faune Fennice Precursorius, p. 341. 1869. Hartmann, A. Die Kleinschmett, p. 52. 1870. Heineman, H. V. Die Schmett. Deutch. und der Schweiz., Band 2, Heft. 1, p. 110. 1870. Laboulbene, Al. Bul. Ent. Soc. Fr., Ser: 5, os 2) seo: Ragonet, Emile-L. Bul. Ent. Soc. Fr., Ser. 5, 3:112. 1873. Taschenberg, E. L. Ent. fiir Girtner und Gartenfreunde, p. 328-329. 1874. Kaltenbach, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten, p. 194. 1874. Wallengren, H. D. J. Species Tortri- cum et Tinearum Scandinavie, Bihang Till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 3, No. 5, p. 40. 1875. Bissiére, —————. Bul. d’ Insecto- logie Agricole, No. 4, pp. 83-86. 1876. Dillon, —————. Bul. d’ Insectologie Agricole, pp. 1-4. 1878. Taschenberg, E. L. Praktische Insek- ten-kunde, 3:270. 1879. Bittner, F. O. Die pomm. Lepid., Ent. Z., p. 429. 1880. K6éppen, F. T. Die Schidlichen Insekten Russlands, p. 418. 1880. Frey, Heinrich. Die Lepidopt. der Schweiz, p. 345. 1880. Hartmann, A. Die Kleinschmett., p. 65. 1880. Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie, 3:204-206. 1881. Ormerod, E. A. Man. Inj. Ins., p. 265. 1881. Snellen, P. C. T. De Vlinders van Nederland, (1): pt. 1, 509. 1882. (2): pt. 1, 509. 1882. Noérdlinger H. Die Kleinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, p. 73. 1884. New York AGRICULTURAL Hyponomeuta malinellus..........0. 0. eee Hajponomeuta malinella tee. 22 ete. = «3 = Hyponomeuta malinellus..............+.45- hinea, (Hap:). matinella}. ves ee Sees one = Hyponomeuta malinella.............+00-5-- WPONCMEUTAMINGLENELLUS hie tla «cites ssl seis ois * 1/7 EXPERIMENT STATION. AVG Porchinski, J. A. Insects Destructive to the Orchard in Crimea. 1886. (Cited by Mokshetsky.) Glaser, L. Cat. Etym. Coleop. et. Lepidopt., p. 24. 1887. Hess, W. Die Feinde des Obstbaues, p. 258. 1892. Nickerl, Ottokar. Catalogus Insec- torum Faune Bohemice, 3:18. 1894. Judeich-Nitsche. Forst-insektenkunde, p. 1068. 1895. Henschel, G. H. O. Forst und Obst- baum Insekten. 1895. Frank, A. B. Krankheiten der Pflanzen, p. 234. 1896. Nippon Konchu Gakeu (Entomology of Japan) p. 184. 1898. Barbut, G. Prog. Agr. et Vit., 32:305- 309. 1899. .Schreiner, Y. F. The Apple Moth and Means to Fight It. 1899. (Cited by Mokshetsky.) NID pO Galcht hen (Economic Entomology of Japan), pp. 86-88. 1899. Zimmermann, H. Insektenbdrse (Leip- zig), pp. 133-134, 1899. Berlese, Antonio. Principali Insetti Nocivi alle Piante da Frutto, p. 10. 1901. Staudinger and Rebel. Cat. Lep. d. Pal. Faunengeb, p. 132. 1901. Lindemann, C. E. Insects of Fruit Trees, pp. 55-63. 1901. (Cited from Mokshetsky.) Hyponomeuia malinellus......0...0..--05.-- Jablonowski, Jézsef A. Gyiimdlesfak Hyponomeutus malinellus........2ceeeeeees *Huponomeuta malinellas oy. .c.cssc cesses Yponomeuia malinellus......es0 oiresoo DOC Hyponomeutus malinellus.......sceeeoeeee *Hyponomeuta malinella........c.cceeeeees 14 a Sz6l6 Kartevé Rovarai, pp. 45-48. 1902. Marchal, Paul. Bul. Soc. d’ Bud. et Vulg. Zool. Agr., pp. 138-26. 1902. Akitaken N@Ojishikenjo (Akita Proy. Agr. Exp. Sta.), Report, p. 5. 1902. Onuki, Zitsuy6 Konchu Gaku (Prac- tical Entomology), pp. 199-200. 1903. ———. Yamagata Ken Nojishikenjo (Yamagata Province Agr. Exp. Sta.), Bul. on Insect Pests, pp. 18-19. 1903. Rebel, H. Studien tiber die Lepidopt. der Balkanlander, Ann. K. Natur- historisch. Hofmus., Wien, p. 346. 1904. Noel, Paul. Bul. du Lab. Rég. d’ Ent. Prem. Trim., pp. 5-7. 1904. —_—__—__ ————.. Iwate Ken N@ji- shikenjo (Iwate Province Agr. Exp. Sta.), How to Combat Injurious Insects, pp. 45-46. 1904. 418 Report or THE Hyponomeuta malinella..... *Yponomeuta malinella..... *Hyponomeuta malinella.... pint aol e, (4, a, 01's * Yponomeuta malinella...... Hyponomeuta malinella..... Yponomeuta malinellus..... *Hyponomeuta malinella.... Hyponomeutus malinellus.. . Yponomeuta malinellus..... DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE § en ee Kirchner, Oskar. Die Obstbaumge- spinstmotten, Hohenheim Anstalt fiir Pflanzenschutz, Cir. 7. 1905. Noel, Paul. Bul. du Lab. Rég. d’ Ent. Agr. ‘Ir. ‘Trim:, p. 3; Deux. Trims pp. 3-5. 1905. on SOP ICIC Matsumura. Nippon Konchu Somo- kuroku, Catalogue Insectorum Japo- nicum, p. 236. 1905. Imperial Agr. Exp. Sta., Tokyo. Notes on Ringo no Sumushi, 1904. Ms. by Kuwana, 1906. 5 te Se ar Uneda. Saikin Noésakubutsu Gaichuhen (Insects Injurious to Agricultural Plants), pp. 288-291. 1906. ti, LE = ince Agr. Exp. Sta., A manual to Economic Ent., pp. 28-29. 1906. ——— ———.. Akita Provincial Agr. Sta. Rept., p. 71. 1906. Matsumura. Konchu Bunruigaku (Sys- tematic Entomology), p. 210. 1907. Collinge, W. E. Rept. Inj. Ins., 4:28-29. 1906 (1907). Be eae Wahl, Bruno. Mitteil. der K. Pflanzen- schutzstation, Wien, No. 9, pp. 1-11. 1907. ee Oe ree Mokshetsky, C. A. The Apple Moth, pp. 1-34. 1907. Bes. a ee Reh, L. Ungewoéhnlicher Massenfrass von Gespinstmotten, Zischr. Wis- sensch. Insektenbiol. Bd. IV, Heft 7, p. 259-262. 1908. Se er: ————— —— Bde ot Agrvand Fisheries. Leaflet, 65 (revised). 1908. Collinge, W. E. Jour. Land Agts. Soc. p. 11. 1908. Saracomenos, D. Cyprus Jour., p. 275. 1908. Akita Prov. Agr Exp. Sta. Rept., pp. 85-86. 1908. = ee 3o- es. Joannis, Jae. sAnneesoc. Fmt. slr. 77:789. 1908. Pe eS PE ase Vermorel, VY. Les Ennemis des Arbres Fruitiers, p. 36. 1909. PRE ee i ae Ae Lampa, Sven. Uppsatser Praktisk Entomologi med Statsbidrag Utgifna af. Entomologiska Féreningen i Stock- holm, Uppsala, p. 41. 1909. enc Coane Akita Prov. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., pp. 116-117. 1909. Theobald, Fred. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, pp. 86-91. 1909. Were ee ts A athe Rebaté, E., and Bernés, J. La Chenille Fileuse du Prunier, pp. 3-32. 1909. Be ne ahs aig Reh, L. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank- heiten (Soraurer), Bd. 3, pp. 271-274. 1909. New York AGRICULTURAL Hyponomeuta malineila Yponomeuta malinellus *Yponomeuta malinella ee SPCC COPECO LN CO Oat EXPERIMENT STATION. 415 Parrott, P. J. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:158. 1910. Felt, E. P. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:341. 1910. Nagano Ken NoOjishikenjo (Rept. Nagano Province Agr. Exp. Sta.), pp. 102-106. 1910. Kuwana, Aomoriken Nodjishikenjo (Aomori Province Agr. Exp. Sta.), Special Bul. on Injurious Insects, pp. 70-71. 1910. Kuwana and Murata, Gaichu Bdjo Benran (A handbook of insect pests and how to combat them), p. 14. 1910. Noel, Paul. Resumé des _ procédés Pratiques de Destruction des Insectes Nuisibles, pp. 11-12. 1910. Tullgren, Alb. Uppsatser Praktisk Entomologi Med. Statsbidrag Utgifna Entomologiska Féreningen Stockholm, patie soit Kuwana and Fukaya, Imperial Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Nishi- gahara, Tokyo. Note on Ringo no Sumushi. 1912. 2. #4 Geter Bree iw eet Ob bh OO treed, ANNE ~ TREK pil path Ayel fT 6 bre oUt Jeon) olawidie7 ast bane pat? crt sph acetinntt onigeyt z ai SGP TE Lag opnndideioy avalionvk. nvaAwod 4 ¥ ‘ alk 6S. SRA -sodiee’) mogik) oy efrein? quotibial ac ist noah OTe Ray nije inn seth hea muda ' ] i te Dahan A) aenaolt wel oe bidt gadewe of wod fds oa Otel chido vy = errgranl font faayt rr yi Louie aly espa O10 2)-Th aa eukfieinA P| lvl f iby j th mnrtveliae T . es Hie f ; f — re | Gere 4 Pet é , | 9 if7 wloedsfaulh ose ron? vf a5 ai. . tas 4 i: Swi a f ? 3 be ‘ ‘ i ; r nay ‘ i“ y i Oye ba Airy! eu : EM t ‘i i >: a ‘ ; al ev ‘ i vir ¥ =)" * - 5 7 ra . i. ; ¥y i" \ Pe: ae ea : AN hae = ad, eal reek he ? 4 9) pe imal ‘ TIA hie am i * . i car ther re Ace . a aa rm ine x ‘ ee , « hbser belek alert ‘ ‘Peg 7 io . REPORT OF THE Department of Horticulture. U. P. Hepricx, Horticulturist. Ricuarp Wexuineron, Associate Horticulturist. Gro. H. Howe, Assistant Horticulturist. Cuas. B. Tusrercen, Assistant Horticulturist. Frep. E. Guapwin, Special Agent. O. M. Taytor, Foreman. ) TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato. II. An experiment in breeding apples. III. Grape stocks for American grapes. IV. Pedigreed nursery stock. V. Grape culture. [421] war dae shed es Sun wou Ion 40 in: Meats: | | | = * ALY vw Uraive a wi ute, ae ia Hasthsal, obtuse wera rn. VY nla ~ oad a thenvegVletiacee. ev ob el ayaa) a ong ~ a . 7 jp he Jovi biearivo Wh Satan escaney) th Ae a ; : : a7 ‘ * \ ‘ a alee Aaa yy! ., Mcrae” i vt tiated Oh AEE ie _ , . na aprwaea 4 RLF re i o O- . ; es 1) Pe ~ Piet Eee ele i , ATAITTEOD 30 Dee "*s TMT wit tn hei vit; eranarayr ie a be I be " mae —— i ov EOe Bitlet a) Fi OIA 6 imaist f 1 “REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. INFLUENCE OF CROSSING IN INCREASING THE YIELD OF THE TOMATO.* RICHARD WELLINGTON. SUMMARY. The infusion of new blood obtained by crossing somewhat closely related varieties has been found, in many plants, to in- crease the vigor and yield of fruits to a very marked degree. Among the common commercial crops, corn, bean and tomato have been proven experimentally to be greatly benefited by such crossing. The increase in vigor and size produced by crossing is undoubt- edly due either to the heterozygous condition, which stimulates the growth of either the size or the number of cells; or to a com- bination of two or more size-increasing characters, such as thick internodes and long internodes, which dominate over characters of decreasing dimensions. All the experiments on tomato crosses conducted at this Sta- tion during the years 1907-1910 have given consistent gains in favor of the yield of the F, (the first filial) generation; and the F, (second) and F, (third) generations have fallen off in yield in direct ratio to the decrease in the number of heterozygous plants. When a homozygous condition for all the plants in a strain has been obtained, the average yield of the plants should remain con- stant from year to year, varying only with the external factors,— food, moisture, and temperature. Thus, if the F, plants, which were used for the production of the F, generation grown in the summer 1910 were mostly homozygous, the non-drop in yield can be understood. The results obtained in these experiments warrant the produc- tion of F, generation tomato seed not only by the grower but by all seedsmen who wish to furnish the best grade of seed to their buyers. The production of such seed requires time and care, and consequently, it must be sold at higher prices. ~ *A reprint of Bulletin No, 346, March, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see p. 823.- [423] 424 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE Recommendations are given for making tomato crosses and also precautions that are essential for the maintenance and the obtainment of desirable characters. In conclusion, a few sugges- tions are given as to what commercial varieties may be improved by crossing. INTRODUCTION. That increase of vigor and of size is obtained by crossing plants and animals not too closely related is a well established principle in the biological world. The individuals crossed may be of the same variety or different varieties, and of the same or closely re- lated species; but the relationship must not be so distant as to induce sterility and weakness. This principle is so well estab- lished that many animal breeders consider the infusion of new blood as a necessity for the preservation of highly prized qualities. Theoretically, if all the characters possessed by a variety or other group of individuals were in a homozygous or pure condition, no inferior individuals would be produced either from the self-fertil- ized individuals or from the matings of perfect brothers and sisters; but unfortunately, this high standard is rarely or never obtained, for all highly organized individuals are made up of many characters, and a combination of only perfect characters in an individual is practically impossible. The principle that the offspring of crossed plants are usually more vigorous than their parents was first made prominent by Knight, but the experimental proof of the principle was left to Darwin (10)* who, in his work “Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom,” built a foundation that still remains un- shaken. Darwin found exceptions to the general law that plants crossed with fresh stock produce offspring of greater height and of greater weight than the self-fertilized plants, a notable example being Eschscholtzia californica, its self-fertilized plants surpassing the cross-fertilized plants in height in three out of four cases, re- gardless of the fact that the crosses yielded far more seed than the self-fertilized plants. Perhaps Darwin made this cross be- *See Bibliography for reference numbers enclosed in parenthesis. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495 tween genotypes inferior to the average plants, and consequently the offspring were inferior to the average. In the case where the cross surpassed the average plants, genotypes superior to the average may have been used. The transmissive power of indi- viduals can be determined only by the study of the progenitors and the offspring, not by an inspection of the individuals. In 1876, Dr. W. J. Beal (1), then of the Michigan Agri- cultural College, arrived at the conclusion that a mixture of varieties was desirable, and in his discussion on changing seeds, he said: ‘To improve or infuse new vigor into varieties (or races I should more properly call them) I propose in case of corn and some other seeds to get seeds from remote parts where it has been grown for some years, and plant near each other and mix them. Since making the above notes (the idea was originated with myself) I have been delighted in reading Darwin’s new work on ‘Fertilization of Plants’”. After two years of experimenting, Beal (2) made the following statement: “ Mr. Darwin had not tested the crossing of flowers by foreign stock in cases of our fruits, nor had he tried the same on but few of our vegetables. He had not tried it on any of the cereals except on Indian corn, and on this imperfectly, because corn will not ripen in the open air in England. It seemed to me the greatest chance ever offered to make some experiments in this country for the benefit of our farmers.” In a cross between two strains of yellow dent corn grown by Mr. Wolton and Mr. Hathaway, an increase in the yield was obtained which exceeded the yield of the uncrossed dents in the proportion of 153 to 100. In the bean crosses, the crossing being left to the insects, Beal secured remarkable results — the erosses giving 1,859 pods to 992 pods of the uncrossed or pure variety. The bean seed of the crossed stock weighed 70.33 ounces, the seed of the uncrossed stock 29.77 ounces, or in other words, an increase in weight of 236 to 100 was found in favor of the crossed bean. : In 1879, at a Connecticut farmer’s convention, Prof. W. H. Brewer (6), of Yale College, stated that a Mr. Hinman had found a mixture of five varieties of corn—even though poor and good 496 Reporr oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE races were represented — better in yield of good corn than the average crop. The increase was thought to be maintained the second and third years, but after the second year, the relative pro- portion of the poor corn increased. In 1889, Denton (12) made the following statement in his article on sorghum hybridization: ‘“ In regard to the effect of crossing varieties, it can be said that it seems to increase the vigor of the plants sometimes in a wonder- ful degree. The crossed canes are often much larger and taller and often have much heavier seed-heads than either parent form.” Many conclusive statements have been published on the bene- ficial effects secured in first-generation crosses of corn; but since these works are so well reviewed by G. N. Collins (8) it is only necessary to call attention to his article. Among the papers noticed those of C. L. Ingersoll (19), J. W. Sanborn (26), G. W. McCluer (21), G. E. Morrow and F. D: Gardner (22, 23), C. P. Hartley (16), G. H. Shull (29, 30, 31) and E. M. East (13, 14) are well worthy of study. In addition to these positive proofs in regard to the increase of vigor and yield, we find other statements in recent articles on breeding which confirm the belief that the principle is not re- stricted to a few genera and species. Dr. H. J. Webber (32), in a paper on cotton breeding published by the American Breeders’ Association, writes: ‘‘ The hybrids of the first genera- tion where a fuzzy-seeded type of upland was used have almost uniformly the following characters: They are taller, larger, and more vigorous than either parent, and have leaves in general inter- mediate in shape.” A. D. Shamel (28) in the same publication, but one year later, makes the statement: ‘‘ Self-fertilized tobacco seed, the result of the closest possible degree of inbreeding, has been conclusively demonstrated by four seasons’ experience and experiments in ex- tensive fields of different varieties of tobacco to produce more vigorous plants than seed cross-fertilized within the variety. Crosses of different strains of tobacco, however, give increased vigor of growth, leaf and seed production.” New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 427 Keeble and Pellew (20) in their study of the mode of in- heritance of stature in peas found that the first generation crosses between the half-dwarf varieties Autocrat and Bountiful greatly surpassed either parent in height. Since one variety possessed a thick stem and the other long internodes, the authors came to the conclusion that both of these factors were requisite for the production of maximum growth in the pea. The explanation is best given in their own words: ‘“ The suggestion may be hazarded that the greater height and vigor which the first generation of hy- brids commonly exhibit may be due to the meeting in the zygote of dominant growth-factors of more than one allelomorphic pair, one (or more) provided by the gametes of one parent, the other (or others) by the gametes of the other parents.” This hypothesis was supported by a close approximation to the 9:3:3:1 ratio which signifies the presence of two allelomorphie pairs. An older hypothesis to explain the increase in vigor, which does not essentially disagree with that of Keeble and Pellew, is one postulated by G. H. Shull (31). He writes: ‘In 1908, I sug- gested a hypothesis to explain the apparent deterioration attend- ant upon self-fertilization by pointing out that in plants, such as maize, which show superiority as a result of cross-fertilization, this superiority is of the same nature as that so generally met with in F, hybrids. I assumed that the vigor in such cases is due to the presence of heterozygous elements in the hybrids, and that the degree of vigor is correlated with the number of characters in re- spect to which the hybrids are heterozygous. I do not believe that this correlation is perfect, of course, but approximate, as it is readily conceivable that even though the general principle should be correct, heterozygosis in some elements may be without effect upon vigor, or even depressing. The presence of unpaired genes, or the presence of unlike or unequal paired genes, was assumed to produce the greater functional activity upon which larger size and greater efficiency depend. This idea has been elaborated by Dr. E. M. East and shown to agree with his own extensive experi- ments in self-fertilizing and crossing maize. He suggested that 4928 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorvicuLTuRE OF THE this stimulation due to hybridity may be analogous to that of ionization.” Shull further states: “A. B. Bruce proposes a slightly different hypothesis in which the degree of vigor is assumed to depend upon the number of dominant elements present rather than the number of heterozygous elements.” Bruce’s view harmonizes with the one given by Keeble and Pellew. In addition to the benefit already noted as obtained from cross- ing, there are obtained others of lesser importance but probably correlated with the increased vigor, as, for example, early flowering, early maturity, hardiness and lessened liability to premature death. Darwin (10) cites many instances in which the crosses have flowered earlier than plants from self-fertilized seel— and a few where the reverse order has taken place. Cyclamen persicum is a marked case of premature flowering, for during two successive seasons a crossed plant flowered some weeks before any of those from self-fertilized seed in all four pots. The early maturity of fruit borne by crossed tomato plants is discussed in the text of this bulletin. The increase of hardiness of crossed plants was found by Dar- win to be very marked in Nicotiana and Ipomea, both of which resisted the cold and inclement weather much better than the self- fertilized plants. ‘The offspring of plants of the eighth self- fertilized generation of Mimulus crossed by a fresh stock, survived a frost which killed every single self-fertilized and inter-crossed plant of the same old stock.” Hschscholtzia, already noted as an exception, was hardier when not cross-fertilized. Self-fertilized seedlings of Beta vulgaris were found to perish beneath the ground in large numbers, when the crossed seeds sown at the same time did not suffer. These observations of Darwin, in addition to others on the behavior of self-fertilized seeds of the petunia give ample proof that hardiness is affected by crossing. Since cross-fertilized plants have a greater resistance to ex- tremes in climatic conditions, and as they are generally more vigorous than their self-fertilized brethren, it is not unreasonable New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 499 that crossed plants are less susceptible to the attack of diseases and physiological troubles. Varieties of wax beans are known to re- sist the anthracnose disease for a few years, and then succumb to its attack. Is this increasing damage by the disease due to a de- crease in vigor, brought on by the methods of seed propagation, or have more virulent forms of the disease arisen which are capable of overpowering formerly resistant plants? This subject is beyond the theme of the author; nevertheless, this phase of the influence of crossing is too important to be overlooked. TOMATO EXPERIMENTS. From previous work in crossing tomatoes, Hedrick, of this Station, was of the opinion that hybrid plants produced a greater quantity of fruit than the varieties used as parents. With this suggestion as a basis for work, the author in 1907 commenced an experiment in order to determine whether crossing increased the yield of tomatoes, and if so, how much ? Methods of procedure.— For the insurance of a cross which was wide enough to give appreciable results and at the same time was not too wide, the Livingston Stone and the Dwarf Aristocrat varieties were selected. The fruit of these varieties is identical in color and so similar in shape that one can not separate them by inspection, and the shape and the size of the leaves are as similar as the fruits. The vines, however, are very distinct in stature, one being a standard and the other a dwarf. If the Livingston Stone is one of the parents of the Dwarf Aristocrat, as has been suggested by E. C. Green, an Ohio tomato breeder, the similarity of certain characters would be expected. A third variety, Hed- rick, a strain of the Livingston Stone, which originated at the Michigan Agricultural College, was also used in the experiment. From previous tests and in its behavior in the following crosses, no great difference was found in the yields of this variety and its progenitor; in fact, they are so near alike that a good systematist could not separate them. In making the first crosses for this experiment, it was the in- tention of the writer to make reciprocal crosses, but the plan was 430 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE frustrated on the start, as the Dwarf Aristocrat was planted too late to be used for the fertilization of the Livingston Stone and the Hedrick blossoms. Pollen of the standards, however, was secured for the fertilization of the Dwarf Aristocrat blossoms. This one-sided cross was probably just as satisfactory as if recip- rocal crosses had been made; for, first, the chances are that no differences in the reciprocal crosses would have been found; and, second, the use of the dwarfs as female parents gave a check on the crossing. Since the standard condition is always dominant to the dwarf condition, the occurrence of a dwarf in the F genera- tion, under these circumstances, would indicate that the cross had not been made. No similar test could have been applied to the reciprocal cross, since standard condition might in this case have arisen either from continuance of the pure standard line or from dominance of the standard condition in the cross. The self-fertilizing of varieties in the experiment was per- formed by covering the flower clusters with paper bags while the blossoms were in the bud stage, and later, when the pollen was ready for shedding, jarring every other day until the blooming was completed. The crossing of the varieties was more difficult than the self- fertilizing and required more care. For the prevention of acci- dental crossing, the flower clusters were covered while in bud. One or two days before the pollen had matured, the stamens were removed with the aid of a pair of forceps or some other instru- ment; and two or three days later or whenever the pistils were receptive, the stigmas were covered with the pollen of the desired parent. Premature pollination always gave a very poor setting of fruit.* As the blossoms in clusters mature at different times, it was necessary to perform the emasculating and pollinating every two or three days until the work was completed. In crossing it should be remembered that the length of time for blossoms to mature depends upon the temperature and that better results are obtained when the pollen sheds freely, that is, on the bright, warm, sunny days. *This fact is substantiated by Hartley. (See Bibliography 15.) New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 431 SUMMER EXPERIMENT OF 1908. Seeds for the 1908 summer experiment were obtained during the winter 1907-1908 from self-fertilized plants of the Livingston Stone and Dwarf Aristocrat and from cross-fertilized plants, namely, Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone and Dwarf Ariste- erat x Hedrick—the first parent in all the crosses mentioned being the maternal parent. Seeds were sown April 30, 1908, the plants pricked out on May 15, and on June 2 one hundred plants of each lot were set out in the garden. The plants were arranged so that the conditions for each plant were as nearly alike as field conditions will permit. All the plants matured ex- cept one Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, which was acci- dentally destroyed. The following table gives the pounds of fruit TABLE I.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F, SEEDLINGS. (Summer Experiment, 1908.) Dwarf Dwarf ae eas Aristocrat | Livingston Dwarf +s x Stone. Aristocrat. Livingston | Hedrick. | Standard | Dwarf en etiethe ist genera- parent parent ae tion (100 plants). | (100 plants). (99 plants). (100 plants). Time oF PICKING: Lbs. Lbs Lbs Antes) S289 010s. Sy AT 197 1944 123% Ase, 29=Sept: 4. 0... sea ea 100 91 56 Septeoo lod Asatte Fee: 608 560 4244 DEE OOM ee Boor ae cay: 476 375 6274 Rotalaipedruit: &2-s8 sys. 24 1,381 1, 2203 1, 2313 Total green fruit........... il 1s 1,276 856 Motalevieldiscso8 «eke « opert = 2,506 2, 4963 2,0873 Ripe fruit per plant........ 13.949 12.205 12-315" } Green fruit per plant....... 11.364 12.76 8.56 Total fruit per plant....... 25.313 24.965 20.875 Yield per acre (2,722 plants). 68 ,898 67 ,955 56 ,822 40 , 163 432 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HoRTICULTURE OF THE produced by each lot and the periods of picking are divided into intervals of about ten days. The total yield of ripe and green fruit is given for each lot, the average amount of ripe and green fruit produced per plant, and finally the total yield of 2,722 plants — one acre with plants set 4’x 4’ each way — based on the average yield of one plant. The results are discussed later in the bulletin. WINTER EXPERIMENT, 1908-1909. The seed used for the winter crop was obtained during the sum- mer of 1908 by self-fertilizing clusters of blossoms on four or more vines of each lot, namely, the Dwarf Aristocrat, Livingston Stone, and the crosses, Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, and Dwarf Aristocrat x Hedrick. It will be noted that two crops of tomatoes are grown in one year — the winter crop in a forcing house. This experiment differed from the preceding one in that the crosses belonged to the F, generation, and, therefore, a direct comparison of the results is impossible. All the dwarf plants that appeared in this second generation were discarded. Accord- ing to the Mendelian law of segregation, one-third of the stan- dards appearing in an F, generation are in a homozygous con- dition, and two-thirds, or the remainder, of the standards are in a heterozygous condition. The homozygous standard plants will always breed true to the standard type, while the heterozygous standard plants will split into one-fourth dwarf plants and three- fourths standards. It is thus very evident that we are dealing with a smaller proportion of heterozygous individuals in the F, genera- tions than in the F, generation. The heterozygous and the homozy- gous plants were so similar in appearance that no separation could be made by inspection, and, therefore, both kinds were planted in- discriminately. Owing to the smaller number of heterozygous plants in these crosses, one would expect less difference in yield between the standard parent and the crosses. The results of this crop agreed with this expectation, except that the differences in tlie yields of the crosses and the parents were less marked than ex- pected. Early maturity favored the crosses. The yield of this New York Agaricutrorat Exprertment Station. 433 indoor crop is so inferior to the outdoor crop that it is very evident that the strength of none of the plants was taxed. Under such conditions all the standard plants could be expected to do equally well. TABLE IJ.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F;, SEEDLINGS. (Winter Experiment, 1908-9.) Dwarf Aristocrat Dwarf Sk x Aristocrat ae . Dwarf Livingston x tone. ristocrat. "ic. Hedrick. Standard Dwarf 2nd gen- 2nd gen- parent parent ae eration (36 plants). | (42 plants). (30 plants). (31 plants). TIME OF PICKING: Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs. ATO SU kis eisvss baie qere. Or: 9 143 10a: 9 15 10 93 Welsnl Ub er cerle mys-ns stapes 20 10 19 4 19 0 19 4 Hels GS2852 5c nace te Sen 19 5 23 9 23 8 14 10 Wareh I-16 ees fet ek 23 (ae 26.6 33 6 24 14 March 17-April 3.......... PH 4 19 9 24 13 16 10 Motaliripe imiites so 4.5 joes 100 83 98 15% 110. =6:110 85 153 otal green fruit.::........ 30 a Ceo 400 S93: DAS ee. plo taleyiel der ses toc oes 130 8 130 153 155 =610 109 153 Ripe fruit per plant........ 3.00 3.192 3.073 2.047 Green fruit per plant....... 1.00 1.032 1.25 0.571 Total fruit per plant....... 4.35 4.224 4.323 2.618 Yield per acre (2,722 plants). 11,840 11,498 11,767 7,132 SUMMER EXPERIMENT, 1909. The Dwarf Aristocrat, the Livingston Stone, and three filial generations of the cross Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone were used in this summer’s experiment. The dwarf plants in the second and third generations were discarded, and, therefore, only the standards were planted. The second generation standards, as has been noted, should contain about two heterozygous te one homozygous plants, but the proportion of the two classes in 434 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE the third generation is net known, since no records of the mother plants were kept. If dwarf plants had not appeared in the third generation, one could have rightly assumed that its parents had been all homozygous standards, but as dwarfs did appear, one or more of the mothers must have been heterozygous. The law of probability favors more than one heterozygous mother, for the second generation from which the third generation was obtained should have had two heterozygous plants to every one of its homozygous plants, and, as already stated, at least four mothers were used. Unfortunately, the exact number of dwarfs was not recorded, for then one could make a rough estimation on the number of heterozygous individuals. However, if the amount of TABLE IIJ.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F,, F; AND F, SEEDLINGS. (Summer Experiment, 1909.) Dwarr ARISTOCRAT X lavyinaston STONE Hedrick | Livingston] Dwarf Strain. Stone. Aristocrat. /Standard| Standard Dwarf Ist gen- | 2nd gen-| 3rd gen- ; : : parent parent parent eration | eration | eration (54 (45 (70 (96 (85 *(28 plants). | plants). | plants). plants). | plants). plants). Time oF PIcKING: Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Augs12-20) ..) ee 1723 1323 463 993 | 65 11/16 854 Aug. 21-Sept. 2...... 1303 68 33e 403 | 314 41} Sept. 3-16... beeen 529 4803 1843 323 | 176 217 Sept-ul6-28 258.28 402 342 99 151 183 803 Total ripe fruit....... 1,234 | 1,023 3632 6143 | 456 3/16 4243 Total green fruit...... 688 681 140 370 | 340 253 Total yield...........} 1,9223 | 1,704 5033 984% | 796 3/16 677% Ripe fruit per plant...) 12.855 | 12.035 | 12.986 | 11.37 10.137 6.07 Green fruit per plant..| 7.1666) 8.01 5 6.85 7.555 3.61 Total fruit per plant. .| 20.022 | 20.05 | 17.986 | 18.22 17.692 9.68 Yield per acre (2,722 PANS) ss edt 54,500 | 54,576 | 48,958 | 49,595 48 ,152 26, 349 * The low number of plants grown in this generation is due to an accidental picking of seed fruits in the greenhouse. New York AGricuLtturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 435 fruit produced by a generation is any criterion of its genetical composition, it is safe to assume that the majority of the plants in this F,; generation were homozygous—their yield corre- sponding very closely to that of the Livingston Stone. ‘This assumption is further substantiated by the fact that this F'; gen- eration, and the Fy, generation, produced by self-fertilizing the F, generation, gave very similar results in the summer of 1910. This season’s results show practically no difference in the total yield of the first and second generations. The total yield of the third generation and the Livingston Stone as noted above are nearly identical. The total ripe fruit per plant of the third generation exceeds that of the first and second generations — the first. generation, however, leads at end of the second period all the crosses and varieties by over half a pound per plant. Further differences in the yields are discussed more fully later in the Bulletin. | SUMMER EXPERIMENT, 1910. Seed for the summer crop of 1910 was obtained from plants of the crosses and of their parents grown in the greenhouse during the winter of 1909-1910. The 1910 experiment was conducted in the same manner as during the previous seasons, except one more generation was added, namely, the fourth. Results which corresponded with the previous ones were obtained, notwithstand- ing the fact that the plants suffered from several mishaps. On May 27th the plants, a little too spindling, were set out in the field. The following two days were cold and rainy and shortly afterwards the foliage turned yellowish and appeared unhealthy. The ground had been previously manured and plowed, so the trouble can be laid neither to the soil nor to the lack of food. Within a week of the date the plants were set in the field, cut- worms had either destroyed or injured several plants. A mixture of sweetened bran and an arsenical poison distributed in spoonful quantities at the base of each plant stopped the work of the cut- worm, but did not lessen the troubles. A rain following the application of the poisoned bran washed the soluble arsenic into 436 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE the soil, and within a day or two many plants showed injury, especially those which came accidentally in contact with the mix- ture. Several plants died from this poisoning, several recovered, and all probably received more or less injury. The plants that succumbed to the trouble were discarded from the experiment. The injured plants recovered after two or three weeks, and since the check to growth was probably equally distributed amongst all the lots, the results are comparable. This assumption is supported by weights obtained (see Table IV). The plants set in the field numbered: Of the cross, Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, 36 of first generation, 80 of second, 73 of third, and 65 of fourth; of Livingston Stone, 80; and of Dwarf Aristocrat, 44. The number from which data were secured is given in the following table. TarLE IV.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F,, F,, F; and F, SEEDLINGS. (SumMER Experiment, 1910.) DwarFr ARISTOCRAT X NE ae Livingston Sto Livingston! Dwarf Stone. Aristocrat. Ist gen- | 2nd gen-] 3rd gen- | 4th gen- sata: d ies eration | eration | eration | eration mc 49 Pp (32 (28 (28 (45 (36 plants). | plants). | plants). | plants). plants). | plants). Time OF PICKING: Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Sept7a120.4 ie 23% 15 30 31 264 23 Septiile-28. 7000 seer ee 119 54 112 125 186 58 Sept. 29-Oct. 15...... 226 211 297 256 375 74 Total ripe fruit. ><: . .). 3683 280 439 412 5874 155 Total green fruit...... 406 424 589 445 632 248 otal yields... ~ ct ee om a 3 5 2 | 3 ¢ | 2 Zz ‘p's | 69° g9 |r: OF nT o9°S | OT 69 nu 90°€ | OT 9 iS os’ € | OL **1OqOW X S1avq usg *IeqOI X Stasq useg **1aqO X S1asg ueg bata outa *IOYIOP X SAB useg usyyeuosX SlaBg uog G8. 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Reversions.—A striking contradiction to the idea handed down from a remote age that seedling apples “throw back” to the wild prototype and are almost always worthless and degenerate fruits, is brought out in these crosses. The belief in “ reversion ” is so strongly ingrained in the minds of fruit growers that the term “seedling” is usually one of condemnation. Reversion in the sweeping way it was formerly used, is, in the hght of present knowledge, a very misleading term. Nothing is more apparent in examining the fruit and trees under consideration than that they have inherited the characters of their immediate parents. This is so markedly true that in the great majority of the off- spring, one acquainted with the parents of the several crosses can from tree and fruit tell the two parents. Ben Davis and McIntosh, for example, show in all of the apples into which they entered. Reversions to remote ancestors may oecur, so we are now taught, as the bringing together of complementary factors which had become separated from one another. Such reversions were not apparent in these trees. Contrary to “‘ throwing back ” to wild apples, these crosses, in tree or fruit, were quite the equal of any similar number of named varieties, a fact to which many fruit growers can attest, who in the summer of 1911 saw and admired the fruit and trees. Vigor increased by hybridity— The stimulus of hybridity seems to be very marked in the vigor of these crosses. In spite of over-crowding in the nursery row for two or three years these trees are exceptionally strong in growth. In the same block are a few selfed Hubbardstons which are much weaker in growth. On another part of the farm are selfed Baldwins also averaging much weaker. These may be but coincidences but the facts are set down for what they are worth. A study of the descriptions of the fruits and of the plates will show that in the majority of the crosses the apples average larger than in either parent. The trees, too, are remarkably productive, a fact brought out by the weights of fruit given in the tabular descriptions. Table II contains data for the comparison of height of tree, diameter of trunk and quantity of fruit in 1912, from these crosses and from four selfed Hubbardstons. The number of New York Aqricutrurat Experment Sration. 465 trees in some of the progenies is too small to make the data very valuable but yet the figures are interesting and suggestive. TABLE IJ.— AverRAGE HEIGHT OF TREE, DIAMETER OF TRUNKS, AND QUANTITY OF FRUIT. _ | Number Height | Diameter | Quantity CROSSES. | of trees. of trees. | of trunks. | of fruit. Feet. Inches. Pounds. Ben Davis X Esopus.............-. 4 10.5 ome 48.5 Ben Davis X Green Newtown....... 13 10.8 3.2 50.4. Ben Davis X Jonathan............. 11 10.4 3.0 67.3 Ben Davis X MclIntosh............ 11 9.8 2.9 40.7 Bene Daviss xo others «5. .< 45200555. 20 9.1 2.8 43.3 Esopus Ben Davis: 50. 22070. 29 10.0 2.9 32.0 Bsopusie< Jonathan... seyoeeions 1a 2 10.5 2.9 9.5 Mieintosh eX Mawver...o..-. 2 1 10.0 4.0 85.0 Ralls. X Northern Spy............. 9 10.1 3.0 S157 Rome X Northern Spy............. 1 10.0 3.5 91.0 Sutton X Northern Spy............ 5 11.2 3.3 12.0 Hubbardston (Selfed).............. 4 8.2 2.6 5 Prepotency.— In the past, horticulturists, in common with breeders of other plants, and of animals as well, have designated certain individuals, varieties in the case of fruits, as “ pre- potent.” Prepotency could be ascribed much more naturally to individuals before it was known that characters are quite inde- pendent in transmission, although there is still question in some quarters as to whether potency is a property of a unit character or of all the characters in an individual. Thus because of the great number of their named offspring we have commonly thought the Ben Davis, Fameuse, Oldenburg and Blue Pearmain, as examples, to be “ prepotent.”’ In the light of present informa- tion it is very doubtful if such prepotency exists in the sense of ability to impress all characters on the offspring. It is generally agreed, though, that prepotency exists as to characters — that is, that there are marked variations in potency. Accepting this as a fact it must be conceded at once that a variety of apples may be prepotent in two or more characters which may be transmitted to the progeny quite independently of each other. If such be the case we should expect the offspring of some crosses of apples to resemble one parent more than the 466 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE other. It would seem that in Ben Davis crosses, Ben Davis characters most largely crop out. The progeny in crosses with Ben Davis, more often than not, have a ben Davis aspect. Whether this is due to prepotency in one or more characters or to the fact that most of the characters in Ben Davis are a little off the ordinary — particularly striking — and because of this distinctness dominate in the appearance of the Ben Davis crosses, cannot be said. We cannot prove from the behavior of these crosses that the varieties of apples involved are prepotent in any of their char- acters, but such prepotency is strongly suggested. In breeding work with grapes, raspberries and strawberries on the Station grounds, where many times as many crosses and plants have been under observation, we are more certain that varieties are prepotent in some characters. Such, too, is thought to be the case by workers with other plants and it has long been held by breeders of animals that individuals were “ prepotent,’”? which, if true, in light of present knowledge, probably means that there was prepotency in one or more characters of the animals. Knowledge regarding prepotency is a great desideratum in apple- breeding. The improvement of this fruit will go on much more rapidly, if we can select varieties for crossing which have the desired characters in greatest potency. MENDELIAN INHERITANCES IN APPLES. No study of heredity at the present time is worthy the name unless it take in consideration the laws brought out by Mendei and his followers. By aid of these laws in this experiment we are enabled to focus ideas which otherwise would have been dim, to give value to facts which a few years ago would have been worthless, and to see clues running through the work which with- out Mendel’s discovery would have remained hidden. It had not been the intention to discuss Mendelian inheritance in these crosses until we could add the testimony of the F, gen- eration. That time seems at the very least a decade off and it is thought best to see what, if anything, can be learned from the F, progeny. It must be remembered that since apples are propagated by budding or grafting, a variety always possesses New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 467 its hereditary characters in the same state—a given character is permanently either homozygous or heterozygous. Theretore, the results obtained in these crosses are to be expected whenever the same varieties are crossed. Hence the F; generation is not so necessary in breeding apples as with plants grown from seed. The reader must keep in mind, however, that there may be several explanations of the behavior of characters in the first generation following a cross and that the crucial test of what- ever hypotheses are set forth as regards the characters in these hybrid apples is the behavior in the subsequent generations. Attention must be called, too, though scarcely necessary to one having knowledge of even the rudiments of genetics, to several sources of error in this experiment. Thus, the number of hybrid offspring of these crosses is so small that it is not probable that all of the possible combinations of the different kinds of germ cells are to be found even in the crosses having the largest pro- genies. Again, the work is vitiated somewhat by the fact that the total progenies of the several crosses have not been under observation, 23 out of 148 or about 15 per cent of the total num- ber, having succumbed to the accidents which befall seedling plants, there being, however, no selection by the hand of man. Lastly, we are working with material of unknown parentage. _ The characters of the apple chosen for consideration are those most important to apple growers; namely, color of skin, color of flesh, shape, size and acidity. Color of skin.— The colors of apples may be roughly divided into five classes; yellow, yellow with a light red blush, yellow with one-third to one-half its surface overlaid with red, nearly solid red, and reddish black. The apples in these crosses con- tain only three colors, yellow, red and the intermediates between these. Whether the distribution of the intensity of color depends upon a complex or a simplex of unit characters, is at present impossible to determine. Unknown factors play too large a part to permit of an easy determination. Thus, we do not know exactly the nature of color; the amount of color in a variety de- pends largely upon the soil and the method of orchard manage- ment; and, we are working with material of unknown parentage. But if we can state roughly how the color is inherited in a few 468 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE leading varieties, the knowledge should be of value for either identical or other crosses. From a study of all the material, we may hazard the following provisional statements: First, the fruits in which yellow. predominates over red are in a heterozygous condition for yellow and red; second, the fruits in which red predominates are either homozygous or heterozy- gous; third, the pure yellows are recessive and consequently are homozygous. These conclusions are drawn from the following data. In ithe Ben Davis X Jonathan progeny,’ we have eleven seed- lings, all red or nearly red. The yellow portion of these apples is so meager as not to arouse suspicion of a heterozygous con- dition. The assumption that there is no yellow in Ben Davis or Jonathan is supported by the results in other crosses in which one of these varieties was a parent. If, however, red consists of a complex of unit characters—the very light red being the simple unit character and the dark red a multiple of red unit characters, then, of course, it is impossible to tell from these few individuals whether yellow is or is not a recessive in this cross. For example, red would have to consist of only three unit char- acters to require sixty-four individuals to give one yellow. It would not be surprising if the red color in apples consists of more than one unit for red, since in other plants color is often composed of more than one unit character. Thus, Nillson-Ehle* separated two distinct blacks in his study of the inheritance of black color in the glumes of oats, and three distinct, inheritable reds in a red Swedish wheat. East* found two yellow colors in the endosperm of yellow corn, “ each behaving when crossed with its absence, as an independent allelomorphic pair.” If one yellow in corn gives a light yellow appearance, it is not unrea- sonable to expect that one red in apples may give a very light red and a complex of red unit factors a dark red. The only method of determining this point is, of course, by segregating the unit factors in future generations. 1 1The first name in all cases is the maternal parent and the second the paternal. 2 Nillson-Ehle, H., 1909, “ Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hafer und Wei- zen,” Lunds Universitets Arsskrigt, N. F.; Afd. 2, Bd. 5, Nr 2, 1-122. 3 East, E. M., 1910, “A Mendelian Interpretation of Variation that is Ap- parently Continuous ”, Am. Nat. 44: 65-82. New Yorx Acricutturat Experiment Sration. 469 In the Ben Davis X Mother apples there are seventeen appar- ently pure reds and three individuals evidently heterozygous for yellow and red. These three heterozygous apples might, how- ever, under different circumstances, as for instance with a longer season and more favorable soil conditions, develop a more intense red, or in accordance with the assumption made, they may con- tain a red which is less complex in organization than that of their sisters. The Sutton X Northern Spy progeny furnishes five individuals, three of which are classed as red and two as yellow. This segre- gation indicates Mendelian splitting, though the numbers are too few to more than suggest that the red is dominant and the yellow recessive. The yellow individuals, however, may not be pure recessives for a light reddish tinge was present on a few speci- mens of both trees. Does this reddish tinge signify that red individuals will appear in future generations if the variety be selfed, or is the red due to some physiological condition? Cer- tain varieties, as the Yellow Transparent and Early Ripe, do not have this very light blush of red or bronze, but among all of our present crosses, no true yellows have appeared. Although we do not know whether one unit of red is contained in these yellow individuals, we suspect that both Sutton and Northern Spy must carry yellow as a recessive. This view is substantiated by the fact that in the other crosses in which Northern Spy is a par- ticipant, heterozygous individuals appear which evidently carry yellow. The Rome X Northern Spy produced only one seedling and this is classified as an intermediate in color. Ralls X Northern Spy gave nine seedlings, seven of which are classified as red, and two as heterozygous for red and yellow. It is probable from this cross that Ralls does not carry yellow as a simple unit character, for if it did, yellow individuals should have appeared. Ben Davis X Esopus gave three red and one heterozygous red, and the reciprocal cross gave the same two classes, but in the pro- portion of eighteen to eleven. The difference in the ratios for these two crosses is, of course, of no significance, owing to the few individuals in the first. As there was no evidence of a re- 470 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE cessive yellow in the eleven individuals of Ben Davis X Jona- than, one can assume that the Esopus in the Ben Davis and Esopus cross, is responsible for the yellow color. Esopus X Jonathan gave two reds, in which the red was pre- dominant. From so few individuals one can draw no conclusion, yet the findings substantiate the statements made that Jonathan does not carry yellow. McIntosh is evidently a carrier of yellow, for in the McIntosh X Lawver— the male being the very dark red — one heterozy- gous individual is produced, and in the Ben Davis X McIntosh seedlings — Ben Davis probably not carrying yellow as has been previously noted —there are eight apparently pure reds and three individuals heterozygous for red and yellow. Ben Davis X Green Newtown is an interesting cross. The maternal parent is supposedly a pure red and the paternal parent is yellow with a very light red blush. In the segregation of red and yellow, providing the former is dominant to the latter, ‘he ratio expected would be one pure red to one heterozygous red. Eight reds and five yellowish reds or heterozygous individuals are obtained, the expected classes appearing, but not in a 1:1 ratio. The distribution of skin color, whether in the form of stripes or solid colors, cannot be expressed in Mendelian terms. The solid and blushed individuals appeared as follows: Ralls X Northern Spy one solid, Ben Davis X McIntosh two blushed, Ben Davis X Green Newtown and Sutton X Northern Spy, one blush from each cross. All of the remaining seedlings produced fruit striped and mottled in various degrees. Color of flesh.— In flesh colors, though a resemblance to either one of the parents or to an intermediate condition is found in all the individuals, the most marked differences are found in the Ben Davis X McIntosh progeny. This would be expected since McIntosh has a very characteristic white flesh. In the eleven Ben Davis X McIntosh apples, six resemble Ben Davis in flesh color, two are intermediate and three are distinctly MeIntosh whites. From so few numbers and because of the lack of know]l- edge of the parents of these varieties, it is hardly possible to give the gametic constitution of color. If, however, one com- bines the six Ben Davis colors and the two intermediates, it can New York AaricuntturaL ExprerIMENtT STATION. 471 be assumed that both Ben Davis and McIntosh carry yellow and white, the white being recessive. This assumption would give nine yellows to three whites and there are eight yellowish indi- viduals to three whites. From the general appearance of the McIntosh flesh, one would think it to be homozygous for white. However, it is not impossible to believe that the yellow is present and that the factor necessary for its development is lacking. Size and shape-—It promises to be a dificult problem to determine inheritance of size and shape in apples. Castle has found size to be an intermediate character in his study of the inheritance of size in rabbits, and East has found parents of different sizes in maize to produce ears of intermediate length and kernels of intermediate size. The intermediates or I, gen- eration in the maize produced progeny which varied in size from the small to the large parent, while the F, generation of rabbits produced only offspring of intermediate size. It may be sus- pected, therefore, that fruits likewise produce intermediate indi- viduals. However, if size and shape consist of a complex of unit characters, it will be very difficult to determine whether they are bred as intermediates or not, for to so ascertain would require the production of thousands of individuals to obtain all the possible combinations of a complex of five or six units. Size and shape of fruits depend upon at least length and breadth measurements — not mentioning such unknown factors as nutrition, fertilization of the ovules and the like. With these unknown factors and in consideration of the meager data, we can draw but the roughest conclusions as to the inheritance of these characters. Ben Davis X Mother gave six individuals which resemble the mother parent, four that are classed as intermediates and ten which bear paternal characteristics as to shape and size. This classification does not signify that the offspring are exactly like either one of the parents but that the majority of the characters are more like one parent than the other, and consequently bear a closer resemblance to the one than to the other. In this cross none of the twenty seedlings were much inferior or much su- perior to either parent in size. The size and shape of these crosses are shown in Plates XLVIJ, XLVIII, XLIX. 472 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE A slightly greater variation occurred in the eleven Ben Davis X Jonathan progeny. Ben Davis X Jonathan gave nine indi- viduals with marked Jonathan characteristics and two with dis- tinct ben Davis characteristics, as shown in Plates L and LI. Sutton X Northern Spy produced three individuals of marked paternal shape, one intermediate and one listed as maternal in general appearance. Four of these individuals gave larger fruits than either parent. This increase in size may be due to a heterozygous condition, which would probably stimulate the pro- duction of flesh tissue. These apples are shown in Plate LIT. Rome X Northern Spy is represented by only one individual and, this cross, therefore, throws little light on the inheritance of size and shape. This single representative, however, resem- bles the Rome in shape and even bears the distinct green and wide cavity which is so characteristic of this variety. In size it shghtly outclasses either parent. This cross is not illustrated. The nine offspring of Ralls X Northern Spy produced great variations in size and shape. This is to be expected since the difference in the size of the parents is more marked. ‘The size of these seedlings ranges from fruits smaller than the maternal to larger than the paternal. Five of these seedlings resemble the Ralls in shape, one the Northern Spy and three are intermedi- ates; all are shown in Plates LIII and LIV. In the Ben Davis X Esopus progeny are two individuals re- sembling Ben Davis, one an intermediate and one Esopus-like in shape, all shown in Plate LV. The reciprocal cross gave seven of Esopus resemblance, eleven of intermediate, ten of Ben Davis and one of unclassifiable shape. This cross gives the widest range of variation in size and shape —a fact which may be accounted for by the greater number of individuals, but not by the differ- ence in size of the parents. Seven of the seedlings produced fruit larger than Ben Davis and four of them bore fruit smaller than the Esopus — the smallest being no larger than the Lady apple. In shape a few individuals produced fruit more elongated that Ben Davis while others bore fruit as oblate as the Lady. Plates LVI, LVII, LVIII, and LIX show the size and shape of the Esopus X Ben Davis apples. Ben Davis X McIntosh gave three intermediates and four each of Ben Davis and McIntosh shapes. It is interesting to note in New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 473 this cross that the distinctive calyx end of the Ben Davis fruit was markedly impressed on a majority of the offspring. The size of the fruit was not noticeably variable, as only two indi- viduals out of the eleven dropped below the McIntosh in size, and one of these two possessed a remarkably small core and pro- duced only a few seeds — perhaps a sufficient reason for its in- ferior size. The remaining individuals average as large as the Ben Davis and several surpassed the McIntosh in size. Apples from this cross are shown in Plates LX and LXI. Ben Davis X Green Newtown produced thirteen individuals. The size of the fruit in one of these seedlings is very large, being one-half as large again as Ben Davis. In fact, half of these seedlings average as large as Ben Davis and none of them fall below the Green Newtown in size as can be seen in Plates LXIT and LXIII. In shape, six resemble Green Newtown, three Ben Davis and four an intermediate condition, Acidity.—Acidity and sweetness are relative terms and un- numbered gradations varying from one extreme to the other occur. The separation of subacid from acid apples is difficult, for under more favorable circumstances the acidity may decrease to a marked degree. In this experiment all the parents are subacid varieties, and from an examination of the following data, it will be noted that sweet apples appear in the greater part of the crosses. The numbers in most cases are too few to expect an exact 3:1 ratio, yet the indications strongly favor such an assumption. In the cases where sweet apples did not appear, one must assume that the nonappearance is due either to chance or that all subacid varieties do not carry sweetness as a recessive character. This question can be settled only by further tests. The facts are presented as they appear and conclusions are drawn as far as the limited observations permit. Ben Davis X Jonathan, both parents being subacid, gave two sweets and nine subacids, while Esopus X Jonathan produced two subacids. In the first cross, one might interpret sweetness or absence of acidity as a recessive to acidity — both parents carrying sweetness. The expected ratio 3:1 is very closely ap- proximated. ‘The second of these crosses throws no light on this assumption for the individuals are too few in number. 474 Report or true Department or Horricunture OF THE Ben Davis X Mother gives eight sweets, eleven subacids and one sour. If the sours and subacid fruits can not be definitely separated, then we have a ratio of 3:2 instead of 3:1 — sweet- ness being the recessive. Mother, according to this interpreta- tion, must carry sweet as well as Ben Davis. ; The four seedlings produced from Sutton X Northern Spy, and the one from Rome X Northern Spy are all subacid. These numbers are too few to hazard an explanation, Ben Davis X Esopus gave four individuals, all of which are subacid and its reciprocal cross gave a total of seven sweets, twenty-one subacids and one sour. Assuming that the sour individual would have lost its acidity if the season had been more prolonged, we would have practically a 3:1 ratio in this reciprocal cross. The proportions are, however, worthy of note, even though they may be incorrectly interpreted. If the inter- pretation is correct, Esopus as well as Ben Davis must carry sweetness as a recessive character. Ben Davis X McIntosh gives two sweets to nine subacids, and Ben Davis X Green Newtown, the same classes but in the pro- portion of 3 to 10. Both of these crosses are explainable by the 3:1 ratio, and this interpretation must make sweet a recessive in both parents. Ralls X Northern Spy gave nine subacids and no sweets. In this case, we have two subacids giving no sweets, and therefore, it is doubtful whether one or both varieties carry a recessive sweet. If this be the case, subacid varieties are not necessarily hybrids between sweets and acids. These results are at least valuable from the practical side for it shows that sweet apples can be secured from subacid apples. Ripening period.— Date of ripening is another character that is undoubtedly inherited, as from all of these crosses of late- ripening apples, only late varieties have been produced — the range of variation not extending on the average much more than a month on either side of the average mean of the parents. It is to be regretted that we have no crosses with parents differing widely in the date of maturity. However, as no early varieties have been obtained from these crosses, it is safe to say that earli- ness is probably not a recessive character. Season, like size and New York Acricutturat Experiment Station. 475 shape, may be either composed of many factors or it may be in- herited as an intermediate condition—a question, of course, still open for experimental evidence. INHERITANCE IN THE SEVERAL VARIETIES. The results of the study of Mendelian inheritance in this ex- periment may be put in more workable shape for the apple- breeder if the discussion of the several characters are summarized under the varieties crossed. At the risk of considerable repeti- tion, such a summary is now given. Ben Davis.— In the six crosses in which this apple was used, the results indicate that yellow is not carried by Ben Davis — the heterozygous R y progeny being able to obtain their yellow from the other parent in each case. In transmitting shape, Ben Davis was less prepotent than either Jonathan or Green New- town. In the other cases, the individuals showing preponder- ance of Ben Davis shape were about equal in number to those showing the shape of the other parent. The term prepotent is here used to mean that either the shape-forming characters of one variety are less heterozygous than those of another, or, that such characters of one parent are dominant over those of the other. The greater the number of heterozygous characters, the greater the number of segregations or splittings that will take place. In size of fruit, the Ben Davis crosses were inter- mediate as a rule, although the cross with the Green Newtown produced offspring larger than either parent and none smaller. Sweetness appeared as a recessive in all Ben Davis crosses except with Esopus and here the four individuals are too few to permit conclusions. Hsopus.— The crosses between Ben Davis and Esopus are the only ones with sufficient numbers to warrant a postulation as to the gametic constitution of the Esopus color factors. The total individuals obtained are 21 pure reds and 12 individuals heterozygous for red and yellow. As the Ben Davis probably does not carry yellow, the yellow in these heterozygotes must have come from Esopus. Assuming that Ben Davis carries R R and Esopus R y we should expect a ratio of 1 R R to 1 Ry. The ratio obtained, 7:4, indicates that red is not carried in such 476 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE a simplex condition. The fruit shape in the progeny of these crosses is intermediate, while the size is very variable, indicating that one or more of the progenitors of the parents must have borne small fruits. Esopus carries sweetness as a recessive, there being 7 sweet, 25 subacid and 1 acid apple, a close approxima- tion to a 3:1 ratio, Green Newtown.— The inheritance of fruit characters in this variety are based on thirteen individuals obtained from crosses with Ben Davis. If Ben Davis carries only red and Green New- town only yellow, all the progeny should have been heterozygous for these colors, but 8 R R and 5 R y apples were obtained. Perhaps the ight blush on the Green Newtown signifies the pres- ence of a red unit factor, but this point can be settled only by growing selfed seedlings. As previously noted, the Green New- town shape is more prepotent than the Ben Davis — the oblique- ness of the Newtown, in particular, appearing in the offspring. The fruits of the progeny did not fall below either parent. This fact indicates that the progenitors of the Green Newtown bore large fruits, for if small size is carried as a recessive in Ben Davis, a union of small gametes would probably have taken place even though the numbers are small. Sweetness appeared in a ratio of nearly 3:1, which signifies that this character is carried as a recessive. Jonathan.— This variety carries only red in its gametes, as in the eleven progeny obtained from a cross with Ben Davis, no evidence of yellow was noted. Jonathan proved to be the more prepotent parent in the transmission of shape, for nine of the eleven seedlings resembled the former. Sweet apples appeared in the proportion of 2:9, which closely approximates a 1:3 ratio, based on sweetness as a recessive to acidness. Lawver.— No hypotheses can be advanced as to the inherit- ance of this variety’s characters, as only one seedling, obtained from a cross with McIntosh has been described. Its dark red color, however, suggests an absence of yellow. McIntosh. Three R y fruits appeared in the eleven Ben Davis X McIntosh seedlings, and one R y in the Lawyer cross. If the Ben Davis and Lawver are pure reds then McIn- tosh must have supplied the yellow in both cases. The white New York AaricutturRaAL ExpertMEntT STATION. 47 flesh of the McIntosh behaved as a recessive to the yellowish white color of the Ben Davis. In the inheritance of shape and size, McIntosh and Ben Davis were equally prepotent, for, as many progeny resembled one parent as the other and all were intermediate in size. The appearance of two sweets to nine sub- acid fruits supports the statement that the former character is borne as a recessive in the McIntosh. Mother.— When crossed with Ben Davis, three heterozygous and seventeen pure reds were produced. If these three indi- viduals are undeveloped reds then Mother does not carry yellow. If, however, Mother carries yellow, its red must be complex in structure. A few more seedlings resembled the Mother in shape than the Ben Davis, but not enough more to warrant the drawing of conclusions. Size was inherited in an intermediate condition and sweetness as a recessive though in the proportion of 2:3, instead of a simple 1:3. Northern Spy.— This variety crossed with Sutton gave three reds and two yellows tinged with red; crossed with Ralls gave ‘seven pure reds and two heterozygous reds; in the cross with Rome one heterozygous red was the result. The presence of nearly yellow individuals in the first cross signifies either that yellow is carried as a recessive or a simplex red is present in the Northern Spy. Shape in this variety was more prepotent than in Sutton but much less so than in Ralls which impressed its shape on five of the nine seedlings — three being intermediates. The Northern Spy crosses, as a rule, gave large fruits but in the Ralls cross small fruits appeared — the presence of which indicates that both varieties carry small size in their gametes. (See Ralls.) No sweet apples appeared in the Northern Spy crosses which fact indicates that sweetness is not a recessive in this variety. However, if Ralls, Rome and Sutton, with which it was crossed, do not carry sweetness, this character would not appear since it would have been dominated by the acid-producing factor. Ralls —TIf Northern Spy carries yellow, then this variety either does not or its red is complex in composition. This opinion is based on the appearance of seven pure reds and only two heterozygous reds. If both varieties carry yellow, the pro- 478 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT oF HorticuLturRE OF THE portion should be 1 R: 2 Ry: 1 Y, that is, one pure yellow should have appeared to three pure and heterozygous reds. As already noted in the Northern Spy discussion, Ralls is more prepotent in the transmission of shape-determining factors. In the Northern Spy and Ralls progeny, we have individuals both larger and smaller than either parent — this variability may be explained by assuming that the progenitors of Ralls and Northern Spy covered variations of similar magnitude. The transmission of acidity in Ralls is discussed under Northern Spy. fome.— Little can be said as to the inheritance of the charac- ters of Rome from the one individual grown. Its shape and stem cavity were transmitted to this seedling. Sutton.— This variety gave three reds and two nearly yellows when crossed with Northern Spy. Thus Sutton as well as the Spy must carry either yellow or a simple red. In the transmis- sion of shape, Northern Spy seems to be sightly prepotent, for it impressed its shape on three fruits to the Sutton’s one. Little can be said of the transmission of size except that the Sutton did not give small fruits. The transmission of flavor in Sutton is discussed under Northern Spy. Conclusion.— The inheritance of skin color, flesh color, size and shape are more or less hypothetical but acidity is undoubt- edly inherited as a Mendelian character. Combining crosses, all of which were produced from subacid parents, we get a total of 22 sweet, 82 subacid and 2 acid apples. Fifteen of these are from crosses in which sweetness is not carried by one or both parents, and, therefore, must be eliminated, thus leaving 22 sweets to 69 subacids and acids, numbers which approach very closely the theoretical 1:3 ratio. If the sweet apples contain a higher amount of sugar ‘than the subacid apples, and this assump- tion is favored, the results are analogous to those obtained by Pearl and Bartlett with crosses of corn’ where high sucrose content behaved as a recessive to low sucrose. CONCRETE RESULTS. All will be interested, it is certain, in knowing how many of the progeny of these crosses seem to the writers to have sufli- 1 Pearl, R. and Bartlett, J. M., 1911. Ztschr. Induk. Abstamm. Vercb. 6: 2%. 1911. lod New York AGricutturaAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 479 cient value to name or test further. The following are the number: From the eleven Ben Davis X Jonathan crosses, one is marked for propagation, four for further testing and six for ‘discarding. Ben Davis X Mother gave two seedlings worthy of propagation and eighteen for discarding. Ben Davis X Esopus produced four worthless seedlings but the reciprocal cross has contributed two worthy of propagation, one for future testing, twenty-six for discarding. Ben Davis X McIntosh gave two desirable varieties, three for further testing and six for discard- ing. Ben Davis X Green Newtown gave four desirable varie- ties from thirteen seedlings. Esopus X Jonathan gave one for further testing, one for discarding, and McIntosh X Lawver has produced one individual which is still retained for further test. The Northern Spy crosses have done well, for Sutton X Northern Spy gave two worthy of propagation, three worthy of further test- ing and none for discarding. Ralls X Northern Spy produced one desirable variety, one worthy of further consideration and seven undesirables; and Rome X Northern Spy gave one of no special merit. The data given, even though meager, seem to show that the Ben Davis and the Esopus crosses are of little use in breeding work, and that the McIntosh, Northern Spy and Green Newtown all varieties of very high quality — might well be used exten- sively in all work where the object is to obtain varieties of high quality. Few, indeed, of these crosses fell below the average of cultivated varieties in size of fruit, handsome appearance of the apples and in tree characters that make a variety desirable. Fourteen apples worthy of propagation out of 102 crosses so far fruited, gives a most hopeful outlook to apple breeding. These have been more or less distributed to the fruit growers of New -York. The following are descriptions of the new varieties: Clinton. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigorous, up- right-spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky, ash- gray; leaves medium in number, 3% inches long, 1% inches wide, dark green, pubescent, with sharply serrate margins; petiole 158 inches long. Season, December to February; 214 inches by 2 15-16 inches in size, roundish to oblate-conic, often oblique, irregular; cavity 480 Report or tHe DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE acute, of medium depth and width often heavily russeted, com- pressed; basin of medium depth and width, abrupt, furrowed; calyx partly open, with acute lobes; color greenish-yellow, blushed with dull bronze, splashed with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots large, russet, conspicuous; stem 11-16 inch long, thick; skin tender, smooth, oily, glossy; core axile, large, partly open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; car- pels broad-oval, emarginate; seed large, plump, acute, 7 in number ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aro- matic; of good quality. This apple is very attractive in appearance and of very good quality, resembling Green Newtown in size, shape and quality but of a handsome red color. Cortland. Ben Davis X McIntosh.— Tree of medium vigor, drooping, dense-topped, productive; branches slender; leaves numerous, 4 inches long, 244 inches wide, dark green, pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole 1 3-16 inches long. Season, November to February; 214 inches by 3% inches in size, roundish-oblate, ribbed, uniform; cavity obtuse, broad, much-russeted, smooth; basin of medium width and depth, ob- tuse or somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed; calyx partly open, small, with acuminate, separated lobes broad at the base and medium in length; color greenish-yellow overspread with bright red, darker on the sunny side, splashed and striped with car- mine; dots few, small, light gray; stem variable in length, aver- aging %4 inch long, slender; skin tough, smooth, waxen, dull, with much bloom; core partly open; core lines clasping; calyx- tube long, conical; carpels obovate, emarginate; seed of medium size, wide, plump, obtuse, numerous; flesh whitish, often with slight tinge of pink, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic; of good quality. Tn appearance Cortland closely resembles McIntosh in color, shape and flesh characters. It promises to be a valuable com- mercial apple of the McIntosh type. Herkimer. Ben Davis X Green Newtown. Tree vigorous, upright, shghtly spreading, medium productive; branches rather thick; leaves 4 inches long, 22 inches wide, dark green, rather pubescent; with margins inclined to ecrenate; petiole 1§ inches long. | (‘y]BY-9u0 paonpey) "moi Joddn ut patyy ‘puvpyooyy {Mod JaMOT Ut ysIy “IoyyoPY ‘Mor roddn ut oinsy ysiy ‘sIAvd Uo ‘KNGDOUT GNV SENTUVG :UANLOWT X SIAVC NAG —TIATX FLvIg \ | ‘ : (‘y[ey-9u0 poonpoyy) "MOI JOMOT UT ysIy ‘UBYYRUOL : Mod Joddn ul oINSY ysiy ‘stAvC, Ue ‘ANDDOUG GNV SENTUVG :SSOUlF) NVHLVNOS* xX SIAVG Nag —T] alvig (J[ey-euo peonpey) “MOI JAMO] UL OINSY patty ‘ToBpossuayy ‘INGDOUG :SSOUD NVHLVNOG X SIAVG Nag—]T] divId (yBy-ou0 poonpoyy) “MOI IMO] UI PUOIAS ‘OGIMSC) ! 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Herkimer resembles Ben Davis both externally and internally more than the Green Newtown but is better in quality. Its good quality, handsome appearance and long-keeping properties, all commend it. Nassau. Hsopus X Ben Davis. Tree vigorous, upright spread- ing, productive ; branches somewhat slender; leaves 34 inches long, 27, inches wide, dark green, heavily pubescent below, with crenate margins; petiole 1 inch long. Fruit matures in late October or early November; season, December to March; medium in size, oblate; cavity wide, rather deep; basin wide, shallow, furrowed; color pale yellow, splashed, striped and mottled with bright pinkish-red, blushed on the sunny side; stem medium to long, thick; flesh firm, coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid, aromatic; good in quality. Nassau is far better in quality 'than Ben Davis but is hardly equal to Esopus. The color is more like that of Ben Davis than of Esopus — the contrasting colors of red and yellow being most attractive. Onondaga. Ben Davis XY McIntosh.— Tree not very vigor- ous, upright, dense-topped, productive; branches slender; leaves numerous, 334 inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, medium green, pubescent, with finely serrate margins; petiole 1% inches long. Season, November to January; 23¢ inches by 2°4 inches in size, roundish-conic, irregular; cavity obtuse, shallow, greenish- russeted, smooth; basin shallow, obtuse, furrowed; calyx open, large, with long, narrow, acuminate, much separated lobes; color ercenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with dark McIntosh red, darker on the sunny side, splashed and mottled with dark carmine, prevailing effect dark red; dots few, small, grayish or pinkish, obscure; stem *4 inch long, slender; skin tough, smooth. 16 482 ReEpPorRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Horricutturre or THE waxen, dull, with considerable bloom; core abaxile, small, closed ; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, conical; carpels oval, emar- ginate, slightly tufted; seed large, plump, acute, 8 in number; flesh tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly sub- acid, aromatic; of good quality. This apple is very attractive in color and in size and is at least desirable for cooking and would doubtless be relished by most persons as a dessert fruit. It is the general type of McIntosh externally except that it is sightly more conic. Oswego. Sutton X Northern Spy.— Tree vigorous, upright- spreading, dense-topped, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 334 inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, dark green, slightly pubescent, with finely serrate margin; petiole 1 7-16 inches long. Season, December to April, 25% inches by 3 5-16 inches in size, roundish-conic, ribbed, sides unequal; cavity acute, deep, broad, russeted, often compressed; basin deep, abrupt, smooth; calyx open, large, with broad, acute, separated lobes; color green- ish-yellow overspread with dull pinkish red, splashed and striped with darker red, prevailing effect dull red; dots numerous, large, erayish-russet; stem °4 inch long, ‘thick; skin tough, smooth, dull, covered with bloom; core abaxile, large, open; core lines clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels roundish, slightly emarginate; seed often abnormal being grown together, usually small, wide, short, plump, obtuse, 12 in number; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; very good in quality. Oswego resembles Northern Spy, though larger, more conical, and brighter in color. The flesh, in color and texture, resembles Spy but the flavor, while equal to that variety, is not that of the Spy. Otsego. Ben Davis X McIntosh.— Tree vigorous, upright- spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 334 inches long, 2% inches wide, medium green, pubescent, with slightly crenate margins; petiole 1% inches long. Season, November to February; 2% inches by 2 5-16 inches in size, oblong-conic, oblique, not uniform; cavity acute, deep, russeted, compressed; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 483 compressed ; calyx closed, small, with short, narrow, acute lobes; color pale yellow overspread with mottled dark red, splashed and striped with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots numerous, small; stem 11-16 inch long, slender; skin tender, smooth, waxen, covered with bloom; core abaxile, open; core-lines clasp- ing; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate ; seed of medium size, wide, plump, obtuse, 4 in number; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, tender, medium juicy, mild subacid; good in quality. This apple is propagated because of its handsome color, good quality, small core and sparsity of seed. The fault that will condemn it if it fails, is small size. Rensselaer. Ben Davis X Jonathan.—Tree ge spread- ing, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 1% inches wide, 34% inches long, pubescent, with crenate margins; petiole 1 5-16 inches long. Season, ee nes to February; 2°% inches by 234 inches in size, roundish-conic to truncate, uniform; cavity acuminate, deep, greenish-russeted, symmetrical, basin narrow, abrupt, fur- rowed; calyx small, partly opened, with obtuse lobes; color yel- low with a dull red blush, splashed with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots numerous, large, yellowish; stem 7% inch long, slender; skin tough, smooth, oily, marked with grayish scarf- skin; core axile, of medium size, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate; seed of medium width, long, plump, acute, eight in number; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic; of good quality. While of but medium size, Rensselaer is so attractive in color and of such high flavor as to make it a valuable dessert fruit. It is of the type of Jonathan both externally and internally. Rockland. Ben Davis X Mother— Tree of medium vigor, somewhat spreading and straggling, productive; branches rather slender; leaves 24% inches long, 2 inches wide, light green, some- what pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole 144¢ inches long. Season, November to January; of medium size, roundish-trun- cate, symmetrical; cavity acuminate, deep, russeted, symmetri- eal; basin deep, very wide, abrupt, furrowed; calyx partly open, 484 Revort oF THE DeparTMENt oF HorricuLturr oF THE large; color yellow, entirely overspread with dark red, splashed, mottled and obscurely striped with carmine; dots few, small, pinkish-yellow; stem long, thick; skin tough, smooth, dull; core axile, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; carpels obovate, emarginate; seed small, short, plump, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; good to very good in quality. The fruit of this cross is of the type of Mother. It is most pleasing in appearance, although small, resembling Mother in size, shape, color, texture, flavor and quality. This apple ought to be especially valuable as a dessert fruit. Saratoga. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; branches stocky; leaves 4 inches long, 2 3-16 inches wide, dark green, pubescent, with sharply serrated margins; petiole 2 inches long. Season, January to April; 2 9-16 inches by 31 inches in size, roundish-conic to oblate, ribbed, uniform; cavity obtuse, deep, broad, russeted, furrowed; basin deep, wide, abrupt, fur- rowed; calyx open, large, with short, broad, acute, separated lobes; color greenish-yellow, overspread with bright purplish- red, splashed and mottled with crimson; dots numerous, yellow- ish; stem % inch long, thick; skin tender, smooth, very oily; core abaxile, large, open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate, tufted; seed wide, plump, acute, tufted, 10 in number; flesh greenish-yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly; of good quality. This apple is particularly valuable because of its bright color and large size. Its quality is much superior to Ben Davis being nearly or quite as good as Green Newtown. Its season is late. Schenectady. Ben Davis X Mother.— Tree vigorous, upright, dense-topped, productive; branches medium to thick; leaves numerous, 414 inches long, 24% inches wide, dark green, pubes- cent, with distinctly serrate margins; petiole 1 3-16 inches long. Season, November to January; 2 15-16 inches by 3% inches in size, roundish-conic, sides unequal, ribbed; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, compressed, sometimes lipped; basin narrow, obtuse, furrowed; calyx open, with broad, acute lobes; color greenish-yellow overspread with bright red, mottled and New York Acricutturat Exprertmrent Station. 485 splashed with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots numerous, small, grayish; stem ¥g inch long, slender; skin tender, smooth, waxen; core abaxile, large, open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels obovate, emarginate; seed wide, plump, acute, 8 in number; flesh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid; of good quality. This new variety is remarkably attractive, its size, shape and color, all being mest pleasing. It is not quite high enough in quality to be called a first-class dessert fruit, but it is much better than Ben Davis and is a splendid apple. Schoharie. Ralls X Northern Spy.— Tree vigorous, upright- spreading, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 4 inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, dark green, slightly pubescent, with distinctly serrate margins; petiole 1% inches long. Season, November to March; 234 inches by 3 inches in size, roundish-conic, ribbed, irregular; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow, ereenish-russeted, compressed, furrowed; basin narrow, obtuse, furrowed ; calyx open, small, with short, broad, acute lobes which are not separated; color greenish-yellow overspread with a mot- tled and striped dull red, prevailing effect, dull, striped red; dots numerous, small, grayish-russet, obscure; stem 1 3-16 inches long, slender; skin tender, smooth, waxen, core abaxile, large, very open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate; seeds small, plump, acute, 15 in number; flesh yellowish, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant but mild subacid, aromatic; of good quality. Schoharie is of proper size but somewhat dull in color. Its flavor is such as to make it desirable either as a cooking or as a dessert apple. It is the type of Northern Spy in shape and color; the flesh, too, is that of the Northern Spy, more yellow, but having 'the same delicious flavor and aroma. Tioga. Sutton X Northern Spy.—tTree very vigorous, upright- spreading, dense, medium productive; branches thick; leaves 314 inches long, 1% inches wide, dark green, with considerable pubes- cence beneath, with serrate margins; petiole 11/, inches long. Season, December to March; large, oblate-conic, ribbed, sym- metrical; cavity acute, of medium depth and width, greenish- 486 Reporr or true DerartMent or HorricuLtrure oF THE russeted, furrowed, often lipped; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, sometimes compressed; calyx closed, with narrow, acute lobes of average length; stem short, thick; skin thin, tender, smooth, covered with heavy bloom; color pale yellow, blushed, mottled and faintly splashed with pinkish-red, prevailing effect yellowish; dots small, numerous, russet, often submerged; core abaxile, large, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate; seed small, wide, short, plump, obtuse, slightly tufted; desh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid; of good quality. A most promising variety because of its handsome appearance and high quality. The fruit is the type of Northern Spy in shape but is unlike either parent in color, Westchester. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigor- ous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky ; leaves numerous, 3 13-16 inches long, 2 inches wide, dark green, pubescent, with sharply and coarsely serrate margins; petiole 1 7-16 inches long. Season, November to January; 2°% inches by 3 inches in size, roundish-conic, ribbed, oblique; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, russeted, compressed; basin very deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed and corrugated ; calyx wide, open, large, with long, narrow, acu- minate, separated lobes; color yellow, overspread with dull red, mottled and splashed with darker red; dots numerous, large, grayish, obscure ; stem 13-16 inch long, thick; skin tough, smooth, waxen and oily, covered with bloom; core axile, small, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate; seed wide, acute, 7 in number; flesh yellow, coarse, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good. Westchester resembles Green Newtown in shape, but has the color of Ben Davis while ‘the quality is even better than that of its justly esteemed paternal parent. APPLICATION OF RESULTS, We have laid so much stress upon the Mendelian behavior of several characters of the apples crossed and so much is now heard of Mendel and his work, that the impression may be given that breeding apples consists almost wholly in making Mendelian ~I New York AaricutturaL ExrreriIMeNT STATION. 48 combinations of characters. Producing new combinations of characters by crossing is but a small part of the work of securing superior varieties of apples. The task of selecting different combinations of unit characters in the progenies of crosses is a tremendous one, requiring knowledge of the many varieties of apples, of all characters of apples and of what ones combined will make a variety superior to existing sorts. It is hkely that the greatest part of the work in breeding apples is, or will be when the foundation for breeding is more firmly laid, this selection among the manifold combination of characters that can be made. Following in Mendel’s footsteps, we have a quicker route to the desired results in breeding apples, but breeding will still be laborious, slow and disappointing, differing chiefly from that of the past in being now a problem and not of as old, a riddle. How can Mendelian principles be made most serviceable to breeders of apples? The aim in breeding is to produce varieties with the greatest number of desirable characters and the least number of undesirable ones. Mendel has shown that characters are transmitted as units which segregate in accordance with a definite formula. It remains, then, for the breeder to ‘take cer- tain characters from one parent, others from another, and make as many combinations as possible from which the best can be selected. The first task is to determine how characters are inherited, after which they can be associated or disassociated somewhat as the breeder wishes. The behavior of the crosses in this experiment gives some indications of how certain characters are transmitted when found in the varieties involved and forms a basis, therefore, for breeding work with these varieties, and suggests, at least, how the characters discussed will behave in other varieties that may be crossed. The application of Mendelan principles to breeding apples, as with other plants, will not be free from puzzling problems. Some of these may be briefly stated. The determination of the factors by which the various charac- ters are transmitted will prove a very difficult task. If all were simple characters depending upon a single factor, the work would be greatly simplified, but it is likely that we shall find that some of the most important characters of apples depend upon the 488 Reporr oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HoRTICULTURE. simultaneous presence of several distinct factors. Thus, in the crosses under study, there are indications that shape, size, and color of fruit, may depend upon the presence or absence of several factors. Another difficulty is that characters, if recessive, may not appear in the F, generation. Now this skipping a generation, when it occurs, will greatly delay and complicate the breeding of plants that are propagated vegetatively, for, if the desired char- acters do not appear in the F, generation propagation cannot pro- ceed at once. The phenomena of coupling and repulsion, which has been worked out with several plants, though not yet understood, if it appears in apples will tend to complicate breeding processes. That is, some factors seem to be linked together and are so transmitted while others repel one another and refuse to be transmitted together. Again, the bringing together of complementary factors which somehow in the past breeding of the fruit had become separated, may result in reversions and thus produce unexpected characters. A breeder may want wholly new characters in apples. These he cannot obtain by making Mendelian combinations. Existing characters, if we possibly except size and vigor, cannot be augmented by crossing. To have all of the many characters represented in the offspring it is necessary to work with large numbers of plants — difficult to obtain and time-taking with apples. It is probable that disappointments will most often come from the attempt to perpetuate variations which are fluctuations dependent upon environment and not upon the constitution of the gametes. There is likely to be some confusion, for a time at least, until we have more knowledge on the subject, between what are known as “simple Mendelian characters”? and “blending characters,” or those which may be complex in composition, in which the offspring are seemingly intermediate between the parents. GRAPE STOCKS FOR AMERICAN GRAPES.* U. P. HEDRICK. SUMMARY. Different species of grapes show wide variations in adaptability to natural and cultural conditions. Cannot grape-growers take advantage of these variations and graft varieties that fail under some conditions on roots of those that thrive under the same conditions? The possibility of improving the viticulture of New York by such grafting was the inspiration of an experiment at this Station to test various root stocks for the best varieties of American grapes. In this experiment three groups of varieties have been grafted on St. George, Riparia Gloire and Clevener stocks and a fourth group on their own roots. The varieties grafted On these stocks were: Agawam, Barry, Brighton, Brilliant, Campbell Early, Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Goff, Herbert, Iona, Jefferson, Lindley, Mills, Niagara, Regal, Vergennes, Winchell and Worden. The experiment was tried on the farm of I. A. Wilcox, of Portland, Chautauqua County, New York, in the Chautauqua Grape Belt. The vines were grown in two plats on two kinds of soil— Dunkirk gravel and Dunkirk clay. The planting plan and all of the vineyard operations were those common in com- mercial vineyards. The original plan was to graft only on growing stocks but the loss of a large proportion of the grafted plants the first few years made it necessary to resort to bench-grafting on rooted plants as well. Later experiences show that bench-grafting on cuttings is probably the best method of starting a grafted vineyard. Yearly accounts of the vineyard show that the vines passed through many vicissitudes. The experiment was started in 1902 when St. George and Riparia Gloire stocks from California were set and grafted in the field. Many of these died the first year. *A reprint of Bulletin No. 355, December, 1912; for ‘‘ Popular Edition,” see p. 860. [489] 490 REPORT OF THE DrPARTMENT OF TlorticuLTuRE OF THE The winter of 1903-04 was unusually severe and many more vines were either killed or so severely injured that they died during the next two years. The vines on St. George, a very deep-rooting grape, withstood the cold best. Fidia, the grape root-worm, was found in the vineyards early in the life of the vines and did much damage in some years. In the years of 1907 and 1909 the crops were ruined by hail. But despite these serious setbacks it was evident throughout the experiment that the grafted grapes were better vines. And so, though the experiment is a partial failure through accidents, the results are thought to be worth publishing. Tabies II and III show that the grafted grapes are more pro- ductive than those on their own roots. As an example of the differences in yield, a summary of the data for 191: from Table III may be given. In this year, an average of all the varieties on own roots yielded at the rate of 4.39 tons per acre; on St. George, 5.36 tons; on Gloire, 5.32 tons; on Clevener, 5.62 tons. The crops on the grafted vines were increased through the setting of more bunches and the development of larger bunches and berries. The grapes on the grafted vines ripen a few days earlier than those on their own roots. This holds, in particular, as regards Gloire and Clevener, while with St. George a few varieties were retarded in ripening. Time of maturity is very important in this region, where there is danger of early frost to late ripening sorts and where it is often desirable to retard the harvest time of early grapes. In the behavior of the vines the results correspond closely with those given for yields. In the relative growth ratings of varieties on different stocks the varieties on their own roots were rated in vigor at 40; on St. George, at 63.2; on Gloire, at 65.2; on Clevener, at 67.9. There is no way of deciding how muck the thrift of the vines depends on adaptability to soil and how much on other factors. Since all of the varieties were more productive and vigorous on grafted vines than on their own roots, it may be said that a high degree of congeniality exists between the stocks and varieties under test. The experiment suggests that it would be profitable to grow some of the fancy grapes of the region on grafted vines and that New Yorx AgericutruraL Expertmerentr Sration. 491 it is well within the bounds of possibility that main-crop grapes can be profitably grafted. It is recommended that grape-growers try small vineyards of grafted grapes, using as stocks the three tried in this experiment. For procedure in growing a grafted vineyard the experiences given in this Bulletin should be taken in account, supplemented by a study of methods in California where grafted vineyards are commonly grown. Some of the practices in California are dis- cussed on pages 517-519 but a more extended study of them should be made before engaging largely in growing grafted grapes. This Station is repeating this experiment; it is hoped under more favorable circumstances. INTRODUCTION. The several species from which come cultivated grapes show wide variations in adaptability to natural and cultural conditions. Thus, cultivated Labruscas prefer loose, warm, sandy or gravelly soils; in the vineyard, Riparia varieties hike a somewhat richer and heavier soil; the offspring of Vitis estivalis thrive on lighter and shallower soils than even the Labruscas; Vitis rupestris, under cultivation, is better adapted than any other species to hard, dry soils. The species named respond quite differently to heat, cold, shade or sunshine and to moisture; they have varying capacities to withstand insects and fungi; and the productivity, the longevity and the size of the vine depend largely upon the species. The manifold types of grapes, too, behave quite differently under such cultural operations as propagation, cultivation and spraying. The query, then, at once arises, ‘Cannot grape-growers take advantage of the variations in grapes and graft varieties that fail in some soils or climates, or because of certain insects or fungi, or that are not easily propagated or are short-lived, on roots of species that withstand these adverse conditions?” The signal success achieved in grafting varieties of Vitis vinifera, especially susceptible to attacks of phylloxera, on roots of species resistant to this insect, suggests that these other troubles may be more or 492 Rerorr or tHe Department or Horricutrure oF THE less overcome by grafting on roots of species free from these weaknesses. It was considered possible to improve the viticulture of New York by such grafting; and this possibility was the inspir- ation of an experiment at this Station to test various root stocks for the best varieties of American grapes. This bulletin is a report on the experiment said, which does not cover the broad field indicated in the opening paragraph, but a very limited one now to be outlined. an experiment, however, it must be quickly THE PROBLEM STATED. The grapes in the work in hand are American grapes and more especially the hybrids between cultivated natives and varieties of Vitis vinifera. The attempt has been made to grow these grapes on stocks that were thought to be more vigorous, hardier to cold, better adapted to certain soils, more resistant to phylloxera and the fidia, that were easily propagated and that quickly made good unions in grafting. Will grafting on these selected root stocks or on any others prove profitable in commercial vineyards? The out- standing features of this experiment, most of which are but touched upon in this report, were, it was believed, fraught with far-reach- ing consequences to grape-growers—not merely a_ technical problem. STARTING THE EXPERIMENT. MATERIALS. Stocks.— Through many experiments, followed by trials every- where in vineyards, the French and the Californians developed stocks for nearly all conditions of grape-growing. The choice with these experienced vineyardists depends upon the variety to be worked on the stock, adaptation to soils, the purpose for which the grapes are to be grown and the adverse condition to be overcome by grafting. From the many stocks in use at home and abroad for Vinifera varieties, two were chosen for New York, St. George and Riparia Gloire. Since there are a few vineyards in this State grafted on the Clevener, a vigorous, healthy, direct producer of the New York AaricutruraL ExpeertmMent Sration. 493 region, this grape was included as a stock in the test. In the ex- periment there are, then, three groups of grafted varieties to be compared with a fourth in which the vines are on their own roots. The botanical and horticultural characteristics of the stocks or fruits are not important at this time; but the merits and defects of the varieties as stocks, especially as to adaptations to soils, must be indicated. Since the first two stocks are hardly known on the Atlantic seaboard, what is said of them is based largely on their behavior in California and France. St. George.— This grape, known nearly as well by its synonym, Rupestris du Lot, is a variety of Vitis rupestris, an inhabitant of Texas and the Southwest though ranging sparingly north and east and west of the State named to considerable distances. The species and this variety of it in particular, are pre-eminently well adapted to sandy, gravelly, rocky soils. St. George has remark- ably strong roots which force themselves deeply into even very compact soils if the water table be not too near the surface. Its habit of deep rooting enables it to withstand drouths and seemingly, from this experiment, the roots withstand cold. The variety is very vigorous and communicates its strength to its grafts. It roots readily in the nursery and makes a very good union in graft- ing with either Vinifera varieties or other American species. It is by no means the most resistant stock to phylloxera but this need concern eastern growers but little. The chief defect of this stock as it grows in New York is that it suckers too freely. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier.— This stock, known for short as Riparia Gloire, is, as its name suggests, a division of the well known Vitis riparia, the most widely distributed species of American grapes, ranging, in one region or another, eastward from the Rocky mountains to the Atlantic in the United States. The roots of this species and of its variety under consideration, quite unlike those of St. George, are small, hard, numerous, branch freely, and feed close to the surface of the ground. This stock grows best in deep rich soils which must not approach either extreme of wetness or dryness. MRiparia Gloire is exceedingly 494. Reporr or tur Department or Horricuururrs oF THE vigorous, even for the strong-growing species to which it belongs, and imparts its vigor to vines worked on it. Where hardiness is a factor in grape-growing, this stock should prove of value. As with all Riparias this variety grows readily from cuttings and makes a good stock for grafting, uniting freely and usually per- manently with other species. Riparia Gloire, as are all of its species, is very resistant to phylloxera. The principal defect of this stock in California and Europe is that it is very particular as to soils. In our own experiment, there is a tendency for the cion to overgrow the stock. Clevener.— This variety is a well known wine-grape in New York. It is a hybrid between Vitis labrusca and Vitis riparia with some characters suggesting that one of its parents might have blood of Vitis estivalis. The vine is a rampant grower, hardy, succeeds in various soils and is probably adapted to a greater range of soils in this region than either of the other stocks discussed. It unites readily with other grapes and bears its grafts well. Although not tested thoroughly as regards phylloxera, it is probably as resistant as Riparia Gloire. In the past this has been considered the standard stock upon which to graft in this State. Varieties used as grafts.— The varieties used as grafts in the experiment are, with one or two exceptions, the grapes most grown in commercial and home vineyards in New York. The selection of these varieties out of hundreds from which to choose, was dic- tated by varied considerations, chief of which were defects in adaptability to soil, climate and other environmental conditions which it was thought top-working might overcome. The grapes are so well known that there is no need of varietal description of any of them but all will be interested in knowing what considera- tions led to the selection of each variety. Agawam.—Agawam is the most widely grown of Rogers’ hybrids in the United States. It does pre-eminently well, however, only on heavy or clay soils and in many loealities does not yield satisfactorily. In severe winters it is precariously hardy in New York. New York Acricuurura, Exrrrmrent Stratton. 495 Barry.— This is one of our best-flavored and longest-keeping hybrid grapes, resembling in color, flavor and keeping quality its European parent, Black Hamburg. Unfortunately it is not pro- ductive and it was hoped that it might be made to yield more by grafting on another stock. Brighton.-— Brighton is one of the few Labrusca-Vinifera hy- brids which have attained prominence in commercial vineyards. The variety, however, has two most serious defects. It is self- sterile and it rapidly deteriorates in quality after picking. There was the possibility that working on another stock might influence the latter quality somewhat. Brilliant.— Brilliant is a handsome, well-flavored, red grape, a cross between Lindley and Delaware, with such excellent keeping and shipping qualities that it might be grown with great profit in New York were it not for three faults—the bunches are vari- able in size and ripen unevenly, and in some soils the vines lack in productiveness. It was hoped that grafting on another stock might at least mitigate these faults somewhat. Campbell Harly.—At its best Campbell Early is unsurpassed in bunch, berry and vine by any American grape. But in most localities the variety falls far short of the perfection just indicated because it is adapted to but few soils and must have particular climatic and moisture conditions. Grafting on some other stock may lessen or do away with these weaknesses. Catawba.— Catawba thrives in a great variety of soils and under various moisture and climatic conditions. It is the standard red grape of the markets of eastern America, more largely grown than any other red sort, but its cultivation could be still further extended in New York were it not for the fact that it ripens a week too late to be certain except in favored localities. In Europe and California, some varieties ripen a week or more earlier if grown on other than their own roots — hence, the trial of Catawba in this experiment. Concord.—The Concord, known'by all, is the dominant type of our native grapes, taking first place in American viticulture be- cause of the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself 496 Report oF THE DeEpPARTMENT OF HorricuLTURE OF THE to varying conditions. Its use in this experiment is for purposes of comparison as to its behavior on different stocks rather than with the hope of correcting defects of adaptability. Delaware.— Delaware is the standard in quality of all Ameri- can grapes found on the markets. The variety, however, makes a very slow growth and is very capricious in certain soils. It would be a boon, indeed, if grape-growers could overcome these faults by grafting. Goff.— Goff, a variety originating at this Station, is hardly surpassed in fruit characters but falls far short in bunch and vine characters. It was hoped that these might be improved by grafting. Herbert.— Herbert, another of Rogers’ hybrids, very similar to Barry in characteristics, is as near perfection in fruit characters as we have yet attained in the evolution of American grapes but is very capricious as to soils. It was especially hoped that this splendid grape would do better grafted than on its own roots. Iona.— Iona is unsurpassed among American grapes for deli- cacy and sprightliness of flavor, keeping quality, and in making wines and champagne. But to be grown at all well it must have a soil exactly suited to its needs. It requires a deep, dry, sandy or gravelly clay and will not thrive on black loams or on poor sands or gravels — hence, the attempt to graft it on a stock more adaptable to soils. Jefferson.— Jefferson is a cross between Concord and Jona, the good qualities of both parents showing. Unfortunately, it is a little too late and a little too tender to cold for a commercial variety, faults which it was hoped might be remedied by growing it on other roots than its own. Lindley.—All concede that Lindley is the best one of the red grapes among the hybrids grown by Rogers. Yet it is little known commercially because of precariousness in bearing and lack of adaptation to some soils. Top-working might help overcome these defects. Mills.— Of all our cultivated grapes, Mills probably varies most under different cultural conditions and because of this is New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 497 placed by some among the best sorts and by others is said to be worthless. There was the possibility that it might be top-worked on some stock which would cause it to bear more uniformly and larger crops of better fruit. Niagara.— Niagara is the leading green grape east of the Rocky raountains, but it would be greatly improved for commercial vine- yards if grafting on another stock should make it a little hardier and more productive. Regal.— This variety is worthy extensive trial in the vineyards of New York, not, at the time this experiment was started, at least, having been well tested. It was thought deserving a trial and on other roots than its own. Vergennes.— Vergennes is exceedingly variable in size of bunches and berries and in time of ripening. The vine, too, has a sprawling habit of growth. It is known that the last named fault can be corrected by grafting and there was the possibility that the other two could be, in which case this variety, because of the attractive appearance, high flavor, long-keeping quality of the fruit and the regularity with which it bears, would be a very profitable grape to grow. Winchell.— The vines of Winchell are nearly perfect in hardi- * ness, productiveness, and adaptability to soils; and the fruit characters are, in the main, good. The bunches, however, are small, loose and straggling, characteristics which might change if the vines were on other stocks. Worden.—W orden possesses most of the good and bad qualities of Concord, differing chiefly in being a little earlier and having larger, sweeter and juicier berries. It is, however, a little more fastidious as to soils, a character which might change were the variety grafted on the stocks under trial. SITE OF THE EXPERIMENT. Location.—- The experimental vineyard is located on the farm of I. A. Wilcox, about one mile south of Portland, Chautauqua County, New York. Portland is near the middle of the Chautau- 498 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE qua Grape Belt, a strip of land from two to six miles wide extend- ing along the shore of Lake Erie for about 35 miles. This belt is recognized as the most important grape area east of the Pacific Coast. Though narrow, the strip is so variable in topography, climate and soil that the environment of the experiment should be noted carefully, for there is a marked difference in yield and quality of grapes in vineyards which seemingly differ but little in the natural factors named. Topography.— The Chautauqua Grape Belt is divided length- wise, parallel to the lake, by a high escarpment, the “ Hill” of the region. The land between the escarpment and the lake is the Erie lowlands, the surface and soil of which are comparatively uniform. From the crest of the escarpment the land gradually ascends in an undulating, sometimes hilly plain, the “ uplands” of the grape belt. The Wilcox farm is in the uplands, about 214 miles from Lake Erie and at an altitude of 200 feet above it. Climate.— The lowlands and uplands differ considerably in climate, due to local topography, and grape-growers in the belt generally believe that peculiarities of climate have much influence on the growth of grapes in the region. It is held, with some show of data to substantiate the belief, that the rainfall is greater and the mean temperature lower on the uplands than on the lowlands. The prevailing winds are from the west and south. Soils.— The soils of the Chautauqua Belt are of glacial origin and contain much foreign material in the shape of boulders, small stones, gravel and finer debris. Yet, in some vineyards, the soil corresponds so closely with the rocks underneath as to indicate that the upper layer is of local origin. Practically all of the vine- yards are on one or another of the several soils of the Dunkirk series. Many vineyards, as is the case with this experimental one, are growing on two or more quite distinct soils. Vineyard plats—— The experimental vineyard is planted on two somewhat distinct soils on the Wilcox farm. One division is on Dunkirk gravel which many vineyardists believe grows grapes of New York AGRiIcuLttuRAL ExpErRIMENT STATION. 499 superior quality and upon which the grapes ripen a few days in advance of those on other soils. The plat on this soil contains about one acre upon which are set 600 vines. The other division of the vineyard is on Dunkirk clay, a soil more retentive of mois- ture than the other soils of the belt and more productive but on which the grapes are comparatively late in ripening. Of this clay land the experiment included about two-fifths of an acre, contain- ing 225 vines. The vines behaved much the same on these two plats — quite contrary to expectations. THE VINEYARDS. Planting plan.— The grapes in both plats were set nine feet apart in rows eight feet apart. In the smaller plat, Plat I, there are nine rows containing twenty-five vines each; in the larger plat, Plat II, twelve rows of fifty vines each. The plan of the experiment calls for numbers of the varieties as given in the diagram on the next page. | The vineyard was laid out and planted under the general direc- tion of Professor 8. A. Beach, who planned the experiment, in May, 1902. Professor Beach directed the test until August, 1905, when the writer took charge. The original plan was to graft all vines in the vineyard and plantings of the stock for this purpose were made in late May, 1902. At this time, 225 vines each of Riparia Gloire and St. George were set in the experimental plats. The Clevener stocks could not be set until the spring of 1903. Unfortunately a poor start was made with the vines for stocks. The plants had to be ordered from California and the long trip across the continent, with vines severely root-pruned and not good to start with, so weakened them that the loss at planting was great. Of the St. George plants 49 died and of the Riparia Gloire 206. In the fall of 1902 the vacancies in the plats of these two stocks were filled and all of the varieties on their own roots were set. Grafting.— Grape-grafting is as old as grape-growing. At least, more or less precise methods are given for the operation in the earliest printed cultural directions for this fruit. It would seem 500 Repvorr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE Sock Glove St George Quin Roots. Glove. St.Geovg Owen Roots Gloire St.George Omun Roots Clevener. Glare St George Qvwn Roots Clevener Cloir St George Own Root Clevener Glore St George QwnRaots Clheveney Gloire St George Own Roots Clevenee Clore St George Own Root Clevener owe St George Owe Roots chet ow $ ozo a Neff Rosia a aie a) as Sey ee ei toe : Camye e\\ 2 4.6 Pirjoaae ineyard TT . . ‘ a ° e 2 . 2 soe yo & e a e ’ ° . v ’ ° oe jet eel x Belhant F S W inehell . - oO is 4 DIAGRAM I.— PLAT OF EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARDS SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF VARIETIES, New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 501 that grafting should be a kindergarten operation in vine-growing and that all who work with grapes should know how to graft them. Yet grafted vines cannot be found in many grape regions of eastern America and grape-grafting is nowhere common. The lack of knowledge on the subject warrants a rather full description of the methods used in this experiment — a description all the more necessary because of many failures in grafting. The original plan was to graft only on growing stocks but the loss of a large proportion of the grafted plants the first few years made it necessary to resort to bench-grafting as well. We have, therefore, two methods to describe. Grafting on growing stocks.— The grape stocks were set in the vineyard one year before grafting. The stocks came to the Station as shown in Plate LXIV and were severely cut back, root and branch. They were planted and subsequently cared for as un- erafted grape vines are ordinarily grown. The young plants did not make a satisfactory start nor did they grow well during the summer and this unsatisfactory first season was undoubtedly the cause of many failures of vines subsequently. The cions, each containing two eyes, were cut in the fall and buried in sand over winter. So far as appears from the records, there was no selection of cions from fertile canes or vines nor would such be the practice if the work were to be done now. At the present time in grafting, precautions are taken to procure cions from healthy, mature plants; and it is presumed that in this experiment they were thus selected. Cions from young, weakened, or diseased vines are not well lignified and do not form calluses readily, probably because of a deficiency in reserve food materials. The cions were six to eight inches long, the length depending upon that of the internodes. The average diameter was about one-third of an inch though this varied somewhat in accordance with the variety. The first grafting was done in May, 1903. The question may well arise here as to whether this was the best time for field graft- ing. Subsequent experience leads to the conclusion, one also 502 Reporr or THE DerpartTMEentT or HorrictuLTurE OF THE reached by others, that the union is best if grafting be done when the stock is not in full sap. Callous tissue does not develop well when the vine is bleeding badly and the operation should, there- fore, be done just before or just after the period of greatest activity of sap. If done while the sap is in full flow the rooted stock should be cut a few days before grafting. It is held in France that heavy ‘ains during grafting are almost fatal to success and that the grafts must not be maintained under any circumstances in surroundings excessively damp. Preparatory to grafting, the earth was removed from around the stocks to a depth of a few inches. The vines were then decapi- tated just below the surface of the ground and at right angles with the axis of the stock. The stock thus prepared was grafted with the ordinary cleft graft, but one cion being used, however. Pre- caution was taken to make the wedge of the graft ata node. After the insertion of the cion the graft was securely tied with raffia and covered with grafting wax and the vine mounded up to the upper bud of the cion with fresh earth carefully firmed. Later experi- ences show a much higher percentage of good grafts if grafting wax is not used, probably because the flowing sap escapes more readily. The mound is important and should be made of soil not too stiit and wet and yet firm enough to maintain an even temperature, prevent too rapid evaporation and guard the cion against being blown or knocked out. Late in the season all of the vines were examined for a count of live and healthy plants and to remove roots which had developed from the cions. In the light of more recent experience, it is probable that the vines suffered from not having the roots of the cions removed earlier in the season —say July or August; for, since the cions were nourished partly by their own roots the root- systems of the stocks, having less to do, did not make the greatest possible growth and suffered to that extent. Eventually this prob- ably reacted on the whole vine. The advice may be offered, in which more experienced grafters generally agree, to sever the roots of the cion as soon as possible. If the raffia has not rotted when the New York AGricutturaAL Experiment Station. 503 roots are removed, it should be cut. It may be necessary to sever the roots of cions twice during the first season, each time earthing up as at first though not as high. The mistake was made, and here the novice will often fail, of putting some of the grafts too deep, as the result of which some vines grew on their own roots and the object of grafting was thwarted. Plate LXV shows such vines. The earth was not leveled about the vines until the following spring, but served during the winter to protect the poorly lignified grafts from frost and to prevent blowing out of the cions. The vines were not staked the first year after grafting but this would have been a profitable precaution since a number broke either at the graft or more often just below, where the stock was frequently smaller than the cion, possibly from the fact that roots had been allowed to remain too long on the cion. Many suckers appeared from the stocks, especially from the St. George, and were removed as quickly as the work could conveniently be done. The suckering of St. George must be set down as a serious fault of this stock. Plate LX VI illustrates the suckering habit. The plan to graft all vines in situ had to be abandoned, as before stated, because the loss of many plants made apparent the necessity of having on hand a surplus of grafted vines for the first few years of the experiment. To secure such a surplus it was neces- sary to resort to bench-grafting. Bench-grafting.— The cions for the bench-grafts were pre- pared as for the grafting in the field. The root-stocks were the same as those set in the field but received, of course, some pre- liminary preparation. Roots and tops were cut back severely, the former to a few inches in length — we now cut back to an inch, for when longer they prove troublesome in handling. The mistake was made of grafting some of the stocks on the growth of the pre- vicus year the result being a great number of suckers which would not have grown, in such numbers at least, had all been grafted on the wood of the original cutting. The bench-grafting was done in late March and early April after which the grafts were stored away for callousing. 504 Reporr or tue Department or HorvricuLtrure oF THE The whip-graft, known by all fruit-growers, was used in bench- grafting. Of the several methods of cutting cion and stock prepa- ratory to uniting them, the style used was similar to the whip-graft- ing of nursery stock —illustrated in Plate LXVII. Grape-growers often ask what graft to use in bench-grafting. The choice must depend upon the material and the graft must be used which, with the material in hand, will best bring the cambium layer of stock and cion into juxtaposition and hold them there until the parts are firmly united. The method used in this experiment seemed to answer the purposes best and at the same time was easily per- formed. Of all grafts, this one mutilates and exposes the plant tissues as little as any. A few brief statements in regard to making whip-grafts may not be out of place. The aim should be to make the cut of the stock duplicate that of the cion so that the cut surfaces cover as nearly as possible. The cut is made with one motion of the knife and with a quick, sliding movement. The length of the cut sur- face depends upon the diameter of stock and cion — the thinner the wood the longer the surface, which will usually be in length from three to four times the diameter of the graft. The tongues are cut and under no circumstances split. The tongue begins about one-third of the length of the beveled surface and extends a little more than one-half of the remaining surface. When stock and cion are joined, the cut surfaces should exactly cover without projections or on the other hand without any exposure of cut sur- face. No matter how firm the graft may seem after the parts are placed together, tying is necessary. or this purpose, use raffa or waxed string. Though the grafts for this experiment were waxed, this operation is not necessary and in fact is undesirable. As soon as made the grafts should be placed under conditions favorable for callousing and uniting the cut surfaces, and the root- ing of the stock. Favorable conditions for these vital actions can be had only in a specially prepared place where moisture, tempera- ture and aeration can be controlled. Such a callousing bed can be made of sand or of clean sphagnum moss, in either case under “dHAIGOaY SV SMOOLG AdvVAY —AINT ILVIg *IIUIAIO “anloay) “49 ‘allopy vriszediy STOCK. Z, iS) o Z _ Ss oe ° ios nM sel y, 5 oD 4 —_ 4 Si <3} a a ) Ay ed to cion.) AFTING. ato. Leni.) Yl is from 7 os = St. "NOIQ GNV MOOLG JO NOINQ GOO) W—TJILTAXT AlviIg New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 505 cover. The bundles of grafts are placed in the bed, cions upper- most, and the bed is then filled with the material in the interstices in and about the bundles, to a depth of a few inches above the cions. Air there must always be. Heat and moisture can be supplied as is necessary to force or retard vital action in the grafts. At least one month is required for the formation of a proper union, such as is shown in Plate LXVIII. Finally the grafts are planted in nursery rows where care may be given them and in a soil and under conditions to make them grow vigorously. It must not be inferred that the methods of grafting used for this experiment are necessarily the best. Any one contemplating growing a grafted vineyard would do well to study other methods. The Californians have developed vineyard graftage to a high de- gree and the experiment station at Berkeley, California, would probably furnish literature to the limited number that are likely to wish information on grafting grapes in New York. In that State, bench-grafting cuttings, a method not used in this experi- ment though now in use at this Station, is found more satisfactory than bench-grafting roots or grafting in the field. The method, so far as uniting stock and cion are concerned, is the same as that employed in bench-grafting cions on rooted cuttings. ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE EXPERIMENT. The progress of the experiment is best told by giving an annual report of the vineyard. The account shows that the vines have had nearly all the ills that grape flesh is heir to—some of the plants seemingly have the proverbial nine lives of a cat. The vicissitudes of the experiment are set forth in full, for unless one is conversant with them, the experimental value of the work cannot be gauged. 1902.—- The vines of St. George and Riparia Gloire were set during the last few days of May. Mr. Wilcox, in charge of plant- ing, reported, “the plants are a poor lot and not more than 50 per et. will grow.” In November the St. George vines were found to be in fair condition with but 49 dead or weak plants out of 506 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE 225; of the 225 Riparia Gloire vines, 206 were dead. Late in the fall, all of the varieties on their own roots were set excepting three sorts which were put out early the next spring. For most part the vacancies in the Riparia Gloire plantation were from vines that failed to start either because originally poor stock or because weakened in the trans-continental shipment. 1903.— In the spring of this year the vacancies noted the pre- ceding fall were filled and all of the Clevener vines were set. A surplus number of vines were bench-grafted and put in nursery rows for possible vacancies in future years. October 1 of this year, it was found that 17 Riparia Gloire stocks had died; 9 of St. George; 9 of Clevener; and 29 on their own roots. Of the erafts on Riparia Gloire 8 had died; 48 on St. George; and none on Clevener. The vines were pruned, tilled and otherwise cared for as in a commercial vineyard —this record need not be bur- dened with the details. 1904.— Upon examination in early May of this year many dead and weak vines were found. The greater number of these were plants on which cions had not united with the stock but which had been kept alive by roots from above the union. Most of these seemed to have been injured by the extreme cold of 1903-04. In digging plants to fill vacancies from nursery rows at the Station, it was found that the union of stock and cion was not so strong with bench-grafted plants as in the case of those grafted in the nursery row. Many of the bench-grafted plants bore roots from the cion, which were removed, and the plants set so that the union was about two inches below the surface of the ground. After planting, the vines were banked up nearly to the top of the cion. The following were the numbers reset on the different stocks: St. George, 85; Riparia Gloire, 56; on own roots, 48. All of the Clevener stock was grafted this spring, May 19 and 20. In the middle of May of this year the roots which had grown the preced- ing year from cions were removed. May 23 and 24, a new lot of plants were bench-grafted on the three stocks, buried until June 2 and then set in nursery rows at the experimental vineyard. New York Acricvurtruran Experiment Sration. 507 May 3, an application of acid phosphate at the rate of 600 pounds per acre and of muriate of potash at the rate of 400 pounds was made. A trellis for the plantation was erected this year. 1905.— The effects of the winter injury of 1903-04 showed more and more plainly as the season of 1904 advanced. Late in the fall the grand total of dead vines was found to be as set forth in Table [. It is not quite fair to attribute all of the deaths in the experimental plats to the severe cold but there is no other apparent reason for the wholesale dying of the vines; and grapes everywhere in the Chautauqua Belt died following this winter, so it is safe to say that those in this vineyard were almost wholly killed by cold. In the Wilcox vineyards adjoining the experi- mental plantations many vines, especially young ones, succumbed to the winter. TasBLE I.— NuMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF DEAD VINES OF GRAPE VARIETIES GROWN on Own Roots or GRAFTED — SPRING, 1905. Variety. Gloire. St. George. | Clevener. Own roots. NOM eEerch eNO, | ach NOsn |= ck. No. al) Ps ct: J GUNES 24 Bes AE 8 eR Sirsa 2 8 8 8 25 | 100 (Chiesyolops lS Wee ae eee ety ais} ae Bs" 4} 29 8 | 55 GOnCOrden seek ecco: D) 50 Z 20 bore 4 40 Vergennes .tcci9. 20820! 14 | 56 10 | 40 10; 40 6} 24 iB lst overeinyS Bl chee See 6 40 2 13 meh Te 4 26 Vonaeeeien pak ke. RI 2 13 3 20 oa a ds 3 20 UNS OT a ee cae hee cing faryeck 10 | 40 10 | 40 12 | 48 8 | 32 Teese aera Seeeeeen Teed 2 \* 20 2 | 20 Sy lao) PBI Ne 2 Goftentrrr. Stet: ty! hake 3) joel) Bye be ets 0) 1 10 1 10 CORT OF ee eae ee 9} 90 4) 40 8} 80 2) 20 iDelawares eh Ao oee ss ote: 1 20 3 60 4 80 3 60 Brilliantatrasyscterss tose 4} 80 4}; 80 3] 60 2] 40 Witldlerrin ss ss. cra, core earia its 3] 60 on GU Al AO) BYE a | ksea ord Briton yar yeas ¢ 4|/ 80 3 |} 60 a 60 2} 40 BATS a eee 4} 80 PE) a 5 | 100 0) Windlevewem sec tice. 1 10 0}; OO PR PAD) 0} 00 IAT RIN BROS ody -dorp se tate i ik Qty LF “wr. 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SHAD SID OOO LINCO AO LD AN HN OD a]qnjos 1078 LE° 66 Oe 16. oT 6G. 10°62. 96°82 0 Lag *apIxo raddog SROROROROROR BoIpa AOL], Aueqy AOL, Aueqry BaIpoy “Wdye} WO ,, Uoold slivg oind A]ON40,, SAY) YIOX MON {OD SuUIBIT]TA\—-UIMIeyg ;, UeoIs svg oind Ap}01149 ,, ‘AUD WOK MON “OD SUIBETTEM—OLMIoYS ,, UooIs stieq oind ATyoWyg ,, ‘AUD YOK MON “OPO “T ,, Ude1d SUB 91nd opeIs-IT{ , SAUD YIOK MON SOD 2 UUBULIIOFY ‘SLO TAT ,, UdeIS SIIB ond opvis-t7] ,, ‘AUD YIOK MON “OD 2 uuvurrsoyzy ‘SuUIOPy ,, W013 suvg sind APOIUYS popUBIIeM,, ‘AYO YOK MON “OO ® svonyT uyor “‘puviq 10 DUIVU PBI} PUB IOINOVJNUBUI JO ssaIppe puB sue Ny 696-92 696 LZ LE8 882 val L8L CSL SPE-E1Z-PET| 9E8 “raquinu O}BIYIIO “roquinu e[dureg ‘(papnjau0))—NAAYD STUVd 543 New Yorx AgGricutturaAL ExprrrImMent STATION. 99 Lag “OTUASIB ayqnjos -10}® SP 79 +9 68°49 0G T§ €9°CE FO && 6&6 && GT Vé VI TE OF LV 6& 12° Sé 69 °GE TL ¥9 “apIxo Beant 49 Lag “Oprixo o1desly OROROROROR OF OCROROROROROROE bt @) Aueqry Aueqiy aisdoayxysnog AUD YOK MON aisdseyysnog ue yIeY ysinqmMon aisdsayysnog APD YOK MON aisdooyysnog Aueqry qsinqMoN “Uayey O1OT ‘punoyT puv poozwuRiensy) 1of¥ AToAtzooedsen purrs | pur 4 , cc PBT JO OPVUOSIV 8/4 FIMG ,, “ssvy ‘Uoysog “oD [BorTMmeYyH ovUILey c¢ PBOT JO OYBMOSIV 8:4 FTMG ,, “ssvy ‘Wojsog “OD [wormeyH ovUILe yy PUeIq yy, tOqoay |; ‘AVI YIOK MON “sorg 4903ZaT pusiq if IBS ” ‘AULD YLOK MON ‘SInquoaeyT poly puviq ,, AoxZ ,, “eon ‘Aqtg Aosiap “OD [eorureyH 07e4s10, UT puviq ,, Aoyy ,, “Pon ‘AqIQ Aosiop “oD [eormeyD 0789810} UT « 9YBUISIG PBI 9INg ,, ‘yI0X MON pus “Sug ‘uopuoyT “op ading uopuoy s,AemBurureyzy] «, 9YVUASIV PRI o1NgQ ,, ‘yIoX MON pue “sug ‘uopuoT “og afding uopuoy s,AemSurureyzy «¢ PBI JO oYBUASIB T]JOSsBI'D ,, ‘oly ‘puRpAasg[D “oO TeoruayD Tesserg « AIC 5, ‘AUD YOK MON “OD sppousay yy, *O FY eoa0g *M ‘WT Peer COT ey: ‘AUD YOK MaN “OD pavyouryg “vy ‘see pueiq ifs o[suvny, ” ‘AYO YIOX AON “OD zp Joyowqsuy “g “Vy puviq ,, svg ,, ‘AYO YOK MEN “OD [worweyH %W 10[oH Jo[py ‘puriq 10 oUIvU opts} PUB JOINJoVjNUBUL Jo ssoIppe pay oe Ny 166 162 98 1Z *roquinu op Bop TE) ‘Jequinu efdureg “ALVNASAV CVaT Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE 544 “OITOSIB a[qnyos TOPE M Go =| 9F'OT 80°9 cy Lt | #F 8 Ze cee L0°€9 | 9L°SE 0€ 00°6€ | 02°6T 06 OL'Te | 6€°9T ST 60° | €6°F1 OSGI LL IZ | v9 Pv OC FF | OF 6T SL°9F | 8o°ZT 8° Ty | 69°CI 0€' 246 | 99°CT ieipcaats ST ‘plag |p laq | ‘aprxo | ‘oprxo pve] | oruesry «¢ DINYXIUT PBIJ-OP1IOg OJP ,, “CON ‘SIR AV “OD [eormeyD puvpeor A « XOIX ,, “ssey ‘W0ysog “OD oployoesuy s,JoyMog ‘HLVNASHYVY GVaT XNVadHOod A 7) Joysoyooy A D ) AUD BOR MON A y Ioysoqoory A +9) Josoyoory d 9) ysingMe Ny ul +9) AOL, A y AOI, A ny qrodyooig ul 73) WOyssULST A ) UOISsULY, ce Dx ywoda[ppril "Coye} VIO AA «¢ PB9 JO oyeuasie ATC, ,, “CN ‘SBA OMT “OD Teorey puejear~ «, PBA] JO oyeUOSIe O1Y99TT ,, “CON ‘ST@L MYT “OD [eormeyD puvjoor A puriqr,; PLeYoIO 5; “py ‘erounnyeg “op [eormeyD uosduo0qy, ,, S8e001d MAN, ,, ‘oryO ‘puvpag[D “oD surer[[tM-Ulroys te LOE py, “K 'N ‘TMH repap ‘uog x JoyxvUIUOOTDG « Alp ‘peal Jo oyeuasly ,, “APD YOK MON “OD spjousoy “L “O Y 200 “M “A «c OPOUISIV PBT ,, “erydjoperyg pue yIoxX MON ‘UozIeSuesoy ‘UBUTYYSIO\\ ‘SIOMOg «, DYBUASIB PROT ,, “erqdpepelyd pus yIoX MeN ‘UoJIvSsuesOY ‘UvUTVYSIO\\ ‘sIoMOg puviq ,, BIBSBIN ,, “KN ‘yaodo[ppryy “OD rz9ABIdg vieseiNy *puviq 10 dUIBU api} PUB JOINOVJNUBU JO ssaIppe puB oUIVNy OIG S8T 8G ‘roquinu OYBOYT}.LOD, “I ‘punog puv poozuvivny sof AToAtjoodser puvqys q pur Hy, 1&8 928 aquinu eydureg ‘(papnjow0))—ALWNASUV AVAL 545 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ‘punog pu poojuraeny sof Apoatzoedset purys J pur H, 0'F ad « Ang oplog o1,09/q ,, hd 9) 19}s9T0Y “CON ‘SIRT O1N9VT “OD a ysento puvpsetA | T1Z 0&8 CCI ru | puBiq “ec jo 1B TY, ” 0ST a) TILA wosue yy “BAM ‘Sinqsuyieyy “oD pusig yosrey, | gz CFS Z'8 a __ ¢ SUBTLE M ULM IOUS, 18 9] fox], O1YO “PUB[AATD “OD SUIBITTLA-ULMIayYg | —— 98 Lg a puviq ,, loyuy ,, £79 9) eisdeeyysnog ‘VIC. YIOK MON “OIG 3 430330_T | TH F6L Gail ALi ce oI} XTUL XNBIPLO AIC, ay 0°91 3) Aueqiy ‘AYIQ) YIOK MON “OIG 3 490B39T | GE 192 8 FI ct « OIN}XIU XNBOPLOG ,, y AY YIOX MON ‘AYO YOK MON “OD 2 uuvuUNLsoPy ‘SIIOTY | 67 $18 FOL Gl “ 911} XtUL xNBvoplo_ Youol 9 IZ 3) uOUIeA “FIAT “ACN ‘TETUSty ‘puowurey urrefueg | SF C98 09 a «c TJOSSBI ,, 6S ) Jo}sayopOg ‘AYIQ YIOX MON “OD [voruloyH Yessery | gC 198 8'LT ad PUCK, COM; £0 i) aisdooyysnog ‘AUD YIOK MON “OD prvyouvg” “vy see | 00Z 682 8ST a «, OINJXTUL XNBAPIOY ,, 0°02 3) Aueqiy | ‘AYIQ YIOX MON “OD = Joyoeqsuy “q-y |; LT gc. 0'9 AG 6 aysed xnvoplog pe }B1,U900090 puriq apseq A 22. 3) AYO YOK MON ‘AUD YIOK MON “OD [worueyD 3 1OJOD JaIpy | 82 198 oP tx puviq ,, o[deq ,, eo - Dm APD YIOX MON ‘AUIQ YIOX MON “OD [BoLUEYD 3 10JOH Jo_py | 6L 898 3 Wi redding ‘UdyBy VIO *puviq 10 OUIBU OPI} PUB IOINJOVJNUBUI Jo SSoIppB’ puB IUIBNT aunties adtes" AMOLIXTN XOVACUO" 18 Report on Inspection Work OF THE 546 *apixo ‘punoy pur peojuvaeny s0f ATaatzooedsor ‘purys yf pur 45 , A “ce O.IN}XTUL Op-H-XNT, ” 9) AOL, “KN ‘TH cepa ‘uog x JoyeuUOOYyDYg | CFT a 9013 SMVq puev oINyxIW xnvepiog AIG ro) Aueqry ‘AUD YOR MON “Org =» yesZ0T | ZH Hx igs [Bxoq ” i9\A AOL, ‘TyeuUrO -Ul ‘YIOK MON ‘UOJSOg ‘OD oplomoesuy JeyMog oy, | —— | “‘puziq 10 *roquinu snot -uasiB a[qnyjos -10}8 “Uayb} VOT oUIvU IPCI} PUB JOINJOVINUGUI JO SSaIPpB PUB BUIBAT aPBoIYtzIay) “HU OLXIN NAWYD STAVd-XOVACHO —EEE “requinu e[durrg New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 00°% os T 09°T 9 lag “quoUL “pas 8°08 ‘gq ‘shoq Ayisuoq 69°61 16°96 GS GL° LE GG 69°86 69° Gc GG G8 ES V9 ZT 62°81 68° GG GY Sc ¢9 6F Gs G9" 96 06 82°16 06 40 lag. “MOTyNOS ur amydyjng FC Fen FC Fn FC Fa CF OS Fs CO FCO weyqyeqO wootH qaoda[ppry meyzeyO I9}saTo0yY o][TAurOsue xT WOT yarodsey Aueqry sisdooyyanog Aueqry TOT ysinqMon ‘Uoyv} VOY AA ‘NOLLO'IOS UAHA TAS-AWTT ‘punoy pue peojurieny sof Apaatjzoodsert purvys yf puv y, “AN ‘weyyeyD ‘SIN “AL «, UOIYNOS Inyd[ns puv oul] Vesey, ,, “KN ‘qaoda[ppryy “oD s0Avadg viesery «, UOTJNOS nyd[ns puv oul] vireseryy ,, “AN ‘“Hodorppyy “oD sAvidg vareSviy “ inydyns-owrT ” “KN “juoyy ‘oro ueyyeN « INYd[Ns-ourly puviq 10youy ,, ‘AYO YIOK MON “Org 3» 4303307 ;, UOTZNIOS unydjns-owry ,, “eq “erydpepepyg “op [eormeyD [winqjnoy10}y “KN ‘Woy ‘Yyomdoyy “y “¢ «, UOIN[OS nYyd[ns-owr’y ,, “KN ‘aodsvy ‘sockeye “gq “Vv « UNOWIOR “yes pue imydyns-ourry ,, “ACN ‘UPLUSW ‘puowureyy urarefueg «, UOLNIOS nydyns-ourrT ,, ‘OrYO “PURpeAads[D “OD [worweYH fesse «, UOIYNOS Inydyns-owry ,, ‘OLYO ‘PuUBpeAe[y “OD [worMeEYD |lesserr) «, UOT}N[OS inydyns pue ourry ,, “ACN ‘WOU WO “€ “V «, UOTPNTOS peye1yue0u0D )=puBIq UorT ,, ‘AYO YOK MON ‘preyouryg “Vy ‘see mmydjns oul] ‘puriq 10 oureU OpB1} PUB JoINJOVjJNUvUI JO SsoIPp’ pu’ oUIeN LC8-TLT 866 62 £6 £6 Licey | 66T “raquinu azeoytyeD ST8 TS8 T8 918 8F8 L¥8 OS ‘requinu a,dureg Report on Inspection Work oF THE ‘punoy pue paoajurirny soy Apoatzoodset puvys gq pue 4H, imei GL 9% A « UONos nyd[ns-ourT ,, ae oo €@ 13) Joysayooy, “CN ‘SI®HL O4VT “OD [eormeyH puvpesrA | Z1Z 0g8 GLY FSS ¢9 ST A , 4 5 ee |) ps So 5 wo} ‘AN POUT eA MC | ——— 1Z8 ee 9G ‘GZ a ¢, UOTYN[OS-InYyd[Ns-awrT *A\-S ,, ao eee | ea GS r9) Aoi], ‘OlYO ‘PpUBpEAg “OD suLeITTIM-TaTeYyy | gcz c8L Sieg 6°66 GI IG A Poiel op 59 Cee Crem 1 ae LZ os 9) TOULAL AN GOUNA S808 “AL | 0S oc8 = 6" ee 91°92 Ax ,, UOIYNJOS inydyns puv ourly xoyxy ,, Pe) eee SBS. Dy uOIqIy “AN ‘doysayooy ‘Aueduioy xoy | GOT G38 70 lag | ‘g ‘shaq 99 lag : “UOT}NIOS ‘ : i weul : 2 puviq 10 oureu Jequnu | ‘1equinu sais Ayisuery ne eae eHAN APR} PUB IOINJOVJNUUL JO SsaIppe puv oUIeN d}BOYI}ID | ojdureg “(papnjov0d)—NOLLATOS WAHdTAS-AWIT 549 * ‘punoy puv poozuvieny sof ATaatzoedsor1 puvys gq pur ¥) New York AcricutturaAL ExpermMEeNtT STATION. “imydy[ns Sones c¢ SPLOOFNS ,, Aueqry ‘AUD YIOR MON “OD HPI “DO “A « @ “A-OONS ,, aso YWION “XN ‘osoy WON ‘purlo1y sopreyoO ;, punoduros inydjng ,, yIoOX Ma ‘AUID YIOX MAN “OD [wormeyH yiesog iis aursun] ”) piojsmp yy “eon ‘dosipepl “OO suuMyovjnusyy ourqdy “‘puriq Tera ote AN IO SWBU OpRI} PUL JOINJOVJNUBU JO SSoIppe PUG OUIN “raquinu a}BoYIyIID CLL 088 618 *‘laquinu ajdureg ‘STIO GNV UNHdTIAS ATANIOS AO HANLXIN ~ v THE OF x otton Wor! S Rerort on INsSPE u ‘punoy puv peoyuviens 10f Ajeatqzoodsot puvjs J pure Hy, 660 A « HNC O99BQOL ,, sae mouse A “FIA “KN ‘dourea “HAL “OD Foy “VY “H | —— 798 T's ut cc H® TX, 79) STO MeN “sug ‘uopuoT ‘spreyory “HD | —— G18 0&€ SV A c¢ PPPOTOOIN 5, GG i) SEED Io ESE “Ay ‘o1oqsuamg “oD dioyzeyeg “I “d | Sit 68 *(advyoud rod suresd ¢°6EZ) 96° 2 A « Yung-stydy w99}0FIN ,, *(aseyoed sed sureis 992) ——— |) Ia}soyooyy “or ‘soy 49 “OD Sulmnzovjnusypy euMoolNT | LTT 928 ro 0 A « dvog oddeqoT-oydjng ,, ro) ysingao N “AN ‘opeyng “oD P ULPeT | Sr vIs LL€ A «¢ ODDBGOT, JO POVIJAY FeaT 9soy_,, OLS ro) YIOX Mon | “AY ‘o[[lasmoyT “oD yonporg ovseqgoy, Ayonjusy | GFT 048 OV ul « OF J89T APIA 5, OV 79) qoysoyooy | “AY ‘el[AsmMoT “oD yonporg ovoeqoy, AYonUoYy | SPT 868 *(eseyord red suivis 6°17) 6&°9 A «, Splotyoesuy Jodeg oooeqoy, 9UN,J-OoIN, ,, *(eseyoud red sureis gg0'T) ——— | D foxy, | “AY ‘alftastmnoT “og yonporg oooeqoy, Ayonyuayy | [CT ISL 8y OP A E ¢¢ SUINJ-OOTN ,, OF ro) Aueqry | “Ay ‘[tasmogy “op yonporg oooeqoy, Ayonzusy | OST GLL LI &b H PO LAS GSN binp SY ro) qIox MeN “Yor ‘Horyeq, “OD eutz,OoIN, F#OI}9q_ | SIT L18 680 Ax « ourydy ,, 06 °0 Dx qsingaeN “pon ‘Uostpeyy “OD Suumpowsnueyy ourydy | ¢pZ FOS ny dee | aa a Santee ‘puviq 10 sueUu ‘Ioequinu |*1aquinu r400TN | ae Or AS apes} pUS IOINJOVJNUBUL Jo SSeIpPpe puv sUEN | oPWOYTYaD | epdusg ‘SNOILVUVdHUd ANILOOIN 551 w York AGricuLTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 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VOL 90 lag “IOYR MA 96°16 cL 9s eu 1zh FIs: se18. 6°98. 0g°¢8 00°06 9 Log ‘dvog * ORURUOROROROROROE * Aueqiy AOL, Aueqiy aisdooyysnog UWOUIIA “YIN uoqty Io}saqooyy ysingMoN ‘WOYe} 910M ‘punog puv poopuvieny sof ATOATJOodse1 puxjys qF pue H, —= « TOS T!O WH ,, “AN ‘Aueqry ‘wosqiy) 3 JOxTeM «, ABO [IO AVY AA IYOIV Bpog osney ,, “AN ‘TH epaQ ‘uog 7 JexeurMOOYg « FBO [IO HLL IMT 8.49098 ,, ‘Auvqly ‘dud "Vy 991004) « ABog TO FY ,, ‘AUD YOK MON “YOULT Y Uys] «¢ TOY [IO Ys puvig sioyouy ,, ‘AUD YIOK MON “OI 2 9908397 « TBOS TIO eTeY AM ,, “eq “erydjepetyd ‘poop souve « ABOS TIO aBYM ,, “ed ‘erydjepeliyg ‘pooy sour « Teog [TIO yey M pursg ourrT ,, ‘AUD WOK MON ‘prvyouryg “Vy ‘sve ‘puviq 10 sue apvi} puv JaINpoRJNuBUT JO ssaIppe pu eMIeNy ‘NOLLATIOS dvOs GEG 6G 9ST G82 SLL 008 &8 £98 SEG 6&8 OFS ¥68 VIE 908 “ethan -zequmnu TOL ajdueg Report on Inspection Work oF THE FE 86 06°66 ¥6°86 8&° 66 6966 PP 66 OOT 99 lad ‘mydyns T23O.L ‘punoy puv poojuvieny 10fF Ajaatyoodser purvys yf pur 5, A y UO}SsSSUTyy A 3) Ausqiy A r3) Aueqiy d ra) qwode|ppryAl x Dx aisdeoxysnog “dayey 104M « INnydIng paropaog ,, ‘AUD WOK MON ‘OUUM “O'S PL « INYydIng Jo s1aMmopy ,, “AN ‘Aueqiy ‘wosqty) 7 10x78 A “ee inyding ” “AN ‘Ausqry ‘Wosqiyy 7 10x18 A « INYyd[Ng Jo s1omopy ong ,, “KN ‘q1odolppryy “0D wAvidg viesein « Inyd[Ng moj, purrg uATyoo.rg ,, ‘AYO YOR MON “Yoruay 32 a][9}9eq ‘puvig 10 swIvU Opel} PUB JOINJOVJNUUT JO ssoIPpe paw oUTe NY &I-9 ‘roquinu SPOUTS) 618 POL €9L GPS £08 *“requinu e[dureg “WNAd Th 553 New York AaGricutTtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. *910Q -9]]9Y ouINUES Suteq jo souvivoddy oy} pey sofdures oy} [TV “qeyras sem sofdures ][@ jo svouvivodde [eoidooso10TM ayy, ‘afdures yoo jo a8Bd UL pouTe}qo sv IO[Od pai-doap OYSWIpIBIVYO OYJ, “UloLoqaT[oy 10F AJoayeypyenb poyso} o10M so[dures [[V Aueq(y uoulaA “II aisdooyysnog Aueqry atsdooxyonog UMOJAIIV mae} OI M « P10Q9T[9H 5, “KN ‘Aueqry ‘Wosqiy 3» 1Ox[B AA «¢ S1OG2[PFT PelopMOg aN ,, ‘AUD YOK MON “OD UINqIOyL "IW “£ «¢ CLOGS PelepAog ,, “YA “Hore “OO ® stveqd Are puerq iss royouy ” ‘AYO YIOK MON “Og 3 9909907 «¢ SMOQITOH OTM 5, “gory ‘ovpnpuog “oD sniq ueuLINy 2 Ioqnyy pawtd ¢; GOVT 5, ‘AYID YIOK MON “OOD pivyourlg “y sous “‘puviq 10 ouIeU epel} PUB JAINJOVJNUBUL JO SSoIPpB PUG oUTe Ny “‘AYOda TIGH POL “Iaquinu ayBoytyla— ‘raquInu ajdureg REpPoRT ON INSPECTION WorK. 554 ‘uOIl Jo ayeyd[ng “qsAr0 ageyd -Ins 1oddoo jo ‘40 red 7776 sureyu0D ‘aptxo soddoo jo yo aod 69°g Sutureyuod ‘oyvuU0q -1v0 toddoo jo WorNyos [vovruowury ‘oureyyydeu yy S[l0 9]qvIOBOA PUL [BIOUTUL JO 9INYXIPT “apIxo otuasie Jo “40 Jed 7G'GT pue oprxo snouesie jo 40 Jad Jo"7Z suleyUuoD ‘aprxo snoruesie Jo “yo sod F9'% Surareyuoo ‘dvos user ysvyod y “plow olfoqivo puv oluosie ‘o00eq04 ‘aprxo wot ‘ayeydyns win1dyeo ‘ayeyd -jns aeddoo ‘mydjns sory sureyu0g ‘ayeydyns wmn1o[v. ‘oyeydyns 10d -doo ‘ooavqo4 ‘imydyns sary sureyu0D ‘oprxo reddoo jo ‘yo aod 26°F Surureyuod ‘9}yeU0qG -1vo Joddoo jo uorjnyos [eovrmowury i) 0) <0) snouesiv jo ‘yo Jed FG'GE surezUOD ‘paLofoo AT[BIoy yaw ‘oyruesie UINLOTBO ‘Oyo ‘spunodui0d wnissejod ‘snioydsoyd ‘ummroyeo ‘aol ‘aprIxo pve] ‘oprxo oulz sureyu0D “OPIxo snotuesie 40 Jed F'Qe Burureyuoo ‘peropoo AT[eLoyrzAe ‘oyruesae VINTO[BO SS Ee Sueqry Aaeqry 19}Soooy Auvqy YysinqMoN Aueqy Aueqry UMOPAIIV J, Aueqy SUIpeyN Aueqry qrodyoorg MOB} CIO MA _, Setaddoy ,, “KN ‘Aueqry ‘Wosqty) P Joye AM wOHATA ONIE », “KN ‘Aaeqry ‘wosqty 3» 10xTe MA (, OUSILT ,, “KN ‘IME 1BpaQ ‘suog 2 1eyxvuTUOOTg cc PPL99[BOS ,, ‘AUO MOK MON “OD WI “D “AL « ding wopuoT ,, “Zuq ‘uopuoT “op o[ding uopuoT s,AeMsuruleyy « mM AITYL, ,, “AON ‘TIPSY ‘puourueyy urureluog a3 yOUS ang ” “AN ‘UPS ‘paouuep ururefdeg «ysnq oder ,, “XN ‘TeTUsiy ‘puourureyzy ururefueg ,, uorynjos 1oddog ,, “KN ‘WPS ‘puouureyy urureluog ce UPBO WIAD »; “XN ‘asnovsdg ‘uoTUy [elysnpuy SsiowIe yy « Uo Ing ,, “sseyy ‘oysuruo0e'T “OD [vormeyO YyWoyued ;, Useld UOSIOY ,, ke ONT ‘asnovi hg “09 [Boluley,) UBULioUUe A *‘puviq 10 sured @pBI} PUB JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SsaIppe pus 9UIBN SAHYOLXTIN ANV STVIVALVIN SQOANVTTHOSIN rea vl G9 99 96 ¥G GG eal “roquinu a7BoyLI “roquind e[dureg INSPECTION OF FEEDING STUFFS.{ This bulletin gives the results of the analysest of samples of feeding stuffs collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during the fall and winter of 1911-12 and by him transmitted for analysis to the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, in accordance with the provisions of Article VII of the Agricultural Law. These analyses are published by the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in accordance with the provisions of section 164 of said Article. ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING STUFES. 8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. 7| fiber. a Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct. CoTToNSEED MEALs: 1475| Alabama Cotton Oil Co., G* 41. 9. ie Selma, Ala. South Byron | F* 37.75 | 6.58 8.21 “Prime Cotton Seed Meal ” 3990| The American Cotton Oil Co., G 41. 9. 10.50 Little Rock, Ark. Ithaca Brae 19) el a6 7.59 ““ Choice Cottonseed Meal ” 4369| American Cotton Oil Co., Little Rock, Ark. Pawling ““ Choice Cottonseed Meal ” hy QD a — Ne} _ a or Oo 4232| The American Cotton Oil Co., New York, N. Y. Monroe ““ Prime Cotton Seed Meal ” hy ivy) se lor) —_ ie.) — — or Oo 4227| American Milling Co., G 41. 8. 10. Chicago, Ill. Florida F 41.38} 8.92 Ae “Amco Cottonseed Meal ”’ 4300| The Bartlett Co., G 41. te 10. Detroit, Mich. Rochester B 42.37 | 28.58 5.10 “ Bartlett's Farmer Brand Fancy Choice Cotton Seed Meal ” 3242| H. E. Bridges & Co., Ge Ai 9. 9. Memphis, Tenn. Watertown F 39.88 | 7.14 7.69 “ Cotton Seed Meal ”’ * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. { The analyses herewith published are made in charge of the Chemical Department of the gene the immediate oversight of the work being assigned to E. L. Baker, Associate hemist. tA reprint of Bulletin No. 351, September, 1912. [555] 556 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued). 2 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. A Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct. CoTToNSEED Mmats: 4383] H. E. Bridges & Co., G* 41. 9. 9. Memphis, Tenn. Unadilla W543 2200 |S 14. 5.34 “Cotton Seed Meal ” 4405| H. E. Bridges & Co., Grain 9. 9 Memphis, Tenn. Rochester F 41.94] 8.51 6.31 “Cotton Seed Meal ” 4266] F. W. Brode & Co., G 38.62 | 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Deposit By AL 065 9 ane 6.74 “ Dove Brand Cotton Seed Meal ” 4028 F. W. Brode & Co., G w38562 5/62 10. Memphis, Tenn. Malone F 39.69} 8.11 9.03 “ Dove Brand Cotton Seed Meal ” 3842] F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Medina F 40.94] 7.53 5.70 “Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed Meal ” 3963| F. W. Brode & Co., Geral: 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Greene PALS tos bron 8.50 “ Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed Meal ” 4002| F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Fulton F 438.88] 8.70 7.78 “ Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed Meal ” 3938] F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Alexander F 41.60 | 11.60 5.86 “Owl Brand Pure Cotton Seed Meal ” 4102) F. W. Brode & Co., G 412 6. 10. Memphis, Tenn. Altamont F 41. 7.35 7.55 “ Owl Brand Pure Cotton Seed Meal ”’ 3818] The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Ge s.50"| 6.50" 203 Cincinnati, O. Brooklyn F 40.50 | 8.04 7.51 “ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal ” 4093| The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., G 39. 6.50 10. Cincinnati, O. Moravia F 40. 6.86 7.24 “ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found, | Number. 4386 3989 4546 4292 4482 4099 4189 4224 3930 4370 4500 New York AcricutturaL Expertment STagTION. 557 Anatyses oF SampLes or Feepine Strurrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. at. ber. Per ct. Per ct. || Per ct: CoTTonsEED MBALs: The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., G* 39. 6.50 | 10. Cincinnati, O. Cherry Valley | F* 40.81 | 7.46 7.93 “ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal ” Chapin & Co., G 41. 8. 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Cortland F 41.60] 7.38 7.49 “ Green Diamond Brand Choice Cotton Seed Meal ” Chapin & Co., G 41. 8. 10. Hammond, Ind. Hurleyville F 42.94 | 10.56 4.89 “ Green Diamond Brand Choice Cotton Seed Meal ” 8. P. Davis, G 41. rh 10.50 Little Rock, Ark. Berkshire F 41.06) 8.33 6.53 “Good Luck Brand Cottonseed Meal Cracked Screened Cake ” The Dewey Bros. Co., G 41. ie 10. Blanchester, O. Auburn F 43.81 8.48 5.46 “ Queen Cotton Seed Meal ”’ Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Gios O20 nor i123, Memphis, Tenn. Elmira FP 42.25°) 11.05 5.44 “ Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal ” Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Ga rs8. 62 |n 6: 12: Memphis, Tenn. Castile F 41.06 | 7.77 7.59 “ Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal ” Humphreys, Godwin & Co., G 38.62] 6. 12, Memphis, Tenn. Chester F 39.63 | 6.55 8.56 “ Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal ” Imperial Cotto Milling Co., Creal ees Vel Memphis, Tenn. Clarence Ee 4106s aerials 6.93 “Tmperial Cotto Brand Choice Cotton Seed Meal ” Keeton-Krueger Co., G 41. 6. 10. Atlanta, Ga. Brewster F 44.19] 8.30 5.98 “‘ Peacock Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”’ Keeton-Krueger Co., G 41. 6. 10. Atlanta, Ga. S. New Berlin| F 40.94 | 11.85 6.31 “Choice Peacock Brand Cotton Seed Meal ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. 558 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpING Srurrs — (Continued). | Number. 4483 4138 4171 4091 3983 4320 4541 4269 4373 3914 3972 Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. CoTronsEED Mnrats: Keeton-Krueger Co., Atlanta, Ga. “Peacock Brand Cotton Seed Meal”’ Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., z Kansas City, Mo. “ Choice Cottonseed Meal ” Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. “ Choice Cotton Seed Meal ” Memphis Cottonseed Products Co., Memphis, Tenn. “‘ Selden Cottonseed Meal ” W. C. Nothern, Little Rock, Ark. “ Bee Brand Cotton Seed Meal Cake” W. C. Nothern, Little Rock, Ark. “ Bee Brand Cotton Seed Meal Cake ”’ J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. “‘ Pioneer Cotton Seed Meal ” J. Lindsay Wells Co., Memphis, Tenn. “‘ Star Brand Prime Finely-Ground Cot- ton Seed Meal ” J. Lindsay Wells Co., Memphis, Tenn. “ Star Brand Prime Finely-Ground Cot- ton Seed Meal ” Linseep MREALs: American Linseed Co., New York, N. Y. “Old Process Oil Meal ” American Linseed Co., New York, N. Y. “Old Process Oil Meal ” Where taken. Fayetteville Cooperstown Medina Groton Whitney’s Pt. Angelica Middleburgh Oxford Poughkeepsie Batavia Vestal * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found, Crude protein. Per ct. G* 41. F* 41.88 41. 41.25 rey CD 41. 39.19 yO 41. 39.19 he} C2 41. 38 .37 rey QD 41. 43.05 hey C2 4]. 40.19 hy 38.50 41.56 Leo ep} 38.50 40.50 hy G 32. F 38.57 32. 38.16 ty Crude fat. Per ct. 6. 8.01 Crude fiber. Per ct. 10. 7.16 10. 5.15 10. 7.66 10. 7.04 10.50 7.82 10.50 5.76 New York AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 559 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued). 3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Z eet Per ct. Per ct. | Per he Linsreep MEAts: 4016|} American Linseed Co.., Grtooe . ihe New York, N. Y. Madrid F* 39.19 | 5.89 7.63 “Old Process Oil Meal ” Springs 4106| American Linseed Co., Gi t22 DE Ue New York, N. Y. Central Bridge| F 38.70 | 5.13 6.78 “Old Process Oil Meal ” 4447| American Linseed Co., G 34. 5. 8. New York, N. Y. Canandaigua |F 37.13 | 5.78 8.03 “Old Process Oil Meal ” 4425| Archer-Daniels Linseed Co., Ga tee 6. 10. Minneapolis, Minn. Waverly BE Sveloul noo 6.96 “Ground Oil Cake ”’ 4382| Chapin & Co., @ sah dD: 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Richfield IPS Gtfests): > di 0) 6.41 “Pure Linseed Oil Meal ”’ Springs 3926| Hauenstein & Co., Gs 330) 5. 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Akron F 36.60 | 6.72 6.87 “Qld Process Linseed Meal ” 4296; Hauenstein & Co., Go ys0) 5. 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Geneva F 36.44 | 7.61 7.41 “Old Process Linseed Meal ” 4549| Hirst & Begley Linseed Co., G 34. 8. 9. Chicago, Ill. Troy F 38.56 | 9.39 7.08 “ Linseed Meal ” 4014} Kelloggs & Miller, Giass 5. 7.5 Amsterdam, N. Y. Boonville ean ien ded 6.75 “Pure Old Process Oil Meal ”’ 4124| The Guy G. Major Co., G 30. ie 10. Toledo, O. Oneonta BF, 27.43) 5.64 8.65 “Old Process Oil Meal ” 4366| The Mann Bros. Co., G 34. 6. 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Millerton eS aOo | usa 6.89 “Old Process Linseed Oil Meal ” 4279| The Mann Bros. Co., G 34. 6. 10. Buffalo, N. Y. Hamilton IB eye O | W574! 7.29 “Pure Old Process Linseed Oil Meal ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found, 560 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SrurFs — (Continued). 3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein, fat. fiber. Z aay Per ct. Per ct. \\ Perict, LinsEeeD MEAts: 3988| The Metzger Seed and Oil Co., G* 30% 5 10. Toledo, O. Cortland F* 33.56 | 6.34 8.21 “Old Process Oil Meal ” 4132| The Metzger Seed and Oil Co., x 30 on 10. Toledo, O. Oneonta BZ 88eeoal3 7.64 “Old Process Oil Meal ”’ 4179| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., G30) 5. 10. Toledo, O. Wilson F 27.88 | 6.58 8.63 “Old Process Oil Meal ’’} 4182} The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Ga730: ty 10. Toledo, O. Geneseo F 28.88 | 6.62 7.58 “ Old Process Oil Meal ”’ 4185| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Gaur 5. 10. Toledo, O. Dalton BZ (sole iicot 7.57 ““ Old Process Oil Meal ” 4187| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., G 302 iy 10. Toledo, O. Portageville F 35. 6.10 7.62 “Old Process Oil Meal ” 4184| National Feed Co., x 34. re fh St. Louis, Mo. Nunda F 3730 18264 6.61 “Pure Old Process Linseed Meal ” 4022) The Sherwin-Williams Co., G33: 6. 8. Cleveland, O. Castorland F 39.31 6.52 7.36 “‘ Linseed Oil Meal ” 4308| The Sherwin-Williams Co., G 33. 6. 8. Cleveland, O. Alfred Station | F 38.75 | 7.88 6.68 “ Oil Meal ” Matt Sprouts: 3247| American Malting Co., G 25. .019| 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Mexico F 28.32 1.68 9.79 “ Malt Sprouts ” 8819} American Malting Co., G 25. 1905) ze New York, N. Y. New York 25.88" 1.47) 14.40 “ Malt Sprouts ” 3949| American Malting Co., G 2. .019} 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Arcade F 27.47) 1.80] 11.94 ““ Malt Sprouts ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Contains flax screenings, | Number, 4134 4151 4452 4234 4018 4450 3929 4161 4281 4225 4578 3979 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 561 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct Matt Sprouts: American Malting Co., Gae25: 1.90 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Hartwick B25. 1 ta ON| egal? “ Malt Sprouts ” Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., G 25. 1.5 12. Chicago, Ill. Arcade F 24.81 1.98 12.23 “ Malt Sprouts ’’ Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., (Ge Pin 1.5 12: Chicago, II. Sauquoit BH 25.06|, 2.53: | 13.69 “ Malt Sprouts ” P. Ballantine & Sons, G 925302.) 1869 Newark, N. J. Monroe F 25.63 1.47 eae “ Malt Sprouts ” M. F. Baringer, G25. 1.60 | 13. Philadelphia, Pa. Lowville F 24. 1.83 | 11.46 “ Malt Sprouts ’’t Bartholomay Brewery Co., Gah: 2.26 18.91 Rochester, N. Y. Rochester F 24.94 2.15 | 12.26 “ Malt Sprouts ”’ H. V. Burns, G23 e020 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Clarence F 23.66 1.65 13.04 “* Malt Sprouts ” Chapin & Co., (GOR 2, 13% Hammond, Ind. Alden F 24.94 1.54 11.14 “* Marvel Malt Sprouts ”’ Chapin & Co., G, 422. 2. 13. Hammond, Ind. Valley Mills |F 28.62 | 1.96 12.81 “ Marvel Malt Sprouts ” Donahue-Stratton Co., Gae2o: 1.50 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Chester F 26.56 | 1.76} 10.88 “ Hiquality Malt Sprouts ” Donahue-Stratton Co., G25: 1.50 14, Milwaukee, Wis. Alexander baa” ers Y fa ee ae 33 14.19 “ Hiquality Malt Sprouts ” Francis Duhne, Jr., G 25. 2. MTS Milwaukee, Wis. Waverly F 26.78 1.55 11.65 ““ Malt Sprouts ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Contains a few weed seeds. ; t Contains a considerable amount of weed seeds and grit. 562 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SturFs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. Crude protein, 4577 4298 4137 4424 4305 4575 4247 4255 4597 3942 Maur Sprouts: Francis Duhne, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Malt Sprouts ” The Fleischman Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ” Geneva Malting Co., Geneva, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ’’t F. W, Goeke & Co., St. Louis, Mo. “ Malt Sprouts F. W. Goeke & Co., St. Louis, Mo. “ Malt Sprouts ’’t John Kam Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. “Malt Sprouts ” Kreiner & Lehr Buffalo, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ”’f Lembeck & Betz Eagle Brewing Co., Watkins, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ”’ fT Lembeck & Betz Eagle Brewing Co., Watkins, N. Y. “* Malt Sprouts ’’f C. C. Lewis, Buffalo, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ’’§ C. H. McLaughlin, Suspension Bridge, N. Y. “* Malt Sprouts ” 4274| C. H. McLaughlin, uffalo, N. Y “ Malt Sprouts ”f Holland Patent Buffalo Geneva Cooperstown Waverly South Wales Buffalo Johnsons Watkins North Collins Attica New Berlin * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Contains weed seeds. t Contains a few weed seeds. § Contains weed seeds and coal dust. G* 25. F* 30.69 G F G Fr ty C2 ot) hy C2 hy hy C2 he hy hry C2 iy 24. 26.13 26.50 25.69 23. 23.81 23. 27 .56 25. 28.38 22. 26.38 28 .08 30.75 28 .08 31.81 25. 27.19 26.50 22.44 26.50 26.75 2. 1.99 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued). 3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Zi ett [teers (Oren Matt Sprouts: 4277| Geo. J. Meyer Malting Co., G* 20.82 | 1.4 14. Buffalo, N. Y. New Berlin BE Slot | 2.02 9.79 “ Malt Sprouts ”’T 4576| Geo. J. Meyer Malting Co., G 20.82 1.4 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 31.31 2.12 | 12.72 “ Malt Sprouts ”’f 4526| Milwaukee Malting Co., G25. 1.50 Lie Milwaukee, Wis. Port Chester | F 25.56 | 1.60] 11.88 “Malt Sprouts ” 4477| Hiram M. Mirick G —]}-— Lyons, N. Y. Lyons F 28.44] 2.15 | 12 “ Malt Sprouts ”’ 4584| Henry C. Moffat, G 25. 1EGO"|" 12% Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 33.94 2.01 9.50 “ Malt Sprouts ” 4456| Neidlinger & Co., G 26.25 .70 9.75 Oswego, N. Y. Oswego F 27.81 1.60 | 12.05 “Malt Sprouts ” 3839] Perot Malting Co., G 23. 200) I) LSe Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 24.88) 1.76 | 12:07 “ Malt Sprouts ” 4245) Perot Malting Co., (Gp ie 1.10 16 Buffalo, N. Y. Middletown |F 29.81 1239) 11 “ Malt Sprouts ” 3218| M. G. Rankin & Co., G 25. ees ah al7/ Milwaukee, Wis. Potsdam F 30.20 2.26 10.31 “ Jersey Malt Sprouts ” 3246| M. G. Rankin & Co., G, 25). Je SOR lela Milwaukee, Wis. New Haven F 26.97 1.51 10 “ Jersey Malt Sprouts ” 4379| M. G. Rankin & Co., G 25. 1 On Le Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston F 26.81 1.71 11 “ Jersey Malt Sprouts ’’t 4498} M. G. Rankin & Co., Cn PA 1.50 1b he Milwaukee, Wis. New Berlin F 27.75 1.53 11. “ Malt Sprouts ”’ J * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Contains weed seeds. 564 4217 4242 4273 3937 4562 3219 3986 4130 4454 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING SturFrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. Matt Sprouts: Wm. Taylor, Lyons, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ’’f Thompson & Mould, Goshen, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ” Thompson & Mould, Goshen, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts ” Thompson & Mould, Goshen, N. Y. “ Malt Spreuts ” Forrest Utley Co., Dixon, II. ““ Malt Sprouts ” The C. Zwickel Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. “ Malt Sprouts Drizep DistTILLERS’ GRAINS: A. E. Co., New York, N. Y. “ Distillers’ Rye Grains ” Ajax Milling & Feed Co., New York, N. Y. “ Ajax Flakes ” Ajax Milling & Feed Co., New York, N. Y. “« Ajax Flakes ” Ajax Milling & Feed Co., New York, N. Y. “ Ajax Flakes ” Ajax Milling & Feed Co., New York, N. Y. “ Ajax Flakes ” Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., Chicago, Ill. “ Atlantic Grains ” Where taken. Lyons Goshen Middletown New Berlin Alexander Buffalo Le Roy Potsdam S. Alabama Cortland Oneonta Sauquoit * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Contains weed seeds. | Crude protein. Per ct. G* 26. F* 23.50 G ty 2 ic hep hej CD bj CD ky ke] coh eP) hy C2 20. 26.94 25. 25.69 25. 26.63 24. 24.28 25. 30.33 20.81 30. 32.04 30. 31.59 30. 32.32 30. 30.13 30. 29.94 11.06 11.09 8.31 10.31 9.89 New York AcricvutturaL Exprrtment Srartion. 565 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued). 8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude E jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. a Per ct Per ct. | Per ct. Driep Distitiers’ GRAINS: 4459| M. F. Baringer, Gersly 12. 13: Philadelphia, Pa. Deansboro F* 32.06 | 13.18 7.83 “Pure Distillers’ Dried Grains ” 4264| The J. W. Biles Co., G 16. De 16. Cincinnati, O. Deposit Ha se44n 8.49 11.44 “ Distillers’ Dried Rye Grains ” 4598| The J. W. Biles Co., Ganil6y Bi 16. Cincinnati, O. Steamburg F 16:69) 8.57} 12.14 “ Distillers’ Dried Rye Grains ”’ 3978] The J. W. Biles Co., Gini. 12) 1B Cincinnati, O. Waverly F 31.25 | 12.60 11.50 “ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’ 4001} The J. W. Biles Co., Gitdhk De 1135. Cincinnati, O. Fulton F 29.54.) 13.63 6.79 “XXXX Fourex Grains ”’ 4116| The J. W. Biles Co., Gime. 12s 13h Cincinnati, O. Worcester F 32.56 | 14.80 10.46 “ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’ 4177| The J. W. Biles Co., Gil: 12: ian Cincinnati, O. Le Roy F 29.31 | 12.78 8.52 “ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’ 4415| B. J. Burns Co., G 30. 10. 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Syracuse F 32.63 | 11.17 9.25 “ Overall Distillers’ Dried Grains ” 4038} Chapin & Co., Geo 8. 16. Buffalo, N. Y. Waterville F 29. 11.05 9.73 “A AA Distillers’ Grains ” 4168| Chapin & Co., GE SE 8. 16. Buffalo, N. Y. Darien EF 31.63.) 9.15 9.88 “A A A Distillers’ Grains ” 4267| Chapin & Co., G 27. 8. 16. Buffalo, N. Y. Oxford F 29.69 | 11.57 10.16 ** 3-A Distillers’ Grains ”’ 4065} The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G 228: 8. 29. Cincinnati, O. Norwich F 33.06 | 14.10 11.28 “Tmperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. 566 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING StuFFs — (Continued). 8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. a aes Per ct. Per ct. Driep Distitiers’ GRaAtIns: 4147| The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G* 28. 8. Cincinnati, O. Oneonta Heconioulel2an9 “ Tmperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ”’ 4291| The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G 28. f Cincinnati, Q. Nichols F 34.25 | 13.74 “Imperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ”’ 4294| Columbia Distilling Co., G25, 8. Waterloo, N. Y. Waterloo F 34.94 | 13.30 “ Distillers’ Dried Grains.” 4012) Continental Cereal Co., Carole 13.5 Peoria, Ill. Holland Pat’nt)| F 32. 14.06 “ Continental Gluten Feed ’’t 4064| Continental Cereal Co., Gor'sly 13%5 Peoria, Il. Norwich F 32. 13.46 “ Continental Gluten Feed ”’f 4162} Continental Cereal Co., Gr ale 13.5 Peoria, Ill. Alden F 32.50 | 18.47 “* Continental Gluten Feed ’’f 4239| Continental Cereal Co., Graig 13.5 Peoria, Ill. Wisner F 31.94 | 18.78 “ Continental Gluten Feed ”’¢ 3228] The Dewey Bros. Co., G 26: 9. Blanchester, O. Antwerp F 28.88 | 11.84 “Corn 3 D Grains ” 3955| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 26. 9. Blanchester, O. Binghamton |F 27.34 | 10.36 “Corn 3 D Grains ” 4122} The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10. Blanchester, O. Oneonta F 32.57 | 10.13 “ Eagle 3 D Grains” 3236| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10. Blanchester, O. Adams F 33.59 | 138.01 “ Eagle 3 D Grains ”’ 3936| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10. Blanchester, O. Alexander F 31.53 | 138.59 “ Hagle 3 D Grains ”’ * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Dried distillers’ grains. Crude fiber. Per ct. 29. 14.44 9.99 4341 4098 4334 4384 4491 4469 4557 4265 3227 4075 4169 3943 New York Acricurrurat Experiment Station. 567 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Driep DistiLtiEers’ GRAINS: The Dewey Bros. Co., G* 30. 10. 13. Blanchester, O. Springville F* 30.19 | 12.94] 11.89 “ Eagle 3 D Grains ”’ The Dewey Bros. Co., G20) 5. 115y Blanchester, O. Harpursville |F 18.63 | 5.71 | 12.04 “ Buckeye Gluten Feed ” ¢ The Dewey Bros. Co., G 20. 5. 15. Blanchester, O. Franklinville | F 21.37 | 4.62 | 10.07 “ Buckeye Gluten Feed ’’f The Dewey Bros. Co., Gals: 4. 15. Blanchester, O. Unadilla F 20.94 | 5.16 | 10°27 “ Queen 3 D Grains ”’ + The Dewey Bros. Co., G 18. 4, 15. Blanchester, O. Binghamton |F 21.68 | 5.46} 10.05 “ Queen 3 D Grains”’ f Dock & Coal Co., G 22.80 | 9.80; 14. Plattsburgh, N. Y. Plattsburgh F 30.44 | 10.41 10.29 “ Buttercup Feed ” Donahue-Stratton Co., Gans0: 10. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Bergen F 33.63 | 12.50 | 13.69 “ Hiquality Spirits Distillers’ Grains ”’ F. W. Goeke & Co., Geld. 4.74 | —— St. Louis, Mo. Deposit F 18.75} 6.04 9.67 “‘ Eddington Feed ” The Hottelet Co., G 320. 10. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Philadelphia | F 28.35 | 11.49 9.16 “ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ” The Hottelet Co., G 30. 10. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Canastota F 28.81 | 11.20 8.70 “ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ” The Hottelet Co., G 30. 10. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Darien F 30.44 | 11.50 8.70 “ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ” The Hottelet Co., : G23. 6. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Johnsonburg | F 25.38; 8.16 | 11.43 “ National Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’ * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Reve distillers’ grains. 568 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued). 3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Z ME SERN PE a Se a a pe oe Driep Distitters’ GRAINS: 4072| The Hottelet Co., Gru2se 6. 14. Milwaukee, Wis., Oneida B* 26.4411 8:65)) ae7s “ Nationai Distillers’ Dried Grains ” 4380| The Hottelet Co., G 16. 8. 14. Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston F 14.63 | 6.66 | 14.47 “Pure Rye Grains ” 4381] The Hottelet Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston “ Pure Rye Grains ”’ 3216] Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y Potsdam “ Husted Distillers’ Grains.’ 4142| Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. N. Franklin “ Husted Distillers’ Grains ” 3946] Meadville Penn. Distilling Co., Inc., Meadville, Pa. Johnsonburg “‘ Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’f 4081} Merchants Distilling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Preble “Merchants High Grade Dairy Feed ” br ty Eo hep) yO (Je) [J) eo NS 85 No oo J] i ne — — _ — co _ _ ee bo bo yO jet) Fu Se — —_ =" _ 4600] Merchants Distilling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Randolph “Merchants High Grade Dairy Feed ”’ ry (Je) ee —— _— — re 3221] J. D. Page & Co., Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Heuvelton “Empire State Dairy Feed ” 3939| Jay D. Page & Co., Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Alexander “ Empire State Dairy Feed ” 4104| Jay D. Page & Son, Syracuse, N. Y. Altamont ““ Mohawk Dairy Feed ” ky hy CD w (Se) wo ae (Je) =" _ iw) iw) yO NS to ror) 4202| Jay D. Page & Co., Inc., Syracuse, N. Y. Granville “Empire State Dairy Feed ” yO eX) oO © — bo * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. 7 Rye distillers’ grains, | Number. 4426 4319 3848 4448 4554 4086 4110 4139 4020 4410 3977 4209 New York AGricutturaL ExperRIMENT STATION. 569 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpDING Sturrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Per ct Persct:\\) ten ct: Driep DistTiLLeRS’ GRAINS: J. D. Page & Son, Gaao0n 12. 12% Syracuse, N. Y. Candor F* 31.81 | 11.82 9.23 “ Pure Empire State Dairy Feed ” Purdy Brothers, G 30. 9. 12. Jamestown, N. Y. Friendship F 31-63 | 13.74 ial ells “Empire Flakes Pure Distillers’ Grains” Traders and Producers Supply Co., G 28. 8. 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Jamestown F 27.81 | 11.79 USP “ Seneca Distillers’ Grains ”’ Traders & Producers Supply Co., G 30. 10. 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Spencerport |F 31.25 | 12.61 | 11.06 “ Chippewa Distillers’ Grains ” Traders & Producers Supply Co., Ge0r 10. 14. Buffalo, N. Y. Batavia EF 31.63") 14.73 | 11-39 “ Chippewa Distillers’ Grains ” United American Co., G 28. 9. 13. Louisville, Ky. Afton F 27.56 | 10.78 5.03 “ U-A Corn Distillers’ Aerated Grain ” United American Co., G 28. 9. Se Louisville, Ky. Cobleskill F 28.16 | 9.92 9.62 “U-A Corn Distillers’ Aerated Grain ” Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS: Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, Gan 6. l/s St. Louis, Mo. Cooperstown |F 25.25 | 7.32 | 13.46 “ Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, G 22. 6. fe St. Louis, Mo. Utica Be e25288) | lOn|| el3seas “Steam Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’ Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, G 22. 6. 16. St. Louis, Mo. Chenango F 26. 5.41 14.28 “Steam Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Bridge Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., GAT. The 13! Chicago, III. Waverly B33e25 | 6837 | Si2e14 “Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., Ch Pe We 13. Chicago, IIl. Glens Falls 34 Shak de0Oul atl. “Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’ * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. 570 Report on Inspection Work OF TIE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued). | Number. 4021 4090 4241 4475 4368 3958 4236 4453 4135 3248 3969 Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name, Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS: M. F. Baringer, Philadelphia, Pa. “Dried Brewers’ Grains ” M. F. Baringer, Philadelphia, Pa. “Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Bartholomay Brewery Co., Rochester, N. Y. “Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’ Bartholomay Brewery Co., Rochester, N. Y. “ Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Farmers Feed Co., New York, N. Y. “‘ Bull-Brand Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Francis Duhne, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew- ers’ Grains ”’ Francis Duhne, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew- ers’ Grains ”’ Francis Duhne, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew- ers’ Grains ”’ F. W. Goeke & Co., St. Louis, Mo. ‘‘ Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’ Hoffman & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. ‘“‘ Brewers’ Dry Grains ” Hoffman & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. “ Brewers’ Dry Grains ”’ Where taken. Utica Groton Middletown Rochester Pawling Binghamton Chester Sauquoit Cooperstown Phoenix Sanitaria Springs * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. Crude protein. Per ct. G* 25: F* 32.94 25. 31.81 hy OQ 20.03 21.13 Lop) 20.60 18.88 hy 27.20 29.25 hy O 26. 29.63 Leo hep) 26. 24.31 yO 26. 30.63 hy G 24. F 36.25 23. 26.59 yO 23. 27.53 {© Per ct. 6. f Al Per ct. 15. 11.94 15. 11.07 21.03 16.81 22.45 18.74 17.20 12.23 14. 10.57 14. 12.02 14. 12.26 13. 8.62 15. 11.24 15. 12.48 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 571 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SturFs — (Continued). | Number. | 4223 4427 4527 4288 4218 4457 4286 4353 3922 3985 4103 Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS: The Hottelet Co., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Holstein Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’ Leisy Brewing Co., Peoria, Ill. “ Pure Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’ Milwaukee Grains & Feed Co., Milwaukee, Wis. ‘“‘ Crown Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’ The Pennsylvania Central Brewing Co., Scranton, Pa. “Dried Brewers’ Grain ”’ Rosekrans-Snyder Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ‘“‘ Pilsner Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’ Rosekrans-Snyder Co., Philadelphia, Pa. “ Pilsner Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’ Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. “‘ Schlitz Purity Dried Grains ”’ Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. “ Schlitz Purity Dried Grains ”’ GLUTEN FEEDs: American Maize Products Co., New York, N. Y. “Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’f American Maize-Products Co., Roby, Ind. “Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’{ American Maize-Products Co., New York, N. Y. “Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’§ Where taken. Chester Binghamton Port Chester Conklin Goshen Clinton Binghamton Pine Bush South Alabama Cortland Altamont * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Manufacturers’ guarantee: ‘‘ Artificially colored with No. 85 Orange I, No. 4 Found, Artificially colored. t¢ Guaranteed artificially colored. & Guaranteed artificially colored with No. 85 Orange I, No. 4 Napthol Yellow. S. Crude protein. iPerict. Gen25. F* 28.81 Giniets F yO bo oO 23.71 23 .94 yO 25. 32.81 yO 25. 31.75 iO 26. 27 .43 hy C2 26. 31.69 iO 23. 25.63 eo ep) 23. 26.75 Le ep) 23. 26.56 HY Crude | Crude fat. fiber. Per et. | Per ct. 5: 17. 7.56 12.03 6.19 13.89 i5) 15. 6.48 i222 7.14 15.85 6.94 14.07 5 18. 6.87 12.39 5 18. 5.77 11.81 6 14. 6.74 13.03 6 14. 5.93 12.44 2.50 8.50 Silly 5.61 2.50 8.50 3.36 5.59 2.50 8.50 3.85 6.68 Napthol Yellow S. = bo ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEDING StTuFFs — (Continued). Rerorr on Inspection Work OF THE | Number, 4007 4149 3234 3921 3961 4289 4105 4174 4079 4119 4354 4423 Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. GuuTEN FEEpDs: Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Ia. “Clinton Gluten Feed ”’ Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Ia. “Clinton Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Buffalo Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Buffalo Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Buffalo Gluten Feed” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Buffalo Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Buffalo Gluten Feed ” + Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “‘ Crescent Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “Crescent Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “Globe Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “Diamond Gluten Feed ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “ Diamond Gluten Feed” $ Where taken. Rome Oneonta Adams Corfu Greene Nichols Central Bridge Lockport Tully Worcester Ellenville Norwich * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Guaranteed and found artificially colored. } Contains corn cob. Crude protein. hy hy hy hy C2 eo) hy & ns & & & % ry QD bo os yO bo oo 23. 28.31 L- Kep) Crude fat. Per ct. 3. 3.85 Crude fiber. Per ct. 7.50 6.49 New York AGricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued). 4073 3235 3919 4068 4114 4183 4235 3920 4216 4222 Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. GuLuTEN FEEDS: Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Ia. “Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed ”’ Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Ia. “ Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed ” J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Ia. “K K K Gluten Feed ” J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Ia. “K K K Gluten Feed ” J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Ia. “Kk K K Gluten Feed ” J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Ia. “K K K Gluten Feed ” J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Ia. “Kk K K Gluten Feed ’’{ Huron Milling Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. “ Jenks’ Gluten Feed ’’t Piel Bros. Starch Co., Indianapolis, Ind. “P Bro. Gluten Feed ” § Piel Bros. Starch Co., Indianapolis, Ind. “P Bro. Gluten Feed ’’§ Union Starch & Refining Co., Edinburg, Ind. “Union Gluten Feed ” Where taken. Corfu Oneida Adams Corfu Norwich East Worcester Geneseo Monroe Corfu Montgomery Warwick * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Guaranteed artificially colored with aniline. ¢ Guaranteed artificially colored with No. 4 Napthol Yellow S., No. § Guaranteed occasionally colored with orange No. 122. Crude protein. Per ct G* 20. Bee Gre22: JOP A683 G 23.50 F 23-10 G 23.50 F 24.22 Gre2a5a0 F 24.56 G23 250 F 24.63 G23. F 24.56 Gi 2st. F 23.94 Gay. P2307 Gy PAL Be 23037 G 24. F 25.88 85 Orange. Crude fat. Hq CO ide) bo H bo Crude fiber. 6.16 574 4003 3962 4213 4221 3239 4109 4290 3982 3993 4070 4233 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued). Name and address of manufacturer or jobber and brand or trade name. GuutTeN MEats: Corn Products Refining Co., New York “ Diamond Gluten Meal ” Corn Products Refining Co., New York, N. Y. “Diamond Gluten Meal ”’ Hominy FEeps: American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. “ Homco Feed ” American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. ““ Maizeline Feed ” American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. “ Homco Feed ” M. F. Baringer Philadelphia, Pa. “ Hominy Feed ” Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. “ Bufceco Hominy Feed ” Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. “ Bufceco Hominy Feed ” East Waverly Milling Co., Waverly, N. Y. “ Hominy Feed ” Elevator Milling Co., Springfield, Ill. “ Tdeal Hominy Feed Kiln Dried ” Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Binghamton, N. Y. “ Pearl Hominy ” Empire Grain & Elevator Co., Binghamton, N. Y. “Pearl Hominy ” Where taken. Salamanca Fulton Greene New Paltz Goshen Watertown Cobleskill Nichols Waverly Ithaca Norwich Monroe * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. Crude Crude | Crude protein. fat. fiber. Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct. G* 40. 1.5 4. F* 46.75 1.62 79 G 40. 1.50 4. F 39.38} 3.04 1.36 Go», 900 Mme a F 10.69 7.24 4.79 7 4. 13 Go eae ae 7 F 11 50)) 99) 4.50 Gotes: 6. 10. F 10.82] 9.58 4.66 10 he 4 F 10.72 | 8.47 3.40 GOE i. 4 #10 700) 1263 3.63 G 11.55 | 7.68 4.11 Lt es 7.09 3.45 Gy 02 | - 7.70 Hott 10 93 4.15 (Oe 7 6. a 7.79 3.45 G 10. hee 6 F 10.88 | 4.99 2.28 | Number. 3828 3917 3987 4268 4323 4145 4571 4201 4238 3931 3953 4107 New Yorx AGricutturaL Experiment Station. iG ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpine Sturrs — (Continued). | Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber. Per ct Bench. |) lerict: Hominy FreEps: Evans Milling Co., Ge Oe 7.50 i Indianapolis, Ind. Randolph TEI (O)atea See eal 3.41 “Evans Hominy Feed ” Evans Milling Co., G. 10. 7.50 Uke Indianapolis, Ind. Corfu F 10.78 | 9. 4.33 “Evans Hominy Feed ” Evans Milling Co., Gayo 7.50 ibe Indianapolis, Ind. Cortland By 105630 ono 4.34 “Evans Hominy Feed ” Charles Herendeen Milling Co., G 10.15 | 6.40 3.55 Chicago, Ill. Oxford F 10.88] 8.14 3.84 “‘ Herendeen’s Hominy Feed ”’ Hunter-Robinson-Wenz Milling Co., Ga O28 pees St. Louis, Mo. Cuba LAr ails yelmi(Gasts: 3.99 “Capital Pure Kiln Dried Hominy Feed ” Husted Milling Co., Garo: 6. 8. Buffalo, N. Y. North B19 948 12 3.56 “Yellow Hominy Feed ” Franklin Husted Milling Co., Gr aiOx 6. 8. Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 10.44 | 7.28 3.39 “Yellow Hominy Feed ” Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Cr Oe ie 4.5 Milwaukee, Wis. Salem F 12.44] 7.43 2.99 “ Badger Hominy Feed ”’ Miner-Hillard Milling Co., G 10. 7.50| 5. Wilkes Barre, Pa. Sugar Loaf Be OGM PORT 4.27 “Choice Steam Cooked Hominy Feed ”’ A. Nowak & Son, Ge aS (3). 8. Buffalo, N. Y. Clarence EF 10.57) 8:29 4.30 “ Buffalo Hominy Feed ”’ The Patent Cereals Co., G10; ae 5. Geneva, N. Y. Binghamton |F 10.50 | 7.06 3.88 “ Hominy Feed ”’ The Patent Cereals Co., Ge 10: a 5. Geneva, N. Y. Central Bridge| F 11.31 | 7.87 3.15 “ Hominy Feed ” * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. 576 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING StuFFrs — (Continued). I 3 Name and address of manufacturer or = jobber and brand or trade name. Za | ee | Hominy Freps: 4282| The Patent Cereals Co., Geneva, N. Y. “ Hominy Feed ” 4371} Wm. H. Payne & Son, New York, N. Y. * Hominy Chop ” 4365| Suffern, Hunt & Co., Decatur, Il. “ Acme Hominy Feed ” 4219| Thompson & Mould, Goshen, N. Y. “ Matchless Corn Bran ’’f 4229| Thompson & Mould, Goshen, N. Y. “‘ Special Hominy Meal ”’ 3981] U.S. Frumentum Co., Detroit, Mich. “ Frumentum Hominy Feed ” Where taken. Valley Mills Brewster Chatham Goshen Monroe Waverly Crude protein. yO hy CD i= ep) * These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. + Hominy feed. New York AaricunrruraL Exprrment Srarron. “q[88 ‘qeoya | jo sopmied rejnuvis jews ‘Aopreq qYysT ‘W109 ABey ‘syvo YS] ‘syvo ‘WO | 19 F 96 F IE'OL A “q[es ‘Teour yeoym ‘Aopareq ‘s7v0 ‘uIOD TOTS a: Se al i) ee “q[Bs “yvoyM | jo sopyied avjnueis ‘Peus ‘Aopreq | | Ws ‘szV0 YS ‘syeo ‘U10D Iey ‘UIOD | 16'E E28 168 A ‘yue0 rod ou0 jo Jey | | -900 4[¥s ‘Teour yeoyM ‘AoTIVq ‘s}BO ‘WIOD “COVE || Oe | ‘OL DO ‘Pegiies SV | cg 2 eo 9 | G2 8c ‘9188 ‘SSurppprur yeoyar | ‘aBiq Boy ‘[eour poosuo0}j}00 ‘feour fo ‘Aurwmoy ‘surerd Sia[[44stp ‘woynyH | Of '8 9 ‘ DO ‘punois Apjaed spoos poam ‘syTnY | | yeo ‘syvo 4YST] ‘sy80 ‘Teyo wrod ‘wWoD | seg | 98's | I8 Ol A ‘s][nY jvo puw | 3380 ‘qod pue uiod puv uiod ‘AoE oo. 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SV *qoo puv ui0d punods ‘sSul[p Pur 4vayM 19}UTIM “URIG YBOYM JOJUT AA ‘qod pue ul00 punois ‘ssurl[ppru yvoym ‘UBIq yVoT AA *qoo pue UWiI0D PUNOIS ‘SSUTTPpIUr YOM IOUT *qod u109 punods ‘s][{NY 4eo ‘sZUl[pprul 4vo ‘s}yeo ‘UBIG {BOM “WIOD SSLLY OC puv ‘sjyeois yeo ‘ssuljppru 480 ‘s}vo punois ‘u10d punois MoOT[eA IO oyTT AA ‘poyty1e0 SV ‘yue0 od ouo jo Jyey-9u0 4/BS ‘Goo uilod punoIs pue ulod ‘pesy AUTWIOTT “Pegiieo Sy *qoo ul0d) punols pue ul0d ‘peas AUTUIOFT “poytyi00 SV “48s yueo qed auo jo j[ey-eu0 Surureyu09 ‘qod ul0d punoIs pue ulod ‘peoy AUTUIOPT Pov e SV, ‘qJes yueo sed ouo jo j[ey-ouo0 ‘qoo ui0od punois pue ulod ‘paeay AUTWIOFT “payty1e0 sy ‘uBiq pus sjvo ‘UI0D 69 FI 166 eH Oo HF O & *‘puno,y puv pooyuvieny ‘AjaAt{0adsar ‘ayeOTPUl 8190940] OSOT_T, ~ uopurey) AINGXOYW AQTCA O33VT IVATO UM0}9T PPL ATIOAG MA ssuudg BLES AlIog Taboo p ost INS MPION Gs, ‘AY ‘uoOsIopuey] “OD ¥ JO1®M “V |FO0F IRE i AO BE 6S OF) “AY ‘uOsi1epuayy “OOD ® JOTT®@M “V |LS8h « Pe0q doyD ‘q ‘W s,dureg ,, ‘O ‘opa]oy, ‘OD SUTIN Y Ulery ope], ey, |LF8E “é Peo TBS 3 ‘O ‘ope[oL “OC 1OzPVAITY Opel, YL SZepr igs p27 IBYS ” ‘0 ‘op2}oL, “OD IOPAIY OPeyoL YL FFP « P2a7 BIg ,, ‘O ‘opajoL, “OD 1ozpVAg[y OpeoL, e4L O86 “e pee TB4S ” °C ‘opa]or, “OD 10pVAITY OPIfOT, YT, 896E “ce pee doyo ” “RON ‘Attog ‘MOg 2 UOSUTTWIOT, “09r) |LFSE Report on Inspection Work OF THE 614 “qyes ‘TINY 4vo ‘[wouI psasu04}00 ‘sZUI[ppru 4vo ‘Aajieq ‘Teyo u10d ‘UI0D “q[Bs quad 13d auo jo j[eYy-9u0 puv [ee peasu09}00 ‘ssul[ppiu 4vo ‘sTTNY yo ‘AajIvq ‘UI0D “Pegi sy ‘4jes ‘sSuI[pprar yvoym pue ul0d ‘s}8%Q “4[es ‘[eeul posasul, ‘sSsulppru yvoymM ‘uviq #ea4M ‘U10D payovso ‘[eoUr BITVITV “4[8S queso ied euo jo stjimoj-so1y} pue [eeur [IO pessuly ‘sy10ys ‘ueiq ‘doyo us0o ‘eyyeypy “4[8S ‘vou peesuly Jo yuNOUIB [[?Us ‘uBIq wey ‘U10D poxoRIo “BITVITV “VBS que. 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E. L. BAKER. During the past five years the agents of the Commissioner of Agri- culture have collected and the chemists of this Station analyzed, a steadily increasing number of brands of feeding stuffs. In 1907, as shown by Table I, 279 brands were inspected and 297 samples anal- yzed; while in 1912, 447 brands were inspected and 772 samples analyzed, these being increases, respectively, of 60 and 160 per ct. These increases, however, do not nearly represent the added amount of work along this line done at the Station; since the law in 1907 did not require guaranties of ingredients, while during the past three seasons these additional guaranties and examinations have been required for all goods made up of mixed materials. In 1912, more than 300 of the samples analyzed required this special examination, making an increase of from one-third to one-half the time required for these brands. So far as serious deficiences from guaranty are concerned, the showing during this five-year period has been very satisfactory; as comparatively few of the samples have fallen much below their guar- anties. These data are shown in Table IT. Tasie I.— Work Done In Feepina Sturrs INspecTION LaBporatory, 1905-1912. Years 1905.| 1906. | 1907.| 1908. 1909. | 1910.| 1911.] 1912. Number of brands inspected ...... 319 | 310 | 328 | 279 | 368 | 380 | 404 | 447 Number of samples analyzed...... 326 | 316 | 388 | 297 | 403 | 412 | 608 | 772 Number of brands below guarantee.| 103 | 104 | 62} 28} 22] 39] 48 60 Percentage of brands below guar- antees, ... +. oO oy shs fake st El WSN Soe LO | LO Cal 10 S10 13 TasLE II.— NumBer aND Kinps or Frepina Srurrs ANALYZED, 1911-’12. Number of Number | Number brands CLASSIFICATION. of brands | of samples | appreciably sampled. | analyzed. below guarantee. Cottonseed mieals¥Hiq. 825 2008.8. JRA. 21 38 7 Ihmiseed meals ceva scale cate eects nc oe tae 11 23 2 IMISITRSDKOULG RES aA SAE oe Ce ao coin ete castes 28 45 2 Driedidistillers? grains';:. teen soe ieioe 30 61 4 WricdwbrewerssewaiMsye ee wom. wiewdie oy eie ear: 14 24 2 Clitenticeds ey Se es Fr toto ee tee Re 11 26 1 Glutenymeals! -Seeorter: 2a mee viele 1 PA TPN RA ; Hominy ieeds...5....- «ciisiie cp Bate TE ae a 20 28 3 Weripounded TOSAS 7s isisisisie sews! vies echoes i 136 23€ 16 664 Rerorr on Insprcrion Work or THE Tas Il.—NvuMBER AND Kinps oF Freepina Srurrs ANALYZED, 1911-’12—cont’d. Number of Number | Number brands CLASSIFICATION. of brands | of samples | appreciably sampled. | analyzed. below guarantee. Molasses feeds (compounded)................ 46 91 7 Cottonseed feeds (compounded).............. 5 11) ea a Bee Poultry feeds (compounded)................. 36 65 6 AMIMAl FEES goes oia os hs ees rova ee nisios) FSS aE OPer Orr TL? 6°01 | O€ | 922 Vo | Oe 19 lag |}9 dag |"19 laq| 49 lag |"79 dag |10 wag "qoRI4XO aol nc) “yey | ulejoid | , Toe ees adnan apnig ey ea TOTGINT “uorpisoduroy aiaisjcmyie) wile ise’ 913) sale) os yea Ce ear it Tver ac uBiq aA see ewe we see *sy[nY oy Zita), aPaxeipaiel « pails ystjod soy Open oer ib beissl" puesi sob ry 5 0 « © « 8 0 sie erele > s][ny 480 Bs e\aie) wens SSUI[pprur 480 “GH ALG ONIGAAT *(panuyuod) SHINLG ONIGHAY IO SLNGIOGIOD NOILSADIG] ANV ‘SLNGIULAN FIAILSADIC] ‘NOILISOdNOD ADVUGAY —A] TIAV], 671 New Yorx Acricutrurat Experiment Sration. pue ,,‘sdo1g o3v10,7 , SUIpeaT pue speaq s,Aruexy ,, SaYIO0A ,, , S[RUITY Wey Jo SUIpssg S,UepiOr ,, WOIJ AfoF1v] Usye, o1OM 9[qQe} SIY} IO} vyBp oY], —"ALON OTL 0'&¢ 0°02 0°19 0°79 0° 9F 0&9 0°CS 0°99 0° €F 0 LE 0°09 O° rr 0 9 0'8€ 06S 04 0 9¢ 9°89 Z 99 0°19 0°29 0&2 0°S9 49 Lag \0 Jaq|* “40B1X9 eal} | “Igy ues = japnig IN "S}USIOYJood uorysasiq 0°0¢ | 0°99 O-1¢ |-0'€2 0's¢ | O-S¢ 0°29 | 0°87 0°68 | O'FL 0'GE | OTS | O'S | 0°08 | O'T€ | OTT O'GF | 0°02 008 | €'6F 0°29 | O'SF OL | 0'9¢ 10 dod /"19 od | ‘uw ma: | hed | pnig ‘oprag ‘soyeipAy, “yey -OqIBD ppm $}USYNU 9[quysesIq. SH oO NID Serer re lad \" ~ ‘spunod QQ] ut 4 [ON OHO 5a4 AY re a ‘194 -o1d opnig 1 OF 9°GZ 6% 8°21 2°38 16 eecwrvwesievecse Avy I9AO]O OyISTy € 6§ IeVaa Ore — lee, SIsike Ob Ve sOl al ae ae ee Avy 19A0p) op AM T se oh 1 Ce Coa Zz 9 eae B20) © wiee'*s| wilpjie! (ete! p) «jus! Avy I9AO]O pey eet 4 i God ae al a Cl ert Aey Aqyouny, L GP 0°SZ Coe © FI ad r'8 a \aijetali@ile falta) 'e.(eMs celiekalaue ¢ Avy ByBITV 9° OF 6°88 mal oe ze 2 ois, el rere a) ae Oy oxome: 0S a eeep aie MBIYS 9fYT CP ozelez lor ltre |oe foc MRIs 420 P&P Poke Car re Zr 9°6 ej\e) oie) ye! 616s) 0) (ete: pwen ele 6 MBIYS yeoy 0°68 0°98 Gai ce LG Z FI wie © eM e) ee) (0 e600 um MBIIS Aopeg O'IT 09 Q° Jha PT 1'62 tiie) e/(uike' ©) slip) ») oe leisy s) site a aSelis u109 Calis LAGS 4] l= YL se re CxO pall aes paind pray “10A038 ul0D LVé cevis| Oo Lee h | .26 |eGecvel a pene ply leppopusoy 40 lag \°}9 dag’\"79 Lag\"79 dag|'79 4aq|"}9 lag *40B1}X9 Hel dal BP 6210} Reeents c) a . P mal apnig hee oc TS store AN -O1UIN epmo ‘DVHDAOY ‘morisodur0¢9 “(panuyuod) SHIOLG ONIGGAY AO SLNAIOIMGTOD NOMSADIG NV ‘SINGIULAN WIAILSADIG ‘NOILISOdNOD TDVUGAY —'A] TIAVI, 672 Report on Inspection Work OF THE TABLE V.— APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF ONE QuarT OF FEEDING STUFFS. Lbs. Lbs. Alfalfa mealitin. sik chu be oe oe ale 43, | Mialt Sproutsyes c-1<).. .. tot tees ol Barley as eecteee tn kc kanal 1.35. |. ominyifeed soe). bios ae ialioete os 87 Wheat... atte 2 «, sporsmy dara vets I6bsi|: Glutensteed’. shan: he Soe ee 1.07 TRYOl: aistc,ciahs cepts «cht ne, Serer et [esol Gluvenmmeaite 9 cercre snes on 1.47 Com... 2. ak a ee 1 ol | Cottonseed meal 22) ck cla 1.03 Oatsee so ae Riri e eee eee are .85 | Cottonseed feed (meal and hulls).. 1.00 Wheat middlingses 05. ame. - i23..| Lanseedemeale, cana cii een. Lely Wheat. brant 18 6...cren seer. 245—|\Dried“beet ‘pulp: ...... 25.20. - 49 Comanealie Se Ree 103:3|“Pea meal a. has. beeentete tite eee aeabi | Cormibraniys 48 eo ee "o9y|bloddemealer 2°". Loa. sake 1.03 Corn distillers’ grains (dried)... . Soom An imalemeal: a. ne. cee Bee 1.58 Rye distillers’ grains (dried)...... AT, 4). Beet SCraiys) cist. cn ohaomiee kek eee 1.36 Dried brewers’ grains........... /50)«|-Digester’ tankage. 25.5: ...2a.- - be bl The weights in the above table may be found useful in compounding daily rations. They were determined by carefully weighing one quart of feed. TasBLE VI.— Composition oF CrERTAIN INFERIOR MartTertats LAarGety USED To ADULTERATE FEEDING STUFFS. / Nitrogen MATERIAL. Water. | Ash. Protein.| Fat. Fiber. free extract. Per ct.-| Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. Buckwheat hulls.......... 9.6 Dp 4.9 lee 42.9 39.3 Corn cobs}: Be ty 28 Sere 8.0 Th} PANT aed ole 56.2 Cottonseed hulls.......... 10.4 2.6 4.0 2.0 44.4 36.6 Oat feed (mostly hulls)... . “oY ee sail 1.6 26.4 54.4 Ostihulls: 2s et eee es fee 6.7 53503 1.0 29150 52.0 Peanut feed (largely husks). 10.0 2.6 8.9 5.5 56.4 16.6 Reanwt husks es ao re 13.0 lp 5.0 dey 66.0 1351 Peanutishellshs ar oe 8.5 220 Toll Zo 60.7 18.7 Riceshulls\. wae ee 10.5 I ede | 4.6 Af 38.9 27.9 These materials are characterized by a low protein and high fiber content, a condition which is always attended by low digestibility. They are often used in compounded feeds which sell at grain prices. PURE AND ADULTERATED GROUND FARM GRAIN MIXTURES. Many of the feeding stuffs found upon the markets of this state are or appear to be composed of ground cereal grains such as corn, oats, barley and rye, particularly the two former. The practice of grinding or mixing oat hulls with the aforesaid cereals is of frequent occurrence and the use of oat clippings and corn offals is not unknown. There is no criticism intended for the manufacturer who truthfully labels and sells such feeds at a fair price. In that case the buyer can New Yorx Agrictutrurat Exprermenr Srarion. 673 use his own judgment as to whether he should purchase feeds com- posed in part of inferior materials. Although the majority of millers are properly branding their goods, deception is still much more general than one would imagine. As an aid in interpreting the chemical analysis of cereals mixed in various proportions, the following average analyses are given: Taste VII.— CuemicaL Composition oF CrernaL Mrxturss. Protein.| Fat. Fiber. Per cian) Weerictaa| emer. TOES eee aay RE SO IG re, ES A, May 8 510 9.5 Worm e alee eye AOR hee TD ek hal Weed. oe 9.2 3.8 1.9 Corn and oats (equal parts by weight)................ 10.5 4.4 5.7 Corn, 75 per ct.; oats, 25 per ct...... Se Sree 9.8 4.1 3.8 Worms 25) per cbs) Oats fo Mer Ch. ges oa eke eral 4.7 7.6 Corn, oats and barley (equal parts by weight)......... iL 5) 4.0 4.7 Corn, oats and rye (equal parts by weight)............ 10.9 4.0 4.4 RETAIL PRICES. The cost of feeding stuffs has never been higher than at the present time, and the buyer should use great care in his selection. In the following table are given the average partial composition and range in retail prices per ton of some feeds commonly found upon the mar- kets of thisState. They are classified according to the percentage of protein which they contain. TaBLE VIII.— Composition AND RETAIL Prices PER Ton. Price FEEDING STUFF. Protein.| Fat. Fiber. per ton. Crass I (80-45 Pier Cr. Protein): Jamon, |) Jap ain || JEP WE Giltitenarnie alle che see fe eae eaaces: ASO | Base 1.08 $36 Cottonseedmenl ee ey ee | 40.62 7.67 7.79 33-40 Wuinseed| meal (oldsprocess)|...........-.-.- Sars 1.2 7.5 38-45 Dried distillers’ grains (largely from corn).| 32.4 12.0 13.0 30-85 Cuiass IT (20-30 Per Cr. Provern): Buckwheatmniddlings).!5.)6s...)8. oe. snes 28.9 Cal 1 28 Dried brewers’ grains........... Meets 27 .62 ANG 12.66 25-34 IMialitsproutse. Seay, 3s ees te as be oe 20.6 3.0 10.9 23-27 Wnicormydainyeration ee-meerinns eee 5. 26.47 6.63 7.59 3l Bluembbom dary deed. 32...2.59..-.0.5...5- | 26.18 4.57 8.81 30-32 (Untionyeraingk Seer apper(actavks pera. Peeves. ee 24.96 7.65 7.70 32-33 onest) cow, f6ed or et 5). 9c fiven en co as 24.82 8.24 7.88 380 Glutenweeds os), eee enc torts AI eis eer 24.0 3.3 5.3 29-31 Gottonseed ‘feed wat iscn & sheccesvale tba es 20.48 4.38 | 21.04 27-31 22 674 TaBLE VIII.— Composition AND Rerart Prices per Ton (continued). Cuass III (14-20 Per Cr. Prorern): Crass IV (8-14 Per Cr. Prorer): Special proprietary mixtures: Animal byproducts: FEEDING STUFF. Daisy dainyfeedhs. Aes. BE. CA See: Rye distillers sprains soe ee eae ustedslayinemasht ie een. tee ee | iRewemea] eet,” | MANE Se oe tne eee | Wheat middlings 2 let os sec crea wee ere Wiheawumixedtceds ee es one eee Surarine dairy feed eit: o... aes ee Barley reeds eh), Orit.” 2 bee cake ne tee Badger dairy feeds. S. .... bn ten Senn eeee International special molasses feed......... Win ea Galanin <'.s) as wc aekeerate tee aernen rt out iW; Sisuean Leedh: 4 a8 a. 5 .nsss eee Reena Holstem*sugar feed 42 2: j.ton- nec eee Alfalfa meal <2. 8242 ucrarattetrtetsrtaneeeee Worn foilimesdiny pero. Fe. Sis ee eee Ground screenings (mostly ground weed SCCUS: FA 26 pct tek i seh Benes eecugease 3 No. 2 chop feed (corn, oats and wheat bran) ar ST 0 11) adem lath i Rieke ser i Wi ie 3 Be | H. O. Co. algrane horse feed.............. | H. O. Co. algrane scratch feed............. Schumacher stock feed. «2.5.5... cots =. | Oneida mixedsteedis. on .. see ee cace Heer Sterling imrxeditieed naan 25 emcee eters Hominyiieed ies oie ep ae Bees ee ee eee NMonarchcChOpe ene tes Ce ee eee SUC gS 0 ce Be sa cae i rg renee ea Mriedsoeeh pulps goes Ae dad peers. Hammond stock feedin-: ./. . 223% 45 2 oe 2 | Husted yellow provender................- Cornlandcobumedin eras ae oben ee | Wiolassesscorm fa KGS seen tee oye agen eo oe epee International grofast calf meal............. | HUPCALOCORCa LT Mea lee pete pi ae eer Bistchfand{s;caltamesiive,.|) asec ase Sehumeachercalfemenliy sane, ee. See TIGGM OU re tae «te cette ticter ant eee Eaton’s high grade beef scrap............. Pure WEeinCLACKAIPS ae... «1. aos qocihe el cee oe Bone, anaymeatimenien:, dadocincdast ee Gone | Bowkers anim almenl. - voc. os cate cnt * Per cwt. tT Per lb. Protein. 6.54 STR POOR Orb WR OVO Or ‘SS a lor) i) NI Ororcr ~~) co Reporr on INspecrion Work oF THE Fiber. Price per ton. | New Yorx AcoricutruraL Experiment Srarion. 675 A careful inspection of the figures in tables IV and VIII shows that in many cases there is little relation between the prices charged for feeding stuffs and their composition as determined by chemical anal- ysis. The cost of some feeds is way out of proportion to their nutri- tive value. The brands mentioned in this table were chosen merely for pur- poses of comparison of the several classes of materials in relation to their composition and prices. In the selection of proper feeding materials the actual analysis is not so important as the proportion of digestible matter. The ingre- dients of which they are composed should also be taken into careful consideration. In Table IV may be found the digestible nutrients for many of the concentrates and fodders. Very little data is to be had upon the digestibility of compounded feeds and grain refuses. FEEDING STUFFS’ DEFINITIONS. The following feeding stuffs’ definitions are, with the exception of a few changes, essentially those adopted by the Association of Feed Control Officials at Columbus, Ohio, in November, 1911: Meal is the clean, sound, ground product of the entire grain, cereal or seed which it purports to represent; provided that the following meals, qualified by their descriptive names, are to be known as, viz.: Corn germ meal is chiefly the germ of the corn kernel from which a part of the oil has been extracted. Linseed meal is the ground residue after extraction of a large part of the oil from ground flax seed. Hominy meal, hominy feed or hominy chop is a mixture of the bran coating, the germ and a part of the starchy portion of the corn kernel. Grits are the hard flinty portions of Indian corn without hulls and germ. Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel. Wheat bran is the coarse outer coatings of the wheat berry. Wheat shorts or standard wheat middlings are the fine particles of the outer and inner bran separated from bran and white middlings. Wheat mixed feed is a mixture of the products other than the flour from the milling of the wheat berry. Red dog is a low grade wheat flour containing the finer particles of bran. Oat groats are the kernels of the oat berry with the hulls removed. 676 Report on INspecrion Work OF THE Oat shorts or oat middlings are the coverings of the oat grains lying immediately inside the hulls. These make a fuzzy material carrying with it considerable portions of the fine floury part of the groat obtained in the milling of rolled oats. Oat clippings are the hairs, oat dust, ends of oats and light oats separated from the oat kernel by the clipping process. Oat hulls are the outer chaffy coverings of the oat grain. Rice hulls are the outer chaffy coverings of the rice grain. Rice bran is the cuticle beneath the hull. Rice polish is the finely powdered material obtained by polishing the kernel. Flax plant by-product is that portion of the flax plant remaining after the separation of the seed, the bast fiber and portions of the shives; and consists of flax shives, flax pods, broken and immature flax seeds and the cortical tissue of the stem. Buckwheat shorts or buckwheat middlings are those portions of the buckwheat grains immediately inside of the hulls after separation from the flour. Blood meal is ground dried blood. Meat scrap and meat meal are the ground residues from animal tissue, practically exclusive of hoof and bone. If they contain any considerable amount of bone, they must be designated meat and bone scrap, or meat and bone meal. Hf they bear a name descriptive of their kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto. Cracklings are the residue after partially extracting the fats and oils from animal tissue. If they bear a name descriptive of their kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto. Digester tankage is the residue from animal tissue practically exclu- sive of hoof and horn, specially prepared for feeding purposes by tanking under live steam, drying under high heat and suitable grind- ing. If it contains any considerable amount of bone, it must be designated digester meat and bone tankage. Distillers’ dried grains are the dried residue from cereals obtained in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors. Brewers’ dried grains are the properly dried residue from cereals, mostly barley, obtained in the manufacture of beer. Malt sprouts are the sprouts of the barley grain. If the sprouts are derived from any other malted cereal the source must be designated. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 677 Alfalfa meal is the entire alfalfa hay ground and does not contain an admixture of ground alfalfa straw or other foreign materials. Chop is a ground or chop feed composed of cne or more different cereals. If it bears a name descriptive of the kind of cereals, it must be made exclusively of the entire grains of those cereals. Screenings are the smaller imperfect grains, weed seeds and other foreign materials separated in cleaning the grain. MISUSE OF TERMS. Corn meal: According to definition this should be the sound, ground product of the entire grain. In the milling of corn for the production of food products such as table meal, breakfast foods, etc., certain portions of the kernel are removed. That which remains is a coarser product, having somewhat the appearance of the ground grain. This substance is not corn meal in the true meaning of the term, yet it frequently appears upon the market under that name. The term “ corn meal ” should not be applied to any material other than ground, clean, sound corn, from which no portion of the kernel has been removed. Corn bran: This is defined as the outer coating of the corn kernel. Certain residues from corn, obtained in the manufacture of table meal and other foods, composed largely of the outer covering of the corn kernel, but containing in addition a generous amount of the woody ends of the grains, the yellow grits and more or less germ and chaffy matter, are found upon the markets of this State under the name “corn bran.”” They are improperly branded. Corn bran is a uniform material running from 11 to 12 per ct. protein, while the products referred to are variable in composition and seldom exceed 9 per ct. of protein. Pure corn bran should be the outer skin of the corn kernel, free from more than traces of any other substance. Corn offal: In this bulletin the term “ corn offal’ has been used to describe the low grade materials occurring in shelled corn, such as corn cob, ¢mmature and damaged kernels, coarse and fine particles of corn husks, glumes, and dust. This use of the term, however, is unsatisfactory, as corn offals are, strictly speaking, residues from the kernel after certain portions have been removed. Similarly, wheat by-products in the manufacture of flour are known as “‘ wheat offals.”’ Oat middlings are really the floury portion of the oat groat, although they are usually obtained in combination with the bran or inner cover- ing of the oat grain. In such cases it is commonly the practice of stating both oat middlings and oat shorts as ingredients. Since the definition of oat shorts or oat middlings includes both these materials, it is preferable that only one ingredient should be guaranteed. 678 Report on [Nspection WorK oF THE The use of “oat clippings’ under the name “ oat middlings ”’ or “oat shorts’ is clearly intended to mislead and will be held as misbranding. Oat feed: The term “ oat feed”? should not be used. If oat by- products are used in compounding a feed, each ingredient should be named separately. Oat clippings: ‘“ Oat clippings” have been defined as being “ the hairs, oat dust, ends of oats and light oats separated from the oat kernel by the clipping process.” As they appear on the market in feed mixtures they seldom corre- spond with this definition. In the process of clipping, the oats are run into rapidly revolving drums or cylinders, where they are rubbed together until the fuzzy ends, small portions of the oat groats and more or less hulls and light oats are removed. Coincident with this process is the separation of the refuse matter from the grain, such as dust, dirt, chaff, straw, stems and weed seeds, or in other words, the clippimg and screening or cleaning of the grain is often done in one process. Apparently the clippings and more or less refuse are run together and sold or mixed in feeds under the name “ oat clippings.”’ It is plain that this term is not properly descriptive. For this reason it has been necessary in this bulletin to go further and state exactly what is found. If clippings, screenings and weed seeds are used they should be so named. The. analysis and composition of several samples of so-called clippings appear in the table on the opposite page. Buckwheat middlings: Mixtures of buckwheat middlings and buck- wheat hulls are often sold as buckwheat middlings. Such samples are regarded as misbranded. Cottonseed hull bran is a misnomer. It is only another name for finely ground cottonseed hulls containing more or less lint. Rice bran is defined as the cuticle beneath the hull. This term is often erroneously applied to a mixture of rice bran and rice hulls. Bran, shorts or middlings: It quite frequently happens that these terms are used alone. This may lead to confusion. They should therefore never be used without the qualifying name of the cereal from which they are derived. Example: Wheat bran, oat shorts, wheat middlings. Malted barley: This term should never be applied to brewers’ grains. Linseed meal is preferable to the term “ oil meal.”’ Gluten: The term “ gluten ” is not sufficient but should appear as “ gluten feed ” or ‘‘ gluten meal ”’ as the facts may warrant. IMENT STATION. o u New York AgaricurturaLt Expt “qa puv ‘spoos pooM punois ‘ui0d WoL] SSuLMOTq (snp puv sary yvo ‘sjouroy podojaAspun pur uoyuniys ‘su0}S PUB MUIYS JO sooerd ‘sournys) Jo Ayysour Sury4sts -u0d Jeyd 4yvo Jo quNnOW odItT ‘syeo 4yYyST] ouIOs ‘avid 780 JO quNOW od5IV] ‘sT[NY 780 Jo yuNOWIe oFIv'T ‘4113 ‘spaes poo jo yunowe |[BuIs B ‘ULO0D WoIT ssurMoy;q (ysnp yO puv sirey 4vo ‘sjoustey pedojaAspun pue uoyuniys ‘sua}s puw MBS Jo soootd ‘saulnps) jo A[ysour SUYSIsuUOD TRY 4eo JO yUNOWIR oSavy AIOA & ‘S}eO qysy Jo yunowsy osu] ‘(yunow [[eWs) Ali0q vo OYy jo soootd uoyoig ‘uviq Yeo Jo yuNOUIe oS.zR] ‘sTTNY 4vO "y13 (snp 4vo pu sarey 4vo ‘sfouroy podojaaopun pur ueyuniys ‘sounys) jo AjYsour Suysisuoo yeyo yvo jo yunowy osiv, AIA & ‘syeo 4YYSIT ouIOs ‘(480 OY4 jo pue ayy Ajosrey) Aroq 4vo oyy Jo sooatid usyoiq ‘uvid BO JO JUNOW oS1v] ‘sT[NY 4vo Jo yuNCUIR oS.1erT “qld puv qysnp ‘punois Ayj1ed spoos paom ‘u109 UIOI] SSULMOT pue uviq u10s ‘ulod jo sodeid useyoiq ‘sureys pur MBIZS BO “ULIG 4BO ‘S}vO 4YDTT ‘sT[NY yvo ‘sews 4eO ‘TOIBUIUZeXO JeoIdooso1oIU Aq poylyuepl syUoIpoiSuy 169 18°6 £19 Le 9 79 lad 4s pues BOIS ST 0g rE 0S 96°0¢ 09° FS yo lag “40R14XO aolj -UdD0I1JIN SPOT Zo&T 00°02 OF 06 49 lag aocti a 7 8L°S 69°T 40 Lad 48 €9 IT GL OT £9°8 ‘Ul9}O1g Ih FI 96°6 G68 49 lad ‘Us epg fro e LO) sil Si 3 & S AY «SDNIddITO LVO ,, JO SYTANVG JO SISKIVNY —'X] FIV], 680 Rerort on Inspection Work or tite Hominy: This term should not be used alone but should always appear as “‘ hominy feed,” “ hominy meal” or ‘‘ hominy chop.” Screenings: One of the most serious attempts to mislead and de- fraud arises from the practice of compounding feeds with grain screenings, containing a certain amount of broken and damaged grains, and upon the strength of the presence of these particles of the cereals from which the screenings are obtained, guarantees are main- tained which would lead to the assumption that the commodities are composed of pure, sound grains, whereas only screenings have been used. Example: A certain sample of feed was certified to be composed of cottonseed meal, oats, barley, wheat, grain screenings, malt sprouts, molasses and salt. A careful examination showed that the true composition of the feed was cottonseed meal, screenings from oats, barley and wheat, malt sprouts, molasses, and salt. When a cereal is named as an ingredient, it is expected to be clean, sound, sweet and of good quality. The form, whether whole, cracked or ground should be given. New York AGricutrurAL EXPERIMENT Stratton. 681 PROVISIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAW RELATING TO THE SALE AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATED COM- MERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. ARTICLE VII* SALE AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Section 160. Term “ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs’ de- fined. 161. Statements to be attached to packages; contenis; analysis. 162. Statements to be filed with commissioner of agriculture; to be accompanied by sample and affidavit when re- quested. 163. License fee. 164. Commissioner of agriculture to take samples for analy- sis; analysis to be made by director of experiment station. 165. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains. § 160. Term ‘ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs ’ defined. — The term “ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs ’’ as used in this article, shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea meals, bean meals, peanut meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried distillers’ grains, dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, dried beet refuse, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and cob meal, ground bee? or fish scraps, meat meals, meat and bone meals mixed, dried blood, mixed feeds, clover meals, alfalfa feeds and meals, compounded feeds, condimental stock and poultry foods, proprietary or trade-marked stock and poultry foods, and all other materials of similar nature; but shall not include hays Exceptions. and straws, the whole seeds nor the un- mixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, buckwheat and broom corn, neither shall it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or mid- dlings, not mixed with other substances, but sold separately, as dis- tinct articles of commerce, nor pure grains ground together, nor corn meal and wheat bran mixed together, when sold as such by the manu- facturer at retail, nor wheat bran and middlings mixed together not mixed with any other substances and known in the trade as ‘‘ mixed *Laws of 1909, Chapter 9, Article 7 (Chapter 1 of the Consolidated Laws). G82 Rerorr on Lyspecrion Work or THE feed,” nor ground or cracked bone not mixed with any other sub- stance, nor shall it include poultry foods consisting of whole or whole and cracked grains and grit mixed together when all the ingredients may be identified by the naked eye. (As amended by chapter 436 of the Laws of 1910.) § 161. Statements to be attached to packages; contents; analysis. — No manufacturer, firm, association, corporation or person shall sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this state, any con- centrated commercial feeding stuffs used for feeding live stock unless such concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall be accompanied by or shall have affixed to each and every package in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly printed statement which shall certify as follows: 1. The net weight of the contents of the package, except in the case of malt sprouts sold in packages containing uneven weights. 2. The name, brand or trade mark. 3. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or person responsible for the placing of the commodity upon the market. 4. Its composition expressed in the following terms: a. The minimum per centum of crude protein. b. The minimum per centum of crude fat. ce. The maximum per centum of crude fiber, provided that the per centum of crude fiber may be omitted if it does not exceed five per centum. d. If a compounded feed, the name of each ingredient con- tained therein. e. If artificially colored, the name of the material used for such purpose. If any such concentrated commercial feeding stuffs be sold, offered or exposed for sale in bulk, such printed statement shall accompany every car or lot. Any such feeding stuffs Bulk goods. purchased in bulk and later sacked or bagged for purposes of sale shall have tags ttached giving the information as provided herein before being sold, offered or exposed for sale. Whenever any feeding stuff is sold at retail in bulk or in packages belonging to the purchaser, the seller upon request of the purchaser shall furnish the said purchaser the information contained in the certified statement provided herein. That portion of the statement required by Guaranteed analysis. this section relating to the quality of feeding stuffs shall be known and recognized as the guaranteed analysis. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909 and by chapter 314 of the Laws of 1911.) § 162. Statements to be filed with commissioner of agriculture; to be accompanied by sample and affidavit when requested. Before any manufacturer, firm, association, corporation or person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in this state any concentrated commercial New York AGricutturaL ExprerRiMENt STAtrion. G83 feeding stuffs, he or they shall, for each and every brand of concen- trated commercial feeding stuff, file annually prior to January first of the calendar year in which such commodity is to be sold, offered or exposed for sale with the commissioner of agriculture a certified copy of the statement, with the exception of the net weight of the contents of the package, specified in section one hundred and sixty- one, said certified copy to be accompanied, when the said commis- sioner shall so request, by a sealed glass Jar or bottle containing at least one pound of the feeding stuff to be sold or offered for sale, and the company, or person furnishing said sample shall thereupon make affidavit that said sample corresponds to the feeding stuff which it represents, in the per centum of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, name of each ingredient contained therein, if a compounded feed, and the name of any artificial coloring material used. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909 and by chapter 314 of the Laws of 1911.) § 163. License fee.— Every manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, shall pay annu- ually prior to January first of the calendar year in which such com- modity is to be sold, offered or exposed for sale to the treasurer of the state of New York a license fee of twenty-five dollars for each and every brand to be sold or offered or exposed for sale. Whenever a manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated commer- cial feeding stuffs desires at any time to sell such material and has not complied with the requirements of the statute he shall before selling, offering or exposing the same for sale, comply with the requirements as herein provided. Said treasurer shall in each case at once certify to the commissioner of agriculture the pay- Certificate of ment of such license fee. Each manufac- commissioner. turer, importer or person who has complied with the provisions of this article shall be entitled to receive a certificate from the commissioner of agriculture setting forth said facts. Such certificate shall expire on the thirty- first day of December of the calendar year in which it was issued, but no such certificate shall be issued for the sale of a brand of concen- trated commercial feeding stuff under a brand or trade name which is misleading or deceptive or which tends to mislead or deceive as to the constituents or materials of which it is composed. Any such certificate so issued may be cancelled by Cancellation of. the commissioner of agriculture when it is shown that any statement upon which it was issued is false or misleading. Whenever the manufacturer, im- porter or shipper of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall have filed the statement required by section one hundred and sixty-one of this article and paid the license fee as prescribed in this section, no agent or seller of such manufacturer, importer or shipper shall be required to file such statement or pay such fee. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909.) Gst Revorr on Lxsvecrion Work oF THE § 164. Commissioner of agriculture to take samples for analysis; analysis to be made by director of experiment station.— The com- missioner of agriculture shall at least once in each year transmit to the New York agricultural experiment station for analysis at least one sample to be taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed, of the different concentrated commercial feeding stuffs sold or offered for sale under the provisions of this article. The said com- missioner of agriculture or his duly authorized representative in taking samples shall take them in duplicate in the presence of at least one witness, and in the presence of Taking of such witness shall seal such samples and sample. shall at the time of taking tender, and if accepted, deliver to the person apparently in charge one of such samples; the other sample the commissioner of agriculture shall cause to be analyzed. The director of said experiment station shall continue to analyze or cause to be analyzed such samples of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs taken under the provisions of this article as shall be submitted to him for that purpose by the commissioner of agriculture and shall report such analyses to the commissioner of agriculture, and for this purpose the New York agricultural experiment station may continue to employ chemists and incur such expenses Analysis of. as may be necessary to comply with the requirements of this article. The result of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, together with such additional information as circum- Publication. stances advise, shall be published in re- ports or bulletins from time to time. § 165. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains.— No person shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain or other cattle food with milling or manufacturing offals, or any substance what- ever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same or in which it is offered for sale: no person shall sell or offer for sale any meal or ground grain or other cattle food which has been so adulterated unless the true com- position, mixture or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same, or in which it is offered for sale. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909.) PENALTIES. Section 52 of the Agricultural Law relates to penalties and is as follows: § 52. Penalties.— Every person violating any of the provisions of this chapter, shall forfeit to the people of the state of New York the sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 685 dollars for the first violation and not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two hundred dollars for the second and each sub- sequent violation. When such violation consists of the manufacture or production of any prohibited article, each day during which or any part of which such manufacture or production is carried on or con- tinued, shall be deemed a separate violation. When the violation consists of the sale, or the offering or exposing for sale or exchange of any prohibited article or substance, the sale of each one of several packages shall constitute a separate violation, and each day on which any such article or substance is offered or exposed for sale or exchange shall constitute a separate violation. When the use of any such article or substance is prohibited, each day during which or any part of which said article or substance is so used or furnished for use, shall constitute a separate violation, and the furnish- ing of the same for use to each person to whom the same may be furnished shall constitute a separate violation. Whoever by him- self or another violates any of the provisions of articles three, four, six, eight and nine or sections three hundred fourteen and three hundred fifteen of this chapter or of sections one hundred six, one hundred seven and one hundred eight of this chapter shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment of not less than one month nor more than six months or by both such fine and imprisonment, for the first offense; and by six months’ imprisonment for the second offense. MIST HH Roger a i eee a 1s + Be, dQ) REPORT OF ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF COM- MERCIAL FERTILIZERS COLLECTED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE DURING 1912.* There are presented in this bulletin the analyses+ of samples of fertilizers collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during 1912 and transmitted by him for analysis to the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of the Agricultural Law. These an- alyses and the accompanying information are published by said Director in accordance with the provisions of Section 224 of said Law. Since many requests have been received for such data, it has been deemed best to give figures showing the current values of fertilizer ingredients, with an illustration of the method of apply- ing these figures in determining the approximate commercial val- uation of the different brands. TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. The trade-values in the following schedule have been agreed upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a result of study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of these states. These trade-values represent, as nearly as can be estimated, the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March, the respective ingredients, in the form of wnmixed raw materials, *A reprint of Bulletin No. 354, November, 1912. + The analyses herewith published are made in charge of the Chemical De- partment of the Station. the immediate oversight of the work being assigned to FE. L. Baker, Associate Chemist. [687] 688 Reporr on Inspection Work or THE could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These prices also correspond (except in case of available phosphoric acid) to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March, plus about 20 per ct., in case of goods for which there are wholesale quotations. TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS. 1912 Cts. per pound INT trogenvin ammonia saltserse.. 2... cevevsrceveekercrvarewels a)- cisternae meee eens 163 ew Man and mae sie yee cha s aov tert anes ah at ie Se ee 163 Organic. nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood.............. 22 in fine-ground bone, tankage and mixed fertilizers........ 19 a INACOATSeq DONE TAN CataM Ae lye! as. cee er Een ee ee 15 e in castor pomace and cottonseed meal................... 20 Phosphoric acid; water-solublexsse!2rs5. xc) ath. ed. Pediat s. Be 43 so citrate-soluble (reverted)............ Te ha M ar ae ee 4 % in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage.................... 4 in cottonseed meal and castor-pomace................... a “ in coarse fish, bone, tankage and ashes.................. oF Ms in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium citrate or water. 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlorides), in ASHES HELE ST Pict ete aoe crouse ree RTO SAT ee eae cE Oe a a 5a COPS IV INUIT AUC poses en eles neice alee oes ect ea eer Oe ae See 4% “ ‘Ssincastor pomace sand cottonseed meals. saree. ce eneeee . renee - 5 VALUATION AND COST OF FERTILIZERS. The total cost (to the farmer) of a ton of commercial fertilizer may be regarded as consisting of the following clements: (1) Re tail cash cost, in the market, of unmixed trade materials; (2) cost of mixing; (3) cost of transportation; (4) storage, commissions to agents and dealers, selling on long credit, bad debts, ete. While the total cost of a fertilizer is made up of several diferent elements, a commercial valuation includes only the first of the elements enter- ing into the total cost, that is, the retail cash cost in the market of unmixed raw materials. VALUATION AND AGRICULTURAL VALUE. The agricultural value of a fertilizer depends upon its crop- producing power. A commercial valuation does not necessarily have any relation to crop-producing value on a given farm. For a particular soil and crop, a fertilizer of comparatively low com- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 689 mercial valuation may have a higher agricultural value; while, for another crop on the same soil, or the same crop on another soil, the reverse might be true. Rute ror CaLcuLaTinc APPROXIMATE COMMERCIAL VALUATION OF MIxepD FER-. TILIZERS ON Basis OF TRADE-VALUES For 1912. Multiply the percentage of nitrogen by 3.8. Multiply the percentage of available phosphoric acid by 0.9. Multiply the percentage of insoluble phosphoric acid (total minus available) by 0.4. Multiply the percentage of potash by 1.0. The sum of these 4 products will be the commercial valuation per ton on the basis taken. Illustration —The table of analyses shows a certain fertilizer to have the following composition: Nitrogen 2.52 per ct.; available phosphoric acid 6.31 per ct.; insoluble phosphoric acid .89 per ct.; potash 6.64 per ct. According to this method of valuation, the computation would be as follows: Naren... Serna. |... S ell set cams. Romais 2.52 x 3.8 $9.58 Available: ph OsphOnicracidis. (4 4 sar «0 sass 00 tts ite steros eae ae 6.31 x0.9 5.70 Insolublesphosphoricacidh:---t cesarean: Serer ee 0.89 x 0.4 0.36 ROCASHINE octet aoe es tse. SL Qe ees: Meee 6.64x 1.0 6.64 $22.28 This rule assumes all the nitrogen to be organic and all the pot- ash to be in the form of sulphate. If a considerable portion of nitrogen exists in the fertilizer as nitrate of soda or as sulphate of ammonia, and potash is present as muriate, the results are con- siderably less. Farmers should be warned against judging fertilizers by their valuations. A fertilizer, the cost of which comes chiefly from the phosphoric acid present, would value much lower commercially than a fertilizer with a high percentage of nitrogen, and yet the former might be the more profitable one for a given farmer to purchase. 690 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND ApprREsS OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Alexandria Fertilizer & Chem. Co., Alexandria, Va. Brand or trade name. Excelsior Guano Alphano Humus Co., Great Meadows, N. J. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Alphano Humus Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acme Early Crop Pro- ducer Acme Fertilizer No. 2 The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Acme No. 1 Potato Ma- nure Acme Special Potato and Truck Acme Superior Superphos- phate Bone Meal Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash Bradley’s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate Bradley’s B. D. Sea Fowl Guano The American Agricultural Bradley’s “‘B” Fertilizer Chem. Co., New York nure for Potatoes and Vegetables sai whee, | Phelps 2969 Mount Vernon 3110 Elmira 2038 Binghamton ~~ 3037 Jamaica 2211 Jamaica 2208 Warwick 2296 Laurel 2311 Apalachin 2811 Cornwall Landing! 2719 Cobleskill 2739 Skaneateles 2429 Skaneateles 2431 Middleburg 2729 Owego 2502 Riverhead 2303 New York AGricutturat EXPERIMENT STATION. 691 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or IerriLizEr. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. cy Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2969 Guaranteed .82 9. &. Found 1.07 9.76 10.80 7.48 3110 Guaranteed —— Found 97 ——. 85 .o+ 2038 Guaranteed — 14. 15s a Found —— IG Pe 15.90 —— 3037 | Guaranteed — 14 1s —- Found a 15.56 16.10 ——— 2211 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. if Found 4.26 8.53 9.38 6.83 2208 | Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. op Found 5.04 8.35 9.28 5.08 2296 Guaranteed 20 6. The 10. Found ony 6.96 7.78 10.86 Zot Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ae Found 33.83) 8.06 8.78 7.44 2811 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found 1.03 8.43 10. 4.14 2719 Guaranteed 1.65 ——— 13.75 — Found 1.95 . ip Found 2 12.68 13.18 2 2582 Guaranteed Page: Yi 8. 9. 6. Found 2.40 8.83 10.76 5.56 2126 | Guaranteed 82 8. 9. 4. Found .98 8.67 10.38 3.86 2124 Guaranteed 1.65 10. iT. 4. Found 91 11.09 13.24 2.54 2532 Guaranteed — 14 15. ——— Found — 15.41 15.65 — 2563 Guaranteed —— 10. aU he 2 Found a 10.59 VLE a 2.10 2533 | Guaranteed a 12. 13. —— Found —-- 14.29 15.13 ——— 2616 Guaranteed .82 Ce 8. it. Found .90 6.44 8.69 | {2 2615 | Guaranteed | 1.65 8. 9. 2, Found 1.68 7.99 10.39 2.32 2125 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4. Found 1.50 9.16 10.72 4.22 2506 Guaranteed kg 23 9. 10. PA Found 1.38 9.72 11.13 2.78 2128 Guaranteed —— 10. it. 8. Found ae 11.08 12.67 7.82 2562 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. ae Found 2.02 8.17 9.05 Sika! GOG Rerorr on Insrecrion Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND AppRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The Recerca Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural) Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name, sanpie was taken, | pai Crocker’s Special Potato} Mattituck 2383 Manure Crocker’s Universal Grain} Boonville 2685 Grower Crocker’s Wheat and Corn| Albion 2127 Fertilizer Darling’s Blood, Bone and| Laurel 2312 Potash Darling’s Long Island ‘‘A”’| Mattituck 2377 Dry Ground Fish Mattituck 2350 East India Complete Ma-| Catskill 2255 nure for General Use East India Corn, Cabbage} Monroe 2701 and Potato Manure East India H. G. General) New Hyde Park 1788 Fertilizer East India Nitrogenized| Stuyvesant Falls 3130 Complete Manure East India Potato Manure) New Hyde Park 2217 East India Potato and| Mattituck 2301 Truck Manure East India Vegetable, Vine} Binghamton 2043 and Potato Manure Fine Ground Bone Brockport 2465 Genuine German Kainit | Mattituck 2352 Grass and Lawn Top Dress-| Warwick 2297 ing Great Eastern English} Unadilla 2592 Wheat Grower New York Acricutruran Exprrment Station. 697 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Stole PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2383 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ia Found ono 8.45 9.08 7.44 2685 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. Di Found .92 8.40 9.57 222 2127 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50 Found 2.06 8.90 10.37 2.70 2312 Guaranteed 4.11 te 8. i Found Ali 7.44 8.30 (Lala! 2377 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. qe Found 3.47 8.35 9.19 6.90 2350 Guaranteed 8.23 6. ——— Found 7.83 — 7.40 a 2255 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 6. Found 2.67 8.62 10.30 6.12 2701 Guaranteed Asal ie 8. Tos Found 4.11 7.85 8.45 7.36 1788 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Ge Found 3.36 8.29 9.10 7.20 3130 Guaranteed 8.23 4. oe 4. Found 8.30 5.50 6.64 4.20 2217 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Te 10. Found Si By 6.22 6.95 10.48 2351 Guaranteed 3.29 te, 8. (ke Found 3.42 7.14 7.88 ee 2043 Guaranteed DAE 6. lr 10. Found 2.56 6.99 9.26 10.24 2465 Guaranteed 2.47 ——— 22.88 ae Found Baral aon 23.49 —_— 2352 Guaranteed —— — — P46 Found —— a —_— 13.52 2297 Guaranteed | 3.91 on 6. Pa Found 3.64 Desul fa25 2.68 2592 Guaranteed .o2 8. 9. ZF Found 1.01 8.22 9.24 2.16 698 Rerorr on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME Aanp Appress oF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Great Eastern Garden Special Great Eastern Garden Special Great Eastern General Great Eastern High Grade Vegetable, Vine and To- bacco Fertilizer Great Eastern New York Potato Special Great Eastern Northern Corn Special Great Eastern Peerless Potato Manure The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Great Eastern Schodack Special Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash Great Eastern Unammo- niated Wheat Special Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fer- tilizer Ground Tankage Ground Tankage 9-20 Ground Untreated Phos- phate Rock High Grade Celery, Onion and Truck Manure The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York High Grade Dried Blood Locality where sample was taken. Jamaica Orient Delanson Unadilla Chateaugay Unadilla Delanson Gouverneur Sherburne Sherburne Burke Oakfield Oneida Barneveld Jamaica Elmira Num- ber. New York AGRricutturaAL ExprertMEent STATION. 699 COLLECTED 1N NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2210 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The Found S\.6P 8.37 9. laren} 2660 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. a“. Found oo 2 8.73 9.04 7.42 2277 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .86 8.18 8.98 4.38 2591 | Guaranteed f 2.06 8. 9. 6. Found 2.10 8.73 9.39 5.96 2911 Guaranteed 1.85 7 8. 10. Found 1.63 7.95 9.12 9.02 2590 Guaranteed 2.47 Qe 10. 2 Found 2.68 9.18 10.63 2al2 2278 Guaranteed 1.03 7 8 10. Found 1.26 afsil 9.10 10.26 2676 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ak Found 87 9.97 10.59 7.20 2530 | Guaranteed a+ --- te 2p 2p Found se EZ 11.38 2.08 2531 Guaranteed —— 12 iB}. —_——— Found —-- 2E2 7 12.96 — 2910 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3 Found 2.06 7.69 9.63 aE22, 2771 Guaranteed 7.40 —— 9.15 —- Found 6.99 ee 11.30 2825 Guaranteed 7.41 —— 9.15 sae Found Ll: a 11.38 —— 2698 Guaranteed a — 30.20. —— Found — —--— 30.70 ——- 2215 Guaranteed 4.11 4. ae 12k Found 3.41 4.84 Nesy 11.46 2036 | Guaranteed 9.87 | —— | —— | —— Found 12.24 a —— —— 700 Rerort on Inspection Work ov THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND AppRESS OF MaNnu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Brand or trade name. The American Agricultural’ High Grade Ground Bone Chem. Co., New York | Locality where sample was taken. The American Agricultural] High Grade Potash Com- Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural) Lazaretto “AA” Super- Chem. Co., New York | The American Agricultural! Lazaretto Alkaline Dis- Chem. Co., New York solved Bone Elmira Randolph pound High Grade Sulphate of} Elmira Potash Webster phosphate Smithboro The American Agricultural] Lazaretto ©Ammoniated Chem. Co., New York Phosphate Carlton Station The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Dissolved Phos- Chem. Co., New York phate Cortland The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Dissolved Phos- Chem. Co., New York phate and Potash Ballston Spa The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Extra Ammo- Chem. Co., New York niated Bone Phosphate The American Agricultural] Lazaretto High Grade Chem. Co., New York Alkaline Dissolved Bone The American Agricultural; Lazaretto New York Chem. Co., New York Standard No. 1 Michigan Carbon Works General Crop Fertilizer The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural; Michigan Carbon Works Chem. Co., New York Homestead Fertilizer Michigan Carbon Works Pomestead Potato and Tobacco FertiJizer The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural; Michigan Carbon Works Chem. Co., New York Red Line Phosphate The American Agricultural) Michigan Carbo. Works Chem. Co., New York Red Line ?sphate ' with Potash Medina Medina Copenhagen Middleport North Collins Middleport Fredonia Ellicottville Num- ber. 2965 3178 New York AcricutturaL Exrerrtmment Station. TOL COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1N 100 Pounpbs or FErRTIuizER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 3015 Guaranteed 3.29 —-- 20.59 ——— Found 3.97 ——— 20.73 oo 2109 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found 1.70 8.06 10.04 10.06 3014 Guaranteed See —— 48. Found = sees ——- 45.88 3176 Guaranteed 1.85 9 10. 4 Found Mak 9.65 iil 4.48 3006 Guaranteed ——— 13’. 14. on Found ——— 1Se23 13.60 3.40 2981 Guaranteed .82 8. ; Found 1 8.40 10.68 2.34 3038 Guaranteed ——. 14. 15. —— — Found ———— 14.45 16. 2853 Guaranteed —- 10. lly 2, Found ——— 10.46 11.08 2.10 2455 Guaranteed 83 8. 9. 4. Found 97 8.18 9.85 3.96 2456 Guaranteed —_— 10. 11 Sy Found we 10.25 11.95 Geo2 2682 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9 2} Found 1.48 8.98 9.62 2.42 2489 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .95 8.94 9.89 4.24 2627 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50 Found 2.14 8.76 10.56 Dis 2490 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3 Found 2A3 8.64 9.81 3.18 2965 Guaranteed ——— 14. 15. ———— Found SS 13.66 15.95 ——- 3178 Guaranteed ——— 10. 1 We 2 Found —— 10.38 11.98 1.90 Revorr on Inspection WorkK OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York ‘fhe American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Milsom’s Acid Phosphate Milsom’s Acidulated Bone and Potash Milsom’s Blood, Bone and Potash Fertilizer Milsom’s Buffalo Fertilizer Milsom’s Buffalo Guano Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer Milsom’s Dissolved Phos- phate Milsom’s Dissolved Phos- phate and Potash Milsom’s Erie King Fer- tilizer Milsom’s Potato and Cabbage Manure Milsom’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer Milsom’s Special Bean and Grain Fertilizer Milsom’s Vegetable Fer- tilizer Milsom’s Vegetable Fer- tilizer Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and Barley Fertilizer Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash North Collins Locality where sample was taken. Albion Romulus McGraw Canandaigua Fancher Chenango Forks Fancher Trumansburg Clarence Albion Chenango Forks Albion Hamburg Randolph Elmira Gates Number. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. T03 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. Guaranteed ——— 14. Ta — Found ~ a 13.50 Nie ——— Guaranteed ——. iL. ily Bye Found —- 12.43 12.68 4.98 Guaranteed 3.29 6. ee 10. Found 3.24 6.45 6.92 10.46 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50 Found ed) 8.59 9.98 1.64 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .98 8.31 10.12 3.78 Guaranteed 2.47 9. 10. Pa Found Fail 9.54 10.49 2.88 Guaranteed — [2s 13. aH Found + 11.74 Az a Guaranteed — 10. Tae Fee. Found wa 10.14 10.93 Pail?! Guaranteed .82 if. : ig Found 112 Ue 9.47 1.40 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. he Found ie 9.12 ie 7.64 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. oF Found 1.96 8.14 9.32 3.70 Guaranteed 10. lite 8. Found a 10.33 12.09 7.58 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. a: Found ooe 8.44 8.85 7.64 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. de Found 3.24 8.91 10.38 Uetsy Guaranteed .82 8. 9. yee Found 1.18 7.97 10.32 2.58 Guaranteed ——— —— —-— 49. Found —_—_ — Oo 49.80 Guaranteed Hae ——— —- = 49. Found so a a 50.36 704 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York North Western Brand or trade name. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda — Nitrate of Soda Acid Phosphate The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York North Western Acid Phosphate North Western Beet Special Fertilizer North Western Challenge Crop Grower North Western Complete Compound North Western Dissolved Phosphate and Potash North Western Empire Special Manure North Western Grain Fer- tilizer North Western High Grade Alkaline Phos- phate North Western High Grade General Fertilizer North Western Market Garden Phosphate North Western Special Fertilizer North Western 10% Potato Fertilizer caunio ye taken) ee Elmira Tr ~ 2039 Gates ~ 2760 Ogdensburg 2905 “Medina ——_—s*|, 2150 EET 2758 MERE ES "9824 Potsdam 2671 Voorheesville 2271 Voorheesville 2273 Highland ~ 3121 North Harpersfield | 2837 Greene 2537 Medina 2454 Darien 3151 Medina 2457 Medina 2453 New York AaricutruraL Experiment Station. 705 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen, Potash. Available. Total. 2039 | Guaranteed 15. — ——— ——. Found 15.76 ~-—— ——— a 2760 | Guaranteed 15. ———- ——. ——— Found 14.99 —- —— —-— 2905 | Guaranteed 15. SE alah RIL ets ap oy Found 15.05 —— 2150 Guaranteed —— 14. Ls —_—____ Found ——— 14.29 16.76 —. 2758 | Guaranteed —— 14 15. —— Found 14.20 16.90 sa 2824 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 10. Found 1.16 8.57 9.55 8.45 2671 | Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2. Found 1.27 8.50 9.56 2.46 2271 | Guaranteed | .82 3 9. 4. Found .88 8.26 9.67 4.06 2273 +| Guaranteed ——— 10. ils Dh: Found 10.13 1g Pea l7/ 2.02 3121 Guaranteed 3.29 Thy 8. Ue Found 3.56 8.14 8.80 6.16 2837 | Guaranteed 1.65 10. iit. 4. Found 1.64 ob alr 11.99 3.90 2537 Guaranteed ———— 10. ial. 8. Found A 10.93 1 Weaye 7.92 2454 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 4. Found 1.79 8.68 10.16 4.28 315]. Guaranteed 2.47 8 9. 6 Found 2.40 8.87 10.38 5.86 2457 Guaranteed .82 9 10. lie Found 1.06 9.02 11.25 6.96 2453 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 10. Found 1.55 8.39 10.28 10.68 23 706 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MaANnv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. North Westen XXX Alkaline Phosphate Pacific Nobsque Guano Pacific Soluble Guano Packer’s Union Animal Corn Fertilizer Packer’s Union Banner Wheat Grower Packer’s Union Gardeners Complete Manure Packer’s Union Potato Manure Packer’s Union Universal Fertilizer Potato and Garden Manure Potato and Onion Special Preston’s Pioneer Fer- tilizer Preston’s Potato Fertilizer Pulverized Sheep Manure Pure Ground Bone Pure Unleached Canada Hardwood Ashes Quinnipiac Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Quinnipiac “B” Fertil- izer Locality where sample was taken. Cherry Valley Eden Center Moravia Afton Schuylerville East Marion East Marion Lowville Little Neck Albion Tivoli Valley Stream Jamaica Hamburg New York Skaneateles Trumansburg’ Num- ber. 2746 New York AGRICULTURAL ExprErRImMEenT STATION. 707 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2746 | Guaranteed —— 10. Te i, Found — 10.08 10.44 5.76 ; 2620 | Guaranteed 1.03 8 ; 2 Found ies 8.15 10.26 2.66 2508 | Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50 Found 2.07 7.89 9.61 1.92 2844 | Guaranteed 2.47 9 10. 2: Found 2.61 9.08 10.71 2.38 2870 | Guaranteed ———- 10. 11 2. 1 Found 10.71 11.14 2.10 2399 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Os 10. Found 3.38 6.29 6.90 , 10.20 2400 Guarantéed 2.06 8. 9. 6. Found PAYS 8.41 9.38 6.16 2684 | Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4, Found .97 8.53 9.38 4.48 2242 | Guaranteed 3.29 7 8. ife Found onl 7.30 8.20 7.10 2131 Guaranteed 1.65 10. iv 6. Found ace 10.26 12.05 5.96 3123 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2p Found Tle aly 8.52 10.72 PBy 2237 | Guaranteed 3.29 8 9. Ue Found 3) fh 8.15 8.95 7.08 1786 | Guaranteed 2.06 .50 125 .50 Found Zea 1.14 1] al 2.04 2626 Guaranteed 3.29 —- 20.59 a Found 3.28 a 22.29 2247 Guaranteed —— —— 2. Found cod ital Sin 2407 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 7, Found ty 8.23 9.44 2.26 2565 | Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4, Found .93 8.33 8.90 4.34 708 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND AppRESS OF MANuU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Quinnipiac Climax Phos- phate Quinnipiac Dissolved Phosphate and Potash Quinnipiac Market Gar- den Manure Quinnipiac Mohawk Fer- tilizer Quinnipiac Potato Manure Quinnipiac Potato Phos- phate Locality where sample was taken. Skaneateles Newark Valley Fort Johnson Skaneateles Preble Fort Johnson Num- ber. Quimmipiac Soluble Dis- solved Phosphate Read’s Acid Phosphate Read’s Corn, Wheat and Rye Fertilizer Read’s Dissolved Bone Read’s Farmer’s Friend Super Phosphate Read’s High Grade Farm- er’s Friend Read’s High Grade Farm- er’s Friend Read’s High Grade Farm- er’s Friend Read’s High Grade Special Read’s Leader B and B Fertilizer Read’s Phosphate and Potash Skaneateles Willow Creek Windsor Eden Center Greenwood Lake Lynbrook Medina Medina Middleport Potsdam Willow Creek New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 709 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. 2410 | Guaranteed 1.03 Found 1.20 3007 | Guaranteed a Found 2855 | Guaranteed 3.29 Found 3.56 2409 | Guaranteed .82 Found .95 2550 | Guaranteed 2.47 Found 2.56 2856 | Guaranteed 2.06 Found 2.14 2408 Guaranteed —— Found — 2570 | Guaranteed es Found 2177 Guaranteed 1.65 | Found 2.44 2619 Guaranteed — 117}, 13. ed Found Le 7fe/ 13.76 2298 Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. 3 Found 2.10 8.22 9.40 3.44 1789 | Guaranteed 3.29 6 (he 10 Found 3.36 6.84 7.38 10.38 2452 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Te 10. Found 2.49 7.33 8.72 10.96 3251 Guaranteed 3.29 6. he 10. Found 3.08 6.69 8.15 10.20 2488 | Guaranteed 1. Be 5. Found 12.06 13.53 5.30 2675 | Guaranteed .82 7. 8. he Found .92 8.11 9.23 1.18 2571 Guaranteed ——— 10. ll. Found —--— 11.08 12.29 1.76 710 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York THe American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Read’s Practical Potato Read’s Standard Super Read’s Truck Fertilizer Standard ‘“ A ” Fertilizer Locality where Brand or trade name. garaplelwas taken Windsor Special Windsor Phosphate Read’s 10 and 8 Windsor Lynbrook Read’s Vegetable and Vine] Lynbrook Fertilizer Read’s Veribest East Homer Reese’s Challenge Crop} Kirkwood Grower Reese’s Crown Phosphate} West Stockholm and Potash Reese’s Elm Phosphate West Stockholm Reese’s High Grade Pot-| Skaneateles ash Mixture Reese’s Mayflower Kirkwood Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer | West Stockholm Reese’s Potato Manure Kirkwood Reese’s Special Alkaline} West Stockholm Phosphate 16% Acid Phosphate Riverhead Special Potash Mixture So. Alabama Sharon Springs Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. tel COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1N 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2175 Guaranteed .82 4. 5: 8. Found .89 5.02 6.48 8.62 2174 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .85 7.98 8.93 4.88 2176 Guaranteed 10. ie 8. Found ———— 9.97 10.82 8.30 1790 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9 Pe Found 3.30 8.57 9.27 7.52 1791 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 33. Found 2.30 8.45 9.54 6.04 3039 Guaranteed 1.65 10. 10 8. Found 1.96 10.38 10.90 8.14 2807 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. we Found 1.06 8.25 9.73 2.76 2914 | Guaranteed aosmae fea teres 8 2. Found a iese 12.05 2.38 2915 | Guaranteed vane 14. 1s nanan Found —— 13.78 15.49 — 2411 Guaranteed ——— 12. i183. 5. Found a 11.66 12.04 May 2809 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. De Found 1.84 8.58 9.67 4.38 2913 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .90 (/ exe 9.15 4.10 2808 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ofa Found .98 9.29 9.99 6.80 2912 | Guaranteed ——. 10. Ue 2h Found ae 10. 11.44 1.92 2336 Guaranteed ——— -——— Found —-— 16.14 16.80 a 2769 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ae Found 1.20 9.32 11.44 7.08 2750 | Guaranteed .82 te 8. A Found .88 7.07 8.79 1.22 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agriculturai Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural | Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Standard Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Standard “ B ” Fertilizer Stardard Complete Ma- nure Standard Guano Standard Phosphate and Potash Standard Special for Pota- toes Suffolk County Club’s Cauliflower Fertilizer Suffolk County Club’s Fertilizer Sulphate of Ammonia Superior Alkaline Bone 10% Vegetable and Potato Manure Thomas Phosphate Pow- der (Basic Slag) Wheat & Corn Producer Wheeler’s Corn Fertilizer Wheeler’s Fruit and Grain Grower Wheeler’s High Grade Phosphate and Potash Wheeler’s Peerless Acid Phosphate Locality where sample was taken. Akron Fonda Orchard Park Cornwallville Cornwallville Cornwallville Mattituck Mattituck Oneida Fancher Kingston Binghamton Port Jervis Sherburne Delanson Apulia Delanson Num- New York AcricvutturaL EXxpeERIMENT STATION. 713 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. Number. a PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2774 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2) Found - 1.87 8.69 10.93 2.38 2851 Guaranteed 82 8. 9. 4. Found 97 9.37 9.93 6.58 2609 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The Found 3.21 8.67 10.69 6.72 2262 Guaranteed 17203 8. 9. 2. Found 1.20 8.54 10.13 2.26 2260 | Guaranteed —— 10. 1a, 2. Found —— 10.65 11.48 Qae 2261 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3). Found 2.19 8.23 9.08 3.44 2662 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. 5). Found Dis 8.44 9.61 4.88 2661 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. 8. Found 4.14 8.42 10.10 8.32 2826 Guaranteed 20.16 — — sa Found 20.69 se ——— 2142 Guaranteed —- 10. We 5). Found 9.45 11.39 5.18 2265 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found 1.67 8.04 9.68 10.84 3036 Guaranteed aa So 16. a Found —- 16.73 —— 2711 Guaranteed 1.24 9. 11. 2. Found 1.38 9.21 10.53 2.42 2534 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2 Found 1.81 8.37 9.77 1.98 2279 Guaranteed ~s 10. nate 8. Found ~-— 10.30 10.93 8.22 2548 Guaranteed | aay 12. lz}, Di Found —— 12).27 12.51 4.94 2723 | Guaranteed -—— 14. 15. ——-- Found —— 1bsoo 15.79 — 714 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Namp aND ADDRESS OF Manvu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Wheeler’s Potato Manure Wheeler’s Grower Royal Wheat Wheeler’s Superior Truck Wheeler’s Wheat and Clover Fertilizer Williams & Clark’s Acorn Acid Phosphate Williams & Clark’s Amer- icus Fertilizer Williams & Clark’s Amer- icus High Grade Special Fertilizer Williams & Clark’s Amer- icus Universal Fertil- izer Williams & Clark’s “B’”’ Fertilizer Williams & Clark’s Dis- solved Phosphate and Potash Williams & Clark’s Good Grower Potato Phos- phate Williams & Clark’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fer- tilizer Williams & Clark’s Potato Phosphate Williams & Clark’s Potato Phosphate Williams & Clark’s Prolific Fertilizer Locality where sample was taken. Freeport Holcomb Easthampton Apulia Altamont White Plains Kingston Watervliet Interlaken Interlaken Port Jervis Oneida Kingston Watervliet Altamont Num- ber. 3129 3043 3042 2713 3001 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 715 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 1799 | Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. - Found 2.16 8.33 9.16 3.66 3183 Guaranteed .82 8. , ae Found .94 8.30 10.57 2222 2670 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ile Found 33d. 8.48 9.21 7.30 2547 | Guaranteed —— 11. 11D 2): Found i 10.95 11e32 2.34 Guaranteed — 14 15. —_ Found =a 14.62 15.03 Guaranteed DAT. 9. 10. 2. Found 2.68 9.98 10.80 2.30 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Ts Found 3.20 8.83 10.27 TAS Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2. Found 1.58 9.61 10.35 2.34 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found ie 8.76 9.52 4.10 Guaranteed —. 10. te 2. Found a 10.07 11.33 2.18 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found 115 8.31 8.87 4.36 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3: Found 1.85 8.23 9.48 3.38 Guaranteed 22470 6. rhe 6. Found 22K 7.50 8.81 5.96 Guaranteed 2.47 6. Clee 6. Found 2.59 7.04 7.76 7.20 Guaranteed .82 fe 8. ‘i Found .95 taal 8.90 1.44 716 Report on [nspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Brand or trade name. Williams & Clark’s Royal Phosphate Zell’s Dissolved Phosphate Zell’s Economizer Phos- phate Zell’s Electric Phosphate Zell’s Fruit Tree Invig- orator The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York Zell’s General Crop Fer- tilizer Zell’s High Grade Bone and Potash The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York The American Agricultural Chem. Co., New York American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Baltimore, Md. Co., Zell’s High Grade Wheat and Corn Manure Zall’s Special Potato and Cabbage Manure American Champion Grain Grower American Eagle Crop Grower .,| American Excelsior Guano American Formula Wheat and Corn American Prize Truck Guano .,| American Pure Raw Bone .,| American Standard Crop Compound .,|| Ammoniated Bone Com- pound Locality where sample was taken. Kingston Binghamton Binghamton Esperance Preble Canandaigua Moravia Binghamton Canandaigua Moravia Moravia Caledonia Arcade South Dayton South Dayton Caledonia Dansville Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found ELT. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. - PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. 8. 8.89 14. 14. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Total. o 10.12 15. 15.53 oF 10.67 Lule 11.05 ii be 10.49 a: 9.08 13. 12.74 itike 12.60 10. 12.12 Se 11.38 Zz 10.73 he 10.38 Lid te 11.47 og: 9.48 22.50 21:78 Mil 11.13 go: 1B bei | Potash. | )s Bore eee | (oe o| (nos | See ices |e Sao for) ee) — © a 718 Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. American Fertilizing Co., Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Co., Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Co., Baltimore, Md. American Fertilizing Co., Baltimore, Md. Armour’ Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Works, Works, Works, Works, Wo, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Locality where Brand or trade name. BOE el se Dissolved Bone and Potash} Hamlin Double Extra Bone and! Moravia Potash High Grade Acid Phos-| Batavia phate 10% Tankage South Dayton Armour’s All Soluble Fer-| Homer tilizer Armour’s Ammoniated| Eden Center Bone with Potash Armour’s Banner Brand} McDonough Fertilizer Armour’s Bean and Farm! Warsaw Fertilizer Armour’s Blood Rochester Armour’s Blood Fertilizer | Wayland Armour’s Bone, Blood and! Riverhead Potash Armour’s Bone Meal Fer-| Syracuse tilizer Armour’s Cauliflower, Cel-| Aquebogue ery and Potato Mixture Armour’s Crop Grower| Boonville Fertilizer Armour’s 5-35 Tankage Mumford Armour’s Fruit and Root} McDonough Crop Special Fertilizer Armour’s Grain Grower; McDonough Fertilizer ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 2980 Guaranteed Found 2510 Guaranteed Found 2472 Guaranteed Found 2955 Guaranteed Found 2401 Guaranteed Found 2618 Guaranteed Found 2184 Guaranteed Found 2993 Guaranteed Found 2780 Guaranteed Found 3031 Guaranteed Found 2302 Guaranteed Found 2560 Guaranteed Found 2349 Guaranteed Found 2686 Guaranteed Found 2762 Guaranteed Found 2185 Guaranteed Found 2183 Guaranteed Found 719 Pounps 1n 100 Pounpbs oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. —— 10. Le 2: : —— 10.33 11.838 2.28 —— WP}. SE Oe Soe 12.18 13.64 5.38 —. 14. 15. a ——— 14.60 17.02 ~ 9.23 ——— ——. TAQ —- 9.37 ———— 2.88 8. 4. 3.15 7.96 9.05 4.06 2.47 6. Pee 2.41 6.24 7.01 2.42 — 10. 8. so 10.52 10.87 8.02 ———— A — 4. —— 8.59 8.78 3.94 9.90 ———— Ss —— 9.32 — —— —— 1133. Sse = == 13.50 —— ——— ——— 4.11 8. 7h 3.96 7.97 9.18 7.30 2.47 —— 22.50 — 2.49 24.31 = 4.94 8. oF oneo 7.28 9.14 5.30 .82 8. PA. 87 8.31 8.94 2.14 4.11 a 16. el 4.08 —— 14.97 ——— 1.65 8. D. 1.81 7.94 8.83 5.30 1.65 8. ——— 2. 1.73 8.04 9.33 2.52 720 Report on Inspection WorK OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Nasa sum Annatid‘oF MAGE)’ sjrendortratoname || online | (Naa Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s High Grade Po-| Homer 2402 Baltimore, Md. tato Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s High Grade Po-| Walden 2706 Baltimore, Md. tato Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,, Armour’s Manure Sub-| Middletown 2292 Baltimore, Md. stitute Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,|; Armour’s Manure Sub-| Sidney Center 3024 Baltimore, Md. stitute Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,|) Armour’s Phosphate and} Le Roy 2112 Baltimore, Md. Potash No. 1 Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Potatoand Grain} Holley 2149 Baltimore, Md. Special Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Potato Special] Holley 2459 Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Raw Bone Meal] Rochester 2646 Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s 6 & 30 Tankage| Riverhead 2317 Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Special Potato)! Hempstead 1797 Baltimore, Md. Grower Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Star Phosphate | Wards Island 2202 Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Star Phosphate | Riverhead 2325 Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s Trucker’s Spe-| Middletown 2293 Baltimore, Md. cial Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,); Armour’s Wheat andj Le Roy 2113 Baltimore, Md. Clover Fertilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s Wheat, Corn} Newburgh 2714 Baltimore, Md. and Oat Special Fer- tilizer Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s York State Spe-| Homer 2403 Baltimore, Md. cial Fertilizer New York Aericutrurat Experiment Station. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. 72 \ 1 Number. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed | Found | Guaranteed Found Guaranteed | Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. 1.65 1.74 1.65 1.90 3.29 2.78 PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. — lonKor) “NICO | OS loner} lorzor} 00 00 | COCO Le) (or) ioe) Oo % Total. 9.19 9.36 7.22 6.99 10.78 8.95 6.69 22. 22.47 13.74 17.20 8.81 15.91 15.53 6.53 10.83 8.48 9.11 Potash. Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANUt- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Armour Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Works, Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti- more, Md. Brand or trade name. Blood Dried Blood Dried Blood Fanning & Young’s Spe- cial Potato Manure Genuine German Kainit Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Special Mixture Sulphate of Potash Sulphate of Potash Sulphate of potash Atlantic’s Arrow Brand Special Wards Island Locality where sample was taken. Central Islip Wards Island Kings Park Aquebogue Granville Wards Island Central Islip Kings Park Riverhead Central Islip Kings Park Wayland Peconic Amenia Hornell Durhamville Num- ber. New York AGricutturaL Experiment Station. (23 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRTILizER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2220 | Guaranteed 1342 a —— ————— Found 14.19 —_ — a 1800 Guaranteed 9.86 ——— -- ——— Found 10.42 ———— ss — 2225 Guaranteed 9.84 — a —— Found 10.18 ———— a 2375 | Guaranteed 3.29 fhe oF Found 3.66 7.02 9.17 4.92 2883 | Guaranteed —. —— 1D: Found — — 13.38 2203 Guaranteed — —_— — 48. Found 53:12 2221 Guaranteed — ——— — 48. Found 49 .92 2223 Guaranteed — ——— — 48. Found Daeoe 2326 Guaranteed —— —— — 48. Found — on se 45.32 2201 Guaranteed 14.81 — ——— —_— Found srl wa ——— —_—— 2222 Guaranteed 15). —— _— Se Found 15.64 —— ~ a 2224 Guaranteed 14.81 ——- a a Found 15.64 se —— —— 3032 Guaranteed —— —— Found 3.47 —— 15.35 2 2390 | Guaranteed —. —— —— 48. Found ——. — oe 49.04 2894 Guaranteed — —— ——. 48. Found ———— ——. — 49.60 3025 Guaranteed 50. Found —= Saad Se 50. 3003 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4, Found 85 8.01 8.63 4.24 ~I bo Ho Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND AppREss oF Manv- _FACTURER OR JOBBER. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti- more, Md. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti- more, Md. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti- more, Md. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-| more, Md. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti- more, Md. Atlantic’s Big Four Blood, Atlantice’s Crop Producer Atlantic’s Farmer’s Alka- Atlantie’s G. G. G. Golden Baltimore Pulverizing Co., Baltimore, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. Baugh & Sons Co., Balti- more, Md. The Berg Co., Philadelphia, Pa: Special 7% Potato Guano Baugh’s Complete Ani- Baugh’s High Grade Acid Baugh’s Raw Bone Meal 12 & 5 Phosphate and Berg’s High Grade Potato oe Berg Co., Philadelphia, a. Berg’s High Grade Truck Brand or trade name. Bone, Fish and Potash line Mixture Grain Grower Atlantie’s XX Special Compound for Potatoes Baugh’s Commercial Su- per-Phosphate for Gen- eral Use mal Base Fertilizer Phosphate Baugh’s Phosphate and Potash Muriate of Potash Tankage Potash Manure Guano Locality where sample was taken. Durhamville Elmi Elmira Elmira Durhamville Elmira Moravia Moravia Potsdam Moravia Arkport | Potsdam Arkport Moravia Ossining Ossining Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. 725 Number. SS ee ee ee ee Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed’ Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. 2.47 1.96 41 .87 1.65 1.56 PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. 6. 6.80 8.44 Potash. Total. (& 6. foe 6.64 b. Zi. 9.09 2.34 hb. 2) 10.16 1.94 10. 4, 9.33 4.12 9. 10. 9.35 9.94 ——— 5. Goad 4.40 —. 10. 8.96 10.24 5. 9.51 5.58 16.10 —— 8. 11.92 8.10 21.50 === 21.70 —= -= 5 48. — 51.16 5. 13.34 5.24 10. 11.95 4.97 ——— 6. 9.63 5.44 726 Rerort on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Berg Co., Philadelphia, Pa. The Berg Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Berkshire Fertilizer Bridgeport, Conn. Berkshire Fertilizer Bridgeport, Conn. Berkshire Fertilizer Bridgeport, Conn. Bonora Chemical York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer SVork.wiNe Ye Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer SViorkwNe Ye Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer Work. Nu. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer MOrK, ONE Ye Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., New New New New New New New New New New New New Berg’s Raw Bone Fine Brand or trade name. — Berg’s 8S. B. M. Standard Bone Manure Berkshire Ammoniated Bone Phosphate Berkshire Complete Fer- tilizer Berkshire Long Island Special Bonora Bowker’s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Bowker’s Ammoniated Food for Flowers Bowker’s Best Grain Fer- tilizer Bowker’s Blood, Bone and Potash Bowker’s Corn and Grain Fertilizer Bowker’s Corn and Grain t Grower Bowker’s Corn and Wheat Guano Bowker’s Dissolved Phos- phate Bowker’s Dissolved Phos- phate Bowker’s Early Potato Manure Bowker’s Empire State Phosphate and Potash Locality where sample was taken. Ossining Ossining East Schodack Jamesport Orient New York North Collins Syracuse Schuylerville Riverhead Mattituck Windsor Gasport Windsor Windsor Hicksville Windsor New York AGricutturaAL ExprerRIMENT STATION. TIT COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 3118 Guaranteed 3 —— 20 —_—_ Found 3.78 oo 22.48 —_—_— ; 3117 Guaranteed 33. 8. 6. Found 2u52 8.88 11.02 5.96 ' 2722 Guaranteed 8 8. 9. We Found 1.45 8.34 8.84 2.88 2 2356 | Guaranteed 225 8. 9. 6. Found 2.70 7.43 8.75 6.62 2656 | Guaranteed p thtgg 6. 8. re Found 3.30 6.41 6.72 8.68 3062 | Guaranteed 15: or 2). Found 15.54 LEY 5:53 3.80 2632 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Pale Found 1.61 8.64 10.85 1.96 2522 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. ee Found 2.61 7.19 9.14 3} 2869 Guaranteed 125 10. Hil. 6. Found 1.29 9.99 11.44 6.20 2347 | Guaranteed 4.11 Che 8. ihe Found 4.23 7.07 8.72 7.14 2355 Guaranteed Mea 8. 9. 4. Found 2.74 7.93 9.42 4.38 2172 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found 98 7.60 9.44 4.26 2496 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4. Found 1.80 8.26 10.35 33.10 2181 Guaranteed — 11 12. ——— Found ——. 13.64 lve! a 3047 | Guaranteed a 11 122 aes Found ——. 14.24 15.09 a 1783 | Guaranteed 3.29 itt: 8. Che Found 3.42 7.07 8.92 Ueare 2182 | Guaranteed 8. 9. oF: Found ——. 7.95 10.30 8.62 728 Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Work, N.Y? Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York NY: Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, No Y: Bowker Fertilizer Co., New BVIOEK WN iteXs. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Work, N.Y. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Work eNepye Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, Nove Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Work, Nive Bowker Fertilizer Co., New SOK UNA Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Work; Nays Bowker Fertilizer Co., New Mork Not Ye Bowker Fertilizer Co., New ork, ANY. Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York, N.Y: Brand or trade name. Bowker’s Empire State Phosphate and Potash Bowker’s Farm and Gar- den Phosphate Bowker’s Fresh Ground Bone Bowker’s Golden Harvest Fertilizer Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate Bowker’s Hop and Potato Phosphate with Extra Potash Bowker’s Lawn and Gar- den Dressing Bowker’s Market Garden Fertilizer Bowker’s Potash Fertilizer Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate Bowker’s Potato and Vege- table Fertilizer Bowker’s Six Per Cent Potato Fertilizer Bowker’s Soluble Phos- phate Bowker’s Special Crop Grower Bowker’s Super Phosphate with Potash for Grass and Grain Bowker’s Sure Crop Phos- phate Locality where sample was taken. Windsor Huntington Huntington Groton Syracuse Cherry Valley Binghamton Hicksville Delhi Ogdensburg Schuylerville Windsor Troquois Batavia Greenwich Syracuse Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. 129 Number. 3046 2207 2206 2505 2434 2741 2539 1781 2596 2908 2868 2179 2633 2478 2867 2436 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found | Guaranteed | Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. ie) Qo oo ow bo _ or iw) Bm | Do | 090 | CoG] Ba] orm | we ioe) to bo oO oy w nse co 00 ee) Wo) — = Total. oe 9.76 9. 9.22 22.88 24.03 13. 13.01 10. 9.67 og: 9.01 ioe) © > vo} “I oO oo an NN 00 00 for) bo Qo (eX) 7.65 Potash. Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND AppRESsS OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Bowker Fertilizer Yorks Nay Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York. Ne Ye Bowker Fertilizer ork,0N. Y< Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y Bowker Fertilizer Moriss INI YG Bowker Fertilizer Work. Nipy Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer York, N. Y. Bowker Fertilizer Works Ne hy. Bradley and Green Fertilizer Co., Philadelphia, Pa. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Co., New | Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Co., New Brand or trade name. Bowker’s Ten and Eight Bowker’s Ten Per Cent Manure Genuine German Kainit Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Stockbridge Special Com- plete Manure for Corn and All Grain Crops Stockbridge Special Com- plete Manure for Pota- toes and Vegetables (1) Stockbridge Special Com- plete Manure for Seed- ing Down, Permanent Dressing and Legumes 4 Stockbridge Special Com- plete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forc- ing (3) Market Garden Animal Tankage Bone Meal Buffalo 5-8-7 Buffalo 5-7-10 Locality where sample was taken. Windsor Windsor North Collins Schuylerville Mattituck Troquois Batavia Windsor Centervillage Syracuse Mineola Buffalo Hamburg . Riverhead South Lima Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. (Gil COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2173 Guaranteed ———. 10 ipl 8 Found 9.74 11.38 8.68 2180 |, Guaranteed 82 5 6. 10 Found 1.08 5.18 6.15 9.96 2643 | Guaranteed —_—— ——— 12. Found vse ——— ——— 11.87 2871 Guaranteed ——- — ——- 49. Found —— — —— 50.42 2353 Guaranteed 15: — —_—— a Found 15.34 aa ae a 2634 | Guaranteed 15 — ——- a Found 15.10 a 2479 | Guaranteed 3.29 10. 11. Ue Found 3.44 9.88 11.44 7.06 2178 | Guaranteed 3.29 6. ((e 10. Found 3.26 6.15 8.08 9.72 2588 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. 9. 10. Found 2.61 6.13 7.26 10.68 2435 | Guaranteed 4.94 4. 6. 6. Found 4.13 4.57 6.17 6.46 2233 | Guaranteed 3.20 8 ——- 6 Found 3.28 8.06 8.93 5.76 3179 | Guaranteed 6.1 a a a Found 6.58 —— a 2622 | Guaranteed 2.9 se 22 ee Found Dail —- 21.30 wo 2378 | Guaranteed 4.10 8. 9. es Found 4.04 7.80 9.08 7.40 3170 | Guaranteed 4.11 The 8. 10. Found 3.80 8.09 8.71 10.34 732 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Fertilizer Fertilizer Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buftalo Buffalo, N. The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Buffalo, N. The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y The Buffalo Buffalo, N. Fertilizer Fertilizer Co., Fertilizer Ve Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer nye: Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer ye Co., Brand or trade name. .,| Celery and Potato Special .,| Celery and Potato Special Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Dried Blood Dried Blood Extra Phosphate Potash Extra Phosphate Potash and and Farmers Choice Fish Guano Fish Tankage Floats Garbage Tankage Garden Truck Garden Truck General Crop General Favorite Locality where sample was taken. Fancher Boonville South Byron Collins South Byron Collins Newfane Silver Creek Owego Fancher Fairport Brocton Oakfield Batavia Silver Creek Norwich Savannah Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 133 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Available. Total. 1.6 8. 9. 1.82 8.67 9.31 1.6 8. 9. 1.85 8.99 9.54 wae 14. 1, _ 13.56 14.63 —— 14. 15, 13.20 14.67 9.84 se ——= 10.40 = Ss 9.84 —- —- 10.50 _———— 10. late — 9.87 ilgbaals} —- 10. ANE = 10.13 143 a 155 8 8. 9. 1.30 8.46 10.39 8 9. 10. .90 8.58 10.64 6.5 ——_ 8 7.59 — 2.40 —_ a 25. ———— ~-- 28.21 2.25 = 4. 2.61 —= 3.94 oo 8. Os 3.36 1.02 9.23 3:3 8. 9. 3.59 7.47 9.05 a 9. 10. 9.09 10.50 1.2 8. 9. 1.66 8.47 10.65 Potash. AEE —e (0/2) tow | or] 100 | Goo ~] TS Mme (34 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MaANv- | FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y. Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y. Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y. Brand or trade name. High Grade Manure Ideal Wheat and Corn Ideal Wheat and Corn Kainit Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Phosphate and Potash Pure Raw Bone Sulphate of Potash Tankage Vegetable and Potato High Grade Hop Fertilizer Hustler Potato Manure No. 1 Locality where sample was taken. Lockport Fancher Boonville Brocton Troquois Rochester Collins Ogdensburg Riverhead Moravia Elmira Buffalo Brocton Owego Oneonta Oneonta Oneonta Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 73 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FprrTiLizur. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 3.0 id 8. 10. 4.30 od 8.99 12.44 16 9. 10. 5: 2.04 10.29 11.36 6.10 1.6 9. 10. 5. 1.65 10.04 10.58 5.58 —-— ——- —- 1174. -a- —_—— —— 16.24 a ——- —- 48. ——— —-— —. 49 .82 See eee eee ee ey oo _ —. 50.68 sree. eee fe —_— 48. —— _ —- 52.32 —---- —- ————— 48. 50.66 oe ———$—— Sa SSSSs. foeeo el =SSSs ——— 12. i834 De ——_— iO er/7/ 13.02 5.08 3.3 a 23. ——— 2.85 —-— 23.98 Oka, oS 48. — —_—— 50.76 6.15 === SSS 6.26 ——— PAP: _ 2.4 8. 9. Ue 2.40 8. 8.97 7.62 3.29 The 8. 10. 3.24 7.22 8.83 10.76 .82 8. 9. 4, .98 8.37 9.78 4.22 2.47 8. 9. ihe 2.59 8.14 9.45 7.42 Reprorr on [Inspection WorxK OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAMB AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y. Carpenter Sanitary Render- ing Works, Elmira, N. Y. Case & Co., A. H., East Buf-| falo, N.-Y. Case & Co., A. H., Hast Buf- falo, N. Y. Case & Co., A. H., East Buf- falo, N. Y. The E. D. Chittenden Bridgeport, Conn. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Co., The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Conn. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Conn. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Clark & Son, O. W., Buffalo, No Ye Clark & Son, O. W., Buffalo, NY The Clark-Baylis Co., Mil- ford, Conn. The Clark-Baylis Co., Mil- ford, Conn. Clay & Son, Stratford, Lon- don, Eng. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. Brand or trade name. Standard No. 1 Tankage Case’s Complete Fertilizer No. 1 with Manure Fil- ler Excelsior Brand Pulver- ized Pig Manure Excelsior Brand Pulver- ized Sheep Manure Chittenden’s Potato and Cauliflower Chittenden’s Potato and Cauliflower Chittenden’s Potato and Grain Chittenden’s Potato Special Nitrate of Soda Clark’s Velvet Lawn Fer- tilizer Plant Food Corn & Cabbage Special Manure Special High Grade with 10% Potash Clay’s Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer Locality where sample was taken. Oneonta Elmira Basom Basom Basom Mattituck Whitestone Floral Park East Williston East Williston Buffalo Buffalo Floral Park Floral Park Rochester Wright Num- ber. New York AaricutturaL ExpPrriMent Station. 737 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2839 Guaranteed 1.23 8. 9. 2.50 Found 1 3a5) 8.40 10.01 3.20 3020 Guaranteed 6.57 —— 6.93 a Found 6.23 so 9.61 a 2768 | Guaranteed 1.64 8. . Found 1.78 8.27 9.34 4.18 2766 | Guaranteed 1 il. --—— i Found 1.63 Ted 1.89 7.12 2767 | Guaranteed ile 87 il Found 1.78 91 1.04 7.18 2318 | Guaranteed 3.3 8. 10. 3 Found 3.09 8.74 8.95 4.90 3070 Guaranteed 33) 8. 10. Is. Found Shi 8.75 8.93 5.40 1798 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10. 6. Found 3.13 e2e 8.26 6.46 1774 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10. ie Found 33.8 8.14 9.34 6.86 iV egs) Guaranteed a so soa Found 14.87 a ———— ——. 2757 ~+| Guaranteed Phe Be on Found 3.08 7.96 9.10 4.20 2756 | Guaranteed 3.50 he ae 6. Found 3.92 We 9.57 6.98 2235 Guaranteed 4.93 6. 6. Found 4.74 6.34 8.18 6.82 2234 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 10. Found 3.50 6.35 8.23 10.28 2647 Guaranteed 4, els 7.20 .10 Found 4.48 2A 8.88 24 2606 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4. Found THA 8.06 9.73 4.04 O4 738 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York Now. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Work. N. Y- The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Work. Ne a. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Yorke N: Y- The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New YorleeNeey. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Work, N.Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. Brand or trade name. E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn & Potato Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Double Strength Potato Ma- nure E. Frank Coe’s Econom- ical Potato Manure E. Frank Coe’s Empire State Brand E. Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Extra Special Potato Fertilizer and Fruit Grower E. Frank Coe’s Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Goiden Harvest Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Grain and Vegetable Grower E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Dissolved Phos- phate and Potash E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Soluble Phos- phate EK. Frank Coe’s High Grade Soluble Phos- phate EK. Frank Coe’s New Eng- lander Corn & Potato Fertilizer E. Frank Coe’s Onondaga Special Fertilizer for All Crops Locality where sample was taken. Perry Cortland Cherry Valley Savannah West Oneonta Cortland Hayts Corners Cortland Ithaca Perry West Coxsackie Bedford Hills Amsterdam Ithaca Num- ber. 3171 2156 2749 2970 2842 2157 2581 3103 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 3171 2156 2749 2970 2842 2157 2581 2155 2567 2102 2252 3103 2854 2568 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed New Yorx AgaricutturaL Experiment Srarion. 73 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 223 8.50 9.50 2.50 1.38 9.55 10.94 2.78 3) th) ihe 8.50 10. Bie le 7.56 8.54 10.54 .80 4, ‘aye 8. .93 4.28 5.69 8.30 1.23 9. 10. 6. Isat} 9.48 tt 14 6.30 2.47 (he 8. 8. 2.62 7.86 9.13 8.24 1.65 8. 9. 10. 1.70 8.82 10.12 9.86 ——— 10. ILE 2. ——— 10.38 11.24 2.20 —— 10. 1k 8. —<———= 10.29 10.98 7.94 .80 8. 9. ‘fe .96 8.11 9.32 7.46 SS 8. 9. oe >= 8.29 §.93 5.44 > 14. ibys —— SS 14.60 15.78 —— = 14. 15. —_ = 14.24 15.79 — .80 7.50 8.50 oP 1.00 7.93 10.75 3.34 .80 de 8. le .88 7.28 8.75 1.20 Found 740 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER Ok JOBBER. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Works Ne oY. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New orkyNee. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Yorke IN 7: The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York Nelly: The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Works Neays The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Work, IN-WY. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Works Ne ye The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York; N. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York N.Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New onkegNeny. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. Locality where Brand or trade name. sample ‘was taken. E. Frank Coe’s Red Brand! Cortland Excelsior Guano for Market Gardening E. Frank Coe’s Special] Elba 2-9-5 for Wheat, Corn and Cereals E. Frank Coe’s 12-5 Dis-| Hayts Corners solved Phosphate and Potash EK. Frank Coe’s 12 Per| Cherry Valley Cent Superphosphate E. Frank Coe’s Western} Churchville New Yorker KR. Frank Coe’s XXV} Wright Ammoniated Bone Phosphate E. Frank Coe’s XXV| Arcade Ammoniated Bone Phosphate E. Frank Coe’s XXX Fine] Maryland Ground Bone E. Frank Coe’s XXX Fine} Bedford Hills Ground Bone Bedford Farmers Corn and| Bedford Hills Grain Fertilizer Bedford Farmers Potato} Bedford Hills and Garden Fertilizer Bedford Farmers Potato} Bedford Hills and Garden Fertilizer Muriate of Potash Bedford Hills Nitrate of Soda West Coxsackie Nitrate of Soda Bedford Hills New York AGRriIcutturAL EXprrRIMEentT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 2153 2772 2579 2748 2484 2605 3156 2836 3102 2897 2898 3068 2900 2253 2899 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 741 Pounpbs in 100 Pounps or FERTILIzER. Nitrogen. of, OTe wow bo bo bo bo aS (=>) (ae) NSS | — or Hil 15.28 fost on 15.44 PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. 8 8.28 9 9.25 12 12.52 12 13.65 8 8.10 8.50 8.40 8.50 10.72 8 8.43 10 8.72 10 9.51 Total. 12.95 Potash. Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New ork Ne ye The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, Ni Y- Columbia Guano Co., Balti- more, Md. Columbia Guano Co., Balti- more, Md. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Work. IN» Ye The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, NJ Y- Brand or trade name. Thomas Phosphate Pow- der (Basic Slag Phos- phate) Thomas Phosphate Pow- der Thomas Phosphate Pow- der (Basie Slag Phos- phate) Columbia Double Ten Potash Mixture Columbia Fish Phosphate and Potash Columbia 14% Acid Phos- phate Columbia Grain Special Fertilizer Columbia High Grade Acid Phosphate The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Niorkeg Nye The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Yorks Ny Y: The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York; N.Y The Coe-Mortimer Co., New Wionke Nea. The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. Columbia Manure Sub- stitute Columbia Premium Phos- phate and Potash Columbia Soluble Guano Columbia Special Potato Formula Columbia Special Potato Guano Columbia Wheat, Corn & Grass Special Fertilizer Genuine German Kainit The Coe-Mortimer Co., New York, N. Y. Nitrate of Soda Locality where sample was taken. Wright North Collins Bedford Hills Melrose Berkshire Melrose Boonville Broadalbin Melrose Cortland Boonville Cortana Boonville Melrose Canastota Cortland * No official method for the determining of available P.O, in this sample. Num- ber. New York AGRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or Fertiuizer. Ronen! PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2603 Guaranteed ——_ 55, W/o —— Found ——— 2 We15 aa 2642 Guaranteed —— 15. iff ——. Found a - 18.56 ——— 3101 Guaranteed a 15. tof wa Found — “ 18.34 ee 2888 | Guaranteed - 10. 10.50 10. Found oo 9.69 10.22 10.70 3009 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 oF Found 1.63 8.57 9.53 3.10 2890 Guaranteed a 14. 14.50 — Found aa 13.95 14.78 a 2692 Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 2 Found 1.12 8.22 9.02 2EAZ 3131 Guaranteed —— 16. 16.50 — Found ae 16.23 16.43 a 2889 Guaranteed 1.02 8. 8.50 2s Found 123} 8.26 8.93 2.76 2168 Guaranteed a 10. 10.50 8. Found 9.77 10.29 8.38 2694 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 2 Found 1.74 8.16 9.13 2.38 2167 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 10. Found 1.84 7.56 8.64 1122 2691 Guaranteed G5 ON 5.50 10. Found 1.78 5.47 5.98 10.54 2891 Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 1. Found .88 7.98 8.43 1.44 3005 Guaranteed -_——-—— — — 12. Found — —_——— —_—— 13/28 2166 | Guaranteed 15. ec Bett | arn ay aie: Found 15.14 — — | —- Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name anp AppreEss oF MANvu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Brand or trade name. Locality where sample was taken. Riverhead Cutchogue tiverhead Northport Riverhead New Rochelle Southold Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,| live-Hight-Seven New York, N. Y. Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,! Five-Ten-Five New York, N. Y. Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,) Four-Kight-Seven New York, N. Y. Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,| Four-HKight-Seven New York, N. Y. Cooper’s' Fertilizer, LPecter,| Kainit New York, N. Y. Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper’s Corn and New York, N. Y. Wheat Special ee | Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper's Ground, New York, N. Y. Bone | Cooper’s Vertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper’s Pure Bone! New York, N. Y. Dust Cooper’s IT rtilizer, Peter,| Six-Hight-Five New York, N. Y. Daniels, Pred, Johnsonburg, Nec Davidge, William M., Brook- lyn, N. Y. Davidge, William M., Brook- lyn, N. Y. Fanning, Wm. R., head, N. Y. River- The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. Daniels Commonsense Grain and Grass Grower Davidge’s Concentrated Manure Davidge’s Special Phos- phorus Mixed Fertilizer Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Jamaica Cutchogue Johnsonburg Mineola Rye Riverhead Central Islip Kings Park Riverhead Rochester Num- ber. 2779 New York Agcricutrturat Exprrmment Sration,. 745 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or Frrti.izer. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2360 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. te Found 5) 6.29 9.04 7.16 2393 Guaranteed 4.11 10. i a Found Ali 9.84 11.13 5.04 2361 Guaranteed Sa20 8. 9. A Found 2.93 6.97 9.59 6.98 3067 Guaranteed 3.25 8. 9. Zh Found 4.43 1s 12.94 6.22 2359 Guaranteed —— —. ——— Found = 13.56 3109 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2A Found 1.50 7.89 9.72 1.96 2664 Guaranteed 1.26 ——— 20.61 —— Found 12¢ —— 22.83 —— 2212 Guaranteed 2.05 sa 22.90 ——— Found PETES - 23.68 —— 2392 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. ae Found 4.86 7.56 9.48 4.94 3158 Guaranteed — 14. 1S) —— Found 16.77 16.93 = 2231 Guaranteed 20 — Found 2.44 — 1.99 .68 3108 Guaranteed —— , —— Found .59 a 13.83 — 2335 Guaranteed Found 4.38 7.98 9,25 8.12 2219 Guaranteed — 14. — Found oe 14.74 15.34 —— 2226 Guaranteed Sn 14. —— Found — 15.44 16.18 —— 2332 Guaranteed —— 14. ——— Found ~— 16.25 16.96 —— 2779 Guaranteed na 14. ee Found a 14.12 15.58 ——— 746 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. The Fertilizer Material Sup- ply Co., New York, N. Y. Flower City Plant Food Co., Rochester, N. Y. Francis, Camerden Co., Quo- gue, N. Y Giddings, Burt L., Baldwins- ville, N. Y. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. : Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Brand or trade name. Acid Phosphate Animal Tankage Fish Scrap Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda No. 1 Potato and General Truck Fertilizer Tankage Walker’s Excelsior Plant Food Humus Leaf Mold Burts’ Banner Dried Blood Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Far- mers Potato Manure Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Fish Bone and Potash Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Gilt Edge Crop Guano Locality where sample was taken. Ogdensburg Riverhead Riverhead Riverhead Riverhead Riverhead Collins Jamaica Riverhead Rochester Quogue Baldwinsville Victor Venice Center Victor Stanley Num- ber. Number. 2904 2340 2334 2331 2330 2337 2951 2216 2333 2761 3066 2557 2785 2816 2783 2796 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed New York AaricutturaL ExpertMEent Station. 747 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. : —- 14, oS —- 14.51 14.67 a 6.58 ——_ 11.44 ——_— 6.92 —_ 9.38 — 8.57 4.45 5.90 ——- 8.36 9d — —— ——— — 50. —- = 51.18 oy ———— SSS —=== 15.65 = SSS ——= 15 — —— —— 15.36 ——— ——== od 15. —_— ——== — == 15.65 ——- ——- —— Seok 8. ie 4.44 8.64 10.42 8.16 6.58 SSS 11.44 — 7.39 == 10.35 _—_—— 10. Pres jib 8.47 10.17 10.19 13.01 82 — .10 .05 1.08 ———= .06 .00 .80 8 4. 1.29 9.15 10.89 4.88 11.76 ———— ——— .85 8. 9. 9. .98 7.76 9.94 8.58 1.50 iG 8. on 1.26 7.58 9.09 3.04 eGo 8. 9. 10. 17 (eile 9.85 8.47 Found 748 Rerorr on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANt- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti- more, Md. Guile, Charles, Fulton, N. Y. Hammond’s Slug Shot Works. Fishkill Landing, N. Y. Health Chemical Co., Yonk- INI Oe Health Chemical Co., Yonk- ers, N. Y. Health Chemical Co., Yonk- ers, N. Y. Henderson & Co., Peter, New York, Now: Henderson & Co., Peter, New York Ne Ye Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Griffith & Boyd Co.’s 10 Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Vege- Henderson & Co., Peter, New Work Ne Xs. Brand or trade name. Griffith & Boyd Co.’s High Grade Acid Phosphate Grifith & Boyd Co.’s Royal Potash Guano Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Special Grain Grower Special Guano and 8 table and Tobacco Grower Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Vege- table Bone Griffith & Boyd Co.’s XX Potash Manure Muriate of Potash Wool Waste Fertilizer Hammond’s Sward Food Bone Meal Victor Brand Westchester Brand Henderson’s Blood and Bone Fertilizer Henderson’s Cabbage and Cauliflower Fertilizer Henderson’s Corn Fer- tilizer Locality where sample was taken. Victor Locke Locke Victor Victor Stanley Moravia Moravia Victor Albion Fishkill Landing Yonkers Yonkers Yonkers New York New York New York Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. T49 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRTILizEr. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. 7 Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2787 Guaranteed ——_ 14. 16. ee Found —— 14.55 16.08 2850 Guaranteed .85 8. 9. 4. Found 1.07 8.23 10.33 4.28 2849 Guaranteed —— 10 ial. Wee | Found —— 9.54 2 Qn22 2782 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. oF Found 1.70 7.86 8.84 i By 2784 | Guaranteed — 10. ify 8. Found ~ 10.07 12" GeAZ 2793 Guaranteed 1.65 6. de 10. Found 2.14 6.64 8.80 10.98 2814 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. Found 2.93 Ceol 9.05 6.64 2815 Guaranteed ——— 10. 1k. 5 Found — 10.68 ea AL 7/ 2786 Guaranteed = eee — 50. Found —— = —— 49.08 2463 Guaranteed S705) 7) 2. Found . 1.20 222 soil 331, 3119 | Guaranteed 2.30 4.50 5.50 4.60 Found 2.38 oe ehh 4.21 Sul Guaranteed .90 10. ——— Found 12 15.46 Dome SiS" Guaranteed a 4. De 4. Found —— 9.72 16.58 9.72 3111 Guaranteed .80 6. Ue 6. Found Vi2 6.78 11.18 4.98 3055 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 2.50 Found 2.59 8.71 9.83 2.78 3053 Guaranteed Amial es 8. ie Found Fall 8.86 9.34 6.21 3056 | Guaranteed 2.47 10. We 5. Found 2.68 10.06 11.04 5.88 Rerort on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Nases som Anos oF Mix] cand or ado mama | Tocliy where | | ame Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Garden Fer-| New York 3058 York, N. Y. tilizer Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Plant Food| New York 3060 Wonks: Nios Ys Tablets Henderson & Co., Peter, New; Henderson’s Potato Fer-| New York 3057 York, N. Y. tilizer Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Pure Bone New York 3054 York: NjYs Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Universal Su-| New York 3052 Work, N= Y- perphosphate Henderson & Co., Peter, New) The Henderson Lawn En-| New York 3059 ‘York, Na Y! richer Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,] Ammoniated Superphos-| Glen Cove 1778 Philadelphia, Pa. phate Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Bean Fertilizer East Marion 2396 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Farmers’ Grain and | Jamestown 2959 Philadelphia, Pa. Clover Grower Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,)| High Grade Ground Bone} Southold 2663 Philadelphia, Pa. - Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Nitrate of Soda Riverhead 2343 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Potato and Truck Manure} Glen Cove 1777 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Cabbage Manure] Glen Head 1780 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M..| Special Compound Glen Cove 1776 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,} Special Corn Manure Jamestown 2960 Philadelphia, Pa. Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Fish and Potash} Glen Head 1779 Philadelphia, Pa. Manure Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Potato Manure East Williston 1773 Philadelphia, Pa. New York AGRIcuttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 751 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 3058 Guaranteed 4.12 7 oe Found 4.17 Chars: 8.20 5.68 3060 Guaranteed ha A 4 Found 9.06 10.71 10.74 9.46 3057 Guaranteed 3.70 if 8. 8. Found 4.08 7.78 8.50 8.36 3054 | Guaranteed 2.47 — 20. ———_ Found 3.74 — 26.25 —- 3052 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 4. Found 2.80 9.04 10.11 4.20 3059 Guaranteed 2.47 3.50 200) Found 2.42 4.95 5.70 2.98 1778 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 2 Found 2.02 8.51 9.66 2.96 2396 Guaranteed ——-- 10. Mt 8. Found ——— 10.86 20 7.50 2959 Guaranteed — 10. ie 8. Found ——. 9.90 11.61 7.68 2663 Guaranteed 3.29 ——— 20.59 a Found 3.25 we 22D ——— 2343 Guaranteed 1s —- — ——— Found 15.51 ee a ee 1777 Guaranteed QeAz 8. 9. 6. Found 2.50 8.40 9.39 6.60 1780 | Guaranteed 3.29 6. (ie 4. Found 3.24 6.97 7.93 4.34 1776 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found 1.61 8.14 9.25 4.56 2960 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 2. Found 1h 8.21 10.15 2.30 1779 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3. Found 2.18 8.33 9.25 3.66 1773 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Che " Found 3.53 8.38 9.22 CeLO -T Or ho Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND AppREss OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. International Seed Co., Rochester, N. Y. International Seed Co., Rochester, N. Y. International Seed Co., Rochester, N. Y. International Seed Co., Rochester, N. Y. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. Brand or trade name. Hubbard’s Famous [XL Hubbard’s 14% Phos- phate Hubbard’s Jewel Phos- phate Hubbard’s Oriental Phos- phate Hubbard’s 16% Phos- phate Hubbard’s Special Potato Fertilizer Hubbard’s 12-5 Alkaline International A 1 Special Manure International Electric Fer- tilizer International Grain and Grass Fertilizer International Potato and Truck Manure Black Diamond Fish Guano Fish and Potash Garden Fertilizer Fish and Potash General Grower Fish and Potash Truck Manure Ground Bone Humus Phosphate with Potash Locality where sample was taken. Windsor Schenevus Schenevus Windsor Schenevus Windsor Windsor Chester Le Roy Le Roy Le Roy Medina Albion Attica Gasport Hamburg Attica Num- ber. New York Aaricutturat Exprerment Station. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. | | Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. 8. 8.78 14. 16.46 8. 8.41 8. 10.09 16. 16.03 6. 6.61 12.11 —a coco] NN | NICO] CCO|] CO] OO] No! No — ies) Total. Potash. ied sIwj Ww vo Me) He He On bo bo bo bo bo bo 754 Rerort on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name anp Appress or Manv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. The Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O. Joynt, John; Lucknow, On- tario. Lalor, F. R., Dunnville, On- tario. Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook, dipels Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook, donde Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook, lsaele Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Brand or trade name. Special Cabbage and Onion Guano Square Brand Phosphate and Potash Canada Unleached Hard- wood Ashes, The Joynt Brand Maple Brand Unleached H. W. Ashes Lindner’s Complete Vege- table & Vine Fertilizer Lindner’s High Grade Special Manure Lindner’s Potato and Truck Fertilizer Lister’s Ammoniated Dis- solved Bone Phosphate Lister’s Atlas Brand Bone and Potash Lister’s Bone Meal Lister’s Buyer’s Choice Acid Phosphate Lister’s Cauliflower and Cabbage Fertilizer Lister’s Cauliflower and Cabbage Fertilizer Lister’s Celebrated Ground Bone and Tank- age Acidulated Lister’s Corn and Potato Fertilizer Lister’s Corn No. 2 Fertil- izer Locality where sample was taken. Gasport Attica Owego Oneonta Lynbrook Lynbrook Lynbrook Greene Holcomb Skaneateles Skaneateles Otego Sanborn Bloomville Marathon Skaneateles Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 755 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILizER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. ai Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2493 Guaranteed .83 10. 8. Found .95 10.10 10.75 8.56 2471 Guaranteed ————— 10. 28 Found —_ 9.97 10.93 1.52 2501 | Guaranteed == ——— 18 baee Found —— — eu 3.42 2840 Guaranteed SSS 1 3 Found —— 48 1.05 2.74 2239 Guaranteed 2 8 6 Found 2.93 8.13 8.54 6.14 2238 Guaranteed 4 8 7 Found 4.17 8.58 9.06 7.40 2236 Guaranteed Sig 4D 8. hie Found 2.98 8.03 9.91 7.02 2538 Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. 1.50 Found Pe Dil 8.53 Limo 1.50 3169 Guaranteed —- We 13. 5). Found wa 12.46 12.97 5.04 2417 Guaranteed 2.67 — 22.88 a Found 2.93 a 25.95 a 2416 Guaranteed ——— 14. 155, — Found —— 14.47 lowed a 2843 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. the Found 3.58 8.17 9.87 WAZ 2990 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. he Found 3.43 8.81 10. 6.84 2597 Guaranteed 260 6. 12. a Found 2.84 8.64 12.60 a 2049 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Be Found ive 7.68 9.99 3.48 2413 Guaranteed 1.65 10. 1th 4, Found 1.80 10.60 12.16 4.02 Report on Inspection WorkK oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J.* Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Lister’s Lawn Fertilizer Brand or trade name. Lister’s Dissolved Phos- phate and Potash Lister’s G. Brand Lister’s Grain and Grass Fertilizer Lister’s Long Island Special for Cabbage and Cauliflower Lister’s New York Special Fertilizer Lister’s Oneida Special Lister’s Potato Manure Lister’s Potato No. 2 Fer- tilizer Lister’s Reliance Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer Lister’s Special 10% Po- tato Fertilizer Lister’s Special Wheat Fertilizer Lister’s Standard Pure Bone Super-Phosphate of Lime Lister’s Success Fertilizer Lister’s Superior Dissolved Phosphate & Potash | maripis yao talen, | oe Cherry Valiey 2747 nea 2136 Albion 2137 Schenectady 2858 Mineola 2240 Cortland 2544 Jamaica 1785 Marathon 2050 Skaneateles 2418 Brockport 2464 Jamaica 1784 Skaneateles 2412 Syracuse 2559 Binghamton 2446 Homer "2197 Marathon 2048 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. N Nex PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. ee | 2747 | Guaranteed — 10. ib 2: Found 9.43 9.72 1.94 2136 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4, Found 94 7.92 8.99 4.08 2137 Guaranteed ———. 9, 10. ae Found — 8.89 9.25 5.14 2858 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 35) | Found ZrO 8.02 10.06 3.20 2240 Guaranteed 4.11 i 6. 4. Found 4.03 5.18 6.40 4.76 2544 Guaranteed 82 8 9. 10. Found 95 8.14 8.91 10. 1785 | Guaranteed 82 a 8. fi Found 1.03 7.46 8.54 2.36 2050 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The Found 3.29 8.02 9.84 7 2418 Guaranteed 1265 10 ie 4, Found 1.88 10.02 12.14 3.93 2464 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2. Found lige 8.21 9.32 2.16 1784 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Bi Found 1.83 8.01 10.24 3.46 2412 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found iber(et 8.01 9.55 10.14 2559 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 3 Found Vez2 8.02 9.92 3.08 2446 Guaranteed 2.47 9. 10. 2. Found 2.54 8.91 10.49 2.48 2197 Guaranteed e238 9. 10. Pee Found 2s 8.96 10.58 2.16 2048 Guaranteed ——. 10. MeL ie 8. Found SSS 10.02 10.47 8.02 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Brand or trade name. Locality where sample was taken. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. Y. Listers Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Long Island Potato Ex- change, Riverhead, N. Y. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lister’s 3-6-10 for Pota- toes Lister’s U. S. Super-Phos- phate Lister’s Vegetable Com- pound Lister’s Wheat and Rye Fertilizer Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Five-Hight-Eight Dried Blood Kainit Lowell Acid Phosphate Lowell Animal Brand for All Crops Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn and Grain Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn, Grain, Grass and Vegetables Lowell Cereal Fertilizer Lowell Corn and Vegetable Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash Binghamton Homer Skaneateles Atlanta Schenectady Cortland Mattituck Arkport Stamford Middle Granville Cortland Cortland Greenport Cortland Cortland Hoosick Falls New Yorx AaricutturaAL Experiment STratron. 759 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2445 Guaranteed 2.47 6 ihe 10 Found 2.62 6.23 8.21 10.36 2195 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2 Found 1.28 7.66 9.17 Dae, 2415 Guaranteed 3.29 8 9. ie Found sod 8.69 10.21 6.90 3035 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 2 Found Lead 8.70 9.88 2.34 2859 Guaranteed — —---— —-—— 49. Found ae a a 49.84 2545 Guaranteed 15. ——— ————— —. Found 15.46 ——— wa aa 2394 Guaranteed Found 4.50 6.92 8.68 8.88 3028 Guaranteed 9.84 a a Found 10.12 a - a ee 2803 Guaranteed —— a — Be Found aa a ——- 13.42 2885 Guaranteed ——— 14. Gy, ———— Found A 14.33 Ma Al —- 2158 Guaranteed 2.46 8. 9. 4, Found 2.46 8.47 9.17 4.02 2165 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. Se Found 1 Gal 7.76 8.88 2.70 2365 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. or Found 1.86 8.54 10.50 2.94 2162 Guaranteed .82 (f 8. i Found .95 7.01 7.91 122, 2159 Guaranteed 3) OFS 8 9 bees Found 3.30 8.06 9 7.92 2878 Guaranteed 1 9. : 2. Found i 1.68 9.32 11.50 2.28 760 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Namp AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER, Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Brand or trade name, Lowell Empress Brand for Corn, Potatoes and Grain Lowell Grain Phosphate Lowell Grass Mixture for Top Dressing & Lawns Lowell Ground Bone Lowell Ground Bone Lowell Market Garden Manure Lowell Potato Grower with 10 per ct. Potash Lowell Potato Manure Lowell Potato Phosphate Lowell Soluble Phosphate Lowell Special Potato Fer- tilizer with 10 per ct. Potash Lowell Sterling Phosphate Lowell Vegetable and Grain Fertilizer Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Locality where sample was taken. Cortland Stamford Salem Windsor Gloversville Slingerland Cobleskill Chenango Forks Cortland Urlton Slingerland Cortland Cortland Stamford Middle Granville Middle Granville Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 761 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounpbs or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. ‘ Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2164 | Guaranteed 1.24 7 8. 2 Found 1.28 6.72 7.19 2.42 2598 | Guaranteed —. 10. 1g 8. Found — 9.30 10. 6.99 2879 Guaranteed 4.10 7. 8. 6. Found 4.08 Wal8 8.42 6.76 2589 Guaranteed 2.46 —- IB). —— Found 2.50 — 27.67 a 2857 Guaranteed 2.46 —— Dae —— Found 2.56 — 27.24. a 2270 Guaranteed 4.10 ‘des 8. 6. Found 3.86 7.80 8.85 6.78 2740 Guaranteed 3.28 6. ile 10. Found Sale 6.01 7.08 10.02 2441 Guaranteed 1.64 ve 8. 4, Found 2.03 6.96 7.93 4.42 2163 Guaranteed 2.46 8. 9. 6. Found 2.44 8.36 8.82 5.82 2257 Guaranteed —— 123 Se —— Found ——— PAS: 13.43 2269 Guaranteed 2.40 6. dis 10. Found 2.45 6.32 6.92 9.92 2161 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4. Found .94 8.70 10.03 3.98 2160 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. 10. Found 1.61 7.66 9.39 10.48 2802 Guaranteed ——— a — 50. Found ——— as _ 53.18 2886 Guaranteed —— —— _ 50. Found , —--— --- vo 50.44 2887 Guaranteed 15 Found 15.26 ~I (op) bo Reprort on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND AppREsS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Ludlam Co., Frederick, New York, N. Y. Ludlam Co., Frederick, New ork Ne ye Ludlam Co., Frederick, New York, N. Y. Ludlam Co., Frederick, New York, N. Y. Ludlam Co., Frederick, New Yorks Ne We Ludlam Co., Frederick, New YorkeN. Y: Ludlam Co., Frederick, New York, N. Y. Ludlam Co., Frederick, New Yorks Nive The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Mork, IN. tYs The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Works-N> Ys The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New YorkN Ye The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York. -Ne Y< The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N.Y. Brand or trade name, Ludlam’s A. B. F. Fer- tilizer Ludlam’s Antler Fertilizer Ludlam’s Cecrop’s Fer- tilizer Ludlam’s Palmetto Fer- tilizer Ludlam’s P. G. Phosphate Ludlam’s Pure Ground Bone Ludlam’s Special Potato Fertilizer Nitrate of Soda Mapes General Brand Crop Mapes Grass and Grain Spring Top-Dressing Mapes Grain Brand Pure Ground Bone The Mapes Average Soil Complete Manure The Mapes Cauliflower and Cabbage Manure The Mapes Cereal Brand Locality where sample was taken. Orient Calverton Riverhead Greenwich Greenwich Babylon Little Neck Middle Falls Binghamton Orient Honeoye Falls Bedford Hills Jamesport Riverhead Utica Num- ber. 2659 3168 3104 2306 2380 2696 New York AGricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 763 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Ni = ee Available. Total. Potash 2651 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 743 Found 1.66 8.85 9.77 2.16 2345 Guaranteed 3.29 6. dee 10. Found Bais 6.01 7.98 9.88 2327 Guaranteed Bley 4s) fe 8. Fle Found 3.29 7.34 8.22 7.10 2874 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4. Found 1.08 8.17 9.52 4.52 2876 | Guaranteed ——. 10 uth, 6 Found 9.41 11.36 6.68 2243 Guaranteed 2.47 22.88 ———. Found Pe iy? — 23.43 2241 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 6. Found 2.41 8.18 9.73 6.68 2877 Guaranteed ; 15. — —— — Found 15.42 Ha ——— 2041 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10. D2 Found 1.60 Then 9.45 3.02 2659 Guaranteed 4.94 5. 6. We Found 4.90 6.36 7.89 7.80 3168 Guaranteed .82 8. a 4. Found 18 8.19 9.19 4.68 3104 Guaranteed 2.47 —— 20. oe Found 2.50 ——- 26.45 ——— 2306 Guaranteed 4.12 lis 8. oF Found 4.27 7.47 8.25 5.66 2380 Guaranteed 4.12 6. 6. 6. Found 4.28 6.04 Ucal7é 6.48 2696 Guaranteed 1.65 6. 8. 3 Found 1.90 6.11 8. 3.62 164 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name Anp ApprEss OF Manv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Work Nie Ne The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Nonkse NE Ye The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York: Newey. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New iork, aN: The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Work; oN: We The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Work, Ni. 7. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New Work. IN. We The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. The Mapes Formula & Peru- vian Guano Co., New York, N. Y. Brand or trade name. The Mapes Complete Manure “‘ A ”’ Brand The Mapes Complete Manure for General Use The Mapes Complete Manure 10 Per Cent Potash Locality where sample was taken. Jamesport Southold Binghamton The Mapes Corn Manure The Mapes Dissolved Bone The Mapes Economical Potato Manure The Mapes Dressing Lawn-Top The Mapes Potato Ma- nure The Mapes Potato Ma- nure (L. I. Special) The Mapes Tobacco Ma- nure (Wrapper Brand) The Mapes Tobacco Starter Improved The Mapes Top Dresser Improved Full Strength The Mapes Vegetable Manure or Complete Manure for Light Soils Orient New York Baldwinsville Utica Mt. Kisco New York Elmira Baldwinsville Jamesport Orient Num- ber. 2307 2666 2040 2554 2697 3013 2657 New York AGrIcuttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 765 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounpbs In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2307 Guaranteed 2.47 10. 1a 2.50 Found Pa (al 8.68 11.93 2.80 2666 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 10. 4, Found Baie 8.56 10.02 5.06 2040 Guaranteed 2.06 SE ie 10. Found Zod 4.06 5.81 9.90 2658 Guaranteed 2.47 8 10. 6 Found 2.56 8.90 10.29 5.86 2316 Guaranteed 2.06 HE — Found Peay 15.49 7S) — + 2554 Guaranteed 3.29 4. 6. 8 Found 3.30 5.07 6.48 8.86 2697 Guaranteed 2.47 De 3.50 2.50 Found 2.64 3.58 4.47 3.20 2896 Guaranteed seal 8. 8. 6. Found Dimes 8.40 9.40 6.42 2315 Guaranteed 3.29 4, 6. de Found 3.56 5.30 6.92 7.90 3013 Guaranteed 6.18 ae 4.50 10.50 Found 6.48 —— 5.60 9.74 2553 Guaranteed 4.12 6. 8. ie Found 4.51 8.91 13.86 1.14 2305 Guaranteed 9.88 oe 8. 4. Found 9.62 7.19 8.03 4.30 ee ee 2657 Guaranteed 4. 6. L 6. Found 5.00 7.93 8.61 7.14 766 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ApprREss OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Martin Co., D. phia, P Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. - Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Martin Co., D. phia, Pa. Mauthe, John, Dunkirk, N.Y. i B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- B., Philadel- Brand or trade name. Martin’s Blood Tankage and Potash Martin’s Dissolved Or- ganic Compound Martin’s Gilt Edge Potato Manure Martin’s High Grade Po- tato Martin’s One-EHight-Four Martin’s Potash and Solu- ble Phosphate Locality where sample was taken. Hempstead Syracuse Syracuse Syracuse Syracuse Num- ber. Martin’s Potash and Solu- ble Phosphate Martin’s Potash and Solu- ble Phosphate No. 2 Martin’s Prize Potato Martin’s Prize Potato Martin’s Pure Ground Bone Martin’s Pure Raw Bone Martin’s Special Com- pound Martin’s Com- pound Special Martin’s Manure Special Potato Martin’s Truckers Guano Animal Tankage Syracuse Stanley Homer Syracuse Hempstead Hempstead Homer Syracuse Stanley Hempstead Dunkirk New York AcricutturaL ExpPrertMEent Station. 767 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps tn 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 1793 | Guaranteed 4.11 8 in Found 3.95 8.23 8.83 7.58 2818 | Guaranteed 1203 9. 2. Found 1.02 7.92 9.20 2.48 2820 | Guaranteed 247 qe 10. Found 2.42 7.61 8.52 11.32 2823 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10. Found Bie lly 8.22 9.08 11.28 2817 Guaranteed .82 8. 4. Found .86 8.14 8.98 4.24 2193 Guaranteed 10. 8. Found ——— 9.89 10.25 7.09 2819 Guaranteed co 2) oF Found a 12.46 12.68 4.78 3172 Guaranteed —— 10. 8. Found ——— 9.71 10.07 7.36 2192 Guaranteed | 1.65 8. 10. Found | 1.82 7.49 9.18 11.56 ee ban en 2821 Guaranteed | 165 8 10 Found hat 16s 8.16 9.34 | 10.84 1796 | Guaranteed 1365 aa 22.90 -- Found 1.73 a Dee ee 1795 Guaranteed 3.70 wa PAL -_-——— Found 3.94 a 24.13 — 2194 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ). Found 1.72 8.49 9.07 5.16 2822 Guaranteed 1.65 8 53 Found 1.60 8.27 9.45 5.18 3173 Guaranteed .82 8. a Found .83 8.22 8.75 5.50 1794 | Guaranteed 3.29 8 ‘ ia Found 3.40. 8.56 9.27 8.06 3177 Guaranteed 2. 2h: —_ Found 3.03 12.78 21.01 ——— Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. McCoy, Geo. E., Peekskill, ING YE The Mitchell Fertilizer Co., Bremley, N. J. The Mitchell Fertilizer Co., Bremley, N. J. Mittenmaier Fertilizer Co., Rome, N. Y. Moller & Co., Maspeth, L. I. Moller & Co., Maspeth, L. I. Munroe & Sons, Geo. L., Oswego, N. Y Nassau Fertilizer Co., New nYiorks Ne eX Nassau Fertilizer Co., New iorka) Nae. Nassau Fertilizer Co., New Bork Nays. Nassau Fertilizer Co., New Work,-N. vYi. Nassau Fertilizer Co., New Works N: 1Y- Nassau Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Nassau Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Nassau Fertilizer Co., New Vion No bY. The National Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. The National Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Brand or trade name. An Honest Fertilizer tilizer Super Phosphate Bone Fertilizer Champion No. Bone Fertilizer Pure Unleached Ashes Common _ Sense Manure Corn Fertilizer General Favorite Mitchell’s Alkaline Bone Mitchell’s Vegetable Fer- Champion No. 1 Pure 2 Pure Wood Potato Grass and Grain Fertilizer Potash and Phosphate Special Potato Fertilizer Ten & Hight Special Wheat and Grass Grower and Grain Fertilizer Fertilizer ‘‘ Special ”’ Locality where sample was taken. Peekskill Kinderhook Kinderhook Sherburne Maspeth Maspeth Centervillage Kingston Kingston Kingston Kingston Boonville Kingston Copenhagen Kingston National Complete Root} Calverton National Complete Root} Calverton Num- ber. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 769 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. D> > bo or SID Ooo wo — PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. veo) On ie) w bo © le) re) 9.30 Total. 12.25 17.54 9: 10.45 9. 10.13 Potash. i i bo ie.) rot] NO] WO] RRP] wb o> Co bo (0) Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Gueranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 95 ae Ss |e 1B ive) lor) pe Ww NS jor) i=) fo) @ an loner) 1st) oo 770 Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The National Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y. Natural Guano Co., Aurora, Ill. Natural Guano Co., Aurora, Ml. Newburgh Rendering Co., Newburgh, N. Y. New England Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. New England Fertilizer Co.., Boston, Mass. New England Fertilizer Co., Bostou, Mass. Brand or trade name. National XXX Fish and Potash Sheeps Head Brand Pul- verized Sheep Manure Pulverized Sheep Manure Pure Meat and Bone Fer- tilizer New England Grain and Vegetable Fertilizer New England Potato Grower New England Standard Phosphate Locality where sample was taken. East Marion Skaneateles Silver Creek Newburgh Moravia Moravia Moravia Num- ber. 2398 N. Y The Niantic Menhaden Oil & Guano Cc., South Lyme, Conn. The Niantic Menhaden Oil & Guano Co., South Lyme, Conn. Acidulated Fish Guano Bone, Fish and Potash The Niantic Menhaden Oil & Guano Co., South Lyme, Conn. The Niantic Menhaden Oil & Guano Co., South Lyme, Conn. Nitrate Agencies Co., New York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., New York, N. Y. Nitrate Ageneies Co., New York, N. Y. Dry Ground Fish Guano nure phate Powder) Orient Potato and Vegetable Ma-| Jamesport Basic Slag (Thomas Phos-} Albion Genuine German Kainit| Delhi Genuine German Kainit | Albion 2308 2830 New York AaricutruraL ExprrtMEent Station. (an COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps tn 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. a, Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2398 Guaranteed 2.47 6. oe Found Deel 5.85 2.86 2414 Guaranteed 2.25 175 1.50 Found 2.39 1.18 2.08 2755 | Guaranteed 225 1.75 1.50 Found a8 1 By 2. 2715 Guaranteed 4. 16. a Found 5.65 16.91 a 2513 Guaranteed 1.64 9. 10. Found 1.65 9.72 10.06 2514 | Guaranteed 2.46 Uf - 10. Found 2.74 6.54 10.06 2515 Guaranteed .82 9. 4. Found .94 9.53 4.04 2720 | Guaranteed Tx 9. —— Found 6.43 13.25 —-- 2665 Guaranteed 3.30 3.50 — Found 4.32 6.91 —— 2374 | Guaranteed 2.46 6. 33. Found Shai 7.18 6.52 2652 Guaranteed 6.59 6. ——— Found 7.43 5.49 a 2308 Guaranteed 2.50 8. 4, Found 2.94 9.42 4.80 2985 | Guaranteed =e rhe aa Found — 16.69 eae 2830 Guaranteed yar ee a 12 Found ——. ——— 13.54 2984 | Guaranteed ——- aaa 12% Found ——— — 13.18 =I -I bo Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. Nitrate Agencies Co., York, N. Y. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md. New Brand or trade name. Ground Bone Ground Tankage High Grade Acid Phos- phate Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Sulphate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Patapsco Alkaline Plant Food Patapsco Coon Brand Guano .,| Patapsco Empire Alkaline Bone Patapsco Fish and Potash Guano Patapseco Grain and Grass Producer Patapsco O. K. Phosphate Patapsco Peerless Potato Guano Patapsco Prolific Potato Phosphate .,| Patapsco Pure Dissolved Phosphate Patapsco Soluble Phos- phate and Potash camle vie thet tee New Paltz 3122 Cutchogue 2321 Baldwinsville 2558 Cutchogue 2323 Cutchogue 2322 Delhi 2828 Hamden 2595 Oxford 2189 Oxford 2187 Oxford 2186 Sharon Center r 2862 Hamden 2594 Oxford 2190 Stamford 2599 Hobart 2838 Stamford 2801 Stamford ~ 2600 New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 3122 2321 2558 2323 2322 2828 2595 2189 2187 2186 2862 2594 2190 2099 2838 2801 2600 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found dled (i Pounds IN 100 Pounpbs oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2.46 ——— 22.88 ——— 2.43 ——— 22.31 — 5.75 — Se — 5.73 —— 13.65 — —— 16. —= —— 15.67 17.38 ——— —— ——. — 50: — — —— 51.80 15. —— — — 15.58 — —— — ———— ——. —— 48. ——. — — 50.80 1; ——— ——— —_— 15.16 Sa = —— 8. 9. 5. —— SAA 8.67 5.10 .82 9. 10. SE .83 9.62 10.88 3.28 —. 12. IS. 5. — 12.54 lass 1135 5.08 2.06 6. (fe 2. 2.90 6.82 8.61 1.65 .82 8. 9. 4. .93 8.16 9.49 4.02 .82 8. 9. 2. .98 8.32 9.58 2.20 3.29 6. le 10. 3.20 6.39 8.36 10.12 3.29 8. 9. Ue 3.24 8.41 11.11 8. — 14, Dp == —— 14.75 16.138 spouses — 10. ils : — 10.07 10.87 2.62 T74 Report on Inspection Work oF THE —_—$—_——— ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND AppREss oF MANnv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Co.. Baltimore, Md. The Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Pennsylvania Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Insula Guano for All Levering’s Harvest Queen Brand or trade name. Patapsco Special Potato Guano Patapsco Superior Alka- line Manure Patapsco Vegetable and Corn Fertilizer | Acid Phosphate Big Bonanza Economy Empire 10% Four Fold Grain and Grass Potato and Truck Ma- nure Standard Phosphate Vegetable and Vine Crops Levering’s Standard New York Vegetable Ma- nure Nitrate of Soda Locality where sample was taken. Oxford Oxford Sherburne Buffalo Fancher Colton Penn Yan Penn Yan Orchard Park Orchard Park Clarence Orchard Park Cherry Valley Chenango Bridge Syracuse Cherry Valley Syracuse Num- ber. New York AaricutturaL ExperR!MENT STATION. 775 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2188 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found Wz 8.33 9.60 10.68 2191 Guaranteed —_ 10. He 8. Found —— 10.31 10.80 8.18 2535 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4. Found | 1.76 8.58 10.15 3.94 3181 Guaranteed —— 12. 1183, — Found a 15.30 15.92 —— 2143 Guaranteed 8 8. 9. 4. Found 25 8.37 10.55 4.74 2674 Guaranteed 1.6 8 9. 4. Found 1.64 9 9.86 4.46 3044 Guaranteed 1.6 8. 9. 10. Found 1.79 8.61 9.33 8.25 3045 Guaranteed 8 8 9. 2. Found 87 10.51 11.47 2.18 2613 Guaranteed 10 11 2 Found vane 10.36 11.66 PP. 2612 Guaranteed 1.6 8. 9. 6. Found 1.85 8.18 10.08 | 6.62 2778 Guaranteed ——- 10. 11 6. Found 10.22 11.59 6.10 2611 Guaranteed 8 10. 15) 8. Found 94 9.57 bea 8.90 2743 Guaranteed .42 te 2 Found .80 7.66 Sao 1.89 2444 Guaranteed .82 8. 2 Found .85 8.28 9.03 Le, 2731 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ——_— oF Found 1.62 8.20 8.70 5.82 2745 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 6. Found 3.21 8.13 8.48 5.74 2734 Guaranteed Loa2e — Found 15.22 SS = —— 776 Report ox Ixspecrion Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS ) | Naw Ano==ss Maxt- LoesEty where Num Sanaa Gar Sma Branco of Wscs name. Sample wes taken. ber. Picdmont-Mt. Airy Guano| Nitrate of Soda | Ciyde 2972 Co., Balimmore, Ma | Piedmont-Mi Any Guano; Piedmont Banner Brand | Syracuse | 2730 Co., BaHimore, Ma Piedmont-Mi. Airy Guano Piedmont Bone Meal | Holland | 3154 Ce., Bsliimore, Md. Piedmonit-Mi Airy Gusno) Piedmont Farmers " AkKamonit ) 2275 Co., Baltimore, Md Pavoriie Piedmont-Mi. Airy Gusmo) Piedmont 149% Acid Phos-| Schoharie 2737 Piedmoni-Mi. Amy Guano Piedmont Market Garden| Canandaigua Co., Baltimore, Md. Piedmonit-Mt Airy Gusmo, Piedmont New York Cab-| Chenango Bridge 2448 Co., Baltimore, Md. phsie ; | Co., Balimmore, Md. bage & Poisio Guano Piedmonit-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Osis and Grass| Aiamont | 2276 Co., Baliamore, Md. Guano | Piedmoni-Mi. Airy Guano! Piedmont Pea and Bean Schoharie 2728 Ce., Balimore, Md Gusno ) Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Perfection Ithaca 2569 Co., Balizmore, Md. Guano Piedmonit-Mi. Airy Gusmo Piedmont Special Mixture! Chenango Bridge | 2442 Co., Balimmore, Md ) Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Whestand Corn Canandaigua | 2790 Co., Baltimore, Md. | Guano Pieimont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Wheat Com § Co., Baliimore, Md | pound | a Ne ee Picdmont-Mi. Airy Guano Raw and Dissolved Bone Holland | 3155 Co., BaKimore, Md. ’ Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Thomas Phosphate Pow- Albion 2139 Co., Baltimore, Md. der Pime, B. J., East Willsion, Pme’s No. 1 Star Raw East Williston 2223 LL Bone Super-Phosphate Pine, B. J., East Williston, Pime’s No. 2 Star Raw East Williston 22 LL Bone Super- Phosphate | Complete Manure i New York AcrictrttcuraLt Experment Station. TT7 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. | Pocnps rx 100 Pocunns or FerrmizEn. le PHOSPHOEIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 6. — 0. 7.30 8.04 | 10.42 = Fit —————— ae 8 prs rin 9.35 | 10.08 | 4.16 14. —— 15.18 15.44 | —— 8.0) | 6. 8.31 9.08 | 4.84 8. 10. 8.50 8.74 | 10.64 2276 | Guaranteed oo 10 | fa) ie Found | 10.78 10.93 | 2.64 2728 | Guaranteed 82 i | a Found 94 8.77 9.67 9.68 *No official method for determining available P, O, in this sample. Report on Inspection Work oF ‘THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Pioneer Fertilizer Co., Cleve- land, O. Pioneer Fertilizer Co., Cleve- land, O. The Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, IIl. The Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, Il. The Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, Ill. Quaker City. Poudrette Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi, Ne ¥i Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi, N: ¥. Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi, Le & Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co Baltimore, Md. Brand or trade name. Pioneer 1—5-10 Fertilizer Pioneer 2—8-10 Fertilizer Wizard Brand Concen- trated Plant Food Wizard Brand Pulverized Cattle Manure Wizard Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure Strictly Pure Quaker City Poudrette Accommodation Mixture Oats Accommodation Mixture Potato Accommodation Mixture Silo Corn High Grade Ground Fish Muriate of Potash Rasin’s Acid Phosphate . ,| Rasin’s All Crop Guano Rasin’s Bone and Potash Fertilizer Rasin’s Empire Guano Rasin’s Genesee Valley Root Manure ,| Rasin’s Genuine German Kainit sis weaken}! (eee West Henrietta 2978 West Henrietta 9977 Batavia 2481 Utica att 2695 Auburn 2551 Elmira 3021 Delhi 2831 Delhi 2829 Delhi 2832 Albion 2123 Albion rT 2120 Albion 2114 Homer rt 2199 Delanson Ti 2724 Ames yt} 2861 Skaneateles rt 2490 Skaneateles rh 2492 New York AaricutruraAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 779 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRrTiLizer. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2978 Guaranteed .82 5). 6. 10. Found .85 5.67 5.99 10.26 2977 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found 1.63 8.86 9.69 10.66 2481 Guaranteed 3. 6 23 Found 3.70 6.75 7.01 3.76 2695 Guaranteed 1.8 1. ——- le Found Ie us) .79 .93 .92 2551 | Guaranteed 1.8 1 il. Found 2.28 1.10 123 222, 3021 | Guaranteed 1.64 a 4. ie Found ily a P43) 11 2831 Guaranteed Found 1.68 7.74 8.63 16.20 2829 Guaranteed : ao aan Found 2.88 8.48 9.10 9.56 2832 Guaranteed Found WU 7.14 8.02 14.32 2123 | Guaranteed 8.23 a -- - Found 8.92 —— ——— Sn 2120 | Guaranteed oe = a 48, Found ee ——— -- 47.72 2114 | Guaranteed | 44 : 15 oo Found a 14.29 16.10 Sn 2199 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 52 Found .85 8.13 10.38 5.16 2724 Guaranteed —. 10. ‘lily: 2 Found — 10.10 11.20 2.24 2861 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2 Found ib e7(2/ 8.09 10.16 2.60 2420 | Guaranteed WO2S Nia 9. 10 Found 114 | 8.14 9.43 9.96 2422 | Guaranteed | —_ —§>, ~——— a 12. Found —_ 1 | — nd 13 780 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NamE AND ADDRESS OF MANu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Raisn-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. Rasin-Monumental Co., Baltimore, Md. ‘Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Brand or trade name. Rasin’s Gold Standard Rasin’s High Grade Bone and Potash Rasin’s Trish Potato Special Rasin’s [XL Fertilizer Rasin’s National Crop Compound Rasin’s Special Fish and Potash Mixture Rasin’s Special Fish and Potash Mixture Rasin’s United Grain Grower Rasin’s Vegetable Special Rasin’s Wheat and Truck Mixture Rasin’s XXX Fertilizer Alkaline Phosphate and Potash Alkaline Phosphate and Potash Farmer’s Tankage and Potash for Corn, Grain and Grass Gilt Edge Potato and Tobacco Grower High Grade Potash Mix- ture Locality where sample was taken. Cobleskill Albion Groton Homer Albion Albion Linwood Ames Homer Albion Albion Carthage Warsaw Churchville Bergen Bergen Num- ber. New York AGRricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. —— | eee | Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 781 Pounps iw 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. wow ew bo Ne} PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. i ~J — oo oO (or) (S) i=) Or a or ot on lor) Total. ts 8.67 13. 13.13 8. 8.73 10. 109% Potash. lorKor) iw) Oo (J) NSS 9.64 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND AppREss OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. - Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Reading Bone Fertilizer Co., Reading, Pa. Rochester Tallow Co., Inc., Rochester, N. Y. Rochester Tallow Co., Inc., Rochester, N. Y. Roehr, G., McKownsville, INE GY The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn, Neverfail Crop Grower Reading All Crop Special Reading Ten and Eight Hubbard’s Bone Base Hubbard’s Bone Base Hubbard’s Bone Base Hubbard’s Bone Base Brand or trade name. Reading Prize Winner Reading Special Potato) and Tobacco Grower Dry Blood Dry Tankage Co-wa-ba Complete Phosphate Fruit or Grass and Grain Fertilizer Oats and Top Dressing Oats and Top Dressing Hubbard’s Bone Base Potato Phosphate Hubbard’s Bone Base Soluble Corn and Gen- eral Crops Manure Hubbard’s Bone Base Soluble Potato Manure Hubbard’s Bone Base Strictly Pure Fine Bone Locality where sample was taken. Warsaw Honeoye Falls Churchville Warsaw Hamlin Rochester Rochester Albany Sharon Springs Sharon Springs Goshen Hillsdale Greenwich Sharon Springs Greenwich Sharon Springs New York AGricutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. 78 t 3 Number. 2872 2864 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. Total. Potash. for) jor) COCO | Mo} COC} NICO i=) i=) iw) (o°e) or for) 784 Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. sc) tA Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Roysser Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S Baltimore, Md. Brand or trade name. Muriate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Royster’s Ammoniated Potash Compound Royster’s Ammoniated Superphosphate for Corn Royster’s Big Yield Potato Producer Royster’s Big Yield Potato Producer Royster’s Bumper Crop Phosphate Royster’s Challenge Com- plete Compound Royster’s Challenge Com- plete Compound Royster’s Champion Crop Compound .,| Royster’s Champion Crop Compound Royster’s Complete Po- tato Manure Royster’s Complete Po- tato Manure Royster’s Corn and Hop Special Fertilizer Royster’s Fine Ground Bone Meal .,| Royster’s Fish, Flesh and Fowl ,| Royster’s 14% Acid Phos- phate Locality where sample was taken. Wisner Wisner Elba Batavia Cortland Attica Batavia Batavia Caywood Tully Caywood Riverhead Walden Middleburg Walden Cortland Owego Num- ber. 2299 New York AGriIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 785 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2299 Guaranteed —— — — 50. Found —— ce ———- 51.60 2300 Guaranteed 15. ——— -——— Found 15.50 aa a a 2773 Guaranteed .82 9. 9.50 ( Found Ls 8.56 9.60 7.34 2476 | Guaranteed 2.47 9. 9.50 2. Found 2.41 8.93 10.37 2.90 2171 Guaranteed 1.65 De 5.50 10. Found 1.70 4.14 DEoe 11.02 2468 Guaranteed 1.65 or 5.50 10. Found 1.63 4.36 5.65 LIS? 2474 Guaranteed ——— 8. 8.50 : Found 8.10 9.05 5.26 2477 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 6. Found 1.83 7.97 9.16 6.64 3185 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 6. Found 1.60 8.05 9.79 6.46 2405 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 4, Found 1.60 7.67 8.76 4.68 3184 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 4. Found 1.70 705) 9.40 5.14 2372 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 6.50 10. Found 3.59 6.34 7.83 8.84 2710 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 6.50 10. Found 2.95 6.46 7.84 9.26 2735 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 8.50 on Found 2.08 7.99 8.94 3.74 2707 Guaranteed 2.47 —— -- 22.90 ae Found 3.08 i 2onoe a 2170 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 33. Found 1.82 Tae 9.38 2377 2046 | Guaranteed —— 14 0 br} E a — haa for) — a ou 786 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANv- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. a Brand or trade name. Royster’s Gold Seal Po- tato and Tobacco Special Royster’s Good Cheer Brand Royster’s Great Grain Grower Royster’s Harvest King Fertilizer Royster’s High Grade Pot- ash Mixture Royster’s High Grade Pot- ash Mixture Royster’s High Grade Po- tato Grower . Royster’s High Grade 16% Acid Phosphate Royster’s Imperial For- mula Royster’s Imperial For- mula Royster’s Lawn and Meadow Formula Royster’s Peerless Grain and Grass Grower Royster’s Pure Raw Bone Meal Royster’s Seeding Down Special Fertilizer Royster’s Special Celery Guano ,| Royster’s Special Fruit and Crop Grower Locality where sample was taken. Owego Orchard Park Owego Interlaken Cortland Saratoga Spa Gasport Florida Tully Caywood Barker Hamburg North Collins Carthage Carthage Owego Num- ber. 2047 New York AcricutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. 787 Number. 2047 2614 2044 2576 2169 3126 2494 2295 2404 3186 2983 2623 2631 2679 2680 2045 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guacanteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Nitrogen. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. Total. Potash. ize) oO (0,0) oo ie) oOo Qo 104) 788 Report on Insrecrion Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. &., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Royster Guano Co., F. S., Baltimore, Md. Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn. Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn. Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Brand or trade name. Royster’s Special Potato Guano Locality where sample was taken. Riverhead Royster’s Superior Potash Mixture Royster’s Truckers Favor- ite Royster’s Truckers Favor- ite Royster’s Universal Crop Grower .,| Royster’s Universal Truck Fertilizer Royster’s Wheat, Oats and Barley Fertilizer Royster’s XX Acid Phos- phate Sanderson’s Atlantic Coast Bone, Fish and Potash Fertilizer Sanderson’s Cabbage Fer- tilizer Sanderson’s Special Potato Manure Complete Fertilizer with Extra Potash Complete Fertilizer with Extra Potash Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate with Extra Potash Dissolved Phosphate with Extra Potash Walden Riverhead Hempstead Maine Laurel Tully Schoharie Mattituck Jamaica Mattituck Barker Eden Center Canaseraga Collins Eden Center *Manufacturers claim error occurred in printing nitrogen guarantee on bags. 4.94 per ct. Num- ber. 2358 2709 2373 3069 2542 2310 2406 2727 2314 2209 2313 2982 2986 2998 2640 2988 It should be New York AaricutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION. 789 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. ° Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. ay Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2358 Guaranteed 4.11 Wee 7.50 ik Found 4. 6.97 8.16 6.90 2709 Guaranteed —— 12. 12.50 oy Found a 12.69 13.48 4.82 2373 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 8.50 Ns Found A230 8.31 9.35 5.82 3069 Guaranteed 5.76* 8. 8.50 i Found 4.95 9.58 10.81 5.02 2542 Guaranteed .82 des 7.50 ibs Found .88 6.97 7.78 eli) 2310 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 8.50 ‘be Found 3.8 7.48 9.16 6.72 2406 | Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 Pye Found .98 8. 9.13 2.20 2727 Guaranteed —_- 1s 12.50 --——- Found ee 12.08 13.38 ———— 2314 Guaranteed 1.67 4, 6. Ay Found 1.94 5.41 7.38 4.04 2209 Guaranteed 4. 5). Fo ye Found 4.05 6.65 9.38 4.98 2313 Guaranteed SHOU Te 8. de Found 3.28 7.62 10.27 6.74 2982 | Guaranteed — 1.65 8. 9. 10. Found 1.82 8.39 10.56 9.60 2986 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. es Found 1.70 8.77 iilealal 9.64 2998 Guaranteed —— 14. 15e —— Found ———- 14.51 15.92 —_——— 2640 Guaranteed — 10. iM 4. Found a 9.29 10.79 on0s 2988 | Guaranteed a 10. 11. 4. Found a 10.34 begs 4.38 790 Report on Inspection Work oF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Brand or trade name. Farmers’ Favorite Schaal-Sheldon Fertil zer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. | Schaal-Sheldon Fert-lizer Co.,| Buffalo, N. Y¥. Fruit and Vine lertilizer Guano Schaal-Sheldon Vertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. High Grade Ground Bone Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. , Schaal’s Corn and Potato Schaal’s Standard Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Caz Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Shafer Company, Perry C., Brockport, N. Y. Shay Fertilizer Co., C. M., Groton, Conn. Shay Fertilizer Co., C. M., Groton, Conn. Shay Fertilizer Co., C. Groton, Conn. M., Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Superior Ten and Hight Ten and Eight Truckers Manure Shafer’s Special Fertilizer Shay’s Potato Fertilizer Shay’s Potato with Pot- ash Tankage Swift-Sure Bone Meal Swift-Sure Guano for Truck, Corn & Onions Swift-Sure Superphos- phate for General Use South Dayton Locality where sample was taken. Collins Eden Center Middleport South Dayton Collins Eden Center South Dayton Middleport Eagle Brockport Orient Orient Orient Peconic Southampton Cutchogue Num- ber. NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 2641 2987 2491 2952 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found 791 Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. .82 8. 9. Di 91 8.04 10.06 2.08 2.47 6. le 10. Zo 6.83 8.64 9.66 .82 8. 9. 4. 91 8.57 10.64 4.68 3.29 ——— 20.59 == 3.29 wees 20 .37 = 1.65 8. 9. 4. bee} 9.28 10.93 4.08 1.65 8. 9. 2. 1.67 8.69 10.47 260) 82 7 8. 9. 1.05 7.24 8.77 8.32 ~-- 10. 11 8. — 10.30 AA 7.66 — 10. 11 8. —_——. 10.40 11.91 7.84 2.47 8. 9. 6. 2.87 ELS 10.15 6.42 2.06 8 9. oF 2.01 8.29 9.82 5.16 3.50 7.50 6. 3.89 7.40 8.61 6.30 4.01 7.41 8 8.46 7.05 6.86 9.63 .64 4.53 ——— 20. ——— 4.87 ———— 21.48 1.65 8. 5) 1.95 9.28 12.06 5.42 2.88 9. 4.50 2.98 10.56 Ager) 5.38 792 Report on Iyspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Stappenbeck Bros., Roches- ter, N. Y Stappenbeck, H., Utica, N. Y. Sterling Chemical Co., Cam- bridge, Mass. St. Lawrence State Hospital, Ogdensburg, N. Y. Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill- more, N. Y. Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill- more, N. Y. Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill- more, N. Y. Stockwell Co., J. W.,. Fill- more, N. Y. Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill- more, N. Y. : Stumpp & Walter Co., New Works NY. Stumpp & Walter Co., New York, N. Y. Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill. Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill. Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill. Brand or trade name. Swift-Sure Superphos- phate for Potatoes Concentrated Tankage Animal Bone and Potash Sterlingworth Plant Tab- lets Steamed Table Bone Stockwell Co’s Home Mixed 113-5 Stockwell Co’s Home Mixed 4-8-8 Fertilizer Stockwell Co’s Home Mixed 1-10-10 Fertil- izer Stockwell Co’s Home Mixed 2-8-10 Fertil- izer Stockwell Co’s Home Mixed 2-103-6 Fertil- izer Emerald Lawn Dressing S. & W. Co’s Bone Fertil- izer Riverhead Town Agri. Society Fertilizer For- mula No. 1 Riverhead Town Agri. Society Fertilizer For- mula No. 2 Riverhead Town Agri. Society Fertilizer For- mula No. 3 Locality where sample was taken. Southampton Rochester Syracuse Schenectady Ogdensburg Fillmore Fillmore Fillmore Fillmore Fillmore New York New York Riverhead Riverhead Peconic Num- ber. 3161 3163 2329 2388 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 793 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIzER PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total 2668 | Guaranteed 2.88 8. Ue Found 282 10.77 {Zeal 6.70 2976 | Guaranteed 9 aa 6. ——— Found 9.44 -——— 7.83 —— 2437 Guaranteed 2 8 16. 3.50 Found 94 AE 11.40 18.92 5.01 2892 Guaranteed Found 10.97 12.36 12.36 8.72 2907 Guaranteed ———— ——= Found 3) by —_~ 23.44 —— 3160 ' Guaranteed - 11.50 5s Found a 11.95 Set 5.04 3159 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 8. Found 3.07 8.52 9.26 7.96 3162 Guaranteed .82 10. 10. Found .82 10.37 Hil Bs: 10.32 3161 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10. Found 1.60 8.29 9.09 10.40 3163 Guaranteed 1.65 10.50 6. Found 1.65 10.58 11.50 TAO 2246 Guaranteed on on rd 6. Found 3.65 5.98 8.20 We 2245 Guaranteed 3). ——-- 20. — Found 4.04 —— 2202 — 2328 Guaranteed 4.10 8. iy. Found 4.31 8.63 9.40 |. 5.86 2329 Guaranteed 4.93 8. 5. Found 5.16 8.05 8.73 §.02 2388 Guaranteed 4.10 8. 8. Found 3.94 8.50 9.12 7.90 794 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANvu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Swift & Company, Chicago, Tl. Swift Il. Swift Til. Swift Ill. Swift fl. Swift Til. Swift Til. Swift Tl. Swift Ill. Swift Til. Swift ill. Swift Ill. Swift Ill. Swift Til. Swift Ill. Swift Ill. Swift I & & & & 4 & q & 4 & & q & & & =) Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Company, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, Brand or trade name. Swift’s Diamond C Fertil- izer Swift’s Diamond D Fertil- izer Swift’s Diamond E Fertil- izer Swift’s Diamond E Fertil- izer Swift’s Diamond G Fertil- izer Swift’s Diamond H Fertil- izer Swift’s Early Potatoes and Vegetables Grower Swift’s Garden City Acid Phosphate Swift’s Grain Fertilizer Swift’s High Grade Phos- phate and Potash Swift’s Onion, Potato and Tobacco Swift’s Potato, Celery and Onion Grower Swift’s Pulverized Sheep Manure Swift’s Pure Bone Meal | Swift’s Pure Diamond B Fertilizer Swift’s Pure Diamond F Fertilizer Swift’s Pure Diamond G Fertilizer Locality where sample was taken. Union Unadilla Cortland Silver Creek Cortland Spencer Newark Valley Owego Owego Romulus Unadilla Collins Burt Burt Burt Collins Silver Creek Num- ber. 2753 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 795 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Number. 2040 2527 2152 2754 2151 3041 3008 Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found | Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Guaranteed Found Found Found Guaranteed Found Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRriuizEr. Nitrogen. 1.65 1.60 2.47 PHOSPHORIC ACID. Available. He oo ee —_ bo od om |] Co |] 000 |] COM | COO on or en ~I ie) Total. Potash. I Ne) He bo oO co jo) — eb oo On CO He bo bo or or 796 Rerortr on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Swift Ill. Swift & Company, Chicago, ¢ Ill. Swift Ill. Swift Ill. Swift Til. Swift Ill. & Company, Chicago, & Company, Chicago, & Company, Chicago, & Company, Chicago, & Company, Chicago, Swift Ill. Swift tl. & Company, Chicago, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill. Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Rendering Co., Syracuse, N. Y. & Company, Chicago, Brand or trade name. Swift’s Pure Early Potato and Vegetable Grower Swift’s Pure Fertilizer Superphosphate Swift’s Pure Special Po- tato Fertilizer Swift’s Pure Special Po- tato Fertilizer Swift’s Pure Superphos- phate Swift’s Red Steer Swift’s Special High Grade Acid Phosphate Swift’s Special Phosphate and Potash Swift’s Special Tobacco Fertilizer Swift’s Truck Grower Syracuse Animal Brand Syracuse Ground Bone Syracuse Market Garden Manure Syracuse Onondaga Brand Syracuse Onondaga Brand Syracuse Potato Manure Syracuse Special for Celery, Cabbage and Po- tatoes = Baldwinsville Locality where sample was taken. Kennedy Newer YOr York Kennedy Silver Creek Randolph Lounsberry Union Horseheads Cortland -sennentate North Collins Baldwinsville Albion Skaneateles Baldwinsville Albion Num- ber. 2107 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 797 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2107 Guaranteed 3.29 6. de 10. Found 2.76 hee 8.56 8.44 2244 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Pas Found iLeei 8.22 9.59 2.54 2108 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 1Oe Found 1.70 7.88 8.33 9.96 2650 Guaranteed 1.85 8. 8.50 10. Found 1.46 8.52 9.47 10.02 2111 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2, Found 1.24 9.16 9.75 2.34 3010 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ve 2. Found 1.61 8.36 9.16 2.46 2541 Guaranteed —— 16 17. —— Found a 15.57 15.79 —_—— 3022 Guaranteed a 10. ike 2: Found Hae 10.14 10.89 2.10 2827 Guaranteed Found 4.55 5.27 5.45 11.30 2154 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4, Found .90 8.51 9.06 4.78 2423 Guaranteed 2.46 8: 9. 4, Found 2.44 8. 9.58 4.54 2629 Guaranteed 2.46 — Zon -—— Found 2252 —_— 24 .42 So 2556 | Guaranteed 3.28 @ 8. 8 Found 3)? Cesk 8.82 8.22 2133 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4, Found 87 OS 8.77 3.94 2426 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4, Found .82 7.87 8.79 4.12 2555 Guaranteed 2.46 8 9 6. Found 2.65 8.72 10.37 Seth 2135 Guaranteed 1.24 ike 8. 9. Found 1.26 6.87 8.47 9.02 798 Rerorr on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANu- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Syracuse Rendering Syracuse, N. Y. Thomas & Son Co., I. P., Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas & Son Co., I. Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas & Son Co., I. P. Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas & Son Co., I. P., Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas & Son Co., I. P., Philadelphia, Pa. Thorburn & Co., J. M., New York, Nai. Thorburn & Co., J. M., New York, N. Y. Tunnell & Co., Inc., F. W., Philadelphia, Pa. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Co., P., P., Co., Co., Co., Brand or trade name. Syracuse Superphosphate Thomas Long Island Special 4-8-7 Thomas Truck and Potato Fertilizer Thomas Truck and Potato Fertilizer Tip Top Super-Phosphate Truckers’ High Grade Guano Thorburn’s Complete Ma- nure Thorburn’s tilizer Lawn Fer- F. W. Tunnell & Co’s High Grade Celery, Onion and Lettuce Ma- nure Muriate of Potash Tuscarora Acid Phos- phate Tuscarora Alkaline Tuscarora Big 4 Four Tuscarora Crop Grower Tuscarora Fruit and Potato Tuscarora High Grade Locality where sample was taken. Albion East Northport East Northport Riverhead Riverhead Jamesport New York New York Chester Wayland Madrid Palmyra Holley Wayland Canton Canton Num- ber. New York AGricuttuRAL ExperIMENT STAtTIon. 799 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps IN 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2134 | Guaranteed .82 Ue 8. 74 Found .83 7.04 7.84 212 2214 Guaranteed 3.25 8. Ts Found 3.03 8.48 9.27 6.83 2213 Guaranteed 4. The 8. Found 4.01 8.18 8.63 7.98 2382 | Guaranteed 4. The 8. Found 4.18 7.49 8.15 8.28 2324 Guaranteed 2.50 8. 4. Found 2.61 8.15 9.35 4.28 2309 Guaranteed 3.25 Ue The Found 331i 7.07 7.93 8.22 2250 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. le 6. Found 2.69 C20 8.72 5.76 3051 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. ‘a Found 4.98 8.39 G .43 5.48 2703 Guaranteed 2.47 6. 8. 10. Found 2.43 7.98 8.43 10.22 3034 | Guaranteed ———— a 48. Found - = a — 51.60 2917 Guaranteed ~-—— 14. ~ ; Found a 14.33 14.48 —— 2974 | Guaranteed a 10. 5. Found —— 10.53 iliLaalz 5.14 2461 | Guaranteed 1.65 he A; Found eines 7.09 8.32 4.48 3033 Guaranteed .82 8. 2. Found .79 8.56 9.15 2.32 2902 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10. Found 1.65 8.06 9.16 10.32 2903 Guaranteed — - 10. — 8. Found ——— 10.64 10.91 8.16 800 Report on Inspection Work OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. Tuscarora Fertilizer Baltimore, Md. Co., Tuscarora Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Tuscarora Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Tygert & Co., J. E., Phila- delphia, Pa. Tyger) & (Go, eB) sph delphia, Pa. The Van Iderstine Co., Long Island City, N. Y. Vaughan’s Seed Store, New York, N. Y. Vaughan’s Seed Store, New York, N. Y. Vaughan’s Seed Store, New Mork Ne We Weeber & Don, New York, Ngex. Werner Extract Co., Me- chanicville, N. Y. Whann Co., W. E., William Penn., Pa. Whann Co., W. E., William Penn, Pa. White’s Rendering Works, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Brand or trade name. Tuscarora Phosphate and Potash .,| Tuscarora Special Potato Grower Tuscarora Standard Tuscarora Trucker Tuscarora York State Special ; Tygert’s Cabbage Manure Tygert’s Special Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer Van Iderstine’s Pure Ground Bone Vaughan’s Lawn and Gar- den Vaughan’s Rams Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure Vaughan’s Rose Grower Bone Meal Weeber & Don’s Lawn Invigorator Werner’s Natural Fertil- izer Whann’s Chester Valley Cabbage and Cauli- flower Manure Whann’s Chester Valley Special Potato and Truck Fertilizer Pure Meat and Bone Fer- tilizer Locality where sample was taken. Port Leyden Granville Salem Madrid Salem Aquebogue Aquebogue Long Island City New York Syracuse New York New York Mechanicville Huntington Huntington Arlington Num- ber. 2205 3120 New York Aaricurruran Experiment Station. S01 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILizEr. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Number. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2690 | Guaranteed ———. 10 2. Found —___. 10.49 10.96 1.88 2884 | Guaranteed 3.30 7 Found 2.86 8.62 9.02 7.26 2882 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 2% Found 1.64 8.26 9.47 2.54 2916 Guaranteed 4.11 rf Found 4.02 8.47 9.58 7.38 2881 Guaranteed .82 8. 4. Found 1.05 8.29 9.24 4.04 2348 Guaranteed 2.47 Ue 8 5. Found 2.69 7.26 8.13 5.56 2301 Guaranteed 3.29 6. The 8. Found ALP 6.74 iste 8.48 3065 Guaranteed 2 —— 27. —- Found 7 By a 28.25 —_— 2249 Guaranteed 2.88 8 — 4. Found 584 8.64 11.55 4.18 2561 Guaranteed 2. iL. 1.20 I Found 2.20 .95 1.45 2.40 2248 Guaranteed 3.70 —— 22P ——- Found 4.31 — 22.43 —--— 3061 Guaranteed 2.47 —— 3.50 2.50 Found 2.23 ——- Bay 2.40 3127 Guaranteed .05 .O1 .02 Found .04 11 OR .06 2204 Guaranteed 4.11 6. de 5. ‘| Found 4.15 6.68 7.82 6.06 2205 Guaranteed 2.47 be 8. ie Found 2.63 7.45 8.02 6.94 3120 | Guaranteed 4. — lr === Found 5.47 _—_—_— 14.50 —_ 26 802 Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU- FACTURER OR JOBBER. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., Co., The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. Co., The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. Co., Co., The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. The Wilcox Fertilizer Mystic, Conn. Co., Co., Witbeck, Chas. W., Schenec- tady, N. Y. Unknown Unknown Brand or trade name. Acid Phosphate Kainit Wilcox Cauliflower Fer- tilizer Wilcox Dry Ground Acidulated Fish Wilcox 5-8-7 Fertilizer Wilcox Fish and Potash Wilcox Fish Guano Wilcox Long Island Dry Ground Fish Wilcox Nitrate of Soda Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate Wilcox Pure Ground Bone Wilcox 6-8-5 Fertilizer Witbeck’s High Grade Lawn Fertilizer Machine Dried Fish Scrap Muriate of Potash Locality where sample was taken. Greenport Greenport Greenport Greenport Greenport Riverhead Greenport Aquebogue Greenport Greenport Greenport Greenport Schenectady Riverhead Riverhead New York Aaricurturat ExprErIMENtT STATION. 802 COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912. ) y) Potnps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Nitrogen. Potash. Available. Total. 2370 | Guaranteed ——_- 15.50 16. on Found — 15.20 16.37 A 2369 Guaranteed —- —_ —— lie Found a —— a 13. 2384 Guaranteed 4.11 6. Fe ye Found 4.53 6.69 8.99 5.32 2386 Guaranteed 7.81 4. OF ——— Found 8.57 aye 6.32 ——— 2366 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. Found 4.64 7.99 9.48 7.14 2381 Guaranteed 2.46 Dy 6. 35. Found 2.91 220 7.60 4.08 2387 Guaranteed 4.10 Pee 3) a Found 4.37 2.48 6.63 ——— 2376 Guaranteed Hoev 4. 5. ——— Found 8.46 5.20 6.19 —— 2368 Guaranteed 15. —_—— nd ——. Found — 15.41 —_——- —— —_ 2367 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 9. Ue Found BHoD 8.66 9.73 7.98 2371 Guaranteed 2.46 —_— 22. ——— Found 4.35 ———— 21.98 or 2385 Guaranteed 4.93 8. 9. B, Found 5.33 8.01 9.58 5.84 2893 Guaranteed ——— Found 1.97 8.33 10.38 Seite. 2339 Guaranteed ——— — Found 9.39 —— 6.12 a 2338 Guaranteed ——— ——. — Found ae oa — Sie 804 Report on Inspection Work or THE ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL LIME | NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANUFACTURER OR JOBBER. American Lime & Stone Co., Tyrone, Pa. American Lime & Stone Co., Tyrone, Pa. Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. j Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. The Caledonia Chemical Co., Caledonia, N. Y. The Caledonia Marl Co., Caledonia, N. Y. Conley Stone Co., F. E., Utica, N. Y. Corson, G. & W. H., Plymouth Meeting, Pa. Dutchess County Lime Co., Dover Plains, N.Y. Edison Portland Cement Co., New Village, N. J. Genesee Lime Co., Hon- eoye Falls, N. Y. Brand or trade name. “Burnt Lime for Agricultural Use ” Hydra-Oxide Lime of Buffalo Brand Agri- cultural Lime Buffalo Brand Agri- cultural Lime Locality where sample was taken. Elmira Elmira Moravia Troquois Agricultural Lime Agricultural Lime Raw Ground Lime Corson’s Prepared Lime Hydrated Agricultural Lime Limestone Caledonia Unadilla Chenango F’ks Owego Bedford Hills Cortland Genesee Lime Co., eoye Falls, N. Y. The MHaserot Canneries Co., Cleveland, O. The Kelley Island Lime & Transport Co., Cleve- land, O. Le Roy Lime Works and Stone Quarries, Le Roya Ni. W- National Mortar and Sup- ply Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Horse Head Car- bonate of Lime Ground Limestone for Agricultural Purposes Le Roy Agricul- tural Lime Banner Hydrated Lime Eden Center Perry Le Roy Cherry Creek *G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found, Calcium Num- : ber. ae 3012 | G* 84. F 79.69 3011 | G* 66.75 F 71.26 2516 | G* 50: F 45.76 2635 | G* 50. F 49.88 3165 | G* 50. F 49 .49 2593 | G* 50. F 50.60 2440 | G* S15 F olese 2848 | G* 48. F 44.64 3105 | G* F 43.75 3040 | G* F 5132 2602 | G* 65. F 70.34 3166 | G* 65. F 71.42 2621 | G* 52.56 F 48.16 2997 | G* F 43.19 3164 | G* F 68.76 2957 | G* F 51.12 New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 805 ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL LIME NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANUFACTURER OR JOBBER. New Castle Portland Cement Co., New Castle, Pa. Rockland & Rockport Lime Co., Rock- land, Me. Security Cement and Lime Co., Berkeley, Wie Via Security Cement and Lime Co., Berkeley, iW>Va: The Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. The Standard Lime & Stone Co., Baltimore, Md. Woodville Lime & Cement Co., Toledo, O. Brand or trade name. Pulverized Lime- stone R-R Land Lime Berkeley Hydrated Lime Ground Limestone Land Lime Standard Ground Limestone Agricultural Lime Locality where sample was taken. Mayville Jamesport Clarence Hamburg Schoharie Perry East Aurora *G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. Num- ber. 2961 | G* F G* F 2776 | G* F 2624 | G* F 2736 | G* F 2996 | G* F SlosniGe F Calcium oxide. Per ct. 50.68 806 Report on Inspection Work. ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF LIME COMPOUNDS PHOSPHORIC Name and address of manu- Whieas Acip Cal- facturer or jobber and brand Where taken. ge ———_—_———|Potash.| cium or trade name. ; Anil: oxide. able Total The Caledonia Chemical Co.,| East Scho-| 3124 | G*| 1.50 | 2.50 Caledonia, N. Y. Wood} dack F Ashes Substitute Corson, G. & W. H., Plym-| Apalachin | 2810 | G*| —— | —— | 3. 40. outh Meeting, Pa. Cor- F 2 son’s Prepared Lime and Ash New England Lime Co., Dan-| Oneonta 2841 | G* | —— | —— | —— |] — bury, Conn. Connecticut F Lime Ashes *G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found. APPEN DIX. I. PopuLAR EDITIONS OF STATION BULLETINS, II. PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE STATION. II]. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. [807] Pup Boating Lee ( , Dae Brey. Dan” -Choivectosel i Pe bates Agios y : ee ee eee > mA ¥ é ; PY) mtd P site, rerpnthy . daemcadterd end Ponek \ — SPRL VOMTATA wh exo ware, A FONTATS AKT TH GEvEAIeD Sra nOuiNL Tf eat wiesodontae IE | - § oe POPULAR BULLETIN REPRINTS. A NEW FRUIT TREE ENEMY IN NEW YORK.* F. H. HALL. A recent surprise to entomologists is the finding Advent of of pear thrips in New York State. This insect pear thrips. has been present in California in destructive numbers for several years, but was unknown in the East until in the spring of 1911. Before this time, for a period extending back at least five years, is had been at work, unrecognized, in a limited section of the Hudson Valley —in about three townships in the vicinity of Germantown; but the pear growers whose orchards were infested, in some cases to a very injurious extent, had thought the damage due to frost, spray injury or other causes. The few who had seen the insects on the buds or in the blossoms could not believe these tiny creatures the cause of such severe injury as occurred in some of the orchards; but investigations made by the Station Entomologist during 1911 have proved the trouble due to the insect and have established its identity with the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri) which is caus- ing California fruit growers so much harm. Beside the three townships on the east side of Extent of | the Hudson, in Columbia and Dutchess counties, infestation. the insect is apparently present in a few orchards further down the Hudson, on the opposite side of the river, and in at least one orchard in western New York. Further study will probably show that it is much more widely distributed than is now known; since it is easily overlooked when not abundant, and its work ascribed to other causes even when it is numerous and destructive. * A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 343; see p. 341 for the Bulletin. [809] 810 PoruLaR Eprrions oF STATION BULLETINS OF THE In 1910, when the loss from the thrips was Amount of greatest, pear growers in the region about Ger- injury. mantown found their Kieffer crops reduced from one-third to nine-tenths or even more. The ex- cessive damage during this season was probably due to the early and sudden arrival of warm weather which favored the insects and also brought the pears into bud and bloom when the pests were most abundant. The union of these two factors exposed practically all Kieffers and some other varieties to the attacks of countless hordes of the thrips at the most critical time. In 1911, the damage to Kieffers, though general in some orchards and severe in scattered spots in other orchards, was not nearly as great as in 1910; while Bartletts and Clapp Favorites, the other varieties most grown in the section, were not seriously injured. Beurre Bose, Beurre Anjou, Vermont Beauty, Dana Hovey, Rhode Island, Clairgeau and Beauty of Wakefield were badly affected; but these varieties are not generally grown so the loss on them was not great. The mature thrips is a very minute insect, only Adult insect. one-twentieth of an inch long. It is dark brown in color, appearing almost black on casual view; and bears four peculiar, long, narrow, feathery wings which gave the thrips its old name, “ fringe-wings.”” The wings are simple and each consists merely of a single strong rib bordered by closely set, long hairs. These adults come from resting cells in the soil, where they have spent the winter. The date of emergence varies with the season, but is apparently timed to precede by a few days the swelling and opening of the pear buds. Growers, where the insect. is suspected or where pear buds have blighted from unknown causes, should watch their trees carefully from the middle of April on, and if they find them spotted with tiny dark flies, should prepare for immediate, vigorous action. In 1911 the adults were most active and destructive from April 28 to May 11. As soon as they come from the ground they seek the trees whose buds are nearest ready to open, and work their way between the spreading tips into the centers of New York AGRricuttTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 811 the young flowers. They rasp and puncture the tender parts at the center of the bud and suck up the exuding juice for food. These injuries, it will be seen, strike at the very heart of the hoped-for crop and result in more harm than might be caused later by many times the number of larger insects. Yet the num- bers of the thrips, even at this stage, are by no means small; and two weeks later the white, maggot-like larvee may be found elus- tered about the buds or in the open flowers like mites upon fowls in a neglected poultry house, as is shown by the title page illus- tration. The early injuries by the adult thrips, when these are numerous, cause the buds to become “ leaky,” that is, sticky with a viscid, brownish secretion — a condition very characteristic of the work of this insect. At this time most of the adults are beyond the reach of spray mixtures, but preparations should be made to attack the larve as soon as the falling of the petals makes it safe to spray the flowers. The injured buds cease to grow and the whole blossom cluster, if the mature thrips are plentiful, becomes stunted, shrivelled and brown, as if blighted. If the attack is not made quite so early, the insects feed in the opening blossoms, eating stamens, pistils and petals; or they may attack the tender leaves as these appear. On the clusters attacked, the petals will be small and uneven in size, the fruit stems dwarfed and irregular in length and the flower generally blackish or brownish in color. The leaves of the first-formed clusters are usually dwarfed in size, crinkly, cup-shaped or otherwise deformed, and with margins irregularly broken or blackened. The fruits setting on such clusters gen- erally have weak stems and fall prematurely. The microscopic, whitish or yellowish, kidney- Egg-laying. shaped egg is placed within the tissues of the plant. The female generally selects the fruit stems for egg-laying and slits them with her sharp, curved ovipositor, depositing a single egg in each slit. She begins this work soon after emerging from the ground and continues it until about the middle of May. The incisions may sometimes be so frequent in a single stem that it will become weak and yellow, allowing the fruit to fall prematurely. Usually the stems are only roughened. 812 Porutar Epirions or Station BULLETINS oF THE The eggs hatch within a week after laying, and Larva. produce small, white, soft-bodied larvee with two pronounced reddish eye spots. These larve are provided with mouth parts like those of the adult, but are some- what less active and destructive. On the pear they feed mainly on the young leaves and emphasize the injury done by the adults, since they are naturally most abundant on trees that have fed the parent insects in largest numbers. This additional shock to the tree greatly retards its return to a normal condition, as the leaves are often destroyed or deformed to such an extent that the young pears that have set cannot be nourished and, therefore, drop; nor can new fruit spurs for the next year be developed. Later, the larvee feed to some extent on the tips and edges of the growing terminal leaves, which may be blackened. A secretion similar to that produced on the buds by the adult thrips may also be caused by the work of the larvee. After feeding for about two weeks the larve drop from the trees, may feed for a time on weeds and grass, and then enter the soil to form the resting cells. They remain unchanged in these until late October, then change to pupze and pass the winter in that stage or as hibernating adults. While commonly called “ pear” thrips, this pest Food plants. may feed or work on quite a range of plants. It was found in New York during 1911 on apple, apricot, cherry, peach, plum and quince as well as on pear; and in California it also attacks almond, fig, grape and English walnut. If it becomes established in the East it may Have to be fought on the above fruits and probably others. As a sucking insect, the thrips cannot be reached Control. by internal poisons, but must be destroyed by contact insecticides. It is not difficult to kill, if reached, as the spraying experiments of 1911 proved that it would be destroyed by a good wetting with any of the insecticides used. The difficulty is, however, that the adults very soon get into the buds where spray mixtures cannot reach them directly. Early recognition of their presence and prompt, thorough, quickly repeated applications are necessary for success. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 813 The nicotine preparations are very effective, especially when combined with an oil emulsion which has a penetrating quality. In 1911 three sprayings in a badly infested orchard, two applica- tions on successive days and the third one two days later, re- duced the numbers of thrips to a very small proportion of those originally present. In these treatments, the nicotine preparations, Black Leaf and Black Leaf 40, were used alone and each com- bined with soap or with kerosene emulsion; and there seemed to be little difference in effectiveness. Each mixture destroyed the insects it touched. Conditions were particularly favorable for treatment this year, however, since the buds opened very rapidly, allowing the spray mixtures to be forced into them more readily than might be the case in cooler weather when the trees bloomed more slowly. The thrips also probably came out within a shorter period than in cooler years; so that more of them were caught by the three sprayings than would be when the emergence was longer distributed. It is hoped, though, that two or at most three thorough applications of nicotine and kerosene emulsion made at short intervals with a heavy, driving spray, using 125-150 Ibs. pressure, when the mature insects are seeking the buds, will reduce them to a comparatively harmless number. Formulas. Spraying 1. mixtures. Nicotine extract 2.7 per ct. (Black Leaf) 6 qts. Water 100 gals. Soap ; 2 to 5 lbs. or Kerosene emulsion ; 3 gals. pe Nicotine extract 40 per ct. (Black Leaf 40) 4 to } pt. Water 100 gals. Soap 2 to 5 lbs. or Kerosene emulsion 3 gals. In spraying, two objects should be kept in mind Directions for — (1) to kill the winged thrips working in and spraying. about expanding buds and blossom clusters to prevent injury to the tender flower and leaf parts; 814 Poputar Eprrions or Srarion Buyers. and (2) to destroy the larve after petals drop to reduce the num- bers of insects which will mature in the ground. The period for effective spraying against the adult or winged thrips is during the time when the buds are swollen and partly open and until they are entirely opened at the tips. The first treatment should be made as soon as the thrips become numerous on the trees. The number of the applications required will de- pend on the thoroughness of the treatments. ‘The grower should spray on successive days or every few days until the thrips are reduced to comparatively few individuals. Two and certainly not more than three sprayings are required to afford efficient pro: tection to the trees from the adult thrips. Especially hard to kill are the insects within the buds, as they are often hidden, and it is difficult to force the spraying mixture in between the growing structures of the bud. While it is not possible to reach all of these, many of them may be destroyed by careful work in apply- ing the sprays. By successive applications severe injury may be largely or entirely prevented. To secure the greatest benefits from the treatments, apply the spraying mixtures in liberal quan- tities as a rather coarse driving spray, holding the nozzle fairly close to the buds in order to force the liquid into the ends of the buds. The “ angle nozzles” of the large chamber type or nozzles set on an angle to the extension rod, maintaining a pressure of not less than one hundred fifty pounds are preferable. The larvee may be seen in large numbers as small, whitish crea- tures in the calyx cups, on pears especially (see title page illus- tration), when they are well exposed to spraying because of the open nature of the blossom ends of the young fruits. One or two careful sprayings will practically free the trees of the insects. In making an application both surfaces of the leaves and the calyx ends of the young fruits should be thoroughly wetted by the liquid. Spraying for the larve is important because it will greatly reduce the numbers of the insects which seek shelter in the ground until the following spring. (Plate XX XV was also given in this popular edition.) FIGHTING LEAF-HOPPERS IN THE VINEYARD.* F. H. HALL. The grape leaf-hopper, or “thrips” is by no means Increase a new insect; but its numbers are sometimes so of the small and its injuries so inconspicuous that its insect. presence in the vineyard is disregarded. Occasion- ally there comes a year, however, or a series of years, when the tiny creatures become so numerous as to fill the air at picking time, thus greatly annoying the vineyard workers. At such times, also, the student of grape quality notes a greatly increased proportion of poorly colored, insipid flavored or sour grapes ; and, sometimes, as in 1910 and 1911 and even more notice- ably in 1901 and 1902, in the Chautauqua and Erie grape belt the quantity of grapes in many vineyards is decidedly lessened by the countless hordes of these minute pests. During 1910 and 1911 those growers having infested vineyards who protected their vines against the “ hoppers” secured a profitable crop increase, to say nothing of the fact that their fruit was not rejected because of poor quality by the makers of grape juice, and was in better con- dition for the packing of basket fruit for dessert use. For several seasons the pest has been increasing in Chautauqua county; but whether 1911 marked the crest of the wave or whether a worse in- festation is to come in 1912, no one can say. The countless mil- lions of the mature hoppers that went into winter quarters last fall certainly promise trouble for the growers this summer unless weather conditions or other influences reduce their numbers before grape foliage appears. * A reprint of ‘“ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 344; see p. 367 for the Bulletin, [815] 816 Porvtar Eprrions or Station BuLLEeTINS OF THE The grape leaf-hopper is about one-eighth of an The inch long, light yellow during the summer, but insect. changing to salmon color toward fall and becoming dark red in its winter hiding place. One of the adults is shown on page 819 and five nymphal stages or “instars” in the adjoining figures. These differ from each other mainly in the in- creasing prominence of the wing pads; since the hoppers do not pass through larval, pupal and adult forms which differs so markedly in most in- sects. The adult hoppers have a front, or outer, pair of wing shields, or “elytra”, which close along the back, making a tight, tent-like cover beneath which the thin, filmy, true Fig. 1—First Four NympuauInstars or wings are concealed when the Ey ene ana insects are not in flight. The protection given the little pests by these resistant wing covers makes it very difficult to injure the adults by spraying, since the ordinary mist spray does not reach any tender part of the body. Both old and young “thrips” are still further protected by their habit of feeding on the under side of the leaves, so that, to combat them successfully, driving sprays must be used that catch them from below and drench them thoroughly. The adult hoppers winter in protected Fic. 2—Fretn Nympnau In- places about the vineyards, weeds, piles of © **™ eee seas rubbish, ditch banks or other neglected (Enlarged.) corners of the vineyards themselves or woodland, Time of undergrowth or grass lands adjoining them. They feeding. appear before the grape foliage has started and feed for a time on early spring weeds or other New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 817 perennial plants, preferring the foliage of bush fruits. As soon as the grape leaves appear they migrate to the vines and feed on them until fall. They will be noticed first on shoots and leaves near the ground, but later on all parts of the plants. They mate during the latter part of May and the eggs are laid during the month of June. The first nymphs appear about the middle of June and the maximum number is out by the end of the first week in July in normal seasons. A second partial or complete brood appears the latter part of August if conditions are favorable. By the time the grape leaves have fallen most of the insects are mature and seek protected hibernating places. The grape leaf-hopper feeds by sucking, and, pre- How the _ ferably, on the under side of the leaves. It pierces hoppers’ the “skin” of the leaf, feeds until satisfied and work. then withdraws its proboscis or sucking tube thus leaving an opening from which the plant juices dry out, not only from the pierced cell, but from adjoining ones. There is soon formed around each puncture a spot of dead tissue ; and if there be 100 hoppers on a leaf, each feeding twice a day for two months, the leaf would show 12,000 such injured spots. In fact, counts have been made on leaves of average size that gave 20,000 spots. This makes a severe drain on the vitality of the leaf and it takes on an unhealthy yellow hue. The death of so many starch-making cells lessens the amount of wood produced and of fruit formed; and, more disastrously perhaps, it affects the quality of the fruit, making it ill flavored or sour and poorly colored. The rich blue black of the Concord becomes a lifeless reddish color when hoppers are abundant and the attractive flavor is lost so that grape juice makers and most buyers of grapes for the table reject the fruit. As the leaf-hoppers feed by sucking, they cannot Control _ be poisoned; but must be killed by contact insecti- measures. cides. In tests made during 1910, it was found that the nicotine preparations were very effective if properly applied. But the protection given by the manner of feeding beneath the leaves made it almost impossible to reach 818 Porvutar Eprrions or Srarion BuLLetiINs OF THE them effectively with any sprayer fitted with fixed nozzles. Hand management of the nozzles, with free hose, gave better results, but is a more expensive method, and, with nicotine, exceedingly unpleasant, drenching of the clothes by the wind causing nausea and illness in many cases. The method of applying then, rather than the material to be used, appeared most needful of study; therefore the efforts of the Station entomologist in the Chautauqua field were directed toward the development of an attachment for power spray outfits that would put the material where needed without personal discomfort. A device of this kind had been made in 1911 by Mr. F. A. Morehouse, of Ripley; but was not a success because of certain defects. After considerable study this attachment was so modi- fied that it gave most excellent results in actual field work. This attachment consists of an iron pipe frame- Automatic work attached rigidly to the side of the spray cart, spraying which carries three movable booms at different attachment. heights, each swung out under the vines by a coiled-wire spring and. fitted with hose-and-pipe connection leading to an adjustable nozzle at the end. The springs are made strong enough to hold the nozzles in position under or among the leaves against ordinary resistance but allow the booms to swing past fixed obstructions. The nozzles are pro- tected against entanglement with vines or foliage by inclined guards. The range in height given by the three booms, with a difference in their length, and the change in direction of the spray allowed by the adjustable nozzles make it possible to cover thor- oughly all parts of the vines. No attempt is made here to give details of this attachment; but a full description of it is given in the regular bulletin, with plans and illustrations. It can be constructed by any blacksmith or plumber for less than $20. Spraying should be done when the nymphs (young Directions “hoppers”) have reached their maximum num- for bers, which, in Chautauqua county, will be some spraying. time in July, the exact period varying somewhat with the season. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 819 Efficient and economical nicotine sprays are “ Black Leaf To- bacco Extract ” (2.7 per ct. nicotine), one part to 150 parts of water, or “ Black Leaf 40 ” (40 per ct. nicotine), one part to 1600 parts of water. Enough of this spray must be used to drench the insects, an amount best secured by using nozzles of the cyclone type with large-apertured disks with a pressure of 125 to 150 lbs. at the pump. The nozzles must be adjusted to hit the under side of the leaves, the lower one usually being set to throw the spray di- rectly upward and the other two varied to suit conditions. It will be necessary to drive slowly if the foliage is dense; so that gearing must be provided that will maintain the required pressure even when the outfit is moving at low speed. With such a sprayer it will require about 150 gallons of solu- tion to spray an acre of vines with dense foliage; for which the _ materials will cost about $1.25. (Plate XX XVII was also printed in this popular edition. ) QUALITY OF FARM SEEDS IN 1911.* F. H. HALL. That an official inspection of seeds could be made Seed very helpful to New York farmers is shown by inspection examinations made by the Station during 1911. needed. These tests are made by the Station botanists from samples of seed sent in voluntarily by dealers and purchasers. Such work does not have the range nor the accuracy of official collection and analysis; yet the samples examined probably reflect quite accurately the general condition of clover and grass seeds sold in the State during the year. Dodder seeds were found in one-eighth of the samples of alfalfa seed examined, and in nearly 5 per ct. of those of red clover; yet dodder is perhaps most to be dreaded of all the weeds that infest these crops. ed clover and alsike clover both contained more seeds of noxious weeds than in 1910. Wilful adulteration of seeds was somewhat rare; yet one sample of red clover contained only 5 per ct. of the desired seed, 35 per ct. being alsike clover and 60 per ct. yellow trefoil. In this case about four quarts of the trefoil seed had been introduced into the middle of each bag of clover seed and the sample was evidently taken from near the center of the bag so that much of the adulterant was secured. If it had been taken from the top of the bag only, the seed might ‘ have shown up well. This illustrates the necessity of drawing some of the sample from different parts of the bag if dependable results are to be secured. Accidental adulteration is not uncom- mon, for yellow trefoil and sweet clover have become so plentiful in many clover and alfalfa fields that the seeds of these weeds were found in considerable quantity in many samples. During the year 1911, the Station examined Notes on 1015 samples, about 70 more than in 1910. Of these samples, 548 were of alfalfa, 253 of red clover, 86 of alsike clover, 98 of timothy and 30 of miscellaneous seeds. Many of the samples were too small to give dependable tests. The likelihood that a sample represents fairly the goods from which it is drawn decreases rapidly as the sample falls below certain limits. In official test- tests. * A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 345; see p. 179 for the Bulletin. [820] New York AaricutturaL ExrrrmmMent Station. 821 ing, seeds are secured from top, middle and bottom of the bag or other container, and from these lots, thoroughly mixed, at least two ounces are retained for final examination if the seed is of alfalfa or clover, or at least one ounce if of timothy or other grasses. These figures should govern in unofficial sampling, also ; but of the alfalfa and clover seed samples received by the Station during 1911, only a little more than one-third were up to the weight required for dependable analysis; and of the timothy seed samples less than one-half reached one ounce in weight. In nearly 200 cases the sample sent weighed less than half an ounce. Such small samples may give some information, but they are not satisfactory for accurate percentage determinations. Some seeds of new weeds were found, the pres- Weed ence of these seeds indicating, in general, that the seeds sample of alfalfa, clover or timothy came from a found. foreign source, although some weeds may be recent introductions into America. One of these weeds, Trianthema monogyna, is a “ pusley ”-like plant, quite common in the West Indies, and found sparingly in some of the Southern States. It has certainly been sown with alfalfa seed in this State, as it was found in 26 samples; but no plant of it has been sent in for identification, so it can not be well established, nor do we know anything of its behavior under our conditions.. Shaftal is another plant of which seeds were found in small quantities in 16 samples of alfalfa seed. This belongs to the clover family, is an annual, and is not liable to become a troublesome weed, although a vigorous grower. Lance- leaved sage, found in 10 samples of alfalfa seed, is another annual, and probably not to be feared as a weed. Other noteworthy weeds found in the examinations of this year have been Russian thistle, roquette and Johnson grass. The first of these is a serious menace in parts of the West, but in New York alfalfa fields it disappears after the first season, so can not be considered a bad weed. Roquette, a plant of the mustard family, makes a rank growth in alfalfa, and has been the cause of much anxiety to growers; but, like Russian thistle, it is in evidence only during the first season and is evidently not to be feared. In the South, Johnson grass, a species of sorghum, is troublesome. How it will behave in this State is unknown, but it may become established here through its occurrence in alfalfa seed. Any information relative to the presence or behavior of the plant in New York will be welcomed by the Station. 822 Poputar Epirions or Sration BuLierins. The principal impurities found in the seed examinations are shown in the table below: PrinciPAL IMPURITIES FOUND IN SEEDS EXAMINED IN 1911. NuMBER OF SAMPLES NUMBER OF SAMPLES Red | Alsike!] Tim- Red | Alsike| Tim- Alfalfa clover| clover| othy Alfalfa clover) clover] othy Examined....... 548 253 86 98 COMMON WEEDS, GRASSES, ETC. CHARACTER OF Alsike clover..... 14 106 71 Impurity Founp: Atriplex spp...... 76 bin ADULTERANTS:! Barnyard grass... 9}: ee ne Alsike clover..... wens CA A Se 1 Brassica spp..... 76 12) ae, 2 Catchfly ie fcc. Pee palluanee a1) Reis Catehflys a. pyar 20 52 37 ie Red clover....... 1 Chickweed....... ae Mia in ae 6 Sorrel io. ssssrsie- 1 Cinquefoil....... oe (te ee 28 CEAMOGHY encase 5 Crab-grass....... er ZAP) woes 4 White clover..... 1 Daisy ox-eye Shc |\ eee 3} 3 Ht Wboysi (0) | ee See 1 4 Daisy :yellow:. | sont ol sete tee 21 Foxtail, green....} 377 148 22 538 NOXIOUS OR Foxtail, yellow...] 161 Dae | Marne oe NEW WEEDS: Lady's thumbs 248 os 65 py eee ee Canada thistle....| .... 16 29 3 Lamb’s quarters..| 225 95 ifs 40 Centaurea repens.. OZ Meta steers aha he Mallowszaccs soos SOG re ees Ses Ales ais IHICOLY ese cieae 66 Cah] Roe Mayweed........ 6 Docks «Ante & 65 147 oS a ek ct Melilot.. 52425. eee aN eal eks oll ieee Dodderse. cay. t as GLB LE eragct || Pciveotnel| Parsee Pepper grass..... hoa || tances See 41 Johnson grass.... ZO Mere | eesce altresne Pig" weed con. Date 24 Baier occ Lance-leaved sage. LO\ ||, pete: MoO Looe iPlanitainvibroad seal. cule eee 12 65 Plantain, English. 88 163 27 12 Primrose, evening.| .... | .... | .... 37 Roquette....5.:. 5 eel let Oeton| besos || @aaoe Ragweed........ ket, 3 Whe Sete eee Russian thistlesr ity Lvieoll| cxcien (cere lil eon Sorrellx; 4.04. -.-8 Beer 96 50 30 Slaftal se: 1Gh! ah hated icieee Sweet clover..... Ti eee ae hl eur dl (act Trianthema mono- Uhieeiseheoage seen 49 101 63 He GUNG. ocho 26npeest ahste as ‘breton 5 20 60 A Wild carrot...... 33 20 Pal Pain ee White clover..... stova.d all ueee on, ai’ ates 5 1An impurity is considered an adulterant when it exceeds a certain fixed percentage of the sam ple. Several samples of oats were received with Sulphured special requests for germination tests, as growers oats. who had sown seed from lots represented by these samples found that only a few seeds grew. The unusually light-colored, bright, smooth, vigorous appear- ance of the samples of seed led to the suspicion that it had been treated with sulphur fumes, a bleaching agent; and examination made in the Chemical Laboratory of the Station proved sulphuric acid present in injurious amounts. Germination tests made of four samples showed fourteen per ct. of live seed in one sample, one per ct. in the second sample and all seeds dead in two samples. Bleaching, if properly done, probably does not injure oats for feeding and may not reduce the viability; but particularly bright looking seed should be given a germination test before using. CROSSING TOMATOES TO INCREASE THE YIELD.* F. H. HALL Stock breeders have long recognized the principle “New blood that mating animals of different strains, races or givesnew varieties of the same or closely allied species vigor.” usually gives offspring of great vigor and fre- quently of larger size than the parents. This view had received some recognition from scientists even before the time of Darwin; but he collected so many illustrations of its truth among both animals and plants that biologists generally accepted the principle as one of Nature’s laws, though it is a law with exceptions. Other students and investigators since Darwin’s time have tested this law in many fields, and among others, have proven it true with corn, beans, sorghum, cotton, tobacco, peas and other farm crops. From some previous work in Michigan, Prof. Teston Hedrick, Horticulturist of this Station, believed tomatoes. this same law would apply to tomatoes and sug- . gested to Mr. Wellington, his assistant, that he in- vestigate this question. The results of these tests are here sum- marized: Ag parents two varieties of tomatoes were selected that were greatly alike in respect to color, form and size of fruit and foliage, but decidedly unlike in plant habit, one being a dwarf — Dwarf Aristocrat, and one a standard — Livingston Stone. These varieties were grown in the forcing house during the winter of 1907-8 and carefully crossed, using the dwarf variety as the fe- male parent and the standard variety as the pollen producer. On other plants of each variety, flowers were also bagged before opening, to insure pure seed of each for comparison. One hun- * This is a brief review of Bulletin No. 346 of this Station on the Influence of Crossing in Increasing the Yield of the Tomato, by Richard Wellington. Any one interested in the details of the investigation will be supplied, on application, with a copy of the complete bulletin, Names of those who so request will be placed on the Station mailing list to receive future bulletins as issued, popular or complete edition as desired. A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 346; see p. 423 for the Bulletin. [823 ] 824 Porvtar Epirions or Station BULLETINS OF THE dred plants of each kind were set in the field in the summer of 1908 under as uniform conditions as possible and all but one went through the season, one of the cross-bred plants being destroyed accidentally. All the cross-bred plants were standards, as was expected from the laws of heredity. Seed of each of these strains of tomatoes was secured from self-pollinated flowers; and from this seed plants were grown for the winter forcing-house test of 1908-9. No first-cross plants were used in this test, but the par- ents were compared with their pure descendants of the second generation. In accordance with the laws of inheritance, plants of the second generation included both standards and dwarfs, but only the standards were used, the dwarfs being “ rogued-out.” For the test of the next summer, crossed plants of the first gen- eration were used as well as plants from pure seed of the parents and of the first and second generations; so that the parents and three generations of descendants were compared. In 1910 fourth- generation plants were also grown with the others. In every case dwarf plants were left out of the tests, although some appeared in every generation except the first. In all the tests the plants were given as uniform Results. conditions as possible and enough of each kind were included to overcome individual variations. They were, of course, subject to drought and other unfavorable influences that affected other tomato fields in the locality, but gave fair yields for the season in each test. It is believed that the influence of the disturbing factors was so evenly distributed that the figures really show the differences due to effects of cross- ing. The data appear in the table on page 4. ‘In each of the field tests the crossed plants of the first genera- tion gave both more ripe fruit and a larger total yield than the standard parent. The average gain in ripe fruit was nearly two pounds per plant and in total yield more than three pounds per plant. On the basis of 2,722 plants to the acre (plants set 4 ft. x 4 ft.) this would give nearly 2% tons more of ripe fruit to the acre or 41% tons more total yield from the first generation crosses than from the standard parent. This would certainly be a profit- able return for the time and care necessary to secure the crossed seed. It is only in the first generation that this favorable influence is likely to be profitable; for in the second generation, in this case, many plants had to be thrown away because of return to the dwarf condition; and the average yield of ripe fruit was not in- New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SOF creased at all. If large numbers of plants had been used, one- fourth of all in the second generation would have been dwarfs, and therefore not usable. Of course, two standard parents might have been used, so that none of the descendants would be dwarfs, but Yieitp or ToMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM SEEDLINGS OF Four © GENERATIONS. DwarF ARISTOCRAT X Livineston STONE. Dwarf Liv- Aristo- | ingston crat. Stone. Dwarf |Standard| First Second | Third | Fourth parent. | parent. | genera- | genera- | genera-| genera- tion. tion. tion. tion. Forcine House Tsst: (Winter, 1908-’9.) Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ripe fruit per plant....... 2.0 Sea OR eee 4 |. eee seals eee, Total fruit per plant...... 2.6 CS aoe n oor gy. | Reece a Soe _—_————————_ |« | | | ____ Frevp TEsts: 1908 8.5 ’ Ripe fruit per plant. { 1909 6.1 10.1 12.9 12.0 Ee 1] one cee 1910 ik) . : Average............. 7.2 1908 14.8 20.9 23). eM Te ALO Total fruit per plant. ; 1909 9.7 , : 1910 14.8 24.7 27.7 25.1 22.8 23.8 Average............. 131 211 24.3 22.6 20.4 23.8 MOUS ty 40 IGS DO Sco) wOS SOO. vader . Hime. toelaaeanase Yield per acre...... (2,722 plants.) 1909) 26,349} 48,152) 54,500} 54,576} 48,958]........ 1910} 40,234) 67,244) 75,293} 68,439} 62,173] 64,796 INVCTAECl cree an. ke oe 35,882} 57,406) 66,230) 61,508] 55,556] 64,796 Average gain or loss as com- pared with Standard PSTent ee att fare to —21 ,524)........ +8 ,824 |*+3,810|*—2, 142|t—2,448 * Compared with average yield of standard parent for same two years. t Compared with yield of standard parent for same year. unless the parents differed in some striking particulars it is doubtful if the same marked influence from crossing would have been secured. Without this marked difference shown in the early life of the plants it would be impossible to remove the “ rogues ” ; and undesirable unevenness of the tomatoes in some point might 826 Porutar Epirions oF Sration BULLETINS OF THE occur to lessen the market value of the crop. Beyond the second generation, the effect of the crossing in this experiment proved to be detrimental. The fact that crossing parents not too closely nor Why does __ too distantly related increases the vigor, size and crossing productivity of the offspring is apparently well increase yield? established; but only recently has any plausible explanation for this effect of cross-breeding been given. Now, however, Mendel’s experiments and observations on heredity have given at least a workable theory to account for this increase in size or vigor in the first generation of descendants from parents of diverse characteristics, and the rapid disappear- ance or reversal of this favorable effect in subsequent genera- tions. Gregor Mendel worked in a very modest way and announced his results in such an obscure publication that they remained hidden from the scientific world for many years, but when brought to light about fifteen years ago, furnished the long-de- sired explanation for many of the problems of heredity. He found that certain forms, features or characteristics of plants,— since called “‘ Mendelian characters ” or “ unit characters ”— pass unmodified from ancestor to descendant and therefore remain the same however remote the inheritance. The same law applies to animals, as well. These ‘ Mendelian characters” in many cases are not what we ordinarily consider characteristics, but are biological factors, several of which may be combined to make up what we call an animal or plant characteristic; as number of joints and length of joints, which are unit characters in a plant stem, unite to make up “ tallness.”’ All the “ unit characters” of both parents must pass into their descendants of the first generation, according to Mendel’s laws, though they may not appear to do so. If two characters are opposed, as horn-bearing and hornlessness in two breeds of cattle that are crossed, only one can appear in the immediate progeny of the cross though both are transmitted to and by the individuals of this first generation. The “ dominant” or stronger one of the pair obscures or hides the weaker or “ reces- sive”’ character in this case; but when two individuals of this first generation are mated, or, in plants, when a self-fertilized individual of this first cross produces seeds, the two unit char- acters separate; so that some individuals of the second genera- tion show the dominant character only, some the recessive character only and these individuals have not received nor can q New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 827 ~ they transmit to their descendants, the character they do not show. Others still, about half when the number of descendants is large, are like the first generation, containing both unit characters, the “recessive? hidden by the “ dominant.” These latter animals or plants, showing the “ dominant” unit character resemble the pure dominants outwardly in respect to this particular character, but some of their descendants will show the recessive character ; which descendants of pure dominants never show. There are, of course, hundreds of such pairs, and many characters not con- trasted or balanced by others (technically known as “ unpaired genes’’), since there are innumerable features and characteristics in each animal or plant each of which may be made up of one or several unit characters. Accordingly, the separate descendants in any generation may be quite unlike through varied groupings of the numerous dominants and recessives, and very careful study is necessary to disentangle the mystery of inheritance; but we know that the law given above holds true for each pair of unit characters. If two unit characters that make up any feature or character- istic of a plant or animal be not opposed, though different, both may appear in the first generation; so that, with regard to that particular feature, the good or bad points of both male and female parent may come together in the descendant. For ex- ample, if a plant with many long joints be crossed with one whose joints are thicker and heavier, the descendants of the first gener- ation may inherit both the length and the thickness, thus making larger, stockier plants than those of either parent. Similarly, certain different, but not opposed factors that go to make up vigor, healthfulness, or productivity may be united when different strains are crossed; and the descendants, accord- ingly, give better yields than either parent. In the second genera- tion, with the splitting up of unit characters that takes place, only half the descendants will carry the united characters; and the yield will tend toward a mean between that of the parents and the first generation. With each subsequent generation the pro- portion of plants bearing these joined favoring factors will de- crease and the beneficial influence of the crossing be soon lost. The figures secured in these tomato experiments support this theory admirably; though we are not able to say what influences united to give the favorable result in the first place. The con- stitutional “unit characters” that make up vigor, health and productiveness have not yet been separated. 828 Porutar Epirions or Sration BULLETINS OF THE The parent plants used in these tests were not Practical specially selected; and better results would un- suggestions doubtedly have been secured if, for one or two forseed generations previously, high-yielding mother growing. plants had been chosen. This could easily have been done, and the strain kept pure, since tomatoes are readily self-fertilized. These high-yielding strains should be continued and new crosses made as new seed is needed. The crossing need not be done every year, since tomato seed retains its vitality for at least three years, so that enough erossed seed could be secured in one season to grow the crop for three years to follow. But the tomato grower who does not regu- larly raise his own seed must buy the crossed seed each year un- less he wishes to find his second-season crop running down in yield. The improvement in yield is not inherent in the strain; it is merely the result of the crossing. Too violent crossing must not be attempted else sterility will result, as in the well known case of the mule. In crossing the tomato and Jerusalem cherry at this Station total sterility resulted. The best results can probably be secured by keeping within the species and crossing the distinct varieties and the distinct strains ; and in selecting these, regard must be paid to the inheritance of such qualities as smoothness, color, shape, size and earliness. To obtain smooth fruits only varieties producing smooth, even- surfaced fruits should be used, since roughness appears in the first generation. If dark red tomatoes are desired, one of the parents at least must be dark red; but the other may be red, pink or yellow, since the red is a stronger character than the pink or yellow and will hide them in the first generation. If pink is de- sired the red must be avoided and two pink varieties or a pink and a yellow used; while to get yellow fruits both parents must be yellow. Size appears to be inherited in a blended condition, as it is probably not a unit character; therefore to obtain tomatoes of large size, both parents must produce large fruits, to produce small ones both parents must be small-fruited ; while to produce medium- sized fruits, either medium-fruited parents must be crossed or small-fruited and large-fruited types. The same condition pre- vails with regard to general shape as with size,— an intermediate inheritance; and earliness probably follows the same rule. New York AaricutturaL Experiment Sration. 829 It is believed that this crossing of tomatoes is an entirely prac- ticable and profitable business proposition since it is not a difh- cult nor expensive operation. The actual pollination is not so easy as with corn, where the pollen is produced in the tassels, which can easily be removed to prevent self-fertilization ; but the tomato produces so many seeds that comparatively few flowers need be pollinated to secure the quantity of seed desired. The blossoms on the female parent must be bagged some time before opening, to prevent undesired crossing, and the stamens removed two or three days before the pollen is ripe, using a pair of forceps, sharp scissors or similar instrument. When the pistils have be- come receptive, flowers from the male parent, with ripe pollen. are introduced into the bag and shaken up, or the collected pollen is placed on the stigmas. As the flowers in a cluster ripen un- evenly it is necessary to repeat the removal of stamens and in- troduction of pollen every two or three days until the desired number of fruits has set. While this process is more rapid than the description might indicate, it requires time and care, which must be paid for when the seed is sold; so that producers who guarantee first generation erossed seed should obtain higher prices for such seed. LIME-SULPHUR DWARFS POTATO PLANTS.# hE EA Lime-sulphur solution can not replace bordeaux Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of potato diseases. Or- best for chardists who also grow potatoes hoped that they potatoes. might use the lime-sulphur spray in the field as well as in the orchard and dispense with the bor- deaux altogether, as it would be convenient to prepare only one fungicide; but a careful test made at this Station in 1911 proves the lime-sulphur harmful to potatoes. The plants in rows sprayed with lime-sulphur were dwarfed by the fungicide, died early and yielded about 40 bushels less to the acre than plants in check rows; while the bordeaux-sprayed rows produced 100 bushels to the acre more than the checks. The first row of each of five series was left as a The check, the second row received bordeaux mixture test. (6-6-50), the third lime-sulphur solution (1 to 40), and the fourth lead benzoate (1 Ib. to 50 gals.). Each treatment was repeated six times, as the season was a long one, and all the rows were kept free from beetles by two ap- plications of lead arsenate. The dwarfing effect of the lime-sulphur was plainly evident by September 16 and became very noticeable in October. The plants were really smaller than those on the check rows, not merely ap- pearing smaller through lack of foliage; for the stems were both shorter and of less diameter on the lime-sulphur rows. The lead benzoate plants were not dwarfed, but their condition was no bet- ter than that of the checks. There was no apparent burning of the foliage on any of the rows. Parasitic diseases were comparatively harmless, as there was only a little early blight (very late in the season), and no late blight; but tip-burn seriously affected the plants of all rows except those sprayed with bordeaux, and injured even these somewhat, es- pecially toward the north end of the field. The bordeaux-sprayed rows were still partly green when frost came, October 27, while most of the plants on the other rows had been dead a week or more at this time. The long season gave the bordeaux the best possible opportunity to exert its stimulative influence, and the thorough spraying may have intensified the injury from the lime-sulphur; so that the test probably presents lime-sulphur in its most unfavorable light. As a whole, however, the experiment conclusively proves it unsafe to use lime-sulphur on potatoes and unwise to consider lead benzoate as a fungicide for potato diseases. ~* A reprint of “Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 347; see p. 193 for the Bulletin. {830] TEN YEARS OF POTATO SPRAYING.* Be Ey EAT. For ten successive years in the present series Soe of experiments, this Station has tested potato inga ie ; p rere? ee spraying as a regular operation in the culture ties of this crop. On its grounds at Geneva a profitable increase has been secured in each year of the ten; spraying three times during the season has re- sulted in an average increase of 69 bu. to the acre, and spraying every two weeks (5 to 7 times) has increased the yield of mer- chantable tubers 971% bu. to the acre. In the duplicate series at Riverhead, Long Island, the gains have not been so great, owing partly to lighter soil and adverse climatic conditions. In only two years of the ten, however, was there a failure to secure a nice profit from the operation; while the average for the ten seasons is an increase of 25 bu. from three sprayings and 45%4 bu. from the fortnightly applications of the bordeaux. As five of the ten years have been notably dry seasons, unfavor- able to the development of blight and rot, and, consequently, not adapted to showing the benefit from spraying, it is believed that this series of tests proves beyond a shadow of doubt that potato growers in New York State should make spraying with bordeaux mixture a regular operation in their scheme of culture. The results secured in the Station tests are confirmed by a nine- year series of farmers’ business experiments, in which records * This is a reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 349; see p. 209 for the Bulletin. [831] 832 PopuLar Epitions or Station BULLETINS OF THE were carefully kept so that the exact financial gain or loss from spraying could be obtained. From six to fifteen potato growers co-operated with the Station in this work each year, the fields under test including from 60 to 225 acres annually. In all, there were 114 different trials and in only 20 cases did spraying fail to give a profit. That is 171% per ct. of the acreage sprayed caused the owners a loss of $1,286.74; while the other fields gave a net profit, after all expenses had been met, of $20,786.75. Taking the experiments as a whole, failures and successes together, spray- ing resulted in an average gain of 36.1 bu. to the acre and an average net profit of $14.43 an acre. Volunteer experimenters reporting to the Station give an even better showing, as the 205 experiments made by them in seven years give an average gain of 54.3 bu. to the acre. These last results are, of course, better than the average gains by farmers in the years reported, since growers are less apt to announce fail- ures than successes; but in the farmers’ business experiments failures and successes were all recorded alike. Even these results could be much bettered by more thorough work, as is shown by the acreage increases in yield shown by the Station tests. In these Station experiments, the bordeaux was applied very thoroughly, with a knapsack sprayer; so that efficient protection was given the plants. Such protection is not ordinarily secured by machine spraying by farmers; but care in application and “ double spray- ing” have usually given profitable increases. During the last two years of the tests ar- Single and rangements were made with several growers double to “double spray” portions of their fields; spraying. te : that is, to go both up and down the same rows with the sprayer. Both of these years were very dry and spray- ing, therefore, of less benefit than usual. While there were some very surprising exceptions to the rule, the double spraying was profitable, as shown by the following table: New York AGricutturAL ExprrRmMEentT STATION. 833 TaBLeE I.— REsutts oF DOUBLE-SPRAYING AS COMPARED WITH SINGLE-SPRAYING Increase or decrease in yield. | Expense | Market Location of Times |_————______—_——_- of price Profit or experiment. sprayed.| Single- { Double- | Differ- single- of loss. spraying. | spraying. ence. spraying. | potatoes. Bu. Bu. Bu. Per acre Cts Andover ce cress er 4 33.5 88.4 54.9 $3 58 35 $15 63 Sterling Station...... 5-7* —0.9 33.0 34.6 4 28 35 83 Glen Head ies: eavi 4 27.9 41.4 13.5 2 87 69 6 44 PAIMIESPOLG cche tuyere! 0-600 4 46.7 41.7 —5 4 53 60 —7 53 Southampton........ 4 a —26.5 —33 5 2 72 55 —21 19 Cortland yt. see) eare- 4 19.4 60.5 41.1 3 54 60 21 12 Glen Head........... 5 2.2 21 18 8 3 66 103 15 71 PANION teh vic lefevs,c.0 0) <> a 11.9 49.9 38 8 52 60 14 28 Jamesport........... 5 8.7 28.2 19.5 7 40 90 10 15 Wpancaster: (5-4 6 seis ae 4 —4.4 15.4 19.8 2 84 60 9 04 QOgdensburg.......... 6 33.2 49.5 16.3 tkS 100 8 52 WIRCLDB iss sett jens eiecarars 4 ilgal 18.8 VW. 4 16 70 8 23 @asswille s,s. aels diese ccs 5 82.6 101 3 18.7 5 10 70 7 99 WANG OVER: 5. syivelhe eos 65 5 9.4 —7.9 —17.3 2 76 55 —12 27 Chateaugay.......... 4 24.4 4.9 —19.5 4 10 65 —16 78 PAST EYS PCRs atest all se sluuche 20.2 34.7 Heats |G ae BB Atl eae oe 4 44 * There were three tests — one sprayed five times, the others seven times. In this table the column “ Expense of single-spraying”’ indi- cates the added cost of the second application, by which the acre- age increase (or decrease) shown in the previous column was secured. This cost was taken to be the same as that for a single application. It will be noticed that even in these very unfavor- able seasons the double sprayings increased the average yield over the single sprayings two-thirds as much as did the single sprayings over no spraying. It is plainly the rule in potato spraying, as in most farm operations, that “ thoroughness pays.” The last year, 1911, of the ten-year series Results in of potato-spraying tests was very unfavorable ten-year to the potato crop, and to benefit from spray- Ser1es. ing, during the early part of the season, owing to the excessive heat and drought; but abund- ant rains later, with holding off of frost at Geneva until October 27, resulted in good yields. Tip burn was the worst trouble at Geneva, and this was apparently somewhat checked by spraying. 27 834 Porutak Epirions oF Sration BuLLerTINsS OF THE A little early blight affected the unsprayed rows, but there was no late blight in the field at any time. In spite of these. unprom- ising conditions for spray benefit a difference between sprayed and unsprayed rows was evident from the middle of September until frost came; and the yields, as shown below, again proved spraying beneficial in spite of the absence of any very evident reasons for that benefit. TaBLeE I] — YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1911. Series. | , Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.* Bu. lbs. | a aa Lae; LOrand 13 5. || totly76) 20 and rAvip= i cert bee tea eee eit ite 225 1& 19 Copan 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| July 6, 20, Aug. 4, 17, 31, Sept. 15 and 30....| 278 20 TUE est SONON IZ and Wo s--alwNotisprayed. oc ct. een ae ae ere ncinoe 185 25 * Marketable tubers only. Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 40 bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 93 bu. per acre. At Riverhead flea beetles were abundant. There was a little early blight, but no late blight or rot. Severe drought caused early death of the plants on all three series, thus reducing the yields to a very low point and preventing any chance of benefit from the spraying. TABLE III.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911. Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre. Bu. lbs. | ae see 457,10 angiss. 2.4 May 30; June’24 and July 129.007 0.2.00. «0: 134 30 i Pee ee nS and, 145 .c May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26......... 133 50 ITs 3,62 9h a2 and 15! 2a Notisprayed).f) aca2 HOAs Atel he ae thasta's sete 133 20 Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 1% bu. per acre. Increase in yield due to spraying five times, $ bu. per acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 835 At both Geneva and Riverhead the tests were conducted as in previous years, each treatment being applied to five rows, each making one-fifth of an acre, and the rows alternating so that soil differences were neutralized as far as possible. ‘‘ Bugs” were kept off the check rows by separate treatments of poison, and off sprayed rows by combining poison with the bordeaux. Rural New Yorker No. 2 was the variety planted at Geneva and Carman No. 1 at Riverhead. The summarized results of the whole ten-years’ tests are shown in Table IV. TasBLe I1V.— SuMMARY OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS. | At Geneva. At Riverhead. Year. Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre ue to ue to ue to due to spraying every SEISS SE | bee spraying every | spraying three two weeks, tim two weeks. times. Bu. Bu. Bu Bu SOD rir yeicra tac Segre aes eo 123.5 98.5 45 Dad VL Sie etch Ce OREO 6 He Eee 118 88 56 39 5 AOA ern ob crete Nene eie weer 233 191 96 56.5 DODDS 4s are serdar ery een aces Sree 119 107 82 31.5 MOOG tec ed yo toece cite tase nee 63 32 53 21.5 MOO TER MEE hw ciiecghtocane votes 6 73.7 44 31 18 TIGRE te See ote oe ht 39 29.5 15E a 10.7 SOO Rt ce eae ce ecmiesiaeises 49.7 38.7 52.5 28.7 LU ar Go oe at On cerolG AoeoT 63 22 25.5 14.7 re ee ahecatactveses cue arache spatotste'G 93 40 5 Hen AVOFAGGSe seit shseie. = sysvers 97.5 69 45.7 25 = The farmers’ business experiments were ’ armers ; managed, as usual, by the growers themselves, ey esa) dtthe Sinne ly specifying that check : 10n mere specityin < experiments. BA NS eeicrens! ab Cheeses TOWS should be left unsprayed in a section repre- sentative of the field, and supervising the harvesting and weigh- ing of these check rows and similar sprayed rows alongside. All other details were left to the judgment of the growers. Four-. teen such tests were conducted in 1911, which are reported in brief in Table V. 836 Porviar Epitions oF Station BULLETINS OF THE TaBLE V.— SHOWING RESULTS OF BusINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1911. Number | Increaseor}| Total Cost Net ; Area of decrease cost of per acre profit Experiment. sprayed. times in yield spraying | for each or loss sprayed. | per acre. | per acre. | spraying. | per acre. A. Bu Cassville... Aa. cadence 6 5 82.6 $5 10 $1 02 $52 72 Ogdensburg............ 4.6 6 33.2 Th Fes} 1 30 25 42 Chateaugay............ 12 4 24.4 4 10 1 02 11 76 Greenwich) o..)..4) -fecuy- 4.5 8* 21:7 6 40 80 8 79 Cortland 32. 465 FF. 8 4 19.4 3 54 89 8 10 Drvdenst eee 8 5 22.7 5 32 1 07 7 16 Bata VIR ee cori cies ears 30 4 14.9 1 88 47 7 06 ANGOVER 20:30 eee eee ae 8.5 5 9.4 2 76 55 2 41 Plattsburgheyss tenes 13 4 Chats 4 68 1 17 1 09 PAMESPOLbs cis cc cers eerie 15 5 8.7 7 40 1 48 43 AlbION Wee ae coe eee 17 7 11.9 8 52 1 22 —1 38 Glen Heads. 2 sees eee 15 5 22 3 66 73 —1 40 Phelps soccer eee 14 4 itaa 4 16 1 04 —3 39 Wancssters tic ccm 6 4 —4.4 2 84 71 —5 48 * Four double sprayings. Average increase in yield per acre, 18.2 bushels. Average net profit per acre, $8.09. The growers who carried on these tests are P. S. Doolittle, Cass- ville; Andrew Tuck, Ogdensburg; O. Smith & Son, Chateaugay ; P. C. Billings, Greenwich; G. H. Hyde, Cortland; D. R. Trapp, Dryden; G. A. Prole, Batavia; J. M. Greene & Son, Andover; Pardy Bros., Plattsburgh; Henry A. Hallock, Jamesport; Ora Lee, Jr., Albion; G. T. Powell, Glen Head; J. A. Page, Phelps and F. W. Handy, Lancaster. The summarized results of the farmers’ business experiments for the nine years appear below: TaBLeE VI.—SuHowine RESULTS OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1903-11. Number | roa, | Average | “verage | Average 2 total cost Average Year. Daneel a aa gai cost of per oom net profit sprayed. spraying or eac per acre. ments. per acre. per acre. | spraying. A. Bu. IRIE Appar oc OOS Fae 6 61.2 57 $4 98 $1 07 $23 47 LOOSE Feeeve FUSE ioe cat eistorets 14 180 62.2 4 98 93 24 86 SUR ttcyene hapten ere cvede core 13 160.7 46.5 4 25 98 20 04 DODG Fr ici sachs cistiaiaelp| ta) 15 225.6 42.6 5 18 985 13 89 LOO Moe tenet eee ee winnie | 14 152.75 36.8 5 90 118 17 07 UPA Soe Meet oe 14 200.25 18.5 4 30 92 8 53 LOO ester a teree earsets 12 203.14 24.4 415 835 9 55 DOO a as oie ha sveia.< Sngskous 12 218.5 19.1 4 04 90 4 39 LOU, Seer 4 4 14 161.6 18.2 4 87 96 8 09 Average increase in yield for nine years, 36.1 bu. per acre. Average net profit for nine years, $14.43 per acre. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 837 No volunteer experimenters reported in 1911, but the summarized results of 205 such tests made in the seven years preceding 1911 are shown in the next table. These tests were made without Sta- tion supervision in any way and are probably less reliable than the farmers’ business experiments, yet they help to show that spraying potatoes is too profitable a farm operation to be neglected. Volunteer experiments. TasBLE VII.— SHowina RESULTS OF VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTS, 1904-1910. Average Average market Number Total gain price Year. of experi- area per acre | per bushel ments. sprayed. due to of potatoes spraying. | at digging time. A. Bu lbs Cts TOOLAERED: cee te sate rare arelerstael ca ave otelatey sre varenel s 41 364 | 58 28 43.5 MOOD eerie ae sR Se cist oh cg Alesse 5) bce ahaa tie ro melas potenena aps 50 407 | 59 32 57.0 TOGO SIA Sie 5 Eee Gots hie ees 62 598 | 53 6 44.5 OO Te eee eet or orsccr oat cach ens fede eree GPS oie 24 264 | 30 28 58 POOR SS Cees. See ene Peet te EE PRISER ca on 11 74 | 66 18 66 TG ery acct tier Meets unrstaboas cians follies s) atoe eqs: sehcheter sltece ler'eus 12 115 | 44 22 51 AGO. 2 bys Bec TS SISO tne MAL EDR ss dhavnee boke 5 218 | 68 _— 45 Average gain for seven years (205 experiments), 54.3 bu. per acre. Over the greater part of the State the grow- Potato ing season of 1911 was very dry. Conse- fate quently, late blight (Phytophthora infestans) fees oe occurred very sparingly. It made its appear- ance in a few localities, but came too late to cause material injury to the foliage. Neither was their much loss from rot although traces of it were found in a considerable number of fields in central and western New York. Early blight (Alternaria solani), also, was scarce. As in 1910, the leading troubles of potato foliage were flea beetle injury and tip burn. Tip burn, especially, was very prevalent. 838 Poputar Epirions oF STATION BULIETINS OF THE In general, commence spraying when the nea ee plants are six to eight inches high’ and repeat be the treatment at intervals of 10 to 14 days spraying. ; in order to keep the plants well covered with bordeaux throughout the season. During epidemics of blight it may be advisable to spray as often as once a week.” Usually, six applications will be required. The bordeaux should contain four pounds of copper sulphate to each fifty gallons in the first two sprayings and six pounds to fifty gallons in subsequent sprayings.* Whenever bugs or flea beetles are plentiful add one or two pounds of paris green, two quarts of arsenite of soda stock solution or three to five pounds of arsenate of lead to the quantity of bordeaux re- quired to spray an acre. Thoroughness of application is to be desired at all times, but is especially important when flea beetles are numerous or the weather favorable to blight. The more frequently and thoroughly the plants are sprayed the better. There is no danger of injuring the foliage by too much spraying. Using the same quantity of bordeaux, frequent light applications are likely to be more effect- ive than heavier applications at long intervals; e. g., when a horse 10n Long Island an earlier spraying is sometimes necessary to protect the young plants from flea beetles which attack them severely while they are coming up. For the best success in the control of bugs it is necessary to spray with bordeaux and poison just as soon as a majority of the first brood are hatched. Usually, this occurs when the plants are six to eight inches high. Spray applied three days or more before the bugs hatch will fail to kill many of them, because, in the interval the plants make considerable new growth upon which the bugs can feed with impunity and cause considerable damage before it is time to make the next regular spraying. 2On the south shore of Long Island between Southampton and Amagansett this is frequently necessary. 31t can not be definitely stated what formula is the best one to use. Much depends upon the quantity used per acre and the manner of its application. Weak bordeaux applied in the form of fine spray which covers the plants thoroughly may give better results than stronger bordeaux carelessly applied in the form of coarse spray. Both the cost of chemicals and the expense of application must be taken into consideration. It is plain, however, that the mixture should be strengthened as the season advances and the danger from blight increases. None of the ready-made bordeaux mixtures on the market are as good as the home-made bordeaux. Neither can the lime-sulphur solv- tion be profitably substituted for bordeaux in spraying potatoes (See Bul. 347 of this Station). In the preparation of bordeaux the writers prefer to use stone lime rather than any of the “ prepared” limes. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 839 power sprayer carrying but one nozzle per row is used, it is better to go over the plants once a week than to make a double spraying once in two weeks. In the first two sprayings, while the plants are small, one nozzle per row may be sufficient; but when the plants become large at least two nozzles per row should be used. Large vines are especially liable to blight and should be sprayed very thoroughly. Such vines will be somewhat injured by the wheels of the sprayer, but the benefit from spraying will far out- weigh the damage done. A single spraying is better than none and will usually be profitable, but more are better. Spraying may prove highly profitable even though the blight is only partially prevented. It is unsafe to postpone spraying until blight appears. Except, per- haps, on small areas, it does not pay to apply poison alone for bugs. When it is necessary to fight insects bordeaux mixture and poison should be used together. For the best results, spraying should be continued as long as the plants live. It is a mistake to discontinue spraying because the weather is dry and no blight present. A late attack of blight may result in heavy loss from rot. As a rule, those who spray most obtain the largest net profit. SOME NEW APPLES FROM KNOWN PARENTS.* F. H. HALL. The apple must be called America’s leading Apple varieties fruit, yet almost no careful breeding of it has mainly chance hitherto been done. Of 698 varieties de- seedlings. scribed in ‘“‘ The Apples of New York,” both male and female parent are certainly known for only one variety » one parent is known and the other guessed, for two other kinds; four are held to be sports from known vari- eties; and the female, or seed-producing, parent, is given for 39 kinds. Of the remaining 650 varieties, 71 are said to be seedlings (of unknown parentage) ; but, for the great majority of the kinds nothing is positively known as to the origin. This poor showing for scientific, commercial or careful amateur apple breeding is due to several causes: Breeding tree fruits of any kind is time-con- suming and space-demanding; the pecuniary rewards for individ- uals are inconsiderable or altogether wanting; institutions organ- ized to do plant breeding have felt obliged to work in other fields where results could be more quickly secured and would mean more when obtained; and lastly, plant breeding, especially breeding of tree fruits, has until recently seemed largely a matter of guess- work and chance —a process most of whose fundamental laws were unknown. * A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 350; see p. 443 for the Bulletin. [840] New Yorx AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 841 But within the past ten years plant breeding New laws of _ has made rapid advances, owing to the dis- breeding revealed covery, after it had lain hidden for half a century, of work which established some very elementary laws of heredity. These laws make it possible to work with plants, and, to quite an extent, with animals with a certainty of securing the desired results with much less effort and time than in former years. This old work of Johann Mendel established the fact that some of the characters, of both plants and animals, are inherited un- changed, passing down through each subsequent generation. Many of them may be hidden in the first generation of progeny and in a fraction of the descendants of each subsequent generation by the “ dominance ” of stronger, opposed, or differing, character- istics of the same group. But both the “ dominant ” and the “ re- cessive”? (weaker or hidden) character of a Mendelian pair re- appear in pure form in part of each generation after the first; so that the descendants of two parents, both showing the same one of these pure characters, will always be like their parents in re- spect to this character. Now, the problem of the breeder is to ascertain what characters follow this law — for not all do — and to secure the ones desired in pure form and in suitable combinations. When once secured as desired in two parents, the descendants may be depended on to show the same characters and not to “ revert”? to some form not wanted. But, even simplified as it is, the problem is still very complex; for the features or characteristics we think of as separat- ing one plant or animal from another may each be made up of two or more heritable characters ; and the possible combinations, in any individual, of these varied “unit characters” are exceedingly numerous and varied. All these variations must be secured and checked by growing multitudes of seedlings, of at least two gener- ations, before we can be positive of our ground on more than a few characters. 842 Porutar Epitions or Sration BuLiETINS OF THE For this reason, much careful work must be done with any of the species or varieties man uses or desires to use, in breeding. With the apple, as already indicated, so little breeding work has been done that we know almost nothing of the inheritance of char- acters; therefore the information secured from work at this Sta- tion in making crosses between eleven varieties of apples is pub- lished at this time, though admittedly incomplete. These breeding experiments were begun be- Handicaps in fore Mendel’s laws of breeding were familiar apple breeding. to more than a few scientists, and were not made with any purpose of testing those laws. Since we know so little of the origin of the varieties used we are handicapped at the start in interpreting the results by the new laws; as we can not tell whether we are working with pure char- acters, separated out by running through two or more generations, with dominant characters showing in the first cross and hiding their recessives of the Mendelian pairs, or with “ blended ” char- acters. It is very probable, however, that, with regard to many characters, the apple varieties of to-day are themselves crosses ; so that when we again cross these varieties, some characters split up into pure dominants and recessives and give us a clue to the trans- missibility of the parental characteristics. The only way this can be proved, though, is by growing large numbers of seedlings from self-fertilized seeds of both parent and descendant varieties — a matter of great difficulty in the apple, which does not readily self- fertilize and, when it does, appears to give seedlings of inferior vigor. Work along this line will give results of scientific value and should, logically, precede presentation of data or conclusions regarding the inheritance of characters. Such work is in progress at the Station, hindered by the apple’s opposition to self-pollina- tion; but as it must be at least ten or twelve years before trees of the second generation are in bearing it seems best to give, now, the practical results of the apple crosses made, under Prof. S. A. Beach’s supervision, in 1898 and 1899. New York Aqricutturat ExprrIMENT STAtIoN. 843 During these two seasons 148 crosses were Varieties crossed made from which the following seedlings have and seedlings _fruited, first from grafted wood and later produced. from the seedling trees: From Ben Davis x Esopus 4; from Ben Davis x Green New- town 13, from Ben Davis x Jonathan 11, from Ben Davis x Mc Intosh 11, Ben Davis x Mother 20, from Esopus x Ben Davis 29, Esopus x Jonathan 2, McIntosh x Lawver 1, Ralls x Northern Spy 9, Rome x Northern Spy 1, and Sutton x Northern Spy 5. These seedlings show marked vigor and are noticeably healthier and more productive than others from self-pollinated seeds, either of Hubbardston or Baldwin, of which considerable numbers are growing at the Station, comparable in age to the crossed seedlings. Contrary to the usual belief, these seedlings have not “ reverted to the wild; ”’ but show to a marked degree the characteristics of the parents. So evident is the inheritance of parental characters that one familiar with the varieties crossed could in most cases select the parents for individual seedlings. Indeed, so surpris- ingly uniform has been the transmission of the good qualities of the selected varieties that the fruit of 14 of the 106 fruiting seed- lings is considered as good or better than either of the parents, and the trees are satisfactorily productive. These seedlings have been named, from counties in New York State, and are already dis- tributed to some extent among apple growers. These varieties are, with the briefest possible description of each, the following: Clinton. (ben Davis x Green Newtown).— An attractive midwinter apple of medium size, resembling Green Newtown in shape and quality, but of a handsome red color. Cortland. (Ben Davis x McIntosh).— A large apple of the McIntosh type, in season from November to February, and prom- ising commercially. Herkimer. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— A fruit for late 844 Porvuxtar Epitions oF Sration BuLLetrins OF THE winter, of good quality and handsome appearance. It resembles Ben Davis externally and internally but is much better in quality. Nassau. (Hsopus « Ben Davis).— A medium-sized apple of attractively contrasting red and yellow color, much better in qual- ity than Ben Davis but hardly equal to Esopus. Its season is late fall. Onondaga. (Ben Davis x McIntosh).— A medium-sized, mid- winter apple, of very handsome greenish-red color almost entirely overspread with dark McIntosh red splashed and mottled with car- mine. It is of the McIntosh type, but more conical in shape, de- sirable for cooking and would be liked by many as a dessert apple. Oswego. (Sutton x Northern Spy).— Larger than Northern Spy, more conical, brighter in color and equal in quality though of a different flavor. It is a late winter and spring variety. Otsego. (Ben Davis x MclIntosh).— Though rather small, this apple was thought worthy of propagation because of its hand- some, bright red color, good quality, small core and few seeds. It is in season in early winter. Rensselaer. (Ben Davis « Jonathan).— Of Jonathan type, exceedingly attractive in color and of fine flavor, though of only medium size. Its season extends through the winter months. Rockland. (Ben Davis x Mother).— This cross resembles Mother in size, shape, color, texture, flavor and quality and should be especially desirable as a dessert fruit in early and midwinter. It is most pleasing in appearance, though small. Saratoga. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— A large, late win- ter and spring apple, nearly or quite as good as Green Newtown. The bright, purplish red color is spread over greenish yellow and is splashed and mottled with crimson, making it very bright and attractive. Schenectady. (Ben Davis « Mother) —A remarkably hand- some early winter variety, red in color with carmine mottles and splashes and brightened by greenish yellow undercolor. It is New York AGricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 845 large in size and of fine roundish conic shape. While not quite high enough in quality for a dessert apple it is much better than Ben Davis. Schoharie. (Ralls x Northern Spy).— Of Northern Spy type, good size but not large. It has the delicious flavor and aroma of the Spy but its flesh is more yellow. It is in season in late win- ter and spring and is desirable for either cooking or dessert, but is a trifle dull in color. Tioga. (Sutton « Northern Spy).— Another most promising, late winter and spring apple of Northern Spy shape, of high qual- ity and handsome appearance. It is large in size, yellow in color, blushed, mottled and faintly splashed with pinkish red. Westchester. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— Of Green | Newtown shape, but even better in quality and with the attractive Ben Davis color. It is a medium-sized, early winter, dessert apple. Beside these varieties definitely selected for naming and prop- agation, as many others have been retained for further testing as promising. This is a remarkably good showing for seedlings of any kind and would seem to promise satisfactory returns for the time, space and expense iavolved in future apple breeding. It is by crossing like that in these experiments New varieties that we must hope to secure valuable new almost wholly varieties of apples. There is little or no evi- from crosses. dence to show that this fruit can be improved by selection within the variety; we have no record that any good apple has come from self-pollinated seeds ; and the number of useful sports is small and conditions under which these originate as yet wholly unknown. Chance seedlings may, of course, give good varieties; and it is probable that most of our cultivated apples have come from such accidental crossing ; but if as good results as were secured in the experiments here dis- cussed can be counted on to follow the crossing of selected parents it is a waste of time and energy to grow the multitude of seedlings 846 Porutar Epirions oF SraTion BULLETINS OF THE necessary for selection from natural crossing. The technic of artificial crossing is simple, involving merely the selection and bagging of unopened flowers on the male and female parents, re- moval of stamens from the female flower before pollen has matured and the introduction of pollen from the protected male flower when the stigma of the female flower is receptive. Shortly after the fruits have set the paper bags are removed and sacks of mosquito netting substituted. When we know more of the inheritance of apple characters in general it should be a comparatively easy matter to select parents that carry the ones we desire and to unite them in combinations superior or at least different from any we now have. We can not in this way, however, expect to secure new characters. Such devi- ations, if they ever arise, must come from sports, or from crosses outside the range of cultivated varieties. As indicated before, it is not safe to make How qualities generalizations from the progeny of a first inherit. cross, as first generation crosses inherit the characteristics of both parents unseparated, it being only in the second and subsequent generations that the Mendelian pairs segregate (that is, separate in pure, inheritable _ form in part of the seedlings) ; but the chances are great that in any crossing of apple varieties to-day we are really combining crosses, so that some pairs of characters are split up in what is really the second generation so far as these characters are con- cerned. That is, if we cross two red varieties, and secure some yellow seedlings, it is very good evidence that one or more of the unknown ancestors of the parent varieties must have been yellow- fruited and that the yellow seedlings are pure for that character. Even if this be not true it still seems worth while to indicate what seem to be the heritable characters of the parents in these experiments; for any variety obtained in this way is continued by grafts or buds (parts of the original plant) and so remains con- New Yorx AcricutturaL ExprrmMent Station, 847 stant, being subject to none of the fluctuations that arise in con- tinuing a variety from seed. Also, if certain characters of a parent variety reappear with considerable constancy in a considerable number of seedlings of that variety, especially if the cross is made with two or more other varieties, it is fair to assume that these characters will also appear when other crosses are made, even though we can not say that the character is a pure dominant or recessive. This would be true, in particular, if any variety were prepotent in regard to some of its characters, as appears to be the case with Ben Davis in these crosses ; that is, many of the Ben Davis characters are apparently dominant characters of Mendelian pairs, so that they appear in the first generation crosses, no matter what the characters of the other parent may be. Among the best of the eleven varieties used Some characters in this breeding work, so far as production of transmitted in desirable new kinds is concerned, are North- these crosses. ern Spy, with three named varieties and four promising ones out of 15 seedlings; McIntosh with two good and four promising seedlings out of 12, and Ben Davis, with every eighth seedling worthy of naming and nearly as many more of enough merit to be retained for further testing. Green Newtown was crossed only with Ben Davis, but seems a very desirable parent, as four seedlings out of thirteen, or more than 30 per ct. of those grown, received names as desirable new varieties, ; Northern Spy gave large-fruited seedlings in most cases, some of them larger than either parent; but in the cross with Ralls, a fruit of moderate size, small fruited descendants appeared in such proportions that it is probable that some ancestor of the Spy as well as of Ralls must have borne small fruit. The Spy also im- pressed its own shape when crossed with Sutton, but not when crossed with Ralls. It gave some yellow-fruited seedlings when 848 Poprvutar Eprrions or Sration BuLiLerins or THE crossed with Sutton, but in other crosses gave only reds of more or less intense shade. No sweet apples appeared among the Spy seedlings. McIntosh, though a sub-acid variety and crossed with two other sub-acid kinds, gave two sweet seedlings. Most of its progeny were red, but four of them were yellow proving McIntosh a bearer of that color in spite of its dark red skin. The pure white of its flesh is evidently a weak character as it was hidden in most cases by the yellower flesh of the other varieties of the crosses. Ben Davis carries sweetness as a recessive character, since some of its descendants were sweet in each of the crosses where several seedlings were obtained. It did not notably impress its shape when crossed with Jonathan or Green Newtown; but did so about equally with the other varieties with which it was bred. In size, most of its descendants are intermediate between the parents, but with Green Newtown some of the seedling fruits are larger than either parent and none smaller. In color, all the Ben Davis seed- lings are red unless the yellow could come from the other parent. Green Newtown appears prepotent in transmitting its shape, the obliqueness of this parent appearing in nearly all the offspring ; and all are equal or superior in size to either parent. Nearly one- fourth of the Green Newtown seedlings are sweet, and five out of the thirteen showed yellow color. Jonathan carries red color only, and gives its shape to most of its progeny; Mother probably transmits red only, and gave eight sweet apples among its twenty descendants; and Ralls probably carries only red and a strong shape-determining factor. Regarding other varieties the data are too limited to justify spe- cific statements. The large percentage of good or promising Summary. new varieties obtained in this work, appears to promise favorable results in further apple breeding; but the difficulties in the way must not be forgotten. New York AgricutturaL Experiment STATION. 849 We know, as yet, almost nothing of the unit characters in apples, and the way they are inherited, and until this foundation knowl- edge is secured it will be difficult to select, with any degree of cer- tainty, the parents whose progeny will combine the qualities we desire in our new variety. The determination of the factors by which the various charac- ters are transmitted will be no easy task; for work in other fields proves that many characters depend not on one factor alone, but on several that may be separately inherited, and the experiments here recorded indicate that this is markedly true of the apple. Shape, size and color of fruit may depend upon the presence or absence of several factors. Some factors or characters may not appear at all in the first generation, and this skipping of a gen- eration may complicate matters and involve a second crossing and wait of ten or twelve years before we secure the combination the parent characters led us to expect. To secure all the possible combinations from any cross we must have large numbers of plants, which is difficult and time-taking with apples. There is liability also, in selecting parents, of mistaking qual- ities due to environment rather than to the constitution of the plants themselves; for these qualities, as acquired characters, are not inherited; though the advocates of “ pedigreed stock” would lead us to suppose that they are. In some cases, also, characters do not act as Mendelian pairs; but blend rather than segregate in crossing, so that the seedlings may, in some desired respect, be intermediate between the parents, giving no combination containing the one specially good quality we wish. These and other difficulties confront the apple breeder; but the importance of the fruit, and the help we have in Mendel’s laws, making breeding a problem and not a riddle, certainly justifies much careful, continuous work with this queen of American fruits, LIME-SULPHUR NOT A GOOD POTATO SPRAY.* F. H. HALL. From a spraying test made at this Station in Lime-sulphur 1911 and reported in Bulletin No. 347, the con- dwarfs clusion was reached that “‘ lime-sulphur cannot potato plants. replace bordeaux mixture as a preventive of potato diseases.” A similar test made in 1912 strengthens this conclusion. The lime-sulphur treatments caused dwarting of the plants as in 1911, did not repress but seemingly increased the damage from tipburn, did not keep off flea-beetles, apparently did not check late blight and rot, and resulted in greatly decreased yields as compared with rows sprayed with bordeaux mixture. The rows under test were arranged in sections, Plan of as in other potato-spraying work at the Station. test. The first row in each of the five sections was sprayed with bordeaux mixture (64-50), the second row with concentrated lime-sulphur solution diluted to give the standard strength for foliage (1 to 40), and the third row was left untreated. Potato beetles were combated by the use of arsenate of lead, and were well controlled on all rows. Flea-beetle injury was slight, but decidedly least Troubles. on bordeaux-sprayed rows; tipburn appeared in August and affected the checks and lime- sulphur rows badly, the latter much the worst, so that nearly all the plants on the lime-sulphur rows were dead several days before very many had died on the check rows, while the plants sprayed with bordeaux showed little of the trouble at any time; dwarfing of the plants treated with lime-sulphur was noticed by Aug. 20 and the difference in size grew more pronounced as the season advanced; late blight appeared very late in this field, the attack not being noticeable until most of the plants on the lime- sulphur rows were dead from dwarfing and tipburn, so that the subsequent rot did less harm on these rows than on the check rows owing to the few living blighted plants to serve as centers of rot infection. The check rows yielded at the rate of 240% bu. Gains and to the acre, of which only 165 bu. were market- losses. able owing to the large amount of rot. The lime-sulphur rows gave 39 bu. less of total yield than the checks, but because rot had not spread so fast gave a slight increase (6 bu.) in marketable tubers; and the bordeaux-sprayed rows outyielded the checks by 48 bu. in total product and 111% bu. in marketable potatoes. ~* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No, 352; see p. 201 for the Bulletin. [850] MACHINE MILKING DOES NOT AFFECT MILK FLOW.* F. H. HALL. The dairy industry of today needs the milk- Milking ing machine. In dairying, as in other lines of machines merit farming, the labor problem is difficult of solu- attention. tion; and herd owners would welcome gladly an economical, efficient machine that would enable them to milk their cows with fewer men or permit an in- crease in the size of the herds without adding to the labor pay-roll. Inventors and manufacturers realize this need and have tried to meet it by putting on the market milkers of many makes and types. Some of these machines have now reached an advanced stage of mechanical perfection, so that they really milk cows easily, rapidly and completely. But before any of these machines can be pronounced an unqualified success it must receive long, careful trial and be studied from different standpoints. In any factory a new machine, to secure at- Pure milk a prime tention, must promise economy in labor consideration. without material lowering of quality. In some cases the machine-made product may not be quite so good as the hand-made article it replaces, but the cost reduction be great enough to more than counterbalance the slight falling off in quality; and the machine is installed. In the dairy, however, quality is the essential consideration. With the present day demand for clean, sweet, healthful milk, any mechani- cal device whose use increased the numbers of bacteria in the milk produced would not be generally used however efficient and economical it might be in milking the cows. This was a serious * A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 353; see page 57 for the Bulletin. [851] o.4) Or 52 Poputar Eprrions oF Station BULLETINS OF THE defect in milking machines first on the market. The first machine tested at this Station, the Globe, could not be kept clean easily, which, with other faults, condemned it; and with the earlier types of the milker now in use, the Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy, much care was necessary in order to secure clean milk. With the im- proved forms of this milker, however, as shown by repeated care- ful tests announced in Bulletin 317 of this Station, there need be no difficulty in keeping the counts of bacteria as low as in ordinary hand milking. The precautions necessary in securing clean milk with the im- proved form of this milker are few: (1) Those parts of the machine through which the milk passes must be rinsed thoroughly after each milking, using in succession cold water, hot sal-soda solution or similar cleansing material, and hot water; and the teat cups and rubber tubes must be kept, be- tween milkings, in a strong brine solution (10 per et.) or simi- lar germ destroyer. Once a week all parts of the machine touch- ing the milk should be thoroughly washed and steamed. (2) The ample, but few and simple, air-filters must be kept well filled with fresh, dry cotton tc prevent entrance into the machine of germ-laden dust. (3) Dropping teat-cups on the floor or any similar carelessness in handling the machine must be avoided, since such accidents produce marked increases in the bacterial counts of the milk. Milking-machine studies at colleges or sta- Previous tions began as long ago as 1895 and since that studies of effect time ten or twelve tests have been reported in on flow. which direct or indirect data were secured relative ‘to the effect of the machines on milk flow. On the whole, the differences in quantity of milk produced by machine milking and hand milking were not great. In these tests, in many cases the numbers of cows were small; in others the periods were short so that it was impossible to say whether any shrinkage shown was due to the character of the milking or merely to a change in method; and in many instances the in- fluences of advancing lactation were not properly balanced. Yet the summarized conclusion which might have been drawn from New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 853 these tests — that the milking machine exerts only slight, if any, adverse influence upon milk flow — is well sustained by the much more numerous, longer, carefully-balanced comparisons made in the Station tests here reported. In two of the earlier tests at other stations Machines the machines used and rejected differed from used. the type used in all later tests, including those at this Station. One of the early milkers used was a nonpulsating, suction machine, and the other exerted a combined pressure and suction effect. All the other machines whose tests have been reported, in America at least, have used the principle of the interrupted vacuum, by which the action of the ealf’s mouth is imitated rather than that of the hand milker’s fingers. This is the principle employed in the B-L-K machines, which are the ones tested at the Station and which are at least typical of, if not the same as, those used in a great major- ity of the other tests. In these machines the application and re- laxation of the vacuum-produced suction is controlled by a “ pul- sator ” which forms an integral part of the head of the pail used. The teat-cups, by which direct attachment to the udder is made, are conical or funnel-shaped metal tubes with wide-flanged mouths to receive the teats. These mouths are partially closed with ring- shaped, heavy rubber curtains which make air-tight connections with the udder. In the older types of machines from six to eight sizes of teat-cups were required to fit all the cows of our herd, but with the new form one size of cup milks the herd more efficiently than did the many sizes previously used. This, of course, simpli- fies work with them and shortens the time needed. With these cups, also, the amount of “strippings” from the cows has been reduced to a practically negligible amount; and with them two cows were satisfactorily milked that would have been dropped from a hand-milked herd. In 1906-7 the cows in the Station herd were Station tests on milked by hand and in 1907-8 by machine, milk flow. but since such alternate-year comparisons of hand and machine milking could not equalize the influence of advancing age of the cows and climatic conditions affecting food supply, it was thought best to divide the herd in 854 Porvutar Epitions or Station BULLETINS OF THE halves as the cows freshened in 1908-9 and to milk each cow by hand and machine in alternate periods of lactation. Im this di- vision the herd was balanced as carefully as possible with regard to age and productive ability; and in subsequent changes due to the dropping out of cows by reason of age, accident, illness, sterility, ete., and the addition of others to maintain the herd, the same idea of preserving the balance has been kept in mind. The work has now been carried through the lactation periods for 1910-11. In all, 29 cows have been compared during two or more lactation periods, including five periods each for five cows, four periods each for three cows, three periods each for nine cows and two periods each for twelve cows, making 88 complete lac- tation periods. During 43 of these periods the cow was milked by hand and during 45 by machine. Taking the data just as they stand and comparing the yields when any cow was milked by the two methods during successive periods, it would appear that 32 such comparisons favor hand milking and 23 favor machine milk- ing. But it is hardly fair to include all the data. In the several years through which the tests ran, ‘the yields of several of the cows were abnormal for at least one lactation period, owing to mishaps of one kind or another. Six young cows calved prema- turely and three suffered so severely from indigestion that their yields were seriously affected. Leaving out these abnormal lacta- tion periods there remain 24 comparisons in favor of hand milking and 19 favoring the machine. ‘These figures apparently indicate a slight gain in production in favor of hand milking; but, as will be shown later, the actual mathematical differences in yield are so slight, considering the two groups as a whole, that the omission of a very few cows whose yield showed great fluctuation would shift the balance in either direction. As shown in Table I, which includes all the data unaffected by noticeable disturbing factors, the final balance in favor of hand milking is only 6,000 Ibs., merely the slightest fraction over 1 per ct. of the total production. In making the table several of the cows were included that were milked more periods by one method than by the other, which might be considered unfair; so in Table II the comparison is restricted to an equal number of lactation periods for each cow by each method. 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Page’ Acid caseinates, preparation and composition of.................0.-0e ee ee eee 318 paracaseinates, preparation and composition of ..............-...-+00+05 329 Administration of ovation, Zeneralnotes Ow. s.-- . 42. skis yee ae eleva amare Cela 8 PRC CELA LI ONGOMNCE Em yen ees rere rece we ail cro Pheireeiarics's 1.0)s-aaye ee oe ele eie.eieck eee G 188 Albionspotsto-spraying experiment ate... as-4- 720-7. ooo ee ears sls eees ns oe 230 Altea ieaerire als MaMa SCSTO eters erence MR soy crs, sees tne Ral eiens aie a coerce ayne 655 UAL LONRSUUCIEROlcte nye itortits eA in SN a Ani cee AUER, ogee a. pat ke tate 34 SOE LIRICA Se eG OMIT OOS he aOR Ee Gants Sane wa SAE 180 iat OVD FIL ices ees See tS Bee ee AT ner RTE Ss Seiee Peg er 186 Alkcalierel ation LOY CLOWD-TOb scares ators cle cies 2.2, oheve ceca -asecnens ko chclone = sbencpopbieass*ieieue 294 ATIC CELSO MME Vere es TOU CURISE Verran rere esas 5 tyes -e) oases 122, 137, 151, 166 Andover, potato-spraying, experiment ate... ose an: yejeeis ae os y- Sais ake ae 231 PATIO ALSLOOUS ANALYSES) Obie cra Shae oy hee eperetie a6 eres ie Mae octane Pe caesar atecey ap ery abe 648 Industry, Department of (See Department of Animal Industry). nutrition, recent Station Investigations m...........-.-+-.-+seseeese. 22 Annual reports (See Reports, annual). Apple and chertysermine moths GISCUSSIONG 5 5:2 6 5 -\sepocuseeiin ts ole eels ai 382 breeding experiment, application of results.................--+--+----- 486 popularedition of pulletingOn a7. 4.06. < er. =) scale ea Crate AS se hee 840 inheritance of characters by Ben Davis, 475; Esopus, 475; Green New- town, 476; Jonathan, 476; Lawver, 476; McIntosh, 476; Mother, 477; Northern Spy, 477; Ralls, 477; Rome, 478; Sutton, 478. OLCHALGS HAW ATO LATION WOE swith. = 2 4-\< sete tis, sisnecdebs spaisieie ares Pe 40 Peerless CCCI E CXPEEIICMGS cy 2 3 gS lan Sache & sooo Osa elena) asi che 479 improvement by bud selection.................... 5 RE RE 453 (uHeritancerOlstl eshCOlOlst.c st5-foe i owls Sexe) e ol oe Shee Bless sokscaasl * oats 470 AIZETANCLSHADE ema a eat Ao csisle = rates Pal As ties 5 aes 471 sahae0) (6) RON 2 ae nec cate Oe Ge Ie Ooi PRONE Oo pre 467 Mendeliantinberitan evinces carck oeiric 5 oo. kee onteh Stee 466 new varieties described: Clinton, 479; Cortland, 480; Herkimer, 480; Nassau, 481 Onondaga, 481; Oswego, 482; Otsego, 482; Rensselaer, 483; Rockland, 483; Saratoga, 484; Schenectady, 484; Schoharie, 485; Tioga, 485; Westchester, 486. (887) S88 INDEX. Page. “Apples of New York,” reprin@of 5 5.i:...55 yo Gn eae ie aeale Sree 15 Apples, origin of VANICtIeS. «236525 & Ss.c she cpiie oa ee i >, oe Se 448 prepotency Of Vanieties 35.3 5.53 sale a eet cht ena ees ee 465 TEVEFSIODS INiCTOSSING?) cee ee Ae ae eee ee cco. eee 464 Varieties from muUbaons eee isae sist hae see eee nie ee 451 varieties irom jcross-terpilized;seed |. snide cietsiee et ce mbites cael ere 450 pelf-fertilized peed... 1. \ask nee oo oreae ie oe eee oe ee 449 vironincressed iby: Dy Driditive.: < -:,.-.cniar lie ci eee eae eran eRe 464 Appropriations needed, by Station... ps... tye ce asters oe ean ee eee 17 Arsenate ot leads analyses Ol) | jac oes see ee ola, 7 eras ose oe ae ee aoe ee er 543 Arsenic. ‘relation to: cCrown-10ts0-/s.c se-*. 52).g lowe anes. GM Ea ees, OMe woes, eels 184 ViniliuvaOle SCCUSts Weer SR uel ie oman wees, ae iene sain cea 187 FCCUMSEEUN LESS Ole tase oer ei eee Ee Ee Rs oe ee 182 VAR VAOLGSCEO SEA Sapir. cos tye beets pie Plana eeshorete. 4 aioe alo nie soe 187 @lyderorchard study of crown-rot im. 54222 2:0. flowke occ feet bees pees 268, 292 Cold*splattingoftrees: bys cree che aer Smet et octaaseic OMAR een acre! one's 283 Caldwaterrorchardstudylolerowi-rotline |e 2) eee asa ess 1. 2 ae 256 Collins, Minerva, appointment as Assistant Botanist.......... orn SOTO 9 Collison, Reginald C., appointment as Assistant Chemist..................4.. 9 Commercial fecamotstutis; analyses Ofc: 2. < ceasise spalevestt sereetelslor <1 ths cist 555 Complete bulletins (See Bulletins, complete). Compoundediteedssanaly ses: Offs sec. ocn.e epte tiniest Sea ceclne). Sahoo 577 Cooperative and demonstration work of Station, extent of.................... 18 Cortland; potato-sprayine experiment ate). bpicyecem. clot cisis ele delete ... fen sean Sale ae ken penn eee 454 influence inanereasing yield? vere eres een eee eee re 425, 437 plantsivineresse.of hardiness by... 52-0 oe ance oe oe ee ee ee ee 428 partial -bibliographysoneis. sae ee ee oe eee eee 441 some: plant: species benefited! by-4 2-22 254242262 a eee oe ee nee 441 tomatoes, experiments. 2.02541 ee a eee 429 to increase VicldPaIe MA AHO, Le ERE Set Pe 423 @rown-rot; causes: Of... 2 sci cc 248 oa. ee au be OO ee ee 293 experimental productioniof. ssa. see ee ene eee 279 fungi not Grst icHuse Ol. fos. t ac hee eee em ee nee ee 294 lategrowbh ac factoriin=.222 52 oe22 sts aeons See eee eee ee 296 low temperature-as causeof.. co: 222: ns ee ote ne totes aoe me tras 296 of fruit trees, eld (studies of. Aosse ns one ret aoe s coe tetee eee ee 250 Station ‘studies ).'s) y..<)-\=e ees SRR eee eee eee 52 relation-of alkali toss sess 555 cdc eee ee eee OREO hate 294 arsenic to. 6226 3.3.60 58 eee eee 294 wind. ‘a factoriin’s oo Poy: fetes te ee ee ee eee 391 Cultiy.ation-in’ control, of pear thrips42- sees ee ee ees © ee ee eee 366 Cusick, James T., resignation as Assistant Chemist .................-.eee sees 8 D. Dairying, Station studies ini. © 52 2.5..cie sees eee nie nee aie eee ee 36 Demonstration and cooperative work of Station, extent of.................... 18 Bepartment of Animal Indusiry, report Obes ¢o.0./.4.4.550 ee ee ee ee 55 Botany, cooperative experiments by..............---2-eeceeees 18 TEPOLE oe Vay he? Base Sh eee eee eee sae ae 177 Chemistry;"report...5. 0). see ce he Se ee ee ee ae eee 307 Entomology, cooperative and demonstration experiments by...18, 19 TEDOEG Ate es See oa ee eee eee TS eee ne 339 Horticulture, cooperative experiments by..................+--- 20 LEPOPb. ee ee ee ee Ee eter Serene ree are 421 Soils, cooperative experiments by) .2.2--...- oes ce ess seas ce 20 Digestibility: of feeding stufis 22st? See ee ee eee ee oe eee 667 Digestion coeficients of feeding stuffs... 4:+2)2 5. tose eee eee ee ee re ee 669 Director's Teporbs. . ..- B ee ee ed Eke s oes Ne OR Oe Ee ene ae ene 8 Diseases, plant (See Plant diseases). Distillers’ grains analyses 'of:,!62o0e oe ee eee fee oe cnr a ete mmc cle ate tees ener 564 Doolittle, P. S., potato-spraying experiment by...................00:20-ee0s- 236 Dryden, potato-spraying experiment at...... EM OS EOL EE SERN? see ene 234 Dwarf apple-orchards; Station work withias. /2.e este ae ee ale oe = teat 40 Dwarfine of potatoes by lme-sulphurs 2. ).5.cn-ccr oe ete «ee ses etme ecleele 197, 205 INDEX. 891 E. Entomological Department (See Department of Entomology). Page. [OTARTUNAYE THRVOVHETS, GXOIUIIG , sgh epeeGroerecmetces lear atc aie eee tam nin ns Enea. oe een 393, 394 Sp PCeeIeD CHEETY, (OISCUSSION:. 8.55, c-0' sam siepepd es Sea ee we 6s os 382 HH IKG fest COMMIT ADUI A UeSchs Go HOOSIERS oer O Ieee it Mice On MEE SI 385 lsrtal oven No) Bete o.oo ont cin OS bee cya cacicne oI CHES Me Ce ee ee 390 OREemINe TECONdS ewe Cee ck cite he en btn lee Cote ale 406 caterpillars weeding halbits:..2 oc ces hyseusienes «iesaculssces oo 0 405 COCO, 2S thera nmin cr omombente aaa mere ooo Mis croc chen Neate 393, 394 (Govsaran yn UAVS Ostume © ou Pe Oats Rare he EO oI Torre hee 386 COMPARISOMFOMSPECIES sae ews sain eae oa Va a eatag ieee 400 GRAINS Sy nig arin b OOS ele CR tan ae CERT RTC Ee ee 389 Tne weeOr ke Stateen oss ones .cet aye ue ole kee Ams 398 ECOnOMmiIGHIMpPOrtanCep ye ey sortase ete es ae ane ce. 387, 407 CEES O Ieee Cr ena tees ok cy Mine 5 Sui ie 3 ee 4 hy 390, 394 PeneraleeharactersvOls cr = ayn eid sea geen, ae eat oS he aks 383 LUT OER, GR acghced aeRO na ee HE TIGte bee ee ae Nea ene Bie) eine 394 INISFOLICAlENOLES ere. Te PRO Rhee ns hss nek oe eeces i hs oe ahs 384 ALO Sep aE SMOG tase Aeterna ake aS Lae! pri UIA 385 HUpOLbatOnS (Ol s tp tA ee eae ee i Usha sie eae nga b ee thee ss 396 PAE VESVOL4h eases ek PRE SE 2 2 ae came See 5 cas te 390, 394 Eis) LOTSUNOT An io tneee eho dla > U6 Cee ROE US mee ne Ene oS 394 TN ETMOCKOIMCONLO ARH ee is co A eer e de Wes eae oe tak sic CoS 410 MALIN CIS CCIER Ey eATA a es te ete = Santas th tee eee ces) sta gles 408 MAGUEY EMAIES AR AE Wa) apa mien a cise a gs cue at nisl es eg eu ee a 408 Gecurrence yinviNeweY ork Stabe. a... kc. hie ac oeyoruns easy bens OS 395 ONMECEO linn eS ER larceny me 404 PUPA Oler ret Roan ete Pie crow scat wis us we Sn ue eee ee, TNS 393, 394 speciesspiblioeraphygotpin,. 3: eG. ero acti rs eal eee oe oe 411, 415 CLOSSeediInPAeKPELIM EN tS sic oe oie ce alste neler woes es ehe 403 AVECIUCHCHANAGTERSNON yer. ns eee eae aN we atety «Seeger 398, 404 RS CIUTIOV AN FEC UVC HESTON! Se et nia ee eS Re Oe eee eee 48 EN VIOOTA ANTE, eth Se Se Sts ct Pers SOE Cece ert ORE hs eno Re ee 384 Euthrips pyri (See Pear thrips). Onis manDUCOlU PALASILI GION ELMINME MOG. <<. 5 2/16 si als siiace ae ol oe ce ee eons 409 F. Harm station extentrandnanagement Of: j.0.. 5: dees cnues cheese mee ose oles 20 Batinvmilkembifeeding experimentiai isco oo. scee oe ties eos ace lm eee ee te oe 111 Reedinpushitisadulterants, compositions -.eee. tes ate oes see cece 672 PNALY Sas BM OUCSEODR ita ARUN eee onc ae ie ere er faecal COMMenclal analyses Olean tense st et eee cere cee eis 555 COMMMOSINIO MOL Spee ecn Nae = yh re mene genes Tan en te Bama Skee aie eee fe 666 (OLSIat CIRO LONEIS a cape tenes calc Blok eRGn Sts AIGA eacintc hc teers Oe ur Rat ate See 675 CISEStipIlibyAaNna MUtrIbIVE TALIOM Asse eae ss eee ees creo: 667 INSPECHON MEOMIMNENtSON ie eee tee ee toe teat sees ele 663 892 INDEX. Feeding stuffs— (continued): Page. laWin mua Aer eth. pda chan pepe ERE he ene Lee eae 681 misuse of termisi@. 21NIe Tah cee te aa eos aioe sey re ee 677 TOD PriCes te. Aiea id Sok son WEEE OR ER ee SLE 673 trade; motesony 6 EGO ee Shee Rosca ence tayo ec ee 31 weightyperiquactes Set ott Soe etree he soe 672 Feeds; mineral constituents lof so... Leen oe ceeeenes cee 98 Pertilizer.analyses-notes Ow. .oc42 5h bbe ee eee ee oe eee ee 31 IN SPECtION; ALEpPOTwOls 4 aa ane 15 publications of Station: = as sche seta ke eet eee en a ners eh aia 14 14 trees: attacks by cerminé*moths 724.5151 14 aca crn Sa eee 385 crown-rot:ol, field:studies2)..2-.cpace ee co ra ee 250 crown-rotiol (Station-studies-. 4). nures ee ots oe ee 52 Fulton, Bentley B., appointment as Assistant Entomologist................... 9 Mungi not first cause’ of crown-rot. 350426 eee ae ee ee eee 294 Fungicides and insecticides, report of analyses...............--.0- +e eee eeee 541 G. Geneva orchards studyaolucrown-rotiinees.e oe cae lee eee tr eee eee 263 peachvorchardsstudy ol crown-total see eee eee eee 278 Germantown: wy: pearthrips ate. c..4.0.-45-0 Soe oo ee eee eee eee oe 352 Germination tests: of -alfalfa:seed!r. 22.5 A A hoes eee eee ee 186 cloverseedsis poe Gacason oock cu ERERE EOE EEE Ee eee 187 timothy seed. Gi os 5 tee ee eee 188 Gladwin, B2H:, etreular’ by sstk... hic cr sc ek ere or Omen Re eee aE ee eee 530 Glen Head, potato-spraying experiment at................0.cceeeceecteceess 242 Glens} Falls) orchards; study of crown-=robt Ins... -)-- sec eeesi- ee ee eee 271 Gloyer, Walter O., appointment as Associate Botanist........................ 9 Glutensfeeds: analyses) of: 22 2... ike cee eo RES Le ERR ee eee 572 Goatsimilchs: Station studiestols: /s2ta2. 22. )- Sear EER Bee en ae Jee 38 Grafted. grapes, vineyard handling Of. . 6. - 378 Siation*stidiesiols mkt set oni cree ost rasa aas Uccese ska 47 Busceptibilitysoinvarieuies te sro. #224 osc tice ete on eee 374 Ripara Gloire, characteristics asi SOCK... oir. acs) fi aer is + ahve he web ole ws 493 Rupestris du Lot (See Grape, St. George). Sr; George: characteristiesas: a Stock. 5.\.°< <).! «cr dompsam oie silom aes < caw eiele 493 SPGCKSHORPAMETICAMMRTAD CS ees inner at. he Sek cate crore eis timulste s oMba douse wee 489 thrips (See Grape leaf-hopper). varieties, infestation by grape leaf-hopper...................0.-0ee08: 374 GrapeemAINeniCan= SLOCKA ORME a Peer ear LE let oa ciate reuinae se Wissen ay te 489 Pabavior of own-rooband grafted Viness) 35. 5.6. <5 see chs ciotenagsle S dunoraierovets 513 BeRch=rralhinpy tapes doth eaten ye hdc Luis Risin ape ae Nt ie ky 503, 518 cougeniality between! stocksand Clon... 64 sy «occie os Gate's weke 6 oh ie selec ne 514 gratted popular edition of bulletin on. . 22... << 6< seciesmevige = sees 860 reasons for selecting: Agawam, 494; Barry, 495; Brighton, 495; Brilliant, 495; Campbell Early, 495; Catawba, 495; Concord, 495; Delaware, 496, Goff, 496; Herbert, 496; Iona, 496; Jefferson, 496; Lindley, 496; Mills, 496; Niagara, 497; Regal, 497; Vergennes, 497; Winchell, 497; Worden, 497. graliing;OmlerowingBtOCKSse ee stds ks orale bsisiclecoe ov ole eclomhe Se so 8 a #1 = 501 PLOW UN OMeUbhinps OM StOCKSe: hs sta ce Cleuousisieus et sismiowe ak phasis ores 519 own-root and grafted, comparative yields...................+-+55: 510, 511 EOOG/ LEAL UD Ol meee ert On Ne ore ester a eros nieualb/e) chatelo SLosaints Bre ive ale c’s) > 43 SEIECLION Ole SUGCKRMON PAI UE ean aoe ws coe cots ores oo v's ev viele Ge won wle ole 517 894 INDEX. Grapes— (continued): Page. stocks selected for American varieties <> .0.2 445) s+.1. ct see 492 time of ripening influenced by grafting......... odd Scag aa a olz Greene, J. M., & Son, potato-spraying experiment by......................-- 231 Greenwich, potato-spraying experiment at...............0.-eececeerceesssss 241 Grossenbacher;’ J: 'G:* bulletin: by 4.400.) ho ae a eteiccs ca eee 250 resignation as Associate Botanist....................... 8 Growth, late; asitactor im crown-rot, . 4-7. 42cu oar cece een ae ee 296 H. Hallock, Henry A., potato-spraying experiment by.......................--0- 243 Handy, F. W., potato-spraying experiment by... ........5.....0.05+00ss ene 228 Hardinessiot plants, imcrease! by, Crossing). elects eine eee 428 Harding EA bulletin Dy 2557 smrcc eon netomat nee ea Ae sea 57 Hartzell RUZ: bulletin’ by< ois so. s hee ae eee Oe Eek eee 367 Hedrick. U.2P. bulletin Dy. cone cones eae ta eae ee Ee ee 443, 489 CInCUIEP DY ass scr ot ob ea cee ee EERO ee ee eee 522 Hellebore; analyses: of. 5 \5 3.0 ..okciencoe Coe wie ed ee EE OP oe ee 553 Hemlockiorchards, Study, Olcrown-LoOb in.) se lee eee ane 271 iMominy, feeds, analyses sof: cc) 2 ss: - cctacaevudieet ae ern ee REE ee EEE 574 Horticultural Department (See Department of Horticulture). iMurson, Calvin J. letterot transinittalecss: + nee One ncen eee nee ili Hy oridvapples, increase! in VAgOre cone) ecco ne ae ee 464 tomato) seed) Sugrestions fOr eLOwine eee esac ee eee 439 Hyde, G. H.; potate-spraying experiment Dy-.2..., a... ocr Aev ise = oe 239 I. Imheritance s Wlendelan sini apples ters cits creer ri ersiors oienci teal eta oe ier ane ee 466 HmOsibe MeSberslOlet cs Nee. ciyere hoe eee rae cle ee hee ee ee 133, 136, 147, 150 POPTIVAPION Olt fee taht eR MAR See rns codes eater erat 6a ne ne 132 from phosphoric acid compound in cottonseed meal................... 173 phosphoriciacid testers Olss) sessed cae ee Sree emia ee aca 122 DY LOPHOSPHOLic Cig MeSters Ol. SbUd yeies ee 7c a eke ieee ieee ee 137 Insecticides and fungicides, report of analyses................-++-s+-+eseasene 541 Insects: Anjurious, Station stuaiesiOles a oc. sie cei ccs crac ie aciereren ener ane 44 Inspection-“work; “notesvOn ss: sans ae est hee aieig sche ereiamine de ne Ch ea eee eee 31 TOPOL Ons ees ye eos, erect toe eanieigvero oigis 2 Saar ae 539 Interlakenvorchard:stugy of crowa-rouM) cs crac erie ailsieste Seles aie nee 274 Investigations of Station, general notes on. ............ cece eee ec rec eeceees 22 ae Jamesport; potato-spraying experiment Ab... fo) cots ng sis ge seem weep 243 Jordan, WitEL. Sreportais ADInE COR Ae. oar. siaserchs te voterticteveneie rotors xe rorcasae Ee 8 Junids orchard: study /oricrown-1otwins .o.4).ccmccmeencnekk cae be rier cee 255 INDEX. 895 K. Page. Keeler, Richard F., appointment as Assistant Chemist..................2+00-- 9 ibe Waneaster potato-spraying experiment at. -.4. 4. seen: ome nclepinee ces see aes 228 Wendeansenate analyses Oleee sci haiti ace ame ete eenie Sis houyerswarians @ se aire eee ne 543 Denzoate, Use im pOLALO=splayANe «eyes ce seen yeier eta wat ceucdeyo yah «een cere 193 Leaf-hopper, grape (See Grape leaf-hopper). Mentlets aC HALACteL-Olarrm aan er orto ote i eee ELA a epee casi Rv auoca bye 14 eenOra, Jr) potato-spraying experiment by... -. 45.) sme pment saan) oceanic te 230 melkvoysorchardstudy: ol crowm-TOommen- me). yon ae sae eee lene Ge: 275 MimrewarriculturalanalysescOtesar: certicc sehen sie acc teus Mette Pe ReE a tke TS eae oe 804 COMPOUNGS ANALYSES Of. cee pee! Aaa kia a ee ebenewaa is fh hoa Nee 806 sulphurvetiect on potato) foliagzes..)).. sce... alan eeeee 196, 204, 880, 850 a CHiN, Como, Ha SENOl ns ooocmccnncnsoudonodboeeucor 547 USE MEAP OLALOSSD LAVA Rae at ee. mnie hoe er tons tae aie ect eicis tae 198, 201 WES hy AOUSOIN GNATNTIA Olin dowonegoeoachopodons seco tmcraens 32 Eee CMmTeMIss ANALYSER Olay ars Cree es penis cae Oa. oro bark Na mone pices. spn aad! Ss 4 558 M. Niachinewnilkinemettect Onitlowiseana amen .4. aeiterene tere erator cite 59, 79 efectionimermiycontent as caiyisqcline eerie ae wets a eiclomioie ome 65 effect on quantity and quality of milk............3........- 29 IMpPOLbAncelOmOPELAbOlArcn. -.leasc1 ae ears ae 73 popular edition) of pulletinion: =e 4-46 -6 eee ae sees eee 851 PITA OpCONSUIM CAPONE ia ee RM dna tlle are Me ESRS yet RTS ALE 66 Misdison orchards, barkinjuries observed, In). 4 ¢ 3,././.«,:... «+ sume elcid.» Sou etlarel: 287 Magnesium, intake and outgo in milch COW. «<2 cjc)-c esis s cles Renee nee 103 Maintenance fund, amounts needed for 1913-14.............. 00.00.00 cece eee 11 amounts appropriated tor 1 OND spree say omens evte yee 10 Malt sprouts, analyses of...... Pee he teed einer aman neta wa Te oa: 560 Mia ples crown rotiOl.cks sc cseic excise RESIS iE ACA SO the =, HERO tect, 256 Miedinaronchardsstidva oucrowm=rOulm arteries ia. ante or iscielo cl oein ote ati 261 Mendelianzinhenitancesiniapplesia ca + fcc sre ve svc nieve oposite oe. sve oe enorme 466 Metabolism of milch cows, effect of phosphorous compounds.................. 92 role;olsphosphorus) ese. eee CPE MERE TEIN Se CEE: A 94 Mieteorologicalirecords for 1902 co. stversete deltoid to veh ieee Align te docile 2 los ops 875 Muiddlesexsorchard, study, of, crown-rot neice. seeicieiitine demas ee ee oe 270 Milk fat mitrorenvand phosphorus ima serkeene tack Ieee eee eiiaeiorin. oa. 111 MNITEN CeFOLED MOSPNONUSHON ery yhoo Acie): oes & cynic ale ean RRL okt ele orale 112 production py, handiorimachinesmilking:.... 5-0. iti ane eens oes 80 effect ofmachinemulkingevonssnk sicisictee cto eit = ates weet. ote es 57 Sanitation, recent station StUCIES IM tm tecianmsitdiak Nahe obiees & cists sichoemimiis 27 yield and composition in nutrition experiment.................0.000000- 115 896 INDEX. Page. Milking, apparent effect of method on production...............eceeeeeeeees 86 machine; efiect of use upon milk) fowler seen enna eee 57 efiect of vacutim changes +. 4-2 rreinc ceiiee cliente ae 72 Importancerol-teaticUpssamr eee eer Cee eee ene 67 notes‘on studies** ose eeese i ee eee alos ce eee 29 principlesofs see eer eres eee Oe ee cee: caer 63 summary oly experiments withiya onesie eee aes 59 (See also Machine milking). Miultonvorchard study of crown-rot n>... eae ee se ee terete teen 270 Mineralveonstituentsof feeds aoe... we on ee el Roe Ce Eo one 98 Miscellaneous feeds; analyses of! 6/200 S.0 ee oes cee cee cee rte cere 658 Molasses iteeds'Vanalty seston a tei et ee eee ree eee en eee Reet or 615 Moths, ermine (See ermine moths). Munn, Mancel T., appointment as Assistant Botanist.....................5-. 9 bulletin byt Ak. Ce se ee ele eine Too cae oreremeeeremterte 201 N. Nicotine compounds for control of grape leaf-hopper................000 eee eee 376 extractsweltect on foliage. =<) 4.c nse ae nets see oe ne ee oes 362 PLEHATALOn ANALYSES Oli) Si. ier el cra sere eee ee iso olerers 550 Nitrogen’ nmilkamtcedingvexperimentrs aap eerie cece ire 111 intakeyandoutgountmilch cows soo oon een ee ieee 100 Nursery stock; pediereed! discussionvof . .)2. 1. as aciastdoeere eee creer tee tere 522 TOES SOT Sirocco Rs olaterere en yeraes 43 Nutrition, animal, recent Station investigations In. ............ 0c cece eee eee 22 IN‘tritive ratio ofsfeeding, StULSiac ces eee ne ee ie ant erie reer tne 667 O. ‘“@at clippings;’? analyses Of...) :.0a.< potato-spraying experimentibysny.iia.i 2 eiclais le eleto belttte «leit tenetes 233 Paracasein, action of rennet enzym in forming... ..... 06 eee estes se vitae s ves 334 and. casein compounds in) cheese... 2. coc. eee lrancia sae eniaieyersiensiar 309 PALAcCASeiN, COMLPOUNGS, discussione: ..ejas it eee re tee oe eae 327 ash-free, preparation and composition of................-.0es00es 328 molecule, valency, Of¢ c: sijo 24 ote ayn. 0 teas ais re Ree tet TEE 333 molecular Weight. <:c.c antics amet Res Ree tah, ea oheletetene tern aoc tene re ternev ers 333 Paracaseinate, calcium (See Calcium paracaseinate). Paracaseinates acid (See Acid paracaseinates). Pardy Brothers, potato-spraying experiment by... ......eeeeeeeeenes Sas ctelete 240 Page. Paris Cen REPEC ON: oy. ta. <2 vais cas PPO ee ee hes ere ech ke eal ie 541 Perrothwe: moulletins Dix. cova aaa vaste met ete as Be oe eee eee. 341, 382 JESSIE (SET CEpAEY Ti PEN (7S ctor) 0 (05 oy aa 345 athGermantowmne Nagas crea nas cee ee eee ee ee eee, 352 deschiptiongandabistonyetaaso ss sete te. eo cee Sic ys cic eo knertce 345 muscoveny in New Yorks Statetas tase ene. coe ehae oss eneass B43 ISCUSSIONUO Litas ise. teats etre rar Ae Pa eect 341 Gist bu GlOmy sags eye cite ee Oe os Sige oe ees 351 ECONOMIC HMPOLtAnce. seme eee Her RO a os ae ee alee 344 Serie CS LES oh MORES Ores a Gide cial oc Sie ee i rrr 347 Herat FOLENS a cisco e Bia cecd cho ick Sos pier ial uch aan ee eee ae ea 352 [Ene is CO CEO OTD) Oi Brn Or OR thn ARES een iL 5 a or 348 GER AL UTE) Olga oe yoru ees eres A chat as ah 8 Se A ee ae ee 352 MEthHOdS (Olstres MO SNiber ver: siopeh seh 3 Ae a Se ee Ne Be 364 OUbbrea k unin ge LOM es ces ty opctianse ny shh fst anal is Se ee Fe ee 355 ponuler edition of bulletin ont 1n9sG7 a). SOE eee eS ot ee 809 SCASO MAG MISEOL Yas ass ia ek eee OU, Se eT: MA 350 spraying, experiments for controls: 205.. 22229... 2 a 358 Stationietudionyolep ce iepacactGey torsos: oo ores 46 (Redioneedinursery, Stock, GISCuBsIONOLAa. aie eet an? fe nee a eae oe 522 TO TESTO Y.-F ts aes: Peter aR TE 5 MRS 43 periodicals received. by: Station; listtc chen anata aeee oe eee, ee ot ee 869 Phelps; potato-spraying experiment /at...... .2...4..... 80sec ote de lessee cess 233 Bhosphoricacidsesters of inosite, aon eee ase ee 117 COTTE Lice 0, Saale ere Raat hth aia Nn pene Rd RNS IPE RERL ORME | © 112 intake angcoutzo.imimnil chico 1 seit eee isk ee 100 metabolism in milch cows, experiment........................-.. 96 BOLE MME CGAL OLS syste sy grace ond orchc rains ran coe os Soeceaeae pr acucac aero Sis TE 94 Phytates, barium, ammonium and calcium...................... 128-131, 142-147 cGhemicalestudies ole Mr hee acti ser Ces ean os he 128 Peril Ceacl deg Cher Caleb dys Ole eyrac ht casces cette oiersun ais sia. tere elo eks. cucasycceieis ove oe SOAR 131 IM aynrioyeGrvermntenll Fini lies) Olas eck Rn ERE mite Cie Le Cee Ee ICRAF cc cin oe eS ee 25, 122 IM aniMal nutribion, investigations seetee.|. W. scenes neces... eee oe 23 HAO GELOUMC MATTE WLR TiO shee geeks ooo sycts)cdy a ease a seats SAN ce etc 151, 154 chemiucalkshudiesyOlsmes cc erie tent ce. Geese Gao eis A ee: ae 137 ere Peata Ni ORAM a SE AE IOHE WOE Ma LEDs. onc 0: 9, 2 RO Oe Ee eee 51 farmers’ business experiments: shu.5f see, alee. ee 226 Fime-sulp hur fOr: crassa ae aide eee aes oe oe ee 193, 201 popular edition of bulletinon-) 75... eee eee 831 summary of business experiments.......:................-.- 244 ten-year experiments: :..<...-,.aemeraeeen ee oie 225 volunteer experinients-...5.. eee ae oe eee 247 with lime-sulphur, popular editions of bulletins on........ 830, 850 Potatoes, directions for Spraying. ..o,h.,6,-0 fees Coney ee Ee ee Oeee eee 248 single ys; double-spraying Of,........,.00 «tee OEE een fee 245 Poultry, foods, analyses Of «.-....). 0.56 oc.se.sc eicaiy ve ee Ee I se Sere 635 Powell, G; 1; potato-spraying experiment by aces (oder erie ee oe 242 Poultry production, notes on Station work. :.....- :cj-2= Jee eee en ee 53 Precipitation by rainfall) 1882 to 1912 inclusive. 2s) Ssemeesmnes aes see ee 886 Brepotency of apple: varieties: 01-4. ok c6 ccc owe cee Pee AOI os ce 465 Prole, G: A.; potato-spraying expernment by,..,..)- paeeeen: eee meee eee 229 Prucha, Martin J., resignation as Associate Bacteriologist...................-. 8 Publications of, station. classification Ol-:- os... . eee Eee eee eee eee vers Station; for 1912 '... ..... 6st sos «chit: Se eee ae Ree eee «Se 53 Pyrophosphoric aeid, esters of, studies of. - -l.: eee .eaeeee 2 ee ee ee 137 Re Rainfall, monthly and yearly, 1882 to 1912 inclusive........................-- 886 Rennet enzym, action in forming paracaseim:........«¢ 2.0. .je26senseosee- os eee 334 Repairs, AppropriawOn LOL). -:).% cance da ieee a ee ee eee eee 16 Report olSDirector waist). her. vedere. ute leoefe einge eg tacks, Upeinisic us El ee eee Eee 8 PIRPEASUIPET 3 505 Sie codec ace 1 Je a rchaces te oboe ten ESOL eee ae 1 iReports, ‘annialeicharacterioten 222 Geee hy ateia eye eer tik ekgoeinee eRe 14 IREVErsiONsS INy CLOSsine ap PIES Mee ele -oic 2 eet aso ee) coe eee eee Pains 464 Rooteratting OL Prapes sn. ease oon esialsus: onescys ie ocoletole piel ei ee eae eee eee 43 Rose; ASR bulletin Dyin. See 2 2). ee sas otegserstoto citer ee eee 92 s. Schoene; W. ds, DULLEtIN: DY s:.:2.2.2.c00c2s0s+ weiese teas sectors o\sersiaysis) se CR eee eee ae 382 Seed inspection, popular edition of bulletin on....................20 eee eeees 820 testing, Station: work IM.2.2,.c 42 acm. «ches aics =. oe Pee Setaeier tere 51, 179 Seedlings; ermine moths on. <5... <<< cis sp 2g 5 cies ave oo = tee a taketh ores 404 Seeds, adulteration’ of. 5. <5 < .c/c cscta~ oa eae as <- wae +e + 277 Soils Department (See Department of Soils). Solubleysulplursarralyses: Of 5 2755 5. «2 s\arcyels acne onaraiausisie sinvebevsve St Nie HRSA EE 549 Soa yelolKGUnes | eteCu OM OMA ee ie cst «6s: iisiets een alam jejct.cr apse ciety c,aeten doses aia la) cheyencte 362 LOMAP ent CALS 4 OLMAU LAS 050 sepcu vox Tues scion cseticae eo ckeackseeas si elelSyetr 364 Sprayersattachment ior grape leat-hopper..2c10 sos s62 sa cet e s+ ecto e oe 378 SDLAVIN CER CLIMEMUS ODIO LALOR. ay