= aera Sree SI A Pel SLIT A LD aa PLP fede nO Ne ON Ee OP ec le nn ee Te eee z = ee ee a ~ i he RD e =e tle. ‘ae 2 pt ee — So — ie a, a = ge or ete + >» a ws So. MD >=, a) yp ae ee, hg , \t } i bes d 1 | ~ «! oe ea \ Pa Vi a wy. ifn -~N fe Pasties ou aS > é >” es. ~~? SS > > i os Tae [ibe > eae 2 Fe Sr ye “Ete yi E> Pier 2 ome 2a. Bi ee OE $a — ie > Fee aa a : >) > >> D2 Bp} for s 3 DF 2D?2 )_ PA? D Rie. ~—. ) 2 DDD: PP y. > psd age ie si ote at A. ee ey SDSS Te ODD BS est 9 3: <= ia . : eli : Z nd, nr le ars, a1 “Fhe >> ae ea CARN, Ar Bae i cathe P32 ZF oS = Ses > > _»> a 4 j r N \ | . : IA ang OM ie : ana mit nnn’ as l a " eee AS Panna i A Pibrary of the Museum COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. aie ta of the. Ce Cl y protequcal cule of Un ene meri 70. ent of Sekt . Co I + ve +7 t: . os » 1 ne a 6 py “4 ad a * 76e —ay ce “ if Ee are : ho Se oer te at we = rng. elec “ay So REEL ~ (C ean, Li ECOL OS pal REPORT \G, Whee We OF THE | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY CRS Pavel da bY RAR 188 3: i * - 4 iy’ we Wf} wey e / \ a ies by Oriter of the Cesistative Assembly. —— ee, OF ONTARIO, Toronto : | PRINTED bY. ©. BELACKETT ROBINSON, 5 JORDAN STREET. 1884. j wie KR) OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP AN TAR IO, Dew ne YRAR tos 3. Hrinted by Order of the Legislative Assembly. A) \ ae ry: < Uy Beg \\ ¢ ))) y, SA ade _— 4 vay - “=, RY, DN j \ r ines ti mi ist ray Sea (ZA i ype mee: yy Hh r p iid Lit =. Ze hey: Vay” at we Woke gt Ge ip \ TAS MON IE * GCoronto : PRINTED BY C. BLACKETT ROBIN SON, 5 JORDAN STREET. 1884, \ , - - ‘ € n \- i . ete > - * “7 } INDEX TO ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORT. A. , PAGE Chrysobothris Harrisii........ i SSe bsa ool oka Acanthoderes quadrigibba..............+66. 48 | Chrysopa, Mouth of larva of........... heneate DLMSHAIS: CIE ae adade ceo. 36 Cicindela Ae pee Rice nuheh ka ensure ees at Coie OLUTALIS s,s plieteekint es embiepecs ence 50 VUIATIS 066. cece eee eee cece eens : ‘Nesonvota lepusculitia. ).pi4. .< dpe _.... 24 | Clarkson, Frederick, Article by ............ eeipede Gorallina’, 20\.. 2400.4. 0. 6080s ens 17 | Claypole, E. W., Article DY. S jen aiiicn ao siwers | WeeeM CMA ACCINL . 22.5006 ese PR ath WN 12 Clisiocampa An erieBMayes ade x Lavbestayl Agrilus egenus ........+--.+ PS ihiaae eyiier ys 36, 45 ir SYLVAGICR. (6.5 vis a sien a .gsinr fasten IMac cee as RE Ai bese 88 sates alae AB Clover seed PMG SEG y's yaks wees as SUR id PO MAB EL CORI, :'5)0's os: sdeayatenth ma tsipe s Sow wera 44 | Codling moth, Remedy for.........+0....+4. Alypia octomaculata MeO he a TEE Ps Pee 98 Colias philodice FiO eee ces Fie wk) SN eLoteeaeea Aes wih American lackey moth .......2...seseeee- 34 Collecting i in early Winter -..... 0... seeeees Annual address of president ........... ...- 8 MepStY YSCATiooa, «ates « vie kee sae Cele WRIA) TNOOUON oo bs wins ov ale a doce ec ea aie'e s 6 : insects, Unusual mode of ........ Smthawia VUIGICOTMIB’. 605 cee. sss ees os 45 | Colorado potato beetle ..........-...-22006- “6 PCTS. 1s seh ae Gk Go a's 45 Conotrochelus CleSang Sik: wine's «shah Sea Anthonomus suturalis...............+++++- 50 bi nenuphar sete eee cece eens PMUGHEMMUM, VATIUB ¢< Sulscjiseeniaere Hednasacs 29 posticatus ...... 622 site sae Me Mile wiees ounaed ty ces Oe 38 | Coleoptera, British, Manual of ..... 11.0. PeeeMe ah 3 eee eA el 4 ORROM. 23 of North America...... ... ie pime-leaf crumpler’..) .%. seh see eee ee 99) | Corethra plumicornis: ..)....isiseui apeand.. Pie-tYeC ADWIS eect se. ees hee eee 16°23 Copsus conterensis 2... 6060 oss. esighla@nin Meme obhiquata.... 06.0.6 2 eet evry 18,20’ |; Criocephalug agrestis....-.......-25 «amawth)ui PURROCUG COCFODIS ho. 4 viens sete eee siee eee te 8 63 Gorpeeins JALBDDE, 6 rin. oap\2 Wah este ah oem “ artes Cor keh, te cs es Ye 63 BOVNGOMGOIOR voici. cy daysin xe MMO OF Cyl lene PACE 2 is, 5s nianjose ls mayo gd RG ATO B FORUMS 5. 50 isso cas meee amae Palio BBY, PUN r ts Pe ES aN ele ; Db; Bell, Prof. 7 T ATOMS DY oc clave keeles 27 DISAIS GEOINT P PUR aise! a siesses iss igeys kde ee bs Bellamira scalaris NR RRR Sb ta Scie che 4 Hiciaie wie 36 Darapsa versicolor........... i PONE Pee ges Wee bs 8 Belostoma grandis ......... i oe 65 Death of Charles Arnold....... BF EN ae 3 SLEDGE IOINOMM Ras! aii isi biaie ss bo"eto'arenee ke Dh Wie aks, 20 Ont PE SSL Cee ICONS acta m a si ale» slein oO Bombus Pensylvanicus Piha lata he tatareca'e WOR Mia 19 sono 8 ADs SAGES. 1. ASRILON fee 65% Sian blo nis IBOOK. NOGIGER Mantes ia cess PLLC eels 76 eo Dr, donn 1. Teconte .,,,..2. Ben | ae! GUROR SA cede Sree rene Paces Uy Ws e 34 Briel) pte ORs ROMS OMOE Go. 5's ages aie eas A Poprestis fasciatann.. 2... 0093 os... I. 16 Mee ay, Gata) kt Cr I RIER® Yb xix das wardeies Sia Ke Btriata 2.0.0.2. ieee eee eee 54 est stat (Ae OMMBTEE GLOVER %s.o/u acc arias Butterflies, yare In Quebec...... 005.625 oe 37 ng, Wie be Sanh OEM «a 2% fine iiedla omtaeieys Rear Gir ads Mee kee Fade oe PINT 17 Dendroides concolor. ....:...00. seessceccs ss Dieercs divariesta \. . ... 205 ssnpih hidawey he oid ys 2 Cc PO IgA 0 URE OR Be YS Aa a A Sh LN A fey, LIROMEDEOSS o5cieh ec ib an case aeleld ooo x e's Calandra remotopunctata .................. 29 ae ba ee ata... Le ik Attia kee i Calopteron reticulatum..... ............55. 17 De. ha melee ath Dy aig tiaras ke a heats Camponotus ligniperdus .... ....-......+4. 38 he he ae en alee eRe Riera Canker-worms, Concerning ......... ...... 39 pile Se Os” airline oak iene ENA TAG REIT 5 as =o ¢-> Joins a. saeaeimen evan 21 ryocampa senatoria ..... 6... ..+.+.seeee. Carabide and Coccinellide, Food relations of. 79 Carpocapsa pomonella.......+++...+2+.seee: 16 | H. Caterpillars, Contagious diseases of......... 19 : Oe DUNNE sa aie 3's 6 meas fs ys bie~ a singe pipieidl = 39 Kburia. quadrigeminata. 00... 56 000 ns. 90% co) Ee er ah anti eat 39 Beyros.dasycerus 5. ies se0d ona AA Cecidonagim, TOWING... cece esa nce cece 16 Election of Officers .......-.. AiaiatinG <2 ee, Cephalodiplepturoides. 0.0.0... 0.5 enceeee 36 BMNOMOS, MagNaria.... 4 oo060 es oh. UNAS. Chalcophora liberta cog PRE AR GR 2a a 35, 54 Entomological notes. for 1882 24 sdweee i. 249 MIPOINIONSIN 556... 6saeces sss 35, 54 elub A. A. A. Saeiouy, sete USOC 0 9 ae 36, 51 Entomology, Popular papers.on.... swsies. Chilochorus bivulnerus .................0.. 56 Euchetes egle....... PRA oi hy Gees Seg fer Sehinch bug. das oie nak baie ss OES DFO aun Oe 59 PGSM DOTEADA oh oa) Sine See cre em. secs ve ans GION \CInCbUSs Feaus wie) MENMEN. . 45 Eudioptis hyalinata ...... ....-----...-05. Ginosaspis pintiolise (a3. 45/000! beeen... 56 Euderces picipes ........... Neicd odd Sea Heveta nS Chramests hickorige si) 2 090i she ede eee es 51 Banpealis MAMUGEA, as kiss de eee es GY cree Chrysobothris femorata .................0.. 44 Eupovonins veatitus. ..i....'5..... derWie 2iN lil. F. | PAGE, PAGE. Magdalis olyra BPR Pee yee he ee, ee 5 Pall, WOO-WOPKE , .. sane ip oh Bae oe et 4 Mamestra picta.... 2... seccseceeseereeseee: 17 Fletcher, J., Articles by......... 5.000. ‘13, 31, 68 Maple DOPETS f.. oes peewee sc esadewes. » .. 15, 40 Paes: mmokey moth... .ssa ois eens es 34 CVCLIAM .. 6. eee eee ee eee ee oe 12 F ormica ligniperda ........ SUeaere wateis CEs a's 38 Melanophila longipes .......... ssse.sseees 37 oo Ne Sots Ae 18 Melon moth 2... | esee si ana Siaaiawes aR 23 Form and colour as shown in insects........ 62 Micropus leucopterus ..... ... ste eeee teases 59 it aaa oe Pray 19. | Moffatt, J. .A., Article by... ..00.-..ass dais Fyles, Rev. T. W., Article by...........00: 30. 62 Molorchus bimaculatus ............ bw eshesters 46 Monohammus contuser .'5 Aaa. es ee ath ae 52 teen acitollatus:.. . istes~».«.4etealiee pe G. oss Diunting.. |... 5... «ce. sheets occas eee Gelechia pinifoliella......:.. 0 ....... Po ae 58 Goes occulatus......... PRS RS 2POLT EK Seal 48 N % poulpher: cq wn GA CS Ne teak 47 : 2: Bie aNd high dialectal Dig ehh ee re Nematus Erichsonii ....-... ......+. Srey ee Gini et oo lp ih ala lilt pearls 20 ventricosus .......... PP ey 17 Gra y hs — ls nie yk edie ie 94 | Neoclytus erythrocephalus............ +++. 46 RBDS EEE AGG ga «5 4 2 F056 eee eal “i Nephopteryx Zimmermani............ 0.0008 57 Grote, A. R., Article b 32 rote; A. Ti.) Agticle by....... «is Pee a of North, America... S20) eee oe onagria subcarnea «1s, +0... (/sae. Lee 0 H Notodonta albifrons.........sssseecsceeuees 16 ERREPRONIA PACER. 6 0s 4. os evs Cael coe 56 Harrington, W. H., Articles = aod = teas 35, 40, 42 O. Helia americalis ........--... BY tale ordi 18 Heteracthes quadrimaculatus .............. 46 Oak borers 22-0 0.6). 500+ eeigd dnc net's sees 16 Heustis, Mrs. C. E. , Article by ei F 3 Obituary OGICES « . wae bint ie vies eo ple g eS 81 Hickory, Insects injurious to’ SPS ANG RB 42 Obrium rubrum ce Stee erees 46, Hormiscus saltator .............. dicoresates 51 | Oncideres cingulatus ... ........+-s00. oes 49 Sry perdin Aeris: 2... 2... 00.5 ea 95 | Orgyia leucostigma...........00.-++-00-s 11, 18, 33 Hybernating butterflies .........-........ ; 32 Orthosoma brunneum ........ 2.265 -+-+0+-- 54 Eivipbras pales 0... ins os unex ewe 55 et aeciaah eremicola...... su able ae ead gael 44 Eeylurgus-Cerebrans ... ...... << .sn.seeee0ns 5D a CALA ose essen ee ewer eee 44 Hyperplatys BSDOTSUS |. . os. dav eee 49 | Ottawa Naturalists! F a ae aaa Sa aii Eevpusmtria’ textor ...... <0) 0csses a eins 34 of ........ toveeees 80 i * P Index to entomological reports.............. 80 Insects i fajurious te drugs: 2002) Sees 29, 30 eerie Bp ondaerane phage ‘Ca oe fn 16, a ‘6 K fentts Fowl 4) ee 78 apilio ee OUEEB oisios 2a ns Be ea Soto 16 a Ce quecbad fe I6O2) Eo coco eee een 35 > eee Ce ae ‘ Insect list, Revision of ......... Bey 15.:|) Eeekellice Byolinatahe (icine: ae as ‘powders 34 ape nee? iecech ech ee eae 22 Sepbeaiaddanern st cia che ae. \.): : y yllobenus dislocatus |. ............ “rahe 51 py oe vastatrix, parasite on ......... ah 30 Phytoptora 0.) 3 vienna oes cee 20 J. Pheris Tape oe, gee ee see» Lina tebiee nee 38 ‘ : Pimple lonntor ihe ainsi 6 + sven 6 etameeiers ¥ 65 mae, Ot,, erceele by +). 'o°20 5... Semen wee 37 Pine boring Pyvalid.\.0). 3.0: ny'se leak Ones me 57 ** Insects injurious ‘to is555 “peer ee es 52 ¢ £6" [6A THINGT : voaks 040s, Mises Daten 58 : eA 3 rape an BP issn tee er 56 ' ; ‘*¢ moth of Nantucket. ......... So 1,0 56 nee eS d 6 sipin nila «aa ey) Sime ee ia) Lipo et iio hty nae Fey ht en ee 55 Sadar ee 34 : plete lus macula .. 0.0... e eset ee ee eee a Plusiodonta compressipalpis . ............4+ 19 ral apaone ey ie ay (we +b ots see 48 Poscilonota cyanipese sys fo... aac Sees 36 Leweania unipuneli vee oe 39°) Dytadomas eenacee aaa - peat IDERETEINE WERE, .-lnidbid a ited hadi e> ‘ Pyrethrum cinerariifolium..........0e0.0.. 35 Meneinttte artes «oc hnein vies 02 4MIGEH oMsio OST “ rs Liopus alpha 48 TOROUTD” 0 .°.5".). . 0 s'b's a tee sen 35 ee PSE ye sau asks 48 ys i ‘agerec toa o) thie oo elder web 57 R sycomorpha pholus......... bis mda ebonscee ae : Lyctus striatus .. ..........6% Lae tle 5 nobis 45 Egman, H. H., Article by. i. ¢.. ;«« sissi Wale 4 a. as 35 Saunders, Wm., Articles by .8, 17, 22, 27, 52,59, 76, 81 Naunders, W. E., Article by .... ..-........ 29 Schwarz, EH. A., Article by ............ x 30 Scolytus quadrispinosus ... ........ Re cag ss 51 Silvanus surinamensis..... .. .... ....... 29 BR VOUNC pa: PAMICGA,. 2. . Uses dase en eas cee. ne 29 POMOPINGNUS. OXZCAGUS! 6 cee fos cise e wee ce ke ees 16 Sphyracephala brevicornis........... ...... 32 State entomologist for Illinois .............. 39 Mcenosphenus notatus 6.66.6. case voce cscs 46 PeOALEMA MATPINAIS Le) ios d sacs sa ases 49 7 Tenebrioides mauritanica .... ......08 «ese 29 Terias lisa ...... A eam Conve for svepaie. Soe ssl are tataie 39 Mrepolium ferpusinuna.i'.'0.)5. 0. scale wo ee ae ee HOUACK COLOMPINA a. aie aicis, «o.cies cee diace odie sins deen 40, 41 Tussock-moth white-marked................ 11, 33 We PAGE. HV coleoRa ani eIO Dal” i/09), che aie cance te ota is ok Ce 32 W. White a WEG AN ois ota sitelaeiiw on. Fest wining ae UE 55 BELY Mee Ths See 57 Woolly bere! louse of pine........ 56 WY GRiNtS IOTER O81, sew Wee Poad ae ees Guneeee 68 xX. POVISOOTUS COLA Ps 5S csi in: oid ea bl mista a eta terniars 51 af XVIORPAPHIOUS.) «<8 a's. Gaaersietn 55 my OGreChGs GOLOMUA, so 6) ste oa bab aves 46 Xyphidria SCORES. eat a iyiets 02% See Mae 17, 40 SCE, |e Gg ae ean eg a ete 42 Fi: Hellers ‘Collechions,. 0K IG Sl ke cee aens 158 Zeller, Prof. P. C., Tenth OE? Sauls Cea ing 3 82 {)Vsebae Wake o; a ; 7 = 2. ** . prov’ 7 . ~*~ ‘ v-« . (iW de ; § a u mies wo th sane oat wat: i pee St Pei ae ice, Hs, Filtrete naerto VF a . 4 ? ! ‘ s “|” Mr . > fe . 1 Sieg ia : r in 3 Ae ; 4 | 7 it teh lal ae ye rie’ ii eae fe a ain ‘ ceoctalaae iS id wus . eee & ar a 4 ieee: 0) P +s is aon ae ee ame i ‘ Md a iy Hi Peet Lol Like? / Ags Pa pe Se vine aR Phe ; lies | LR rete nwiile: + hide oie ro 2 x Me erie PGi, Wed Be wad eh ssarvics#y 3 pa}, *y iS an Pies iy eet ht gy eee. | PO tee Py ; Nea SD) Slane ae dre SEER ap wR . eal ‘ peer pat - } ar . bi hn Poa ne ae a me Rs i GRRL TB CNB sah > Ds A 3 ; At i fe pa, meavaanr ern hale = “a 2 ¥ yy ¥ i «4h a a FL sek Markel th * cae apt : £4 thal: ; eal ei | | Biaket ra PrP ah 0 te fc yan ‘ — urs 4 ‘ ' 4 Je G AA 5 yey $5 >>, Fy 4, 3' Sho boy't Be a “ A Be SR ed dN eS wer : . ( rae oP y A iv] why ay YY \y ; ye <4 as. ‘ Ry: re ; = é : Ns ; by : ne: Pe . iy ¢ aa : BM, y ie ’ weg Ty cal oa ee has at bwin, Lene > it i i 4 , ft ee : 4 aR ha soe fs = | . van : 8 h? SSAC ei i i % hii ee ~~ a‘ $ f Saks as £2 ee ab ’ by bie eatin ie As. J ~ > “ THAD : :; ~ { te . . A rd ‘ ‘ , *s * , “ ' ’ . Naga? | itp has a " 7 , , 1 vi “van Wiabe a4 ey mae ' ve {ogee : +f eee Ue “ pera. ty [ a ad iA. 2 5 dr ‘ / r j 4 bd At * k rif ' : Fa *) wry h, p OEY {call F 7 vs e L J, : Ws is) “ Loe re § apy a) 4 . y ¥ 5 ae ' 5 4 , 5 ;4 pat ' ‘ Cs # ai t Ae - are i u ~ - balm ays ; oe, : . ' 7 ~~ ad «hla ely, ‘ Lue : , 7 ‘ a’ 4 3 eae ae bi #8 ; ay Wis Tas et a a } ar * ¢ 7 rote oi De . ’ ly ) ae 5 Bre - y { 44 ws o ~~ : ay ane xr : is a at > iY é y 4 \ pr af “ye ry % ‘6 . ‘ C J “¥ » .? 7 ; 4 Lt in. > - vy FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF % COIN Buds LG), INCLUDING REPORTS ON SOME OF THE NOXIOUS, BENEFICIAL AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE PROVINCE, PREPARED FOR THE HONOURABLE THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, BY THE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 1883. To the Honourable the Commissioner af Agriculture : S1r,—In accordance with the provisions of our Act of Incorporation, it becomes my duty to present to you herewith the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. | The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the City of London, on October 3rd, 1883, when the officers for the ensuing year were duly elected, and the necessary business of the Society transacted. | ' The account of the meeting, and the audited Financial Statement, are also sub- mitted herewith. In pursuance of one of the chief objects for which this Society was established some fifteen years ago, illustrated reports of various noxious and beneficial insects have been prepared by members of the Society for publication (with your approval), for the benefit of those interested in Agriculture and its kindred pursuits. The publication of the Canadian Entomologist is still maintained, the Society having nearly completed the fifteenth volume. I have the honour, Sir, to remain, Your obedient servant, EDMUND BayYNeEs REED, Secretary-Treasurer. 2 [z. | ANNUAL MEETING; OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. *The annual meeting of the Society was held in London at the Society’s Rooms, Victoria Hall, on Wednesday, October 3rd, 1883, at 7.30 o’clock p.m. The President, Mr. William Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair. Present :—Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, M.A., Port Hope ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Levis, P.Q ; James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. A. Hanham, Paris; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; J. M. Denton, London ; B. Gott, Arkona; A. Puddicombe, London ; F. C. Lowe, Dunnville ; H. P. Bock, London ; W. E. Saunders, London ; J. Magnus Johnston, London ; the Secre- tary-Treasurer, E. Baynes Reed, and others. The minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed, the reading being dispensed with, as they had already been printed, and sent to the members. The President addressed a few words of welcome to the members, expressing the pleasure which the London brethren felt at meeting their fellow-workers from the various parts of the Province. The Report of the Council and the Financial Statement of the Secretary-Treasurer or the past year were then read, and on motion duly received, discussed, and adopted. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1883. The Council desire in presenting their Annual Report to congratulate the members on the continued activity and prosperity of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The stimulus given to our scientific and economic work by the meeting last year in Montreal, when‘ we were favoured with the presence and co-operation of so many distinguished entomologists, has done much to promote Entomology in Canada, and we look forward with additional satisfaction to the prospect of meeting some of our European fellow- labourers at the scientific gathering of the British Association which is to be held next year in Montreal. : A large number of the insects in our collection have been forwarded for exhibition at the International Fisheries Exhibition now being held in Great Britain, your Council having gladly acceeded to the request of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries to add in this way to the interest of the Dominion exhibit. The collection arrived in England safely, and has attracted much attention, and has added to the reputation already possessed by the Society ; every precaution has been taken for the safety of this collection and its due return. During the year a very complete general Index to our thirteen Annual Reports has been prepared, which has added greatly to their value. Early in the spring we were honoured with a request from the Royal Society of Canada to send a representative to their meeting, which was to be held in Ottawa in May. The Council appointed Mr. James Fletcher, who duly attended the meeting of that learned body, and read a statement of the objects and condition of the Society. At the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Minneapolis, Minnesota, our Society was represented by the President, who has prepared a report of the proceedings of the Entomological Club for publication in the Society’s Annual Report. The Council purpose still to continue their efforts to obtain a more liberal interpre- tation of the existing Customs’ regulations, so as to render such supplies as our Society may need for its scientific work free of duty. Efforts have also been made through the Royal Society of Canada to obtain more favourable postal regulations for the transmis- sion of entomological and botanical specimens in order to facilitate exchanges between students in this country and those in Europe and America. The thanks of the Society are due to Prof. James Bell, of Albert College, Belleville, who has kindly contributed a variety of beautifully prepared microscopical objects for the use of the Society, Numerous additions have been made to the Library, among which special mention may be made of six of the beautifully illustrated volumes published by the British Gov- ernment containing some of the scientific results of the Challenger expedition. The new edition of the Micrographic Dictionary ; Insects Injurious toFruits, by Mr. Saunders ; and a complete series, coloured, of the magnificent illustrated works on Entomology, by the late Prof. Townend Glover. In conclusion, the Council cannot refrain from expressing their gratification that our President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, has completed and published his able work on ‘ The Insects Injurious to Fruits,” thus supplying a much needed manual for the guidance of Fruit- growers and Horticulturists. The audited Report of the finances will be submitted as usual; on behalf of the Council. E. Baynes REED, Secretary-Treasurer. ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30rtn, 1883. Receupts. Dalamice sront Previous year, LSD on iis wij. ade sc silebyes 9 bie yer ees $55 98 Members’ fees, sale of Hntomologist, etc......cc cece ccs ccecscces 336 61 Ree IRCER AMIS ESO Des sey s is «ads ate se aa: 0G) hk @ mais Of v)m's # of mins Blo. 1000 00 Dominion grant for Fisheries Exhibition ...........00sssesees0 200 00 Collectors’ material—pins, cork, etc... 5... ccc ee cece ncscess 26 79 UE Tite Ge OUD. em Tue OIPE IEG ca.) hu. lle, oi nsi'a gs wieyeie 4c vip ,n\m ny ece' sel #1 0.6) or, » « 9 50 Engraving—received for electrotypes of cuts............ 0. ee eeee 2 42 $1,631 30 Disbursements. Canadian Entomologist: printing, paper, stationery, etc., including meprines or euriier volumes 7.) 20. SE Pots es CO. $618 67 ESET. ene ND, TRE TORIAS OU ABY re, I OL, 116 52 Expenses of Report for 1882, including engraving, electrotypes and woodcuts, and also of Index to the thirteen Annual Reports .. 303 40 Expenses of preparing cases for Dominion Fisheries Exhibition .... 200 00 Annual vote to Editor and Secretary-Treasurer ............. debe oa 175 00 Pee Tvy \oluavonemmmaemoauaietes. Sed ALC WUE ted able dank aa ail 80 00 Pe CRAOD | eee es Le ee Sal diaic'a v's wb tie cle sacar cee 12 00 BRIaEATCe \ |). Umer ss aaa u worry tee oe wc escncde uaeese aces 16 00 Colicetors’ materials pins, ete fo le kee. eee been ately 58 95 Priiess hp ostage,cuat, wae. steels hwlgl S.C S O.eue 42 29 LOS TOS hed bo heli a's 5B, Eo eis Sega ai be" GF eas sr 8 47 $1,631 30 We certify that we have examined the above account with books and vouchers, and found the same to be correct. Balance in bank eight dollars and forty-seven cents. CHARLES CHAPMAN d . H. P. Boos, 4 \ Auditors. Entomological Society’s Rooms, London, Ont. . October 7th, 1883. The report of the Montreal branch of the Society was next submitted. MONTREAL BRANCH, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The Tenth Annual Meeting of this branch was held at the residence of the Presi- dent, H. H. Lyman, Esq.,M.A., Montreal, on Tuesday, 8th May, 1883, at 8 o’clock, p.m. President read the following report of the operations of the Society for the year :— REPORT. Your Council beg to submit the Tenth Annual Report of the Branch. Five regular meetings have been held during the year, and in addition to these, the members have had the pleasure of attending the Annual Meeting of the parent Society, which was held in the rooms of the Natural History Society, on the 24th August last, during the session of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opportunity of meeting with many of the entomologists of the United States, and the President and other officers of our Canadian Society, was highly appreciated by our mem- bers. } The following original papers have contributed to the interest of our meetings during the year :— a Description of a Dipterous parasite on Phylloxera vastatrix, by the Rev. T. W. Fyles. | j 2. Sir John Lubbock on Ants, by G. J. Bowles. 3. Notes on the Genus Callimorpha, by H. H. Lyman. 4. Preliminary list of the Geometride of Quebec and Montreal, by G. J. Bowles. 5. Notes on some diurnal Lepidoptera occurring in Canada, by F. B. Caulfield. 6. Causes of rarity in ssme species of insects, by G. J. Bowles. T he whole respectfully submitted. H. H. Lyman, President. The Report having been adopted, the election of officers took place, with the follow- ing result :— : G. J. Bowles, President; W. Cooper, Vice-President; F. B. Caulfield, Secretary-Treas- urer; J. G. Jack, H. H. Lyman, W. Shaw, H. Graves, Council. A very pleasant hour was then spent in examining the President’s collection of Lepidoptera and the scarce and valuable illustrated entomological works in his library. Gro. JoHN Bow Es, Secretary. The President then delivered his annualfaddress, for which he was unanimously ac- corded a vote of thanks and requested to publish it in the Canadian Entomologist. ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, GENTLEMEN,—T wenty years ago, on the afternoon of the 16th of April, 1863, there met at the rooms of the Canadian Institute in Toronto nine gentlemen interested in en- tomology, for the purpose of organizing a society having for its object the advancement of entomology in Canada. These gentlemen had been called by special invitation of the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune and myself, and in addition to thenine who responded by their presence, letters of apology were received from five others expressing regret at their being unable to attend ; these fourteen comprised all who at that time took an active interest in entomology in Canada. A society was duly organized under the name of the Entomological Society of Can- ada, with Professor Croft, of Toronto, asits first President. Two scientific papers on in- sects were presented and read,and anumber of interesting insects exhibited. Application was made to the Council of the Canadian Institute for the use of a room in their building, which was kindly granted free of expense, and it was resolved to hold monthly meetings for the discussion of entomological subjects. In December of the same year a committee was appointed to prepare and publish catalogues of the names of insects in the orders of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and in May the following year the committee reported that the list of Lepidoptera had been com- pleted and published, and that considerable progress had been made in determining the species of Coleoptera, but not sufficient to warrant the publication of the catalogue. This catalogue was completed and published shortly after. Before the close of this meeting committees were appointed charged with the special duty of paying particular attention to the study of insects injurious to vegetation. Previous to this nothing had been done in Canada in the important department of Economic Entomology, no information was available to the farmer or fruit grower in reference to most of the insect pests which destroyed his field crops or fruit unless he happened to be the fortunate possessor of a volume published in New England by Dr. Harris under the title of Insects Injurious to Vegetation in Massachusetts, and this, although a very useful work, only partially met the wants of the practical farmer. Dr. Fitch, State Entomologist for New York, had published his first nine reports and was almost the only active labourer in this important department of insects injurious to agri- culture, but his works were not accessible to many in this country. In scientific entomology but little had been done in Canada up to this period. Several catalogues of the names of insects captured in this country had appeared in the Canadian Naturalist the organ of the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the occurrence of several rare species of butterflies had been noted. Messrs. Wm. Couper and B. Billings, of Montreal, had also communicated some papers to the same journal, urging the importance of the study of entomology, and referring to the habits of some of the pine borers and other prominent insects, but the circulation of the Vaturalist was so limited that the information given reached but few in the community. The Entomological Society of Canada at first had no funds to enable them to pub- lish reports of their proceedings beyond the small sum derived from the annual fees of the members ; but among these were a number of active workers, who, by careful and sys- tematic observation and study, were rapidly accumulating stores of knowledge which were destined to be of much value in the future to the great. community of farmers and horti- culturists. At first the proceedings of the infant society were published in the Can- adian Journal, but soon it was felt to be most desirable, in order to give them the prom- inence they deserved, that the records of facts observed by the members should be pub- lished in a separate form, and early in 1867 an effort was made to obtain some assistance from the Canadian Government to aid the Society in carrying out this object ; but at a meeting held the 1st of June, 1867, a communication was presented from the Finance Minister of the united Provinces to the effect that he could not recommend any fresh grants for scientific objects, as the country was on the eve of confederation. The annual report of the secretary presented at this meeting showed that the membership had been increased to forty-eight. The meeting was to have been followed by a field day, but the Fenian raid, which just then occurred, called some of the members away to their duty as volunteers, and others to the defence of their homes. In August, 1868, the first number of the Canadian Entomologist appeared under the editorship of our esteemed coadjutor, Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, of Port Hope. It was a humble looking sheet of eight pages only, and this was not promised to be issued at any regular intervals, but from time to time as material accumulated which was thought to be worthy of publication. To meet the expenses of publication, voluntary contributions were made by many of the members, and the journal was thus sustained and issued monthly for fifteen months, during which time it was found to be so useful that it met with encourage- ment everywhere. It had also acquired a reputation abroad, and many entomologists in Great Britain and the United States had become regular subscribers. Harly in 1870 the 10 Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario recognizing the important bearing of entomology on agriculture, liberally appropriated the sum of four hundred dollars in aid of the Entomological Society for the year ensuing, on the following condi- tions :—That the Society continued to publish the Canadian Entomologist ; that it furnish a report to the Council on insects injurious or beneficial to agriculture ; and that a small cabinet of insects illustrating the various orders be made and placed at the disposal of the Council. These conditions were gladly complied with and faithfully carried out, and the report consisting of sixty-four pages, illustrated with sixty-one cuts, was printed in the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for that year. During the latter part of 1870, an amendment to the Agricultural and Arts Act was introduced by the Hon. John Carling, then Commissioner of Agriculture for Ontario, which provided for the incorpora- tion of the Society under the name of “The Entomological Society of Ontario,” with a yearly grant of five hundred dollars from the public funds of the Province, on condition that the Society prepare annually for the Commissioner of Agriculture a report on the subject of insects injurious or beneficial to the farm and garden, with the understanding also that the Canadian Entomologist should be continued. During the period which has since elapsed, the Ontario Government have recognized the value of the service rendered by the Society to the agricultural interests of Ontario, by increasing the grant several times, until it now amounts to one thousand dollarsa year. The liberality of the Gov- ernment has greatly stimulated the work of the Society. The practical or economic aspect of this work has been presented to the public mainly in the series of thirteen annual reports, which have been submitted to the Com- missioner of Agriculture by members of the Society, and published in the Commissioner’s report. In these publications the insects injurious to the various field crops and fruits have from time to time been discussed, together with the remedies which have been sug- gested for their destruction. The value of these reports is indicated by the demand which has arisen for them, owing to which it has been found necessary to greatly increase the number of copies issued. Some of those belonging to the earlier years are now quite scarce and difficult to obtain. They have been most favourably noticed by the press in all parts of America and in Great Britain, and thus the good work has been brought prominently into notice. If we contrast the amount of information now available to our farmers and fruit growers on the nature and life history of destructive insects and the best methods of subduing them with our knowledge on this subject fifteen years ago, the vast progress made will at once be recognized, and it is to the unselfish labours of the members of our Society that much of the credit for this is legitimately due. I have no hesitation in asserting that the value of the information thus distributed has returned to the country by the losses which have been lessened or prevented many times the amount which has been granted to the Society during the past twelve years from the public moneys of this Province. The Canadian Entomologist has been regularly issued, and is now in its fifteenth volume. The volumes published have contained a vast amount of useful scientific in- formation, which by its wide dissemination has been one of the chiet factors in the progress of entomology in this country. The work of our Society in this department has attracted much attention abroad, and our journal has been sought after by many of the learned societies in Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Russia and Sweden, and regular exchanges of our publications with their’s on equal terms effected. Thus from small beginnings the Entomological Society of Ontario has come to be recog- nized as one of the important aids to scientific progress. It is much to the credit of On- tario that for some years the Canadian Entomologist was the only regularly issued periodical specially devoted to the interests of entomology on the American continent, and that it still commands the contributions of many of the most distinguished ento- mologists in all parts of the country. During the period of the existence of the Society a large collection of insects has been made, a good library accumulated, and an excellent working microscope and other facilities for the study of insects provided, all of which are readily accessible here to any of our members who may reside in London, or who may visit us from a distance. The collection shown, at the request of the Government, at the Centennial Exposition in Phila- 11 delphia, in 1876, attracted much attention ; and was admitted by all to be the most com plete exhibit of North American insects ever brought together ; the Society was awarded a gold medal on that occasion. Last year a request was made by the Minister of Fish- eries for the Dominion of Canada that our Society would prepare and exhibit a collection of such insects as were injurious to fishes as well as those which served as food for fishes, to be sent with the Canadian exhibit to the great International Fisheries Exhibition now being heldin London, England. The arrangement of this collection was undertaken by our worthy Secretary, Mr. E. Baynes Reed, who completed the work and sent for- ward in due season forty cases of Canadian insects. The large collection of carefully determined specimens in the cabinets in the Society’s rooms in London, has also served a valuable purpose, as a collection of reference where collectors from all parts of the Province can name their insects, and where all the books and appliances which can aid this work are ready at hand. As our knowledge of the insect forms found in our country increases, classified lists of their names are published by the Society, for the purpose of aiding students in arranging their collections, and also indicating the work which has been accomplished. During the past year a most complete and systematic index has been prepared by our Secretary, Mr. E. Baynes Reed, to the full series of our thirteen annual reports, by means of which the information they contain in reference to any insect or subject may be referred to with little trouble or delay. This has greatly enhanced the value of these reports, and opened the eyes of all to the vast fund of information they contain; the results amply repay the attendant labour and outlay of this compilation, and nothing would do more to add to the value of the Canadian Entomologist than the publication of a similar general index to the fifteen volumes of our monthly now completed. I trust our esteemed Secretary may be induced to continue the good work in this direction. We have not been afflicted with any very formidable invasion of insect enemies during the past year. At the opening of the season the apple-tree aphis which is gener- ally common, was in some districts unusually abundant, and attracted some attention. The injury inflicted by them on the apple-buds was not serious, and in a few days the buds expanded, when the lice became scattered over the opening foliage and caused no further apprehension. Later on the tufted caterpillar of the white-marked tussock moth Orgyia leucostigma appeared in force, having hatched in multitudes from the numerous masses of eggs attached to the twigs and limbs of various trees. These eggs are usually partly sheltered by a dead leaf or leaves firmly adherent. The mass contains from 300 to 500 white eggs imbedded in a frothy gelatinous substance, is of a grayish white colour, with a nearly smooth convex surface, while there is usually attached to the mass the empty grey cocoon from which the parent moth escaped. The eggs hatch about the middle of May, when the young larve at once begin to devour the leaves of the tree on which they are placed, rapidly increase in size, and when full grown present a handsome appearance. Their bodies are more than an inch long, of a bright yellow colour, with a red head, three or four cream-coloured tufts set in a black stripe along the back, two long black spreading plumes extending forward on the anterior part of the body, and one at the opposite extrem- ity. By gathering the clusters of eggs during the winter when they are easily seen, the depredations of this insect may be prevented ; but should this simple measure from any cause be omitted, the larvee may be destroyed on the trees by syringing the foliage on which they are feeding with Paris green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water. This caterpillar is a very general feeder, and occurred this year on almost every species of deciduous tree, especially on street trees, and in lawns and parks, as well as in orchards. The clover seed midge to which the attention of farmers of this Province was first called in the Annual Report of our Society for 1881, continues to extend its sphere of operations, — and many complaints are being made of the failure of the crop of clover seed from this cause. The perfect insect is a two-winged fly, about the size and having much of the general appearance of the wheat midge. By the aid of a long ovipositor the insect pushes her minute eggs down the flower tubes in the young clover heads, and when hatched the tiny red larve devour the seed. In districts where this insect has fairly established itself 12 there seems to be but one method of subduing it, and that is to starve it out by ceasing to grow clover for a year or two, a large proportion of the larve may be destroyed by cutting the clover earlier than usual, just as it is coming into bloom, when being only partially developed most of them would perish. The greater danger arises from the possibility of their being distributed by the use of infested clover seed. The insect passes the winter either in the larval or pupal state, and in both of these conditions is often found amongst clover seed, and if sown with the seed the insect is placed amid conditions most favourable for its development. Seedsmen should carefully examine their seed be- fore offering it for sale, and farmers should exercise similar caution before purchasing. The insects are very small but are much larger than the individual seeds, and if a small quantity of the clover seed is passed through a fine sieve these insects, if present, will be found along with the coarser weed seeds with which clover seed is so often contaminated. The maple Egerian known also as “the legged maple borer” geria acerni has pre- vailed during the past year in the neighbourhood of London to an alarming extent, to the serious injury of some of our shade trees. These insects which pass the winter in the larval state under the bark of the maple trees change to chrysalids early in June, and about the middle of that month they protrude themselves from the bark to the extent of about half an inch, when in a very short time the mature insect escapes, leaving the empty chrysalis behind it. This is a very pretty clear-winged moth, resembling a wasp, which when its wings are spread will measure about three quarters of an inch across. The transparent wings are adorned with bluish-black markings, the head is orange, the thorax yellow, and the abdomen bluish black banded with golden yellow. The female lays her eggs on the bark of the trees, preferring the red maple Acer rubrum, although the other varieties of maple are also more or less affected. In a few days small larve hatch from the eggs, which penetrate through the bark and feed upon the inner portion and sap- wood of the tree, making an irregular cavity which is packed with the castings of the larve mixed with minute fragments of wood. When full grown it is about three quar- ters of an inch long, with a small yellow head, and a white or yellowish white body, which is darker on the hinder segments. Where the larve are safely lodged under the bark no remedy but the knife will reach them, but the moths may be prevented from laying their eggs by coating the bark with a mixture of soap and strong solution of washing soda, the mixture being made about the consistence of ordinary paint, and applied to the trees in the middle of June. Within the past two or three years Paris green mixed with water in the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful of water has been recommended as a remedy for the codling moth, the mixture being freely applied to the apple trees with a syringe or force pump soon after the fruit has set. The results of experiments conducted during the past season go far towards establishing the value of this remedy, the number of wormy apples having been materially lessened on the trees so treated. In my own experiments where the mix- ture was applied to alternate trees, the proportion of wormy fruit in some instances on the trees syringed seemed to be nearly the same as on the adjoining trees which were not treated ; the fruit on both being less wormy than usual, while in other instances there was a very unusual freedom from the apple-worm. Other experimenters claim far more decided results. So promising a measure, where so much is at stake, well deserves a most extensive trial. The mixture should be applied while the fruit is quite small and before the stem is bent with its weight, then as the eye or calyx of the fruit on which the cod- ling moth usually deposits her eggs points upwards, it will more readily catch some portion of the spray. A very minute quantity lodged in the little cavity and drying there would leave a trace of Paris green sufficient to destroy the newly-hatched larve as it begins to eat its way into the fruit. The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held this year at Minneapolis, where I had the honour to represent our Society. The attend- ance of entomologists, although good, was scarcely so large as last year. Since the adop- tion of the new Constitution, whereby the sub-section of Entomology has been merged into the section of Biology, the entomologists have greatly felt the need of opportunities of bringing up for informal discussion many questions suggested by the experience of those present, matters which could not well be brought before the general session. To 13 meet this need the Entomological Club of the Association has been reorganized, several interesting meetings were held, the proceedings of which have been reported for the Entomologist and Annual Report. We have had occasion to mourn the loss by death during the past year of several well known entomologists, some of whom were active members and valued contributors to our Journal. The names of Zeller, Glover, and Chambers are familiar to you all ; these have passed away. Our list also includes the names of Dr. Bailey, of Albany, N.Y. ; Professor Croft, late of Toronto, and Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ont. Prof. P. C. Zeller, the eminent German lepidopterist, whose labours in the micro-lepidoptera have given him a world-wide reputation, died at his home near Stettin at the ripe age of seventy-seven years. Dr. Jas. S. Bailey, of Albany, N.Y., a zealous worker among the lepidoptera, and an occasional contributor to the Hntomologist, passed away on the lst of July. Prof. Townend Glover, who for so many years held the position of Entomologist to the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Washington, died on the 8th of September. Probably no man ever worked more persistently and continuously than he. A good draughtsman and an excellent engraver, it was his delight to make figures of every native insect brought under his notice. Our library has been enriched by his beautiful works, and the wonder is how any man in one short life could have done so much. His health having failed, he retired several years ago from his official position and active work, and spent his last days in a quiet home in Baltimore. V.T. Chambers, of Covington, Kentucky, one of our most regular and valued contributors, died on the 7th of August, his fifty-second birthday. To him we are largely indebted for the knowledge we possess of our micro-lepidoptera, a field in which he ardently laboured, and in which he was a worthy successor to the late Dr. Clemens ; his loss will be much felt and sincerely deplored. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ont., although not an active worker in the entomological field, was a close observer of the habits of insects, especially such as are injurious to agriculture or horticulture. He had long been a member of our Society, was with us at our annual meeting held here two years ago, and took part in our discussions. He died on the 15th of April, in his sixty- sixth year. Prof. Croft, long well known throughout Canada us an eminent chemist, always took an active interest in entomology, he took a prominent part in the organiza- tion of our Society, was its first president, and always manifested the greatest interest in its prosperity. He died at Hermanitas, Texas, on the 28th of April, at the residence of his son, after a brief illness, aged sixty-four years. Who will press to the front and fill the vacant places in our ranks? One by one our busy workers pass away, but our favourite branch of natural science still lives, and will continue to assert its increasing importance, and to confer its benefits on all succeeding generations. I have the honour to be, Yours very sincerely, Wm. SAUNDERS, Mr. James FLETCHER, of Ottawa, then read the REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. To the President and Members of the Royal Society of Canada. GENTLEMEN,—In response to the invitation received by the Entomological Society of Ontario to send a delegate to the meetings of the Royal Society of Canada, the Council of Management gladly avail themselves of the privilege so accorded them of being repre- sented on this occasion. As their delegate, I shall endeavour to submit for your information, in as brief a manner as possible, some of the main features relating to the origin, and progress, of the Society, now so well known as the Entomological Society of Ontario. It was organized 14 in 1863, under the name of the Entomological Society of Canada, by a few naturalists living in different parts of the Provinces, who met together at Toronto for this special purpose. Its membership at first was only sixteen, and this number included all those then known to be interested in the study of insect life in Canada. From this small beginning the Society has steadily increased, until its membership now reaches upwards of five hundred. The benefits of organization and united effort were soon manifested by the rapid ac- cumulation of valuable facts relating to scientific and economic entomology. Formerly this material was, from time to time, published in the pages of the Canadian Journal ; but the increased interest in the work of the Society, and its larger membership, rendered it necessary in a few years to establish a periodical of its own, entirely in the interests of Entomology. On August Ist, 1868, appeared the first number of The Canadian Ento- mologist, a monthly periodical which has, from that time forward, been regularly issued, and which was for some years the only publication on the continent of America, devoted solely to this important branch of natural science. It has now reached its fifteenth volume. From the outset its pages have been almost entirely filled with the records of original work ; and during its existence it has been the means of disseminating a vast amount of scientific knowledge which has been of benefit, not only to Canada but to the world at Jarge. In this connection it may not be out of place to quote the opinion of one of the leading American entomologists. Prof. Grote, of New York, in his late work on the Noctuide, when enumerating the sources of information of value to entomological students, speaks of the organ of our Society in the following complimentary terms :— “The treatise of Dr. Harris, which has become classical on its subject, did much towards creating a general interest in Entomology. But the publication of the Canadian Entomologist, a journal aided pecuniarily by the Ontario Government, and owing its suc- cess chiefly to the unselfish labours of Mr. William Saunders, has assisted the progress of Entomology in America probably more than any one other similar undertaking.” The work of our Society has also been favourably commented upon abroad, and a regular system of exchange of publications has been established with many of the impor- tant learned societies of Europe. In addition to the good work done by the issue of the Canadian Entomologist, collectors have been materially aided in their studies by the classified lists of the different orders of Canadian insects, which have been published as the material for the purpose was gathered together. The extensive collection exhibited by the Society at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia attracted much notice, and was admitted by all who saw it, to be most creditable to Canada. At the request of the Dominion Government a similar collection has been sent to England as part of Canada’s contribution to the International Fisheries Exhibition. Beyond this purely scientific work, the Society has, in a series of thirteen annual reports on insects injurious and beneficial to agriculture, given to the farming community a large amount of useful information. The Government of Ontario, recognizing the good work thus accomplished, incorpo- rated the Society as the Entomological Society of Ontario, under the ‘“ Agriculture and Arts Act,” in 1870 ; and at the same time gave material aid by allowing a liberal annual grant from the public funds. In view of the necessity for the constant interchange of specimens between students in every department of Natural History, in order that, by comparison of other forms, their studies may be thorough; the Entomological Society of Ontario respectfully suggest that the Royal Society of Canada should use its influence to secure a more liberal inter- pretation of the postal regulations, with reference to the exchange of specimens between students in Canada and those in the United States and Europe, particularly in the ie allied sciences of entomology and botany. And it would also further suggest that a representation be made to the Goreenuient to the end that arrangements be made whereby scientific bodies may be permitted to im- port, free of duty, any engravings, woodcuts, lithographs, electrotypes, or other illustra- tions which they may require for their publications. The members of the Entomological Society of Ontario have learned with much 15 pleasure that the Royal Society has already taken some steps towards the establishment of a national museum, and believing that such an institution would very appreciably assist the whole cause of science in Canada, they take this opportunity of assuring the Royal Society that they will be pleased to help in every way in their power, towards this end, by collecting specimens or otherwise. Signed on behalf of the Council, J. FLETCHER, Delegate. Ottawa, May, 1888, % On motion duly carried, the report was received and adopted, and Mr. Fletcher was unanimously re-elected the re from the Entomological Society to the Royal Society. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen were duly elected :— President.—W m. Saunders, London. Vice-President.—James Fletcher, Ottawa, Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian.—E. Baynes Reed, London. Council.—Reyv. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., Port Hope ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Levis, P.Q.; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa ; John M. Denton, London ; J. Alston Moffatt, Hamilton. Editor ‘Canadian Entomologist.” —Wm. Saunders. Editing Commitiee.—Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. Baynes Reed. Auditors—H, P. Bock and W. E. Saunders, London. REVISION OF THE SOCIETY’S PRINTED LISTS OF INSECTS, ETC. On the motion of Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, duly carried, it was resolved that the Society should, as soon as possible, publish a revised list of the Canadian Diurnals ; adopting as a basis the list and classification of Mr. W. H. Edwards, of West Virginia. And that the Society should also publish additional lists of such moths as have been found to be Canadian, and are not contained in the Society’s existing lists. In view of the desirability of the publication of the description of hitherto unde- scribed larve, and with a view to aid therein, the President and Vice-President, Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune and W. H. Harrington, were appointed a committee to prepare blank forms for the use of members in describing larve ; the Society being of the opinion that following the practice of Westwood and Stainton, the body should be considered as con- sisting of thirteen segments, the head being the first. The Rev. T. W. Fyles then read an interesting paper on ‘‘Observations on Form and Colour as Exhibited in Insect Life.” A. Ai) A. 8. The President submitted a report of the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Minneapolis in August last, which he attended as the representative of the Entomological Society of Ontario. DISCUSSION ON MISCELLANEOUS ENTOMOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. Mr. Fletcher exhibited a borer found by him injuring maple, the insect being a small moth belonging to Hepialus or some closely allied genus. This insect was new to the members. 16 Rev. Mr. Bethune stated that he had found in a large burrow in an oak tree, the. empty pupa case of a species of Cossus. | Mr. Harrington had also found this insect quite common on the oak, and had fre- quently seen the empty pupa cases protruding from the bark. Mr. Fletcher reported that he had found Cossus centerensis common about Ottawa on the Balm of Gilead tree Populus balsamifera ; the pupa is usually extruded from the bark about four o’clock in the afternoon ; he had frequently seen them at this time of day working gradually out ; the imago usually escapes within an hour after the appear- ance of the pupa. He also reported finding Buprestis fasciata common on poplars, and had found a larva in poplar wood which he thought, from its appearance, might belong to that species. : Mr. Harrington said that he had lately found the larve of a very small fly Cecido- myta robinice on locust trees about Ottawa ; these larve turn down the margins of the leaves and live within the enclosure thus formed. Mr. Fletcher had found the stems of sunflowers much bored into by some insect, and exhibited a larva which he had taken boring into the stem of a lily, Liliwm Canadense. Mr. Reed exhibited a larva which he had taken recently feeding on oak; it evidently was a species of Smerinthus, but did not seem to correspond to any hitherto described larva of this genus to which he had been able to refer. Mr. Saunders made some reference to the manner in which the eggs of the Round- headed Apple tree borer, Saperda candida are placed. He had until lately held the opinion, in common with other entomologists, that the eggs are laid on the surface of the bark of apple trees near their base, but he had recently received from a correspondent, Mr. C. G. Atkins, of Manchester, Maine, specimens of the eggs deposited in young apple trees, from which it was quite evident that the beetle bores into the bark and deposits her eggs under the surface. Mr. Fletcher said he had raised a brood of the larve of Smerinthus excecatus, and found it to feed readily on Populus balsamifera, and also on Populus alba, the latter known as the silver abele tree ; the larve varied very much in colouration ; hitherto this insect has been supposed to feed only on apple, plum and wild cherry. Mr. Saunders stated that he found the larve of Papiolio turnus this season on a new food plant Magnolia acuminata ; as many as forty or fifty specimens were found on a single tree, varying in size from the newly-hatched to the full-grown larva, all feeding together ; eggs were also found at the same time and place. Mr. Fletcher reported finding the larva of Darapsa versicolor feeding on swamp loose-strife Vescea verticilata ; he had bred a single specimen two years in succession ; it is curious to note that this plant grows in the water, and being herbaceous, decays and becomes submerged during the autumn and winter months ; in these instances there was no favourable pupating place nearer than the shore, so that the larva would have to swim ashore, unless it formed its coccoon among the leaves and these drifted to land. Mr. Reed exhibited and reported the larvee of Notodonta albifrons Sm. and Abb. as common in London on the maple, he had also observed them recently on the elms in Toronto and Montreal ; other members had found them generally common this season on the oak. | Mr. Saunders had found the larve of Papilio cresphontes on the wafer ash Ptelea trifoliata, also on the prickly ash Zanthoxylum Americanum ; at this late period of the year (September) the larve may be found quite small. Query, Do these perish from early frost? If not, how do they pass the winter ? The meeting then adjourned to meet next morning at 9.30 a.m. Thursday Morning, October 4. The meeting opened at the Society’s rooms at 9.30. The question of the use of Paris green for the codling worm of the apple Carpocapsa pomorella was discussed, and while the members concurred in the desirability of testing 17 this remedy very fully, they recommended that due caution should be used in preparing the mixture not to make it too strong, one teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water being sufficient ; if used much stronger than this it is apt to injure the foliage. An interesting communication was read from Mr. J. Alston Moffatt, of Hamilton, on the pupa of Calopteron reticulatum ; he had found specimens under the bark of an elm stump, curiously arranged in regular rows. Mr. Harrington had also observed the same species, and remarked that Drs. Leconte and Horn, in their new classification of coleop- tera, referred to these curious groups of pup. Mr. Fletcher had found Mamestra picta very abundant at Ottawa on cabbage, carrots, and many wild plants. Mr. Harrington remarked that Lycomorpha pholus had been very common in the vicinity of Ottawa this season, he had seen hundreds of them ; had also found dipoda corallina Harris quite common in oat fields. Rev. Mr. Fyles reported the Currant Worm Nematus ventricosus as being very abun- dant at Levis, P.Q., where the bushes had been almost destroyed by them. He also stated that much injury had been caused to the tamarack trees Larix Americana in Bury and the neighbouring townships, by a species of saw fly, the same, probably, as that which has caused so much injury in Maine and the other eastern States, Vematus Hrichsonit. Mr. Harrington informed the members he had found Xyphidria albicornis boring into maples, chiefly young trees where the bark was thin ; he had observed them ovi- positing from the middle of June to end of July. The ovipositor is short ; he found in one instance a tree thoroughly riddled by these borers, they having penetrated directly into the wood. The members having spent some time in examining interesting insects in the Society’s collection, as well as those brought to the meeting, and also having availed them- selves of the opportunity of reference to many of the valuable books in the Society’s Library, brought to a close a most interesting and profitable session. MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. A meeting of entomologists was held, according to announcement, on the 15th of August, 1883, at Minneapolis, Minn., in the University Buildings. There were present during the meeting the following: Prof. S. A. Forbes, Normal, Illinois; Prof. C. V. Riley, Washington ; D. 8S. Kellicott, Buffalo; Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa; O. S. Westcott, Chicago ; Wm. Saunders, London, Ontario ; Dr. and Jenny Hoy, Racine, Wis- consin ; C. L. Herrick, E. W. Claypole, Prof. E. 8. Morse, C. E. Bessey, E. H. Canfield ; Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo.; Mrs. M. B. Moody, Buffalo, N.Y. ; Thomas S. Roberts, Minneapolis, Minn., and others. S. A. Forbes read a letter from J. A. Lintner, regretting his inability to be present, and after some remarks by Mr. C. V. Riley as to the prevailing sentiment at the meeting of entomologists last year of Montreal, it was decided to reorganize the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., under the rules as hereinbefore recorded. On motion, the following officers for the ensuing year were then elected :— President.—D. 8. Kellicott. Vice-President.—Herbert Osborn. Secretary.—O. 8. Westcott. A communication was read from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburg, W. Va., giving interesting recent experience in the rearing of butterflies of the following species: Papilio rutulus, P. zolicaon, Colias barbara, C. amorphe, Melitaea chalcedon, M. phaeton, Lycena melissa, Parnassius smintheus ? and Argynnis coronis? The author stated that he had bred rutulus and zolicoan from the egg, that rutulus is constantly distinguishable from turnus, at least after the first larval stage ; and that zolzcaon is closer to asterias than to machaon. He had also reared from the egg Colias amorphae, and was inclined to the opinion that it was distinct from C. ewrydice. Opportunities had been afforded of study- 18 ing all stages of M. chalcedon, with M. phaeton colonizing on the same plant, so that the habits of the two species could be compared. Mr. Edwards has also raised Lycaena melissa from egg to chrysalis, and finds that the larva in the last stages has similar organs to those of Pseudargiolus on the tenth and eleventh segments, and that ants are attracted in the same way by the sweet fluid they exude. Over 100 eggs of Parnassius, either smintheus or something close to it, have been obtained from West Montana. As to butterflies, the author stated that he had never seen them scarcer than during the past year. An interesting discussion followed this paper, in which several members took part. Prof. Riley offered some ‘‘ Notes on Pedisca Scudderiana,” and exhibited plants of Solidago containing the larve of this species, and made some remarks on its habits which went to reconcile the published conclusions and differences between himself and Dr. Kellicott, and to show that while the insect is commonly a gall maker, it was also, exceptionally, an inquiline, The specimens showed that the habits of the insect were variable, and the larva was either a leaf-crumpler, living in a bunch of curled terminal leaves held together by a silken gallery, a stem-borer, without causing any swelling, or the maker of a more or less perfect gall. He had also found it as an inquiline in the gall of Gelechia gallesolidaginis, the gall of which was always distinguishable from that of the Peedisca ; among other things by the burrow of the larva always being traceable from the blighted tip of the plant, whereas the Peedisca larva lived at first in the tip, and bored in at the side. Mr. Kellicott’s observations were accurate so far as they went, but did not take into account the variation in habit. Mr. Riley had watched these larval habits during the present year from the time of hatching, and had concluded that the insect combined, in varying degree, the four characteristics of gall-maker, leaf-crumpler, stem-borer, and inquiline. The larve living in the crumpled leaves later in the season had not been reared to the imago, but he had made comparisons of the young larve and found that they were exactly alike, but they showed considerable modification as they developed, especially after the last moult. Several other micro-lepidopterous larve bored in the stems and lived among the leaves of Solidago ; while another species, yet unbred, made a gall similar to that of Peedisca ; but all the other larvee known to him were easily distinguished from Peedisca. Mr. D. 8. Kellicott said he felt sure his observations as reported in the paper referred to were correct, and he was glad to know that both his own conclusions and those of Mr. Riley could be thus harmonized. It would seem he had not carried his observations far enough to discover that all the larve of Scudderiana fed at first in the terminal leaves. Late in the fall he had often taken from the terminal leaves the mature larve referred to by Mr. Riley, but had so far failed to obtain the imago from them. He had some doubt still of its being identical with P. Scudderiana. Prof. Riley also called attention to the life habits of Helia americalis, which he finds in the larval state to feed in the nests of Formica rufa. So far as he knows, this is the first lepidopterous insect known to develop in ants’ nests. He also gave his experience in rearing Arsame obliquata during the past two years, and exhibited speci- mens in different stages of development. The eggs are laid in curious broadly conical or plano-convex masses enveloped in hair, and a cream coloured mucous secretion, which combined look much like spun silk on the inside, and on the outside like the glazed exuda- tion of Orgyia leucostigma. The larva, which is pale at first, but dark in its later stages, bores into the stems of Saggittaria and Nelumbium, and is semi-aquatic, the last pair of spiracles being exceptionally large and dorsal. There are two annual broods, the second hybernating as larvee in moss and decaying stumps near the water. The moth shows great variation, and the summer brood is on the average not much more than half as large as the spring or hibernated generation, and generally much paler. Mr. D. 8. Kellicott said that he had bred this moth at Buffalo, N.Y., where it was very abundant, and he had found it associated with another species, an account of which he promised to give at some future session. The meeting then adjourned to meet at 2 p.m.. the following day. 19 Wednesday, August 15th, 1883. The members of the Club met at 2 p.m., the President in the chair. A paper was presented by Prof. S. A. Forbes entitled ‘“‘ Memoranda with regard to the contagious diseases of caterpillars and the possibility of using the virus of the same for economic purposes.” The writer had adopted the results of Pasteur’s discoveries in relation to the disease affecting silk-worms as the foundation for his researches. M. Pasteur some time since demonstrated the constant presence of a parasite in the intestines of silk-worms affected by this disease, which has at times threatened the silk industry in Europe. This parasite was not only the indispensable accompaniment of the disease, but is its originating cause and the means by which it can be and is conveyed to other indi- viduals of the species. By placing healthy re eee in contact with those suffering from the disease, by sprinkling them with the dust of excreta derived from the latter, or by moistening their food with an infusion of the fermented mulberry leaves upon which these had fed, he proved the possibility of conveying the disease from one subject to another. In pursuance of this Prof. Forbes has witnessed instances of epidemic disease in different species of insects, as for instance in the Chinch Bug and the’ Yellow-necked Caterpillar, which disease was invariably dependent upon some form of bacteria or micrococcus, possible of cultivation and reproduction, and by means of which the disease can be indefinitely conveyed. These facts give rise to the suggestion that the specific micrococcus or bacteria causative of these fatal diseases may be used for the infection and - destruction of insect pests. Prof. Osborn called attention to the fact that he had noticed Bombus Pennsylvanicus inhabiting a deserted wren’s nest, situated under the roof of a porch, and at least twelve feet from the ground, it being the first instance he was aware of where they nested away from the surface of the ground. Mr. D. S. Kellicott had noticed the same or some allied species of Bombus inhabiting @ mouse’s nest in the brace of a barn. Miss Murtfeldt had also seen them domiciled in a martin’s nest. Dr. Hoy presented for inspection the larve, pupe and imagines of Plusiodonta compressipalpis. He had watched the insect through its transformations and had noted that through its early larval stages its prevailing colour was a pea green varied with uniformly placed black spots, which increased in number with each successive moult. Only during the last stage of its larval life was the insect usually noticeable by other than professional eyes ; since then its colour was reddish brown ornamented with creamy white. Menispermum Canadense was its usual food plant. The cocoon was formed by firs t building two nearly parallel walls and then uniting them at the top. Some larve which had been displaced after beginning to pupate, had apparently become exhausted, or their teeth had become loosened in anticipation of their approaching new condition, and they were willing to accept bits of paper held to them on a pin, with which they finished the cocoons already begun. The species in Racine cannot be more than two-brooded. The larve are not distinguishable from those of Geometrid moths, as they are true loopers. Their transformations in some particulars were exceedingly prompt. <7 Prof. Riley stated that he had known certain moths, notably Leucania unipuncta, to go through their entire transformations in fourteen days, and in some instances in only ten days. Prof. Herrick made enquiry as to what are sometimes known as frost-flies. Mr. Kellicott called attention to a monograph by T. Rymer Jones, and one by H. Ray Lankester, to be found in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, and stated that the species common at Buftalo was Corethra plumicornis. Prof. Forbes had noticed the larvee of Corethra abundant in the stomachs of fishes. Adjourned to meet at the call of the President. 20 Friday, August 17th, 1883. The Club met at the call of the President at 2 p.m., in the room in the University assigned to the use of Section F. Prof. Osborn presented a paper on the Phytoptera, a group of insects formerly regarded as the larve of mites, the individuals of which are so small as to be invisible to the unaided eye. Reference was made to one form found on the soft maple, which occurs as a small swelling on the upper surface of the leaves, containing sometimes a number of - these insects, at other times only two or three. One species affects the ash, occurring on both the upper and lower sides of the leaves, one occurs on elm and one on box elder, that on the last named tree having a woolly structure beneath the surface. This paper was illustrated by a very interesting series of carefully mounted microscopic specimens. Prof. Riley remarked that the species which occur in Europe had been well worked up there, and that in studying our species the work already done on this group should be carefully examined, so as to avoid the making of synonyms. He considered that the hybernating habits of these mites was one of the most interesting discoveries which had been made in reference to them, and he hoped that the attention of investigators would be especially turned to this point. He referred also to additional species which occur on the plum, cherry and linden. Mr. Osborn said that the Phytoptis on plum was not common in the neighbourhood of Ames, although he had found it occasionally ; that on the maple is particularly abundant. — . Mr. Saunders referred to the unusual amount of black knot seen in Ontario this year, especially on the common red cherry trees, and stated that he had scarcely seen a specimen of this fungus on the cherry which had not one or more specimens of the plum curculio feeding on the interior. Mr. Riley remarked that the black knot had been very common of late all through the northern portions of New England. Mr. Kellicott had observed it as very common in western New York, and had also’ noticed that a large proportion contained larve. Mr. Osborn stated that he had observed the larve of Gortyna nitela boring in young twigs of ash, and had noticed many dead twigs from this cause. He had failed to rear the imago from them on account of parasites ; he had also observed the same species feed- ing externally upon the leaves of the common plantain. Miss Murtfeldt had found the same insect in twigs of the maple, Acer dasycarpum. Prof. Riley stated that it had oecurred also in peach twigs and in the stalks of wheat ; also in Ambrosia artemisifolia, where it enters from the sides. Prof. D. 8S. Kellicott offered the following notes on three lepidopterous stem-borers.. First, Arzame obliquata.—Prof. Riley has referred to the habits of this species at a previous session of the Club, and I shall refer only to a few points. As I said yesterday, 1 feel sure that in Buffalo, N.Y., it is single-brooded. The eggsI have not found, but the recently hatched larve I have found feeding upon the flowers about the 12th of June. It occurs in Typha latifolia, rarely in Sparganum. I have not found it in Sagittarra or Nuphar. Mr. Riley has referred to the large posterior pair of spiracles placed dorsally. On account of this structure it may remain a long time swimming at the surface. I have had these larve confined in a pail of water for five or six hours without apparent injury. When removed from their galleries and dropped into the water, they sink to the bottom and remain there for a considerable time ; then rising to the surface, they swim about with a snake-line motion. In the autumn they leave their food plants and bury them- selves in the earth, or crawl into old wood, etc. They pupate in May. Second.—The second larva is that of a Monagria, which I have called Nonagria subcarnea. This species is also single-brooded ; the larve are found boring the stems of Typha early in the summer, forming galleries in the stems; it may be readily dis- tinguished from those of A. obliquata by the lighter colour, often carneous, and by the fact that the last pair of spiracles is not sub-dorsal. I have found it rarely in Scerpus. It appears not to be so nearly aquatic, and probably does not pass from one plant to another through the water, or mud. When the time comes for pupation it prepares a. 21 pupa-cell above the water line and changes in the bottom of the same, with the head upwards. It leaves the epidermis, closing the place of exit, and the freed moth breaks through this with its clypeal spine when it escapes, leaving the pupa skin in the cell. The elongate pupa has a very stout, blunt clypeal spine. The moth appears in August. It is known to abound throughout western New York, central Michigan, and eastern Wisconsin. Third.—The larva of a Chilo (1?) bores the stems of Scirpus. Its habits are similar to those of a Monagrian. It passes the winter in the old stems, and after the new ones appear it bores into them, passes below the water line, and lives low down in the stem. It is mature late in June, when it forms a pupa cell with its place of exit above the water. The pupa breaks up the epidermis left by the larva, covering the place of escape, but does not force its way out before disclosing the moth, in a manner similar to that of the AXgerians and others. It is enabled to do this by means of clasps on the abdominal rings, and the sharp or pointed clypeus. Mr. Riley, in commenting on Dr. Kellicott’s communication, said that he had been greatly interested in the facts presented, and especially as to the pupation of the Nona- gria. As to the difference in the clypeal projection in the two pupz exhibited, he thought it might be sexual, as in all cases where the clypeus was produced sexual differ- ence occurred, the greatest development being, so far as he had observed; not in the male but in the female. He had recently called attention in the Naturalist to the correllation between the produced clypeus and the horny, exsertile ovipositor, and the fact that they indicated endophytous larval habit. The various methods of imaginal exit in stem-boring lepidoptera, and the structural modifications that resulted, were most interesting to the philosophical entomologist. In some species, as in the Monagrian here mentioned, the clypeal point on the pupa seemed merely a consequence of the necessary point in the imago, the pupa remaining in its burrow and the imago boring out. In others, as in Prodoxus decipiens, the similar clypeal point on the pupa permitted it to partly bore out of the stem and thus release the imago, which had no homologous point, but an unarmed head. In some borers the larva prepared a little door which the imago easily pushed open, the pupa remaining inactive within its prison ; while in others, closely related, the pupa did the work by forcing itself partly out. There could be no question of the digoneutic nature of Arsame obliquata at Washington, and none as to its variability as illustrated by his specimens, vulnifica and melanopyga, being doubtless but forms of it.: Some specimens of Cantharis Nuttali were exhibited by Prof. Riley, it being stated that in Dakota they were accused of devouring the growing wheat. The meeting then adjourned, when the members spent some time in informal con- versation, and in examining the microscopic specimens illustrating Prof. Osborn’s paper. 3 [EN. | 22 POPULAR PAPERS ON ENTOMOLOGY. ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. By Wm. Saunpers, Lonpon, On. THe Appie-Lear CrumpLer (Phycita nebulo). During the winter there will often be found on apple trees clusters of curious little cases, partly and sometimes wholly hidden by por- tions of crumpled and withered leaves, as shown in fig. 1. The withered leaves are firmly fastened to the cases by silken threads, and the cases to the bark of the twig on which they are placed. Each caseresembles a long miniature horn, wide at one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted in a very odd manner, as shown at a and 3, fig. 2. It is curiously constructed of silk interwoven with the castings of the artificer, is lined internally with smooth, whitish silk, externally it is rougher and of a yellowish brown colour. Within this curious structure there dwells a Wie 4 small caterpillar, which during the winter months . sig remains torpid, awakening to activity with the warmth of spring. As the leaves of the apple tree begin to expand, the larva draws those that are nearest to it towards the case, and feeds on them, retreating quickly within its case when danger threatens. When full grown it | is about six-tenths of an inch long, its body tapering slightly towards the hinder extremity. The head is dark reddish brown, and the body dull greenish brown ; the next segment to the head has a dark horny plate above and.a flattened blackish promin- ence on each side. The head and anterior segments: are shown atc in the figure. On each of the other segments there are several small black dots, from each of which arises a single pale brown hair. When mature, which is usually during the early part of June, it closes the end of its case, and changes to a chrysalis within, about four-tenths of an inch long and of a reddish brown colour, and in about a fort- night the moth appears. When its wings are spread, the moth (d, fig. 2) measures about seven-tenths of an inch across. Its fore wings are pale brown, with streaks and patches _ of silvery white, the hind wings plain brownish white ; the under side of both wings paler. There is only one brood in a year. The moths deposit their eggs in the summer, and the larve construct their cases and attain about one-third of their growth before winter sets in. ~«« Where the insects are abundant they become very injurious, consuming the young growth as it expands and materially affecting the vigour of the tree. To subdue them, pick the crumpled leaves with the cases from the trees and destroy them. Fre. 2. 23 THe AppiLe-Lear Apuis (Aphis mali?) Fabr. This species of Aphis is very common throughout the northern United States and Canada, and has, during the past season, appeared in such numbers in some localities as to excite much alarm among fruit growers. The eggs are deposited by the parent lice in the autumn, about the base of the buds of the apple tree, and in crevices of the bark on the twigs. When first laid they are light yellow or green, but gradually become darker in colour and finally black. During the winter these tiny, oval, shining black eggs may be found with the aid of a magnifyin glass on almost every apple tree. As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, small lice are hatched from these eggs, which locate themselves on the swelling buds and young tender leaves, and inserting their sharp beaks into the tissues, feed on the sap they contain. The lice vary in colour from green to dark greenish-brown, the darker colour prevailing at first, the lighter colour in a few days afterwards. When they are abundant, the buds—especially the blossom buds—are sometimes thickly covered with them, yet it is seldom that any serious injury results from their attack. The growth at this period of the year is so rapid, and the sap circulates through the branches in such abundance, that the comparatively small quantity consumed by these plant lice seems. scarcely to be missed. In a few days the young leaves expand, when the insects are distributed over the foliage, and usually attract no further notice. | All the lice hatched in the spring are females, and they reach maturity in ten or . twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living young, producing about two every day for two or three weeks, after which the older ones die. The young locate about their parents and mature in ten or twelve days, when they also become mothers as prolific as their prede- cessors. As the season advances some of the females acquire wings, by means of which they fly to other trees where they found new colonies. 4 In fig. 3 both winged and wingless specimens are shown much magnified. Late in the autumn males, as well as females, are produced, and the Fic. 3. __ work of the year closes with the deposit of eggs as already described. Were it not for the activity of Lady-birds and other useful predaceous insects, which appear early upon the scene‘and devour multitudes of these lice, they would soon swarm on every leaf of our apple trees and become a source of serious trouble. | UND THe Merton Mora (Ludioptis hyalinata), Linn. A specimen of this beautiful little moth, known also under the name of Phakellura hyalinatalis, has been taken by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, in the neighbourhood of Hamil- ton, the first capture, as far as we know, of this insect in Canada, It is shown in fig. 4. The wings are of a pearly white colour with a peculiar iridescence, bordered with black, and they measure, when expanded, nearly an inch across. The body and legs are of the same glistening white, and the abdomen terminates in a movable brush-like tuft of a pretty buff colour, tipped with white and black. It is very widely disseminated, being found throughout the greater part of North and South America; and is very common in some sections in the Southern States. The larva, shown also in the figure, is, when mature, about an inch and a quarter long, translucent and of a yellowish green colour, with a few hairs scattered over its body. They are frequently found feeding on melon and cucumber vines, and do not confine their attacks to the leaves, but eat also into the fruit, either excavating shallow cavities on the surface, or penetrating directly into its substance. They spin their cocoons on a fold of 24 the leaf, as seen in the figure, within which they change to slender brown chrysalids about three quarters of an inch long, from which, in a short time, the perfect insect emerges. The beautifnl figure illustrating this subject was drawn from nature by Mr. Marx, of Washington, and published in Prof. Comstock’s Report, as Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, for 1879. Through the kindness of Dr. Loring, U. 8. Com missioner of Agriculture, we have been supplied with an electrotype of it. ! e TxHE Popiar DaceEr-Morta (Acronycta lepusculina). Guenceé. The caterpillar of this moth is often very destructive to poplar trees, and more especially to the foliage of the cottonwood tree in the west. It is, when full grown, an inch and a-half or more in length, with a black head, and its body clothed with long, soft yellow hairs, from amongst which arise along the back five long pen- cils of black hairs. When at rest it curls itself up on the leaf as shown in fig. 5. When full grown the caterpillar spins a pale yellow cocoon of silk interwoven with its own hairs, hidden in some sheltered spot, and there changes to a dark brown chrysalis, from which in due Fic 5, after Riley. time the moth appears. , The perfect insect measures, when its wings are expanded, about an inch and three-quarters across (see fig. 6). Its wings are 25 gray, varied with dark brown dots and spots and shadings. Near the hinder angle of the front wings is a rather conspicuous spot not very distinctly shown in the figure, resembling the Greek letter pst placed sidewise. There are two broods of this insect during the year ; the moths of the first appear in June, deposit eggs which produce larve that reach their full growth, pass through the chrysalis stage, and from which moths emerge about the end of July. The second brood of larve are found about the last of August and through- Basi Sgt Eee out September ; they become chrysalids late in the season, and pass the winter in the chrysalis state. Tur Lime-Tree Measurine Worm (Hyberma tiliaria), Har. The larva of this insect is a yellowish looper or measuring worm, with a reddish head and ten wavy black lines along the back. Itis shown in fig. 7 in different positions. Re NA . e Z2 * x J J Nae } fy , ty f 4 Wie Go ; AN ~ .° Gs Sito |! i Uji AN 2 Dis OVA Yoo ; > 4; =o () Wrest i \\ RIS A [Ti PN eet \') ay if Fic. 7, after Comstock. . It is hatched early in the spring, and completes its growth about the middle of June, about which time it is often very destructive to basswood, elm, hickory and apple trees. When ready for its next change the larva lets itself down from the tree by a silken thread and buries itself five or six inches below the surface of the ground, and there changes to a chrysalis from which the moth usually escapes the following spring. Occasionally some of the moths appear in October or November, but this rarely occurs with us. The male moths have large and delicate wings and feathered antennx, as seen in the figure. The fore wings, which measure when spread about an inch and a-half across, are of a rusty buff colour, sprinkled with brownish dots, with two transverse wavy brown i as, a central brown dot. The hind wings are pale with a brown dot about their middle. The female, also shown in the figure, is a wingless, spider-like creature, with slender, thread-like antennex, yellowish white body, sprinkled on the sides with black dots, and 26 ee ——___— = = = Renee eee eee eee ea nS with two black spots on the top of each segment excepting the last which has only one. The eggs are oval, of a pale colour, and covered wi¢h a net-work of raised lines. THE GRAPE Berry Motu—/( Ludemis botrana. ) This insect is an imported species and has long been injurious to grape culture in the south of Europe. The exact period of its introduction to America is not known, and it is only within the past few years that attention has been called to its ravages. When abundant it is very destructive, in some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per ceut. of the crop. During the past season it has been very abundant in the neighbourhood of London, there being very few vines the fruit of which has not been more or less injured. The young larvee have usually been first observed early in July, when the infested grapes show a discoloured spot where the worm has entered. [See fig. 8,c.] When the grape is opened and the contents carefully ex- amined there will usually be found in the pulp a small larva rather long and thin, and of a whitish green colour. Besides feeding on the pulp it some- times eats portions of the seeds, and if the contents of a single berry are not sufficient, two, three, or more are drawn together as shown in the figure and fastened with a patch of silk mixed with castings, when the larva travels — from one to the other, eating into them Fig. 8. and devouring their juicy contents. At this period its length is about an eighth of an inch or more; the head is black and the next segment has a blackish shield covering most of its upper portion ; the body is dull whitish or yellowish green. As it approaches maturity it becomes darker in colour, and when about one-third of an inch long is full grown, see 6, figure 8. The body is then dull green with a reddish tinge and a few short hairs, head yellowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet blackish, pro-legs green, When the larva is full grown itis said to form its cocoon on the leaves of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an oval flap, which is turned back on the leaf forming a sug enclosure which it lines with silk ; frequently it contents itself with rolling over a piece of the edge of the leaf, and within such retreats the change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is about one-fifth of an inch long and ‘of a yellowish or yellowish brown colour, from which the moth finally escapes. The perfect insect, which is shown magnified, at a, figure 8, measures when its wings are spread nearly four-tenths of an inch across. The fore-wings are of a pale, dull, bluish shade with a slight metallic lustre, becoming lighter on the interior and posterior portion, and ornamented with dark brown bands and ‘spots. The hind wings are dull brown, deeper in colour towards the margin, body greenish brown. There are two broods of this insect during the year. The spring brood has been found by Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Missouri, feeding on the tender shoots of the common ironweed, Vernonia noveboracensis, ‘which they web together for their better protection. When mature the larve cut small laps from the larger leaves, fold them over and fasten them at the edges, within these enclosures the larva changes toa pupa. Pro- fessor Fernald, of Orono, Maine, has found the spring brood of this larva similarly affect- ing the Tulip tree, Liriodendron tuliprfera. REMEDIES. As it is probable that most of the late brood pass the winter in the chrysalis state attached to leaves, if these were gathered and burned a large number of the insects would perish. The infested grapes might also be gathered and destroyed. This insect is at- tacked by a small parasite which doubtless does its part towards keeping the enemy in subjection. ON THE MOUTH OF THE LARVA OF CHRYSOPA. (Read before the A. A, A.S., at Montreal.) By Wiui1Am Saunpers, Lonpon, On. Recently I had the opportunity of watching in a live box, under a low power of the microscope, the seizing and devouring of some plant-lice by a larva of an undetermined species of Chrysopa, and was interested in the manner in which it emptied the body of its victims. The jaws are large, hooked, pointed, and tubular; with a small opening at or near the points. Approaching its prey the body of the Aphis is grasped by the hooked mandibles which at the same time pierce it. The Chrysopa larva remains stationary, and proceeds to pump its victim dry. At the base of each of the mandibles the integu- ments are dilated into a sac-like form, capable of expansion and compression at will, a por- tion of the thorax is similarly constructed, and it is by the repeated dilating and compres- sing of these sacs that the fluid contents of the body of the Aphis are transferred through the tubular mandibles to the stomach of the Chrysopa larva. When the abdomen of the Aphis has been emptied, the points of the mandibles of the Chrysopa larva are thrust into the thorax, and forward into the head in every direc- tion, and ina few moments nothing remains of the once plump plant louse but a shrivelled skin. In the authors accessible to me, I can find no reference to these elastic bulb-like sacs at the base of the mandibles, nor to the peculiar structure of the thorax, which admits of its expansion and contraction as referred to. ‘*MOSS-HUNTING.” By Proressor J. T. Bett, BELLEVILLE, ONT. Having had several enquires addressed to me as to how I captured the Pselaphide, etc., a list of which appeared in the Hntomologist of March, 1881, it has occurred to me that it might be acceptable to some of my entomological brethren to have a detailed ac- count of my method of moss-hunting published in our organ. First, then, as to gathering the moss. For pedestrian excursions, a gamebag or haversack to sling over the shoulder, will be most convenient ; where a vehicle is employed, a pillow case or grainbag may be used, and in either case a small hand rake about a foot long will be found very useful. As soon as the snow leaves the ground, the collector may seek some open swampy woods, where the ground is varied with little mounds by the _ decay of fallen trees or the upturned roots of windfalls, which are overgrown with mixed mosses,—or the banks of a pond or creek strewn with rotting logs and branches. The moss should be taken up in large flakes, with as little disturbance as possible, and packed tightly in the bag. It is of little use taking the moss which grows in thin sheets on the stumps and trunks of trees, as few insects will be found in it ; and there is one sort which grows in compact oval bunches of a bright green, which I uniformly reject as barren. The most productive is that which grows on the ground, and is not less than an inch in length of stem. So long as the ground is clean of snow, a little frost is not objectionable, but rather the reverse, as some of my most successful collecting was done when the moss was pretty well frozen, and the pools were covered with ice strong enough to walk over ; but, whatever may be the weather, the moss must be damp,—insects will not live in dry moss. Having brought a cargo home, the next step is to get out its living treasures, for which the following implements will be needed: 1. A sieve, which can be easily and cheaply made as follows: A light wooden box about nine inches by seven inches may be had at any drug store ; the bottom is knocked off and replaced with a piece of wire-web of four meshes to the linear inch ; the sides must be cut down with a fine saw to a depth of three inches, and strips about half-an-inch wide nailed along the sides beneath the wire to keep it from touching the table. 2. A sable or camel hair pencil of the size known as 28 a —__——— duck quill, on a wooden handle. 3. A pair of flexible tweezers with fine points. 4. A small palette knife, the use of which is when a small insect is covered up among the dust and debris of the moss, to take up a portion and scatter it on a bare place on the paper, when the beetle will become accessible. 5. A hand or pocket magnifier. 6. Two cya- nide bottles, without sawdust. 7. A basket or box to receive the spent moss. The operator will place the sieve upon a sheet of strong white paper,—cartridge paper is best—and taking up a moderate handful of moss, tease and shake it well over the wire ; he will then lift the sieve, giving a couple of smart taps on the end to dislodge any clinging insect—and look out for the “bugs.” The Carabide and Staphylinide will first run at racing pace over the paper ; the Pselaphide and Scydmenide will progress more deliberately, though still pretty rapidly, in a steady, straightforward march, with their prominent antenne stretched out before them, while the Trichopterygide will circle about, -like the Gyrini upon the surface ofa still pool, at an astonishing pace for such molecules of beetles. The larger insects may be captured with the fingers or forceps ; the smaller ones by moistening the brush between the lips and touching them with the point, to which they will adhere ; the brush with the insect attached is introduced through the neck of the bottle, when a slight fillip with the fingers will dislodge the captive. In the meantime the Curculios, Chrysomeias, Tenebrios, etc., will recover from the shock, and betray their presence in their own slow, deliberate manner, when they too can be secured. Along with the beetles there will be seen numerous spiders, ants, mites, poduras, etc., and now and then a few small Diptera and Hymenoptera. To display the smaller captured beetles to the best advantage, they should be suffered to remain for twenty-four hours in the bottle, when the cyanogen vapour will have caused their limbs to be limber and relaxed. They may then be attached to a strip of cardboard . by a small portion of mucilage, previously thickened by evaporation till it will not spread out or sink into the card. A sufficient number of spots of this are placed about a quarter of an inch apart, and on each spot is laid a beetle, back down, care being taken that the head, legs, and antenne are kept from contact with the cement. When the latter has hardened sufficiently to hold the insect in its place, its antenne, palpi, legs, etc., may be adjusted with a very small, short-haired, red sable pencil, just moistened enough to make the hairs adhere together and form a single point. For the larger and more refractory ones, a fine sewing needle, set in a wooden handle, and bent at an obtuse angle at the point, may be used. When the limbs have been properly adjusted, the insects may be laid away to dry, which will require three or four days for the smaller, and twice that time for the larger ones. When dry they may be removed from the card by inserting the point of a fine needle under the shoulder ; if this is carefully done the insect will generally come clear off without damage to the most delicate pubescence or the longest bristles. Any portions of the mucilage which may adhere to the elytra, may be removed with the needle point or sable pencil moistened as before. Each specimen may then be mounted on a strip of cardboard, or fastened to the cell of a microscope slide with a minute touch of Canada balsam, and a thin glass cover cemented over it, when it will form an interesting object for examination either by direct or transmitted light. ALYPIA OCTOMACULATA. By H. H. Lyman, Montreat, P.Q. Last June I was in Boston, from the 14th to the 30th, and during this time Alypia octomaculata was in season and very abundant. Had I chosen to carry a net in the public gardens and uptown streets, I suppose I could have taken a couple of hundred specimens, always provided that I wasn’t “run in” as a lunatic. As it was, I contented myself with carrying a supply of pill boxes, and succeeded in taking about thirty-five specimens. During two days I was visiting a friend about seven miles from the city, but did not see a single specimen of this species ; but in those streets in which there were 29 small plots of grass in front of the houses, they were very common. The spot where I took most of those I captured was a plot of grass about ten feet by seven, in which there was a Syringa between two Deuitzias, both species of shrubs being in blossom. The Alypias constantly frequented the latter, and were there easily taken with a pill box, but though they occasionally alighted on the leaves of the Syringa, I never saw them visit the flowers. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO DRUGS. By Wiiuiam Epwin Saunpers, Pu. G., Lonpon, Onr. In this paper is given simply what has been noted by the writer during a study of these insects extending over more than a year. Sivodrepa panicea.—This is the elliptical, reddish brown beetle, about one-eighth of an inch long, which is found in almost every edible drug, and in some, such as aconite root and capsicum, that would be pronounced far from edible. In addition to these two drugs, I have found it in bitter almonds, sweet almonds, angelica, boneset, calumba, cha- momile, chocolate, coriander, dandelion, elm bark, ergot, extract of licorice, German chamomile, orris root, prince’s pine, rhubarb, squill, and sweet flag. The larva is white, with a brown head, is about twice as long as the beetle when full grown, although it is seldom or never seen stretched out at full length, always re- maining curled up in a ball. It will in time fairly honeycomb a piece of root with small holes about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, at the end of. which it is generally to be seen at home. Under the influence of camphor, these larvee become uneasy, but being apparently unable to crawl away, resign themselves to their fate, and seem to thrive just as well with camphor as without it. Calandra remotopunctata.—This is a small, black beetle, about the size of the last, ‘with what is popularly termed a “ snout,” projecting from the front of the head down- wards. Under the microscope the back, thorax, and head are seen to be finely pitted, giving the insect a rough appearance. It was found in large numbers, the larva feeding on pearl barley, inside of which it lives, the egg being probably laid in the grain by the parent, and on hatching, the little insect makes its home there, eating all but the shell, and sometimes attacking the grain from the outside. Tenebrioides. mauritanica, a species of ‘‘meal-worm,” was found in pearl barley, and one specimen in calumba. It is a dark brown beetle, five-sixteenths of an inch long, the head and thorax forming nearly half the total length, and the mouth being fringed with hair. The back, which at first sight appears perfectly smooth, proves to be, when ex- amined under the microscope, longitudinally corrugated. The larva is nearly half an inch long, white, with a brown head, and between the jaws is a row of hair as in the perfect insect. The posterior end is furnished with a pair of claspers. Trebolium ferrugineum is a flat, reddish brown beetle, about one-eighth of an inch long, appearing smooth to the naked eye, though the microscope shows the back numer- ously pitted. These insects affect. patent foods and similar substances, and the beetles are possessed of remarkable longevity, as proved by the fact that I have kept a few alive for two months in a small box with a little ceralina, which seems to be their favourite food. Whether the beetles themselves eat it or not I do not know, but they certainly have a liking for the dead bodies of other beetles. Silvanus surinamensis is a narrow, brown beetle, almost one-eighth of an inch long, with a pitted and longitudinally corrugated back. One specimen only was found, on ‘anthemis. Anthrenus varius.—This insect has been found only in cantharides, but I believe, also attacks other animal drugs, such as castoreum. During the month of July there emerges from the egg a very active larva, densely covered on the tops of the segments with stiff brown hairs, which, at the posterior end, point towards the centre of the back forming a ridge, and when the insect is annoyed, it has the power of dividing the ridge in the centre and throwing it down on each side in a fan-like position, the object of which 30 movement could not be determined. When the insect has been feeding on the whole cantharides, all these hairs on the back become rubbed off, those forming the ridge being generally last to go, because, being on tlie dowuward slope of the body, they are not exposed to the same amount of friction. Underneath, however, the hairs are shorter, and do not become rubbed off as on the back. The larva consists of eleven segments, those at the ends being of a much deeper brown than those towards the middle, and the six legs being inserted on the three an- terior segments, each furnished with a short, straight claw. The skins are shed quite often during the larval state, and are discarded by a slit nearly the length of the back, terminating indifferently at either end, and through which the insect emerges. The shed skins present a beautiful iridescent appearance under the microscope when viewed by reflected light. These larve feed on the cantharides all winter, and if in quantity, commit great havoc, leaving only the hard exterior portions untouched, such as the upper portion of the thorax, the green wing cases, and transparent wings. When their legitimate food gives out they have no compunction about first eating their dead parents, and then each other, but on this diet they do not seem to thrive so well. The beetle emerges in May or June, and is about one-eighth of an inch long, oval and black, the upper parts being marbled and streaked with whitish and rufous, which are rubbed off after death if the insect is subjected to any rough usage. Camphor does not kill these larvee, and after keeping some for a day in a small box about a quarter full of camphor, the only thing worthy of remark in their actions was that they did not seem quite so lively as those kept without it. Camphor is not a remedy but merely a preventive measure. The vapor of chloroform rapidly kills them, so that by putting a small quantity of chloroform in a gallipot on the top of the infested can- tharides, the heavy vapor will sink through it and destroy them. INSECTS AFFECTING DRUGS. By E. A. Scuwarz, WasuHinerTon, D. C. To the list of drug insects observed in this country, as given by Mr. Wm. Edwin Saunders, I have two additions to make. One is the Tobacco-beetle, Lasioderma serri- corne Fabr., a well-known pest in many cigar factories in the United States. I found this in a drug store at Detriot, Mich., where the larve had completely honeycombed a lot of rhubarb. The same hadit of the species has been recorded by European writers. The second addition is Cryphalus jalappe Letzner, a small, inconspicuous Scolytid beetle, probably originating from Mexico, which has been carried by commerce all over the world. It was first found by Mr. H. G. Hubbard and myself in 1874, in the Medical Laboratory of the United States Navy Yard at Brooklyn, N. Y., and later observed by myself in drug stores at Detroit, Mich., and Washington, D. C. It occurs only in Radia jalappe. The species has to my knowledge never before been recorded from North America, but will no doubt be found wherever the drug mentioned above is kept. DESCRIPTION OF A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX. Diprosis 4 GRASSATOR, N. 8. By Rey. T. W. Fyies, Cowansvitiz, P.Q. Larva, one-tenth of an inch in length—pointed at the head—rounded and blunt at the hinder extremity. First three segments the colour of amber, and semi-transparent : the rest of the body salmon coloured. Nine sets of hooks, or tentacles, in place of feet, the 31 two first in paars, the remainder in threes. The larva has the habit of holding itself erect, by means of peculiar anal protuberances which seem to cling by suction. The body has minute hairs thinly scattered over it. On the sides of the head, which is small and black, there are bristle-like palpi, pointing forwards. The larva is full fed by the end of August. In the accompanying figure, drawn by myself from nature, the larva is shown at a, the pupa at 5, and the imago at ¢, all highly magnified. The natural size of the perfect insect is given at d. Pupa, dark brown, about 9-100 of an inch long. The antenne cases form a striking feature, projecting on either side about one-sixth the length of the pupa, and giving a flattened appearance to the head. A pair of setz mark the position of each spiracle, and there is a rounded protuberance at the hinder ex- tremity. Imago.—W ings, semi-transparent—beautifully opa- line—three-ribbed—having the form of the blades of a propeller—fringed with long hairs. Balancers con- spicuous. Antenne, setaceous, 24-jointed, having a circlet of hairs around each joint. Eyes, large and black. Thorax, reddish brown, with a peculiar hump Fic. 9. on the back, behind the wings. Legs, long and hairy. Abdomen, salmon coloured—has two lines of hairs extending lengthwise on the under side. The perfect insect appears early in September. [This insect was reared by us about the same time as those by Mr. Fyles. It was very common in the neighbourhood of London this year, infesting the gall-inhabiting type of the Phylloxera. The following notes in reference to it may be of interest, omitting the description already so well given by’ Mr. Fyles: “‘ About the middle of August my attention was directed to the foliage of some grape-vines, Clinton and other varieties, which were suffering from an attack of the gall-inhabiting type of Phylloxera. On opening some of the “older galls they were found to be free from living lice and occupied by one, or in some instances two, small, brown chrysalids, and a number of the empty skins of the young lice. On further examination many of the galls were found to contain the larve of this same insect. The egg is deposited by the parent fly in the gall, or at its. entrance. ach gall is usually occupied by several full grown lice, and from 50 to 500 minute yellow eggs, which are gradually deposited and as gradually hatched. The young larva of our new found friend is very active, and groping about within the hollow of the gall, seizes on the young lice as hatched and sucks them dry. We could find no evidence of its attacking the parent lice, as long as the newly-born and tender progeny were in sufficient abundance to furnish it with a constant supply of fresh food. In some instances. one larva, in others two were found in a single gall ; but in no instance have we found living lice with the chrysalids, an evidence that this insect does its work thoroughly.. A sufficient number of galls have not yet been examined to determine with any accuracy the proportion occupied, but they appear to be sufficiently numerous to materially check. the increase of this destructive pest.”—Ep. C. E. COLLECTING IN EARLY WINTER. By Jamzs FLetcHerR, Ortawa, Ont. Nov. 13, 1882. The unusually mild and balmy weather that we have been enjoying for the last week has made it an easy task for the entomologist to neglect his cabinet and correspondence, even now, in the very eae of the exchanging season,and go out into the woods in 32 ‘search of treasures. Thus many aluckless Vanessa or Grapta, beguiled by the warm, seductive sun from her winter quarters, to have a last erial promenade Before her long cold nap, has found her way into our collections. The morning of Thanksgiving Day here (9th Nov.) seemed to outdo all its fellows in its efforts to charm grumbling man- kind, and seemed to insist on everyone being thankful and happy.. To the lover of flowers the woods provided several autumn blossoms of such flowers as Viola blanda and V. Canadensis, late blooms of Solidagos, Achillea millefolium, and stunted Asters whose heads had been broken or eaten off by cattle, but who were yet determined to have their look at the world. Among the damp trees the gauzy-winged male moth of the canker worm could frequently be seen hurriedly flying from tree to tree in search of his wingless wife. On the walls of a house several specimens of the curious little hammer-headed Fly, Sphyracephala brevicornis, were taken. A finespecimen of Vanessa milberts, which came to peer at me by settling withina couple of feet of my head, reminded me of the following, which formerly appeared in the “ Dublin Penny Journal,” and which, as such literature is not at all common, I thought might be entertaining to some of the readers of the Entomologist : *‘ At the last meeting of the Entomological Society, Feb. 5th, 1844, a beautiful speci- men of Pontia rape, evidently just disclosed from the chrysalis, was exhibited by F. Bond, Esq., which he had captured during the preceding month.” ** Child of the Summer, what doest thou here, In the sorrow and gloom of the weeping year ? When the roses have withered that bloomed on thy birth, And the sunbeam that nursed thee has passed from the earth ; The flowers that fed thee are frozen and’ gone— Thy kindred are perished, and thou art alone— No one to welcome—no one to cheer— Child of the Summer, what doest thou here ? Yet ’tis sweet thy gossamer wing to view, Revelling wild in the troubled blue -— Heeding nor rain, nor snow, nor storm— Buffeting all with thy tiny form. Even thus the hope of our summer days, In the heart’s lone winter gaily plays— Thou art the type of that hope so dear— Child of the Summer! thou ’rt welcome here! Welcome ’mid sorrow, and gloom, and showers, Emblem of gladness that once was ours— Emblem of gladness that yet will come, When the sun-bright ether will be thy home ; And myriads of others as bright as thou, Will revel around us—all absent now : Emblem of hope to the mourner dear, Child of Summer! thou ’rt welcome here ! ” HYBERNATING BUTTERFLIES. By A. R. Grotz, New Briauron, N. Y. I am sure your readers were pleased at your printing the pretty lines on a winter butterfly, which Mr. Fletcher took the trouble to send. I remember very many years ago, in January, finding a hibernating Vanessa Antiopa in the garret of our Staten Island farm house. It hung from a rafter and seemed almost dead. I placed it on a brick flue, which was hardly warm, but it did not revive at the time, Some few days after, the 30 weather having become milder, I searched for it and found it where I had laid it, still on its side with the legs drawn in. But on touching it, the wings suddenly unclosed, the insect took to flight, and, the window being open, it escaped into the winter sunshine. Some years after I found three or four specimens of Pyrameis Atalanta under the same: circumstances, all close together, hanging to a rough rafter and perfectly torpid. On being placed in a warm room they revived in a short time and I allowed them to escape. As early as warm February days I have met the Camberwell Beauty and Admiral, in solitary state, on the wing. The south side of Staten Island soon gets warmed by the: spring sun, and is a good collecting field for the entomologist. THE WHITE MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH, (Orgyia Leucostigma). Smith. By Freperick CiarKson, New York Ciry. The foliage of the trees in this city is undergoing spoliation by the larve of this moth. Many of the trees are entirely denuded of their leaves, particularly the silver- leaf poplar, the ailanthus alone escaping attack. The writer suggested to the authori- ties last spring that hand-picking of such cocoons as contained the deposit of ova was the only sure way of exterminating these insects. Had such service been rendered the trees at that time, this damaging visitation would have been prevented. There is good reason to believe, however, that what the authorities have failed to do, a young army of para- sites, ‘‘ Pimpla,” which have put in an appearance during the last fortnight, are now actively attempting, and we shall probably be rid of this moth another year. The ova commenced to hatch out about the 25th of May, and the larve began to assume the pupa form about the 21st of June; ten days thereafter the imago was discovered depositing ova. Out of twelve cocoons gathered on the 15th of July, four yielded the parasite already referred to. I would note here in connection with this parasite a circumstance very commonly observed among the lepidoptera. I discovered two ¢ parasites upon a cocoon containing the pupa of this moth. Idrove them away several times, but they as frequently returned. I finally captured them, and placed them together with the cocoon in my collecting bottle. Before I had returned to my residence a ? Pimpla had emerged from the cocoon and was busily employed in expanding her wings. [ also noticed that this parasite deposits its ova through the cocoon on to the pupa, and that in every case: that came under my observation the pupa selected was the ?, doubtless from the fact that its plump condition provides the necessary food for the development of the parasite,, which the g pupa of the moth could not furnish. ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1882. By Pror. E. W. Ciaypote, New BLoomFiEp, Pa. My removal from Yellow Springs, Ohio, to New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, has had’ the effect of breaking off the line of my entomological work, or at least throwing it into a rather different channel. Among the first results is a notice of the striking difference between the two places in regard to insect depredations, Im my experience last year a great part of the time was occupied with fighting insects. The cherry weevil, the potato worm and beetle, and the apple worm were the ringleaders ; but after them came the blister beetles, the turnip flea, the corn worm, the squash bug, e¢ multa alea. Here, at least during the present, or rather past season, the ravages of all these have been quite insignificant. Foremost stands the potato beetle. As soon as the young plants came up I followed my usual plan of picking them off and dropping them into a tin having a. few spoonfuls of coal oil at the bottom. By this means they cause no trouble in crawling out again. Though the season was rainy, and therefore the opposite of the last, yet I 34 found two applications of the poison dust (one part of London purple and sixty parts of wood ashes) quite sufficient to keep the plants free from the young grubs. I am inclined, however, to recommend the use of plaster instead of ashes in a wet season. It seems to ad- here better to the-leaves when rain falls on them. To my surprise there was here no second brood of the beetles this year. A few belated individuals appeared, but nothing that deserved the name of a brood. Of course the earliest potatoes were ripe before the usual second emergence, but the late ones grew and were green almost till frost came, but were perfectly uninjured after the beginning of July. I cannot learn if this is usual, for I can find no one who has been sufficiently observant, or who is sufficiently acquainted with the habits of insects in general, and with those of Doryphora 10-lineata in particular, to tell me. They come, they are here, they go, but when, why and how they come and go is a matter which no one here seems to have considered. Another year I shall try and make more general observations on this int. ; af Not only is the potato beetle less mischievous here than it was in Ohio, but all the others named follow suit. The apples are much less infested with worms ; blister beetles I have scarcely noticed ; corn worms are quite innocuous, and as for the cherry weevil, though the crop this year was not heavy for all kinds of cherries, and the fruit should, therefore, be at its worst, I have not seen a score of them all through the summer. I noticed one or two on my own trees showing the crescent cut, but no more. It was almost as safe to eat the fruit unexamined, as it is in England. -.in By the way, I never hear any apprehension expressed concerning the migration of Conotrachelus nenuphar across the Atlantic. Though fruit is less abundant there than here, yet the introduction of the pest would be a very serious drawback to the enjoy- ment of plums, peaches, and cherries, not to mention the loss caused by its attacks on the apple. tn On the other hand, if these insects are less injurious in Pennsylvania than in Ohio, the imported currant worm is more so, and the growth of currants is greatly limited by its ravages. Very few persons seem to know what-can be done by the use of poison to rescue the bushes and the currants. Great, but totally unfounded prejudice also exists against the use of poison, even on potatoes ; many people seeming to fear lest the potato should absorb sufficient arsenic as to render its use as a table vegetable dangerous. It is needless to say that all such ground of alarm has long been set at rest in the minds of those who have followed the progress of economic entomology. But prejudice is blind to reason and slow to die away. In addition to this the various web-worms on the forest trees are vastly more numer- eus here than they were at Yellow Springs. In earliest spring and before the leaves are generally out, the American Lackey Moth (C. Americana) takes possession of the cherry trees and covers the young foliage with its net. Soon afterwards the Forest Lackey (C. sylvatica) follows on the same tree, but more frequently on the apple, and later still the walnuts are attacked by the fall web worm (H. textor), whose nests remaining on the trees after the fall of the leaf, disfigure them through the winter. This year, also, the oak catarpillar (D. Senatoria) has wrought great ravages in the forest. I have seen hillsides that looked as if fire had passed over them in consequence of the destruction of the foliage by millions of this species. In the woods they could be found crawling over almost every square foot of ground, and lying dead by dozens in every pool of water. The sound of their falling frass, too, was like a slight shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have never known them so abundant before within their recollection. Harris says this species live on the white and red oaks (Q. alba and rubra) in Massachusetts. Here the white oaks were untouched, and the red oak is net abundant. The food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the black oak (Q. tinctoria), the scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and the bear or scrub oak (Q. dier- folia ). EXPERIENCE WITH INSECT POWDERS. I have used the Pyrethrum powder, “ Buhach” mixed with ten parts of flour, as the easiest and most effectual remedy for the cabbage worm. It was mixed in 1881 and 35 remained mixed in the ‘ insufflator ” till the past summer without apparently losing any of its virtue. Its effect was in nowise diminished. I gave some of the mixture to a friend here whose sheep were infested with ticks, requesting him to try it and report to me. He did so, saying that the ticks seemed to enjoy it and he rolled them about in it without tnconvenience or injury so far as he could see. I have both kinds Pyrethrum roseum and P. cinerariifolium growing from seed sent me by Prof. Riley. There are marked distinctions between the plants from the very first. The seed leaves of P. roseum are spatulate, those of P. cineraritfolvum are oval. The former throws out a single leaf from between them ; the latter throws out two together. The foliage of the former has a tendency to lie flat on the ground, and looks comparatively feeble ; that of the latter is ranker and stands much more upright. The plants now (January lst) look healthy and strong. P. rosewm lived out of doors in Ohio through last winter, without the slightest care or protection, in a box above ground. Some of the plants began to grow in February, but a heavy rain, followed immediately by a hard frost, unfortunately killed their roots late in the spring. Had they been in the ground this accident would hardly have happened. So far as I can see P. cinerariifolium is the more hardy of the two. I will report later on my success, if I have any during the coming season of 1883. INSECTS COLLECTED IN 1882. By W. Hacukt Harrineton, OTtawa, Onr. 30th March, 1888. Although the snow still heavily shrouds the earth, and the air is frosty, the stern, cold sway of winter must soon be ended, and naturalists will again go forth into the fields and forests. Before entering, however, on the coming campaign, I would like to record for my fellow collectors a few facts culled from my copious notes of the past year. The spring of 1882 was very backward, so that insects were unusually scarce dur- ing Apriland May. On the other hand, the autumn was prolonged and fine, and many species could be collected up to the end of October. On April 25th, I carefully searched the pines for Buprestide (which at the same date in 1881 were abundant), but could not find a single specimen. On May 11th, a second investigation resulted in the finding of only two specimens of Chalcophora liberta, Germ. On June 6th, this species was abundant, and several specimens of (’. virginiensis, Dr., and Chrysobothris Harrisii, Hentz, were also taken. C. virginiensis, Dr., C. liberta, Germ., and C. fortis, Lec., were taken again on several days between September 24th and October 16th. On April 30th, Tiger Beetles were making their appearance, and some specimens of C. vulgaris, Say, were taken just emerging from their winter quarters in the sand, under stones and chips. C. sex-guttata, Fab., as is well known, frequents paths and clearings in woods. On wet or dull days it may often be found sheltered under the loose bark of fallen trees, or in the deserted burrows of borers, down which it retreats when disturbed. While stripping the bark from a large prostrate maple on May 22nd, to obtain larva, I captured three of these beautiful beetles, which had thus been driven to shelter by a shower. The tree yielded numerous specimens of Hupsalis minuta, Drury, and some pupe of Saperda tridentata, Oliv., from which imagos emerged on June 15th. On June 16th, while beating the branches of a butternut, I found upon my net a Cur- culio (blackish with an oblique white dash on each elytron), which was new to me, but could find no more upon the tree. As I was leaving the field in which it stood to enter an adjoining wood, I saw upon the gatepost a similar weevil, and a glance around showed me a large butternut growing but a short distance away and having a large dead limb resting on the fence. I at once concluded that the weevils had come from this, and, on examining the decaying limb, hundreds of the beetles were found upon it. On 36 a length of only five or six feet I took fifty, nearly all of which were paired. The beetle proves to be Pseudomus truncatus, Lec. On the 21st I took two specimens of Cephaloon lep- turoides, Newm., as well as several of Dendroides concolor, Newm., and other fine species. Among the beetles mentioned by Dr. Le Conte as bred from hickory twigs, is, Chariessa ‘ptlosa, Forst. During the latter part of June and the following month numerous specimens of this handsome beetle were observed upon felled and old hickories. They were very active —coursing about in search of prey, and doubtless destroying many insect enemies of this tree. One was seen devouring an Agrilus egenus, Gory, and a second feasting on Magdalis barbita, Say, both injurious and abundant species. The delicate and rare Buprestis, Paci- lonoto cyanipes, Say, was captured on June 22nd, upon a dead willow, which I hope may yield me more during the coming season. On the same day a very fine female Bella- mira scalaris, Say, was taken ovipositing on an old maple stump. Beating low bushes. on the margins ofa small lake yielded numerous species, including Cupes concolor, Westw., the only specimen of this family I have yet taken. During September the Locust-borer, Cyllene robinie, Forst., was very abundant in all parts of the ‘city. Although I had never previously captured the beetle, I knew from the decayed condition of our locust trees (which are not numerous), that it must infest them. In the latter part of the month, Weanthus niveus, was, as is usual, in large numbers on raspberries, and in full song, if we can so designate its musical performance. An interesting feature of its con- certs is one of which I have not been able to find any mention in books accessible. While the male is energetically shuffling together its wings, raised almest vertically, the female may be seen standing just hehind it, and with her head applied to the base of the wings, evidently eager to get the full benefit of every note produced. On October 7th, I dis- covered in the seeds of the basswood some lepidopterous larve of which I would be glad to hear from members studying lepidoptera, as I can find no mention of any moth at- tacking the fruit of this tree. Do the larve leave the seeds, and, as they have the power to do, lower themselves to the ground, or do they remain until the seeds fall from the tree? The seeds are completely eaten out, and I noticed in a double-seeded fruit that after finishing one seed, the larva proceeded to the other. AN UNUSUAL MODE OF COLLECTING INSECTS. An office-mate made a capture last summer in a novel manner, but such as would not meet with the favour of entomologists as a method of collecting. He had occasion one hot midsummer day (29th June) to go out for a short time, and on returning com- plained that a fly had flown into his ear, and, having crawled in as far as possible, was causing great annoyance by a disagreeable buzzing and scratching. I advise him to pour a few drops of oil into the infested organ, or, better still, perhaps, to seek a doctor and have the occupant extracted by skilled labour. On reaching the doctor’s office he found that he was absent at a medical convention, but after telephoning all over the city he found a stay-at-home doctor to whom he went and stated the case. An examination of the ear was made, but the doctor could discover nothing in it, and as the huzzing and scraping had then ceased, it was decided that the insect had taken his departure. How- | ever, he said it would do no harm to pour a little oil into the ear to allay the irritation which the fly had caused. My friend had not gone far from the office when the insect, which had only been taking a rest of “‘ playing possum,” commenced a more violent com- motion than ever, causing his unwilling host to hurry home and try the anointing pro- cess. Hastily pouring in a few drops of oil, he lay down with his ear on a pillow, and almost immediately felt the intruder withdrawing from its hiding-place and beating a re- treat. Lifting his head he was astonished to see, nota fly, as he expected, but a long-legged, active beetle, scampering away. This he imprisoned and bore back triumphantly to me to identify. It proved to be a full-sized and lively specimen of Acmeops pratensis. The doctor, on being afterward confronted with the prisoner, was greatly surprised that it had so well secreted itself from him, and assured my friend that it might easily have caused serious trouble. Small insects cause frequent annoyance and occasional slight pain by flying into 37 eyes and ears, but it is fortunate that such formidable hard-shelled beetles as the species just mentioned do not make a habit of exploring our ears, Had the case been that of some “ blockhead,” one might have supposed that the beetle had visited him under the guidance of instinct, but in the present instance the intrusion must have been merely the result of accident. Much as beetles injure man’s property, they seldom attack his body, but there is one Canadian species which most decidedly indulges in that unpleasant habit, and to an extent that is perhaps unknown to many entomologists. I refer to Melanophila longipes, which occur from 12th May to 12th Oct., and is usually abundant during the hot season, bask- ing upon stone walls, etc. It has a fashion of lighting on one’s collar and inflicting a sharp nip on the nape of the neck, and then disappearing with great swiftness. I have often been thus bitten, and have sometimes, by making a sudden grab, taken the beetle in the act and proved his identity. Last summer several instances of persons being bitten fell under my observation. While at dinner one day in a hotel, three or four sitting at the same table complained that some “ confounded fly” had nipped them viciously. The gentleman sitting next to me was one of the victims and caught the offender, but it escaped almost immediately, only allowing him to see that it was black and harder than a fly. I was just going to say that it was probably a specimen of I. longipes, when I got a nip that settled the question and the insect. A few weeks ago I was trying to convince two ladies that beetles might be handled fearlessly, as they had no biting propensities, when one of them at once exclaimed, “ don’t tell us that, for there is a nasty, little, flat, black beetle that bites me on the neck in the summer,” RARE BUTTERFLIES IN QUEBEC. By Joun G. Jack, CHATEAUGUAY Basin, P. Q. On the 16th of August last. I captured in our orchard a beauitful female specimen of Papilio cresphontes, Cram., in perfect condition and evidently not long emerged from a chrysalis. Some days later (August 22) a specimen was seen and pursued without success, and on the 29th another very large female was taken. As one of the food plants of the larva, Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum, Will.) is abundant here, I think they must have bred in this locality, which is about fifteen miles south of Mon- treal. I think this is the first record of this butterfly being taken in the Province of Quebec. LHuptoteta claudia, Cram., another butterfly rare in this latitude, was taken by me August 15th, 1874, near a hopfield, and is now in the collection of the Montreal Natural Historical Society. IT mention this as Mr. Edwards gives Canada no credit for this species in his useful catalogue. OBSERVATIONS ON LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS. By Mrs. C. E. Heustis, Parrssporo’, N. S. I was much interested in an article in Vol. xiil., of the Canadian Entomologist, by Mr. W. H. Edwards, entitled, “Is Limenitis arthemis double-brooded?’ My own obser- vations previous to the time of reading the article were confirmatory of Mr. Edwards’ theory ; but I wished to learn more of this interesting species before hazarding any re- marks concerning its habits. I have never reared or attempted to rear arthemis from the egg, but have one speci- men obtained from a full-fed larva found on the 2nd July, 1877. It went into chrysalis on the 3rd, and the imago appeared on the 16th. I have seen fresh looking specimens on lst July, when enjoying, with other citizens, Dominion Day in the country. Later than this I have not seen a fresh specimen, excepting the example before recorded. I find in an old note book the following entry: ‘“ Parrsboro’, N.S., July 25, 1877, captured to-day a worn and battered specimen of Limenitis arthemis, the only example 4 [EN.] 38 seen, although the species is usually abundant in this wood.” long, that of the male, shown partly grown at 2d and mature at 26, is not more than figure. This insect has not yet proved troublesome in forests, but has chiefly affected \ one-thirtieth of an inch. Both male and female scales are much magnified in the — trees in cultivation. It very closely resembles a species found on cultivated pines in — 4 Europe, and may possibly prove to be the same. The eggs are produced under the female By ; ; 57 scales, from fifteen to thirty under each scale; they are oval in form and of a red colour. The larve hatch early in May, and are also red. When first hatched the young females move briskly about until they have selected suitable locations for a per- manent abode, when they attach themselves thereto and remain fixed. The males are less active, and often attach themselves to the leaves in the immediate neighbourhood of the parent scales. This insect produces at least two broods in a year, perhaps more, and is found throughout the United States from New York to Florida. THe Waite Pine Saw-Fry—Lophyrus Abbotw. \ . This species belongs to the family of saw-flies, a class of insects which are said to have greatly injured whole forests of pine in Germany. This American saw-fly is ! | abundant in Indiana, L[llinois, and Mis- souri, and is generally distributed elsewhere through the Northern and Western States and Canada. Fig. 27 represents the insect in its several stages. The larva is from eight-tenths of an inch to an inch in length, of a dingy white colour, with a black head, and several longitudinal rows of black spots along the body, and is found most numerous in the autumn. When full fed they enclose themselves in oval cocoons, which are some- times spun up among the leaves on the tree, but more frequently among the fallen leaves and other debris on the ground. Within the cocoons the larve remain unchanged until the following spring, when the pupa is formed, from which the flies issue in about two weeks The male measures, when its wings are spread, about half an inch the female two-thirds of an inch across. The body of the male is black excepting the under side and tip of the abdomen, which are yellowish. The female is of a honey-yellow colour, with the head and thorax a little darker, the thorax with the abdomen being slightly marked with black. The wings are transparent, with black veins. The larve feed in flocks, and seldom leave a twig or branch until they have completely stripped it. When approaching full growth they consume a large quantity of food, and strip a tree of its leaves with wonderful rapidity. When disturbed they have the habit of throwing back the head and ninder part of the body, and if the tree or branch is violently shaken many of them will fall to the ground. A large proportion of these larve are destroyed by a parasitic fly. THE PINE-BoRING PyraLtip—Wephopteryx Zimmerman. In the months of June and July branches of the white pine often show that they are suffering from the attacks of an insect by the pitch which exudes; the wounds usually occur below the insertion of the smaller branches near the top of the terminal shoots. On cutting into the affected part, the injury is found to be caused by a small larva which, when full grown, is nearly three-quarters of an inch long. The head is shiny-brown, with black mandibles, the body blackish-green, naked, with a few black dots on each segment, from each of which arises a single rather stout hair. The larva devours the inner side of the bark, and making furrows in the wood, causes the exuda- tion which, when excessive and continuous, especially in the case of young trees, some- times proves fatal. In July the larva spins a thin, whitish, papery cocoon in the mass of exuding pitch, which seems to act as a protection to both larva and chrysalis. The _chrysalis is smooth, and of a blackish-brown colour, and produces the moth in from ten to fourteen days. The moth, when its wings are expanded, measures an inch or more across. It is of a blackish-grey shaded with reddish, the hind wings are pale yellowish- white, and the abdomen greenish ringed with dull white. The species is probably single- 58 brooded. From the fact that the exuding pitch offers so much protection to the insect, it is scarcely likely that any remedy would reach it. The knife seems to be the only resource. A small four-winged parasite attacks the borer in the larval state, the chrysalis being often found filled with the cocoons of this useful friend. Comstocr’s Retin1a—Retinia Comstockiana, Fernald. This insect as yet has only been ob- served on the pitch pine (Pinus rigida), but as it is probable that it will sooner or later be found to attack the white pine it will be briefly noticed. The perfect insect is a small moth of a light grey colour, varied with darker shades of rusty brown, which measures, when its wings are spread, nearly three-quarters of an inch across. The eggs are laid on the terminal shoots of the trees, and the larvee are found in the early part of the summer boring into the twigs and small branches, causing an exudation of resin, and sometimes girdling them. The larve, when full-grown, are nearly half an inch long, of a yellowish colour, with a brown head, a patch of the same colour on the next segment, and a few polished brown dots on each ring, and from every one of these there arises a single hair. The larva changes to a chrysalis within the burrow from which eventually the moth escapes. In fig. 28 we have the insect represented in its several stages, also a small branch of an affected tree and a section of one of the bored twigs. THE Pine LeAr-mInER—Gelechia pinifoliella (Comstock). This insect was first described by Prof. Comstock in his report to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, for the year 1879. It has been found mining the leaves of different species of pine in many parts of the United States, and although as yet unrecorded in Canada, will very probably be found here. The larva is very minute, in the figure it is much magnified ; the line below indicates the natural size. It lives within the leaf on the soft tissues, and its presence is soon indicated by the change in colour which takes place in the part affected ; it becomes brown, and on examining the leaf, or that portion of it which is discoloured, it is found to be entirely eaten out, and to contain, if in season, the insect, either in. the larval or pupal condition. In fig. 29 the work of this tiny insect on the leaves is. shown. The moth, chrysalis, and larve are all represented, but much magnified. The larva, when full-grown, is about one-fifth of an inch long, of a pale brown, colour, with a black head and a black patch on the upper part of the next segment. It is. also sparingly covered with short, fine hairs. The change to a chrysalis takes place. within the mined leaf, and in summer the moth escapes in about a fortnight. The perfect insect, when its wings are spread, measures about three-eighths of an. inch across ; it is of a brownish-yellow colour, dotted with fuscous scales. The fore-wings are crossed by three white lines, as shown in the figure; the hind-wings are pale grey, Sa aw 7 Fig. 28. See Poe ae and both pairs are deeply-fringed. There are two or three broods of this insect during the year. Fig. 29. In addition to those enumerated, there are a score or two of species of insects which are known to devour the leaves of the pine, in some instances injuring them very much. Unfortunately it does not yet seem to be within the power of man to do much directly towards limiting the destructive work of these enemies to our forests, yet this should not deter us from studying their habits and life history, as a knowledge of these may help us much more than we anticipate. A few trees, such as a belt or group planted for shelter or ornament, may be protected from the leaf-destroyers by syringing them with a mixture of Paris green and water, in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water. Bark lice may be killed by the use of alkaline washes applied with a brush or broom ; such alkaline applications are also of use in preventing the borers from obtaining a lodgement in the trees, as these insects will not usually deposit their eggs on trees so protected ; but it is scarcely possible that such remedies can ever be applied over extensive areas of forest. It is gratifying to know that in addition to the number devoured by insectivorous birds, almost every injurious species is preyed on by predaceous and parasitic insects, which seek out and destroy the pests with ceaseless diligence. Were it not for these friendly species, the destructive insects would long ere this have rendered the growth of trees an impossibility. THE CHINCH BUG—WMicropus leucopterus. Say. By Wm», Saunpers, Lonpon, Onr. This formidable insect pest has recently appeared in force in the adjoining State of New York, where it has within a limited area inflicted a very considerable amount of damage. That an insect so enormously destructive as this one is in the west, has domiciled itself so near us is sufficient to excite some alarm and induce our agriculturists to be on the alert and to use such defensive measures, in case of attack, as the science of economic entomology has suggested. During the last week in September a package of insects was forwarded to the New York State Entomologist, with the following statement in regard to them, from Mr. M. H. Smith, of Redwood, Jefferson county, N.Y.: “I herewith transmit specimens of (to us) 60 a new and formidable grass-destroying insect, together with portions of grass destroyed by them, and also some of the soil, for the purpose of examination. If the insect is known to you, and there is any known way to exterminate it, please inform us at once. The evidence of its destructive work was first discovered in June of 1882, by Mr. H. C. King, of Hammond, St. Lawrence county. At haying time, about the middle of July, he noticed about three acres of his timothy grass to be apparently prematurely ripened. In the fall he observed that there was no aftergrowth, and that the stubble was as dead as if it had been boiled. Search was made among the dead roots without any discovery. The following spring the field was entirely barren of timothy, but some clover seeds and thistles occupied the. ground where at least one and one-half tons of timothy to the acre, under favourable circumstances, would have been cut. In June of 1883, Mr. King discovered other fields to be affected in the same manner, and instituted a search which has recently resulted in the discovery of myriads of the insect, not in the dead grass, but at the edge of the live grass, where they may be scraped up by handfuls. They have destroyed about fifteen acres for Mr. King, and several acres for each of several other farmers of his vicinity. They are causing extreme alarm, and if you can give any relief from this calamity it will be gratefully appreciated. This is an important grazing locality. . In addition to the timothy, June grass and wire grass are also destroyed.” On examination this insect proved to be the notorious chinch-bug, a pest hitherto extremely rare in New York State, and never before recorded as destructive within that State. Prof. Lintner at once visited the district referred to, and thus records his personal observations made during the 5th and 6th of October. He says: “‘The cold weather of the past few days (ice was formed upon three nights), has doubtless driven most of the bugs to their winter quarters for hibernation, in crevices, beneath boards, rails, etc., in rubbish heaps, and to many other secure retreats, where such insects are accustomed to hide. Yet, upon parting the roots of the timothy, upon the borders of the killed portion, they were found in alarming numbers—in some spots sufficient to cover the ground with their bodies over an area of a couple of inches in diameter, being apparently congregated in such places. In one spot, upon the warm sloping side of a dead furrow, they could be seen, in numbers, running like ants over the ground. Elsewhere, they were concealed among the roots, near to and about the bulbs, upon which they appeared mainly to feed. Their presence in any spot could always be detected by bringing the nose near the ground by their peculiar bed-bug odour. This method of detection proved more convenient, and infallible than looking for them. ‘« The invasion is more extended than was at first supposed. Nearly all of the farms in the neighbourhood of Mr. King have been attacked, either last year or this, and discoveries of attack not before suspected, are, upon examination, being made daily. A present range of about eight miles is indicated. It is believed to occur throughout most of the town of Hammond, and to extend into Alexandria. “ Without any desire to play the role of an alarmist, I feel it my duty to say that, as the result of my observations, this chinch-bug invasion of northern New York threatens to be the most serious insect attack to which our State has ever been subjected. The following are my reasons for this belief :— *‘ Tt has planted itself, maintained a footing and has shown a rapid increase under unfayouring, unpropitious and unnatural conditions, such as these : « First.—It is regarded as a southern insect (extending further northward, as do most animal forms, in the Mississippi valley), yet it has appeared in the most northern county of the State, and upon (if the report be reliable) the St. Lawrence river. ‘“‘ Second.—-Its attack has been made upon timothy. ‘This seems to be its most unusual food plant, and therefore, we infer, the least suited to it. All previous accounts concur in giving it a preference for spring wheat above all things else ; next in order, oats or corn, and last the grasses. Timothy is only mentioned as occasionally attacked by it. ‘«¢ Third.—In all previous accounts, great prominence has been given to its being a hot and dry weather insect, dependent upon these conditions, not only for its multiplication, but for its existence. Heavy rains have been claimed to be invariably fatal to it. It could not abound, it is stated, in a wet season. Dr. Fitch had even made recommendation 61 of sprinkling it with water (an artificial shower), as the best means for its extermination. In the present instance, the bug obstinately persists in multiplying, contrary to all rule. The past year and the present have both been years of excessive rainfall in St. Lawrence county. Spring, summer and autumn have been exceptionally wet. In the spring, I am told that heavy and continued rains flooded meadows now showing the chinch-bug attack. At haying time, when the bugs were young, and, according to all the statements hitherto made, readily killed by wet, the rains were so frequent and severe, that the grass cut could only be secured with difficulty. Upon Mr. King’s farm, much of it was drawn in, upon favourable days, by improving the opportunity of extending the labour into hours after nightfall. At the present time grass is lying in fields in stacks, which could not be gathered, owing to continued rain, and fields of oats are still unharvested.” This insect belongs to the order Hemiptera, which includes all true bugs. These are all furnished with a sharp proboscis or beak by which the substance they feed on is _ pierced and its juices extracted by suction. This piercer when the insect is at rest is bent beneath the body. The chinch-bug belongs to a sub-division of the hemiptera known as the half-wing bugs (Heteroptera), and to this same group the well-known bed pest belongs, and they both give off the same disagreeable odour when touched. The accompanying figures will aid in making clear the life history of this species. At a and 6 (Figure 30) the eggs are shown much magnified, the short lines at the side of all these figures indicate their natural size. These eggs are about one thirty-third of an inch long, of a long oval form with the top squarely cut off. When at first laid they are pale in colour and semi-transparent, but shortly they change to an amber shade and finally in part to red as they approach maturity. The newly hatched larva shown at ¢ in the figure is pale yellow, with an orange- coloured patch on the abdomen ; very soon the whole body becomes red, except the first two joints of the abdomen which remain yellowish. With the growth of the insect the red colour becomes quite bright and contrasts strongly with the pale band as shown at ¢ and in a more marked manner at f. As the insect approaches full growth the head and thorax become dusky in colour, and the abdomen of a duller shade of red. At g the pupa is represented, in which stage the insect loses none of its activity but gradually becomes duller and darker in colour. At h one of the legs of the insect is shown enlarged and at j the tip of the same still more highly magnified, while at i the jointed proboscis or beak is represented. In figure 31 we have a view of the perfect insect, also magnified, the short line behind it showing its natural size. It is about one-tenth of an inch long and about one-third of its length broad. In colour it is black, and when examined with a magnifying lens the body is seen to be slightly hairy. The wing covers, which lie flat upon its back, are white with black veins and a black spot on each side about the middle and towards the outer margin. The feet and the outer swollen joints of the antenne are yellow, the legs and the basal joints of the antenne black. Its size seems to be quite out of proportion to its destructive powers, and minute though it be it nevertheless inflicts an almost | incredible amount of injury in certain years upon the grain and corn crops. Prof. Lintner states that “In 1864, its injuries in the State of Illinois to wheat and corn alone were computed at seventy-three millions of dollars. This was a year of unusual excess, but it is not of rare occurrence that a State should suffer a loss of from twelve to fifteen millions of dollars in a single year. When the 62 insect abounds, it is so numerous as to cover the ground; it blackens the stalks of the plants upon which it feeds ; it fills the air when, at seasons of its mating, it takes wing for flight ; it marches to new feeding grounds in solid bodies, upon and over one another ; its invading armies sweep over and utterly destroy a wheat or corn field in two or three days; and the nauseous bed-bug odour which they exhale sickens those who are compelled to breathe it. ‘‘ As the past history of the insect has shown that parasites and other enemies have entirely failed to arrest its multiplication, we are compelled to believe, from present indications, that it has come to stay, and that it will do so, unless effectual means are taken to prevent it. Its capability of increase is wonderful. Under the most conser- vative circumstances, a single chinch-bug, depositing its eggs about the 1st of June, would be, in the following August, the progenitor of a quarter of a million.” - It is evidently most important that every practicable means should be employed in the endeavour to arrest as far as possible the progress of this mischievous foe, and to destroy it wherever found. Should it continue to increase, since it is already upon our borders, it will in all probability establish itself in force in the adjacent districts in _ Ontario, if indeed it has not done so already, and it may become to us a more formidable enemy than the wheat midge. REMEDIES. Where the insects are found among the roots of timothy, it is recommended to plough them under by turning over a flat (not overlapping) broad furrow as deep as possible, but not less than eight inches. It is said that the insect cannot survive this deep burial. Fire will certainly destroy it, and where the conditions of the grass will admit of burning, this measure should be resorted to; a thin covering of straw would prove a material aid in the burning. Where neither of these remedies can be applied the field should be heavily rolled as early in the spring as possible, for the purpose of ~ preventing the bugs which have hibernated, from gaining easy access to the roots of the grass or grain on which to deposit their eggs. The use of common kerosine or coal oil has also been recommended, made into an emulsion by forcibly agitating it for a considerable time with an equal measure of milk, either sweet or sour, when it will become thick almost like butter, which, diluted with water, should be sprayed over the ground by means of a suitable pump; or the oil may be emulsified by agitating it thoroughly with a larger quantity of soapsuds and applied in the same manner. ooo OBSERVATIONS ON FORM AND COLOUR, AS EXHIBITED IN INSECTS. By tHE Rey. THomas W. Fyues, SoutH QUEBEC. The most careless observer can hardly have failed to notice some of the peculiarities in the motions of birds—the heavy flight of the heron, the short, quick strokes of the wild duck, the serene gliding motion of the hawk—and tracing backward, in a measure, the lines of causes and effects, to associate these with diversities of structure. But to those who are not careless —to those whom interest or pleasure has led to observe atten- tively, the movements of living creatures convey many a lesson. I once knew a man who had been brought up in a lonely cottage, on an extensive piece of common land— half moor, half fen—situated in the north-east of England. The spot was a favourite breeding-ground of numberless wild fowl—mallards, shovellers, grey geese, black-headed gulls, curlews, dottrells, red-shanks, etc. This man had made the study of natural history his delight, and turned his knowledge to account in procuring a livelihood. He made it a part of his business to supply plovers’ eggs to the dealers ; and so closely had he watched the green plover or lapwing that (as he assured me, and as my observations of | his proceedings Jed me to believe), he could not only tell from her motions whether the ELK ee 63 mother-bird had eggs or young ones, but whether, in the former case, she had laid a part only or the whole of her complement of eggs. That peculiarities in the flight of insects, too, have arrested the eye of the ordinary observer may be gathered from the common names given to different species, such as the Hawk moth, the Humming-bird moth, the Owlet moth, the Vapourer, etc. But the scientist regards nature with a keener eye than does the ordinary observer ; and what American entomologist does not recognize at a glance the dash of Clisiocampa Americana, or the loose-jointed shambling flight of Ctenucha Latreilliana? What naturalist does not readily distinguish between the steady, shrill clarion of the mosquito and the fussy, impertinent buzz of the cattle-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)? The late Reverend Chancellor Bird, who was an accomplished entomologist, was one night heard groping: for a match by a friend, who enquired if anything were the matter. ‘‘No,” he said. ‘ Such a moth (naming it) is in my room. I know it by its hum; and I want it for my collection.” And, in all probability, many a sound we cannot hear, and many a motion we cannot see, and many a scent our organs of smell fail to distinguish, have their messages to num- berless living things. First, a few words on the general form and build of insects. And, to illustrate the _ subject, let us take that philosophical toy named after the smooth-sailing bird of prey, > a pe oe age the Kite. The school-boy, to secure the balance of his kite, atténds to the weight and the disposition of the wings and the tail, and to the proper adjustment of the martingale. Now, take for example any species of the genus Papilio (such as Papilio turnus, fig. 32). The weight of the body of the insect answers to the tension of the string upon the martingale ; the backward stretch of the hind wings, with their appendages, answers to the tail in the kite; and the adjustability of the wings secures evenness of flight. A number of insects have, more or less, the form of the Papilionide. Amongst them are the showy Canadian moth, Attacus luna (fig. 33), and the Brazilian, Hudemonia Streckere. Another remarkable form of insects may be called the Bat-like. > > Tos ge Tee eae % ‘ a? eae as A i sete cS ~ , ~- ties tre) G4 Dae ee te SS tae ee on ot ~ These Ranitics are again each aivaded into two sub-families, the former into Lumbricidase my “y | : possession of articulated organs of motion, a negative character in which they are D>. separated from all insects and crustacea.” i: In 1798 Cuvier divided the Vermes of Linné into two leading groups—Chatopoda, la, in which spines are present, and Apoda, in which they are absent. Even at this period he saw, though only with dim insight, the necessity of separating the entozoa from the — true worms. In 1802 he read a paper before the “Institut,” in which he first proposed — to designate the Chetopoda under the phrase red-blooded worms, adding to it the leeches — and earthworms. “It was about this time that M. de Lamarck defined with increasing — clearness the line indicated by Cuvier which divided the Cheetopoda from the Intestina. — A new era in the history of the Annelida was now about to occur, for it was in the year > ‘ — Ste aa 1812 that the class name Anmnelides sprang from the fertile and inventive fancy of M. de Lamarck. By this denomination, through various mutations, the worm tribe has ever since been known among naturalists.” (P. 162). E The class ANNELIDA, of Lamarck, as now constituted, is composed of a series of ~ animals which form only a portion of the heterogeneous class Vermes of Linné, which,in ~ addition to those now understood, included also intestinal worms, mollusks, zoophytes, 2 and sponges. Lamarck’s Annelida are distinguished from all other worms by the — x Prise m~!) _— = possession of red or coloured blood, for which reason they are sometimes called by the © name of Red worms. Cuvier considered this characteristic one of great importance. In ~ his last edition of ‘‘Regne Animal” he arranged them under the Articulata, and on < account of their red blood gave them the chief position, but they are now generally am classified as a separate type below the latter; their general appearance seems to point — a them out as the representatives of the larval rather than the perfect state of insects, and thus to indicate their proper position to be below both Insecta and Crustacea. There is no doubt that a great many species have been confounded under the name of Lwmbricus terrestris, L., which i is the name of a common European species, and it is most probable — that we have i in Canada distinct species differing from those found in Europe. Ido not know of any treatise which describes any of the North American species; but since] _ have turned my attention to them I have noticed at least four very distinct forms besides one specimen which upon being taken roughly in the fingers was distinctly and beautifully phosphorescent. It is evident, however, that, with the constant interchange ae of fruit trees and other plants, growing in pots and otherwise, between North America, — i Europe, and other parts of the world, the transportation of a species from one part of pee x world to another would be an exceedingly easy matter, and a small number of species in this way might be distributed over a large area. “However, in 1868, Vaillant tad recognized in the several groups of the Oligocheta (odiyos = few, and xairn=a bristle), the — q order in which /umbricus finds its place, no less than twenty- five genera, including quite — ry | a large number of species from various parts of the world, which are represented in _ nearly all regions of the globe, and which he divides into two families, distinguished by a the distribution of the setw#. (1) Lumbricide, with simple sete, including the earth- — worms ; and (2) Maide, with bifid, or hair-like sete, embracing the fresh water species. — * " Lumbricine, where the sete are isolated or grouped two by ‘two, and Lumbricidee, Enchy- — treine, where they are three or four in number in bundles. The Naide, in Naide, at Naine, have the sete in four rows (exceptionally biserial,) and then all hair-like; and 1 in ‘4 Naide, Chetogastrina, they are biserial but never hair-like.—Theodore Call, an Johnson's sg Cyclopedia of Unwersal Knowledge. The latest system of classification is, I believe, that of Claus who divides chal i Oligocheta into Terricole, or terrestial forms and Limicole or aquatic. Rae The structure of the body of the earthworm is very simple. In a large specimen in consists of from 100 to 200 segments closely approximated to each other. The mek 5 segment is elongated and proboscidi-form, and beneath there is what generally appears to — be a small depression, but which, when the worm is feeding, is seen to bea very capacious mouth. The elongated first segment is the upper lip, and is used as an organ of prehen- sion, by means of it the worm is able to take hold of any objects which it “wants to take to its burrow, and if watched by means of a lamp at night, for they are almost entirely - nocturnal in their habits, they may frequently be seen collecting any small objects which a ae to lie near their burrows. They have three distinct methods of conveying objects a to their holes. That usually resorted to, at any rate by those in confinement, is to suck into their mouths a portion of the object and then draw back by contracting the _ muscles of the body; another mode is to take hold of the edge of such objects as leaves _ or pieces of paper by folding the upper lip over the edge and holding it between the two _ _ lips; the other way is perhaps the most remarkable, and consists of pressing the mouth _ tightly against smooth objects, such as small stones embedded in a gravel walk, or even of — a flat leaf occasionally ; then by drawing back the pharynx a vacuum is created and the object i is withdrawn with great force, on exactly the same principle as the toy made by schoolboys of a small piece of wet leather with a piece of string through the centre, and Py which, when trodden down evenly and tightly around the edges on a flat even stone will _ raise a very great weight. Occasionally, too, no doubt small pieces of leaves and other - small objects are drawn back to their holes by sticking to the mucous covering of their bodies. After the first segment the body rapidly increases in size until it reaches the — average dimension ; but in a full grown worm, particularly at the season of reprodaial (3 _ tion, when it becomes a highly important organ “a part of the body, into which more or © fewer of the segments, (according to the species) between the twenty-fourth and thirty- : sixth inclusively, enter, is swollen, of a different colour from the rest, provided with — abundant cutaneous glands, and receives the name of the Cingulwm or Clitellum.” This | singular organ has sometimes given rise to the erroneous opinion that if worms were _ __ accidentally cut in two the two parts would come together again and join, or that the two -__ portions would live, the head end forming a tail, and the tail end growing a new head. The absurdity of these views is however apparent when it is remembered that the nervous system consists of two cerebral ganglia or nerve centres, both of which are © placed in the anterior end of the animal, they are lodged in the third segment, and are ~ connected with the double chained nervous cord which extends through the whole length of the body beneath the intestine. The circulatory system consists essentially of a — _._ dorsal trunk situated, over the intestine, which carries the blood from behind forward, and _ a ventral or sub-intestinal one conveying the fluid in the opposite direction. The blood is red but has no corpuscles, and is quite different from that of vertebrates. The circulation — may be easily observed. If a small worm is taken out of the ground for a short time and kept in water, it will void the earthy contents of its body, and will become sufficiently transparent to show the circulation, if slightly compressed between two slips of glass and. examined with an ordinary magnifying glass. The Oligocheta are hermaphrodite, the two sexes being united in the same indi- hy vidual, but two individuals pair together, the sexual elements are developed in certs be Pi ie ie _ 4 4 » a re S| te anterior segments. Earthworms do not possess any special respiratory organs, but breathe principally: e by the skin and partly by the vascular system on the walls ‘of the intestine. i In vol. III. of Field and Forest (1877) there is an elaborate description of the i muscular system of Lumbricus, written by Dr. A. C. Stokes. This article is of great — value, as it is a record of extensive and careful original observations. At page 138 we g find: “Down the back of the creature in the middle line, one in each intersegmental | ring, is a row of circular openings. On the inner surface "of each segment, therefore, f below the longitudinal muscle, is a muscle parallel with the length of the worm, and — extending from the lower edge of the orifice above to the upper ‘edge of the aperture — _ below. The two ends are thickened vertically and slightly broadened, whence they — _ gradually narrow toward the centre. What the use of these openings may be it is impos- _ sible to conjecture. They seem to have no connection with any of the internal organs, ; but to form a direct communication between the external air and the general cavity. — The function of the muscles is evident. By their contraction they must widen the orifices, _ naturally found closed and invisible until pulled open by needles on the stage of the microscope, in imitation of the muscular action.” a ' I must confess that I have been unable to detect these orifices ; but as they are men-_ ___ tioned by other observers, this must have been owing either to want of skill on my part wie .or to imperfections i in my instrument. Is it not possible that these orifices may act as reservoirs for air, and that it is owing to their presence that earthworms can exist for ty <, a,” — ’ > * . ty eet Me Mad os te a rae ies TEM a Ne ay aa ~~ gy ro “ she ai 2 A : 4 Fide his Naess = . ee ee such a long time beneath water? We know that aquatic insects carry down a supply of © ¢ air imprisoned by means of hairs beneath their elytra. sett The muscular system is strongly developed. Worms can crawl backwards almost as well as forwards. When extended over the ground they can shoot back again beneath the _ surface with surprising quickness by the aid of their bristles and their tails which they — flatten out to take firm hold of the walls of their burrows. The force required to dislodge them is great, and the only way to manage without breaking them in pieces is to copy the tactics of the blackbirds and thrushes, who take a firm hold and then — keep up a steady pull until the worm lets go, which it will soon do, if the strain is kept up. This resistance is also greatly sustained by the sete or bristles with which the body of the earthworm is provided, they run in four double rows, two lateral and two _ inferior, for the whole length of the worm’s body. These setz are doubtless of great assist- ance to worms and act in the same capacity as feet, they are shaped like the italic letter f. Dr. A. C. Stokes says at p. 128, “If, with a strong pocket lens, we look directly down upon the sides and ventral surface, there are visible, projecting from almost circular openings in the skin, and pointing backward, eight lines of glistening bristles, beginning at the very first segment, (considering the first segment to be the one immediately behind the two lips) and extending in unbroken order to the very last. These setse are arranged in pairs forming four continuous rows, of four sets and eight bristles to every segment. in the central and terminal rings they are frequently accom- panied by several aciculi, at times short, broad, and sharp, at others long and narrow. The worm has not only the power to project them from their proper openings, but to entirely withdraw them into the cavity of the body. * Contained, as each seta appears to be, in a sheath, structureless and apparently identical in character with the skin, it is an object of interest, but when isolated it becomes a thing of beauty. The free end is roughened by friction against the earth, it is translucent, and its general outlines are of the most graceful form. I suppose when Hogarth drew his celebrated line of beauty, the thing most remote from his thoughts was an earthworm, but if he had prepared a line with the curves of all earthworm’s bristle and named it the line of beauty, the difference between it and his original creation would have been slight. There is nothing new under the sun, the wise man said, the very line of beauty was hidden in an earthworm’s skin when the great artist’s pencil was making an unsuspected copy. These bristles, at every step, enable the worm to put into practical “cA oe a eer ee ee Ld a. we is “wd f+ ‘~ Vly ar use one of the first principles of mechanics—that of the lever; for not only do they, by __ the aid of special muscles, hold the distance gained by muscular contraction, but also help _ by prying the body forward.” There are two pairs beneath each segment and each one has an appropriate system of muscles attached to it. Dr. Williams states they are so sharp that if the polished surface of a deal board be examined with a microscope after a worm has crawled over it, there will be plainly discernable four series of minute perfora- tions. In the act of burrowing, the anterior sete are firmly placed in the ground, the head is then drawn back, and the strong pharynx, which is placed internally just behind the mouth, is pushed forward with great force ; at the same time a new wave of muscular action starts from the tail and gradually travels towards the head, so that the whole muscular system is brought into play in making a burrow. The body is divided into as many chambers as there are segments, by muscular partitions, which have openings to allow the fluid contents of the general cavity to pass — from one chamber to another. By special preparation the body of a worm can be hardened so that a section may be cut from the middle, and if skilfully done, the sides © will not collapse, nor will the disposition and shape of the internal organs be disarranged. Tf this is placed under the microscope, it will be seen first of all that the body is contained by a skin made up of two layers, through which protrude the four pairs of sete. Outside is a thin and transparent chitinous cuticle, and inside this a much thicker gelatinous layer called the hypodermis. Internal to this lies a thick layer of circular muscles, the rings of which go quite round the body ; inside of this layer we find a much thicker — coat of muscular fibres of two sorts, but both running longitudinally, one kind composed of thin bands placed vertically to the circular row just mentioned, and the other of fibres _ running transversely to them. Inside this is the general body cavity, through the centre a : 4 - of which the intestine passes. This latter has first a glandular greenish yellow layer, i __ which above is laterally produced into the lobes of the liver, and which are separated by the dorsal canal of the water vascular system. Inside the greenish yellow layer come suc- _cessively a longitudinal and circular layer of muscles, and then inside these another glandu- lar layer covered internally by thin cells, This has brought us to the cavity of the intestine, _ which is simply a tube running from the mouth to the end of the body, but it is peculiarly formed, having almost the appearance of a tube within a tube. This arises from the fact that the tube of the intestine is much larger than the space it has to occupy. The only — way then it can be contained is by having the upper wall folded into a sort of loop inside _ the canal. This is hard to explain, but can be easily understood if the two ends of a _ piece of string about a yard long are tied together so as to make a large ring. Now let a anyone take hold of this ring with the hands about a foot apart, and then “bring their Fi hands together so as almost to meet, when a small ring will drop down inside the larger ring. ‘This will give just the shape of a worm’s intestine. This curious fold is called the — typhlosole. I have mentioned that between the two lobes of the liver and directly beneath the middle of the back and above the intestine is the dorsal canal of the water vascular system. Just beneath the intestine in one section will be seen four circular marks, <2:; fm the top and bottom ones of these are the canals of the water vascular system, and the | _ pair in the middle are the double chained nervous cord. _ The simple digestive system or’ intestinal canal, which is in the form of a more or less muscular tube, is divided into a strong pharynx, which i is pushed forward when the animal is forcing its head like an awl between the particles of loose soil, or drawn back either when it is used as a sucker to draw in food or when the mouth is used to draw heavy or smooth objects towards the burrow. This pharynx is analogous to the pro-— ____trusible proboscis which is found among some Annelids (Eunicide, Lycidice, Nereide). __ The pharynx leads into the cesophagus, which bears on each side of the lower part three | large calciferous glands. In most species there is a crop in front of the gizzard. This | q latter organ is surrounded by a double set of very powerful muscles. Grains of sand and | _ small stones from one-twentieth to a little more than one-tenth of an inch in diameter | | | may be found in the gizzard and intestines, and are supposed to serve like millstones to - triturate the food. The gizzard opens into the intestine. The calciferous glands are _ very remarkable, for nothing like them is known in any other animal. Their use is Vegetable Mould through the action of Earthworms,” says of them; “Almost as many theories have been advanced on their use as there have been observers.” The author of _ the above-mentioned work has, in it,.collected together and himself verified almost all | _ the facts which have been recorded concerning earthworms by previous observers. The results of his studies, too, are most reliable, from his character of scientific candour. He never neglected, in the discussion of any subject, to examine all sides of the question, and the result of continued and persevering study for a space of nearly fifty years. I shall to a large extent use his words in this history of the work wornis perform. direct from the leaves of plants, which they drag into their holes. cent. of lime, worms therefore would be liable to become charged with this earth unless _ there were some special means for its excretion; and the calciferous glands are well __ adapted for this purpose.” When these glands have excreted, a certain amount of lime it is q : po and from the two anterior in the shape of large concretions. It is supposed that ie the carbonate of lime so formed aids materially the» process of digestion by neu ae ae ee Pe abies | i soy. x largely a matter of speculation, and Darwin in his recent work, “The Formation of to weigh carefully all opinions, whether adverse to his own views or not. This work is — With regard to the calciferous glands, he thinks that they serve primarily as organs of excretion ; ‘and secondarily as aids to digestion. The food of worms consists of organic _ matter in a state of decay. This they either obtain from the soil, which they swallow in large quantities, both when they are excavating their burrows, but also for food, or else — He says, p. 49, “Worms consume many fallen leaves ; ; and it is known that lime © _ goes on accumulating in leaves until they drop off the parent plant, instead of being — ‘reabsorbed into the stem or roots, like various other organic and inorganic substances. The ashes of a leaf of an acacia have been known to contain as much as seventy-two per — _ expelled into the alimentary canal ; from the four posterior glands i in the shape of minute — in the intestines of animals or on the ground ; and in this case it is probable that con- | _eretions of lime are formed by some of the glands, so that they may be carried down to the posterior parts of the intestine before they are dissolved. Claparéde thought that — 3 these hard bodies were formed to act as millstones, and thus aid in the trituration of the - | food ; but as worms swallow many small stones, which may generally be found in their eo gizzards, Darwin’s theory is the more probable. a Worms have no eyes, but yet are able to appreciate light by means of their nervous ; a system through their skins. If a strong light is turned on ‘them suddenly they will some- ee times dart back into their holes with great quickness. This is not always the case, however, for if the anterior portion of the body is shaded, an intense light may be thrown on the rest of the body without any notice being taken. A moderate light is after some _ time generally observed by them, and they will retire to their holes slowly and apparently __hesitatingly. Darwin found that the colour of light made no difference in their appre- _ _ ciation of it, and that a moderate radiant heat, such as that from a hot poker being held __ 3 near them, did not cause them so much emotion as a bright light. Worms being nocturnal 4 in their habits, an appreciation of the difference between “day and night is, of course, ee: useful to them, and this they possess. The sensitiveness to light is less when a wormis ie engaged in eating or in dragging leaves into its burrow—a fact which Mr. Darwin is _ disposed to consider analogous to what in higher animals we know as the distracting sae influence of attention. It is a curious fact that worms kept in confinement keep quiet 3 during the day, and only crawl about and work at night. As 2 “3 Although worms are deprived of vision and have no sense of hearing, their sense of __ touch is most highly developed. In observing them the greatest care must be taken not Be to jar the table or touch the jar in which they are, nor even to breathe on them, or they __ _ will instantly retire to their holes. In watching them out of doors it is necessary to 29 tread very lightly or very little will be seen of their habits, A heavy footfall is sufficient __ 4 to send home all the worms for many yards around. This is doubtless the reason why __ ‘most of the birds which feed on worms are able to run and walk as well as hop. ae With regard to the sense of smell Mr. Darwin arrived at the interesting conclusion _ _ that it was very feebly developed, and only at all for certain natural objects ‘which were ee! Batted for food. Pieces of cabbage, onions, the leaves of parsnips, celery and many other 13% a were placed on the pots, and certain ones were always chosen and others left. _ Worms appear to be omnivorous, bits of meat and fat were always taken and eaten as _ well as enormous quantities of earth, out of which they extract any digestible matter, — By; they will eat sugar, liquorice and almost any other substances which are given them. Ve _ They are even cannibals, for they will eat the bodies of dead worms if they find them lying near their burrows. It would appear that the leaves which they draw into their holes are smeared with a fluid which is alkaline, and which acts on the starch and other contents of the plant cells and very much hastens their decay, “it thus resembles in — nature the pancreatic secretion, and serves partly to digest the leaves before they are taken into the alimentary canal —so constituting the only case of extra-stomachal digestion hitherto recorded in an animal.” In this way worms do good service by quickly decomposing the dead leaves and mixing them with the soil, nor is this the only way in which the surface soil is improved by these insignificant creatures, for Mr. _ Darwin has shown by most careful experiments that ae gardeners complain of en ee bitterly, that the worms spoil the appearance of their carefully cut lawns by raising up all over them the unsightly mounds which we call worm-casts, they are of very great ali to the agriculturist. For not only do worms, by sinking their burrows deep into the earth, render it permeable by air and water, and so bring “about its disintegra- ae tion ; but they are most powerful and active agents in adding depth to the soil and in covering up comparatively barren tracts with a layer of rich vegetable mould. Mr. — _ Darwin began his investigations by remarking two most striking characters possessed by _ vegetable mould. These were, that it was of nearly a homogeneous nature throughowtan se _ although overlying different kinds of subsoil, and the uniform fineness of the paiidalentnt a _ This is easily seen in a gravelly country where in ploughed fields there are many stones _ | iy isible, while in an adjacent pasture there will be no stones within some inches of the ug rs. : See le a ta as, Pe surface. Now this is entirely due to earthworms, as the following will clearly show. In a great number of instances it was found that certain materials had at different times been spread over the surface of pastures, and that after a few years they all disap- es _ peared, or as people were used to say “sunk into the ground.” But it was found that | they sank uniformly over the whole surface of the fields, and that this was not due to — specific gravity was plainly seen from the fact that light cinders and small bodies sank at cactly the same rate as large and heavy stones. Moreover, added to this it was found at if all the worm casts were collected for the space of one year from one acre of good _ pasture land and were then dried thoroughly so as to be as light as possible, there were no ess than the enormous amount of ten tons of earth annually thrown up by earthworms. _ And even these figures are not surprising to anyone who will carefully watch a small _ area of damp pasture land for a certain time, and notice the large quantities of earth _ thrown up. There are in different parts of the world worms of enormous size which _ throw up a proportional amount of prepared mould. One found in the Nilgiri hills, in south India occasionally throws up a tower, which when dried weighs a quarter of aoiae . "pound. It must not be forgotten either that the earth of worm-casts is of the same _ nature as earth with a large proportion of decayed vegetable matter mixed with it ; _ because the acids which form when leaves decay are formed much more quickly inside. | the worm, and are to a certain extent modified by the alkaline secretions of the worm’s soy. These humus- acids, too, have a decided effect in decomposing the small particles of rock and other hard mineral matters which are too small to be acted upon by the: | usual mechanical action of water, but which are swallowed by worms in large quantities. __ Worms have effected what must to all seem cyclopean tasks, they have slowly _ undermined large stones, old pavements, low walls and even ancient cities, these little by _ little, as centuries have rolled by, have kept gradually subsiding until at last they have _ _ disappeared out of sight. The action of worms is not always perceptible where it occurs, ae for when castings are thrown upon the sides of hills they are liable to be washed down into the valleys “by rain, or to be blown away in the shape of dust, when they have dried = and became pulverized. Rare , The burrows of worms do not often penetrate deep into the Packs but in winter and _ very hot weather they occasionally descend as deep as six feet from the surface. Worms 3 must always have a large amount of moisture in the soil, and in fact so much is this the __ ¢ase that they may be called semi-aquatic. Perries kept a specimen entirely immersed __ for nearly four months, and the castings are always extruded in a semi-liquid state. The habit of lining their burrows with finely triturated earth, small stones and leaves,is _ thought by Dr. Darwin to be as a protection for their bodies against the cold of the _ earth ; and for this reason they probably plug up their holes with small heaps of stones or — q - leaves, pieces of string, feathers, and any other small objects which are not all certainly 4 _ dragged in as food. Besides, by these tunnels materially helping the drainage of land oN _ and ventilating the ground, passages lined with fertile soil are opened for the roots of 8 - plants to descend, and also seeds are taken down by worms, and thus preserved foralong time to germinate and continue a species perhaps hundreds of years afterwards; and who ean say that this is not the case, for do we not see plants spring up after forests have >): been cleared, where certainly the trees were hundreds of years old, and where these ants had not been able to grow from the time the country gradually turned by the creased growth of trees from a clearing into a forest. In this instance worms would prevent the germination of seeds, but sometimes they facilitate it by heaping their CAST: ae _ Ings over small seeds and partially dragging large ones down their burrows. Se I was much interested in seeing one of my worms dragging a small tuber of Vym- mee, phoea tuberosa down into the mouth of its hole, and it was curious to see that at first it oe was drawn across the pot by the air-tight sucker method, but when it would not fit con- _ formably on the hole it was left alone for some time, and when a few hours later I looked at it, it had been turned half round and the neck was dragged down the hole which was af - thus tightly closed. I cannot finish this account of the working of these interesting creatures better than by giving part of the concluding paragraph of Dr. Darwin’s co important work. re _ “When we behold a wide turf-covered expanse, we should remember that its smooth _ a 76 ness, on which so much of its beauty depends, is mainly due to all the inequalities having been slowly levelled by worms. It is a marvellous reflection that the whole of the superficial mould over any such expanse has passed, and will again pass, every few years through the bodies of worms. The plough is one of the most ancient and most valuable of man’s inventions ; but long before he existed the land was in fact regularly ploughed by earthworms. It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world as have these lowly organized creatures.” The truth of this must be patent to all thoughtful observers, and when the work of these animals is considered together with that of those industrious little insects, the ants, (which it is perhaps just possible Dr. Darwin did not quite consider enough in the estimation of the work of the transversion of the surface soil,) the results are simply startling. Just as Iam finishing this off I have had my attention called to a short notein Cassell’s Magazine for December, 1883, p. 63, in which earthworms appear in a new and unex- pected role. It reads as follows: “It has been found by M. Pasteur that the bodies of cows and sheep which died of contagious diseases, when buried in the ground may yield germs of the disorder which are brought to the surface by worms.” This is worthy of careful consideration. It is easy to understand how this might be, for these minute germs would also easily rise themselves to the surface through the tunnels of worms, even if the worms did not actually bring them there. The paragraph gives the following advice which it would be well for us all to make a note of: ‘A more efficacious and economical mode of dealing with such carcasses has been proposed by a French chemist. It is to dissolve the entire carcase in sulphuric acid, and then treat the resulting solution by chemical means for the recovery of salts, which can be used in manure. The plan has been tried with great success at a ‘ usine’ in France, and the profit realized on every dead sheep treated was four francs.” BOOK NO TEG ES. CATALOGUE OF British COLEOPTERA, by Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A., and Rey. A. Matthews, M.A. London: West, Newman & Co. This Catalogue differs in some respects from all preceding lists of British Coleoptera. It is, namely, a partial adaptation of the American views by completely separating the Rhynchophora and Heteromera from the remaining series of the order, and the placing of them after the other series. The changes suggested in the relations of the families of normal Coleoptera, in the system of Drs. Horn and LeConte, are not yet in full favour with the conservative students of Great Britain, but may in future win approval as they become better known. The American system, as it may be briefly termed, is fully set forth in the revised “Classification of the Coleoptera of North America,” just published by the Smithsonian Institution. A notice of this work appears below. The innovations of the system consist in a rearrangement of the bulk of the families into four sets ; Adephaga, with the most perfected exo-skeleton and powers of locomo- tion; Lamellicornia, with the greatest visceral and nervous concentration, and highest development of sense organs ; pseudo-tetramera ; the remainder constitutes a vast com- plex of Clavicorn and Serricorn families, which may be divided into several ill-defined sub-series. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CoLEoPTERA oF NortH America; by John L. LeConte and George H. Horn. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1883. Crown 8vo., 605 pages. The Entomologists of America are placed under renewed and deep obligations to Drs. LeConte and Horn for this new edition of the classification of the Coleoptera. piven’ of | icliieling The number of zealous workers in the field has greatly in- eased, and the accumulated stores of collectors have been subjected to close examination id critical study, chiefly by the distinguished authors of this work, and the results have ded to our list of genera and largely to our list of species, which now includes more nn 11,000 in all. In the introduction the external organization of the Coleoptera is fully treated of, d by illustrations and followed by a useful series of tables of the various orders. The le of the classification has been revised and brought into harmony with the present [vanced condition of knowledge on this subject. The work is very complete and bears idence of the vast amount of labour and erudition bestowed on it. Collectors every- here will find it a most valuable guide in their studies and in the arrangement of their # Pine Mors or Nantucket, Retinia frustrana; by Samuel H. Scudder. Crown 8vo., 24 pages, with one coloured plate. Published by the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 1883. We tender the author our sincere thanks for this excellent paper, containing the life history of this new enemy to pine trees, to which is appended a brief account of other native species of Retinia. The pamphlet is well gotten up, and the coloured plate a chromo- hograph, beautifully executed. It represents the insect in its various stages along with EPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, of Washington, for 1881 and WmLes2 ; Svo. We have been favoured with a copy of the full report by the Commissioner, and ave also received separate reports from the Entomologists, Prof. C. V. Riley and Prof. ; J. H. Comstock. The full report forms a large octavo volume of 703 pages, and is illus- bls for Texas, has twenty-five plates; that of the Veterinary division on Swine Plague, Fowl ¢ 8 Feholera, and Southern Cattle Fever, twelve plates. The report of the Chemist contains the results of an extended series of experiments on varieties of sorghum and maize, with re sults of the analysis of the constituents of these plants at different periods of their owth, particularly in reference to the available sugar contained in them. This valuable on of the. work is illustrated by twenty-one plates, and contains also much other useful er in reference to analysis of soils, fertilizers, etc. There is also a report from the Superintendent of Grounds, in which he gives the good results of mulching the ground | peinse tobacco stems, as a remedy for thrips on foreign grape vines grown “under : Phat part of the report devoted to liaising is serataihe interesting, and contains much that is valuable ; it occupies 154 pages and is illustrated by twenty plates. The rethrum, its history and cultivation ; the Army Worm, Scale Insects of the Orange, i cluding the results of experiments with emulsion of kerosene oil for their destruction ; ; Insects affecting the Rice Plant ; Corn Insects, the Cotton Worm, Clover Insects. In Lac insects, all illustrated by excellent plates drawn by Mrs. Comstock. Some able information is also given on methods for destroying Scale Insects with alkaline tions. rated with a number of plates and diagrams. The report of the Botanist on grasses suit- — C] rief subjects treated ann in Prof. Riley’s portion are Silk-culture in the United States ; ‘a t at part contributed by Prof. Comstock we find a very complete history of the Apple ] aggot ; also of some allied species of Drosophila ; a chapter on Lady-birds, and another NS a) tt ed ae alien hie 8, ee % the " Seat ARP RRR DEO ten Sa eee re tha ee San ee RL ork Pp , 7 , oR gt OR a, * ee a Ga are> ves Xt! An ee Lal Insects Insurious To Fruits ; ; by William Saunders. Philadelphia : Lippincott & On . 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 436. . By: a Pin am It is with very great pleasure that we announce to our readers the pe of Mr. Saunders’ admirable work on the Insects Injurious to the Fruits of North Amer —as the volume includes those affecting the orange, the olive and the fig, we think that _ we may fairly apply this extended title to it, As the readers of the Canadian Entomolo- gtst are aware, there is no one in Canada, and very few indeed in the whole of America, — --__-—s« so competent as our esteemed Editor to produce a work of this character. It is needless — _ for us, then, to say more in praise of the work than that it is the crowning achievement uk : of one who has devoted a large portion of his time and labour during the last twenty ‘ | years to the practical study of insects, and whose intimate acquaintance with fruit culture © rs ¢ in all its aspects is only surpassed by his complete knowledge of the insects, both injurious rs and beneficial, that affect the labours of the horticulturist. The book is written ee ¢ and concisely throughout, in our author’s well-known terse and vigorous style, and is so” free from scientific and technical terms that any fruit-grower, no matter how ignorant of ; entomology, can readily obtain from its pages all the information that he can possibly» require in reference to most of the insect friends and foes of his trees and bushes. The copious illustrations, moreover, are so beautifully executed and so true to nature that any insect referred to can be at once identified, and the proper mode of dealing with it oe | from the accompanying descriptions. But while the work is so practically valuable to those who are specially interested in fruits, we can assure our entomological readers that they will find the volume to be an admirable scientific compendium, containing an epitome of the collective knowledge of the day, and bringing together into one convenient manual the results of the researches of all the leading entomologists of America. We do not, indeed, think that we are speaking too highly i in praise of the work—though we admit that it is saying a very great deal—when we express our opinion that Mr. Saunders fe volume will take rank with that standard of excellence, Harris’ Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, and that he has done for insects affecting fruits at the present day what his justly-famed predecessor accomplished long ago for those injurious to vera in a general. The plan of the work, inasmuch as it is intended especially for the use of fruit- growers, is the most satisfactory that could be adopted. The insects treated of 4 grouped together under the name of the particular fruit that they affect, and are arrange a in order according as they attack the root, the trunk, the branches, the leaves, the fruit itself. If, therefore, a gardener finds an insect of whose habits he is ignorant, and whose name he has never heard, doing damage to one of his fruit-bearing trees, or bushes, c iH vines, he has only to observe to what part of the plant the attack is directed, and then he can at once turn to an illustrated account of the pest, and learn from it all its life- history and what remedies he may most effectively employ for its extermination. On the other hand, if an entomologist wishes to know in a condensed form what information — is available respecting an insect that comes within the scope of the work, he can at once — find what he requires by means of the carefully prepared synonymical list and compa | index at the end of the book. The volume is beautifully printed on fine paper, and neatly bound in cloth ; the ilustrations—440 in number—are thoroughly well done by competent artists and en- gravers. ‘The fruits under which the various insects are grouped are twenty in number, _-__—_viz., the apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot and nectarine, cherry, quince, grape, raspberry, eo blackberry, strawberry, red and white currant, black currant, gooseberry, melon, crax _ berry, orange, olive, and fig. As an example of the completeness of the work, we may mention that no less than sixty-four different species of insects are treated of as injurious to the apple alone, besides a number of beneficial parasites, and that these are made ¢ ui to the ordinary reader by 145 woodcuts. Br, We trust that the work will soon find its way into the hands of every intellig at fruit- -grower, and that fresh editions of it may continue to be called for during mata rs to come. Rath Gods 8. veil) ty SECTS ueuioes to Fruits. By W. Saunders. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1883, 8vo. _ Illustrated with 440 woodcuts, pp. 436. Dedicated to the Fruit Growers of America. No one will deny that this book supplies a long-felt want, and supplies it well. The qualification necessary for such work. He knows exactly what fruit growers want, and in which way and manner the needed information should be given to be useful and at ne same time pleasing. Therefore the plan of this book is simple and to the point ; the tment of the enemies plain and sufficient, without tedious length ; the remedies re- mended backed by experience, and such as can be used by everyone. All this seems very simple and easy just as if everybody could do it. Often, I suppose, will it be said, “Why was this book not published long ago? It is so eminently practical! But it s much easier to give long detailed descriptions than short ones, specially adapted to certain purposes. It is much easier to enumerate a number of proposed remedies than o select just the right one. After all, we should not forget that during late years the busy and prominent students of economic entomology have advanced this department of the science in a manner never equalled before this time. __ The plan of the book is as follows: Twenty different fruits—all eatable without pre- aration (except quince and olive)—are treated in so many chapters. The insects injuri- Us to them are arranged as attacking root, trunk, branches, leaves, fruit, always followed vy the enemies of those enemies—the beneficial insects. The species are profusely illus- trated with excellent, often superior, woodcuts ; the well-known cuts of Mr. C. V. Riley wre largely represented, and rather dangerous for all others. _ The plain and judicious manner in which remedies are recommended is a decided nd prominent feature of the book. There are no ambiguous, no large-mouthed sen- tences, no humbug about millions lost by such an enemy, or millions saved by such a remedy. There is nothing but plain truth, said in the most unpretentious words. I ink every scientific student is deeply obliged to the author for his happy innovation. _ Of course the author has, besides his own large experience, used all the rich and endid discoveries and observations published by other scientists. The absence of otation marks is entirely justified, as they belong to the history of the natural history, but ye to a practical book intended for fruit growers. Scientific students know where such acts are published, and the author has in “the preface fully satisfied all economic entomo- cists with his acknowledgments. It is obvious that in a book treating of the history of 0 many species, omissions and sometimes errors cannot be entirely avoided. Since the book i is issued and the errors are insignificant, we may safely leave them to be corrected oy pee author himself. Bene meruit / | Dr. H. A. Hacen, Cambridge, Mass. E Foop RELATIONS OF THE CaRABIDE AND COoccINELLIDH. By S. A. Forbes. From Bulletin No. 6, Ill. State Lab. of Nat. Hist., Normal, Il., Jan., 1883, 8vo, pp. 31. Through the kindness of the author, we have been favoured with a copy of the sve paper, which embodies the results of a very laborious series of microscopic examina- ms of the contents of the alimentary canal of insects belonging to the Carabide and cecinellide. In the Carabide the results of the dissection and study of 175 specimens given, representing thirty-eight species and twenty genera. Of the Coccinellide, the ilts of the dissection of thirty-nine specimens are given, accompanied by carefully ompiled tables presenting the evidence in the most convenient and’ accessible forms. of. Forbes’ experiments show clearly that the opinions hitherto held by entomo- ists as to the food of these insects are in many respects incorrect. While it is shown it the insects belonging to the genus Calosoma live almost exclusively on animal food, e of Chlenius and Galerita to the extent of nine-tenths, and those of Pterostichus e-fourths ; the species of Harpalus take only about twelve per cent. of animal food, os twenty-one per cent., Amara and Amphasia twenty-three per cent., and Agonoderus about thirty-three per cent. ; the whole series of Carabide examined ing fifty-seven per cent. of animal food, ‘the remainder being vegetable and cons mainly of the pollen of flowers and the spores of fungi. Of the Coccinellide examined, animal food constitutes but little more than one th bird of the whole, the other two-thirds consisting of forty-five per cent. of the spores of f four per cent of those of lichens, and fourteen per cent. of pollen. Prof. Forbes has la all who are interested in this subject under grateful obligations to him for his valuable contributions to our knowledge in this department. ey Burrerrulzs.” By A. R. Grote, A.M. Large 8vo, pp. 85. Published by J ohn vau “va Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, Eng. Ba. | by This little volume is beautifully got up, printed in bold type on fine paper, and 1 ____ trated by four excellent coloured plates on which forty-five species of Noctuids are figu These moths have been previously described in various works, but have not been figurec ___ fore; and appear to have been selected to adorn this handsome little book on account of t. : striking beauty ; they are the gems of the genera to which they belong, and well des to be thus made better known. Each specimen is numbered and accompanied ae ak reference or description. "5 3 Ina preface of twenty-three pages the author gives a “‘ brief” réswmé of the sources f whence he has drawn his information ; an account is also given here of the life histor the Cotton-worm from the egg to the perfect insect. This volume will commend for its excellencies to all those who are interested in the study of the Noctuide, as a v ____ able and beautiful contribution to this department of entomology. ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD Narurarists’ Crus. No. 3, 1881- 1882. “8y0, Sa pp. 66, with two plates. ie We commend this record of the work of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club to al _ those who are interested in Canadian Natural History. In addition to the excel. address of the President, James Fletcher, Esq., it contains reports of the work acc plished by the Geological, Botanical and Entomological branches of the Club ; a lis the birds found in the vicinity of Ottawa, and addresses which have been delivered various natural history subjects at the soirees held by the Club. \ GENERAL INDEX OF THE THIRTEEN ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE Eniououeee Socreny ¢ OF ONTARIO. } This useful work, covering the period from 1870 to 1882 inclusive, has recently b : issued, The compiler, E. Baynes Reed, Esq., Secretary- -Treasurer of the Society, has Spe _ no pains or labour in making the Inder complete in every particular. It is uniform i with the Reports, and covers thirty-five pages. Beginning with a summary of the ill tions used, and of the orders illustrated, there follows a detailed list of all the figures in each of the thirteen Reports. The second part consists of a classified list of insects illustrated, while the third part is a general index which is very full and com and will be of much value to all who may ‘have occasion to consult its pages. A will be mailed to each member of the Society. . .: OBITUARY NOTICES. It becomes our painful duty to announce the death of one of the founders of our ociety and its first President, Prof. Henry Croft. He died at Hermanitas, Texas, on the 8th of April, of dropsy, aged sixty-three years. Ever since the organization of our S ociety he has taken the deepest interest in its welfare. larly in life while in Europe he was an ardent collector, devoting most of his attention to Hymenoptera; but after accepting the position of Professor of Chemistry in the University of Toronto, which he filled with much credit for many years, his time was so fully occupied with his professional | duties as to leave him but little opportunity for entomological pursuits. Yet he never lost his interest in this, his favourite department of natural history. For many years past his eyesight had failed to such an extent as to prevent his collecting, and his health lso was too poor to permit of it. Several years ago he resigned his position in the Uni- ersity and removed to Texas with his family, with the hope of benefiting his health. His death was quite unexpected. One of his much esteemed colleagues thus writes of him: “ His last letter to me, written about ten days before his death, showed much of his old interest in natural history, some of his familiar humour, and a kindly interest in his friends here. I look back with pleasure on many years of work with him as a colleague. I ever found him genuinely straightforward, guileless and upright.” His memory will ever be cherished by those of us who knew him well as a kind and disinter- ested friend. CHARLES ARNOLD, of Paris, Ontario, died after a short illness on the 15th day of April, 1883. Although not an active worker in the entomological field, he was a close observer of the habits ‘of nsects, especially such as are injurious to agriculture and horticulture, and in this way a aost useful member of our Society. He was quiet and unobtrusive, but his work, espe- ially as a hybridist, made him widely known. He originated many good varieties of 1its, cereals and other useful plants, some of which are much appreciated. Few men have done so much good in so quiet a way. if PROF. TOWNEND GLOVER, long so well known as Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture in Washington, Pied on the 8th of September from an attack of apoplexy, at the house of his adopted laughter in Baltimore, in his seventy-first year. He was a most careful and painstaking ob- erver, a good draughtsman and an excellent engraver,and employed his every spare moment in producing figures of American insects. In the preparation of these plates his industry was incessant, and the wonder is how, in one short life, he could have accomplished so much. The plates, with the accompanying notes, have been purchased by the United States Government, and it is hoped that they will be published in sufficient number to dmit of their being available to educational institutions and students of entomology ‘oughout the country. A complete set of his beautiful works, of which only fifteen pies are extant, have been secured for the library of our Society. He was an honorary amber of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and ever felt a deep interest in our Vv. T.. CHAMBERS, alued contributor to the pages of the Canadian Entomologist, died on the 7th of gust, his fifty-second birthday, at his home in Covington, Kentucky. He laboured and ardently on the micro-lepidoptera, and in his numerous descriptions of species careful notes on their habits, has left behind him an enduring monument, He began ries of papers on micros in the third volume of our journal, published in 1871, pnb- lishing ten papers before the end of that year. These were followed by twelve papers in lume iv., nine in vol. v., ten in vol. vi., nine in volume vil. -» Seven in vol. viii., ten in 1 1x., four i 1D: VOLS. four i in vol. xi., one in vol. xii., two in vol. xiii., and one in vol. ; seventy-eight papers in all, besides a few communications on other entomological sub- s. His writings have added greatly to the interest and value of our journal, and we © 1 miss him much, 82 DR. JAMES S. BAILEY, of Albany, N.Y., died at his residence, No. 95 Eagle St., on July Ist, after a protractec illness. He was an enthusiastic student of insects, who devoted most of his attention t¢ the lepidoptera, of which he possessed a fine collection. He has contributed a numbe of papers to the Hntomologist, among others an illustrated one on the natural history o: Cossus centerensts, in No. 1., vol. 11, and at the'time ‘of his death was engaged in pre paring a paper on the tree-boring species of this genus for the Department of Agriculture PROF. P. C. ZELLER. The death of this veteran lepidopterist has occurred, long expected and deeply regretted. Seven years younger than the century itself, Prof. Zeller was born on the 9tl of April, 1808. Professor in the Prussian Real Schule at Meseritz, he was finally retirec on a Government pension, and has lived since 1870 near Stettin, continuing his entomo logical labours in connection with the Entomological Society of Stettin. Commencing t write at an early age, Prof. Zeller has grown up with the modern science of lepidop terology. His earliest studies were upon the collections of Frau Lienig and the materia brought by himself from a southern trip, which extended as far as Sicily. Zeller dis covered the curious diurnal Khodocera Farinosa, besides describing certain Lycenide, bu his principal attention was given to the small moths of the families Pyralide to Tmeide, th modern classification of which he may be said to have founded. He first cleared up th confusion as to the genera of Phycide, and by using natural characters, chiefly secondary sexual ones, he succeeded in disentangling our minds with regard to the order of natur in this obscure and neglected field of enquiry. His species and genera are very numerou: and almost always valid. It is a misfortune that his valuable monograph on the Cram bide was issued so nearly simultaneously with the worthless writings of Francis Walke: on the same subject, so that some of our North American material has been twice named The evidence seems to be that Zeller’s paper may have been earlier. As a matter of jus tice it should have priority. In a series of articles, published since retirement from officia duties, Prof. Zeller described a number of moths from North America. Rather more thar the, unfortunately not to be avoided, proportion of synonyms mark the papers, which are otherwise models of what descriptional work ought to be. Still later, Prof. Zeller has published a beautifully illustrated volume on micro-lepidoptera, and has given a classifica tion of Chilo. As I remember him in 1867, Prof. Zeller was a white-haired gentlemaz of very kind manners and enthusiastic for his favourite science. He was moderately thir and tall, wearing a slight whisker, but otherwise with clean shaven mouth and face. Hi: nose was large and well-shapen, his eyes bright and the whole expression of his face pleasing. He had high cheek bones, and his countenance was unmistakably German i1 its salient features. Lowe, the celebrated dipterist, was then living in Meseritz, and a1 entomological excursion which I made with these two celebrities is among the most plea sant of my European reminiscences. Prof. Zeller’s home relations were of the happiest and the sympathy of an amiable and considerate wife was his through life. And it wa: a life devoted to science and learning. His accomplishments as a linguist and teache) were well known and appreciated in Germany. We know him chiefly as a biologist, the describer of the exterior structure of lepidoptera. He was fortunate enough to avoi much of the controversial spirit which accompanies descriptive entomology. Althougl he felt deeply the uselessness of the British Museum Lists, and his own studies weré impeded thereby, he has, on the whole, little to say in criticism of others. He was nol only charitable, but had schooled all natural irritability. His assistance was freely giver to others, and Mr. Stainton’s work on the TZimneina acknowledges its value. He was ¢ type of a kindly German pedagogue and naturalist which hardly exists elsewhere. A. R. G. in Papiho. CHARLES G. SIEWERS. Charles G. Siewers died at his residence, Newport, Ky., Sept. 6th, in the sixty-eight year of hisage. For many years he has been a devoted and enthusiastic student of entomo ‘ i LP i 7 : AR much Bane in rearing the larvee of forte pec making coloured drawings 0 igh their stages of growth. He collected largely in coleoptera and was a very ‘Laas of habits. DR. JOHN L. LE CONTE. el 5th November, 1883, eae an illness of seve months, in his fifty-ninth year. He ; | born in New York, Gait had made Philadelphia his home during the last thirty years. ae graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons 1 in 1846. In 1857 he spent several nths in South America with a party of engineers who were engaged in surveying ry yy across Honduras, he prepared the geological report of the party. At the begin- — of the war he entered the army as a surgeon, was soon promoted to the position oe 3 nedical inspector with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and served in that capacity until In 1867 he was attached to the Kansas Baiada Survey, and made valuable reports © e country adjacent to the railway in Colorado and New Mexico. He was a student science all his life, and an active or corresponding member of the leading scientific — nd philosophical societies of this country and Europe; but his ‘specialty was entomo-— and in the order of coleoptera he has long stood at the head of the list of Ameri- 1 an original investigators. 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