53 ; eH x Sit Be Sintap nce Pea, > Sh be The United States National Museum Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1952 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Untrep States Nationat Museum, Unper Direction OF THE SMITHSONIAN INstTITUTION, Washington, D. C., October 15, 1952. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1952. Very respectfully, Remineron Ketxoee, Director, U. S. National Museum. Dr. A. WEeTMorE, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. rr Annual Report of the Director United States National Museum Contents Page INTRODUCTION atc: ch criss avis ae cefola (i ae Lap iany So a aneres ene Aca eeu eee 1 IBwblicationSins gals hereon ek ee sei eee Se emcee ities et ae Oa ae 7 RN Sea Ot GS ape cst stesso aa ae met ual le seaiah dade SoRARUI ooeToO RUPE ty neo av 7 DEPART MEN TROROANTEHROPOLOG Yas tie aan en acne asinine 8 DEPARTMENT ORS OOUOGY ect Ah a. Aone o8: fae eee te ee 18 IDEPAR TIME NIT SOR OO DAN Ys tae omen clnce- cence eto neuen 28 DEPARTMENT. OF) GHOLOGY 503 a les. eres gu wine eel ee hoe) ee eee 34 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIES. .......... 43 DEPARTMENT OF MEMISTORY = S30 5 ee ee ee ee 50 INGCESSIONS He cieen cnt ocean ah ateries vot Hediheey Weyer ait evs Ata Gane a 54 PuBLIcATIONS BY MEMBERS OF THE STAFF ..........2.2.. 97 PuBLICATIONS IssUED BY THE MusBuM .............. 102 IV Introduction It has been said in a previous report that the function of the United States National Museum is to make available to the Nation the collec- tions entrusted to it for safekeeping. This it does by exhibiting selected items and by organizing the remaining, and vastly larger, part of the collections into a great reference library of material objects. The effective performance of both these functions, it has been pointed out, depends on that essential element in the work of a successful museum, research. Research—Orderly Inquiry Research, that is, orderly inquiry aimed at discovering and inter- preting facts, is not confined to the laboratory. It is as much a prod- uct of one man at his books or before his work table, or simply seated in contemplation under the heavens, as of a team of scores of spe- cialists representing many disciplines and using elaborate equipment and techniques. In the natural and cultural sciences as in other fields (the cultural sciences here may be said to embrace the study of man and his works—with emphasis on the products of his technology and the household arts), this orderly inquiry follows a regular pro- cedure: facts are gathered by observation and planned search; they are evaluated and their. relationship determined; where possible, conclusions or basic laws are derived; the results of the investigation are published for the use of others. By far the greater effort and time in most investigations are spent patiently observing and recording facts. A spectacular achievement crowning years of unpublicized labor may delude some into overlook- ing this, but no such delusion assails the scientist or historian who spends his life at these tasks. Nonetheless, he accepts the prospect willingly, fully aware that success in research is almost without excep- tion built upon the work of others. In the National Museum research naturally enough starts with the assembling of the great collections (see tabulation, p.3). These have been growing for more than a hundred years as a result of the expedi- tions of its staff, and through extensive deposits made by other Gov- ernment agencies, private institutions, and individuals. From every part of the world have been gathered cultural objects, plants, animals, and minerals. Deposited in the National Museum as the institution best able to make them available to the Nation as a whole, they create a unique research facility for those who seek a better understanding of man, his culture, and his environment. 2 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1952 Research on an object in the collections makes use of the accom- panying documentation that tells where, when, how, and by whom it was collected, with whom it was associated, or by whom and how it was devised. The object is further identified, it is classified and de- scribed according to the category to which it belongs, and its scientific or historical significance is, if possible, determined. Information such as this, assembled for a whole group of objects, provides a basis for further theorizing and evaluation, and leads to the establishment of broad general facts, or to the development of fundamental laws or conclusions. A multitude of skills and disciplines are brought to bear. For ex- ample, the research required to arrange, or classify, plants or animals according to taxonomic principles leads the curator, a taxonomist, to draw on all aspects of the biological sciences in establishing valid phylogenetic relationships. The geologist dealing with minerals finds himself at once a chemist and a physicist, or he may combine his know]- edge of the earth with a knowledge of botany or zoology. The his- torian who deals with technology is as much engineer as scholar. The specialist in any of the several fields of anthropology may comprehend and use subject matter in half a dozen overlapping fields. Traditionally the progress of research has varied from field to field because investigators the world over have quite naturally given first attention to the subject most evident or available, or about which infor- mation was in most demand. In the natural sciences relatively more has been done on mammals and birds than on insects, and relatively more on insects and fishes than on marine invertebrates, of which whole groups of creatures remain relatively unknown. A similar situation prevails in the cultural sciences, treatment of which as formal dis- ciplines is of recent origin. Archeology, ethnology, and physical anthropology, for instance, date from the midnineteenth century, while recognition of the history of technology as a division of history is even more recent. Workers in these fields, as well as coping with the task of correlating and organizing existing information, must overcome the many obstacles to the development of complete and reliable new data. Typical Research Investigations The scope of research in the natural and cultural sciences covered by the National Museum is best illustrated by examples of recent work in progress or published by its professional staff. The excavation and study of a large Cheyenne village in South Dakota produced archeological evidence important in interpreting the role of the Indian tribes before and during the period of early historic ANNUAL REPORT—INTRODUCTION SPECIMENS IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTIONS, JUNE 30, 1952 Department of poten et Bed Cy CeCe a eek Aare 754, 897 Archeology. ... . Bee te ee 516, 571 Hthnology pe cree eee see 186, 890 Ceramics. ... Pan, 9, 156 Musical nig maar Ae ae 2, 440 Period art and textiles. . . . 2, 756 Physical Anthropology. ..... 37, 084 Wenarimentiofebotany. ys 0.) sae el ee ee cee be 2, 493, 896 Phanerogams. ......... 1, 612, 332 CGTASSESMI Eta Rates al ar vere ote en 337, 870 IHG TTA Ses eh ks yo Sak bea ty eA trae bos 197, 868 Cryptogams ... oy ee 345, 826 Department of Binsin snil Industries: v2 eae 166, 562 Crafts and Industries ...... 61, 287 EMPINCCTING aeecs: led bs ew scene. te 32, 553 Graphic Arts. ... iA, 49, 848 Medicine and Public Health th ed de 22, 874 Department of Geology . . . spiser eae cadb dS py mies 3, 936, 817 Mineralogy and Peinallaiay sdiceicaks 261, 766 Invertebrate ae ead and Paleobotany .. . naan es 3, 637, 864 Vertebrate Patcontelony Miptatio Ne 37, 187 Department of History: pyc 9. bee) Kes 645, 359 Civil BETistOnyspespeceen! koiecnps cearves 37, 114 Militaryaristonyes- en eac ace one 28, 941 INGEN IS GSOIAy Sb Ba lola oe 4,413 IN(TAMISTANAYHKES 6 G&G bo to on oo oc 62, 763 Philatelys 0) 2: Ree a BS Teweha iS a 512, 128 Department of Besos Sahib et ad Shoe act div Zon 1865 963 Nia aS eho a ta tes ey alone te Secs 263, 161 DIRGS Meese siete a ret ean recat 467, 557 IReptileseaccs es arcs ecw pen ete 140, 142 Mishes Aue eee ithe kM ars EAM LEED 1, 519, 118 Insects, )iw) Gs ohh a ah hangehcabt a ple a FOSS 4910 Marine Teertchanton DT vile BI oc 1, 265, 864 INTOINISK See teen ee ea ak eter.) often 9, 363, 778 FVelminths Pe citiccce once vice. i a 44, 979 Helmodermss 7.) 3 ae ee 188, 454 Tota Mustum CouLEcTIONS. ..... . 30, 184,494 4 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1952 colonization. Field investigations in the lower Amazon Valley are supplying similar evidence on the development and migration of aboriginal cultures in that area. Changes in the material and social culture of the Plains Indians following their acquisition of the Euro- pean horse were shown in an ethnological monograph recently com- pleted. A report on another study, this one in physical anthropology, demonstrated that the adaptive correlations and ecological rules ap- plying to warm-blooded animals in the wild state also apply to man, who is presumed to be domesticated. Measurable success was attained in tracing and interpreting interacting changes in the material culture of Taiwan (Formosa) as they affected the economic status, family life, and tribal organization of the inhabitants. Reports were prepared on mammals recently collected in northern Australia, in Arctic America, and in the eastern United States, and also on the evolution of the specialized breeding and guiding habits of the honey guides, an African family of birds. Revisionary studies of two families of fishes were completed for the second volume of a faunal report on the fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, while an- other study clarified in a noteworthy way the involved synonymy, classification, and relationship of the frogs of southeastern Brazil. Biologic, taxonomic, and biometric data on the molluscan fauna of the Gulf of Mexico, the deeper waters of which constitute one of the biologically lesser-known areas, were summarized in a monograph of the mollusks of those waters. Studies centering on the classifica- tion of insects have accumulated more information on the ladybird beetles, rove beetles, humus beetles, and hairstreak butterflies. The adaptation of copepods of the family Notodelphyidae to a commensal association with tunicates, ascidians, and mollusks, together with other bionomic details, was reviewed in a monographic description of the American forms of this group of marine invertebrates. In a continuing series of studies of Pacific Island plants, regional revisions were completed for several families occurring in Fiji and adjacent archipelagos. Similar contributions were made to the knowledge of the family Gesneriaceae in Trinidad and Tobago and of the family Bromeliaceae in Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. An im- mediate economic use was found for the latter of these studies, made by a Museum specialist at the request of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Servico Nacional de Malaria, of Brazil, since the bromeliads are air plants that in some instances are water holding and, hence, breed- ing places for malarial mosquitoes. Full geological details of the birth and growth of a volcano were presented in a report on the Volcan de Parfcutin, in Michoacan, México. Chemical analyses of uranium minerals and studies of their crystal- ANNUAL REPORT—INTRODUCTION 5 line structure added details to the knowledge of that important sub- ject. A paleontological monograph now in preparation on North American lower Middle Ordovician brachiopods is contributing to knowledge of the classification of these invertebrates and their cor- relation with Ordovician forms. The interpretation of vertebrate fos- sils collected by field expeditions in the Lower Eocene horizons of the Green River Basin of western Wyoming materially advanced exist- ing knowledge of the correlation of these horizons, which are now recognized as being within the Knight formation. The mechanical development of the halftone screen, which wed- ded photography to printing, was traced from its invention in 1852 in a report that noted the influence of the halftone screen on many facets of American life. The historical development of significant machines, devices, and products related to the growth of American technology is being traced in studies in progress; these include the sewing machine, the camera, American plows of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and electric meters. Another study, of second- ary woods used in colonial furniture, is providing a new technique for identifying early pieces. Further documentation of the relics and memorabilia of George Washington and other historically prominent Americans produced factual details of the lives and times of these individuals. Explora- tion of ancient shipwrecks in the Florida Channel and the recovery of material ranging from cannon barrels to teapots added to the knowledge of ships and trade of the American colonial period and increased the store of early objects precisely dated in use. Progress on the preparation of catalogs and histories of the stamps and coins in the collections is adding measurably to the available information on these subjects. Research—Professional Responsibility Each member of the curatorial staff of the National Museum has a professional responsibility to advance through research the know]l- edge of materials under his charge. This knowledge aids him as curator in classifying and arranging these materials. It aids him in answering the hundreds of questions daily asked by the public and in preparing interesting, meaningful, and informative exhibits for the visitors of all ages who throng the public halls. It enables him, as a scientist or historian carrying out the mission of the Smithsonian Institution, to contribute his share to the broad reservoir of scientific information on which the life of our country so greatly depends. To the question, Why are these contributions to knowledge so important? the reply must be that all knowledge is useful, though 6 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1952 not always for the same purpose or at the same time. To declare, on the basis of its present usefulness, that one or another area of investigation is the more valuable is to hazard a judgment before all evidence is assembled, as well as to encroach upon a basic freedom— freedom of inquiry. The curator himself may indeed be measured. His diligence, his accuracy, his thoroughness may be assayed. His judgment may perhaps be questioned if he chooses to glean facts after the field has been harvested and his services are needed on the thresh- ing floor. But it must be remembered that again and again in research the grain of fact at first overlooked later has proved worth the whole harvest twentyfold. As a professional devoted to building up detailed mastery of his chosen field, the curator knows where and how to glean further knowledge from it. Here the meaning of the term “professional” as applied to the ‘museum curator comes into full focus. In the professional disciplines more is involved than the mastery of a body of specialized knowledge. Other areas of human endeavor require such mastery yet are not classed as professions. ‘The essence of professionalism—and many un- fortunately ignore this fact—is to be found in the strong sense of high purpose and personal responsibility and the strict intellectual integrity that motivate the individual and guide him in the use of his specialized knowledge. These qualities and his concern for facts, his urge to seek them and to inquire into the nature of things, to do research—all these mark the museum curator and are the measure of his stature. Asa professional he is a stronghold of individual initiative and responsi- bility in a world threatened by the ant heap of collectivism. The Museum seeks these qualities in its professional staff and, finding them, places on the individual the high responsibility of carry- ing out necessary research in his particular field. For the most part it is needed only to give him administrative support and to make certain that his efforts do not overlap or duplicate the work of others. SPECIMENS ACCESSIONED, IDENTIFIED, AND DISTRIBUTED— FISCAL YEAR 1952 Trans- Gifts to fenel Loaned for Submitted Exchanged educa- toother study to in- for with other tional Govern- vestigators Received in identifi- Identified instilu- institu- ment and insti- Department accessions cation on request tions tions agencies tutions Anthropology . 4, 852 8, 664 8, 664 393 240 0 5, 224 Zoology. . . . 251,290 87,238 33,291 4,848 2,195 161 50,355 Botanwvaeey ie 62,476 17,250 14,809 8, 266 388 0 26,224 Geology. . . . 279,968 18,977 18,966 3,993 4,278 0 5, 407 Engineering and Industries. . 1, 688 939 935 2 4 0 124 History. ... 7,130" 940394") 7340304 2 3 il esses Toran . 607,354 117,457 111,059 17,499 7,108 172 106,690 ANNUAL REPORT—INTRODUCTION @ Serving thus, as the needs of the collections demand and the degree of public support permit, he assures the continuing flow of infor- mation, vital to the successful functioning of the Museum, that can only arise from competent research. The effectiveness of this pro- cedure, followed in all the great museums and research institutions of the free world, is demonstrated by the published results. * * * * * * * In the light of these remarks, the following report will be seen to measure both the accomplishments of the Museum staff and the public support accorded the Museum in carrying out its mission. Publications In addition to an Annual Report, the National Museum issued 26 publications based on work in the national collections, including 1 in the Bulletin series, 24 papers in the Proceedings, and 1 in the Con- tributions from the National Herbarium. The titles of these are listed on pages 102 and 103. At the close of the year four bulletins and one Proceedings paper were in press. Members of the staff, their research associates, and collaborators published through the Museum and in the scientific journals and else- where a total of 138 books, articles, and reviews involving their special field of interest in the national collections. These were distributed as follows: Subject Publications Subject Publications Anthropolosyey ss eee): 20) FEN SEORY cos ae ay riia else Go Seb oleh a oeie 9 IBOLATIVA Hata = hia caee aye foe ates els QD | LOOlOLY: ss. ois: io laiteuled = ol ais sch el as 64 Engineering and Industries.... 1 ——— Geoloeveieye wee cree oles SEE 19 POC AMAED VEO S tes tankless 138 An additional number of articles, also based wholly or in part on the collections, are published annually by the many scholars, re- searchers, and visitors who use the Museum’s services. On February 29, 1952, Gladys O. Visel retired as assistant editor of the National Museum, after serving the Institution for 3414 years. Funds Allotted From the funds appropriated by Congress to carry on the opera- tions of the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus during the fiscal year 1951-52, the sum of $821,960 was allotted to the United States National Museum. Of this allotment $780,260 was used for salaries and expenses required for the preservation, increase, and study of the national collections of anthropological, zoological, botanical, and geological specimens, as well as materials illustrative of engineering, industry, graphic arts and history. The remainder, $41,700, was used for printing and binding. Department of Anthropology (FRANK M. SETZLER, Head Curator) The department of anthropology has made continuing progress on the long-range program of modernizing several of the large exhibi- tion halls, of consolidating and providing additional documentation for the collections. In particular, a complete revision of the Latin American archeological hall was undertaken, and the entire gallery devoted to the exhibition of ceramics was revised to show ceramics of the world with emphasis on early English and American glass and ceramics. Highlighting the research completed by the staff was the presenta- tion for publication of a monograph, “The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture,” based upon 11 years of field work and research, by Associate Curator John C. Ewers. Altogether, members of the staff completed over 25 articles, 21 of which have been published. ACCESSIONS Among the important gifts received during the year was a well- documented wampum belt of the eighteenth century, originally pre- sented to Wyandot Indian chiefs by the Seneca Indians, a division of the Iroquois Confederacy. With its symbolic message, which may be interpreted as “Sit down here, accept hospitality, and be at peace,” it served as a token of peace and friendship concluding the wars be- tween this tribe and the Wyandot (Huron), who, just prior to their removal in 1842, lived along Lake Erie near Sandusky, Ohio. In the early 1880’s a large section of the original wampum belt was presented by Kitty Greyeyes, widow of Chief John W. Greyeyes, to Huldah H. Bonwill in appreciation of her services as a Quaker mis- sionary and teacher among the Wyandot. Said the Indians to her, “We often think how you work for us. We can’t pay you. You keep this.” Later she gave the belt to a leader among the Quaker Indian missions, Joseph S. Elkinton of Philadelphia, whose grand- son, Howard W. Elkinton, presented the belt to the Museum 110 or more years after peace had been secured. During the examination of an archeological collection assembled many years ago by the well-known agriculturist Dr. O. F. Cook, a beautifully carved and painted Inca kero (wooden beer cup) was dis- covered. Around the entire outer surface is depicted the rope-dance ceremony in honor of the coronation of the Inca emperor Huascar 8 ANNUAL REPORT—ANTHROPOLOGY 9 (1525-1532). This well-preserved royal Inca object, together with other Peruvian objects, was presented by Robert C. Cook, the son of the collector. Through a bequest from the late Mrs. Emily V. Taylor the national collections were enriched by a noteworthy Philadelphia high chest, er highboy. This example of one of the most sophisticated phases of our colonial American culture is outstanding in that it embodies characteristics of design and workmanship unusual in the Philadel- phia highboy form of the period 1760-1770. Archeology.—Well-documented archeological material from the eastern United States, especially Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and the District of Columbia, has been lacking. The accessioning of 3,881 type specimens of potsherds and arrowheads from this area, a welcome addition to the collections, was made possible by the gifts of eight different collectors: Dr. B. C. MeCary, Dr. C. A. Michael, Dr. C. G. Holland, and Asa Gray Phelps, of Virginia; Drs. T. Dale Stewart and Clifford Evans, of the U.S. National Museum; Frederick Ange, of North Carolina; and the Natural History Society of Mary- land. Ethnology.—The post-World War II period has brought to the Museum new and valuable ethnological materials from distant places and from peoples whose cultures hitherto were poorly represented. Such an area is southeastern Asia and its great outlying islands of Sumatra and Java, the source of an outstanding gift from Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Pierson, Jr. Consisting of a complete theater set of 130 appurtenances of the puppet show, wayang, which they obtained from the puppet-master, dalang, in the Sundanese village of Tjiawi, West Java, it also includes orchestral instruments, gamelan (gradu- ated brass gongs and xylophones mounted on frames, a bowed rehab, cymbals, and tubular wooden drums), that provide the musical ac- companiment to the narrative of the master as he manipulates the carved wooden puppets. Through these, costumed and painted to represent traditional epic characters, the dalang—in asides—com- ments freely on current events, local gossip, or world politics. Brig. Gen. R. A. Osmun presented a collection he obtained from natives of northern Burma and Assam during World War IJ, includ- ing two short-ranged weapons used in shooting birds, a crossbow from Burma, and a pellet bow, with clay pellets, from Assam. Mrs. Hoff- man Philip gave a collection of religious objects, weapons, jewelry of silver filigree, and accessories of dress, collected in Abyssinia by her husband, the late Honorable Hoffman Philip, while in the diplomatic service. In the collection representing the colonial aspects of western European cultures is an interesting group of objects associated with 10 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1952 English usage of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, pre- sented by John Smithson and John Smithson, Jr.: A George II silver tankard by Harvey Price of London (1731), a George III basting spoon, a traveler’s silver wine cup made in Paris about 1750, and two English silver luster teapots. Among the 17 specimens added to a previous gift from Mrs. Lura Woodside Watkins are examples of the earliest types of pressed glass made in Cambridge, Sandwich, and Pittsburgh. Physical Anthropology.—The largest accession this year repre- sents a transfer of 78 human skeletons selected from 106 burials from two Indian cemetery sites, now inundated by the John H. Kerr Reservoir, on Buggs Island in the Roanoke River near Clarksville, Va. This collection gains in scientific interest because very few Indian remains have been recovered in the area. EXHIBITION Considerable attention was given to modernizing some of the anthropological exhibition halls and to installing special exhibits illustrating recent accessions. In collaboration with the National Collection of Fine Arts a special exhibition of aboriginal bark paintings and decorated ceremonial objects entitled “Art and Magic in Arnhem Land, Australia,” was opened in the foyer of the Natural History Building in the presence of representatives of the Australian Embassy and the National Geo- graphic Society, cosponsors with the Smithsonian Institution, of the international expedition to Arnhem Land in 1948.