| on bea ‘The United States National Museum 1964 ANNUAL REPORT The United States National Museum Annual Report for the Year knded June 30, 1964 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Unrtrep States NatronaL Museum, Unpbrr DiIrEcTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D.C., August 15, 1964. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1964. Very respectfully, Frank A. Taytor, Director, U.S. National Museum. S. Ditton Ripwey, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. II Contents BUILDINGS . EXHIBITS ACCESSIONS aa CARE OF COLLECTIONS : INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH Anthropology Zoology . : Entomology . Botany : Paleobiology . Mineral Sciences ; Science and Technology . Arts and Manufactures Civil BED Stonyenieae ee Armed Forces History . PUBLICATIONS Donors TO THE NATIONAL COLLECTIONS III 100 105 107 111 115 130 June 30, 1964 United States National Museum Director: Frank A. Taylor Registrar: Helena M. Weiss Conservator: Charles H. Olin Chemist: Jacqueline S. Olin Museum or Natura History Director: T. Dale Stewart Assistant Director: R.S. Cowan Assistant Director for Oceanography: I. E. Wallen Mabel A. Byrd, Administrative Officer Department of Anthropology: Waldo R. Wedel, chairman ARCHEOLOGY : Clifford Evans, Jr., cura- William H. Crocker, associate cura- tor tor Richard B. Woodbury, curator PHysiIcaL ANTHROPOLOGY: J. Law- Gus W. Van Beek, associate curator rence Angel, curator ETHNOLOGY : Saul H. Riesenberg, cura- Lucile E. Hoyme, associate curator tor A. Joseph Andrews, exhibits special- Gordon D. Gibson, associate curator ist Eugene I. Knez, associate curator Department of Zoology: Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., chairman Fenner A. Chace, Jr., senior scientist ; Watson M. Perrygo, in charge of Taxidermy MAMMALS: David H. Johnson, curator MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Donald F. Henry W. Setzer, associate curator Squires, curator Charles O. Handley, Jr., associate Thomas E. Bowman, associate cura- curator tor Brirps: Philip 8. Humphrey, curator Charles E. Cutress, Jr., associate George E. Watson, associate curator curator Richard L. Zusi, associate curator Marian H. Pettibone, associate cura- REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS: Doris M. tor Cochran, curator Raymond B. Manning, associate Fisues: Leonard P. Schultz, curator curator Ernest A. Lachner, associate curator David L. Pawson, associate curator Victor G. Springer, associate curator Mo.tiusks: Harald A. Rehder, curator William R. Taylor, associate curator Joseph P. FE. Morrison, associate Stanley H. Weitzman, associate curator curator Joseph Rosewater, associate curator Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., associate cura- tor IY Department of Entomology: J. F. Gates Clarke, chairman NEUROPTEROIDS: Oliver S. Flint, asso- COLEOPTERA: Oscar L. Cartwright, ciate curator in charge curator LEPIDOPTERA: J. KF. Gates Clarke, act- Paul J. Spangler, associate curator ing curator HeEMIPTERA: Richard C. Froeschner, Donald R. Davis, associate curator associate curator in charge W. Donald Duckworth, associate MyrIAPpopA AND ARACHNIDA: Ralph EH. curator Crabill, Jr., curator William D. Field, associate curator Department of Botany: Jason R. Swallen, chairman PHANEROGAMS: Lyman B. Smith, cu- Thomas R. Soderstrom, associate rator curator Velva EH. Rudd, associate curator CRYPTOGAMS: Mason H. Hale, Jr., cu- John J. Wurdack, associate curator rator Wallace R. Ernst, associate curator Paul S. Conger, associate curator Dan H. Nicolson, associate curator Harold E. Robinson, associate cu- Stanwyn G. Shetler, associate cu- rator rator PLanrt ANATOMY: William L. Stern, FerNSs: Conrad V. Morton, curator curator David B. Lellinger, associate curator Richard H. Eyde, associate curator GRASSES: Jason R. Swallen, acting curator Department of Paleobiology: G. Arthur Cooper, chairman INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY : Richard VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY: C. Lewis S. Boardman, curator Gazin, curator Porter M. Kier, associate curator David H. Dunkle, associate curator Richard Cifelli, associate curator Nicholas Hotton III, associate cu- Erle G. Kauffman, associate curator rator Martin A. Buzas, associate curator Clayton E. Ray, associate curator Richard H. Benson, associate cura- PALEOBOTANY: Francis M. Hueber, tor curator Walter H. Adey, associate curator Department of Mineral Sciences: George S. Switzer, chairman MINERALOGY: George S. Switzer, act- METEORITES: Edward P. Henderson, ing curator associate curator in charge Paul E. Desautels, associate cura- Roy S. Clarke, Jr., chemist tor Oceanography Program: I. E. Wallen, Assistant Director for Oceanography SMITHSONIAN OCEANOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER H. Adair Fehlmann, supervisory museum specialist Museum oF History AND TECHNOLOGY Director: Frank A. Taylor Assistant Director: John C. Ewers William E. Boyle, administrative officer Virginia Beets, administrative officer Department of Science and Technology: Robert P. Multhauf, chairman Deborah J. Mills, assistant curator PHYSICAL ScIENCES: Walter F. Can- non, associate curator in charge; in charge of Sections of Astron- omy and Physics Uta C. Merzbach, associate curator, Sections of Mathematics and Antique Instruments Robert P. Multhauf, curator in charge of Sections of Chemistry and Meteorology MECHANICAL AND CIvIL ENGINEERING: Silvio A. Bedini, curator; in charge of Section of Tools Edwin A. Battison, associate cura- tor, Sections of Light Machinery and Horology Robert M. Vogel, associate curator, Sections of Heavy Machinery and Civil Hngineering ELEctTrRIicIty: Bernard S. Finn, asso- ciate curator in charge TRANSPORTATION : Howard I. Chapelle, curator; in charge of Section of Marine Transportation Kenneth M. Perry, associate curator John H. White, Jr., associate cura- tor, Section of Land Transporta- tion MepicaL ScreENcES: Sami K. Hamar- neh, curator; in charge of Sec- tions of Medical and Dental History and Pharmaceutical His- tory and Health Department of Arts and Manufactures: Philip W. Bishop, chairman MANUFACTURES AND HEAvy INDUS- TRIES: Philip W. Bishop, acting curator Lowell L. Henkle, industrial spe- cialist AGRICULTURE AND FOREST PRODUCTS: Edward C. Kendall, associate curator in charge TEXTILES: Mrs. Grace Rogers Cooper, curator Department of Civil History: Rita J. Adrosko, associate curator CERAMICS AND GLASS: Paul V. Gard- ner, curator J. Jefferson Miller II, assistant eurator GRAPHIC ARTS: Jacob Kainen, curator Fuller O. Griffith, associate curator Eugene Ostroff, associate curator, Section of Photography Richard H. Howland, chairman Peter C. Welsh, curator; Mrs. Doris Esch Borthwick, assistant curator ; Anne Castrodale, assistant curator PouitIcAL History: Wilcomb BH. Washburn, curator Mrs. Margaret Brown Klapthor, associate curator Keith E. Melder, associate curator Mrs. Anne W. Murray, associate curator Herbert R. Collins, assistant curator PHILATELY AND PosTaAL HISTORY: Carl H. Scheele, associate curator in charge VI CULTURAL History: C. Maleolm Wat- kins, curator Mrs. Cynthia Adams Hoover, asso- ciate curator John N. Pearce, associate curator Rodris C. Roth, associate curator NUMISMATICS: Vladimir Clain-Stefa- nelli, curator Mrs. Elvira Clain-Stefanelli, asso- ciate curator Department of Armed Forces History: Mendel L. Peterson, chairman Mivirary History: Edgar M. Howell, NAVAL History: Philip K. Lundeberg, curator curator Craddock R. Goins, Jr., associate Melvin H. Jackson, associate curator curator Office of Exhibits: John E. Anglim, Chief MusEuM oF NATURAL History LABORA- MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY tory: A. Gilbert Wright, assistant LABORATORY: Benjamin W. Law- chief less, chief Julius Tretick, production super- William M. Clark, production su- visor pervisor in charge Honorary Smithsonian Fellows, Associates, Collaborators, Custodians of Collections, and Honorary Curators Anthropology John M. Campbell, Archeology Walter W. Taylor, Jr., Anthropology C. G. Holland, Archeology William J. Tobin, Physical Anthro- Neil M. Judd, Archeology pology Betty J. Meggers, Archeology Nathalie F. S. Woodbury, Archeology Frank M. Setzler, Anthropology Zoology Oliver L. Austin, Birds J. Percy Moore, Marine Invertebrates Willard W. Becklund, Helminthology Dioscoro S. Rabor, Birds J. Bruce Bredin, Biology Waldo L. Schmitt, Marine Inverte- William L. Brown, Mammals brates Ailsa M. Clark, Marine Invertebrates Bejamin Schwartz, Helminthology Herbert G. Deignan, Birds Robert Traub, Mammals Herbert Friedmann, Birds Alexander Wetmore, Birds Laurence Irving, Birds Mrs. Mildred Stratton Wilson, Cope- Allen McIntosh, Mollusks pod Crustacea Entomology Doris H. Blake Frank M. Hull Melbourne A. Carriker, Jr. William L. Jellison Carl J. Drake Carl F. W. Muesebeck K. C. Emerson Thomas E. Snyder Botany Chester R. Benjamin, Fungi Kittie F. Parker, Phanerogams *A ones Chase, Grasses John A. Stevenson, Fungi Emory C. Leonard, Phanerogams William N. Watkins, Woods Floyd A. McClure, Grasses *Deceased September 24, 1963 VII Paleobiology C. Wythe Cooke, Invertebrate Pale- Axel A. Olsson, Invertebrate Pale- ontology ontology J. Thomas Dutro, Invertebrate Pale- Wendell P. Woodring, Invertebrate ontology Paleontology Remington Kellogg, Vertebrate Pale- ontology Mineral Sciences Gunnar Kullerud, Mineralogy Waldemar T. Schaller, Mineralogy Science and Technology Derek J. Price Civil History Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Cultural Mrs. Emery May Norweb, Numis- History matics Elmer C. Herber, History R. Henry Norweb, Numismatics Ivor Noél Hume, Cultural History Joan Jockwig Pearson, Cultural His- Fred W. McKay, Numismatics tory Armed Forces History William Rea Furlong Byron McCandless Frederic C. Lane VIII Annual Report of the Director United States National Museum President Lyndon B. Johnson speaking at ceremonies dedicating the Museum of History and Technology. Buildings Museum of History and Technology On October 25, 1963, the General Services Administration advised the contractor that all remaining areas and systems of the Museum of History and Technology not previously accepted were, with certain exceptions, accepted effective August 30, 1963. On January 22, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the building at ceremonies attended by Ambassadors, Ministers, Members of the Supreme Court, Members of the Senate, Members of the House of Representatives, other high ranking officials and important donors and other friends of the Smithsonian Institution. After introductory remarks by Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the audience was addressed, in the order of events, by Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States; by Senator Clinton P. Anderson, United States Senator from New Mexico, Regent of the Smithsonian Institution and Chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Construction of a Building for a Museum of History 9 v pipe age wae Tareas — SS = Huh mare mena ay, Construction of new west wing of the Museum of Natural History from top of Washington Monument; Museum of History and Technology in foreground. Views (pages 2, 4, 5) of new Museum of History and Technology: p. 2, from across Constitution Avenue; p. 4 (top), Mall, or south, front and closeup (bottom) of school-bus entrance from Smithsonian tower; p. 5, east (top) and west ends from across Constitution Avenue. BUILDINGS 7 and Technology for the Smithsonian Institution; and by the Pres- ident of the United States. Music was provided by the United States Marine Band, Lieutenant Colonel Albert Schoepper, Director. conducting. After the ceremonies the guests viewed the exlibits in ten halls installed for the opening. The building was opened to the public at 9:00 a.m., January 23, 1964. On the first Sunday after the opening more than 57,000 persons visited the building, causing traflic jams of substantial size. By June 30, 1964, a total of 2,510,672 persons had visited the building. The opening of the building and its initial exhibits has focused the attention of historians, museum professionals, scholars, writers and many others on the scholarly competence of the curators and upon the unportance of the Smithsonian collections in recording and interpret- ing history and traditions. Interviews have been taped, and the build- ing and its exhibits have been filmed for world-wide distribution by the USIA and the Voice of America. Unprecedented requests have been received from universities for joint programs in American studies, and the history of science and technology. Architects and museum directors from all sections of the United States and the world have visited the Museum to inspect the building, to examine the pro- grams and collections, and to obtain advice on the establishment, con- struction, and improvement of museums. Museum of Natural History The contract for construction of the west wing of the natural history building, including the last stage of renovation of the original build- ing, was signed in August 1963 and excavation for the wing was begun in November. The foundations were laid and the superstruc- ture erected at a rapid rate, and by the end of the fiscal year most of the granite facing was in place. Meanwhile, renovation of the original building was commenced. Funds Allotted From the funds appropriated by the Congress to carry on the opera- tions of the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus during the fiscal year 1964, the sum of $5,587,000 was obligated by the United States National Museum for the preservation, increase, and study of the national collections of anthropological, zoological, botanical, and geo- logical materials, as well as materials illustrative of engineering, technology, industry, graphic arts, and history. (This amount in- cludes sums expended for the program of exhibits modernization.) E =) ® nw = ® fe he ° Fe} < D 3 = fe ® vu = 5 h — rs ® E nw ® u 3 he he Spangled Banne Star ing hangs the Foucault pendulum which demon- of the earth to visitors on floor below (right). Through circular open 1on strates rotat Exhibits A significant milestone in the history of the exhibits program at the Smithsonian Institution was passed when exhibition halls on the first and second floors of the Museum of History and Technology were presented to the public on January 23, 1964. Totaling more than 75,000 square feet of instructive displays, these areas include the fol- lowing halls or portions thereof : Flag Hall Light Machinery First Ladies Tools Everyday Life in the American Past Vehicles American Costume Railroads Farm Machinery Heavy Machinery (part) Also placed on display were the Greenough statue of George Wash- ington, flanked by eight cases of outstanding national treasures; a centrally located Foucault pendulum; and a preview of future ex- 10 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 hibits, in which are presented examples of displays to be placed in halls to be opened in the future. The halls and exhibits on view at the opening had required less than eight months to install, and the building was opened to the public in less than five months after its substantial completion by the contractor. This achievement was the result of nearly eight years of advanced planning and design of ex- hibition halls, followed by the production of innumerable individual displays, some of which had been temporarily exhibited in the Arts and Industries building prior to being moved to the new museum. It could not have been accomplished without the cooperation of many individuals on the curatorial staff, in the office of exhibits and the buildings management division, and in the employ of private con- tractors—including subject matter specialists who planned and tech- nically supervised development of the displays; specialists in exhibits design, production, and installation; as well as model makers, plastics technicians, painters, electricians, and laborers. Among those in charge of this operation, and presently engaged in the task of installing the re- maining halls of the museum are assistant director John C. Ewers, who coordinates the varied exhibits activities of this museum with the able assistance of John N. Edy in planning the physical movement of materials; Benjamin W. Lawless, who supervises the design, produc- tion, and installation of exhibits, aided by Robert Widder in design, Bela S. Bory and Wilham Clark in production, Robert Klinger in the model shop, Stanley Santoroski in supervision of installation, and Carroll Lusk as lighting specialist; George Weiner, who edits the curators’ drafts of exhibits scripts, with the assistance of Constance Minkin and Edna Wright. The timely assistance of buildings man- ager Andrew F. Michaels and his staff, of John E. Cudd, laison architect, and of George Watson, skilled specialist in the renovation and installation of period interiors, contributed substantially to the success of this program. Since the opening of the new museum the installation of additional halls has progressed. The hall of historic Americans was opened to the public in June, and five other halls will be installed and opened during the four months following June 30, 1964. John E. Anglim, exhibits chief, continued in charge of the planning and preparation of all exhibits, and, with the assistance of Gilbert Wright, directly supervised the operation of the exhibits laboratory in the Museum of Natural Mistory. Julius Tretick supervised the pro- duction and installation of exhibits in that museum. Substantial por- tions of the halls dealing with cultures of Asia and Africa and with comparative osteology were opened to the public in June, and progress was made on five other halls in that Museum. EXHIBITS let Director T. Dale Stewart continued to serve as chairman of the committee coordinating the exhibits modernization program in natural history, and assistant director Richard S. Cowan coordinated the work of curators and exhibits personnel in the development of natural his- tory exhibits. To the advancement of this work substantial contribu- tions were made by John H. Morrissey, project review chief, archi- tectural branch of the Public Buildings Service, General Services Ad- ministration, and by Joseph F. Cromwell, Jr., Mrs. Gertrude Hein, and Albert Brigeda, design architects of that agency. Anthropology Colorful new exhibits of objects from the Near East, Japan, Korea, China, and North and West Africa were first placed on public view when the west portion of the hall of cultures of Africa and Asia was informally opened in late June. Among the exhibits interpreting the traditional cultures of the Asian peoples are a life-size group portraying an episode from a Chinese opera, with accompanying push- button sound recording, a display of objects illustrating the evolution of farming in Japan, and a unit on the daily and religious life in Tibet. The Republic of Korea has loaned one of its national art treasures, a cast-iron figure of Buddha from the Koryo dynasty (A.D. 935-1392), which is presented in a temple setting with a paneled screen of red silk brocade. North and West African cultures present many striking works of art from peoples whose accomplishments have had a profound influence upon modern art in Europe and America. One of the most dramatic displays is a diorama portraying the smelting of iron ore in primitive furnaces and the fashioning of iron tools by tribesmen from the Mandara Mountain region of northern Cameroon. This group was created by exhibits specialists John Weaver, Robert Caftrey, and Peter De Anna. The exhibits in this hall were planned and specified by associate curators of ethnology Gordon D. Gibson and Eugene I. Knez. The hall design was the work of exhibits designer Dorothy Guthrie and the graphic design of individual units was the work of exhibits designer Lucius Lomax. The completely renovated life-size group portraying Indian quarry- ing operations and making of stone artifacts at the Piney Branch site within the present boundaries of the District of Columbia some 500 years ago was opened to the public in the hall of North American archeology, and another group illustrating Indian copper mining in present Michigan was nearing completion at year’s end. Contract construction in the new hall of Old World archeology was virtually completed at year’s end. This hall was designed by exhibits designer 12 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Rolland O. Hower under the scientific supervision of associate curator Gus Van Beek. The contractor’s work in the new hall of physical anthropology also was nearing completion at the end of June. About half of the exhibit units for this hall have been designed by exhibits designer Joseph Shannon, who also served as architectural designer for the hall. The contents of the exhibits have been specified by T. Dale Stewart, di- rector of the Museum of Natural History and Lawrence Angel, curator-in-charge of the division of physical anthropology. During the spring of 1964, Dr. Knez supervised the installation of 41 outstanding examples of Chinese, Buddhist, and Hindu stone sculp- ture, bronze and other items from China, India, Cambodia, and Java. Dr. Van Beek worked with the Department of State and the Snuth- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service on arrangements for loan of the Dead Sea Scrolls and associated materials from the govern- ment of Jordan. In May, during his overseas detail, he conferred with officials of the Jordanian government, the U.S. Embassy, and the Palestine Archaeological Museum, and selected specimens and photo- eraphs for use in the exhibition, which is scheduled to be opened in the Museum of Natural History in March 1965. Thereafter it will cireu- late for six months among other museums in the United States by the Traveling Exhibition Service. Zoology At the end of June the exhibits in the east half of the hall of osteology, comprising the sections on mammals and birds, were in- formally opened to the public. The skeletons in this exhibition range in size from one of the gray whale to those of small birds. Skeletal materials are supplemented by graphic portrayals of the ap- pearance in the flesh of the particular examples displayed. One in- teresting display compares the skeleton of man with those of other primates. Another points out the bony structures, differences in which serve as the bases for scientific classification of birds. ‘The sections of this hall devoted to reptiles, amphibians, and fishes are in process of preparation and installation. Planning of the exhibits in this hall has been coordinated by curator David H. Johnson, with the cooper- ation of the staff members of all the vertebrate divisions of this de- partment. Hall design was by Anthony DiStefano and Rolland O. Hower, and graphic design by exhibits designer Morris M. Pearson. On February 19, 1964, a temporary exhibition entitled “Return to the Sea” was opened on the mezzanine of the hall of life in the sea. This display, a joint effort of the Interagency Committee on Ocean- ography of the Government and the Smithsonian Institution, has as — EXHIBITS ie its theme the renewal of interest in oceanography and the marine en- vironment. Associate curator Charles Cutress and Mr. Kjell Sandved spent approximately two months in Honolulu, Hawan, Dillon Beach, Calif., and at Friday Harbor, Wash., obtaining photographs and well- preserved specimens of animals of which models will be made for display in additional permanent exhibits in this hall. Preparation of models and the securing of specimens for the hall of cold-blooded vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles) was con- tinued during the year, and the installation of groups in this hall was begun. Curator Leonard P. Schultz who is coordinating the planning of exhibits for this hall, and Alfred Strohlein spent several days in the vicinity of Seattle, Wash., during October collecting red salmon and background materials for the group on salmon spawning. Exhibits designer Barbara Craig prepared the architectural layout for this hall, and graphic design is by Joseph Shannon. Staff members of the department cooperated with the department of paleobiology, the Oceanographic Sorting Center, the National Zoologi- eal Park, and the Canal Zone Biological Area in preparing a special exhibition for presentation in the foyer of the Natural History Mu- seum at the time of the 16th International Congress of Zoology, held in Washington, August 20-27, 1963. These displays illustrated facets of the history of zoological research at the Smithsonian Institution, the research programs currently in progress, and international co- operation in the study of animal life. Botany Planning for the hall of plant life has continued at an accelerated rate since January 1964, at which time was established a planning com- mittee consisting of Assistant Director Richard S. Cowan, chairman, and curators M. E. Hale, Jr., David Lellinger, T. R. Soderstrom, Stanwyn G. Shetler, Dan Nicolson, and Richard H. Eyde. This group met regularly with exhibits designer Rolland O. Hower to develop specific plans for the exhibits. Study sites from which to obtain data for construction of some of the habitat groups were selected in the eastern United States, and preparation of botanical models for use in the exhibits in this hall is in progress. Paleobiology The fourth and last of the remarkable series of mural paintings in the hall of the age of mammals in North America, representing land life during epochs of Tertiary time, was completed by artist Jay H. Matternes. This mural depicts a Phocene mammalian assemblage. 14 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Associate curator Clayton EK. Ray initiated preliminary planning of displays in the hall to be devoted to life of the Pleistocene, the geo- logic epoch immediately preceding the present, in consultations with members of the exihibit staff. Much of the time of the laboratory staff has been devoted to repairing and remounting skeletons of the various larger Pleistocene mammals that were previously exhibited, and in restoring new skeletal remains for presentation in this hall. Temporary exhibits, dealing with current research programs of staff members, were prepared by the invertebrate paleontology staff and U.S. Geological Survey paleontologists for the Intenational Zoologi- cal Congress in the summer of 1963, and were sent to New York City for display at the national meetings of the Geological Society of America and he Paleontological Society in November. Mineral Sciences Planning and design of the new physical geology and meteorite ex- hibits was completed in preparation for the start of construction, which is to provide additional space for the gem exhibits. The physical geology exhibit will interpret the nature and properties of materials composing the earth; the distribution of these materials throughout the globe; the processes by which they are formed, altered, trans- ported, and distorted; and the nature and development of the land- scape. The new hall has been planned by curator George S. Switzer and associate curators Paul E. Desautels and Edward P. Henderson. The hall layout has been prepared by exhibits designer Dorothy Guthrie. Science and Technology Four halls of the Department of Science and Technology in the east portion of the first floor were open when the interior of the Museum of History and Technology first was revealed to the public. By means of a few choice full-scale vehicles and an extended series of accurately and precisely executed scale models the railroad hall interprets the history of street railways as well as railroads. The giant 280-ton Pacific-type steam locomotive No. 1401, largest and one of the most impressive three-dimensional specimens in the museum, stands near the row of east windows through which it may be viewed from outside the building at night as well as by daylight. It contrasts sharply with the boiler from the little “Stourbridge Lion” brought from England in 1829 to become the first steam locomotive to run on an American railroad built for commercial use, and with the bonnet- stacked, wood-burning locomotive “Pioneer” built in 1851 by Seth EXHIBITS 15 Wilmarth for the Cumberland Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania. A cut-away scale model of a diesel-electric locomotive shows a type that has supplanted the steam locomotive on American railroads in recent years. A full-scale cable car used in Seattle, Wash., in the late 19th century stands on a section of narrow-gauge track in an elevated posi- tion so visitors can see the underground construction required for its operation. Basic developments in street cars, locomotives, and rail- road cars are illustrated by nearly 80 models, most of them built to the ts Brick-paved railroad hall has picture window (right) facing 12th Street. same scale, which faithfuliy portray notable mechanical advances and the contributions of famous designers. Also displayed are an out- standing collection of rail samples, and examples of railway safety devices. The hall was planned by associate curator John H, White, Jr., in collaboration with exhibits designers James Mahoney, Virginia Mahoney, and Deborah Bretzfelder. The adjacent vehicle hall traces the development of various types of road vehicles in the United States from the 18th century to the present day. Among the outstanding horse-drawn vehicles on dis- play are two variations of the famous stage coach built by the Abbot, Downing Company of Concord, N.H., and widely used in the East and 16 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 West beyond the lines of the early railroads; the finely constructed Lawrence family coach built by Thomas Goddard of Boston in 1851; and a city omnibus built by E. M. Miller of Quincy, Ill. The auto- mobiles illustrate the rapid evolution of automobile design and manu- facture from the 1890’s. Along with the pioneer Balzer and Haynes motor wagons, appear the famous Winton mile-a-minute racer of 1902, the Winton in which Dr. H. Nelson Jackson drove the first transcon- tinental motor trip m 1903, and a sturdy Mack Bulldog truck. Mu- seum specialist Donald Berkebile planned the exhibits in this hall with assistance in layout from exhibits designer Riddick Vann. The hall of tools illustrates the history and development of machine tools. Introductory exhibits display hand tools with which men per- formed laboriously tasks later accomphshed with much greater speed and precision by machine. A short sound film in color describes the five basic machining operations—planing, milling, drilling and boring, turning, and grinding. A full-scale reproduction of Thomas Blanch- ard’s gunstock lathe of 1822 introduces a series of historic special- purpose machines which, in their capacity for producing large num- bers of interchangeable parts, played important roles in contributing to increased American productivity and to a higher standard of living. The attainment of greater precision in measurement, important to the development of machine tools, is brought out in a series of exhibits tracing the history of measurement from the Roman cubit to modern times. An outstanding feature of this hall is a reconstructed full- size machine shop of about 1855 equipped with some of the oldest machine tools in the collection. Six machines, restored to operat- ing condition, are placed in the surroundings in which they would have been used. They are operated by a docent at designated times to demonstrate their functions to museum visitors. Silvio A. Bedini, curator of civil engineering, and his predecessor, Eugene S. Ferguson, selected the machines and planned the case exhibits in this hall with the cooperation of exhibits designers Bright Springman, Harry Hart, and John Clendening. William Henson installed the machines and placed them in operating condition. A major portion of the hall of light machinery illustrates the evolution of timekeeping. The introductory exhibit, through a re- volving globe bearing small sundials on its surface, demonstrates the basic importance of the daily cycle of the earth’s rotation as the foundation of man’s timekeeping systems. The exhibits illustrate the gradual development of timekeeping from early sundials, sandglasses, and waterclocks to the most precise modern electronic clocks. His- toric examples of European and American-made clocks and watches and a number of enlarged escapement models are included. In the Demonstrations are con- ducted in pre-1855 ma- chine shop in hall of tools. 18 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 center of the hall is a reconstruction of a Renaissance clock tower, the four sides of which will display a sun dial, and civil, astronomical, and automaton dials actuated by an American tower clock of 1786. Both the sun dial and civil-time dials have been installed, the former by museum specialist Dorothy Briggs and the latter by its maker, Thwaites and Reed of London, England. Nearby is a reconstructed chronometer-maker’s shop of 1830, complete with the tools used by its proprietor in manufacturing these precise instruments. The ex- hibits in other sections of this hall show machines derived from the skills developed by clock and instrument makers. One series traces Reconstruction of Renaissance clock tower in hall of light machinery. the development of the phonograph from Thomas Edison’s original invention and the work of Alexander Graham Bell’s Volta Laboratory through the more recent talking machines. Exhibits on the evolution of the typewriter include early original machines and patent models. Still other displays interpret the history of locks from early times to the present, showing how new materials and more subtle engineering concepts led to the perfection of more secure locking devices. Ex- hibits in this hall were planned by associate curator Edwin A. Battison in cooperation with hall designer Bright Springman and exhibits designer Barbara Bowes. EXHIBITS 19 At the close of the year installation of exhibits in the hall of civil engineering, adjoining the railroad hall, were nearing completion and plans were made for an early July opening. An interpretation of the story of bridge and tunnel building through the ages shows how the use of new materials enabled bridge builders to construct longer spans and illustrates through scale models many of the classic bridges of history. The tunnels section features a series of cutaway scale models that illustrates the development of methods in both soft- ground and hard-rock tunneling and depicts men constructing some of the major tunnels in which new drilling methods and mechanisms were employed. Associate curator Robert M. Vogel prepared the technical specifications for this hall and the exhibits layout and design are the work of exhibits designers John Brown and Harry Hart. Considerable progress also was made in the installation of exhibits in the hall of heavy machinery. ‘Those at the west end of this hall, opened to the public in January, interpret the early development of the steam engine, and include a reconstruction of an early Watt rota- tive engine. The series on refrigeration and the diesel engine are to be opened in conjunction with the adjoining civil engineering hall in July 1964. All free-standing exhibition cases have been installed in the Ameri- can merchant marine hall, and a considerable number of the scale models of historic types of vessels from the museum’s outstanding watercraft collection have been placed in them by exhibits specialist James A. Knowles, Jr., under the supervision of curator of transporta- tion Howard I. Chapelle. A temporary exhibition of communications satellites, being installed in the northeast portion of the hall of electricity, will be available to the public in July. An item in this exhibit is the back-up satellite for Telstar I—presented to the museum on July 10, 1963, the first anniver- sary of its launching. Contract installation of cases for permanent exhibits in the southwest portion of this hall, which will interpret current electricity, neared completion at year’s end. These exhibits have been planned by associate curator of electricity Bernard S. Finn. Exhibits designer Nadya Kayaloff has nearly completed the display designs. In the halls of pharmacy, medicine, and dentistry at the extreme west end of the first floor, installation of an 1890 period drugstore, of period interiors depicting a portion of a room in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and a midwestern dentist’s office are nearing com- pletion. The Old World apothecary shop formerly on view in the Arts and Industries building is to be installed in the new hall of pharmacy. Two new exhibits destined for exhibition in the new museum were placed on temporary display in the Arts and Industries 20 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL’ REPORT, 1964 building: A diorama depicting Dr. Philip S. Physick excising a large paratoid gland tumor in the circular room of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1805, long before the discovery of anesthesia; and an enlarged model of the human ear, donated by the Lambert Institute of Otology of New York City. Curator of medical sciences Sami K. Hamarneh, assisted by Dr. Alfred R. Henderson, consultant, are completing exhibit plans for the medical science exhibits in coopera- tion with exhibits designer, John Clendening. The Foucault pendulum, prepared by the California Institute of Technology and exhibited in the central rotunda of the new museum, has fascinated visitors since the opening of the building. The division of physical sciences, which is in charge of this exhibit, has been making careful studies of its operation and of the problem of interpreting it to the public. A large graphic explanation planned by curator Walter F. Cannon, is being produced by the exhibits laboratory. Develop- ment of exhibits for the hall of physical sciences progressed with the completion of a layout plan for the mathematics section and the pro- duction of all but two units in the section of astronomy. Arts and Manufactures The farm machinery hall, on view when the new building opened in January, shows through displays of original objects and accurate scale models how the invention and use of labor-saving machines played a major role in the rapid expansion of American agriculture since the early 19th century. The earlier hand-wielded and horse-drawn implements are contrasted with later self-propelled machines which performed the same basic tasks of plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting food crops. The horse-drawn combine in the center of this hall represents an early peak in mechanization. This machine, the first built by Benjamin Holt at Stockton, Calif., in 1886, performed all the harvesting and threshing tasks while moving through the wheat fields of a western bonanza farm. or ' : _ a Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., chairman of department of zoology, inspects a recently acquired fresh-water shrimp, Macrobrachium carcinus from Dominica. A specimen of Penaeus brasiliensis offers a_ size comparison. Research associate J. A. F. Garrick returned to Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand in November and is continuing his world revision of carcharhinid sharks. During May 1964 he visited Australia to study specimens of sharks that were not available in museums of Kurope, America, or Africa. When completed, this critical revision of carcharhinid sharks will be the first ever attempted. Marine Invertebrates.—Curator Donald F. Squires continued his investigations on southern ocean corals. Considerable progress has been made in this study, supported by the National Science Founda- tion, and facilitated by the assistance of Mr. Ian W. Keyes, senior paleontological technician, New Zealand Geological Survey, who worked as research assistant to Dr. Squires during the year. Much of the preliminary compilation of data for a study of the evolution and INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 81 distribution of New Zealand Tertiary and modern corals has been com- pleted. In joint authorship, they have finished a review of the corals of the New Zealand shelf. During the year, a study of the biomechan- ics of the scleractinian coral J/anicina areolata was completed, as were several other studies of fossil and Recent corals. Continued progress was made on the monographic studies of the deep-water corals of the family Micrabaciidae and on the complex group of species comprising the “lacerate Flabellum.” From December to February, Dr. Squires was a participant on the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute cruise “Macquarie Gap” which made geological and biological studies in the area of the Campbell Plateau and the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. Visits were also made during the year to the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the American Museum of Natural History where types were examined and from which specimens of deep-water corals were obtained for further study. Associate curator Thomas EK. Bowman completed an account of an arostrate population of the planktonic calanoid copepod Acartia lillje- borgii, from St. Lucia, West Indies. He described a new genus and species of cirolanid isopod from Madison Cave, Va., the first troglodytic cirolanid to be found in the United States outside of Texas; completed the description of a new anthurid isopod from the Caguanes Caves of Cuba; and described a new mysid crustacean, abundant in Lake Pont- chartrain, La. With L. J. Lancaster, he prepared a description of a bloom of the planktonic blue-green alga Skujaella, from the Tonga Islands. Work was begun on an account of pelagic amphipods of the family Hyperiidae from the northeastern Pacific. Associate curator Charles EK. Cutress, Jr., continued his studies of several families of anemones. During most of April and May, he collected marine materials in Hawaii and coastal California, for docu- menting future exhibits in the museum. He was accompanied by Mr. Kjell Sandved who acted as official photographer. Following this trip, Mr. Cutress visited the Friday Harbor Laboratory of the University of Washington where he engaged in studies to clarify the taxonomy of the swimming anemones Stomphia. Associate curator Raymond B. Manning, who had joined the staff of the division in June 1963, in September studied stomatopod crustacean specimens in the American Museum of Natural History, the Vanderbilt Marine Museum on Long Island, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Yale Peabody Museum, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In May 1964, Dr. Manning joined a research team from the Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, for a 20-day offshore scientific cruise in the Gulf of Guinea. Following the cruise he spent several days collecting inshore marine invertebrates near Dakar, Senegal, before visiting natural history museums in Paris, 82 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Leiden, and London to study types of stomatopod crustaceans. During the year, Dr. Manning finished most of a manuscript revising the stomatopods of the western Atlantic, collaborated with L. B. Holthuis of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, in Leiden, on a contri- bution on the stomatopods for the “Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontol- ogy,’ and completed two additional manuscripts dealing with these animals. Associate curator Marian H. Pettibone carried on preliminary work with a large collection of polychaete worms from the Canadian Arctic, collected by E. H. Grainger. She continued her long-range study of the polychaete worms from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay, completed a revision of the polychaete family Pilargidae, includ- ing a description of three new species from Virginia, and conducted further work on the Paraonidae, including the preparation of descrip- tions of two new species from Virginia and Florida. Museum specialist Henry B. Roberts continued his research on Recent and fossil crabs. In addition to studying a new species of crab from the Miocene of Virginia, he completed a description of a new genus of Cretaceous crab, and has compiled a checklist and bibliog- raphy of the Pleistocene decapods of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Research associate Waldo L. Schmitt continued his studies on the American commensal crabs, family Pinnotheridae, and completed the revision and updating of a popular account of the “Crustaceans” pre- pared several decades ago for the original Smithsonian Scientific Series. As an associate editor for biology for the Antarctic Research Series, sponsored by the American Geophysical Union, he has been encouraging systematists to undertake monographic reports to be followed by handbooks dealing with the invertebrate marine fauna of Antarctica. David L. Pawson joined the staff as associate curator of marine invertebrates May 20, 1964. His field of special interest is echino- derms, in particular the echinoids and holothuroids of the sub- Antarctic. Mollusks.—Curator Harald A. Rehder continued work on a study of the marine mollusks of Polynesia. He sorted and arranged the material he gathered in Tahiti last year, identified and studied speci- mens from Tonga and Hawaii, and initiated a bibliography of Poly- hesian marine malacolegy. Notable progress was made on his mono- graph of the Harpidae and on a study of certain species of the family Volutidae. Associate curator Joseph P. E. Morrison has continued his research of the brackish water mollusks of New Caledonia, studying collections of the family Melampidae in the Academy of Natural Sciences of INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 83 = * - e « ~ ° . ~~ ° > - ° - * . . ca * > - ° - - - ” ° Specimens recently received from International Indian Ocean Expedi- tion being measured by associate curator Joseph Rosewater for his revision of family Tridacnidae. Philadelphia, and a collection gathered by him in 1960-61. His work on the brackish water mollusks of the Gulf States was continued, and he completed a manuscript describing new species of the families Hydrobidae, Pyramidellidae, and Mactridae, from Louisiana. Associate curator Joseph Rosewater spent three months as a partici- pant in the International Indian Ocean Expedition Auxiliary Cruise “A” aboard the R/V Ze Vega. A large collection of mollusks was made from the shores of western Malaysia and Thailand and from the Mentawai Islands southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. A brief visit was also made to the British Museum (Natural History) where he studied types of the family Littormidae. He is continuing studies of Indo-Pacific mollusks, especially the families Littorinidae and Tri- dacnidae; a monograph of the latter is nearly complete. A taxonomic study of the subfamily Periplomatinae has also been initiated. Visiting investigators.—Among visiting scientists who studied the zoology research collections during the year were: Mammals: Sydney Anderson, American Museum of Natural History; Beatrice Dulié, Zoological Institute, Zagreb; Francis C. Fraser, British Museum (Natural History), London; E. Raymond Hall, Univ. of Kansas; Philip Hershkovitz and Joseph C. Moore, Chicago Natural History Museum; Robert S. Hoffman, Uniy. of Montana ; Donald F. Hoffmeister, Charles A. Long, Uniy. of Illinois; Russell E. Mumford, Purdue Uniy.; Juhani Ojasti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ca- racas; David R. Swindler, Medical College of South Carolina; John A. White, Uniy. of California ; Pyong-Heci Won, Tong Kook Uniy., Seoul. 84 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Birds: Reay H. N. Smithers, National Museum of Southern Rhodesia; Stephen M. Russell, Louisiana State Univ., New Orleans; Burt L. Monroe and Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Warter,. Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, Los Angeles County Museum; James H. Meysilles, Hanover, Ind. ; M. A. Carriker, Jr., Colombia; Dr. D. S. Farner, Washington State College; Dr. R. W. Storer, Univ. of Michigan; Dr. Clarence Cottam, Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Tex.; Dr. Martin H. Moynihan, Canal Zone Biological Area, Balboa; Paul Peterson, Univ. cf Nebraska; Dr. Douglas Lancaster, Dr. Leigh Van Valen, and Dr. Charles Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History ; Don Baldwin, Royal Ontario Museum; Herbert G. Deignan, Pully, Switzerland; Dr. Robert W. Dickerman, Monrovia, Calif.; Dr. Joe T. Marshall, Jr., Univ. of Ari- zona; Frangois Vuilleumier, Museum of Comparative Zoology: Mrs. Delwyn G. Berrett, Ricks College, Rexburg, Idaho; Dr. H. Morioka, Univ. of Illinois; Dr. Kenneth C. Parkes, Carnegie Museum; Dr. J. W. Hardy, Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College; Dr. Pierce Brodkorb, Univ. of Florida; Dr. W. J. L. Sladen, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Max C. Thompson, Univ. of Maryland; Mrs. Anne LaSassier, Midland, Tex. Fishes: Abdul Hakim A. Al-Rawi, Univ. of Oklahoma; W. D. Anderson, Jr., F. H. Berry, Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., and John K Thompson, Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries ; Clyde D. Barbour, John 8. Ramsey, and Royal D. Suttkus, Tulane Univ.; Richard H. Backus and Frank Mather III, Woods Hole Oceanographie In- stitution; L. F. de Beaufort, Amsterdam Museum; Adam Ben-Tuvia, Sea Fish Research Station, Haifa, israel; David K. Caldwell and Melba C. Caldwell, Los Angeles County Museum; HE. J. Crossman, Royal Ontario Museum, Canada; William P. Davis, William N. Eschmeyer, John M. Green, Albert C. James, and C. Richard Robins, Uniy. of Miami; Humphry Greenwood, Norman B. Marshall, and Hthelwyn Trewavas, British Museum (Natural History) ; Marion Grey and Loren P. Woods, Chicago Natural History Museum; Joel D. Hubbard, Univ. of Wisconsin; Carl L. Hubbs, Laura C. Hubbs, and Richard Rosenblatt, Scripps In- stitution of Oceanography; Amin Jarur M., Univ. de Guerrero, Mexico; Duvall A. Jones, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville; S. Jones, Central Marine Fisheries Res. Inst., Mandapam Camp, India; Ralph Kirkpatrick, Oklahoma State Univ., Still- water; William H. Krueger, Boston Univ.; Harrison Matthews, Zoological So- ciety of London; G. E. Maul, Madeira; Robert R. Miller, Univ. of Michigan; Dr. Max Poll, Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Richard T. Rep- pert, Univ. of Maryland; Edward C. Raney, Timothey W. Robbins, Chu-Fa Tsai, and Timothy Zorach, Cornell Univ.; Chote Suvatti, Kasetsart Uniy., Bangkok ; Enrico Tortonese, Museum Natural History, Genoa, Italy; V. D. Vladykov, Univ. of Ottawa; Raul Vaz Ferreira and Blanca Sierra de Soriane, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Montevideo; N. J. Wilimovsky, Univ. of British Colum- bia ; James P. Williams, Univ. of Alabama. Reptiles and Amphibians: W. BE. Duellman and E. H. Taylor, Univ. of Kansas; Carl Gans, Univ. of Buffalo; A. Hoge, Instituto Butantan Sao Paulo; R. F. Inger, Chicago Natural History Museum; W. G. Lynn, Catholic Univ.; T. S. Parsons, Uniy. of Toronto; H. W. Parker, British Museum (Natural History) ; B. Orejas- Miranda, Museo Nacional de Argentina; O. Reig, Univ. of Buenos Aires; W. Steyn, Nat. Museum South West Africa; W. A. Thornton, Univ. of Illinois; G. I’. de Witte, Institute Royale Science Nationale de Belgique, Brussels. Marine Invertebrates: Isabel Perez-Farfante-Canet, Washington, D.C.; M. J. Cerame-Vivas, Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory; Robert L. Cory, U.S. Geological Survey; Roger F. Cressey, Boston Uniy.; Elizabeth Deichmann, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Angela Edwards, British Museum (Natural History) ; J. Forest, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Olga Hartman, Allan Hancock INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 85 Foundation; L. B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire, Leiden; Meredith L. Jones, American Museum of Natural History; MacKenzie Keith, Pennsylvania State Univ.; J. Laborel, Instituto Oceanografico, Recife, Brazil; William H. McCaul, Hastern Illinois Univ.; D. C. Miller, Queens College, New York; Elizabeth Pope, The Australian Museum, Sydney; Patricia M. Ralph, Victoria Univ., Wellington ; Mary Rice, Univ. of Washington; Alfred HE. Smalley, Tulane Univ.; Nasima Tirmizi, Univ. of Karachi; Marvin L. Wass, Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Austin B. Williams, Institute of Fisheries Research, Univ. of North Carolina. Mollusks: Argentino A. Bonetto, Santa Fe, Argentina; H. Alison Kay, Univ. of Hawaii; Ian McTaggart Cowan, Univ. of British Columbia ; Hugene EH. Binder, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland ; Henning Lemche, Zoologisch Museum, Copenhagen; Vera Fretter, the University, Reading, England; M. J. Klappenbach, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo; H. B. Stenzel, Houston, Tex.; Battus Oostburg, Paramaribo, Surinam; Allyn G. Smith and Charles B. Stasek, California Academy of Sciences; Alan Solem, Chicago Nat- ural History Museum. Entomology On July 1, 1963, the division of insects was separated from the de- partment of zoology and became the department of entomology. The five divisions in the department are: Neuropteroids, Lepidoptera, Cole- optera, Myriapoda and Arachnida, and Hemiptera. Chairman J. F. Gates Clarke conducted intensive field studies of Microlepidoptera on the island of Rapa in French Polynesia from September 1 to December 15. In addition to providing a basis for a better understanding of Micronesian Microlepidoptera, it was hoped that the collections would indicate substantial relationship to these insects in New Zealand, southern South America, and South Africa. The food plants of more than half of the approximately 75 species collected were determined, and Mrs. Clarke reared in the field 760 specimens, of which the immature stages were preserved for study. Dr. Clarke continued his studies of several genera and families of Neotropical Microlepidoptera and preparation has continued of ma- terials which will be used for critical studies of Micronesian Lepi- doptera—a long-range project. Lepidoptera.—Associate curator Donald R. Davis continued his studies of the Western Hemisphere bagworms (Psychidae) ; his re- vision of the group was published. Dr. Davis has also completed a revision, employing statistical analyses, of the Yucca moths (Pro- doxidae) of the Western Hemisphere. During July and August he, with Dr. Duckworth, engaged in field research on the latter group. In preparation for revisionary studies of two insect families, Dr. Davis studied the collection at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 86 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Associate curator W. Donald Duckworth advanced toward his goal of a world monograph of the family Stenomidae with the publica- tion of one paper on a new Brazilian moth species and the preparation of three other papers. In the Neotropical area alone are more than 1100 species of this large family whose taxonomy, evolution, and geo- eraphic affinities interest Dr. Duckworth. In the course of his studies of the family with respect to these subjects, types from Vienna and Munich, as well as many others which are more accessible, are being or have been examined; field study was undertaken jointly with Dr. Davis to northeastern Mexico, where important distributional data were gathered; and in April and May Stenomidae were studied and collected in the Panama Canal Zone. William D. Field, associate curator, continued his revision of the butterfly genus Vanessa and of the lycaenid genus Calycopis. In July he gathered significant distributional data and specimens in the moun- tains of New England. Coleoptera.—Curator O. L. Cartwright was in London at the end of the year to study type specimens at the British Museum (Natural History) in connection with his continuing research on the scarab beetles of the Bahamas and of Micronesia. Water beetles of the Neotropics continue as associate curator Paul J. Spangler’s special interest. In July and August he spent seven weeks in Mexico and the Southwestern States collecting valuable materials for his studies. In the area of Mexico where the Nearctic and Neo- tropical faunas are contiguous and intermingled, most collections are useful for evaluating the effects of this overlapping; it is significant to note that here Dr. Spangler recorded six genera for the first time for Mexico and at least twenty species new to science. Previously un- known data with respect to the immature forms of most species col- lected were obtained, and many individuals of the rare semiaquatic beetle family Georyssidae were taken. He has also continued his research on the adult and immature stages of the water beetles of Puerto Rico and with Mr. Hugh Leech, California Academy of Sci- ences, he is engaged in a joint revision of the genus Hydrochara. Dr. Spangler also contributed significantly to the collections by his use of a battery of Berlese Funnels, which permit the operator to collect minute insects from decaying leaves. More than 38,000 insects were obtained by use of this apparatus by Dr. Spangler and in the Protura alone, the national collections were nearly tripled during the past year. Myriapoda and Arachnida.—Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr., con- centrated most of his attention on a general revision of the order Geophilomorpha, his study of the chilopod faunae of New Zealand and Australia has progressed, and he is presently reviewing generic and familial delimitations, which is possible only after thorough study INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH. 87 of type species. To accomplish this end he has visited insect collections at Harvard University, in Munich, and in London. Neuropteroids.—The caddis flies (Trichoptera) continued to at- tract the research attention of associate curator Oliver S. Flint, Jr., and he published or completed several papers on Nearctic members of the group. Dr. Flint has begun to devote increasingly large parts of his research to the Neotropical Trichoptera and two papers on species of this region were published or completed this year. At the beginning of the year Dr. Flint collected and studied in the field on Jamaica, Dominica, St. Lucia, and Grenada; the first collections of Trichoptera in the Lesser Antilles resulted from this trip. From April through June he spent in field studies on Dominica as a participant in the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of that island. Hemiptera.—Dr. Richard C. Froeschner joined the staff as asso- ciate curator in charge of Hemiptera on August 26, 1963. Visiting investigators.—Among visiting scientists who studied the entomology research collections during the year were: Coleoptera: Dr. Ross Arnett, Brother Bernardine, Mr. Lee Herman, Mr. John P. MacNamara, Rev. Michael I. Morgan, OSB, and Miss Hileen Van Tassell, Catholic Univ., Washington, D.C.; Dr. William F. Barr, Univ. of Idaho; Dr. Pierre Basilewsky, Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren, Belgium; Dr. Richard S. Beal, Arizona State College; Mrs. O. F. Bodenstein, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture ; Dr. Candido Bolivar y Pieltain, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Mr. John C. Boyd and Dr. J. L. Gressitt, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Dr. Dale F. Bray and Dr. W. A. Connell, Univ. of Delaware; Dr. Per Brinck, Zoologiska Institution, Lunds Universitets, Lund, Sweden; Dr. W. J. Brown and Dr. Henry F. Howden, Canada Dept. of Agricul- ture; Mr. J. A. Bullock, Univ. of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya; Dr. John A. Chemsak, Mr. John Lawrence, and Dr. Ray Smith, Univ. of California, Berkeley ; Dr. H. L. Clark, Howard Univ., Washington, D.C.; Dr. Edward I. Coher, Waltham, Mass.; Dr. T. P. Copeland, East Tennessee State College, Johnson City; Mr. Herbert Dozier and Mrs. Mary G. Wetzel, Univ. of Maryland; Mr. John Fales and Mr. Horace Lancaster, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.; Dr. Eugene J. Gerberg, Insect Control & Research, Inec., Baltimore; Dr. Lester P. Gibson, Central States Forest Experimental Station, Forest Service, USDA, Columbus; Mr. John D. Glaser, Baltimore; Mr. Michael A. Goodrich, Frear Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Univ.; Dr. Robert C. Graves, Carthage College, Kenosha, Wis.; Mr. R. C. Hansell, Oregon State Uniy.; Dr. George R. Hopping, Forest Entomology & Pathology Lab., Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dr. David G. Kissinger, Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, Mass.; Mr. M. C. Lane, Tacoma, Wash. : Mr. James D. Marshall, Dept. of Entomology, Cornell Univ.; Mr. Findley B. Negley, Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg; Dr. L. D. Newsom, Louisiana State Univ. & Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge; Mr. W. H. Nutting, Oakland, Calif.; Mr. Virgil H. Owens, Missouri Dept. of Agricul- ture, Kennett; Dr. R. M. A. Paulian, Institut de Recherche Scientific de Mada- gasear, Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, Madagascar; Dr. fH. Avery Richmond, Moores- town, N.J.; Dr. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., Mrs. Patricia Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y.; Mr. Norman L. Rumpp, China Lake, Calif. ; Dr. W. E. Simonds, California Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento; Dr. John B. 88 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Simone, Syracuse Univ.; Dr. H. F. Strohecker, University of Miami, Miami, Fla. ; Dr. Walter R. Suter, Carthage College, Kenosha, Wis.; Dr. Vasco M. Tanner, Brigham Young University, Provo; Dr. J. G. Watts, New Mexico State Univ. ; Mr. Charles E. White, Indianapolis; Dr. John A. Wilcox, New York State Museum & Scienee Service, Albany; Dr. Elwood C. Zimmerman, Peterborough, N.H. Hemiptera: Dr. Dale Jackson, Akron Univ., Ohio; Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Univ. of California; Mr. C. D. F. Miller, Dr. Leonard A. Kelton, Dr. H. E. Milliron, and Dr. Lois K. Smith, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Dept. of Agriculture; Dr. B. Miczulski, College of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland; Dr. James A. Slater, Univ. of Connecticut; Dr. Lubomir Masner, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague; Dr. George E. Bohart, Bee Culture Laboratory, Utah State Uniy.; Mr. Gerd Heinrich, Dryden, Maine; Dr. George C. Hickwort, Dr. H. K. Townes, Mrs. Marjorie Townes, Mrs. Sigeko Momoi, and Dr. Setsuya Momoi, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Michigan; Dr. C. W. McComb, Univ. of Maryland; Mr. Frank Kurezewski, Cornell Univ.; Dr. J. G. Rozen, Jr., American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y.; Dr. T. B. Mitchell, North Carolina State College, Raleigh; Dr. W. F. Buren, National Institute of Health, Bethesda; Dr. F. J. D. McDonald, Univ. of Alberta; Dr. A. C. Cole, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville; Dr. R. D. Shenefelt, Univ. of Wisconsin; Dr. R. E. Gregg, Univ. of Colorado; Dr. Frank W. Mead, Florida Depart. of Agriculture, Gainesville; Dr. Abram Willink, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; Dr. David E. Leonard, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven; Dr. M. MacKauer and Dr. M. Capek, Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Canada ; Dr. A. de Barros Machado, Museu de Dundo, Lunda, Angola, Africa; Padre J. S. Moure, Uniy. do Paranda, Curitiba, Brazil; Dr. M. EH. W. Valentine, New Zealand Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson; Dr. P. H. Van Doesburg, Jr., Cantonlaan 1, Baarn, Holland; Dr. Roland F. Hussey, Univ. of Florida, Gaines- ville; Dr. David R. Smith, Oregon State Univ.; Dr. William E. China, British Museum (Natural History), London; Dr. J. Carayon, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. Paul M. Marsh, Univ. of California, Berkeley; Dr. J. van der Vecht, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands; Dr. Howard EH. Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Dr. John H. Flynn, Albany College of Pharmacy, Union Univ.; Dr. Pierre Basilewsky, Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Brussels; Dr. Elbert R. Jaycox, Univ. of Illinois; Dr. M. W. Nielson, Entomology Research Division, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Mesa, Arizona; Dr. Harry Allen, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Moorestown, New Jersey. Lepidoptera: Mr. James HE. Appleby, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster; Dr. John N. Belkin, Univ. of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Clifford O. Berg, Cornell Univ.; Mr. A. Blanchard, Houston, Texas; Mr. F. Martin Brown, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs; Dr. George J. Burton, National Cancer Institute, West Africa Research Laboratory, Ghana; Mr. J. G. Chillecott, Ento- mology Research Institute, Canada Dept. of Agriculture; Dr. Edward I. Coher, Waltham, Mass.; Dr. Mario Coluzzi, Instituto di Malariologia “EK. Marchiafava”’ Monticelli (Frosinone), Italy; Mr. Charles V. Covell, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blackburg; Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands; Dr. John G. Franclemont, Cornell Univ.; Maj. Thomas J. Curtin, 6570th Epidemiological Laboratory, Lackland Air Force Base, Tex.; Miss Mercedes Delfinado, Bureau of Health, Manila; Dr. J. Linsley Cressitt, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Miss Gail Grodhaus, Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif. ; Dr. Charles Hartley, Entomology Branch, Camp Detrick, Md.; Dr. Alexander A. Hubert, Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Research ; Dr. H. C. Huckett, Riverhead, N.Y.; Mr. Charles P. Kimball, West Barnstable, Mass.; Dr. Peter Mattingly and Mr. P. Whalley, British Museum (Natural INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 89 History), London; Mr. W. S. McAlpine, Birmingham, Mich.; Dr. Max W. Me- Fadden, Fairfax, Va.; Dr. Judson U. McGuire, Plant Industry Station, USDA, Beltsville, Md.; Col. S. S. Nicolay, U.S. Marine Corps, Norfolk, Va.; Dr. Nicholas S. Obraztsov, Sea Cliff, Long Island, N.Y.; Mr. Thomas M. Peters, Univ. of Minnesota; Mr. Robert W. Poole and Dr. Roger Williams, Cornell Univ. ; Mr. George W. Rawson, Washington, D.C. ; Dr. Klaus Sattler, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany; Dr. Yale 8S. Sedman, Western Illinois Univ., Macomb; Mr. Walter A. Steffan, Univ. of California, Berkeley ; Dr. James E. Sublette, Univ. of Eastern New Mexico, Portales; Dr. Pierre Viette, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. Pedro Wygodzinsky, American Museum of Natural History, New York; Dr. Koji Yano, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan. Myriapoda and Arachnida: Dr. B. Condo, Université de Nancy, Nancy, France ; Dr. O. Kraus, Senckenbergische Naturforschende, Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main; Dr. W. T. Keeton, Cornell Univ.; Mrs. H. Frizzell, Rolla, Mo.; Dr. N. B. Causey, Fayetteville, Ark.; Dr. R. L. Hoffman, Radford College, Blacksburg, Va. Neuropteroids: Dr. Vincent D. Roth, American Museum of Natural History, Southwest Research Station, Portal, Ariz.; Dr. C. S. Carbonell, Univ. of Mon- tevideo, Uruguay; Dr. T. P. Copeland, Eastern Tennessee State Univ., Johnson City; Miss Virginia Spaeth, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Thomas J. Walker, Univ. of Florida; Dr. D. C. Geijskes, Director, Surianaams Museum, Paramaribo, Surinam; Mr. David C. Rentz, Novata, Calif. Botany Chairman Jason R. Swallen continued his investigations of the grasses of southern Brazil, and published two papers, the first on the Gramineae, in “Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert,” by Forrest Shreve and Ira L. Wiggins, and the second on new species of Digitaria and Trichachne. In September and October he visited South Africa at the invitation of the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa for the Golden Jubilee Celebration of the Gardens. The cele- bration included over a month’s tour of South Africa, and afforded an excellent opportunity for selective collecting to obtain a number of species new to the U.S. National Herbarium. Phanerogams.—Curator Lyman B. Smith continued his studies in the Bromeliaceae and in the flora of Brazil. In collaboration with The George Washington University, he supervised the completion of a master’s thesis on the Apocynaceae of Burma by Ma Mya Bwin anda doctoral thesis on Z/ex in North America and the Guayana Highland by Gabriel Edwin; both papers were based largely on material in the National Herbarium. Associate curator Velva E. Rudd continued her work on the papilio- noid legumes of Mexico, bringing the manuscript of part I to comple- tion. Dr. Rudd also continued her research on the myrmecophilous acacias of Mexico and Central America and on the Leguminosae of the Yucatan Peninsula, and began monographic studies on the tribe Dalbergieae. In connection with her studies in the Leguminosae, she 744993— 64 = ‘ 90 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 visited the herbarium of the Instituto de Biologia in Mexico City, and in September attended the Second Mexican Botanical Congress in San Luis Potosi. Associate curator John J. Wurdack continued his review of neo- tropical Melastomataceae, with special emphasis on collections from southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In connection with this work and with his studies on the flora of the Guayana Highland, Dr. Wurdack visited the New York Botanical Garden in June and Novem- ber. Recently he undertook the preparation of the Melastomataceae for the “Flora de Venezuela,” a project involving over 700 species. Associate curator Stanwyn G. Shetler continued his biosystematic and monographic studies of North American Campanula, with special emphasis on the Harebell Complex (C. rotundifolia and related spe- cies). Also continuing were floristic and phytogeographic studies of the Alaskan flora, with emphasis on the Seward Peninsula, the south slope of the Brooks Range, and the Pribilof Islands. Between June 17 and August 31 he spent six weeks collecting plants in the Brooks Range, Alaska. Dr. Wallace R. Ernst joined the staff July 29, 1963, as associate cura- tor of phanerogams. During the years he completed a manuscript on the genus /’schscholzia in the South Coast Ranges of California, and with Dr. H. J. Thompson of the University of California at Los An- geles, one on the pollination patterns and the taxonomy of the genus Eucnide. Dr. Ernst began a research project with Dr. A. C. Smith toward a flora of Fiji with studies of the Araliaceae and Guttiferae. In August he attended the AIBS meetings at Amherst, Mass., where his joint paper with Dr. H. J. Thompson won an award in taxonomy. On April 1, Dr. Ernst left for three months to participate in the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica, British West Indies. Associate curator Dan H. Nicolson, who joined the staff January 5, 1964, continued twin projects begun before coming to the Smithsonian, a preparation of scripts for all genera of Araceae for the “Index Nominum Genericorum,” and a revision of the genus Ag/laonema (Araceae). In early May, with Stanwyn Shetler and David Lellin- ger, he made a reconnaissance visit to the Great Smoky Mountains Na- tional Park for the Smithsonian exhibits program. Research associate José Cuatrecasas, concentrated on the prepara- tion of a revision of Colombian Compositae of some 800 species. Re- search associate Kittie F, Parker, continued her monographic studies of several genera of American Compositae. Grasses.—Associate curator Thomas R. Soderstrom participated in the New York Botanical Garden expedition to the Wilhelmina Moun- tains, Surinam, from June te October. Before joining the expedition INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 91 party, he spent nine days in Trinidad collecting and studying the grasses of the island. With Dr. Henry Decker, Ohio Wesleyan Uni- versity, he published a paper on Swadlenia, a new name for the Cali- fornian genus /’ctosperma, and another on eederochiloa, a new genus of dioecious grasses from Mexico. His studies of some collections of British Guiana grasses resulted in the description of six new species, to be published in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Research associate F. A. McClure, continued his studies relating to the redefinition of the genera of the Bambusoideae, especially the bamboos of the Old World. A taxonomic paper, giving subgeneric status under the genus Zhamnocalamus to two species of hitherto uncertain taxonomic position is being prepared under joint author- ship with W. C. Lin of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Ferns.—Curator C. V. Morton continued his studies of the ferns of tropical America, especially an account of the genus Blechnum in Brazil, based mostly on the large collections made by Father Raulino Reitz in southern Brazil. He continued his study of the photographs he made of fern types in European herbaria; the work of labeling the duplicates is being continued under a new grant from the National Science Foundation. Mr. Morton spent three weeks in July in libra- ries in London and Paris checking bibliographic information for this work, and five days in April at Harvard University and the New York Botanical Garden. Jointly with Mr. Lellinger, he prepared a treat- ment of the genus Aspleniwm in Venezuela, based largely on the exten- sive collections assembled from the Guayana Highlands region by the New York Botanical Garden and the Chicago Natural History Mu- seum; this work will be pnblished in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Associate curator David B. Lellinger, who joined the staff August 26, 1963, continued with his revisions of the genera Ji/della and Cheiloplecton, began a study of Pterozonium, and accumulated ma- terials for revisions of two groups of species in the genus Checlanthes. He spent brief periods in research at the herbaria of Duke University, North Carolina State College, Michigan State University, and the University of Michigan. Cryptogams.—Curator Mason E. Hale continued monographic studies on the lichen genus Parmelia, with special reference to sub- genus Xanthoparmelia. Elizabeth J. Denison, supported by National Science Foundation funds, assisted with technical problems from January to May 1964. Dr. Hale made a five weeks’ trip to the major European herbaria to examine and to test chemically type specimens and general herbarium collections. Field studies of populations of Xanthoparmelia were conducted in Minnesota, New England, and the 92 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL. REPORT, 1964 southern Appalachians. A large manuscript on subgenus Amphi- gymnia and a summary of subgenus Parmelia are now in press. Associate curator Harold E. Robinson conducted field exploration for bryophytes during three months in Dominica as a member of the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey. He continued floristic studies of the bryophytes of tropical America, especially southern Brazil and Venezuela. Associate curator Paul Conger continued studies on a large collec- tion of British, Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic diatoms, both plankton and sediments. He completed a manuscript on a new species of epibenthic marine diatom from Honolulu harbor, Hawaii. Associate curator Richard E. Norris, before resigning in August, completed two cruises on the R/V Anton Bruun in the Indian Ocean and made a number of collections of marine algae and plankton, which are now being processed at the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center. Plant Anatomy.—Curator William L. Stern was on leave from the Smithsonian Institution, having been transferred temporarily to the International Civil Service so that he could spend a year in the Philip- pines as a Forestry Officer with the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations. Associate curator Richard H. Eyde completed a comparative ana- tomical investigation of the flower in Garrya, an American genus of debated affinities, concluding that the closest allies are the Old World cornaceous genera Aucuba and Griselinia. He continued research on the comparative anatomy of fossil and modern members and allies of the dogwood family, with emphasis on the genera Corokia, Mastixia, and Alangium. Visiting investigators——Among those who visited the department were the following: Bernice G. Schubert, Harvard Univ.; B. L. Turner, Univ. of Texas; D. B. Ward, Univ. of Florida; Dana Griffin and Aaron J. Sharp, Univ. of Tennessee ; C. L. Lundell, Texas Research Foundation; R. H. Mohlenbrock, Southern Illinois Uniy.: George Shields, Lamont Geological Laboratory; R. Schuster, Uniy. of Massachusetts; J. W. Price, Franklin and Marshall College; Emil G. Kukachka, Minnesota Forestry Dept.; George L. Church, Brown Uniy.; Louis O. Williams, Chicago Natural History Museum; Mike Neushal, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara: P. C. Hutchison, Univ. of California, Berkeley; Elva Lawton and Grace Howard, Univ. of Washington, Seattle; Alma Toevs Walker, Univ. of Georgia; Margaret Fulford, Univ. of Cincinnati; Ira L. Wiggins, Stanford Univ. : G. T. Johnson, Univ. of Arkansas; I. T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden; Helmut Krempl, Forest Product Research Station, Vienna, Austria; Alain Ma- riaux, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, France; Robert Ross, British Mu- seum (Natural History), London; Bro. Fabius Leblane, Univ. of Ottawa; Aino Henssen, Univ. of Marburg, Germany; F. G. Wessels Boer, State Univ. of Utrecht, Netherlands: Mario Ricardi, Universidad de Concepién, Chile; T. D. INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 93 Pennington, Oxford Univ., England; Tang-shui Lin, National Taiwan Univ. ; J. M. Gillett, Canada Dept. of Agriculture; A. L. Cabrera, Museo de La Plata, Argentina; Benigno A. Lomibao, Forest Products Research Institute, P.I.; Tsuneo Kishima, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan; Shripad N. Agashe, Poona, India; L. J. Shallom, Nagpur, India; E. A. Quist-Arcton, Ministry of Agriculture, Ghana; B. 8S. Venkatachala, Lucknow, India. Paleobiology A plan to divide the department of geology into two departments, mineral sciences and paleobiology, was approved on August 20, 1963, and the reorganization became effective on October 15, 1963. The diversity of disciplines in the old geology department made the parti- tion logical and desirable. The purely physical subjects of mineralogy, petrology, and meteorites are now separated from the biological sub- jects of paleontology and ecology. The department of mineral sci- ences consists of three divisions, mineralogy, meteorites, and petrology. In hall of fossil mammals, fourth and last of series of murals by artist Jay H. Matternes depicts an assemblage of Pliocene animals. 94 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 The department of paleobiology consists of four divisions: Inverte- brate paleontology, vertebrate paleontology, paleobotany, and sedi- mentology. Dr. G. A. Cooper, chairman of the department of paleobiology, in collaboration with R. E. Grant of the U.S. Geological Survey, nearly completed the manuscript on the Permian brachiopods of the Glass Mountains, Tex. In March and April Dr. Cooper went to New Mex- ico with Dr. J. T. Dutre of the Geological Survey, to study local Devonian materials. Paleobotany.—Associate curator Francis M. Hueber has continued his investigations of the Lower Devonian flora of the Gaspé and north- ern New Brunswick regions of Canada. Preparations of petrifac- tions collected during August from one locality near Dalhousie, New Brunswick, have helped clarify certain anatomical] details of a pro- fern which is being studied cooperatively with Dr. Harlan P. Banks of Cornell University and with Dr. Suzanne Leclereq of the Univer- sité de Liege, Belgium. The final details have been obtained for com- pleting the redescription and reconstruction of Psilophyton princeps var. ornatum; the results of these findings demonstrate the need for broad taxonomic changes among the fossil Psilopsida. New re- ports of genera heretofore known only from European Devonian de- posits are being established by the continued laboratory investigation of the material. Excellent preparations of petrified materials have been made by museum technician James P. Ferrigno. Dr. Hueber’s studies, in collaboration with Mr. Leeds M. Carluccio and Dr. Har- lan P. Banks of Cornell University, of fossil plants presently referable to the genera Archaeopteris and Callixylon are soon to be published. This investigation has pointed up the need for a revision of the genus Archaeopteris. Dr. Walter H. Adey, who specializes in Tertiary and Recent Marine algae, joined the staff as associate curator of paleobotany on June 30, 1964. Invertebrate Paleontology.—Curator Richard S. Boardman and museum specialist George T. Farmer completed their collecting of the bryozoan fauna of the Middle Ordovician of Oklahoma. Mr. Farmer is using a part of the fauna for a doctoral dissertation and has made good progress on its preparation. Research assistant Dr. John Utgaard is working in cooperation with Dr. Boardman on a revision of the genera of the Paleozoic Bryozoa. Two manuscripts have been completed and Dr. Utgaard has made good progress on the Cyclostomata. Museum specialist Frederick Collier has completed the tedious prep- aration, working on his own time for a master’s thesis on the rhombo- poroid Bryozoa, of some Middle Devonian strata of New York State; INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 95 and he has started collecting biometrical data for a taxonomic treat- ment. Associate curator Porter M. Kier spent June and part of July study- ing the living habits of echinoids in the Florida Keys. Dr. Ker, ac- companied by Dr. Norman Sohl of the U.S. Geological Survey, used scuba diving equipment to observe species distribution relative to bot- tom conditions and depth. Large collections were made for com- parative investigations, and individuals were studied both in their natural environment and in aquaria. Dr. Kier continued these in- vestigations in the month of April, diving off Dominica as part of the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of that island. Scuba and other diving techniques were employed to make collections and note environmental relationships of the echinoid populations. Museum investigations enabled Dr. Kier to complete a major manu- script on the evolutionary trends in Paleozoic echinoids. Associate curator Richard Cifelli continued his studies of the dis- tribution and abundance of Recent planktonic Foraminifera. These studies are being pursued in relationship to the circulation and general hydrography of the north Atlantic. In a concurrent investigation, in the equatorial Atlantic, Dr. Cifelli is making an analysis of sub- marine cores which is concerned with problems of correlation of the cores by Foraminifera and paleoclimatic interpretations. In a joint study with Dr. T. G. Gibson of the U.S. Geological Survey, Dr. Cifelli is conducting investigations of the stratigraphic succession of Tertiary planktonic Foraminifera in the coastal plains of eastern United States. Dr. Cifelli completed two papers now in press, one on planktonic Foraminifera from the western Atlantic and the other on concentra- tion techniques of separating shelled organisms from plankton. Associate curator Erle G. Kauffman has continued investigations of the evolution and taxonomy of Cretaceous pelecypods in North Amer- ica, In particular the Inoceraminae and Ostreidae. Dr. Kauffman, accompanied by Mr. G. R. Paulson, made a two months’ collecting trip to the mid-continent and eastern Rocky Mountains. More than 25 detailed stratigraphic sections were measured and an estimated 4,000 specimens were collected; these latter will be of great value in distribu- tional and evolutionary studies, as well as for determining the bio- stratigraphic utility of the species. Also, studies have been started on the Cretaceous pelecypods of the Caribbean area. Two weeks in March were spent with Dr. Norman F. Sohl, collecting at localities in Puerto Rico. A silicified fauna was collected which contains many new species apparently endemic to the Caribbean area. A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Ostreidae of Saudi Arabia has been started; the Pholadomyidae from this fauna are now under study. Dr. Kauffman completed four manuscripts which have been approved for publication. 96 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Associate curator Martin A. Buzas joined the staff June 1963. His research activities involve distributional studies of Recent and late Tertiary smaller Foraminifera. Dr. Buzas completed manuscripts on the Foraminifera from a late Pleistocene clay near Waterford, Maine, and a distributional study of the species of Foraminifera in Long Island Sound. The New York study included analyses of many en- vironmental conditions, such as sediment particle size and chemical properties of the water. His most recent investigation is a canonical analysis of four species of EVphidium. Eight characters were meas- ured on series of specimens and the statistics programmed for evalua- tion by means of a multivariate technique which utilizes a high-speed electronic computer. Dr. Richard H. Benson joined the staff as associate curator of in- vertebrate paleontology on June 30, 1964. His area of specialization is the Ostracoda of the Tertiary. Vertebrate Paleontology.—Curator C. L. Gazin completed his morphologic study of the Early Eocene condylarthran mammal d/enis- cotherium. This has included a detailed review of nearly the entire skeleton, which is compared with those of other condylarths and the hyracoids. The latter were once thought to be fairly closely related to Meniscotherium, but the resemblances are now regarded as primarily adaptive. A beginning was also made in study of a fauna from a new Paleocene horizon in the Evanston formation of south- western Wyoming, and of a recently prepared endocranial cast of the Middle Eocene Bridger primate Smilodectes. In connection with his condylarthran studies, Dr. Gazin visited the Chicago Natural History Museum in February for further evidence on the ecology of Aeniscotherium as interpreted from details of associ- ated biota, and in June again visited Princeton and Yale Universities and the American Museum to wind up details of the morphologic study, under funds provided by the National Science Foundation. Field work by the curator earlier in the year was carried on prin- cipally in the Middle Eocene Bridger formation of southwestern Wyoming. Much of the time was devoted to a careful search for smaller mammals in the upper part of the formation, as exposed in the upper basin of Sage Creek, but with some attention to the lower levels in the Grizzly Buttes and to the north of Cedar Mountain. Occasional trips were made to profitable localities of earlier years in the Paleocene and Early Eocene of adjacent basins. Franklin L. Pearce, chief of the laboratory of vertebrate paleontology, assisted him during the early part of the field season but illness prevented his remaining throughout. At the close of the year Dr. Gazin and Mr. Pearce departed for field work in New Mexico and Wyoming. INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH Q7 During September and October associate curator D. H. Dunkle, accompanied by museum technician G. B. Sullivan, conducted field work in northwestern Ohio, the area around Council Bluffs, lowa, and the Manzano Mountains of central New Mexico. Their collections and stratigraphic observations will permit important additions to and revisions of the known paleoichthyological faunas of the Middle De- vonian silica shale of Ohio and several Late Paleozoic horizons of the mid-continent and Rocky Mountain regions. The New Mexico occur- rence investigated is of especial interest ; it is practically the lone source in North America of a varied marine assemblage of well-preserved fishes, invertebrates, and plants from the Permo-Carboniferous interval. Aided by a study trip to Pittsburgh and Cleveland, excellent prog- ress was accomplished in the preparation and description for publica- tion of a new paleoniscoid fish from the Upper Devonian Ohio shales and of the fishes of the Middle Devonian silica shale. In September associate curator Nicholas Hotton III left Washington for field work in Africa. In addition to collecting in the Permo-Tri- assic beds of the Karroo region in South Africa, which has yielded a variety of mammal-like reptiles, he has been carrying on during a greater part of the year a detailed stratigraphic study of the Beaufort series with a view toward a better understanding of the distribution and ecology of the forms. At the end of this year he had left Africa for Europe to study at certain of the leading museums. Associate curator Clayton E. Ray, who joined the staff on December 18, 1963, has continued his studies, carried on previously at the Univer- sity of Florida, of fossil and modern terrestrial vertebrates, especially rodents of the Antillean region. Since his arrival he has completed reports of a new species of capromyid rodent and an undescribed mimiature ground sloth, both from a cave in the Dominican Republic. He also continued his studies, initiated in Florida, of the North Amer- ican Quaternary fauna, including that of a Blancan fauna from Florida, the first in eastern United States. In April, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Dr. Ray gave at Shorter College, Rome, Ga., a lecture on Pleistocene animals. At that time he visited a Pleistocene fossil locality. Near the close of the year, in the vicinity of Puebla, Mexico, Dr. Ray conducted a field investigation of Pleistocene occurrences in collaboration with an NSF-sponsored archeological party from the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Remington Kellogg, research associate, continued his studies of the Tertiary Cetacea and completed a report on the skeleton of one of the larger Calvert Miocene whalebone whales. Satisfactory progress 98 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964: was made on the evaluation and identification of some of Cope’s cetacean types which had been based on imperfectly preserved verte- brae. Comparative studies of several types of Miocene mysticetes are being pursued. Visiting investigators.——Among the scientists using the facilities of the department were the following: Paleobotany: Dr. Suzanne Leclercq, Université de Liege, Belgium; Dr. Erling Dorf, Princeton Univ.; Mrs. M. R. Davis, Univ. of Miami; Mr. Lawrence C. Matten and Mr. Leeds M. Carluecio, Cornell Uniy.; Dr. Maxine L. Abbott, Univ. of Cincinnati. Invertebrate paleontology: Dr. A. F. Leanza, Haedo, Argentina; Dr. Irene McCullock of the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles; Dr. Walter Sadlick, Univ. of Houston, Tex.; Dr. Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. Hans E. Kaiser, Bonn, Germany; Dr. J. D. Wiseman, British Museum (Natural History), London; Dr. David Nichols, Oxford, Eng- land; Drs. Frank C. Killey and W. VY. Ramsey, British Petroleum Research Centre, Sunbury, England; Dr. Johannes, Geological Survey of Indonesia; Dr. Carl Waage, Yale Univ.; Dr. Bernhard Kummel, Harvard Univ.; Mr. Marshall Kay, Columbia Univ.; Dr. Raymond C. Moore, Univ. of Kansas; Drs. John Bradshaw and F. D. Phleger of Scripps Institution of Oceanography; and Dr. Keith Young, Univ. of Texas. Vertebrate paleontology: Shelton P. Applegate, James R. Macdonald, and John A. White, Los Angeles County Museum; Donald Baird, Princeton Univ.; Edwin H. Colbert, Giles T. MacIntyre, Malcolm C. McKenna, Bobb Schaeffer, Morris F. Skinner, Beryl E. Taylor, and Leigh Van Valen, American Museum of Natural History; Mary R. Dawson, Carnegie Museum; John A. Dorr, Univ. of Michigan ; Tilly Edinger, Bryan Patterson, and Alfred S. Romer, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Robert W. Fields, Montana State Univ.; G. Edward Lewis, Denver Federal Center; Richard Lund, Columbia Univ.; John S. McIntosh and John H. Ostrom, Yale Peabody Museum; Stanley J. Olsen, Florida Geological Survey ; Donald E. Savage, Univ. of California; and C. Bertrand Schultz, Univ. of Nebraska State Museum, Hans E. Kaiser, Hanover-Kirchrode, West Germany ; Bjorn Kurtén, Geological Institute, Helsingfors, Finland; René Lavocat and Donald E. Russell, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; F. R. Parring- ton, Cambridge Univ., England; Osvaldo A. Reig, Univ. of Buenos Aires, Argen- tina; A. J. Sutcliffe, British Museum (Natural History), London; Heinz Tobien, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, West Germany; Georges Vandebroek, Université, Louvain, Belgium. Mineral Sciences Department chairman George Switzer completed the annual review of the diamond industry and, with Roy S. Clarke, Jr., Helen Worthing, and John Sinkankas, completed a manuscript on “Fluorine in Hambergite.” Associate curator Paul E. Desautels began an investigation of a suite of rare uranium minerals from a new locality in Mexico, and completed a study of one of them, sklodowskite, a hydrous magnesium uranyl INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 99 silicate. Mr. Desautels addressed mineral societies in Tucson, Phila- delphia, New York, Baltimore, Toronto, and Washington, D.C. John S. White, Jr., museum technician, nearly completed a study of the rare mineral plattnerite, oxide of lead, from several new localities in Arizona and Mexico. Associate curator EK. P. Henderson completed two manuscripts—one, a study of the hexahedrite meteorite group, and the second, a discussion of the legendary and probably nonexistent Port Orford, Oreg., meteor- ite. A study of the metallography of the Bogou, Upper Volta, iron meteorite was also completed. During the year Mr. Henderson spent four months in the field in Australia with Dr. Brian Mason of The American Museum of Natural History, and Dr. R. O. Chalmers of The Australian Museum. Meteor- ite material was collected from four well-known Australian craters, Henbury, Boxhole, Wolf Creek, and Dalgaranga. The Dalgety Downs meteorite was relocated and nearly 500 pounds of material recovered, and many fine tektite specimens were also collected. Exchanges ar- ranged during the stay in Australia, and on the return trip through the Middle East and Europe, have added a number of fine new speci- mens to the collection. In November 1963 Mr. Henderson was awarded the degree of Doctor philosophiae honoris causa by the University of Bern for his many contributions to the study of meteorites. Roy 8S. Clarke, Jr., continued his studies of chemical methods of meteorite analysis; minor element analyses of several iron meteorites are in progress. Investigation of an iron oxide corrosion product of a metal blade from the Freer Gallery collection, conducted in cooperation with R. J. Gettens and E. W. FitzHugh, proved that this ancient blade was fabricated from meteoritic iron. A complete chemical analysis of the mineral phosphophyllite from Bolivia was made. Tektite studies, particularly relating to the Martha’s Vineyard and Georgia tektites, are continuing. Mr. Clarke attended the Second Tnternational Symposium on Tektites in Pittsburgh in September, and participated in the organization of a fruitful meeting of tektite re- search workers and representatives of the scientific staff of the Corning Glass Works held in Corning, New York in February. Henderson and Clarke visited the Georgia tektite area with Mr. Thomas E. Allen of Atlanta in March. In June 1964 a grant was received from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to conduct studies of constituents, composi- tions, and textures of meteorites, and their bearing on theoretical problems. 100 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Library in new Museum of History and Technology occupies a central location among fifth-floor curatorial offices. MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Science and Technology Chairman Robert P. Multhauf was principally occupied with a study of the history of early chemistry, which was nearly complete at year’s end. During the year Dr. Multhauf presented a paper on the use of calculating machines in scientific work, and another on early theories of the nature of metals. Physical Sciences.—Curator Walter F. Cannon devoted his re- search time to a continuation of his studies of English scientists of the early 19th century. He prepared two papers for publication on the characteristics of physical science in the 19th century. A paper on the scientific work of William Whewell was prepared at the request of the editor of the Notes and Records of the Royal Society and will be published in that journal. Uta C. Merzbach, associate curator, continued her investigations of the history of modern algebra, and began a detailed research proj- ect on the mathematics of Leibniz. Mechanical and Civil Engineering.—Curator Silvio A. Bedini toured technical museums and other institutions of learning in Great 3ritain and continental European countries and presented lectures on 17th-century optical instrument makers at the Astrophysical Ob- INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 101 servatory at Arcetri and at the Instituto Nazionale della Ottica of the University of Florence. He was invited to present a paper on Giovanni de’Dondi at the University of Padua in October for the sexcentenary of the astrarium. He has completed a book entitled “Mechanical Universe” on the de’Dondi astrarium in collaboration with Francis R. Maddison of the Museum of the History of Science at Oxford University. This work, which is scheduled for publication during the present year, is the product of his research in north Italian archives during his tour of museums and will present a considerable amount of hitherto unstudied documentary material. During the past year Mr. Bedini also completed three more articles about antique scientific instruments in the national collections, one of which has already been published; a comprehensive investigation of the invention of the orrery, including study of an unrecorded instru- ment recently discovered in an American collection; an article on the evolution of science museums for the special museum issue of Technology and Culture; and a study of early Italian science museums for publication in Cultura e Scuola in Rome. In addition to these, Mr. Bedini has completed an article on Galileo’s preoccupation with the measurement of time, which will form part of the Saggi, the memorial volume of Galilean studies to be published by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Rome; a comparative study of Galileo’s instruments for the memorial volume of Galilean studies to be pub- lished by Notre Dame University; and a paper about the craftsmen Historic machines and patent models illustrate development of type- writer in hall of light machinery. 102 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Automatic graduating machine of 1859, for linear and circular gradua- tions, made by J. R. Brown of Providence, R.!., who in 1850 made the first such device known to have been used in the United States. who produced the instruments used by Galileo, which will be pre- sented at the Symposium Internationale di Storia, in Florence and Pisa in September 1964. In progress is a biography on the Della Volpaia, a family of engravers, sculptors, clock-makers, engineers and instrument-makers which flourished in Florence during the 15th and 16th centuries and which made a considerable contribution to science, technology, and the arts. In the section of light machinery and horology, associate curator Edwin A. Battison completed the first draft of a translation of Jacques Besson’s Theatrum Instrumentarum et Machinarum from the 16th- century French with the assistance of summer intern Bruce H. White. Since this work has not been previously available in English, this translation will be a significant contribution to the history of technol- ogy. Names of American patentees appearing on subject lists for a period of three years of the mid-19th century were added to an alpha- betical card file in progress, making a total of six years now completed. Associate curator Robert M. Vogel in the section of heavy machinery and civil engineering, during the course of a study trip to the Midwest, conducted research on the development of the uniflow steam engine in the United States. In addition to interviewing numerous individuals INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 103 who were instrumental in the introduction of the uniflow concept into American engineering practice prior to World War I, Mr. Vogel made a thorough search of the archives of the Skinner Engine Company, the leading manufacturer of this type of engine. Trans portation.—Three trips to Spain were made by curator How- ard I. Chapelle in connection with the reconstruction of Columbus’ Santa Maria by a Barcelona shipyard for the New York World’s Fair. At the same time he was able to accomplish research on Span- ish shipbuilding of the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially with respect to American colonial shipbuilding and Spanish influence on their design. Mr. Chapelle has also completed about half the antici- pated work on his long-range project regarding the search for speed under sail. John H. White, Jr., associate curator, has concentrated on his proj- ect entitled “Representative Locomotives”; about 200 illustrations are now completed and about a third of the text in first draft. Museum specialist Donald Berkebile has nearly completed his re- search on the famous Liberty Truck of World War I. Electricity.—Curator Bernard S. Finn continued his research into the history of thermoelectricity, with a view to publishing a source book of the important historical documents in the field. Information compiled from trips to Kuropean museums last year and to American museums this year will be used in an article characterizing the modern science museum. Over the past two years a large-scale effort has been made to visit colleges and universities to find objects for the collections. Toward this end Dr. Finn made a week’s tour through South Carolina and Georgia, and Mr. Sivowitch had a fruitful two days in the Philadel- phia area. Partly as a result of this type of direct searching, the di- vision has received objects over the past year from fourteen of these institutions. Important large collections of material have been re- ceived from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Columbia University. Medical Sciences.—Dr. Sami Hamarneh revised a Bibliography of Medicine and Pharmacy in Medieval Islam for publication in mid- 1964. He also studied the life and literary contributions of the 9th century physician-philosopher Yaqub al-Kindi. Dr. Hamarneh vis- ited the University of Wisconsin to inspect and select pharmaceutical objects of historical significance. Visiting investigators.—Among the scholars, students, and other interested individuals who visited the department of science and technology during the year to use the collections were: Physical Sciences: Dr. Victor Lenzen, Uniy. of California (outside investigator interested in instruments for measurement of gravity); Dr. Sigvard Strandh, 104 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964 Technical Museum, Stockholm (studying Swedish instruments represented in U.S. National Museum); Major William F. Leubbert, U.S. Military Academy (studying the use of historical information in teaching the use of computers) ; Edmund A. Bowles, International Business Machines Corp. (Studying the estab- lishment of a museum of the history of mathematics) ; Edward McCormick, National Science Foundation (studying the history of computers); Victor S. Johnston, Victor Business Machines (studying the history of calculating ma- chines) ; John Coldman, National Academy of Sciences (studying the biography of former members of the Naticnal Academy of Sciences) ; Willis Van Devanter, Upperville, Va. (interested in information on the history of alchemy) ; Robert B. Lewis, Uniy. of California (establishment of an exhibition of science for teach- ing purposes) ; Dr. Philip George, Univ. of Pennsylvania (studying the teaching of the history of science) ; Douglas H. Bedell, the Evening and Sunday Bulletin, Philadelphia (interested in Philadelphia inventions) ; Richard Perkin, Perkin- Elmer Corp. (history of astronomical instruments); Raymond Szymanowitz (studying the biography of Edward Acheson). Mechanical and Civil Engineering: Preston R. Bassett, Ridgefield, Conn. ; Prof. William Bassett, Univ. of Rochester; Miss Molly Cooper, Life Science Li- brary, New York; Prof. Vasco Ronchi, Instituto Nazionale della Ottica, Flor- ence, Italy; Brother Nivard, Catholic Univ.; Mr. and Mrs. James M. Doubleday, Ridgefield, Conn.; J. K. Schofield, Pratt & Whitney Corp., East Hartford, Conn. ; Prof. Derek J. de Solla Price, Yale Univ.; Father William Stenger, Dominican School, Racine, Wis. ; John P. McNeel, Popular Mechanics Magazine; Mrs. Joseph F. Carson; Prof. R. J. Hansen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; H. Badorrek, German Embassy; Rowland Mainstone, Garston, England; Peter S. Lamb, Stratford-on-Avon, England; Dr. Torsten Althin, former Director of the Tekniska Museet, Stockholm; M. J. B. Rauck, Deutsches Museum, Munich; Eugene W. Bolling, Upper Montclair, N.J.; Mrs. William Slater Allen, Provi- dence, R.I.; Charles 8. Parson, Goffstown, N.H.; Dr. Robert Wildhaber, Swiss Museum for Folklore and Folk Art, Basel,; D. W. Leverenz, Elgin, Ill.; John Vernon, London,; A. T. Haendler, Boston Edison Company, Ashland, Mass.; Alvan Fisher, General Electric Co., Ashland, Mass.; Walter M. Fisk, United Press International; G. Fritsen, Aarle-Rixtel, Netherlands. Transportation: Mr. EK. W. Paget-Tomlinson, City of Liverpool Museum, Eng- land; staff members of the San Francisco Maritime Museum; Frederick