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‘The United States
National Museum
1964 ANNUAL REPORT
The United States
National Museum
Annual Report for the Year knded
June 30, 1964
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Unrtrep States NatronaL Museum,
Unpbrr DiIrEcTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, D.C., August 15, 1964.
Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present
condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work
accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1964.
Very respectfully,
Frank A. Taytor,
Director, U.S. National Museum.
S. Ditton Ripwey,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
II
Contents
BUILDINGS .
EXHIBITS
ACCESSIONS aa
CARE OF COLLECTIONS :
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
Anthropology
Zoology . :
Entomology .
Botany :
Paleobiology .
Mineral Sciences ;
Science and Technology .
Arts and Manufactures
Civil BED Stonyenieae ee
Armed Forces History .
PUBLICATIONS
Donors TO THE NATIONAL COLLECTIONS
III
100
105
107
111
115
130
June 30, 1964
United States National Museum
Director: Frank A. Taylor
Registrar: Helena M. Weiss Conservator: Charles H. Olin
Chemist: Jacqueline S. Olin
Museum or Natura History
Director: T. Dale Stewart
Assistant Director: R.S. Cowan Assistant Director for Oceanography: I. E. Wallen
Mabel A. Byrd, Administrative Officer
Department of Anthropology: Waldo R. Wedel, chairman
ARCHEOLOGY : Clifford Evans, Jr., cura- William H. Crocker, associate cura-
tor tor
Richard B. Woodbury, curator PHysiIcaL ANTHROPOLOGY: J. Law-
Gus W. Van Beek, associate curator rence Angel, curator
ETHNOLOGY : Saul H. Riesenberg, cura- Lucile E. Hoyme, associate curator
tor A. Joseph Andrews, exhibits special-
Gordon D. Gibson, associate curator ist
Eugene I. Knez, associate curator
Department of Zoology: Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., chairman
Fenner A. Chace, Jr., senior scientist ; Watson M. Perrygo, in charge of Taxidermy
MAMMALS: David H. Johnson, curator MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Donald F.
Henry W. Setzer, associate curator Squires, curator
Charles O. Handley, Jr., associate Thomas E. Bowman, associate cura-
curator tor
Brirps: Philip 8. Humphrey, curator Charles E. Cutress, Jr., associate
George E. Watson, associate curator curator
Richard L. Zusi, associate curator Marian H. Pettibone, associate cura-
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS: Doris M. tor
Cochran, curator Raymond B. Manning, associate
Fisues: Leonard P. Schultz, curator curator
Ernest A. Lachner, associate curator David L. Pawson, associate curator
Victor G. Springer, associate curator Mo.tiusks: Harald A. Rehder, curator
William R. Taylor, associate curator Joseph P. FE. Morrison, associate
Stanley H. Weitzman, associate curator
curator Joseph Rosewater, associate curator
Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., associate cura-
tor
IY
Department of Entomology: J. F. Gates Clarke, chairman
NEUROPTEROIDS: Oliver S. Flint, asso- COLEOPTERA: Oscar L. Cartwright,
ciate curator in charge curator
LEPIDOPTERA: J. KF. Gates Clarke, act- Paul J. Spangler, associate curator
ing curator HeEMIPTERA: Richard C. Froeschner,
Donald R. Davis, associate curator associate curator in charge
W. Donald Duckworth, associate MyrIAPpopA AND ARACHNIDA: Ralph EH.
curator Crabill, Jr., curator
William D. Field, associate curator
Department of Botany: Jason R. Swallen, chairman
PHANEROGAMS: Lyman B. Smith, cu- Thomas R. Soderstrom, associate
rator curator
Velva EH. Rudd, associate curator CRYPTOGAMS: Mason H. Hale, Jr., cu-
John J. Wurdack, associate curator rator
Wallace R. Ernst, associate curator Paul S. Conger, associate curator
Dan H. Nicolson, associate curator Harold E. Robinson, associate cu-
Stanwyn G. Shetler, associate cu- rator
rator PLanrt ANATOMY: William L. Stern,
FerNSs: Conrad V. Morton, curator curator
David B. Lellinger, associate curator Richard H. Eyde, associate curator
GRASSES: Jason R. Swallen, acting
curator
Department of Paleobiology: G. Arthur Cooper, chairman
INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY : Richard VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY: C. Lewis
S. Boardman, curator Gazin, curator
Porter M. Kier, associate curator David H. Dunkle, associate curator
Richard Cifelli, associate curator Nicholas Hotton III, associate cu-
Erle G. Kauffman, associate curator rator
Martin A. Buzas, associate curator Clayton E. Ray, associate curator
Richard H. Benson, associate cura- PALEOBOTANY: Francis M. Hueber,
tor curator
Walter H. Adey, associate curator
Department of Mineral Sciences: George S. Switzer, chairman
MINERALOGY: George S. Switzer, act- METEORITES: Edward P. Henderson,
ing curator associate curator in charge
Paul E. Desautels, associate cura- Roy S. Clarke, Jr., chemist
tor
Oceanography Program: I. E. Wallen, Assistant Director for Oceanography
SMITHSONIAN OCEANOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER
H. Adair Fehlmann, supervisory museum specialist
Museum oF History AND TECHNOLOGY
Director: Frank A. Taylor
Assistant Director: John C. Ewers
William E. Boyle, administrative officer
Virginia Beets, administrative officer
Department of Science and Technology: Robert P. Multhauf, chairman
Deborah J. Mills, assistant curator
PHYSICAL ScIENCES: Walter F. Can-
non, associate curator in charge;
in charge of Sections of Astron-
omy and Physics
Uta C. Merzbach, associate curator,
Sections of Mathematics and
Antique Instruments
Robert P. Multhauf, curator in
charge of Sections of Chemistry
and Meteorology
MECHANICAL AND CIvIL ENGINEERING:
Silvio A. Bedini, curator; in
charge of Section of Tools
Edwin A. Battison, associate cura-
tor, Sections of Light Machinery
and Horology
Robert M. Vogel, associate curator,
Sections of Heavy Machinery and
Civil Hngineering
ELEctTrRIicIty: Bernard S. Finn, asso-
ciate curator in charge
TRANSPORTATION : Howard I. Chapelle,
curator; in charge of Section of
Marine Transportation
Kenneth M. Perry, associate curator
John H. White, Jr., associate cura-
tor, Section of Land Transporta-
tion
MepicaL ScreENcES: Sami K. Hamar-
neh, curator; in charge of Sec-
tions of Medical and Dental
History and Pharmaceutical His-
tory and Health
Department of Arts and Manufactures: Philip W. Bishop, chairman
MANUFACTURES AND HEAvy INDUS-
TRIES: Philip W. Bishop, acting
curator
Lowell L. Henkle, industrial spe-
cialist
AGRICULTURE AND FOREST PRODUCTS:
Edward C. Kendall, associate
curator in charge
TEXTILES: Mrs. Grace Rogers Cooper,
curator
Department of Civil History:
Rita J. Adrosko, associate curator
CERAMICS AND GLASS: Paul V. Gard-
ner, curator
J. Jefferson Miller II, assistant
eurator
GRAPHIC ARTS: Jacob Kainen, curator
Fuller O. Griffith, associate curator
Eugene Ostroff, associate curator,
Section of Photography
Richard H. Howland, chairman
Peter C. Welsh, curator; Mrs. Doris Esch Borthwick, assistant curator ;
Anne Castrodale, assistant curator
PouitIcAL History: Wilcomb BH.
Washburn, curator
Mrs. Margaret Brown Klapthor,
associate curator
Keith E. Melder, associate curator
Mrs. Anne W. Murray, associate
curator
Herbert R. Collins, assistant curator
PHILATELY AND PosTaAL HISTORY:
Carl H. Scheele, associate curator
in charge
VI
CULTURAL History: C. Maleolm Wat-
kins, curator
Mrs. Cynthia Adams Hoover, asso-
ciate curator
John N. Pearce, associate curator
Rodris C. Roth, associate curator
NUMISMATICS: Vladimir Clain-Stefa-
nelli, curator
Mrs. Elvira Clain-Stefanelli, asso-
ciate curator
Department of Armed Forces History: Mendel L. Peterson, chairman
Mivirary History: Edgar M. Howell, NAVAL History: Philip K. Lundeberg,
curator curator
Craddock R. Goins, Jr., associate Melvin H. Jackson, associate curator
curator
Office of Exhibits: John E. Anglim, Chief
MusEuM oF NATURAL History LABORA- MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
tory: A. Gilbert Wright, assistant LABORATORY: Benjamin W. Law-
chief less, chief
Julius Tretick, production super- William M. Clark, production su-
visor pervisor in charge
Honorary Smithsonian Fellows, Associates, Collaborators,
Custodians of Collections, and Honorary Curators
Anthropology
John M. Campbell, Archeology Walter W. Taylor, Jr., Anthropology
C. G. Holland, Archeology William J. Tobin, Physical Anthro-
Neil M. Judd, Archeology pology
Betty J. Meggers, Archeology Nathalie F. S. Woodbury, Archeology
Frank M. Setzler, Anthropology
Zoology
Oliver L. Austin, Birds J. Percy Moore, Marine Invertebrates
Willard W. Becklund, Helminthology Dioscoro S. Rabor, Birds
J. Bruce Bredin, Biology Waldo L. Schmitt, Marine Inverte-
William L. Brown, Mammals brates
Ailsa M. Clark, Marine Invertebrates Bejamin Schwartz, Helminthology
Herbert G. Deignan, Birds Robert Traub, Mammals
Herbert Friedmann, Birds Alexander Wetmore, Birds
Laurence Irving, Birds Mrs. Mildred Stratton Wilson, Cope-
Allen McIntosh, Mollusks pod Crustacea
Entomology
Doris H. Blake Frank M. Hull
Melbourne A. Carriker, Jr. William L. Jellison
Carl J. Drake Carl F. W. Muesebeck
K. C. Emerson Thomas E. Snyder
Botany
Chester R. Benjamin, Fungi Kittie F. Parker, Phanerogams
*A ones Chase, Grasses John A. Stevenson, Fungi
Emory C. Leonard, Phanerogams William N. Watkins, Woods
Floyd A. McClure, Grasses
*Deceased September 24, 1963
VII
Paleobiology
C. Wythe Cooke, Invertebrate Pale- Axel A. Olsson, Invertebrate Pale-
ontology ontology
J. Thomas Dutro, Invertebrate Pale- Wendell P. Woodring, Invertebrate
ontology Paleontology
Remington Kellogg, Vertebrate Pale-
ontology
Mineral Sciences
Gunnar Kullerud, Mineralogy Waldemar T. Schaller, Mineralogy
Science and Technology
Derek J. Price
Civil History
Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood, Cultural Mrs. Emery May Norweb, Numis-
History matics
Elmer C. Herber, History R. Henry Norweb, Numismatics
Ivor Noél Hume, Cultural History Joan Jockwig Pearson, Cultural His-
Fred W. McKay, Numismatics tory
Armed Forces History
William Rea Furlong Byron McCandless
Frederic C. Lane
VIII
Annual Report of
the Director
United States National Museum
President Lyndon B. Johnson speaking at ceremonies dedicating the
Museum of History and Technology.
Buildings
Museum of History and Technology
On October 25, 1963, the General Services Administration advised
the contractor that all remaining areas and systems of the Museum of
History and Technology not previously accepted were, with certain
exceptions, accepted effective August 30, 1963.
On January 22, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the
building at ceremonies attended by Ambassadors, Ministers, Members
of the Supreme Court, Members of the Senate, Members of the House
of Representatives, other high ranking officials and important donors
and other friends of the Smithsonian Institution.
After introductory remarks by Leonard Carmichael, Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution, the audience was addressed, in the
order of events, by Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution Earl
Warren, Chief Justice of the United States; by Senator Clinton P.
Anderson, United States Senator from New Mexico, Regent of the
Smithsonian Institution and Chairman of the Joint Congressional
Committee on Construction of a Building for a Museum of History
9
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Construction of new west wing of the Museum of Natural History from
top of Washington Monument; Museum of History and Technology in
foreground.
Views (pages 2, 4, 5) of new Museum of History and Technology: p. 2,
from across Constitution Avenue; p. 4 (top), Mall, or south, front and
closeup (bottom) of school-bus entrance from Smithsonian tower; p. 5,
east (top) and west ends from across Constitution Avenue.
BUILDINGS 7
and Technology for the Smithsonian Institution; and by the Pres-
ident of the United States. Music was provided by the United States
Marine Band, Lieutenant Colonel Albert Schoepper, Director.
conducting.
After the ceremonies the guests viewed the exlibits in ten halls
installed for the opening.
The building was opened to the public at 9:00 a.m., January 23,
1964.
On the first Sunday after the opening more than 57,000 persons
visited the building, causing traflic jams of substantial size. By June
30, 1964, a total of 2,510,672 persons had visited the building.
The opening of the building and its initial exhibits has focused the
attention of historians, museum professionals, scholars, writers and
many others on the scholarly competence of the curators and upon the
unportance of the Smithsonian collections in recording and interpret-
ing history and traditions. Interviews have been taped, and the build-
ing and its exhibits have been filmed for world-wide distribution by
the USIA and the Voice of America. Unprecedented requests have
been received from universities for joint programs in American
studies, and the history of science and technology. Architects and
museum directors from all sections of the United States and the world
have visited the Museum to inspect the building, to examine the pro-
grams and collections, and to obtain advice on the establishment, con-
struction, and improvement of museums.
Museum of Natural History
The contract for construction of the west wing of the natural history
building, including the last stage of renovation of the original build-
ing, was signed in August 1963 and excavation for the wing was
begun in November. The foundations were laid and the superstruc-
ture erected at a rapid rate, and by the end of the fiscal year most
of the granite facing was in place. Meanwhile, renovation of the
original building was commenced.
Funds Allotted
From the funds appropriated by the Congress to carry on the opera-
tions of the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus during the fiscal
year 1964, the sum of $5,587,000 was obligated by the United States
National Museum for the preservation, increase, and study of the
national collections of anthropological, zoological, botanical, and geo-
logical materials, as well as materials illustrative of engineering,
technology, industry, graphic arts, and history. (This amount in-
cludes sums expended for the program of exhibits modernization.)
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Through circular open
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Exhibits
A significant milestone in the history of the exhibits program at the
Smithsonian Institution was passed when exhibition halls on the first
and second floors of the Museum of History and Technology were
presented to the public on January 23, 1964. Totaling more than
75,000 square feet of instructive displays, these areas include the fol-
lowing halls or portions thereof :
Flag Hall Light Machinery
First Ladies Tools
Everyday Life in the American Past Vehicles
American Costume Railroads
Farm Machinery Heavy Machinery (part)
Also placed on display were the Greenough statue of George Wash-
ington, flanked by eight cases of outstanding national treasures; a
centrally located Foucault pendulum; and a preview of future ex-
10 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
hibits, in which are presented examples of displays to be placed in
halls to be opened in the future. The halls and exhibits on view
at the opening had required less than eight months to install, and the
building was opened to the public in less than five months after its
substantial completion by the contractor. This achievement was the
result of nearly eight years of advanced planning and design of ex-
hibition halls, followed by the production of innumerable individual
displays, some of which had been temporarily exhibited in the Arts
and Industries building prior to being moved to the new museum. It
could not have been accomplished without the cooperation of many
individuals on the curatorial staff, in the office of exhibits and the
buildings management division, and in the employ of private con-
tractors—including subject matter specialists who planned and tech-
nically supervised development of the displays; specialists in exhibits
design, production, and installation; as well as model makers, plastics
technicians, painters, electricians, and laborers. Among those in charge
of this operation, and presently engaged in the task of installing the re-
maining halls of the museum are assistant director John C. Ewers, who
coordinates the varied exhibits activities of this museum with the able
assistance of John N. Edy in planning the physical movement of
materials; Benjamin W. Lawless, who supervises the design, produc-
tion, and installation of exhibits, aided by Robert Widder in design,
Bela S. Bory and Wilham Clark in production, Robert Klinger in
the model shop, Stanley Santoroski in supervision of installation, and
Carroll Lusk as lighting specialist; George Weiner, who edits the
curators’ drafts of exhibits scripts, with the assistance of Constance
Minkin and Edna Wright. The timely assistance of buildings man-
ager Andrew F. Michaels and his staff, of John E. Cudd, laison
architect, and of George Watson, skilled specialist in the renovation
and installation of period interiors, contributed substantially to the
success of this program.
Since the opening of the new museum the installation of additional
halls has progressed. The hall of historic Americans was opened
to the public in June, and five other halls will be installed and opened
during the four months following June 30, 1964.
John E. Anglim, exhibits chief, continued in charge of the planning
and preparation of all exhibits, and, with the assistance of Gilbert
Wright, directly supervised the operation of the exhibits laboratory in
the Museum of Natural Mistory. Julius Tretick supervised the pro-
duction and installation of exhibits in that museum. Substantial por-
tions of the halls dealing with cultures of Asia and Africa and with
comparative osteology were opened to the public in June, and progress
was made on five other halls in that Museum.
EXHIBITS let
Director T. Dale Stewart continued to serve as chairman of the
committee coordinating the exhibits modernization program in natural
history, and assistant director Richard S. Cowan coordinated the work
of curators and exhibits personnel in the development of natural his-
tory exhibits. To the advancement of this work substantial contribu-
tions were made by John H. Morrissey, project review chief, archi-
tectural branch of the Public Buildings Service, General Services Ad-
ministration, and by Joseph F. Cromwell, Jr., Mrs. Gertrude Hein,
and Albert Brigeda, design architects of that agency.
Anthropology
Colorful new exhibits of objects from the Near East, Japan, Korea,
China, and North and West Africa were first placed on public view
when the west portion of the hall of cultures of Africa and Asia
was informally opened in late June. Among the exhibits interpreting
the traditional cultures of the Asian peoples are a life-size group
portraying an episode from a Chinese opera, with accompanying push-
button sound recording, a display of objects illustrating the evolution
of farming in Japan, and a unit on the daily and religious life in Tibet.
The Republic of Korea has loaned one of its national art treasures,
a cast-iron figure of Buddha from the Koryo dynasty (A.D. 935-1392),
which is presented in a temple setting with a paneled screen of red silk
brocade. North and West African cultures present many striking
works of art from peoples whose accomplishments have had a profound
influence upon modern art in Europe and America. One of the most
dramatic displays is a diorama portraying the smelting of iron ore in
primitive furnaces and the fashioning of iron tools by tribesmen from
the Mandara Mountain region of northern Cameroon. This group
was created by exhibits specialists John Weaver, Robert Caftrey, and
Peter De Anna. The exhibits in this hall were planned and specified by
associate curators of ethnology Gordon D. Gibson and Eugene I. Knez.
The hall design was the work of exhibits designer Dorothy Guthrie
and the graphic design of individual units was the work of exhibits
designer Lucius Lomax.
The completely renovated life-size group portraying Indian quarry-
ing operations and making of stone artifacts at the Piney Branch site
within the present boundaries of the District of Columbia some 500
years ago was opened to the public in the hall of North American
archeology, and another group illustrating Indian copper mining in
present Michigan was nearing completion at year’s end. Contract
construction in the new hall of Old World archeology was virtually
completed at year’s end. This hall was designed by exhibits designer
12 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Rolland O. Hower under the scientific supervision of associate curator
Gus Van Beek.
The contractor’s work in the new hall of physical anthropology also
was nearing completion at the end of June. About half of the exhibit
units for this hall have been designed by exhibits designer Joseph
Shannon, who also served as architectural designer for the hall. The
contents of the exhibits have been specified by T. Dale Stewart, di-
rector of the Museum of Natural History and Lawrence Angel,
curator-in-charge of the division of physical anthropology.
During the spring of 1964, Dr. Knez supervised the installation of
41 outstanding examples of Chinese, Buddhist, and Hindu stone sculp-
ture, bronze and other items from China, India, Cambodia, and Java.
Dr. Van Beek worked with the Department of State and the Snuth-
sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service on arrangements for
loan of the Dead Sea Scrolls and associated materials from the govern-
ment of Jordan. In May, during his overseas detail, he conferred with
officials of the Jordanian government, the U.S. Embassy, and the
Palestine Archaeological Museum, and selected specimens and photo-
eraphs for use in the exhibition, which is scheduled to be opened in the
Museum of Natural History in March 1965. Thereafter it will cireu-
late for six months among other museums in the United States by the
Traveling Exhibition Service.
Zoology
At the end of June the exhibits in the east half of the hall of
osteology, comprising the sections on mammals and birds, were in-
formally opened to the public. The skeletons in this exhibition
range in size from one of the gray whale to those of small birds.
Skeletal materials are supplemented by graphic portrayals of the ap-
pearance in the flesh of the particular examples displayed. One in-
teresting display compares the skeleton of man with those of other
primates. Another points out the bony structures, differences in which
serve as the bases for scientific classification of birds. ‘The sections of
this hall devoted to reptiles, amphibians, and fishes are in process of
preparation and installation. Planning of the exhibits in this hall
has been coordinated by curator David H. Johnson, with the cooper-
ation of the staff members of all the vertebrate divisions of this de-
partment. Hall design was by Anthony DiStefano and Rolland O.
Hower, and graphic design by exhibits designer Morris M. Pearson.
On February 19, 1964, a temporary exhibition entitled “Return to
the Sea” was opened on the mezzanine of the hall of life in the sea.
This display, a joint effort of the Interagency Committee on Ocean-
ography of the Government and the Smithsonian Institution, has as
—
EXHIBITS ie
its theme the renewal of interest in oceanography and the marine en-
vironment. Associate curator Charles Cutress and Mr. Kjell Sandved
spent approximately two months in Honolulu, Hawan, Dillon Beach,
Calif., and at Friday Harbor, Wash., obtaining photographs and well-
preserved specimens of animals of which models will be made for
display in additional permanent exhibits in this hall.
Preparation of models and the securing of specimens for the hall
of cold-blooded vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, and reptiles) was con-
tinued during the year, and the installation of groups in this hall was
begun. Curator Leonard P. Schultz who is coordinating the planning
of exhibits for this hall, and Alfred Strohlein spent several days in the
vicinity of Seattle, Wash., during October collecting red salmon and
background materials for the group on salmon spawning. Exhibits
designer Barbara Craig prepared the architectural layout for this hall,
and graphic design is by Joseph Shannon.
Staff members of the department cooperated with the department of
paleobiology, the Oceanographic Sorting Center, the National Zoologi-
eal Park, and the Canal Zone Biological Area in preparing a special
exhibition for presentation in the foyer of the Natural History Mu-
seum at the time of the 16th International Congress of Zoology, held
in Washington, August 20-27, 1963. These displays illustrated facets
of the history of zoological research at the Smithsonian Institution,
the research programs currently in progress, and international co-
operation in the study of animal life.
Botany
Planning for the hall of plant life has continued at an accelerated
rate since January 1964, at which time was established a planning com-
mittee consisting of Assistant Director Richard S. Cowan, chairman,
and curators M. E. Hale, Jr., David Lellinger, T. R. Soderstrom,
Stanwyn G. Shetler, Dan Nicolson, and Richard H. Eyde. This
group met regularly with exhibits designer Rolland O. Hower to
develop specific plans for the exhibits. Study sites from which to
obtain data for construction of some of the habitat groups were
selected in the eastern United States, and preparation of botanical
models for use in the exhibits in this hall is in progress.
Paleobiology
The fourth and last of the remarkable series of mural paintings in
the hall of the age of mammals in North America, representing land
life during epochs of Tertiary time, was completed by artist Jay H.
Matternes. This mural depicts a Phocene mammalian assemblage.
14 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Associate curator Clayton EK. Ray initiated preliminary planning
of displays in the hall to be devoted to life of the Pleistocene, the geo-
logic epoch immediately preceding the present, in consultations with
members of the exihibit staff. Much of the time of the laboratory
staff has been devoted to repairing and remounting skeletons of the
various larger Pleistocene mammals that were previously exhibited,
and in restoring new skeletal remains for presentation in this hall.
Temporary exhibits, dealing with current research programs of staff
members, were prepared by the invertebrate paleontology staff and
U.S. Geological Survey paleontologists for the Intenational Zoologi-
cal Congress in the summer of 1963, and were sent to New York City
for display at the national meetings of the Geological Society of
America and he Paleontological Society in November.
Mineral Sciences
Planning and design of the new physical geology and meteorite ex-
hibits was completed in preparation for the start of construction, which
is to provide additional space for the gem exhibits. The physical
geology exhibit will interpret the nature and properties of materials
composing the earth; the distribution of these materials throughout
the globe; the processes by which they are formed, altered, trans-
ported, and distorted; and the nature and development of the land-
scape. The new hall has been planned by curator George S. Switzer
and associate curators Paul E. Desautels and Edward P. Henderson.
The hall layout has been prepared by exhibits designer Dorothy
Guthrie.
Science and Technology
Four halls of the Department of Science and Technology in the
east portion of the first floor were open when the interior of the
Museum of History and Technology first was revealed to the public.
By means of a few choice full-scale vehicles and an extended series
of accurately and precisely executed scale models the railroad hall
interprets the history of street railways as well as railroads. The
giant 280-ton Pacific-type steam locomotive No. 1401, largest and one
of the most impressive three-dimensional specimens in the museum,
stands near the row of east windows through which it may be viewed
from outside the building at night as well as by daylight. It contrasts
sharply with the boiler from the little “Stourbridge Lion” brought
from England in 1829 to become the first steam locomotive to run on
an American railroad built for commercial use, and with the bonnet-
stacked, wood-burning locomotive “Pioneer” built in 1851 by Seth
EXHIBITS 15
Wilmarth for the Cumberland Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania. A
cut-away scale model of a diesel-electric locomotive shows a type that
has supplanted the steam locomotive on American railroads in recent
years. A full-scale cable car used in Seattle, Wash., in the late 19th
century stands on a section of narrow-gauge track in an elevated posi-
tion so visitors can see the underground construction required for its
operation. Basic developments in street cars, locomotives, and rail-
road cars are illustrated by nearly 80 models, most of them built to the
ts
Brick-paved railroad hall has picture window (right) facing 12th Street.
same scale, which faithfuliy portray notable mechanical advances and
the contributions of famous designers. Also displayed are an out-
standing collection of rail samples, and examples of railway safety
devices. The hall was planned by associate curator John H, White,
Jr., in collaboration with exhibits designers James Mahoney, Virginia
Mahoney, and Deborah Bretzfelder.
The adjacent vehicle hall traces the development of various types
of road vehicles in the United States from the 18th century to the
present day. Among the outstanding horse-drawn vehicles on dis-
play are two variations of the famous stage coach built by the Abbot,
Downing Company of Concord, N.H., and widely used in the East and
16 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
West beyond the lines of the early railroads; the finely constructed
Lawrence family coach built by Thomas Goddard of Boston in 1851;
and a city omnibus built by E. M. Miller of Quincy, Ill. The auto-
mobiles illustrate the rapid evolution of automobile design and manu-
facture from the 1890’s. Along with the pioneer Balzer and Haynes
motor wagons, appear the famous Winton mile-a-minute racer of 1902,
the Winton in which Dr. H. Nelson Jackson drove the first transcon-
tinental motor trip m 1903, and a sturdy Mack Bulldog truck. Mu-
seum specialist Donald Berkebile planned the exhibits in this hall
with assistance in layout from exhibits designer Riddick Vann.
The hall of tools illustrates the history and development of machine
tools. Introductory exhibits display hand tools with which men per-
formed laboriously tasks later accomphshed with much greater speed
and precision by machine. A short sound film in color describes the
five basic machining operations—planing, milling, drilling and boring,
turning, and grinding. A full-scale reproduction of Thomas Blanch-
ard’s gunstock lathe of 1822 introduces a series of historic special-
purpose machines which, in their capacity for producing large num-
bers of interchangeable parts, played important roles in contributing
to increased American productivity and to a higher standard of living.
The attainment of greater precision in measurement, important to the
development of machine tools, is brought out in a series of exhibits
tracing the history of measurement from the Roman cubit to modern
times. An outstanding feature of this hall is a reconstructed full-
size machine shop of about 1855 equipped with some of the oldest
machine tools in the collection. Six machines, restored to operat-
ing condition, are placed in the surroundings in which they would
have been used. They are operated by a docent at designated times
to demonstrate their functions to museum visitors. Silvio A. Bedini,
curator of civil engineering, and his predecessor, Eugene S. Ferguson,
selected the machines and planned the case exhibits in this hall with
the cooperation of exhibits designers Bright Springman, Harry Hart,
and John Clendening. William Henson installed the machines and
placed them in operating condition.
A major portion of the hall of light machinery illustrates the
evolution of timekeeping. The introductory exhibit, through a re-
volving globe bearing small sundials on its surface, demonstrates the
basic importance of the daily cycle of the earth’s rotation as the
foundation of man’s timekeeping systems. The exhibits illustrate the
gradual development of timekeeping from early sundials, sandglasses,
and waterclocks to the most precise modern electronic clocks. His-
toric examples of European and American-made clocks and watches
and a number of enlarged escapement models are included. In the
Demonstrations are con-
ducted in pre-1855 ma-
chine shop in hall of tools.
18 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
center of the hall is a reconstruction of a Renaissance clock tower, the
four sides of which will display a sun dial, and civil, astronomical, and
automaton dials actuated by an American tower clock of 1786. Both
the sun dial and civil-time dials have been installed, the former by
museum specialist Dorothy Briggs and the latter by its maker,
Thwaites and Reed of London, England. Nearby is a reconstructed
chronometer-maker’s shop of 1830, complete with the tools used by
its proprietor in manufacturing these precise instruments. The ex-
hibits in other sections of this hall show machines derived from the
skills developed by clock and instrument makers. One series traces
Reconstruction of Renaissance clock tower in hall of light machinery.
the development of the phonograph from Thomas Edison’s original
invention and the work of Alexander Graham Bell’s Volta Laboratory
through the more recent talking machines. Exhibits on the evolution
of the typewriter include early original machines and patent models.
Still other displays interpret the history of locks from early times to
the present, showing how new materials and more subtle engineering
concepts led to the perfection of more secure locking devices. Ex-
hibits in this hall were planned by associate curator Edwin A. Battison
in cooperation with hall designer Bright Springman and exhibits
designer Barbara Bowes.
EXHIBITS 19
At the close of the year installation of exhibits in the hall of civil
engineering, adjoining the railroad hall, were nearing completion and
plans were made for an early July opening. An interpretation of
the story of bridge and tunnel building through the ages shows
how the use of new materials enabled bridge builders to construct
longer spans and illustrates through scale models many of the classic
bridges of history. The tunnels section features a series of cutaway
scale models that illustrates the development of methods in both soft-
ground and hard-rock tunneling and depicts men constructing some
of the major tunnels in which new drilling methods and mechanisms
were employed. Associate curator Robert M. Vogel prepared the
technical specifications for this hall and the exhibits layout and design
are the work of exhibits designers John Brown and Harry Hart.
Considerable progress also was made in the installation of exhibits
in the hall of heavy machinery. ‘Those at the west end of this hall,
opened to the public in January, interpret the early development of
the steam engine, and include a reconstruction of an early Watt rota-
tive engine. The series on refrigeration and the diesel engine are to
be opened in conjunction with the adjoining civil engineering hall in
July 1964.
All free-standing exhibition cases have been installed in the Ameri-
can merchant marine hall, and a considerable number of the scale
models of historic types of vessels from the museum’s outstanding
watercraft collection have been placed in them by exhibits specialist
James A. Knowles, Jr., under the supervision of curator of transporta-
tion Howard I. Chapelle.
A temporary exhibition of communications satellites, being installed
in the northeast portion of the hall of electricity, will be available to
the public in July. An item in this exhibit is the back-up satellite for
Telstar I—presented to the museum on July 10, 1963, the first anniver-
sary of its launching. Contract installation of cases for permanent
exhibits in the southwest portion of this hall, which will interpret
current electricity, neared completion at year’s end. These exhibits
have been planned by associate curator of electricity Bernard S. Finn.
Exhibits designer Nadya Kayaloff has nearly completed the display
designs.
In the halls of pharmacy, medicine, and dentistry at the extreme
west end of the first floor, installation of an 1890 period drugstore,
of period interiors depicting a portion of a room in the Massachusetts
General Hospital, and a midwestern dentist’s office are nearing com-
pletion. The Old World apothecary shop formerly on view in the
Arts and Industries building is to be installed in the new hall of
pharmacy. Two new exhibits destined for exhibition in the new
museum were placed on temporary display in the Arts and Industries
20 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL’ REPORT, 1964
building: A diorama depicting Dr. Philip S. Physick excising a
large paratoid gland tumor in the circular room of the Pennsylvania
Hospital in 1805, long before the discovery of anesthesia; and an
enlarged model of the human ear, donated by the Lambert Institute
of Otology of New York City. Curator of medical sciences Sami K.
Hamarneh, assisted by Dr. Alfred R. Henderson, consultant, are
completing exhibit plans for the medical science exhibits in coopera-
tion with exhibits designer, John Clendening.
The Foucault pendulum, prepared by the California Institute of
Technology and exhibited in the central rotunda of the new museum,
has fascinated visitors since the opening of the building. The division
of physical sciences, which is in charge of this exhibit, has been making
careful studies of its operation and of the problem of interpreting it
to the public. A large graphic explanation planned by curator Walter
F. Cannon, is being produced by the exhibits laboratory. Develop-
ment of exhibits for the hall of physical sciences progressed with the
completion of a layout plan for the mathematics section and the pro-
duction of all but two units in the section of astronomy.
Arts and Manufactures
The farm machinery hall, on view when the new building opened in
January, shows through displays of original objects and accurate scale
models how the invention and use of labor-saving machines played a
major role in the rapid expansion of American agriculture since the
early 19th century. The earlier hand-wielded and horse-drawn
implements are contrasted with later self-propelled machines which
performed the same basic tasks of plowing, planting, cultivating, and
harvesting food crops. The horse-drawn combine in the center of this
hall represents an early peak in mechanization. This machine, the
first built by Benjamin Holt at Stockton, Calif., in 1886, performed
all the harvesting and threshing tasks while moving through the wheat
fields of a western bonanza farm.
or ' :
_
a
Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., chairman of department of zoology, inspects a
recently acquired fresh-water shrimp, Macrobrachium carcinus from
Dominica. A specimen of Penaeus brasiliensis offers a_ size
comparison.
Research associate J. A. F. Garrick returned to Victoria University,
Wellington, New Zealand in November and is continuing his world
revision of carcharhinid sharks. During May 1964 he visited Australia
to study specimens of sharks that were not available in museums of
Kurope, America, or Africa. When completed, this critical revision
of carcharhinid sharks will be the first ever attempted.
Marine Invertebrates.—Curator Donald F. Squires continued his
investigations on southern ocean corals. Considerable progress has
been made in this study, supported by the National Science Founda-
tion, and facilitated by the assistance of Mr. Ian W. Keyes, senior
paleontological technician, New Zealand Geological Survey, who
worked as research assistant to Dr. Squires during the year. Much of
the preliminary compilation of data for a study of the evolution and
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 81
distribution of New Zealand Tertiary and modern corals has been com-
pleted. In joint authorship, they have finished a review of the corals
of the New Zealand shelf. During the year, a study of the biomechan-
ics of the scleractinian coral J/anicina areolata was completed, as were
several other studies of fossil and Recent corals. Continued progress
was made on the monographic studies of the deep-water corals of the
family Micrabaciidae and on the complex group of species comprising
the “lacerate Flabellum.” From December to February, Dr. Squires
was a participant on the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute cruise
“Macquarie Gap” which made geological and biological studies in the
area of the Campbell Plateau and the Subantarctic Islands of New
Zealand. Visits were also made during the year to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology and the American Museum of Natural History
where types were examined and from which specimens of deep-water
corals were obtained for further study.
Associate curator Thomas EK. Bowman completed an account of an
arostrate population of the planktonic calanoid copepod Acartia lillje-
borgii, from St. Lucia, West Indies. He described a new genus and
species of cirolanid isopod from Madison Cave, Va., the first troglodytic
cirolanid to be found in the United States outside of Texas; completed
the description of a new anthurid isopod from the Caguanes Caves of
Cuba; and described a new mysid crustacean, abundant in Lake Pont-
chartrain, La. With L. J. Lancaster, he prepared a description of a
bloom of the planktonic blue-green alga Skujaella, from the Tonga
Islands. Work was begun on an account of pelagic amphipods of the
family Hyperiidae from the northeastern Pacific.
Associate curator Charles EK. Cutress, Jr., continued his studies of
several families of anemones. During most of April and May, he
collected marine materials in Hawaii and coastal California, for docu-
menting future exhibits in the museum. He was accompanied by
Mr. Kjell Sandved who acted as official photographer. Following
this trip, Mr. Cutress visited the Friday Harbor Laboratory of the
University of Washington where he engaged in studies to clarify the
taxonomy of the swimming anemones Stomphia.
Associate curator Raymond B. Manning, who had joined the staff of
the division in June 1963, in September studied stomatopod crustacean
specimens in the American Museum of Natural History, the Vanderbilt
Marine Museum on Long Island, the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
the Yale Peabody Museum, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. In May 1964, Dr. Manning joined a research team from
the Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, for a 20-day
offshore scientific cruise in the Gulf of Guinea. Following the cruise
he spent several days collecting inshore marine invertebrates near
Dakar, Senegal, before visiting natural history museums in Paris,
82 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Leiden, and London to study types of stomatopod crustaceans. During
the year, Dr. Manning finished most of a manuscript revising the
stomatopods of the western Atlantic, collaborated with L. B. Holthuis
of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, in Leiden, on a contri-
bution on the stomatopods for the “Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontol-
ogy,’ and completed two additional manuscripts dealing with these
animals.
Associate curator Marian H. Pettibone carried on preliminary work
with a large collection of polychaete worms from the Canadian Arctic,
collected by E. H. Grainger. She continued her long-range study of
the polychaete worms from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake
Bay, completed a revision of the polychaete family Pilargidae, includ-
ing a description of three new species from Virginia, and conducted
further work on the Paraonidae, including the preparation of descrip-
tions of two new species from Virginia and Florida.
Museum specialist Henry B. Roberts continued his research on
Recent and fossil crabs. In addition to studying a new species of crab
from the Miocene of Virginia, he completed a description of a new
genus of Cretaceous crab, and has compiled a checklist and bibliog-
raphy of the Pleistocene decapods of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal
Plain.
Research associate Waldo L. Schmitt continued his studies on the
American commensal crabs, family Pinnotheridae, and completed the
revision and updating of a popular account of the “Crustaceans” pre-
pared several decades ago for the original Smithsonian Scientific
Series. As an associate editor for biology for the Antarctic Research
Series, sponsored by the American Geophysical Union, he has been
encouraging systematists to undertake monographic reports to be
followed by handbooks dealing with the invertebrate marine fauna of
Antarctica.
David L. Pawson joined the staff as associate curator of marine
invertebrates May 20, 1964. His field of special interest is echino-
derms, in particular the echinoids and holothuroids of the sub-
Antarctic.
Mollusks.—Curator Harald A. Rehder continued work on a study
of the marine mollusks of Polynesia. He sorted and arranged the
material he gathered in Tahiti last year, identified and studied speci-
mens from Tonga and Hawaii, and initiated a bibliography of Poly-
hesian marine malacolegy. Notable progress was made on his mono-
graph of the Harpidae and on a study of certain species of the family
Volutidae.
Associate curator Joseph P. E. Morrison has continued his research
of the brackish water mollusks of New Caledonia, studying collections
of the family Melampidae in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 83
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Specimens recently received from International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion being measured by associate curator Joseph Rosewater for his
revision of family Tridacnidae.
Philadelphia, and a collection gathered by him in 1960-61. His work
on the brackish water mollusks of the Gulf States was continued, and
he completed a manuscript describing new species of the families
Hydrobidae, Pyramidellidae, and Mactridae, from Louisiana.
Associate curator Joseph Rosewater spent three months as a partici-
pant in the International Indian Ocean Expedition Auxiliary Cruise
“A” aboard the R/V Ze Vega. A large collection of mollusks was
made from the shores of western Malaysia and Thailand and from
the Mentawai Islands southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. A brief visit
was also made to the British Museum (Natural History) where he
studied types of the family Littormidae. He is continuing studies of
Indo-Pacific mollusks, especially the families Littorinidae and Tri-
dacnidae; a monograph of the latter is nearly complete. A taxonomic
study of the subfamily Periplomatinae has also been initiated.
Visiting investigators.—Among visiting scientists who studied the
zoology research collections during the year were:
Mammals: Sydney Anderson, American Museum of Natural History; Beatrice
Dulié, Zoological Institute, Zagreb; Francis C. Fraser, British Museum (Natural
History), London; E. Raymond Hall, Univ. of Kansas; Philip Hershkovitz and
Joseph C. Moore, Chicago Natural History Museum; Robert S. Hoffman, Uniy.
of Montana ; Donald F. Hoffmeister, Charles A. Long, Uniy. of Illinois; Russell E.
Mumford, Purdue Uniy.; Juhani Ojasti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ca-
racas; David R. Swindler, Medical College of South Carolina; John A. White,
Uniy. of California ; Pyong-Heci Won, Tong Kook Uniy., Seoul.
84 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Birds: Reay H. N. Smithers, National Museum of Southern Rhodesia;
Stephen M. Russell, Louisiana State Univ., New Orleans; Burt L. Monroe and
Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Warter,. Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge; Dr. Herbert
Friedmann, Los Angeles County Museum; James H. Meysilles, Hanover, Ind. ;
M. A. Carriker, Jr., Colombia; Dr. D. S. Farner, Washington State College;
Dr. R. W. Storer, Univ. of Michigan; Dr. Clarence Cottam, Welder Wildlife
Foundation, Sinton, Tex.; Dr. Martin H. Moynihan, Canal Zone Biological Area,
Balboa; Paul Peterson, Univ. cf Nebraska; Dr. Douglas Lancaster, Dr. Leigh
Van Valen, and Dr. Charles Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History ; Don
Baldwin, Royal Ontario Museum; Herbert G. Deignan, Pully, Switzerland; Dr.
Robert W. Dickerman, Monrovia, Calif.; Dr. Joe T. Marshall, Jr., Univ. of Ari-
zona; Frangois Vuilleumier, Museum of Comparative Zoology: Mrs. Delwyn G.
Berrett, Ricks College, Rexburg, Idaho; Dr. H. Morioka, Univ. of Illinois; Dr.
Kenneth C. Parkes, Carnegie Museum; Dr. J. W. Hardy, Moore Laboratory of
Zoology, Occidental College; Dr. Pierce Brodkorb, Univ. of Florida; Dr. W. J. L.
Sladen, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Max C. Thompson, Univ. of Maryland; Mrs. Anne
LaSassier, Midland, Tex.
Fishes: Abdul Hakim A. Al-Rawi, Univ. of Oklahoma; W. D. Anderson, Jr.,
F. H. Berry, Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., and John K Thompson, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries ; Clyde D. Barbour, John 8. Ramsey, and Royal D. Suttkus, Tulane
Univ.; Richard H. Backus and Frank Mather III, Woods Hole Oceanographie In-
stitution; L. F. de Beaufort, Amsterdam Museum; Adam Ben-Tuvia, Sea Fish
Research Station, Haifa, israel; David K. Caldwell and Melba C. Caldwell, Los
Angeles County Museum; HE. J. Crossman, Royal Ontario Museum, Canada;
William P. Davis, William N. Eschmeyer, John M. Green, Albert C. James, and
C. Richard Robins, Uniy. of Miami; Humphry Greenwood, Norman B. Marshall,
and Hthelwyn Trewavas, British Museum (Natural History) ; Marion Grey and
Loren P. Woods, Chicago Natural History Museum; Joel D. Hubbard, Univ. of
Wisconsin; Carl L. Hubbs, Laura C. Hubbs, and Richard Rosenblatt, Scripps In-
stitution of Oceanography; Amin Jarur M., Univ. de Guerrero, Mexico; Duvall
A. Jones, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville; S. Jones, Central Marine Fisheries Res.
Inst., Mandapam Camp, India; Ralph Kirkpatrick, Oklahoma State Univ., Still-
water; William H. Krueger, Boston Univ.; Harrison Matthews, Zoological So-
ciety of London; G. E. Maul, Madeira; Robert R. Miller, Univ. of Michigan;
Dr. Max Poll, Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Richard T. Rep-
pert, Univ. of Maryland; Edward C. Raney, Timothey W. Robbins, Chu-Fa Tsai,
and Timothy Zorach, Cornell Univ.; Chote Suvatti, Kasetsart Uniy., Bangkok ;
Enrico Tortonese, Museum Natural History, Genoa, Italy; V. D. Vladykov, Univ.
of Ottawa; Raul Vaz Ferreira and Blanca Sierra de Soriane, Facultad de
Humanidades y Ciencias, Montevideo; N. J. Wilimovsky, Univ. of British Colum-
bia ; James P. Williams, Univ. of Alabama.
Reptiles and Amphibians: W. BE. Duellman and E. H. Taylor, Univ. of Kansas;
Carl Gans, Univ. of Buffalo; A. Hoge, Instituto Butantan Sao Paulo; R. F. Inger,
Chicago Natural History Museum; W. G. Lynn, Catholic Univ.; T. S. Parsons,
Uniy. of Toronto; H. W. Parker, British Museum (Natural History) ; B. Orejas-
Miranda, Museo Nacional de Argentina; O. Reig, Univ. of Buenos Aires;
W. Steyn, Nat. Museum South West Africa; W. A. Thornton, Univ. of Illinois;
G. I’. de Witte, Institute Royale Science Nationale de Belgique, Brussels.
Marine Invertebrates: Isabel Perez-Farfante-Canet, Washington, D.C.; M. J.
Cerame-Vivas, Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory; Robert L. Cory, U.S. Geological
Survey; Roger F. Cressey, Boston Uniy.; Elizabeth Deichmann, Museum of
Comparative Zoology; Angela Edwards, British Museum (Natural History) ;
J. Forest, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Olga Hartman, Allan Hancock
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 85
Foundation; L. B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire, Leiden;
Meredith L. Jones, American Museum of Natural History; MacKenzie Keith,
Pennsylvania State Univ.; J. Laborel, Instituto Oceanografico, Recife, Brazil;
William H. McCaul, Hastern Illinois Univ.; D. C. Miller, Queens College, New
York; Elizabeth Pope, The Australian Museum, Sydney; Patricia M. Ralph,
Victoria Univ., Wellington ; Mary Rice, Univ. of Washington; Alfred HE. Smalley,
Tulane Univ.; Nasima Tirmizi, Univ. of Karachi; Marvin L. Wass, Virginia
Institute of Marine Science; Austin B. Williams, Institute of Fisheries Research,
Univ. of North Carolina.
Mollusks: Argentino A. Bonetto, Santa Fe, Argentina; H. Alison Kay, Univ.
of Hawaii; Ian McTaggart Cowan, Univ. of British Columbia ; Hugene EH. Binder,
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland ; Henning Lemche, Zoologisch
Museum, Copenhagen; Vera Fretter, the University, Reading, England; M. J.
Klappenbach, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo; H. B. Stenzel,
Houston, Tex.; Battus Oostburg, Paramaribo, Surinam; Allyn G. Smith and
Charles B. Stasek, California Academy of Sciences; Alan Solem, Chicago Nat-
ural History Museum.
Entomology
On July 1, 1963, the division of insects was separated from the de-
partment of zoology and became the department of entomology. The
five divisions in the department are: Neuropteroids, Lepidoptera, Cole-
optera, Myriapoda and Arachnida, and Hemiptera.
Chairman J. F. Gates Clarke conducted intensive field studies of
Microlepidoptera on the island of Rapa in French Polynesia from
September 1 to December 15. In addition to providing a basis for
a better understanding of Micronesian Microlepidoptera, it was hoped
that the collections would indicate substantial relationship to these
insects in New Zealand, southern South America, and South Africa.
The food plants of more than half of the approximately 75 species
collected were determined, and Mrs. Clarke reared in the field 760
specimens, of which the immature stages were preserved for study.
Dr. Clarke continued his studies of several genera and families of
Neotropical Microlepidoptera and preparation has continued of ma-
terials which will be used for critical studies of Micronesian Lepi-
doptera—a long-range project.
Lepidoptera.—Associate curator Donald R. Davis continued his
studies of the Western Hemisphere bagworms (Psychidae) ; his re-
vision of the group was published. Dr. Davis has also completed
a revision, employing statistical analyses, of the Yucca moths (Pro-
doxidae) of the Western Hemisphere. During July and August he,
with Dr. Duckworth, engaged in field research on the latter group.
In preparation for revisionary studies of two insect families, Dr.
Davis studied the collection at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh,
and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
86 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Associate curator W. Donald Duckworth advanced toward his goal
of a world monograph of the family Stenomidae with the publica-
tion of one paper on a new Brazilian moth species and the preparation
of three other papers. In the Neotropical area alone are more than
1100 species of this large family whose taxonomy, evolution, and geo-
eraphic affinities interest Dr. Duckworth. In the course of his studies
of the family with respect to these subjects, types from Vienna and
Munich, as well as many others which are more accessible, are being
or have been examined; field study was undertaken jointly with Dr.
Davis to northeastern Mexico, where important distributional data
were gathered; and in April and May Stenomidae were studied and
collected in the Panama Canal Zone.
William D. Field, associate curator, continued his revision of the
butterfly genus Vanessa and of the lycaenid genus Calycopis. In July
he gathered significant distributional data and specimens in the moun-
tains of New England.
Coleoptera.—Curator O. L. Cartwright was in London at the end
of the year to study type specimens at the British Museum (Natural
History) in connection with his continuing research on the scarab
beetles of the Bahamas and of Micronesia.
Water beetles of the Neotropics continue as associate curator Paul J.
Spangler’s special interest. In July and August he spent seven weeks
in Mexico and the Southwestern States collecting valuable materials
for his studies. In the area of Mexico where the Nearctic and Neo-
tropical faunas are contiguous and intermingled, most collections are
useful for evaluating the effects of this overlapping; it is significant
to note that here Dr. Spangler recorded six genera for the first time
for Mexico and at least twenty species new to science. Previously un-
known data with respect to the immature forms of most species col-
lected were obtained, and many individuals of the rare semiaquatic
beetle family Georyssidae were taken. He has also continued his
research on the adult and immature stages of the water beetles of
Puerto Rico and with Mr. Hugh Leech, California Academy of Sci-
ences, he is engaged in a joint revision of the genus Hydrochara. Dr.
Spangler also contributed significantly to the collections by his use
of a battery of Berlese Funnels, which permit the operator to collect
minute insects from decaying leaves. More than 38,000 insects were
obtained by use of this apparatus by Dr. Spangler and in the Protura
alone, the national collections were nearly tripled during the past year.
Myriapoda and Arachnida.—Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr., con-
centrated most of his attention on a general revision of the order
Geophilomorpha, his study of the chilopod faunae of New Zealand
and Australia has progressed, and he is presently reviewing generic
and familial delimitations, which is possible only after thorough study
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH. 87
of type species. To accomplish this end he has visited insect collections
at Harvard University, in Munich, and in London.
Neuropteroids.—The caddis flies (Trichoptera) continued to at-
tract the research attention of associate curator Oliver S. Flint, Jr.,
and he published or completed several papers on Nearctic members
of the group. Dr. Flint has begun to devote increasingly large parts
of his research to the Neotropical Trichoptera and two papers on
species of this region were published or completed this year. At the
beginning of the year Dr. Flint collected and studied in the field on
Jamaica, Dominica, St. Lucia, and Grenada; the first collections of
Trichoptera in the Lesser Antilles resulted from this trip. From April
through June he spent in field studies on Dominica as a participant
in the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of that island.
Hemiptera.—Dr. Richard C. Froeschner joined the staff as asso-
ciate curator in charge of Hemiptera on August 26, 1963.
Visiting investigators.—Among visiting scientists who studied the
entomology research collections during the year were:
Coleoptera: Dr. Ross Arnett, Brother Bernardine, Mr. Lee Herman, Mr. John P.
MacNamara, Rev. Michael I. Morgan, OSB, and Miss Hileen Van Tassell, Catholic
Univ., Washington, D.C.; Dr. William F. Barr, Univ. of Idaho; Dr. Pierre
Basilewsky, Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren, Belgium; Dr. Richard S.
Beal, Arizona State College; Mrs. O. F. Bodenstein, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture ;
Dr. Candido Bolivar y Pieltain, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias, Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Mr. John C. Boyd and Dr. J. L. Gressitt, Bernice
P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Dr. Dale F. Bray and Dr. W. A. Connell, Univ. of
Delaware; Dr. Per Brinck, Zoologiska Institution, Lunds Universitets, Lund,
Sweden; Dr. W. J. Brown and Dr. Henry F. Howden, Canada Dept. of Agricul-
ture; Mr. J. A. Bullock, Univ. of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya; Dr. John A.
Chemsak, Mr. John Lawrence, and Dr. Ray Smith, Univ. of California, Berkeley ;
Dr. H. L. Clark, Howard Univ., Washington, D.C.; Dr. Edward I. Coher, Waltham,
Mass.; Dr. T. P. Copeland, East Tennessee State College, Johnson City; Mr.
Herbert Dozier and Mrs. Mary G. Wetzel, Univ. of Maryland; Mr. John Fales
and Mr. Horace Lancaster, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.; Dr. Eugene
J. Gerberg, Insect Control & Research, Inec., Baltimore; Dr. Lester P. Gibson,
Central States Forest Experimental Station, Forest Service, USDA, Columbus;
Mr. John D. Glaser, Baltimore; Mr. Michael A. Goodrich, Frear Laboratory,
Pennsylvania State Univ.; Dr. Robert C. Graves, Carthage College, Kenosha,
Wis.; Mr. R. C. Hansell, Oregon State Uniy.; Dr. George R. Hopping, Forest
Entomology & Pathology Lab., Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dr. David G. Kissinger,
Atlantic Union College, South Lancaster, Mass.; Mr. M. C. Lane, Tacoma, Wash. :
Mr. James D. Marshall, Dept. of Entomology, Cornell Univ.; Mr. Findley B.
Negley, Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg; Dr. L. D. Newsom,
Louisiana State Univ. & Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge; Mr.
W. H. Nutting, Oakland, Calif.; Mr. Virgil H. Owens, Missouri Dept. of Agricul-
ture, Kennett; Dr. R. M. A. Paulian, Institut de Recherche Scientific de Mada-
gasear, Tananarive, Tsimbazaza, Madagascar; Dr. fH. Avery Richmond, Moores-
town, N.J.; Dr. Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., Mrs. Patricia Vaurie, American Museum of
Natural History, New York, N.Y.; Mr. Norman L. Rumpp, China Lake, Calif. ;
Dr. W. E. Simonds, California Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento; Dr. John B.
88 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Simone, Syracuse Univ.; Dr. H. F. Strohecker, University of Miami, Miami, Fla. ;
Dr. Walter R. Suter, Carthage College, Kenosha, Wis.; Dr. Vasco M. Tanner,
Brigham Young University, Provo; Dr. J. G. Watts, New Mexico State Univ. ;
Mr. Charles E. White, Indianapolis; Dr. John A. Wilcox, New York State Museum
& Scienee Service, Albany; Dr. Elwood C. Zimmerman, Peterborough, N.H.
Hemiptera: Dr. Dale Jackson, Akron Univ., Ohio; Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Univ.
of California; Mr. C. D. F. Miller, Dr. Leonard A. Kelton, Dr. H. E. Milliron, and
Dr. Lois K. Smith, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Dept. of Agriculture;
Dr. B. Miczulski, College of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland; Dr. James A. Slater,
Univ. of Connecticut; Dr. Lubomir Masner, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,
Prague; Dr. George E. Bohart, Bee Culture Laboratory, Utah State Uniy.; Mr.
Gerd Heinrich, Dryden, Maine; Dr. George C. Hickwort, Dr. H. K. Townes, Mrs.
Marjorie Townes, Mrs. Sigeko Momoi, and Dr. Setsuya Momoi, Museum of
Zoology, Univ. of Michigan; Dr. C. W. McComb, Univ. of Maryland; Mr. Frank
Kurezewski, Cornell Univ.; Dr. J. G. Rozen, Jr., American Museum of Natural
History, New York, N.Y.; Dr. T. B. Mitchell, North Carolina State College,
Raleigh; Dr. W. F. Buren, National Institute of Health, Bethesda; Dr. F. J. D.
McDonald, Univ. of Alberta; Dr. A. C. Cole, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville; Dr.
R. D. Shenefelt, Univ. of Wisconsin; Dr. R. E. Gregg, Univ. of Colorado; Dr.
Frank W. Mead, Florida Depart. of Agriculture, Gainesville; Dr. Abram Willink,
Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; Dr. David E. Leonard, Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven; Dr. M. MacKauer and Dr. M.
Capek, Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Canada ;
Dr. A. de Barros Machado, Museu de Dundo, Lunda, Angola, Africa; Padre J. S.
Moure, Uniy. do Paranda, Curitiba, Brazil; Dr. M. EH. W. Valentine, New Zealand
Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson; Dr. P. H. Van Doesburg, Jr.,
Cantonlaan 1, Baarn, Holland; Dr. Roland F. Hussey, Univ. of Florida, Gaines-
ville; Dr. David R. Smith, Oregon State Univ.; Dr. William E. China, British
Museum (Natural History), London; Dr. J. Carayon, Museum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris; Dr. Paul M. Marsh, Univ. of California, Berkeley; Dr. J. van
der Vecht, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands; Dr.
Howard EH. Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Dr. John H. Flynn, Albany
College of Pharmacy, Union Univ.; Dr. Pierre Basilewsky, Musée Royal du
Congo Belge, Brussels; Dr. Elbert R. Jaycox, Univ. of Illinois; Dr. M. W. Nielson,
Entomology Research Division, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Mesa, Arizona; Dr.
Harry Allen, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Moorestown, New Jersey.
Lepidoptera: Mr. James HE. Appleby, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
Wooster; Dr. John N. Belkin, Univ. of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Clifford O.
Berg, Cornell Univ.; Mr. A. Blanchard, Houston, Texas; Mr. F. Martin Brown,
Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs; Dr. George J. Burton, National Cancer
Institute, West Africa Research Laboratory, Ghana; Mr. J. G. Chillecott, Ento-
mology Research Institute, Canada Dept. of Agriculture; Dr. Edward I. Coher,
Waltham, Mass.; Dr. Mario Coluzzi, Instituto di Malariologia “EK. Marchiafava”’
Monticelli (Frosinone), Italy; Mr. Charles V. Covell, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, Blackburg; Dr. A. Diakonoff, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie,
Leiden, Netherlands; Dr. John G. Franclemont, Cornell Univ.; Maj. Thomas J.
Curtin, 6570th Epidemiological Laboratory, Lackland Air Force Base, Tex.;
Miss Mercedes Delfinado, Bureau of Health, Manila; Dr. J. Linsley Cressitt,
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Miss Gail Grodhaus, Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif. ; Dr. Charles Hartley, Entomology Branch, Camp Detrick,
Md.; Dr. Alexander A. Hubert, Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Research ;
Dr. H. C. Huckett, Riverhead, N.Y.; Mr. Charles P. Kimball, West Barnstable,
Mass.; Dr. Peter Mattingly and Mr. P. Whalley, British Museum (Natural
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 89
History), London; Mr. W. S. McAlpine, Birmingham, Mich.; Dr. Max W. Me-
Fadden, Fairfax, Va.; Dr. Judson U. McGuire, Plant Industry Station, USDA,
Beltsville, Md.; Col. S. S. Nicolay, U.S. Marine Corps, Norfolk, Va.; Dr. Nicholas
S. Obraztsov, Sea Cliff, Long Island, N.Y.; Mr. Thomas M. Peters, Univ. of
Minnesota; Mr. Robert W. Poole and Dr. Roger Williams, Cornell Univ. ; Mr.
George W. Rawson, Washington, D.C. ; Dr. Klaus Sattler, Zoologische Sammlung
des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany; Dr. Yale 8S. Sedman, Western Illinois
Univ., Macomb; Mr. Walter A. Steffan, Univ. of California, Berkeley ; Dr. James
E. Sublette, Univ. of Eastern New Mexico, Portales; Dr. Pierre Viette, Museum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. Pedro Wygodzinsky, American Museum
of Natural History, New York; Dr. Koji Yano, Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan.
Myriapoda and Arachnida: Dr. B. Condo, Université de Nancy, Nancy, France ;
Dr. O. Kraus, Senckenbergische Naturforschende, Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am
Main; Dr. W. T. Keeton, Cornell Univ.; Mrs. H. Frizzell, Rolla, Mo.; Dr. N. B.
Causey, Fayetteville, Ark.; Dr. R. L. Hoffman, Radford College, Blacksburg, Va.
Neuropteroids: Dr. Vincent D. Roth, American Museum of Natural History,
Southwest Research Station, Portal, Ariz.; Dr. C. S. Carbonell, Univ. of Mon-
tevideo, Uruguay; Dr. T. P. Copeland, Eastern Tennessee State Univ., Johnson
City; Miss Virginia Spaeth, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Thomas J. Walker,
Univ. of Florida; Dr. D. C. Geijskes, Director, Surianaams Museum, Paramaribo,
Surinam; Mr. David C. Rentz, Novata, Calif.
Botany
Chairman Jason R. Swallen continued his investigations of the
grasses of southern Brazil, and published two papers, the first on the
Gramineae, in “Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert,” by
Forrest Shreve and Ira L. Wiggins, and the second on new species of
Digitaria and Trichachne. In September and October he visited South
Africa at the invitation of the National Botanic Gardens of South
Africa for the Golden Jubilee Celebration of the Gardens. The cele-
bration included over a month’s tour of South Africa, and afforded
an excellent opportunity for selective collecting to obtain a number of
species new to the U.S. National Herbarium.
Phanerogams.—Curator Lyman B. Smith continued his studies in
the Bromeliaceae and in the flora of Brazil. In collaboration with
The George Washington University, he supervised the completion of
a master’s thesis on the Apocynaceae of Burma by Ma Mya Bwin anda
doctoral thesis on Z/ex in North America and the Guayana Highland
by Gabriel Edwin; both papers were based largely on material in the
National Herbarium.
Associate curator Velva E. Rudd continued her work on the papilio-
noid legumes of Mexico, bringing the manuscript of part I to comple-
tion. Dr. Rudd also continued her research on the myrmecophilous
acacias of Mexico and Central America and on the Leguminosae of the
Yucatan Peninsula, and began monographic studies on the tribe
Dalbergieae. In connection with her studies in the Leguminosae, she
744993— 64
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90 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
visited the herbarium of the Instituto de Biologia in Mexico City, and
in September attended the Second Mexican Botanical Congress in
San Luis Potosi.
Associate curator John J. Wurdack continued his review of neo-
tropical Melastomataceae, with special emphasis on collections from
southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In connection with this work
and with his studies on the flora of the Guayana Highland, Dr.
Wurdack visited the New York Botanical Garden in June and Novem-
ber. Recently he undertook the preparation of the Melastomataceae
for the “Flora de Venezuela,” a project involving over 700 species.
Associate curator Stanwyn G. Shetler continued his biosystematic
and monographic studies of North American Campanula, with special
emphasis on the Harebell Complex (C. rotundifolia and related spe-
cies). Also continuing were floristic and phytogeographic studies of
the Alaskan flora, with emphasis on the Seward Peninsula, the south
slope of the Brooks Range, and the Pribilof Islands. Between June
17 and August 31 he spent six weeks collecting plants in the Brooks
Range, Alaska.
Dr. Wallace R. Ernst joined the staff July 29, 1963, as associate cura-
tor of phanerogams. During the years he completed a manuscript on
the genus /’schscholzia in the South Coast Ranges of California, and
with Dr. H. J. Thompson of the University of California at Los An-
geles, one on the pollination patterns and the taxonomy of the genus
Eucnide. Dr. Ernst began a research project with Dr. A. C. Smith
toward a flora of Fiji with studies of the Araliaceae and Guttiferae.
In August he attended the AIBS meetings at Amherst, Mass., where
his joint paper with Dr. H. J. Thompson won an award in taxonomy.
On April 1, Dr. Ernst left for three months to participate in the
Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica, British
West Indies.
Associate curator Dan H. Nicolson, who joined the staff January 5,
1964, continued twin projects begun before coming to the Smithsonian,
a preparation of scripts for all genera of Araceae for the “Index
Nominum Genericorum,” and a revision of the genus Ag/laonema
(Araceae). In early May, with Stanwyn Shetler and David Lellin-
ger, he made a reconnaissance visit to the Great Smoky Mountains Na-
tional Park for the Smithsonian exhibits program.
Research associate José Cuatrecasas, concentrated on the prepara-
tion of a revision of Colombian Compositae of some 800 species. Re-
search associate Kittie F, Parker, continued her monographic studies
of several genera of American Compositae.
Grasses.—Associate curator Thomas R. Soderstrom participated in
the New York Botanical Garden expedition to the Wilhelmina Moun-
tains, Surinam, from June te October. Before joining the expedition
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 91
party, he spent nine days in Trinidad collecting and studying the
grasses of the island. With Dr. Henry Decker, Ohio Wesleyan Uni-
versity, he published a paper on Swadlenia, a new name for the Cali-
fornian genus /’ctosperma, and another on eederochiloa, a new genus
of dioecious grasses from Mexico. His studies of some collections of
British Guiana grasses resulted in the description of six new species,
to be published in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden.
Research associate F. A. McClure, continued his studies relating
to the redefinition of the genera of the Bambusoideae, especially the
bamboos of the Old World. A taxonomic paper, giving subgeneric
status under the genus Zhamnocalamus to two species of hitherto
uncertain taxonomic position is being prepared under joint author-
ship with W. C. Lin of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute.
Ferns.—Curator C. V. Morton continued his studies of the ferns of
tropical America, especially an account of the genus Blechnum in
Brazil, based mostly on the large collections made by Father Raulino
Reitz in southern Brazil. He continued his study of the photographs
he made of fern types in European herbaria; the work of labeling the
duplicates is being continued under a new grant from the National
Science Foundation. Mr. Morton spent three weeks in July in libra-
ries in London and Paris checking bibliographic information for this
work, and five days in April at Harvard University and the New York
Botanical Garden. Jointly with Mr. Lellinger, he prepared a treat-
ment of the genus Aspleniwm in Venezuela, based largely on the exten-
sive collections assembled from the Guayana Highlands region by the
New York Botanical Garden and the Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum; this work will be pnblished in the Memoirs of the New York
Botanical Garden.
Associate curator David B. Lellinger, who joined the staff August
26, 1963, continued with his revisions of the genera Ji/della and
Cheiloplecton, began a study of Pterozonium, and accumulated ma-
terials for revisions of two groups of species in the genus Checlanthes.
He spent brief periods in research at the herbaria of Duke University,
North Carolina State College, Michigan State University, and the
University of Michigan.
Cryptogams.—Curator Mason E. Hale continued monographic
studies on the lichen genus Parmelia, with special reference to sub-
genus Xanthoparmelia. Elizabeth J. Denison, supported by National
Science Foundation funds, assisted with technical problems from
January to May 1964. Dr. Hale made a five weeks’ trip to the major
European herbaria to examine and to test chemically type specimens
and general herbarium collections. Field studies of populations of
Xanthoparmelia were conducted in Minnesota, New England, and the
92 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL. REPORT, 1964
southern Appalachians. A large manuscript on subgenus Amphi-
gymnia and a summary of subgenus Parmelia are now in press.
Associate curator Harold E. Robinson conducted field exploration
for bryophytes during three months in Dominica as a member of
the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey. He continued
floristic studies of the bryophytes of tropical America, especially
southern Brazil and Venezuela.
Associate curator Paul Conger continued studies on a large collec-
tion of British, Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic diatoms, both
plankton and sediments. He completed a manuscript on a new species
of epibenthic marine diatom from Honolulu harbor, Hawaii.
Associate curator Richard E. Norris, before resigning in August,
completed two cruises on the R/V Anton Bruun in the Indian Ocean
and made a number of collections of marine algae and plankton,
which are now being processed at the Smithsonian Oceanographic
Sorting Center.
Plant Anatomy.—Curator William L. Stern was on leave from the
Smithsonian Institution, having been transferred temporarily to the
International Civil Service so that he could spend a year in the Philip-
pines as a Forestry Officer with the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations.
Associate curator Richard H. Eyde completed a comparative ana-
tomical investigation of the flower in Garrya, an American genus of
debated affinities, concluding that the closest allies are the Old World
cornaceous genera Aucuba and Griselinia. He continued research on
the comparative anatomy of fossil and modern members and allies of
the dogwood family, with emphasis on the genera Corokia, Mastixia,
and Alangium.
Visiting investigators——Among those who visited the department
were the following:
Bernice G. Schubert, Harvard Univ.; B. L. Turner, Univ. of Texas; D. B.
Ward, Univ. of Florida; Dana Griffin and Aaron J. Sharp, Univ. of Tennessee ;
C. L. Lundell, Texas Research Foundation; R. H. Mohlenbrock, Southern Illinois
Uniy.: George Shields, Lamont Geological Laboratory; R. Schuster, Uniy. of
Massachusetts; J. W. Price, Franklin and Marshall College; Emil G. Kukachka,
Minnesota Forestry Dept.; George L. Church, Brown Uniy.; Louis O. Williams,
Chicago Natural History Museum; Mike Neushal, Univ. of California, Santa
Barbara: P. C. Hutchison, Univ. of California, Berkeley; Elva Lawton and
Grace Howard, Univ. of Washington, Seattle; Alma Toevs Walker, Univ. of
Georgia; Margaret Fulford, Univ. of Cincinnati; Ira L. Wiggins, Stanford Univ. :
G. T. Johnson, Univ. of Arkansas; I. T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden;
Helmut Krempl, Forest Product Research Station, Vienna, Austria; Alain Ma-
riaux, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, France; Robert Ross, British Mu-
seum (Natural History), London; Bro. Fabius Leblane, Univ. of Ottawa; Aino
Henssen, Univ. of Marburg, Germany; F. G. Wessels Boer, State Univ. of
Utrecht, Netherlands: Mario Ricardi, Universidad de Concepién, Chile; T. D.
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 93
Pennington, Oxford Univ., England; Tang-shui Lin, National Taiwan Univ. ;
J. M. Gillett, Canada Dept. of Agriculture; A. L. Cabrera, Museo de La Plata,
Argentina; Benigno A. Lomibao, Forest Products Research Institute, P.I.;
Tsuneo Kishima, Wood Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan; Shripad N. Agashe,
Poona, India; L. J. Shallom, Nagpur, India; E. A. Quist-Arcton, Ministry of
Agriculture, Ghana; B. 8S. Venkatachala, Lucknow, India.
Paleobiology
A plan to divide the department of geology into two departments,
mineral sciences and paleobiology, was approved on August 20, 1963,
and the reorganization became effective on October 15, 1963. The
diversity of disciplines in the old geology department made the parti-
tion logical and desirable. The purely physical subjects of mineralogy,
petrology, and meteorites are now separated from the biological sub-
jects of paleontology and ecology. The department of mineral sci-
ences consists of three divisions, mineralogy, meteorites, and petrology.
In hall of fossil mammals, fourth and last of series of murals by artist
Jay H. Matternes depicts an assemblage of Pliocene animals.
94 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
The department of paleobiology consists of four divisions: Inverte-
brate paleontology, vertebrate paleontology, paleobotany, and sedi-
mentology.
Dr. G. A. Cooper, chairman of the department of paleobiology, in
collaboration with R. E. Grant of the U.S. Geological Survey, nearly
completed the manuscript on the Permian brachiopods of the Glass
Mountains, Tex. In March and April Dr. Cooper went to New Mex-
ico with Dr. J. T. Dutre of the Geological Survey, to study local
Devonian materials.
Paleobotany.—Associate curator Francis M. Hueber has continued
his investigations of the Lower Devonian flora of the Gaspé and north-
ern New Brunswick regions of Canada. Preparations of petrifac-
tions collected during August from one locality near Dalhousie, New
Brunswick, have helped clarify certain anatomical] details of a pro-
fern which is being studied cooperatively with Dr. Harlan P. Banks
of Cornell University and with Dr. Suzanne Leclereq of the Univer-
sité de Liege, Belgium. The final details have been obtained for com-
pleting the redescription and reconstruction of Psilophyton princeps
var. ornatum; the results of these findings demonstrate the need for
broad taxonomic changes among the fossil Psilopsida. New re-
ports of genera heretofore known only from European Devonian de-
posits are being established by the continued laboratory investigation
of the material. Excellent preparations of petrified materials have
been made by museum technician James P. Ferrigno. Dr. Hueber’s
studies, in collaboration with Mr. Leeds M. Carluccio and Dr. Har-
lan P. Banks of Cornell University, of fossil plants presently referable
to the genera Archaeopteris and Callixylon are soon to be published.
This investigation has pointed up the need for a revision of the genus
Archaeopteris.
Dr. Walter H. Adey, who specializes in Tertiary and Recent Marine
algae, joined the staff as associate curator of paleobotany on June 30,
1964.
Invertebrate Paleontology.—Curator Richard S. Boardman and
museum specialist George T. Farmer completed their collecting of
the bryozoan fauna of the Middle Ordovician of Oklahoma. Mr.
Farmer is using a part of the fauna for a doctoral dissertation and has
made good progress on its preparation.
Research assistant Dr. John Utgaard is working in cooperation with
Dr. Boardman on a revision of the genera of the Paleozoic Bryozoa.
Two manuscripts have been completed and Dr. Utgaard has made good
progress on the Cyclostomata.
Museum specialist Frederick Collier has completed the tedious prep-
aration, working on his own time for a master’s thesis on the rhombo-
poroid Bryozoa, of some Middle Devonian strata of New York State;
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 95
and he has started collecting biometrical data for a taxonomic treat-
ment.
Associate curator Porter M. Kier spent June and part of July study-
ing the living habits of echinoids in the Florida Keys. Dr. Ker, ac-
companied by Dr. Norman Sohl of the U.S. Geological Survey, used
scuba diving equipment to observe species distribution relative to bot-
tom conditions and depth. Large collections were made for com-
parative investigations, and individuals were studied both in their
natural environment and in aquaria. Dr. Kier continued these in-
vestigations in the month of April, diving off Dominica as part of
the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of that island.
Scuba and other diving techniques were employed to make collections
and note environmental relationships of the echinoid populations.
Museum investigations enabled Dr. Kier to complete a major manu-
script on the evolutionary trends in Paleozoic echinoids.
Associate curator Richard Cifelli continued his studies of the dis-
tribution and abundance of Recent planktonic Foraminifera. These
studies are being pursued in relationship to the circulation and general
hydrography of the north Atlantic. In a concurrent investigation,
in the equatorial Atlantic, Dr. Cifelli is making an analysis of sub-
marine cores which is concerned with problems of correlation of the
cores by Foraminifera and paleoclimatic interpretations. In a joint
study with Dr. T. G. Gibson of the U.S. Geological Survey, Dr. Cifelli
is conducting investigations of the stratigraphic succession of Tertiary
planktonic Foraminifera in the coastal plains of eastern United States.
Dr. Cifelli completed two papers now in press, one on planktonic
Foraminifera from the western Atlantic and the other on concentra-
tion techniques of separating shelled organisms from plankton.
Associate curator Erle G. Kauffman has continued investigations of
the evolution and taxonomy of Cretaceous pelecypods in North Amer-
ica, In particular the Inoceraminae and Ostreidae. Dr. Kauffman,
accompanied by Mr. G. R. Paulson, made a two months’ collecting trip
to the mid-continent and eastern Rocky Mountains. More than 25
detailed stratigraphic sections were measured and an estimated 4,000
specimens were collected; these latter will be of great value in distribu-
tional and evolutionary studies, as well as for determining the bio-
stratigraphic utility of the species. Also, studies have been started on
the Cretaceous pelecypods of the Caribbean area. Two weeks in March
were spent with Dr. Norman F. Sohl, collecting at localities in Puerto
Rico. A silicified fauna was collected which contains many new species
apparently endemic to the Caribbean area. A review of the Jurassic
and Cretaceous Ostreidae of Saudi Arabia has been started; the
Pholadomyidae from this fauna are now under study. Dr. Kauffman
completed four manuscripts which have been approved for publication.
96 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Associate curator Martin A. Buzas joined the staff June 1963. His
research activities involve distributional studies of Recent and late
Tertiary smaller Foraminifera. Dr. Buzas completed manuscripts on
the Foraminifera from a late Pleistocene clay near Waterford, Maine,
and a distributional study of the species of Foraminifera in Long
Island Sound. The New York study included analyses of many en-
vironmental conditions, such as sediment particle size and chemical
properties of the water. His most recent investigation is a canonical
analysis of four species of EVphidium. Eight characters were meas-
ured on series of specimens and the statistics programmed for evalua-
tion by means of a multivariate technique which utilizes a high-speed
electronic computer.
Dr. Richard H. Benson joined the staff as associate curator of in-
vertebrate paleontology on June 30, 1964. His area of specialization
is the Ostracoda of the Tertiary.
Vertebrate Paleontology.—Curator C. L. Gazin completed his
morphologic study of the Early Eocene condylarthran mammal d/enis-
cotherium. This has included a detailed review of nearly the entire
skeleton, which is compared with those of other condylarths and
the hyracoids. The latter were once thought to be fairly closely
related to Meniscotherium, but the resemblances are now regarded as
primarily adaptive. A beginning was also made in study of a fauna
from a new Paleocene horizon in the Evanston formation of south-
western Wyoming, and of a recently prepared endocranial cast of the
Middle Eocene Bridger primate Smilodectes.
In connection with his condylarthran studies, Dr. Gazin visited the
Chicago Natural History Museum in February for further evidence on
the ecology of Aeniscotherium as interpreted from details of associ-
ated biota, and in June again visited Princeton and Yale Universities
and the American Museum to wind up details of the morphologic study,
under funds provided by the National Science Foundation.
Field work by the curator earlier in the year was carried on prin-
cipally in the Middle Eocene Bridger formation of southwestern
Wyoming. Much of the time was devoted to a careful search for
smaller mammals in the upper part of the formation, as exposed in the
upper basin of Sage Creek, but with some attention to the lower levels
in the Grizzly Buttes and to the north of Cedar Mountain. Occasional
trips were made to profitable localities of earlier years in the Paleocene
and Early Eocene of adjacent basins. Franklin L. Pearce, chief of the
laboratory of vertebrate paleontology, assisted him during the early
part of the field season but illness prevented his remaining throughout.
At the close of the year Dr. Gazin and Mr. Pearce departed for field
work in New Mexico and Wyoming.
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH Q7
During September and October associate curator D. H. Dunkle,
accompanied by museum technician G. B. Sullivan, conducted field
work in northwestern Ohio, the area around Council Bluffs, lowa, and
the Manzano Mountains of central New Mexico. Their collections and
stratigraphic observations will permit important additions to and
revisions of the known paleoichthyological faunas of the Middle De-
vonian silica shale of Ohio and several Late Paleozoic horizons of the
mid-continent and Rocky Mountain regions. The New Mexico occur-
rence investigated is of especial interest ; it is practically the lone source
in North America of a varied marine assemblage of well-preserved
fishes, invertebrates, and plants from the Permo-Carboniferous
interval.
Aided by a study trip to Pittsburgh and Cleveland, excellent prog-
ress was accomplished in the preparation and description for publica-
tion of a new paleoniscoid fish from the Upper Devonian Ohio shales
and of the fishes of the Middle Devonian silica shale.
In September associate curator Nicholas Hotton III left Washington
for field work in Africa. In addition to collecting in the Permo-Tri-
assic beds of the Karroo region in South Africa, which has yielded a
variety of mammal-like reptiles, he has been carrying on during a
greater part of the year a detailed stratigraphic study of the Beaufort
series with a view toward a better understanding of the distribution
and ecology of the forms. At the end of this year he had left Africa
for Europe to study at certain of the leading museums.
Associate curator Clayton E. Ray, who joined the staff on December
18, 1963, has continued his studies, carried on previously at the Univer-
sity of Florida, of fossil and modern terrestrial vertebrates, especially
rodents of the Antillean region. Since his arrival he has completed
reports of a new species of capromyid rodent and an undescribed
mimiature ground sloth, both from a cave in the Dominican Republic.
He also continued his studies, initiated in Florida, of the North Amer-
ican Quaternary fauna, including that of a Blancan fauna from
Florida, the first in eastern United States.
In April, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Dr. Ray
gave at Shorter College, Rome, Ga., a lecture on Pleistocene animals.
At that time he visited a Pleistocene fossil locality. Near the close
of the year, in the vicinity of Puebla, Mexico, Dr. Ray conducted a
field investigation of Pleistocene occurrences in collaboration with an
NSF-sponsored archeological party from the Peabody Museum in
Cambridge, Mass.
Dr. Remington Kellogg, research associate, continued his studies of
the Tertiary Cetacea and completed a report on the skeleton of one of
the larger Calvert Miocene whalebone whales. Satisfactory progress
98 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964:
was made on the evaluation and identification of some of Cope’s
cetacean types which had been based on imperfectly preserved verte-
brae. Comparative studies of several types of Miocene mysticetes are
being pursued.
Visiting investigators.——Among the scientists using the facilities
of the department were the following:
Paleobotany: Dr. Suzanne Leclercq, Université de Liege, Belgium; Dr. Erling
Dorf, Princeton Univ.; Mrs. M. R. Davis, Univ. of Miami; Mr. Lawrence C.
Matten and Mr. Leeds M. Carluecio, Cornell Uniy.; Dr. Maxine L. Abbott, Univ.
of Cincinnati.
Invertebrate paleontology: Dr. A. F. Leanza, Haedo, Argentina; Dr. Irene
McCullock of the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles; Dr. Walter Sadlick,
Univ. of Houston, Tex.; Dr. Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Polska Akademia Nauk,
Warsaw, Poland; Dr. Hans E. Kaiser, Bonn, Germany; Dr. J. D. Wiseman,
British Museum (Natural History), London; Dr. David Nichols, Oxford, Eng-
land; Drs. Frank C. Killey and W. VY. Ramsey, British Petroleum Research
Centre, Sunbury, England; Dr. Johannes, Geological Survey of Indonesia; Dr.
Carl Waage, Yale Univ.; Dr. Bernhard Kummel, Harvard Univ.; Mr. Marshall
Kay, Columbia Univ.; Dr. Raymond C. Moore, Univ. of Kansas; Drs. John
Bradshaw and F. D. Phleger of Scripps Institution of Oceanography; and Dr.
Keith Young, Univ. of Texas.
Vertebrate paleontology: Shelton P. Applegate, James R. Macdonald, and John
A. White, Los Angeles County Museum; Donald Baird, Princeton Univ.; Edwin
H. Colbert, Giles T. MacIntyre, Malcolm C. McKenna, Bobb Schaeffer, Morris F.
Skinner, Beryl E. Taylor, and Leigh Van Valen, American Museum of Natural
History; Mary R. Dawson, Carnegie Museum; John A. Dorr, Univ. of Michigan ;
Tilly Edinger, Bryan Patterson, and Alfred S. Romer, Museum of Comparative
Zoology; Robert W. Fields, Montana State Univ.; G. Edward Lewis, Denver
Federal Center; Richard Lund, Columbia Univ.; John S. McIntosh and John H.
Ostrom, Yale Peabody Museum; Stanley J. Olsen, Florida Geological Survey ;
Donald E. Savage, Univ. of California; and C. Bertrand Schultz, Univ. of
Nebraska State Museum, Hans E. Kaiser, Hanover-Kirchrode, West Germany ;
Bjorn Kurtén, Geological Institute, Helsingfors, Finland; René Lavocat and
Donald E. Russell, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; F. R. Parring-
ton, Cambridge Univ., England; Osvaldo A. Reig, Univ. of Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina; A. J. Sutcliffe, British Museum (Natural History), London; Heinz Tobien,
Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, West Germany; Georges Vandebroek,
Université, Louvain, Belgium.
Mineral Sciences
Department chairman George Switzer completed the annual review
of the diamond industry and, with Roy S. Clarke, Jr., Helen Worthing,
and John Sinkankas, completed a manuscript on “Fluorine in
Hambergite.”
Associate curator Paul E. Desautels began an investigation of a suite
of rare uranium minerals from a new locality in Mexico, and completed
a study of one of them, sklodowskite, a hydrous magnesium uranyl
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 99
silicate. Mr. Desautels addressed mineral societies in Tucson, Phila-
delphia, New York, Baltimore, Toronto, and Washington, D.C.
John S. White, Jr., museum technician, nearly completed a study of
the rare mineral plattnerite, oxide of lead, from several new localities
in Arizona and Mexico.
Associate curator EK. P. Henderson completed two manuscripts—one,
a study of the hexahedrite meteorite group, and the second, a discussion
of the legendary and probably nonexistent Port Orford, Oreg., meteor-
ite. A study of the metallography of the Bogou, Upper Volta, iron
meteorite was also completed.
During the year Mr. Henderson spent four months in the field in
Australia with Dr. Brian Mason of The American Museum of Natural
History, and Dr. R. O. Chalmers of The Australian Museum. Meteor-
ite material was collected from four well-known Australian craters,
Henbury, Boxhole, Wolf Creek, and Dalgaranga. The Dalgety Downs
meteorite was relocated and nearly 500 pounds of material recovered,
and many fine tektite specimens were also collected. Exchanges ar-
ranged during the stay in Australia, and on the return trip through
the Middle East and Europe, have added a number of fine new speci-
mens to the collection.
In November 1963 Mr. Henderson was awarded the degree of Doctor
philosophiae honoris causa by the University of Bern for his many
contributions to the study of meteorites.
Roy 8S. Clarke, Jr., continued his studies of chemical methods of
meteorite analysis; minor element analyses of several iron meteorites
are in progress. Investigation of an iron oxide corrosion product of a
metal blade from the Freer Gallery collection, conducted in cooperation
with R. J. Gettens and E. W. FitzHugh, proved that this ancient blade
was fabricated from meteoritic iron. A complete chemical analysis of
the mineral phosphophyllite from Bolivia was made.
Tektite studies, particularly relating to the Martha’s Vineyard and
Georgia tektites, are continuing. Mr. Clarke attended the Second
Tnternational Symposium on Tektites in Pittsburgh in September, and
participated in the organization of a fruitful meeting of tektite re-
search workers and representatives of the scientific staff of the Corning
Glass Works held in Corning, New York in February. Henderson
and Clarke visited the Georgia tektite area with Mr. Thomas E. Allen
of Atlanta in March.
In June 1964 a grant was received from the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration to conduct studies of constituents, composi-
tions, and textures of meteorites, and their bearing on theoretical
problems.
100 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Library in new Museum of History and Technology occupies a central
location among fifth-floor curatorial offices.
MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
Science and Technology
Chairman Robert P. Multhauf was principally occupied with a
study of the history of early chemistry, which was nearly complete
at year’s end. During the year Dr. Multhauf presented a paper on
the use of calculating machines in scientific work, and another on
early theories of the nature of metals.
Physical Sciences.—Curator Walter F. Cannon devoted his re-
search time to a continuation of his studies of English scientists of
the early 19th century. He prepared two papers for publication
on the characteristics of physical science in the 19th century. A paper
on the scientific work of William Whewell was prepared at the request
of the editor of the Notes and Records of the Royal Society and will
be published in that journal.
Uta C. Merzbach, associate curator, continued her investigations
of the history of modern algebra, and began a detailed research proj-
ect on the mathematics of Leibniz.
Mechanical and Civil Engineering.—Curator Silvio A. Bedini
toured technical museums and other institutions of learning in Great
3ritain and continental European countries and presented lectures
on 17th-century optical instrument makers at the Astrophysical Ob-
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 101
servatory at Arcetri and at the Instituto Nazionale della Ottica of
the University of Florence. He was invited to present a paper on
Giovanni de’Dondi at the University of Padua in October for the
sexcentenary of the astrarium. He has completed a book entitled
“Mechanical Universe” on the de’Dondi astrarium in collaboration
with Francis R. Maddison of the Museum of the History of Science
at Oxford University. This work, which is scheduled for publication
during the present year, is the product of his research in north Italian
archives during his tour of museums and will present a considerable
amount of hitherto unstudied documentary material.
During the past year Mr. Bedini also completed three more articles
about antique scientific instruments in the national collections, one of
which has already been published; a comprehensive investigation of
the invention of the orrery, including study of an unrecorded instru-
ment recently discovered in an American collection; an article on
the evolution of science museums for the special museum issue of
Technology and Culture; and a study of early Italian science museums
for publication in Cultura e Scuola in Rome. In addition to these,
Mr. Bedini has completed an article on Galileo’s preoccupation with
the measurement of time, which will form part of the Saggi, the
memorial volume of Galilean studies to be published by the Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche in Rome; a comparative study of Galileo’s
instruments for the memorial volume of Galilean studies to be pub-
lished by Notre Dame University; and a paper about the craftsmen
Historic machines and patent models illustrate development of type-
writer in hall of light machinery.
102 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Automatic graduating machine of 1859, for linear and circular gradua-
tions, made by J. R. Brown of Providence, R.!., who in 1850 made the
first such device known to have been used in the United States.
who produced the instruments used by Galileo, which will be pre-
sented at the Symposium Internationale di Storia, in Florence and
Pisa in September 1964. In progress is a biography on the Della
Volpaia, a family of engravers, sculptors, clock-makers, engineers and
instrument-makers which flourished in Florence during the 15th and
16th centuries and which made a considerable contribution to science,
technology, and the arts.
In the section of light machinery and horology, associate curator
Edwin A. Battison completed the first draft of a translation of Jacques
Besson’s Theatrum Instrumentarum et Machinarum from the 16th-
century French with the assistance of summer intern Bruce H. White.
Since this work has not been previously available in English, this
translation will be a significant contribution to the history of technol-
ogy. Names of American patentees appearing on subject lists for a
period of three years of the mid-19th century were added to an alpha-
betical card file in progress, making a total of six years now completed.
Associate curator Robert M. Vogel in the section of heavy machinery
and civil engineering, during the course of a study trip to the Midwest,
conducted research on the development of the uniflow steam engine in
the United States. In addition to interviewing numerous individuals
INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH 103
who were instrumental in the introduction of the uniflow concept into
American engineering practice prior to World War I, Mr. Vogel made
a thorough search of the archives of the Skinner Engine Company,
the leading manufacturer of this type of engine.
Trans portation.—Three trips to Spain were made by curator How-
ard I. Chapelle in connection with the reconstruction of Columbus’
Santa Maria by a Barcelona shipyard for the New York World’s
Fair. At the same time he was able to accomplish research on Span-
ish shipbuilding of the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially with
respect to American colonial shipbuilding and Spanish influence on
their design. Mr. Chapelle has also completed about half the antici-
pated work on his long-range project regarding the search for speed
under sail.
John H. White, Jr., associate curator, has concentrated on his proj-
ect entitled “Representative Locomotives”; about 200 illustrations are
now completed and about a third of the text in first draft.
Museum specialist Donald Berkebile has nearly completed his re-
search on the famous Liberty Truck of World War I.
Electricity.—Curator Bernard S. Finn continued his research into
the history of thermoelectricity, with a view to publishing a source
book of the important historical documents in the field. Information
compiled from trips to Kuropean museums last year and to American
museums this year will be used in an article characterizing the modern
science museum.
Over the past two years a large-scale effort has been made to visit
colleges and universities to find objects for the collections. Toward
this end Dr. Finn made a week’s tour through South Carolina and
Georgia, and Mr. Sivowitch had a fruitful two days in the Philadel-
phia area. Partly as a result of this type of direct searching, the di-
vision has received objects over the past year from fourteen of these
institutions. Important large collections of material have been re-
ceived from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Columbia
University.
Medical Sciences.—Dr. Sami Hamarneh revised a Bibliography of
Medicine and Pharmacy in Medieval Islam for publication in mid-
1964. He also studied the life and literary contributions of the 9th
century physician-philosopher Yaqub al-Kindi. Dr. Hamarneh vis-
ited the University of Wisconsin to inspect and select pharmaceutical
objects of historical significance.
Visiting investigators.—Among the scholars, students, and other
interested individuals who visited the department of science and
technology during the year to use the collections were:
Physical Sciences: Dr. Victor Lenzen, Uniy. of California (outside investigator
interested in instruments for measurement of gravity); Dr. Sigvard Strandh,
104 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ANNUAL REPORT, 1964
Technical Museum, Stockholm (studying Swedish instruments represented in
U.S. National Museum); Major William F. Leubbert, U.S. Military Academy
(studying the use of historical information in teaching the use of computers) ;
Edmund A. Bowles, International Business Machines Corp. (Studying the estab-
lishment of a museum of the history of mathematics) ; Edward McCormick,
National Science Foundation (studying the history of computers); Victor S.
Johnston, Victor Business Machines (studying the history of calculating ma-
chines) ; John Coldman, National Academy of Sciences (studying the biography
of former members of the Naticnal Academy of Sciences) ; Willis Van Devanter,
Upperville, Va. (interested in information on the history of alchemy) ; Robert B.
Lewis, Uniy. of California (establishment of an exhibition of science for teach-
ing purposes) ; Dr. Philip George, Univ. of Pennsylvania (studying the teaching
of the history of science) ; Douglas H. Bedell, the Evening and Sunday Bulletin,
Philadelphia (interested in Philadelphia inventions) ; Richard Perkin, Perkin-
Elmer Corp. (history of astronomical instruments); Raymond Szymanowitz
(studying the biography of Edward Acheson).
Mechanical and Civil Engineering: Preston R. Bassett, Ridgefield, Conn. ;
Prof. William Bassett, Univ. of Rochester; Miss Molly Cooper, Life Science Li-
brary, New York; Prof. Vasco Ronchi, Instituto Nazionale della Ottica, Flor-
ence, Italy; Brother Nivard, Catholic Univ.; Mr. and Mrs. James M. Doubleday,
Ridgefield, Conn.; J. K. Schofield, Pratt & Whitney Corp., East Hartford, Conn. ;
Prof. Derek J. de Solla Price, Yale Univ.; Father William Stenger, Dominican
School, Racine, Wis. ; John P. McNeel, Popular Mechanics Magazine; Mrs. Joseph
F. Carson; Prof. R. J. Hansen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; H.
Badorrek, German Embassy; Rowland Mainstone, Garston, England; Peter S.
Lamb, Stratford-on-Avon, England; Dr. Torsten Althin, former Director of the
Tekniska Museet, Stockholm; M. J. B. Rauck, Deutsches Museum, Munich;
Eugene W. Bolling, Upper Montclair, N.J.; Mrs. William Slater Allen, Provi-
dence, R.I.; Charles 8. Parson, Goffstown, N.H.; Dr. Robert Wildhaber, Swiss
Museum for Folklore and Folk Art, Basel,; D. W. Leverenz, Elgin, Ill.; John
Vernon, London,; A. T. Haendler, Boston Edison Company, Ashland, Mass.;
Alvan Fisher, General Electric Co., Ashland, Mass.; Walter M. Fisk, United Press
International; G. Fritsen, Aarle-Rixtel, Netherlands.
Transportation: Mr. EK. W. Paget-Tomlinson, City of Liverpool Museum, Eng-
land; staff members of the San Francisco Maritime Museum; Frederick