cs bed fs sf as a fs ‘A's Css Geist el ee a, i 1.44470 Le as . Re ¥ ¢ % 3 es a P * * = ¥ ~ ih a peer : 3 5 Sra : x cs, etre! es : ¥) WH pees Sa f5 z ¢ : » ag (e 5 pal} EC, ge} a : Cl ae z ea ; or a gree ee \ aL | a wee en = vas a “ a aE 1~% Wy) VA a var, y. i yt AD ay) tai i uN i BORG MUNN NTIS 1 LO ARN Hl bah HY MY ik i , Wik T.C. WILSON W. L. NELSON : W. A. BRIGHT PROF. WILLIAM P. evans [8] SECRETARY ASSISTANT SECRETARY if . TREASURER) CURTIS HLL H DR. D F. LUCKEY He S. M. JORDAN HICHWAY ENGINEER STATE VETERINARIAN ‘INSTITUTE LECTURER’* p, : | eS nee, ies ry : As a iy ae 2 é j ’ v op Casi es M. E. DARBY APIARY INSPECTOR EX OFFICIO MEMBERS AND OFFICERS, BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. J. B. SAMPSON FRED T. MUNSON N. H GENTRY is W. A. DALLMEYER a Sh ] cartes HOUSEHOLDER 9 EE. SWINK R. A, YOUNG {e S.Mc-SM\TH A. T NELSON CORPORATE MEMBERS, BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MISSOURI State Board of Agriculture A Record of the Work for the Year 1910 ALSO REPORT OF MISSOURI FARMERS’ WEEK, 1911, TOGETHER WITH CENSUS RETURNS, FARM STATISTICS AND OTHER INFORMATION AND PAPERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES. PUBLISHED 1911 THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY, JEFFERSON CITY, MO. ‘ % a ‘ , <" " ey OFFICERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. President—W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport. Vice-President—P. P. Lewis, Crescent. Secretary—T. C. Wilson, Columbia. Assistant Secretary—W. L. Nelson, Columbia. Institute Director—S. M. Jordan, Columbia. Treasurer—W. A. Bright, Columbia. State Veterinarian—Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia. State Highway Engineer—Curtis Hill, Columbia. State Apiary Inspector—M. E. Darby, Springfield. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport, F. B. Mumford, Columbia, alee wismenescent. Chas. Householder, Thompson, E. L. Newlon, Lewiston, Fred. T. Munson, Osceola. EX OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of Missouri, Herbert S. Hadley. Superintendent of Schools, Wm. P. Evans. Dean Agricultural College, F. B. Mumford. CORPORATE MEMBERS. (Term expires July 20, 1911.) Cong Dist. Name. Residence. County. Pitre hota RE MeGwEutchiscomes.... Jamesport....05...0Waviess: Bie ae Sates tc ete AS MEihnompsonin...2 .- INGISINGE oe cemeea se conelenie Tats Wie te ane ip baeSampsoneeneene. seers: Suttimnit.). 2.4 Jackson. i1G}s aePer ee Re ERE 125, Ibs Suistailicopaeocun ame Parmineton.. 2.0... St Prancorss 1 eee ee Ru Ngee Voting farts Ss LtOIl. 0 tc slo ninco eLOWEMS HOM 5 ere h tan atone ae INS ID INI Cine eae Nerceor leebanoneaereme moc Laclede. (Term expires July 20, 1912.) 1; Se ees anes lee Nerwillominny. orcia Wewistoni.. on ae ee wAs: ER en ce Geom Sly aaa. 245 ROckpOnteereir see Atchison. EE ere Nilay Gentn Warns tat sg DCCALIa. i. i.e dane Pettis. "yO epee ©. Sina WiaeAceDallmeyers..... Jetterson City-..... Cole. TeGte ated Meee, 'S. Wiles Sian, 560000006 IR@OCS 56 Samo cane ba 6 alsin, (3) 4 Missouri Agricultural Report. (Term expires July 20, 1913.) Omer nimek as Bred sWinnsone ser Osceola s- pane SteGlain Org ntaeveiesi: Charles Householder... Thompson......... Audrain. Sal OME ar wet ariiclcrs PSP we wiSa sence Grescentisks jee: St womiss TAT Bee et aren bates fs Norman) J, Golmani- . St.mlvomisn Gita see: S21 Holland Bdg. SU DM a esas teretcroine Whe 18 WWhulkamnexorns 5 5 4.4 Siz ILo@mngy (Ciusy- OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. President—W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City. Vice-President—Sanford Mc. Smith, Reeds. Secretary—John T. Stinson, Sedalia. Treasurer—W. H. Powell, Sedalia. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY. W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia. Sanford Mc. Smith, Reeds. E. E. Swink, Farmington. W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis. ‘-R. A. Young, Alton. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon. Geo Hy Sly, Rockport Norman J. Colman, St. Louis (Honorary). STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES. Name. Address. De wleiclkeyer Stare Vieteriniablanlen arent cecitioriccierenehcicie eee Columbia ERT Rea BLS o Ais eSiEneRA eOe ene ieeieer oT teet ors Bean Meee dhicn ciaiac chic oid.cdans Joplin Mennry BOettmete a. Soe ce teenie nine it ele eles nes eine Ole ni he REE aOR Ee Perryville tora ce vera dle ye lyn «cuts Areci ie artes eee Tee ee Oe ICE ae ere eae Windsor TEAS W een bol ereG ik eevee aE ee eA a enter, Ger ae,, 2 AER Ratt Ble Hann t ti cindnty Gigtne Memphis SSS GHB) am ME ie ONL tian ceerrexe eaten at one etuats oom anes ed soto avs bake Ra eas chet cor cients Hamilton UMOL VV. VCE nO Welly i Mele Sectie caste tee Fersiwn acetals ties le eee eee ae Albany eens 1 Cilainleputcmiw-aoic sate sharers eee se CAPERS OTERO DAE OTS. 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Aid chi EM ae eteememlits 2 ete e Newark Iish NRE (XO) gto nea oes eERe tororier to wood 3 ocho diam OP. oda OL Harrisonville lanl 2 en Cecil choc eA RAR Se enen IMA totn ey Ace mor, odo oo bn daie ola o 4.oc Salisbury Pail S puGries by.s8 ss < die. cishac eeu eee ee at are ae ee nae aee Louisiana Avi elammensteins 2437) leemipeAierne serie eter k ten ret atree St. Louis RGSS Me rldivr Scots c eee sare veloneol ve is enter ee thexent keke ie CRI oie eter Jefferson City y NGA IY cok See See On ee ee OME ets SNC cha TMAH a nivejee o ccdy a Cameron | Pee] SCY Sela hol OE et ey eA een Cahn My Sin s bb'Bvd Glover Go ociau.ob oa Powersville OUR ashe OR Brock) ae Fe ete ee ee a Oe ceca Ane Ry terete i Moberly GiGoe tLe aclie ue kre a eee Rae To OTE OT Sea ome iters Maryville List of Officers. 5 CG COMMV VERE CD CIT a reise ok Sea chars tera atNley seauarar ood Sensor mea Uda Hamel vse naebaRE eutece te Pacific ON ome lsc aoe EP NEv EL Rabe Gat teh ota re Rveh Alaa din Patsteisemets eis ciate aintare stashed ae Warsaw Tee TBS: PLONE os dv cieh is ona eho Aaa en REN eR cen eect cnn Springfield SJR ARN ICIP Girne aM eee er ee ssc Alec saslls o\tuste atau) 4270's che Shs ey hblgh Ueelaneanas Grant City Ji TELS. 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TRESS Gc fot gS cL ORAM Ste eee a NI SPC Wright City Walter INL Rmescillly oo. 3 Scie olsie onde cle IRIS EOIN Siacre ete Dates een West Plains PAE Ce RIOnc ar tei reer ts iss. fes'. Se aalacies cama elec on eiats ites Maysville 1D). 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Ce NBR GL pees 2 ih OC ae SR OIRO hice Pig a, ir Perry WY IBS WWISIIGIS Seba bb cdo eats Nels oo Beep IORI Rc Cm ion een eID eres seh Marshall Aiea NVI Eee. oe of PN ee Pine es 208 AN aN ee 8 aay Swen ae Sedalia Ageing 18, WNIT OSI, 3.5 Grae Bip oro 0 RIAD ec Cin DIDO Icon PPE OA Ce ate ot Weaubleau THty TEE, AWVOlbRis os Ge ho Ae OIC ao cepa cae aay mn ne ac o mse ncn Mexico IPS AS WGI 4 8 9 Ge ee RS RR IE eso icictomr artaore c Linneus ASSOCIATE ORGANIZATIONS. MISSOURI CORN GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—F. H. Crowell, Butler. Vice-President—O. J. White, Fairfax. Secretary-Treasurer—C. B. Hutchison, Columbia. District Vice-President—W. H. Brown, Clarksville. District Vice-President—Sanford Mc. Smith, Reeds. District Vice-President—M. McCauley, Doniphan. District Vice-President—Christ. Ohlendorf, Boonville. MISSOURI FARM MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. President—R. S. Harriman, Pilot Grove. Vice-President—T. C. Cochran, Lockwood. Secretary-Treasurer—Don G. Magruder, Columbia. Advisory Board—D. H. Doane, Columbia; F. B. Mumford, Columbia; Dr. \NVPS Diysage. Colmumbira- ASSOCIATION OF MISSOURI COUNTY FAIRS. President—J. Allen Prewett, Independence. Secretary—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia. Treasurer—B. E. Hatton, Columbia. MISSOURI CATTLE FEEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—S. -P. Houston, Malta Bend. Vice-President—Stone W. McClure, LaMonte. Vice-President—M. T. Gill, Perry. Secretary-Treasurer—H. O. Allison, Columbia. MISSOURI HIGHWAY ENGINEERS’ ASSOCIATION. (Meeting held at Cape Girardeau.) President—F. W. Latimer, Marshall. Vice-President—L. D. Williams, Macon. Secretary—J. M. Clack, Nevada. Treasurer—P. S. Quinn, Columbia. (6) Associate Organizations. 7 MISSOURI HOME MAKERS’ CONFERENCE. President—Miss Alice E. Kinney, New Franklin. Vice-President—Mrs. W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport. Secretary—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport. Executive Board—Mrs. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia; Mrs. F. B. Mumford, Co- lumbia; Mrs. H. C. Harvey, Kirksville. MISSOURI WOMEN FARMERS’ CLUB. President—Miss Pearle Mitchell, Rocheport. Secretary-Treasurer—Miss Alice E. Kinney, New Franklin. Executive Board—Mrs. R. B. D. Simonson, Jefferson City; Mrs. Cora F. Shewell, Shewell Station; Mrs. C. A. Cook, Centerview. MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. (Meeting held at Sedalia.) President—John A. Rankin, Tarkio. Vice-President—William Sweeney, Chilhowee. Secretary-Treasurer—M. V. Carroll, Sedalia. Directors—R. B. Noel, Monticello; T. J. Burrus, Prairie Home; S. E. Haseltine, Springfield; A. T. Grimes, Greenwood; J. W. Elliott, Polo; Harry Nance, Pattonsburg. MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. President—P. P. Lewis, Crescent. Vice-President—Rudolph Miller, Macon. Second Vice-President—Chas. Busch, Washington. Secretary—Dr. W. P. Cutler, Columbia. Treasurer—I. T. Van Note, Columbia. MISSOURI DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. President—J. F. Roelofson, Maryville. Vice-President—Chas. Holland, Springfield. Secretary-Treasurer—E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. The following associations either did not elect officers or failed to hold meetings duririg the 1911 Farmers’ Week. Missouri Swine Growers’ and Breeders’ Association, Missouri Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association, Missouri Jersey Breeders’ Association, Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association. _ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. State Board of Agriculture, Office of the ety ) Columbia, Mo., March 20, 1911 s To Honorable Herbert 8. Hadley, Governor of Missouri: Sir—I have the honor to transmit to you a report of the State Board of Agriculture for the year 1910, including the work of the State Veterinarian, State Highway Engineer, State Dairy Commissioner and State Apiary Inspector. Very truly yours, T. C. Wiuson, Secretary. (8) NOV 15 1911 TABLE OF CONTENTS. BOTANICA GA Annual Meeting— Pages WY HERTNWESS ba S oeacahy Gop 0 BD GAGS OreatiOun CERO Ue ELDER RO Co RETRO NS eR eaten ee, 11-17 Report of Secretary....... Brrr h hs vs asec apres ae eusailal altace Scetly sae Te Ores Steno oes eehe 18-22 SECLCtALYES PUMA Clalleas teVcOMIeN tie crane cha ays ccs evans. 4) aisle less (or) aways! a sac).c) a wl ate. suckaspebers 23-37 PRC AS TIME TS meEC CD OM Cae wer oiete tat the (ete uat serra) elects hos foals), oes 31-28: i's an fe ites Sah arraehaeeneas 6 80:0 38-40 ReGpOLEEOhecta te meetin ayaa Netne CT ay. ac state -svcsee fe sleuere sy.a1 2''tre: ade a snare en ckaneuee ore 41-52 ED OL OLMOC ACM TCE CIN LUI smc year ere ra ois canertedeieciei/sivele iske a Ge) #1 soci ot folicival ioe sutsy alee ttrelee 53-60 RCDORUEOLeeA DIA Vae EMS DCCCOL: ret erg ore. crite a seclraiclets eh avs avers op circualisl wares) oie alle panne heats 61-64 FREDO RO ten aiyan © OLMIS STON OIE rarer a lotoys tere faye) eualfele) sven sus) cloves ene cleueue evecdeuevencsie 65-70 Farmers’ Week— IPOS, BinGl AMOIGIRESKIES Dg ood bocboeredagodp ange on Jouve oben O oO aomdrooddae> 71-315 Miscellaneous— OurmOdtm Crops velOws eLNGECASCO!: 5 = ajaets c ccie che clolcicicle she Sdvossocounucinncoc 316-320 LOAM CIN OMS ELE ONG aoe seme ai ie colts tease noNeta lo ashore renebes ohaaualdmaysusleaaie azerebosteaceesshe 321-335 RESTS m AME S CEOS perlite eyes cersiionsccteieieyeltel stone Fonthios teetocceeh atone ava te/ SspaOas ela iat slatat a areke 336-390 Dhei@uanl thew hanrimens? rien Gieiis 02) colores siiers oicpe olen alel leh oyees o Siete ols) si felens. Sepeyevelle 390-395 PB CANUELE SH Ore el amit cD OID acy ey pattal cia sitet <5. alee, eeu von ccauans vakerietete tape.) eusiiays) 8 e cbetsnege etele 3895-404 Observations on Missouriv Ae ricul tire cr cy sers erssede siete oe vs oie 2 Sie wre eceusnseese eye 405-410 WiveastockoMarkeLts Oley Year: LOM OES ores =cceter es acs ocbertee cael Su stisico ool « duckstenereeree 410-413 Speciale Erainsy ined Sri Guta WV OLE oh oye eee s ale: cites ous voi e ehenelia, 1 cusie clena:elscstone cushe 413-423 Missournmnanrmuhactsandenural se ProODlemSipecs i) cusleyclcreia oneus foils le lene 2 Ashe) evalelteh erate 424-454 IVT SSUES CAG r MELT Itepe ok eter he loten eel sticks tenche tes eile tact gawoae Tone wee ere aul ee aeioe rete anees 454-457 MASSOuniMGrOopy ReVICW. LOT sO! Ovicv. onstcrs siete seus) ousksre: sllsycle) «6 cress sya cte.stere overete 458-471 IMMER OIE TLInKe) GShioyelics Sa eta rome ocd Won Clan o noo nino Ginn Din oleenioenG ait PEF OD InCG 472-479 MeLCrinanian¢se EAD UATE se DOLES ais 12) che clesalele is cuss sie abe, scela clic (av ci eis wiveilevereyectorsl ues 480-492 MTCC Mp ae NPAC Ree eave cr cists evsaeactiohckalieueneeuslsvoxes ep eyes a) cso 62°08 soratehayel sian eretene 493 7% Pan) ANNUAL MEETING. MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS. State Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, | Columbia, Mo., January 10, 1911. if The Board met on the above date and was called to order by Presi- dent Nelson. The following members answered to the roll call: Messrs. Mumford, Newlon, Hutchison, Sly, Sampson, Munson, Gentry, Dall- meyer, Householder, Lewis, Wilkinson, Swink, Young, Smith and Nelson. Absent, Messrs. Hadley, Evans, Thompson and Colman. The reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting was dis- pensed with, and the minutes shown in the 42nd annual report were approved. The Secretary’s report was then read, and, on motion duly made and carried, the report was accepted and ordered printed. Dr. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian, then read his report for the year of 1910 and, on motion of Judge Wilkinson, the report was accepted and ordered printed. After some discussion of the quarantine regulations it was ordered that a committee be appointed and known as the Committee on Quar- antine Regulations. The President then appointed Messrs. Gentry, Dallmeyer and Smith as such committee. The hog cholera question was then taken up and, after considerable discussion, Messrs. Young, Sly and Newlon were appointed as a Com- mittee on Hog Cholera, with power to act. Mr. Curtis Hill then presented his report as State Highway Engi- neer for the year 1910, and, on motion by Mr. Lewis, the report was accepted and ordered printed. Dr. W. P. Cutler then read his report, as Dairy Commissioner for the year 1910, and, on motion of Mr. Smith, the report was accepted and ordered printed. Mr. M. E. Darby, State Apiary Inspector, made a verbal report, his written report having been lost en route, and was granted the privi- lege of submitting his written report to the Secretary later and having the same printed. (1) 12 Missouri Agricultural Report. Mr. Lewis of the Committee on Agricultural College then read the following report of the committee, and, on motion duly made and ear- ried, the report was accepted and ordered printed: Report of Committee on Agricultural College. The special committee of the Board provided for by the laws of Mis- sourt have made a careful investigation of the progress and needs of this Institution and submit the following report: Your committee has found all the affairs of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station in most excellent condition. There has been a very large increase in the enrollment of students in all departments of the Col- lege of Agriculture. The enrollment in the College of Agriculture during the current session to date has reached 652. This is an increase of over 25 per cent in the enrollment of students over last year. This very large increase in the enrollment has taxed the facilities of the college laboratories, class rooms and equipment to the utmost. The facilities for instruction in such practical subjects as live stock judging and dairying husbandry have already been overtaxed, and a few students have been unable to secure in- struction in these subjects because of lack of equipment. This is a situa- tion which the Legislature of the State should correct immediately. The instruction and investigation carried on in the College of Agri- culture is fundamentally important to the future growth and progress of Missouri, and the State cannot afford to deny instruction to all young men applying for admission to the College of Agriculture. A record of the work of the College of Agriculture during the past year shows that the institution is becoming more and more valuable to the farmers of the State. In no previous year has the College undertaken so much co- operative instructional and investigational work directly with the farmers in the various sections of Missouri. The College of Agriculture during the past year has achieved a notable victory by winning the live stock judging comtest at the International Live Stock Show at Chicago. In this contest nine institutions competed. Mis- souri not only won by a margin of 250 points, but also had the unusual dis- tinction of having the four highest men in the contest. We also commend the work of the College of Agriculture in developing the champion dairy cow of the world. The record of Missouri Chief Jose- phine, owned and developed by the Department of Dairy Husbandry, has been of great value in developing confidence in the minds of the farmers of Missouri in the practical character of the instruction of the College. Men from the College of Agriculture have delivered 460 public addresses in almost every section of the State. More than 500,000 people attended the meetings addressed by the men from the College of Agriculture. In eleven days’ time five men from the College of Agriculture talked to 28,000 people from special trains provided by the Frisco, Burlington and Sante Fe railroads. Two night schools of Agriculture were held—one in St. Louis, the other in Kansas City. More than 2,500 people were enrolled for regular instruction in these two schools. Expert judges from the Department of Animal Husbandry were sent to 42 county fairs in Missouri during the season of 1910. Requests for expert judges from the College of Agriculture were received from over 50 county fair associations in Missouri. This work is particularly useful in standard- izing the live stock types of the State and in demonstrating the efficiency of Minutes of Proceedings. 13 improved live stock. In doing this judging work 14 men worked a total of 111 days and judged 7,852 animals. 304,000 people attended these fairs. The Department of Agronomy supplied expert judges for 67 corn shows in the State. This work required 77 days. There were 7,216 exhibits and 254,000 people attending these shows. In 1910, 3,000 Missouri boys and young men enrolled in corn growing contests under the direction of the College of Agriculture. Full information for planting, cultivating and harvesting were furnished by the College. More than 100 of these boys later attended the Short Winter Course at Columbia. The first Farmers’ Short Course ever given by the Missouri College of Agriculture was held during Farmers’ Week in December, 1909. More than 600 persons enrolled for systematic instruct- tion in Agriculture. During the same time a boys’ short course in grain and live stock judging was conducted. Thirty-one boys were enrolled in this course. Each summer from June to August the College of Agriculture offers special courses to teachers with a view to preparing them to teach Agriculture in the rural and high schools of Missouri. More than 150 teachers were en- rolled in these courses in I9gI0. We congratulate the College of Agriculture upon the work accomplished and commend the purpose of the institution in carrying the results of its inves- tigation directly to the farmers in various parts of the State. In our judgment the most important division in the College of Agriculture is the Agricultural Experiment Station. The Experiment Station is the creator of new knowledge. It investigates fundamental problems and is of the utmost importance in the development of Agriculture as a vocation and of Agricultural instruction. The Missouri Experiment Station is successfully conducting investigations in Animal Nutrition, Dairy Husbandry, Veterinary Science, Horticulture, En- tomology, Farm Management and in Agricultural, Chemistry. The results of investigations are published in bulletins which are widely distributed in the State. . During the past year the Experiment Station has published 21 bulletins and circulars of information. Some of the more important lines of work which have been directly con- cerned with the agricultural activities of Missouri farmers are the following: During the past year the Agricultural Experiment Station has inocu- lated more than 40,000 hogs with hog cholera serum. From 80 to 85 per cent of these animals have been saved. By this means alone more than $500,000 has been added to the wealth of Missouri. The appropriation of $10,000 made by the Missouri Legislature was insufficient to meet the de- mands of farmers for hog cholera serum. In order to supply serum to those making application it was necessary for the College of Agriculture to charge 75 per cent of the cost of production. We approve this plan and recommend that hereafter the serum be sold to farmers at cost, thus relieving the Legislature of further appropriations for this work. The work of making an agricultural soil survey of Missouri has been carried forward with a vigor during the year. The importance of this work and efficiency with which it has been conducted in Missouri has induced the United States Department of Agriculture to cooperate in carrying forward this important investigation. Six bulletins have already been published on the re- sults of the soil survey work in the State. Careful and detailed surveys of in- dividual counties are now being made, and this work, when completed, will be of the greatest economic benefit to Missouri. In 1910 there were 66 men in 105 counties cooperating with the central 14 : Missouri Agricultural Report. Experiment Station at Columbia in experiments to determine the best methods of farming. In carrying forward this work 3,oco different packages of seeds were used and more than 20,000 pounds of fertilizer. These cooperative ex- periments include investigations in soils, farm crops, fruit growing, dairy and animal husbandry. In one year’s time men in the College of Agriculture have received and answered 40,000 letters and post cards. In most cases personal replies have been made to definite questions in regard to agriculture. The correspondence of men in the College of Agriculture has doubled in the past twelve months. The College established a department of Farm Management in June, roto. This committee especially commends the establishment of this new and prac- tical department, and believes that the work of this department will be most important in applying the work of the College directly to the farm problems of Missouri. We also note with approval the establishment of a new department of Forestry. The Forestry resources of Missouri have been too long neglected and the University has acted wisely in establishing this new department for the promotion of this important work. Your committee finds in every department an increased activity of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, larger plans, increased enroll- ment of students, greater demands upon the time and services of men, and a greater demand on the part of farmers for the solution of the farm problems of the State and for information on all agricultural subjects. We strongly recommend, therefore, that the Board of Agriculture use its influence with the Legislature to increase the appropriations available for the work of the Col- lege of Agriculture. The crowded condition of the class rooms and labora- tories makes it imperative that more room be provided at an early date. The greatly increased enrollment in the Short Course makes it necessary to pro- vide larger appropriations for the development of this work, otherwise Mis- souri boys must be denied instruction in Agricultural work. With the full ap- proval of this committee the following appropriations, which, in our judgment, ought to be made available by the Legislature now in session in Jefferson City, are recommended: MNGlehhaneray toy Ialoscunebilleuneall lommlGhivals 56558 coccacoo cance coon soonb00D605% $60,000 Binldine ion Aemicilicirallas Gltennistimyeer es eee ireien ieee rete 60,000 Dairy. Paki) S25 2028 eee a Sark Oe tat tie eee SA Nea obec ean 20,000 ive: Stock JudginoeRavilioni. sivccc archaea ae nek eee eae 25,000 Completion- DR al eee eee ae | WC RACNSUMOM .os05c enue ueneoeuee 500.00 Jame Lis 229 Byes tabesmanseubieCore se. . = | Mh Rel rane ta 36.50 fe hie 230 Mttam Gilberto nse set, ee lok ooclato60¢ 25.00 SSP sides | 231 eee kerb Oftice. tetra oe | eee eee 3.98 he EPA Re 232 | Mroxcllerobinsont Oss. se ein eee eee 13-50 one Tod 23} | Coltimbiaghieral deers oc. is ee eee 108.75 1 fame 234 CGS SH) er ea nck ee eee lho cae ae 222.05 Og 277 235 Hee) ee MCESUINN BE eeneatee. Coo Hs, heee okt sect cokers 178.90 Phe o 236 Columbia eles Consens.) Wace venstcteys | 1.90 ris Senate 237 PPA EVeI Gye Ate oo seit heuer ie aes iene 15.00 MMO ee Saal arcs tiskece, OMe ML OsreGtiusitlOManiiers series ceioteie seo 500.00) Miare 2 238 Byatt Gail berteewacie aces ca.c lic euseueo niente | 25.00 bg 2: 239 1B YN ool Reeve al Ken Ae cold yec Gg phenolet nul nl MERE ee ete | 15.00 5 2. 240 PME CLS GLITST Emeric Jace: alll onertne tots egoreners 237.12 Je 25 241 GCuntis pele ec create oes = ree ee eters eee 295.33 p 2 242 Wee He able eae riers conse 8 meee al ee ae 32.50 ne 2. 243 Missouri Bridgers iron or s anipss a] Ane 4.80 eS 2. 244 LESRVUICK Ott con © Omer Hi meters cote lee eins tees 3.84 oe 2. | 245 Columipiagel es © Ofser ee tise er valleteee ecneren kegel 3.00 - 2h 246 Statesmanwe ups Oma aso eallerne as ec ace oe 10.00 us Dip tals). Rap aia conye tus oes MOprequisitiones oer ie ee eos 500.00 ele ese 247 IBVACULCISS Hill sprees ee whem ae cores. atest acc 273.30 BX tae 248 ESP ECCRS ULM Cet peep eee ot arts | hl ae ete: Camas ths 196.90 rae Oe 249 ColumbiagMelex@ orgie he secre soe cchate vous Saas 1.25 oan eile. 250 Wttay Gil Dertaecnre kee eer Pe acai lence nib ie) oh btewcatee 25.00 2 ADces 25! iter UCkentrccg © OM sei on eel eral Goes son ene 81 comes (ea 202 1Dig: Lehn ARNON ols oss cie.cila Hoo GAG aul al Ege PLO ore eeannde 15.00 PESO erie ihe, aavstets os eas ELOMOCUISILLONG eure ee ae 800.00 Apres sO... 6 || 253 Biya olumibianimelet© One. sect. s|leisucus creas ereeer eas 1.90 mmc () ar 254 CuUntiSPE eee gence de oceania outta sty sep 221.94 oO tel 255 HO LeUNOCES IN Bis apte seats ee ekaiellia tues cudine he 150.60 SMR SOE: 2c. 256 Etta Gull bert iat portant tics oe sa ove selena Sched outs 25.00 pC OOR 257 RUCK ents dog © Ofnrrs ac cic eve Scustalte ats Gycbn cae Oe 13.58 acy hee || 5 Sa FRORTCUUISITIONEN fe 5 ls he ate 300.00 MIEN Giese 258 iByaaWiesternebapers bOxXaCOn ne sae e a ee ae 13225 She GOAN RE 259 CONTR 18 Ml etc ac Bis core chices ero peed lotaaciey es toen ines 233.67 ane DOr 260 Tera CKerbti Gos COs cae sueisceheters, aus a |lehetateuat eating ace hes BI US PERS 261 eA EVOMILG Win ots ote ore agers tard Sat lscevetel ay spehs, cutera 15.00 ona 2D: V 262 Ree CLSGIN Se tane feb ieceterewetore ei ell ore. oe fre wiigue eeess 196.90 ne? Dre 263 Dine MSpl lovers inh ackoapea Tes GeO aC RE acd (aoe caee eee eS 25.00 ee ED Oey cella Seats eecrrerc ene AROSE CMISIELOMM eperonee ciel ca) cls ce ee re 400.00 be e2Sire 264 ES Vallee ke Ul CKOG bras) © Ome cel oe cre ot | seats erent rte 3.22 £8* 1 28e% 265 IBarnes=@rospya@Ouree setae soc 4c meets eee 7.50 266 | Canceled. j oe Ske 267 Statesman mpm O© Onc tes cesrevdte clei s eamenencue 54.50 ae moto 268 Columbia helexn@ownwn. seco bites oa eee 1.25 June 30.. 269 CuiphismE yer rot sta sc ois aos 2 G leisteteea ay serene 252.01 aa oOlys 270 RI eMIMCES IM ey erred a nt sectocore alegalle chats eros seer 181.80 eo Ore 271 PRICK er tp ocl© Ola reietoneacicts orale ins, eet eneaees Taras aeoOee 272 iBarnes-Croshbyi©onerw sta walle 8.30 pet Ola 273 WiallivieREs Oy. Comes tra park cote ee cieae a | catiekes-ee ie etee 25.00 28 Missouri Agricullural Report. STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND—Continued. Date. War. No. Name. | Dr. Cr. Jan. 30.. 274 BysColumipbrasteletC Onereecrcieeelleieeeeeeee $3.20 ee si a 275 ScurlockJiransteri@ Opes eel eteeaiie 10.17 Sek OO RA CE ct meet my cian TRORGECUMISIt Oller ne epee een eee $500.00 apoiky Sib ss Py Bay (Olivet abies S 6b 66 gone aon do [ose eee eee Zoom SS IO A ae | PETE Be. erstine ac cea loge ce Ses eet 174.57 FOS ine 278 VMallyerB Oy Cera es cence ene eee 25.00 Pee 330 Dabo 279 Ib Rarckertié |Comments 10.88 oo BIOS 280 Smith Premier Co..... ee lh aye dees MESES tte 6.41 SEES Of sell 281 RoE) Rogerssinss eee IS Rape ne ce teal? 4 | 1.20 OO oper 282 A AN ROMO YA mee ee shrek eee eal eee ee 15.00 SO ra xOaatsee tes MOsTeQUISItLONE oer ster ke ree rere 500.00 Aug 8. 283 Byascurlockshran stern © Oran inet) iene aene eee 1.84 "s 8. 284 ColumbiawtelenC oF fer eae ssa eee 2220 Sept: Lice 285 Curtis TH Sees ss eees. ch pare Vala ee es ae 267.31 oD ies 286 Wally evB ovice: 4:22 ete tore ncaa one ere Tai ss ae 287 IPEKOe Ips (OO, ocWaoancedeliodsusaoceats eats ae er 288 Le PRUCK ERR AAC Osi ears ce Poca coll RPT Pace 13.25 ie 289 Mo. Bridge & Iron Co........ leader aa ara 3.50 a ey! 290 Rei aIMerstingee eee een eee ae cena 166.15 s 1 Le es el | oe A re te Atop igeobiMarl cocoon odos ac godcor 500.00 # ibs 291 IBS os VACMR ema Cys tacaeee cn ioks inn cie | aae eee enrol otto 15.00 Octal red 292 @urtis Hille. eee ere ee ae ire ce Re eae 386.03 se 1, 293 ColumbiawielesiC ope lot no macuseo» 8.25 + AL Ueh oust entak eee ate a esvae isthe | Mowreduisition ye uae mpienrin een T 500.00 + Ain 294 By statesman eu bi CO mer ten eee erie 31.00 a An 295 ei Srstin see eee ker | dee eee ctor ears 207.05 HORS Terr aa | 296 @urtisHblillee rene eeepc hen RS hein ert ater 350.50 oo 2D 297 Ry i) IR ErS GING se hs or ek te iiieec ee Ce 156.02 oe Ore 298 Ti Ruckerts@i© ome nn on Gate 8.22 PSD a ORNs NES One. Tape ope aye Me Mosrequisiblonenesre eee eee 600.00 Nov. 30.. 299 By Curtis Bills Se ree sete nie) eecieaclonet eerie 263.67 LOOT 300 =| A Sha food EGC) olay A aVedee eee Some Cone ee rae eR A Nail eet 4 old 150.85 30. 301 bib Ruckerticé (Coma. cue oho eee ene 3.75 Ishize Gece \hacchoyy eASHs GG oho oe sliaowocooaoo Gol 60 Pe a Oie otoec te aterm ome AMoy GRC (UNIAN Oh oo ant Dos occa os ee Sole 45 Jan. SDS eens |e anawe RS ea eee By tbalaitces) Neher. Eee Et ened Cet Eee 148.15 | $6,471.98] | $6,471.98 | | STATH VETERINARY FUND. ARE = » Be (sereeres us A eee S Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr: 1909. WCC 28 8 ool cit ares) Sumter ls DiaKOnids) QOL W I rowntnme Miolaioeicets oka anual cia nc Grp ao o4o,.0 $100.65 oe ta Oe tis 2372 Anete lye ©) chs 0 ee aaa npmaya ccd aiase cotter |layoibas cfAvain.o)b.o.0 6.00 pe eape Ole. 2373 Jakoygiterer lei eollenros aa aogaadicocianomsiocn st os 4.00 i AS ae 2374 W JAS BREN Gi se ccce Buse crores cll menckcivatercea tee 30.00 ie S29). 2375 1 ed Dap o3 fon) Ac le eens Ab a inc ecn et Seal io.d DiGpeO Golo ee 168.90 2 Ope 2376 Vive “Ae INGO, aga bacnc chews RrMCre sans 2 107.20 NOT n: 2377 1D trl Shiela b io) «(ch ae Me Le Ren athe LMI Gicmnh Oy Scio C6 ists ei {ee Ole. 2378 A Denys Youll 8c) 001 (sy BAN i ee ry Ale MISA CEng o.alc & 15.00 Tae Ola, 2379 J SEL Slater sh Sach eee ie eke ee ie 18.43 ee. Ota | 2380 A) eye) O aan Ite nid (0) eee ee Rn ee Abra loc owe. rete bhic o/c 95 40 8 A 2O eR 2 ee ROME ChUSTGL ON erent ne ance ele $1,200.00 so 1 29" || 2381 Biy RSC LONOOres 2 ean ayc nee Ra IP eon 45.50 ERD Dean’ 2382 1 tet) Wises = Ol eae areas Nee Py eel (oF taj crc St Oo aid 37.05 HY DOG eee 2 2383 I IS BaGUSe sore aie Sesedc hat eee ee cee een ee 12,15 1910. | Jane 2384 Winiva © O-ODP es SLOLeu cian inners aller tacaganees teats 3.00 Report of Scerectary. 29 STATE VETERINARY FUN D—Continued. | i] Date. | War. No. Name. 1D yy Cr. 1910. | | IT 2. a s| 2385 By A. J. Hammerstein.......... Pacwereneeeause ata ae $5.00 ORS FD heden | 2386 SMASH IPM OOO ng Sao aonadolle ac bec o vane 3.50 ak a Geeta 2387 15 [el Lait DIbK} opweneacidtevor che Mees Seri CRCRCA liam ontiRada -O reeeae Ome 188.77 ee eaere| 2388 DAES INEGCE IPO? SP Lee ee ee 7.50 CO TAS ae 2389 VaAMesTOMMLSOMMveetan sets eres cl eet eee ec 8.00 Sem Tc: 2390 | TED ET RAV OLE eo PEL enh el se) eee 8.50 ROY eae 2391 | 1D See) Bio el enicaan te ticnata kein otic) oaCRS PANN Mornin eis age A 166.62 We NTF tes 2392 WolumbiayTeletC ome ac eace oie eet ee 1.95 CHIE ra 2393 Fr [es UN CL WW © Kesey = ec etestnt ed oe cite | ae ns eee a 33.30 peta Di), 2394 HW SPAC VOTING: <4 ey ais nic, ettolera litte APR eee 16.00 HSS Goer 2395 1 Rod Well 8 ND ate tre qineeeth SURYA a ier | Sarin Set Roa OI 29.25 re ea deans 2396 HEP AC ER OTIC. -3 Wien ts Re cee a tees wee 15.00 me Ahora NaN tan si-St,5) one 2 araies LPOMECUISICLON rs sei sc aie eee $800.00 Heb; Sm: 2397 Byala DSRS TO willis: cece o ACO ree orl neo eee ore Seas 168.37 Miar: 2). . 2398 VAS CUSONM a cree Aen eree ees Seal). eure: 17.48 3 ee: 2399 | eB OMENIOOLO nee. tak 9 sitece ahs Feb Nae cl peel 68.00 Z DIG 2400 | SEER S LG OT ernie ee hte SUE cars lea ea EE 8.69 a Paste 2401 Soatesmana Puller (CO. ore oie cllsienwtede see 4.00 _ Dye. 2402 HyarAM VOI Givi soscps ots ec ocak HEA cateeoetiovawtahada te 15.00 as ibe 2403 AR, te o OU eee reas eecce id Gretta (a GAPE Binion ERA 52.05 ‘ Des ie 2404 18 Foi Oeil De) Eee Rt en Ret en toes bats ede elt a tage BiTl5 os 2. 2405 AD Aah ies BAO Se fey cane ges bo ees te et ir yne| a peer) 2 foe ed ag 186.50 ue Dias 2406 | ColumpbiaiMeles CO ne aes tected late oe ekeuen er she 3.05 aoa | S107 | Wl REG! Moore. ..: 20. ..0 & ee. NAS aoe ay 71.00 es Dares 2408 | RWWA OPE TICs eters x casthesemasetallia sens nce ke es cher 14.60 . We 2409 DS BLOW Mela ccte ck eee tae Ne; Cee eae aes 160.90 i Ds 2410 StanloyaS mittee seer ieee alliseaocuai cle.cee ac 17.68 REET O MeN chess, Weed of oo aes [eRommeqlisitionenn eae aaa: 1,000.00, Es Oh. 2411 | BVAWeEAy DD allmireyerky.; sine) ce eeedens lista cose sees oe sire 15.54 u 2. 2412 | JAW BOLESH eet ncibe Ge ee Walsh vtec attate cecste 11.85 or Dias 2413) || PAT er NOLS OT Re, senne Mec R ERA bate Bowl | eee memet ns Yomee me enars 26.65 ae OTR 6 2414 | AVWitee Ae) anne Verret etter walter cate 4 diane ne 7.00 ." ee 2415 LG AVVLLSOM See rae seein a eee ae onc ca eatoan a 5.96 os re 2416 Hea eVitinifOng erent cian. ho age Bate eek ee 6.46 XS oe 2417 Bier OV: eae ed irs pei oie rs edad Ne) 20.00 OS Ole ..| 2418 Dash en UCKey sae Nie Se ho ea pers Aone 164.32 Ur? a eee 2419 Wir © EU ChISOTMeep re eres. a ailntere tae te sare lee 18.11 29843 Ol 2420 ColumibiawMeles Cote mac acu seul ac lecee gone one 2.45 BO. 6 2421 Lives GRAVIS OD cero tebe tee teers ellis, kee keen ee “23, 30.. 2422 SPAR AIVOMULG Yeti trek A tiene Biase |e tcy steak mens Sema 30.00 B10} es all 2423 Statesmanmeub i ©Oris me sant ticye cate on chor eke 16.50 PESO ce, 2424 IDS AVS Shasjol ne iS [Epo (Cont, Hane olla ao coe oh ose 24.00 si0)5 4 2425 18a died 8 TU Se ee Se aa test Deere et ol ee ah 35.34 DO era elt Ae pel Favicon states OME OUMISTUIONM ace seein cr leaeene F 1,000.00 AN jes 310)n & 2426 Jedi wae isla lehoaleaXelespneildharcty atavces eel lowe caaichotciencl oo e 7.50 pt ESO: 2427 @olumibianMelewCow & 5h as ale ees tee wens 125 SHO) 2428 VEN (COUCH optic pickcacieeD a eetoacln a omd iohaveret cae c 7.56 pee sO)., 2429 EMRE VV Oliseraar saris eeebothe ices f olse omnes eee SOD wR toURe 2430 Gig Dis 1EYRON aie em cibiche Cae eae oko reN | eae enoieen Ao ee ae 158.40 oo) ee ese 2431 Tis Os SLUT CK itis eo suey cnet ene Cote ee 182.43 name 2432 IVI VERO UBTIECTI erie: ie cys Tabane Het oe hemos 21.79 BXO)E 2433 EV Vis we) VEL Cia trrihs cok le Rid, os debts [hacer tothe ick a 14.27 = (Selves 2434 CORNEAS CO Gtstete te tre staan ens ac cont Shs bonne eeelo any ORT Res 8.08 ames Os 2435 rani Sees Ctzyoat OOLrain seve s.cstjliccteecrereoteascee 16.00 amen <3 (ie 2436 VPRO te NI OOLCH eaeek fora tare ct sil aba So are AAO oe 42.50 a oOr-< 2437 RUB PAC IVCIMLOU.A eis era's cs) 4 ive sal or slltsbeoWis taps mabe erat 40.00 pee Ole 2438 Bye Haw stephens, Pubs ©Omm «scl ne ee serie: 6.00 SORe 24389 | erm CK OVA, Gry eee tone oP Dis cee eo eto Ae re 178.86 "GY ae Pomrequisition.). (46s) ae. eth 200.00 May °3.. 2440 BS Vath yee ew Ea Ie pete mec atacs’ son ous May cearecel alee Js means 36.57 a Sane 2441 ee NU OOLG ArH: lars Serra toils: ol Seales ES SIRE oe eel 25.00 a Shoe 2442 ETO © pel Glen ty sete ee oan ata ae 166.07 30 Missourrt Agricultural Report. STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued. Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1910. Be Bieta 2443 By Li: De Brownies ve ots tee ee | ae ae $168.03 P25: 2444 Ry (Ba Loverik 5c eee otk eae PETES me SO Oy ee ee 2445 IME Haslet an Gite aie ei, Oe | Ae ee oes 95.79 Ot Olay 2446 AS Ji. ELammersteiniie- meats ect | Tee 13.10 Ss ss 2447 Wy AS URemI ey cies etwae area etl | a eee rae 40.00 Bed LED Scene 2448 DW MWe Key. 5 Sarees ee oon Ae ee ee 162.05 (2485.0 6 ra|hdiaio ool 0'918016.0.¢ | DO Mequisitionyy oan a ones oie $600.00 OG Se 2449 || By, E. W. Stephens) Pubs:Goy -s|s sae eee oe 30.00 ee DS sae 2450 | Rs) Ba ees Some as soa oR eee: 26.55 she & 2451 | Rey CM OOLe)y ascents teers, se cel (see eek eee ee 55.00 so 3 2452 ED. (© INI Ce 3:6 ee eee eae or hee eee 208.14 er rs We 2453 | Te. SD eBLOWIA tc ooo eo ee ae oe 186.99 aie #529) Ui 2454 | Shp yresoneyal 12 bio (OO, becooigaacsiiacuavenssacal 44.50 ee Bl 2455 | enn She harm acy eee pera ee | eee eee eee 62.37 abet acai lye 2456 Columbiasx@ele;;Cosseg nose le eee 2.00 JuNner ale. 2457 WesterneUmion) hele Cornet | ete 5.07 ~ Os 2458 DB UC K6 ys pei Saat ele ck en ee 233.50 Oo a Veraeane 2459 | I 5 me Brea! HD | bee ema oe ee Ara Ooh Lae ta eae eet ai 3L.21 OGih Sy ewe 2460 | /NeilonlahishisHniciine ¢ ob anaes salle dlecondeods 17.00 pare SO) + 2461 SmithsPremieriCosreee eeeee | eae oor 16.00 Se SOL: 2462 Buxtoniéciskinnersstay.Conseee|iaereneeeene 5.00 » Shs 2463 sArone (CE IDpGoRIAS OW oo conssullooaccesnooee 2).65 enters Ole. 2464 Columbiapileral dine aera eae | nee ee 44.75 BD S 2465 DG Dp Mind Bi bc) (ce MeN ees ee sh gh We CS eULON A Fe Mio Segre Uo 23195 ee OO) 2466 Pacificrhxpressi@ operetta 3.49 30. 2467 Re C: AMOOLG ak nee et Gees 98.15 OEY TSI URES Stal Baabasesh avane oh tee ToOsrequisitiOne aera 1,500.00 Ajibile 9° 1@e 2468 IByeAn Jee Lamm erstei iy eae laaagroonrdres 5.00 ss 6. 2469 E. W. Stephens Pub. Co....... eitacaes ec mun as 8.40 : 6 2470 iVWVestern Union hele Com.ee nena 2.36 oe 6 2471 DD A BEOW ls 2% 48 Ge Oe era Croton en ee 229.10 ets Ole 2472 DSRS iLuckey: cio ee ee ee ec eee 214.65 ares (Ore 2473 PCs Duele 5 tance a ere ee eco ee PAs ML AS) af SX0). 2474 Re CauMoore ce ears See eee | ae eee 27.50 30. 2475 Gil Whites sack oi nee |S a ace eee 6.18 , 30. 2476 IVES Ey Hasley cua wee nee Jo aonecogon es 48.41 Ee 210 2477 Pacific HN xpresstinsaees, an One| eee ee eer 2.00 BO). 2478 Hr. JAG Remileyyasaee eee leqaeec eeensae cca 25.00 CAN AS Oboe PRN WAG 2 oe eh a- MO PLEGUISIb ON ee eee ee ee | 1,000.00 30. 2479 45 hie) bop Dryas G0 Wie ook eek ea on aulln te ie, 4. Fn are ee 27.64 ‘Nags She 2480 IE. (DABrOWH east Aa gee ae eee Poe 229.75 a 8. 2481 Western Union Tele. Co....... [Fe Se wares Ra 1.46 Sis 2482 ColumbiaytelesiConmens. ee leavek Seneca eee. 1.95 SS PES A Ie 2483 ASA Eaminenrs teinhe) yest iae [acre etree 28.70 Septa elon 2484 IETS @icy UC ee ee VetararSetiowan sf oepte: 220.95 oe 1s 2485 ie DS IBrown stir eee kee lo cee ee ee 227.99 “3 kes 2486 Tos Ge Clarke tee rocco eee on rads 20.20 uy Ie 2487 EHoracerbradley= ete [he ghee BADE Sn ae 7.62 as leis 2488 Stanley “Smiths see roe een ae 17.45 ‘ ibses 2489 INVEPSH asley.if).f5eo hy ee re lee ee, ee 79.08 a ee 2490 | Western Unions eles Comaeerearlsbie a hima 3.31 ce flee 2491 Columbiat@ele, (Comentario 8.65 ay Se 2492 TD): ts TUCK eye a hy ce eee Caine eae 257.28 sf 1 ae 2493 1S ye Opa © LU es ert mie Ete. Laramie ere aye ea te OR 41.65 . LP serra ovloveretevekren sit sens TMomequisition= nese a alee eee 1,000.00 - ee 2494 By E.cAceRemleyen: eee leds Cette s haemo e es 20.00 om Soe 2495 POC Ps MOOLe ak aye coer eae 92.50 Oct TER 2496 Dh ack e yates ers eee ae |e ee teen 190.06 ae Lie 2497 Hds MOOne), ace S eset bese eee rae 35.25 + Wave 2498 MW, OUBri en str eae ee Ie sass, Rene SR ora tiee 15.55 ig ibang 2499 MiHaslays At manasa eo 1 Eh ee ee rhe ee 45.11 2 ile 2500 Henry sHelli@hemicaly@ on ewer ree 22.80 Report of Secretary. 31 STATE VETERINARY FUN D—Continued. | | Date. | War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1910. Oct. ieee 2501 iss7 Shosttin likey Ano, COs sealllctooaacndce $16.98 ES Theo Pand|eeeeines Ger prc eel LOPE QUISIGIONY. cmc ae sk aie $1,000.00 Aes 2502 Byeavvesterna Unione eles © Omg sata enariens chara 4.72 ee Aree 2503 lamest CullisOneekescie wales oN ace erate 8.55 i 4.. 2504 TRO 1S PA WoYOy Lelie OMB e eer Ene ar ev bla midrene ueke bg cate cue 112.10 An 2505 TR? Wits cl Ses Rare ee A Pn (Penne eat 50.00 ei Ae 2506 RIB LION Oph cncct ear iin eine aetna | ants eae eon 63.25 Ae 2507 Hey he BOettiner-ca rida eek ew Ra oliae eects aha 13.50 a8 4s 2508 15 EFC OP SU NibYG) coo se PA Oe as ee eaten LAN SE ee) tas nF 242.15 z 4.. 2509 Ix dlo Ielgnaenee toll o Gan ésadeulleocosds Bas oe | 5.00 fe Au 2510 SED Browilsess cee oe ee ot ae eee 226.65 OO a byes 2511 Ras Os WIOOLER Ae hie tetas centri OPA Rwe eaveaset ster 70.40 me SF 2512 es @ Se Wil SO Minyeha-fo see resent See re Oe eee oe 5.10 Saal Sc 2s AC ye NCISOM Ae em seas eee epee 100.00 Apr. 30... 817 ByaColmmbianhelew@ once rece lier ier pees 3.00 MT aU 818 Wea VELATSH Cie te tacit) oyna one a hedene ee eeate parents 3.95 ZOO! < 819 CGO-OpPeraviviers vOLCmmE cree cis elena teenies | 6.30 ees Ola 820 Smith PremiersC oneness eee eee A 7All re = AS () 7s 821 IDSHING Wietherellsse ras at ie ee eh adaee oetact once 15.00 SiO). 822 LOVE WD a VaS ect cas nae eral Cp ctcuaisine civ te 19.50 ome 823 (Orel ye bY OV aba errs 5. eA pomnin etal toacroheeo Deo emp aG 12.50 WIP AG PEs a5 824 SmithsPremierc€ omer see eae cine is rete 43.07 Odes Die: 825 We arses Ae oe ees ee elt Gratean eee ae 4.25 Zoe. 826 Co-Operative: SLOG remem ait ented cena cre 3.00 2 Dae 827 Bib qroroy cal ahaviKee OO) anc oo obelinauabeouoncs 1.60 25.. 828 CME SM Maip ink Ache enon Peierellicicnekserocyeemeron: 12.50 PAB 829 SmithyPremiers Coe nae ee eel eee eee iene 8.02 Bile 830 Columbian Mele nCos. eee i | ected tere 3.00 June 30.. 831 Columbialele2 Co: 2 rvs ea teers 3.25 Corb ates Oey Grebe lena ne cm eerie ge ADOPTS MUMS o Goo ncbodoao cd apa | 50.00 weoO. 832 Biv Sis NW iol COMED oe.e eens oc exe oe ares | ich eoer soe neweme lene 5.00 July 30.. 833 Amica Degas OW, 2o-206-clleaceoncoonac 1.00 Aug. §8.. 834 Columbiatielen Gone eee: Speer rotche. Cnr 3.00 Septa pier 835 ING WIManEiG wai Gomer hua cas cane learns acco 1.50 Report of Secretary. 33 OFFICE EXPENSE FUND—Continued. : £ ate eS te Jame Date War. No. | Name. Dr. Cr. 1910 | Octe lie. SSOnm Eby Sith Premier i@ ox ascanie ss cc een aeons © ac $2.00 ee tO) 2 ao elma ta hsv eune i=: & pe | AOSLECUISIbDION. . 2 ase eee $50.00 Soe 29! 837 By St. Louis Printers Supply Co..)|............ 39.69 Nov. 21. 838 | Scurlock) Cons cau Rha mais castorate 4.51 1911. | Jan. Qe eels cyayessteronot xe. 153577 \|0f.)) F:0 (ec aaa oe ea ee Gietra ce aeteel franca Bron dates cae 27.00 $656.11 $656.11 | : EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND. Date War. No. Name. Dr. Cr. 1909. | IDYE(O:, Aan | eee ae AROUD ALAN COnameyerse je oor e nc ate $248.49 “ee ORS 786 BS VaWep Ewe AVL KIN SOM 8s,:° ce ata, cosose cue cacy ha ae wenay ens | $15.00 sO}? | Pape 787 SEIT CMOTIUO MN apse uses rosie hy crchoetan sf llores aeeeeeee oy ees 21.80 ai #29). 788 iS Milf, EXCESS ES pie SRE oe REP cP ed let eel cease et een 14.40 So 29a 789 Wis @ =e EG CHISON! = = os sest sys sess || tere ees eee 20.60 a9 ees 790 ING ER GLeNbD YA cre fer eles Al Cree 8.65 yn 29): 791 GeowHeeSlynre se) oe se eos lisa bs ara: (eos Wee 22.20 comer): 792 HS ee WON s)2.(5/a03. . 8s SB crnatoete ee re aa eae 20.40 it AS ee 793 Mee Bm Greenstelders . S425 sh aloe eae eee 17.40 eee ZO. 794 PAM Dm INICISOME Sets scp cue 5) a. sb eee TNL eee ae eas eae sere 34.90 Conte 2 Oe 795 EUR ar ACR NCOLIT Qa eer a his ae eh, Bill icpehome mike pres 40.10 1910. Aa, PALS ohcl lari one oeemcua OmrequisiblOnea sees cle cree & 250.00 USS PA 796 BVA Ase allLMOVer eS 2 feo cha coe ull sede clone chic siete 9.90 LCi wr Ade 797 EIS BAMG ARS ea: rareiancs a Ait ce eis ell lrekticaer sw essraioe 3.05 Mepa 1 Or 798 I Dial big ON WE f (0) 0 lec gs aan acess cactciche| (tue ahs CRReeen ose 32.93 ‘ Site 799 AV DOM PSOM: a/c ctetne eve ererell eee cicate etoile © 31.90 a Sis 800 epee Mint fOr cee ces. 2 ain eee ell ecieas age eee sare PA GG) s Se 801 | SRY IGs Sb onthe ee ey oe eee Ie oben eeend RR OMe tLe 23.80 Mien y Pac 802 Seams OLGS ashy cy ievctae oid creeetaall inet care ten cenwanee 25.90 Si > ee 803 FLOteM Gord Olen sre cree ee eos lepine Als anera ees 2.00 i Disk 804 Geo Da biliste ee ee | Smee eho caecoseter erat 20.49 a Day, een eg ed FROPFEGUISIUIOM Ey Tac eis sore eke | 200.00) i PASE 805 IB VAIG COS Ce TIES Oa areca otal cpeiere Al eheue eetehon tices avons 6.70 un D3 806 (AGO dl BIS Bae as ole iene Oh ante mel (crowned Escacter DOB Bs: “sf Dies 807 VEC SET EtG HISOM sc bs tac coo shel Ney oleutenes Seems eis tose | 24.60 Ce 2a 808 Wer Aen allineyeriniasiaon «sty heperal st akcleae cata treus 20.00 ne Pag 809 IG aeik aA ja Cfo) bark leeeis mes coke cl heuchckc eles cries 20.00 Be 2: 810 Iii dig, DAO REE oes on eee Woe Obl leroow.cca pore co) 12.50 i 56 811 PAR a MIN CISOM ae, ets seo ayer =, S/oeegnl nee co eees Oe eon 11.00 Apr. 30.. 812 4. (Ok Wilken. coc Boop olen elsrun alone done oc 2.29 June 11.. 813 WiCu etutehison.. 22: ex ee ee | ON 78 SUE a ta 814 PEA VWV At OLGSI as ctetee ee scien tees eee mater. 3 11-34 Sore! 1 i 815 ROSS IN| CISOM)-tc eens hee ecole co ees [Riabhenets iemero | 44.35 SG GG Lee 816 BLE ©), WALSOITNSS 2 ose Al? aveucus core Se | aoavatee te oryeteeee 11.00 Oct I es eal tes ee a Pe MOmMeGUISLLOM Ae oese eo oe he | 250.00 . oC Ane 817 By Statesman Pub. Co Wc eabersees, Mien oe | 30.00 eae fee 818 FACTS INGISOM as ale coke tia s aoa etal sh snametehots ataeas 38.70 Sivas tale 819 ED e- GOI WHLSOM 4 nts ols a ak sucen tena [oa rayse et arencc eee 25.85 1911. SATE u > ECO RUS [Paar omnia foek Byabalancem end met idee cence lara oes | 258.76 | | $948.49 $948.49 A-3 34 Missouri Agricultural Report. APIARY INSPECTION FUND. = Bole sci ais ae x a Date | War. No. | Name. Dr. | Cr. ee a Seri Sey 2 | 1909. | | (BYES, 901i Sen le ee To jDAlaInCe.7 ae oe ee ee $88.85, ae 29ers 20i- |e (BY HD arbi, occ eioe eel Lee Te $88.85 IMIe De ¢ 1 IME 13}, IDEN N56 od5. AE RES ON, STN 65.60 us Dv Rbean le eee rece TOMCQUISITION acre: 250.00) NeeSO: x 2) BYOM Hs-Darbynec tiene eee oe ee | 61.05 May. 3.. 23 VME ES Dar Dye ne.s cwaca ee ena nen fee ee poe | 134.10 Ge SOS ee ell ee eR ceh Alene ‘Nomrequisition== se hee ORAS Pe See Ek, 200.00) Eso sell 24 1A MIG 1, IDEM ONS 5 ooo Ey Sk chew een eee Re 121.95 AITO G5 linc teenth oa oot LOMeCUISILLON eee eee Cnn ieee 100.00 Jilyeees One 25 By MM. He Darbycnce nase ie leet erie 131.70 Oy We B5 ell 26 104 Ip Daan D Eth oon aaeeeine es A cheat Anis tl| 5 Sct Ae Omics ee | 120.69 SS Oiipiartrs|lsueva Gare TOVPeQUISIbIONS she) ee eee ce 200.00) Sept. Ll... 27 IBY) Mire Darby eerie Oo nl eae | 170.48 COST LM aL Mn aie Momequisition 49 ses eee 200.00 Os, Wes 40 28 IByoME Es (Darby, «cslekuncocisere ane een eee 121.73 ScD Qatar 29 MOB Darby nern cine cce pen | Gee ee eee 22.70 INOW OS Gta lococnelag ao nea AP OMOCUISItI One ore Teer ie ae eee 50.00) Jan Lae |r ames ree (By JDalan Cer, aiests sce oh eeree eee tte ee 50.00 | $1,088.85 $1,088.85 EXTENSION COURSE IN AGRICULTURAL FUND. Date | War. No Name. Dr. Cr: 1910. Septi. se ail. See ake ees TO PECUISITION-b-tsee detec ote ke $500.00 SO aly eae 1 BiyniG@: Me Won eas nose ne caine | chen roe | $35.04 a Wears 2 We nA. Remley:. act te a ceetonee lac oup mesos al 40.00 sh 3205%. 3 GEE MIVONE sis. 5 ae et ae halon: Wteiteuiter ote teac 84.76 Oct 1 eee 4 Dena Bailey. eaters hee wos mnths ellateietn sie een berets 18.68 a nes 5 Geod IW Walliams ice. castes en oll sucteecaete tence 63.67 a Lee 6 INES URI ay lel oy, (COO5 occ noccladcosonncode 1.00 os lie rly IDE Mag bel deena On o coo.qlad.acodcllbas onde duc 5.50 ) Mee 8 | Barnes-Crosby Co. «2.22.25. -c--------- += * 2.50 ag 1S anche Ry testesay tonomaeels ZN orequisition .-jasian eee eae | 1,000.00, i 4s. 9 IBYZEN oD RRODNCbt error ere HERR erotersd.c Sacer 1.00 i 10 CHOMRaines «osc chavo iencee roel le ehelbemner ere ohio de! 28.55 py Ma Ih ee i151 AY DS IMEC DOW OLAS ce eaehreiscanccetacailsrswenemouene ements 72.30 Corea ketene 12 HASAN Rem Cy.cvaracn have red asec ton-¥- enotee caeieeetoete 40.00 emmenl Sire 13 Mena; Bailey eit eisce cas eee sae eeee | okcokoen oon reaeeone 36.32 ote 29); 14 Dlenar Baileys: oth et eee) ecto uotenec hc 220 Te ate Ate 15 Ce Me ion ge taect cucetensea kor ereheted|tcke sore chevaekcnons 59.71 sae 29). 16 W.« Sue NieISON ss Sips cececo eas a oust ats ov crenemenents 10.00 es) 29). 17 Jin GSOWItteN ja isos Borcleeeacre eres et is Chas 6.55 tee 2918 18 Ay. HR Se OUSLASS eer as Catena neti tonometer iron eaten 60.14 pion Os. 19 Les gad Gs) depp baleen aia negeiaros.c co ao Ulloa auidmo oa « | 15.56 aa eae A! ead 20 (O5ECO Feel Sth hal tyyiener artnet ade a bie, cts to MeLoRCrO/OLO (oid 29.47 ae Ons 21 rs © MATSON Seis eae RS eee tecuees ||) eve ecel ete texans Koy kal SOO 29%. 22 BY A Demareesacnrs sos ica ene all sve Gat oe toreee 26.00 Se Oe 23 JO wHacklemian tae. le eaecere | 'asceacarhpouetononene 36.20 Se 2QOr% 24 Smith Premier! Cove sae telecine 32.30 ieee 2 OR seed cosh ee tel ote cola LOereguisitiOn e-em eee enter 500.00 uO OR aed 25 By Ro D: Oalkins pee en ee eee 60.26 SOI OO Reel 26 Je Ch Macklemani anus acter credence 18.49 tat G29. 5 27 SSM JOG anise ec here al eens eeeteare cathe 265.20 dake sO): 28 (ip. (a) tro) st eee EAR ery ota lraye tons did cath ocaneato 15.00 SHO Ober cal 29 JEOs Whitten society eee ee 9.61 IOS DS cox | 30 Nena Baileysje cere ee cio || eee ee 91.08 ae } 31 Wie Li NG@ISOn ferns th chice uals oleuoierasreemret: 12.58 Report of Secretary. 39 . f EXTENSION COURSE IN AGRICULTURAL FUND—Continued. Date. War. No. Name. Dr. | Cr: = eh ee =| 1910 INiOhiis Zulsbiats oe, Bgl. JicelVUCID OWE a acle e ottins cesmeliet o Gaitin cas eae| $21.65 TEATS) eet 33 GeouwWee Wulliiaamn'siat Sh ais ciate eater 112.36 U7) ae 34 Were Chandler enh kte adn) alice ohare 16.80 Oo DF) leet 35 GS Om Raimiele 7 serokatsce serie sch ae olin Ses che eee 14.49 eo Lure a, 36 CRBS EUtChisSOnyre Grek thee calliecha aera eee 37.64 se 7) eae 37 Res Da Callkinse sc asi oe steed Viswtiareree as Sone eee as 35.01 eae HES: coe 38 OSE WONG echinacea sil cube eka aoe 69.45 Sethi AILS 5 39 ONFRERTOHNS OMG ay pees oe hye cal CRON ek octet 16.23 Cop) ae oe 40 Wowise: Stanley. sacvhac 6 cu. cls cccvelllse in onehy cparacitane 12.00 oe 2) Weeeeees 41 AS EPS SD OAM ests Ps Sees te cae, Ml ones se oes | Sh COS BY Oa eee 42 RED Gail S77 recy: a er eel oh ahs clean re eee | 84.83 oS BX)s 43 (GUTTA KSA 8 Oe eas Bes ute ehsaa thera teenta| tean onshore acne 12820 SOLE 44 EGOS ANAC NTI nat 5 Meces stale allenhkoweye bors oto90-< | 54.13 sae SOs 45 MenawBaileyarnccicoeie tite ey collet aren | 31.80 oY 30. 46 ek Gy MV VEL SO Ma the cst cet tage nad ao fielder nouns rors 11.20 paenes Ole 47 CharleysTid Gigesnsc snus 2 sete ee aller ee creme 10.03 2 $340). 48 em aeIVECIN ACh chao te tence ae owes Sia ten 22.87 omnes Ole: 49 eS COR CALC. 2) ft case tale cet tallias sacl esos seen iil 7s) ' SORE 50 OMPEDRE CKICS x a.05 | Sees Bh ceslots a ROME gy 17.95 cee to} (ens 51 Ca BeeEtutchisone ae Pe Aes shaeeaere 49.36 % Bs as aleocoovsp ade SRORLEGMISLULO De rye eee Arie a ,000.00, Dec A: 52 By Geo. Williams... . Trt Pras ticllee cman are 2 | 710). 55 a Aa 53 “5 (OR AYA oir ie) oper eee Rtenemetes ty enerarel eactoscecs eee 14.80 s ah 54 SoeMi, Jordans =. Hak Shc lhe eens eee at st 258.54 oe 4 55 Geomvor dank eas ncn coiale: dele aeatall cee eee Sie een 130.51 a 4.. 56 Raciic Hxpress|COnna- ele Wea gen Tea oan eh 99.52 a dV foe 57 H. KE. MeNatt... ; Beets nic i 16.20 Se Maen s.0 58 TM VO OGIWALC omen sine | Seer Meg ee tel oo 23.08 Aer walle ee 59 lUkcraky, IBEW AG BG pan pealcha een lore D Neat eet cet 2omord ok ee 60 JG Hacklemanman-e dec No Cea oll iGhate eee Sebo cen 9.35 sine) bi ae 61 PPAR POW DTIC Clinica tate ac lena leneucuacueh tay nec: Opole re) Lal eee 62 AE MINDC YOM te) auch tie eec cise Maen Bane: Sac Woes ee 13.60 or elude 63 Tex BC ORY Dah olshe opt ror teatic lots ce Sub! |a ei omnencao arte 44.20 oat ged OF ee 64 (OJIN Eu Yo} 0 Vey ley oR Pa ee nee Sa 1 Oe US ese 80.61 iy al WY en 65 FThan GSW WLS OD Ga se erate Ate eke arise aie alics oR oy Mckee ee 3.00 Jan OP enohe lees aeeeerens vote os Biya lo BERING OE epetes sic etre cs ec eae lll ooh ic powers 326.67 | $3,000.00 $3,000.00 SUMMARY OF SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL: STATEMENT. EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND. Date. | | | | | | IDE Dec. 28, 1909 Dec. 28, 1909 Dec. 28, 1909 to Jan. 2 ental soa Jan. 9, 1911. To balance in State Treasury...... To balance in treasury culture Board of By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of| Agriculture By balance treasury Board of Agriculture. Agri-| $700.00 248.49 $948.49 $689.73 258.76 $948.49 | $1,302.20) 36 Missouri Agricultural Report. . MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND. Date. | Dye | Dec. 28, 1909...... To balance in State Treasury............ Dec. 28, 1909.:.... | By overdraft treasurer Board of Agri- CUCU id Pa Sree 8 eee cen eet ee Ds fet | ee eter tae Dec. 28, 1909, to Jan OMG, We nets | By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of| AcriCultuUre yechu ieee ie eee aN I oes ee ek eet TiPree OD, WOM. oasee | By balance treasury Board of Agri- By amounts paid for printing builetins, Culture: 2 Re Pe Ree IE account with printing commission... .}. $1,302.20 FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND. | Date. Dr. | Cr. | | Dec. 28; 1909...... To balance in State treasury............ $6,356.59) Decw 28909. cae. To balance treasury Board of Agriculture. 957.42! Dec. 28, 1909, to | | aie OO NM ses ee By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of| | A eri CUGUE Chak Soni wen oarrei ree teste $5,697.51 By amounts paid for printing bulletins, account with printing commission....|..... ......| 565.38 Apetals Oy) TC abe Ga ons By balance treasury Board of Agriculture.|............ MOD tet $7,314 o1, $7,314.01 OFFICE EXPENSE FUND. Date. Dr. Cr. | I Dec. 28, 1909...... | To balance State Treasury.....:.5.7....- $600.00 DeceZ8 L909 eae To balance treasury Board of Agriculture. 56.11] Dec. 28, 1909, to} Jan. 9, 1911... By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of | ATU CULEURE ee eles eee Tei, Kromet ees fe uelntey a eet rents ee dence | $629.11 Jane, Oe MOI. reco By balance treasury Board of Agriculture.|............ | ' 27.00 > $656.11) $656.11 STATE VETERINARY FUND. Date. Dr. Cr: Dec. 28, 1909....... To balance State Treasury.......: ant pea $13 , 200.00 Dec. 28, 1909...... By overdraft treasurer Board of Agri- CulGUres: Se Sanath bhisarce Oh es aoe eee (eda, eal $100.65 Dec. 28, 1909, to Jan OL Oa hs ee ahetievere By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of, Agriculture.) MAR wae sce Roe ees apa eee ei na 10,928.87 Jan. 9, 1911.......| By balance treasury Board of Agriculture.|............ 2,070.48 Unis Os WES ooo ses | By balance! State Dreasury:.):....---.---5|.-..-.-..--- 100.00 $13,200.00 $13 , 200.00 Report of Secretary. alt STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND. Date. Dr. Cr Deen 1909-25. o.8 To balance State Treasury.............. $6,220.88 IDE, Asis ICO Gos To balance treasury Board of Agriculture. 540. 53) Dec. 28, 1909, to Jan. | Oh, AS) Lh ects mi eecicts tent By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of AMeriCuluuresircs em wee cit cues OO chee Gute lor eee honeee errs $6,323.83 Jan. 9, 1911 .......| By balance treasury Board of Agriculture.|............ 148.15 By amounts paid for printing bulletins, account with printing commission ....]............ 289.43 $6,761.41 $6,761.41 APIARY INSPECTION FUND. Date. Dr. | Cr. Decs 28; 1909 reer a. To balance State Treasury.....:.-...<..- $1 ,000.00, Decw28;) L909Es.... To balance treasury Board of Agriculture. 88.85} Dec. 28, 1909, to Jan | QO OAL tars eke actate By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of PAVERTeT GUI G UIP O ale ere presto siiacdes Gea the a eeeectaeal | nestle oo hewe caren eee $1,038.85 Jan. 9 Oli...) By balance treasury Board of Agriculture. 2. . 1). 22. =). 50.00 | $1,088.85 $1,088.85 | PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND. | | Date. Dyes Cr: as os IDEs Ps}, IO) S 35 6 os No balance in State) Treasury.......%.--- | $4,112.91} Oct. 29, 1910......| To warrant 1257 on Farmers’ Inst. Fund. .| 490.99 Dec. 28, 1909, to Jan | OP LOU ess. Ss avatlctts By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of | INPFMEMITEO sb he posi cheers dadeecnoe [edie eee beens $931.23 iB yal CLLOL yy yer tes gare hectiey oe ae en: Neve Semanal eet | .09 | By amount paid for printing and binding) 42nd Annual Report, account with | LAINIE? CoemnntIHOMe 5 5 so bunoeodpan ulacendo poo aoc 3,672.58 $4,603.90) $4,603.90 EXTENSION COURSE IN AGRICULTURAL FUND. Date Dr. | Cr Sener e IGhorampropriationee. 5.4 C.nce7<:1910. 4. 22. ToOsPalanCe ens woes Trae one $217.46) Paes 75 UO 5460 5 MowSitate wViarranitece naa vee eater eens 800.00) Mayal2 sISillOess as. TO Stateawarran tawerycn. see eee 300.00 JUNC LO LOR ae ae |, MEO SUE NAS) MVCN aetWolbass oid loldisak alee Ago oleic aa = 400.00, AGU ve AMOS Gascae Nom tatenwWarrants eee ee eee eee oes 500.00 ANIC Ga ON Olivas acne SLOUS TAtOMWArLal tas rine ee one Renee 500.00, Sept. (319 10le | MROEStALCAWALLATL tien ade seen eee ee 500.00 Oct 2aIOlORa a TOuStatemwarranity.cceemee eee eee 500.00 INIOK A Hh AIO) s eso oe TorStatemwWiarrant..o sce oeeere cL 600.00 IDE HI Es Satcices|| ANOS GEM 5 oo cao Coma daoneaboddc 331.45) Jano. LOLs s. cee i Byowarrants paidsvandscancelled aye tr lier rari | $4,500.75 Jane Galore epson By balancescses eh. 2 es eer ee Oho 148.16 | $4,648.91] $4,648.91 EXTENSION COURSE. Date Dr. Cr. Septev-elLOlOheeee To: StatewWarrants. nc athe e eine $500.00 Oct=t2 1910p. ee TOI State Warrantih.a niece. erotica 1,000.00 INOWeN4 2 O1ORe ee MoS tate WWallantiscmiccsra cree etree ee 500.00 Decy Sse S10Olere eee To State wwarrant. ocx woe cece ee 1,000.00 AAS Yeeeah oon eka ae By Warrants paid and cancelled). 252... o-|-.- 2) © eee $2,606.05 Afeiois Oe NM ge oa By Dalanes: -. scnseeicfe wrecehene to coer ewek pecete dele aewel | coach dso Neuenterte se 393.95 $3,000.00 $3,000.00 Respectfully submitted, W. A. Brigut, Treasurer. Report of State Highway Engincer. 4] REPORT OF STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER. Columbia, Mo., December 31, 1910. To the State Board of Agriculture: Gentlemen—In view of the fact that this is my fourth annual report, my term of office expiring within a few months, I shall take the hberty to make a general summary of the work and policies during my tenure of office. Summary of Work—Beginning with July 6, 1907, and ending De- cember 31, 1910, the State Highway Engincer’s office has responded by sending a representative to 420 separate calls throughout the State upon road affairs; made field surveys, plans and estimates for 109 miles of road at an estimated cost of $200,000; designed 162 concrete bridges having a total length of 2,080 feet at an estimated cost of $109,820, and 126 steel bridges with a total length of 10,067 feet, at an estimated cost of $236,950. , Hoss Hill — -whole-is dedicated to the mterests of ally , Its first department established was intended to educate the youth of the State who were interested in literary lines. Then came the department for the education of teachers, and the third department established was the College of Agriculture, and the other technical schools have developed since. I am glad to be able to welcome you to the largest technical school in the University and to the best building of the University. The University is proud of the fact that it now has its best building devoted to the interests of agriculture, and we are hoping that by the time you come again, or at least by the second time you come, we will have more buildings of this type located near this where you can attend lectures, and that we shall have plenty of room for all. | I am especially interested—and I think the University as a whole must be—in the agricultural people of the State for a few special reasons: In the first place, at least one-half of the entire population of the world spend their time in the industry of cultivating the soil and rearing stock 74 Missouri Agricultural Report. (in the State of Missouri a much larger proportion than that), and so a University that serves the interests of all the people must certainly think first of that 60 to 75 per cent of the people that are engaged in agricultural pursuits. Furthermore, | am interested in agriculture from a solely educa- tional standpoint, because it is the one great industry which is carried on just around the home. The home is the very center of the industry itself, and the home is essentially an educational institution. In our big manufacturing industries in the cities the home life is remote from the activities of the people, but we still in our agricultural hfe—and I presume for a long time it will be true—live in the midst of our work. It is not so true as it was a generation or so ago, and possibly not as true on the large farms of this State as it was in the small farming com- munity where I grew up myself. But as I think of the farm life I can not separate it at all from the life of the home, so the agricultural in- dustry is in its very nature an educative industry. It is not one which is carried on so much for the production of dollars as it is one which ministers from day to day—even from hour to hour—to the home com- forts and the home life of the family. This constitutes, I think, the ereatest industry, even if it did not produce more wealth than industries of the State. Furthermore, the conditions of life on the farm are such as to en- courage, and in fact to demand, that initiative and that feeling of in- dependence on which rests the very foundation of our democratic insti- tutions; and so an agricultural community has a better opportunity than any other sort of community for the maintenance of democratic ideals and democratic institutions. A university must be devoted to the raising of the standard of intelligence so that every one whom it is serving will be fit to guide his own life, to contribute to the success of democratic institutions, and therefore the University becomes interested in having the Agricultural College, which is training those who are to engage in the calling upon which rests our food supply and fosters the very ideals of our lives in this country. And I want to call your attention also to the fact that the business of farming rests upon the laws of Nature, and that therefore there is practically no limit to the improvement possible in it; and the university which is devoted to investigations in science and the improvement of industries finds in the agricultural industry the greatest possible outlook for the future beeause we can conceive of no limit to the effectiveness of our work. The soil, of course, may in a measure become exhausted if recklessly used, but properly husbanded, with scientific laws applied to I On Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. the operations upon it, there is no limit to the possibilities. And so you represent an industry that faces virtually an infinite future, and the University looks naturally upon the agricultural people of the State as the people that it must primarily serve so far as instruction to others than students is concerned, and upon the agricultural industry of the State as that industry through which it can accomplish its greatest re- sults for mankind. This business of farming, too, must be a permanent one it is nothing that will expire with this generation or the next, but must remain for all time the great industry of the people of the earth, because we will always be in need of food, and the food supply must come from the soil directly or indirectly. There is, furthermore, it seems to me, a phase of agriculture which we do not often enough think about, and one in which a university as an educational institution is naturally greatly interested, and that is its public interest. It is of course important that every farmer make his farming profitable and accumulate wealth for himself, but the whole race is interested in the production of food, and therefore the State, the nation and the world is interested greatly in the advancement of the farmer and in the effectiveness of his work. I say it therefore has not only a private but a publie interest to an extent not true of.any other industry ; and the university that serves the public must naturally, there- fore, think first of the farming industry, which, because of its production of food to support the people, and because of its permanency, is the great industry for all time. While thinking, then, of welcoming you, | do it as I reflect upon it with a greater interest and enthusiasm because you represent this in- dustry that I have referred to. If I may be permitted a word or two more, I would like to suggest that there are certain things which I hope will be accomplished in the agricultural industry of this State, and I will take just a moment to refer to some of these—things that I hope our College of Agriculture and University may help you and others to accomplish. As I have already remarked, the first consideration must be to make farming profitable, and it is the hope of our Agricultural College that it can render service in that connection, not only by the instruction given here to the boys who take the long or the short course, or to the farmers who gather here in conventions like this to get the results of our experiments and investi- gations, but also by extension work and experiments carried on all over the State it is hoped we can help to make farming more profitable. But it is hoped also we can make it more permanent. If the in- dustry is to be permanently successful, there is need of using greater 76 Missouri Agricultural Report. wisdom, greater insight and skill in the execution of the tasks about the farm than in any other industry. The permanency of the raw material, so to speak—the natural resources with which you deal, rests in your hands. It rests not alone in your hands, but in the hands of everyone who is engaged in the tilling of the land, and if the Agricultural College can do anything to make your profession permanently successful, as it must be a permanent business, it stands ready to serve you; so does every other department of the University. _ Something needs to be done in order to make farming permanent. It has never yet been made permanent in the true sense, and if we-are not to go the way of other nations it rests with us in America to do something to make farming a permanent occupation by the skill and knowledge we put into it. I think, too, that it needs to be made a more comfortable and pleas- ant occupation. When I return to my old home in the country and find all the men of my age have left the community and gone to the cities where many of them are barely eking out an existence, having been at- street cars, automobiles, lights, tracted there by the modern conveniences ete., [am reminded that something must have been wrong in the comforts and pleasures that came to them in their country life, and they were attracted by those things in the city life that, so far as their essential ele- ments are concerned, can be reproduced in the country. We are making progress, but have a long way yet to go in order to make the average life on the farm as comfortable as it might be, and in this connection I want to say it seems that we have not tried to make the farm home equal in facilities to the farm itself—that is to say, we have spent more on our reapers and plows and farm implements that we use in tilling the farm more successfully than we have upon the facilities that would make a house beautiful or comfortable, and I am glad to know that among those I can welcome this morning are the wives of Missouri farmers who come here in order that during Farmers’ Week we may consider problems affecting the hfe of the kitchen or of the dining or the drawing room, as well as those of the stable and the field. Then, too, it seems to me if we are to make our agricultural life a permanent, profitable and happy life, we need to have better educated farmers. Now, I know there is only one end at which we can begin if we are to have a thoroughly educated people living in the country—we must begin with the child rather than with the adult; and I look forward to a time in this State when we shall have a good school devoted to the needs of young men and women who are to spend their lives on the farm, and in such close proximity to the farm homes that everybody in the Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 17 country will be able to secure not only an elementary, but a high school education. That type of school I look forward to is not. a copy of the city school, but a school that is thoroughly democratic and that serves the interests of all classes not particularly an agricultural school because there are some boys on the farms who may not have a taste for the farm life, and then from the farm we must have recruits for the clergy, for teaching and other professions, and therefore the sort of school needed in the country is one that will serve the interests of all classes, more ex- tensive in its course of study than the school in the town, affording to the people of the country facilities for the study of all those things the town people study, and in addition opportunities for improving knowl- edge about farm life while attending school. To let a boy study in school for three or four years without any opportunity to study the activities of. the farm is practically to insure the fact that he will not return to the farm, and we must correct that condition, and in establish- ing these rural high schools all over Missouri see to it that we establish schools in which our sons and daughters can get not only English and Latin, but Home Economics, Agriculture and such work; and let us not be as narrow as the city people have been and give to them the opportun- ity to get only an agricultural education as the city furnishes only a literary education, but let us take wisdom from the history of the past and make these schools well rounded, democratic, and adapted to all sorts of people and all interests, because those who live in the country represent all these interests. I might mention in this connection the fact that there isn’t a state university anywhere in this country that does not draw almost its entire faculty from the country. Nearly all the pro- fessors of this university were born and reared in the country, but all had to leave their homes in order to get anything more than the mere rudiments of an education, and those of us who have drifted away from the agricultural profession might be engaged in that work today if we had had the proper opportunities at the proper time. I have often remarked to my friends who are engaged in teaching agriculture that IT am sure I would be with them now if I had ever heard of an agricultural college while I was attending country school. But such a thing was not conceived of as possible—it was beyond all conception, and so there was no opportunity for us to get an agricultural educa- tion. I welcome you, then, who come here to consider the problems af- fecting your life in the county districts. I want to say that I think the badges that some of our boys are wearing this week show the correct attitude; it is not show me but ask me. That is the attitude we take 78 Missourr Agricultural Report. here this week, and we shall be glad to do anything we ean to furnish you any facilities within our power. I welcome you not only to the College of Agriculture but to the University as a whole, because I think the other departments are also worth while. We are carrying on ex- periments in the Engineering Department which will be of benefit to the farmers of the State, having published last year a bulletin on the use of acetylene gas for country homes and one on farm sanitation, ete.— things which help to make life on the farm more comfortable and con- venient. And so we welcome you to the entire university. Every occasion like this gives us an opportunity to renew the life of the insti- tution, and every time you gather here the University of Missouri girds itself afresh for the tasks that lie before her. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. (KF. B. Mumford, Dean of the College of Agriculture.) The College of Agriculture is, in a_ peculiar sense, glad to see you. We are glad to see you be- cause of all the farmers’ organizations that meet in Missouri this is unquestionably the most important. It is the most representative body of farmers that meets in the State of Missouri, and perhaps in any other state in the United States. It represents not only the farmers in an unorganized way, but there are meeting here this week al! of the important State Agricultural Associations. We are glad to welcome Dean F. B. Mumford. you to the College of Agriculture, because this is the most representative body of farmers in the State. You represent un- questionably the greatest industry in this country, and in Missouri par- ticularly the agricultural industry exceeds in importance all others. We are glad to weleome you here also because the agricultural in- dustry is a fundamental industry. In the promotion of agriculture we are promoting an industry which is not in competition with any other industry, but which lies at the very foundation of the development of every other industry of the American nation. The students of the College of Agriculture this year are particularly glad to have you come because we have had in the past year a noticeable development. For the first time in the history of the University the en- rollment in the College of Agriculture has become the largest of any professional school or college in the institution. It is now by far the Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 79 largest professional school in the University, and is second only to the College of Arts in the number of students which it enrolls. If we in- clude those enrolled in the Farmers’ Short Course, the College of Agri- culture has given instruction in agriculture to 2,100 persons during the current year. Of this number more than 1,700 will manage or perform labor on Missouri farms in 1911. The College is doing its full share in redirecting the trend of population to the open country. It is not true that the College of Agriculture is educating men away from the farm. It is hardly necessary for me to say to you, moreover, that we are glad to have you here because we feel that we have accomplished a few things during the past year that meet with your approval. The remarkable development of the cows in our dairy department is a matter familiar to all of you, and it is with some pride that we point to the fact that in an agricultural college organized for the promotion of teaching agri- culture we have been able also to produce in Missouri Chief Josephine, the best cow that the world has so far known. I am also pleased at this time to be able to call your attention to the remarkable victory of our judging team in Chicago—a victory not only for the College of Agriculture, but for your sons, because these boys rep- resent widely separated districts in Missouri. ’ The limits of our time this morning forbid me any extended dis- cussion of the College of Agriculture and its significance as an educa- tional institution, but you will perhaps permit me to say that the agricul- tural colleges of this country represent a most remarkable educational achievement. I think it is correct to say that no type of education has ever succeeded in organizing in so short a time such a body of systematic facts and developing a course of instruction so efficient and so popular among its patrons. To my mind, there are very good reasons for this development. The agricultural colleges have always recognized the fact that fundamental to instruction was the acquisition of knowledge, and hand in hand with the instruction has been carried on the work of the Experiment Station. Fundamental research has been co-extensive with good teaching. The Agricultural College has started out to investigate problems of the farm, then to solve them, and then to teach the results of those experiments. But the College of Agriculture has not been satisfied to teach at the College and to investigate at the College. Agricultural colleges, more than any other organized educational institutions, have felt the need of the extension of the knowledge acquired to the people themselves; and I want to say to you that the enrollment of 675 students in the Agricul- tural College does not represent the enrollment of students in the Mis- 80 Missouri Agricultural Report. souri College of Agriculture. We believe we have a body of students located all over the State of Missouri who are as truly studying under our guidance the great fundamental facts of production as are the students here enrolled. Thousands of people are now willing and anxious to take advantage of the results which have been secured in our investigations here at the Missouri College of Agriculture, and as the result of the en- couragement it has had on the part of the present Board of Curators, and the present President of the University, a great deal has been ac- complished in this line during the past year. I want to emphasize the fact that the College of Agriculture is doing some work outside of Columbia for the farmers of Missouri, and it has accomplished this so far, let me say, without any special appropriation for this work. During the past year the men from the College of Agri- culture have delivered 460 public addresses outside of Columbia at vari- ous points in the State. The correspondence of the men in the College of Agriculture has reached the annual total of 40,000 letters, and most of these require personal answers. The Station has published 22 bul- letins during the year, and these 22 bulletins have contained four million pages of printed matter. It was at this Station, perhaps, that the most complete work in the inoculation of hogs for hog cholera has been done, and as a result of the perfection of that treatment the Veterinary De- partment has inoculated during the past year 50,000 hogs and saved 80 to 85 per cent from death. This is a saving of more than a half million dollars a year to the farmers of Missouri. Our men have judged at 42 live stock and 67 corn shows in the State. There were in attendance upon those exhibitions more than 450,- 000 people. We have organized 16 outlying experiment farms. The farmer sometimes tells us when we attempt to advise him as to methods of farming—‘Oh well, that will probably work up there in Columbia where you have the State behind you and a large farm and all modern conveniences, but it won’t work out here.’’ Fortunately, at the present time we are often able to say to that farmer, ‘‘We have an outlying experiment field about two miles from your farm in which we have worked out that particular problem, and if you will go over there you will see what has been acecomplished.’’ We have organized 360 farmers in a co-operative Experiment Association, carrying on experiments in better methods of farming directly with the farmer. We have covered the State with out fertilizer inspection, and you are safe in purchasing commercial fertilizers in Missouri today, because the Experiment Station inspects every brand of fertilizer sold in the State and sees to it that the manufacturer’s guarantee is correct. No firm can do business in this Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 81 State that does not sell fertilizer according to its guarantee, and that is beeause of the work ef the Experiment Station. I wish in closing to again welcome you to the College of Agriculture, and to express to you the hope that we will be able to carry on this Farmers’ Week in a way that shall be pleasant and instructive to you. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. (T. C. Wilson, Secretary Board of Agriculture.) The part that I am called upon to fill at this time is both embarrassing and painful. It is always embarrassing for me to attempt to address an audi- ence, especially when that audience exceeds one person. My task today becomes a painful one by reason of the fact that I am here to represent one whom we all know and all love to honor—one who has for half a century been a leader in agriculture, a preacher and practitioner of modern methods, one whose splendid insight into a far-flung future blazed the way for a fuller farm life, not only in Missouri, but throughout the nation—Hon. Norman J. Colman. Governor Colman’s place on. the program seems peculiarly ap- propriate for the reason that he has served almost continuously on the Board since 1865. All of us are grieved to know that Mr. Colman’s physical condition is such as to preclude his presence here today, and all join in a sincere hope for his speedy recovery, and a still greater lengthening of his long and useful life. It is much to your good fortune that we have in reserve for this occasion speakers whom you will be delighted to hear. In extending to you a very heartly welcome on behalf of the State Board of Agricul- ture, I shall not take much time—not if my task is to be measured in length by the time given me for preparation. We welcome you on this ‘‘Farmers Week’’ occasion. The whole time is yours; the whole town is yours. Most of you come bringing with you the hope, knowledge and cheer of field and farm—the workshop and the storehouse of the nation, the source of our prosperity and the promise of our perpetuity. We welcome you as the tried and true representatives of the highest type of our national life. We welcome you as the personification of all that is purest and loveliest in the treasure house of childhood’s memories. For there is no memory half so sweet to Sec. T. C. Wilson. A-6 82 Missouri Agricultural Report. an honest man as those of childhood’s days, if they were spent on a farm. You have come from the four corners of the State and from every center of this agricultural universe, but all of you have come with a single object in view—the acquisition of knowledge. We welcome you to this great educational center where men and women are being fitted for the higher spheres of life, and we hope and believe that you will take with you, when you return to your homes, some added knowledge, some stimu- lating incentive for good. May we not hope that each of you will have a helpful message for your friend and neighbor who is not here. Lack of time forbids more than a very brief mention of the work of the Board of Agriculture under whose auspices, the College of Agricul- ture co-operating, the Farmers’ Week exercises are held. This Board, organized in 1865, and composed of 16 practical farm- ers and three ex officio members—the Governor, Dean of the Agricultural College and State Superintendent of Schools—is an institution of, for and by Missouri farmers. Its aim is to aid in the development and up- building of all lines of crop growing and live stock husbandry. So many and varied are its diverging lines of activity that it is impossible to enumerate them all, The office of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture is not a ‘‘wisdom factory,’’ but rather a ‘‘clearing house’’ for agricultural ideas. More time is spent in gathering information than in giving it out. Were this not true, we would soon tell all we know as well as all that we know the other fellow knows. Bulletins from the National Department of Agriculture are read and ‘‘boiled down’’ for further use. But the most valuable, practical and highly prized informa- tion received by the Board comes from those whom it seeks to serve— from the Missouri farmers themselves. Each month the Board issues a bulletin on some timely topic. Almost without exception the bulletins most in demand are those prepared in largest part by the people. It is literally true that our Board is called upon to answer 10,000 questions within a year. These questions deal with almost every phase of farm life. Most of them we are able to answer. Some of a strictly technical nature are referred to the proper department in the Agricul- tural College. Each year the Board issues an Annual Report, which is really an Agricultural Year Book of some 500 pages. The 10,000 copies are en- tirely inadequate to meet the demand, which has already exceeded 20,000 for the last publication. Four advertising booklets calling attention to the matchless resources of Missouri have also been issued. These book- lets, we believe, have helped make the Missouri farmer who has been looking longingly to other lands direct his visions to sections nearer home. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 83 Bach month during the growing season the Board issues a crop report, and at the close of the year a summary of the year’s yield. But the most important work of the Board is the holding of some 300 farmers’ institutes each year—institutes which may take the form of special agricultural trains, farm boys’ encampments, or even a great Farmers’ Week meeting, such as this promises to be. Where the Board once had to hunt places to hold institutes where it was safe for a, at that time, so-called ‘‘book farmer’’ to ‘‘light,’’ we are today looking, not for places where we may hold meetings, but for men and means to carry on the work, for which, from every section of the State, the people are calling. This is the day and hour of the greatest agricultural awakening the world has ever known. Such meetings as this prove it. Not idle curi- osity, but a desire for knowledge and an interest in your work, has brought you here for this great mid-winter meeting—an agricultural short course and a farmers’ congress combined. That you may enjoy the week and that it may prove profitable to you and to the State is our wish, coupled with a thousand unspoken but heartfelt words of welcome. ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON BEHALF OF COMMERCIAL CLUB OF COLUMBIA. (Hon. N. T. Gentry, Columbia, Mo.) Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: As a citizen of Columbia, I have been selected to formally welcome the farmers of the State, and I am sure that I do so with pleasure. We have been honored by you with visits to our little city on former occasions, and we sincerely desire to see you in our midst again and again. It is appropriate that the farmers of Missouri should hold their meetings in Columbia, because Columbia is located in Central Missouri, and we Hon. N. T. Gentry. Central Missourians think that Central Missouri is one of the best farming districts in our State and in our Nation. . The people of Boone county, and the counties adjoining, are proud of what their farmers have done the fine horses they have raised, fat cattle, big mules, high priced hogs and elegant sheep and poultry, besides their extra good crops of hay, corn, wheat, oats, fruit 84 Missouri Agricullural Report. and vegetables. But above all, our counties are proud of the boys and girls, the men and the women, who have been raised on our farms, and the work that they have accomplished and are now accomplishing for society. We are proud of those who have left the farms and moved to the towns and cities, because they have made some of the best citizens in our towns and cities; and we are also proud of those who have stayed on the farms, for we realize that they are the making of Missouri. It is appropriate that you should hold your meeting in Columbia, because the Missouri Agricultural College is located in our city. All Misourians have good reason for being proud of that institution, for we believe that the work that is there being done is of the greatest import- ance to the farmers of the State. We are glad that the farmers are begin- ning to realize that our Agricultural College was established by the teneral Assembly of Missouri in 1870 for the benefit of the farmers, and that it can be of great benefit to all of the farmers of the State. I have been introduced to you as a graduate of the Agricultural College, which is true; hence I personally know something of the value of the work of that deparment. I graduated in 1884, at a time when there were five students in that department, and the department was considered some- thing of a joke by those not familiar with it. But today, under the leadership of our distinguished President, Dr. Hill, and the Dean of the Department, Prof. Mumford, and the other members of the faculty, there are now enrolled six hundred and fifty students in that department, and it is considered one of the greatest departments in our University. AI- though I graduated as a farmer, | did not become a practicing farmer. However, I married a farmer; so you see, gentlemen, I have always had respect for and patience with the farmers. As a lawyer, I have been glad when I had a jury composed of farmers, especially if my client was on the right side, because I have learned that farmers want to do what is right, and will do it, if they only know what is right. And it is appropriate that this meeting should be held in Columbia, because here in Columbia one of the gentlemen connected with the Agricultural College perfected the hog cholera cure; and Columbia is the home of the great cow, Josephine, the greatest dairy cow in the world. We are glad to have you in Columbia, ladies and gentlemen, and elad to have you learn more about our Agricultural College. I realize _that this gathering represents the progressive and the educated farmers of our State. You come here seeking information on various subjects, some of you come at a sacrifice, and many of you come at great incon- venience. We hope that the information that you here receive from the leading agriculturists of the State and of the nation will be carried by Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 85 you to your various homes, and disseminated by you throughout the State; and that all of our farmers will be greatly benefited by these meetings, and that all of the farmers will soon recognize the value of these annual meetings. While you are here, we want you to visit every depart- ment of our State University. All Missourians should be proud of our State University—proud that we have a State University, and proud of what it is and has been for the boys and girls of old Missouri. We want you to learn the song, ‘‘Old Missouri,’’ and sing it in your homes, on the farm, in the villages and at the cross roads. We want you to talk the University so much that every boy and every girl in Missouri will long to attend this institution. In every home in our State there should be at least one graduate of one of the departments of the Missouri State University. When the farmers of our State appreciate the value of our great University it will then receive that support, moral and finan- cial, which it should receive, and which will enable it to become what it should be—the greatest educational institution in our great West. We, therefore, welcome you to our town and to our homes, to our University and your University, to our Agricultural College and your Agricultural College; and we trust that your meeting here will be so pleasant and so profitable that you will make Columbia your permanent meeting place. Ladies and gentlemen, the town is yours—we are glad to see you here. WHAT CAN BE DONE ON TWENTY ACRES. (Arnold Martin, Dubois, Nebraska, at Missouri Farmers’ Week.) I came into this country a few years ago, having spent my early boyhood on a six-acre farm in Switzerland among the foot-hills which are along the River Rhine. My life was spent on the small farm. I had the advantage of taking an agricultural education in the public school and the county high school, besides a practical home training which, in my mind, did me more good than anything else. The oldest among ten children in our family, I was taught self-support when I was twelve years old. After our six-acre farm was worked I was allowed to find work among the neighbors, and what I earned was my spending money to get my clothing and to lay away for the future. In six years I was able to accumulate $68. My first bank account started with three dollars. My best wages were 50 cents a day and my board. I was always taught that the ownership of a piece of land was a mark of honor, CO lop) Missouri Agricultural Report. and when I was 17 years of age I had in mind to invest my small savings in a small tract of land—about one-half acre. During my school days we studied the history and resources of other nations, and it looked to me that ‘‘Uncle Sam’’ had about the best offering to make for any young man willing to try to help himself. I took my six years’ earnings and bought a ticket to Kansas, where I landed without a penny. As I looked over those broad fields and prairies, where I was unable to find a stone on 40 or even on 80 acres, I could see the opportunity for a young man in a few years to live an independent, healthful and progressive life. After working out a number of years among German farmers I saw the waste that existed and learned the Mr. Martin standing in his corn field which has withstood seven weeks of drouth. Opposite is another field in which the same kind of seed was planted at the same time, but the cultivation was different. ups and downs of the extensive farming system. I learned that the large farmer has not much time to observe. Land that is today selling for from $100 to $150 an aere was worth from $25 to $40 when I came here. The crops are not much better on some farms. The reason for this is in farming too much land. The land doesn’t pay a profit as it should on $100 land. It was all right to farm the land when it was worth $25 to $40. In years past the improved machinery has proven itself very valuable in the raising of all kinds of crops. It enables a man to 20 over a larger piece of land than in former years, but this doesn’t always make the land any better. Average crops have never paid in the past, they do not pay at present, nor will they in the future. Some farmers place no value upon thei own time. The man that runs a factory does Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 87 differently. It is not the number of acres and average crops that make the money. It is the proper care those acres are receiving and at the right time. That is where the small farmer has the advantage over the large farmer. Hired labor is getting more scarce every year. Six counties in the First Congressional district of Southeastern Nebraska lost very heavily in population the last few years. My own county lost over 1,200. What is the cause? My own neighborhood tells the story. We have read and have been told of people leaving the farm in years past on account of poor schools in the country, poor roads, lack of churches, and many other causes. Make the country attractive, it was said, and even the city bred people would turn to the country. Of late years we have received rural free mail delivery and telephone service. What is the cause of the people leaving my neighborhood and selling their 40 and 80-acre farms? I never heard them complain about the poor roads, schools or churches. They pull up their stakes and move on to cheaper land. The big fellows have been buying out the little fellows. Land was the safest place to invest their money and churches, schools and roads were not always considered. Land was what they wanted; each one wanted a little more. As those little farmers moving away, the hired help getting scarcer, land owners moving to town, the land getting in the hands of renters—forty-six per cent of the land in Southeastern Nebraska is in rented farms, 90 per cent on a one-year lease. This is a bad system. The landlord lives in town with the excuse of educating his children and claims that country schools are not what they should be. I would rather see some of those landlords out in the country wearing out their lives than rusting out in town. That brings up the question of landlord and renters which we had on the program at our State Meeting during Farmers’ Week last winter at Lincoln, Nebraska. The landlords were well represented and made their pleas and told how they were getting along with their renters and what the renters should do. I was called upon to give my opinion, and told them I had nothing to say that would be in favor of a landlord. I rented for three years and was not encouraged any longer to be a renter, so | bought a home for myself in order that I might live independently under my own ‘‘vine and fig tree,’’ and I would encourage every renter to do likewise. Again, we have no back history to draw from to offer a remedy that would work out satisfactorily for both parties. Our country life prophets should bring forward a different remedy in order to keep the people on our rich corn belt land. A remedy must be brought that wili cause a breaking down of land holding, now too large, so that there may be provided more homes in the country for farmers, and young —= 88 Missourt Agricutiural Report. g vi and old must be more broadly educated as to how to till the soil to get more out of an acre by additional labor. Working out a number of years among farmers, I began renting 80 acres for $250 cash rent, boarded with the landlord on the same farm, and made enough ahead after my expenses were paid to spend three months in school during the winter. In the spring I went back to Switzerland and invested my earnings in three small plats of land and farmed intensively one season with good success. Next season I came back again to Kansas, where a friend rented me 120 acres of land, giv- ing half in grain, he reserving stalk field and straw. I sold the oats from 12 acres at 12 cents per bushel and had $10 left after all expenses were paid. The corn brought 17 cents a bushel. In those two years I ac- cumulated $275, and was ready then to leave the place because one of his sons wanted it. The best I could find was 80 acres to rent at $225 cash in advance, and the landlord wanted to live in the same house. Well, I drove 18 miles to see the 80 acres. I found 20 acres of unim- proved land in Pawnee, Nebraska. This 20 acres was originally sold off from a farm because of its extreme roughness and undesirableness for American agriculture, as it was coal land. When the coal was worked out it was an undesirable piece of property and was sold to me by the owner for $12.50 per acre when land adjoining sold for from $70 to $80. Half of the land was covered with small trees and hazelbrush, with a small branch running across it. One bank of the stream was a high, steep bluff with limestone cropping. This rough land did not look rough to me after having been brought up in a mountainous country lke Switzerland. A small cottage was built on the hill side. It was not large at first, being 12 by 16 feet, but it was a happy home to start with. As soon as I moved in I lost no time in clearing up some of the brush land and planted three acres in potatoes. They brought $339, besides a crop of corn between the rows. While I was grubbing out the trees and getting the land ready for crops I was studying the crops I would grow and the home market. All that was suitable for tillage was made fertile by hundreds of loads of manure drawn from a small town near by. The crops consisted of potatoes, onions, smal] fruits, pears and peaches. Poultry was also added to the farm and kept in yards some of the time during the growing season. One team was kept, two cows, and a few hogs sold each year. When I bought the place I was the laughing stock of the average people. They would say, ‘‘ What is that man going to do on that piece of land—he will starve to death.’? When I was grubbing out those hazelbrush in order to plant some profitable crops in their place, I was called ‘* Hazelbrush Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 89 Martin.’’ My early training I had received at home among the rocks and bluffs to find a living out of those old hillsides where the Romans used to farm 2,000 years ago, became very helpful to me to turn this 20 acres into a profitable home. The more the people talked about it the harder I worked and made it what it is today, and it is not finished yet, for ‘‘Home is what we make it.’’ No man need to be ashamed to start low. There is always plenty of room on top. Before rural life can be held in the highest honor, farmers and their children must be more broadly educated. Labor, no matter what or where it is, must be held in honor. The hoe in the field and the family garden, the shovel on the highway, the rake and the harrow in the field are all implements of honorable and profitable industry. The impression that working in the soil on the farm is degrading, and that it is more honorable to live in the Pear orchard at blooming time on the 20-acre farm. city and find employment is a wrong doctrine to preach on the farm. Young men and old men, get your feet upon the soil instead of on a wood- en floor in shops, and draw from the soil not only wealth but health, and the joy of the earth, not only a living but life. Earth is your mother; honor her that your days may be long in this great land of ours. To make a small farm profitable a man has got to have a good knowledge of the soil and plant in that soil what is best adapted to it, that which brings you the most dollars and cents and robs the ground least of its fertility. The more intensive the system of farming carried on the more necessary the experience becomes. I have received many letters 90 Missouri Agricultural Report. from men in all walks of life, and the tone of their letters tells me that the hunger for land and a self-supporting home is inherent in every right-minded man, and that the natural place for men to live is in the country. City life at its best is an artificial one. The farmer certainly. has the best of it. He may work hard some of the time, but it brings direct returns. With the right kind of manage- ment, the small farmer doesn’t depend entirely on the butcher and the baker and the groceryman for the necessities of life. He can produce an abundance of vegetables and fruit, and hie can have eggs and poultry the year around without considering those things a luxury. ... soe ose cee eee eros a. | 212.50 BAL dRCOLRMUSCL VAS LOCI cis tau. Mee cine eee eee iene ee ees Soe | 540.50 GrardieneSOedterte leas socio ake eal cee, Pena) apercl sahara) tol Oars alias ae oe ee tae se hey sc sua eaaie eeeode 52.50 ClowerValfalfarcerass7s COMSiars ct ele suckasie averel 4 falta: cnatettie culled cae 65 ie Greene foie aleneoal or eels 46.80 FOTN COS Te He eit ei co chee weksetee Meee hes oa Sb Se Maclean UE ALIc, Giver fe eostrepeh NOMA a rSmctiee ones vend Me cremate 46.90 Well, windmill and irrigation plant............. Tan BS Es a ain Aen SAS RE Bg | 180.00 Siprevanty Thal HATE NAVE ks che aie heart aes ee ie eta to Le ee | 794.00 SOERITIS UTI CO Ayre tare ocr eae res ee ae ee erats res eerie igen oe Meigs ee ieeret esis hamraanct aan 23.00 Teyaiiol- som, Lovie eaters anata tener beawe puts acted roe One ed ctemeere ls AIM gEO SR th nos Re SA ei eae ce eae 162.00 MRAKOS eoeree sap snsae eaters etoeiaconeric titeliey he Cusuatets liana. o.eeun pietiaus Bee el sien eee ney or neceenG oe cleat ao 72.30 NFORCE S SOND ALAMO yi treetietas te sects erence a letcrinis: oto cus ans baie mb paeutieedstems janis “eitshenjabene Gare 150.00 [PENG HORS RECESS Gq oto chal bro eieara nearer on RICO NEY ies or REReRO ER PIE REUS Fe cucnee rac RERSL acne a eee 64.00 AIOE OM OFSOS heesaloe ere here rer ene, SECT SR ie hie tay Bian te asl ag dlleoma) austen. eve 215.00 MOTTA MVESEMUCIIG eet ears Coker et cree eines toi: eae Sieh veh tease otic erate te Ste ss $4,751.10 Ropatoesiand sm allsir wits eye creche cictenee okeciche tena ch ore. e cle ec. oie el cheptene ee .chenishei sy asa 3,888.00 I was twice offered $100 per acre for my farm and refused it. I let well enough alone. Nebraska is good enough to farm and live in. The winnings during the last three years in growing crops for expositions amount to $2,850. As I come to close, let us commence to farm the old farm as if she were for future generations. Maintain the fertility and teach the boys how to farm smaller numbers of acres. We ought to make our farms A—7 98 Missouri Agricultural Report. ready for our children’s children, and we ought not to sell our homes because we are offered $100 or $150. Those homes, if they are really prepared for our children, are of more value than money. Any farm ean be made profitable so that the average boy can see the profit, and when they get a direct answer from the growing crops many more will stay on the farm because they can see their way out and their future before them. I know by practical work and experience that this is yet the poor man’s country if he will take advantage of the resources which are so abundant. Go where you will, the small farmer has given char- acter to agriculture everywhere and at all times. He cultivates a smaller number of acres, raises all kinds of crops, improves his home, plants trees, and loves to work, and that is what brings the results. I wish I could impress upon every young man what opportunities are before him on the farm in this rich corn belt land of the mighty Middle West, the bread basket of the nation. The spot where every national question should be solved is on the broad and small farms of the Middle West. CO-OPERATION. (EH. N. Plank, Decatur, Arkansas, at Missouri Farmers’ Week.) I have lived for the past fourteen years on a farm. I took a tract of upland timber containing but 25 aeres of cleared land and have practically made my farm out of timber land. I have raised ecat- tle, horses, sheep, hogs, poultry, and have grown wheat, oats, corn, rye and other crops, starting with a small acreage of apples, strawberries and peaches, and I have grown all these, so that I have been able to ship them in ear lots. I mention this to show you that I have passed through the experience of every farmer who has started at the bottom floor. I have known the time when a silver dollar looked larger than a wagon wheel. I have known the time when the distance between them was EH. N. Plank. months and months. I have seen the time when I did not know where I was going to get the money to buy seed and trees or to pay my help. So I have passed through all the experiences of those who started with a small beginning and have worked up. Much of my success in later years has been brought about by eo- operation. I want to say to you farmers that our ealling is one of the greatest callings on earth, because we clothe and feed the world, and we, Farmers’ Weck in Agricultural College. 99 who ought to be the most independent people on the earth, are the slaves to all other classes. Imagine, if you will, two great balls rolling slowly down the planes of time, and a single file of farmers passing between those two gigantic balls, one man coming out with eyebrows seared, one with a finger broken, one with a toe off—that is today the condi- tion of the farmers of America. Upon one side you have the trusts and upon the other you have the labor organizations, and you who produce the food and raiment for these classes are the slaves and the servants of these other two. And why is it? It is simply because you pass between these two great forces single file. Were you organized, as is every other calling, were you banded together, were you marching hke an army in solid phalanx, you would not be ground, as you axe, between these op- posing classes. It is because you are disbanded, attempting to combat all sorts of organizations single-handed. There is just simply one method whereby the farmer is going to be lifted out of his present condition, and that is through co-operation. You see combination on every hand. Let us suppose the combined forces of several foreign nations were to declare war against the United States, and our president should issue a call for a million men and he should say to them, ‘‘Take your arms and go out and battle against the enemy.’’ ‘What would be the result? You would be annihilated: In a business sense the farmer is annihilated today. Like a beggar he takes his wares to the market and asks, ‘‘What will you give?’’ And like a beggar he goes to buy and asks, ‘‘What will you take?’? You who produce the breadstuff of the world, why don’t you produce it, why don’t you sell it, as does the man who sells you a keg of nails or a roll of wire, or as does any manufacturer? They consider the interest on the investment— the in- surance, the taxes, the labor, the salaries, the losses, and then fix a price. When you produce a bushel of wheat, a bushel of corn, a pound of beef or pork, do you go about it in an intelligent way and say, my land is of such a value, I must have interest on my investment, my labor is worth so much a day, there are taxes, wear and tear on machinery and use of horses to be considered, and then do you put a price upon that wheat or that beef as you should, and get it? No; you allow a lot of speeula- tors to fix a price on these commodities. You could stop them speculat- ing as well as fixing the price if you would. But you do not hang together; you don’t vote together or you would fill your legislative halls with farmers. Why don’t you have a Parcels Post, Bank Guarantee Law, Postal Savings Banks and Free Trade? Because you think it is better to be independent and a slave rather than to fight for your own personal interests and vote for them. All these things you can have. 100 Missouri Agricultural Report. They are yours for the asking. No one is to blame but yourself, and no one is ever going to give them to you. We have had a commission appointed by the President of the United States to investigate country life, to investigate country schools, and what did they find? Inadequate schools, poor roads, poor sanitary conditions and little done to furnish recreation and other amusements. to to the city, visit the man that handles your commodities. He will meet you with an automobile, take you about and show you the sights. Can you meet him with an automobile when he comes to your home? Possibly some of you can, but very few. When a farmer gets an auto- mobile the fact is written up in the paper, is considered something won- derful. Now the farmer is the one who ought to have the automobile; the banker has it for pleasure, the farmer needs it for business. There is just one method, and one alone, by which the farmers can accomplish the ends he should accomplish and give to himself and _ his children the blessings of hfe to which they are entitled, and that is by co-operating. The farmer’s first imperative need and duty is co-opera- tion in marketing his products in order that he may get a livimg price for what he produces. At Voltaire, N. D., there is a farmers’ organiza- tion having its own building in which to transact business and to hold the meetings. The farmers meet in an upper room and the basement is fitted up for children to spend the evening while their parents are en- gaged in the upper room. They have their grain elevator, insurance, and telephone companies which are managed at Crosby. I don’t think there is anything more necessary than to have a nice place fitted up where the farmers can hold their meetings. You pay out more in the State of Missouri for tobacco and liquor than you would to build in every township in the State a consolidated school house with a large hall that might be used as a place where you could gather for recreation and to transact your business. We read a great deal in the papers today about the depopulation of the rural districts. Can we blame the people for leaving the country ? Go out here eight or ten miles from the railroad, and what opportunity have you there for young people to have a decent good time? We hear a great deal in the cities about young people going astray. The same thing is going on in the country only we don’t hear so much about. it, and what are you, as farmers, doing toward protecting your children and your neighbor’s children? What are you doing towards making the farm life pleasant? Has you school house a piano, a play ground, and a croquet or tennis grounds? | want to say to you, gentlemen, that the perpetuity of this Union does not depend upon our glorious Consti- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 101 tution of which Gladstone said of its writing that “‘the finger of God z} was there,’’ and of which Napoleon said it was the greatest document ever penned by man; but it does depend upon the intelligence and the sobriety of the great mass of the people. I want to say further that our greatest interest does not le in these great and glorious institutions like you have in Columbia so much as in these rural schools where the great mass of people graduate, but where you will find neglect. Here is where you want to concentrate you interests. Here he the hopes of America’s future. Not that I do not believe in these great institutions for higher education. Ido believe in them. I believe, like Emerson, that we should hitch our wagons to the stars. We should have something to make our young people ambitious, some guiding stars and some light houses. We must first improve the district schools so that life in the country will afford more advantages to the young. This can be brought about by farmers working together and voting together for a single aim. I want to allude now to some co-operative schemes. Those with which I am most familiar were not brought out by our heads, but by our necessities. We are engaged largely in growing fruit and we have gone in to growing strawberries on a large scale. When this industry was in its infancy the farmer took his berries to town and sold them to a dealer or shipped them by express to some city. As the industry de- veloped the nearby cities had more than they could handle and we were compelled to organize and load these berries into refrigerator cars, so that in the place of being confined to two or three local markets the whole United States was open to us. Our ears of berries today go east to Buffalo, north to Canada, west to Denver. Now, because we raise this commodity on so large a scale we buy our crates together in car lots, have our shipping shed and selling organization. When the berries are ripe the grower takes them to the manager of the association, gets his receipt for them and goes home. The manager loads the berries into cars and sells them or consigns them to points throughout the country. As this industry developed in various towns in our section, we found that two or three towns were trying to sell or to consign to the same market, and then was organized what is known as the Ozark Fruit Growers’ Association. That organization sells for the various local associations in Southwest Missouri and Northwest Arkansas, so that the local association 1s now simply an organization for buying crates and for packing, grading and loading the fruit. Now, what has this co- operation done? It has developed that industry perhaps 50 fold until it is now the greatest in our community; it has also established a better 102 Missours Agricultural Report. pack—results which could not have been accomplished except through co-operation. I handled last fall 44 cars of peaches. If I had attempted to sell those peaches myself I would have neglected the picking and worked myself to death. I gave my personal attention, together with two as- sistants, to packing the fruit. Three of us stood there superintending the packing all the time. I turned the selling of it over to the Ozark Fruit Growers’ Association and, after paying them a commission, | am satisfied I received more for them than though I had sold them myself. Hvery car was sold on track at satisfactory prices. This is just simply one way in which farmers can combine. We have in our section a Farmers’ Mutual Insurance Company, whereby we get insurance at cost and pay only where there is a loss. We have our own telephone system. Four years ago I paid two dollars a month for a telephone; now I pay 25 cents a month and have better service and over more territory. These are things you can all have, and many more if you want. It may be more difficult to handle corn and wheat and cattle and hogs along the line of co-operation, but it 1s feasible. You must simply co-operate in a. locality on raising a certain thing. If you are in a good corn producing section you know you should not sell corn. You are impoverishing your land. You should sell hogs. Organize a swine growers’ association. Have a selling agent, and as fast as you get a car-load ship it out. When there is a brother hard up for money, lend him some until his hogs are ready to be marketed. In Gentry, Arkansas, the Fruit Growers’ Association has a canning factory, and when the fruit will not do to ship it is turned over to the canner, They ean cull apples, peaches and also can tomatoes. They also have an evaporator. They have a manager who sells all the fruit grown by the members. If yeu are ina section adapted to raising sheep, organize for the purpose. Improve your grade of sheep and sell your lambs and wool together. The same way with the wheat section or the growing of any other crop. You will never accomplish the results you should ae- ecomplish until you do it through organization. Can you think of ea single article that you buy that does not come to you through an organization having fixed prices? Why is it you are able to stand against such a formidable array of organizations and trusts? It is be- cause you work fourteen to sixteen hours a day. You work your chil- dren who should be in school, and your wives work. If you were limited to ten hours a day you could not stand what you are standing today. I am speaking of our average farmer. Now I| presume I see before me Farmers’ Weck in Agricultural College. 103 an audience of representative farmers—farmers who have become in a measure aristocratic in their ways. You should go to your homes and act as a guiding star in your community, urging the farmers to join together and work hand in hand for the betterment of their conditions, and when you have co-operated I see before you a bright and golden future when you shall reap a just reward for your labor. OUR DUTY TO THE STATE AND HER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. (Geo. B. Ellis, managing editor, Missouri Farmer and Breeder.) We Missourians take pride in the wonderful abundance and variety of the natural resources of our State, and are too much given to boasting about what God has done for us without thinking about what we can or should do to improve on nature. We sometimes boast that we could build a Chinese wall around our State and shut out the products of all the rest of the world, and that we could pro- duce everything necessary for feeding and clothing several times our present population. This is true, Geo. B. Ellis. but how much is it to our eredit if we fail to develop our natural resources to the highest possibility? We owe it to Missouri as individuals and collectively in our various organized bodies to give her a name for high quality in everything we produce for the market. We claim that we have a greater number of apple trees planted in Mis- souri than has any other state in the Union. But what about the apples? At Christmas time, when I wanted a box of really fine apples to distribute the force in our printing office, I had to buy Washington apples because I could not find any first-class Missouri apples on the Columbia market. At my boarding house I am served most every morn- ing for breakfast with an orange from California, although I would much prefer a nicely baked apple from some Missouri orchard. If our orchardists did their duty to themselves and to their State, not only Mis- souri breakfast tables would be supplied with home-grown apples, but the Missouri brand would be called for by every other state and country in the world. I would appeal to our State Board of Horticulture and to the Horticultural Department of the State University, to our Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove, and to every individual horti- culturist present to make such an organized effort that scale and blight, frost and codling moth and every other enemy of the fruit business in 104 Missouri Agricultural Report. this State may be subdued and Missouri may become better known to the civilized world because of the quality and quantity of her fruit. 1 have never had the opportunity to travel in Europe, but I have been told by many good men who have been there chat Missouri’s blue- grass grows as luxuriant as does that of Great Britain, and that our alfalfa, where it has proper attention, excels that of France, but these and other European countries are known the world over for the magnif- icent breeds of live stock they have produced. Our climate is just as favorable for the highest development of gréat races of horses, of cattle, of sheep, and of hogs as it 1s in any of these countries; our advantages for producing the grain to feed them is superior, far superior to any of them, but we must acknowledge that we have but one breed of animals and that is a hybrid—the Missouri mule—that carries our name into all parts of the world. Must we admit that our breeders of live stock are not equal to the task of developing as fine animals here as the farmers of Great Britian, France and Germany are producing? You, gentlemen of the Improved Live Stock Association of Missouri, can put the Mis- sourl stamp on animals bred in this State, and which shall be good enough to win honors in any country in the world, and you owe it to the State to do it. I repeat we can do these things, and we must do them or acknowledge that we are out-classed by the farmers of other countries. More than ten years ago the State Veterinarian sounded a warning to our cattle breeders that their business was in great danger of serious loss from the importation of cattle affected with tuberculosis. The State Board of Agriculture, the guardian of the farmers’ interests, promptly put an embargo on the bringing into this State of tuberculous cattle, but immediately a strong protest went up from the very men who would have been benefited most, and the Board was compelled to rescind their order. It took the breeders eight years to find out their mistake, and the result is that tuberculosis has now such a hold on the live stock business of this State that it will take hundreds of thousands of dollars to eradicate it. It is our duty to take a broader view of these questions and look farther into the future, and when necessary sacrifice our own selfish interests for the public good. We can set the pace for the live stock breeders of other states to follow or we ean trail along behind. It is by our own efforts we select our places in the procession. It is the duty of the members of our State Dairy Association and every dairyman in the State to emulate the example set by the Dairy Department of our State University. From New York to San Francisco the wonderful performances of a Missouri cow have been proclaimed with large headlines in our biggest dailies and some of our greatest Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 105 magazines. It is not so much the fact that we have a vow claiming the world’s championship that has claimed the attention of millions of readers, but it is because we have the men who have the brains to breed, feed and develop an animal machine capable of such great work. It is the duty of the State Dairymen’s Association to push the organization into every county of the State and increase the butter production so that not only our own markets will be entirely supphed with our products, but the quality will be so good that ‘‘ Missouri Creamery’’ will be in demand in every city of the country. The same well directed in- telligent effort that made Missouri Chief Josephine the world’s champion will make the State of Missouri the greatest dairy State in the Union. Our greatest duty and the last one I will take time to mention, is to give Missouri a first-class system of public roads. No State can be- come great, no people can reach a desirable position of material or intellectual progress without a system of improved highways. The life of the country church, the development of the rural school, the prosperity of the farmer, and the betterment of country life all depend largely upon this line of public improvement. Missouri ought to spend for permanent road improvement $5,000,000 annually for the next twenty vears, and it can be done if we will without any great burden on the taxpayers. Not a dollar of this money would necessarily leave the State, and in the short time of two decades wé could have the best and most attractive environment for country homes of any one of the United States. The second part of my subject is to deal with ‘‘our duty to our State institutions.’’ It is not my purpose to speak of any of the State institutions except those organized in the interest of agriculture, but what I say of these might be said of all institutions of the State. No good citizen can fail to take a pride and give support by voice and vote to every State institution, whether reformatory, charitable or eduea- tional. I am not an advocate of high taxes but I am in favor of neces- sary taxes, and from what I have already said you will understand what I mean by necessary taxes. If the people of this State will take as keen and unselfish an interest in all public questions as they should, taxes can be collected and expended in such an equitable manner that we will find the system profitable rather than burdensome. Our State boards directing organized agriculture in this State have been compelled to get along as best they could with about money enough to pay office expenses. The farming industry of Missouri represents hundreds of millions of capital, but our Legislature has been so generous (?) that it has given the Board of Agriculture but little more support for its development 106 Missourt Agricultural Report. work than has been given our State Fish Commission—a _ relatively unimportant line of work. Subordinate clerks in many of our. State departments receive more salary than do the principal officers of the Boards of Agriculture and Horticulture. Farmers themselves are to blame for this condition, and it is their duty to demand better things and larger support. The loss to Missouri farmers in one year from two animal diseases, both of which are preventable, if it could be saved, would pay the entire expenses of the Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College for the next ten years. It is not enough that we create these official positions, but we must give them intelligent and adequate support if we expect efficient service. What is $100,000 ex- pense for the Board of Agriculture when we compare that amount of money with the increased production of crops that will result from the ? teachings of the Board through our farmers’ institute meetings. The better quality of seed corn used last year by thousands of Missouri corn erowers, as a result of corn shows held by the Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College, increased the yield of corn enough to pay for the entire equipment of the State University. The Agricultural College of Missouri will be just as good and no better than the farmers want it. The State of Missouri and her institutions will never rise above our ideals and our support. THE FARMERS’ INSTITUTE WORK. (S. M. Jordan, Farmers’ Institute Director, Board of Agriculture.) I want to tell you something about the institute work that has been carried on in this State. From the first of July to the middle of September we planned perhaps about two-thirds of the work that was called for. Since the middle of September the requests that have come in have not been responded to in more than one-half the cases. Since the first of July I have visited 66 institutes and there have been 60 institutes held that I have not attended, making 126 in all. At the 60 meetings I did not attend there were 13,085 people, and at the 66 in- stitutes where I lectured the attendance amounted to 27,145 people. Now this is an estimate of the actual number who attempted to listen. S. M. Jordan. At a great many of the picnics and gatherings of that nature perhaps a few hundred or several thousand were able to hear. At Chautauqua Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 107 assemblies the attendance sometimes reached from 800 to 3,000 people. At the 66 institutes I visited I delivered 121 lectures to 27,145 people, making an average of 220 at each meeting. I visited 52 corn shows during the fall and judged at 50 of them. I have traveled somewhere between ten and fifteen thousand miles to do the work. Since we have been able to respond in only about one-half of the cases where meetings were called for, we believe it ought to set the people of Missouri to thinking. Now, I don’t often make political speeches, but you can call a part of my speech tonight political if you want to; but I will say to you that a part of it will be such that the politicians dare not. make. I am not hunting for any office and [ am certain that no office is hunting for me, so I am going to say what I believe to be true. I am going to hew as near to the line as I know how and let the chips fall where they may. I am going to say to you that I believe Missouri is practicing a false economy—a dangerously false economy. The political speech I am going to make now is to say I don’t be- lieve Missouri people are paying enough taxes—in other words, we are not getting into our public treasury as much revenue as we ought tc have there. I will say to you that if you want to go to a town that is a live town you cannot go and not help pay the price. If you want to go to a town with a low tax rate you will go to a dead one every time. You show me a county with a low tax rate and I will show you a county that if it has a court house at all it is a disgrace to the community. You show me a state with an extremely low tax rate and I will show you a state with public highways of which the people ought to be ashamed. Now I know of states that I believe are paying too much taxes. Per- haps not that, but the money is not economically administered. Mis- souri is getting more for every dollar she spends than any state in the Union, but we are not spending enough. I don’t know what I am ac- complishing for the State of Missouri, but in the work I am doing thou- sands upon thousands are listening to what I have to say. Thousands are requesting me to come and talk to them about the farm. But if I could be the means of adding one grain of corn to every ear in a Mis- souri corn crop I wonder if I would earn my pay. If I could be the means of adding one grain to every ear,-and the corn was worth 50 cents a bushel, it would hire your ‘‘ Missouri Corn Man’’ at the present rate for just forty-five years. (But I am not going to be on the job that long.) Then suppose you could have in addition to a corn man a dairyman, an orchard man, a poultry man, and a live stock man—in other werds, have five men who travel constantly over the State doing 108 Missouri Agricultural Report. work such as I am trying to do. If all could accomplish the equivalent of my adding one grain to each ear, you could hire all five of them for nine years. As it is we can scarcely employ one man. Now the people have said that they want this work, and if you want it you must provide for taking care of it, that’s all. We are practicing an economy that might be illustrated by the case of two farmers—the farmer on one side of the road is farming economically (?). He doesn’t spend any money keeping up his fences; he doesn’t build sheds for his machinery, if he has any; he handles scrub stock because he can buy it more cheaply; he doesn’t paint his barn nor grease his plow. The farmer on the opposite side of the road is farming extravagantly (?)—he spends a little money in keeping up fences; he cuts the weeds from his fence corners, if he has any weeds there; he builds a shed for his machinery ; he handles pure bred stock because it is more profitable ; he paints his barn and greases his plow. Which economy should Mis- souri practice? I am too much afraid we are practicing the economy of the former. We are buying good machinery and leaving it out in the field to rust. So by spending a little more money than we are today, it becomes a matter of economy for the people. I wonder how many peo- ple are aware of what Missouri Institutes are costing them. Should the farm owners of the State pay the whole bill it would cost each one of them less than a two cent postage stamp. Since, however, the farm owners do not pay to exceed forty per cent of the taxes, their share has been less than eight-tenths of one cent. I am fully convinced that if the farmers were aware of how little this work is costing them they would certainly see to it that the institutes are taken care of in a more sub- stantial manner. Why should we spend more money to put this work among the people? I must say to you that the specialist who is solving the farm problems today has only one line of work to look after. I am giving my attention to two problems—the corn and the soil. One man in this institution is giving his life to the problems of fruit culture and another is building up the greatest dairy herd the sun shines on—each one giving his thought to a single proposition. The farmer on his lands has all of these problems to handle, all of these problems to solve, and I say to vou that one life is too short to solve them all, and that farmer is wise who comes to this gathering where all these problems are talked over and discussed. Joe Wing said that the first farmers’ institute ever held was where two farmers leaned across the fence and talked to one another and both learned something. The ery of ** Back to the Land’’ is doing two things—one beneficial, Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 109 the other questionable. That cry has been attracting the attention of the business world to farm conditions, which is highly profitable, and it has caused a backward movement of people who have been off of the farm for a number of years—and the results of this are questionable. Men who have attained the age of 45 or 50 go back to the land, and in three cases out of five they prove sad disappointments. When a man has attained that age he may make a mistake when he goes back to the farm. Now there is only one way to solve this problem, ladies and gentlemen. There is one great cause that is taking our boys and girls away from the farm, and that is because we have educated them away from the farm. There is only one way to get them back to the farm, and that is to educate them back, and this great institution that belongs to you is accomplishing that work at a wonderfully rapid rate. The men that are being sent out over the country carry the University to the people, and the people come here to the University, so that thousands upon thousands of people are receiving that instruction— ‘Back to the Land.’’ We find this work must be done, however, not among the older people. We will never make scientific farmers out of the grown-ups. We can help them a great deal, but if you are going to make scientific farmers you must begin with the boys and girls, and if we must begin with the boy and the girl their training must start in the country school room, must it not? If this training must go to the people we must come in contact with them before we can train them, and we cannot come in contact with them unless you supply the means. The stories of the farm, while they are simple, almost every one of them, have remained through all these ages unseen and unrecognized. We are finding some new story of the soil from time to time. Just now comes along one from England. I don’t know what there may be in it, but they are telling us of an animal that is in the soil. They are telling us our soil is filled full of these animals, and that they are eating the bacteria of the soil. They are destroying the bad bacteria of the soil as well as the good bacteria, and no soil can be fertile that is not suf- ficiently supphed with bacteria. If they would only eat the bacteria of typhoid fever and tuberculosis and such as that, we would feel all right and friendly to them, but when they consume the bacteria that make our crops grow we are a little less friendly. Now, they tell us that heat and sunshine are the only things that will destroy those httle ani- mals. They say that is the reason that after a drought we always have a heavy crop. The same conditions would, to a large degree, destroy the bacteria of the soil that destroy the lttle animals, but not to so great a degree. 110 Missouri Agricultural Report. Again, in irrigated districts, a large part of the year that land hes dry in the hot sunshine, and we know it is true that the irrigated lands in comparatively fertile soli seem to produce much heavier crops than the non-irrigated lands. Now then, the stories of the soil are simple, but we have passed over them through all these ages. Ages ago a little story began telling itself under the lid of a tea kettle, but no one heard until Watt dis. covered the power of the steam that has revolutionized the industries of the world. ‘ There is, however, another story that yet remains unsolved. It is with us with our first heart-beat and will be with us until the last spark of life—that something that puts the brown into the stem and the green into the leaf, that something that out of the air, the earth and the water builds up the blood that builds the bone and muscle, and the brain that rules the world, that mysterious something that men call life. While it is with us always and will be, the mystery is yet unsolved. There are some little stories, however, about the farm that are as fascinating as any other story. When we see a man passing along the street wear- ing a faded coat of blue, and we see that one sleeve contains no arm, we would like to ask him how it happened. When we go into the great penal institutions of the country where are people from all walks of life, the visit loses much of its interest because we cannot get the story of the inmates who are there. So it is that if we could recognize the fact that there is a:story told by the soil to the eye that sees, a story told by the trees to the eye that sees, a story told by the plant to the trained eye, they become fascinating to the investigator. What story would be suggested to you provided you were passing along the road about the middle of October and on one side you find the trees are still loaded with green leaves, on the other side the leaves have disappeared. I wonder to how many farm people it tells the story of what that man has been growing in that orchard. To the one that knows, the story is told just as plainly as if it were on the printed page—which of these orchards would be likely to produce the most and the best fruit. It tells the story to the man that knows. We are sometimes asked whether the University will make chemical analyses of various soils. It takes a good deal of time and expense, but the trained eye, when it sees a grow- ing crop and sees the crop harvested, knows more what the soil needs than is possible for the chemist to tell. The trained eye tells of the available fertility in the soil, while the chemist could not determine its availability, as local conditions, such as heat, moisture, ete., must be consideréd. Farmers’ Weck in Agricullural College. tela The main thing I want to say to you in closing is that we have welcomed you here in order that you could have a good time, but if that were all, our efforts would be in vain. We have welcomed you to our city because we like to have you among us, but if that were all. our efforts would be in vain. We have invited you that you may carry back a story. We have invited you to come and to get your co-operation to put this great work of training the boys and the girls to see the beauties of their farm work. There are men here tonight who perhaps twenty-five years ago bought a farm and went in debt for it. Farmers of the past have gone in debt for their farms. You are going in debt for them today and in the future will still go in debt for them, and perhaps twenty-five years after you bought the farm at $25 an acre you lifted the mortgage, and if you can recall the day when you paid that last note of the mortgage? I say to you that that was one of the greatest days of your life—the day when you looked out over your broad acres which you had paid for by hard toil from morning until night and realized they were yours. But what are you going to take for your farm today? You are going to ask, perhaps, from three to four times $25 and hand it down to that boy in a half worn-out condition, perhaps worth not three-fourts as much as it was twenty-five years. ago, and I am saying that any man who is not making his soil better by the methods he is using upon his farm is farming wrong. Now that bright boy of yours who is more than life to you is going to buy this farm and pay from $75 to $100 an acre, and how, under the shining sun, is he going to pay for that farm if he farms the way we have been farming in the past? But perhaps he is not going to farm that way.’ There is about as much improvement today in the methods of farming over twenty-five years ago as is in the method of digging ditches over twenty-five years ago. We are coming together to talk things over. You are leaving your homes and coming here to see the results of the problems we are working out. You are coming to hear the story and carry it back home. You are trying to learn something new, recognizing. the fact, however, that there is something yet to know. In our institutes we find a great many people who do not attend, some of whom will stand on the corner of the street and make fun of what I have to say when they don’t know what I have to say. They call me a book farmer, and I say that any man today who is not at least something of a book farmer doesn’t know how little he knows. And do you know that if we were all like that fellow, who would not cross the street to go to an institute meeting, or would not pay 15 cents to come to this meeting, the man who objects to 112 Missouri Agricultural Report. the new idea, we would still be plowing the ground with a crooked stick. We would be like the poor benighted Hindoo: ‘*Poor benighted Hindoo, He does the best he ‘kindoo,’ He sticks to his caste from first to last, ’° And for trousers makes his ‘skindoo.’ Now that boy who has bought a farm and paid from $50 to $75 an acre—it may be your boy upon whom you expect to lean in your de- elining years. He goes into debt for the farm. His shoulders are broad, his intellect is bright, his mind is alert. As the years go by he pays off a few of the mortgage notes, but after a while his strength is passing with the years, and finally the payments fail. Then your heart will ache when the sheriff reads the execution that must close your boy out of his home and he must become a day laborer, a renter on these fair farms of ours. Now, it is poor economy to allow a condition to obtain that is going to make more renters in our country. Missouri is rich so long as her soil is rich, but when her soil is depleted by poor methods Missouri is poor indeed. And many farmers of the State of Missouri are doing all they can to destroy this great gift that God has given us. No man has a right to destroy, to hand down this possession in a poorer condition than when it was given to him, and I say when he does that he is committing a crime against himself, a crime against the Most Migh, a crime against our children and the generations yet unborn. No man has a right to do that. And so we ask you to put your shoulders to the wheel at your end of the line and we will do our part here, and we will solve this greatest of all problems. 'The boys are going to win the game. The boys win the games after all. I say the boys have won the big battles of the world. If you go to our national cemetery and read the line on the head-stones you will find it was the boy who went to the front and bared his breast to the enemy’s bullet and received it. If you will read the ages as recorded there you will find that the soldiers were boys. But I say the boys need your help, and if you will give it the boys—I say the boys—will win. Now the issue is clearly drawn. The proposition is up to you. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 113 THE DESTINY OF THE MISSOURI HEN AND WHAT HER FU- TURE MEANS TO THE STATE. (James E. Rice, Professor of Poultry Husbandry, in New York State College of Agri- culture at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Address delivered during Farmers’ Week, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.) The three great controlling factors in successful poultry husbandry are the environment, the man and the hen. The Missouri hen, so far as I know, is no better and no worse than any other hen. The Missouri soil and climate are, without doubt, favorable and better than are to be found in many states, but no better than in some states. The Missouri people, judged by their history and’ enterprise, will measure up favorably with Prof. J. E. Rice. those of any state. Therefore, what the Missouri hen of the future will be will depend upon two great controlling factors—first, the environment, which in- eludes the soil, food and climate, and the second, the people—their in- telligence, enterprise and education. In the long run, the soil, food and climatic conditions determine the development of plants, animals and man. [Eventually man reacts upon the soil and it in turn reacts upon the man. But in the last analysis the soil and climate win. Favorable climatic conditions, good markets or other commercial advantages, however, may join forces with the man, in which event, by virtue of economical production and high prices, the man may be able to overcome the natural difficulties in environmental conditions. But what has all this to do with the Missouri hen? Just this! The Missouri hen is what you men and women in Missouri make her. If she fails to measure up in size, vigor, prolificacy and in numbers and profit making power, the fault will not be the soil, the climate or markets nor the native ability of the people. These are already fixed and favorable. But it will be determined largely by your attitude toward the develop- ment of the great poultry industry in your State. In other words, the history of the Missouri hen, like the history of the Illinois hen, the California hen or the New York state hen, is yet to be made. What she is today in this State and what she will be in any state, rests with the A-—8 114 Missouri Agricultural Report. people of the State. How well we feed her, how intelligently we breed her, how appropriately we house her and how successfully we hatch and rear her young will determine her standing among the hens of the world. In other words, the destiny of the Missouri hen or any other hen rests primarily upon the education and the enterprise of her keeper. In other words, what we know about successful poultry husbandry and how well we apply our knowledge, the other conditions being equal, will decide whether the Missouri hen is to be superior or inferior to other hens. The responsibility is upon the*people, not upon the hens. What, then, are we going to do about it? Is the Missouri hen destined to be any better than are other hens? Education is the key note to the situation. It is the determining factor. Other things being equal, the State or nation that is best educated will win out in competi- tion with the world. The answer, therefore, is to educate the people in the science and the art of poultry husbandry. The people cannot be left to educate themselves. The State and the Nation must take the initiative. Man cannot ‘‘ Lift himself by his boot straps.’’ The govern- ment which represents all the people must boost. There are at least eighteen reasons, all good arguments, why the State should develop its poultry industries. Briefly these will be pre- sented. First—Poultry husbandry is one of the largest of the agricultural industries. Its size and importance command attention and deserve consideration. The value of the poultry products on the farms, based on the census of 1900, is undoubtedly in excess of $500,000,000 a year, and in villages and cities at least. $15,000,000 more. In 1900 it is esti- mated that more than 1,000,000,000 dozen eggs were produced. It is estimated that one ege per day and five fowls per year are consumed by each inhabitant. On this basis it would require over two and one- half billion eggs to supply our present population. Poultry husbandry contributes an important part to the agricul- tural wealth of the country. Over 16 per cent of annual products, ac- cording to the census of 1900, was poultry and eggs. Of the 5,730,000 farmers in the United States in 1900, 5,000,000 of them kept poultry. Or, in other words, 80 per cent. Seecond—Poultry husbandry is concerned in the production of human food of great economical importance to the entire people, and because of this fact whatever aids in improving the quality or increas- ing the quantity of poultry products will directly aid in the problem of feeding the race and keeping it strong and efficient. Third—Poultry husbandry is one of the great branches of agricul- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 115 ture which is a basic industry upon whieh all others rest. When agri- culture prospers, so do the manufacturing industries, the arts, the pro- fessions and trades. The farmer not only feeds the world but contributes raw materials for manufacture and commerce. Eggs, poultry and feath- ers are important agricultural commodities. Fourth—Poultry husbandry is a profit making manufacturing enter- prise. It is an axiomatic statement that anything that develops a more healthful and profitable business occupation in a community should be encouraged. Poultry is such an occupation. It is in a very important sense a manufacturing business. The fowls manufacture the raw ma- terial, the food, into a finished product, the egg. Therefore the establish- ment of a profitable poultry enterprise should be welcomed and en- couraged in a community. A successful poultryman should have a seat in the City Board of Trade along with other manufacturers and good business men. The day is not far distant, indeed it is already here, when Chambers of Commerce will include in their membership the prosperous, up-to-date farmers for miles around. The success of the city man is largely dependent upon the countryman. Their interests are mutual. Each needs the other. Each should help the other. It is worthy of note that the city people are among the warmest supporters of appropriations for agricultural education. They do not look upon State aid for agriculture as paternalism. They know that in due time they will reap their own reward in more and better food to eat, larger orders for goods and more business which will come from the farmer who pros- pers. Fifth—Poultry husbandry is a live stock industry and as such is superior to many other types of agriculture in conserving the natural resources of the land, the humus, and the fertility. At least one-fifth of the value of the food of the hen remains upon the farm as fertilizer. There are presumably not less than 30,000,000 hens in Missouri. If so, they consume annually approximately $30,000,000 worth of food, the manurial value of which would be about $6,000,000. This, if properly handled and applied, would be an important agricultural resource saved to the State, which, if sold from the State in the raw material, the grain and green food, would have depleted the soil to that extent. Poultry husbandry, when properly conducted, may be made a soil-building and not a soil depleting agricultural industry. It is on a par with every live stock industry and.should be encouraged. ‘‘Keep fertility within the State’’ is a motto that could well be framed and hung in every agricultural college and legislative chamber. Sixth—The State should encourage the production of those products 116 Missouri Agricultural Report. for which its soil, climate and markets are best adapted. Missouri is especially well suited to the raising of poultry, hence this industry should be encouraged. One of the great developments in the evolution of modern agriculture is the gradual adaptation of agricultural industries best suited to the conditions—the soil, climate and markets. In the beginning we first had grazing, then grain growing, then intensive live stock feeding for meat, then animal productions—milk, eggs, ete., the concentrated, finished, high priced products, and also fruit, vegetables, flowers and manufactured farm products—butter and cheese, ete. In the last epoch the tendency at first was for everyone to try to grow every- thing. Then came the other extreme, namely, specialized farming, where only one crop was grown. Gradually the pendulum is swinging backward and farmers and economists are learning that a rational type of agri- culture must comprehend a well organized system of mixed farming in which live stock plays an important part. Poultry husbandry adapts itself well to other types of farming, and on this account should be seri- ously considered and heartily supported by the State. Seventh—It is a sound principle in agricultural economics that a state should produce within its own borders all the products to supply its own people, provided they can be produced more profitably at home than they can be grown and delivered from abroad. Henée, Missouri should rejoice not only in her natural agricultural resources, but also in the large, accessible and rapidly growing markets within her borders. Home consumption and home production keep money circulating within the borders of the State. Kighth—A state should encourage the production of products best adapted to export trade. Missouri has not yet passed the state where consumption has caught up with production. Missouri not only does not import, but is a large exporter of poultry products. It therefore becomes an economic question of great importance to export these prod- ucts that will pay the largest profit, ship easiest and impoverish the soil least. Poultry and poultry products, because they are concentrated, high-priced and require skill in production, are among the best if not the best to produce for export from the State. It is a matter of grave concern to the State, as it is to the individual or nation, whether it is sending into other states or countries dollars to buy the product of the skill and labor of others or whether it is receiving from other states or countries the results of their skill and labor and giving in return money which might appropriately have been earned and kept by persons within the State or country. In other words, it makes a large difference whether we are taking a dollar out of our pocket Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. ey, to make a purchase or whether we are putting a dollar into our pocket as a result of a sale. Ninth—Poultry products possess intrinsic merit as human food. They are not merely considered as luxuries, but are necessaries in feeding the human race. Eggs and poultry, the same as beef, wheat and corn, are staple food products. The business that has to do with the produc- tion of human necessities possesses stability. Moreover, eggs and poultry possess added qualities of digestibility and attractiveness which place them in a special class with milk among the few articles which especially » tickle the palate of man, and which invalids can only use. Because of this great commercial value of poultry and eggs as as a human food, a state is especially justified in fostering the development of the poultry industry. ; Tenth—State aid to develop the poultry industry is not paternalism. By helping the poultrymen to grow more and better poultry every other industry, profession and trade is helped. They are all to a large ex- tent dependent upon the farmer. Eleventh—It is the duty of the State to try to prevent financial loss and to help make every legitimate business prosper. By educating the poultrymen how to keep poultry more profitably and thus prevent loss, the State is practicing the sound policy of considering education as a form of insurance and thus is doing what every great business concern would do to guard against loss and waste. The underwriters inspect elevators and safety fire appliances and the efficiency of fire departments. States supervise banks to insure efficiency and guard against loss. Why, then, should not the State safeguard its agricultural interests against waste and unprofitableness in management? The best investment for an individual or a corporation or a state to make is in education which will insure efficiency. Money spent for education should be looked upon by an individual or by a state or a nation as paying the premium on an insurance policy with annual benefits and dividends to be derived im- mediately and to continue through life. Twelfth—It requires special training and education to meet competi- tion between men, states and nations. That man or nation will win out in the long run, other things being equal, who is best educated. If Ih- nois educates her poultrymen so that they produce a better quality of poultry, breed more intelligently, feed more successfully, build. poultry houses more economically and rear more skillfully and market more ex- tensively, the Illinois poultrymen will be selling pure-bred eggs and _ stock to the people of Missouri for breeding and egg production and pos- sibly also for consumption, unless Missouri gives her poultrymen an equal opportunity for education. 118 Missouri Agricultural Report. In this competition for the markets of the world, like all competi- tions in the great battle of life, the fittest survive. Fittest is frequently determined by education. The trend of the battle in each state will be de- termined eventually by the educational policy of the State. The victory will gradually but surely go to the State, other things being equal, that most wisely and most liberally educates her farmers. Thirteenth—Money expended by the State to educate farmers to a better knowledge of the best methods of handling poultry is a good busi- ness investment. It will pay splendid interest on the investment. A state could well afford to borrow money to educate her people. For ex- ample, if by better methods of feeding, breeding, housing and the rearing of poultry the 30,000,000 hens in this State should be induced to lay one more egg each per year, and these eggs should sell for two cents apiece, this would increase the gross income $60,000 per year. If, then, to this the poultrymen, by better methods, should be able to decrease the cost of producing poultry one-fourth cent per pound, this would mean a say- ing of one cent per four-pound fowl, or $300,000 per year. If, by better methods of breeding for constitutional vigor, better sanitation, more de- sirable poultry houses and better methods of rearing, the mortality in our mature flocks would be decreased two per cent, this would make a net saving of at least $300,000. All this is not only possible but prob- able, if the proper methods which are known at the present time, but which are not generally understood, should be practiced by a large pro- portion of the farmers and poultrymen throughout the country. It is within the province and power of every state to bring all this about. Is it worth while? Fourteenth—Poultry husbandry should be given attention, because less has been done for it in proportion to its value than for any other agricultural industry. It is now a question of restitution for previous neglect on the part of the State. Ever since the agricultural colleges and experiment stations were founded the dairy, horticultural, crop growing and general live stock interests have been given serious and ex- tended attention, and as a result they have been vastly benefited. The poultry interests, because comparatively small in the value of individual holdings, though as large or larger in the aggregate value than many other branches of agriculture, have been overlooked and ignored, and as a result poultrymen have been seriously handicapped. The poultrymen, until very recently, have been obliged to hobble blunderingly along in the darkness of ignorance, while the dairyman, horticulturist, gardner, stock raiser and all have been working in the hght of knowledge shed by experiment stations and agricultural colleges in every state in the Union. Farmers’ Weck in Agricultural College. 119 The wonder is that poultry husbandry has survived the shock. Thou- sands of poultry failures throughout the length and breadth of the land are the grim, silent monuments that mark the progress of the industry during these many years in the bondage of ignorance. In the light of our present knowledge, recently acquired through poultry experiments conducted at the experiment stations, a large proportion of the failures could have been avoided. Proof of this will be given in the lantern slides which will follow. It is not our plea that less money should be given to other agricultural interests, but that more support should be and must be given to poultry husbandry. Fifteenth—The State, by liberal appropriations, can employ experts to conduct experiments to discover the truth, and then teach this knowl- edge to the people more economically than can each one learn the right way for himself in the expensive school of experience. liberal appropriations for agricultural education are justifiable if for no other reason than on the ground of being good economics. It was infinitely cheapter, for example, for the state of Maine to pay a few thou- sand dollars to carry on experiments which resulted in emphasizing in an authoritative way the fact that hens could be kept more profitably in large flocks and could be fed more successfully by the hopper system of dry feeding; or for the New York Experiment Station to show that mineral matter was an indispensable factor in poultry feeding; or for Cornell Experiment Station to prove that chickens could be reared more successfully and with vastly less expense in large flocks of 250 to 300 in colony houses than in small flocks of 25 to 50; or for Connecticut to dis- cover the bacterism pylorum as a cause of one of the most dreaded poultry diseases known as white diarrhea in chickens; or for Rhode Island and the United States Department of Agriculture to discover the cause of the extensive scourge known as ‘‘black head”’ in turkeys; for West Virginia Experiment Station to prove the superiority of pure bred over mongrel poultry, or for the Canadian Experiment Stations to radi- cally increase the market quality of poultry through improved methods of breeding and fattening; for many other states and provinces to dis- cover and give to the world important truths which have revolutionized methods of modern poultry husbandry, yes, vastly cheaper than it would have been for thousands upon thousands of persons all over the world to have attempted to learn these things for themselves, most of which would have been impossible on the farm because of the lack of scientific training and facilities. Poultrymen cannot afford to experiment. The government should do that for them. It is the government’s business, not the poultrymen’s. It is the government’s duty and privilege—a priv- 120 Missourt Agricultural Report. ilege to do for all what each cannot do for himself. This is a fune- tion of government which should not be ignored nor slighted. The gov- ernment has been slow to recognize this fact as regards poultry hus- bandry. It is not yet too late to make amends. It should be done im- mediately. Will the government act? ‘Will the poultry industry be safeguard- ed? That all depends upon the attitude of the poultrymen. If the government is ‘‘of the people, for the people and by the people,’’ it naturally follows that the people should ask for what they want, and the government should grant the request. You poultrymen in Missouri have only yourselves to blame if poultry husbandry has not been given sufficient attention on the part of the Agricultural College and Experi- ment Station. The same may be said of poultrymen in New Jersey, Kansas, New York and every other state. Until recently we have not appealed to the legislatures or to the agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations for help either individually or collectively. We have been busily engaged gathering a few eggs while other agricultural interests have been, so so speak, ‘‘sawing wood.’’ It is high time we cut a little sawdust ourselves. We should not and have not asked for more than the importance and the necessities of the poultry industry demand, but we want that much. We will not get it unless we go after it. Sixteenth—The money appropriated by the State and national gov- ernments for agricultural education and experimentation should be expended equably and with due regard to the commercial importance of the great agricultural industries and to the number of persons concerned, and the immediate needs of the various divisions of agriculture, such as dairying, horticulture, crop growing, poultry husbandry, ete. The per- sons in authority in many colleges and experiment stations have seemed to entertain the thought that poultry husbandry was something outside — of the realm of agriculture, and that hence nothing could be done in the matter of giving instruction or carrying on experiments in poultry hus- bandry without special appropriations from the State. Their argu- ments usually have been that they did not have money enough to meet the requirements of the departments already in existence. This is equiv- alent to saying that poultry husbandry is not worthy of recognition, or not having been recognized that it will not be necessary to give poultry husbandry support until the other departments ‘‘get their growth.’’ Meanwhile increased appropriations are given each year to the depart- ments already established and poultrymen are told that they should go to the legislature to get the money to establish a department. However commendable and desirable it may be for the legislature to make special ¢ — Farmers’ Week in Agricullural Coltege. 121 appropriations for poultry husbandry, this is not necessarily the best plan by which to make a beginning. Reform should begin at home. The agricultural colleges and experiment stations should show their good in- tentions and their appreciation of the needs of poultry husbandry by making a start before getting special appropriations, even though the beginning be small. There is no question of doubt about the result, the effect would abundantly justify the experiment. It is the square thing to do. Seventeenth—The State should help in building up the poultry interests by assisting poultry organizations. Education in poultry hus- bandry, it should be clearly understood, does not refer alone to instruc- tion in agricultural colleges and experiment stations. The quality of in- struction that is being given in poultry husbandry in the agricultural colleges and the investigational work that is being done, the results of which are being published in bulletin form, is valuable and far reaching in its influence—far beyond our ability to estimate its worth in dollars and cents; but these, however, are only two among many effective methods of education. Poultry associations, through co-operation and united efforts, are powerful educational agencies in the development of a more profitable poultry husbandry. We must more and more look to these organizations to advance the cause of education. .The poultry show is a valuable agency in popularizing the keeping of pure bred poultry and thus edu- cating the people to know good poultry when they see it. The poultry institute and the educational exhibits attract and instruct persons who could not otherwise be reached. Co-operative buying and selling, united action in expressing the will of the people before legislatures, board of trustees and directors of agricultural colleges and experiment stations are all to be commended and encouraged and should be supported. To do this every wide-awake poultryman who has a spark of pride in his occupation should be an active member (not a ‘‘dead one’’) in a local, state and national poultry organization. We have in our American Poultry Association an effective instrument for progress. Whether or not it shall fulfill its mission will depend upon the attitude of the poultrymen of this country, who have at heart the upbuilding of our great poultry interests. Your are indeed fortunate in having an able and energetic repre- sentative in your State to look after your poultry interests. I refer to Mr. T. E. Quisenberry, who has the honor of representing your State in the executive committee of the American Poultry Association. The various correspondence and reading courses now being offered, although unable to provide the important practice work, are undoubtedly 122 Missourt Agricultural Report. valuable agencies for imparting information to a large number of per- sons who would not feel that they could leave home or assume the ex- pense of taking a full course or short course in college. The poultry and agricultural press is exerting a potent influence in improving the poultry practice of the country. Each year, more and more, as the readers demand it, the press is giving attention to matters of fundamental importance to those who are hungry and thirsty for in- formation. The agricultural colleges owe a great debt of gratitude to the press for the splendid service it has rendered in supporting the work of the poultry departments. They have been pioneers in the campaign of education. They have done much to shape public sentiment by print- ing the facts regarding the shortcomings as well as commending the successes of the poultry departments. Highteenth—The State should develop its agricultural interests and the agricultural colleges, and the experiment stations should give atten- tion to the various branches of agriculture, with some regard to the comparative number of persons concerned. More persons are interested in poultry husbandry than in any other one branch of agriculture. It is largely because of this fact that Director L. H. Bailey of the New York State College of Agriculture, one of the best, if not the best friend the poultrymen have ever had, says that he would favor the establishment of poultry departments and provide for their active support if for no other reason than their great pedagogic value based on the fact that so many persons can be reached, as he expressed it, ‘‘in terms of their daily lives.’’ The accuracy and force of this statement is abundantly proven at Cornell by the rapidity with which large editions of poultry bulletins are exhausted, for example, 30,000 copies are mailed within a few months, and by the rapid increase in the poultry correspondence, from a few hundred letters to over eight thousand letters per year, and by the large demand for instruction in poultry husbandry, which has increased in seven years from 27 to 174 students selecting Poultry Hus- bandry courses, and many students turned away because of lack of aec- commodations. Similar statements may be made with regard to the poultry department in many other states. This, then, is an abundant justification for the establishment and support of poultry departments. In view of these facts is not poultry husbandry entitled to fair con- ‘sideration as a business and as a profession that will rank with other leading occupations, and as such is it not fair to ask for equable consider- ation as a subject to be taught and investigated in the agricultural col- leges and experiment stations? We are willing to let our case rest with that great important jury, that court of last resort, that jury that has settled so many questions and settled them right—the American people. Farmers’ Week wn Agricultural College. 123 Missouri Farm Management Association. OFFICERS. President—R. S. Harriman, Pilot Grove. Vice-President—T. C. Cochran, Lockwood. Secretary-Treasurer—Don G. Magruder, Columbia. ADVISORY BOARD. D. H. Doane, Columbia; F. B. Mumford, Columbia; Dr. W. P. Dysart, Columbia. MISSOURI FARM MANAGEMENT. (D. H. Doane, in charge of Farm Management in Missouri.) During the early summer of 1906 the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, through the Office of Farm Management, started farm management in- vestigation work in the State of Missouri, and from that date until the beginning of 1910 it was con- tinuously carried on. The purpose of the work was to study the results that the farmers had gathered from practical experiences, to determine, if possible, what the most suecessful methods and operations were that the farmers themselves had worked out; D. H. Doane. in short, to get right down to the practical facts as they existed on the farms in Missouri under all the varied conditions as they are found here. After spending about four years at this, the demon- stration work was started. his consisted of putting into practice the results of the investigations. Farmers who requested our assistance were visited and complete plans were suggested to them for the carrying on of every detail of the farm operations. One year has passed since this latter phase of our work was started, and today we have some rather gratifying reports to make. From one farm, where a number of hundred head of hogs are fed annually, the report comes that by following one of our suggestions a car load of corn was saved on the summer feeding. From another farm in Franklin county a farmer says, ‘‘When you found me I was ready to give up. I could not see my way out. But. the last year has made a hole in the stone wall, and I now know that I am on my feet and success is sure to come.’ 124 Missourt Agricullural Report. On a little farm in the Ozarks that produced, the year we started the work, less than 10 bushels of corn, less than one-fourth of a ton of hay and about 15 bushels of potatoes per acre, yielded the next year over 40 bushels of corn, nearly 100 bushels of potatoes and about two tons of hay per acre. The farmer in question was a worker and fol- lowed our directions very carefully. He was not rich, in fact the year previous to the one just mentioned it was necessary to lose a hay crop on account of not being able to buy a mower or to borrow one at the particular time it was needed. Q You may ask how we got these rather remarkable results—for example, the corn crop. First, we put our corn on a field that had had cowpeas on it the year before, the first ever grown on the farm. We lap- disked the corn ground before we plowed. We prepared a seed bed that would have done for a garden. We paid $3.00 a bushel for the best . seed we could buy, tested it carefully, and knew that 98 per cent of it would grow. Cultivation did not stop when we had to leave the field with the team, but continued with one horse. Cowpeas were planted in the corn with a hand planter, when the corn was about four to six inches high; in fact, everything that we knew of, that would contribute to a successful yield of corn, was done for this crop. We applied some fertilizer, but in a way that we could get a check on the results from its use. Results on this little farm show conclusively that successful farm- ing does not consist of the doing of one thing well—for instance, the purchase of pure bred seed—but the doing of every farm operation in the best possible way known. Successful farming is everyday farming. The successful farmer is the one who spares no pains to get the best and do the best. He does not have ‘‘his wish-bone where his backbone ought to be.’’ Business farming means head as well as back farming. We can tell to a penny what it cost us to produce every crop on this farm, and we know which ones paid us best, and from these figures we have a positive basis for our future operations. I am often asked how we ob- tained such results in one year, but if I answered, telling the real secret, it would be a story so long that few would read or eare to listen, for the success of the crops in 1910 began with the work in the fall of 1909 and continued until the spring of 1911. It was the work done every day, it was the planning done every night, it was the result of the reading put into practice, it was business farming. We are sometimes asked, ‘‘How do you start the work on the farms of those who desire to receive your assistance?’’ J can answer this ques- tion best by telling of our Missouri Farm Management Association. This organization was formed during Farmers’ Week, 1910, at Columbia, Mo. Farmers’ Week wn Agricultural College. 125 There were seventy-five charter members, and the resolutions adopted at that time express so well the object of the organization that they are given in full. MISSOURI FARM MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. Motto—Do. Object—Organization, co-operation, diversification, intensification. RESOLUTIONS. Fust—Be it resolved that we, the undersigned farmers and other men and women of the State of Missouri who are interested in the better- ment of Missouri Agriculture, do organize and band ourselves together for the purpose of extending the work in Farm Management in Mis- souri. It seems to us, under the present plan of operations, that there are not as many farmers coming in direct contact with this work as there should be, and it is our purpose to help extend directly the efforts of the working force of this Association. Second—We further believe that the successful principles and practices of agriculture that have been found to be practical and profit- able, both by the use of experiments and the results obtained from farm- ers, should be demonstrated under a well-balanced and business-like farm plan, under farm conditions; for we believe that farming is a business that cannot reach its highest development unless business methods are used in its execution. Third—We further believe that the Office of Farm Management of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture should, in the execution of its work, co-operate with the Agricultural Department of the University of Mis- souri, the Experiment Station and the Missouri State Board of Agri- culture. Farm Management embodies the fundamental principles of agriculture for which the aforementioned institutions stand; each is to a greater or less degree dependent on the other for its greatest develop- ment and success, and all should, therefore, work together in a helpful and harmonious relation. Fourth—We believe that the prime work of Farm Management is to demonstrate and not experiment. That our measure of success is de- termined by the rapidity and permanency with which our farms are built up in fertility, and the net returns we receive after each year’s operations. During the summer and fall of 1910 members of the Farm Manage- ment staff, both from the Government, and those employed by the College, visited between 40 and 50 members of the Association, and helped them 126 Missouri Agricultural Report. in a definite and concrete way in putting their farms on a business basis. In other words, the object of these visits was to help the farmers organize their farms. Soil treatment was suggested, a definite rotation of crops was outlined and complete details for the handling of all crops were mapped out, and the suggestions made were sent to the farmer in type- written form. It can be seen from this that the work had a decidedly practical value. It resulted in a direct financial benefit to the farmer as well as assisting him in building up the fertility of ‘this soil. It is little wonder, therefore, that it has grown to such proportions. At the beginning of this year, 1911, it was found necessary to charge a membership fee to the Association, and $1.00 assessment was levied. Today over 150 members have paid up their fees for 1911, and others are joining every day. RELATION OF THE ASSOCIATION TO THE FARM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT. An everyday question that arises at this time is the relation between the Farm Management Department and the Association; it is simply this: They who are employed by the Government and by the State to carry on Farm Management work in Missouri are desirous of knowing those who are directly interested in the work. They have every desire to get in touch with men who want definite help in carrying on the work of their farms. In order to find these farmers, it was deemed desirable to form this Association, to be composed of those who really cared for help from the Department. So it came about that the Missouri Farm Management Association was formed, and in this way it can be deter- mined who the farmers are who are really in sympathy with our under- taking. It gives a definite concrete body of up-to-date farmers with which to carry on the work. By working with members of this Associa- tion, it is not necessary to spend any time with men who are just partial- ly interested in what is being done. When a man pays a dollar to be- come a member, and signs a statement to the effect that he is desirous of obtaining a definite plan for carrying on his work, it is reasonably cer- tain that he is the right kind. In short, the Association was formed for the purpose of combining and organizing those farmers in Missouri who want help in farm management problems. This organization will ultimately carry on a great deal of co-operative work in the buying and selling of seeds, pure bred live stock, and supplies for the farmer. As soon as the organization becomes strong enough, and its members have the products for sale, there is no reason why there cannot be a system of buying, selling and exchanging among the members that will be one of Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 127 the greatest factors entering into the economical operation of the farm. One may ask if by becoming a member it assures him a visit from some member of the Farm Management staff. The answer is, that it does not. It is the aim and purpose to visit, first, all the members of the Association who desire to have some one come to their farms to help them with their work, and after that others who desire help will be visited. The expenses in visiting a farmer and helping in planning the work are a great deal more than one dollar, so no one ean possibly feel that the dollar entitles him to a visit. It is simply an indication that you are interested in the work and wish to get in touch with it. Some think it is necessary for us to turn upside down every practice and method that we find being followed when we reach the farm. This is very far from the truth. It is seldom that we make any sweeping changes—in fact we find that in 90 per cent of the cases we can ac- complish more by adjustment than by revolution. Here is a farmer growing crops that are giving very satisfactory yields, but he says to me ‘‘T am not making money.’’ Upon investigation we find that there is little we can do to improve his crop yields, but we find that his stock is being handled at a loss. He is putting good crops through poor stock. He is running efficient fuel through poor machinery. Our work in such a case simply consists in adjusting the running of the farm—namely, putting the successful crops through profitable stock, doing away with the worn-out and hard-running machinery and putting in a kind or quality that can be kept at a profit. Sell two of the boarder cows and buy one that will return a good income. Sell the old gelding and buy a mare that will raise a colt worth one-third to one-half of her purchase price at weaning time. This has been done. We are doing it now and intend to keep on doing it. These practices and ideas are not theoretical—they are being proven every day that our work is being followed. We could not help but feel good during Farmers’ Week when one of our members said, “‘ We received your letter notifying us that our annual fee to the Missouri Farm Management Association was due, and, after talking it over, my wife and I agreed that dollars were not very plenti- ful, but rather than give up the work we would pay a fee of one hundred 2? dollars.”” These are the things that count. When you make farming more pleasant and at the same time more profitable, then it is that you have solved the real problem for the farmer. 128 Missourt Agricultural Report. MISSOURI FARM MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATION MEETING. (D. H. Doane, in charge of Farm Management in Missouri.) I have been asked to write about the Demonstra- tion meeting we held last year, 1910, on our No. 4 farm. In looking over the notes concerning our re- sults and the reports about the meeting, I find that W. L. Nelson, Assistant Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who was one of the speakers at the meeting and a very interested and attentive listener during the whole day, has given the best report on the meeting that was written. Consequently, I am R. S. Harriman. taking the liberty of using his ideas, with a few ex- ceptions, and the adding of some results obtained since the meeting, as he expressed them for an article in the Breeders’ Gazette of October 5, TOMO? ‘“‘The dream of a farmers’ institute in the fields has finally been ful- filled. For several years we have had ‘the college on wheels ;’ now we have the farmers’ institute on legs. While the methods are close akin, the latter has a decided advantage, representing not only a movement toward the farm but actually on the farm and in the fields. ‘‘It was in Cooper county, Missouri, that the demonstration farm meeting took place on Thursday, September 15. It had been adver- tised as a demonstration farm meeting, inasmuch as the place was Mis- souri United States Demonstration Farm No. 4, owned and operated by R. S. Harriman, but it was frequently referred to as a ‘Show Me’ farm- ers’ picnic and institute. Putting it thus in popular parlance seemed most appropriate, as the ‘Show Me’ State furnished both the location and the leaders for the first-of-the-kind institute on legs. ‘‘Some seven or eight years ago a young man from Lawrence county, Missouri, proposed to those in authority in the Department of Agricul- ture to organize an office having for its object the study and adminis- tration of agriculture from the standpoint of the farmer. By this was meant so to train men that they might see the farm as a unit, rather than any one part of it. The horticulturist sees the apple tree, the dairyman the milch cow, and the agronomist the corn crop or soil, but all these the general farmer must see. The one who had this vision further said that, as the farmer has thousands of details to correlate and shape into farm plans, there was need of a man trained in this kind of work. From this came the Office of Farm Management, and at its head Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 129 was placed the one who had conceived the work and given it form, name- ly, W. J. Spillman, reared on Missouri soil and graduated from the Uni- versity of Missouri. It was soon seen that Prof. Spillman had touched the keynote and the work grew rapidly. This development brought about the present organization of the office. ‘‘The United States is divided into three sections, and one man, working under Prof. Spillman, is placed in charge of each and is held directly responsible for the work of his section. C. Beaman Smith has charge of the northeast section, of which Missouri is a part. Each of the three national sections is subdivided, a state constituting a sub- division. The work in a state is in control of one man from the De- partment of Agriculture, who, if possible so to arrange, works in co- y , beau Bee" > Pd The dinner table spread for the noon meal by the farmers’ wives, who helped in a most essential way with the success of the meeting. operation with the college of agriculture or experiment station of the State. Prof. D. H. Doane has charge of the farm management work in Missouri and is assisted by Don. G. Magruder and O. R. Johnson. There are now four demonstration farms in Missouri. The owners of these farms are R. 8. Harriman, Bunceton; J. C. Smith, Conway, in the southern section of the State; C. D. Simonson, Memphis, in the northern part, and C. M. Long, Columbia, in the central section. Missouri, with the first Farm Management Association, seems to be leading all other states in this movement. No small part of this success is due to the very generous co-operation between F. B. Mumford, Dean of the Missouri A—9 130 Missouri Agricultural Report. Agricultural College, and Prof. W. J. Spillman of the Department of Agriculture. ‘‘Harly last spring the plan of farming to be used on Demonstra- tion Farm No. 4 was carefully laid out by Mr. Doane, and the details of all farm operations were considered. The farm was mapped, a soil treatment outlined, and a crop rotation established. Then the utiliza- tion of crops by stock was taken up, and assistance was even given in the buying and selling of all crops and.stock, every operation being carefully accounted for in a complete system of bookkeeping. It should be stated that Mr. Harriman received no financial aid from ‘Uncle Sam’ or the State of Missouri, so that his place is in no sense intended as a model farm. The improvements are not extensive. Even the old rail Three hundred farmers and their wives spent the forenoon in Nature’s Auditorium, listening to Farm Management talks and the plans that had been made for the Demonstration Farm. fence, once so common in Missouri, is still in use, but about the farm, which includes both bottom and upland, there is an air of neatness, thrift and industry. One is impressed with the fact that here is a home. ‘“ Ags suecess seemed to attend Mr. Harriman’s work, it was decided to hold an all-day meeting—a picnic whose promoters had a purpose— right on the farm. The day came, so did the people—some 300 of them, men and women representing every section of the county in which the meeting was held, a dozen or more other counties and. five or six other states. It was a great gathering. As one looked into the faces of the thoughtful, intelligent men and women there he was impressed with the Farmers’ Weck in Agricultural College. 131 fact that here were people eager to better understand and more fully appreciate the problems, possibilities and pleasures of life on the farm. ‘‘Wirst, attention was called to the needs and objects of such a meeting. It was pointed out that farming is a business demanding brains as well as brawn; that farming today is a far more intricate proposition than in the time of our forefathers, when men could skim the cream off of one quarter-section, then move to another 160 acres; that changed location, not crop rotation, gave to the pioneer a land pro- ductive of plenty; that farming demands fitness, and that while almost any man ’may ‘mine land,’ no fool can farm it. One speaker declared that it is folly for the farmer to think about cultivating more land, when The afternoon was spent in examining the crops as, and where, they grew. Here the soy beans stood snoulder high, set from 100 to 200 pods, and had nodules on the roots as large as small peas. The soy bean has a feeding value equal to oil meal— home-grown protein. it is impossible for him to get sufficient help as it is. ‘What, then,’ came the question, ‘must be the solution of this perplexing problem? What, if not to increase the yield, thereby decreasing the cost? It will not come through added acres, but by added bushels,’ continued the speaker. ‘The demand is not so much for larger farming as for better farming,’ ‘One important object of the farm management movement was said to be to help the farmer know the cost and to reduce the cost. This thought ran through practically every talk. Among the speakers were: F. B. Mumford, Dean of the Missouri Agricultural College; T. C. Wilson, Seeretary of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture; W. lL. Nelson, Assistant Secretary of the same Board; J. A. Drake of the United States 132 Missouri Agricultural Report. Department of Agriculture; Prof. D. H. Doane, R. 8. Harriman and Miss Hlena Bailey, the latter of the State Board of Agriculture. Prof. Spillman, who had been expected, was ill at the time and un- able to be present. ‘“At the noon hour a dinner, not only fit for kings but fit for farm- ers, was enjoyed, after which Mr. Doane explained the work of the farm, using large diagrams showing the different fields. One diagram showed the farm as it was when the work was started. The other showed how the farm had been re-planned, every bit of the ground utilized in some way and the fields so divided as to fit the rotations. The rotation scheme is for four fields of from twelve to fifteen acres each. Three The cowpea field caused no little comment, for here between three and four tons of hay was harvested per acre. It was cured and stacked in a curing rack, which makes it possible to stack the vines when green and thus save all the leaves. fields are used for a primary rotation and one field is subdivided into three equal parts, or three small fields used instead. ‘‘The primary rotation on twelve-acre fields was as follows: First year, corn; cowpeas planted in one-half the corn and rape sown in the other half. Second year, oats, to be cut for hay or threshed, and clover sown in oats in spring. Third year, clover. ‘“Secondary rotation, fields four acres each: First year, corn; cow: peas hogged down. Second year, soy beans, rye pastured. Third year, rape pastured. It was explained that the rotation was not in ‘full swing,’ as the work had not been carried on long enough to get each field to producing just the crop desired. ‘“At the conclusion of Mr. Doane’s talk, the trip over the farm was Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 133 commenced. It was an inspiring sight to see 150 farmers moving out into the fields. The first field visited was one that had been spring- sown to clover in April, 10 pounds per acre, without a nurse crop. The year before the field had been in corn and cowpeas, and the prepara- tion for the clover had all been made with a harrow. The excellence of the particular harrow used and the effect of the cowpeas on the soil made it possible to get almost a perfect seed bed. This field of clover was unusually fine. “The next field had produced a 50-bushel oat crop. The Texas Red Rust Proof seed used had been treated in a 40 per cent formalin solution of one pint formalin and 45 gallons of water. As a result, Each crop and the treatment given each field was fully explained as they were passed over. An inviting place to rest called for a stop and a talk. “Yes, on the lower part of this field we grew Alsike Clover forty to fifty inches high, in places where it was so wet that previous to this year only slough grass would grow.” there was not a head of smut or rust that could be found in the field, and the oats, fit for high-class seed, will command a price about double that received for oats at threshing time. After the oats were off cow- peas were drilled with a corn planter in the stubble, about 25 pounds per acre. These peas are to be turned under this fall. This field goes to corn next year. ‘‘Next came the field of soy beans. Here was the most remarkable crop of all. The soy beans, 25 pounds per acre, had been drilled with a corn planter June 22. The last of May or early part of June would have been better. At this time they were from about waist high to shoulder high and very heavily loaded with pods. Counting pods that 134 Missourt Agricultural Report. were just setting, it was found that a single average plant had from 100 to 230 pods on it, with from one to three beans in a pod. There were growing in this field several varieties, but the one that was doing the best, and the one that was being grown as a field crop, was the Medium Yellow. The Hope and Austin varieties, however, gave promise of being very productive and were more early-maturing than the Medium Yellow. ‘“‘Tn one field was a wonderful growth of cowpeas and corn, a growth so dense that to walk through the field was out of the question. A small tract of low, wet ground had been made to yield good returns Cowpeas in corn. This catch crop made for Mr. Harriman about $100.00 that he had never previously made, by pasturing down the peas with western lambs. by seeding to alsike clover. The last field visited was one of three and one-half acres of rape, supporting forty head of 80-pound hogs that were eetting two pounds of corn each per day. “Truly, it was a great agricultural ‘field day.’ As each field was reached, and while the actual crop or result was in plain view, stops were made and little institutes were held, detailed descriptions being Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 135 given as to just how the field had been prepared, the kind and amount of seed sown, the date, method, how the crop had been treated or cared for, and in some instances the cost of the work and yields were given.’’ After the reports for the year’s work came in, in the fall, some re- sults about like this have shown up: The fifty-bushel yield of oats sold for 60 cents to 80 cents per bushel for seed, and they were replaced for feed at 35 cents per bushel. The soy beans were used for winter hog feed in a very satisfactory way, as it eliminated the necessity of the purchase of any high priced pro- tein feed. The hogs that were pastured on the rape made a pound of gain with a pound of corn, thereby saving, under ordinary conditions, four pounds of corn on every pound of gain. The corn and cowpeas fields had western lambs turned into them, with results about like this: September 26, purchased 140 lambs weighing 53 Ibs. at $6.00 per cwt........- $445.00 IMwsrAslns Comsat NO, kebacaoudddcous sudo oddmonaboegmoonLe ee ena or borta aap 36.00 AMON Coin Onahinele 6 PS chouboohetdoate de souabee ov ob ood oo oD oomoco nee $481.00 Kreight, commission, etc., in) marketing... .. 22:21 eee i ee eee 39.00 FINO GCOS Gere eee Ra cee eee kone aoe gues oo cence el MieCiche seca e nan ais $520.00 Fifty-seven days after purchasing they were sold at an average weight of 71 NOS teal Gr OM 4 Omer ciety cee Pasta ak ettore atic vats on ohal dees cle tira tole loaned) ca shal si mieewis sltue, sTesee. @) fe 630.00 One lamb died on the farm and there was a cut on a few at St. Louis. This shows that we had on a 53-day feeding operation $110.00 to pay for 70 bushels of corn (the estimated amount the lambs ate while in the fields), the cowpeas gathered from 10-15 acres of corn, interest on investment, labor, ete. To the practical farmer there need be no special emphasis laid on the importance or value of the pasturing down of the crops by hogs and lambs, as they were in these instances. This year the fields so treated will tell a tale of maintained and in some cases increased fertility, which will be shown in a financial way by the abundant har- vests of 1912. At the ‘‘round-up,’’ following the completion of the trip over the farm, there was a kind of informal but enthusiastic “‘experience meet- ing,’’ in which many told of how they had been impressed by the day’s work as developed in the first Demonstration Farm Meeting ever held, and how they felt about it. Then it was seen that good seed had fallen in fertile ground. The common thought was, why had not the plan of holding a farmers’ institute, where the lectures might be illustrated, not with dull and often uninteresting maps and charts, but with living, growing things, been tried before. It seemed the natural, sensible, easy ce way. It was the Missouri way—the ‘‘show-me’’ way. It works! 136 Missouri Agricultural Report. SIZE OF FARMS FOR GENERAL FARMING. (G. F. Warren, Professor of Farm Management and Farm Crops, Cornell University. Address Delivered at Columbia During Missouri Farmers’ Week.) One of the most striking results of the agricul- tural survey work which we have been doing in New York is the positive way in which the size of busi- ness has affected profits. In this work we have found the year’s profits on about 1,500 farms in two counties that are quite different in type, yet the con- clusions on nearly all points agree. The size of business is one of the most important factors for success in agriculture. This size is ap- proximately measured by the number of acres, when G. F. Warren. dealing with any given type of farming. There were some celery, lettuce and onion farms on muck land. Ten acres of such land represents as large a business as 100 acres of land devoted to general farming. The following results are for hay, grain, potato, stock and dairy farms: Size of farm related to profits—In Tompkins county the average owner, with less than 61 acres, made considerably less than hired men received. The average farmer with 61 to 100 acres made about the same as hired men. Those with over 100 acres averaged much better than farm wages. (Table 1.) TABLE 1. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO PROFITS. 586 FARMS IN TOMPKINS COUNTY OPERATED BY OWNERS. Number Average Labor Acres. of size income. farms. (acres.) * SOLO MOSS Sai aie ace untis che hee Re Gas Cen dor SOLO Re veneer 30 PA | $168 SLECO GO leap CP LC ete Dene RCR TEER OR CIEE EE GENET 108 49 254 GL sto LOOS Ae ac Sioa aaah eens eo ee oie ee 214 83 ole LOIRCORL SO Seis celisonc lose chee arane tate aicka eee aakenetetieye ereieiatet: 148 124 436 VEL ZOO 6 eS aie Glas, Gye lene nea sodafole ensue fy eReRe ae oe ene eieee ie iii Wee 635 OMER ZOO Ane cent Sarena las 5 onthe alana, et oee AE eae EO TO NCEe ee | 34 261 946 H 2% (=) ot: => a a ee Dy ERR Pee arte A eer sé Ile) Aka chic. ORG Nore 103 $415 made 5 per cent interest on his capital and has cleared $500 above all farm expenses, besides having the use of a house and such farm produce as the farm furnished for consumption in the house. ‘This figure can, therefore, be compared with wages paid to a hired man who is given a house, garden, etc. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 137 The tenants on the larger farms also make considerably more than those on small farms. The size of farm does not seem to affect the land- lord’s profit. Labot /CO/ME | TSS i a See eee eee soe A ae | fp AS a ae BBB Oo 4.0 30 /20 760 200 240 REO G/ZE of farrre —Acrés Fig. 1—The larger farms pay much better than the smaller ones. Table 2 shows similar results for Livingston county. Again the largest farms pay much better than the small ones. One might think that the farmers on the small farms could not own more land if they desired. But from table 2 it will be seen that no larger proportion of the small farms are mortgaged than of the large ones. Most of the farm- ers on the small farms could own more land if they wished to go in debt for it. TABLE 2. SIZE OF FARMS RELATED TO PROFITS, 293 FARMS IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY OPERATED BY OWNERS. Avg. Avg. | Mortgaged. Acres. No. sive, || Tejpaye; | |) = | farms. acres. | income. | No. Per cent. SOLORMESS Cer Oat ra ee Se alos 15 20) $64 4 27 SgCORS Ol yet eae hae ae elias 24 44| 307 9 38 EE UON HOOr eels CPepayaicovaat oa cvehaiy ssn ieye.0 3 tics 95 79 376) 35 39 MOM ECORU SOM yereyciisirhie eis one avesieters aie ahs is) suse eastere 89 125 650) 36 40 SG GORZ OO come ts ave vorcereheneremenercus erOroe Gols aiaieus 32 i733 997 | 9 31 OVere ZOO erecta Pare cron cetatacay tec, soaous) & lsuortes « 38 300) 1,104 13 34 138 Missourt Agricultural Report. There is much discussion about farms being too large. Many persons who are not engaged in farming and some farmers believe that smaller farms would be better. All the figures that we have secured from these two counties, as well as figures from 178 farms scattered about the State, indicate that the larger farms are more efficient. The fundamental cause for this change is the change from hand labor to the use of machinery. It seems, therefore, that larger farms are likely to be a permanent necessity so long as the present types of farming continue. Since more and more’ machinery is being used, it is to be expected that farms will continue to increase in size for some time. This does not mean that large ‘‘bonanza’’ farms are to develop. We have no figures for such farms, as none of them exist in these counties. The group of largest farms averages only 261 acres in Tompkins county and 300 acres in Livingston county. All the farms are the ") typical American ‘‘family-farm,’’ on which the farmer and his family do the major part'of the farm work. Even on the farms containing over 200 aeres, the family does half of the farm work. These figures may, therefore, be taken as suggesting the most profitable size for a family farm. The larger farms seem to be better than the smaller ones for this purpose. These figures do not throw any light on the desirability of the very large farm on which the farmer is so busy managing that he does not do any manual labor. From observation, we are of the opinion that such farms have many serious obstacles in their way. They are not likely to be able to handle labor effectively. The farmer who works with his men and directs them as he works, and who treats his hired men as equals, has a great’ advantage. There can be no question but that the larger farms are paying better. But some persons may say that the difference is due not to the size of the farm, but to the farmer, and that the better farmers live on the larger farms. If small farms are the best size, it would seem as if the more intelligent farmers would choose them. If the more intelli- gent men all choose large farms there must be some reason for it. Cer- tainly there must be some good farmers living on small farms. If the small farm offers the best opportunities, these farmers should be doing exceedingly well. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 139 TABLE 3. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO PROFITS, TOMPKINS COUNTY. Per cent of the farmers Per cent of Acres. Number making labor the farmers * of farms. incomes of making labor less than incomes of $401. over $1,000. 3 OROLLLCSS Hae ee eerie sit Seeds oh che soo al gibiens PNR chou 30 90 0 SS mG OR OUT Ee eonetel ire, ean a act tes © cles immed OS see ska 108 aD 1 GilRCO ROOK Pate cue tial ocak es ietoks Weosia, dats: waster se Soils 214 59 4 HNC) ie GO Nes serene ere ches tr aah Searin ei's lov oa eae, eva 143 53 12 PES Me GO OOK saya citar ter tn coi fa oy Sites.) aio cha, Biray'eh avs Sauls ne 57 42 28 Owner FDO a ak eae ea en PR en 34 29 32 TABLE 4. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO TENANT’S LABOR INCOME AND LANDLORD’S PER CENT. 154 FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS, TOMPKINS COUNTY. Acres. Number Tenant's Landlord's of farms. | labor income. per cent. MO OROTBIESS pence pay sete a snows yes/no ale ep sreeeitelss 58 | $381 u6 OTS CO ws One ee nen eres mend ars yartafePos Goaker as wens as 64 359 9.3 REDE Ones OO Oleeraetete e meticn ed apcm ve ene cyl shovals c teuspereusl a rene 21 430 8.0 OV Cre? OO eweracyatirn. sbssorarawanaires ashy chine setermuave te eels 11 650 To) *There were only eight farms of less than sixty-one acres. These are all included with the group of 100 acres or less. _ Of 138 farmers on farms of less than 61 acres, only 10 made a labor income as high as $600. Of 234 farmers with over 100 acres, 79 made over $600. Of 138 farmers on farms of less than 61 acres, only one man made a labor income of $1,000. Of 34 farmers on farms of over 200 acres, 11 made over $1,000 labor income. | Why the largest farms are most profitable-—Small farms have many disadvantages. A large part of the farm work cannot be done econom- ically without at least two men. Many of the smaller farms do not have enough work to keep a hired man profitably employed. The cost of labor per acre is excessive on small farms, also the cost of horse labor. The cost of producing crops on the small farms is also increased because of the lack of machinery. Labor cost and size of farm.—rThe receipts per acre are more on small farms than on the larger ones, but the single item of labor cost is so great that it more than offsets the difference in receipts. Other expenses are also more per acre on the small farms. 140 Missouri Agricultural Report. TABLE 5. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO RECEIPTS, EXPENSES AND LABOR. FARMS OPERATED BY OWNERS, TOMPKINS COUNTY. { | { ‘Receipts| Other | | : Labor | E | | | Average | Receipts | minus | expenses Net ; cost Acres. | size per or | «Labor and | profit | (acres). acre. p * per interest | per acret. acre*. acre. {per acre. SOTONVICSS® sn PoAeeg he erect | 21|} $26.14] $19.90) $6.24) $13.76) loss $7.52 Ol CO GOMS. oc -ates se craton atone 49 14.24 8.10 6.14) 7.61) loss 1.47 GLtoolOOs Asie eke eked 83) 12.49 5, 60 6.89) 6.32) gain Alay / LOL COM SOV he ear recor 124 11.56 4.54) 7.02! 6.13) gain .89 a5} Roses? 010 ete aca ieee ain FoF Sc orto | W277 10.89 3.92! 6.97 5.22) gain hei '3) OVCEEZOOR citer toteteceteheateiere | 261 10.93 Soo 7.60 5.22) gain 2.38 *Total amount paid for labor, value of board of labor, value of unpaid labor by members of the family, and the farmer’s labor estimated at $326 for the year. +Profit after deducting expenses, interest on capital at 5%, and all labor as defined above: TABLE 6. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO LABOR. 586 FARMS IN TOMPKINS COUNTY OPERATED BY OWNERS. Area farmed per Acres. $100 worth of labor.* SK O}(0) SES to roars lot ARO MCRL Or RORER MAN apnea Peis Oe Ano Meas Lam Gr cheL tooo Gb cealeoeneies o 5 acres. Sl FORGO Reaches ove ou k nie) aud Muah a OR mn salic Qasherattaa es Sinton celal Oren Nee tea ee oe 12 acres. GUsGOel OO artaltAeeceiow sedi sly Pos ita cee Gnesi eRe RN DRC ee A Een eS ena 18 acres. I OS ero et U5) OF i ag oe rt ee ha aE ae Bie net ttEid He Lb ee oOo o 22 acres. LoS ALO Oe hte iets ate aera ais AEC Re oe thn nine Ea clott oma oda ba mb Goce 26 acres. (QC PAU Osta ae at eee eee ee MEA eee cup bagn tuLNCMONG rie ahd. Gena ao ae Sa Ae 30 acres. *Total labor cost includes wages paid, board of labor, value of unpaid labor by members of the family, and $326 for the labor of the farmer. If the farmer’s labor is worth $326, which is the average value placed on it by the farmers in Tompkins county, then there is a net loss of $1.47 per acre on farms of 31-60 acres, and a gain on the larger farms. (Table 5.) The area that is farmed with. $100 worth of labor is six times as great on the largest farms as on the smallest (Table 6). Six times as much labor increases the receipts by only two and one-half times. With each group of farms the farmer’s labor income is about twice the value of the labor that he directs, that is, twice the value of all labor except his own (Table 10). Number of horses and size of farm.—Table 7 and figure 2. show how the number of horses increases with the size of farm. Colts are not included with horses. The figures are for horses old enough to work. The farms of less than 30 acres average 1.4 horses per farm. Three or four horses are the smallest number that ean be used efficiently with Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 141 modern machinery. ‘The farms of 151 to 200 acres are the smallest ones that have an average of four horses per farm. TABLE 7. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO HORSES. 586 FARMS IN TOMPKINS COUNTY OPERATED BY OWNERS. Average | Average | Acres Acres. size | number per (acres). | of horses. horse. | OROTRRESS RANE Pe eM OTT Sys Bah eae | 21 1.4 15 sil iG) (aes ele Ala. axa Olio cadiracors ClarC Laon caro cochr mi tacit rare aear rene 49 2.3 21 GLE OM Op tetea tre eer ait eee toni euicieneleetier s: ecieie lasceviay'e chic eis emapions .tife 83 2.8 30 CG) TR GOOD Es OR cs eens et on teatscihe concichemtel os Sevenene\ ellen atte: ie\loere eee usurercotalfaliSeie 124 3.4 37 SN CORSO OMpatreydackse Siena ail o ske.Riigieneors Wien tsiale etmusn esters | 177 4.3 41 OViCLE2 OOM oe rswcas 5 Sino Fea Ate 10 Gel co pouusile, sors\rol ovr alaeioyet cure; seat avers 261 5.3 49 Average....... ML OTH NET CE tad CeO CRETE CORES ee ones 103 Boil 33 The figures of acres per horse are still more striking. The small farms have not enough horses to make efficient teams, and yet they are over-supplied with horses compared with their area. On these farms there are only 15 acres per horse. On the largest farms one horse farms three times this area, with no resulting decrease in crop yields. When we consider the cost of keeping a horse, we see what a great advantage the larger farms have. The substitution of horse power for man power is the most strik- ing feature of American agriculture. One horse properly directed can do the work of ten men. According to the United States census, the area farmed per man has increased one-third in the past twenty years. This increase has been due to the use of more horses per team. The area farmed per horse has not changed, but the farmer is using one- third more horses per man and has increased the acreage that he could farm in the same ratio. At the same time the crop yields of the country have increased. TABLE 8. SHOWING THE INCREASE IN AREA AND HORSES PER MALE WORKER, FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS. 1880. 1890. | 1900. ANVerar Cr acressperm male WwOLkKerz/.. cis) i) ) era )| 2303 Zio 31.0 Average number horses per male worker ............. | 15% 2.2 | 2.3 Average number of acres per horse..........-..-.e-+-- | 11330453) 12.4 | 1B} 5) | J The most striking examples of the use of four to six-horse teams is in the middle west. In some cases, as in Iowa and Missouri, this has resulted in a decrease in rural population. At the same time, total pro- 142 Missouri Agricultural Report. duction has increased. One man is often farming as much land as two men farmed a few years ago and doing it better. Farm machinery and size of farm.—The value of farm machinery increases rapidly with the size of the farm. This value is only $341 for farms of 61-100 acres. These valuations are probably not half what new machinery would cost. Any one who has ever made a list of the necessary farm machinery will see at once how inadequately these small farms are equipped. Yet their machinery costs nearly twice as much per acre as that on the larger farms that ‘have nearly three times as much machinery . uv Machinery can be used more effectively on large farms. One mower, one hay rake, one tedder, one hay loader, one corn harvester, one grain harvester, one grain drill, one manure spreader, one potato digger, one potato planter, can do their work on a 250-acre farm as readily as on a small farm. Few of the small farms have half of these tools. If a small farm does have nearly all the list, it cannot use Acres 50 O 4.0 80 /20 /60 200 240 280 S/ZE oe Fare - ACrés Fig. 1—The larger farms pay much better than the smaller ones. them enough to pay for the investment. The more efficient and numer- ous machines become, the larger our farms should be. It is interesting to notice how many of the tools are of very recent development. B ey | n n n n 3) > . SOV 28 | Sy, ° 3S ° 5 PA az 2 = ry = On Ya 3 2g nP =P ie) uo} ba | a a ii ot oo) § | ee 3p 2 35 BN See rc Sate [al Sc eae ee aa Se lies Gera eee ee ome k = Pa oO o ont _ = I Gj 3 =s | os ms) re) iS) 3S * w 7) ® 3 a = Po =] x | < a = fea) a ca) ey | fe ee > 6) a Glajeste neo 24 44 8.8 19.1 20 SU CO ROOK Ss crtice seas ee cane 95 79 12.9 21.4 18 MOTSCOPUS ORR canes cuseowee sate east ote 89 125 its) 230 23 SI RTOLZOOMyscs ches eee eects 6 32 173 B37 24.7 2 OveriZO0O re rsten seasincet etises Oat 38 300 Ppt 30.0 35) Size of farm and profits related to distribution of capital—The percentage distribution of capital is almost the same on each size of farm. The larger farms have a little larger proportion of their money invested in stock. The smaller ones have a little larger proportion in real estate. The land is worth more per acre on the smaller farms, but the- amount invested in horses, machinery and other items is also more per acre, so that the percentage of the capital in each item is not much different from that on large farms. - Some persons have thought that farmers would do better if they reduced the size of the farms and increased the equipment. They for- get that the equipment and teams will then not be used up to their ¢a- pacity. On the farms in these counties the per cent invested in equipment is slightly larger on large farms than on small ones. When we consider farms of any given size, the best paying ones have practically the same distribution of capital as the less profitable ones. Reducing the size of farm to increase equipment is not the way A—10 1G Vin! Missouri Agricultural Report. that the most successful farmers have followed. They have increased both the equipment and the size of farm. Of farms of a given area, the more profitable ones have the greater capital, but this is not all invested in equipment. The distribution of the capital is nearly the same as on the less profitable farms. The addi- tional investment is uniformally distributed in more land and _ better equipment. /rop yrelds and size of farm.—tThe city man and the political economist at once ask what effect the larger farms have on the food production of the country. Apparently the crop yields are as good or a little better on the large farms than on the small ones. Certainly the small farms are not producing more per acre. In addition, much more of the food is consumed in the production, since more horses are kept per acre. The smaller farms seem to be too small for the best production from the standpoint of the city, as well as from the stand- point of the farmer. TABLE 12. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO CROP YIELDS. 586 FARMS IN TOMP- KINS COUNTY OPERATED BY OWNERS. Average Yields per acre. Acres. size (acres. ) Oats, Bu. Potatoes, Bu.| Hay, tons. SONOr VOSS errand sis eae choad ees ees 21 35 Waites 1.38 SM ECONG OL eee fev arete misue se sleretiots yeuetmiome ne 49 32 1il 1.36 GLBO MOO a ielittas Crates t oars sl oeets 83 32 119 13733 LOUSFOLUSOL RE ee oeconhs ste ers cee 124 34 114 Was) 5 RCOR ZOO; cewolercia chs tehewe Cuedetole ie Gone 177 32 127 1.24 Owvenr2ZOO Maeve cs ener otetae dorpaieetae ee 261 35 iil} 1.24 “TABLE 13. SIZE OF FARM RELATED TO CROP YIELDS. 293 FARMS IN LIV- INGSTON COUNTY. Acres Yield per acre of: | Average per oe Acres. | size animal | Wheat, Oats, Hay, |Potatoes,| Beans, | acres. unit. bu. bu. tons. bu. bu. SOTOTIICSS ote e cre hoe esos 20 iql0} 18 39 zal 92 18 SLAbOLOOR pete aechaie a cat 44 6.3 19 40 1.58 98 18 Si FGO ROO aries winners ad 79 (a), i 19 41 1.49 116 18 LOUPACOSUS OF eres hese C 125 6.6 19 42 il 55333 108 16 LSD GORZOO eG cee sto ceeds 173 5.8 19 47 1.39 1 il7/ Over?2Z00) oetndests wise es ee 300 5.9 19 43 1.45 116 15 General conclusions on the size of farm.—Many farmers have en- larged their farms by purchasing additional land. Many others might well follow their example. A considerable number of farmers are not Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 147 in debt and some also have money available. These persons should study the question of how well their horses, machinery and labor are being used. If a farmer is able to manage horses and machinery to good advantage, it may pay him to go in debt for additional land. In considering this question we must also consider the probability of a continued increase in the use of machinery in the future that will give the larger farms a still greater advantage. Sometimes it is very difficult to purchase land that adjoins one’s farm. The line fence is one of the greatest obstacles in the way of agriculture. The farms are not well laid out, and it is often impossible to purchase so as to make a farm of satisfactory area and shape. It will sometimes pay to sell and buy where a satisfactory area can be secured. Many owners have enlarged their acreage by renting additional land. Of the owners for whom a labor income was calculated, 14 per cent also rented land. This, together with the consolidation of farms by purchase, shows how many men recognize the importance of in- creased acreage. Highty-six farmers who rented additional land owned an average of 89 acres and rented an average of 51 acres. This gave them 35 acres more than the area operated by the average owner, who did not rent. Their average labor income was $522, which is $115 more than the amount made by the average owner who did not rent. This method of increasing the area seems to be a very satisfactory one for those with lmited capital. After a few years it is often possible to purchase more land. TABLE 14. OWNERS RENTING ADDITIONAL LAND, TOMPKINS . COUNTY. Number Acres Acres Labor of farms. owned. rented. income. | | Owners operating their own farms only..... | 529 | MODE ole ier ssi deys | $407 Owners renting additional land............ | 86 | 89 51 | 522 Nineteen per cent of the tenants rent farms from more than one landlord. Some others rent two farms of one landlord, so that over one-fifth of the tenants operate more than one farm. Some farmers are not able to direct their own labor or that of a hired man effectively; probably the smaller the business the better for such persons. Some others do not wish to run a larger business be- cause they wish merely a small home and can live on the means they now have. These remarks apply to those who desire to run effective farms. 148 Missouri Agricultural Report. The larger area brings increased risk as well as increased opportunity. Before buying more land one must consider his desires and his ability. Best size of farm.—For greatest efficiency, a farm should be large enough to fully employ at least two men the entire year. One man is at a great disadvantage in many farm operations, and in case of sick- ness or other emergencies the disadvantage is still greater. For general farming these figures show that a farm should con- tain at least 150 acres. The upper limit.of area is determined chiefly by the layout. With ideal conditions, with the buildings in the center of the farm, and with a public road running past the buildings, as high as 600 acres may be run from one center. With more than this area, the distance of the fields from the buildings is usually too great. It is not often that one can secure so large an area well located with respect to buildings. The most profitable general farms in Tompkins and Livingston counties contain about 200 to 300 acres of good land. THE MANAGEMENT OF CLOVER IN CORN BELT ROTATIONS. (J. A. Drake, office of Farm Management, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Mr. Drake was a Missouri Farmers’ Week Speaker.) Perhaps there is no section of the country where a permanent and well arranged rotation is of so great importance to the maintenance of the most profitable system of agriculture as in the corn belt section, of which a large part of Missouri forms an important part. In connection with the kind of farming carried out on the better class of farms, the crops that are grown, and the live stock kept, such a rotation is well-nigh indispensable. The yields, by ordinary methods of farming, cannot well J. A. Drake: be kept up, much less increased, without it; and especially is it essential in the continuance of high yields of corn, per- haps the most important and most valuable general farm crop that can be grown on the average farm. The disastrous effects of growing corn continuously on the same field for a period of years without some special arrangements for heavy manuring, growing rye, et¢., is beginning to be quite well understood. Experiments have shown that a mere alternating of the crops, corn and oats, through a period of years will increase the yield of corn about one-half over that of one crop grown continuously through the same period, while the addition of clover, making a three- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 149 year rotation, has been known to increase the yield to almost three times that of continuous one-crop culture. Not only is a rotation important in crop production on corn belt farms, but it is highly desirable in connection with keeping of most classes of live stock. Along with corn a certain amount of clover pasture and hay, or a substitute for them, must be furnished each year, and in no way can it be done with greater ease and with more certainty than to follow a regular rotation of which clover forms a part. A regular rotation, likewise, adds system to.the management of the farm. It is known definitely what is to be done each year. Each field gets its certain crop or certain special treatment in fertilizers or manures at regular intervals. This makes it possible to estimate the number of live stock that can be kept each year, and the general returns that may reasonably be expected from the farm. Important as continued pursuance of a regular rotation is, no factor in it is so vital and gives so much trouble as the successful management of clover in the rotation. If there is a failure of this crop, then a profitable and suitable substitute must be found, or the whole field is left idle and the entire rotation deranged. It was because of this important relation which the management of clover bears to the rotations generally practiced and the ever-increas- ing difficulty that farmers in general are experiencing in growing clover successfully that a careful and systematic study of the farm practices relating thereto was undertaken. The problem has been an interesting one indeed, and has revealed a great many factors not at first suspected. Rotations including wheat—Among the very common rotations found on the average farm of the section under consideration is one of which wheat forms a part. There has been for some time a ten- dency on the part of farmers to discontinue this crop wherever possible, but for the most part, even though it is considered uncertain and un- profitable, it is kept in the rotation because it is thought necessary or at least very desirable in getting a stand of clover. - Perhaps the most common of these rotations is that of corn, oats, Wheat and clover. Another is that of corn, corn, wheat and clover. Again, another is corn, wheat and clover, this being only a three-year rotation. All of these find favor with individual farmers. It generally depends somewhat on local conditions as well as local customs as to which predominates. The first is the old rotation found on many gen- eral farms, while the second is found where it is desirable to produce more corn to feed a larger number of hogs. The third is a very useful 150 Missouri Agricultural Report. rotation for building up a farm, especially: when used in connection with a thorough system of fertilizing and applying manures. In all of these rotations the clover is sown in the wheat. This is done at various times and in various ways. Every man has his own ‘best’? time and method, by which he must proceed in order to be successful. Some sow their clover seed as early as February, while others wait until April with apparently equal success. There are still others who sow one-half of their seed early and the other half late and get very good results. Probably more farmers prefer to sow the seed rather early, either in February or March, being especially anxious to catch the ground in a ‘‘honey-combed’’ condition, or, if not in this shape, to sow on a light snow. There are many good features about this. The farmer usually gets the work done when otherwise not very busy. There is very little labor connected with.the seeding, and thus there is very little invested in the crop except the seed. And, if conditions are right and everything favorable, a fairly good ‘‘catch’’ of clover is usually secured, but at best there is much uncertainty and a great deal of the element of chance in the average method of seeding clover which ought to be eliminated if possible. When it is considered that for every other crop the farmer pre- pares a good seed bed, or at least he should, but that with clover sown in wheat it is nearly all haphazard and largely trusted to luck, we are at once impressed that a mere sowing of the seed on the wheat ground is not giving the clover a fair chance to grow and do its best. Especially does this practice become hazardous on lands that have been farmed for a number of years and have become exhausted in fertility and low in humus and vegetable matter. Under these conditions the soil becomes dead and lifeless, packs and bakes with dashing rains and sunshine, until it resembles a traveled road. There is little chance for the clover seed to become covered, or even if a foothold is secured, there is little hope of the young plants living. During the progress of these studies it has been quite evident that as soil conditions change our methods of seeding clover with wheat must be changed and made more thorough. However, it is not an easy matter to introduce radical changes in present methods, with an equal assurance that farmers in general will be more successful. Nor is it the purpose of this work to urge too great changes in these methods, but to call attention to other practices which will make them more reliable and success much more certain. Harrowing the wheat—In nearly every community where these studies have been carried on one or more farmers have usually been Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 151 found who make a practice of harrowing their wheat ground in the spring to insure a covering of the clover seed and hence a_ better stand. Some sow their clover seed and then harrow, while others har- row first and then sow the seed. Still others harrow, sow the seed and then harrow again to cover it. The question at once arises, will this harrowing injure the growing wheat? But the universal testimony of those who have tried it is that, especially during dry years, it is a great benefit to it. Wheat has been thoroughly harrowed as many as three times with good results. Again, will it injure the timothy sown the fall before? Some of the timothy thus sown will be torn out, but enough will live through at least two harrowings to give a sufficient stand of this crop. The clover is of so much more importance that it should have first consideration. The seeding of timothy can likewise be done in the spring with the clover. In seeding clover after this method there is but one rule as to the time of seeding—wait until the field is in good condition to harrow. Men who follow this method begin seeding at the earliest possible moment, but are in no hurry, even sowing as late as the first of May. It is well not to put it off until the wheat gets so high as to interfere with the harrow, but sowing any time before this, if the harrowing is well done, practically insures a good stand of clover, unless the spring is abnormally dry. A good sharp harrow should be used and it should be sufficiently weighted, if necessary, to do effective work. The greatest objection to this method is that the work must be done when the farmer is busy preparing ground for other crops, but in view of the great value of clover as a soil renewer and soil builder, together with its great importance in the rotation, this measure of un- certainty in securing a good stand cannot be urged too strongly on farmers for their careful consideration. At least this method should hold an important place as a supplement to those already in use. For instance, where it is the practice to sow seed early, and if for some reason, as it often happens, it is discovered later that there is a very inferior stand, then more seed should be sown and harrowing resorted to. No farmer who is keeping apace with his business can afford to let a single year pass with a failure to get a good stand of clover. Using a disk or shoe drill—tIn some places men were found who were using their disk drills to great advantage in sowing clover in their wheat. A few shoe drills were also used with equally good re- sults. In using the drill for this purpose they sow the seed with the seeder, placing it in front of the grain box, or with the new type of drill they allow the seed to go down through the grain tubes and be 152 Missouri Agricultural Report. covered slightly. This is a very effective method of getting a fine stand of clover and it does the wheat little or no harm. There is a difference of opinion among farmers as to which way the drill should be driven when putting in the clover. Some say it should go the same way the wheat is drilled, while others contend it should go across the wheat rows. Since both ways are quite generally practiced, it 1s very prob- able that either one will do very little damage to the wheat crop. Care should be taken not to foree the drill into the ground too deep. All in all, the method seems to be a very commendable one which should find a prominent place in general farm practice. Top dressing the wheat with manure—Under normal conditions on farms where an abundance of manure is produced, rightly cared for and applied to the land at regular intervals, there is very little known about any difficulties in managing the clover crop successfully. No matter how the manure is applied, when, or to what crop, good stands are nearly always secured, which grow on to maturity without much attention or consideration on the part of the farmer; provided, of course, his soil conditions, such as drainage, lime content, etc., are otherwise favorable. Such is the case especially after several years of this kind of farming. It has been quite noticeable during these studies that on good live stock farms, where the manure was properly handled, and especially in dairy sections, very little was heard of so-called ‘‘elover sickness,’’ poor stands, ete., while on grain farms, where every- thing has been sold off for a number of years and wasteful methods of burning stalks and trash have been practiced, the failures have been numerous and the clover troubles are increasing at an alarming rate. This last condition exists in sections where they have formerly grown clover very successfully by their present methods of management. When the soil has become badly run down manure will doubtless do most good when applied as a top-dressing on the wheat in which the clover is to be sown. The effects of this have been noticed in a small way on nearly every farm. Most farmers have had the experi- ence of ‘‘doctoring up’’ a few of the poor knolls with a light top-dress- ing of manure, and upon going back the next year to observe, they have usually found that there was the best stand in the field and the best clover growing. This, too, occurs where there would otherwise have been scarcely a plant of clover, or very little at most without the top- dressing. Just such a condition as this is shown in the illustration on the next page (Figure 1). This illustration is a reproduction of a rather remarkable condition. It will be noted that the line between a very fine stand of clover and Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. i153) no clover at all is very marked. This line is the boundary between manure and no manure. The seed, of course, was sown over the entire field alike. A much better growth of clover could not be secured under any circumstances than was found where the manure was spread; where- -as, where there was no manure, nothing existed but a very poor growth of timothy, a few stunted weeds, sorrel,* and bare ground, the bare white ground predominating. Fig. 1 The effects of a light top dressing of manure. Where the manure was spread it was very noticeable that all of the sorrel had disappeared and nothing but clover grew. The clover had so thoroughly taken possession of the soil that the sorrel had been completely smothered out, proving that the smothering out process is one and possibly the only successful way of getting rid of sorrel. Anything that makes clover or other crops grow so thickly and so *It might be well to state that in some sections sorrel (Rumex Acetosella) is not common. It is found in great abundance, however, in the eastern and southern part of Ohio, and seems to be most abundant on soils of shale and sandstone origin. It is usually considered as indicating the lack of lime. This, however, should not be understood to mean that an application of lime will kill it, except as it might cause clover or other dense-growing crops to grow more vigorously and smother it out. It has been found growing vigorously in the edge of a pile of pulverized limestone. Sorrel should not be taken as an absolutely certain indication that an application of lime is entirely necessary for the growing of clover without some further investigation along this line by experimenting with lime itself. The cther factors, such as methods of seeding, applying manure, etc., which are being set forth in this circular, ought to be studied also in this connection. 154 Missouri Agricultural Report. vigorously that the sorrel cannot exist will kill it out. In this ease the top-dressing of manure has accomplished this result completely by pro- ducing a perfect stand and maintaining it. To the right of the picture will be noted a narrow strip of clover which dwindles out to almost nothing. If the picture had been ex- tended a little further to the right it would have shown a narrow patch of clover which gradually disappears and which marks the path of the farmer as he was driving away from the scene of action, and some of the manure sifted down through the “dump boards’’ or rough wagon bed in which the manure had been hauled. As far as this sifting pro- Hig. 2. A covering of straw spread on wheat ground after seeding. The purpose of this is to insure a stand of clover. cess continues the clover follows the path of the wagon, but as the manure gives out the clover entirely disappears. This very pronounced condition found on a poor knob of a run- down farm is an eloquent appeal for the continuance of live stock and more manure, better cared for and applied. One farmer was not far wrong in his answer to the question often used in making these studies, ‘‘Do you have any trouble in getting a stand of clover?’’ when he It is need- ? replied, ‘*‘ Not since the manure spreader came on the farm.’ less to say that he top-dressed all of his wheat ground carefully when- ever he expected to sow clover. It might be added that in general practice this is done immediately after the wheat is sown in the fall, or during the early part of the winter. Farmers’ Weck in Agricultural College. 155 Spreading straw on wheat ground.—A very interesting and un- usual practice in connection with the management of clover in rotations, including wheat, is to spread straw evenly over the surface of the soil after the wheat is sown and before it comes up. In the absence of suit- able straw spreaders the farmers haul the straw out in small piles and spread it by hand. On the poorest spots whatever manure is available is used, but on the remainder of the field straw is spread with as much care as though the work is being done on strawberry beds. The preced- ing illustration gives an idea of such a coating of straw through which wheat has come up, as well as the appearance of a field in which this practice is carried on. This unique practice is found in a section where clover growing in a wheat rotation is a very uncertain undertaking indeed. In these localities the best farmers are resorting to this method as apparently the last extreme. This is necessary to grow clover and be at all suc- cessful. Those who consider this practice not worth while or too labori- ous have about quit trying to grow the crop at all, so numerous and constant have been their failures. The soils on which these conditions are found have been farmed for a great number of years with no thought or provision for keeping up the humus and decaying vegetable matter, and as a result, the surface has become so hard and lifeless that with- out some special provision like the covering of straw or manure the young clover plants cannot take root and maintain themselves sufficient- ly to give anything like a satisfactory stand. The photograph was taken about May Ist,’and wherever there was a slight covering of straw, some- thing to give some protection and hold the moisture slightly and prevent the ground from baking, there the young clover plants were to be found in great numbers and growing with great vigor. But where there was no straw and the soil was bare, in no case was clover found growing. On this farm the clover seed was sown at any time in March when it was thought that the conditions were right. No special attention was given. The seed was sown broadeast, as it is usually done by farmers. During the past summer the writer has had occasion to visit this farm again after a lapse of about three years, and better success with clover every successive year is reported. sehen eee tones 45.0 32.0) 76.0 47.0 50.0 Tim Price Slustereiiicc. Peis ck etches) leone 32.0 ZO) 71.0 42.0 43.0 As with corn, the two best varieties in each case are compared with the poorest varieties grown during that period. It will be noted that the best variety of winter wheat has out yielded the two poorest varieties by an average of eleven bushels to the acre, while the best variety of oats has out yielded the poorest variety by sixteen bushels to the acre. At the Experiment Station farm, by growing the best variety of corn, wheat and oats, instead of one of the poorest varieties in each case, we would get twelve bushels more per acre each year, or a total for five years of sixty bushels; for the wheat, we would get a total of fifty- five bushels more per acre, and for the oats a total of eighty bushels more per acre. This large total of increased yield per acre is all clear Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 207 gain since it costs no more to grow an acre of good variety in the place of a poor variety. Sometimes it even costs less, since they are usually more vigorous and keep down the weeds better. The question which at once arises is where and how shall we secure the best varieties. In the first place, the varieties that do well in one locality are not always varieties that do best in another. For example, Hogue’s Yellow Dent has given good results at the Experiment Station farm, but north of the Platte river Reid’s Yellow Dent seems to be much the better corn; also in the western part of the State there are some varieties that seem to do better than either of these. The best varieties for every section of the State must be carefully worked out by comparative tests. Also, there are even several strains of the same variety. For example, the strain of Silver Mine, referred to in the above chart has not given very good yields, and yet other strains of Silver Mine have been found to give good results. The importance of having seed thoroughly adapted to our climate and soil conditions cannot be too strongly urged in Nebraska, especially is this true in Central and Western Nebraska. Here we have a soil usually light, and even more or less sandy, a medium to light rainfall and dry temperature. In fact, conditions are so different in many re- spects that it has been found to take two or three years for corn brought from regions only a few hundred miles east to become thoroughly adapt- ed. For a number of years we have been growing corn obtained from various places in other states and this State to test the value of acclimatization. In many cases we have had the seed of the same variety coming from two different sources planted side by side. The result of such tests for three years is shown by the following table: Name and place of origin. IGOR | Geos, | TION. |] ANS. Differ- ence. Weaming: ss) sNebraskars.- << sis =) eve =) Le aa 95.2 69.8 82.5 IDG OVO) ee atorote6 omic Oro NGI Oro cIOToID aid eae 76.6 69.8 Tez 2)533 Silver Mine (Nebraska .2.....:-2s2s.es06 65. Be 70.0 76.1 73.0 NAMdlinois- rer eyae cose 6 ces a ores: sure 65.1 63.4 64.2 8.8 Snowflake White ae NAEP eB: io MEO Om 73.7 84.8 74.5 77 7 ITN OS Neyere Ghee boda ences One 68.7 72.8 67.1 69.5 8.2 Boone) Cow white) Nebraskans... .-1- <---> ian te 76.2 76.2 MUINOIStase teehee eres ee 68.9 A coe (B20) |) 90583 Ried’s Yellow Dent ee EE weit t Sens ones ah 87.1 63.4 75.2 IDLO Ocoee di b oomine aR 82.8 60.8 lakes 8.4 Early Yellow Rose aeatae SA OOD OOOO Tt 68m 67.9 Dell 70.3 MMT OUS ERS airs ciatesl cy ene: costes 62.1 76.9 63.5 67.5 QESit Neb. White Prize, Saline county............ ee 89.2 79.0 84.2 Neb. White Prize, Washington county........ ne 82.1 79.0 80.5 7, Silver Mine, Saline county.................. My 70.0 76.1 Fa) 8 Silver Mine, Washington county.............- Beh 65.5 61.3 63.4 9.6 TOWaViine, ws UiLalorCOUNGY;.)2. orci le +e oles = 61.5 84.9 7G 72 Iowa Gold Mine, Washington county........ 60.9 57.9 59.4 13.9 208 Missouri Agricultural Report. At the top of the list it will be noted are six leading varieties of corn where Iowa and Illinois grown seed are compared with Nebraska grown seed. In every case the Nebraska grown seed has yielded the best by a margin of three to nine bushels per acre. This difference in favor of home grown seed is probably due to the fact that in moving corn from Illinois with its heavier soil, greater rainfall and more humid air, to Nebraska, with an entirely different soil, less rainfail and a much drier air, the corn suffers by the change. It takes some years before it is thoroughly acclimated, and can yield as well as home grown corn. We will also find the same difference grown in Eastern, Western and Central Nebraska. Seed of two varieties, Nebraska White Prize and Silver Mine* was obtained from Saline county, Nebraska, about twenty miles from the Experiment Station, and from Washington county, which is one of the river counties. In both cases the Saline county corn outyielded the other, due to the fact that it was grown under conditions of soil and climate more like those at the Experiment Station. In an- other case, lowa Gold Mine from Buffalo and Washington counties was grown side by side, giving very much increased yield from the Buffalo county seed. Another striking example of the effect of acclimatization is shown by some results secured with show corn from the National Corn Show at Omaha—the results of which are shown in the following table: ACCLIMATIZATION OF CORN. Comparison of unacclimated corn with native varieties: Yield in bu. per acre. Five prize winning exhibits from National Corn Show in 1908. Grown in Illinois, IbivockHakW Galo LOlbom dco gioaicn baci comMmoMotoo cop sudan acacd oo oes ton one bods 39.8 Five standard varieties of well selected corn from Nebraska growers............-- 45.6 Seven lots of Native Corn secured from farmers near the Experiment Station...... 48.8 The five plants of show corn were from prize winning samples but practically all of them came from Jowa, Illinois and Indiana. While these were fine specimens, and undoubtedly very productive corn on the farms on which they were grown, yet they gave an average yield of 39.8 bushels at Lincoln. The six varieties of corn secured from Nebraska growers, and all of them improved strains of corn, averaged 45.4 bushels, an increase of 6.4 bushels per acre from the Nebraska grown strains of improved corn. A set of corn secured from farmers in the neighborhood of the Experiment Station averaged 48 bushels, this being an increase over the corn secured from the best growers in the State. I think, however, the difference in yield represented the difference of Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 209 acclimatization. The show corn, while productive where it has been de- veloped, was at a disadvantage when grown at the Nebraska Experiment Station, and gave a rather poor yield. If this seed had been grown at the Station it would have improved in yield. The seed secured from our best growers, while acclimated to Nebraska, was grown 50 or 75 miles from the Station and was not fully adapted to local conditions. However, the local varieties of corn grown within three or four miles of the Station, being fully acclimated, were capable of making their best yields. There is no evidence that with any of our cereal crops—corn, wheat or oats—that there is any such a thing as ‘‘running out’’ of a strain, due to long continual growth in the neighborhood. Results secured by ex- changing spring wheat with the North Dakota Experiment Station and the Minnesota Experiment Station, covering several years, showed in practically every case an advantage for the home grown seed. IMPROVEMENT OF CEREALS BY BREEDING AND SELECTION. It would seem, therefore, that after a thorough search had been made of the best varieties of the region, and these varieties fully ac- climated, that no further increase in productiveness could be secured by this means unless some system of selection can be found for improv- ing the variety. We call this method of improvement plant breeding, and I wish to show some data giving result of our plant-breeding work with corn and wheat. In 1903, we selected about 80 ears of corn and planted each to a separate row. There was a great variation of yield in each row, but about 17 of the rows yielded 90 bushels or more per acre. The corn from these rows was kept for seed and six ears selected from each one. The six ears from éach high yielding row were again planted, an. ear to a row, and selection continued in the same way the second year. This method of selection was kept up for five years and then the selected corn which had been improved by the ear to row method was carefully com- pared with the original corn from which the ears had been selected for two years. The results are shown in the following table: 1907. 1908. Average. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. SCLECUCCHESEDALNS er yreece RCH rel tees ewes Aan aemchals 82 66 74 ChecksE(Originalistock) memati ete ene ee Lice usual W258 59 6500 I) TION ON COlsrdeveneyc cusp o/erorcee Oe remot careaie oheiobol erate acc ettene adres 9. 5| a 8.3 This shows that the corn selected by the ear to row “method had made an average gain of 8.3 bushels per acre over result of selection. A—l4 210 Missouri Agricultural Report. In another ear to row experiment, started in the year 1906 and carried on for two years, even more striking results were secured. In this second experiment 200 ears were planted in 1906, but only half an ear to arow. In 1907, the remainder of the ear was used for seed and each planted in a separate row in order to check the results secured in 1906. Not all the ears yielding high in 1906, yielded high in 1907, as there was some difference in the two seasons, and all ears did not seem to do equally well in different seasons. However, there were four ears out of the 200 that gave very high yields both seasons, and the crop received from these four was saved for further test. The result of this test in 1908, is shown in the following table: Table III. Comparative yield of selected types in 1908. (Class II.) Bushels. Ave yield Of TEMNANtS 4 WESECATS 3c icioto Micicde oc teneveteslore ills © Ackouehelonsueneieiet -taikenaleroheuene 70 AVES Vyield OfM 90M PLOZenyrT4 sD eSULCALSH ac stere ne aralistcterel cielersisteMch cies ll otenelaenenisicnenene 68 Ave vicldsOmehecksplatse OTeinalescOCks) meme iieielensteleneleteteievelsuciensis ier crela 59 Avezsyiel diofaremnantss: ospOOLrest Carsiie selcnicierciicie ciciiene eicien ie risinekelctcketeneatencte 56 The 1903 Class I. selection under same conditions yielded as follows (See table I.) Avegyield remnantsiwo sDeSbt sears! cuinrete cde uecicrereleiel cicero tel oretancneiciereloncloueiclcnen omer clene 73 Avie yield 1907s progeny, Di DESUIC AES cneiclere rele iichercheliel ate etclolcictclelciensieieiorienenclneneisincne 66 Ave yield Checksplatsi: cc 2 sis, ane octeusio tole tletevoies sieteletelnaie whee aie aiekene: speleRoMonereliape ts 59 There was a small remnant of each of these four best ears still left and they gave a good yield. The 1907 progeny of these ears yielded 68 bushels, while the original stock from which the corn was selected, yielded only 59 bushels. This shows a gain of 9 bushels per acre as a result of ear to row test. Further details in regard to carrying on tests in these experiments are shown in Bulletin No. 12, of the Nebraska Station. Results of wheat breeding have been equally satisfactory and a similar method has been used. In this test a large number of wheat plants were first selected from a field of Turkey Red in 1902. Each plant was planted separately. The product of each plant was again planted separately the next year and so on for several years until quite a supply of seed had been secured from each original plan, and the product of each plant is called a pure strain. However, as the work went on from year to year, those pure strains which did not seem promising, were discarded. By the fall of 1906 we had enough seed from 26 of these pure strains to plant in large field plats. Each strain was planted in a tenth acre plat, and in most cases repeated two or three times. Every fifth plat was made a check plat—this plat being planted with the original Turkey wheat from which selection was made. This test has been carried on for four years in the field plats and has given Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 211 some very remarkable variations in yield, as shown by the following table: @GUASS Ve. 025 FIELD PIEATS) 1907.08; 09%) “10> FOUR YEAR AVERAGE Total Family number. | Plats. Yield. Rank. Co se MISO CLG OI RORDIO Oo Ck DIC R EaEE OO ESO OG mac rac 9 40.75 1 TEASE a pie os Bears Gane eae ie TN a aE APECR RP OCR Se OT OR 12) 40.59 2 AD PP Ny SECM porn SRT Uren citar a eat sf ays eh evans fap eh s ona ellen alot 5 39.90 3 Qh eres eet Werte) OMB Relieve te: celoigs he ener fasiensiietievsrietteWelesaliele 2 9 39.21 4 CDN 2 oO a Sa BE DR ee OP em eee CIC Cee aie OAC 8 39.18 5 ESS SRI ieee SIT SNE Tederakie salieiv ere erie Liepiay ete, arte ver cbcteel ene evisiverse 5 38.86 6 DO Pa Weg Rel cco ie ralitis dar eaalsushanisneplane) siae! cacweede.s t2 10 38.78 rah OEP eres cies ecole ack ctiasts lee acer muah s vai sites ere suoasteus etbree 8 38.64 8 AN ena fete ee arte el aaa ich heeite, helen creat cee kanes 39 38.50 9 Be AO Ge eh DROLe er OO COD CRERO TENOR toc TntO nic iotehet once pies crane 23 38.48 10 AG A Dr ee Sn senate rey nn Sere a 5 38.32 11 iS Oe aod ee cat ta cP erteie ParcnaF ek srsr seu arelte aie Sha taze res 5 37.96 12 DG We ee tiene aa nis cy chap hcacalrawe) oie) 5 ipuiss seeiahiey at ocist gi eke yeue 12 36.57 13 SS SUE shoelace ois een e ceed ren okotenens wien miehete: sacinghetelans, are 5 36.27 14 Bl ae ie apd oat otal o itd TITRA ICE CaCO aria eae 5 36.13 15 OPIS ais sitet RGPOtEN OFC MCRE DROME CITC ICS ICROTEOR CREME once ENGR ORE Cecne ercne 5 36.12 16 SARE Ape ste ee TLE Ted tae Cee alnwe cok om. Ss She Oh Atel al fife (ad ones 8 35.22 17 SC ee erate Gis erev eas oud we ee Free issn eparrersstalte Lael ares 47 35.18 173 MG Syn emai eee etek ae de eT arias Ceasebe val Sus: fo) rie) elleyeinel Nis hegeulsiey's 8 34.84 18 LENO 5) aan PRGA ORG OU SE CE ROMERO RIOT. CLCRORCR RE Oa Cee Ro: chan Caen 5 34.20 19 SYP) SoS te oem ROMO caH Es EMCEE CLEC CR cae One MCAn eRe ocRrn Ss Corer 5 Sono 20 DALI peer oh et eee aieeite: stranialint feu chilies oes) Ha) ah caval faerie meyial fotts) ] favorable than on the farm—good pastures, plen- ty of pure water, an abundance of fresh air free from the over crowded conditions of poorly ven- Miss Kinney. tilated and unsanitary cow barns. Yet with all of this there still remains the necessary something to successfully take hold and produce a uniformly good quality of butter. Every novice feels that her failures are due to the lack of proper appli- ances, so with great interest we read, during our probation period, of a successful competitor in an eastern butter contest telling of her simple methods of setting and skimming the milk, dasher-churn and paddled-worked butter—all of which are contrary to our best instruc- tions. The success came from the woman’s keen judgment of just when to churn to have sweet butter, just how and when to paddle in order to free the butter of milk and yet not break the granules un- necessarily. The cream separator has become almost a necessity on the farm to reduce the labor of properly caring for quantities of milk, 252 Missouri Agricultural Report. yet even with this wonderful machine bad butter is still marketed and sour cream delivered to the caterer—for the need of the proper woman behind it all. The lack of ice in many farm homes has made the work more arduous, yet a case has been cited when this has been overcome by daily churning, thus not allowing the cream to become too acid, also being able,to market a good quality of butter. Again, this woman was equal to making her conditions. Just how to stimulate the pride and knowledge of what really constitutes good butter among many of our farm women is the most difficult problem, especially as long as their products bring the same price over the counter as the untiring efforts of women who offer only a finished product. With all of this there is plenty of good butter being produced, but we must realize that the greatest problem after all in the making of only good butter is not so much the proper facilities, but always the woman behind the butter. THE SMALL FARM HOME. (Mrs. A. J. Wilder, Rocky Ridge Farm, Mansfield, Mo.) There is a movement in the United States to- day, wide-spread and very far reaching in its consequences. People are seeking after a freer, healthier, happier life. They are tired of the noise and dirt, bad air and crowds of the cities, and are turning longing eyes toward the green slopes, wooded hills, pure running water and health-giv- ing breezes of the country. A great many of these people are discour- aged by the amount of capital required to buy a farm, and hesitate at the thought of undertaking a new business. But there is no need to buy a large farm. A small farm will bring in a good living with less work and worry, and the Mrs. Wilder. business is not hard to learn. In a settlement of small farms the social life can be much more pleasant than on large farms, where the distance to the nearest neigh- bor is so great. Fifteen or twenty families on five-acre farms will be near enough together to have pleasant social gatherings in the evenings. The women can have their embroidery clubs, their reading club, and even the children can have their little parties, without much —_e Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. Dos trouble or loss of time. This could not be done if each family lived on a one-hundred or two-hundred acre farm. There is less hired help required on the small farm also, and this makes the work in the house hghter. | I am an advocate of the small farm, and I want to tell you how an ideal home can be made on and a good living made from five acres of land. Whenever a woman’s home making is:'spoken of, the man in the case is presupposed and the woman’s home making is expected to consist in keeping the house clean and serving good meals on time, . ete. In short, that all of her home making should be inside the house. It takes more than the inside of the house to make a pleasant home, and women are capable of making the whole home, outside and in, if necessary. She can do so to perfection on a five-acre farm by hiring some of the outside work done. However, our ideal home should be made by a man and a woman together. First, I want to say that a five-acre farm is large enough for the support of a family. From $75 to $150 a month, besides a great part of the living can be made on that size farm, from poultry, or fruit, or a combination of poultry, fruit and dairy. This has been proved by actual experience so that the financial part of this small home is provided for. Conditions have changed so much in the country within the last few years that we country women have no need to envy our sisters in the city. We women on the farm no longer expect to work as our grandmothers did. With the high prices to be had for all kinds of timber and wood, we now do not have to burn wood to save the price of fuel, but can have our oil stove, which makes the work so much cooler in summer, so much lighter and cleaner. There need be no carrying in of wood and carrying out of ashes, with the attendant dirt, dust and disorder. Our cream separator saves us hours formerly spent in setting and skimming milk and washing pans, besides saving the large amount of cream that was lost in the old way. Then there is the gasoline engine for the farm. Bless it! Besides doing the work of a hired man outside, it can be made to do the pumping of the water, and the churning, turn the washing machine, and even run the sewing machine. | On many farms running water can be supplied in the house from springs by means of rams or air pumps, and I know of two places where water is piped into and through the house from springs farther up on the hills. This water is brought down by gravity alone, and 254 Missouri Agricultural Report. the only expense is the piping. There are many such places in the Ozark hills waiting to be taken advantage of. This, you see, supplies water works for the kitchen and bath room simply for the initial cost of putting in the pipes. In one farm home I know, where there are no springs to pipe the water from, there is a deep well and a pump just outside the kitchen door. From this a pipe runs into a tank in the kitchen and from this tank there are two pipes. One runs into the cellar and the other underground to a tank in the barn yard, which is, of course, much lower than the one in the kitchen. When water is wanted down cellar to keep the cream and butter cool, a cork is pulled from the cellar pipe by means of a little chain, and by simply pumping the pump outdoors, cold water runs into the vat in the cellar. The water already there rises and runs out at the overflow pipe, through the cellar and out at the cellar drain. When the stock at the barn need watering, the cork is pulled from the other pipe, and the water flows from the tank in the kitchen into the tank in the yard. And always the tank in the kitchen is full of fresh, cold water, because this other water all runs through it. This is a simple, inexpensive contrivance for use on a place where there is no running water. It used to be that the woman on a farm was isolated and behind the times. A weekly paper was what the farmer read, and he had to 20 to town to get that. All this is changed. Now the rural delivery brings us our daily papers, and we keep up on the news of the world as well or better than though we lived in the city. The telephone gives us connection with the outside world at all times, and we know what is going on in our nearest town by many a pleasant chat with our friends there. Circulating libraries, thanks to our State University, are scattered through the rural districts, and we are eagerly taking advantage of them. The interurban trolley lines being built through our country will make it increasingly easy for us to run into town for an afternoon’s shopping or any other pleasure. These trolley lines are and more wil] be operated by electricity, furnished by our swift-running streams, and in a few years our country homes will be lighted by this same electric power. Yes, indeed, things have changed in the country, and we have the advantages of city life if we care to take them. Besides, we have what it is impossible for the woman in the city to have. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 255 We have a whole five acres for our back yard and all outdoors for our conservatory, filled not only with beautiful flowers, but with grand old trees as well, with running water and beautiful birds, with sunshine and fesh air, and all wild, free, beautiful things. The children, instead of playing with other children in some street or alley, can go make friends with the birds, on their nests in the bushes, as my little girl used to do, until the birds are so tame they will not fly at their approach. They can gather berries in the garden and nuts in the woods, and grow strong and healthy, with rosy cheeks and bright eyes. This little farm home is a delightul place for friends to come for afternoon tea under the trees. There is room for a tennis court for the young people. There are skating parties in the winter, and the sewing and reading clubs of the nearby town, as well as the neighbor women, are always anxious for an invitation to hold their meetings there. In conelusion, I must say if there are any country women who are wasting their time envying their sisters in the city, don’t do it. Such an attitude is out of date. Wake up to your opportunities. Look your place over, and if you have not kept up with the modern improvements and conveniences in your home, bring yourself up to date. Then take the time saved from bringing water from the spring, setting the milk in the old way and churning by hand, to build your- self a better social life. If you don’t take a daily paper, subscribe for one. They are not expensive and are well worth the price in the brightening they will give your mind and the pleasant evenings you can have reading and discussing the news of the world. Take advan- tage of the circulating library. Make your little farm home noted for its hospitality and the social times you have there. Keep up with the march of progress, for the time is coming when the cities will be the workshops of the world and abandoned to the workers, while the real cultured, social and intellectual life will be in the country. INCONVENIENCES OF THE FARM HOME. (Mrs. W. T. Flournoy, Marionville, Mo.) An inconvenience is that which gives trouble, embarrassment or uneasiness, disadvantage—anything that disturbs quiet, impedes pros- perity or increases the difficulty of action or success. You can see that the definition of the word gives me a very wide range; I can say nearly anything under that heading. 256 Missouri Agricultural Report. In the State of Missouri there are about 300,000 farm homes. Of this number 63,300, or 21.1 per cent., are rented. In more than half the counties in Missouri there has been a decline in the rural popula- tion averaging several per cent. in the past ten years, and this decline is not because of the lack of prosperity. Perhaps some of it may be due to the inconveniences of the farm home. The State Board of Agri- culture says that the average advance in the price of Missouri farm land, taking the State as a whole, since 1900, is 77 per cent., which statement goes to prove that the retired or well-to-do farmer has made most of his money from the advance in the price of his real estate. But this increase in value has little to do with changing methods in the home as long as the farmer owns the land himself and lives on it. If we confine ourselves to reading what the city papers have to say about the farmers, we will soon conclude that the average farmer has a modern home with electric hight, water works, with all the house- hold and farm machinery operated by simply pushing the button. That is the pipe dream of the city man, and not true to life at all. Occasionally you meet a farmer who will tell you with much pride, and justly so, too, that he has a five or ten-room home down on the farm that has all the modern conveniences. We understand by that that he is equipped with hot and cold water, furnace, light, adequate sewerage, and so on. This farmer is not the average farmer. It’s a pity he is so much in the minority. The chances are that the average rarmer’s wife has to carry the water in a pail from the barnyard well to do the family washing. The house she lives in its often built with not much thought in view, except keeping off the rain. It is not, as a rule, well ventilated or conveniently furnished. The family have few luxuries and not all of the necessities that they are entitled to. Mr. Dooley says that ‘‘the farm is where all the good things come from, and the city is where they go.’’ Perhaps he is partly right. The average farm home has not kept pace in modern methods with the farm on the outside. We criticise the average farm woman for being a poor housekeeper, or for not being neat in her personal appearance, or that she doesn’t know how to cook well, or that she doesn’t cook as well as she knows, or many other things. The criticisms are un- just. She puts in so many hours a day at hard, physical labor that she is so tired she lacks interest in these other things, and so would you if so situated. The pity is that she has so few of the labor saving devices, such as running water, a gas or oil stove to take the place of the big coal or wood stove in the middle of the summer heat when the canning season is on. The fireless cooker has hardly been heard of in the average farmer’s home. The bread mixer is unknown. The sepa- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 257 rator is Just beginning to appear. The vacuum cleaner is well below the horizon yet. Ice is often a luxury to be indulged in only on state occasions. It certainly is inconvenient that Mrs. Average Farmer has so few of these labor saving articles in the home, but I am sure she does not want them very much. She is fairly well contented; she has always gotten along without many helps and ean still do so. Very few farm women adopt new methods or machines after they reach middle age. It’s sometimes inconvenient for her to get away from her home very often, so she fails to come in contact with other people often enough to keep her rubbed real bright. Frequently it is not easy for her to go several miles to church, so she gladly stays at home rather than make the extra effort to go. It is to the disadvan- tage of both Mr. and Mrs. Average Farmer that they don’t do more reading. There are three things that prevent reading in the farmer’s home, or in any home—the lack of time, of reading material and in- clination. Every farm home should have a daily paper. It gives the family a glimpse of the outside world. Most farmers can afford to buy it, but very few can afford to do without it, yet many do not have it. One of the greatest inconveniences of the farm home (and there are several) is bad roads. But Mr. Average Farmer doesn’t want any better roads, for he always votes against any proposition for the bet- terment of the roads if it is hkely to cost him anything. Another one of the greatest inconveniences affecting the farm home is the poor school which is the average in the country. The children from the farm go over these bad roads each day during the term to the district school house, where they bake their faces and freeze their heels while being taught, often by a young and inexperienced teacher, whose only qualification for being a good teacher is his or her cheapness. How much better and how much more convenient would be the central school with its comfortable building and its good teachers. But Mr. Average Farmer doesn’t want any better schools for his children. He says so by persistently voting against any measure which might im- prove the schools. He loves his children, but he can’t stand for any raise in his taxes. Another, perhaps the greatest inconvenience affecting the farm home, is the mortgage or note held by the village money lender. It stoops the shoulders of the farmer, adds lines of care and worry to the face of his wife, and prematurely places burdens on the shoulders of the children. I do not know what per cent. of the farmers are in debt, but I do know that the village money lender is usually quite a prosperous individual, and he would be pretty apt to shut up shop if A—l7 258 Missouri Agricultural Report. it wasn’t for the farmers. However, I think the home of Mr. and Mrs. Average Farmer is about what they want. They are a pretty happy people. Occasionally, when the children begin to grow up the farmer yields to their entreaties and to the temptation of high “prices and sells a part or all of his farm and moves to the nearby town or village where he says they can take things easier, have more conveniences, and where his wife will not have to work so hard as on the farm. The wife ddesn’t see much difference in her work. The children do get the advantage of a good.school that someone else helped to build. If the questions of lights and water for the town is submitted to the voters, Mr. Farmer doesn’t like to break his record, so he goes down to the polls and votes against it. We must admit after all that that it all depends on the viewpoint as to what are in- conveniences and what are conveniences, what are necessities and what are luxuries. PLANNING OF A HOUSE. (Mrs. T. C. Wilson, Columbia, Mo.) The subject assigned me, ‘‘Planning a House,’’ has always been one of great interest to me, and as merely planning costs very little, I have been able to indulge my fancy. But planning a house to suit someone else is a different thing. No doubt each one here has her own individual view, but an ex- change of thought on any subject broadens our vision and often good results follow. Naturally, before we build our new house, we must find a suitable location, and in this day of progress and development we are not governed, as were our forefathers, by the presence of a spring which would be’ on low land, but can build where we please, and as the prophet of old did command the water to come to us. For various reasons an elevation is preferable. This appeals to the more practical of us for the drainage, thereby making our home more sani- tary and healthful. But from an artistic standpoint, let us build on the hill, where we can both see and be seen. Jn fact, we should try to be surrounded by the best that nature has provided for us and enjoy the beautiful world we live in. But ’tis a house beautiful I am to build, and there are so many different needs which may control the plans that I will only give in a general way a few main ideas. The kitchen will be my first consideration, for as long as these liege lords of ours demand to be fed three times a day, and the physical and thereby the mental development of the future generation depends on us, this is the most important room in the house. Here, again,,I Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 259 shall take issue with our grandmothers, and again it’s the change in the times. Instead of the huge room, where there was ample space fer an over abundance of servants, we must think of probably one indifferent maid, but more often our own one pair of hands and per- haps weak back, and arrange accordingly. The kitchen should be small, but with a convenient arrangement of stove, table and sink, thereby saving steps. I would allow more space for my pantry than is customary. Have it large enough for a very generous arrangement of shelves (always enclosed), room for the refrigerator and an extra table, which will prevent a congestion which might occur in the small kitchen. We all love a bright, cheerful dining room, and it is prac- tical, if possible, to build this room oblong—1l4 by 17 or 18 is a good size and symmetrical. For the ordinary family one lving room is sufficient, if large enough. In this we must have our fireplace, which gives cheer to young and old alike, plenty of windows and light for both use and beauty. In the arrangement of the bed rooms our first thought is that they are properly ventilated, with windows and doors as nearly op- posite as possible. We should not forget in our plans to supply plenty of closets, the pride of the good housewife’s heart. We must see that there is sufficient as well as suitable wall space for our furniture, and here is where an ingenious woman can so often do what neither your architect nor contractor will, by seeing where a door can be moved a little or a window hcightened a few inches, thereby giving just the space needed. I have dealt exclusively with the interior, but we must not forget that the outside must be beautiful, too, and if you decide on a style of architecture, conform strictly to that style. Don’t put colonial pillars on your English bungalow, but have it conform to a given plan, rather than make of it a conglomerate mixture. After you have planned and built your house in beautiful sur- roundings, and with all the conveniences and attractions of the mod- ern house, there is still something lacking. But if the one who lives there has the love of God in her heart and the true home maker’s spirit it will nct only be a beautiful house, but a beautiful home. 260 Missouri Agricultural Report. HOUSE DECORATION. (Miss Ella Victoria Dobbs, Instructor in Manual Training, University of Missouri.) The title, House Decoration, suggests to the average person the pictures, hangings and pretty things which are added to a house for the sake of their beauty after the really necessary furnish- ings have been provided, but the subject as we are to consider it here means very much more. A really beautiful house is not secured merely by an accumulation of beautiful things, however fine each may be in itself, but comes rather through the harmony which pervades the whole Miss Dobbs. whether the parts be very grand or extremely simple. It is quite easy to imagine a room in which each piece of furniture is good, perhaps fine, when considered alone and yet produc- ing anything but a pleasing effect when taken together because of the lack of harmony in color, style and general proportions. This harmony which is so essential can be gained only by consider- ing the house as a whole and each room as a subordinate unit treated in its relation to the general idea which controls the whole house. This does not mean that there shall be a monotonous sameness from room to room, but that the passing from the hall to the living room shall not suddenly bring one into an entirely different atmosphere of color and proportions, and that the glimpse one gets of the dining room through an open door shall not clash with the nearer view. The first essential in the treatment of the house as a whole is the underlying purpose of the homemaker, which is to express itself not only in the style, color and proportions of the various furnishings, but in the very atmosphere which pervades the whole house. A word or two regarding that purpose may not be out of place. The thought of home at once suggests rest and comfort, freedom from the cares and restraints of outside life, and the furnishings of the house should invite this freedom. Moreover, the house is also a workshop for some of the most important industries touching our daily life and should be planned with a view of carrying on those industries in the most efficient manner. One sometimes sees in a prominent place in the house a portrait of the mistress designed to show her at her best, but the portrait can only represent a single mood in a superficial way while the choice of furnish- ings very often reveals the secret ambitions of her inmost soul as clear- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 261 g Y ly as if she proclaimed them from the housetop. The portrait shows only how she may appear at times; the house shows truthfully what she is. If her purpose is the comfort and happiness of her family it will be apparent; if it is to show her superiority over her neighbors, that too, will be quite plainly seen; if her desire be to keep up with some more prosperous rival or to hide her own poverty or to be in style—or whatever it may be—it will be impossible to hide it, and the wise woman is therefore honest with herself in choosing high ideals that will express themeselves to her credit. Barry Parker, in the ‘‘Smaller Middle Class House,’’ says: ‘‘The true method of making a room beautiful is to make all the necessary and useful things in it beautiful.’’ This sentence gives the keynote for the expression of the chosen purpose—the necessary and the useful. If these are beautiful there will be little need for mere decoration, and the beauty which is a part of useful things well made will be found in all parts of the house instead of the painful profusion of the would-be beautiful in the parlor for the impression of the occasional guest, and the equally painful lack in the other quarters of the house which says that anything or nothing is good enough for the kitchen or back bedroom which are in daily use by the family. Batchelder says, ‘‘The beautiful thing is always sane and orderly in its arrangement, clear and coherent in its expression, frank and straightforward in the acceptance of the conditions imposed by use, sur- roundings, tools and materials.’’ ‘‘Frank and straightforward in the acceptance of the conditions imposed by use’’—if this means anything it surely means that the house shall be furnished with a view to the comfort of those who are to live in it, and not to dazzle the eyes of our guests with the glory of our possessions. The chairs and tables will be strong and well built, inviting use; the rugs and hangings will be of | fast sun-proof colors permitting sufficient light and air for the family without constant anxiety for these less precious possessions; the living room will be frankly the gathering place for the family, not a parlor reserved for callers; the kitchen will receive attention in proportion to its importance in the daily life, and will be as well supplied with convenient tools conveniently arranged as the family purse will permit. Many persons, particularly ‘professional decorators, attempt to secure a sense of unity in the house by adopting some historic style as the controlling motive, and we have houses furnished in the Queen Anne style of the Colonial period or the Louis XVI style of the Renaissance period. However successful this may be as an historic reproduction there still exist incongruities between the life and customs . 262 Missouri Agricullural Report. which produced the styles of other times and the conditions which sur- round us in this twentieth century, and these new conditions demand a new expression in keeping with our mode of living. We may go to the old for inspiration and suggestions to help in working out our present problems, but to attempt to graft sixteenth century styles on twentieth century conditions is as incongruous as to build a Gothic tower on a Moorish temple. Let us be ‘‘frank and straightforward’’ in ac- cepting the conditions as they exist and endeavor to solve our own problems in our own way, using all the advantages of modern inven- tion, as well as the heritage of past experience to help us create a style of our own which will be distinctive because it will be the expression of new conditions and good because it will satisfy a real need adequately and beautifully. If the first essential in creating a beautiful home concerns a defi- nite purpose and high ideals, the next is the tasteful execution of that purpose with attention to the fundamental principles of art in securing color, harmony and pleasing divisions of space. A few principles of general application may be profitably discussed from their practical application to the various features of the house. The ideal floor from the viewpoint of beauty as well as sanitation is of hardwood, preferably oak, but in any case the bare floor relieved by rugs is greatly to be preferred to the carpeted floor. Small rugs are easily removed.and easily cleaned and the tiresome sweeping of carpets avoided while the housekeeper has the satisfaction of knowing that the dust has been actually removed and not stirred up in the air to settle again in a few -minutes. Taking the room as a whole the floor should hold the darkest tone, the ceiling the lightest and the walls the connecting link between. The floor itself, however, should not be dark enough to show dust easily. The natural wood which mellows beautifully with age is generally most satis- factory. | In the treatment of the floor one coat of paste filler followed by two coats of wax gives a good finish. The second coat of wax should be ap- plied several days after the first and a good rule for proportions is— little wax.and much rubbing. Old soft wood floors may be quite suc- cessfully treated by scraping and sandpapering to a smooth surface and then applying a paste filler stained to match the dark spots which will appear after the sandpapering. A good erack filler should be used where necessary before applying the paste filler and the floor finished with two coats of wax as for hardwood. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. — 263 The rugs may vary in value from the home-made rag rug to the costly Oriental, but if the colors are soft and in harmony with the other furnishings of the room the effect is sure to be good. A light rug is apt to be conspicuous and seems to rise in the room while the darker ones will ‘‘lie on the floor’’—that is, attract less attention. For the same reason large figures and striking patterns are to be avoided. Plain walls of a neutral tone are most restful and give a good back- ground for pictures and other ornaments. The tinted wall is much to be preferred over paper or any other covering for sanitary reasons and the color applied to a semi-hard rough finished wall gives a delightful effect. If other covering must be used burlap gives a most pleasing effect and is very durable, but its qualities as a dust catcher are against it. If paper is to be used let it be plain or so nearly plain that it gives the effect of one color. The style to be avoided above all others is the large or strik- ing design so arranged on a contrasting background that the figures fall into lines which run up, down and diagonally, compelling the eye to travel around the nerve distracting outlines of squares, diamonds and other geometric figures while one counts over and over again the spots that compose them. In the division of wall space two points should be noted—vertical lines tend to increase the apparent height of a room while horizontal lines, breaking the space in the other direction, tend to decrease the apparent height. In a low room, therefore, avoid borders and other marked lines about the room, and if too low vertical lines—as in the paneled effect—will seem to add height. On the other hand the effect of a very high ceiling may be modified by using the ceiling color on the walls down to the level of the picture molding, or by a wide decorative border or by. a dado of different but harmonious tone. Here a figured paper if well chosen may be used to advantage. _ The direction and quantity of light should govern the predominating colorinaroom. Brighten an otherwise dark room by light, cheery walls and hangings. Soften the glare in an over-lighted room by dull tones which absorb the light ; neutral greens are specially good for this purpose. If the woodwork in a room has poor lines the defect will be less pro- nounced if there is very little difference in color between it and the walls. If the furniture is old the fact will be emphasized by contrast With shining newness in paint and paper, while a background of dull tones will make the defect less conspicuous. The furniture, being intended for use, should first of all be strong, well built and comfortable. A plain, substantial chair or table built on good simple lines is greatly to be preferred over one of the fancy variety having numerous curves and much machine-made ornamentation. Built- 264. Missouri Agricultural Report. in-seats, book shelves and cabinets have many advantages. Being an actual part of the room the sense of unity is increased and being station- ary, the labor of cleaning day is lessened. Much of the beauty of the old hand-made furniture is due to the fact that the maker was a master of his craft and knowing his material and its possibilities, designed accordingly, and beauty came as a natural result. The advent of ma- chines which could accomplish in a few minutes results that would re- quire hours of hand labor and multiply thé product with the same amaz- ing rapidity turned the heads of the workers for a time and led to all sorts of experiments as to what novel things could be produced. For a time the unusual took the place of the beautiful and the market was flooded with things which look like something which they are not—chairs made of good lumber carefully treated to make it appear like old ragged broken scraps, glass pitchers shaped like cloth bags ornamented with ribbon bows, and a host of similar grotesques. Much of the furniture produced in the last fifty years is overloaded with cheap machine carving, dis- torted into impossible curves, fancy and ugly, and finished with a glar- ing coat of varnish instead of the soft gloss of an old finish. We are fortunate in these days to have popularity and good taste so well com- bined as in the style of furniture designated as Craftsman. The curtains, couch covers and other accessories are a very important factor in the harmony of a room and may be made to brighten a dull room or be the softening note where the light is too strong. Curtains of a soft filmy texture—a plain net, scrim or similar material are, as a rule, more attractive than those requiring starch and always better than lace unless the lace be of a very fine quality. In color they should generally be the neutral tone between window shade and the wall color, softening the hard outline of the window. The color effect may be secured with either plain or figured material, but if the latter is used, care is needed in selecting a color and pattern which will give the tone desired. Strong contrasts and striking designs are to be avoided. In the city where houses are close together curtains are necessary as a protection from the curiosity of neighbors and must cover the whole window, but in the country their chief purpose is the artistic effect in the room and there is no need of interfering with the desire of the family to ‘‘see out’’—especially if the window commands a fine view. Many points concerning curtains apply also to couch covers, especial- ly the relation of the color to that of the room. No one feature adds more to the sense of rest and comfort in a living room than a luxurious pile of pillows on the couch—but let them be usable pillows, not fancy silk and satin creations nor of colors easily soiled. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 265 Pictures should be few but well selected. Good prints of great pictures may be had at such low cost that there is no reason why any wall should be disfigured with cheap crude pictures. In hanging a picture the first thought should be for a good light where the picture will show to best advantage, and second, a suitable place into which it seems to fit—that is, a space of the same general proportions. Small pictures may be grouped to fill a space. The frame should not be more conspicuous than the picture but rather help to bring out what is best in the picture, and the wire by which it hangs should be invisible if possible. Family portraits have no place in reception and living rooms unless they are the rare ones which have real artistic merit. If we must have them let them be confined to our private apartments. Of bric-a-brae as of pictures may be said—few pieces and well chosen —a good vase or two, a fine candlestick, a good cast of some fine piece of sculpture placed where their good lines can be seen to advantage. The thing most to be avoided is the cluttering of every available space with small cheap stuff—china vases with much gilt and strong color, colored glass bottles and cups, shell boxes and wax flowers, china shoes and silver hats and the whole range of things that look hke something they are not. These things slip in from somewhere and it requires determination on the part of the Homemaker to keep down the accumulation and leave a clear field for the few really good things, but the result is worth the effort it costs. This series of talks on House Decoration will scareely be complete without some word regarding the most important feature of all—the homemaker herself. No matter how successful she may be in furnishing and earing for her home the capstone will be missing unless she herself is both in appearance and manner the most charming part of it all. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT. (Mrs. F. B. Mumford, Columbia, Mo.) The subject ‘‘Household Management’’ was assigned me by the program committee. The more I have thought about the subject, the more I have been convinced that it will not be possible in the time set aside for this discussion to consider all of its various activities in detail. While it is true, Household Management contains such a wide variety of subjects, there are certain general principles that may properly be discussed at this time. 266 Missouri Agricultural Report. Conditions for home making differ so widely that no two house- keepers have exactly the same problems, although the same principles “may apply to all. | First, we study and understand our own problems. We must have a standard of life. By standard of life, I do not refer merely to an economic standard, but moral, social and intellectual standards that con- trol our motives and ultimately result in successful living. It has been said, the great difference between a successful person who accomplishes much and the one who is inefficient, is the difference in which their standard of life has been made conscious. In other words, the women who succeed have studied their problems and have a clear conception of them. The methods that made our mothers successful or those that are making our neighbors succeed may not always apply to our needs. The education and tastes of people differ so widely that’ it would be difficult to estabhsh a universal standard of life. Many of us have failed when we have been put to the test, because we have not had the courage’ to carry out our own standard of life. We are often more influenced by the opinion of others, than by our own good resolutions. The development of modern manufacturing enterprises, has taken out of the home many industries which characterized the homes of our mothers. The manufacturing of clothing, carpets, furniture and many other articles of household use, are no longer made in the home. To a certain extent, also, the preparation of food has been transferred from the kitchen to the canning factories, commercial bakeries and other food manufacturing establishments. While this is true much of this work is left in the home. The preparation of food in the home is important, not only because it is one of the chief activities carried on by the housewife, but because a very large proportion of the income is expended in the purchase of the food and its preparation. It has been estimated one-fifth of the money expended for food is wasted in one of the five following avenues: 1. Needlessly expensive materials providing little nourishment. 2. Much thrown away that might have been utilized. Bad preparation. Failure to select rightly according to season. oS Badly constructed ovens. Many have realized the importance of one or more of these ways, but few women have been able to prevent waste in each of the direc- tions mentioned. Very often a woman may be an expert in the selection of food material, but not a good economist in the prevention of waste. ’ Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 267 If the attention of all women could be directed to these avenues of waste and this waste prevented, the ultimate result would represent a large saving in the important process of food preparation in the home. The utilization of our income is a most preplexing problem. So often the desires seem to exceed the income. In as much of the income is spent directly or indirectly upon the home, it is the housewife who has much influence in directing its expenditures. First, she must distinguish between the needs and desires of her household. What these needs and desires are, will be determined by her standard of life. The woman who directs these expenditures wisely, must herself be efficient in determining the value of things. She must be wise as to the time of purchasing. I do not wish to be understood as placing a higher value upon efficiency in these material activities of Household Manage- ment, than upon those activities concerning the promotion and develop- ment of the higher life in the family, but the limits of this paper for- bid a discussion of this part of my subject. The thoughts and ideas T have had in mind but have not been able to express as successfully as I would have liked is expressed in a verse, called the ‘‘Mother’s Symphony,’’ by Fanny Waugh Davis, in Good Housekeeping : ““To do the best I can from morn until night, And pray for added strength with coming light, To make the family income reach alway, With some left over for a rainy day; _ To do distasteful things with happy face, To smile, instead of frown at fate, Which placed me in a family always late To meals; to do the sewing, mending and The thousand small things always near at hand, And do them always with a cheerful heart, Because in life they seem to be my part; To know a place for everything and keep It there; to bake, to answer questions, To be the mainspring of the family clock, (Or that effect), and see that no ticktock Is out of time, or tune, or soon, or late; . This is the only symphony which I Can ever hope to operate.”’ 265. Missouri Agricultural Report. HOME CARE OF THE SICK. (Dora B. Battson, Columbia, Missouri, Principal Training School for Nurses.) “Home, home, sweet, sweet home, Be it ever so humble there’s no place like home.” The sentiment of this song has touched an answering chord in many human hearts iu spite of the fact that the American people have grown to be a homeless people. One of our great writers has said that given a roaring open-wood fire it 1s easy to create a happy family, from the soft-voiced mother, her knitting needles flashing in the light, and the grave but kindly faced father, his bronzed and knotted hands resting on his knees, down through the line of strong limbed, deep-voiced lads and rosy cheeked, bright-eyed lasses. But no one lives with imagination sufficient to con- Miss Battson. jure up a happy family group around a black hole in the floor. With the coming of furnace heat and electric lights and the other modern conveniences, life may have lost some of its sentiment, but it has taken on new comfort and ease. In the modern home the care of the sick is not particularly difficult, especially if you do as most doctors advise and eall a trained nurse. Even a serious case of illness ean be well cared for in a city home with a nurse on duty to report to a doctor, a few blocks away, any change for the worse in a patient’s condition; but the situation is totally different when the home is a farm house half a dozen miles or more from the doctor and lacking all modern improvements. One of the serious propositions in life is when a member of the family in the country is critically ill. Here, by all means, let me say, as a measure of economy, you should employ a graduate nurse. You will probably regard her as an extravagance till you have tried the experi- ment once, but when you have, I say with all confidence, I have no doubt you will repeat it. If you have a nurse let her control the situation and concur with her in carrying out the doctor’s orders. She is there for that purpose. It will be your duty to see that she has a reasonable amount of rest and recreation and wholesome food. You can best help the patient by caring for the physical welfare of his nurse. But when serious illness strikes a farmer’s home and he (for what may seem to him justifiable reasons), does not employ a nurse, the care of the sick becomes a matter demanding grave consideration. Here, of Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 269 all places you see displayed, the goodness and kindness of humanity. The self-forgetting kindness of the neighbors is almost past belief to one accustomed to life among the selfish city dwellers. But right here is a grave danger—a cat may be killed by kindness and she possesses the fabled nine lives. Suffer me to give you a few don’ts for the farm-home sick room. Don’t allow the sick room to be the common sitting room—guard this point especially if the patient be a child. Neither should the room open into the dining room and kitchen. This is harmful for both sick and the well. Quiet and fresh air are absolutely necessary for the sick and neither can be obtained without some degree of isolation. If the family sit in the room they take into their lungs the oxygen needed by the patient and give out poisonous gases that add to his already toxic condition. Simply the presence of several in the room causes a nervous shock to the patient that does him harm. The look of loving anxiety bent on the patient makes him restless. The odor of clothes worn about the stables as well as the steam from cooking meats and vegetables may cause nausea persistent enough to endanger the life of the patient. Don’t let me beg of you, accept the offers of kind-hearted neigh- bors to sit up in groups of two or three unless they be deaf mutes. They uwll talk—they don’t mean to, I knew, and most of it will be done in that objectionable tone—a whisper, but to an ear keyed to hyper-sensi- tiveness by illness a low-toned whisper may be distinctly audible across the room and many a delirious patient has been rendered almost un- manageable by whispered conversation. Don’t trust to your memory in giving medicine. Write down plainly the hours at which all medicines are due and give them at exactly that time and always draw a line through the number, showing in this way that the medicine has been given. This will insure against his getting two doses either through your own forgetfulness or the kindly inter- ference of friends. Do not ask him if he is ready to take his medicine or remind him it is time for it but quietly and unobserved, if possible, prepare the dose and give it at the exact hour. Above all, do not express pity for him when taking a nauseous dose, or make too elaborate preparations for him to throw it up. Here is where will power does a great deal, and the patient takes and retains medicine he deemed im- possible. Do not discuss the patient’s condition a dozen times a day over the telephone in a voice distinctly audible in the sick room. These are a few of the ‘‘dont’s’’—now listen, if you please, for a few moments to the ‘‘do’s.’’ As soon as the doctor pronounces the indisposition a real case of 270 Missouri Agricultural Report. illness, select the best room in the house for the sick room. By best, I mean the one where the patient can have the most quiet, fresh air and sunlight and be freest from the odors of the house, and where the exereta of the sick-room can be quickly and easily removed with least offense to the family. This room may be your much cherished parlor. If so, remove the carpet, if it be one you prize, and cover the floor with old but clean rugs easily removed for dusting. Be sure to remove the bric-abrae and books, as they always catch and hold the dust, and dust is danger in a sick-room. Dust every thing in the room daily with a damp cloth except your piano and use a flannel for this, taking the cloth outside to shake it frequently. The floor is swept by pinning a cloth, moistened in hot water containing a little carbolic acid, over the broom. * Keep the shades up and have plenty of light and the direct rays of the sun, if you can, in the room. Not, however, in the patient’s face or eyes—arrange the bed with this in view. There is health in sun- light and it is Nature’s great ‘‘non-poisonous’’ germicide. Have fresh air in the room day and night and whatever elsé you do or do not do, have fresh air. How to admit it in unstinted quantities in cold weather may be a great problem—but remember it must be done. Spend time and fuel keeping up a roaring fire if necessary, but keep the windows open. Please do not misunderstand me however, when I say fresh air—I do not mean drafts, nor do I mean necessarily cold air let in from an adjoining room where it has been heated over and over. I mean out-door-air, and I mean night air as well as day air. Open bed- room windows and out door sitting rooms have changed many cases of invalidism into health and energy. As pure air bathes the lungs and cleanses the blood current, so must the daily application of water keep the body clean. A daily bath is necessary unless the patient be very old and feeble or the vitality be greatly reduced for some reason. I wish I might teach every woman in the land to give a bed-bath skillfully and change the hnen without worry to the patient. Many do this quite well with no teaching save the nursing instinct inherent in some women. Always remember to protect your bed well, to expose only a small portion of the body at one time and turn the patient as seldom as possible. Daily fresh linen is worth making a great effort to obtain. The sheets should be as smooth as possible, great pains being taken to press out all wrinkles. It is best except under rare conditions, for the patient to wear only a night-dress while in bed. Many make a grave mistake in retaining union suits or other heavy under-garments. No bed patient can be kept really com- fortable without frequent alcohol rubs, and this wearies the patient unless it can be done without disturbing him. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. Paral That which effects the patient’s comfort most is his bed. Choose from among your beds the iron frame with firm springs so there will be no sagging of the mattress. The bed should be firm but not hard, and, for your own sake, should be put up on 8-inch blocks to prevent the distress of stooping over a low bed. Have your blocks the same height and hollowed in the center to hold the castors from slipping. Suffer a word as to the protection of your mattress (the feather bed, please understand me, is impossible)—the best protection, is, of course, rubber sheeting of a high grade, but this is difficult to obtain except through a hospital supply-house. Not having the rubber sheeting, get two one-yard pieces of the softest oil-cloth you can find and pin one firmly on the bed covered with a folded or draw-sheet snugly tucked under the mattress. Use the two pieces on alternate days, wiping them off with weak carbolic solution and hanging in the air when not in use. Bring out your best and softest blankets and do nof use heavy, dark covers on the bed. The dark color depresses the patient and you will find a fresh white sheet, over the blankets, preferable to a heavy bed- spread. One member of the family should be set apart to care for the sick one—or if he requires constant attendance, two who can give their un- divided attention to the patient. The physician will probably make two ealls daily so the watchers should arrange their time for rest in such a way that the night-watcher will remain on duty for the doctor’s morn- ing call and be able to give a clear history of the night, while the other will be present in the evening and give an account of the day’s doings. Too often the burden of the home care of the sick rests almost en- tirely on the already over-weighted shoulders of the faithful mother, and many a brave life has been needlessly sacrificed on the altar of unselfish devotion. : Mother, when there is illness in your home, try and remember your life is the most precious in the household and be unselfish enough to share, in a large way, the care of the sick one with some one else. This is hard to do but the family should insist on your doing it. The mouth is frequently neglected in the home care of the sick. Through a small breach in the dyke the country is flooded to its destruc- tion. Through neglect to keep the mouth clean in many of the germ diseases serious complications set up that are fatal. “For the want of a nail the shoe was lost, For the want of a shoe the horse was lost, For the want of a horse the rider was lost, For the want of a rider the kingdom was lost— And all for the want of a horse-shoe nail.’’ 272 Missouri Agricultural Report. The mouth should be rinsed frequently and always before and after taking any form of food, with some simple alkaline wash, as soda or borax—readily found in any household. When the patient is too ill to do this for himself wind a pencil with soft table lLnen and saturate it in the solution and clean the mouth thoroughly, changing the cloth frequently and never dipping it twice in the solution. Oil the lips with cold cream or vaseline and be sure the corners of the mouth are well dried and oiled or they will fissure. If the patient is delirious the mouth must be prized open and cleaned at least three times daily. I may seem to stress this point unduly but if you could see one of the vivid pictures that hangs on the wall of my memory you would understand why this point appeals to me with so much force. I see a wilful, petulant girl of 14 cared for by a doting mother through four weeks of typhoid fever. At the end of the fourth week her temperature dropped to normal but her delirium in place of dis- appearing, increased. The family, now worn out and alarmed, yielded to the doctor’s demands and ealled a graduate nurse. I responded, driving ten miles into the country after leaving the train. J found a dilapidated and dirty farm-house around which the December winds wailed dismally. The mother and older sister were worn out, in- efficient and spiritless. JI found what I have always considered absolute necessities lacking—no clean linen or bedding—not even night dresses— no protection for the bed whatever and the patient well nigh out of view in deep excavation in a moist feather bed. The patient’s hair— long dark curls—was matted almost hopelessly, the mother saying weak- ly that the girl had not allowed it combed for weeks. All this I might have overlooked, but when I opened the child’s mouth I was filled with contempt and pity for the weak mother. When I asked her why the doctor’s orders for cleaning the girl’s mouth had not been carried out she answered dejectedly, ‘‘She just wouldn’t let me clean her mouth.’’ ‘‘ You should have used force if necessary.’ “Obs I couldn’t do that with my little girl.’”’ In twenty-four hours I saw she had done worse—her lack of firmness had cost the girl her life. The usual typhoid symptoms had disappeared but the bacillus that caused the disease had entered the middle ear through the eustachian tube, leading from an unclean mouth and had set up an otitis media. The same infection had occurred through the ducts leading from the salivary glands and when death came, 9 days later, to the child’s relief, both parotid glands had abcessed deeply and the sub-lingual and sub-maxillary were involved. Both ears were discharging freely—the shock and pain were too great and nature gave way under it. Larmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 273 What was my duty under the circumstances? I felt it was the hard thing—to tell her plainly but tenderly as possible, for her poor heart was quite broken, the truth—there were other children in the family. I will never forget her wail of distress, ‘‘If I had only known it had to be done!’’ I hold the highest part of the mission of the trained nurse is not so - much to do as to teach. Whatever home we enter should have better ideas of health and hygiene when we leave. Ask the nurse to show vou how to do many of the simpler things in the care of the sick and you will find her glad to teach you some of the things she has spent three years in learning. I hope the time will soon come when every high school girl, will along with her cooking and sewing and other domestic arts, be taught the simpler technique of the sick room. Almost every woman is at some time in her life called on to act in place of a nurse to some one she loves. How gladly, then, would she exchange her A. B. degree for the knowledge and skill she knows she does not. possess. I will believe the millenium near, even at the door, when our girls are once more efficient home-makers and multiple mothers of healthy children. When in addition to a liberal college education they know the fine are of ‘‘home-keeping,’’ and have learned the beautiful truth that ‘‘home-keeping hearts are happiest.’’ TRAINING OF CHILDREN. (Mrs. J. Ed. Hall, La Monte, Mo.) We best understand the feelings and affections of God toward us when we bend over our own child. and in our human parent-hood get a faint image of divine Father-hood. The helplessness of children appeals to every principle of nobleness in our hearts. Their inno- cence exerts over us a purifying power. Our re- sponsibility for them exalts every faculty of our souls. In the very care which they exact, they bring blessings to us. Life takes on a new and deeper meaning. When we realize that into our hands has come a sacred burden—an immortal life—to be guarded and Mrs. Hall. _ trained, we are made more thoughtful. Self is no longer the center. A new object, great enough to fill our life, and engross our highest powers, is now before us. Life be- A—18 274 Missouri Agricultural Report. comes real, and parents begin to learn to live in reality, only when the children come. We speak of training our children, but they train us first, teaching many a sacred lesson, rousing up many a slumbering gift and possibility, calling out many a hidden grace and disciplining our wayward powers _ into noble and harmonious character. Some writer has said that the children are apostles sent forth to preach of love, of hope, of peace. Dreary, indeed, would our homes be, without them. True, we sometimes weary of their noise; they bring eare, solicitude, and toil. Sleepless nights we spend in watching over them, and last, but not least, do they almost break our hearts many times by their waywardness. Some there are who see no pleasure in them, but regard them as responsibilities which they dread, and do not care to assume. ‘This, to me, is sheer selfishness, for instead of being hindrances to noble living, they are great helps. They bring blessings from heaven when they come, and as long as they stay, they are true benedictions. How shall we train them? It is impossible to overestimate the im- portance of this question. In the language of the poet: ‘*Tt is no little thing When a fresh soul And a fresh heart, with their unmeasured scape For good, not gravitating earthward yet, But circling into diviner periods, Are sent into this world.’’ We realize as parents, as mothers, that upon us the responsibility of these young lives chiefly rests. We are the home builders and we put into the home our character, of whatever sort it is. In many homes fathers seem to forget that they have any share in the burden and duty of home life. But this is wrong. While God has placed the tender plant nearest the mother-heart, yet the father must know that he has more to do in making and training the child, than simply supplying necessary food and clothing. How sweet is the home where mother and father are one in thought and in spirit, where their hearts beat as one, where the welfare of the children lies equally heavy upon each heart. Socrates wondered how men could be so careful to train well the colt, but were so indifferent to the training of the child. And in this Christian age is it still true that men, who profess to follow Christ and to believe life superior to all else, give infinitely more thought and pains Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 275 to the raising of stock and the growing of crops than to the training of the children ? i think you, as mothers and home-makers, will all agree with me that our lives are indeed busy and crowded, and we find it hard to do everything that we should, but if we allow business, pleasure or any other interest to crowd out the training of our boys and girls, we have made indeed, a fatal mistake. For if the child is not taught in the home, by its parents, principles of honesty, truthfulness, charity, right living, industry, ete., the impressionable mind will be filled with wrong principles and the character which God intended to be well rounded and beautiful, will be sadly warped and disfigured. The wise Solomon said, ‘‘Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it.’’ Oh, that we could realize this, every moment of our lives, and remember we are training, not only for time but for eternity ! Every home influence, no matter how small, works itself into the heart of childhood and re-appears in the opening character. To quote the words of the lecturer on last evening—‘‘The child absorbs environ- ment.’’ The influences that surround the child in infancy should be such as to fashion strong noble manhood and queenly womanhood. Homes are the real schools in which men and women are trained, and fathers and mothers are the real teachers. The lovely things that come out in the life of the strong man had their origin in the lovely thoughts that were whispered into his heart in early childhood. How essential it is that the mother do this herself, whenever it is possible, not entrusting this very important thing to some stranger. The mind of the child is easily impressed, and as the earliest im- pressions are the most lasting, let us surround them with the beautiful, the pure, the uplifting things. The house, its shape, color, location, decorations, the yard, the lawn, the woods, fields and streams—all are intertwined with his early memories of childhood. And what beautiful pictures they are—hanging on the wall of memory, if the scenes to which the canvas was exposed were but beautiful. God pity the poor children in the great cities, who live in wretched hovels and into whose young lives no thoughts of a beautiful and happy childhood can come. : While I feel that all this about material surrounding is very true, yet I believe that you will all agree that there is also ¢ spiritual side. The home and all its surroundings may be ideal, but without the sweet home spirit, the spirit of love, the lives of the children will not be 276 Missourt Agricultural Report. complete, something will certainly be lacking. And this tender life must begin with the parents themselves. If gentleness and affection mark their attitude toward each other the same spirit will rule the family life. How can we as parents, as mothers, undertake and expect to ac- complish the great: task set for our life work, without Divine aid? Can we afford to meet the solemn responsibility of parenthood in our human weakness? May we seek the aid of the Great Leader and with His presence, help and guidance, even this work of training our children will not weight us down, but we shall come out more than conquerors, having for our reward a great army of noble men and pure women who sooner or later are to take our places. TEXTILE ADULTERATION. ‘Miss Charley Tidd, Department of Home Economics, University of Missouri.) A woman who has spent quite a number of years in working for pure food legislation remarked the other day, that twenty years had been spent in investigating the subject before there was any legislation on it. She said that people had worked in laboratories, getting technical knowledge, and presented this information to the people, but that it took this length of time for public opinion to be aroused sufficiently to cause laws to be enacted. It Miss Tidd. seems only reasonable that if this subject, which (From kodak picture. ) affected not only the economic condition of the peo- ple but their very lives as well, was not attended to for twenty years, that the question of textiles which affects only the economic side, will take at the least as long a time if not longer. Our problem, then, is to see what the women of the country can do in the meantime, to see how they can come to their own aid and protect themselves against the frauds which are, being forced onto them. The adulteration of textiles is chiefly in that of the quality. We (m4 buy woolen, or silk, or linen material, supposing that it is ‘‘pure,’’ and then we find that it may contain a large amount of cotton, or hemp, or shoddy. But by the time that we make this discovery the goods is” worn out and all we can do is to go to the store and buy more. As a matter of fact, even if we discovered the fraud in the first place we have no means of redress. We can either buy the material or we buy some Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 217 other, which in the long run will probably prove just as bad as the first. The manufacturers claim that they must adulterate goods, or make a poor quality, as they call it, in order to meet the demand for a cheap product. This brings up the question as to whether these so-called cheap products are really the cheapest. Granted that they are in the initial cost, what about the lasting qualities. An investigation which has been recently carried on goes to show that toweling, which cost only two cents more on the yard would last three years longer, a length of time out of all proportion to the extra cost. And this is usually the case with other things besides towels. One may very well ask at this time whether the price of a material can be relied on to express the real quality. To some extent this is so, but there are so many other factors which enter in that it is not a safe thing to do. The fact that a thing is in style, or fashionable, determines the price more than the quality of the material. But admitting that this can be used as an index to the quality, as long as we have nothing better, the question, still remains as to whether we are getting the best - quality. Are we getting our money’s worth? What right has the manu- facturer to give us pure table linen, guaranteed as such, when half or a third is cotton? And what does he mean by this guarantee any way? Miss Crooks, who has done a great deal of work along this line, has found in her questioning that it means very little. She found that you could not get your money back, if the thing proved cotton instead of linen, and that vou had no recourse to law. One of the first things which we can do, then, is to make it our business to see that this guarantee does mean something. Our ultimate aim should, or course, be to have a law which would give us protection in a ease like this. But until this time comes we can get the merchant not only to say that the material is pure, but to back his statement up by promising to replace the material if this is not true. This simply -means that the merchant will in his turn force the manufacturer to make the same promise to him, so that he will not be the loser. But we must be able to tell in some way as to whether we are getting pure material or not. This is a necessary step. Of course we can tell by the length of time the article lasts. But usually if we wait that lone to determine the quality, we find that it is easier to go and buy more than to take the trouble to replace the old. And then the fact arises that if you wear a garment for any length of time the merchant can claim that it was the kind of wear which the material received and not the quality which caused it, to wear out. We must be able, then, to tell about the 278 Missourt Agricultural Report. quality before we purchase the material. The way by which we can do this has been worked out by the textile chemists. They have worked out a series of simple tests which can be carried into the home and used by every woman. They have found that if a piece of material is pure wool it will all dissolve in a solution of ordinary lye. But that if it is part cotton that part will not be dissolved. Of course, even then that leaves the possibility that the wool may be adulterated with shoddy. If the woman is the possessor of a miscroscope this will be a very simple thing to discover. If linen is bought it can be analyzed to find out whether it is linen or cotton. White material can be soaked in glycerine. If linen, it becomes transparent, while if it is cotton it will become opaque or a dead white. By burning the edge the fiber can also be determined roughly, the linen fibers burning off straight, while the cotton ones will have a small tuft. Silks are perhaps the most adulterated, - as they are the most costly. But here the adulteration consists not only in being adulterated with another fiber, but by being loaded. This ean easily be discovered by burning the piece of material. If the material is loaded it will retain its shape. As a matter of fact you will find that it will not burn. If the silk is not weighted it will burn rapidly. To test the pureness the fibers can be boiled in a solution of lye or some strong alkali. This will dissolve the silk and will leave the cotton undissolved. These are just a few of the most simple tests which seem to be practicable. Any woman can try these at home. They can be carried on with just the small samples which the merchant will give you, or if this is not enough, surely it will pay to buy a few cents worth of the material to test first. Before any laws can be passed we must have facts to present to the people. All women know that textiles are adulterated, all know that the average silk dress, costly as it is, will last but-a short time, and then there can never be any assurance as to how long it will last. But until the women who use things can give accurate information as to the extent of the adulteration and what its effects are, very little will be accomplished. The pure food people accomplished only what they did by presenting specific facts to the people and showing what the harm was, both to the individual and to society. And until textile workers can do the same, very little will be done. But textile workers can do little alone, as the pure food workers could do little alone. It takes the people behind any movement to make it a success. And in this instance it takes the women in particular. Until every woman who buys a piece of cloth knows, or at least tries to know, the quality, noth- ing can be done. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 2D WHAT THE WOMEN ARE DOING IN MICHIGAN AND WHAT MICHIGAN IS DOING FOR HER WOMEN. (Miss Jennie Buell, Lecturer Michigan State Grange.) It was in 1895 in Michigan, that an increased appropriation for farmers’ institutes permitted of the broadening of this work and encouraged the superintendent of these institutes, Mr. K. L. Butter- field, to attempt something especially for the help of farm women. Realizing that the work of no class of workers is so closely associated with the home as is that of the farmer, it seemed but just and needful that a considerable share of attention and funds be given to the helping of the home side of rural life. The first trial women’s section—for Miss Buell. it was decided to begin with a separate meeting for women at each county institute that wished for it—was held in November of that year, conducted by Mrs. Mary A. Mayo, a woman whose intimate acquaint- tance with farm life and wide acquaintance over the State well fitted her to introduce this feature. The experiments justified continuance of the work among women. Because it was a meeting for women and led by a farm woman, it ap- pealed to the shy, often lonely, farm woman; and because it was a meeting filled with high ideals and noble appeals for right living, it appealed to women from the towns. It tied these two classes together along the lines of their common interests. It discovered to them, as ‘ one little woman once said, that ‘‘about the only difference between them is the matter of a few miles.’’ Town and country women’s clubs have resulted in a number of instances, that meet regularly during the year, and where the meetings are held only annually, they are events long looked forward to. The discussions there started are frequently ex- tended over months among the women of the vicinity. Ever since this sort of work was started, in connection with our Farmers’ Institutes, provision has been made for a woman speaker at every county that desired to have the women’s section, or congress From six to eight or nine thousand women are thus annually reached by this means. The subjects presented have from the first tended to the practical, living problems that home-makers have to solve. Especially have the difficult and delicate questions of child culture and training been sought for by the women who attend these meetings. ‘‘ Mother and Daughter’’ has been a favorite theme, under this or similar titles. Often a women’s congress becomes almost a confessional in its strong, 280- Missouri Agricultural Report. heartfelt utterances, its eager questions and earnest answers, its ex- change of practical suggestions and instructions. .The chief and crying need of many mothers, was early, found to be how to teach their children that which they had learned about the relations of life, about their own natures, personal hygiene and regarding sex. A little later, instruction along lines of Household Heconomy was given, often with demonstrations. As studies of this sort were introduced into the public schools, trained teachers were available for their presentation, and the work of instigat- ing further study of their calling went on among these women in homes. The aims and resulis of such special effort among women through the farmers’ institutes have been in three directions: 1, inspiration or awakening women to think more about their duties and responsibilities ; 2, instructing, with the hope of leading to further study and thought by pointing to sources where more extended helps may be had; 3, de- velopment by doing, showing the women how to conduct meetings among themselves, what topics call forth most interest and how to find local assistants for carrying on the work. We are convinced that one such meeting a year does not suffice to carry out this plan in its desired fullness. Where no other agency exists to meet the need among the women, we encourage permanent organiza- tion among them with regular meetings throughout the year; but if other organizations are already in the neighborhood, we encourage women to take a larger participation in them for the discussion of topics relating to home life and its betterment, the installing of labor-saving devices and up-to-date equipment of conveniences. Many of these topics bear more substantial fruit if discussed in the combination men and women’s meetings, but the women must first know what is available in the way of modern conveniences, helpful reading matter, home study courses, better schools for her children, artistic and sanitary furnish- ing for her home, ete., before she is quite ready to present her needs to another. This sort of breaking ground in her thought the women’s congress often does for her. Sometimes it also does her quite as much good by wholly redirecting her thought life, as by giving her practical suggestions in her material, work-a-day world. For instance, one woman testified that out of such a meeting she caught her first vision of what her highest duty to her husband and children might be—something above working at the barn and in the field and doing her housework be: tween whiles. She saw the possibilities that were hers as companion and leader to her family in social ways and in mental and spiritual life. Her experience in less measure has been that of thousands of Michigan Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 281 women whose lives have been quickened and enriched hy these meet- ings among women, by women and for women. WHAT MISSOURI SHOULD DO FOR ITS WOMEN. (F. B. Mumford, Dean Agricultural College, University of Missouri.) We must recognize that the work of women is made more effective by special training as well as the work of men. Missouri has provided _ more generously for the special training of men than for women. Larger attention should be given in schools to courses in Home Economics. Not only in the colleges and universities, but in the high schools and rural schools of the State. The management of a household is too important to be placed in the hands of ignorant, untrained and inefficient women. The development of modern applied science has clearly indicated the usefuless of careful training in the duties of house keeping. It is fitting that the Home-makers’ Conference should recognize _ the need of special training for women, and should take the necessary steps to secure this training for the women of Missouri. It is not too much to hope that such training will improve the economic condition of the home, the intellectual life of the home-makers, and ultimately result in a fuller and happier life for all the homes of the State. PLANS FOR FURTHER ORGANIZATION. (Miss Ilena Bailey, Farmers’ Institute Lecturer, Board of Agriculture.) Many a farmer’s wife arises at 5 o’clock in the morning and retires at 10 o’clock at might with nothing but work between these hours. No won- der if she looks forward to the time when they will sell the farm and move to town. However, the work done in other states, our own observations and dreams of the future make us believe it is pos- sible to keep all the beauties of Missouri country life and replace many of the undesirable features with the desirable features of city life. The farmer’s wife needs a library with its Miss Bailey. books and magazines, picture galleries, good lectures and musicals as much as the city woman. She needs time for leisure and for intel- 282 Missouri Agricultural Report. lectual development, time to enjoy the beauties of country life. We are beginning to reap larger crops when scientific methods are ap- plied to agriculture, so when these are applied to the home we will have more artistic houses, more conveniences and more nutritious food for the same cost as at present. When we understand sanitation there will be less disease. All of these advances can be secured more quickly through organization. A home makers’ club in every school district would help to bring them. Four or five women could start such an organization. The most good comes from a club of not more than fifteen members, because each member has a chance to take part often and there is.less formali- ty. Ask your neighbors in to spend an afternoon. Talk this matter over with them. Organize a club. The exchange of ideas will help all of you. ‘ Several nearby clubs could unite and have a ‘‘short course’’ of one or two weeks once a year. This would consist of a series of lec- tures and demonstrations by members of the University faculty and farmers’ institute lecturers. It would be lke a school. The club could hold its meetings at the homes of the members every two weeks. By having the club in the community, it will make it possible for members to attend every meeting. Some women will feel that they are too busy to spare an afternoon once in two weeks, but if that time is so well spent that it will make work at home done with less time and less labor, is it not a paying investment? We hope the suggested constitution and by-laws and the program outline will be a help to you, but make your own if you wish. The constitution names the necessary officers. It was made with the ex- pectation that a farmers’ club would be organized in the same com- munity, but this not necessary. The executive committee should see that the papers, talks or dis- cussions are assigned to various members several weeks in advance, so that they will have time to think and read on their subjects. If members think they have not time for this, meet anyway and talk about these subjects. If you happen to miss a meeting, have the next one as planned in the outline, as these meetings are arranged to suit the seasons. The president should see that no other general subject than that planned by the executive committee is discussed, otherwise you will not be able to carry out your program. Perhaps you will want to add musie or literary work to these programs, or you may wish to separate or combine some of the subjects. If you carry out the plans under special work, the meetings will be more interesting. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 283 The references are all bulletins that can be obtained free of charge. If your secretary will write me for material, I will send this to you as ou have need for it. When there is business to come before the club, the business should follow the program. Any business left over from a previous meeting should be considered first, then new business. Try to do business in a parlamentary way, even though the business is a small matter. With everyone talking at once and no order a business meeting becomes a long drawn out affair which never reaches a conclusion. To have a pleasant and profitable meeting, refreshments are not a necessity, but should you wish these, the number of articles to be served should be lhmited to two or three. Remember, the principal objects of a home makers’ club are not eating and embroidery. There may be times when it will be advisable to have an extra meeting, as when you have an opportunity to get some special speaker to meet with you or wish to invite your families or friends to a social evening occasionally. The State Library Commission would be glad to loan such elubs a collection of fifty books for the transportation charges. These charges are small. The books may be kept six months and returned. They may be on various subjects or along special lines, for old or young, as you wish. Your secretary should keep in touch with other clubs of like pur- pose in the State. This can be done through the office of the State Board of Agriculture. This will enable us to send all club members such new printed matter as is of interest to them. Too many things in this world are left for someone else to start. If you have received inspiration from this Home Makers’ Conference, start a club in your own community. Ask your neighbors in to spend the afternoon. Talk it over together. Organize. With your hearty co-operation, we can hope for great improvement in the farm home and farm life in Missouri this year of 1911. PROGRAM OUTLINES FOR ONE YEAR. FIRST JANUARY MEETING. General Subject—Organization for the Year. Program— 1. Reports of secretary and treasurer. 2. Plans for the year. Special Work— Roll call, each member answering by telling how the club has helped her or how it could be of more help. 284 - : Missourt Agricultural Report. SECOND JANUARY MEETING. General Subject—Report of Home Makers’ Conference. Program— 1 he selnrips 2. Columbia. 3. The Meeting. 4. Our University. References— If you sent no delegate, read the reports in the daily papers of Columbia and in various state agricultural papers. ss FIRST FEBRUARY MEETING. General Subject—Breeds of Poultry. Program— 1. Is Thoroughbred Poultry Profitable for the average Farmer? 2. Advantages of having only one Breed. 3. Which is the most Profitable—the Egg, Meat, or General Purpose Breed? Reference— Fourth Annual Report of the Missouri State Poultry Board. SECOND FEBRUARY MEETING. General Subject—Young Poultry. Program— 1. Which Shall it be—Incubators or Hens. 2. Brooders. 3. Feed for Young Chicks. 4. Chicken Diseases. Special Work— : Ask each member to bring a written question on poultry. Give each member a question to answer. FIRST MARCH MEETING. General Subject—The Vegetable Garden. Program— 1. Soil and location. 2. When and How to Plant: 3. What to Plant. 4. Care and Results. Special Work— Let each member answer to roll call, telling what variety of vegetable grew in her garden last year. 3 References— Farmers’ Bulletins— No. 154. Garden, Preparation and Care. No. 149. The Farmers’ Vegetable Garden. No. 255. The Home Vegetable Garden. No. 11. Growing Early Tomatoes. ; SECOND MARCH MEBRTING. General Subject—The Flower Garden. Program— 1. The Lawn. 2. The Flower-bed. 3. Unsightly Back Yards. 4. The Roadside. Special Work— Each member might make a list of unsightly objects around a farm house. References— Farmers’ Bulletins— No. 195. Annual Flowering Plants. Ornamental Planting for the Farm Home. Farmers’ Week wn Agricultural College. 285 FIRST APRIL MEETING. General Subject—Our School. Program— 1. How can Our School House and Grounds be Improved? 2. The Advantages of the Consolidated School to Pupils. 3. The Advantages of the Consolidated School to Patrons. Special Work— Have each member give an idea for improvement. References— The School and the Farm in Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1910. Bulletin, The Model Rural School. SECOND APRIL MEETING. General Subject—The House. Program— 1. Wall Finishes. 2. Which is Better—Rug or Carpet? 3. The Kitchen Floor. ‘ 4. Points to be Considered in Selecting New Furniture. Special Work— Let each member tell about the next change she plans to make or would like to make in her house. FIRST MAY MEETING. ‘General Subject—Milk and Butter. Program— 1. Which is More Profitable—to Make Butter or Sell the Cream? 2. How Can We Get Better Prices for Butter? 3. Unseen Filth in Milk. Reference— Farmers’ Bulletins— No. 241. Butter Making on the Farm. No. 186. Keeping Quality of Butter. No. 63. Care of Milk on the Farm. No. 210. The Covered Milk Pail. Milk Supply for the Home. Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1909. SECOND MAY MEETING. “General Subject—Vegetables. Program— 1. Methods of Cooking Vegetables. 2. Food Value. 3. Cream Vegetable Soups. Special Work— Have some member demonstrate the effect of cooking potatoes different lengths of time. Let each member tell how she prepares some vegetable. References— No. 256. Preparation of vegetables for the table. The Cooking of Vegetables, Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1910. FIRST JUNE MEETING. General Subject—Marketing of Poultry. Program— : 1. Feeding for the Market. 2. When to Market. 3. Where to Sell. 4. Runts and Culls. References— Fourth Annual Report of Missouri State Poultry Board. 286 - Missouri Agricultural Report. SECOND JUNE MEETING. General Subject—Canning Fruit. Program— 1. The Advantages of Home Canned Fruits and Vegetables. 2. Preparation of Fruit for Canning. 3. Methods of Canning—Steaming, Baking and Boiling. Special Work— Demonstration in canning by some member. References— Farmers’ Bulletins— No. 359. Canning Vegetables in the Home. No. 203. Canned Fruit, Preserves and Jellies. How to Can Fruits and Vegetables on the Farm—Report of Home Makers’ Con- ference, 1909. FIRST JULY MEETING. Picnic— Program— Songs, Recitations and Speeches. Dinner. Games. Special Work— Get old and young from every family interested. SECOND JULY MEETING. General Subject—Prevention of Disease. Program— 1. Typhoid. 2. Tuberculosis. 3. Infant Mortality. References— Directions for Living and Sleeping in the Open Air. Information for Persons Having Diseases of the Lungs. Bulletin of the State Anti-Tuberculosis Association. Open Air Crusades. What the Women of the State Can Do Toward the Prevention of Infant Mortality and Some Recent Advances in Infant Feeding, in Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1911. FIRST AUGUST MEETING. General Subject—Bread. Program— 1. Principles of Bread Making. The Score Card. Does it Pay to Buy Bakers’ Bread? Uses for Old Bread. Bw to SECOND AUGUST MEETING. General Subject—Clothing for Children. Program— 1. Material and Design for School Dresses. 2. Finishing Garments. 3. Fitting Shirt Waists. 4. The Best Dress. References— Principles of Art Applied to Dress, Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1910. FIRST SEPTEMBER MEETING. General Subject—Egg Production. Program— 1. The Chicken House. 2. Feeding for Egg Production. 3. Relation of Feed to Flavor of Eggs. 4. How can We Secure Better Prices for Eggs. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. Special Work— _ Let each member draw a plan of a poultry house. References— Fourth Annual Report of Missouri State Poultry Board. Farmers’ Bulletins— No. 262. Experiment Station Work. No. 122. Experiment Station Work. No. 186. Experiment Station Work. General Subjects SECOND SEPTEMBER MEETING. School Lunches. Program— 1. Nutritive Food for Children. 2. The Underfed and Overfed Child. 3. Eating between meals. 4. Manners at the Noon Hour in Rural Schools. 5. What City Schools are Doing. Special Work— Demonstration to show an attractive school lunch. References— U. S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin 403, No. 3, Daily Meals of School Children. FIRST OCTOBER MEETING. General Subject—Meats. Program— 1. Difference in Methods of Cooking Tender and Tough Cuts of Meat. 2. What to Use in Place of Meat. 3. Left-overs. Special Work— Have some member demonstrate the cooking of meats in different ways. References— No. 34. Meats—Composition and Cooking. No. 391. Economical Use of Meat in the Home. The Cooking of Meat—Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1909. SECOND OCTOBER MEETING, General Subject—Modern Conveniences. Program— 1. Which is Best—Attic Tank, Windmill or Pneumatic Tank? 2. Fixtures and Plumbing for Kitchen, Laundry, and Bath Room. 3. Sewage Disposal. 4. Substitute for Modern Conveniences. Special Work— Each member might estimate the cost of putting modern conveniences into her house, References— Engineering Experiment Station, University of Missouri. Bulletin No. 2. Water Supply for Country Homes. Bulletin No. 3. Sanitation and Sewerage Disposal for Country Homes Running Water in the Country Home. Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1910. FIRST NOVEMBER MEETING. General Subject—Light and Heat. Program— 1. Cleaning Kerosene Lamps. 2. The Advantages of Acetyline and Electricity. 3. The Well Built Fireplace and Chimney. 4. The Advantages of a Furnace. 287 288- Missouri Agricultural Report. References— Bulletin 1, Acetylene Lighting for Country Homes. Special Work— Let each member score a loaf of bread by the score card. Compare scores. References— . No. 112. Bread and the Principals of Bread Making. SECOND NOVEMBER MEETING. General Subject—Thanksgiving. Program— pees 1. The Well Planned Meal. 2. The Attractive Table. 3. Thanksgiving Dishes. Special Work. i Each member plan a dinner menu. Demonstration of the properly set table. Reference— Planning Meals, Report of Home Makers’ Conference, 1910. FIRST DECEMBER MEETING General Subject—Christmas Plans. Program— 1. The True Spirit of Christmas Giving. 2. Christmas Candy. Special Work— Each member make a suggestion for a gift. SECOND DECEMBER MEETING. General Subject—The Guest. Program— 1. Entertainment for Guests. 2. Little Courtesies. 3. The Unexpected Guest. Special Work— Members work on Christmas presents. CONSTITUTION FOR LOCAL HOME MAKERS’ CLUBS. ARTICLE II. This) organization shall) be kalowar as) thes rene eee eielye eerie) ol rs Home Makers, Club. ARTICLE II. The object of this organization shall be to promote interest in home and farm life by the following means: Section 1. Making a careful study of homemaking and house keeping. Section II. Stimulating the interest of the young in all that concerns rural life. Section III. Encouraging the introduction and development of agriculture and domestic science in our rural schools. Section IV. Maintaining a high standard of moral, social, and intellectual culture in the community. Section V. Co-operating with county and state organizations working toward the BAMOEMENG awit bere cence chcmetstte cierare oe eher oeneU Ie ereh cts een MR I Ren okt tattle: Farmers’ Club. ARTICLE III. Any woman may become a member of this club by signing the constitution and by-laws. bo [o'4) ile) Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. ARTICLE IV. Section I. The officers shall consist of a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a treasurer. Section II. The officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting, and a major- ity of the votes cast shall elect. Section III. The executive committee shall consist of the officers and such other members as the president may appoint. ARTICLE V. Section I. The duties of officers shall be such as usually pertain to these offices and shall arise from the provisions of this constitution, or of by-laws that may be enacted. Section II. At each annual meeting and at such other times as the club may require, the treasurer shall make a detailed report of the receipts and disbursements showing the financial condition of the club. This report shall be filed with the secretary. Section III. It shall be the duty of the executive committee to be active in promot- ing the interests of the club and to arrange programs for the meetings. ARTICLE VI. Section I. An annual meeting shall be held for the election of officers and for the transaction of such other business of the association as conditions may make advisable. Section II. Regular meetings shall occur as provided in the by-laws, and special meetings may be called at any time by the president. : Section III. Except in amending the constitution and by-laws, all questions before the club shall be decided by majority vote. ARTICLE VII. This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, notice of such amendment having been given one month previous. BY-LAWS: ARTICLE I. The parliamentary proceedings of this club shall be governed by Roberts’ Rules of Order. : ARTICLE II. The annualsdues shally pen mcr tee eer ee lene = Other assessments may be levied on each member by a vote of the association. ARTICLE III. Any member who, after two month’s notice, fails to pay such dues and assessments, shall be deprived of her vote. ARTICLE IV. Officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting held on the............ day in January of each year. ARTICLE V. Vacancies in office shall be filled by election. ARTICLE VI. The regular meetings shall be held monthly at the same time and place as that of the Se Sots Go OG IDES DIG eee Farmers’ Club. ARTICLE VII. A quorum to transact business at any regular meeting shall consist of five members, but a less number may adjourn. A majority of the total membership shall be necessary for a quorum at a special meeting. ARTICLE VIII. These by-laws may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present. A—19 290° Missouri Agricultural Report. THE QUALITY AND COST OF A CUT OF BEEF. (P. F. Trowbridge, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Missouri.) Prof. Trowbridge. Plate one represents a steer weighing about 1,250 pounds, well fattened, and from which the very best prime beef is obtained. Beef from such animals is only to be found in the best city markets. In selecting our cut of beef we are limited by the quality handled by the loeal butcher as well as by our lack of knowledge of what constitutes the best and most profitable cuts to buy. In the large city market the housewife can usually find all grades of beef, and can select ac- cording to taste and pocketbook, provided she knows what she wants and can tell if she gets it. In the smaller towns usually only one grade of fresh beef is handled and the housewife can use her judgment only in the selection of the different cuts. Plat: / Tlate two represents a fat cow, weighing about 1,000 pounds, and making an average quality of beef known as butcher’s stuff. This class of animal will fairly represent the source of a large portion of the beef cut up in the average market in the smaller towns. It is fre- quently tough, but usually of a good flavor. Considerable beef from younger cows and heifers is also used in many country towns. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 2M: Plats 2: Plate three represents a well fattened steer about one year old and weighing about 800 pounds. This class of animals produces the best baby beef, and such meat is not usually found in the markets of the smaller towns. Such beef is usually very tender; it is lacking in flavor, is of a grayish color and unless well fattened is apt to be vealy. This class of beef is very popular, because of the tenderness, and be- cause steaks and roasts can be cut which will not be too large for the small family. | 292° Missouri Agricultural Report. Plate four gives the two views of a side of prime beef, and shows the relative position in the animal of the different wholesale cuts. The carcass shown in this plate yielded the following percentages of the different wholesale cuts: j Rees) ok: it ane ane armen nine Eh breiid T APR n vaetin chon an enh Wire AEA ose ol BPLOILL Bor PII De FROUDE ESS 5 Se ee eg etal eee ER OTERO ESN R ae eae Seen 17.0 $s Vinee 510 1100] O PRN Sree eon be ener VIER NIP Le Bloat bene A Oi Ato a ven che Vin MoM eNa dea. iene Oe 3.9 pT ro Ke ees am (cy ba ewe a eRe SUAS net Se te eR te Se alle a tatoihocana aus. aia orclaS 17.8 6 PER ak 2 aaa ees an, ead eae Re ee RE eee ee 25) 135 “Suet or kidney fa 59 cors ees hires ee Pane ee Ren eee ania 2.4 Total hima quarter ss ys tS eee ae ea eRe ea ee ee ER 45.9 Tre ERD a cys erate rahe etic ee Ae tee ed ae eT ae edge ten Wipe Pe fy eras 10.1 SraMasiOes “Plate cs Cais ce Ay oA EI VOR Na eC re ioe ee a 155.53 DO st Satin es Sa ae Sk ae EP Tee AMO yey AE La saa en Ne Bn ea eae 4.5 DD eS (CU re ie he at ee aye oa aE Reo nD AENEAN 9) Sc Deo a a 235A (0) V2 * ING a oes TA RB Gh cat Ren SSR a RT ee OE 18) sil 100.0 Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 293 Retail prices differ considerably in different places. In smaller towns there is less difference in the retail price of the different cuts and the general retail price is usually lower than in the larger places. The retail price of meat in Columbia is higher than in most of the other cities of the same size. In fact, Columbia is to be classed with Boston, Philadelphia and Pittsburg in the price asked by the butchers for the best cuts of beef. The quality of the beef sold in Columbia is only medium. Few strictly No. 1 or prime cuts are sold here. The most of the meat sold here grades as No. 3, or ‘‘butcher’s stuff,’’ with retail prices as follows: Porterhouse steak or roast, 25 cents per pound (short cut). Sirloin steak or roast, 20 cents per pound. Round steak, 18 cents per pound. Standing rib roast, 15 to 18 cents per pound. Chuck steak, 124 to 15 cents per pound. Chuck roast, 124 cents per pound. Rump roast, 15 cents per pound. Plate stew, 10 cents per pound. Recently the writer visited the largest butcher shop in Troy, Mo., and was given the following retail prices for beef: Porterhouse, sir- loin and round, 121% cents per pound; rib, chuck, rump and plate, 10 cents per pound. This market claims to kill all their own eattle. Meat is selling considerably lower in Kansas City than in Columbia. COST OF A POUND OF LEAN MEAT. In most families but little fat beef is eaten, therefore the cost of the edible lean meat is the important consideration for the average housewife. The following table (No. 1) shows the distribution of the lean, fat and bones (hand separated) in the different cuts of the prime beef shown in plate four; while in table two is given the same distribution for the good fat cow shown in plate two. TABLE 1. Distribution of Lean, Fat and Bone, Steer No. 121. Prime Beef. Lean & fat | Cut. Lean, Fat, | Meat, | Bone, per cent. per cent. | per cent. per cent. SIaiihkceran AGedaacnati ne aes es eatin aoe 28.1 bs Jato ea 41.6 57.8 RUMI eee eerie tect ie een. AAR (ae 32.9 | 77.6 2252 1 kal ageseticnaic) Seo Ata cLnee ak eeear eR RA ae eae 46.3 53:2) | 99.5 0.4 Ghul tiagae iyi Sa CAG! | 62.8 on ate 84.2 ieiga pel ark oF eRe Gos tol a etc ech ie ce MPLA Ee Eee | a2 13.1 65.3 34.1 PIG AS hope een ones Serena 53.9 34.3 88.2 GL os) ING Geir Marine tate Meee nna artes pene rae joke 54.3 21.9 76.2 23.6 OLIVE tees edos cushrate ancmah ate Siva e eoane 54.8 28308) || 88.1 akeal iDEA ae a oe | 61.1 21.5 | 82.6 17.2 OUI Re Peer era ec eae ee | 7G 3) 17.0, || 89.2 9.2 294 Missouri Agricultural Report. TABLE 2. Distribution of Lean, Fat and Bone, in Cow No. 4. Good Beef. Lean & Fat Cut. Lean, | Fat, Meat, Bone, per cent. | per cent. per cent. per cent. ER TITM Dy eueisie: witenaiere sisters ale ei elG Buc miele 38.9 39.6 78.5 20.4 Ei Lainilisenereet ert ea weswe al cael suse epeare attaue 40.5 58.4 98.9 0.3 SEIKI yim n tiene ced cintarce biuceteede deus Saatelee Ata} el 43.2 55.9 NA Eyelet SCAG EAS CRE EAE ORCI Caioicen Sicha DoLS G10) 51 85.4 | 13.8 TU OU aene rate ehesstse Beta revere tenchcyeterieunin tere tars 5716 29.3 86.9 |« PE Sonu tha, ARG aA eeh SAMA CRED aCe ech Aaa a One 58.2 4.5 62.7 36.2 13 ll OAD Ghannemonak coer cant ORE trans are fh Acme nie 59.4 Zone 83.2 16.1 BIO ded Adis OE ao heeia cents eee ce 67.2 8.5 UST | 22.6 (ONaT KE ns, pick Gpne eR Ee ia aOR NES 73.8 Ile e/ 85.5 | 14.5 ERO UT CU Mey-cds cits cocie alone waren ees aetey ete 81.4 9.1 90.5 | Saal In these two animals the per cent. bone in the same cut does not differ widely. In the per cent. of lean there is considerable variance, showing the influence of breed and sex. Both animals were slaughtered at about the same general condition of fatness. It will be noticed that the chuck and round in the cow contain a higher per cent. of lean than in the steer. While the loin of the steer is more muscular than that of the cow. The cow (especially the dairy cow) shows a tendency to store up the fat on the inside of the body. In tables three and four are shown the cost to the consumer of the edible lean meat of the different cuts caleulated at the retail prices given in the table and with the composition shown in tables one and: two. TABLE 3. Cost of Edibie Lean Meats to the Consumer. Steer No. 121. Prime Beef. Selling Cost of Cost of price lean meat lean and Cut. per | per pound. fat per pound. pound, Cents. Cents. | Cents. Slain shh ste ke neh a aes Pen eee hans ea ay ear aeles 8.0 ie Tee Si aT Fg Shien okies ie Roane Siem Rae grits ant cs Pee ret eh ee 5.0 | 17.8 12.0 INTO CIE rt l SAR Sie fiatee ye ER AD: cat ete aioe ae eS ORO 182 1335 Ul EVR CG sh ard cc CRI cake OR Rae TOL na tee 10.0 | 18.6 163 Blanes eee iy ae See ee Pe ae ee 10.0 | 21.6 10.1 4 Rc] eae eae th CRAG comes cte eM nan hy henna ecw hacnen meen ol hen ints 15.0 23.9 17.8 ARO) 01 aK0 ee SmeR ery GME ieee Ua eicHone eso Ry Sih Geers ath OLorO, Orn 18.0 24.9 20.2 RUD ya te hs SOR ise eee a ache nr eee CaN a ter et ae 18.0 29.5 218 TERULIVU DD Sc isec See eimeiney sl ater elich HOR CRC ES Fone et ae ene 15.0 33.6 19.3 1 850) 10 ee SE eRe kt cea Rie th te eae Oa 22750 40.1 24.9 | | | Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 295 TABLE 4. Cost of Edible Lean Meat to the Consumer, Cow No. 4. Good Beef. e | | Cost of | Selling Cost of lean and Cut. | price lean meat fat per | per pound. per pound. | pound. Cents. Cents. Cents. SI korres cuctbehroy otcts cole tera ails gol o ten sneha -anliaigahis. ch nyiawe ace 5.0 pe , EG MS ian eee as aE a eR ey A rare tiee at Th Matin Glice-optatis Wouee 8.0 133, 7 12.8 TN ISG eae Bae Gael coc, RS ce yee Pe aR ce ces ER ei aed 10.0 14.9 133, THe ee aie otensl ct atta SSI moore EIDE emer: 10.0 Teal Lil 7 (Chae e IEG sere ae a Bk, EL Bes Ns cl ee RR eae ech eres 14.0 19.0 16.4 FER OUD Clee cnsnorver ear lat ar sity viiar ao SEAN saat cia rete PERS Ae) ices 18.0 22 rel 19.9 rn erent poss ewe eer eer che aes chesterteh ciate alta! anahaenrant 10.0 24.7 | LOR ERD eee eeu Met Foie taie te oie. isp at icy acl owak ouusts eta aie: Susy eh steeds 18.0 30.3 21.6 SOU pga ede sarc to lave castes, oGasueels slecstencyal wie gra sia Feat 22.0 SSee aes) REET 0} on GAO eer ee CRE RENE Ca CH RICA CRON aCe ogee 15.0 38.6 )eat | | | | i} | | | | In the steer, all of the stew and soup cuts (so called cheap cuts of meat) furnish the lean meat at a lower price than the roast and steak cuts. This is in addition to the value that may be given to the soup stock derived so largely from the bones. In the fat cow the flank contains so much fat that the lean costs more per pound than the lean of the chuck or round. In both animals the chuck furnishes the cheapest lean of cuts that are suitable for steaks or roasts. Too many housewives think they must get only rib or loin for nice roasts or steaks. The chuck has been regarded as suitable only for pot roasts or for steak and roasts for the cheaper boarding houses. A chuck from a priue steer is su- perior to the rib or loin of ordinary ‘‘butcher’s stuff’? and can be bought for considerably less money. Reference to plate four will show that a roast from the last two ribs of the chuck cannot differ much in quality from one from the first two ribs of the rib cut. The rump is a very popular cut, because it is so suitable for small roasts. The present retail price, however, makes it one of the most expensive cuts of meat to buy, considering the amount of lean meat that is obtained. Plate No. five gives two cross sections through a steer carcass scarcely fat enough to be strictly prime beef, but still of a quality much above that of average beef. The upper view shows the tenth rib, looking forward. The lower view shows the sixth rib, looking toward the rear of the animal. On each view is indicated where the plate is cut off from the rib. The upper view shows what is supposed to be about the best cut of the rib. The lower view shows the rib cut nearest the chuck and can 296 Missouri Agricultural Report. always be recognized by the piece of the shoulder blade. Before roast- ing, this bone should be removed and the meat held in place by skew- ers. This will greatly factlitate the carving at the table. 5S ! a | In studying cuts of beef it will be helpful to remember that a beef animal has thirteen ribs. The first five are left on the chuck; the next seven constitute the standing rib cut, and the last rib is left on the hindquarter and is cut off in the first two porterhouse steaks. Nearly all of the shoulder blade is in the chuck. A small piece over the sixth and seventh ribs is cut off with the rib cut. The lower end of the first five ribs and the breast bone (sternum) is in the forward or brisket end of the plate. This cut makes about the best corned beef, and is also good for stews. The lower ends of the next seven ribs (cut from the standing rib) is in the rear or navel end of the plate. This cut is especially fine for stews and for short ribs of beef to be roasted and served with browned potatoes. A standing rib cut should measure (at the twelfth rib) nine and one-half to eleven inches from the chine bone (‘‘a’’ on plate 5) to the point marked ‘‘b.’’ The heavier the beef, the longer the rib end can be cut without making an ill-proportioned roast. With light beef, it is frequently desired to make a boneless rolled rib roast, and then the rib should be cut three or four inches longer so that the thin boneless strip will be long enough to cover the lean eye of the beef to the point ce 99 e’’ and cover the surface of the roast with a layer of fat. In order- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 297 ing such a roast it is well to ask the butcher to send the bone with the meat. You are charged for the full weight before the cut is boned out. This will enable you to check your weights and the bones are valuable for soups. Prime beef should be fat enough to have a god covering of fat over the outside which will insure a certain amount of fat distributed through the lean. The juiciness of a piece of beef does not depend upon the amount of moisture it contains, but upon the amount of fat distributed through the lean. Therefore, the fatter the beef the juicier it will be. If we can afford to buy the extremely fat beef and throw away the excess of outside fat, we will secure the highest quality of a lean meat. The outside fat from a fat beef is softer and better than lard for all purposes. The lean of a round steak contains more moisture and less fat than the lean of a loin steak from the same animal, as shown in the follow- ing table (No. 5), therefore, the loin steak or roast is always sure to be the more juicy cut. TABLE 5. Composition of Lean of Round Cut. JAGR INP ON si eee acta se aie, ee bree 504 eae. 593) 121| 591 IMIOISEURE DP EENCEDU smu ase acinar > atin cid bars | 69.51 70.22 73. oi 69.96 CD -2T Mat peOLyCen te rg w ais cae on ees | 9.21 ee 4.31 8.18 2.31 IPEOLCIN RCL CMU nrcy=t se teneies tioret che. eh eee era | 20.05} - 21.62 19.75 20.52 20.31 ASHE MDOEACCIG Ha rc aectioueie ah acdin eoaeirs tooee tae eicaais 0.98 .06 1.00 0.96 1.00 { } Composition of Lean of Loin Cut. | | | Moisture, DEL Cent) ....5,.945 eee eee 66.92 67.01| 71.27| 67.22) 74.63 Mah sD CENCCMb air.) a, 5, of sous cte nut con chee ec atenatsathers L222 12.22 7.56) 11.40 343 PFO CCIM ADELLGEM bijsveters ove tal teharen ea Ne cee 19.07 19.84 19.38) 18.80} 20.13 INS Hee PE yy ot ee Bie ee eee 0.95 1.03 0.95| 0.94] 1.00 oy | | Animal No. 504 is represented in plate one. No. 4 in plate two, No. 593 in plate three, No. 121 in plate four, and No. 591 represents a very thin steer about eighteen months old. The fat content of the lean is a good index of the relative juiciness of the meat. In every case the loin lean contains more fat than the round lean of the same animal. In some animals the round lean contains fat enough to make it a more juicy cut than the loin lean of another animal. It is inter- esting to note how uniform the actual protein content is of all lean beef. Animal 593 was good baby beef but it cooked dry and vealy be- cause of the limited amount of fat stored in the lean. 298 Missouri Agricultural Report. In plate six is shown a cross section through the loin two vertebrae forward of the pin bone (hip bone), and a section through the round where the bone is of smallest diameter. These cuts are from carcass of steer shown on plate 1, and represent an ideal for prime beef of the respective cuts. Aes IN (MMU SR: SB a1 (Le oR * see Qh eae Plteb 8 ey eh Number one indicates the loin back muscle; two, the tenderloin; three, the flank muscle. The tenderloin is very tender, but is usually not considered as well flavored as the loin back muscle. The flank muscle is cut lengthwise of the fibre and is relatively tough. When it is desired to serve a very choice cut of loin as steak or roast, the flank muscle should be removed and used for stews or hamburger. Attention is called to the excellent covering of fat over the loin which indicates prime beef. The large amount of kidney fat is of but little value, but it is sold with the loin and very materially adds to the cost of the edible lean. The ‘‘T’’ shape of the bone shows very nicely in this eut and in many markets these porterhouse steaks are called ‘‘T’’ bone steaks. In the round cut attention is particularly called to the separate muscles, 4, 5 and 6 of the outside of the round. Muscle six is tender but muscles four and five are almost always tough. The large inside muscles shown as the upper half of the cross section is the tender muscle of the round, and from a fat animal is to be preferred to the loin cut of a thin animal. The large amount of fat covering the inside of the round indicates the finish of the animal. In serving a round steak it is well to use muscles four and five for hamburger, as these muscles will never make a satisfactory steak. The chuck is a suitable cut for both steaks and roasts and can be cut advantageously from the back end parallel with the ribs or from the lower portion. When cut from the lower side, the round bone (see Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 299 plate 7) of the arm, shows, giving a cut which has some resemblance to a round steak and for which it is sometimes sold. In plate No. 8, is shown an ideal standing rib roast taken from a very fat show steer. The very high degree of marbeling of fat all through the lean is beautifully shown. In this cut the great excess of outside fat has been removed. Such a cut is only ideal and cannot yet be produced. In order to secure the marbeling, the outside fat must be from two to three inches thick and for most persons this is waste material put on the animal at a prohibitive cost. 300. Missouri Agricultural Report. SOME OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE RURAL SCHOOL. (Mrs. Marie T. Harvey, Kirksville, Mo.) Because of the comprehensive discussion of country life problems by Superintendent Kern, and the character of the program that follows this num- ber, I have determined to attack my subject quite differently from that planned previous to my com- ing here. Rather will it be my purpose to suggest ways that I believe practicable by which the women of Missouri may help our country youth now in our homes and schools by bringing about a more rapid Mrs. Harvey. evolution of the typical school shack into the twentieth century type of consolidated school, the only solution for the problem of education in the country community. When I say ‘‘The Women of Missouri,’’ I am not thinking of farm- ers’ wives only; I mean all women—the club woman, the social worker, the mission worker, the mother in town and country—the woman who believes in the divine right of every child to make the most of himself, and who believes it is the duty of the State and the community to give him this chance by providing adequate means for the education of the whole child. I shall refer to conditions and problems, therefore, in a somewhat disorganized way, and emphasize these for the sole purpose of showing a logical basis for the closing appeal. What we are about to say is with full knowledge of the facts that there are most excellent country schools in all parts of Missouri, coun- try schools that are better than many graded schools; that some of our best teachers labor from choice in the country; and that the young teach- er with her first school in a remote district often does work of the highest merit. That this is true only proves what may be done in all country schools in general. That there is a pitiful and unnecessary waste of child life in the country will not be difficult to prove; that we cannot logically offer a remedy for a condition not generally understood, and that we cannot afford to be sensitive about facing facts so long as we rank seventh in population and twenty-ninth in education, I feel quite certain you will agree. I am constrained to remark in passing that Missouri’s rank in population does not give me the concern felt in some quarters regarding Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 301 this phase of the census returns; nor do we need immigration of the class we have been receiving in the past to force her rank upward; rather do we need to conserve Missouri’s richest heritage—her boys and girls—by making the best possible provision for their mental, moral and physical development. ‘‘Preserve the child and you preserve the State.’? It is her rank in literacy that should claim the attention of every educational force in Missouri, for the conditions that obtain in the majority of: country districts are largely responsible for their de- population, and the exodus of our best types of men and women into the already overtaxed cities. The lttle red school house, so dear to the memory of us all, made a wonderful contribution to elementary education in the nineteenth cen- tury, and was a potent force in the development,of true Americanism. It served its best purpose during pioneer days when industry was cen- tered in the home where they used to grow their own food, spin and weave their own cloth, make their soap, dip candles; where the child was called upon while still young to share his parents’ activities that gained for him an insight into the industrial processes, habits of work and training for his future occupation. Then the school was properly a place to which children were sent for a few hours a day to pick up the essentials of reading, writing, arithmetic and spelling, and a little in- formation about geography and history. This is the twentieth century ; industry has passed forever from the home to the factory system. Science, like physics and chemistry, has become a vital factor in the productive process in country and city alike. The home can no longer give the boy and the girl training for life’s work. The impossibility of the one-room school doing this must be apparent to all present. Do you realize that there are school houses yet in Missouri made of logs with dirt floors, without equipment, where the ‘‘best scholars,’’ mere boys and girls, are invited to try the county examination by the severely tried county superintendent who ‘‘passes’’ them to secure teaching material? As late as October 23d, the metropolitan papers of the State gave a detailed account of conditions so exceptionally bad in one district that three teachers up to date, had refused to continue work there. In a populous and prosperous county in another section, there is a district noted for the contrast between schoolhouse and barns, the barns having decidedly the better of the comparison. The school house is built on piles with large cracks in the floor, which let in so much cold as to compel children to sit on their feet much of the time to prevent 302 Missouri Agricultural Report. frost bites during severely cold weather. Its equipment is in keeping with its structure. The yard, bare and bleak, joins a cemetery on the one side and slopes so as to carry the drainage from both yard and cemetery into the well which furnishes the drinking water for that eroup of helpless children. It would amaze Missourians generally to know how many school buildings have no water supply, in how’ many districts children are forced to go long distances for the ‘‘pail’’ of water, or learn to do with- out rather than drink water that is distasteful because unclean: Besides wretched, ill-kept, poorly furnished, and inadequate school buildings which are the rule, not the exception, of what else is there +o complain? Numbers are too small to present conditions for successful work. What are the disadvantages in small numbers? Briefly, small numbers kill the spirit of emulation in work and in play. The classes in fully three-fourths of our schools are exceedingly small, containing in hundreds of instances but one pupil. While individual instruction should never be precluded, there is high value in class instruction ; mind clashes with mind; the spirit of emulation is aroused; the interest is sustained, and advance more rapid. If a school is to prepare for life, there must be enough children in the school room or on the ground, to make social life a reality. The small school fails to give the child a true notion of what community life is since with but few children in a school group there is no particular right to defend or duty to perform. What else? Poor classification, short terms, frequent change of teachers, teachers deficient in scholarship, teachers not in sympathy with country life, incompetent and disinterested school directors, patrons unthinking hence inactive, school houses located so that children must walk excessively long distances, bad roads and so on. Enough sug- gested. It has become popular to charge the country teacher with the re- sponsibility of the low status of education in country districts. This is a story in itself. We touch upon it merely to suggest thought on how and why the supply of competent men and women for teachers is not equal to the demand in the country. The compensation of teachers, as well as preachers, has always been inadequate, and in these days of rapidly increasing cost of living, it has become impossible for men and women with no other source of income to remain in a calling that calls for an outlay of time and money in preparation entirely disproportion- ate to the salary usually paid. Because brains and energy are better paid in other callings, many competent men and women will no longer teach school. And, too, few ever pause to consider the serious and in- Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 303 excusable hardships with which the teacher of their children must con- tend: the inconvenient and oft-time uncomfortable boarding place, short term of employment, smaller salary than the city teacher whose work is lighter, the poorly equipped schoolhouse, few social pleasures and opportunities. Is it to be wondered that we find the personnel of the country school corps changing almost entirely every three years? Can you expect to secure well-trained fully developed teachers for your children without considering the factors just mentioned? Is it not fair to place the responsibility for such conditions where it belongs— with the parents and voters? Again; the small school serves but few people; it is supported by the taxes raised on a comparatively small amount of property, therefore neither the public interest nor the financial support is likely to en- courage the development of the school. The fact is—although not yet generally understood by those directly concerned—that the average country school, which yields so little, costs the taxpayers anywhere from one hundred per cent to several hundred per cent more than the most elaborate system of city schools. Therefore, because of the facts here cited and other causes, there is not time to discuss, a degree of efficiency in keeping with what modern conditions require of the public school cannot be maintained. How acquiescent we are towards that which is customary! Chil- dren trudge long distances through rain, snow and sleet; face biting winds; sit all day in an unsanitary house with damp feet and clothing; for what? The majority of parents scarcely realize the serious risk to their children in these long, lonely walks to and from school; accidents that come from thoughtlessness, the serious consequences from un- guarded associations, exposure during storms—yet they permit such conditions to exist generations after generation. These are the condi- tions under which seventy per cent of Missouri’s children secure their education, because these seventy per cent are in the country; thirty-five per cent get less than a fifth grade education; five per cent only receive a high school education; there is a tremendous and inexcusable waste of child life in the country through lack of opportunity, yet no class of her youth gives greater promise of usefulness. These children de- serve a right to school privileges in every way equal to those in the best city school systems. Can such advantages be given in the country? Yes, in due time, and in many places by establishing larger school units and transporting* children to the central school.** *Pebruary, 1910, Bulletin Missouri State Board of Agriculture. **December, 1908, Bulletin, State Normal School, Kirksville. 304. Missouri Agricultural Report. Because Superintendent Kern has shown you the picture of the John Swaney Consolidated school of Putnam county, Illinois, ‘‘a coun- try school beside a country road where a right balance of educational values is being maintained,’’ I urge you to get and read the report of the ‘‘Committee on Industrial Education in Schools for Rural Com- Me ste Me 16 KK munities’ as suggestive of what can be worked out in Missouri— when once the possibilities and obligations of the country school have taken hold of us; when once we realize that the real solution of the problem in this country (for after all, the school problem is but a phase of the country problem), lies in co-operation; the co-operation of eco- nomic, social and educational forces with the school as the center, Since Professor Emberson has discussed fully the university’s im- portant work in this field, I shall merely add that all the State’s edu- cational institutions are giving strong emphasis to education for coun- try life offering courses in subject matter and theory that will fit teachers for good services in such districts. , The State Normal School at Kirksville has rendered a distinct ser- vice in demonstrating that transportation over dirt roads kept in fair shape by dragging, is practicable in North Missouri, at least. Twenty children are brought to the Model Rural School on the campus by a wagon whose driver, himself a patron of the school, lives five miles from the school. The wagon runs on schedule time, picks up the children at the various stations enroute, and delivers them regularly, punctually, comfortably and happy for their daily work; this it has done for four years. This point is brought out because it is believed by many that trans- portation is impracticable, and because our present ‘‘ Consolidated School Law’’ is useless, lacking provision for the transportation of chil- dren at public expense, which provision we hope will be made by the present session of the General Assembly. In behalf of the children now in our homes and schools, I believe firmly in stimulating the evolution of our country schools by vigorous organization, expert leadership and wise legislation. One of the chief functions of legislation is to create conditions favorable to legislation. For the sake of the children, we women of Missouri need to concern ourselves more seriously with law-making. The sixtieth report of the State Superintendent of Schools is as interesting for the report of edu- cational bills that failed to pass as for those that become laws. Will you not drop a ecard for a copy and examine for yourselves? Bills provide State aid for the establishment of high schools that de- **Second Report on Industrial Education in Rural Schools, Irwin Shepard, Winona, Minn. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 305 mand higher qualifications for the teacher—that will make a compulsory educational law—compel irresponsible parents to give their children an elementary education, that will do away with the public drinking cup, that will permit women to vote on school questions and be eligible to membership on school boards—in short, all measures looking to the en- largement of the school’s usefulness in the community should be fol- lowed by parents and all good citizens, and their legislators promptly in- structed to work for their passage. BS * * * I have suggested several phases of the country school problem with sufficient frankness, I hope, to cause each one of you to investigate con- ditions in your respective locality, and to encourage your activity in making needed improvements to the end that boys and girls all over Missouri shall have equal advantages; that at least they shall have a sound foundation upon which to rest high school and college training. Let our elementary schools in the country be made as efficient as possible, and take them to the door of every boy and girl in Missouri. THE RELATION OF THE HOME MAKER TO THE SCHOOL. (Mrs. Cora A. Chapin, Appleton City, Mo.) This is the first time I have had the pleasure of attending the Home Makers’ Conference. I am certainly enjoying every moment. The talks, papers, discussions and lectures have indeed been very interesting. When Miss Bailey wrote asking me if I would give a few minutes talk I replied that I would try. My husband says it is no trouble for me to talk, but I found trouble in thinking of some- thing to say that was worth while. are: Chapin: Having visited our district school the day be- fore I received Miss Bailey’s letter, I decided to make a plea for the Home Makers to visit our schools, as I found I was the first visitor the teacher had had this year, and I am not a patron of the school for I have no children. As I taught in Missouri and in Colorado before I was married, you may be sure my sympathies are with the teacher. I hope you will excuse this personal introduction. I do not believe our Home Makers realize the importance of our public schools. I believe ignorance to be the main cause of most of the troubles that we have in this world, therefore we must do all that A—20 306 Missouri Agricultural Report. we can to dispel ignorance. The most important factors in a successful school are, first, the teacher; second, the patrons; third, school build- ing and surroundings; and fourth, the pupils. After hiring the best teacher that one can get for the money, she or he, can be improved and encouraged by the Home Makers taking an interest in the school. Visit the school. Call on the teacher at her home or boarding place. Let the teachers know that you expect them to be of some account and they will try harder. All of us need encouragement occasionally. You may say, ‘‘I have so much to do I can’t go,’’ or ‘‘I can’t leave the children,’’ or ‘‘I can’t get a horse and buggy.’* Take the children with you; they will enjoy visiting big brother’s or sister’s school, too. Get the good father to take the horse and buggy and go along too. You might have it arranged with the neighbors to take turns going. You might agree to take your darning with you. One could listen and observe and darn too. Perhaps you will find the building cannot be properly venti- lated. Get someone to fix the windows so that they can be lowered from the top, or else have a board made to fit in the window when it is raised so that the air can enter the room without striking the children’s heads. Encourage the children to sing for you. I actually know of country schools where they never sing. Just think of it! You may find the floor is so cold the children cannot keep their feet warm. Get the patrons to bank around the house with dirt. I hope the time may soon come when all schoolhouses will be heated with a furnace. Are the decorations such that you could not add to them? Maybe you have a good book that you could give to their library. If the school yard is large enough to admit of a flower or shrub garden, haven’t you some- thing that you could give them? : If Johnny or Mary are not doing well in some subject, find out why. If they are troublesome in school, see to it that they do right. I have found that where the parents co-operated with the teacher, there was usually no trouble with the pupils. If you have visited the school, you will know better how to talk with the children when they come home with their complaints. If you have a Farmers’ Club that meets at the schoolhouse, why not take up a subscription and offer prizes to the boys and girls for the best potatoes and cow raised, and best apron made, or best bread baked, ete. On Thanksgiving Day have a neighborhood din- ner and have a program, and award these prizes. I have said nothing about the directors, as they are usually in- cluded among the patrons. Don’t expect them to take too much inter- est, as they get no pay for their work. In the success of the school I put the pupils last. They, as a rule, are what their parents, teachers and surroundings make them. I used Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 307 to always feel more like punishing the parents than the pupils, although I never tried the experiment. I could go on and on until you were all weary. That reminds me of the saying, ‘‘Blessed is he who knows when to begin; but thrice blessed is he who knows enough to stop.’’ As an old teacher I beg and implore the Home Makers to visit the schools and encourage and uphold the teachers. Parents will be more than paid by the increased interest the pupils will take their studies. Thanking you for your attention to this rambling talk, I again plead with you to visit the schools. HOME ECONOMICS IN RURAL SCHOOLS. (R. H. Emberson, Professor of Rural Education, University of Missouri.) I have been asked to make a talk on the subject ‘“Home Economics in the Rural Schools.’’ During the past twelve months the chief burden of my message to the people of Missouri has been the im- provement of the rural schools, or, more properly speaking, the rural school problem, and if I should say some things this afternoon along that line, you will please excuse me, because I do not wish to discuss the subject assigned to another; it will be due to the force of mental habit. Prof. Hmberson. One of the most significant facts in current educational history is the introduction of agriculture into the rural schools. A great deal has been done in Missouri along this line during the past year. It may be claimed that the subject was introduced at an inopportune time; that it would have been much better to wait until teachers could be prepared to present this subject in a satisfactory way. While there is some force in this argument, still it would have taken several years for the Agricultural College, the normal schools, and some of the best high schools, all working together, to have prepared teachers for this special line of work. Be that as it may, the subject has been introduced. In the language of Grover Cleveland, ‘‘It is a condition, and not a theory, that now confronts us.’’ Elementary agriculture has been put into the common school course in our rural communities and the special problem now is to make it worth while. A prominent farmer in one of our southern counties asked me if I encouraged girls to pursue this subject. My reply was that I did. 208 Missouri Agricultural Report. The following incidents will give my reasons for doing so. “In the corn show held in Livingston county last year a special premium was offered to the boy or the’ girl who could select the best ear of corn. This premium was taken by a little girl not more than 14 years old. In a teachers’ and parents’ meeting held in Mound City, Missouri, very recently, a special premium was offered to the boy or the girl attending rural school, who would present the best note book on agriculture. This premium, as well, was taken by one of the girls of that county. This is evidence to show that girls can pursue this subject with great profit and educational advantage to themselves. However, I have claimed from the beginning of my connection with the Rural School Department of the University that a course in elemen- tary Home Economies should be provided for the girls. This course should be similar in nature to the great body of subject matter compos- ing the common school curriculum. From the very nature of the case it can not be specialized. It must deal with the great fundamental facts of the science. It must be general and not particular. It must deal with the subject of foods, clothing, sanitation, decoration and so on. The life of the farmer differs very greatly from the life of the men living in the city. The merchant’s business is separate and apart from his home. The lawyer, doctor, railroad employee—in fact nearly all business men—have their offices or shops away from the home. The hours of the day are spent in the place of business. A few hours during the evening are spent at home. With the farmer this is different. His business is about his home. His house, yard and garden are a part of his daily care and work. If this is true in regard to the farmer himself, it is also true of the farmer’s wife. Home Economics as a study relates to the home and its environments. A good definition for Home Keco- nomics would be The Science of Home Making. While I have always accorded to women the right of equal oppor- tunities with men, equal opportunities to become self-supporting and independent, and am willing to open to them all avenues of legitimate business, still, I am one of those who hold to the old theory of our fathers and grandfathers, that a woman’s interest and greatest pleas- ures will always center in and about the home. I claim to be a remnant of that old Missouri-Kentucky-Virginia stock who believe that in the home the woman should rule as queen. It is to this end, namely, that the home should be a delightful and inviting place for women, that I insist that home economics be given a place in the common school curriculum. During the recent years the pedagogical arena has accentuated Farmers’ Week in Agricultural. College. 309 the following statements: Appeals to the child’s interests; find the point of contract; correlate home and school. This sentiment or phi- losophy seems to have found a place in our educational system, and home economics is one study that will do much to bring about this de- sired change in pedagogical movements. The subject will appeal to the girl’s interest. It will begin with the things that she knows, will interest her in these things and lead her on to further investigation along these lines. It is one study peculiarly adapted to bring about a closer relation between home and school. But let it be distinctly understood that it is not the aim of home economics to teach some of the higher, more delicate things of home life, such as making Battenburg lace, trim- ming hats, and preparing some of the dainty pastries, it should deal rather with things that are more fundamental, more permanent, more practical. Much complaint has been made by both teachers and parents that a great deal of the subject matter now taught in the schools is dry and dead and meaningless. This may be over emphasized; however, there is some truth in the statement. The time has come for teachers to make a wise discrimination, a wise selection of the subject matter to be pre- sented, and by doing this, much that is not in harmony with the child’s environment. will be eliminated. Home economies will substitute in place of this dry subject matter, something of deeper and more vital importance. It will deal with the concrete, with the familiar, with things that can be seen and handled and understood, things that correlate with and influence every day life. Pupils are familiar, in a general way, with clothing, but very few know the nature of the fabrics from which clothing is made, and why one kind of cloth is better adapted for a special use than another. The Same may be said in regard to food. Doubtless very few people could give a definition for good bread, or what is necessary to make milk pure and wholesome. The subject of heating and ventilating is one of vital importance to the school children of Missouri at the present time. Any- one who has visited the crowded school rooms and_ has noticed the poisonous air, the lack of any means of ventilating, the restless, nervous condition of so many of the pupils, the nervous tension of the teacher, will agree that something should be done at once to remedy these con- ditions. This subject, it might be claimed, belongs properly to hygiene, but it must be remembered that much of hygiene will be included in the course of Elementary Home Economies when it is once properly arranged. It may be asked what are some of the things being done at the 310 Missouri Agricultural Report. present time along this line? I am glad to state that a few earnest, capable teachers in the rural schools in Missouri are making a beginning. Their extreme modesty and caution in the undertaking forbids my making their names known at the present time. The work is largely experimental, but they are deeply interested, and are anxious to do something worth while. I can say, however, that some fundamental in- formation is being imparted along the lines of sanitation, decorating the home, selecting suitable wall paper, carpets, furniture, pictures and the arrangement of the same. These teachers are working in the closest co-operation with the homes. The mothers are requested to assist, each one to contribute something, each one to take an interest. Just here permit me to say that one of the greatest difficulties in making this sub- ject most useful and most helpful is the fact that many homes that need this assistance most will not get it. The mothers and fathers in these homes can searcely be interested in this line of work. No co- operation can be expected from them. However, this should not dis- courage us, but rather, should inspire us to persevere until something definite has been accomplished. It may be necessary to educate this generation under very great difficulties in order to reach the next one as we should. A few years ago a gentleman was elbowing his way along a crowded thoroughfare in New York City. He noticed, standing at one of the large windows of an art store, a little, dirty-faced, ragged street Arab. To the man’s surprise he was gazing intently at one of the large pictures displayed in the window. It was Rueben’s Descent from the Cross. The gentleman asked. ‘‘What is that?’’ The street waif replied, ‘‘That’s Christ, Sir. Them men are Roman soldiers. They killed him, Sir, they killed him by nailing him to the cross, and now they are taking him down.’’ The man walked on. Presently he heard the boy’s voice calling to him. ‘‘Say, Mister, say, they killed him, but he arose again the third day. Yes, sir; he arose again the third day.’’ The gentleman asked who told all these things about the Christ and His resurrection. the lad replied ‘‘The little lady who teaches our Sunday school class in the mission school at the public market.?’ The gentleman wondered as he walked on who was this ministering angel, unknown and unhonored, who had made such a deep and lasting impression upon the heart of this wandering waif on the streets of the great city. It is this interest that must inspire our teachers to take hold of the oirls and boys coming from neglected and indifferent homes, and_ to lead them to -know how to appreciate and to love higher and better things. Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 311 A short time since one of the best county superintendents of the State of Missouri spent an evening with a well-to-do farmer. During the visit, the farmer’s conversation was concerning his cattle and hogs and the number of acres of land in his possession. The insinuation was clearly understood that teaching was a work of no consequence, that the great body of teachers were, in a measure, failures; that unless a man had accumulated property his life was not worth while. I am sure that a great many would censure our farmer friend, but I, for one, do not What is the trouble? Simply this: he did not have that training during the formative years of his boyhood that caused him to appreciate good- ness and beauty, and to enjoy pleasure in things that are not wholly material. Teachers should understand, that, with all of their teaching of science and mathematics and history and literature, unless they do something to lift the pupil to a higher spiritual plane, their work in a large measure is a failure. In the proper study of home economies, the drudgery, the daily toil and moil incident to so much of home life, will be lifted to a higher plain—the work will be educationalized, and instead of hard work it will become intelligent labor. A few months ago I visited the John Swaney School of Putnam county, Illinois, said to be one of the finest country schools in America. One of the departments that interested me most was domestic science. I will not take time to tell about the course of study outlined, nor the things that were being done. I spent the night in the home of one of the best farmers of that community. ‘I asked the farmer’s wife what was the feeling of the ladies of that section toward the introduction of domestic science in that school. Her reply was that it led girls to take a greater interest in home work than ever before, and to see that things were neatly and properly and punctually done. If nothing had been gained in the way of real, substantial knowledge, the habits formed, the inspiration imparted by the teacher would more than justify the intro- duction and maintenance of the course. Ladies of this convention, please bear this in mind as you strive for the enlargement of this work. The result may not be so evident, may not be in a conerete form, but the inspiration imparted and the spiritual help rendered cannot be understood nor measured by earthly rules and definitions, 312 Missourt Agricultural Report. THE PROBLEM OF INTRODUCING HOME ECONOMICS INTO SCHOOLS OF SMALL TOWNS. (By Mrs. C. G. Truitt, Salisbury, Mo.) Several problems arise when we attempt. to introduce any new subject into the public schools. Is it of sufficient importance to deserve a place in the course of study? Can space be found on the already overcrowded program? Can the necessary equipment be secured? And, finally, can compe- tent teachers be found for the work? In a brief way I wish to discuss these four problems with reference to the introduction of Home Economies into the small town schools. To many the importance of this subject is self-evident. If the education is to be a synonym for usefulness, then the schools should stand for preparation. If Home Economies will ‘‘assist pupils to appreciate and control the values of life’’ or add to their ‘‘social efficiency,’’ it is of considerable importance. And if it can be shown that it is necessary to the accomplishment of this ultimate aim in edu- cation, then it should not be omitted. Again, more than half the pupils in our public schools are girls and the State presumes that each one will be a home maker, then what can be more important than teaching the very thing—which, for the ma- jority of them—will be the most useful acquirement of any kind of school work. Mrs. Truitt. Modern economic conditions make it more and more necessary that arts and crafts be taught in the schools. Much of the work that was once done in the home is now entrusted to hired help. Many things that our mothers assisted in doing when girls were potent factors in their education. Thus what may have seemed drudgery was in reality an apprenticeship to a life of usefulness. Though conditions are rapidly changing in these later years, it is just as necessary today as ever that the mistress of the home know the technique of housekeeping. Indeed, she must be an expert theoretically and experimentally if she wishes to be a successftil home maker. The cry has ever been heard that the program is overcrowded al- ready. This plea was made before many, if not all; our modern cultural studies where introduced, but today the pupil in the first grade can write better, read more intelligently and knows more of numbers than Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. 313 our fathers when they were in the third reader, not to mention the drawing, music, paper cutting, clay modeling, ete., that they knew noth- ing of at all.. It cannot be denied that there is much to be done, but in school, as in life, we must ever find time for the things worth while. The problem of creating interest can usually be solved without difficulty. The worth of a subject must be known, a need for it must be felt, and an interest will follow as a natural result. The burden of in- troducing a subject usually falls on the teacher, but often some wide awake woman can arouse enthusiasm, then organize a club of girls, have class meetings, display of work, ete., until finally it will be introduced into the school and eventually become a fixed part of the regular work. The problem of equipment is not, as a rule, an insurmountable difficulty. The matter of expense may be made nominal. Miss Gertrude Johnson, in her report to Superintendent Greenwood, 1909, gives the sum of $527.13 as the total expense in the equipment of six new schools, or an average of $86 per school. But when no money is available, as is generally the case in small towns, still something can be done. A part of the laboratory or an empty room may be equipped by the pupils. A small amount of expense may be met by giving some kind of an enter- tainment, charging a small admission and serving a simple luncheon prepared by the pupils. The work in home economics should not be abandoned for want of equipment. A start should be made with the material at hand. Great enterprises often have very small beginnings. In the great work of introducing home economics into the small town schools as a subject to be taught to the pupils, we are almost ata standstill. Why? Because the teachers in the schools are not prepared to teach it. Many of the teachers are willing if they only knew how to go at it. How, then, is a teacher to take hold of it when there are moth- ers who would laugh at her if she would undertake to tell the girls how to cook or sew. One good thing about the teaching of domestic science is that the teacher does not need to know it all when she takes up the subject. In a town of only a few hundred inhabitants my own experience in introducing home economics met with the best of success. A few girls in the sophomore class of the High School were the nucleus. They had no equipment whatever, and no possibility of getting any from the school board. The boys of the class were already organized into an agricultural club, and the girls were eager to do something along similar lines. I suggested that they meet once a week at the homes of the mem- bers and use their own kitchen. Their lessons were based upon those 314 Missours Agricultural Report. outlined by the department of Home Economies of the State University. As a natural result others became interested and when samples of their work were put on exhibition the parents saw it had been worth while. From this small beginning there was not the least doubt but what it has proved that the school needed a Home Economics Department, and the establishment of such was the outcome of their efforts. . REPORT OF WOMEN’S INSTITUTE WORK. (By Miss Ilena Bailey, Farmers’ Institute Lecturer,-Board of Agriculture.) Institute meetings to help the farmer get larger returns from the soil and from live stock have been held over the State for seven or eight years. Nothing was done to help the farmer’s wife get larger and better returns from her labor until the first institutes for the farm women of Missouri were held in December, 1908. Since that time the following meetings have been held: Sessions fOr WOM enn. es ae. cl eee Ee eee eee 48 Sessions: forxschoolvcirlss.j.4 ce ere eee eee 18 Sessions: tor mixed saWdiences. 15 sae eee ee 26 TO tale oi sates Ba wci eae che bare eae ee ee eee 92 The total attendance at these meetings was 6,897, or an average of 75 a session. Thus far this work has extended only to 22 of the 114 counties of the State. No meetings for women have yet been held in the great southeast section of the State. The majority of these meetings have been held in small towns. The subjects discussed are as follows: ‘‘The Need of Home Heo- nomies,’’ ‘‘The Convenient Kitchen,’’ ‘‘The Bed-room,’’ ‘‘The Living Room,’’ ‘‘The Attractive Table,’’ ‘‘The Cooking of Meat,’’ ‘‘ Balanced Rations for Men,’’ and ‘‘Everyday Sewing.’’ Sometimes the school girls have a real lesson in sewing. They are not taught embroidery work, but how to make a neat patch and a good buttonhole. At some places exhibits of cake, pie, bread and needlework were judged by the institute lecturer. It is hoped more of the school girls will become in- terested in this work. Nearly one thousand women in Missouri now receive such bulletins published by the State Board of Agriculture as are of interest to farm Farmers’ Week in Agricultural College. J15 women. No effort has been made to make the mailing list large. The aim has been to send the bulletins to those who would read them. In co-operation with the State Library Commission at Jefferson City, four libraries containing books on home economics and agriculture have been sent out. We hope one of these loan libraries will be placed with every Home Makers’ Club, and in many rural schools during the next two years, Any community desiring an institute for women should write Sec- retary T. C. Wilson of the State Board of Agriculture, Columbia, Mis- souri. 316 Missown Agricultural Report. OUR OAT CROP—HOW IT MAY BE INCREASED. (I. H. Demaree, Assistant Professor of Agronomy, University of Missouri, College of Agriculture and Missouri Experiment Station.) Although our farmers consider oats their least profitable crop, and are dropping it out of their rotations in many sections, still the yield of oats can be largely increased and the crop made to pay a fair return by proper methods of handling. The sowing of sound, plump seed of the best varieties, better preparation of the soil, drilling instead of broad- casting, and control of smut will accomplish this result. Oats Have a Place on the Farm.—lt is a well known fact that oats are one of the finest feeds known for horses and young stock. The straw, if properly cared for, has considerable feeding value. . Oats, also, fit into our most practical rotations in a way no other crop will do. One of the best rotations for the State as a whole is corn, — oats, wheat, clover or cowpeas. In this rotation the land is plowed only two years out of the four, and there is no reason to drop one of the crops at any time, thus upsetting the whole scheme of cropping. On the other hand, where a three course rotation, such as corn, wheat, clover or cow- peas, 1s adopted, the corn often blows down, which prevents sowing wheat between the rows. The whole crop must then be cut up if the land is put in wheat. This is often objectionable or impossible, so the rotation degenerates into corn two or three years, and wheat and clover when they can be sown. No land will maintain its fertility and yield- ing power unless properly and systematically rotated. Missouri Oat Crop in the Past—F or the last seven years. Missouri has produced on the average only 709,589 aeres of oats yearly. This is far below the corn and wheat acreage. The average yearly yield of oats during this time has been 22.6 bushels, valued at 35 cents per bushel. This makes the average value of an acre of oats only $7.91. Cost of Production and Profits—tIn the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture of Missouri for 1909 is given an estimate on the Hn) CMUQrEE: cost of producing an acre of oats. This has been worked out by a ecare- ful farmer and can be considered very accurate. Furthermore, it tallies closely with estimates from other states. The cost given in the report, Our Oat Crop. Bre not including fertility removed from the soil, amounts to $7.56 per aere. Taking this estimate as typical of Missouri conditions, and compar- ing cost of production with the value per acre of the crop, it is seen that oat growers are realizing just 35 cents per acre clear profit on their crop. Js it any wonder that many farmers are dropping it out al- together ? Varielies—The Experiment Station at Columbia has been testing a large number of oat varieties for several years. The object has been to find a variety which will resist the rust, not run out, and maintain its yields. So far all varieties tested show signs of running out, but some hold up much better than others. Running out is shown in several ways. The oat hulls may remain full and plump, but upon pinching them it is found that there is very little grain inside. ‘The weight per bushel is then considerably reduced. Other varieties do not retain their size but become pointed and sharp, there being a reduction in size of both grain and hull. The weight of such oats remains comparatively heavy, but the yield per acre is ‘reduced. Still another sign of running out is the change in color of the grain. Our black oats do not retain the coal black as is seen in the heavy, plump, black oats in the north, but gradually change to a reddish brown, some of them even becoming nearly white. White oats do not retain the white glistening color of good plump north- ern oats. They gradually assume a gray color which is prevalent among southern varieties. The varieties of white oats which have yielded best since 1905 are Siberian, Silvermine, Wide Awake and Great Dakota. The best adapted black oats are Jeanette, Martinsburg, Nichol’s Black Comet and Victor. The Kherson is the only yellow oat the station has had under test and it has made a good average yield. The grains of this oat are small as compared with other varieties and do not prepossess a farmer in their favor. However, the Kherson is one of our earliest maturing and most dependable varieties of oats. The Texas Red Rust Proof, although not showing as high an average yield as some other varieties, is perhaps the best variety to grow in this State on account of its rust resisting power. This was strikingly shown | in the season of 1908. When the yields of other varieties were not worth taking, the Red Rust Proof average twenty-seven bushels to the acre. The main objection to this variety is the fact that the kernels have long beards, which cause the grain to must rather freely in the shock and to become dusty and bin-burned when stored. As far as yielding a 318 Missouri Agricultural Report. erop each year is concerned, it 1s our most dependable variety and runs out least of any that ean be grown in Missouri. During the past two years the Red Rust Proof has averaged 46 bushels per acre. At 35 cents per bushel the gross return from this variety would be $16.10. Subtracting the estimated cost of production, $7.56, this leaves a net profit of $8.54 per acre. This is clearly a much better business proposition than the present state value of oats per acre. How can the farmer increase his yield of oats? This is a most logical question. Value of Heavy Seed.—Much can be done to prevent any variety from running out. By sowing only plump seed, definite increases in yield can be expected. At the Ontario Station (annual report 1908) an experiment was conducted to determine the differences in yield to be secured by sowing the heavy and hght seed of a given variety. For the first three years of the experiment the difference was 10.4 bushels in favor of the heavy seed; the last three years the difference was 22.4 bushels per acre in favor of heavy seed. Furthermore, the difference in weight per bushel increased from 3.2 pounds the first three years to 9.5 pounds the last three years of the experiment. Heavy seed can be obtained from our home grown varieties by fanning the oats thoroughly, saving only large, plump, heavy grain for seed. This is not the general practice. Most farmers go to the bin and shovel out the oats as they come, sowing good and bad alike. Preparation of the Soil—tThe preparation of the ground has much to do with the yield of oats. In most cases it has not been found practical to plow the land, although some stations report increased yields by plow- ing. Oats generally follow corn, and in that case a good double disking followed by a drag or spike-tooth harrow to level the land should suffice. When the oats are then put in with a disk drill the preparation is most thorough. Farmers generally sow their oats broadcast with an end-gate seeder on unprepared land, then disk or cultivate with a corn cultivator and smooth down with a drag or harrow. This is not as good practice as drilling. Drilling vs. Broadcasting.—In experiments conducted at various ex- periment stations to determine the effect of drilling compared with broad- casting oats, it has been found that a definite increase in yield can be secured by drilling them in. The Illinois station (bulletin 186) found as a general average on three separate fields for three years an increase of 3.9 bushels per acre yearly in favor of drilling. Kansas (bulletin 74) reports a yearly increase of 5.3 bushels for seven years in favor Our Oat Crop. 319. of drilling. Ontario (annual report, 1898), shows that yields have been increased at Guelph 4 bushels per acre yearly for three years by drill- ing. These results are conclusive; and definite increases in yield can be expected by a more thorough preparation of the soil and sowing with a drill instead of broadeasting. A disk drill is preferable because it acts as a cultivator and will cover better when running through corn stalks. These increases in yield are probably due to better germination and stronger plants which were produced by having the grain well covered with moist, fine dirt. The root systems of the plants can also become more thoroughly established when the grain is planted to a proper depth. Amount to Sow.—The yield of oats varies somewhat with the rate of seeding. No definite rule can be laid down as to how much seed to sow. Last season an experiment was conducted at Columbia with Kherson oats along this line. Three rates of seeding were used, eight, ten and twelve pecks—all oats drilled in. The differences in yield were not large, being about 1.5 bushels in favor of the ten pecks seeding. The weight per bushel and yield of straw increased with the rate of seeding. On the whole, ten pecks seems to be the best amount to sow and will make a good seeding on the average lands of the State. Work done at the Ohio Station (circular 88) cor- responds closely to these results. They found that eleven pecks per acre gave best returns. For very fertile soils the rate of seeding can be some- what reduced and on poor soils increased. A heavier seeding is needed on poorer soils because the plants do not stool well on such lands, and more seed is required to get sufficient stand to give good results. Time to Sow—The time of sowing, of course, varies with the season. In general, farmers in South Missouri attempt to get their oats in during the latter part of February and the first of March. The date of seeding gets later going north. In North Missouri oats are put in the last of March and the first two weeks in April on the average. The earlier oats can be seeded in this State the better, because the oat plant makes its best growth and stools best during cool, moist weather. They do not do well when the weather becomes very warm. For this reason early seeding and the use of early maturing varieties is advisable. Rust.—Red rust is one of the worst enemies of oats in this State. It can be found almost any season but does its greatest damage in a warm, wet spring. In 1908, after such a spring, the oat crop was practically a total failure. No remedy is known other than the use of a rust re- sisting variety. The Texas Red Rust Proof is the only variety which has given satisfactory evidence of being rust resistant. 320 Missouri Agricultural Report. Smut.—Aside from the rust, the oat smut is the greatest enemy of the plant. Smut affects the head, reducing grain and all to a black mass. It sometimes attacks the head while still in the boot. In that case the disease is not detected. Loss from smut often amounts to 25 per cent of the total crop. The disease can be controlled by the formalin treat- ment and the smutted heads reduced to less than 1 per cent. In an ex- periment at Columbia the yield was increased ten bushels per acre by treating the grain for smut. ; The treatment is simple. Prepare a solution by mixing one pound of formalin, 40 per cent strong, with 40 or 50 gallons of water. After fanning the seed oats spread them on a clean floor in a thin layer and sprinkle with the solution until the oats will pack in the hand. Turn them with a shovel until all have been well dampened. Then shovel into a pile and cover with anything handy for two or three hours. The oats should then be scattered and turned from time to time until dry. As soon as dry they are ready to sow or may be left for weeks until they can be used. So far as is known oats so treated are not fit for feed. SUMMARY. (1) Up to the present time the oat crop has been regarded as one of minor importance by farmers of the State. The average yield has been so low as to about pay for the cost of production. (2) The. oat crop, however, has a place in Missouri rotations and should not be discarded, .as better methods applied to its production will place it on a paying basis. (3) The best varieties are: White—Siberian, Wide Awake, Silver- mine and Great Dakota. Black—Jeanette, Martinsburg, Nichols’ Black Comet and Victor. Red—Texas Red Rust Proof. Yellow—Kherson. (4) Drilling is preferable to broadcasting, and definite increases in yield can be expected if the practice is followed. (5) The rate of seeding varies with the soil and the size of the seed, but with average conditions ten pecks per acre is about right. (6) Rust can only be controlled by the use of rust resistant varie- ties. The Texas Red Rust Proof is the only sort which can be depended upon to resist the rust. (7) Smut in oats can easily be controlled by the formalin treat- ment and definite increases in yield secured by so treating seed oats. (8) General recognition of these factors influencing the yield of oats will aid in placing the production of oats in this State on a paying basis. Road Demonstrations. 321 ROAD DEMONSTRATIONS. (Curtis Hill, State Highway Engineer.) During the past year exhibitions at the sessions held by the State Board of Immigration at Spring- field and Moberly and one road making demonstra- tion trip over the line of the Frisco railroad from St. Louis across the State by the way of Springfield and Lamar were made. At the Springfield Congress we had a display of plans, photographs, maps and pro- files of roads and highway bridges, showing various methods and types of construction and an assortment of road building materials of the State such as clay, Curtis Hill. sands, cherts, chats, gravels, rocks, oils and tars. In addition to the above display at Springfield, there was shown at Moberly miniatures of earth, sand-clay, rock gravel and oil roads in the different stages of construction and a model illustration of the size of loads possible to be hauled over these different kinds of pavements. Models of metal and concrete culverts and concrete bridge flooring were on exhibit; also an assortment of road plows, scrapers, graders, wagons and rollers. The exhibit of road tools and machinery and models of structures in conerete and metal by this department for two years at the State Fair were creditable, but, as an educational exhibit, should be given a more centrally located section of the grounds and support by the fair officials that it may be made more creditable. Aside from these already mentioned, five or six small demon- strations would complete the list, all of which were only in a small way, for the purpose of illustrating some feature of work adaptable to that particular locality. Two of these demonstrated the use of the drag for maintaining gravel roads, especially upon newly made roads when built without the use of a roller and where the gravel is left to be packed by travel. The following statement relates the success of one of these demonstrations where an old gravel road which had become worn and hollow and the side ditches filled was well crowned and ditched after an hour’s work with one team and the road drag: During a short course in agriculture at the Cape Girardeau Normal, in February, 1909, the State and county highway engineers worked with the school to put on a drag demonstration for earth and gravel roads as a part of the program. There were very few present who had ever seen A—21 € 322 Missouri Agricultural Report. a drag used upon a gravel road, and the demonstration was given before a skeptical audience. That the demonstration was successful is proven by the following letter received a year later from the county highway engineer of Cape Girardeau county, D. M. Scivally: ‘“‘This demonstration aroused a great deal of enthusiasm and we have since been using the drag to maintain not only our earth roads, but also our gravel roads. Where a road roller, is not available, as in my county, the gravel is packed by travel, and of course after the road is used a short time there will be three ruts formed by the wheels of vehicles and the hoofs of horses. I have since used a light drag very successfully in filling the ruts and smoothing the newly constructed gravel roads, thereby causing the travel to spread over the entire road. The best re- sults though, have been obtained in case of an old gravel road which had become worn and the center very low. The road had been neglected View “B” before demonstration work at Marshfield, Mo. ‘This section (one-fourth mile) was graveled. for a number of years and the extremely dry summers had caused the fine gravel and sand to work to the sides of the road, making a trough for the water. In the first place I took a road grader and pulled in the sides, giving the road a good crown, but in so doing naturally pulled some little clay into the center of the road which afterward proved to be the very thing needed as a binder for the fine gravel and sand. After the first rain the road got somewhat muddy and a great howl went up that the gravel road, the pride of the district, had been destroyed. I had previously made arrangements to have the road dragged when in condition, and after two round trips were made with the drag the road Road Demonstrations. 323 began to pack and in a short time was in fine shape. ‘he road since that time has been kept up with the drag and today is in excellent con- dition.”’ The other demonstration, consisting of a string of five cars-—one baggage and four flats—left St. Louis September 11, over the Frisco railroad for a trip across the State by way of Springfield and Lamar. It was under the direction of the State Highway Engineer, the machinery being furnished by manufacturing concerns and transported by the Frisco railroad company. The baggage car was filled with exhibits. Sample roads in minia- ture, three feet wide, extended along the center and length of the ear. These miniatures showed sections of earth, sand-clay, gravel, rock and bitumen roads. All methods of construction shown were adaptable to View “B” after demonstration work. Draiued, graded, crowned, rolled, and then graveled and rolled. Missouri. The inner walls of the car were completely covered with plans, profiles and photographs of roads and bridges in the State. In addition the car contained an exhibit of 100 samples of Missouri road building material and also road literature for free distribution. One flat car carried a miniature bridge model, 10-foot span, steel riveted structure, designed and detailed in the State Engineer’s office and made by Charles Leitch of Moberly, Missouri; two sections of re- enforced concrete culverts 21 inches in diameter and two sections 24 inches in diameter, furnished by the St. Joseph Re-enforced Concrete Company of St. Joseph, Missouri; a full set of collapsible cores, 18 to 40 inches, for concrete culvert work, furnished by the Merilet Culvert Core 324 Missourt Agricultural Report. Company of Kansas City, Missouri; also sections of 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 30-inch corrugated culverts, furnished by the Moberly Corrugated Cul- vert Company. This ear carried the small hand tools. Two flat cars contained the road building machinery of Smith & Sons’ Manufacturing Company of Kansas City, Missouri. This machin- ery consisted of 3 wheel scrapers, 2 drag scrapers, 1 buck seraper, 1 four- ton horse roller, 1 road plow, 3 rooter plows, 1 big and 1 little road erader, 1 road drag and all the double trees, neck yokes and other neces- sary attachments. The other car carried a 15-horse power traction engine and a 10-ton steam road roller of the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company. Each of these concerns sent an expert operator. Curtis Hill and Edward Beginning of drag demonstration on old gravel road at Cape Girardeau. Sheppard of the State Highway Department, C. E. Maggard of the Merilet Culvert Core Company, T. S. MeNaul of the Moberly Corrugated Culvert Company, L. W. Long and J. A. Williams of Smith & Sons, and J. E. Lievsay and P. R. Osborn of the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company comprised the working force. All stops were from two to four days, including the unloading of machinery and time spent in actual work. ‘‘Good roads’’ lectures were given in the evenings. The section of road to be made in each locality had been previously selected by the local officials, and needless to say, they were representatively bad and difficult in every case. Movement from place to place was made at night, and with fair weather favoring us, we were enabled to adhere strictly to the schedule. Road Demonstrations. 320 The section of road selected for us at St. Clair was a gently sloping hillside about one-fourth mile in length, composed largely of ‘‘chert’’ (a hard clay cemented gravel which cannot well be plowed with the ordinary plow except in the spring), and a rather shelly limestone out- crop about half way on the hill. The engine and rooter plow were put to work breaking loose the chert, and with the help of hammers, crowbars and picks, also tore up the limestone ledges. By striking the limestone outerop on the up-grade pull, the point of the rooter plow would catch under a slab of stone. The engine would then be backed to the plow and driven forward with full force of steam. This enabled the engine to strike with the length of the hitch chain and with sufficient power to rip out a large section of the shelly stone. The large grader with traction engine power was used fo draw in the loose material. Two After drag demonstration at Cape Girardeau. men with rock hammers were kept busy walking over the work breaking up the larger pieces of rock and gravel as they appeared on the surface. The light 4-horse grader and 2-horse drag were used to put on the finishing touches and dressing. The whole surface was then completed by rolling. South Missouri contains considerable soil of this nature and halt our work on the trip was of a similar character. The above outlines the methods generally used. This soil itself if properly shaped and worked is, IN many instanees, a fairly good road building material for country travel. In earth road work no plows were used, but the usual method of earth road work was employed. When necessary to move material along the road any distance our scrapers were brought into play except on one 326 Missouri Agricullural Report. occasion when the haul was about 1,000 feet down a rough Mill, when wagons were used. The people of St. Clair and community showed a good interest in the work, one member of the county court, the State Representative, the county engineer and 15 road overseers being among the spectators. About 300 people witnessed the demonstration. Sixty attended the lecture in the evening when the Good Roads Association of St. Clair was formed. ; The section of road selected at Rolla was similar to that at St. Clair, but minus the limestone outcrop, and was worked in the same manner. Less interest was shown in Rolla than at any other stop, possibly a total during the work of 100 people were out on the road and the evening lecture was a failure. } Splendid interest was manifest at Richland, a wide-awake little town, the total attendance being about 500 with 120 at the lecture in the evening. The work was within the town limits which possibly added Beginning of a demonstration in road making at Ash Grove. some to the attendance, but a large number of farmers were present, although none of the county road officials put in an appearance. It was the only place on the trip where the county highway engineer of the county in which we were at work was not with us and helping from start to finish. We found a stretch of one-fourth mile of road composed of two chert hills, with a low, boggy plaee between them, selected for us at Lebanon. The first step was to provide drainage for the boggy ground. Then with the engine, rooters and scrapers we cut the points off of the hills and removed Road Demonstrations. 327 the material to the low ground. When the road was shaped and rolled the appearance and conditions were entirely changed. A concrete cul- “vert 30 inches in diameter and 24 feet long with head walls was also built. The interest was good and although the work was 14 mile out of town the total attendance was 250. The longest stop of the trip was made at Marshfield, where we met with our first bad weather, although it caused little delay. A shower early Friday morning prevented work until 10 a. m. and left the surface in a slippery condition for the remainder of the day. The wet condition made heavier work and caused the engine and grader to slip and slide so the machinery could not be placed where desired. Here we had one mile of road set out for us beginning one mile out of town. The first one-fourth mile was the hardest section to work that Interest shown at Ash Grove in the demonstration road work. we found on the trip. It did not look bad, but the one stony point to be graded down together with the rest of the one-fourth mile was a cherty soil, tight and hard, filled with ‘‘nigger heads’’ and fiint boulders. It was hard to plow and difficult to move when loosened up. The second one-fourth mile was a nice even stretch of earth. The third one-fourth mile was a very rough piece of old road which had been wet and was still full of boggy places, the whole being poorly drained. In times past the holes had been filled with boulders in an irregular way, which resulted in more bog holes and a very crooked alignment. Our plows unearthed about 200 feet of old corduroy road. The rain standing in the low places, together with the bog holes, chunks of rock and corduroy, made it a difficult piece of road to shape up. 328 Missouri Agricultural Report. The fourth one-fourth of the mile was a long 4 per cent grade with a genuine hard-pan and chert soil. It was not difficult to work, for while hard to plow, only requiring power, it contained few large rocks or boulders, and after loosening with the rooter, was easily handled with the graders. We found that the county highway engineer here, alive to the situ- ation and determined to make the most of our short stay, had employed an additional traction engine and twenty gravel teams and wagons. The entire mile was staked out 20 feet between centers of ditches. The first one-half mile was graded, crowned, ditched, shaped and rolled complete. The first one-fourth mile was then graveled with an 8-foot center strip of gravel, shouldered and rolled down. The gravel was put on 10 inches thick, loose, on the fills (of which there were two short ones), and 4 inches thick over the chert soil foundation. Some of this chert soil would not need surfacing, but the soil was of a coarse, rough formation and the gravel was fine enough to give it a smooth surface. View of road demonstration machinery and exhibit on board cars. The second one-half mile of the one mile selected, owing to the rain on Friday morning, the bog holes, loads of boulders and the corduroy, ‘was ditched and partially shaped and crowned, but left in an unfinished condition from a lack of time. A 40-inch circular concrete culvert 17 feet long with head walls was also constructed. The interest shown here was as intense as in any place on the trip. The total attendance on the work was about 200, but it was sincere. About 70 attended the road meeting and lecture on the last evening in Marshfield. Rain so interfered at Republic that practically nothing was at- Road Demonstrations. 329 tempted with machinery other than the road roller. The rain helped the rolling of about 1,000 linear feet of newly made rock road. The citizens of Republic and vicinity are awake to the meaning of good roads, and aside from well-shaped earth roads, have built three miles of good crushed rock road within the past two years and are building and plan- ning a continuation of the work. A similar sentiment was found at Ash Grove where they have one and one-half miles of rock road. We worked one day at Ash Grove, putting 500 feet of rough undrained street into good shape. The county highway engineer and road overseers here had affairs well in hand and we received the readiest, best organized and most efficient assistance at Ash Grove of any place on the trip. Sixty- five attended the lecture in the evening. The Republic and Ash Grove communities do not need road demonstrations and lectures to incite an interest—the interest is already there. They need state aid to help and encourage the work, and they will make the good roads. The only piece of all-earth road work was met with at Lamar where in one day (by 4 p. m.) we had graded, drained, shaped up and rolled complete one-half mile of an old unworked earth road. A fairly good in- terest was manifest, the attendance being about 100, although the piece of road was well located for inspection. The lecture and road meeting were dispensed with at Lamar. . With the work completed by four, the machinery could have all been loaded by 5 p. m., but for the only mishap of any kind on the entire trip, which, considering the push and hurry, the loading and un- loading and shipping from place to place, is not a bad record. Here all was loaded but the 10-ton steam roller, which was the last piece of machinery to go on board. As it mounted the temporary loading plat- form everybody stood aside, with a breath of relief that the end had come, when, with the front trucks on the car, the creosoted railroad ties slipped from under the hind trucks and the roller was left standing on end, resting on the fire box with the front roller on the edge of the ear. It took till well into the night to get her righted, a new platform erected and the big machine in her place on the car. The remarks made when she went down wouldn’t look very well in print. The next morning the baggage car was dismantled, the exhibits boxed, the party disbanded and all shipped in various directions for home and new fields. Some people wondered why all this trip, the borrowed machinery, the free transportation and the object of the whole trip. The undertaking was a serious matter, hard work an1-no play. The loaned machinery and promised transportation was necessary simply because the great State of Missouri, so badly in need of better roads, has never supported its highway department with sufficient funds to enable it to undertake 330 Missouri Agricultural Report. any decided progressive educational work of this magnitude and nature and pay its own way. ‘The office must accept the assistance of these houses and machinery, become a beggar for them, or else stand still in its tracks. The main object of the whole trip was to arouse public interest In road improvement. Generally speaking, bad roads prevail because there is not sufficient public interest to build good ones, and the missionary work must continue. At some.of the stops the demonstration was to show that to make roads required the right kind of tools. There was no attempt to show the people anything new or strange, but to again call attention to the fact that the only way to make good roads is to get to work and make them. On the whole, the trip was successful. We ‘“woodpeckers’’ (knockers), and we found some, but in general our reception was cordial and earnest, and good had expected to meet with was accomplished as witness by reports from some of the stops. Road before demonstration work at Marshfield, Mo. The newspaper report of the work at St. Clair, Franklin county, says: ‘“The bad piece of road selected for demonstration was ideal in being bad in a great variety of ways and served for an example. Some of the enthusiasm and push were left behind and the St. Clair Good Road As- sociation, which the party helped to organize, has taken up the work, ‘aised a working fund by popular subseription, and we are now con- ferring with progressive Union citizens with a view of subduing that terror known as ‘Moeslein Hill,’ the worst on the St. Clair-Union road.”’ Under date of November 10, Dr. Briegleb, President of the St. Clair Good Roads Association, writes: ‘‘The demonstration certainly created an interest here which resulted in a bad piece of road being made good Road Demonstrations. 331 and in more road dragging than ever before. Our local road association, which you organized, has since extended the good work one mile further and along what was before the worst stretch of road in the eight miles between St. Clair and Union, the county seat. The total amount ex- pended to date in continuing the work begun by you is $324.00. The county highway engineer and county court pronounce it to be the most road for the money expended in Franklin county. Flattering comments are also made by others who knew this ‘very worst stretch of road’ before, and who have seen it since. I for one, and I believe the entire community, are convinced that the demonstration and methods are all right and have given us practical and substantial results.”’ Road at Marshfield after demonstration but before completion. The water hole at side was afterwards drained from the right of way, and the road surface finished and smoothed. Under date of December 1, A. E. Campbell, mayor of Richland, wrote as follows: ‘‘I give it as my opinion that the road demonstration and the interest you have taken in our community has benefited us. We have done some street work, not a great deal, and have about $4,000 to spend on our streets in the spring. I hear more good roads talk than ever before and I think most of it is due to the demonstration you gave, and I am sure your line of work has helped us in this section. My obser- vation is that the road overseers have done more effective work this sea- son than ever before and a great many of them quote the State Highway Engineer. The improvement in drainage is especially noticeable.’’ In answer to an inquiry, Mr. Blickensderfer, county highway engi- neer at Lebanon, answered on November 21, as follows: ‘‘The sample BEY} Missouri Agricultural Report. good road is all right, and | think has done good. The Lebanon Special Road District has bought a traction engine and rooter plow. You can shake hands with yourself on that alone.’’ Mr. E. B. Kellerman, road commissioner at Lebanon, writes under date of November 23: ‘‘I am satisfied that your demonstration of road work in this county was of a benefit, but it did not reach the farming public as it should. The people of our town- who saw the demonstration were pleased and everyone says that is Just what we need in this county, but as you know, the great wherewithal stands in our way here in Mis- souril. Our tax rates are so low it is impossible to raise by taxation what is necessary to make good roads. ‘‘As for our own district, we found that it was out of the question to buy the new improved machinery that we really needed, but we did find a bargain in a second-class engine and rooter. We tested it by an expert and found it to be an excellent puller and we bought it, paying one-third ; will pay one-third next year and one-third the year following, so that your demonstration here had the effect of giving us nerve to undertake the purchase of this piece of machinery.”’ Steel structure with concrete piers across James river, Galena, Mo. State Highway Department, designer; County Highway Engineer, supervisor; Canton Bridge Co., contractor. . The newspaper account at Marshfield, among other things, states: ‘“The good roads train arrived at Marshfield on the evening of September 20, and owing to delay in getting the cars set, did not get unloaded until late the next morning. But when they did get to work they surely did good work. It was an inspiring sight to see this good work and to wit- ness the operation of this road machinery by experienced operators. Part of the road they only graded and rolled, while about one-fourth mile was graded, graveled and rolled, putting this part in first-class con- Road Demonstrations. 333 dition. A splendid conerete culvert was also built. We think that the good road sentiment will surely be greatly stimulate! by their coming.’ Under date of November 7, the county highway engineer, Mr. W. T. Reese, writes: ‘‘ Your work has certainly aroused enthusiasm here. It is the best thing we have ever had in this county to arouse interest in the roads. As a direct result I have been able to do $1,000 worth of work more on the road since you were here. ’ The newspaper report of the work at Lamar finished with these words: ‘‘The people were out to see the demonstration from early in the morning until late in the afternoon. Many of those who witnessed the 1,140 feet of bridge across the Current river at Van Buren, Mo. State Highway De- partment, designer; County Highway Engineer, supervisor; Missouri Bridge and Iron Co., contractor. work were strong in the belief that Barton county should have a fund of one hundred thousand dollars for good road purposes. This amount of money judiciously expended on the roads of Barton county would in- crease the value of the county at least one million dollars. Public im- provement sentiment comes slow but in time it will enter into control, and then we will see things that we never saw before.’’ The cost of good roads in that section of the State through which we passed from St. Louis county to Greene county is comparatively small. The prevailing chert hills and banks and the hard nature of some of the soil makes necessarily a high initial cost in comparison with earth road 334 Missouri Agricultural Report. making of the more alluvial and prairie soil sections, but the final cost to obtain a good firm road is much less. Dr. Briegleb mentions the cost of extending our work one mile to be $324 and which made a good natural country road. Considering the abundance of gravel and the very thin coating necessary on many parts of the road, they can be graveled with 9 feet of metal for $700, bringing the total cost to about $1,000. This is small when compared witlr other places in the State that are paying three times that amount for roads with 9 feet of metal. The cost of the work at Marshfield was practically the same as that at St. Clair. The cost for the mile of work was $192 for everything complete, except that furnished by the State Engineer. The remainder may be itemized as follows: Steamroller. sdavsu@aacereecee $10.00 40.00 Pveneimes: -4 days) @stereenm eer 20.00 80.00 2 (eraders, Andays (Qs... verre 10.00 40.00 Other implements, 4 days @...... 5.00 20.00 iment: 7 Gay su(@ iia at heer everae ae 29.00" 100-00 $280.00 View of Cass county rock road near Belton, Mo. These items, $192 and $280, includes graveling the one-fourth mile sec- tion the hauling of which gravel amounted to about $170 of the $192. This would make the grading and shaping $300 and graveling $700 per mile for 8 feet of gravel. This includes the $40 item fer rolling (which is not Road Demonstrations. 335 always practical under the existing conditions), work done with a rush, time consumed in loading and unloading and an unorganized force. It is safe to assume that with a regular organized force these roads can be made good serviceable roads of the natural material for $300 per mile. Gravel being within a reasonable haul and by graveling the less good portions and utilizing the natural ‘‘chert’’ beds and banks, 9-foot roads ean be made for $1,000 to $1,200 per mile. Good roads of standard width (15 feet of metal) will cost $1,400 to $1,600 per mile. This in- cludes only such grading necessary to crowning and side ditching. The cost for any heavy grading and cutting down the hills must be additional. I have perhaps gone more into the details than work of this nature would warrant, but I have long believed that demonstrations, as a means of education and stimulus to road work and public interest, are well worth the cost. Demonstrations concentrate thought and words into action and get something more than talk. All my demonstrations except the Frisco trip were necessarily on a small scale, and while each one showed results, they were only in proportion to the magnitude of the work and were not of enough magnitude to attract attention nor to be convincing of their real value. This trip was put through for the ex- press purpose of illustrating that more good can be accomplished by the State Highway Engineer by demonstration work than in any other way. It is to show this especially that so many of the testimonials are used in reporting the work. It does seem to me that the few small demonstrations, together with this one railroad trip, should convince any- body that, in addition to the expense of running the office, the State High- way Engineer should be supphed with money for road demonstration and experimental work. TESTING FARM SEEDS IN THE HOME AND IN THE RURAL SCHOOL. (By F. H. Hillman, Assistant Botanist, Seed Laboratory, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Reprinted from Farmers’ Bulletin 428, issued February 138, 1911.) INTRODUCTION. Progressive farmers who reccgnize the importance of better and more profitable crop production are becoming convinced that the quality of the seed used is worthy of careful attention. The results of seed tests made at the Department of Agriculture and at the State Experiment Stations show that certain kinds of farm seeds in which there is an active trade and a strong competition are often seriously adulterated, the effect being that the farmer buying such seed gains a disappointing experience instead of a satisfactory crop. Again, the seed of certain farm crops is often mixed with seed of especially noxious weeds, necessitating labor and expense in preventing permanent injury to the farm. Seed may have a low germinating power, due to age or to unfavorable conditions of development or of harvesting. Seed of clovers and of alfalfa found on the market sometimes comes from for- eign regions possessing a less rigorous climate than that under which the seed would be grown in this country. For this reason such seed is unde- sirable. These results of tests made in the laboratory are fully corrobor- ated by the experiences of farmers engaged in growing crops. The popular agitation within recent years in the interest of better seed has brought about some change in trade conditions, but much room for improvement still remains. While a few states now have laws per- taining to poor seed, there is no Federal law preventing the importation of poor seed or its distribution by interstate traffic. In consequence of this, protection in seed buying is very largely a matter of business acumen on the part of the individual purchaser, which becomes very important when the purchaser is also the consumer. In the matter of seed buying, the best protection to the purchaser is believed to be self-protection based on the ability to judge the quality of the seed offered. This belief is supported by the fact that it is both pos- sible and practicable for buyers or consumers of seeds to determine very accurately their quality. (336) Testing Farm Seeds. 337 The purpose of this bulletin is to encourage seed testing in the farm home and in the rural school by explaining the essential features of seed testing as it relates to farm seeds and by showing how satisfactory tests can be made by simple means. The expense involved is slight and, con- sidering the little effort and time required, is thoroughly justified by the practical information to be gained. The writer’s observation of the readi- ness with which beginners have qualified themselves for making such tests under instruction scarcely more favorable than that offered here, satisfies him of the absence of any valid reason why farmers should not protect themselves from the use of poor seed. An important advantage of making tests at home is that the time re- quired to get a report on a sample of seed sent to Washington or to an experiment station for test is saved. This obstacle removed, a practical examination or test will often be made, when if the seed must be sent away it will be bought untested. Further- more, a purchaser’s order from sam- ple is much more likely to be filled from the seed actually represented by the sample if the delay in sending away for a test report is avoided. Seed testing is admirably adapted for practical exercise work in rural '7%%,¢7eq°CtS oF Eagver, Goader py) schools giving instruction in elemen- ‘"'Y° “17°5 (Pnlarsed.) tary agriculture. It is easily carried on at any season of the year and requires but little outlay for apparatus or working material. If tests are made of seed of interest at the time in the homes of the pupils, the results may be of very practical service. A study of farm seeds and their im- purities tends to interest pupils in crops and weeds and in their inter- relation on the farm. SEED TRADE CONDITIONS. GENERAL STATEMENT. Most of the undesirable con- ditions exhibited by seed which make seed testing nec- essary are the result of trade influences. The responsibility for these conditions doubtless rests fully as much with the Wic. 2.—Seeds of clover dodder (b) and al- . mass of consumers who de- falfa (a), showing relative sizes. (En- pr 1 larged.) mand low-priced seed as with A—22 338 Missouri Agricultural Report. the dealers who cater to this demand. The trade has employed various means to meet the demand for low-priced seed. Large importations are made of the same kinds of seed which are produced in and are exported from this country. The imported seed can be sold cheaper than that which is exported. Grades of seed which are practically unsalable in Europe find a ready market here because the better American-grown seed is commonly considered too high-priced. Various forms of seed adulteration have long been practiced, and seed ill adapted to our eli- matic conditions has often been sold. The results have been frequent failure of crops, an excessive cost of the actually good seed, and a wider distribution of many kinds of foreign weeds than by any other means. A general understanding of these conditions as they relate to particular kinds of seeds is helpful in making tests. APPLICATION TO KINDS OF SEEDS. Red Clover and Alfalfa.—Seed of both red clover and alfalfa is im- ported, chiefly from Europe, in large quantities annually, and much of it is low in quality. Such low- grade seed is usually very weedy. The imported red clover seed is often a grade of small-seeded screenings which carries a class of weed seeds rarely found in a large- seeded grade of clover seed. Such low-grade seed carries seed of clover dodder in nearly every instance, while American-grown clover seed practically never carries this kind of dodder seed. (See Fic. 3.—Mixture of seeds of red clover (a) fig. al) Shriveled alfalfa and yellow trefoil (b). The clover seeds are more or less triangular, those of tre- seed screenings containing foil oval, and usually with a distinet pro- ; F jection beside the scar notch. (Enlarged.) very little, if any, good seed are sometimes imported. Such material can serve only as an adulterant. Cheap imported alfalfa seed usually carries clover dodder, while Ameri- can seed is free from it. (See fig. 2.) Again, buckhorn, wild carrot and wild chicory seeds are nearly always found in the cheap alfalfa seed from Europe, while they do not appear in most lots of American seed. Both red clover seed and alfalfa seed are subject to adulteration with yellow trefoil seed. (See figs. 3 and 4.) Alfalfa seed, furthermore, is adulter- ated with sweet clover seed (fig. 5) and with seed of the bur clovers. Testing Farm Seeds. (See fig. 6.) 3039 Seed of red clover, alfalfa, and crimson clover from the warmer parts of Europe is from a tenderer strain of plants than is de- manded in most parts of this country. Experi- ments have shown that, as a rule, such seed ean not compete in crop production with domestic seed. Considerable red clover seed has been from Chile within recent years. This seed is the best appearing clover seed in our market, and authen- tic reports show that it has proved productive in vari- ous localities extending from Canada nearly to the Gulf States. imported Fic. 4.—Mixture of seeds of alfalfa (a) and yel- low trefoil (b). Alfalfa seeds are more or less kidney-shaped or angular, while those of trefoil are more uniformly oval and have the small projection at the scar more commonly evident. (Enlarged.) Nearly every lot of this seed that has come under our ob- servation, however, has been badly infested with an unusually destructive strain of field dodder seed (fig. 7). Alsike Clover—sSeed of alsike clover is produced in the Northern Fic. 5.—Mixture of seeds of alfalfa (a) and sweet clover (b). seeds, together with their uneven surfaces, The elliptical form of the sweet clover which have the scar notch near one end, serves to distinguish them from the more nearly kidney- shaped and smoother alfalfa seeds. (Enlarged. ) States, but much of that in the market is imported from Canada. Very little is imported from Europe. Canadi- an seed, and doubtless some of that produced in the United States, often much Canada thistle seed— more, indeed, than is found in any other kind of farm seed. Yellow trefoil seed commonly appears in alsike seed, sometimes to the extent of severe adulteration. Low-grade, weedy and contains shrivelel screenings are sometimes used as an adulterant. (See fig. 8.) 340 Missouri Agricultural Report. Several of the commoner kinds of weed seeds found in alsike clover seed » very detrimental. Some lots of alsike seed consist largely of timothy, ach amounts to an adulterant if the mixture is sold at the price of pure alsike seed. This mixture is poor seed to sow if alsike seed pro- duction is contem- plated; the two crops ripen together and their seed can not be wholly separated. Old stocks of seed of the clovers and of alfal- fa having low vitality are often mixed with new seed. Such seed is sometimes oiled and = = z Fic. 6.—Mixture of seeds of alfalfa (a), toothed bur rubbed to give it the clover (b), and spotted bur gener (e). Hote the = larger size of the bur clover seeds, also the kidney appearance of freshness. shape of the spotted bur clover seeds, which have Grass Seeds. — The the scar near the smaller end. (Hnlarged.) seeds of grasses are subject to various conditions tending to reduce their quality. Adulteration with old seed or chaff of the same kind or with the very similar appearing seeds of other kinds is often practiced and readily escapes detection by both retail dealers and consumers. Accidental mis- branding of grass seed in the trade is doubtless not uncommon. Kentucky bluegrass seed is often adulterated with the similar Can- dla bluegrass seed or seed of the latter is substituted for the former. See fig. 9.) Again, Kentucky bluegrass seed often has low germinating power, owing to improper methods employed in curing, and it is com- monly very chaffy. Orchard grass seed is adulterated with seed of meadow fescue, English rye-grass, or with both. (See fig. 10.) Seed of meadow fescue, or English bluegrass, is adulterated with seed of the perennial, or English, rye-grass and with orchard grass chaff. (See fig. 10.) Awnless (or Hungarian) brome- grass (Bromus inermis) seed is adul- terated with meadow fescue and English rye-grass seeds and with Fic. 7.—Seeds of field dodder (b) and red clover (a), showing rel- ative sizes. (Enlarged.) Testing Farm Seeds. 34 chess, or cheat. (See fig. 11.) The latter has even passed in the trade as Hungarian brome seed. Redtop seed appears in the market in three grades, ‘‘recleaned’’ (or “*solid’’), ‘‘unhulled’’ and ‘‘chaff’’ redtop. The latter is very mislead- ing, since it sometimes contains practically no good seed. The recleaned grade sometimes contains considerable timothy, which is inexcusable unless sold as mixed redtop and timothy. Fic. 8.—Mixture of weed seeds commonly found in low-grade alsike clover seed: a, Alsike clover; b, white clover; e, red clover; d, yellow trefoil; e, Canada thistle; f, dock; g, sorrel; h, buckhorn; i, rat-tail plantain; k, lamb’s-quarters; 1, shepherd’s-purse; m, mayweed; n, scentless camomile; 0, white campion; p, night-flowering catch-fly; q, oxeye daisy; r, small-fruited false flax; s, cinque- foil; t, two kinds of peppergrass; u, catnip; v, timothy; x, chickweed; y, Canada bluegrass; z, clover dodder; 1, mouse-ear chickweed; 2, Knot-grass; 3, tumbling amaranth; 4, rough amaranth; 5, heal all; 6, lady’s-thumb. (Enlarged.) Rape, Vetch and Flax.—Winter rape seed is liable to contain seed of the summer rape (bird rape), an annual variety: of rape not adapted to the forage purposes of the winter rape. Seed of either winter rape or summer rape may contain the seed of various wild mustards, especially that of English mustard, or wild charlock. (See fig. 17, tf.) Winter (or hairy) vetch seed often contains seed of various varietie of spring vetch, from which it should be free. Considerable flax seed is imported from Russia mixed with man. impurities, including seed of the flax dodder, a kind of dodder particu- larly destructive to flax. (See fig. 12.) Seed from certain regions of production in this country is free from this dodder, false flax seed and other impurities. APPRECIATION OF GOOD SEED NECESSARY. These and other conditions of the seed trade operating against the use of the best seed have long prevailed in this country. They are likely 342 Missouri Agricultural Report. to continue, largely irrespective of laws to the contrary, until consumers generally come to appreciate and accept only good seed. Consumers will need to know good seed from poor and to understand that the legitimate price of good seed is actually lower than the corresponding price of poor seed which costs relatively more to market, although the original cost to the dealer may be lower than that of high-grade seed. PURPOSE OF SEED TESTS. The purpose of making tests Fic. 9.—Mixture of seeds of Kentucky blue- grass (a) and Canada bluegrass (b). The Ot farm seed is to detect the Kentucky bluegrass seeds are broadest at . Pree. the center, pointed, and have a distinct ridge undesirable conditions affect- on each side. Canada bluegrass seeds are mostly broadest near one end, blunt, and jing the seed which have been smooth on the sides. (Enlarged.) : referred to in preceding par- agraphs. Such tests should be made early enough in the season to allow ample time to obtain other samples or to buy additional seed if the tests Fic. 10.—Mixture of seeds of orchard grass (a), meadow fescue (b), and English rye-grass (e), The orchard grass seeds are distinguished from the others by their slender, curved form. The meadow fescue and rye-grass seeds are dis- tinguished by the difference in the section of the seed-cluster axis (rachilla segment) which each bears. (Enlarged.) Testing Farm Seeds. 343 lead merely to providing for foreign matter by sowing a larger quantity of seed. . The seed of most of the farm crops can be recognized with certainty under careful examination as to its particular kind. Seed of different Fic. 11.—Mixture of seeds of awnless brome-grass (a), meadow fescue (b), Eng- lish rye-grass (e), and chess, or cheat (d). The brome-grass seeds are dis- tinguished by their greater length and flattened form. The seeds of chess (d) are somewhat cylindrical, due to being folded lengthwise. They are thus eee than the awnless brome-grass seed and sometimes are awned. (En- arged.) varieties of a kind as a rule can not be distinguished in this way. For example, red clover seed can be distinguished from other seeds, but the medium and mammoth varieties of red clover can not be distinguished by their seeds. Seeds of varieties of individual kinds of plants usually must be grown to insure vari- etal determination. This is not a part of the usual seed test. The first object of the test, excepting with respect to va- rieties, is to find out if the seed is true to name. The seed of certain farm erops is rarely free from all Fic, 12.—Seeds of flax dodder (b double, e single) and of flax (a), showing relative sizes. (Enlarged.) impurities. Miscellaneous im- purities may appear or some one kind of foreign seed may be present as an adulterant. Old seed of the same kind as the erop seed may constitute an adulterant, a fact which becomes apparent in the germination test. 344 Missouri Agricultural Report. A second object of the test is to show if the seed has been intention- ally adulterated. The miscellaneous impurities of seeds are classified (1) as inert ma- terial incapable of growing, and (2) as foreign seed which may be capa- ble of growing and producing plants. A third object of the test is to show the relative proportions of com- paratively harmless inert material and of possibly noxious foreign seed in the sample. ; The foreign seeds in a sample, consisting usually of various kinds of weed seeds, may not amount to much in quantity, but their noxious char- acter may make them very important. A fourth object of the test is to disclose the presence of especially noxious weed seeds, as dodder, dock, thistle, ete. A fifth object of the test of seeds in which the region of production is a matter of importance is to show, if possible, by the nature of its impurities, the probable source of the seed or to show if it is a mixture of domestic and foreign-grown seed.’ A sixth object is found in the germination test, showing how much of the seed is capable of growing under favorable conditions. The energy with which the seed sprouts is to be considered. With new clover and alfalfa seed the amount of ‘‘hard seed,’’ or seed which absorbs moisture slowly and therefore sprouts tardily, is to be noted and allowed for in using the seed. The objects thus enumerated relate particularly to the seed of mis- cellaneous forage crops. Interest in the seed of the cereals and corn centers chiefly in the germination test with respect to the extent and char- acter of the sprouting. SEEDS ESPECIALLY NEEDING TO BE TESTED. While all kinds of farm seeds may be subjected to a test of one kind or another, the seeds of the crops in most general use and which it is especially desirable to have tested represent the true clovers (as red, alsike and crimson), alfalfa, certain grasses (as timothy, orchard grass, fescue grass, bluegrass, brome-grass and the millets), cereals, rape, flax, vetch and corn. The reason for this selection is that much of the seed of the crops enumerated, except cereals and corn, is imported, and widely variable grades are on the market. The magnitude of the trade in this class of seeds shows that the majority of farmers do not depend on domestic production for the seed they use. It is probable that the prevalence of for- eign-grown seed in the market is not generally recognized by farmers in localities where locally grown seed is ordinarily used. Testing Farm Seeds. 345: EASE OF MAKING PRACTICAL TESTS. Seed tests sufficiently accurate to answer all practical purposes can be made by a beginner with a little practice. Certain time-consuming and exacting features of detail in making official tests at Washington or at an experiment station are often unnecessary in making tests for the facts of most practical importance. ; By providing the apparatus and following the directions for making tests suggested in the following pages and by using the illustrations. in comparing seeds of different kinds one can soon become sufficiently expert to feel reasonable confidence in his ability to avoid errors of im- portance. The younger members of the home circle should find such work comparatively easy to accomplish and interesting as well. The testing of locally grown seed would be assisted by the possession of a correctly named set of the seeds of crops and of weeds prevailing in the vicinity. When the work is done in the school, samples of seed of local interest and obtainable at the homes of the pupils may be used. This tends to impress the pupils (and their parents as well) with the immediate utility of the work. If suitable seed is not obtainable locally, samples represent- ing different grades can be obtained from dealers. The boys can make the balance here described. Several balances may be made and their efficiency compared. The successful making of such apparatus has a distinct educational value of its own. One pupil may be authorized to procure the magnifiers required; another may be delegated to provide one or more plate germinators or to make the corn-germinating box. Germina- tion tests made in cloth, paper, sand and soil may be compared, showing the effect of surrounding conditions. Such actual practice makes the pupil do and think and fits him to master corresponding but more com- plex problems later. APPARATUS USED IN MAKING TESTS. The Need of Apparatus—Only such apparatus is needed in making practical seed tests as enables one to use a weighed quantity of seed from the sample, to separate the pure’seed from the foreign seeds and other im- purities, to distinguish the character of the foreign seeds, and to make the germination test. It is important to use a weighed quantity of seed in the test, because only in this way can one determine the relative quantity or percentage of pure seed as compared with the quantity of the impurities. This re- quires a balance sufficiently sensitive to be moved by a small weight, such as that of a few clover seeds. This sensitiveness is necessary, because 346 Missouri Agricultural Report. only a small sample of seed can be used in the test. A large sample would require too much time and labor. For this reason only small samples are used in making official tests of seeds. The absence heretofore of a readily available, effective balance suited to this work doubtless has been the chief bar to the popularizing of farm and rural-school seed testing. Expensive chemical balances are used in making official tests, and the cheaper balances on the market cost from $10 to $35—an expense beyond the reach of the mass of consumers who should profit by practical seed tests. The Balance.—A simple, efficient balance can be made by any boy or girl at all familiar with the use of a few common tools. The geueral TU rs 0) = Fic. 13.—A simple balance used in making the purity test of seeds: a, Six-sided pencil, full length, and a half-length pencil bound to the long pencil by rubber bands; e, shallow holes near the ends of the long pencil; d, reference mark common to both pencils at a convenient point on the line where they meet; e, trays for holding the seed and the weights, the upper one showing the under side; f, bluntly pointed end of the wire adapted to fit loosely in one of the holes (e); 2, wire bent beneath the tray to hold it in position; h, piece of gummed paper holding the wire to the tray; i, hole at proper distance from the center of the tray where the wire pierces it; j, thin piece of board holding the parts of the balance in position; k, the block of wood holding the knife handle at proper level; 1, darning needle serving as a pointer as the pencils oscillate in weighing; m, pin marking the position of the head of the needle when the trays are properly balanced before and at the close of weighing; n, ‘rider,’ or wire staple, so placed as ta balance the trays when empty; 0, series of selected BB shots used as weights; whole ones are flattened to prevent rolling; others are cut into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths, and selected with reference to the equality of their weights. . Testing Farm Seeds. 347 construction is clearly shown in figure 13, to which the letters used in the following description refer: The balance consists of a hexagonal, or six-sided, pencil (a) notched as nearly as possible in the center and halfway through the lead. Make a rather wide V-shaped notch. Half of a similar pencil is notched like- wise at its center, care being taken that the angle at the apex or “‘bot- tom’’ of the notch is made narrow, straight and smooth. At this point the balance rests on the small blade of a knife, as shown in the figure. The blade must not bind and the pencils must swing on its edge with the least possible friction. The two pencils are firmly rubber-banded together so that the two notches form an opening nearly square between the pen- cils. Near each end of the long pencil and on its notched side make a shallow hole (c) by boring into the wood with a hard pencil having a smooth, slightly blunt point. In order that the balance may operate properly the apex of the notch in the short pencil—that is, the point which rests on the knife-edge—must be exactly midway between the holes in the ends of the long pencil. Slide the short pencil along the other till it is in proper position, then with the point of the knife-blade cut a mark (d) common to both pencils on the line where they touch. The rub- ber bands should prevent the pencils from slipping when in use, but the mark will show if they do slip. Two similar trays (e) are hung from the ends of a long pencil. They consist of circular pieces of stiffish card- board about 2 inches in diameter, suspended by means of wires curved in fishhook form, the points of the hooks resting within the holes (c) previously made in the pencil ends. The points of the hooks (f) are bluntly and smoothly pointed, so as not to bind in the holes. Beneath the trays the wires (g) are bent to hold the trays in level position, and are held to the tray by pieces of gummed paper (h).° The illustration shows the trays as flat pieces of cardboard. It is better to cut the trays from the edge to the center, then lap the two cut edges and glue them fast, thus making a shallow dish. The wire (g) beneath the tray is then pref- erably bent in circular form. Balancing the tray hook on the finger shows the proper bending of the wire where it pierces the cardboard (i) to make the tray hang level. must home. The middleman, ‘‘who produces nothing but sells much,’ be eliminated or at least have his powers greatly curtailed, ten farmer correspondents believe. Nine name co-operation in buying and selling and for mutual aid and protection in other ways as the greatest need. Other replies of which there were more than one are as follows: Weather conditions, 7; how to keep the young people, and especially the young men, on the farm, 7; better transportation and lower freight rates, 11; the tariff, 7; the liquor question, 2; Hessian fly and other in- sect pests, 7; soil washing, 2; overflows, 2; weeds and grass, 3; better methods in selling farm products and buying supplies, 2; high wages, 4; marketing produce, 3; indebtedness, 2; work, 2; indolence, 2; money power, 2; high prices for food and clothing, 3; to increase production per acre, 4; to study farming, 3; better education and more agricultural science, 5; better methods of farming, 2; tenants, 2; less acres and more intelligent cultivation, 3; better schools, 2. The following replies were also received, there being but one of each: Social betterment, fence posts, knowledge and advantages of modern conveniences, diversification, to make farm pay interest on its value, to make enough above the cost of existence to pay the interest on watered stocks in combines, to get nearer the final market price of products, reduce need of help by scientific farming, means of holding products until there is an active market, to produce more and better crops, seed farms to grass and clover, willingness to pay more for help, R. F. D. mail service, parcels post, way to keep fresh meat in summer time, tiling, timber, protection of timber, uniform price of farm produce above cost of production, to keep up with the times, dwelling houses with modern conveniences, good barns, sufficient capital, better machinery, smaller farms, more cowpeas and clover, protection from local monopolies, stock law, learn what is best adapted to both soil and market, fair interest on investment over and above living, system, labor-saving machinery, more silos and manure spreaders, stricter laws against speeding autos, selec- tion of best stock and crops for profit, knowing where and how to market products, graft, speculators, boards of trade, ignorance, organi- zation and co-operation of commercial interests, cost of production, money, raising serub stock on high priced land, merchants, dishonest 426 Missouri Agricultural Report. merchants, fly-by-night drummers, agents and salesmen; increase in cost of farming implements, high rates of interest, shipping products and stock at a profit, seed corn fakers, wet land and lack of drainage, too many mortgages, expense between producer and consumer, housework, careless farming, making a living for wife and kids, unsteady prices for grain and live stock, others fixing both the buying and the selling price, changing seasons, poor crops, borers in apple trees, tariff, bought legis- lators, representatives in legislature, class legislation, need government ownership of public utilities; people, not trusts, should control; pro- tection instead of unreasonable, hurtful and sumptuary legislation ; hav- ing to contend with private ownership of public utilities; politicians and professional office seekers; high cost of official administrations; how to obtain fair, honest and intelligent legislation ; the enormous running ex- penses of the government. It might possibly be said of some of the replies received that they are more interesting than valuable, yet they are valuable because of the fact that they are from farmers, not theorists. REPLIES FROM FARM WOMEN. ‘What one change or improvement about the farm house would, in your opinion, be of the greatest benefit to the housewife? In other words, what one would you rather have?’’ Of 361 Missouri farm women who replied to this question 193, or more than 53 per cent, answered, in substance, ‘‘Some system of running water in the house.’’ Forty re- plies, or more than 11 per cent, expressed a wish for gas or other modern lighting system. The need of a furnace or other modern heating system is mentioned by 27. or 8 per cent of those who replied. The following were among other rephes received: Good help, 6; more conveniences, 6; concrete porches and floors, 6; more convenient dwelling, 5; modern kitchen, 5; basement or cellar, 5; power to run washing machine and churn, 3; sewers, 3; more good house room, 2; more convenient outhouses, 2; to get rid of flies, 2; best wash- ing machine made, 2; ice house, 2; laundry, 2. Replies of which there was but one each were: summer laundry, summer kitchen, model kitchen, washroom, dairy room, cold storage room, patent churn, pantry, concrete cellar, windmill, screens, dining room, cream separator, summer house, automatic range or cook stove, a cool way to cook, wash and iron; a way to cook without fire, modern plumbing, less help and more conveniences, gasoline power, oil stove, a practical fireless cooker, way to keep milk, means to keep poultry better, Missoun Farm Facts. 427 labor-saving devices in kitchen, cooler kitchen, good cistern, refrigerator, linoleum for floors, good dairy barn, rat-proof yard, better buildings, better sanitary conditions, good cooking lessons, storage battery, better drainage about buildings, less rooms and more closets, better improve- ments, less work in hot weather, stricter housekeeping, greater love of home, world-wide prohibition, less work, more privileges, to be well pro- vided for, a good saving cook, a husband who is at all times agreeable, a law to prevent the employment of girls in work outside of the home, husband to take more interest in pretty yard and shrubbery, fencing,: ete.; means to content woman to her sphere; none needed. MODERN CONVENIENCES AND IMPROVEMENTS. Many writers have recently had much to say of the many modern homes in the country. That there are now many more than were to be found a few years ago is evident to all who have taken pains to investi- gate, yet the number is still very small. According to careful estimates made by Missouri State Board of Agriculture correspondents, represent- ing each of the 114 counties in the state, less than two—1.84—per cent. of the rural. homes in Missouri are provided with any modern water system. By sections the percentages are: Northeast, 0.95; northwest, 2.3; central, 2.81; southwest, 2.71; southeast, 0.44. Correspondents give 2.56 per cent, as representing the number of farm homes having furnace or other modern heating system. By crop division sections the reports show: Northeast, 2.9 per cent.; northwest, 4.6; central, 2.8; southwest, 1.56; southeast, 0.1. Gas or other modern lighting, it is estimated, is to be found in 3.23 per cent. of the farm homes of the state—by sections: Northeast, 2.64 per cent.; northwest, 4.15; central, 4.58 ; southwest, 0.93 ; southeast, 3.87. With 276,081 farm homes in Missouri, as shown by the 1910 census, we find that an estimate based on correspondents’ reports shows more than 5,000 farm homes having some system of running water, about 7,000 farm homes with furnaces or other modern heating system, and ap- proximately 10,600 country residences equipped with acetylene gas or other improved system of lighting. Despite all the talk of the large number of automobiles owned by Missouri farmers, correspondents report only 1.3 per cent. of the farm- ers owning autos. It is a pleasure to note, though, that 7.3 per cent. of the farmers in Missouri own manure spreaders. Eighty-nine per eent. of the correspondents report more manure spreaders than auto- mobiles bought during the last ten years. 428 Missouri Agricultural Report. THE LABOR PROBLEM. As has been shown by reports received from correspondents, the labor problem is regarded as one of the most serious with which the farmer must contend. It is the belief of 88 per cent. of those who answered the question, ‘‘Is it now harder to get help on the farm than it was ten years ago?’’ that it is more difficult; while 95 per cent. think it harder to get help in the house. During this decade, marked by a erowing scarcity of help, it is estimated that wages for farm hands ad- vaneed 41 per cent, and for help in the house 46 per cent. The average monthly wages paid help in the house, taking the state as a whole, is said to be less than $10—$9.78, to be exact. By sections, we have: Northeast, $10.62; northwest, $12.08; central, $9.17; southwest, $8.63 ; southeast, $8.41. The average monthly wages paid farm hands who also have bed and board provided is given as $21.12, the figures by sec- tions being, northeast, $22.56; northwest, $24.83; central, $20.13; south- west, $19.30; southeast, $18.80. Where house is provided for man and family but he boards himself the average wages for the state are given as $27.85. The sections show: northeast, $29; northwest, $30.66; central, $25.82; southwest, $26.60; southeast, $27.18. Daily wages, except at harvest time, show an average of $1.12 for the state—northeast, $1.19; northwest, $1.25; central, $1.07; southwest, $1.04, southeast, $1.06. Harvest wages for the year 1910 show $1.67 average for the State. COST OF FARM EQUIPMENT. According to reports received from between 500 and 600 Missouri farmers, the cost of equipping a farm (meaning by equipment, teams, farm machinery, etc.) has increased 62.5 per cent during the last ten years, the increase by sections being as follows: Northeast, 53; north- west, 56; central, 69; southwest, 61; southeast, 73. CENSUS BUREAU FARM DATA. On January 26, 1911, Census Director Durand issued the first official statement from the Census Bureau relative to the agricultural statistics of the State of Missouri, collected at the thirteenth decennial census. It is based on a preliminary comparative summary submitted to the director by Dr. LeGrand Powers, chief statistician of the division of agriculture in the Bureau of the Census. This summary shows for both the census of 1910 and that of 1900 the reported total value of farm Missouri Farm Facts. 429 land, buildings, implements, and machinery; total acreage; improved acreage; average acres per farm; average value per acre of farm land and buildings; average value per acre of farm land alone; and the aggregate expenditures for labor and fertilizers. It also distributes the total number of farms according to color of farmer; specified character of tenure; whether held free or mortgaged by owners; and by certain acreage groups. The director gives notice that the summary’s figures are subject to revision later, owing to the fact that a number of farms whose returns are incomplete will be issued in the final tables. The census of agriculture was taken primarily for the purpose of obtaining an accurate inventory of all classes of farm property existing on April 15th, 1910; a complete exhibit of farm operations during the year ended December 31, 1909; and a statement of the number and value of domestic animals in cities and villages on April 15, 1910. THE PER CENTS OF INCREASE AND DECREASE. It is pointed out in the preliminary statement that the principal rates of increase in Missouri in 1910, as against 1900, are: In the total value of all farm land alone, 107 per cent.; in the average value per acre of farm land alone, 104 per cent.; in the total value of farm land and buildings, 103 per cent.; in the average value per acre of farm land and buildings, 100 per cent.; in the total expenditures for labor, 89 per cent.; in the total value of farm buildings alone, 81 per cent.: in the total expenditures for fertilizers, 78 per cent.; in the total value of farm implements and machinery, 78 per cent.; in the total improved farm acreage, 7 per cent.; in the average acres per farm, 5 per cent.; and in the total farm acreage, 2 per cent. The principal decrease during the decade occurred in the whole number of farms, amounting to 3 per cent. The statement shows in detail that the number of farms reported in 1910 was 276,081, as compared with 284,886 in 1900, a decrease of 8,805, or 3 per cent. The total value of farm land and buildings was given in 1910 as $1,710,505,000, as against $843,979,000 in 1900, an increase of $866,- 526,000, or 103 per cent. The total value of farm land alone was reported in 1910 as $1,441,- 529,000, as compared with $695,471,000 in 1900, a gain of $746,058,000, or LOW per. Gent. The total value of farm buildings alone was given in 1910 as $268,- 430 Missouri Agricultural Report. 976,000, as against $148,508,000 in 1900, an increase of $120,468,000, or 81 per cent. In 1910 the value of the farm land alone constituted 84 per cent of the total value of land and buildings, as compared with 82 per cent. in 1900. The reported value of farm implements and machinery was $90,- 769,000 in 1910, as against $28,603,000 in 1900, a gain of $22,166,000, or 78 per cent. The total acreage reported in 1910 was 34,516,000 acres, as compared with 33,998,000 in 1900, an increase of 518,000 acres, or 2 per cent. The improved acreage was returned in 1910 as amounting to 24,- 528,000 acres, as against 22,900,000 in 1900, an increase of 1,628,000 acres, or 7 per cent. The improved acreage formed 71 per cent. of the total acreage in 1910, as compared with 67 per cent. in 1900. The average acres per farm reported in 1910 was 125, as against 119 in 1900, a gain of 6 aeres, or 5 per cent. AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE. The average value per acre of farm land and buildings in 1910 is stated as $49.56, as against $24.82 in 1900, a rise of $24.74, or 100 per cent. The average value per acre of farm land alone in 1910 was reported as $41.76, while in 1900 it was $20.46, the amount of gain being $21.30, or 104 per cent. Of the whole number, 276, 081,. of farms reported in 1910 there were 272,435, or 99 per cent., operated by white farmers and 3,646, or 1 per cent., by colored farmers, as compared with a total of 284,886 in 1900, of which 279,933, or 98 per cent., were conducted by white farmers and 4,953, or 2 per cent., by colored. The decrease in the number of white farmers during the decade amounted to 7,498, and in the number of farms of colored farmers to 1,307. The total number of farms operated in 1910 by owners, part owners, and owners and tenants, comprising the ‘‘all owners’’ class, was 191,563, as compared with 196,158 in 1900, a decrease of 4,595. The total number of farms conducted in 1910 by cash tenants, share tenants, and cash and share tenants, comprising the ‘‘all tenants’? class, was 82,533, as against 86,897 in 1900, a decrease of 4,364. The total number of farms operated by managers in 1910 was 1,985, as compared with 1,831 in 1900, a decrease of 154. Missouri Farm Facts. 431 The total number of farms operated by the ‘‘all owners’’ class con- stituted 69 per cent. of the whole number of farms in both 1910 and 1900; those operated by the ‘‘all tenants’’ class, 30 per cent. in both 1910 and 1900; and those conducted by managers, 1 per cent. in both dec- ades. Of the total number, 191,563, of farms operated in 1910 by the ‘‘all owners’’ class, there were 103,352, or 54 per cent., owned free of in- cumbrance, and 88,211, or 46 per cent., mortgaged. The Census Bureau has no information respecting the number of mortgaged farms leased to tenants, nor figures for 1900 available for comparison with the 1910 data as to incumbrance. DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO ACREAGE GROUPS. The statement relative to farms distributed according to certain acreage groups shows that those of 19 acres and under numbered 19,283 in 1910 and 19,088 in 1900, a gain of 195; of 20 to 49 acres, 47,134 in 1910 and 56,931 in 1900, a decrease of 9,797; of 50 to 99 acres, 74,001 in 1910 and 78,933 in 1900, a decrease of 4,932; of 100 to 174 acres, 79,871 in 1910 and 78,941 in 1900, an increase of 930; of 175 to 499 acres, 51,829 in 1910 and 47,131 in 1900, an increase of 4,698; of 500 to 999 acres, 3,421 in 1910 and 3,268 in 1900, an increase of 153; and of 1,000 acres and over, 542 in 1910 and 594 in 1900, a decrease of 52. ACREAGE GROUP PROPORTIONS. Of the whole number of farms, those of 19 acres and under formed 7 per cent. in both 1910 and 1900; those of 20-49, acres, 17 per cent. in 1910 and 20 per cent. in 1900; those of 50-99 acres, 26 per cent. in 1910 and 27 per cent. in 1900; those of 100-174 acres, 29 per cent. in 1910 and 28 per cent in 1900; those of 175-499 acres, 19 per cent. in 1910 and 16 per cent. in 1900; those of 500-999 acres, 1 per cent..in both 1910 and 1900; and those of 1,000 acres and over, 0.2 per cent. in both decades. The expenditures for labor in 1910 reached the sum of $18,526,000, as compared with $9,804,000 in 1900, an increase of $8,722,000, or 89 per cent. The expenditure for fertilizers amounted in 1910 to $662,000, while in 1900 it was $371,000, a gain of $291,000, or 78 per cent. 432 Missouri Agricultural Report. SUMMARY FOR THE STATE. The preliminary comparative summary follows: ALL FARMS BY ACREAGE, VALUE OF LAND, BUILDINGS, IMPLEMENTS, ETC. : Per cent of 1910. * 1900. | increase | 1900-1910. i! | IMT ATS Sidiod on daan noon clog ccenoos 276,081.00) 284,886.00) 3 Decrease. TOtaliaCLeaees cnc onevseceusksters coir enestel 34,516,000.00 33,998,000.00 2 Increase. improved acreasere eas. sei eee 24,528 ,000.00 22,900 ,000.00) 7 i Average acres per farm.............. 125.00 119.00} 5 * Value of land and buildings.......... $1,710,505 ,000.00|) $843,979 ,000.00) 103 rs Value tof lands wicscios se-eeosiecte eee eae $1,441,529,000.00 $695,471 ,000.00| 107 se WMalwerofeb il dinesmereecisnntccte cu nene $268 ,976,000.00) $148,508,000.00) 81 A Value of implements and machinery. . $50,769,000.00) $28,603,000.00) 78 5 Average value per acre of land and HUILGINGS? A whee chia cee | $49 .56 $24.82) 100 Average value per acre of land alone. ..| $41.76 $20.46) 104 Expenditures for: NBG) of oy wares SIR Stearns try or Man Ripe ee | $18,526,000.00)° $9,804,000.00) 89 rd Bier tilizerskecew recs ices tae $662, 000.00) $371,000.00, 78 i ALL FARMS BY COLOR OF FARMER, TENURE, ACREAGE, GROUP, ETC. | | | Amount of 1910. 1900. increase | | 1900-1910. Alllstarnms) Diyacolor Ofsarim Crain estes 276,081.00) 284,886.00 8,805 Decrease. Wihitesfarem Crs esha. cia deere eens teat: 272,435.00} 279,933.00) 7,498 “ Colored farmerssoe ee. Geer ae eee 3,646.00) 4,953.00 1,307 = INL SHAW eA Yop WEA oo Suc obeoa bac con 276,081.00! 284,886.00 8,805 - AIT OWATELS cis es ee CIE oer as eee 191,563.00) 196,158.00 4,595 Owners: frees ae secease sh abensPhiteesteltes lel scares LOS GBS2Z LOO se se tecehessraewallie he vayees ede kes eee Owners smorisagedeans sss care 88201 500 |e nce. ce tieic a eel|nteto eo een oa eee IMD eterna tSkta cat oes be ere woe ae eae 82,533.00 86,897.00) 4,364 a MianaSersificia jws.c Ta.0cckeke eye es 1,985.00 1,831.00 154 Increase. Distribution by acreage groups........... 276,081.00; 284,886.00 8,805 Decrease. i9yacres anid sumer cee ate ee ieee 19,283.00 19,088.00 195 Increase. 20) HOTA GMACKES tae neo acacr cn suey sie, Seer oreeereate 47,134.00 56,931.00, 9,797 Decrease. 50) Gor S9taCresss as eee ones 74,001.00 78,933.00) 4,932 ras aK OX OS rouna lire Sie Welcetpy 3, cum tease eal ok ley auton bec Gharaieroyn 79,871.00 78,941.00 930 Increase. 175: tO'\A4A 99 wACRES ech eae eyeticd onde Casorioniok: 51,829.00 47,131.00) 4,698 ae SOOO O99IaACreshiece eee oe 3,421.00 3,268.00 153 i OOO Ones Giel Onin sceacccbsccsccndcdc. 542.00 594.00) 52 Decrease. LACK OF INCREASE IN RURAL POPULATION. According to the official count of the returns of the thirteenth census, the population of the State of Missouri is 3,293,335, as compared with 3,106,665 in 1900, and 2,679,184 in 1890. The increase from 1900 to 1910, therefore, is 186,670, or six per cent., as compared with an increase Missouri Farm Facts. 433 for the preceding decade of 427,481, or sixteen per cent. More than seventy counties in the State, a large majority of those not influenced by some large town or city, show a loss of population. by counties, follow: The census figures, Population | Population | Population 1910. 1900. 1890. TU OMS UMUC Mie Cieroiehatercvaner seh hate ata set aia o/enapalere ure ee 3,293,330 3,106 665 2,679,184 JG Gs, io ito oF Ohad Geen BGO ROC Onn Gane aemEreic ce eioinuctemtic 22,700) 215428 17,417 PANINGIIEC Weed sicen eke el cccuchsststel we ove) jatatcat cies) sei 'otay veneers 15,282 Vis ooe 16,000 YETI SERSBY a cb, geet Elica U aR RETIRES Sen 13,604 1f 50 15,533 PANU Clie tlere ree aaate ca oRenex suerte cshe ret choked © ileal a heivel caubeicay syste 21,687 21 1s] 42,074 TBYE TENTS ste vin CG Cane TREO ECL CROMEECIE ES OrOr a CaS ne RC Roe gas 23,869 25, 22,943 TBYDTELH ORAL, 65) RB ow res Sane Lee EEN oe Reo Nn Oe CUTIE TES circ septs 16,747 18, 18 , 504 TBS Ac ose eReader eR DSN ER TARE ON) Rar eee aaa eee 25,869 30,14. 32,223 IBYSITHON aa oy Sb A are ces IcaePe Canc, Rte ROR AE oe Gintis Oe ae oRER Ota 14,881 16,556 14,973 (OMNES Crees nels cts olsvecerela Sieve tceesauohavsy aystec eave ites 14,576 14,650 1335 AL IBYOXOSEVC a5 6, o CPC eG a I CRE CROP CR RCRCRE Co er acl HD RACE CE obec 30,533 28,642 26,043 ES UNG EV ATM UTM See te chien del eee| © "alto cone olioyel oheie she Sab reve ae. eayallaye. 93 ,020 121,838 70,100 IBY OTHERS Gthig ohcin ratiey Gee Ooe ORCI ACE ERO CLA RCRD ES eee RC Ay 20, 624 16,769 10,164 Walaiwellbpaicre sieckcrace. ciaite sit aie er siotats cl ckatey sya freasye,s 14,605 16,656 Lppliee Gall ahoayaepetr cate oe eiey on Oe oie oles. sist retalena. salou a: atevens 24,400 25,984 25,131 WAIN OCW ea anna aayeknaieus Guanes eeieere ey tiotel or eaaiae 11,582 143), 11183} 10,040 @WAMOxGALAald eas eye ceveis lore vere Gus egolre si cieia ic teeauaree 27,621 24,315 22,060 OAT Ole we tr kenneth oie cantente clears ety Me hoaNe rev eteey seeuaceune 2 23,098 26,455 25,742 (CEYATORS 4.5 ath alae CrmeRO CeO cee ol eI ReeC oho Ratha cee 5,504 6,706 4,659 (CESS i to Shetetontiale iceeiaio SiCNe aeRea Re catch eR eens che eet 22,973 23,636 23,301 CGO AS Bini eo DD EDO ee ERO ROR IRCCS Cities EERO EC eoeo TO 16,080 16,923 15,620 (QUEER OLIV 3 5 iy Gh CRSA ERO Grtincita CY CRONE 0S) Laces ce Die EERE EMER 23,503 26,826 26,254 G@TISG DAME ereretetaven coker ese) elev stlisie atone ere cote eoegen pres sreteee 15,832 16,939 14,017 LATINA rar cl bat ncte. sus rane ete teed ete Se renee tous tate predate 12,811 15,383 15,126 (CHE Fa & er are by tlo.aericrr ey cacrcicic. can ACEORLE NCIC ROR RA Ts CMe nSTer oe 20,302 18 ,903 19,856 (Oiliial{ roy overeacr oro cReKae Sis ep cln oan IG MoUeeA Ofer GIONS Ons ROR i 15,297 17 , 363 17,138 (CLONE eid eo lta etme Lo 5 renee id CGA EASE Ea near 21 957 20,578 17,281 (COW O}OXA2S oo ROR oa hose CREE coro acs eee es 20,311 22,032 22,107 Ga WA ORG cactoiahcheeen ye ene UCR Oca ator eliscetoneh sass er acene 13,576 12,959 11,961 ID EY0 es tsas cao eines Co Siac an Bic a che mee Dace ee 5p Gs 18,125 17,526 S DUG IAS lirics icy See Roaty SIGUA icc NO MCLEE reone PRE ERe Car C 13,181 13,903 12,647 TO) AVL CSS a eterna ce Ce een PARR eR ted he heron Aaeaeuateye ts 17,605 21,325 20,456 PD CVGa Drove, take eke eres eat dee Ae Hoke Rane nts ay cohen shen sca ete’ 11246 Gail 14,418 14,539 ED OTC Se eh ts eere acstetie a corsnel ae ile te once haie Gone ete a 13), 245 12,986 12,149 WI OURIASH yeas ec ie-d I SUR are aeerehe hay aol ke 16,664 16,802 V4 011 ID onal abl cle tee iceeneet eco oi ulians ch ch ronenS enc cnet oe iene 30,328 21,706 15,085 MEP ATU ELEN re -reeah sfeqastins Fo eie eee cpeye cen tettote) Mi OE LRT SIA Gee ie 29,830 30,581 28,056 CaS COMA R rarrets ce, Ue cssare apatite eRe ey SON tata e ae 12 , 847 12 ; 298 11,706 GLOTUGE yee ten hel cts tos oon uae ias Pee MereectaReh cnet aera ne 16,820 20,554 19,018 GIECOTLO Meer tues Sty Soe Bee Lae ENS ole 63,831 52,713 48,616 GUTSUL TN Chive ch peicene sae onsd arse) = cone Gi Areia ictus olecsiesae toe Gvecd 16,744 17,832 17,876 FEV AI] SOM Meee starce els sys re he eanIci ere ease Shenker ag 20,466 24,398 21,033 TEISTOTEN AA Silene ee SIR TOO Ett oi cy Penns eh NA Pans Ce eae 27 , 242 28,054 28,235 IS IGLO Ts 6 oho ic Map ereu arn LWT eS catetanalaua ier aye Sas Oty 8,741 9,985 9,453 TB 10 (es yeh ty GRE Rosi OT RAED EES SS CNET NERC ee a a A 14,539 17,083 15,469 MAO Wi erence rcusest aessent ene ina Adore re..2 sl rains he eee ed 115) 5(6)5353 18 ,337 Ueeezial PERO Wiel leer ae@eriamepracirantec oats eck aye chen snehone, hal iets oie a eae 21,065 21,834 18,618 OTR Nyt WATE Mee A lotetePytl oot, ca teresa ot kag lees 8,563 8,716 9,119 SACKS OT eared ters Vet eA et eEot MO taabahicca te OLA habe ah mies 283,522 195,193 160,510 AIDS OXET RPS cS aaa bio “0 loth cb Ope aE EES ESSE ene eats 89,673 84,018 50,500 MEMEPSOM pores cimeses haus aes sare Rone reds tenemeteehcetartasiece eva cee 27,878 25,712 22,484 POMUMS OMe paar rn eae obs Ne ae soe (och ere, aieioverel ai sua sneer 8 26 , 297 27 ,843 28 ,132 TkGavopegt f 2 Bicunita olcany ELAR len Saree EEO erie Reo toes 12,403 13,479 13,501 ILEHENIGYS OG Golo 'c tro cae Te Dae Anne Cn enone eect acta ac 17,363 16,523 14,701 Wahayie thorny orxierer vera tee cher ek Obs Caanal ore arte sie neces 30,154 31,679 30,184 434 Missouri Agricultural Report. CENSUS BY COUNTIES—Continued. | Population Population | Population 1910. 1900. 1890. iG wrens -2.s. eiscleccchevs cashes a aronskcrarre lave ypite ne flentoneustore nies 26,583 31,662 26,228 TGQ WASG ee vals ares seve eco iarehade te deveuei a vsesheiGdeve whee hale o emelele 15,514 16,724 15,935 TaN COU a eR Ne one eed Cnet ec euch dee pect = 17,033 18,352 18,346 DTT cee sant eo fe ee ce ee ro stalemeta tad tonteehene bette coneeements 20203 25 , 503} 24,121 Dulin SSCOM sic haters cePecroisiene se edenenel emu cietsncteusce cuciee ss 19,453 22,302 20,668 IVEC TD OM aI Giwsth hol rele Gastar oie te ACRetro cones kate tcroke ebebias 13,539 13,574 11,283 INA COT: Sees. Seeten tose Waka ore Latle ke eNO ITSIA aly crise ie lemme PNR e Be fe 30,868 33,018 30,575 NP AGISOM etches cieteke a %e Sue ee fo hake POR Ora custo Lone enone 1 23 9,975) 9,268 INGALPIOS A pscchototeeontel oicuo chee ek wets Seiiecre ones cients vals Momrenehoe tr aire 10,088 9,616 8,600 IVETE OWS cee ck oaks ee Cae, aero Cl nastics Tones ea uolberlanaiinn el ercaete 30,572 26,331 26,233 IY ICES O12) GED EN ESR eter on) rN eRe en a I OBIE IR Obra oetea 12,335 14,706 14,581 IMENT Or erat Sra cise orth eio sie haeae batinis Wachee hore shai enouei ene te IS Aly 15,187 14,162 INTASSISSUP PT iets crete s ls cote ces aller o scroctpned onder veges eorisensteustls 14,557 11,837 10,134 aM Wopal iets bee ae nem Peis Pate IO Ce Sn ea ER ay Olan 14,575 15,931 15,630 NEONTOE..2 <5 ee teichekalage vei isenin tc saadsliowe Rouareiesestone iat sesterts 18,304 19,716} 20,790 OY Koval n'-{0)01Ks) A Pence cic am Oke een uOrcROLe Gach do cero 15,604 16,571) 16,850 NOT aT et ie cote A OL Le ER che mened eter 12,863 Wey aes) 2 eS ie ING Ww: AVE GTi! shinee oe inchor, Cece Te dinenceieten toneneneretents 19,488 11,280) OQ) ail7 INIOIWibOD deer car Re eA Oe ree ee ee 27,136 27,001 22,108 By Kore kin its ih dereeniee Aachen Gk eine aot G otc heme DYNERO Ale: Gaara 28,833 32,938 30,914 CONGR atinald a cua cinco De On oGiacne oa co goal C 14,681 13,906 10 , 467 OSAE OF a heic elas hata enon rete cane muew nee aeeee ee 14,283 14,096, 13,080 Ozarlor ce PO ley nade SM ae co ctctnn naa Sa hoot A ate 11,926 12,145] - 9,795 POMS COR eee tee nei Ce ete on eae Oe epee ca 19 5559 12 ILS 5,975 | BAS) A gee eR AO a Re) ORE ICs RCO RL OICE CaCl eREM CNC SCNENC OMG cased 14,898 15,134) U3 230 POGUE cate Bie ce aa rate deri e ahale da eaahle ta (ee Riga he Ustlon sinha terecetemels 30,913 32,438 ail 5 altsyiL Pepe ese, Sea ae nines hl eee ee eg ares 15,796 14,194 12,636 WALCO ee Ms Wawelleraner shaker Nici clte Suabote pence Suede tes erm eteres 22.556 25,744 26,321 PLA Cis, oon ais aac Naot eh cL Ai ohal ct Sale te cone batie Nei oe allaheweee emeite 14,429 16,193) 16,248 PPO ie BPR AS Oh Stor oe oyrak Ovouberio ovina tel ceenottenetigtisheweconene 21,561 P33 Pay) 20,339 PUTAS KA A atecehe oS cae ee SATE ae ona oan ero otroineualrat chal 11,438 10,394, 9,387 Putnanis aver ee ste ee ee ree 14,308 16,688, 15,365 TER TTS) pepe ee ees ee ced tons hs seetodone teers OMe Ro Aaa een ers doh 12,913 12,287 12,294 bf ao Ke) hold keine Gq CREE Eaoea cata: Goo crotcecet cts.O tacro-eetaeeno 26,182 24,442 24,893 VOY Se ee hehe a heer is ie) ec aes Poe Une He eh Sena tone lenerer es deoee 21,451 24,805 24,215 A Senta te) Okina OLR Oates OtGas orci Chonda! aay nicnaec 9,592 8,161 6,803 ]5310) oN aaa renee cticrotas Gin, Doha Ane Spore a eit 13,099 13,186 8,512 St Charles (yates tion coeee erie Cr nee 24,695 24 ,474| 22,977 StS Glait si tesk Pais toe le Sake keine tence tacks we voleaakeneraiete 16,412 17 ,907 16,747 Styhran GOs ts erste neler ncsmanyesoeee ee leu nereneuehet ue) maken ke 35,738 24,051 17 , 347 St: WOuUis ss ocean atone Pomona helene adeanneSoicoute yt 82,417 50,040 36,307 SCA WoOuiSn Clitiycn ders coset rc kerewa Note one acRe vonevronle 687 ,029 575,238 451,770 SO? Geneve Vidic ccs cnc hvewcnoerenen cre etek tener ere Reorctens 10, 607 10,359 9,883 Saline hea titans so coe ee atte Pee eet er eaeae ere tea cistoes 29,448 33,703 Sono Se litylers ooo srisie ds Sean eee aay ER Lee oteed cuneate 9,062 10,840 11,249 SCOGIAIG oe aie ele tere to aes Tae esate Maire oie aslie tencttie el pievrerts 11,869 1B} Se 12,674 SCOCG es he eee eo eonalic de RB ENG eomed not ortotenane hs 22,002 13,092 11,228 Shanon soe see a elena ara flamer suet tieheremeiewousss ie 11,443 11,247 8,898 SHEL: eo es es eas area emet eee ers alls fet sikes ni’e jelce eetiaretents 14,864 16,167 15,642 StOMMard ype scrac cach hea eieuene eke We uae dat lees shes beke tee reuedts 27,807 24,669 AW ( arA7/ Stoners ae aaa sore ene Se neta sien Met oesncbe ete i559 9,892 7,090 PSII DN 723 0 RR eh ene Ie ame RIG ee oe Sta i Celera h cnet iG 18,598 20 , 282 19,000 BE oY ey re dened ie eat tas cos trent Gti ed bee reac tie 9,134 10,127 7,973 Le). cs eae EE SP NGO oe aed corona tha GoW bab 21,458 22,192 19,406 A f2) i810) 0M RTA La OI ef ee MT SHEE Cay Gackt AOU OO, o ANG A On 28,827 31,619 31,505 WATT ON sor ascee toto cate aa eee Oe eo Rae ake 9,123 9,919 9,913 Wiashin 2 GOm cite. since te eeen oni cakes Guekahe relenmon mee aeirens 13,378 14,263 T3153 (WiaZat Oc 35.24 nS va chcaeweb te tie eesderen iit Oy Oe ICIE Lene Rent temene 15,181 15,309 11,927 WW ODSUCIN ety tiers cohemeealig abe totic shoved ne pemeonewetiante Wee BIE 16,640 alias UZ Rs (o) rl dA Re irk i 5 ios a iAses Gy Gitar esa roets, orcad cf Ak 8,007 9,832 8,738 WTI Gis: k coal ares ate gem noi ho nel ANS ee ented ene cece 18,315 aly (pean Ke) 14,484 Missouri Farm Facts. 435 COMMENTS FROM CORRESPONDENTS. FARM LABOR. Wages for farm work are very high here, on account of other work being plentiful. There are a good many factories in this county em- ploying men.—Butler county. Public works and the cities put out such inducements for men and women that it is a hard matter to secure help on the: farm or in the house. In other words, one man on the farm is trying to feed from 8 to 10 in town. The consequence is idle ground and all living so high that it is hard to get. True, farm products are some higher, but not in proportion to labor and what we have to pay.—Washington county. Farm labor is hard to get and harder to keep, because they get so much money they want lots of time to spend it.—Barton county. Farm hands get about $25 per month, but there are so many saw mills, stave mills and other lumber mills here, men will hardly work on the farm at any price——Wayne county. There are several public works near, in radius of ten miles, which is cause of scarcity of help. We are also near St. Louis, which takes all the girls that are any good for work.—Jefferson county. Help on the farm is almost impossible to get. Farmers go together and do their own work.—Shelby county. We need good help in the house more than anything else—Monroe county. Help in the house is unobtainable.—Audrain ‘county. Work in the house is greatest problem. Farmers wives have to overwork.—Marion county. Our greatest need is divided between hired help, parcels post and better roads.—Scotland county. It is almost impossible to get help on the farm at any price.— Audrain county. Farm Labor. The world must be fed by the tiller of the soil.—Linn county. Help on the farm and in the house seems to be the greatest draw- back we have to meet.—Ralls county. The greatest difficulty with which the farmer must contend is scarcity of good help in the field and in the house.—Audrain county. It is impossible to secure competent farm labor sufficient to do the work.—Saline county. 436 Missouri Agricultural Report. The question of help.—Randolph county. It is very hard to get farm hands, even at the increased wages.— Phelps county. Competent labor. A large per cent. of our farmers kept one or more hired hands a few years ago, but now a hired man is almost a curiosity. He is a pet and is much sought for. More farms are being occupied by tenants who want corn only. Owners can cut fence corners and fill ditches themselves. We need more laborers or more land buyers so big farms will be cut into smaller ones. Improved machinery and high priced teams require more intelligent labor than old methods.— Pettis county. Labor and conservation of soil fertility. We must drift into live ~ stock or dairying.—Pettis county. Farm help. Nearly all of our good labor has gone to the railroads and to town.—Moniteau county. The labor problem seems to be the hardest one to solve. Farm labor is so scarce that it is prohibitive for the farmer to put out more crops than he and his family can manage. I know of lots of farmers going to the towns and cities, but not one from city to farm for the last 20 years. —Miller county. The number of farm hands I think fully normal, but short on quality.—Miller county. The question of help in the house is getting to be the most serious for the wife just at this time.—Cooper county. Farm hands seem to be getting scarcer every year. Too many are drifting to town, and when once in town they would rather work there for $1 per day than go back to the country and work for $2 per day. The labor problem is getting more serious every year. The only solution will be for us farmers to divide our farms into smaller ones so that no man will have more than he himself can cultivate, and not depend on hiring any help.—Cooper county. There is a tendency toward smaller farms and a greater demand for them. The larger farmers can’t see their way around the farm labor question. Mines and public works demoralize the farm labor on account of short hours and larger wages than the farmer can afford to pay for the hours worked.—St. Francois county. The average farmer has better and more teams and is required to use more machinery on account of the high priced farm labor, which is very hard to get at that.—Linn county. The high price of land and the cost of running a farm is driving Missourt Farm Facts. 437 some of our best men to the cities or to the western countries. If this county had raised good crops this year we would not have had help to care for them.—DeKalb county. Labor. Farmers are solving this problem to a great extent by ex- changing work with each other.—Buchanan county. The farm help that we now have is very unsatisfactory. Help for the house can hardly be secured at all. I think this is one cause of farmers going to town.—Clay county. To keep the young men from the cities and some means to keep them on the farms.—Buchanan county. Farm help usually gets all it earns. Their tendency is to get all they can and give as little as they can in return. Most help is unreliable. —Grundy county. I have suitable houses for men to live in. Seldom keep a man at the house. I pay $30 to 35 per month, furnish wood, garden patch, a cow, and chicken range free, all equaling about $45 or $50 per month.— Holt county. The labor question. I am getting my farm in grass and grazing it. You can’t get hands.—Platte county. Hired help is one of the things we have to contend with, it being almost impossible to get help either in or out of doors. Most farmers trade work with their neighbors.——Benton county. The labor question is the greatest problem—getting help and getting them to stay. Young people are marrying younger and starting for themselves. Only the drifters are left, and cae are here today and yonder tomorrow.—Callaway county. Farmers owning considerable land find it hard to get good tenants. Some farmers in this locality have simply had to let valuable and fertile land grow up in weeds for want of good tenants. Farming a lot of land with a string of hands and teams, with high wages and scarcity of house servants, means a whole lot of work and worry and an overworked housewife. Just now there is only one solution of this problem, and that is to have boys of your own; and if they are sent three or four years to a town school these boys do not want to stay on the farm any longer. It is a fact, beyond denial, that our entire school system gives but very little, if any, help or credit to the boys who return home on the common farm and help feed the world. There is too much of a tendency to boost up some country boy who, perchance, wins a little political fame, or some professor, or manager of some millionaire’s estate who has money to waste.—Chariton county. 438 Missouri Agricultural Report. I employ farm hands, but I always employ them to board them- selves. I employ married men. They make the best help. Had one married man for 13 years. A farmer’s wife has more time to look after her own family when she don’t have to wait on somebody else-—Chariton county. More conveniences so that the wife and daughters might do all of their own work, as it is impossible to get house help in the country. All the colored help has gone to the towns, and the shoe factories have taken up all the white help.—Pike county. ) SCHUTLE! cnr y | jraree ts | 16620, PEE RCE RS ey gis: 22700 4 — AR 3734 -/664 | +972 Lewis aul HARRISON news| 12405) (5514 an —1088 ADAIR _reret rar6 15282 [DERALB 17606 , GRUNDY } ii pees ee 20301 2531/1 -37a0 | SHELBY | MARION eae MESS 149453+ 25253 | 30866 |! 14664130572 ~2849 ; —.. a ATCHISON INNODAWAT ~TPuTNam SCOTLAND 13604 20635 eee 20466 \eerae| s#508 90621 1/a69 |;291/ -2697 —#lOsS +=-1825 | —3952 ie 237/ 2390 stan] ~/7°* '-2as72 [Se f NCRINTONT L = 2se 2/50 | -¢3¢3 [tee =238/8| /5 297) 14605 sronj) CHARITON - -—+-+ FALLS BUKANAN |-2066| —2027 [UVINGSTON eae eae ——* He a a os Helo ures} BU eee | eiesy | aie nel ~Lero | 17641 203028 ~IS TF * CARROLL Biter, | ada a RIGC8BT 3 5653 [BOONE ke, Rae [ree LAFAYETTE VACKSON | Sosee cm 4 2684, sors § fe * lear CALLAWAY | Resseze | -/5a5 cooPeR : (5/se or +99 329 EES | Prati Sosy { ee ~ 967 CASS | 26297 '339/3 1-222) + A 22973 -1 546 $0e7e — 663 | 1 4 MONITEAU See 44375 ,COLE LAN | a3 | HENRY —-| 1056(2/957 )1¢283 S 206%; Ue ete ers BATES: + BENTON | 2663" L +137 +187 ier 29830 = aenee RES BY +688 -75s [Bare7e - + -/675 = 2166 \\~ | Sano wl ae ORGAN 7 ei7/1 7 arARIESe Is |= « reeaaaar BERENS 1 -—- = > : | ST CLAIR [or | 10068 cK ORD is XN. ee ae —— BETS erier ae egal ie 1 VERNGN |-/*95 HICKORY 7534 aT pueces | 3576 |bis376 $ 20827 =j24 x 5 PULAS 15796 | FEIT I eas 5 | ~2792 feats paras mW AIM4AS8 SUGDEN iy fs7X, & Jerry | CEDAR IT pork] Miaeuee aio prsall Ln began 2Y (4695 {:tgige ol] arses [seal 17363 IRON epee ehees: R pets AL EARTON 6es ree a + 840 259 ome ie ie 747 DADE ‘| she oa | cepnegry | ve Al 9592 ase3 273% eal SECS * -/3 06 4156/3 | parsers WRIGHT leiasi eet HES =74| FISOE 2 “25/2 GREEN ol fe ! eine i] 9coe86 CASPER 46363) hace 21468 %1/445 : 85673 [Pawrence |rernae +7371 +796 ~734 +196 15181 eel +5655 1. poses | | 126 es ma | -5079 = a ere sel] i 4 Sea ECTTONI: canst | DoucLAS [rower It Gators . | Stone] 15832 | 16664 S504 —— R736 metal -1107 -/38 1 ~—- ~/;202 OREGON +". =~ __ F135 SS RIPLEY ee TANEY | OZARK Ser MEPQNARD "23869 wWi5ss9| 9154 1926 [aes aG6es i S -87 | =ais ~1163 gee -9395 | —219 =F. Gi eevee £ Ge ee dN pia Pera — Map Showing Increase or Decrease of Population in Missouri Counties. Missouri Farm Facts. 439 BUYING AND SELLING. The farmer of today needs conditions whereby he will not have to take the merchant’s price for his products, then give the merchant his price for his goods.—Dent county. One of the greatest problems the farmer is ‘‘up against’’ is in buy- ing and selling. We need some kind of a farmers’ union so we could price what we have to sell. We have to let the buyer price our farm produce, and then they price what they sell to us. While I think it all right for the merchant to price his coffee, sugar, clothing, dry goods and machinery, we ought to be able to price our cattle, hogs, sheep, corn, wheat, eggs, poultry and other stuff, such as we have to sell.—Dent county. The question of greatest need or problem is one hard to get at, but it appears to me that the correct method of buying and selling direct from producer to consumer, through organizations for that purpose, is of the most importance. At the same time such a plan would be hard to put into practice, owing to the long-established business methods. The consumer, in the majority of cases, pays about twice what the producer. receives.—Carter county. The greatest need of the farmer is to stop gambling on his products. Then, the middiemen are so numerous that the margin must be high so all can live. This means that the cost between producer and consumer is about doubled. ‘True, we need distributing plants, but we have a sur- plus of middlemen, so that they must sell their goods high in order to make money. They ought to have money, but I don’t think that a man should have as much for cutting up a cow as for raising her in from three to five years.—Gentry county. We need co-operation to regulate the price of products sold.—Mont- gomery county. Combinations control everything that we have to sell and buy.— Adair county. Trusts run down the line to the retailer, who is the ‘‘king bee.’’ He learned his lesson quick and well. A beef that sells for 5 cents per pound on foot increases to 20 cents when sold in roasts. Some farming implements have increased in price almost 50 per cent. I bought the first manure spreader in this community. I wrote ————— of the manufacturers. As I did not hear from them for some time I thought it strange, but one day an implement dealer said to me, ‘‘You want to buy a manure spreader.’’ I replied, ‘‘ Yes, but how did 440 Missouri Agricultural Report. you find it out?’’ Then he told me that the ————— company wrote him from Kansas City. He also informed me that the price was $125. Both he and the house were to have a big ‘‘rake off.’’ Yet there are but few manufacturers who sell direct to farmers.—Platte county. In spite of the much-talked-about high prices for all kind of farm products, there is a general poverty surrgunding the whole farming business. In looking around in my own neighborhood I find most farm- ers who would need at least one steady farm hand the year ’round, doing without help because they cannot afford to pay $20 per month, which is not too much for a good man, either. I believe that the farmer is not getting a fair share of the products of his labor, because there are too many parasites (middlemen) robbing him, and it’s time that the farm- ers should co-operate in buying and selling. Farm help is scarce because the manufacturers can pay better wages than the farmer, and our boys and girls who would otherwise much rather stay on the farm and enjoy the surroundings of their homes are going to the cities to earn more money.—Cole county. The people in the cities may cry ‘‘Down with high priced pro- visions,’’ and boycott them if they wish, but the farmers just can’t pro- duce them any cheaper and pay the high prices for farm help, and farm high priced land and pay the tariff on the necessaries of life-——Cole county. & ROADS. We have some poor public roads in our county. Only a small per cent. of the farmers own up-to-date vehicles, on account of bad roads. —Wayne county. The question of good roads is a big one.—Phelps county. Farmers in this section are badly in need of a railroad. We are 20 miles from any -railroad and freight is very high on. everything by the time it reaches us. The farmer has to pay nearly $1 per hundred pounds on all he has to buy, laid down here. That is, he pays the mer- chant in purchasing his goods.—Pulaski county. The greatest need or problem of all for the farmer is good roads. If the farmer, according to my opinion, had good roads so he could travel as well in winter as in summer there would be less trouble about hired help. The young man sometimes likes to go out, and without roads we cannot keep him on the farm. So long as the State does not undertake to take charge of the roads, we will never have any good roads.—Osage county. - Missourt Farm Facts. 44] I think we need a better road system. It is time we were getting out of the ruts.—Moniteau county. The greatest problem is how to obtain good roads and maintain the same.—NSaline county. . Bad roads cause trouble, nor are railroad conditions always what we would like to have them.—Butler county. Yes, ‘‘Back to the farm’’ should be the cry. Automobiles are com- ing. Likely that will help some, but we must have good roads first.— Cape Girardeau county. We are 12 miles from a railroad and need good roads as badly as anything else.—Hickory county. I think a better road system is needed. I would like to see the entire tax payable in cash, and the work of each township placed in the hands of one man who would do the work or hire it done where and when need. ed. This would insure constant attention. I would have the overseer responsible to the county court and removable for neglect of duty. Cedar county. Farming in this part of Missouri should be on small tracts—40 to 80 acres—and cultivated intensively, principally with dairy and poultry farming. This would settle up the country more thickly, thus giving us more men to work the country roads to better advantage. We could then get our produce to market without so much trouble. As it now is in some of the road districts, there are but five or six men to work six miles of road, so you can imagine in what condition such roads are.— Washington county. AUTOMOBILES AND MANURE SPREADERS. The farmers in this township own no automobiles. In fact, desire none. About 10 per cent of them own manure spreaders, and more are clamoring for them.—Christian county. In our little town about 25 manure spreaders were sold last spring. I know of but ore automobile owned by a farmer in this part of the county. He let his get away from him and came near hurting all his family and himself.—Cass county. The auto craze has not struck this county. With free range and ‘plenty of horses, we ‘‘old hayseeds’’ think ‘‘ gas machines’’ too swift for us.— Howell. We tced more manure spreaders and silos.—Macon county. We want a stricter enforcement of the law for automobiles, and reckless driving. Any person caught intoxicated and driving a machine 442 Missouri Agricultural Report. ought to be forever barred. It is dangerous to venture out on the roads with a team on Sunday.—St. Louis county. The people of this community are slowly learning the good of clover and manure spreaders.—Grundy county. Automobiles and other modern improvements are of recent date, but all are coming to the front very fast. One thing that has kept the farmer from buying more autos has been the bad roads a part of the year, but this difficulty has almost been overcome.—Mercer county. So far as the man on the farm is concerned, give him good, fertile soil, good roads and an automobile, and he ‘‘has no kick coming’’ on other conditions.—Jackson county. Manure spreaders are taking well in this part, but as yet no one has an automobile——Benton county. A few farmers are buying automobiles, but many more are buy- ing manure spreaders.—Jasper county. KIND AND COST OF EQUIPMENT. One piece of machinery does so much more now that it is actually cheaper.—Macon county. Machinery is no higher except farm wagons. Horses and harness 100 per cent. higher.—Ralls county. It takes more machinery to farm now than it did 10 years ago.— Scotland county. The reason it takes so much more machinery is lack of farm hands, and machinery has advaneed in the past two years ten to fifteen per cent. Farmers have to have so much more machinery to do their work.—St. Francois county. Most everything once was cradle, scythe, double-shovel, hoe and wagon. Now we use modern conveniences in 75 per cent. of cases.— Texas county. It has been but few years since we had only a yoke of oxen and a bull tongue plow.—Oregon county. Ten years ago not more than one-half of the farmers owned wagons, and about five per cent. owned spring wagons or buggies. Now all have wagons, and 75 per cent. have buggies. While horses are much better and many farmers have modern machinery.—Howell county. The cost of farming, in the way of labor and teams, has almost doubled in the last ten years. Machinery has advanced but little, though the farmers are using more and better machinery than they did ten years ago.—Pike county. Missouri Farm Facts. 443 The average farmer has better and more teams, and is required to use more machinery on account of the high priced farm labor, which is very hard to get at that—Linn county. Implements on the farm are better than they were ten years ago— more efficient. While the price is some higher, I would rather have them than the ones of ten years ago.—Bates county. Some years ago the people of this section used the cheap grade of machinery, harness, ete., which cost less than the better grade goods, such as We are now using.—Christian county. Horses are nearly double what they were ten years ago. If any difference in the cost of machinery it is cheaper, but there is more than twice as much machinery used as compared with ten years ago.—Wright county. Ten years ago many farmers still used the walking plow and the pitch-fork. At the present day the farmer is ‘‘not in it’’ unless he has modern machinery.—Cass county. The increase in the cost of equipment is due in part to increased cost of teams and tools, and in part to the more extensive equipment now con- sidered necessary.—Livingston county. Small farms do not seem to be as profitable as larger farms, 160 acres or more being better than 80 acres, because the more land the less equipment in proportion.—Lafayette county. Unnecessary expenses. So many young farmers are going behind. I am a young farmer myself, not yet 30 years of age, but I have noticed that at least 25 per cent of the young farmers are going behind by buying too many of the so-called up-to-date farm ‘implements, including engines, automobiles, ete—Putnam county. MISCELLANEOUS REPLIES. Most farmers have found that if they want a wilderness they have only to rent their farm two years.—Iron county. I think it would be better if the farmers would go to raising bushels of corn to the acre instead of trying to put out a large acreage. We had better raise 1,000 bushels on 25 acres than to raise it on 40 acres. I think this one of the greatest hindrances of people investing in Missouri land.— Scotland county. I find among the farmers of this community a restlessness which will tend, I am fearful, toward the disintegration of well organized neigh- borhoods. Briefiy emigration and immigration are changing our com- 444 Missourt Agricultural Report. munity from a homogeneous mass of well-acquainted citizens to a heterogeneous mass of people from neighboring states.—Pike county. Large farms need to be cut into smaller ones, but farmers do not favor the plan. All seem to want more land, although they cannot get labor to save all they now raise. Renters are wanting to buy, but advance price compels them to buy smaller farms and usually poorer land than they have been farming as renters, so they are hard to deal with.—Pettis county. The general condition of the farmers in this part of the country is very prosperous. Rural mail serves every family. All have telephones. Anything we have to sell brings a good price. What we buy is reason- able. In fact, from every viewpoint the farmers are nabobs, but all do not realize it yet—Harrison county. To know what to plant and how to plant it, and know what stock best to keep, and how to keep it, all for profit—Sullivan county. I think the farmers will have to organize before they will be really independent. There are too many farmers who are not studying their business. We will have to use the improved methods of farming before we get the best results from our farms.—Lawrence county. There is altogether too much carelessness exercised among the farmer class, and a large per cent. undertake too many acres.—Mississippi county. Better things will follow the manure spreader, cream separator and silo—a natural result, not a spasmodic splurge produced by mouthings of yellow press and yellow politicians.—Scotland county. Too few farmers know about the cost of living, or of many other items.—Pettis county. There is no doubt in my mind, but that there are a number of farm- ers who would be better off today if they were renters instead of so- called farmers, considering the big incumbrances held on the farm by eastern companies.—Caldwell county. Many persons who used to rent land are either farming their own land or working for wages. Rental on good land is so high that many prefer to buy, pay interest and get the advance, rather than pay the rental.—Clinton county. The farmers in this neighborhood are shipping their lambs together, and we have a few beef clubs. People are building better homes, a num- ber of housés going up now with water system.—Ray county. A marked improvement in rural schools should be brought about. Central high schools for our country boys and girls are very much de- sired. We need some reasonable change in money legislation, whereby Missouri Farm Facts. 445 the poor but worthy man can borrow money sufficient to buy him a small farm at least, thereby putting more of the people in permanent homes.—Nodaway county. All told, I fail to see the prosperity I read so much about.—Craw- ford county. Small farms are starvation and large farms are slow means of kill- ing yourself, if you have everything in tip-top shape.—Iron county. If the newspapers and politicians—office seekers—would have any regard for the truth, everybody would be better satisfied. They ex- aggerate conditions and cause unrest.—Clnton county. Farmers in this vicinity have materially raised their standard of living. But few live as economically as they formerly did. This is probably due to the prosperous times. As yet, few farmers feel the need of modern conveniences, especially such as running water. Most new houses install a furnace and an acetylene lighting system.—Lafayette county. We believe that the future of country life depends largely upon the working out of locally applicable plans of co-operation, perhaps as the cities are working them out, perhaps in some other way.—Livingston county. | The problem is how to do intensive farming without depleting the fertility of the soil—Gentry county. Owing to the piling up of promiscuous legislation on our statutes to serve special interests, the constitutional guarantee of ‘‘life, liberty and pursuit of happiness,’’ seem to be rather an irridescent dream for the farmer.—Douglas county. : Less extravagance, more building up of soil, better cultivation, rotation of crops and diversified farming are all suggested. Then we need to raise more calves, pigs and lambs.—Chariton county. Farmers lack representation in congress and in State legislatures. Farmers can never hope to come into their own or attain that station or respect to which they are entitled, until they have their full share of representation in legislative bodies—Camden county. The greatest problem is how to feed the people-—Vernon county. We need better schools, enabling the farmer to keep the boys and girls on the farm until they are grown.—Pike county. Greater production and less acreage will help solve the problem.— Warren county. Not enough farmers keep books.—Greene county. The hardest problem is how to keep the boy on the farm.—Scotland - county. 446 Missouri Agricultural ‘Report. There is altogether too much carelessness exercised among farmers, and a large per cent undertake too many acres.—Mississippi county. We will have to learn how to protect ourselves so as not to be robbed by the big business organizations.—Scotland county. The farmers’ greatest need is divided between hired help, parcels post and better roads.—Scotland county.’ . What we need to know is how to make a fair interest on our invest- ment, over and above a living.—Linn county. More system, more science, good management, less acreage, and clean cultivation are all needed.—Montgomery county. We need better appliances in order to accomplish the work of the farm with less help.—Monroe county. The greatest problems confronting the American people today are those of farm labor and timber supply. I live in what was once a fair timbered section, but it is about all gone for railroad purposes. Farm- ers are having to use small poles for fence posts. Split posts are almost out of date. Farmers simply gave their timber away to the railroads and are now going to the lumber yards for lumber, which is hard pine, and we are using round poles for fence posts. At least part of them are doing this.—Schuyler county. The greatest need of farmers in South Missouri is more land cleared and put in grass. This is a natural grass country, but it is all covered with timber and very little grass grows in the woods. Dairying is being taken up quite generally, and the profits from dairying are inducing the farmers to clear their land. This will finally be the salvation of South Missouri. Advancing prices for lumber will also help clear our timber land.—Howell county. Farms are cropped for cash to relieve them of indebtedness, to the neglect of soil fertility. Then when the farmer wishes to sell, the buyer expects the farm to pay for itself again—DeKalb county. Too many well-to-do farmers are moving to town, tenants taking their places.—Clay county. The most serious trouble with the farmers in this part is the ode of the fertility of the soil. Can’t get them to build up their farms with clover or cowpeas or to rotate with other crops. Hard to get them to select seed corn any other way, but to go to the corn crib as their fathers did.—Caldwell county. Too many young men are leaving the farms and going to the cities.— Buchanan county. The farmer is the most independent person on earth, if he only knew Missourt Farm Facts. 447 it. One trouble is, he thinks the other fellow is making money too easy.— Stoddard county. Public ownership of public utilities, such as railroads and express companies, would help. We also need a reasonable parcels post law. Texas county. We need something to attract the boys back to the farm.—Cape Girardeau county. We need to increase our average crop production per acre. This section is suffering from lack of proper attention to selection of better stock and grain. However, the outlook along this line is encouraging.— Dent county. The conservation of natural resources, especially soil fertility, is of great importance.—Franklin county. The problem is to make the soil produce more grain at less expense.— New Madrid county. Our greatest problem is to get our land to produce enough per acre. But I can say for our farmers that with cowpeas, clover and dairying, they are coming to the front. Some use commercial fertilizers.—lLaw- rence county. Farmers here are making money, but are not yet spending for house improvements, such as running water, sewer system, heat plants, gas lights, conerete walks, etc. Some are building good houses without modern heat, light or water systems, simply because no one is offering to install these conveniences, and farmers cannot do it themselves. There is a field for commercial activity in installing heat systems, water system and light systems in the homes of well-to-do farmers. No farmer but would install acetylene lights if he could be shown the practical utility. It is also important that we learn to look up and not down on agricultural education.—Franklin county. The following needs have been suggested to me, but I can hardly say which is the greatest, although think, perhaps, the first: First, how to build up the old land and make it yield proper returns; second, organi- zation and education so as to be able to successfully market our products, and to buy the things we need; third, better knowledge of the uses and advantages of modern conveniences; fourth, better country roads, and how to get them.—Christian county. Farms are going into possession of a few land owners at a rapid rate. $100 land is out of reach of poor men. This is not good for the betterment of the country. These large land owners simply lease their land to tenants with the understanding that very little if any improve- ment is to be made or furnished in the way of buildings, fences, ete., 448 Missouri Agricultural Report. hence a few landlords have fine houses, and common little shanties or not much better for the renter. Now for the other side, the landlord thinks he must have one-half of the corn and one-half of the wheat if he furnish the seed, but the tenants claim this is too much when they have to take chances with the weather, and perhaps high water and high cost of teams, feed and farming utensils. So here is a rub, for much land was left idle this spring and many renters are giving up their leases and are going to farm just a few acres—enough to live. On the other hand the tenants that are really good are few. The landlord believes he ought to clear good interest on his $100 land above all expenses of taxes, ete. each year. And so here we are both dissatisfied. The cost of farming operations is greater than it used to be. Many more expensive tools and machinery are needed. Teams are high in price. Farm labor has in- ‘‘ryn down.’’ I think the creased in wages and much of the land is solution of this perplexing question can be solved in part: First, by using four and six-horse teams to gang plows, large harrows, two-row cultivators, ete., thus saving a hand or two; second, diversified farming. say, one-third of land in grain cultivating crops, one-third in clover and grass and balance in pasture and forage for cattle and hogs; third, rotation. Weeds can be held in check by changing corn land to oats or barley, then to wheat, then to clover, and so on; fourth, maintenance of fertility. This can be done best by keeping stock of some kind on the farm. But this system is hard to carry out with or by the average renter. About all the renter can do is to raise corn, and perhaps some wheat, and year after year corn is put on the same ground just because the land is being leased out to renters one year only at a time. Now, I believe our Agricultural College Farm Management Department could do great things for Missouri farmers and tenants in general by showing a remedy for this evil. And the evil is, landlord and tenant want to get it all at one jump and give nothing back to the soil in fertilization. It would pay to let part of the land rest by rotation to a different crop.—Chariton county. THE FARM HOME AND WOMEN’S WANTS. Light and heat systems, with power for running churns, washing machines, ete., would help with the work in the farm home.—Harrison county. The woman should, just as far as possible, arrange the house to suit herself, as she will then find more enjoyment in taking care of . things. A house cannot be too handy. The water system, furnace and lighting are the things most needed.—Chariton county. Missouri Farm Facts. . 449 Need cement walks and better drainage to and from barns and out- houses.—Grundy county. If it were possible to have a storage battery to heat and light the house and to use in cooking, this would certainly be the greatest improve- ment, but it may not be among the possibilities.—Gentry county. Some needs are, more help in the house, running water, furnace heat and light plant. We would like to have a more modern home, but material and labor are so high that it is almost impossible for the ordinary farmer to have many improvements.—Buchanan county. The husband should take an interest in making the place attractive with good fences, attractive lawns and well-kept shrubbery.—Ripley county. We have a new farm house and have made same modern in every respect, except fans, and the hot days of summer make us believe that these are most needed.—Buchanan county. A conerete floor for each porch, walks to gates and to woodhouse, and conerete around cistern or well would be desirable improvements.— Oregon county. We have a modern water system. Were we without this would think it the improvement most to be desired.—Camden county. We have a good many wishes, but very few fulfillments.—Gas- conade county. We need good help in the house more than anything else-—Alonroe county. We have the only water system there is in any farm house in the neighborhood. It is supplied with hot and cold ‘(cistern) water. We also have a pump connecting with both well and cistern, so that we can get water from either. This, in my opinion, is the greatest help to the housewife of today.—Dade county. An up-to-date laundry and dairy room, with running water and gasoline power would be most desirable-—Scotland county. We have a water system and consider it the greatest improvement about the house-—Audrain county. Women wish for a cooler way of cooking, washing and ironing.— Moniteau county. Heat, light and water equipments in the farm home have been in- creasing four or five years, but such things come slowly.—Pettis county. A good, industrious wife on the farm makes the plow run easy and the mower sing a sweet song.—Butler county. Aeon 450 Missouri Agricultural Report. Running water, hot and cold, with power washing machines help wonderfully. I have them and know.—Jefferson county. We built a new house last year, and put in running water and a kitchen sink and a sewer to carry away the waste and water. It it one of the greatest helps I have ever seen in doing up the housework.— Madison county. vies Would like to have a good cellar to keep milk, vegetables and fruit.— Wayne county. In my opinion, the greatest improvement would be some invention to help with the washing and other hard work. Help for the house is very unsatisfactory and hard to get.—Clay county. Give me running water in the house, with regular, contented help at good wages.—Clay county. Would like to have large porches instead of small porticos—Cape Girardeau county. RECOMMENDATIONS AND REVIEW. The foregoing figures, together with the personal replies, represent- ing only a part of those received, are sufficient to give a valuable insight into country conditions, or as it might be expressed, farming from the farmers’ viewpoint. Of first importance, and perhaps of greatest interest are some gen- eral, and often overlooked, truths that are brought out in this farmer folk’s forum. One of these is that the student of rural conditions who considers country people as apart from and differing from all others, yet thinks of the dwellers in the rural districts not so much as indi- viduals, but as a class, is making a mistake. Distinctions, measured in money, are perhaps not so marked among country people as among dwellers in the crowded cities, for, in the main, the country makes neither millionaires nor mendicants—just men. On the other hand, as is indicated in the preceding pages of this bulletin, quite as many and as widely divergent views are entertained by country people as by the dwellers in the cities. This fact is familiar to all who really know the farm, yet it is one that even some careful students of country conditions fail to readily recognize. It would be a difficult matter to determine the exact type of the typical farmer, yet the attempt is often made. Some write of ‘‘The Country Woman,’’ or choose a similar caption while considering all mothers, wives and daughters in 99 country homes as belonging to practically the same class—a class differ- ing radically from that found in the cities, yet, because of country con- ditions, all having similar aspirations, tastes, hopes, talents and tasks. Missouri Farm Facts. 451 Equally as erroneous are many other views, such as often find expres- sion in print. Sometimes we are given a dark, sordid and distorted view of the country. The days are long, the work monotonous, conveniences are few, there is much of drudgery, and but little of cheer and content. Again, it is a pleasing picture of pleasure and plenty that is painted of country people. The farm home, with up-to-date water, light and heat- ing systems, is modern in every respect; labor saving devices have done away with all drudgery and most of the ordinary work; travel from farm to town is by automobile, and life, made up most of leisure, is ‘‘one glad song.”’ As pen pictures of the average country home, both the gloomy and the glad representations are wrong. As is shown by reports of corres- pondents, the farm homes that somewhere near approach the latter description are as yet comparatively few, but it is our belief that even now they far outnumber those where discontent and drudgery dominate. Despite the unfilled demand for hired help both in the field and in the house, despite the many other difficulties mentioned, the country is today, more than ever before, a good place to live—but not as good as it is going to be. With rural mail service and country telephones here, and with better roads, a necessary aid in the revival of the country church and the establishment of the real rural school, the future of country life seems full of promise. True, life in the country is going to demand more than it ever before demanded, but it is going to give more than it ever before gave. There are great rural problems, but even the limited in- sight given in the facts and views set forth in this bulletin, leads us to believe that they will, in the main, be solved by those who derive their living direct from the land and who love country life. Aiding these, will be the agricultural teacher, not the agitator; the practical pro- fessor, not the professional politician. That there is need of scientific agriculture—or, let us say, better methods of farming—is coming to be recognized quite as much by the farmer as by the teacher. ; Agricultural colleges are crowded and the demand for farmers’ institutes and agricultural short courses is constantly on the increase. Large investments and low yields do not point the way to agricultural prosperity. With Missouri farm land showing an increase in value of 100 per cent., the total expenditure for labor showing an increase of 89 per cent., fertilizers an increase of 78 per cent., and the total value of farm implements and machinery an increase of 78 per cent. (accord- ing to preliminary census figures), and an estimated advance of 41 per cent. in the wages of farm hands, and of 46 per cent. increase in the pay 452 Missouri Agricultural Report. of help in the house, all within ten years, there should bea corresponding increase in farm efficiency and productive power. We must do better farming if we are to realize such a result. The need, with help hard to get, is not so much for bigger farming as for better farming, not so much for added acres as for added bushels. Changed location, perhaps, more than crop rotation, careful seed selection and proper cultivation, gave the pioneer a land productive of plenty. Today free land, or even cheap land, is practically in the past. Men can no longer afford to ‘‘skim. the cream’’ off 160 acres of land, then move to another ‘‘ quarter section.’’ It is not for us to condemn the farming methods of our forefathers ; how- ever, we should recognize the fact that changed conditions demand new methods. Important as it is that we should increase our crop yields per acre, it is not of more importance than that we should decrease the cost of pro- duction. To do so may benefit both the producer and the consumer. If a lower cost of production can be made to mean a wider margin of profit and at the same time a steadier and more reliable market than phenomenal—and to many would-be purchasers prohibitive—prices can ever bring, it is easy to see how the farmer is helped. It is possible for larger profits to come, even with lower prices; and in this connection it may be.said that the farmer should know the cost of crop production, for this knowledge may prove to be the first step in reducing the cost. Closely connected with crop production is marketing. Many be- lieve that, with the elimination of so many ‘‘middle men,”’ the growth of country co-operation and farmers’ mutual movements, and the develop- ment of a from-country-to-customer trade, it is possible for the producer to receive more for his farm products while the consumer pays less. That this question of marketing is being given considerable thought is indicated by the replies received from correspondents of the Board of Agriculture. In many sections, farmers and merchants are together co-operating, thus building up better towns and better country communities. The mer- chants encourage the raising of better poultry and the growing of better crops, then pay better prices for premium products. Encouragement is given in the holding of farmers’ institutes and agricultural short courses, in the belief that the lasting benefit for good will mean more than “‘free street fairs.’? Where such conditions obtain, there is seldom much talk of ‘‘merchants robbing the people,’’ or of the erowth of the ‘‘mail order business. ’’ We have mentioned briefly the need of preparation on the part of those who are thinking of going from city to country, and here we would Missouri Farm Facts. 453 place emphasis upon this point. As has been recently written, ‘‘ Running a farm is a business proposition nowadays—nothing else. It demands plain business sense ; and business sense dictates that the man shall know all he can about what he proposes to do before diving headlong into it.’’ In this day of much lurid land literature, of exploitation through press and pamphlet, and from platform—exploitation by experts—novices are sometimes advised to rush in where veterans fear to venture. Placing people on farms will not necessarily make farmers, but may, unless they are thoroughly equipped, make failures. Those who heed ‘‘the call of the country’’ should seek to see the practical and the prosaic as well as the poetic and the emotional side. If the world is to be fed it must be by men who know how to farm. We would not discourage the man whose ambition it is to own a home in the country, but in simple justice he is entitled to see both sides of the shield, to be told the plain truth, rather than see the truth through a magnifying glass. It is not the purpose of this bulletin to check the movement to the country, but rather to in- crease it, insofar as it concerns those who understand the step and who are qualified to make it, for the paramount problem is to keep enough men on the farms to feed those in the factories. It is, then, of the utmost importance that country conditions be such as to encourage those now on the farms to stay there. Even if the farmer feels that he is entitled to retire from active work it is nearly always better for himself, better for the country—and sometimes for the town, too—that he retire on the farm. The following from Agricultural Education, published by the Kan- sas Agricultural College, is to the point: ; ‘‘The best panacea for the condition of unrest and dissatisfaction with rural life is a joy in excellence of production. I do not find that the boy who, by intelligent study and scientific management, is able to pro- duce seventy-five bushels of corn per acre or who is able to win a premium at a fair on a well-groomed colt, is at all dissatisfied with country life. The girl who is able to win a prize at the farmers’ institute for the best loaf of bread is not usually fretting because she cannot clerk in a mil- linery store. Joy in doing things well drives out the spirit of unrest. The pride that comes with increased power—power to grow corn or stock, power to bake or sew, and do it well—will dignify the daily duties of the farm and home. The joy in seeing things grow, the trees to bud and flower, the corn to grow and put forth its blades, the ear, and then ‘the full grain in the ear,’ the flowers to put forth their blooms, only for the few, careless, whether seen by man or not—this joy ean come 454 Missouri Agricultural Report. only in the country, and blessed are the boys and girls who have the opportunity to hve where nature seems most to live.”’ A powerful agency for good in the country chaos (largely a result of the back-to-the-land movement) of today is the agricultural and country press. The pages of such papers are the people’s forum—and more. A good agricultural paper gives to each of its readers a free agricultural course by mail and at the same time many a man is taught to appreciate the beauties of the world about him—his own and God’s. Slowly, it sometimes seems, but surely, is the all-embracing problem of country life being solved by those in sympathy with it, and as the work progresses the country more and more becomes a good place in which to live, but a poor place to leave. THE MISSOURI STATE FAIR AS OTHERS SEE IT. Today Missouri has a million dollar exposition, with a score of substantial buildings of brick and steel, located in the beautiful State Fair Grounds Park at Sedalia, where only a decade ago was a Missouri farm about which there was nothing to indicate that it was soon to be the meeting place for thousands of people and the battle grounds for the champions of the live stock world. The initial meeting was a revelation to Missourians, just as later meetings have been to the nation at large. Best of John T. Stinson, Secretary. all, the growth has been as permanent as it has been phenomenal. With past achievements looming large, the 1911 meeting, September 30 to October 6—‘‘ Always the first week in October’’— promises to be a pace-maker. Some press comments concerning the 1910 fair follow: Missouri’s 10th annual State fair, held at Sedalia last week, was the best balanced and most comprehensive agricultural show ever made by that State. All departments were admirably furnished with exhibits, the net result being a harmonious, proportioned index of Missouri’s new agriculture. A larger percentage than usual of the attendance were farm folk. Every agricultural region of the State contributed visitors, most of whom had not seen the fair before. Under the aggressive publicity policy which Secretary J. T. Stinson, aided by W. L. Nelson and others, has been following the past few years, the fair has been heard of in every county in Missouri. Citizens quite generally now know that their State has a The Missouri State Fair. 455 permanent, dignified, excellently-equipped and high-ranking agricultural exhibition at Sedalia, and they have begun to accord it an encouraging measure of support. Their pride in it is abundantly justified. It is staged on a pleasing elevation of Pettis county prairie, flanking corn fields on the west, and accessible by two railways, on which a shuttle service was given during the week, and a trolley line from Sedalia. Its permanent buildings of brick, concrete, steel and stone are among the most attractive, substantial and convenient to be seen in America. To the equipment this year was added a woman’s building, with large airy rest rooms and every facility for the comfort and delight of women and children. To the rear of this $40,000 structure, which is strikingly picturesque, a large enclosure, provided with sand piles, swings, a tobog- gan and other fixtures, fairly teemed with youngsters who had been quick to recognize their own. It may be doubted whether a happier idea than that which this handsome building with its large yard has put into effect has ever been evolved in connection with a State fair. It is worth copying on every state fair grounds. It would be too much to say of the Missouri State Fair that it is the greatest in America—giants do not attain their full growth in 10 years. It may, however, be said that from an educational standpoint itis superior to most and second to none. In it there is more of the good and less of the bad—more to com- mend and less to censure—than in almost any other great state show. Everywhere there is something to see and study. Even from the first meeting the educational idea has been uppermost in the minds of the fair managers—and a decade has not seen it dimmed. Instead, it has gained in strength. The fair has always been clean. There is no market for ‘‘gold bricks’’ in Missouri. The Missourian of today—at least the Missourian who attends his State fair—is more interested in learning how hog cholera serum is manufactured, how to spray fruit trees, how to build a good silo, or how to grow more corn, or to raise better poultry, than he is in listening to an agent tell about some so-called wonderful (but worthless) device given as a premium with the purchase of every prize package. This tersely tells the tale. It accounts for the educational idea which was so much in evidence at Sedalia.—Breeder’s Gazette, Chicago. The tenth annual State fair was opened at Sedalia, Missouri, October 1, and closed Friday, October 7. The greatest and most satisfactory fair ever held. An educator and a potent influence in the advancement of the agricultural interests of the great State of Missouri. The corn show alone was worth a week’s time and expense to any progressive farmer. The grand parade of cattle and horses Friday morning, wear- ing the ribbons awarded, was of the nicest of its kind ever made at any 456 Missouri Agricultural Report. state fair. The Missouri State Fair management’s only aim is to promote public welfare. There has been nothing selfish or narrow in its impulses or designs. It is arranged upon a system which is the result of years of experience, and it is the ardent wish of the men in control of the State fair management to make Missouri State Fair purely educational and inspirational Kansas Farmer. x The tenth annual State fair is a worthy compliment to ‘‘ Missouri, the Imperial State, within whose hospital borders there is of room and plenty for the millions.’’ It bespeaks an awakening. It emphat- ically declares for a new Missouri; a State in which peace and plenty shall reign supreme, representing an intellectual and industrial develop- ment which has no superior. The resources of this great commonwealth are reflected from every angle, in that exhibition to which every true son and daughter of the State will point with a deserving pride. The Mis- souri State fair of 1910 is a well balanced exposition. It is one which maintains a degree of perfection hitherto unattained. It is a show which pleases every comer. It is educational and instructive, carrying with it an element of commercial value to every one who passes within its gate. It more completely sets forth the chain of commercial activities represent- ed than has any previous exhibition. It has no real high spots, but admits of comparison only in the superlative degree. There is some- thing doing every minute. Something to see that will instruct as well as amuse. In fact it is the full worth of the price paid to see it.—Daily Drovers’ Telegram, Kansas City. Not -to be outdone by her sister states in the matter of a State fair, Missouri held at Sedalia this week the best and most satisfactory show of any in its history. Not a year in the last ten has the increase in all departments been so marked, the attendance so large or the interest so keen as this year. There were so many entertaining features of merit that to attempt to see them all was to attempt an impossibility. Over 3,000 animals were entered in the different departments of the live stock show, representing the best herds, flocks and studs of the country. In many of the breeds the best show of the year was made, and not since the World’s Fair at St. Louis has there been such a showing of mules in the State. In the cattle departments the entries weve large and of excellent quality, and in the swine and sheep departments the Missouri standard was kept high.—The Breeders’ Special, Kansas City. There is an appearance of permanency about the State fair build- ings at Sedalia which impresses every visitor. When the fair was organized its officials set themselves to erect buildings which would last. They had profited by the experiences of other states, which had erected frame barns and buildings, and then year after year spent large sums The Missouri State Fair. 457 of money repairing and improving and replacing. The Missouri of- ficials realized that it was economy to build well and durably in the beginning. And so they saw to it that every building was put up as solidly and as substantially as though it were to be used the year around as the permanent home of the finest live stock and machinery. The result is most pleasing to the eye and most gratifying to exhibitors and visitors alike. Not a stable but is of brick, with cement floor, kept in the best of order and condition. The live stock pavilion is an architectural adornment to any state fair ground, and commodious and comfortable in the extreme. The poultry building, agricultural and_ horticultural building, art hall, State University building—without exception, the structures are good for a quarter of a century or more to come, with httle outlay for upkeep. There are many other state fairs which could well afford to go to Missouri and learn a lesson in the economy of large outlay in the beginning.—Farmer and Stockman. Having its inception under the discouraging conditions coincident with inclement weather such as has marred the opening of practically every State fair of the year, the tenth annual State fair of Missouri triumphed despite handicaps and set a new high mark of enthusiasm and progress. Attendance, quality and quantity of exhibits, amusement features and general interest in the fair seem to have surpassed all previ- ous years’ records, and the people of Missouri are admittedly proud of the great show staged at Sedalia the week of October 1-7. There’s a freshness and wholesomeness in the welcome extended upon arrival, and the visitor’s flattering opinion is only intensified by subseqnent contact with the citizens. Missouri has one of the best corn shows the writer has ever examined, not excepting the National Corn Exposition’s great show- ing! Truth to tell, as a well known agricultural writer and close observer remarked: ‘‘Missouri hasn’t made quite so much noise about corn im- provement as some states possessing high class press agents, but she has gone ahead faster in corn improvement than any corn belt State.’’ That’s an exceedingly strong statement, yet I believe the exhibit of corn this year almost justified this optimistic statement.—Twentieth Century Farmer. Great stress has always been placed upon the educational features of the Missouri fair, and this year all previous efforts were surpassed. From the University of Missouri exhibit, said to be the most complete of the kind ever made at any state fair in America, to the entries by hundreds of rural schools throughout the.State, there is much to see and study, to uplift and inspire. The management of the fair has always placed manhood above money, never catering to the common or selling to fakirs the right to fleece its patrons——Orange Judd Farmer. 458 Missouri Agricultural Report. MISSOURI CROP REVIEW FOR 1to1o. (By W. L. NELSON, Assistant Secretary.) The total value of Missouri farm crops for the year 1910, estimated at local prices prevailing December 1, is $199,546,661. This is more than a dozen times as much as was paid, a little more than a century ago, for all that vast territory included in what is known as the Louisiana Purchase, and of which the present State of Missouri is a part. The crops that go to make up two hundred million dollars’ value, to put it in round numbers, are corn, wheat, oats, tame hay and forage, prairie hay, flax, rye, buckwheat, barley, broom corn, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, sor- ghum seed, sorghum syrup, clover seed, timothy seed, kaffir corn, millet, cowpeas, castor beans. and other minor crops, including vegetables. Live stock, poultry and orchard products are not represented. Corn.—Missouri’s total yield of corn for the present year is placed at 252,472,100 bushels, the average yield for the entire State being 32.4 bushels per acre, or five bushels—or to put it in Missouri measure, one barrel—more than last year. This year’s yield is also considerably above the 10-year average of 28.8 bushels per acre. Missouri has had a few somewhat more favorable seasons for corn growing, the spring be- ing cold and wet, making it necessary to plant much corn a second time, but what was lacking in favorable conditions was more than made up by careful seed selection and better cultivation—a result, in large measure, of Missouri’s corn campaign conducted by the State Board of Agricul- ture and Agricultural College. The very favorable weather for the month of March enabled farmers to make fine progress with their work, it being estimated that 31 per cent. of the corn ground had been planted by April 1. Early April weather was also fine and the soil was in ex- cellent condition, 94 for the State, so that correspondents reported 46.7 per cent. of the corn planted by May 1. This was twice as much corn as had been planted by May 1, 1909, but the seeming advantage gained was not realized. Too much rain and cool weather during the month of May delayed the completion of corn planting and prevented a good stand from the earlier planting. On June 1, when the condition of corn was reported as 67.2, the estimated per centage of the corn plant- ed throughout the State was only 80.5, as compared with 91.2 one year before. Of the part planted previous to June 1, it was estimated that 28 per cent. had been or would have to be planted over. Complaints of poor stands were general and a number of correspondents reported corn to be planted over a second time. By July 1 the condition of corn had advanced to 75.9, but was still below the ten-year average of 82.5. At this time some corn had been laid by, and much was being given the Missouri Crop Review. 459 last plowing, yet there was then about two per cent. of the crop to be planted. The first half of June was very wet in most sections of the State, except in the northwest part, where there was lack of rainfall throughout the season, resulting in a corn yield considerably below the average usually made by the counties covered. Much corn in many parts of the State was ‘‘laid by’’ in poor condition, owing to excessive rains or hard winds which blew down the corn. August rainfall, while poorly distributed, was generally sufficient to meet the needs of growing corn, so that there was but little loss from drouth. On October 1 it was estimated that only 70.6 per cent. of the corn crop was safe from frost, as compared with 90.8 one year before. Fortunately, the first killing frost came very late, allowing time for all except the very late planted corn to mature nicely. The 1910 corn acreage is placed at 7,795,786, an acreage never ex- ceeded in the history of the State. Two causes are largely responsible for the immense number of acres harvested. Practically no corn was lost by overflows in the river bottoms or their tributaries, while in other years millions of acres of corn had been lost in this way. The other item of increased acreage comes in wheat ground plowed up last spring and planted to corn. It is gratifying to note that Missouri has increased her corn yield per capita from 59 bushels in 1900, to 72.5 bushels in 1910, a gain of 13.5 bushels in a single decade. The farm price of corn in Missouri this year is given as 42.7 cents, or 15.4 cents less than last year, when it was 58.1 cents. As a result of this decidedly lower price the total estimated value of this year’s corn erop is only $197,919,354, or approximately seven million dollars less than last year. The quality of this year’s corn crop is placed at 89 for the State. While the quality is generally good, there is considerable complaint of soft and poorly matured corn in limited districts. The leading county in the State, in point of yield per acre, is St. Charles, with 46 bushels. Other leading counties, by crop division sec- tions are as follows: Northeast, St. Charles, with Marion, 45, second; Northwest, Lafayette and Platte, 37 each; Central, Cole, 40; Southwest, Christian and Greene, 36 each; Southeast, Franklin, 43. Saline is the leading corn county of the State in total number of bushels produced, its estimated yield being 6,838,092 bushels. Other leading counties, by sections, are: Northeast, Audrain, 4,645,728; Northwest, Nodaway, with 6,374,754 bushels, and Atchison with 5,663,936; Central, Saline, 6,838,- 092; Southwest, Vernon, 3,864,550; Southeast, Franklin, 1,882,530. A comparison of the corn crops for the years 1909 and 1910 shows the following: 460 Missouri Agricultural Report. 1909. Average yield Acreage. per Total Value. acre, yield, bushels, | bushels. INGRELC ASE eth eee eaten nn 1,389,852 27.9 38,783,278] $22,442,129 IN OTE LiWeStLEe Rae eee ica tee coeur 2,165,798 28.5 61,794,925 36,585,579 Certara 1,155,823 30.8 35,640,443 19,983,594 SOuthwests ccc eee eee ere akg 1,631,422 D3h 37,593,785 21,634,061 SGliiiealS bee Wilner ete expat ey nanan 862,501 26.7 23 .902,515 14,198,688 CU SR VO MOAR sa Maeohay SS MP AL Mey et 7,205,396 27.4 ea 114,844,044 1910. aun { INOGERGAStA Ey See tee Oe Pa eee 1,535,921 38.8 59,621,670} $23,267,678 INOLCHIWESE A CEC ere 2,469,439 Bono 79,413,086 34,359,779 Ceubral: \ eoabys eens aga 1,223,801 31.5 | 38,585.049 17,032,713 Southwest suche ah the peyote aarti es 1,653,335 7d 45,414,628 19,462,985 Southeast aise sone ee ee es 913,290 32a 29,437,667 13,796,199 Statetn noe ee ec pee 7,795,786 32.4 | 252,472,100) 107,919,354 Wheat.—The wheat yield of Missouri for the year 1910 is placed at 22,001,890 bushels, or an average of 13.2 bushels per acre, as compared with a total yield of 27,502,879 bushels and an average yield of 15.3 last year. At the average farm price of 87.1 cents per bushel, this year’s crop represents a value of $19,170,143, as compared with $29,608,414, the estimated value of last year’s crop, the average farm price for wheat beg $1.07 one year ago. This year’s average wheat yield per acre is just one-half bushel below the 10-year average, the decided decrease in total number of bushels resulting largely from the shortage in acreage harvested, only 86.6 per cent., or 1,666,810 acres of the 1,923,887 acres seeded in the fall of 1909 having been harvested. Much wheat was winter killed or came through in such poor condition that it was not thought advisable to let it stand. The greatest loss in this respect was in the Central section of the State. The wheat yield by sections was Northeast, 12; Northwest, 16; Central, 10; Southwest, 14; Southeast, 14. The leading wheat county of the State for the year 1910, in point of total production, is Franklin, in the southeast crop division section, with 972,132 bushels. In the northeast section St. Charles leads with 779,002 bushels; northwest section, Platte, with 679,360 bushels; central section, Cooper, with 362,700 bushels; southwest section, Jasper, with 807,012 bushels. The county leading in wheat production per acre is Pemiscot, in the southeast section, with an average of 25 bushels. Scotland, with 18 bushels, leads in the northeast section; Platte, with 22 bushels, in the northwest section, and Jasper, with 18 bushels, in the southwest section. The 1910 fall seeding of wheat .is placed at 1,881,016 acres, or 97.8 Missouri Crop Review. — - 461 per cent. as compared with the seeding one year ago, when the ground seeded was 2.4 per cent. greater than in 1908. The present condition of the wheat crop is only 76.2 for the State, there being considerable complaint as to lack of rainfall. Wheat condition, by sections, is: Northeast, 78; Northwest, 79; Central, 75; Southwest, 77; Southeast, 72. Oats—Missouri this year produced a ‘‘bumper’’ crop of oats, the total yield for the State being placed at 25,071,115 bushels, as compared - with 18,808,576 bushels in 1909, or 16,143,862 bushels as the average of the total State yield for the last seven years. The average yield of oats per acre for the year 1910 was 33.2 bushels, as compared with 26.9 bushels last year, or a 7-year average of 22.6 bushels. Not within the last decade has the State produced any other such crop of oats. At the estimated farm price of 30.3 cents per bushel, the value of the 1910 oat erop is placed at $7,605,185. The acreage this year was 755,754, as compared with 698,653 last year. The Northeast section of the State leads with 243,331 acres and a total estimated yield of 8,080,199 bushels. In average production per acre Jasper county, in the southwest section, leads with 43 bushels of oats. Other leading counties by crop division sections are: Northeast, Macon and Shelby, 40 bushels each; northwest, Nodaway with 42 bushels; central, Cole with 38 bushels; southeast, Jefferson and Ste. Genevieve, with 40 bushels each. Smnox, in the northeast section, leads in total oat production with 1,812,500 bushels. Other section leaders are: Atchison, 818,890 bushels, in north- west; Callaway, 428,468 bushels, in central; Jasper, 635,282, in south- west, and Franklin, 197,505, in southeast. Summary.—On the following pages covered by this article are tables giving acreage, yield and value of principal crops grown in USOT 4 in 1910, also some statistics as to live stock: : CORN, HAY AND FORAGE. Table giving acreage, average yield per acre, and total product of corn and hay and forage, by counties, for the year 1910: f F ee Corn. “\” Hay and Forage. | Average Total Total yield yield yield Acres per per Acres. per planted. acre, county, county, bushels, bushels. tons, | SLCHI Oeee changer Batten ah tatters, Giavs es | 7,795,786 32.4 252,472,100 3,485,503 4,886.011 County | | JNO FN PRIMERS ONE CRORE nei ears 76,954) 37 2,847,298 73,309 109, 964 ANYONE HbA tae tenia © Maickean ona Chats | 129,048 36 4,645,728 57,801 115,602 Aine WAN cee eee eA oe ae | 128,642 29 | 3,730,618 30,714 43,000 ENTE MIRO3 ENS Spo 1 OUIO COU. OOK oe 176,998 32 / 5,663,936 18, 952 26,533 462 Missouri Agricultural Report. CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued. Corn. | (==> ——o —-—}| Average Total County. yield yield Acres per per planted. acre county, bushels. bushels. Barry ace oe cee 53,418 35 1,869,630 Barton. joo 5 Mee ee eee 97,969 26 2,547,194 Bates irc cheno eatin cle eae | 158,326 20 3,166,520 Benton fe ee 57,991 26 1,507,776 | Bollineert Cath ced ok eee | 33,074 37 | - 1,223,738 BOOT tite eee ee acre Eee 95,395 32 | 3,052,640 Buchanancercmonc cee oer 72,172 36 2,598,192) BUMS ocho denen Bodiho 301 | 20,808 27 561,816 Caldwell an cnt Mun sae eeLe | 105,533 31 Wilaw eyo e528 COENEN RES Ag peace aioe cto | 94,419 321) Sh021408 Camden ieycaenntn peer 27,175 34 | 923,950 Cape Girardeau.......-...... 32,714 34 1,112,276 Carroll fae yak oe ee | 148,462 35 5,196,170 Carters ume tecpaaa lee SOE, 11,238 30 337,140 CASS Aa her ceee Ce ee eee | 110,853 26 |) 2/2,/8825178 Gedanyseancr a oe | 56,068 20 | 1,121,360 | | Chariton: ase ricn aoa | 75,875 83 | 2,503,875 Christian). .ee7 ce eck eee | 47,975 36 | 1,727,100 Claret ee er eee: | 105,856 40 | 4,234,240 Clays mena oie teed 92,142 34 | 5,047,708 Clinton Ree eee 114,652 35 4,012,820 Colette rete ee Be er 25,609 40 1,024,360 Cooper. etre cere eee | 82,038 36 2,953,368 Gra wiord’sah ane eee | 30,956 32 990,592 | Dade® svat ra pee ree 61,708 31 1,912,948 Dallaswevsecn eee ee 48,874 30 1,466,220 Daviess ot eee ae eee 126,492 29 3,668,268 DeKalb nso e ee | 118,005 25 2,950,125 | Denton eck eee Meee 31,696 26 824,096 Mouwslass cee eee eee | 44,308 2865 |e le2407624 Dunklin te 4) eae 47,937 28 1,342,236 Eranklin ey ea ocke neers | 48,270 39 1,882,530 Gasconade sera eae 19,541 39 762,099 Gentnyit: eee ee cer eee | 140,869 26 2,726,594 Greene awareness 85,029 36 3,061,044 Grund yr.eeiiochote tuto esroehent | 88,787 30 2,663,610 EHarrisonte yas ee oe | 148,980 32 _ 4,767,360 Henny yes | 121,716} 21 2,556,036 HICkOrye, coe ae eee 31,822) 20 636,440 12 (VAN PA BRS Pee el Ne ee) ee 109,311 28 3,060,708 Fo ward ett anyiic tc ees 53,227 28 2,022,626 lowe ll nas everett che 53,909. 29 1,563,361 TRON eee ee 15,242) 30 457 , 260 Jackson's eee sweeten oe ee 106,540 35 3,728,900 Jasper iiac ee ey Meee & 84,368 32 2,699,776 DCTLELSOMs <)eicvciavers ha siaks eho teocouans 42,064 39 1,640 ,496 JOUNSOM: <2 :cisialaisrenehs sheae See 112,633 26 2,928,458 KnOxy ere eo ee 72,072 38 2,738,736 Hay and Forage. Total yield Acres. per county, tons. | 14,229 17,786 25,712 35,997 59, 623 | 59,623 30,683 46,025 | 11,891) 16,447 53,570! 58,927 20,806, 35,370 TESS 9,773 48,259 67,563 62, 962 100,939 13,418) 18,785 21,250. 31,875 48,957] 83,227 2,460 3,444 73,838) 110,757 17,480 29,716 62,166 87,032 13,876 18,039 56,306) 78,828 23,637) 37,819 37, 780| 45,336 17,750 28,400 25,851 41,362 15,698 20,307 17,765 26,648 20,160 26,208 65,159 97,739 40,740 57,036 18,291 20,120 15,237 17,523 6,900 10,350 27,876 47,389 12,896 20,634 52,495 57,745 26,334 34,234 61,693 98,709 81,057 137,797 40,887 51,109 16,160 25,856 11,671 16,339 27,240 43,584 13,650 16,380 8,678 11,281 42,069 67,310 19,533 29,000 19,520 28,304 60,604 90 , 906 52,176 52,176 Missouri Crop Review. CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued. 462 Corn. Hay and Forage. le & ; Average Total Total County. yield yield yield Acres per per Acres per planted. acre, county, | county, bushels, bushels. tons, .- | | | Tgacled CM AAEN I eosin: | 38,889 35) | TORRE SEY 26,751| 34,776 PARA C LEC MMe eink nie alan cae | 126 ,026 37 | 4,663,962 40 ,330) 76,627 MGA CTIGSs cis toaiens cheleys ois sso 6 apeke| 74,739 Shc 2,466,387 11,212} 16,818 [ewis ae ie byte ne | 65,405 42 2,747,010 53,127) 66,409 | } inco linea eon ees Sie eee | 76,018 41 3,116,738 22,866 38,872 TLAGan aT ciara een cy enon ene eet ae 89,636 35 3,137,260 91,923) 147,077 TUNE. oococotcoudbousess | 120,154 35 | 4,205,390 50,650 70,910 McD onal dennyesact eis) os aa < | 26,609 31 | 824,879 10,527 15,791 MIENSayaY, «Sao Sioa cic Nene Ie | 94,949 36 | 3,418,164 93,577 116,971 Madison me etry ato. aerck Stas 17,512 30 | 525,360. 10,753 16,130 Maries wen treruetasty es cce cas tortiens 24,766 30 | 742 , 980 10,736 13,420 Manion ery erie tii critesie ao: | 59,617, 45 2,682,765 31,488 40 , 934 MIGGie sin Bs SOUS o REAR ee 76,176 33 2,513,808 70,356 77,392 MUR oye cero espe Bee he | 34,898 28 977,144 16,464 21,403 MISSISSIDpIGM een ee NA rons a: | 43 ,376 38 1,648,288 4,130 4,956 MOnifeaue eee tee oss eee 45,281 25 1,132,025 26,775 34,808 NMGHTOC Mer eeion Checks fs 113,777 36 4,095,972 71,085 106, 628 Monte omeryere ein ae eee 72,791 33 2,402,103 25,939 44,096 MGT EAM Ee seis kann oaae 36, 962 36 1,330, 632/ 23, 908) 23,908 INewaMacdinideeees sei elaie tai syereter 42,891 33 1,415,403 2,851) 4,847 ING WEODE Ate ieie rs coon tae 47 ,623 30 1,428,690 12,776] 21,719 INGE WER lo boctoda COCdOD EE RB EE 236,102 27 6,374,754 65, 258| 81,573 Oucioieese cos Ne Mod emaeen ee 26,836 31 831,916 5, 403} 5,943 OSE RE elon, ee ee eee 26,838 26 697,788] 12,198) 18,297 ZAI a Sy PAU NON bs eh 26,120 25 653,000 3,969 4,763 CHM SCOG .3\/slact ris saremsarators es | 21,900. 38 932,200 1,069 1,604 TERETE eae Reno eae Rene | 26,655 33 879,615) etey tito 13,889 Pet tisMem ce sch AO ee el I ee 27 3,017,871] 41,188) 57,663 (2 aCi ic Ree eames 30,437/ 27 821,799 19,517 24,396 Pike pera cin: sateen ieee 88,410 41 3,624,810 43,811) 76,669 Delat ters cers ac aclaralyere eteo bes 61,908 37 | 2,290,596 14,963) 22,445 ROU pte oics steno eee 67 ,393| 31 | 2,089,183 32,789) 39,347 | TE Sy eek a oan oe 31,863) 32 1,019,616] 14,249) 19,949 Ut MAME esr eee RPS 68,066, 40 2,722,640 81,820 102,275 TRENT io poeta ne Pea EN en a 62,874 40 2,514,960 38,720) 58,080 VATid Olipitienseiats a vonyemitens coneke 59,722 32 1,911,104 27 ,387| 30,126 TREY Oe ean ROR aE ae 147 ,226 32 AG ALTL OR 44,569) 75,767 RE VOSA a iste see ek 13,959 30 418,770 7,791 8,570 RLIDIE VES eee ee see 27,648 27 746,496 5,004: 7,006 SipeCharlesetcaec oo of in 39,785 46 1,830,110) 19,320 28,980 StClaline rents r a eee oe 73,418 20 1,468,360 29,623 38,510 Simbrancoise trace eerie 16,338 26 | 424 ,788| 11,355} 11,355 Ste. Genevieve............... | 16,168 39 | 630,552) 8,237 10,297 SPecouish tern eka ae poate ce 38,694 43 | 1,663,842 31,980 63 , 960 Salinetars mmere se aeruc bites te 189,947 36 6,838,092 32,580 58,644 Schinylerseae ver ee ee 45,913 36 1,652,868 38,665 42,532 464 Missouri Agricultural Report. is ; CORN, HAY AND FORAGE—Continued. Corn. Hay and Forage. Average Total Total County. Acres planted yield yield yield per per Acres. per acre county . : county bushels. bushels, tons. i] Scbtland ot. sen oeaniee bh 73 ,232 41 |* 3,002,512 50,401 70,561 SCOEG I Ae teh ae eR rae ans 37,875 31 el lesso 7,015 9,120 Shannon: si secretin seks eee 21,418 28 599, 704 6,041 7,551 Shel bya cto eeectige eeu eee | 95,330 41 3,908,530 50, 902! - 58,537 Stoddard yee ee eee 57, 842} 29 1,677,418 7,607 9,505 Stone tes sia norsk 2 moan ee serceral| S3nsam) 32 1,082,784 7,363) 11,045 Sullivans ata 80,335 40 3,213,400) 106,729 106,729 PANG Aaon RSS 27,268 33 899,844 3,350 4,355 TOMAS ie Crcrc cee ee Re 59,656 26 1,551,056 26,334 28 , 967 Wind APOE no Ape colsee 154, 582) 25 3,864,550} 59,739 68 , 700 SWAG Tes os Soret erate 25,853) 42 1,085,826) 11,143 22 ,286 Wiashinetonmancn epee ieee 30,680 32 981,760) 11,957 13,751 IWiG VG eae creety Atos Fenn o ke eens 26 , 863 28 741,524 10,833 16,250 Webster: nt eee eee mer ee 46 , 667 33 1,540,001 22 ,387 29,103 Worth. Pe RN AE, Atte 60 , 262 26 1,566,812 25,975 44,158 IWATE IRE sive Sel Ati chs ese 40,708 34 1,384,072 21,340 25,608 WHEAT AND OATS. Table giving acreage, average yield per acre, and total product of wheat and oats, by counties, for the year 1910: Wheat. Oats. | Average Total Average Total yield yield | yield yield Acreage. | per per | Acres. per per acre, county, acre, county, bushels. bushels. bushels. bushels. | ; | : Stateenre a cuecersranteieverene 1,666,810 13.2 | 22,001,890 | 755,754 Sone | elon Osleraliey County | IN GAIT SO tae ecco heakateters 1,810 16 28,960 Ihe 4,289 39 167,271 ANITA = acteeene cherie 862) 12 10,344 | 25,202 28 705,656 IAMIGTE We oe ckehe tens ete 5,248) 20 104,960 6,372 36 229,392 ATCHISON. toe 4,261| 20 85,220 24,085 34 818,890 lethameneicteolo oterciae 26, 306 16 420,896 4,830 si7/ 178,710 BartOMnys ory cote 10,091 16 161,456 11,029 40 441,160 Bates wok Loe hee ee 18,995 14 265,930 17,037 26 442 , 962 Benton yest 13,046 12 156, 552 7,836 3) 258,588 Bollinserwe aera 15,324| 10 153 , 240 4,337 30 130,110 BOONE Mira cider ets 20,556 10 205,560 neo 30 216,990 Bwehananle mtr ieee 24,942 18 448,956 3,595 41 147,395 Butler Bes ah Sesto Ne vaberetene 1,012 13 13,156 1,539 28 43,092 Caldiwellee sare ote 1,784) 14 24,976 Spo 33 106,095 Callawaiyerre -mieccleercr 21,301 10 213,010 12,602 34 428,468 Cain denys..o. ote chores 6,603 12 79,236 oBZe2D 30 96,690 Cape Cirardeau...... 13 SoG, pile 5,439 36 195,804 41,255) Missouri Crop Review. 465 WHEAT AND OATS—Continued. Wheat. Oats. Average Total | Average | Total County. yield yield | yield | yield Acreage. per per | Acres | per | per acre, county, | | acre, | county, bushels. bushels. | | bushels. | bushels. Wanrrolle eee ieccst teh ece 17,995 14 251,930 elise 30 215,190 Camberierafensscvele isthe ooo 1,232 nat 13,552 540 25 13,500 Cass teevrattercic.o sieiscszeyere 16,559 14 231,826 WT S275) 34 | 587,350 Wedansee) «| toc ached ss 5,445 10 54,450 7,770) 28 | 217,560 | ChanifOnkicckasec ssc 17/ SANS} 11 193, 083) bay 104, 35 | 178,640 (ClaMmisAthiso4 on aoccame 14,879 12 178, 548] Si, 200) 38 197,600 Clark 7,330 13 95,290 34, 487| 30 1,034,610 Clay ey Sk erees 5,370 16 85,920 2,259| 37 | 83, 583 (Ojai oy alteeGleesa ee cerek eect 2,153) 15 32,295 5,078 37 187,886 Coleseease es eee 28 , 407 12 340,884 4,497 38 170,886 Cooperan note ere: 6 36, 270} 10 362,700 8,239 38 303 , 082 Crawford vee aoe 12,048 9 108 ,432 1,847 32 59,104 Dad Oreja sry calseete 14,448 12 173,376 8,540 36 307 , 440 IDPS cnore accuses 6,728 12 80,736 5,633 34 191,522 WD ANIESSrsiar. cease c3 orocs 4,827 14 67,578 3,642. 37 134,754 Mealy sive cvararweteue vee 1,981 13 25,753 3,081 30 92,430 IDYE: a ato oiesa tier eon 10,721 9 96,489 1,665 25 41,625 MD OWPIAS easels - eee = 14,357 11 Loe O27 3,025 25 75,625 iD}oral dbhol a5 eo yee 3,264 16 52,224 808 33 26,664 Thiel buat Scania eee 69,438 14 972,132 5,985} 33 197,505 Gasconade oe 4-5 =: 23,546 13 306,098 \ 4,119) 37 152,403 Gemihhye eres 5/55 = tuss eal 1,795 16 28,720 5,951 30 178,530 Greene..... 24,406 i154 317,278 13,434 37 497 ,058 Grundy scteesucn oe 3,008 18 54,144 2,886 34 98,124 IE HANONSS ot oto ou ot 2,459 16 39,344 10,514 31 325,934 FLOM LY persirctis sieve cists. ass ees Ol a7/ 15 319,755 19,944 30 598,320 RICK OLYenens class = «21 4,544 10 45,440 4,223 31 130,913 18 KO navies enene Ons re ncn 4,179 17 71,043 16,312 32 521,984 PV OWATOIS Sir ucts clesenclene 27,975 10 279,750 1,914 30 57,420 TOWELS che castes ae Niles 13 144,651 2,588 28 72,464 POMP sey see = Siero 1,808 16 28,928 1,050 35 36,750 aCKSOMMep era sort nevae 19,736 15 296 , 040 6,490 35 227,150 WASDCLErersieseis isis eeses 2s 44,834 18 807,012 14,774 43 635 , 282 VEMEeTSOM es cscs a «tors 18,702 16 299 , 232 2,061 40 82,440 SOHMSOW eres Ske sia 29,367 11 322,037) « 8,872 32 283,904 JEG000D: Seapine me cud Orean se 81 US 78 73 75 77 Sheen rain see eee 94 92 88 91 83 90 Cattle: seh e ciate ea arora tv ores 87 82 86 85 85 85 472 MISSOURI LIVE STOCK. Missouri Agricultural Report. An abstract of the assessment of horses and mules as shown by the assessors’ returns June 1, 1910. (Compiled from reports of State Auditor John P. Gordon.) Vorses. Mules. County. | No. Value. Average. Value. Average. ING BID hc reayt ae eee 9,767 $292,795 | $40. ti, $56,480 | $43.15 INNGbI Pos ae Ba ee oho oe 9,276 358,665 | 38. 2 138,120) 56.33 INGCHISOOS aa ee eee 8,688 324,120 | 37 3 126,760 | 40.13 INWGWEMNS, 34'S 225 Noosa ee 9,925 406,350 | 40. 5 270,640 | 53.59 Barryct hac Seen ee | 9,132 367;802 | 40. z 103,715 | 42.40 Barton sen aka eee 9,061 340,187 | 37. 2 119,786 42.15 BA tOSH en er ke eas ee een 15,826 561,938 | 35. 4 186,637 | ~43.48 Benton ge ee eee ee icetcieectatr alk 243 ,870 32 Bhs 95,590 38.16 ‘Bollinger ia4.o eee eee ee Lays l(S7/ 250,370 48 2 137,415 | 54.96 BOONE Rete he ee en 9,515 369,055 | 38. 5 254,245 42.81 Buchanan!’ poco eae 8,985 331,960 | 36. 3 139,225 45.38 Butlers cea steer woe 3,416 136,015 | 39. il 69,175 Aah Caldwell ta ween 8,352 304,332 | 36 2 100,420 48.46 @allaywarys aie ae eee 9,898 310,645 | 31 5 234,405 42.95 Gamdene tae | 4,950 254,981 51. 1 105,605 65.59 @ape Girardeau... .... 2. Sie 270,545 50. 2 137,410 54.16 Carrollton kee 11,809 420,560 5 5 203,485 39.69 Carter eink Ae tre 1,068 61,995 58. 40,195 | 68.94 Gass acaeds eens ea ee 14,099 520,906 | 36 152,350} 40.65 Cediard se 2h eas ies 7,965 294,382 | 36 99,715 41.12 @haritonee eee | 11,488 458,979 | 39 180,720 50.63 Ohristian@ eer eee | 7,449 279,216 | 37. 83,659 42.66 Chanloor hh Bes ahaa 7,925 288,155 | 36. 40,385 42.33 Clay meee Pe am sre 7,598 294,590 | 38. 2 95,955 47.13 Glintone ay eee ener 6,051 202,580 | 33. 2 108,815 50.87 WOlenees eee ee 3,574 128,190 | 35 1 72,690 51.51 Cooperaenn ce or ee eee Of PREP 349 ,935 48.¢ 4 295,760 59.48 Crawford annie ae 3,894 150,530 | 38 1 76,645 45.40 Dadesttencct eee ee 7,473 213,961 28. 3 87, 242 35.15 Dallase nto ocean ee 6,200 210,392 | 33. 1 65,735 33.73 IDawleSs =e aa. tare ee ee 12,032 438,466 | 36 3 | 127,060 39.99 DekKalbavco. sees 8,491 297,915 | 35 2 88,710 38.47 IB YS} 7 Aan Wee ct Vi Teg oy 4,779 196,926 | 41 1 81,641 42.90 Douglas sree ese ae 6,899 294,860 | 42 1 63,258 43.41 IDouaediboler ees weno e me 4,634 221,850 | 47 4 282,620 51.90 iranian seen 7,305 286,770.| 39 3 154,125 43.79 Gasconaden ese ene 3,738 150,815 42 2 | 96,120 44.97 Gentry Site a eee ee 11,296 401,469 | 35 2 | 71,990 34.21 Greenen cn ee hie 14,703 569,578 |. 38 2 | 188,825 66.70 Grundy. ee ee 8,840 292,744 | 33 | 64,930 33.65 Harrison: jee eee | 16,666 534,285 BZ 74,842 31.74 Henry) ne ee ee 11,495 22,010 | 36. | 472,073 | 41.54 Hickory, ee eee ee | 6,114 257,965 | 42. 82,943 49.31 LOMA we Hie oo) eee eG GOG 760 | 47. 131,240 57.41 Missouri Live Stock. 473 MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued. Horses. Mules. County. | No. Value. |Average.| No. | Value. Average. | | | | EV OWAN Oe crests ahsdes 8 alle laieuse« 6,293 $273,520 | $43.46 3,944 $219,890 $55.75 TO Weller eee nisl alas ocd eis OG UB 301,166 42.82 2,265 106,156 46.86 DT OW per haves s moti whe dh cieaetee ee 1,936 106,919 55.23 876 35,850 40.92 JACKSON Sashes, cals ot soavadey ns 21,799 967 , 548 44.38 4,289 267,003 62/522 RASDOL Sites cua scsrapeca arate 15,566 558 , 007 35.85 2, 564 113,960 44.40 CMONSOM seeded, se gikieee or slates 5,961 205,910 34.54 2,530 101,960 40.30 VOHNSONAM. Seas oe cee cel 14,070 568 , 460 40.40 5,769 | 241,100 41.79 HETIOXA SS Epa eco eae oe 8,930 431,135 48.28 Pagel 79,295 44.77 ME ACTEM Sanaa onions creas 6,862 295 ,695 43.23 1,896 93,150 49.12 Wataye tte ccs cuseiecisie. ee 12,229 446,235 36.34 5,604 265,665 47.40 WawnrenGelis-saceisccesca er 9,953 369,435 ole. Lill 2,884 121,620 42.17 WOWwiS seman wate rane 7,738 292,270 37.74 De Get 59,115 34.03 5isTC OMS sesh ae tora eae 8,451 352,595 ALT2 PDE PHS 101,310 40.09 ASATUD 2, ayers ot tee atone ae 11,619 388,508 33.44 2,471 78,559 31.79 IDibvalavestollara ann ode eda 10,467 364,888 34.86 2,055 81,106 39.46 WicD onaldeianeisn ace a. - 4,698 258,760 55.07 1,398 70,365 50.33 VIACOM arabe tae oa cls 12,749 505,065 40.40 3,399 136,570 40.17 IVI. GES ON ee tis cp clei.) 2,440 118,335 44.40 1,268 69,835 55.00 IN LETTS che Ste acon ec EERE 3,865 151,510 39.00 1,866 78,545 42.00 INIARIOMM ADM nets hve e 3 7,811 311,055 39.82 1,556 80,745 51.89 VIER COM oar pntevechcrelo isis 9,502 328,795 34.60 1,403 43 ,975 SoD TM GUIS oe ouch Ree Ey CIEE REIT One 6,578 237,615 36.12 2,430 104,285 42.91 _ MESSE MGs gcqonucdsae 2,803 105,165 Bf al 4,778 235,495 49.28 IMTOMIGC Ane fencinuachers 6,227 245,790 39.47 3,019 142 ,025 47.04 IVIOUNOCRE A sac citele eon 10,339 408 ,440 39.50 4,797 209 ,020 43.57 NON tZOMerY. mie ee see 6,140 230,200 38.40 3,214 148,580 46.22 AVION GAT oe ee peek eae 5,983 188,115 31.44 2 ;869 121,830 42.49 NewelViadirid/rcrt cele cre 22655) 97,860 36.86 4,850 210,000 43.30 INO WiGOM) tt ers eat eee 10,270 289,855 28.22 ib 7/333 50,455 29.11 INO CIA WiOiVi fees casierseers eneiees 16,921 611,605 36.14 2,809 116,330 41.41 Oregonien’ Gace 4,247 140,980 32.93 1,889 66,530 35.21 OSAL Os ects me Goeentas 4,107 152,370 Odo 2,580 130,130 38.18 OZ arrestee atnoke 5,174 260,476 50.34 1,572°¢ 91,128 57.96 IDGNNSCOtR tr .yio yea Dezel 95,579 42.72 3,556 182,005 50.62 IR ORE n ora ooo cis cee as 4,915 154,544 31.44 2,729 99 ,943 36.62 ICUS ets eee fereiths ws ee 11,946 454,855 38.07 5,040 254,960 50.58 PHelpsina s tics ore ak a 4,593 163 ,603 35.62 1,443 61,539 42.64 Pike echo sioner 7,434 314,400 42.29 3,035 141,520 46.62 Platten oeisic ein hen aes 6,126 261,710 42.72 2,599 INS CA) 60.68 IP Ole eypempeeet cushy a cane. 11,836 478,929 40.46 55 fayli7 197,090 32.46 Plas kare ae ees oy icte lake eee 4,497 186,370 41.44 UL ez il 60 , 675 47.74 EUG aoe ee iakees Panel 10,897 369,980 33.95 1,492 48 ,208 o2. ob VAISS emer aotn ek MAR 5,495 245,375 | 44.67 iL Fal} 77,075 45.00 Vand Olphmcerccs te eee eo 344 , 574 | 44,22 2,484 114,430 46.17 INET oO dio on Ge SEE De Aas 10,078 350,580 34.78 4,291 188,850 44.01 INGRMMOMCISs gis e ocean ol 2,609 132,845 50.92 1,423 94,825 66.64 I RulO) ERGee Ala Gant eee eon 3,360 209,785 57.44 503 96,615 64.28 Sum Charles tema eres 7,508 368 , 275 49.05 2,975 187,410 62.99 474 Missouri Agricultural Report. MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued. Horses. Mules. County. : No. Value. Average. No. Value. Average. St. Clair yonee rece aee 9,714 $376,550 | $38.76 2,315 $112,625 $48.65 St. Hrancoishie cee 3,892 162,045 41.65 1,460 83,605 Seo Ste. Genevieve.......... 3,096 13). 20. 36.59 1,185 57,075 48.16 StWOuUlsh oni emo eer 10,409 488 , 460 43.08 3,840 229,390 59.73 Saline ia ea ee itiersselyzi 460,629 40.70 Us 359,168 49.83 SchitvJersaeea eee ee 6,619 251,575 38.01 838 30,780 36.73 Scotland a senkaac aide 9,201 365,160 39.68 1,194 47,245 39.56 SCOttivt cc ie eee eh ae 4,040 164,465 40.70 55209 238,654 45.55 Shammonienrataencn. tae 3,414 186,817 54.72 15s 84,105 55.40 Shel DY). bist aaa eee 9,505 343 ,455 36.13 3020 127 ,390 34.51 Stockh be sd acess all 7a (tO) 347,411 45.66 4,549 241,406 53.06 Stones: sep noe ee eee 4,432 173 ,030 39.05 ie H7/ 59,655 44.95 Sulliviany: cyt oeh eels 12,747 393 ,051 30.08 Zoe ite One 30.57 MAN CY 2 2 ssid aoe rok 4,112 209 , 504 50.94 1,067 65,760 61.62 MOK AS) oo togsenbewy oes Gee See 8,637 305,451 35.36 2,537 108 ,365 42.70 INICEM ONE. yr tata cayag atemeok nas 14,299 468 ,416 32.76 3,983 149 ,922 37.64 Avie ovale Sa OE Bee, eee ee be Qe pilin 122,950 48.84 1,297 68 ,970 53.17 Washington............ See TS 2S) Sano 1,759 80,565 45.85 UW Aad © antetedsushame ace acres 3,494 146,330 41.88 2,107 105,210 49.93 IW.CDStER Pe sie treeactnen arte 7 2a 305,505 42.50 2,329 108 ,375 46.50 LWiOR Gl. hi taeteencsee ers ces 6,878 306,820 44.60 691 36,805 53.26 WILE Ht a peree enhancers te 7,908 313,253 39.61 2 LOT 86,747 41.28 SUM OUISMCl Visi rane. sree 10,778 531,860 49.34 Tye Jugal 64,010 54.82 Statens wes eles 900 ,649 |$34,816,317 | $37.54 309,003 |$13,833 ,594 $44.77 An abstract of the assessment of asses and jennets sessors’ returns June 1, 1910. (Compiled from reports and neat cattle as shown by the as- of State Auditor John P. Gordon.) Asses, jennets. Neat cattle. County. j . | No. Value. Average. No. Value. Average. PANG IEW pedi eft Reve ee eS 57 $3,585 | $62.90 | 21,388 °$256,035 $11.04 IAT GNO Wi. ever nee ree 135 8,370 62.00 | 22,866 366 , 565 16.03 AtCHISONL Ae 7ace mee heer 38 3,700 97.37 | 27,480 468 ,810 17.06 TAN GIP aT ae tes oe ae eee 176 12,125 63.21 18 ,843 282 ,925 15°01 IB AER yiits Wie eee eee ai 182 90 ,025 49.46 17,179 103,715 6.00 BAL tons Mite eee ae ke aie 82 4,300 52.44 17,509 178,207 10.18 IBA tCSAR Et egal e meee eae 215 12,322 57.31 | 27,453 313,485 11.53 Benton. hea aerate ots See 126 6,960 55.24 18,489 215,035 11.63 Bollingen cheese cok 73 ‘air CAO) 79.00 | 14,597 145,728 9.98 BOOnGat ii ewo fF ascte east ers 239 10,865 45.46 | 18,196 269,105 14.78 Buch ananks. 0 aria peer ital 5,800 52.25 14,125 243 ,055 Uy rall Bitler se eu oer ee ae 38 1,120 29.47 11,963 91,040 7.61 Caldiwellmet ensue cares 72 5,620 78.05 19,987 250,569 | 13.03 Callawaion cn sae ae 340 21,820 64.17 | 15,502 209,785 | 183-553 Cam@en hears pore é 46 4,020 87.39 15,801 247 ,370 15.65 Cape Girardeau......... 85 8,505 | 100.00 | 11,529 116,480 © 10.00 Missouri Live Stock. 475 MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued. | Asses, jennets. Neat cattle. County. No. Value. Average. No. Value. Average. Garrolley seeks er ee 159 $7,560 | $47.54 | 20,769 $247 ,073 $11.88 @aeterteys asus. e es ere 12 840 70.00 5,830 66,499 11.74 Cassitrictie fetteged see. 163 | 11,635 71.38 | 25,073 297 ,758 11.87 Cela eae fees sictess ce aechs oe 708%. | 6,570 90.00 | 16,598 197 , 647 11.91 @hanitone selers eee ao Talat 12,165 | 118.69 | 20,134 295,883 14.69 @hmristiamaA ens vee ens al: 134 | 6,975 52.05 17,102 181,971 10.64 Clarks 2. 2s ET ycise ete ais 37 | 2,540 68.64 | 15,449 191,040 12.36 (C1 Ein? pont orlobcioe Oe aeicee eres 54 10,500 | 194.44 | 17,353 285,795 16.47 Clinton.... ; hin Oar ee fo 42 3,170 75.47 | 22,885 359,375 15.70 COLE er Peto seks cee bec's 75 3,975 53.00 9,988 103 ,025 10.31 COO DCE eee woes ace ee 133 12,370 93.00 | 16,739 278,860 16.65 Crawilordre ee ae 55 2', 300 42.72 11,480 139 , 530 12.14 1 DENG Ie) sents 5eaiigic: era co eee ene 2 147 5,528 37.60 ) 16,112 153,475 | 9.52 ID EES en dy cea. Beeectiereneae 76 4,690 (ole c(t 15,003 134,373 8.95 Da vieSstres et has ee Les 12,610 107.77 | 22,950 286,540 | 12.48 Dekalb vires sess lees 44 3,905 88.75 | 22,373 284,545 12.72 Dent Biol. One DE TACIOR OEE 112 5,005 45.13 | 14,560 160,393 | 11.01 WOUSlasHere see 9,634 19,570 2.03 | 20,352 71,915 3} (os) IVECT CORR eran eee ee lec 12,046 45,620 3.78 621 730 el ed IM er ahs snes Ae ade ties (os 7,666 10,740 1.40 | 17,976 31,860 Th S7AG} IMEISSISSID Dil eee 228 260 1.14 | 17,580 46,950 2.67 IMFomitealt: fe ah eee cater 3,903 8,475 2a ow 52,879 3.47 IMTOO Ch arenes aes 26,443 48 ,640 1.84 | 20,055 78,980 3.90 Mionteomerye savas. eG 7,659 Wl (P45) 2.31 | 19,169 79,580 4.15 INTOSAI Se ee a Ae ete che 6,472 10,650 1.14 | 11,529 27 ,400 P) aii INewViadridierieer ie 410 410 1.00 | 19,840 20,140 OH INS WiGOD Norte cp cae eee eR 20270 3,355 | 1.65 | 10,935 24,065 2.20 INGEN VEN fo5-a.cl 6 60 on Buide 6,248 6,251 1.00 ; 40,456 155,496 3.84 ORCEON mR wyae eee oe ec 4,455 4,455 1.00 | 19,313 19,313 1.00 Osaeen a Paar ee 4,058 5,420 1.33 | 14,440 35,772 2.47 OzZaTnles ase per riciscete 5,758 Lib Pas cA | 1.95 | 13,762 23,081 Aad Remiscotienac + a@omennicoe 122 254 ZAOSm mols 27,139 1.78 IPCERY.. pan ee ey ce 8,326 10,297 | 1.23 | 22,346 36,889 1.65 PEGS aye en coves ar eee 9,492 21,030 | PAPI Psy Coy: Ek 90,635 Soe IPEDS ie warn ba seaereine Ae 5,420 8,533 1.57 | 10,578 19,022 1.79 Pile het toe cleaned. ee 6,987 19,010 2.42, \) 17,148 61,110 3.56 Platte tence se rete, cas tee of 5 Us%s) 18,540 2.59 | 12,1380 64,980 5.35 1 2G) ll aapee is ere oy A Rasa hae o/s 16,437 30,463 1.85 | 22,783 65,369 2.83 Pulaski ae ianan rae eee 11,110 14,245 1.28 | 15,364 26,750 1.74 Pirbnamisre aes eee ae 12,696 16,423 1.29 8,899 30,653 3.44 VG Sine: creeusuees Sree oe teh 11,400 22,805 2.00 8,621 43,115 5.00 van col phew eee enenne ne toe 13,098 26,935 2.20 8,571 42,210 4.90 RUBY eonok ha cients Paneer kone SS 7,176 17,540 2.44 |, 25,613 94,485 3.68 Rey NOLASHy ius eee cokes 2,857 4,433 1.55 | 14,255 27,529 1.93 IRAP LO Yer eye oe aeons 3,362 4,976 1.48 | 15,623 24,181 1.55 St (Charlesit.caumise ate 4,136 10,660 2.57 | 19,282 75,080 3.89 Missouri Live Stock. 479 MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued. Sheep. Hogs. County. —_———- No. Value. Average.| No Value. Average. SOUS Res Meg ite ee alanis tones 7,448 $8,115 $1.08 | 16,447 $53 , 560 $3.25 Shing Uenaveronicys Wi iews 6 eae 2,150 3,953 1.84 6,945 21,379 30D Ste. Genevieve..'........ 4,009 (A 7/0) eta i) ib -Biz/ 28,124 2). 50 SO uOUWIS Hee meiosis eos 903 2,210 2 AAS ll bo 51,610 4.47 S AITO ae eat ene custetace 6,120 12,075 Ste |) Si7/ 37/33 151,865 4.03 SCINVI EI ic tho the evens 42,937 63,872 1.49 5,558 17,120 3.08 SCOUaN de ase teeee elt 13,703 28 ,005 2.04 | 10,986 49,655 4.53 SCObUHE ian cee ione se tiie =: 1,044 1,120 AO, i PRs 48 ,150 2.05 Shannoniyiaectes wisi sce 6 2,980 4,090 1.39 | 16,401 23,143 1.41 Shelby; areata eco an sare 's 13,830 26,750 WPL |) Wap. Z i7/ 59,100 3.59 Stoddardkecercar ois aie 3,208 3,824 TPAON 42 e Sit 42,481 1.00 Stone ss oreier. ete oe er 7,181 10,515 1.46 | 10,632 20,960 1.98 Sulliviantiecceroresers etre 19,415 33,553 ThePA I 1183, 2'Sh¢0 42,398 Seulicy RAN CY, - Pe es eters ters ca chee 6,962 13,654 1.96 9,529 20,793 2.18 FOXES: 2 tes Meee aun ere Goal wuees 16,153 23,150 1.43 | 27,417 47,881 1.74 IMECPENON 2a eae on cee Ga areite 5 , 254 7,991 Ra)! PPA Te U0 cael 3.40 VWiATOTIAM Ere rit = 2 es. 3,090 5,130 1.66 8,922 2520 2.82 Was Hine TONm reese cic 3,059 Sole £6 9 ,327 Leal 125 IV Viaiy Tl Ce erenetae teeny ec). 5 2,929 5,347 1.48 | 18,223 38 , 225 2.09 WielSterme sr ees rmied co sy eke 7,597 13,830 ays |) IIB} 343377 33,395 2.50 Wirth eae ee 8,747 13,172 150 8,514 36,970 4.34 LV biases Robet Colon cise tore | 18,006 31,860 156 1,249 29,793 1.65 Sh WOUISNCibyie. eee aie | 1 10 10.00 14 70 5.00 Stateaiieecuereetecne ene $1,856,491 | $1.84 |2,013,902| $6,096, 547 $3.02 gricultural Report. issourt M 480 “pouuesenb ainysed pue peaowial 9]}380 eay{ioat |/>>2pcaeagonce TEV CHERE SHE, ||Po OP eo2A7 aOR qeois|[ |" Il qsnany “MOS[TAA “09g &q pouty {06°78 oy ‘aOqMTT | seeonerisctr te: asoy a 'f “O1GI "Jo pesodsip Moy ‘asvasi({ *y00}s Jo puly ‘ayeq “pel[eo MOF] “aoqyoqsog “1OUM() > O1GT ‘21 ‘OAC OL ‘6061 ‘21 ‘OU UVAA UOM ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALAA ‘ATIGVUE AOVYOH ‘Ud dO LUOdaU TVONNNV dani oy meerooce tents sane ore aren ree arias Biiyouad ayant (os cravecg ae Mama ean ae caesar “OTOL ‘Jo pasodsip Moy ‘asevasl(] *y0048 JO puLyy ‘ayeq “paleo MOFT “aoqgjoysog “IOUM() ‘O16T ‘ZT “OAC OL ‘6061 ‘21 ‘OU UVAA YOU ‘NVIUVNIYALAA ALVIS ALAdAA ‘YANLLGOM AUNGH “Ud JO LYOdAY TVANNY qrebensied Gora eases a pemrenle seas Coan: ane pe ae aedghogsl ces aoe Meese |e °o: eco monatomic Penn “OIGI | ‘Jo pasodsip Moy “astasi(] ‘goto ysog “100M 39048 Jo PuTyy | ‘ayeq | “pale oF ‘OT6T “21 ‘OUC OL ‘6061 “41 OAC UVAA WOU ‘NVIUVNIVALAA ALVIS ALAdAC ‘AUYAA “AM “UC JO LUOdAY TVONNY ‘sqjuoul ¢ Ajivau JO} play oy} UI SeM pue AjyUNOD Agar Ul YOM UOIoIpesd Yor} 94} Jo asreyo [euosied 400} aFT ‘“SoINJYSUT SIOMIBY PU YOM ddTYO YIM dn woye} sea aUIT} sTy jo [[e Ayfeooelg “wo ay} SULINP UvITeUIIA}9\ 3}8}g 94} JO YOM ay} Jo qed [[eUIS B A[UO.sMOYsS 9[qe} BAOGR 94. —A LON “qUeTyvel} JopAod WIOM PUB sUT[OSeZ paslApy “MOINIOS [BITUaSIe JO VSN SUIMUI}UOD paslApy “UOTJNIOS [BoTUesIe jo asn pastape pue suoMIMIOD YO ydoy 21949 [[B polapso, ‘punoj sjeutue pesvasip ON “por[dde 4so} ulpnoseqny, ‘JO pasodsip MOY sPoo ction tone yoAg} sexo, “**"stsopnoraqny peyoadsng ‘aseasi(q sect e cree e reece 213989 QOT peewee eee 9]9789 snoJeuin NY OT SPOR P EL “yT aquiaydag ee eee (4 ysnsny gI oune “OT6T 218 * 19UMO WO WRITE] J, Vee se ees eaista mungayy | Ce ee monneag | saXa}ie aifels] eles) e)-s wonyeg *“pol[eo MOH oviceoADO Rot oy ‘weg eee e ewes OW m0} U0I] COnQes 0 oy ‘woyuoIy “OW Guomarg “a0TJO}S0g ‘OI6L “LT HAAPWAOUC ONIGNG AGNV ‘606T ‘LT MAA -WHOUCd DNINNIDAD UVAA AHL YON NVINVNIVALAA ALVLS ANMONT Ad Md AO LHOdHY TVONNV stew we ewes wappe qa de \7 |e ceeeece WOJUOIT JO SUIZI}IZ) | pacers WOJUWOIT JO suazytD *IOUMG, marian. 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COMMMIECEE OMe). a= cs. oo) oe aa) oi ee) sles le) = aie) oa) = cicls ol eye: 6 ale 12 AAO OIAT VIEAVBKONaS! aReeOpambaaavoleyol “Bes bode docgnooubouudddogodCocHoouddbododd sooo 14 INMATES IHheSe “Re aAESIERS 6 Gece oOo bn DOO doo oe nme oon Gan digo OO coco cloold c 12 ES TNE SETNS TAU TA DC Te Oly eeteleterete tor cuelessce elie) si.e= Stic. chatter, olssysbeveuclioneve [otrelcon el apicis » (ofiaiteir Setiallenie(es teWePaitesa iL3} Corn Growing Contests, boys and young men enrolled..................0..06 13 Chief Josephine, owned and developed by................ Basa, 5 a Bieuerabelerals euatiensl eee 12 IDRSoysies TWIGIRSSE, TRONS, WOW A Do ddecoaamonoobooouGaueno ooo oO Moo ClO uE 2 13 TPE OMNGES: More. NHC GograsscccedooseoubGonnasovoconnHonrooboLoOoS ONO 12 Farm management Department, establishment of.....................+seee 14 LAVERY ThE Wis ace ooscddousodoouuoduooe om oooDeouE. ON Ra aot Ese ads 13 ILIWK® SoG Toate COMES. ob ob co oomouo oD OdTS oe ooo DOO OU DU ODDO GOOD Ooo oo 4 12 MethoOdsroOn mM arnmMine mens iGO-ODECLALIME mI. one ol i-daiehebericlons nile oi cticlencielslic <1 hs as eueie iS; 4 WHAT: GOGO, BANKS INE oa ocpoauboabc OuGbO oO pO Dp OOOM EDOM KURU OE DEO nOo 12 Sionll Cwrayeng, Map OOMBINGD Cis odocoodbcbooncooMaudOGOUUROO ODOC OaDoo DOD OO O6 OID 3 Automobiles, per cent. of farmers owning............ ns ria, euleiauieueenayeiier se ieusite: aaoncuepenepevens 427 B ISAS, CUUNMIDY uNcl CORE Cleo booan node aonnoo don DoOO bop OOOO Bits CIO Te inka Oiooaunre 290 Mean COSEROMED Cre DOUN Cement Menten celenerceneret crane crelickeielMelelspabeltep cletcl= (ellellet/-iellel-railel lies 293 LEAS, COMnoosnNGimn Ory ooddgcaodnoccdd ooo oDoUcdoo eC OD MODCDO Uma DOO mmo OCOoodGOR 297 Pah, cose Oe Goble WNeEile sok odbbose doddooon Sonu poo OHO BOUND OUOOD OS Ue OO OUD 294 I2HTINED, IO) WES) Clio ageog ooo odoo Daslod laOdoc USD Odo Om obs Ulm IDG OG Oooo 292 Table showing distribution lean, fat and bone.-...-- 25... ec ew ewe ie ens 294 BOA eOLeAL TI CUliPUne mOflCSLsin OL areneraitereicl-renelel cle) =) siel sl okeie «isl eo) eel ollajiel elim =| vila) oveila)ie)inice hey (alin 3 JSAM TTA UTE, Taba VWASAVEG HG ado cdo b boob OID OD OU OOO CUO UCU D OOD OOO Ome bo GD att INVEWAT IT NACHOIE, SHCA WEG boo Oooo ode Se obo” HOmoMODD Oooo Ud oOD OOo Od boo ONG 61 Bees! influence in) production (of Lrwits 5 2. oe 2 wee wiles «een ces - wie = 3 JVGHHLIFS (Cloyadiealaveey. MeO Oingonsodocucovogosa5 ooOdoooD Addo Os cd opmodnT 15 ASSOCIA C MOL SAM ZeDELOMIS a Ohi sspeNorsuerensdelenererer tel sete) 6 OlobID dio boi OsUIoIn Dic nib cla obi 18 Insyemaeee? Tinginine Trois Goosac hoe onaascomoMooMmoootopoUdecouud> ae cuccc 18 iIniMaAnCl GUM oooscobendhodadasene ong codonpanoonoolooin aa dbiaucd 6 23 TD Ha MEER aN A> we bow ob Obwnoe soo CopE DO nods Oh DOO oD Dock Orc choc 19 Va TAYF(QDIADMOENOISh 6 Gowoo mono eO oe moob Ee ob OOCE OD cic Doro OOO UOd ocr OurD co 20 il Index. Pages Board of Agriculture, State Highway Engineer, report Of..........i::..i1....... 41 (GrobhaAaesiolosraicnOlsh omen e sao ois BIO dO bo Gol Me OM Digknad Gomes dias nite. oe 45 Cross’ State WROaUGS vercclleene ot sie Eos eieiroy ous MeueLeTeOrehe ioheuen tas elehercte chsh meek maine 51 State: Veterinarian} Teporta liens as neicie co snes celisvens see el lee cite aagen nt oh ek siete tic oneal titel etn 53 (CITA e NN omnia plguly Aca mara a bio SGI dap COU GOO OD eiteva vad; heel eieeeer et wneiere 54 mn Woy=carn e) oO) (ey a= Web ud re eh CIATION IO ONO GUIS GPC L0G OU GOOG. do FM Or note aicrio a.c 54 TOR AS! MOVIE. Ary crane cress cieonene cohclie tevopeee one eer Soba omen cle ake teweh ner ston ouebeneke colette eRe k et stele 55 PUbDeLCULOSISMeELACLGA LON se ices onion NOs ae att Sep Ae eRe Me ee 57 Miro = yep bh af2) ease () OLS) GIP ag BacrrU Gis oice CaCI IANO cu cLcwEy. Ouno. Seer Dod Gro Cid Geno HOM Owe sins cons Ooo 38 IBWhaeiey TaN Olen docs aqanweuUncnat don so pa owe Ee SESS" MEE. Dutta, Beto Buca en BO FhO-O: OG Oo 251 PLICE “MEL WO UNCsete ere tas asa Reel eee ee dW eae dee MARANA Gon es re it ic (CEH lorbhainee ineysyolbaver Ghavel Gelllinaks Olas og oa ode anadoldotsonbococgaocudnambtocon 167-176 Agena factor im DrOGUCELOM Eta «7. telcbekodals cree coe Cuero eo suetene tel meen Renee neltmeeaM eyerepenoe 180 Condition; “asa factor sin) LO OUcOneyesusueseis eenele ene reuse: eiete ner nest eetan= i uret mete tee 183 Condition on cost of faim amiltKenGerOlmris errs icisicie snc ierel oedema len eneieren si elie ret one rate Bog WAN ) aeideye! SAINI esd raquctecs a oecd oe hate sae he ere ate edad ore releelielrg orsey sitertedoehe Mccain eee aoes Bynact Nosyctate 177 Grain required’ for vone pPoum as Salim eyeuete cies rue eels le tenes eet etieliel ole ay israle Remeron Niele ueteve 178 linseed “oil: meal) Wales (O 375 shale 5yrs allen sate vices ocolpe en euaive) olieviel teauelso) ee F ode) cbeire WaSieR nomen sino rats 176 Most: profitable s, labora boriye re vseccereres atovetoyanceesatoenab ee onteosens /s 00 are aneeencen reveled peltege et cheat tek evetet eater 282 Gentry,: Hons -NisT...s ses... ss eee OOS Oo SOO OTTO OOOO ODDO OO seo Gentry; HIMTsis Nie des aiaraysrsiacayelsic: oyalcves sale loreecieloncpehe i sVaucueteleueneletaNeishs POE IP Oat AERO 227 Grand champion ten ears Missouri corn................2+0% ath Tere cameuetesch eheatomels 224 fall Mirsiye Jinks Gleperershereletaiene eheneher Ni kemeteneretetaietsieerstemeteaels TH ocd OD jogos onoedn saan ZS Index. Vil Illustrations—Continued. Pages ET UCIT ULL Or Mote toeeh ce sale rcs sey sisi cuchiatislioeoRe MeO AON CN SuS ches, avait Tals tiiaihatlsty cy solisch sfsirarnf snares sels FLT V CVAMIVELS WAV OP ten ahcjaratate sieve eter eset ran sloetienA oie ake ts) 6) chia ele ehgiis) al edehtelreye ekandighe acolatarlene 800 AUD CULL Se i iermerere Airset she GhY: ai ove tensuraievenetereray oidians vona Mele wis Lassie ge daa ote Guarana 8. ah eye 312 TEA pnb) Tose NOM ER OSS aieee ane Re tem earache etre ane Cate paatteNal riser ey wre acrojierh seer ohewe ete venG, he LATO gimedacanare 73 FTOMEeVOL MLE ss B1s. EVedt Appl G wisi ioc co etstanavstalorshovets eo -cravons: aS shale cvs ls, cuore ey ela: ole, a wheliece fous 165 ITOMeMAGETSCEH SELIM ALOT MSN Oy evan Nore tarercisns over: oiciehelels eral niausl a) evevayciey cllelavareuels 350 ELON CV ae Aig Olay VET SSO Uda eee et eectenes rete evene heer sapere) coelsuny cltekeliaieystotates cet Chenereejererstals eteretene 62 ETI CHIS OI ye Cavs oh age chs te torre alten e crareke eesve wis iotebelelens) aasiistaneis oie eis Soala: sueteferegreuel seers ele sieterate 201 EM TECHUS OM pave VVC cp nae ge cloheletcyen fet ore ratel’s: elles al cope stiotsreW's: wis. o, er'sr avievajeusi at's clr Avanos Spel esrs 250 NdeAIssran dines Tipe TOASE MP TAG) Stas ae ane clocsie o ehelctehebaiewote ore even ove PN A RN 299 Nisa oOo, Us (Cras peewee sioioln 6 OlertOl'0 SAO HO COG he Cio OrUlG © CC CRCRCRERERC DO TO Io OMG iri 167 BUTTE eH CULTS Sear UCL CLL OPT ULTRA ems eyayettnsrel sy sietsure tele oueliole Talis overeat oueWenelsyiarona’'ei-c) 0. 8: se bevenctievetenere telens 130 Inberestyshowneat Ash Grove eniOnStratiom's ., .is\c1sieisuslals ole «ey sis's) ysis) sister efelehe o/s 327 OMG ATi epee Veet Note vere, a) ok oaseo ater shotevesecctistete eleiaus tans, ouererselelel sayeyeuel sin aye aquatoeiececere's 106, 220 SITS VA VS SPACES oii sys stistatere fevelfanete| sauce cual syeisife eisusiate, nissoleke levels vere. sent, aaniayerece recor sosvect 251 Knee, Meepiein. a, MISSOULI \DASTUTGCs..\ asec aes! ss) 56 -00,.0 9) s.0) oo yels e0eie seis b.elei aia ed eeu oe 186 TAD OV APUNC OW Cera fe susies efisisc, suetovopenavatey cue/orol sis) 6 ehisyiscs,eneielcs, o1's) #\-3) syereel a Tels, aha, o,t0)(sheoe leva alietar.o letters 137 Lakes canacceanGda mansions baba ROMKAr .) sm reita, x) c,0\0hs sree nol sreuenenchetevens shai ecole Stee 395 TEC y oe reeee Dye | HE crys tc teve %, cusheusr acer -csWe sieleve si'Gvs Slsare eb exeleleliosss Sista shot eke crane) almcacevsieietens 53 Matheny, Chester ...... Be chs A ELD RE ARCHER RERS CEE RIMS EIS Ay ORS Reta 223 VI Como temo Hyer Poy wrcteneraNe tel oi'srel wie ay elcic’ onci’es site tone say's’ aelyeuohorau cl crotch vusirareWer'slobeyeheaseetekon died us omoboonmetogdanan so COGgMHopecU Gd Co ueCoD oO moto pb coo me 454 Wien GLOWS ee NSSOCIACLON: nILO Lem COM CEMIn iI Sy ewoueeieiel eiiclieiia lelelelicl sielielia) ois) \eio! s)'ay s)he) lel ialtalohe it gn INNES AiGhoilivemalinloay) Oils Han6 66 GonoD Ge Had SHOUD OO CU NOOUOC UOC dbODeDoDUbUDN OOO OOD 276 Dias, Roel aeavenmhiwieil, ooo ceacocbeobecosonddoUbdUdouu ODD GuoadUoDCODoo DCS 413 Turkeys, average price per pound................ tee e et ee eee eect cece ences 471 V WeigniieinGin. Riis, Ehirowell ieyooee Ooo nogocomonduonauoodcodpudEeEdocodoUoOO Uo OUG 480 IDGOVIUNES,. 12S OVA) OlSis 5 aab poo oH oe oKw ODO bOI Ono O OUD UC HOON OOOO UCOOODOOS 480-492 MES TREO lee paice aor gee abrolatiarrov alte: sureitenobet ola en's screenees clieneroliapeh el sivareh shertaier slice covleyiel a ehetevelsyereheione 4 WwW Wee SpySiteran shal eH Aoalavowbisesy. Clevoatevalel stopdy Go So utoo oO CUDsOodD dn doeuoDddGooDDOOUE 426 Wide, Aneel Cis ooouanooodocobpopeoceaooud co pUnldoe coco KOUC dU. anG UID Lid O10 ied Otol dc 460 INCKEA Om Var SECLLONS aehO etm mrepmensueweweneisedenetal eve ieiay sl ell yielehehelslskeyelie listelahele) clistalevehs Soon AGH INCrCASCyIe auand sValilesm Dye SCCtOMS: LOT Os Oly sr. eciercieleie) letiniel eictele! ellaerel tel eltell 467 Nene “SST Vie VERE RS yeh Ck & io WS PORE EO OA ICE es A pe et 407 IB yASEG OMS CON GILIOTIMO Leperenenatencrs cnet ey- never cirevevelieden cs cleat ejieite ieNsieial ol efelfons! 6]10' elie) okey lellel’sialialie 461 Covent: Se yshing Mlle comocpasdocdmnce doco ome OUD DOcudo coun codooDC OM oOo UnUO 460 IDVIL SeChin=, EVOuEs Olaptanmocdedcunpodaooomedragu moo Cori MIE Tabac abe fet erie tanetalstcn tele 460 IMZvoaal FHMC, GySUAVD Cito gan dkenescocon> sodonboshdcoooodbnogGauBoUes oOODIOUS 460 VARIG isa SECM. ooeuadnodakoc base blacodenbs JooCour ED unoocosodnnog bo UGaOS 460 VavGuinsin inmsieaacyes? Clio, wernreeics, Olss cago odo oMo oo CA UO HOB UD GU > opoaUdbOOOOUdUUOO OO 195 Wiv@ianverl waynes Bhavel ONE Iba ooaneoooDo cou DODU amo COC Us Oooo oOonnsGOAbGCDddCE 196 Whiaisin, AAAS) Ooo cnc dneonononGOoUadGOdUoD DD UOUn OUD OU ORD DOO UID ON OOOOdOU DUE 448-450 Vicia, yroeye MoS owHsl Sevoysulol Glo) wWope= Woe eo oo Gocbooodu do dgoo0N FCduddwo0U0KD ee Sil EE WC ae ey te ’ are ig? ‘ rc 4A Hick tuk ta nto, doe Gn ak aca rt a a Ie a aN GU ‘ , 5 Sika oy bai pial eee ak ene eave d tea ai ‘| fy A Hulk H I if Vu aT \ at AV Ne at i APY i NM) iV a Hy i TWA MoRe hi} NTA) MARIN aA TL AANA MA sh Mt HRS NTF f ‘ tatt tat i Eh) i Neth nit st {! it WY) \ Mi De SONU ACR UN aan GR a i vi kee ari } au Monae has AAU NAR as f ; i to? { Hy iii 3811 oi Levees SPS AN i] iigiie 9 ait ity ‘i W759 i dea ‘ + ‘ ae he +3) ff AH on 5G Sao Sega att wa) ue yt Sates 43} ROMY bis? ot keen ya